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[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1718 (2006)", "Note verbale dated 5 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of San Marino to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of the Republic of San Marino to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1718 (2006) and, with reference to the note by the Chair dated 3 September 2010, has the honour to submit the report of the Republic of San Marino on the implementation of Security Council resolutions 1718 (2006) and 1874 (2009) concerning the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 5 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of San Marino to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "Report of San Marino on the implementation of Security Council resolutions 1718 (2006) and 1874 (2009) concerning the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea", "The present report provides information on the measures adopted by the Republic of San Marino to effectively implement the provisions contained in Security Council resolutions 1718 (2006) and 1874 (2009) concerning the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.", "The Congress of State (the Government of the Republic of San Marino), in its Decision No. 5 of 22 March 2011, has adopted the following restrictive measures in the implementation of resolutions 1718 (2006) and 1874 (2009):", "• Prohibition of the direct or indirect supply, sale or transfer to the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, whether or not originating from San Marino’s territory, of any battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles, combat aircraft, attack helicopters, warships, missiles and missile systems as defined for the purpose of the United Nations Register on Conventional Arms, and related materiel, including spare parts, or items as determined by the Security Council or by the Committee established pursuant to paragraph 12 of resolution 1718 (2006).", "• Prohibition of the direct or indirect supply, sale or transfer to the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea of materials, equipment, goods and technology, including dual-use goods, as set out in the lists in the annexes to documents S/2006/814, S/2006/815 and S/2006/816 or of other materials, equipment, goods and technology, determined by the Security Council or by the Committee, which could contribute to the nuclear, ballistic missile-related or other weapons of mass destruction-related programmes of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.", "• Prohibition of the purchase, import or transport from the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea of the items referred to above, whether or not originating from that country.", "• Prohibition of the sale, supply, transfer or export, directly or indirectly, of the following luxury items, as listed in annex III to Council Regulation (EC) No. 329/2007 of 27 March 2007, to the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea:", "1. Pure-bred horses", "2. Caviar and caviar substitutes", "3. Truffles and preparations thereof", "4. High-quality wines (including sparkling wines), spirits and spirituous beverages", "5. High-quality cigars and cigarillos", "6. Luxury perfumes, toilet waters and cosmetics, including beauty and make-up products", "7. High-quality leather, saddlery and travel goods, handbags and similar articles", "8. High-quality garments, clothing accessories and shoes (regardless of their material)", "9. Hand-knotted carpets, hand-woven rugs and tapestries", "10. Pearls, precious and semi-precious stones, articles of pearls, jewellery, gold- or silversmith articles", "11. Coins and banknotes, not being legal tender", "12. Cutlery of precious metal or plated or clad with precious metal", "13. High-quality tableware of porcelain, china, stone- or earthenware or fine pottery", "14. High-quality lead crystal glassware", "15. High-end electronic items for domestic use", "16. High-end electrical/electronic or optical apparatus for recording and reproducing sound and images", "17. Luxury vehicles for the transport of persons on earth, air or sea, as well as their accessories and spare parts", "18. Luxury clocks and watches and their parts", "19. High-quality musical instruments", "20. Works of art, collectors’ pieces and antiques", "21. Articles and equipment for skiing, golf, diving and water sports", "22. Articles and equipment for billiards, automatic bowling, casino games and games operated by coins or banknotes", "• Prohibition of the direct or indirect provision of technical assistance and training, including financing or financial assistance, related to the supply, purchase, manufacture, maintenance and use of the items referred to above, or intended for the manufacture of nuclear weapons, ballistic missiles or other weapons of mass destruction, to any natural or legal persons, entities or bodies in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, or for use in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.", "• Immediate freezing of all “assets” or “funds”, as defined by Law No. 92 of 17 June 2008 and its subsequent amendments, which are owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by the persons and entities designated by the Security Council or by the Committee and listed in the enclosure to the annex to document S/2009/364, or by persons or entities acting on their behalf or at their direction, or by entities owned or controlled by them; the prohibition of the transfer of such “assets” or “funds” to the natural or legal persons, entities or bodies being responsible for the nuclear, other weapons of mass destruction-related and ballistic missile-related programmes of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, or for the benefit of such persons or entities, or to persons and entities acting on their behalf or at their direction, or to entities owned or controlled by them.", "• Ban on making “assets” or “funds”, as defined by Law No. 92 of 17 June 2008 and its subsequent amendments, available, directly or indirectly, to any natural or legal persons or entities referred to above, or designated by the Security Council or by the Committee, or for the benefit of such persons or entities.", "• Ban on the entry into and stay in San Marino’s territory of the persons referred to in the enclosure, or designated by the Security Council or by the Committee as being responsible for, including through supporting or promoting, the nuclear, other weapons of mass destruction-related and ballistic missile-related programmes of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.", "• Prohibition of the purchase, import or transport of all arms and related materials from the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, whether or not originating from that country, as well as the prohibition against financial transactions related thereto.", "• Prohibition of the direct or indirect supply, sale or transfer of all arms and related materiel, as well as related financial transactions, technical training, assistance or services to the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. This prohibition shall also apply to small arms and light weapons, unless previously authorized by the competent authorities. The Committee shall be notified of any authorization for the supply, sale or transfer of small arms and light weapons at least five days in advance.", "• Prohibition on providing loans, grants or financial assistance to the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, as well as on providing public financial support for trade with the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.", "• Seizure and confiscation of the items mentioned above, which are supplied, sold or transferred to the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.", "The Republic of San Marino also informs the Committee that the controls carried out by the police forces (Civilian Police, Gendarmerie and the Fortress Guard) have shown no violation of the ban on the entry into and stay in San Marino’s territory of the persons referred to in the enclosure, or designated by the Security Council or by the Committee as being responsible for, including through supporting or promoting, the nuclear, other weapons of mass destruction-related and ballistic missile-related programmes of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.", "The controls carried out by the Tax Office of San Marino have shown that no imports or exports to or from natural or legal persons, entities and bodies of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, or intended to be used in that country, of arms and related materiel of all types, including weapons and ammunition, military vehicles and equipment, paramilitary equipment and spare parts for the aforementioned, as envisaged in paragraph 8 of resolution 1718 (2006) and in paragraph 10 of resolution 1874 (2009), have been made. No exports of the items specified in annex III to Council Regulation (EC) No. 329/2007 of 27 March 2007 have been made.", "Furthermore, the San Marino Financial Intelligence Agency (AIF) has received no reports, with particular reference to paragraph 8 of resolution 1718 (2006) and to paragraphs 9, 10, 18, 19 and 20 of resolution 1874 (2009).", "Finally, with a view to ensuring that resolutions 1718 (2006) and 1874 (2009) are widely known, the Agency has updated the section of its website dealing with restrictive measures, as established in article 5, paragraph 1 of AIF Instruction No. 2010-03." ]

[ "安全理事会第1718(2006) 号决议所设委员会", "2011年7月5日圣马力诺常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "圣马力诺共和国常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会第1718(2006)号决议所设委员会主席致意，并谨就主席2010年9月3日照会提交圣马力诺共和国执行安全理事会关于朝鲜民主主义人民共和国的第1718(2006)号和第1874(2009)号决议情况的报告(见附件)。", "2011年7月5日圣马力诺常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "圣马力诺执行安全理事会关于朝鲜民主主义人民共和国的第1718(2006)号和第1874(2009)号决议情况的报告", "本报告说明了圣马力诺共和国为有效执行安全理事会关于朝鲜民主主义人民共和国的第1718(2006)号和第1874(2009)号决议所载各项规定而采取的措施。", "国务会议(圣马力诺共和国政府)在2011年3月22日的第5号决定中通过了以下限制性措施以执行第1718(2006)号和第1874(2009)号决议：", "• 禁止直接或间接向朝鲜民主主义人民共和国提供、销售或转让下列物项，不论它们是否源于圣马力诺：《联合国常规武器登记册》所界定的任何作战坦克、装甲战斗车、作战飞机、攻击直升机、军舰、导弹或导弹系统，以及包括零部件在内的相关材料，或安全理事会或第1718 (2006)号决议第12段所设委员会(委员会)认定的物项。", "• 禁止直接或间接向朝鲜民主主义人民共和国提供、销售或转让S/2006/814号、S/2006/815号和S/2006/816号文件清单载列的包括军民两用产品在内的材料、设备、货物和技术，或者安全理事会或委员会认定的可能有助于朝鲜民主主义人民共和国核相关、弹道导弹相关或其他大规模毁灭性武器相关计划的其他材料、设备、产品和技术。", "• 禁止从朝鲜民主主义人民共和国购买、进口或运输上述物项，不论其是否源于该国；", "• 禁止直接或间接向朝鲜民主主义人民共和国销售、提供、转让或出口2007年3月27日欧洲联盟理事会第329/2007号条例附件三中载列的以下奢侈品：", "1. 纯种马", "2. 鱼子酱及其代用品", "3. 松露及其制品", "4. 高级葡萄酒(包括起泡葡萄酒)、烈酒和酒精饮料", "5. 高级雪茄和小雪茄", "6. 高级香水、浴用香水和化妆品，包括美容和化妆用品", "7. 高级皮制品、鞍具、旅行箱袋、手提包和同类物品", "8. 高级服装、服装配件和鞋(不论材质)", "9. 手结地毯、手织地毯和挂毯", "10. 珍珠、宝石或类似品、珍珠制品、首饰和金银制品", "11. 非流通硬币或纸币", "12. 贵金属餐具、镀有或镶嵌贵金属的餐具", "13. 高级瓷制餐具、瓷器、陶器、彩陶或精陶制品", "14. 高档水晶制品", "15. 高端家用电子产品", "16. 用于音像录制和播放的高端电器/电子或光学仪器", "17. 载人用陆、海、空豪华运输工具及其配件和零部件", "18. 奢侈钟表及其零件", "19. 高档乐器", "20. 艺术品、收藏品和古董", "21. 滑雪、高尔夫、潜水及水上运动用品和器材", "22. 桌球、保龄球、赌博游戏以及投入硬币或纸币运作的游戏所涉用品和器材", "• 禁止向朝鲜民主主义人民共和国境内的任何自然人、法人、实体或机构直接或间接提供，或者为在朝鲜民主主义人民共和国境内使用而直接或间接提供，与上文所述物项的提供、购买、制造、维护和使用有关的或意图用于制造核武器、弹道导弹或其他大规模毁灭性武器的技术援助和培训，包括提供资金或经济援助。", "• 立即冻结2008年6月17日第92号法律及其各项修订所界定的、由安全理事会或委员会认定并载列于S/2009/364号文件附文的个人或实体，或代表其行事或按其指示行事的个人或实体或由其所拥有或控制的实体直接或间接拥有或控制的所有“资产”或“资金”；禁止向对朝鲜民主主义人民共和国核相关、弹道导弹相关和其他大规模毁灭性武器相关计划负责的自然人、法人、实体或机构，或为其利益，或向代表其行事或按其指示行事的此类人或实体，或向由其拥有或控制的实体，转让上述“资产”或“资金”。", "• 明令禁止直接或间接向上文所列或安全理事会或委员会所指认的任何自然人、法人或实体或以这些人或实体为受益方提供2008年6月17日第92号法律及其各项修订所界定的任何“资产”或“资金”。", "• 明令禁止附文三所列者或者安全理事会或委员会所认定的对朝鲜民主主义人民共和国核相关、其他大规模毁灭性武器相关和弹道导弹相关计划负责(包括支持或推动)者，在圣马力诺入境或停留。", "• 禁止从朝鲜民主主义人民共和国购买、进口或运输任何军火及相关材料，不论其是否源于该国，禁止与之相关的金融交易。", "• 禁止向朝鲜民主主义人民共和国直接或间接提供、销售或转让任何军火和有关物资，并禁止与之相关的金融交易、技术培训、援助或服务。 上述禁止还适用于小武器和轻武器，除非事先经主管当局批准。 如批准提供、销售或转让小武器和轻武器，应至少提前5天通知委员会。", "• 禁止向朝鲜民主主义人民共和国提供贷款、赠款或经济援助，禁止为与该国的贸易提供公共财务支持。", "• 扣押和没收向朝鲜民主主义人民共和国提供、销售或转让的上述物项。", "圣马力诺共和国还告知委员会，由警察部队(民警、宪兵和要塞卫兵)实施的控制表明，没有发生违反禁令而导致附文所列者或者安全理事会或委员会所认定的对朝鲜民主主义人民共和国核相关、其他大规模毁灭性武器相关和弹道导弹相关计划负责(包括支持或推动)者在圣马力诺入境或停留的情况。", "由圣马力诺税务局实施的控制表明，没有进行安全理事会第1718(2006)号决议第8段和第1874(2009)号决议第10段提及的，向朝鲜民主主义人民共和国自然人、法人、实体和机构进口或出口或意图为在该国使用而进口或出口的任何种类的军火和有关物资，包括武器和弹药、军事车辆和设备、准军事设备和备件。 没有出口2007年3月27日欧洲联盟理事会第329/2007号条例附件三所列的物项。", "此外，圣马力诺金融情报局没有收到与安全理事会第1718(2006)号决议第8段和第1874(2009)号决议第9、10、18、19和20段特别相关的报告。", "最后，为确保安全理事会第1718(2006)号决议和第1874(2009)号决议广为人知，金融情报局更新了其网站上与金融情报局第2010-03号指示第1段第5条所规定的限制性措施有关的部分。" ]

[ "安全理事会第1718(2006)号决议 所设委员会", "2011年7月5日圣马力诺常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "圣马力诺共和国常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会第1718(2006)号决议所设委员会主席致意,并谨就主席2010年9月3日的说明,提交圣马力诺共和国关于安全理事会关于朝鲜民主主义人民共和国的第1718(2006)号和第1874(2009)号决议执行情况的报告(见附件)。", "2011年7月5日圣马力诺常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "圣马力诺关于安全理事会关于朝鲜民主主义人民共和国的第1718(2006)号和第1874(2009)号决议执行情况的报告", "本报告提供资料,说明圣马力诺共和国为有效执行安全理事会关于朝鲜民主主义人民共和国的第1718(2006)号和第1874(2009)号决议所载规定而采取的措施。", "国务会议(圣马力诺共和国政府)在2011年3月22日第5号决定中,为执行第1718(2006)号和第1874(2009)号决议采取了下列限制性措施:", "• 禁止直接或间接地向朝鲜民主主义人民共和国提供、出售或转让为联合国常规武器登记册目的所定义的任何作战坦克、装甲战车、作战飞机、攻击直升机、军舰、导弹和导弹系统,以及安全理事会或第1718(2006)号决议第12段所设委员会所认定的相关材料,包括零部件或物项。", "• 禁止直接或间接向朝鲜民主主义人民共和国提供、出售或转让S/2006/814、S/2006/815和S/2006/816号文件附件所列清单所列材料、设备、货物和技术,或安全理事会或委员会认定的可能有助于朝鲜民主主义人民共和国核、弹道导弹或其他大规模杀伤性武器相关计划的其他材料、设备、货物和技术。", "• 禁止从朝鲜民主主义人民共和国购买、进口或运输上述物品,不论这些物品是否原产于该国。", "二. 支助 禁止直接或间接向朝鲜民主主义人民共和国出售、供应、转让或出口2007年3月27日(欧共体)理事会第329/2007号条例附件三所列的下列奢侈品:", "1. 联合国 纯种马", "2. 鱼子酱和鱼子酱替代品", "3个 花排及其准备", " 4.四. 高品质的葡萄酒(包括花花酒)、烈酒和烈酒", "5 (韩语). 优质雪茄和雪茄", "6. 国家 奢侈香水、厕所和化妆品,包括美容和化妆品", "7. 联合国 高质量皮革、鞍和旅行物品、手提包和类似物品", "8. 联合国 优质服装、服装配件和鞋子(不论其材料如何)", "9. 国家 手织地毯、手织地毯和挂毯", "10个 珍珠、宝石和半宝石、珍珠物品、珠宝、黄金或银匠物品", "11个 硬币和钞票,不是法定货币", "12个 贵重金属或有花板或有花板的贵重金属", "13个 高品质的瓷器、瓷器、石器或地器或精美陶器", "14个 高质量铅晶体玻璃软件", "15个 国内使用的高端电子物品", "16号. 用于记录和复制声音和图像的高端电气/电子或光学设备", "17岁 在地上、空中或海上运送人员的豪华车辆及其配件和备件", "18岁。 奢侈的钟表和手表及其零件", " 19. 19. 高质量乐器", "20号. 艺术品、收藏品和古董", "21岁 滑雪、高尔夫、潜水和水上运动用品和设备", "22号. 用于台球、自动保龄球、赌场游戏和由硬币或钞票操作的游戏的物品和设备", "· 禁止直接或间接向朝鲜民主主义人民共和国境内任何自然人或法人、实体或机构提供与供应、购买、制造、维修和使用上述物项有关或旨在制造核武器、弹道导弹或其他大规模毁灭性武器的技术援助和培训,包括提供资金或财政援助,或用于朝鲜民主主义人民共和国境内的任何自然人或法人、实体或机构。", "• 立即冻结2008年6月17日第92号法律及其后续修正案所定义的所有 \" 资产 \" 或 \" 资金 \" ,这些资产或资金由安全理事会或委员会指认并列于S/2009/364号文件附件附文的个人和实体、代表他们或按其指示行事的个人或实体、或由他们拥有或控制的实体直接或间接拥有或控制;禁止将此类 \" 资产 \" 或 \" 资金 \" 转让给应对朝鲜民主主义人民共和国的核武器、其他大规模毁灭性武器相关和弹道导弹相关计划负责的自然人或法人、实体或机构,或为这些人或实体的利益,或代表他们或按其指示行事的个人或实体,或由他们拥有或控制的实体。", "二. 支助 禁止直接或间接向上述或安全理事会或委员会指认的任何自然人或法人或实体提供2008年6月17日第92号法及其后一修正案所定义的“资产”或“资金”,或为这些人或实体提供此种资金。", "二. 支助 禁止附文所述或安全理事会或委员会指认的对朝鲜民主主义人民共和国的核武器、其他大规模毁灭性武器和弹道导弹相关计划负有责任的人进入并留在圣马力诺境内,包括通过支持或促进这些计划。", "· 禁止从朝鲜民主主义人民共和国购买、进口或运输一切军火和相关材料,不论是否源于该国,并禁止与此有关的金融交易。", "• 禁止直接或间接地向朝鲜民主主义人民共和国提供、出售或转让所有军火和相关材料以及相关的金融交易、技术培训、援助或服务。 这项禁令也应适用于小武器和轻武器,除非事先得到主管当局的批准。 应至少提前5天将供应、销售或转让小武器和轻武器的任何授权通知委员会。", "· 禁止向朝鲜民主主义人民共和国提供贷款、赠款或财政援助,并禁止向同朝鲜民主主义人民共和国的贸易提供公共财政支助。", "* 扣押并没收向朝鲜民主主义人民共和国提供、出售或转让的上述物品。", "圣马力诺共和国还通知委员会,警察部队(民警、宪兵和堡垒警卫队)进行的管制没有违反禁止附文所述或安全理事会或委员会指认的对朝鲜民主主义人民共和国的核武器、其他大规模毁灭性武器和弹道导弹相关计划负责的人入境和停留在圣马力诺境内的禁令,包括通过支持或促进这些计划。", "圣马力诺税务局实施的管制表明,没有按照第1718(2006)号决议第8段和第1874(2009)号决议第10段的设想,向朝鲜民主主义人民共和国的自然人或法人、实体和机构进口或出口或打算在该国使用军火和各种有关物资,包括武器和弹药、军用车辆和装备、准军事装备和上述物资的备件。 没有出口2007年3月27日(欧共体)理事会第329/2007号条例附件三规定的物项。", "此外,圣马力诺金融情报机构没有收到任何报告,特别是关于第1718(2006)号决议第8段和第1874(2009)号决议第9、10、18、19和20段的报告。", "最后,为了确保第1718(2006)和1874(2009)号决议广为人知,原子能机构已更新了其网站上有关限制性措施的章节,如《金融情报室第2010-03号指示》第5条第1款所规定。" ]

[ "Report of the Secretary-General concerning the credentials of the deputy representative of the Russian Federation on the Security Council", "Pursuant to rule 15 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council, the Secretary-General wishes to report that he has received a letter dated 26 April 2011 from the Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the United Nations stating that Mr. Nikita Zhukov has been appointed deputy representative of the Russian Federation on the Security Council.", "In the opinion of the Secretary-General, that communication constitutes adequate provisional credentials." ]

[ "秘书长关于俄罗斯联邦出席安全理事会副代表的全权证书的报告", "依照安全理事会暂行议事规则第15条的规定，秘书长谨报告，他收到俄罗斯联邦常驻联合国代表团2011年4月26日的信，内称已任命尼基塔·朱可夫先生为俄罗斯联邦出席安全理事会的副代表。", "秘书长认为，这份来文构成适当的临时全权证书。" ]

[ "秘书长关于俄罗斯联邦出席安全理事会副代表的全权证书的报告", "依照安全理事会暂行议事规则第15条的规定,秘书长谨报告,他收到俄罗斯联邦常驻联合国代表团2011年4月26日的信,内称已任命尼基塔·朱可夫先生为俄罗斯联邦出席安全理事会的副代表。", "秘书长认为,这份来文构成适当的临时全权证书。" ]

[ "Report of the Secretary-General concerning the credentials of the alternate representative of the Russian Federation on the Security Council", "Pursuant to rule 15 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council, the Secretary-General wishes to report that he has received a letter dated 6 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation to the United Nations stating that Mr. Andrei Artasov has been appointed alternate representative of the Russian Federation on the Security Council.", "In the opinion of the Secretary-General, that communication constitutes adequate provisional credentials." ]

[ "秘书长关于俄罗斯联邦出席安全理事会候补代表的全权证书的报告", "依照安全理事会暂行议事规则第15条的规定，秘书长谨报告，他收到俄罗斯联邦常驻联合国代表团2011年7月6日的信，内称已任命安德烈·阿塔索夫先生为俄罗斯联邦出席安全理事会的候补代表。", "秘书长认为，这份来文构成适当的临时全权证书。" ]

[ "秘书长关于俄罗斯联邦出席安全理事会候补代表的全权证书的报告", "依照安全理事会暂行议事规则第15条的规定,秘书长谨报告,他收到俄罗斯联邦常驻联合国代表2011年7月6日的信,内称已任命安德烈·阿尔塔索夫先生为俄罗斯联邦出席安全理事会的候补代表。", "秘书长认为,这份来文构成适当的临时全权证书。" ]

[ "Report of the Secretary-General concerning the credentials of the alternate representative of the Russian Federation on the Security Council", "Pursuant to rule 15 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council, the Secretary-General wishes to report that he has received a letter dated 8 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation to the United Nations stating that Mr. Eugeny Ustinov has been appointed alternate representative of the Russian Federation on the Security Council.", "In the opinion of the Secretary-General, that communication constitutes adequate provisional credentials." ]

[ "秘书长关于俄罗斯联邦出席安全理事会候补代表的全权证书的报告", "依照安全理事会暂行议事规则第15条的规定，秘书长谨报告，他收到俄罗斯联邦常驻联合国代表团2011年7月8日的信，内称已任命尤金·乌斯季诺夫先生为俄罗斯联邦出席安全理事会的候补代表。", "秘书长认为，这份来文构成适当的临时全权证书。" ]

[ "秘书长关于俄罗斯联邦出席安全理事会候补代表的全权证书的报告", "依照安全理事会暂行议事规则第15条的规定,秘书长谨报告,他收到俄罗斯联邦常驻联合国代表2011年7月8日的信,内称已任命欧吉尼·乌斯季诺夫先生为俄罗斯联邦出席安全理事会的候补代表。", "秘书长认为,这份来文构成适当的临时全权证书。" ]

[ "Report of the Secretary-General concerning the credentials of the alternate representative of the Russian Federation on the Security Council", "Pursuant to rule 15 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council, the Secretary-General wishes to report that he has received a letter dated 19 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation to the United Nations stating that Mr. Sergei Kononuchenko has been appointed alternate representative of the Russian Federation on the Security Council.", "In the opinion of the Secretary-General, that communication constitutes adequate provisional credentials." ]

[ "秘书长关于俄罗斯联邦出席安全理事会候补代表的全权证书的报告", "依照安全理事会暂行议事规则第15条的规定，秘书长谨报告，他收到俄罗斯联邦常驻联合国代表团2011年7月19日的信，内称已任命谢尔盖·科诺努琴科先生为俄罗斯联邦出席安全理事会的候补代表。", "秘书长认为，这份来文构成适当的临时全权证书。" ]

[ "秘书长关于俄罗斯联邦出席安全理事会候补代表的全权证书的报告", "依照安全理事会暂行议事规则第15条的规定,秘书长谨报告,他收到俄罗斯联邦常驻联合国代表2011年7月19日的信,内称已任命谢尔盖·科诺努琴科先生为俄罗斯联邦出席安全理事会候补代表。", "秘书长认为,这份来文构成适当的临时全权证书。" ]

[ "Report of the Secretary-General concerning the credentials of the alternate representative of the United States of America on the Security Council", "Pursuant to rule 15 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council, the Secretary-General wishes to report that he has received a letter dated 3 May 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the United States of America to the United Nations stating that Mr. Joseph M. Torsella has been appointed alternate representative of the United States of America on the Security Council.", "In the opinion of the Secretary-General, that communication constitutes adequate provisional credentials." ]

[ "秘书长关于美利坚合众国出席安全理事会候补代表的全权证书的报告", "依照安全理事会暂行议事规则第15条的规定，秘书长谨报告，他收到美利坚合众国常驻联合国代表团2011年5月3日的信，内称约瑟夫·M·托塞拉先生已被任命为美利坚合众国出席安全理事会的候补代表。", "秘书长认为，这份来文构成适当的临时全权证书。" ]

[ "秘书长关于美利坚合众国出席安全理事会候补代表的全权证书的报告", "依照安全理事会暂行议事规则第15条的规定,秘书长谨报告,他收到美利坚合众国常驻联合国代表2011年5月3日的信,内称已任命约瑟夫·托尔塞拉先生为美利坚合众国出席安全理事会的候补代表。", "秘书长认为,这份来文构成适当的临时全权证书。" ]

[ "Provisional agenda for the 6587th meeting of the Security Council", "To be held on Wednesday, 20 July 2011, at 10 a.m.", "1. Adoption of the agenda.", "2. Maintenance of international peace and security", "Impact of climate change", "Letter dated 1 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Germany to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General (S/2011/408)." ]

[ "安全理事会第6587次会议临时议程", "定于2011年7月20日星期三上午10时举行", "1． 通过议程。", "2． 维护国际和平与安全", "气候变化的影响", "2011年7月1日德国常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信(S/2011/408)。" ]

[ "安全理事会第6587次会议临时议程", "定于2011年7月20日星期三上午10时举行", "1. 联合国 1. 通过议程。", "2. 维持国际和平与安全", "气候变化的影响", "2011年7月1日德国常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信(S/2011/408)。" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council Tenth emergency special session Sixty-sixth year Agenda item 5 \nIllegal Israeli actions in OccupiedEast Jerusalem and the rest of theOccupied Palestinian Territory", "Identical letters dated 19 July 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "It is with grave concern that I draw your attention to the escalation of Israel’s illegal practices in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem. Since our last letter to you, dated 6 July 2011, the Israeli occupying forces have continued to use excessive and lethal force against Palestinian civilians, including via massive air strikes against the besieged Gaza Strip, causing civilian casualties as well as destruction to Palestinian homes and properties and natural resources, such as wells. At the same time, the occupying Power is recklessly continuing its massive and illegal colonial settlement campaign in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, gravely undermining the contiguity and integrity of the Territory and taking us farther away from realizing the two-State solution based on pre-June 1967 borders.", "At the outset, we are compelled to once again underscore the grave situation in the besieged Gaza Strip, in which over 1.5 million Palestinians continue to suffer immeasurably as a result of Israel’s illegal blockade, which has been imposed on them for more than four years now. This inhumane and most unjust situation continues to raise the deep concern of people from all over the region and the world, expressed, inter alia, in acts of solidarity such as the “Freedom Flotilla”. In this regard, we express our serious concern about the boarding and seizure of a French civilian boat, the Dignité-al Karama, today in the Mediterranean Sea by Israeli military ships and marine troops. The Dignité-al Karama had been sailing to the Gaza Strip to deliver much-needed support to the population there, and the international community must demand that its passengers and the vessel be treated with full respect and accorded the necessary protection under international humanitarian law.", "The situation in the Gaza Strip is also worsening as a result of a series of military air strikes that have been carried out by Israel, the occupying Power. These attacks have caused scores of injuries among Palestinian civilians, including children, such as the attack on Beit Hanoun on 17 July in which seven people from one family, including four children, were critically injured. The Israeli occupying forces also recently launched attacks on eight Palestinian fishing boats as well as an international boat that monitors the situation on the Gaza coastline. The excessive and indiscriminate fire caused serious damage to the boats, further undermining the livelihoods of the fishermen whose families depend on these boats for their income and survival.", "These military attacks have intensified fear and panic among the entire Palestinian civilian population and serve as further evidence that the occupying Power plans to continue with its violent terror campaign against the Gaza Strip. In this regard, Israeli war planes recently dropped thousands of leaflets over Gaza “warning” residents not to go near the so-called buffer zone imposed by the occupying Power, similar to leaflets dropped during its 22-day military aggression against the Gaza Strip in which more than 1,400 civilians were killed, including hundreds of children and women.", "The Israeli occupying forces also continue to unleash violence against the Palestinian people in the Occupied West Bank. On 13 July 2011, in Al-Fara’a refugee camp, near the West Bank city of Nablus, Israeli occupying forces shot and killed a young university student, 21-year-old Ibrahim Omar Sarhan, as he was leaving a mosque. The Israeli soldiers prevented ambulances from providing emergency aid to the victim, and he was left to bleed to death.", "Such military raids have been increasing throughout the West Bank. The occupying forces even recently raided a summer camp for children in the Sheikh Jarrah neighbourhood of Occupied East Jerusalem, forcing the children to endure interrogations. The Israeli occupying forces also continue to use excessive force against peaceful civilian protesters, intimidating the protesters and typically causing injury among them. This includes an incident on 12 July in which the occupying forces fired stun grenades and tear gas canisters at protesters who had gathered in Al-Khalil (Hebron) to demonstrate against the illegal Israeli settlements.", "At the same time, Israel, the occupying Power, continues and is intensifying its illegal and destructive settlement campaign, in a clear attempt to further colonize the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and create even more illegal alterations to the demographic composition, character and status of the Territory. This settlement campaign is being carried out by Israel in violation of its legal obligations under international law and United Nations resolutions, its obligations under the Quartet road map, which calls in unequivocal terms for the freezing of all settlement activities and the dismantlement of so-called “outposts”.", "In recent weeks, the Israeli Government has made a series of provocative announcements on its plans and intentions to further unlawfully confiscate and colonize Palestinian property and land. This includes, inter alia, the recent decision to expropriate large areas of Palestinian farmland in the Bethlehem area for the expansion of the illegal “Efrata” settlement; the approval by the occupying Power of the construction of 336 more settlement units in the so-called settlements of “Beitar-Illit” in Occupied East Jerusalem and “Karnei Shomron” west of Nablus; and the razing of 35 dunums of Palestinian land and confiscation of irrigation networks in the Baq’a area east of Al-Khalil. We again appeal to the international community to uphold their legal obligations in this regard. Israel must be held accountable for its flagrant breaches in order to bring an end to this illegal, provocative policy that is narrowing the chances for achieving a just and viable peace with every passing day.", "The extremist Israeli settlers have also further escalated their campaign of terror against Palestinian civilians and their villages across the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem. Settlers continue to harm and injure Palestinian civilians, including shepherds tending to their sheep, and to vandalize and destroy Palestinian properties and agricultural fields and crops, and the harassment and intimidation of Palestinian civilians, including children, continues unabated. On 10 July, an Israeli settler ran over and seriously injured a 6-year-old Palestinian child near Bethlehem. Just yesterday, 18 July, three Palestinian shepherds, who were herding their sheep on a hillside near the town of Mikhmas north-east of Jerusalem, were beaten and stabbed by Israeli settlers. Reports reveal that, in June 2011 alone, more than 139 settler attacks were perpetrated against Palestinian civilians and properties, including the destruction of over 3,600 olive trees and vineyards.", "Extremist Israeli settlers have in the recent period also attacked international peace activists in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. On 18 July, two civilians affiliated with “Operation Dove” and one civilian with the “Christian Peacemaker Teams” were attacked by Israeli settlers using clubs and stones in an area near Al-Khalil (Hebron). In light of the continuation of such crimes, we must reiterate that Israel, the occupying Power, bears full responsibility for the illegal presence and all the illegal actions of its settlers, and we call upon the international community to apply the necessary pressure on the Israeli Government to immediately bring an end to the terror campaign being perpetuated by them against the defenceless Palestinian civilian population.", "The current situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, reveals an escalation of illegal Israeli acts of aggression, provocation and destruction. It seems clear that the intent of the occupying Power is to entrench its illegitimate military occupation and to instigate yet another cycle of deadly violence between the two sides. Israel continues to reject the minimal basis necessary for resuming credible peace negotiations in accordance with the two-State solution on the basis of the pre-June 1967 borders, and, instead of making any real effort to create an environment conducive to negotiations, Israel is actually intensifying its violations of international law, further destabilizing the situation on the ground and seriously undermining all efforts to resume the peace process and sabotaging the two-State solution itself.", "As we have stated before, we emphasize once again that the Palestinian leadership is committed to peace and the two-State solution on the basis of the pre‑1967 borders, and will continue to exert all efforts to achieve the legitimate national goals of the Palestinian people, including their right to exercise self-determination and freedom in their independent State of Palestine with East Jerusalem as its capital. The marked rise in Israel’s illegal, provocative and unilateral acts, which are obstructing the goal of an independent, contiguous and viable State of Palestine, only serves to further convince the Palestinian leadership that the United Nations, in accordance with the principles enshrined in its Charter, is the appropriate venue to multilaterally pursue these legitimate and internationally supported goals.", "There is no time to be spared, and we thus renew our appeal to the international community, including the Security Council, to uphold their responsibilities and to take immediate, decisive action to bring Israel, the occupying Power, into compliance with international law, including its obligations under the Fourth Geneva Convention, relevant United Nations resolutions and the Quartet road map. This is urgent to salvage the two-State solution of an independent, sovereign and viable State of Palestine, living side by side with Israel in peace and security on the basis of the pre-1967 borders.", "This letter is in follow-up to our previous 395 letters regarding the ongoing crisis in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, since 28 September 2000. These letters, dated from 29 September 2000 (A/55/432-S/2000/921) to 6 July 2011 (A/ES-10/523-S/2011/414), constitute a basic record of the crimes being committed by Israel, the occupying Power, against the Palestinian people since September 2000. For all of these war crimes, acts of State terrorism and systematic human rights violations committed against the Palestinian people, Israel, the occupying Power, must be held accountable and the perpetrators must be brought to justice.", "I should be grateful if you would arrange to have the text of the present letter distributed as a document of the tenth emergency special session of the General Assembly, under agenda item 5, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Feda Abdelhady-Nasser Chargé d’affaires a.i." ]

[ "大 会 安全理事会", "第十届紧急特别会议 第六十六年", "议程项目5", "以色列在被占领东耶路撒冷和其余 巴勒斯坦被占领土的非法行动", "2011年7月19日巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员代表团临时代办给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信", "我严重关切地提请注意，以色列在包括东耶路撒冷在内巴勒斯坦被占领土的非法行径升级。自从我上次于2011年7月6日写信给你以来，以色列占领军继续对巴勒斯坦平民使用过度和致命武力，包括对被围困加沙地带进行大规模空袭，造成平民伤亡，毁坏巴勒斯坦人的家园和财产以及水井等自然资源。同时，占领国还正在包括东耶路撒冷在内巴勒斯坦被占领土上继续肆意进行大规模的非法殖民定居活动，严重破坏了领土的连续性和完整性，让我们进一步远离在1967年6月前边界的基础上实现两国解决方案的目标。", "首先，我们必须再次强调被围困加沙地带的严重局势，那里有150多万巴勒斯坦人因以色列的非法封锁而继续遭受巨大痛苦，这一强加给他们的封锁迄今已持续四年以上。这种不人道、最不公正的局面继续引起整个区域和全世界人民的深切关注，这表现在“自由船队”等声援行为上。为此，我们严重关切以色列军舰和海军陆战队部队今天在地中海登上法国的“Dignité-al Karama”号民船并将船只扣押。“Dignité-al Karama”号船当时正驶向加沙地带，向那里的居民提供迫切需要的援助，因此国际社会必须要求对船上人员和船只给予充分尊重，并根据国际人道主义法提供必要保护。", "由于占领国以色列实施一系列军事空袭，加沙地带的局势也在恶化。这些袭击造成数十名巴勒斯坦平民(包括儿童)受伤。例如，在7月17日对贝特哈农的袭击中，一个家庭有7人(包括4名儿童)受到重伤。最近，以色列占领军还对8艘巴勒斯坦渔船以及1艘监测加沙海岸局势的国际船只发动袭击。这种不分青红皂白的过度火力对船只造成严重破坏，进一步损害了渔民的生计，因为渔民家人的收入和生存依赖这些船只。", "这些军事袭击还加剧了全体巴勒斯坦平民人口的恐惧和惊慌，进一步证明占领国打算继续对加沙地带发动暴力恐怖活动。在这方面，以色列战机最近向加沙散发数千张传单，“警告”居民不要靠近占领国强加的所谓缓冲区，这些传单类似于在对加沙地带发动的为期22天的军事侵略中散发的传单——在那次侵略期间，有1 400多名平民丧生，包括数百名儿童和妇女。", "以色列占领军还继续对被占西岸的巴勒斯坦人民使用暴力。2011年7月13日，以色列占领军在西岸城市纳布卢斯附近的Al-Fara’a难民营开枪杀害Ibrahim Omar Sarhan，该人是一名21岁的年轻大学生，当时正在离开一座清真寺。以色列士兵阻止救护车向受害人提供紧急援助，他最后因失血过多而死。", "在整个西岸，这种军事袭击日益增多。最近，占领军甚至突袭被占东耶路撒冷Sheikh Jarrah社区的一个儿童夏令营，强迫儿童接受盘问。以色列占领军还继续对和平示威的平民使用过度武力，对示威者进行恐吓，往往造成示威者受伤。这包括7月12日发生的事件，当时占领军向聚集在哈利勒(希布伦)抗议以色列非法定居的示威者发射眩晕手榴弹和催泪弹。", "同时，占领国以色列继续并正在加紧其非法、破坏性定居活动，显然是企图在包括东耶路撒冷在内被占巴勒斯坦领土进一步殖民，甚至进一步非法改变领土的人口构成、特性和现状。以色列正在实施的这种定居活动，违反了其根据国际法承担的法律义务和各项联合国决议，也违反了其根据四方路线图承担的义务，后者明确要求冻结所有定居活动，拆除所谓的“前哨”。", "在最近几个星期，以色列政府就其进一步没收巴勒斯坦财产和土地并进行殖民活动的计划和意图发布一系列具有挑衅性的宣示。这包括最近决定没收位于伯利恒地区的大片巴勒斯坦农田，用于扩大“Efrata”非法定居点；占领国批准在被占东耶路撒冷的所谓“Beitar-Illit”定居点和在纳布鲁斯以西的“Karnei Shomron”定居点另外修建336个定居单位；在哈利勒以东的Baq'a地区，将35德南的巴勒斯坦土地夷为平地，并没收灌溉网络。我们再次呼吁国际社会履行其在这方面的法律义务。以色列必须对这些公然违反行为承担责任，停止这种让实现公正、可行和平的机会日益渺茫的非法、挑衅性政策。", "在包括东耶路撒冷在内的整个巴勒斯坦被占领土，以色列定居者中的极端分子还进一步加剧其对巴勒斯坦平民及其村庄实施的恐怖活动。定居者继续损害和伤害包括照料羊群的牧羊人在内的巴勒斯坦平民，破坏和毁坏巴勒斯坦人的财产以及农田和庄稼，而且对包括儿童在内的巴勒斯坦平民的骚扰和恐吓也不曾停止。7月10日，1名以色列定居者在伯利恒附近冲过去严重伤害1名6岁巴勒斯坦儿童。就在昨天，即7月18日，3名巴勒斯坦牧羊人在位于耶路撒冷东北方的Mikhmas镇附近的山坡上放羊时，被以色列定居者殴打并刺伤。报告显示，仅在2011年6月，定居者对巴勒斯坦平民和财产的袭击就超过139次，其中包括毁坏3 600多棵橄榄树以及葡萄园。", "在最近一段时期，以色列定居者中的极端分子还在巴勒斯坦被占领土袭击国际和平活动人士。7月18日，以色列定居者在哈利勒(希伯伦)附近的一个地区用棍棒和石块袭击隶属“鸽派行动”的2名平民和“基督教建立和平小组”的1名平民。鉴于这种罪行还在继续，我们必须重申，占领国以色列必须对其定居者的非法存在和非法行动承担全部责任，我们还呼吁国际社会对以色列政府施加必要压力，迫使其立即停止正在对手无寸铁的巴勒斯坦平民人口实施的恐怖活动。", "包括东耶路撒冷在内巴勒斯坦被占领土的目前局势表明，以色列的非法侵略、挑衅和破坏行为已经升级。显然，占领国的目的是巩固其非法军事占领，在双方之间挑起又一轮的致命暴力行为。以色列仍然拒不接受在1967年6月以前边界的基础上并根据两国解决方案恢复具有公信力的和平谈判所必需的最低条件。以色列非但没有为建立有利于和平的环境作出切实努力，而是实际上加剧其违反国际法的行为，从而进一步破坏了实地局势的稳定，严重损害了恢复和平进程的一切努力，对两国解决方案本身造成破坏。", "我们以前说过而且再次强调，巴勒斯坦领导层致力于在1967年以前边界的基础上实现和平及两国解决方案，并将继续竭尽全力实现巴勒斯坦人民的正当民族目标，其中包括在以东耶路撒冷为首都的独立巴勒斯坦国行使自决和自由权利。以色列的非法、挑衅和单方面行为明显升级，阻碍了建立独立、毗连和具有生存能力的巴勒斯坦的目标。这让巴勒斯坦领导层进一步深信，联合国是根据《联合国宪章》阐明的原则、通过多边方式努力实现这些正当并得到国际支持的目标的适当场所。", "时不宜迟，因此我们再次呼吁包括安全理事会在内的国际社会承担其责任，立即采取果断行动，迫使占领国以色列遵守包括《日内瓦第四公约》所规定义务在内的国际法、相关联合国决议和四方路线图。必须紧急行动，挽救内容包括在1967年以前边界的基础上、与以色列和平安全共存、拥有独立、主权和生存能力的巴勒斯坦国的两国解决方案。", "自2000年9月28日以来，我们已就包括东耶路撒冷在内巴勒斯坦被占领土的持续危机向你发出395封信，本函是上述信函的后续。这些信函的日期是从2000年9月29日(A/55/432-S/2000/921)至2011年7月6日(A/ES-10/523-S/ 2011/414)。它们基本记录了占领国以色列自2000年9月以来对巴勒斯坦人民犯下的罪行。占领国以色列必须为其对巴勒斯坦人民犯下的所有战争罪行、国家恐怖主义行为和系统的侵犯人权行为承担责任，必须将犯罪人绳之以法。", "请将本函作为大会第十届紧急特别会议议程项目5的文件和安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "临时代办", "费达·阿卜杜勒哈迪-纳赛尔(签名)" ]

[ "大会 安全理事会第十届紧急特别会议\n以色列在被占领的东耶路撒冷和其余", "2011年7月19日巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员代表团临时代办给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信", "我极为关切地提请你注意以色列在包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土上的非法行径的升级。 自2011年7月6日我们给你的上一封信以来,以色列占领军继续对巴勒斯坦平民使用过度和致命的武力,包括对被围困的加沙地带进行大规模空袭,造成平民伤亡并摧毁巴勒斯坦人的家园和财产以及水井等自然资源。 与此同时,占领国肆无忌惮地继续在包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土上进行大规模和非法的殖民定居活动,严重损害了该领土的毗连性和完整性,并使我们更加远离实现以1967年6月之前边界为基础的两国解决方案。", "首先,我们不得不再次强调被围困的加沙地带的严重局势,在这种局势中,150多万巴勒斯坦人继续因以色列的非法封锁而遭受无法估量的痛苦,以色列已经对他们实行了四年多。 这种不人道和最不公正的状况继续使来自该区域和全世界人民深感关切,他们除其他外,在“自由船队”等声援行动中表达了这种关切。 在这方面,我们对今天由以色列军舰和海军陆战队在地中海登上并扣押一艘法国民用船只 -- -- 迪尼特-卡拉马号 -- -- 表示严重关切。 Dignité-al Karama号一直航行到加沙地带,向那里的人民提供急需的支助,国际社会必须要求充分尊重其乘客和船只,并给予其国际人道主义法的必要保护。", "由于占领国以色列进行的一系列军事空袭,加沙地带的局势也正在恶化。 这些袭击已造成包括儿童在内的数十名巴勒斯坦平民受伤,例如7月17日对拜特哈嫩的袭击,其中来自一个家庭的7人受了重伤,其中包括4名儿童。 以色列占领军最近还对八艘巴勒斯坦渔船和一艘监测加沙海岸线局势的国际船只发动了攻击。 过度和不分青红皂白地放炮给船只造成严重破坏,进一步破坏了渔民的生计,他们的家庭依靠这些船只赚取收入和生存。", "这些军事攻击加剧了全体巴勒斯坦平民的恐惧和恐慌,进一步证明占领国计划继续对加沙地带采取暴力恐怖行动。 在这方面,以色列战机最近向加沙“警告”居民投下数千份传单,不准他们靠近占领国强加的所谓缓冲区,这类似于在对加沙地带22天的军事侵略期间投下传单,造成1 400多平民丧生,其中包括数百名儿童和妇女。", "以色列占领军还继续对被占领的西岸的巴勒斯坦人民施加暴力。 2011年7月13日,在西岸城市纳布卢斯附近的Al-Fara ' a难民营,以色列占领军开枪打死一名年轻的大学生,即21岁的Ibrahim Omar Sarhan,当时他正离开一座清真寺。 以色列士兵阻止救护车向受害者提供紧急援助,他被放出血而死。", "这种军事袭击在整个西岸一直在增加。 占领军甚至最近还突袭了被占领的东耶路撒冷Sheikh Jarrah居民区的儿童夏令营,迫使儿童忍受审讯。 以色列占领军还继续对和平的平民抗议者过度使用武力,恐吓抗议者并通常在其中造成伤害。 这包括7月12日发生的一起事件,占领军向聚集在哈利勒(希布伦)抗议以色列非法定居点的抗议者发射了眩晕手榴弹和催泪弹。", "与此同时,占领国以色列继续并正在加紧其非法和破坏性的定居活动,显然企图使包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土进一步殖民化,使该领土的人口组成、特征和地位更加非法地改变。 以色列违反国际法和联合国决议规定的法律义务,违反了四方路线图规定的义务,路线图明确要求冻结所有定居点活动并拆除所谓的“前哨站”。", "最近几周来,以色列政府就其进一步非法没收和殖民巴勒斯坦财产和土地的计划和意图作出了一系列挑衅性宣布。 这包括最近决定征用伯利恒地区大片巴勒斯坦农田以扩大非法的 \" 埃夫拉塔 \" 定居点;占领国批准在被占领的东耶路撒冷和纳布卢斯以西的 \" Beitar-Illit \" 和 \" Karnei Shomron \" 定居点再建造336个定居点单元;并拆除了哈利勒以东Baq ' a地区的35德南巴勒斯坦土地并没收了灌溉网络。 我们再次呼吁国际社会履行这方面的法律义务。 必须使以色列对其公然违反行为负责,以结束这种非法和挑衅性的政策,这种政策每天都在缩小实现公正和可行的和平的机会。", "以色列极端主义定居者还进一步加剧了对包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土上巴勒斯坦平民及其村庄的恐怖行动。 定居者继续伤害和伤害巴勒斯坦平民,包括照顾羊的牧羊人,并破坏和摧毁巴勒斯坦财产、农田和农作物,骚扰和恐吓巴勒斯坦平民,包括儿童的行为有增无减。 7月10日,一名以色列定居者在伯利恒附近撞倒并重伤了一名6岁的巴勒斯坦儿童。 就在昨天,7月18日,三名巴勒斯坦牧羊人在耶路撒冷东北部米克马斯镇附近的山坡上牧羊,被以色列定居者殴打并被刺伤。 报告显示,仅在2011年6月,就有139多起定居者袭击巴勒斯坦平民和财产的事件,包括摧毁了3 600多棵橄榄树和葡萄园。", "以色列极端主义定居者最近还袭击了巴勒斯坦被占领土上的国际和平活动分子。 7月18日,两名与“鸽子行动”有关联的平民和一名与“基督教和平缔造者小组”有关联的平民在哈利勒(希布伦)附近地区被以色列定居者用俱乐部和石头袭击。 鉴于这种罪行的继续,我们必须重申,占领国以色列对其定居者的非法存在和所有非法行动负有全部责任,我们呼吁国际社会对以色列政府施加必要的压力,以立即结束他们对手无寸铁的巴勒斯坦平民实施的恐怖行动。", "包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土上目前的局势显示,以色列的非法侵略、挑衅和破坏行为正在升级。 显然,占领国的意图是巩固其非法军事占领并挑起双方之间又一轮致命的暴力。 以色列继续拒绝根据以1967年6月前边界为基础的两国解决办法恢复可信的和平谈判所需的最低基础,以色列实际上没有作出真正努力来创造有利于谈判的环境,而是加紧违反国际法,进一步破坏当地局势的稳定,并严重破坏恢复和平进程的一切努力并破坏两国解决办法本身。", "正如我们以前指出的那样,我们再次强调,巴勒斯坦领导人致力于以1967年以前的边界为基础的和平和两国解决办法,并将继续竭尽全力实现巴勒斯坦人民的合法民族目标,包括在以东耶路撒冷为首都的独立巴勒斯坦国中行使自决和自由的权利。 以色列非法、挑衅和单方面行动明显增加,阻碍了建立一个独立、毗连和有生存能力的巴勒斯坦国的目标,这只会进一步使巴勒斯坦领导人相信,联合国根据其《宪章》所揭示的原则,是多边追求这些得到国际支持的合法目标的适当场所。", "因此,我们再次呼吁国际社会,包括安全理事会,承担起责任,立即采取果断行动,使占领国以色列遵守国际法,包括《日内瓦第四公约》、联合国有关决议和四方路线图规定的义务。 迫切需要挽救两国解决方案,即建立一个独立、主权和有生存能力的巴勒斯坦国,在1967年以前的边界基础上同以色列和平、安全地毗邻共存。", "自2000年9月28日以来,我们已就包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土上的持续危机发出395封信,本函是上述信件的后续。 从2000年9月29日(A/55/432-S/2000/921)到2011年7月6日(A/ES-10/523-S/2011/414)的这些信件是占领国以色列自2000年9月以来对巴勒斯坦人民所犯罪行的基本记录。 占领国以色列必须为其对巴勒斯坦人民犯下的所有这些战争罪行、国家恐怖主义行为和系统侵犯人权行为负责,必须将肇事者绳之以法。", "请将本函作为大会第十届紧急特别会议议程项目5和安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "费达·阿卜杜勒-哈迪-纳赛尔(签名)" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights", "questions, including alternative approaches for improving the", "effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Human rights and cultural diversity", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary The present report is submitted to the General Assembly pursuant toits resolution 64/174, in paragraph 18, of which it requested theSecretary-General to prepare a report on human rights and culturaldiversity, taking into account the views of Member States, relevantUnited Nations agencies and non-governmental organizations, for theAssembly at its sixty-sixth session. \nIn the light of that request, the Office of the United Nations HighCommissioner for Human Rights invited States, United Nations agenciesand non‑governmental organizations to submit written commentsregarding the recognition and importance of cultural diversity amongall peoples and nations in the world. The report provides a summaryof the answers received. The comments received from Governments focuson measures taken within the State to promote cultural diversity andto protect and ensure access to cultural heritage.", "I. Introduction", "1. The General Assembly, in paragraph 18 of its resolution 64/174, requested the Secretary-General to prepare a report on human rights and cultural diversity, taking into account the views of Member States, relevant United Nations agencies and non‑governmental organizations, for the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session. In response to the request for information sent by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, as of 15 July 2011, 16 replies had been received from Member States and 1 reply had been received from a non‑governmental organization. The submissions of Madagascar and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization were received too late to be included in the present report. The replies are summarized below.", "II. Summary of information received from Governments", "Azerbaijan", "[Original: English] [7 June 2011]", "In its submission, Azerbaijan defines itself as a multinational and multireligious country. Its national policy is defined on the principles of tolerance and coexistence of various nationalities, ethnic groups and religious minorities.", "Azerbaijan reports on different initiatives to enhance religious pluralism, including the reopening of a synagogue and of a Lutheran church, the opening of a Jewish school in Baku, the organization of seminars on religious and cultural diversity by the State Committee on Work with Religious Organizations and the publication of newspapers, informational materials and books on tolerance and religious issues. Azerbaijan hosted a successful international conference on interreligious dialogue in 2009, the World Religious Leaders Summit in 2010 and a round table on interconfessional harmony in building civil society in 2011. In 2011 the European Parliament organized a conference on “European Union-Azerbaijan relations: intercultural dialogue”, with the participation of members of the European Parliament, public authorities, media and representatives from Azerbaijani Muslim, Orthodox, Jewish and Albanian-udi confessions.", "Other events took place under the so-called “Baku process” for the promotion of intercultural dialogue, which brings together people of different origins and with different educational backgrounds through projects and programmes in the field of cultural and religious dialogue. The process is led by Azerbaijan, in cooperation with the Council of Europe, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations and the Heydar Aliyev Foundation. Events organized under the Baku process include: the Sixth Islamic Conference of Culture Ministers, the European Capitals of Culture initiative and the World Forum on Intercultural Dialogue.", "Azerbaijan’s submission also includes a document called “Azerbaijan — country of cultural diversity”, which describes the unique character of the country as a crossroads between the East and the West, the South and the North, a position which has led to a unique and harmonious combination of the traditions of different cultures and civilizations and created a spirit of tolerance and respect for different cultures and nationalities.", "Azerbaijan ratified the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions in 2009. The Government has adopted a special plan for the implementation of the Convention, which features a project called “Cultural diversity is our cultural identity”, aiming to organize various events on the theme of national cultural solidarity in the regions throughout the country, with the participation of national minorities and local communities. Other projects include the “People’s Art Capitals” project and the Art Festival of National Minorities “Azerbaijan — our native land”.", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "[Original: English] [8 June 2010]", "The submission by Bosnia and Herzegovina presents a detailed account of the constitutional and legal framework guaranteeing the highest level of internationally recognized human rights and fundamental freedoms. The Constitution provides for the direct application of international human rights instruments such as the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Various pieces of legislation and institutions were established for the implementation and protection of the above-mentioned rights. These include the adoption of several laws on the protection of national minorities’ rights and the Law on Freedom of Religion and Legal Position of Churches and Religious Communities, the establishment of the Council for National Minorities of the Parliamentary Assembly, the adoption of the Action Plan on the Educational Needs of Roma and Members of Other National Minorities, the Strategy for Addressing Roma Issues, the Action Plan for Addressing Roma Issues in the Field of: Employment, Housing and Health Care and the appointment of the National Coordinator for the Decade of Roma Inclusion 2005-2015. The country has also ratified two international agreements, one with the Holy See and one with the Serbian Orthodox church.", "Bosnia and Herzegovina has also adopted laws on gender equality and domestic violence and has established a national ombudsman institution with specific departments dealing with the rights of national, religious and other minorities, persons with disabilities, children and detainees and prisoners. The Parliament is presently discussing an anti-discrimination law. A study has been conducted in order to assess the conformity of national legislation with the provisions of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.", "Being a multireligious and thus a multicultural community, Bosnia and Herzegovina is committed to the respect of human rights and fundamental freedoms through the strengthening of democracy, multicultural dialogue and respect for ethnic, cultural and religious diversity and combating all forms of discrimination and intolerance. Dialogue between different ethnic groups is considered the primary means to link diversities and develop tolerance in society. Bosnia and Herzegovina is home to 3 constituent peoples (Bosniacs, Serbs and Croats) and 17 national minorities. Different institutions have been established or recognized to foster interethnic dialogue: the Interreligious Council of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Link Diversity, the Roma Committee and the Council for National Minorities. Measures to enhance interethnic and interreligious dialogue include radio and television programmes on minority communities, film festivals and support for non‑governmental organization and interreligious institutions initiatives on human rights and diversity.", "Religious diversity is part of the rich heritage and identity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The country is home to four major monotheistic religions (Catholicism, Islam, Judaism and Orthodox Christianity). In Sarajevo, the nation’s capital, major temples representing each religion are located only 500 meters apart. While part of the historic cultural heritage was damaged during the tragic conflict that took place between 1992 and 1995, the country has devoted efforts to protecting and restoring its cultural heritage. The submission details some of these endeavours. in addition, acts of destruction or damage of cultural heritage have been criminalized by law. The diversity of the country’s cultural heritage is also reflected in its museums, art festivals, literary meetings and art exhibitions.", "Canada", "[Original: English] [6 June 2010]", "Canada is building an integrated, socially cohesive society by fostering intercultural understanding, civic memory and pride and respect for core democratic values, and by promoting equal opportunity for individuals of all origins. This has been achieved through legislation, policies and programming nationally, provincially and municipally. Cultural diversity in Canada is based on three main pillars: aboriginal populations, linguistic duality and ethnocultural and religious diversity. In addition to the three founding peoples (Aboriginal, English and French), the ethnocultural diversity of Canada has increased greatly in recent decades as a result of open and large-scale immigration from a variety of countries.", "Cultural diversity in Canada is supported by a broad framework of laws and policies, including the Multiculturalism Act, the Official Languages Act, employment equity, human rights legislation and the Constitution. The Constitution Act granted collective rights to aboriginal people and official-language minority groups and the 1982 Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms required that its provisions be interpreted in a manner consistent with the preservation and enhancement of the multicultural heritage of Canadians.", "The 1988 Multiculturalism Act affirmed diversity as a fundamental characteristic of Canadian society and committed to a policy of multiculturalism designed to preserve and enhance the multicultural heritage of Canadians, while working to achieve the equality of all Canadians in the economic, social, cultural and political life of Canada. The Multiculturalism Act required the federal Government to promote the full and equitable participation of all individuals and communities of all origins, to eliminate barriers to that participation and to encourage and assist all Canadian institutions to be both respectful and inclusive of the multicultural character of Canada. It also granted the designated minister the responsibility to implement the multiculturalism programme and to coordinate activities and practices in support of that policy.", "The multiculturalism programme had three broad objectives: to build an integrated, socially cohesive society; to improve the responsiveness of institutions to the needs of a diverse population; and to actively engage in discussions on multiculturalism and diversity at the international level. Understanding that equal opportunity for individuals of all backgrounds is an important part of fostering an integrated society, the current focus of the programme is on integration, shared civic and democratic values and supporting intercultural and interfaith understanding.", "One of the main vehicles for programme delivery in the area of cultural diversity is Inter-Action, a multiculturalism grants and contributions programme. This programme has a “projects” and an “events” stream, both of which provide members of different ethnocultural or religious communities with opportunities to build bridges among communities to promote intercultural understanding. The “projects” stream provides funding for long-term, multi-year community development and engagement projects to promote integration. The “events” stream supports community events, such as celebrations of a community’s historic contributions to Canada, musical performances that bridge ethnic, cultural or religious communities and intercultural dialogues to share cultural heritage, traditions and viewpoints.", "Public education programming is another way in which Canada supports cultural diversity. One example of such programming is Asian Heritage Month, designated officially by the Canadian Government in 2002 to take place in May each year. Asian Heritage Month provides an opportunity for Canadians to participate in festivities across the country that celebrate the achievements and contributions of Canadians of Asian heritage. Similarly, Black History Month takes place every February and comprises festivities and events that honour the past and present legacy of black Canadians. In addition, the Paul Yuzyk Award for Multiculturalism recognizes individuals in communities across Canada who have made exceptional contributions to multiculturalism and diversity in Canada.", "Colombia", "[Original: Spanish] [6 June 2010]", "Colombia offered a very detailed overview of legal and other measures adopted to ensure cultural diversity. Cultural diversity is recognized by the Colombian Constitution, and the country has ratified Convention 169 of the International Labour Organization and is considering the ratification of the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions. Protection of the cultural richness is considered one of the goals of the State. Measures have been adopted, particularly in relation to Afro-Colombian peoples, indigenous peoples and the Roma people.", "The Ministry of Culture has contributed to a number of initiatives within the framework of the General Law on Culture. Concerned groups were consulted in the adoption of relevant legal measures. Efforts have been made to document and protect the intangible cultural patrimony of indigenous peoples and Afro‑Colombians. Books were published and workshops, celebrations and cultural activities were organized to acknowledge and give visibility to the contributions of ethnic groups in the construction of the nation. The Ministry of Culture has also taken initiatives in the field of communications, including television and radio broadcasts focusing on cultural events involving ethnic communities, the strengthening of indigenous and citizen radios and the promotion of the use of information and communication technologies among indigenous, Afro-Colombian and Roma peoples. The National System of Culture, established by the General Law of Culture, allows for the participation of different groups of the population in decision-making structures regarding cultural policy in the national, regional and municipal level.", "The Ministry of Education has adopted ethno-education as its methodological priority regarding the education of ethnic groups. The implementation of ethno-education is based on inter-institutional alliances, involving the self-government of the communities and the different levels of government. The goal of the policy of differentiated educational attention towards ethnic groups is to improve the access, permanence, promotion and pertinence of education, in relation with the worldview and pedagogic, cultural and linguistic expectations of each people. Coordination, interculturality and a dialogue between the different communities of knowledge are considered fundamental means in this regard. Initiatives include technical assistance to educational authorities in order to implement the normative framework regarding ethnic groups, consultation and participation of the concerned peoples, promotion and guidance for the creation and implementation of Afro-Colombian chairs in educational facilities, the adoption of legislation and programmes to protect ethnolinguistic diversity, including mandatory teaching of native languages where they are spoken, and the advancement of a proposal for an autonomous educational system for indigenous peoples. Different actions have also been undertaken in the area of human rights education, in collaboration with national and international institutions.", "The Ministry of Justice and the Interior, which is in charge of the protection of human rights and cultural diversity, has also taken action through its respective departments for Afro-Colombian, indigenous, minority and Roma affairs. Colombia reports with detail the legislative and normative measures adopted to guarantee non‑discrimination, political participation and the protection of the cultural identity of ethnic groups. A legal framework was adopted for the protection of the Roma people.", "Colombia has also adopted measures to promote cultural diversity in its foreign policy, including active cooperation with UNESCO, international cooperation and cultural and academic interchanges with other States. In this sense, Colombia has adopted 46 international agreements for cultural cooperation and interchange with different countries.", "Cuba", "[Original: Spanish] [8 July 2011]", "According to the submission of Cuba, the recognition of the universal character of human rights and fundamental freedoms makes it necessary to understand the importance of national and regional particularities and different historic, cultural and religious heritages, and to respect the diversity of economic, political and social systems existing in the world. Ethnic groups, peoples, nations and other communities share their own cultures and have a right to be recognized and to have their identities respected. Cultural diversity is based on the variety and richness of these communities.", "Diversity does not weaken the universal values of human civilization: it represents its fundamental strength and wealth. Cultural homogenization threatens the genuine artistic expressions of peoples and can lead to the disappearance of languages, cultures and ethnic groups. Cultural hegemony can also threaten the realization of cultural rights, the preservation of cultural identities and, hence, cultural diversity. Peoples’ right to self-determination is an inalienable right and an essential component for the respect of cultural diversity.", "In order to defend cultural diversity, priority should be accorded to the preservation of peoples’ memory and history. This will contribute to the survival of native cultural expressions. It is for States to promote the full enjoyment of everyone’s cultural rights and respect for diverse cultural identities, and to define and implement, through appropriate means, its own cultural policies, taking into account its international obligations.", "International cooperation, which is also important to preserve and promote cultural diversity, should be grounded in the acknowledgement and acceptance of the political, economic, cultural and social dimensions of every society. Dialogue and cooperation are essential for the respect of the universality of human rights and cultural diversity. Respectful dialogue between the representatives of different cultures and civilizations fosters tolerance and respect of diversity and contributes to strengthening international cooperation.", "The right to enjoy culture and the duty to disseminate, promote, preserve and protect culture constitute political commitments of the State, as reflected in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The submission by Cuba underscores that market forces alone cannot guarantee the preservation and promotion of cultural identities, and emphasizes the need to give prevalence to public policies rather than to the interests of the private sector. According to the Cuban Constitution, the State guides, encourages and promotes education, culture and science in all its manifestations, and sustains freedom of artistic creation, the defence of the identity of the Cuban culture, the preservation of cultural heritage and of the artistic and historic wealth of the nation and the protection of national monuments, bearing in mind universal traditions and values.", "Cuba reiterates its commitment to support efforts of the United Nations system, including UNESCO, to preserve and promote the cultural identities and diversity of all peoples and nations. Strengthening multilateralism is an essential instrument to promote and protect cultural diversity.", "Georgia", "[Original: English] [22 June 2011]", "According to its submission, Georgia is an ethnically, culturally, linguistically and religiously diverse country, and the Government devotes particular attention to enhancing cultural pluralism and the enjoyment of human rights for all representatives of different cultures residing in the country. In 2008, Georgia ratified the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions. Its Constitutional and legal framework require Georgia to promote the development of culture, the participation of citizens in cultural life, the strengthening and advancement of national and universal values and creative integration. The Council for Tolerance and Civil Integration, an advisory body created by the President to ensure consultation with representatives of religious and ethnic minorities in policy and decision-making, has adopted a National Concept for Tolerance and Civil Integration, following international standards and recommendations. One of its main goals is the promotion of culture and the preservation of identity, including objectives such as civil awareness, preservation of the cultural identity of national minorities, protection of the cultural heritage of national minorities, encouragement of tolerance, support of intercultural dialogue, participation of national minorities in cultural life and dissemination of the culture, history, language and religion of national minorities and their inclusion as part of the core cultural values of the country.", "Regarding culture and the preservation of identity, the Constitution and the Law on Culture guarantee that all citizens are equal in cultural life, without distinction based on national, ethnic, religious or linguistic background. Rights and freedoms to effectively enjoy equal participation in cultural life are also guaranteed. The Ministry of Culture and Monument Protection runs a special programme to support cultural centres of national minorities, designed to assist national minorities in the preservation and dissemination of their cultures and in their integration in the larger Georgian cultural sphere. The programme is implemented in collaboration with institutions representing national minorities.", "Promotion of the participation of national minorities in cultural events has also been an objective of the Ministry of Culture and Monument Protection. National minorities regularly take part in international festivals, music contests, exhibitions and concerts held in Georgia, and actively organize their own cultural events. The Ombudsman’s office publishes a newspaper and has published several books addressing the culture, history, traditions and other aspects of the lives of national minorities. An interethnic festival, “Diversity is our Wealth”, was held in 2008 under the auspices of the Offices of the President and the Ombusdman. State Universities runs the Institute of Caucasiology, specialized the teaching of the Caucasian languages and there is a State-supported International School for Caucasus Studies.", "In relation to the protection of the cultural heritage of national minorities, the applicable legal framework is the Law on Cultural Heritage, which encompasses both tangible and intangible heritage. The State has devoted its efforts to reveal and register the rich Georgian cultural heritage. The classification of monuments is not based on national or confessional affiliations, but rather follows strict methodological research. All monuments receive the same protection under the law. Recent inventory and rehabilitation work has included Ottoman monuments, Gregorian churches, mosques and synagogues. Georgia also offers a variety of museums representing the heritage of different cultures and religions.", "In the area of education, the Ministry of Education has added programmes combating racial discrimination and promoting tolerance and intercultural dialogue. The Ministry has also made efforts to enhance teaching of the Georgian language to minority groups in order to guarantee equality of opportunities, while the educational authorities have also implemented a policy to strengthen the knowledge of native languages among minorities. The policy includes the translation of textbooks into minority languages and the improvement of teachers’ skills. In November 2009, the Law on Higher Education was amended to establish a quota system, directed to allow better access for national minorities to institutions of higher education. Armenian and Azerbaijani speakers are allocated 10 per cent of all university seats. As of 2012, the quota will also include Abkhazian and Ossetian speakers.", "Finally, the submission addresses the efforts made by Georgia to ensure access of minority groups to media. The news on the public radio is broadcast in six different languages, and there are specific programmes devoted to national minorities. Other State-funded activities include the production of documentary films on the life of national minorities, financial support to Azerbaijani and Armenian language newspapers and the launch of an electronic database with information on the history and culture of national minorities living in Georgia.", "Guatemala", "[Original: Spanish] [8 June 2011]", "Guatemala, in its response, reports that it has ratified the UNESCO Conventions on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions and the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, with the commitment of protecting the economic, social and cultural rights of the Mayan, Garifuna, Xinca and Ladina peoples.", "The submission points out the willingness of Guatemala to develop and undertake measures to sensitize States about the need to devote resources for the implementation of programmes for the promotion, protection and appraisement of human rights and cultural diversity in the world.", "Iraq", "[Original: Arabic] [6 June 2011]", "The response from Iraq underscores the fundamental link between cultural diversity, human dignity and the respect of human rights and basic freedoms, especially of persons belonging to minorities and indigenous peoples. Cultural diversity is part of the national identity, and requires a dialogue between cultures and the rejection of intolerance. Respect for diversity is an important source of renewed strategies for development and for ensuring social cohesion.", "Iraq has adopted different legal measures to ensure cultural diversity. Its Constitution defines Iraq as a country of many nationalities, religions and creeds. The Constitution enshrines equality among Iraqis in rights and duties, recognizing equality between all ethnic and religious groups that make up the Iraqi people. Freedom of thought, conscience, belief and religion are also protected by the Constitution.", "While the Constitution considers Arabic and Kurdish to be the two official languages of Iraq, and Turkmen and Syriac to be official languages in the administrative districts where they constitute the language of a certain proportion of the population, it also guarantees the right of minority ethnic groups to educate their children in their mother tongue in public educational institutions. Different measures have been adopted to implement these rights for specific minority groups. The right to be taught in any other language in private educational institutions is also recognized. The Constitution forbids any entity or programme to endorse racism, terrorism or ethnic cleansing.", "Efforts have also been made to ensure that ethnic and religious minorities have political representation in the legislative body through the allocation of quota shares of the parliamentary seats. Similar provisions were adopted for provincial parliaments.", "The Iraq Government’s policy of cultural diversity has been a positive factor in rebuilding the community after years of conflict and difficulties in various fields, and a means for development, dialogue, peacebuilding, cohesion and national unity. Ensuring the participation of minorities is considered a priority issue in Iraq. Measures to achieve this objective include respecting the culture of religious and ethnic minorities; ensuring the teaching of their religions and languages; accommodating educational curricula when appropriate; preserving the historical heritage represented by churches and other houses of worship; organizing conferences, workshops and seminars; disseminating campaigns through educational media; and implementing educational programmes for university professors. These measures are oriented to promote a culture of social tolerance, peaceful coexistence and acceptance of others, which represent the values of citizenship necessary to build the new Iraq.", "Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", "[Original: English] [24 June 2011]", "As a country rich with cultural heritage and different cultural expressions, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia pays special attention to the promotion and protection of cultural heritage and of the diversity of cultural expressions. In 2007, the country ratified the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions. The Ministry of Culture had an important role in the adoption of measures to implement this convention.", "A number of international cultural events, including poetry, music, theatre and dance festivals, have been hosted by the country. Other measures promoting cultural dialogue and diversity included the support of several projects with the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, the Interart Cultural Centre, the Macedonian National Committee for the International Council on Monuments and Sites, the National Commission for UNESCO of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the Turkish National Commission for UNESCO, and non-governmental organizations. Projects involved dance; the publication of UNESCO conventions and recommendation with a commentary; the organization of the World Conference on Interreligious and Inter-Civilization Dialogue; cultural events about cultural heritage, memory and gastronomy; the publication of books on the cultural heritage of the nation and of an anthology of European folk music; the inauguration of the Memorial House of Mother Theresa; a seminar on the influence of culture in the development of Europe; and a multi-language translation of poetry, fiction and essays originally written in Macedonian and minority languages.", "The Ministry of Culture devotes part of its efforts to the publication and translation of books into minority languages and the support of literature festivals, book fairs, campaigns and prizes to promote linguistic diversity.", "New laws have been adopted to promote and protect cultural creation, including the 2010 Law on Copyright and Related Rights, which aligns national legislation with European Union directives. Other relevant pieces of legislation are the Law on Culture, the Law on the Protection of the Cultural Heritage and the Law on Minority Languages.", "In May 2010, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia hosted the successful Second World Conference on Interreligious and Inter-Civilization Dialogue. The theme of the Conference was “Religion and Culture — Strengthening Links among Nations”. The Conference was organized by the Ministry of Culture in cooperation with the Commission for Relations with Religious Communities and Religious Groups, and was supported and endorsed by the Government, UNESCO, the United Nations-Spain Millennium Development Goals Achievement Fund within the framework of a United Nations Development Programme project for the improvement of inter-ethnic dialogue, and the Holocaust Fund of the Jews from Macedonia.", "In 2008, the country inaugurated the Skopje Regional Centre for Digitization of Cultural Heritage. The country is working towards the implementation of the National Programme for Digitization, which will enable the digitization of the entire cultural heritage of the country.", "Mauritius", "[Original: English] [7 July 2011]", "The response by Mauritius details some of the efforts made by the country to ensure diversity in political and legal systems, recognize and promote respect for cultural diversity in order to advance peace, development and human rights and use media and information and communication technologies to enable a renewed dialogue among cultures and civilizations.", "Mauritius is a multicultural community where the cultural rights of all groups are safeguarded and promoted. Different festivals to foster mutual understanding and the sharing of values and to encourage intercultural dialogue are organized by the State, which also organizes artistic and cultural events to promote all aspects of cultural heritage.", "The Government has set up different institutions with a view to improving democracy and ensuring the representation of different cultural communities. These include the Aapravasi Ghat Trust Fund, the Centre de Lecture et d’Animation Culturelle, the Islamic Cultural Centre, the Le Morne Heritage Trust Fund, the Malcolm De Chazal Trust Fund, the Mauritius Museums Council, the Mauritius Film Development Corporation, the Mauritius Society of Authors, the National Archives, the National Art Gallery, the National Heritage Fund, the National Library, the Nelson Mandela Centre for African Culture, the President’s Fund for Creative Writing and the Professor Basdeo Bissoondoyal Trust Fund. Several cultural centres and speaking unions have been established to promote the ancestral languages that constitute the cultural heritage of Mauritius, including English, Hindi, Marathi, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu.", "With a view of encouraging artistic creation by the different linguistic and cultural groups, the Government has put in place a scheme to assist artists on the production of music albums, publication of books, art exhibitions, drama and theatre and other artistic or cultural activities. A scheme has also been developed for assisting promising artists to improve their skills, promote their work and participate in international festival and exhibitions. Other initiatives have sought to promote cultural exchanges with foreign countries to enhance mutual understanding and promotion of and respect for cultural diversity and universal human rights. The National Heritage Fund is also working on an inventory of the intangible heritage of Mauritius that will help to safeguard such heritage, thus enriching cultural diversity and human creativity.", "Mexico", "[Original: Spanish] [21 June 2011]", "In its submission, Mexico stated that only one other country in the Americas has more spoken native languages. It is a pluricultural and multilingual country where indigenous peoples contribute to the diversity of languages and cultures. Some 364 linguistic varieties are spoken in Mexico, corresponding to 60 linguistic groups and 11 linguistic families.", "The rights of indigenous peoples were included in the Constitution in 2001. The Constitution acknowledges the pluricultural composition of the nation and guarantees the self-determination and autonomy of indigenous peoples and their collective rights, including: their right to decide their social, economic, political and cultural organization; their right to apply their own legal systems; their right to preserve their languages, knowledge and all the elements that constitute their culture and identity; the right to their ancestral lands; their right to be consulted; and their right to development. The Constitutional amendment has triggered a number of legislative changes to ensure that they are in line with the new multicultural and plurilingual model.", "In 2003 the General Act on Indigenous Peoples’ Linguistic Rights was published. The act recognized and regulated linguistic rights, including the use and protection of indigenous languages and of their speakers, and prohibited discrimination on the basis of language. The 2009-2012 Programme for the Development of Indigenous Peoples, established to promote the respect and recognition of indigenous peoples’ cultures, languages and rights, undertook to ensure access to Government services in indigenous languages, particularly in three areas: justice, multicultural and plurilingual education and health.", "A national programme for the revitalization, strengthening and development of indigenous languages had also been set up. The guiding principles of the programme are cultural diversity, multilinguism through an intercultural approach and equality of opportunities in a multicultural and multilingual framework. The programme seeks to promote the use of indigenous languages in public institutions and the professionalization of interpreters, translators and other actors related to the accreditation and certification of indigenous languages.", "In 2004, the National Institute for Indigenous Languages (INALI) began its activities. INALI is the agency responsible for the adoption and implementation of policies designed to fulfil the linguistic rights of indigenous language speakers. It has an advisory role for the three levels of Government — federal, state and local — and it determines the order of work in coordination with indigenous communities, with the Government and with private actors. INALI has promoted the creation of multidisciplinary instances and the adoption of agreements with the federal Government, undertaken awareness-raising actions to fight against discrimination based on language, produced a catalogue of national indigenous languages, promoted the use of indigenous languages in institutional spaces, published and disseminated educational material and prepared an official list of indigenous languages translators and interpreters for judicial procedures.", "While there have been advances in reversing the disappearance of indigenous languages and achieving their revitalization and strengthening, challenges to ensuring the full enjoyment of the linguistic rights of indigenous language speakers remain. Linguistic normalization is a complex process and requires a dialogue between different communities that speak varieties of the same language. The General Act on Indigenous Peoples’ Linguistic Rights remains in part unknown, both by public authorities and by the indigenous language speakers. Despite numerous efforts, State and local legislation still requires harmonization and the adoption of further regulations to implement those linguistic rights.", "Oman", "[Original: Arabic] [14 June 2011]", "The submission from Oman underscores the richness of its tangible and intangible cultural heritage, which reflects great cultural diversity. Such diversity is the result of the intellectual and cultural diversity in the population of Oman through successive periods of history.", "According to the response, the people of Oman are proud of their cultural heritage, both tangible and intangible, and contribute to its creation and preservation. Cultural practices are included within the fundamental human rights protected by the State, in accordance with article 13 of the Constitution, which provides that the “State fosters and conserves the national heritage, and encourages and promotes the sciences, literature, and scientific research”.", "Serbia", "[Original: English] [8 June 2011]", "The response from Serbia highlights that, according to the Constitution and to the international instruments that it has adopted, preservation of cultural diversity is one of its primary interests, both internationally and nationally. The Ministry of Culture, Media and Information Society has played an important role in cherishing its cultural heritage and improving the diversity of cultural expressions.", "The submission from Serbia underscored the constitutional framework ensuring the protection of minority rights, in line with international human rights instruments. One of the goals of the State, according to the Constitution, is promoting understanding, recognition and respect for diversity arising from the specific ethnic, cultural, linguistic or religious identity of its citizens through measures applied in education, culture and public information. In addition to the rights guaranteed to all citizens by the Constitution, persons belonging to national minorities are granted special individual and collective rights, including the right to take part in decision-making or to decide independently on certain issues related to their culture, education, information and official use of languages and script in accordance with the law. Members of national minorities have, inter alia, the following rights: to foster, develop and publicly express their national, ethnic, cultural and religious specificity; to use their symbols in public places; to use their language and script; to have proceedings conducted in their languages before State bodies in areas where they make up a significant majority of population; to receive education in their languages in public institutions and institutions of autonomous provinces; to found private educational institutions; to use their name and family name in their own languages; to have traditional local names, names of streets and settlements and topographic names written in their languages, in areas where they make a significant majority of population; to receive complete, timely and objective information in their language, including the right to express, receive, send and exchange information and ideas; and to establish their own mass media.", "In the field of education, culture and information, Serbia shall give impetus to the spirit of tolerance and intercultural dialogue and undertake efficient measures for enhancement of mutual respect, understanding and cooperation among all people living on its territory, regardless of their ethnic, cultural, linguistic or religious identity.", "The Constitutional framework led to the adoption of legislation to implement the above-mentioned rights and principles, including the 2010 Law on Culture, which regulates general interest in culture, lists the principles of cultural development and defines priority fields of culture and creativity. This law allows National Minority Councils to ensure the implementation of cultural policy of respective national minorities and participate in the decision-making process related to their culture and establish cultural institutions and other legal entities in the field of culture. The establishment of such councils was previously provided by the 2009 Law on National Minority Councils. Other laws that contribute to the realization of the rights of national minorities and ethnic communities, by allowing them to exercise their cultural rights, are the Law on Public Information and the Law on Broadcasting, both of which include specific provisions on minority languages and cultures.", "Especially significant activities by the Ministry of Culture have been undertaken in regard to the Roma national minority. As a part of the Decade of Roma Inclusion 2005-2015, the Ministry has made major steps towards fighting discrimination of Roma in all segments of society, as well as integrating this population into social life, including engaging Roma public media representatives.", "The Government, on the initiative of Ministry of Culture, adopted financial measures to assist media during the economic crisis. Part of these measures benefited media, productions and projects in national minority languages. Funding of projects and programmes through tenders has also been improved and made more transparent, and consequently the quality and variety of supported projects has increased, with an important contribution by national minorities. Cultural policies have also focused on international cooperation, with many activities organized to promote Serbian cultural expressions and collaborate with countries of speakers of minority languages (such as Hungary, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia and Ukraine). No differentiation regarding its origin is made when it comes to protection of cultural heritage. Protection and preservation measures have been adopted regarding material and immaterial heritage cherished by some 20 different ethnic groups. The Ministry of Culture has also been active in forming a task group for development of creative industries in 2011. The goal of this task group is to research potentials and resources for development of systemic instruments in the field of creative industries, as well as to propose measures and programmes for stimulating their development in the country.", "Spain", "[Original: Spanish] [9 June 2011]", "Spain underscores that cultural diversity is recognized in its Constitution and is reflected in the empowerment in the area of culture of its autonomous communities. Cultural plurality and diversity also constitute a tenet of Spanish foreign cultural policy in the Latin American, Euro-Mediterranean and European spheres. Respect for cultural diversity was also one of the cross-cutting principles of the actions of the European Union. Thus, cultural diversity is one of the basic principles of the European and Spanish model.", "The contribution from Spain underscores that every society and social group has a cultural heritage, which reflects the system of values on which its identity is founded. Respect for cultural identities, the protection of cultural heritage, equality of opportunities between all cultures and democratic principles and values are necessary to consolidate cultural dialogue and ensure the cohesion of societies, and to prevent and resolve conflicts. Respect for cultural identity is essential for peace.", "Spain also notes that ensuring equity in the access of citizens to culture entails the protection of cultural diversity, including promoting interculturalism and dialogue between cultures and social cohesion. Public support for culture and cultural industries should be directed to achieve these goals. Culture is a factor for economic development and employment. Culture is necessary to establish synergies among different actors involved in the promotion of cultural rights, and to emphasize the importance of cultural diversity within the United Nations system.", "Cultural diversity has been a basic principle of action by the Spanish Ministry of Culture. Cultural diversity is linked with pluralism and democracy, social cohesion regarding cultural identity and employment, cultural dialogue and the Government’s authority to pursue cultural policies, in line with the principles of balance, proportionality and transparency.", "Syrian Arab Republic", "[Original: English] [8 June 2011]", "In its submission, the Syrian Arab Republic highlights the richness of its cultural diversity and heritage, which it considers to be a crucial element of human development strategies and an essential tool of sustainable development. In this context, the submission identifies measures taken by the country in the fields of art education for cultural diversity and protection and access to traditional expressions and cultural heritage.", "Regarding art education for cultural diversity, the submission highlights the roles played by the Higher Institute of Music, the Higher Institute for Dramatic Art, the Directorate of Music Institutes, the Technical Institute of Applied Arts, the Institutes of Popular Education and Centres of Fine Arts affiliated with the Ministry of Culture and the private sector, with the encouragement of the Ministry of Culture, in art education and public awareness-raising.", "The Syrian Arab Republic believes that the protection of and access to traditional expressions and cultural heritage are priorities, since they are both essential factors in the identity of each country and a privileged means of facilitating mutual comprehension between countries. The cultural sector consists of three sub-sectors: one representing public and State-run structures, one representing civil society, and one consisting of private enterprises. The collaboration between the three sectors is a prerequisite to achieving success in this field. In this regard, the Syrian Arab Republic has adopted several international instruments, including the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict with Regulations for the Execution of the Convention; the Protocol to the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict; the Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property; the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage; the Agreement on the Importation of Educational, Scientific and Cultural Materials; the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage; and the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions. Preservation, management and rehabilitation of cultural heritage are also established as State principles according to the Constitution of 1973.", "The projects to advance these goals include the following: a child culture museum, the inclusion of topics on cultural heritage in the educational curriculum and a cooperation programme with the Italian Government for the revival and development of the Syrian heritage through documentation, artistic production, restoration projects, exchange experiences and the establishment of a network to interconnect Syrian heritage databases. Other areas of action include natural reserves, efforts to preserve the Aramaic language and efforts to register and preserve historical monuments and archaeological sites. The submission identifies the need to expand the legal definition of heritage in order to reflect the varied composition of the cultural heritage within the Syrian Arab Republic.", "Communities and non-governmental organizations are actively involved in a number of projects for the safeguarding of cultural heritage. Most projects and various individual researchers interview older community members to collect information about Syrian cultural heritage, including, for example, the Rawafed project and the “Youth cultural bus”.", "The submission by the Syrian Arab Republic also includes extensive information on the legal framework and measures adopted to ensure the recognition of and access to cultural heritage.", "Uzbekistan", "[Original: Russian] [9 June 2011]", "In its response, Uzbekistan states that its population consists of representatives of 136 nationalities and ethnicities, most of whom are affiliated with one of 17 official creeds. Uzbekistan has created all necessary legal and organizational conditions for the development and support of cultural diversity comprising all nationalities and ethnicities living in its territory. According to article 42 of the Constitution, everyone has the right to enjoy cultural benefits, and the State shall promote the cultural, scientific and technical development of society, including physical culture and sport. Currently, Uzbekistan has 37 professional theatres, many theatre studios and 85 museums. Uzbekistan pays particular attention to the protection of cultural heritage and its citizens are obliged to safeguard its historical, cultural and spiritual heritage.", "The response notes that Uzbekistan provides access to education for all national minorities. Primary and higher education is delivered in Uzbek, Karakalpak, Russian, Tadjik, Kazakh, Turkmen and Kyrgyz languages. Presently, Uzbekistan has 142 functioning national cultural centres representing 27 national minorities. The main aim of the cultural centres is to preserve and develop national cultures, languages, traditions and customs. In Uzbekistan, legal and organizational conditions are created for realization of the freedom of conscience and religion by all national minorities and ethnicities. Some 2,225 religious organizations of 16 different religious creeds exist in Uzbekistan.", "Uzbekistan reports that a national programme of action in the area of human rights is under consideration. It foresees the development of a concept of legal protection of national minorities in line with international legal standards. The project anticipates the design and adoption of a State programme for protection of the rights of national minorities with the aim of coherent implementation of international obligations and the ensuring of equal standards of safeguarding the rights of national minorities. The project will also include research on implementation of legislation related to national minorities at the regional level. It will also compile existing jurisprudence related to national and ethnic minorities.", "Summary of information received from non-governmental organizations", "Observatory of Diversity and Cultural Rights, Fribourg, Switzerland", "[Original: French] [5 July 2011]", "In its submission, the Observatory of Diversity and Cultural Rights of the Interdisciplinary Institute for Ethics and Human Rights at the University of Fribourg, Switzerland, underscored that the fundamental link between realization of all human rights and respect for cultural diversity can be ensured through a better understanding and consideration of cultural rights.", "According to the submission, cultural rights, as well as the cultural dimension of every human right, constitute the nexus between human rights and cultural diversity. The common object of cultural rights resides in identity: these rights encompass all those rights, freedoms and duties through which human beings can have access to the cultural references allowing them to find and express their identity, as individuals or in common with others. Diversity of cultural resources is a necessary condition to enable choice, and thus the realization of cultural rights and of every other human right. Conversely, ensuring cultural diversity is only possible when cultural rights are protected and guaranteed for everyone, thus enabling everyone to participate and contribute to diversity.", "After years of relative neglect, recent developments, such as the adoption of general comment No. 21 on the right to take part in cultural life by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the creation of the mandate of the Independent Expert in the Field of Cultural Rights by the Human Rights Council, have helped to confer on cultural rights their legitimate place within the concerns of the international community.", "Taking cultural rights into consideration leads to a more robust interpretation of the universality of human rights. Universality is not opposed to diversity; in fact, universality necessarily draws on the diversity of cultures. Cultural adequacy of human rights also reinforces the indivisibility and interdependence of all human rights, as taking into account the cultural dimension of human rights facilitates their construction and effectiveness. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights has underscored that cultural adequacy or acceptability is part of the normative content of the rights to adequate housing, to adequate food and to the highest attainable standard of health.", "Cultural diversity is also a condition for peace. Cultural rights should not provide the right to exacerbate differences, which can lead to violence, but rather to celebrate diversity. Cultural rights are vectors for peace, as their interpretation takes into account and values the diversity of cultural resources.", "The effectiveness of human rights is not only a goal, but also a means or resource for development. Individuals are not only beneficiaries: they are subject to rights, freedoms and duties. To respect human dignity also entails the development of a participatory democracy, based on the recognition that everyone can contribute to knowledge, including those who are overlooked because of poverty." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权：人权问题，包括增进", "人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "人权和文化多样性", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告是根据大会第64/174号决议第18段提交的，其中大会请秘书长依照本决议规定，考虑到会员国、联合国相关机构和非政府组织的意见，以及本决议中关于确认世界各民族和各国间文化多样性及其重要性的各种考虑因素，编写一份关于人权与文化多样性的报告，提交大会第六十六届会议审议。", "鉴于这一要求，联合国人权事务高级专员办公室邀请各国、联合国各机构和非政府组织就承认世界上所有民族和国家间文化多样性及其重要性提出书面评论。本报告汇总了所收到的答复。从各国政府收到的意见着重谈及各国政府为促进文化多样性以及为保护文化遗产并确保能够分享文化遗产而采取的措施。", "一. 导言", "1. 大会第64/174号决议第18段，请秘书长考虑到会员国、联合国相关机构和非政府组织的意见，编写一份关于人权与文化多样性的报告，提交大会第六十六届会议。为回应联合国人权事务高级专员办事处关于提供资料的请求，截止2011年7月15日，会员国发来16份答复，非政府组织发来1份答复。马达加斯加和联合国教育、科学及文化组织的呈件收到的时间太迟，因此来不及载入本报告。现将这些答复摘要介绍如下。", "二. 各国政府提供的资料摘要", "阿塞拜疆", "[原件：英文] [2011年6月7日]", "阿塞拜疆在呈文中，将本国界定为多民族和多宗教的国家。其民族政策是根据各民族族裔和宗教少数群体相互容忍和共存的原则制定的。", "阿塞拜疆报告说采取了不同的措施，以加强宗教多元化，包括重新开放一个犹太教堂和一个路德教教堂，在巴库开办了一所犹太学校，国家宗教组织工作委员会组织了关于宗教和文化多样性的研讨会，并出版了有关容忍和宗教问题的报纸、信息材料和书籍。2009年，阿塞拜疆成功地举办了不同宗教间对话的国际会议，2010年举办了世界宗教领袖峰会，2011年举办了一次关于宗教间和谐建立公民社会的圆桌会议。2001年，欧洲议会组织召开了一次题为“欧洲联盟与阿塞拜疆的关系：跨文化对话”的会议。欧洲议会各成员、公共部门、媒体和阿塞拜疆的穆斯林、东正教、犹太教和阿尔巴尼亚宗教代表参加了这次会议。", "在促进不同文化间对话的“巴库进程”框架内，开展了其他活动。通过文化和宗教对话领域的项目和方案，聚集了不同籍贯和不同教育背景的人。此一进程由阿塞拜疆牵头，合作单位包括欧洲委员会；联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)；伊斯兰教育、科学和文化组织(伊斯兰教科文组织)；不同文明联盟以及海达尔·阿利耶夫基金会。根据“巴库进程”组织的活动包括：第六次伊斯兰文化部长会议、欧洲文化之都倡议以及不同文化间对话世界论坛。", "阿塞拜疆的呈件还包括题为“阿塞拜疆——文化多样性的国家”的文件，其中描述了该国独特的位置，即处在东西方、南北方之间的十字路口，结果使不同文化和文明的传统独特而和谐地结合在一起，并创造了容忍和尊重不同文化和民族的精神。", "2009年，阿塞拜疆批准了教科文组织2009年的《保护和促进文化表现形式多样性公约》。政府通过了执行该公约的特别计划，其特点是一项题为“文化多样性是我们的文化特性”的项目，目的是在国内各地区举办以民族文化团结为主题的各种活动，各少数民族和当地社区共襄盛举。其他项目包括“人民的艺术之都”项目和民族艺术节“阿塞拜疆——我们的故乡”。", "波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那", "[原件：英文]", "[2010年6月8日]", "波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那的报告详细描述了保障实现最高水平和国际公认的人权和基本自由的宪法和法律框架。", "《宪法》规定应直接适用国际人权文书，例如《保护人权和基本自由欧洲公约》。为执行和保护上述权利，制定了各种立法并建立了机构。其中包括通过了若干法律：如保护少数民族权利法；宗教自由法以及教会和宗教团体的法律地位；还包括成立了议会少数民族委员会；通过了满足罗姆人以及其他少数民族成员的教育需要的行动计划；解决罗姆人问题战略；解决罗姆人在就业、住房和医疗保健方面问题的行动计划；任命了2005-2015年罗姆人融入社会十年国家协调员。该国还分别与罗马教廷和塞尔维亚东正教教会签署了国际协定。", "波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那作为一个多文化、多宗教的国家，致力于通过加强民主，不同文化间的对话，尊重族裔、文化和宗教多样性并克服一切形式的歧视和不容忍等措施，尊重人权和基本自由。不同族裔之间的对话被认为是把社会的多样性与培养容忍精神联系在一起的主要手段。波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那是3个族群(波斯尼亚人、塞尔维亚人和克罗地亚人)以及17个少数民族的家园。建立和确认了各种机构，以促进族裔间的对话：波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那宗教间理事会、联络多样性组织、罗姆人委员会和少数民族理事会。加强族裔间和宗教间对话的措施包括关于少数族裔社区的广播和电视节目、举办电影节以及支持非政府组织和宗教间机构有关人权和多样性的举措。", "宗教多样性是波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那丰富的文化遗产和特点。该国是四大一神论宗教(天主教、伊斯兰教、犹太教和东正教)的家园。在国家首都萨拉热窝，代表每个宗教的各大寺庙教堂相隔仅500米。尽管1992至1995年发生悲剧性冲突期间，部分历史文化遗产被毁坏，但该国一直致力于保护和恢复其文化遗产的努力。呈文详细介绍这方面的努力。此外，毁灭或破坏文化遗产的行为已依法定罪。该国文化遗产的多样性也体现在其博物馆、艺术节、文学会议和艺术展览方面。", "加拿大", "[原件：英文]", "[2010年6月6日]", "加拿大通过促进文化间的理解、文明记忆和自豪感、尊重民主核心价值以及促进无论籍贯所有人机会平等，建立一个统一的、具有社会凝聚力的社会。通过在全国、各省市指定立法、政策和方案，已经实现了上述目标。文化多样性建立在三个主要支柱基础之上：土著人口、双语制以及民族文化和宗教多样性。除了三类创始民族(原住民、英国人和法国人)外，最近几十年，由于大规模开放从各国移民，加拿大族裔文化的多样性增强了。", "加拿大广泛的法律和政策，包括《多元文化法》、《官方语言法》、就业平等、人权立法和《宪法》均有助于文化多样性。《宪法法案》授予原住民和官方语言少数群体以集体权利，1982年《加拿大权利和自由宪章》要求必须以符合保护和发展加拿大多元文化遗产的方式，解释该宪章的规定。", "1988年的《多元文化法》申明多样性是加拿大社会的基本特征，致力于执行多元文化的政策，旨在维护和加强加拿大人的多元文化遗产，同时努力实现所有加拿大人在经济、社会、文化和政治生活方面的平等。《多元文化法》要求联邦政府推动来自所有族裔的个人和社区全面和公平地参与，消除对这些参与的障碍，鼓励和协助加拿大所有机构尊重和包容加拿大多元文化的特点。该法赋予指定部长负责执行多元文化方案，并协调活动和实践，以支持该项政策。", "多元文化方案有三大目标：建立一个统一和具有社会凝聚力的社会；改善各机构应对多元化人口需求的情况；在国际一级，积极参与多元文化和多样性的讨论。理解来自各种背景的个人机会平等对于建立统一的社会十分重要，该方案目前的重点是：实现一体化、分享公民价值观和民主价值观以及支持文化间和宗教间的理解。", "在文化多样性领域，执行方案的一个主要手段是国际行动，该行动是一个多元文化的赠款和捐款方案。该方案有“项目”和“活动”两个方面，这两方面都是为不同族裔文化或宗教社区成员提供架设社区之间促进不同文化理解桥梁的机会。“项目”方面为长期和多年期社区发展和参与项目提供资金，以促进一体化。“活动”方面负责支助社区活动，例如庆祝某个社区对加拿大作出历史贡献的活动，为架设族裔、文化或宗教社区之间理解桥梁的音乐演出，以及不同文化的对话，以分享文化遗产、传统和观点。", "公众教育节目是加拿大支持文化多样性的另一种方式。这类节目的一个例子是，2002年，加拿大政府正式指定每年五月为亚洲传统月。亚裔传统月为加拿大人提供了在全国参加庆祝活动的机会，这些活动庆祝亚裔在加拿大取得的成就和作出的贡献。同样，每年二月举办加拿大黑人历史月活动，表扬加拿大黑人在过去和现在的传统。此外，设立的Paul Yuzyk多元文化奖表彰加拿大社区内为多元文化和多样性作出杰出贡献的个人。", "哥伦比亚", "[原件：西班牙文]", "[2010年6月6日]", "哥伦比亚非常详细地概述了为确保文化多样性而采取法律和其他措施的情况。《哥伦比亚宪法》确认文化多样性，国家已批准国际劳工组织第169号公约，并正考虑批准教科文组织关于《保护和促进文化表现形式多样性公约》。保护文化的丰富性被认为是国家的目标之一。已采取各项措施，特别是有关非洲裔哥伦比亚人、土著人民和罗姆人的措施。", "文化部在《文化法》的框架内，推动促成了多项措施。在采取有关立法措施时，与有关群体进行了协商。已作出努力，以文件形式记录并保护土著人和非洲裔哥伦比亚人非物质文化遗产。出版了各种书籍，举办了讲习班、庆祝活动和文化活动，以确认和宣传各族裔群体在建设国家方面作出贡献。文化部在宣传领域还采取主动行动，包括通过电视和广播，着重介绍各族裔社区参加的文化活动，加强土著和公民电台的工作，促进土著人民、非洲裔哥伦比亚人和罗姆人利用信息和通信技术。根据《文化法》，建立了国家文化体系，使人口中不同群体可参与国家、区域和市级文化政策的决策机构。", "教育部把族裔教育当成是族裔群体教育工作的优先方式。族裔教育的基础在于各机构联盟、各自治社区和各级政府。采取对族裔群体差异化教育政策的目的是改善获得教育的机会、持久性、推广性和针对性，这特别涉及每个族群的世界观、教学、文化和语言表达的期望。在这方面，不同社区之间的协调、多重文化和知识对话是根本手段。各项倡议包括：向教育主管部门提供技术援助，执行有关各族裔群体的规范性框架，与有关民族进行协商并使其参与，推动和指导教育机构设立和安排非洲裔哥伦比亚人担任负责人，通过保护族裔语言多样性的立法和方案，包括规定必须教授少数民族使用的当地口语，推进落实土著人民自主教育制度的建议。在人权教育领域，也采取了不同行动，与国家和国际机构开展合作。", "司法部和内政部负责保护人权和文化多样性，通过其非洲裔哥伦比亚人、土著居民、少数民族和罗姆人事务部采取行动。哥伦比亚的报告详细介绍了通过的立法和规范性措施，以保证不歧视、政治参与以及保护各族裔群体的文化特性。通过了保护罗姆人的法律框架。", "哥伦比亚还采取措施，在外交政策上促进文化多样性，包括积极与教科文组织合作，与其他国家开展国际合作以及文化和学术交流。在这方面，哥伦比亚与不同国家签署了46项文化合作与交流国际协定。", "古巴", "[原件：西班牙文]", "[2011年7月8日]", "据古巴的呈件，承认人权和基本自由的普遍性，就必须理解各国和各区域的特点以及不同的历史、文化和宗教遗产，并尊重世界上现存的经济、政治和社会制度的多样性。各族裔群体、各民族、各国和其他社区分享自己的文化，有权得到承认，有权使其特性得到尊重。文化多样性是建立在这些社区的各型各状和丰富多彩基础上的。", "多样性并不削弱人类文明的普世价值：多样性恰恰标志普世价值的根本力量和丰富多彩。文化同质化威胁人民真正的艺术表现形式，可能导致语言、文化和族裔群体的消失。文化霸权也可能威胁到文化权利的实现，威胁到文化特性的保护，因此，也威胁到文化多样性。人民自决权是一项不可剥夺的权利，是尊重文化多样性的重要组成部分。", "为捍卫文化多样性，应优先保存人民的记忆和历史。这将有助于本土文化表现形式的生存。各国应促进每个人文化权利之充分享受，尊重多样化文化特性，并通过适当的方式，界定和执行其本国的文化政策，同时考虑到其国际义务。", "国际合作对于保护和促进文化多样性也十分重要，应基于承认和接受每个社会政治、经济、文化和社会的多种层面。对话与合作对于人权的普遍性和文化多样性是必不可少的。不同文化和文明的代表之间进行相互尊重的对话，可促进容忍和尊重多样性，并有助于加强国际合作。", "正如《世界人权宣言》所示，享受文化的权利以及传播、推广、维护和保护文化的义务，两者构成国家的政治承诺。古巴的呈文强调，单靠市场力量不能保障就能保护和促进文化特性，并着重指出，有必要重视公共政策，而非私营部门的利益。根据《古巴宪法》，国家指导、鼓励和促进一切形式的教育、文化和科技，维护艺术创作自由，捍卫古巴文化的特性，保护国家的文化遗产、艺术和历史悠久的民族财富，保护国家古迹，与此同时，铭记普世传统和价值观。", "古巴重申，承诺支持联合国系统的努力，包括教科文组织的努力，维护和促进所有民族和国家的文化特性和多样性。加强多边主义是促进和保护文化多样性是重要利器。", "格鲁吉亚", "[原件：英文] [2011年6月22日]", "据呈件所述，格鲁吉亚是一个民族、文化、语言和宗教多样化的国家。政府特别关注加强多元文化和使境内代表不同文化的人都能享有人权。格鲁吉亚在2008年批准了教科文组织的《保护和促进文化表现形式多样性公约》。格鲁吉亚的宪法和法律框架都要求其推动文化发展，促进公民参加文化生活，强化和提高国家的价值观和普世价值，并将两者创造性地结合在一起。为了确保在制定政策和作出决定时，与宗教少数派和少数民族代表磋商，总统设立了容忍和公民融合委员会这一咨询团体。该团体已根据国际标准和建议，通过《容忍和公民融合国家理念》，其中的一个主要目标是弘扬文化和保护特性，包括公民意识，保护少数民族的文化特性，鼓励容忍，支持不同文化间对话，少数民族参与文化生活，宣传少数民族的文化、历史、语言和宗教，并将其纳入国家的核心文化价值。", "关于文化和保护特性，《宪法》和《文化法》保障所有公民在文化生活中的平等地位，无论民族、族裔、宗教或语言背景如何，并保障有效享有公平参与文化生活的权利和自由。为了支持少数民族文化中心，文化和古迹保护部开展了一个特别方案，目的是协助少数民族保护和宣传他们的文化，并将其纳入更宽广的格鲁吉亚文化范畴。这一方案是在少数民族代表机构的协助下开展的。", "促进少数民族参与文化活动也是文化和古迹保护部的一个目标。少数民族经常参加在格鲁吉亚举行的国际节庆活动、音乐比赛、展览和音乐会，并积极组织自己的文化活动。监察员办公室出版通讯，并出版若干书籍，介绍少数民族的文化、历史、传统和生活的其他方面。2008年，总统办公厅和监察员办公室主持举办了“多样化是我们的财富”这一族裔间的节庆活动。国立大学开办了高加索学研究院，专门从事高加索语系的教学工作。此外还有一个高加索研究国际学校。", "《文化遗产法》是用于保护少数民族文化遗产的法律框架。国家努力发现和登记格鲁吉亚的文化遗产。古迹不是根据民族或信仰派别划分，而是严格遵守方法研究。所有的古迹都按照法律予以同等保护。最近开展的清查和修复工作包括奥托曼古迹、格鲁吉亚教堂、清真寺和犹太教堂。格鲁吉亚还建有各种博物馆，展现不同文化和宗教的遗产。", "在教育方面，教育部增加了克服种族歧视、提倡容忍和文化间对话的各种方案。教育部还努力提高少数群体学习格鲁吉亚语言的教学工作，以保障机会平等。同时，教育当局还采取政策，强化少数民族对本族语言的掌握。这项政策包括将课本译成少数民族语言，改善教师的技能等。2009年11月，格鲁吉亚修正了高等教育法，设立配额制度，改善少数民族进入高等院校的可能性。亚美尼亚人和阿塞拜疆人共得到10%的大学名额。2012年还将对阿布哈兹人和奥塞梯人实行配额制度。", "呈件最后谈到格鲁吉亚为确保媒体为少数群体服务作出的努力。公共电台用六种不同的语言播报新闻，还有针对少数民族的特别节目。国家还资助其他活动，包括制作关于少数民族生活的纪录片，为阿塞拜疆文和亚美尼亚文报纸提供财政支助，建立关于格鲁吉亚境内少数民族历史和文化资料的电子数据库。", "危地马拉", "[原件：西班牙文] [2011年6月8日]", "危地马拉在答复中报告说，危地马拉已批准教科文组织《保护和促进文化表现形式多样性公约》和《保护非物质文化遗产公约》，决心保护玛雅人、加里富纳人、辛卡人和拉地诺人的经济、社会和文化权利。", "呈件指出，危地马拉愿意制定和采取措施，使各国认识到有必要拨出资源，以用于实施在世界各地促进、保护和评估人权和文化多样性的方案。", "伊拉克", "[原件：阿拉伯文] [2011年6月6日]", "伊拉克的答复强调了文化多样性、人的尊严、尊重人权和基本自由之间的根本联系，特别是对少数民族和土著人民而言。文化多样性是民族特性的一部分，要求各文化之间进行对话，摒弃不容忍。尊重多样性是新的发展战略和确保社会凝聚力战略的一个重要源泉。", "伊拉克采取不同的法律措施确保文化多样性。伊拉克的《宪法》确定，伊拉克是一个多民族、多宗教和多教义的国家。《宪法》规定伊拉克人享有平等的权利和义务，承认伊拉克人中的所有族裔群体和宗教团体一律平等。《宪法》还保护思想、良心、信仰和宗教自由。", "虽然《宪法》认为阿拉伯语和库尔德语是伊拉克的两种正式语文，土库曼语和古叙利亚语在一些人讲这种语言的行政区是正式语言，但宪法也保障少数民族在公立教育机构中用母语教育儿童的权利。为了使某些少数群体享有这些权利，伊拉克采取了各种措施。《宪法》还承认在私立教育机构中用其它任何语言教学的权利。《宪法》禁止任何实体或方案认可种族主义、恐怖主义或族裔清洗。", "伊拉克还通过定额分配议会席位，努力确保少数民族和宗教少数派在立法机构中的政治代表权。省议会也有类似规定。", "伊拉克政府的文化多样性政策是使伊拉克在经历多年的冲突和各方面的困难之后得以重建社区的一个积极因素，是发展、对话、建设和平、齐心协力和民族团结的法宝。伊拉克将确保少数民族参与视为优先事项。要实现这一目标，就必须采取各种措施，其中包括尊重宗教少数派和少数民族的文化，确保传授他们的宗教和语言，酌情调整教育课程；保护教堂和其他礼拜堂所代表的历史遗产；举办会议、讲习班和研讨会；通过教育媒体进行宣传；为大学教授落实教学方案。这些措施是为了促进社会容忍、和平共处和接纳他人的文化。这些是建设新伊拉克所必不可少的公民价值。", "前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国", "[原件：英文] [2011年6月24日]", "作为一个文化遗产丰富、文化表现形式多样的国家，前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国特别注意促进和保护文化遗产和文化表现形式的多样性。2007年，该国批准了教科文组织 《保护和促进文化表现形式多样性公约》。文化部发挥重要作用，采取措施执行这一公约。", "该国主办了一系列国际性的文化活动，包括诗歌、音乐、戏曲和舞蹈节。还采取其他措施，促进文化对话和多样性，包括支持马其顿科学和艺术学院、艺术国际文化中心、国际名胜古迹理事会马其顿国家委员会、教科文组织前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国全国委员会和教科文组织土耳其全国委员会的若干项目。项目包括舞蹈；出版教科文组织的公约和带评注的建议；组织关于宗教间和文明间对话的世界会议；关于文化遗产、记忆和美食的文化活动；出版关于该国文化遗产的书籍和欧洲民乐选集；为特里萨修女纪念堂举办开幕仪式；举办关于文化在欧洲发展中的影响的研讨会；将以马其顿文和少数民族语文原创的诗歌、小说和散文译成多种语言。", "文化部将部分精力投入出版和译制少数民族语言的书籍，支持文学活动、书展、宣传和有奖活动，以促进语言多样性。", "为了促进和保护文化创作，制定了新的法律，包括2010年的《版权和有关权利法》，其中将国家立法与欧洲联盟的指令统一起来。其他有关立法包括《文化法》、《保护文化遗产法》和《少数民族语言法》。", "2010年5月，前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国成功主办了第二次宗教间和文明间对话世界会议。会议的主题是“宗教和文化——加强各国之间的联系”。会议是文化部在宗教界和宗教团体关系委员会的合作下举办的，得到了政府、教科文组织、在联合国开发计划署改善族裔间对话的项目框架内建立的联合国-西班牙实现千年发展目标基金、马其顿设立的犹太人大屠杀基金的支助和赞同。", "2008年，该国开办了文化遗产数字化斯科普里区域中心。该国正在实施数字化国家方案，使该国的全部文化遗产都能数字化。", "毛里求斯", "[原件：英文] [2011年7月7日]", "毛里求斯在答复中详细叙述了该国的部分努力，其目的是确保政治制度和法律制度的多样化，承认和保护文化多样性以促进和平、发展与人权，利用媒体以及信息和通信技术加强文化间和文明间的对话。", "毛里求斯是一个多文化的国家，保障并促进所有群体的文化权利。国家举行各种节庆活动，以促进相互了解，交流价值观，鼓励文化间的对话。国家还组织艺术和文化活动，宣传各方面的文化遗产。", "政府建立了各种机构，以改善民主，确保不同文化社区的代表权，其中包括Aapravasi Ghat 信托基金、阅读和文化活动中心、伊斯兰文化中心、毛岛遗产信托基金、Malcolm De Chazal艺术馆信托基金、毛里求斯博物馆理事会、毛里求斯电影制作公司、毛里求斯作家协会、国家档案馆、国家艺术馆、国家遗产基金、国家图书馆、纳尔逊·曼德拉非洲文化中心、总统创作基金和Basdeo Bissoondoyal教授信托基金。毛里求斯还建立了若干文化中心和演讲俱乐部，弘扬构成毛里求斯文化遗产的一部分的先辈语言，包括英语、印地语、马拉地语、泰米尔语、泰卢固语和乌尔都语。", "为了鼓励不同的语言群体和文化群体进行艺术创作，政府制定计划，协助艺术家创作音乐专辑，出版书籍，举办艺术展览、戏曲和其它艺术或文化活动。此外还制定计划，协助有培养前途的艺术家提高技艺，宣传他们的作品，让他们参加国际节庆活动和展览。为了推动与国外的文化交流，政府还采取其他举措，加强相互谅解，促进对文化多样性和普遍人权的尊重。此外，国家遗产基金正在拟订毛里求斯非物质遗产清单，以有助于保护这些遗产，从而丰富文化多样性和人类的创造力。", "墨西哥", "[原件：西班牙文] [2011年6月21日]", "墨西哥在呈文中表示，在美洲，本国语音语言种类超过墨西哥的国家只有一个。墨西哥是一个多文化和多语言的国家，土著人给语言和文化带来了多样性。墨西哥有大约364 种口头语言，分属11个语系和60个语族。", "2001年，《宪法》列入了土著人民的权利。《宪法》确认国家的多文化组成，保障土著人民的自决和自主及其集体权利，包括决定其社会、经济、政治和文化组织的权利，适用自己的法律制度的权利，保全自己的语言、知识以及构成其文化和特性的所有要素的权利，对其祖传土地的权利，征求其意见的权利和发展权。《宪法》修正案引发了一系列立法变革，以确保这些立法符合多文化和多语言的新模式。", "2003年，颁布了《土著人语言权一般法案》。该方案确认并规范了语言权，包括使用和保护土著语言及其使用者，禁止语言歧视。2009-2012年土著人民发展方案规定促进尊重并承认土著人民的文化、语言和权利，承诺确保以土著语言提供政府服务，特别是在以下三个领域：司法、多文化和多语言教育以及保健。", "此外还制定了一个振兴、加强和发展土著语言的国家方案。该方案的指导方针是文化多样性，通过文化间交流实现多语言，在多文化和多语言框架中提供平等机会。该方案力求在公共机构中促进使用土著语言，并使笔译员、口译员以及有关鉴定与核证土著语言的其它职业专业化。", "2004年，国家土著语言研究所(土著语研究所)开始活动。土著语研究所负责通过并执行政策，使土著语言的使用者能够实现语言权。该研究所还为联邦、州和地方三级政府提供咨询服务，与土著社区、政府和私营部门协调安排工作的先后次序。土著语研究所推动创造多学科实例和与联邦政府订立协议，开展打击语言歧视的宣传活动，并且制作了国家土著语言目录，推动在公共机构内使用土著语言，出版和发行教育资料，制作了一份土著语言笔译和口译人员正式名单，供诉讼程序使用。", "虽然目前在防止土著语言消失以及振兴和加强土著语言方面取得了进展，但确保土著语言使用者充分享有语言权的挑战依然存在。语言正规化是一个复杂的过程，要求讲同一语言但不同方言的各个社区进行对话。《土著人语言权一般法案》的部分内容依然不为公共当局和土著语言使用者所知。尽管作出了很多努力，但依然需要协调国家和地方的立法，并通过进一步立法落实这些语言权利。", "阿曼", "[原件：阿拉伯文] [2011年6月14日]", "阿曼的呈件强调了其有形和无形的文化遗产的丰富性，反映了巨大的文化多样性。这种文化的多样性是阿曼人经过漫长的历史时期积累的智力和文化多样性的结果。", "根据阿曼提交的答复，阿曼人为自身的有形和无形文化遗产感到自豪，并为创造和保护这些遗产作出了贡献。文化习俗包含在由国家按照《宪法》第13条予以保护的基本人权之中，其中规定“国家扶持和保护国家遗产，并鼓励和促进科学、文学和科学研究”。", "塞尔维亚", "[原件：英文] [2011年6月8日]", "塞尔维亚提交的答复强调指出，根据《宪法》和该国已经采纳的国际文书，无论是从国际还是从国内来讲，保护文化多样性都是其主要关切事项之一。文化、媒体和信息社会部在珍惜本国的文化遗产和提高文化表现形式的多样性方面起到了重要作用。", "塞尔维亚的呈件强调宪法框架确保按照国际人权文书保护少数群体的权利。根据《宪法》，国家的目标之一是，通过采取教育、文化和公共信息措施，促进理解、认可和尊重产生于本国公民特定的民族、文化、语言或宗教特性的多样性。除了宪法所保障的所有公民的权利外，少数民族被赋予特殊的个人和集体权利，包括有权依法参与决定或自主决定与他们的文化、教育、信息和正式使用语言和文字有关的某些问题。少数民族的成员，除其他外，享有以下权利：培育、发展和公开表达自己的民族、种族、文化和宗教特性；在公共场所使用自己的符号；使用自己的语言和文字；在他们的人口占多数的地方，在国家机构的诉讼程序中以他们的语言开展工作；建立私立教育机构；使用以自己的语言表示的姓名；在他们的人口占多数的地方，以其自己的语言书写传统的本地名称、街道和住区名称及地名；以自己的语言接受完整、及时和客观的信息，包括表达、接收、发送和交流信息和想法的权利；建立自己的大众媒体。", "塞尔维亚应在教育、文化和信息领域推动宽容和文化间对话的精神，采取有效的措施，增进生活在其领土上所有的人之间的相互尊重、理解和合作，不管他们的种族、文化、语言或宗教特性如何。", "通过《宪法》框架通过了落实上述权利和原则的法律，包括2010年《文化法》。该法规范了文化的整体利益，列出了文化发展的原则，确定了文化和创造力的优先领域。该法允许各少数民族委员会确保落实各自的少数民族文化政策，参与与其文化有关的决策过程，建立文化机构和文化领域的其他法律实体。少数民族委员会是按照2009年《少数民族委员会法》建立的。还有一些法律——《新闻法》和《广播法》，有助于实现少数民族和民族社区的权利，使他们能够行使其文化权利，其中都含有关于少数民族语言和文化的具体规定。", "文化部开展的尤为重要的活动是关于罗姆人少数民族的。作为“让罗姆人融入社会十年(2005-2015年)”的一部分，文化部采取了重大步骤，以在社会各阶层反对歧视罗姆人的行为，让罗姆人融入社会生活，包括吸纳罗姆人的公共媒体代表参与。", "在文化部的倡议下，塞尔维亚政府采取了财政措施，在经济危机期间对媒体提供帮助。其中的一些措施让少数民族语言媒体、制作和项目得到了实惠。通过招标为项目和方案筹集资金的情况也得到了改善，透明度有所提高，因此，得到支持的项目的质量和种类有所加强，少数民族在其中做出了重要贡献。文化政策也重视国际合作，为促进塞尔维亚的文化表现形式和与讲少数民族语言的国家(如匈牙利、马其顿、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亚、克罗地亚和乌克兰)进行合作，举办了许多活动。在保护文化遗产方面，不论文化起源如何，一律一视同仁。对大约20个不同民族所珍视的物质和非物质遗产采取了保护和保全措施。2011年，文化部还一直在积极成立一个创意产业发展工作组。该工作组的目标是研究创意产业领域系统工具的发展潜力和资源，以及为刺激本国创意产业的发展提出措施和方案。", "西班牙", "[原件：西班牙文] [2011年6月9日]", "西班牙强调指出，文化多样性在该国的宪法中得到承认，并反映在自治社区对文化领域权能在握上。文化多元性和多样性也构成了西班牙在拉丁美洲、欧洲地中海和欧洲地区对外文化政策的宗旨。尊重文化多样性也是是欧洲联盟行动的贯穿各领域的原则之一。因此，文化多样性是欧洲和西班牙模式的基本原则之一。", "西班牙的呈件强调，每一个社会和社会群体都有自己的文化遗产，这反映了作为其特性基础的价值观体系。尊重文化特性，保护文化遗产，所有文化及民主原则和价值观之间机会平等对于巩固文化对话，确保社会的凝聚力，防止和解决冲突是必不可少的。尊重文化特性对于实现和平也是至关重要的。", "西班牙还指出，为确保公民公平地获得文化，需要保护文化多样性，包括促进多重文化主义、文化间的对话和社会的凝聚力。应该引导公众支持文化和文化产业，以实现这些目标。文化是经济发展和就业的一个因素。要在促进文化权利所涉及的不同行为者之间建立协同作用，强调联合国系统内的文化多样性的重要性，文化是必不可少的。", "文化多样性已成为西班牙文化部的一个基本行动原则。文化多样性涉及实现多元化和民主、有助于文化特性和就业的社会凝聚力、文化对话以及政府按照平衡、相称和透明的原则执行文化政策的权力。", "阿拉伯叙利亚共和国", "[原件：英文] [2011年6月8日]", "阿拉伯叙利亚共和国在呈件中突出强调了该国文化多样性和文化遗产的丰富性，认为这是人类发展战略的关键元素和可持续发展的一个必不可少的工具。在这方面，该国的呈件介绍了该国在文化多样性艺术教育及保护和获取传统表现形式和文化遗产领域采取的措施。", "在促进文化多样性的艺术教育方面，叙利亚的呈件重点介绍了在文化部的鼓励下，高等音乐学院、高等戏剧艺术学院、音乐学院局、应用艺术技术学院、大众教育学院、与文化部有联系的艺术中心以及私营部门在艺术教育和提高公众认识方面所发挥的作用。", "叙利亚认为，保护和获取传统表现形式和文化遗产属于优先事项，因为这是每个国家特性必不可少的因素，是促进国家间相互理解的良好手段。文化部门由三个子部门组成：一个代表公共及国营结构，一个代表民间社会，一个由民营企业组成。三个部门之间的协作是在这一领域取得成功的先决条件。在这方面，叙利亚已采纳了若干国际文书，包括《关于发生武装冲突时保护文化财产的公约及公约实施条例》；《关于发生武装冲突时保护文化财产的公约议定书》；《关于禁止和防止非法进出口文化财产和非法转让其所有权的方法的公约》；《保护世界文化和自然遗产公约》；《关于教育、科学和文化物品的进口的协定》；《保护非物质文化遗产公约》和《保护和促进文化表现形式多样性公约》。保护、管理和恢复文化遗产也被1973年的《宪法》确定为国策。", "为推进这些目标而实施的项目包括：儿童文化博物馆；将文化遗产内容列入教育课程；为复兴和发展叙利亚的遗产，通过文件记载、艺术生产、恢复项目，交流经验和建立网络互连叙利亚文物数据库，与意大利政府开展了合作方案。其他行动领域包括建立自然保护区，设法保护阿拉米语，尽力登记和保护历史古迹和考古遗址。叙利亚的呈件认为，必须扩大遗产的法律定义，以反映叙利亚文化遗产构成的多样性。", "社区和非政府组织都积极参与保护文化遗产的项目。大多数项目和各种研究人员采访了年长的社区成员，以收集有关叙利亚文化遗产的信息，例如，Rawafed项目和“青年文化公车”等。", "叙利亚的呈件还有大量信息介绍了为确保识别和获取文化遗产而建立的法律框架和采取的措施。", "乌兹别克斯坦", "[原件：俄文] [2011年6月9日]", "乌兹别克斯坦在其答复中表示，其人口由136个民族和族裔组成，其中大部分属于17种正式信仰。乌兹别克共和国为发展和支持由生活在其领土上的所有民族和族裔组成的文化多样性创造了所有必要的法律和组织条件。根据《宪法》第42条，每个人都有权享受文化利益，国家应推动社会的文化，科学和技术的发展，包括体育文化和体育运动。目前，乌兹别克斯坦有37个专业剧场和众多戏剧工作室和85个博物馆。乌兹别克斯坦特别重视对文化遗产的保护，其公民有义务保护历史、文化和精神遗产。", "回复指出，乌兹别克斯坦为所有少数民族提供了教育机会。小学教育和高等教育是以乌兹别克语、卡拉卡尔帕克语、俄语、塔吉克语、哈萨克语、土库曼语和吉尔吉斯语进行的。目前，乌兹别克斯坦有142个民族文化中心为27个少数民族服务。这些文化中心的主要目的是保存和发展民族文化、语言、传统和习俗。乌兹别克为所有少数民族和族裔享受良心和宗教的自由创造了法律和组织条件。在乌兹别克斯坦存在着代表16种不同宗教信仰约2 225个宗教组织。", "乌兹别克斯坦的报告称，国家在人权领域的行动方案正在审议之中。乌兹别克斯坦预见，将按照国际法律标准拟订少数民族保护概念。该项目预期将设计和采纳国家保护少数民族权利的方案，目的是协调一致地履行国际义务和确保以平等的标准保障少数民族的权利。该项目还将包括对区域一级有关少数民族法律的执行情况进行研究，并将编纂有关少数民族和族裔的现有判例。", "非政府组织提交的信息摘要", "瑞士弗里堡多样性和文化权利观察社", "[原件：法文] [2011年7月5日]", "瑞士弗里堡大学伦理与人权跨学科研究所多样性和文化权利观察社在呈件中强调指出，通过更好地理解和考虑文化权利，可确保在实现所有人权与尊重文化多样性之间建立根本性联系。", "呈件指出，文化权利以及每项人权的文化层面，构成了人权与文化多样性之间的联系。文化权利的共同目标在于特性：这些权利包括个人或与他人共有的所有权利、自由和义务，人类据此可以获得文化参照，发现和表达他们的特性。文化资源的多样性是允许进行选择，从而实现文化权利和所有其他人权的必要条件。相反，只有在每一个人的文化权利得到保护和保证，从而使每个人都能参与和促进多样性的情况下，才能确保文化多样性。", "经过多年的相对忽视以后，最近的事态发展，如关于经济、社会和文化权利委员会参与文化生活权利的第21条一般性意见获得通过，人权理事会确定了文化权利领域独立专家的任务，有助于在国际社会赋予文化权利合法地位。", "如果将文化权利列入考虑范围，人权的普遍性就得到了更有力的解释。普遍性与多样性并非是对立的；事实上，普遍性必然要吸取文化多样性的元素。人权的文化适当性也加强了所有人权的不可分割性和相互依存性，因为考虑到人权的文化方面促进了人权的建设和有效性。经济、社会和文化权利委员会强调，文化的适当性或可接受性是获得适当的住房、适当的食物和可达到的最高标准的健康等权利的规范性内容的一部分。", "文化多样性也是实现和平的一个条件。文化权利不应提供加剧差异的权利，因为这可能导致暴力，而是应该庆贺多样性。文化权利是和平的载体，对文化权利的解释需要考虑和重视文化资源的多样性。", "人权的切实性，不仅是一个目标，也是发展的一种手段或资源。个人不仅是受益者，同时也要受权利、自由和义务的约束。每个人，包括那些因为贫困而被忽视的人，都可以为知识作出贡献，基于这样的认识，尊重人的尊严也意味着发展参与性民主制度。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权:人权状况及", "人权问题:人权问题,包括增进人权和", "人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "人权与文化多样性", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要 本报告是根据大会第64/174号决议第18段提交的。 该决议第18段请秘书长考虑到会员国、联合国有关机构和非政府组织的意见,编写一份关于人权与文化多样性的报告,提交大会第六十六届会议。\n根据这一要求,联合国人权事务高级专员办事处请各国、联合国各机构和非政府组织就世界各民族和各国间文化多样性的承认和重要性提出书面意见。 报告概述了收到的答复。 从各国政府收到的评论侧重于国内为促进文化多样性以及保护和确保获得文化遗产而采取的措施。", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 大会第64/174号决议第18段请秘书长考虑到会员国、联合国相关机构和非政府组织的意见,编写一份关于人权和文化多样性的报告,提交大会第六十六届会议。 根据联合国人权事务高级专员办事处发出的提供资料的要求,截至2011年7月15日,共收到16份会员国的答复和1份非政府组织的答复。 马达加斯加和联合国教育、科学及文化组织提交的材料来得太迟,无法列入本报告。 答复摘要如下。", "二. 从各国政府收到的资料摘要", "阿塞拜疆", "[原件:英 [2011年6月7日]", "阿塞拜疆在提交的材料中将自己定义为一个多民族和多宗教的国家。 其国家政策是根据不同民族、族裔群体和宗教少数群体的容忍和共处原则确定的。", "阿塞拜疆报告了为加强宗教多元化而采取的各种举措,包括重新开放一个犹太会堂和一个路德会教堂,在巴库开设一所犹太学校,国家宗教委员会举办宗教和文化多样性研讨会,并出版关于容忍和宗教问题的报纸、宣传材料和书籍。 阿塞拜疆于2009年主办了一次成功的宗教间对话国际会议,于2010年主办了世界宗教领袖峰会,于2011年主办了一次关于建立民间社会的宗教间和谐圆桌会议。 2011年,欧洲议会组织了一次关于“欧洲联盟-阿塞拜疆关系:文化间对话”的会议,欧洲议会成员、公共当局、媒体以及阿塞拜疆穆斯林、东正教、犹太教和阿尔巴尼亚教的供词的代表参加了会议。", "其他活动是在所谓的“巴库进程”下开展的,以促进文化间对话,通过文化和宗教对话领域的项目和方案,将不同血统和不同教育背景的人聚集在一起。 这一进程由阿塞拜疆牵头,与欧洲委员会、联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)、伊斯兰教育、科学及文化组织、联合国不同文明联盟和海达尔·阿利耶夫基金会合作。 在巴库进程下组织的活动包括:第六届伊斯兰文化部长会议、欧洲文化之都倡议和世界文化间对话论坛。", "阿塞拜疆的呈文还包括一份题为 \" 阿塞拜疆 -- -- 文化多样性国家 \" 的文件,其中描述该国作为东西方、南方和北方之间的十字路口的独特性,这一立场导致不同文化和文明传统的独特而和谐的结合,并形成了容忍和尊重不同文化和民族的精神。", "阿塞拜疆于2009年批准了教科文组织《保护和促进文化表现形式多样性公约》。 政府通过了一项执行《公约》的特别计划,其中有一个名为“文化多样性是我们的文化特征”的项目,目的是在全国各地区组织以民族文化团结为主题的各种活动,有少数民族和地方社区参加。 其他项目包括 \" 人民艺术首都 \" 项目和少数民族艺术节 \" 阿塞拜疆 -- -- 我们的本土 \" 。", "波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那", "[原件:英 [2010年6月8日]", "波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那提交的材料详细介绍了保障国际公认的人权和基本自由的最高水平的宪法和法律框架。 《宪法》规定直接适用《欧洲保护人权与基本自由公约》等国际人权文书。 为落实和保护上述权利建立了各种立法和机构。 其中包括通过了几项关于保护少数民族权利的法律和《宗教自由和教会及宗教团体法律地位法》,设立了议会少数民族理事会,通过了《罗姆人和其他少数民族成员教育需要行动计划》,《解决罗姆人问题战略》,《解决罗姆人问题:就业、住房和保健领域的行动计划》,并任命了2005-2015年罗姆人融入社会十年国家协调员。 该国还批准了两项国际协定,一项是与罗马教廷签订的,另一项是与塞尔维亚东正教会签订的。", "波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那还通过了关于两性平等和家庭暴力的法律,并设立了一个国家监察员机构,下设处理民族、宗教和其他少数群体、残疾人、儿童、被拘留者和囚犯等权利的具体部门。 议会目前正在讨论反歧视法。 已经进行了一项研究,以评估国家立法是否符合《欧洲保护人权与基本自由公约》的规定。", "波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那是一个多宗教的多民族社区,因此也是一个多文化社区,它致力于通过加强民主、文化间对话和尊重族裔、文化和宗教多样性,并打击一切形式的歧视和不容忍,尊重人权和基本自由。 不同族裔群体之间的对话被认为是联系多样性和发展社会容忍的主要手段。 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那有3个组成民族(波斯尼亚人、塞尔维亚人和克族)和17个少数民族。 为了促进族裔间对话,已经建立或承认了不同的机构:波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那宗教间理事会、联系多样性、罗姆人委员会和少数民族理事会。 加强族裔和宗教间对话的措施包括关于少数群体社区的广播和电视节目、电影节和支持非政府组织和宗教间机构关于人权和多样性的倡议。", "宗教多样性是波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那丰富遗产和特征的一部分。 该国拥有四大一神教(天主教、伊斯兰教、犹太教和东正教). 在国家首都萨拉热窝,代表每个宗教的主要寺庙相距仅500米。 虽然在1992至1995年发生的悲惨冲突期间,部分历史文化遗产被破坏,但该国致力于保护和恢复其文化遗产。 报告详述了其中一些努力。 此外,法律将破坏或破坏文化遗产的行为定为犯罪。 国家文化遗产的多样性也反映在博物馆、艺术节、文学会和艺术展览中。", "加拿大", "[原件:英 [2010年6月6日]", "加拿大正在通过培养文化间理解、公民记忆和自豪感以及尊重核心民主价值观,并通过促进所有血统的个人的平等机会来建设一个综合的、具有社会凝聚力的社会。 这是通过国家、省和市一级的立法、政策和方案制定的。 加拿大的文化多样性基于三个主要支柱:土著居民、语言双重性和族裔文化和宗教多样性。 除了三个开国民族(原生地,英语和法语)外,近几十年来,由于来自不同国家的开放和大规模移民,加拿大的民族文化多样性也大大增加.", "加拿大的文化多样性得到了广泛的法律和政策框架的支持,其中包括《多元文化法》、《官方语言法》、就业平等、人权立法和《宪法》。 《宪法》赋予土著人民和官方语言少数群体集体权利,而1982年的《加拿大权利和自由宪章》要求以符合保护和加强加拿大人多文化遗产的方式解释其条款。", "1988年多文化主义 该法案确认多样性是加拿大社会的基本特征,并致力于旨在保护和加强加拿大人多文化遗产的多元文化政策,同时努力实现所有加拿大人在加拿大经济、社会、文化和政治生活中的平等。 多文化主义 该法案要求联邦政府促进所有个人和出身各界的充分和公平参与,消除参与的障碍,鼓励和协助所有加拿大机构尊重并包容加拿大的多元文化特性。 它还授权指定的部长负责执行多元文化方案并协调支持这项政策的活动和做法。", "多元文化方案有三个广泛目标:建立一个社会团结的一体化社会;提高各机构对不同人口需求的反应能力;在国际一级积极参与关于多元文化和多样性的讨论。 认识到所有背景的个人机会平等是建立一体化社会的重要组成部分,该方案目前的重点是融合、共同的公民和民主价值观以及支持文化间和不同信仰间的理解。", "在文化多样性领域执行方案的主要手段之一是国际行动,这是一个多元文化赠款和捐款方案。 该方案有一个“项目”和“活动”,它们都为不同民族文化或宗教社区的成员提供机会,在社区之间架起桥梁,促进不同文化间的了解。 “项目”流为长期、多年社区发展和参与项目提供资金,以促进融合。 \" 活动 \" 流支持社区活动,例如庆祝一个社区对加拿大的历史性贡献、将族裔、文化或宗教社区联系起来的音乐表演以及分享文化遗产、传统和观点的文化间对话。", "公共教育方案是加拿大支持文化多样性的另一种方式。 此类规划的一个例子是2002年加拿大政府正式指定每年5月进行的亚洲遗产月。 亚洲遗产月为加拿大人提供了一个参加全国各地庆祝亚洲遗产加拿大人的成就和贡献的庆祝活动的机会. 同样,黑人历史月每年2月举行,包括纪念加拿大黑人过去和现在遗产的庆祝活动和活动。 此外,Paul Yuzyk多元文化主义奖还表彰了加拿大各社区中为加拿大多元文化和多样性做出杰出贡献的个人。", "哥伦比亚", "[原件:西班牙 [2010年6月6日]", "哥伦比亚非常详细地概述了为确保文化多样性而采取的法律措施和其他措施。 哥伦比亚《宪法》承认文化多样性,该国已经批准了国际劳工组织第169号公约并正在考虑批准教科文组织《保护和促进文化表现形式多样性公约》。 保护文化财富被认为是国家的目标之一。 已经采取措施,特别是针对非洲裔哥伦比亚人、土著人民和罗姆人。", "文化部在《文化总法》框架内为多项倡议作出了贡献。 在采取相关法律措施时征求了有关群体的意见。 为记载和保护土著人民和非洲裔哥伦比亚人的无形文化遗产作出了努力。 出版了书籍,并组织了讲习班、庆祝活动和文化活动,以表彰和突出各族裔群体在建国方面的贡献。 文化部还在通信领域采取主动行动,包括电视和无线电广播,重点是涉及族裔社区的文化活动,加强土著和公民电台,促进土著、非洲裔哥伦比亚人和罗姆人使用信息和通信技术。 根据《文化通则》建立的国家文化体系允许不同群体参与国家、地区和市镇一级有关文化政策的决策结构。", "教育部将民族教育作为教育族裔群体的方法优先事项。 民族教育的实施建立在机构间联盟的基础上,涉及社区自治和各级政府。 对族裔群体有区别的教育关注政策的目标是,根据每个民族的世界观和教育、文化和语言期望,改善教育的获得、持久性、促进性和针对性。 在这方面,协调、跨文化和不同知识群体之间的对话被认为是基本手段。 采取的举措包括:向教育当局提供技术援助,以落实有关族裔群体的规范框架;征求有关人民的意见并让他们参与;促进和指导在教育设施中设立和实施非洲裔哥伦比亚人教席;通过立法和方案,保护民族语言多样性,包括必须教授当地语言;以及提出土著人民自主教育制度的建议。 还与国家和国际机构合作,在人权教育领域采取了不同行动。", "负责保护人权和文化多样性的司法和内政部也通过其主管非洲裔哥伦比亚人、土著、少数民族和罗姆人事务的部门采取行动。 哥伦比亚详细报告了为保障不歧视、政治参与和保护族裔群体文化特性而采取的立法和规范措施。 通过了保护罗姆人的法律框架。", "哥伦比亚还采取措施,在其外交政策中促进文化多样性,包括与教科文组织积极合作、国际合作以及与其他国家的文化和学术交流。 从这个意义上讲,哥伦比亚已经通过了46个与不同国家进行文化合作和交流的国际协定。", "古巴", "[原件:西班牙 [2011年7月8日]", "根据古巴提供的资料,承认人权和基本自由的普遍性,就有必要了解国家和区域特点以及不同的历史、文化和宗教遗产的重要性,并尊重世界上现有的经济、政治和社会制度的多样性。 族裔群体、民族、民族和其他社区共享自己的文化,并有权得到承认,其特性得到尊重。 文化多样性是基于这些社区的多样性和丰富性。", "多样性不会削弱人类文明的普遍价值:它代表着人类的基本力量和财富。 文化同质化威胁到各国人民的真正艺术表现形式,并可能导致语言、文化和族裔群体的消失。 文化霸权还可能威胁到文化权利的实现、文化特性的维护以及文化多样性。 人民的自决权是一项不可剥夺的权利,是尊重文化多样性的一个基本组成部分。", "为了保护文化多样性,应优先考虑保护人民的记忆和历史。 这将有助于土著文化表现形式的生存。 各国必须促进人人充分享有文化权利并尊重不同的文化特性,并参照其国际义务,以适当方式确定并落实自己的文化政策。", "国际合作对于保护和促进文化多样性也很重要,其基础应当是承认和接受每个社会的政治、经济、文化和社会层面。 对话与合作对于尊重人权和文化多样性的普遍性至关重要。 不同文化和文明的代表之间相互尊重地进行对话,促进容忍和尊重多样性,并有助于加强国际合作。", "正如《世界人权宣言》所反映,享受文化的权利和传播、促进、维护和保护文化的义务构成国家的政治承诺。 古巴提交的材料强调,单靠市场力量无法保证保护和促进文化特性,并强调需要普遍推行公共政策,而不是维护私营部门的利益。 根据《古巴宪法》,国家指导、鼓励和促进各种表现形式的教育、文化和科学,支持艺术创作自由、捍卫古巴文化的特性、保护文化遗产和国家的艺术和历史财富以及保护国家古迹,同时铭记普遍的传统和价值观。", "古巴重申,它承诺支持联合国系统,包括教科文组织,为维护和促进各国人民和国家的文化特征和多样性而作的努力。 加强多边主义是促进和保护文化多样性的重要工具。", "格鲁吉亚", "[原件:英 [2011年6月22日]", "根据它提交的材料,格鲁吉亚是一个种族、文化、语言和宗教多样化的国家,政府特别关注促进文化多元化和居住在该国的所有不同文化的代表享有人权。 2008年,格鲁吉亚批准了教科文组织《保护和促进文化表现形式多样性公约》。 其宪法和法律框架要求格鲁吉亚促进文化发展、公民参与文化生活、加强和促进国家和普遍价值观以及创造性的融合。 容忍和公民融合理事会是总统为确保在政策和决策中与宗教和少数民族代表协商而设立的一个咨询机构,它根据国际标准和建议通过了《容忍和公民融合全国概念》。 其主要目的之一是促进文化和保护特性,包括公民意识、保护少数民族文化特征、保护少数民族文化遗产、鼓励容忍、支持文化间对话、少数民族参与文化生活和传播少数民族的文化、历史、语言和宗教,以及将其纳入国家核心文化价值观。", "关于文化和保护特性,《宪法》和《文化法》保证所有公民在文化生活中一律平等,不因民族、族裔、宗教或语言背景而有所区别。 切实享有平等参与文化生活的权利和自由也得到保障。 文化和纪念碑保护部实施了一项特别方案,支持少数民族文化中心,旨在协助少数民族保存和传播其文化并融入格鲁吉亚更大的文化领域。 该方案是与代表少数民族的机构合作实施的。", "促进少数民族参与文化活动也是文化和纪念碑保护部的目标。 少数民族定期参加在格鲁吉亚举办的国际节日,音乐比赛,展览会和音乐会,并积极组织自己的文化活动. 监察员办公室出版一份报纸并出版了多本关于少数民族文化、历史、传统和其他方面的书籍。 2008年,在总统办公室和Ombusdman主持下,举行了“多样性是我们的财富”种族间节日。 国立大学开办考卡西学研究所,专门教授高加索语言,并设有一所国家支助的国际高加索研究学校。", "在保护少数民族文化遗产方面,适用的法律框架是《文化遗产法》,其中包括有形和无形遗产。 国家致力于揭露和登记格鲁吉亚丰富的文化遗产。 古迹的分类不是基于民族或教派的从属关系,而是遵循严格的方法研究. 所有纪念碑都受到同样的法律保护。 近期的清点和修复工作包括奥斯曼纪念碑,格雷戈里亚教堂,清真寺和犹太会堂. 格鲁吉亚还提供代表不同文化和宗教遗产的各种博物馆。", "在教育领域,教育部增加了反对种族歧视和促进容忍和文化间对话的方案。 该部还努力加强对少数群体的格鲁吉亚语教学,以保障机会平等,而教育当局也执行了一项政策,加强少数群体对土著语言的了解。 该政策包括将教科书翻译成少数民族语言并改进教师的技能。 2009年11月,对《高等教育法》进行了修订,建立了配额制度,旨在让少数民族更好地进入高等教育机构。 讲亚美尼亚语和阿塞拜疆语的人占所有大学席位的10%。 截至2012年,配额还将包括阿布哈兹语和奥塞梯语。", "最后,来文述及格鲁吉亚为确保少数群体接触媒体而作的努力。 公共广播电台的新闻以六种不同语言播出,并有专门针对少数民族的节目。 其他由国家资助的活动包括制作关于少数民族生活的纪录片,向阿塞拜疆语和亚美尼亚语报纸提供财政支助,并启动一个电子数据库,提供关于格鲁吉亚少数民族历史和文化的信息。", "危地马拉", "[原件:西班牙 [2011年6月8日]", "危地马拉在答复中报告说,它批准了教科文组织《保护和促进文化表现形式多样性和保护非物质文化遗产公约》,承诺保护玛雅人、加里富纳人、辛卡人和拉迪纳人的经济、社会和文化权利。", "来文指出,危地马拉愿意制定和采取措施,使各国认识到有必要拨出资源执行促进、保护和评价世界人权和文化多样性的方案。", "伊拉克", "[原件:阿拉伯 [2011年6月6日]", "伊拉克的答复强调了文化多样性、人的尊严与尊重人权和基本自由,特别是属于少数群体和土著人民的人的人权和基本自由之间的根本联系。 文化多样性是国家特性的一部分,需要不同文化之间的对话和拒绝不容忍。 尊重多样性是重新制定发展战略和确保社会融合的重要来源。", "伊拉克采取了不同的法律措施来确保文化多样性。 伊拉克《宪法》将伊拉克定义为一个拥有许多国籍、宗教和信仰的国家。 《宪法》规定了伊拉克人在权利和义务方面的平等,承认组成伊拉克人民的所有族裔和宗教群体之间的平等。 思想、良心、信仰和宗教自由也受到《宪法》的保护。", "虽然《宪法》认为阿拉伯语和库尔德语是伊拉克的两种官方语言,而土库曼语和叙利亚语是构成一定比例人口语言的行政区的官方语言,但《宪法》还保障少数民族群体在公共教育机构用母语教育其子女的权利。 为具体少数群体落实这些权利采取了不同措施。 在私立教育机构以任何其他语言授课的权利也得到承认。 《宪法》禁止任何实体或方案认可种族主义、恐怖主义或种族清洗。", "还作出努力,通过分配议会席位的配额,确保少数民族和宗教少数群体在立法机构中有政治代表。 对各省议会也通过了类似规定。", "伊拉克政府的文化多样性政策是多年冲突和各领域困难后重建社区的一个积极因素,也是发展、对话、建设和平、凝聚力和民族团结的一种手段。 确保少数群体的参与被认为是伊拉克的一个优先问题。 实现这一目标的措施包括:尊重宗教和少数民族文化;确保教授他们的宗教和语言;酌情提供教育课程;保存以教堂和其他礼拜场所为代表的历史遗产;组织会议、讲习班和研讨会;通过教育媒体开展宣传活动;以及实施大学教授教育方案。 这些措施的目的是促进一种社会容忍、和平共处和接受他人的文化,这是建设新伊拉克所必需的公民价值观。", "前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国", "[原件:英 [2011年6月24日]", "作为一个拥有丰富文化遗产和文化表现形式的国家,前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国特别重视促进和保护文化遗产和文化表现形式的多样性。 2007年,该国批准了教科文组织《保护和促进文化表现形式多样性公约》。 文化部在采取措施执行该公约方面发挥了重要作用。", "我国主办了多起国际文化活动,包括诗歌、音乐、戏剧和舞蹈节等。 促进文化对话和多样性的其他措施包括与马其顿科学和艺术学院、国际艺术文化中心、马其顿国际名胜古迹理事会全国委员会、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国教科文组织全国委员会、土耳其教科文组织全国委员会和非政府组织一起支持几个项目。 项目包括:舞蹈;出版教科文组织的公约和附有评注的建议;组织宗教间和文明间对话世界会议;关于文化遗产、记忆和胃学的文化活动;出版关于民族文化遗产的书籍和欧洲民间音乐的古典;Theresa母亲纪念馆的落成;关于文化对欧洲发展影响的研讨会;以及原用马其顿语和少数民族语言作诗、虚构和作文的多语种翻译。", "文化部将部分精力用于出版和翻译少数民族语言的书籍,支持促进语言多样性的文学节会、书展、运动和奖项。", "为了促进和保护文化创作,通过了新的法律,包括2010年《版权和相关权利法》,该法使国家立法与欧洲联盟的指令相一致。 其他相关立法有《文化法》、《文化遗产保护法》和《少数民族语言法》。", "2010年5月,前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国主办了成功的第二次宗教间和文明间对话世界会议。 会议主题是“宗教和文化:加强各国间的联系”。 会议由文化部与宗教界和宗教团体关系委员会合作组织,并得到政府、教科文组织、联合国开发计划署改善族裔间对话项目框架内的联合国-西班牙实现千年发展目标基金以及马其顿犹太人大屠杀基金的支持和认可。", "2008年,该国启用了斯科普里文化遗产数字化区域中心。 该国正在努力执行国家数字化方案,该方案将使该国整个文化遗产数字化。", "毛里求斯", "[原件:英 [2011年7月7日]", "毛里求斯的答复详细介绍了该国为确保政治和法律制度的多样性、承认和促进尊重文化多样性以促进和平、发展和人权并利用媒体及信息和通信技术来使不同文化和文明之间能重新开展对话而作的一些努力。", "毛里求斯是一个多文化社区,所有群体的文化权利都得到保护和促进。 国家组织了不同的节日,以促进相互了解和价值观的分享,并鼓励文化间对话,国家还组织艺术和文化活动,促进文化遗产的各个方面。", "政府设立了不同的机构,以改善民主和确保不同文化社区的代表性。 其中包括Aapravasi Ghat信托基金、讲座和动画文化中心、伊斯兰文化中心、Le Morne遗产信托基金、Malcolm De Chazal信托基金、毛里求斯博物馆理事会、毛里求斯电影开发公司、毛里求斯作家协会、国家档案馆、国家艺术馆、国家遗产基金、国家图书馆、纳尔逊·曼德拉非洲文化中心、总统创作基金和Basdeo Bissoondoyal教授信托基金。 已经建立了几个文化中心和演讲联盟,以促进构成毛里求斯文化遗产的祖传语言,包括英语、印地语、马拉地语、泰米尔语、泰卢固语和乌尔都语。", "为了鼓励不同语言和文化群体的艺术创作,政府制定了一项计划,协助艺术家制作音乐相册、出版书籍、艺术展览、戏剧和戏剧以及其他艺术或文化活动。 还制定了一项计划,协助有前途的艺术家提高技能,促进其工作并参与国际节日和展览。 其他倡议力求促进同外国的文化交流,以增进相互了解,促进和尊重文化多样性和普遍人权。 国家遗产基金还正在清点毛里求斯的非物质遗产,这将有助于保护这些遗产,从而丰富文化多样性和人类创造力。", "墨西哥", "[原件:西班牙 [2011年6月21日]", "墨西哥在提交的材料中说,美洲只有一个国家使用较多的母语。 这是一个多文化和多语言的国家,土著人民为语言和文化的多样性作出了贡献。 墨西哥约有364个语言品种,相当于60个语言群体和11个语言家庭。", "2001年,《宪法》列入了土著人民的权利。 《宪法》承认国家的多文化构成,保障土著人民的自决和自治及其集体权利,包括:决定其社会、经济、政治和文化组织的权利;适用其法律制度的权利;保留其语言、知识和构成其文化和特性的所有要素的权利;对其祖传土地的权利;被咨询的权利;以及发展权。 《宪法》修正案引发了一些立法改革,以确保它们符合新的多文化和多语言模式。", "2003年,出版了《土著人民语言权利总法》。 该法承认并规范了语言权利,包括使用和保护土著语言及其使用者,并禁止基于语言的歧视。 为促进尊重和承认土著人民的文化、语言和权利而建立的2009-2012年土著人民发展方案承诺确保以土著语言获得政府服务,特别是在司法、多文化和多语言教育和卫生三个领域。", "还制定了振兴、加强和发展土著语言的国家方案。 该方案的指导原则是文化多样性、通过跨文化办法实现多语言和在多文化和多语言框架内实现机会平等。 该方案旨在促进在公共机构使用土著语言,并促使口译、笔译和其他与土著语言认证和认证有关的行为者专业化。", "2004年,国家土著语言研究所开始开展活动。 国家语言研究所是负责通过和执行旨在实现土著语言使用者语言权利的政策的机构。 它在三级政府——联邦、州和地方——发挥咨询作用,并与土著社区、政府和私人行动者协调确定工作顺序。 国家语言研究所推动创建多学科机构,并与联邦政府签订协议,开展提高认识行动,打击基于语言的歧视,编制国家土著语言目录,促进在机构空间使用土著语言,出版和传播教材,并为司法程序编制土著语言笔译和口译员正式名单。", "虽然在扭转土著语言消失的趋势并振兴和加强土著语言方面取得了进展,但在确保土著语言使用者充分享有语言权利方面仍然存在挑战。 语言正常化是一个复杂的过程,需要讲同种语言的不同社区之间的对话。 《土著人民语言权利总法》的部分内容仍然不为公共当局和土著语言使用者所知。 尽管作出了许多努力,但国家和地方立法仍需要统一和通过进一步的条例来落实这些语言权利。", "阿曼", "[原件:阿拉伯 [2011年6月14日]", "阿曼提交的材料强调了其有形和无形文化遗产的丰富性,反映了巨大的文化多样性。 这种多样性是阿曼人口通过相继历史时期而形成的知识和文化多样性的结果。", "根据答复,阿曼人民为他们的有形和无形文化遗产而自豪,并为文化遗产的创造和保护作出贡献。 根据《宪法》第13条,国家保护的基本人权包括文化习俗,该条规定“国家扶持和保护国家遗产,鼓励和促进科学、文学和科学研究”。", "塞尔维亚", "[原件:英 [2011年6月8日]", "塞尔维亚的答复强调,根据《宪法》和它所通过国际文书,保护文化多样性是其国际和国内的主要利益之一。 文化、媒体和信息社会部在珍惜其文化遗产和改善文化表现形式多样性方面发挥了重要作用。", "塞尔维亚提交的材料强调了确保根据国际人权文书保护少数群体权利的宪法框架。 根据《宪法》,国家的目标之一是通过在教育、文化和公共信息方面采取措施,促进理解、承认和尊重公民的具体族裔、文化、语言或宗教特征所产生的多样性。 除了《宪法》保障的所有公民的权利外,少数民族还享有特别的个人和集体权利,包括依法参与决策或独立决定某些与其文化、教育、信息和语言文字的官方使用有关的问题的权利。 少数民族成员享有下列权利:培养、发展和公开表达民族、族裔、文化和宗教特点;在公共场所使用其标志;使用其语言和文字;在占人口绝大多数的地区,用其语言向国家机构提起诉讼;在自治省公共机构和机构中接受以其语言进行的教育;建立私人教育机构;用自己的语言使用其姓名和姓氏;在占人口绝大多数的地区,用其语言书写其传统地方名称、街道和居民点的名称和地形名称;以自己的语言收到完整、及时和客观的信息,包括表达、接收、发送和交流信息和意见的权利;建立自己的大众媒体。", "在教育、文化和信息领域,塞尔维亚将推动宽容和文化间对话的精神,并采取有效措施,加强生活在其领土上的所有人民之间的相互尊重、理解与合作,而不论其族裔、文化、语言或宗教特征如何。", "宪法框架导致通过了落实上述权利和原则的立法,包括2010年《文化法》,该法规范了对文化的普遍兴趣,列出了文化发展的原则并确定了文化和创造性的优先领域。 这项法律允许少数民族委员会确保执行各少数民族的文化政策,参与与其文化有关的决策进程,并在文化领域建立文化机构和其他法律实体。 2009年《少数民族委员会法》曾规定设立此类委员会。 《新闻法》和《广播法》都载有关于少数民族语言和文化的具体规定。", "文化部针对罗姆少数民族开展了特别重大的活动。 作为2005-2015年罗姆人融入社会十年的一部分,该部采取了重大步骤,打击社会各阶层对罗姆人的歧视,并将罗姆人纳入社会生活,包括让罗姆人公共媒体代表参与进来。", "政府在文化部的倡议下,采取了财政措施,在经济危机期间协助媒体。 部分措施使媒体、制作和少数民族语言项目受益。 通过招标为项目和方案提供的经费也得到了改进并更加透明,因此,得到支助的项目的质量和种类有所增加,少数民族也作出了重要贡献。 文化政策还侧重于国际合作,组织了许多活动,以促进塞尔维亚文化表现形式,并与讲少数民族语言的国家(如匈牙利、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亚、克罗地亚和乌克兰)合作。 在保护文化遗产方面,对其起源没有区别。 对大约20个不同族裔群体所珍视的物质和无形遗产采取了保护和保全措施。 文化部还积极组建了2011年创意产业发展工作组. 该工作组的目标是研究在创意产业领域开发系统工具的潜力和资源,并提议促进国家发展的措施和方案。", "页:1", "[原件:西班牙 [2011年6月9日]", "西班牙强调,文化多样性在其《宪法》中得到承认,并反映在其自治区文化领域的赋权。 文化多元性和多样性也是西班牙对外文化政策在拉丁美洲、欧洲-地中海和欧洲领域的一项原则。 尊重文化多样性也是欧洲联盟行动的交叉原则之一。 因此,文化多样性是欧洲和西班牙模式的基本原则之一。", "西班牙的贡献突出表明,每个社会和社会群体都有文化遗产,这反映了其特性赖以存在的价值观体系。 尊重文化特性、保护文化遗产、所有文化之间机会平等以及民主原则和价值观,是巩固文化对话和确保社会凝聚力以及预防和解决冲突的必要条件。 尊重文化特性对和平至关重要。", "西班牙也注意到,确保公民公平获得文化意味着保护文化多样性,包括促进文化间主义和文化间的对话和社会融合。 应当引导公众对文化事业和文化产业的支持来实现这些目标。 文化是经济发展和就业的一个因素。 文化对于在参与促进文化权利的不同行为者之间建立协同作用以及在联合国系统内强调文化多样性的重要性是必要的。", "文化多样性是西班牙文化部的一项基本行动原则。 文化多样性与多元化和民主、文化认同和就业方面的社会凝聚力、文化对话以及政府根据平衡、相称和透明度原则推行文化政策的权力相联。", "阿拉伯叙利亚共和国", "[原件:英 [2011年6月8日]", "阿拉伯叙利亚共和国在提交的材料中强调其文化多样性和遗产丰富多彩,认为这是人类发展战略的关键要素和可持续发展的重要工具。 在这方面,来文确定了该国在艺术教育领域采取的促进文化多样性和保护及获得传统表现形式和文化遗产的措施。", "关于文化多样性的艺术教育,来文强调了高等音乐学院、高等戏剧艺术学院、音乐学院管理局、应用艺术技术学院、大众教育学院和文化部下属的美术中心和私营部门在文化部的鼓励下在艺术教育和提高公众认识方面发挥的作用。", "阿拉伯叙利亚共和国认为,保护和获取传统表现形式和文化遗产是优先事项,因为它们既是每个国家特性的基本要素,也是促进各国之间相互理解的特权手段。 文化部门由三个分部门组成:一个代表公共和国营结构,一个代表民间社会,一个由私营企业组成。 这三个部门之间的合作是在这一领域取得成功的先决条件。 在这方面,阿拉伯叙利亚共和国已经通过了若干国际文书,包括《关于发生武装冲突时保护文化财产的公约及其执行条例》;《关于发生武装冲突时保护文化财产的公约议定书》;《关于禁止和防止非法进出口文化财产和非法转让其所有权的方法的公约》;《保护世界文化和自然遗产公约》;《教育、科学和文化材料进口协定》;《保护非物质文化遗产公约》;以及《保护和促进文化表现形式多样性公约》。 根据1973年《宪法》,保存、管理和修复文化遗产也是国家的原则。", "推进这些目标的项目包括:儿童文化博物馆、将文化遗产专题列入教育课程以及与意大利政府合作的方案,以通过文献、艺术制作、修复项目、交流经验和建立一个网络,将叙利亚遗产数据库相连接来复兴和发展叙利亚遗产。 其他行动领域包括自然保护区、保护阿拉马语的努力以及登记和保存历史遗迹和考古遗址的努力。 呈件指出,需要扩大遗产的法律定义,以反映阿拉伯叙利亚共和国境内文化遗产的不同组成。", "社区和非政府组织积极参与了若干保护文化遗产的项目。 多数项目和各种个别研究人员约谈了社区老年人,以收集有关叙利亚文化遗产的信息,例如,Rawafed项目和“青年文化公交车”。", "阿拉伯叙利亚共和国提交的材料还广泛介绍了为确保文化遗产得到承认和获得而采取的法律框架和措施。", "乌兹别克斯坦", "[原件:俄 [2011年6月9日]", "乌兹别克斯坦在答复中指出,其人口由136个民族和族裔的代表组成,其中大多数属于17个官方信条之一。 乌兹别克斯坦为发展和支持其领土上所有民族和族裔的文化多样性创造了一切必要的法律和组织条件。 根据《宪法》第42条,人人有权享受文化利益,国家应促进社会的文化、科学和技术发展,包括体育和体育。 目前,乌兹别克斯坦有37所专业剧院、许多剧院工作室和85所博物馆。 乌兹别克斯坦特别重视保护文化遗产,其公民有义务保护其历史、文化和精神遗产。", "答复指出,乌兹别克斯坦为所有少数民族提供教育机会。 初等教育和高等教育以乌兹别克语、卡拉卡尔帕克语、俄语、塔吉克语、哈萨克语、土库曼语和吉尔吉斯语提供。 目前,乌兹别克斯坦有142个国家文化中心,代表27个少数民族。 文化中心的主要目的是保护和发展民族文化、语言、传统和习俗。 在乌兹别克斯坦,为实现所有少数民族和族裔的良心和宗教自由创造了法律和组织条件。 乌兹别克斯坦有16个不同宗教信仰的2 225个宗教组织。", "乌兹别克斯坦报告说,该国正在审议人权领域的国家行动方案。 它设想按照国际法律标准发展对少数民族的法律保护概念。 该项目预计设计和通过一项保护少数民族权利的国家方案,以协调一致地履行国际义务,并确保平等标准保障少数民族的权利。 该项目还将包括研究与少数民族有关的立法在区域一级的执行情况。 它还将汇编与少数民族和族裔有关的现有判例。", "从非政府组织收到的资料摘要", "多样性和文化权利观察站,瑞士弗里堡", "[原件:法 [2011年7月5日]", "瑞士弗里堡大学伦理与人权跨学科研究所多样性和文化权利观察站在提交的材料中强调,通过更好地理解和考虑文化权利,可以确保实现所有人权和尊重文化多样性之间的根本联系。", "根据该来文,文化权利以及每项人权的文化层面构成了人权与文化多样性之间的联系。 文化权利的共同目标在于特性:这些权利包括所有这些权利、自由和义务,通过这些权利、自由和义务,人们可以接触到文化参考资料,以便作为个人或与他人共同找到和表达其特性。 文化资源的多样性是实现选择的必要条件,从而实现文化权利和所有其他人权。 相反地,只有保护和保障所有人的文化权利,才能确保文化多样性,从而使人人都能参与并促进多样性。", "在多年相对忽视之后,最近的事态发展,如经济、社会和文化权利委员会通过关于参加文化生活的权利的第21号一般性意见和人权理事会设立文化权利领域独立专家的任务等,有助于赋予文化权利在国际社会关切中的合法地位。", "考虑到文化权利,就更有力地解释人权的普遍性。 普遍性并不反对多样性;事实上,普遍性必然利用文化多样性。 人权在文化上的适当性也加强了所有人权的不可分割性和相互依存性,因为考虑到人权的文化方面,人权有助于人权的构建和有效性。 经济、社会和文化权利委员会强调,文化适足性或可接受性是适足住房权、适足食物权和能达到的最高标准健康权规范性内容的一部分。", "文化多样性也是和平的一个条件。 文化权利不应提供加剧差异的权利,这种差异可能导致暴力,而应提倡多样性。 文化权利是和平的载体,因为它们的解释考虑到并重视文化资源的多样性。", "人权的有效性不仅是一个目标,而且也是发展的手段或资源。 个人不仅是受益者:他们受到权利、自由和义务的制约。 尊重人的尊严还需要发展参与性民主,其基础是承认人人都能为知识作出贡献,包括那些因贫穷而被忽视的人。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 119 of the provisional agenda[1]", "Follow-up to the commemoration of the two-hundredth anniversary of the abolition of the transatlantic slave trade", "Permanent memorial to and remembrance of the victims of slavery and the transatlantic slave trade: status of the United Nations Trust Fund for Partnerships — Permanent Memorial", "Report of the Secretary-General", "I. Introduction", "1. In paragraph 13 of its resolution 65/239, the General Assembly requested the United Nations Office for Partnerships, through the Secretary-General, to submit a comprehensive report to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on the status of the United Nations Trust Fund for Partnerships — Permanent Memorial, established with a view to the implementation of a permanent memorial to honour the victims of slavery and the transatlantic slave trade.", "2. The present report is submitted pursuant to that request.", "II. Status of the Trust Fund", "3. As at 30 June 2011, a total of $990,654 had been recorded as income received under the United Nations Trust Fund for Partnerships — Permanent Memorial, comprising voluntary contributions from Member States amounting to $944,645, private donations totalling $28,057 and accrued interest income of $17,952. The breakdown of the contributions received is provided in the annex to the present report. With respect to expenditures from the Trust Fund, it may be noted that an amount of approximately $32,621 has been utilized for contractual services.", "4. The committee of interested States, established to oversee the permanent memorial project (Permanent Memorial Committee) is continuing its efforts to raise additional contributions from Member States, the corporate sector, philanthropists and other private individuals. The Committee is also committed to ensuring that voluntary funds received from Member States are earmarked for tangible aspects of the project, including the international design competition and the construction of the monument, unless otherwise authorized by the Member States. The United Nations Office for Partnerships has administered the Trust Fund accordingly.", "5. In keeping with the intention of the General Assembly as expressed in its resolutions 64/15 and 65/239, the Permanent Memorial Committee and the United Nations have jointly collaborated with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization to launch an international design competition for the permanent memorial, in view of the considerable experience of that organization with the Slave Route Project, and international competitions, and its worldwide presence through its network of field offices and national commissions. A tripartite memorandum of understanding and project document, which came into effect upon signature by the participants on 7 July 2011, provides the framework for collaboration over a period of eight months. Expenses relating to the international design competition will be funded from the Trust Fund.", "Annex", "United Nations Trust Fund for Partnerships — Permanent Memorial: contributions and pledges as at 30 June 2011", "(United States dollars)", "Donor Contributions Pledges\n D", "Antigua and Barbuda 7 500", "Argentina 10 000", "Australia 100 000", "Azerbaijan 25 000", "Bahamas 7 500", "Barbados 10 000", "Belgium 6 267", "Belize 2 000", "Botswana 10 000", "Brazil 20 000", "Canada 19 342", "Chile 5 000", "China 20 000", "Costa Rica 5 000", "Denmark 10 000", "Ecuador 5 000", "Egypt 5 000", "Finland 50 000", "Grenada 5 000", "Guyana 5 000", "India 260 000", "Indonesia 500", "Haiti 15 000", "Jamaica 7 500", "Kuwait 20 000", "Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 20 000", "Luxembourg 23 403", "Malaysia 10 000", "Malta 500", "Mozambique (Southern African Development Community 2 500 Group of Ambassadors)", "Namibia 2 000", "Netherlands 14 588", "Nicaragua 500", "Oman 9 979", "Pakistan 25 000", "Portugal 32 782", "Qatar 20 000", "Slovenia 11 818", "South Africa 30 000", "Spain 44 615", "Sri Lanka 500", "Saint Lucia 600", "Saint Kitts and Nevis 1 000", "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 5 000", "Sudan 1 000", "Suriname 10 000", "Syrian Arab Republic 1 000", "The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 500", "Togo 175", "Trinidad and Tobago 10 000", "Turkey 17 500", "United Arab Emirates 5 000", "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern 29 076 Ireland", "Subtotal, Member State donations 944 645", "Private donations 28 057", "Interest 17 952", "Total 990 654 15 000", "`", "[1] * A/66/150." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目119", "纪念废除跨大西洋贩卖奴隶二百周年的后续活动", "^(*) A/66/150。", "关于奴隶制和跨大西洋贩卖奴隶行为受害者永久纪念碑和对受害者的纪念：联合国伙伴关系——永久纪念碑信托基金的状况", "秘书长的报告", "一. 导言", "1. 大会第65/239号决议第13段请联合国伙伴关系办公室就联合国伙伴关系——永久纪念碑信托基金的状况，通过秘书长向大会第六十六届会议提交一份综合报告，以落实纪念奴隶制和跨大西洋贩卖奴隶行为受害者的永久纪念碑。", "2. 本报告正是根据这一请求提出的。", "二. 信托基金的状况", "3. 截至2011年6月30日，联合国伙伴关系——永久纪念碑信托基金共收到990 654美元并将其计入收入，其中包括会员国自愿捐款计944 645美元，私人捐款共28 057美元及累计利息收入17 952美元。已收到捐款细目列于本报告附件。关于信托基金的支出，应当指出动用了约32 621美元，用于订约承办事务。", "4. 为监督永久纪念碑项目而设立的关注国委员会(永久纪念碑委员会），正继续设法从会员国、企业部门、慈善家和其他个人那里募得更多捐款。委员会还承诺确保将会员国所提供的自愿款项作为专款用于该项目的实际方面，包括用于国际设计竞赛和建造纪念碑，除非会员国另行授权。联合国伙伴关系办公室已对信托基金进行相应的管理。", "5. 依照大会第64/15号和65/239号决议表示的意愿，永久纪念碑委员会和联合国共同与联合国教育、科学及文化组织协作，考虑到该组织在“贩卖奴隶路线”项目和国际竞赛方面的大量经验，以及其通过外地办事处和各国家委员会网络而在全世界的存在，发起了一次永久纪念碑国际设计竞赛。2011年7月7日由参加者签署而生效的一份三方谅解备忘录和项目文件，为为期8个月的协作提供了框架。与国际设计竞赛有关的费用将由信托基金供资。", "附件", "联合国伙伴关系——永久纪念碑信托基金：截至2011年6月30日的捐款和认捐款", "(美元)", "捐助方 捐款 认捐款", "安提瓜和巴布达 7 500", "阿根廷 10 000", "澳大利亚 100 000", "阿塞拜疆 25 000", "巴哈马 7 500", "巴巴多斯 10 000", "比利时 6 267", "伯利兹 2 000", "博茨瓦纳 10 000", "巴西 20 000", "加拿大 19 342", "智利 5 000", "中国 20 000", "哥斯达黎加 5 000", "丹麦 10 000", "厄瓜多尔 5 000", "埃及 5 000", "格林纳达 5 000", "芬兰 50 000", "圭亚那 5 000", "印度 260 000", "印度尼西亚 500", "海地 15 000", "牙买加 7 500", "科威特 20 000", "阿拉伯利比亚民众国 20 000", "卢森堡 23 403", "马来西亚 10 000", "马耳他 500", "莫桑比克(南部非洲发展共同体大使小组) 2 500", "纳米比亚 2 000", "荷兰 14 588", "尼加拉瓜 500", "阿曼 9 979", "巴基斯坦 25 000", "葡萄牙 32 782", "卡塔尔 20 000", "斯洛文尼亚 11 818", "南非 30 000", "西班牙 44 615", "斯里兰卡 500", "圣卢西亚 600", "圣基茨和尼维斯 1 000", "圣文森特和格林纳丁斯 5 000", "苏丹 1 000", "苏里南 10 000", "阿拉伯叙利亚共和国 1 000", "前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国 500", "多哥 175", "特立尼达和多巴哥 10 000", "土耳其 17 500", "阿拉伯联合酋长国 5 000", "大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 29 076", "会员国捐款小计 944 645", "私人捐款 28 057", "利息 17 952", "共计 990 654 15 000" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程项目119 [1]", "纪念废除跨大西洋贩卖奴隶二百周年的后续活动", "奴隶制和跨大西洋贩卖奴隶行为受害者永久纪念碑和对受害者的纪念:联合国伙伴关系信托基金的地位——永久纪念碑", "秘书长的报告", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 大会第65/239号决议第13段请联合国伙伴关系办公室通过秘书长向大会第六十六届会议提交一份综合报告,说明为纪念奴隶制和跨大西洋贩卖奴隶行为受害者而设的联合国伙伴关系信托基金——永久纪念碑的现状。", "2. 联合国 本报告是根据这一要求提交的。", "二. 信托基金的状况", "3个 截至2011年6月30日,联合国伙伴关系信托基金——永久纪念碑项下共收到收入990 654美元,其中包括会员国的自愿捐款944 645美元、私人捐款共计28 057美元和应计利息收入17 952美元。 收到的捐款细目见本报告附件。 关于信托基金的支出,不妨指出,约32 621美元已用于订约承办事务。", " 4.四. 为监督永久纪念碑项目而成立的有关国家委员会(永久纪念碑委员会)正在继续努力从会员国、企业部门、慈善家和其他个人那里筹集更多捐款。 委员会还致力于确保从会员国收到的自愿资金专用于项目的具体方面,包括国际设计竞赛和纪念碑的建造,除非会员国另有授权。 联合国伙伴关系办公室相应管理了信托基金。", "5 (韩语). 按照大会第64/15号和第65/239号决议表达的意向,鉴于永久纪念碑组织在奴隶之路项目和国际竞赛方面的丰富经验,以及该组织通过其外地办事处和国家委员会网络在世界各地的存在,永久纪念碑委员会和联合国已与联合国教育、科学及文化组织联合发起了永久纪念碑国际设计竞赛。 2011年7月7日参与者签署后生效的三方谅解备忘录和项目文件为8个月的协作提供了框架。 与国际设计竞赛有关的费用由信托基金提供。", "页:1", "联合国伙伴关系信托基金——永久纪念碑:截至2011年6月30日的捐款和认捐", "(单位:美元)", "捐助者捐款 认捐\nD级", "安提瓜和巴布达 7 500", "阿根廷", "澳大利亚", "阿塞拜疆", "巴哈马 7 500", "巴巴多斯", "比利时 6 267", "伯利兹 2 000", "博茨瓦纳", "巴西 20 000", "加拿大 19 342", "智利", "中国 20 000", "哥斯达黎加", "丹麦", "厄瓜多尔", "埃及", "芬兰 50 000", "格林纳达", "圭亚那", "印度", "印度尼西亚", "海地", "牙买加 7 500", "科威特", "阿拉伯利比亚民众国", "卢森堡 23 403", "马来西亚", "马耳他", "莫桑比克(南部非洲发展共同体2 500个大使小组)", "纳米比亚 2 000", "荷兰 14 588", "尼加拉瓜 500", "阿曼 9 979", "巴基斯坦", "葡萄牙 32 782", "卡塔尔", "斯洛文尼亚 11 818", "南非 30 000", "西班牙 44 615", "斯里兰卡 500个", "圣卢西亚 600", "圣基茨和尼维斯 1 000", "圣文森特和格林纳丁斯", "苏丹", "苏里南", "阿拉伯叙利亚共和国", "前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国", "多哥", "特立尼达和多巴哥", "土耳其 17 500", "阿拉伯联合酋长国", "大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国", "会员国捐款小计 944 645", "私人捐款", "利 息 17,952", "共计 990 654 15 000", "`", "[1] (中文(简体) )." ]

[ "Substantive session of 2011", "Geneva, 4-29 July 2011", "Agenda item 13 (h)", "Economic and environmental questions: international cooperation in tax matters", "Draft decision submitted by the Vice-President of the Council, Miloš Koterec (Slovakia), on the basis of informal consultations", "Dates and draft agenda for the seventh session of the Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters", "The Economic and Social Council:", "(a) Decides that the seventh session of the Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters will be held in Geneva from 24 to 28 October 2011;", "(b) Approves the following draft agenda for the seventh session of the Committee:", "1. Opening of the session by the representative of the Secretary-General.", "2. Election of the Chair and Vice-Chairs.", "3. Remarks by the Chair of the Committee.", "4. Adoption of the agenda and organization of work.", "5. Discussion of substantive issues related to international cooperation in tax matters:", "(a) United Nations Model Tax Convention/update;", "(b) Dispute resolution;", "(c) Transfer pricing: practical manual for developing countries;", "(d) Article 13: capital gains taxation of development projects;", "(e) Tax treatment of services;", "(f) Concept of beneficial ownership;", "(g) Revision of the Manual for the Negotiation of Bilateral Tax Treaties between Developed and Developing Countries;", "(h) Capacity-building;", "(i) Tax cooperation and its relevance to major environmental issues, particularly climate change;", "(j) Further issues for consideration of the Committee.", "6. Dates and agenda for the eighth session of the Committee.", "7. Adoption of the report of the Committee on its seventh session." ]

[ "2011年实质性会议", "2011年7月4日至29日，日内瓦", "议程项目13(h)", "经济问题和环境问题：国际税务合作", "理事会副主席米洛什·科捷雷奇(斯洛伐克)在非正式协商基础上提交的决定草案", "国际税务合作专家委员会第七届会议的日期和议程草案", "经济及社会理事会：", "(a) 决定，国际税务合作专家委员会第七届会议将于2011年10月24日至28日在日内瓦召开；", "(b) 批准委员会第七届会议以下议程草案：", "1. 秘书长的代表宣布会议开幕。", "2. 选举主席和副主席。", "3. 委员会主席讲话。", "4. 通过议程和工作安排。", "5. 讨论与国际税务合作有关的实质性问题：", "(a) 《联合国征税示范公约》的更新；", "(b) 争端的解决；", "(c) 转移定价：发展中国家实用手册；", "(d) 第13条：发展项目的资本收益税；", "(e) 服务的税务处理办法；", "(f) 实益拥有权的概念；", "(g) 修订《发达国家和发展中国家双边税务条约谈判手册》；", "(h) 能力建设；", "(i) 税务合作及其对重大环境问题特别是气候变化的意义；", "(j) 供委员会审议的其他问题。", "6. 委员会第八届会议的日期和议程。", "7. 通过委员会第七届会议报告。" ]

[ "2011年实质性会议", "2011年7月4日至29日,日内瓦", "议程项目13(h)", "经济和环境问题:国际税务合作", "理事会副主席米洛什·科捷雷克(斯洛伐克)在非正式协商基础上提出的决定草案", "国际税务合作专家委员会第七届会议的日期和议程草案", "经济及社会理事会:", "(a) 决定国际税务合作专家委员会第七届会议于2011年10月24日至28日在日内瓦举行;", "(b) 核准委员会第七届会议议程草案如下:", "1. 联合国 1. 秘书长代表宣布会议开幕。", "2. 选举主席和副主席。", "3个 委员会主席发言。", " 4.四. 2. 通过议程和工作安排。", "5 (韩语). 讨论与国际税务合作有关的实质性问题:", "(a) 《联合国税务示范公约》/更新;", "(b) 解决争端;", "(c) 转让定价:发展中国家实用手册;", "(d) 第13条:发展项目的资本收益税;", "(e) 服务的税务处理;", "(f) 实际所有权的概念;", "(g) 修订《发达国家和发展中国家双边税务条约谈判手册》;", "(h) 能力建设;", "(一) 税务合作及其对重大环境问题,特别是气候变化的相关性;", "(j) 供委员会审议的其他问题。", "6. 国家 5. 委员会第八届会议的日期和议程。", "7. 联合国 6. 通过委员会第七届会议的报告。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 99 (f) of the provisional agenda*", "Review and implementation of the Concluding Document of the Twelfth Special Session of the General Assembly", "Regional confidence-building measures: activities of the United Nations Standing Advisory Committee on Security Questions in Central Africa", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "During the period under review, the United Nations Standing Advisory Committee on Security Questions in Central Africa held two meetings. The thirty-first and thirty-second ministerial meetings were held, respectively, in Brazzaville from 15 to 19 November 2010 and in Sao Tome from 12 to 16 March 2011. At these two meetings, the Committee continued its tradition of reviewing the geopolitical and security situation in Central Africa. That led it to conclude that, despite the significant progress achieved in the consolidation of democratic processes and the normal functioning of institutions, there were still major concerns about the security, humanitarian and human rights situation in some member States.", "The members of the Standing Advisory Committee also signed the Central African Convention for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Their Ammunition and All Parts and Components That Can Be Used for Their Manufacture, Repair and Assembly, known as the Kinshasa Convention. In that connection, the member States committed themselves to taking the necessary measures to ratify the Convention and bring it into force as soon as possible. The members of the Committee also formally adopted the Implementation Plan for the Convention, which describes the institutional, regulatory and operational measures to be taken by member States at the national level and by the secretariat of the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS) at the subregional level.", "In addition, the Standing Advisory Committee reviewed the recurrent issues traditionally considered at its ministerial meetings, including, inter alia, the progress made by member States in the implementation of the Brazzaville Programme of Priority Activities for combating the proliferation of small arms and light weapons in Central Africa, as well as the implementation of the Libreville Declaration, which stresses the need for all member States to make voluntary financial contributions to the Committee’s Trust Fund. The Committee also once again considered the issue of maritime piracy in the Gulf of Guinea, and the implementation in Central Africa of Security Council resolutions 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009) and 1889 (2009) on women, peace and security, and General Assembly resolution 65/69 on women, disarmament, non-proliferation and arms control.", "New topics consistent with the latest developments in the subregion were also addressed by the Standing Advisory Committee during the period under review. For the first time, the member States had a preliminary exchange of views on the illegal exploitation of natural resources in Central Africa. In that connection, the Committee requested the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Africa (UNREC) to present it with an information paper listing the main initiatives and relevant documents relating to that issue. The Committee also began new discussions on the impact of climate change on peace and security in Central Africa, on the need to protect widows and their children, and on the means to combat trafficking in persons, especially women and children, in the subregion.", "Lastly, in preparation for the United Nations Conference on the Arms Trade Treaty, which is to be held in 2012, the members of the Standing Advisory Committee adopted the Sao Tome Declaration on a Central African Common Position on the Arms Trade Treaty. This expresses the need for member States to take a coordinated and harmonized approach, highlighting the concerns specific to Central Africa in the negotiations and when the future Treaty is concluded and implemented.", "In conclusion, the Standing Advisory Committee continued to serve as a framework for action and a forum for dialogue and confidence-building among its 11 member States during the period under review.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 4II. Activities 4 of the Standing Advisory \nCommittee A. Signature 5 of the Kinshasa Convention and adoption of the Implementation Plan for the \nConvention B.Implementation 6 of the Code of Conduct for the Defence and Security Forces in Central \nAfrica C.Implementation 6 of the Brazzaville Programme of Priority \nActivities D.Information 7 from the United Nations Office for Disarmament \nAffairs E.Review 8 of the geopolitical and security situation in Central \nAfrica F.Illegal 9 exploitation of natural resources in Central \nAfrica G.Maritime 9 piracy in the Gulf of \nGuinea H.Implementation 10 of Security Council resolutions 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009) and 1889 (2009) and General Assembly resolution \n65/69 I. Combating 10 trafficking in persons, especially women and children, in Central \nAfrica J.Impact 11 of climate change on peace and security in Central \nAfrica K.Implementation 11 of General Assembly resolution 65/189 entitled “International Widows’ \n Day” L.Central 11 African Common Position on the Arms Trade \nTreaty M.Implementation 12 of the Libreville \nDeclaration III. Administrative 12 and financial \nmatters IV.Conclusions 12 and \nobservations \nAnnex Financialsituationof 14 theTrust Fund for theUnited Nations Standing AdvisoryCommitteeon SecurityQuestionsin CentralAfrica for \n 2010", "I. Introduction", "1. In its resolution 65/84, the General Assembly reaffirmed its support for efforts aimed at promoting confidence-building measures at the regional and subregional levels in order to ease tensions and conflicts in Central Africa and to further sustainable peace, stability and development in the subregion.", "2. By the same resolution, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to continue to provide the assistance that States members of the Standing Advisory Committee needed for the continuation of their efforts and to submit to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session a report on the implementation of the resolution.", "3. The present report is submitted in response to that request. It covers the activities undertaken by the Standing Advisory Committee from July 2010 to June 2011.", "II. Activities of the Standing Advisory Committee", "4. The activities of the Standing Advisory Committee have consisted essentially of two ministerial-level meetings: the thirty-first meeting, held in Brazzaville from 15 to 19 November 2010, and the thirty-second meeting, held in Sao Tome from 12 to 16 March 2011. The 11 States members of the Committee — Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Rwanda and Sao Tome and Principe — took part in the work of the two meetings.", "5. Representatives from the African Union, ECCAS, the Regional Centre on Small Arms and Light Weapons in the Great Lakes Region, the Horn of Africa and Bordering States (RECSA) and the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region also participated in the thirty-first and thirty-second ministerial meetings of the Standing Advisory Committee.", "6. The meetings were, furthermore, attended by representatives from the Department of Political Affairs and the Department of Legal Affairs of the United Nations, the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in the Central African Republic (BINUCA), the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), the United Nations Regional Office for Central Africa (UNOCA), the United Nations Subregional Centre for Human Rights and Democracy in Central Africa and the United Nations Development Programme.", "7. The United Nations Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Africa (UNREC) served as the Committee secretariat for the two meetings.", "8. During the meetings, the Standing Advisory Committee addressed both recurrent and new issues, in particular:", "(a) The Central African Convention for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Their Ammunition and All Parts and Components That Can Be Used for Their Manufacture, Repair and Assembly, known as the Kinshasa Convention, and the Implementation Plan for the Convention;", "(b) Implementation of the Code of Conduct for the Defence and Security Forces in Central Africa;", "(c) Implementation of the 2003 Brazzaville Programme of Priority Activities with regard to small arms and light weapons;", "(d) The latest developments concerning disarmament, non-proliferation and arms control;", "(e) The geopolitical and security situation in Central Africa;", "(f) The illegal exploitation of natural resources in Central Africa;", "(g) Maritime piracy in the Gulf of Guinea;", "(h) The implementation in Central Africa of Security Council resolutions 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009) and 1889 (2009), as well as General Assembly resolution 65/69 on the link between women, peace, security, disarmament, non-proliferation and arms control;", "(i) Combating trafficking in persons, especially women and children, in Central Africa;", "(j) The impact of climate change on peace and security in Central Africa;", "(k) The implementation of resolution 65/189 entitled “International Widows’ Day” concerning the protection of widows and orphans, adopted by the General Assembly on 21 December 2010;", "(l) The involvement of Central Africa in the process of adopting an arms trade treaty;", "(m) The implementation of the Libreville Declaration on the funding of the Committee’s activities.", "A. Signature of the Kinshasa Convention and the adoption of the Implementation Plan for the Convention", "9. On 19 November 2010, in Brazzaville, the Central African Convention for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Their Ammunition and All Parts and Components That Can Be Used for Their Manufacture, Repair and Assembly (Kinshasa Convention) was opened for signature. The Convention had been adopted on 30 April 2010 at the thirtieth ministerial meeting of the Standing Advisory Committee. On 30 June 2011, of the 11 States members of the Committee, 9 had signed the Convention.", "10. The States committed to taking the necessary measures to ratify the Kinshasa Convention to achieve its swift entry into force, preferably before the twentieth anniversary of the Standing Advisory Committee in July 2012.", "11. The States also formally adopted the Implementation Plan for the Kinshasa Convention. The Implementation Plan was drafted by the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Africa (UNREC), in accordance with the mandate assigned to it at the thirtieth ministerial meeting of the Standing Advisory Committee. The draft implementation plan prepared by UNREC served as the basis for an exchange of views by States. States further committed to implementing the critical measures as quickly as possible.", "12. The Secretary-General welcomes the adoption of the Convention and encourages all the States members of the Committee to sign and ratify it at the earliest possible date. The effective implementation of the Convention will help to reduce armed violence and will relieve human suffering caused by illicit trade and trafficking in small arms and light weapons in Central Africa.", "13. UNREC stands ready to assist States parties in implementing the Convention. Further to the request by the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), UNREC is developing a technical and institutional support plan for the secretariat of ECCAS.", "B. Implementation of the Code of Conduct for the Defence and Security Forces in Central Africa", "14. The Standing Advisory Committee took note with interest of the steps taken by the secretariat of ECCAS to incorporate the Code of Conduct for the Defence and Security Forces in Central Africa, adopted on 8 May 2009, as an internal document, through a meeting of the Defence and Security Committee of the Council for Peace and Security in Central Africa. The Committee reaffirmed the importance of the Code of Conduct as a tool for consolidating democratic governance of the security sector, improving civilian-military relationships and developing the professionalism of the defence and security forces in Central Africa.", "15. The Standing Advisory Committee encouraged the member States to begin using the Code of Conduct at the earliest possible date and to promote it among their defence and security institutions. UNREC, in collaboration with the secretariat of ECCAS, is available to assist member States in disseminating and using the Code of Conduct in training activities for the defence and security forces of the subregion.", "C. Implementation of the Brazzaville Programme of Priority Activities", "16. Adopted in 2003, the Brazzaville Programme of Priority Activities is the subregional framework of reference for implementing the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects.", "17. In accordance with the established practice of the Standing Advisory Committee, the States reviewed the measures taken internally to implement the Brazzaville Programme of Priority Activities.", "18. During the exchange of views, it became apparent that some member States had not yet adopted certain required institutional measures, including with regard to the establishment and operationalization of national commissions and national focal points on the control of small arms and light weapons. Nevertheless, the Committee concluded that relevant legal measures to regulate firearms existed in most member States, even though it was necessary to revise certain laws.", "19. In addition, the Committee noted progress with regard to many operational activities taking place in member States, especially capacity-building seminars for armed and security forces on the control of small arms and light weapons, awareness-raising campaigns for civilians on the dangers posed by small arms and light weapons, and programmes for the collection and destruction of illicit, obsolete or surplus weapons stockpiles.", "D. Information from the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs", "20. At the request of the Standing Advisory Committee, the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs continued to bring to the attention of member States the latest developments in the field of disarmament, non-proliferation and arms control. In that context, the Office informed the Committee of the holding in New York, on 24 September 2010, of a high-level meeting on revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament, in which one of its member States, Cameroon, had participated.", "21. With regard to the entry into force of the African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (Treaty of Pelindaba) making Africa a nuclear-weapon-free zone, the Standing Advisory Committee was informed that the first Conference of the Parties had been held in Addis Ababa on 4 November 2010, with a view to establishing the African Commission on Nuclear Energy. Given its technical expertise, UNREC has provided political and technical support to the African Union.", "22. With regard to conventional weapons, several States members of the Committee attended an open-ended meeting of government experts on the marking, record-keeping and tracing of small arms held in New York from 9 to 13 May 2011. In addition, the States members of the Committee took note of the Organization’s development, as part of the programme UN SaferGuard, of guidelines for securing ammunition stockpiles.", "23. With regard to the Convention on Cluster Munitions, the Office informed the Committee of the holding, in Vientiane, of the First Meeting of States Parties to the Convention, which had resulted in the adoption of the Vientiane Declaration and the Vientiane Action Plan for the effective and timely implementation of the Convention. The Committee welcomed the fact that at the Vientiane meeting, the States Parties had planned an informal intersessional meeting to discuss substantive issues. That intersessional meeting, held in Geneva from 27 to 30 June 2011, had served to prepare for a second meeting of States Parties, to be held in Beirut, Lebanon, from 12 to 16 September 2011.", "24. The Standing Advisory Committee also took note with interest of the principal activities carried out by UNREC in support of or in collaboration with the African Union, the regional economic communities and African States. In that regard, the Committee welcomed the actions already taken by the African Union-Regions Small Arms Steering Committee, in which UNREC participates as a representative of the United Nations. The Committee urged UNREC to continue providing support to African States in their efforts to prevent and reduce armed violence and to regulate arms brokering in Africa.", "25. The Standing Advisory Committee also urged UNREC to continue providing assistance to African States in harmonizing their national legislation on small arms and light weapons, in developing training modules for security forces on the topic of arms control, and in designing and developing trade management software and databases on national laws and regulations concerning small arms and light weapons.", "E. Review of the geopolitical and security situation in Central Africa", "26. The Standing Advisory Committee continued its practice of reviewing the geopolitical and security situation in Central Africa, as well as the cooperation between some of its member States. Despite significant progress achieved in the consolidation of democratic processes and the normal functioning of institutions, certain member States in the subregion still face significant challenges with regard to security, human rights and humanitarian issues.", "27. Politically, the period under review was marked by the holding of various elections in the subregion. With regard to the security situation, while enjoying the relative calm that now prevails in certain countries affected by conflict, Central Africa has also faced significant threats to peace and security. The resurgence of rampant banditry and roadblockers, the acts of maritime piracy in the Gulf of Guinea and the ongoing armed violence of illegal armed groups are cause for serious concern. States members of the Standing Advisory Committee have undertaken substantial efforts with regard to governance, human rights and humanitarian issues. Relevant legal and institutional instruments governing these matters continue to be adopted and implemented in each country. The situation nevertheless remains worrisome in certain States of the subregion.", "28. With regard to inter-State cooperation, joint border security patrols have been established by the Democratic Republic of the Congo and its neighbours, including the Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic.", "29. On the issue of refugees, the Standing Advisory Committee welcomed the continued collaboration between the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, with the support of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), to stabilize the situation in the north of the Republic of the Congo. This region is home to many refugees and displaced persons from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Furthermore, tripartite meetings between the Congo, Gabon and UNHCR were held in 2010. Similar meetings were held between Angola, the Congo and UNHCR. These three partners were to attend a second tripartite meeting in Pointe-Noire (Congo), to assess the implementation of the recommendations issued at the previous tripartite meeting, held in Cabinda (Republic of the Congo) on 17 and 18 March 2009, regarding the Angolan refugees living in the Congo.", "30. Lastly, with regard to the issue of territorial and border disputes, Gabon and Equatorial Guinea have expressed a desire to resolve their dispute concerning the Island of Mbanié through negotiations. Following bilateral negotiations and mediation by Special Adviser to the Secretary-General Nicolas Michel, the parties reaffirmed their commitment to refer their dispute to the International Court of Justice.", "F. Illegal exploitation of natural resources in Central Africa", "31. The States members of the Standing Advisory Committee had a preliminary exchange of views on the illegal exploitation of natural resources in the subregion, a multidimensional and complex issue that has a real impact on peace and security.", "32. The Standing Advisory Committee decided to remain seized of the matter at its next ministerial meeting. It requested UNREC to submit, at the thirty-third ministerial meeting, an information paper listing the legal and political documents and initiatives adopted in Africa and elsewhere to combat the illegal exploitation of natural resources, including the final declaration of the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region held on 15 December 2010 in Lusaka.", "G. Maritime piracy in the Gulf of Guinea", "33. The Standing Advisory Committee reiterated its concern at the resurgence of acts of maritime piracy in the Gulf of Guinea and strongly condemned the attacks against some of its States members, in particular the recent attacks against Cameroon. The Committee followed closely the statements of Angola, Cameroon, the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Sao Tome and Principe and the secretariat of ECCAS concerning the continued acts of maritime piracy, which represented a challenge to the security and economy of Central Africa.", "34. In that regard, the Standing Advisory Committee urged ECCAS to accelerate implementation of its strategy to combat maritime piracy in Central Africa. It also took note of the meeting of the joint chiefs of staff of the countries of zone D of the Gulf of Guinea (Cameroon, the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and Sao Tome and Principe) held in Pointe-Noire from 11 to 13 February 2011, as well as the adoption of the maritime security plan SECMAR II. The Committee welcomed the other institutional and operational measures taken individually and collectively by States, including the operation of joint patrols by some countries since the adoption of the first maritime security plan (SECMAR I) under the auspices of ECCAS. The Committee reiterated its recommendation that the secretariat of ECCAS should as soon as possible put into operation the Centre régional de sécurisation maritime de l’Afrique centrale, in accordance with the decision taken by the fourteenth ordinary session of the Conference of Heads of State and Government of ECCAS held in Kinshasa on 23 and 24 October 2009.", "35. The Standing Advisory Committee again recommended that ECCAS and the Gulf of Guinea Commission should organize an international maritime conference bringing together all States members of the Committee, donors and other international stakeholders. The Committee welcomed Cameroon’s offer to host the conference.", "H. Implementation of Security Council resolutions 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009) and 1889 (2009) and General Assembly resolution 65/69", "36. In accordance with the decision taken at the twenty-ninth ministerial meeting, every ministerial meeting now includes an agenda item on the implementation of Security Council resolutions concerning women, peace and security. The Standing Advisory Committee emphasized that those resolutions were essential tools for the prevention and resolution of conflicts and for peacebuilding and post-conflict reconstruction in Central Africa.", "37. The Standing Advisory Committee welcomed the efforts by member States to implement those resolutions, including through the adoption of specific national action plans. In that connection, the Committee noted with interest the statements made by Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Rwanda and Sao Tome and Principe concerning the incorporation of the gender dimension and involvement of women in the promotion of security, peace and disarmament.", "I. Combating trafficking in persons, especially women and children, in Central Africa", "38. The Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children, who had been invited for the first time to attend a meeting of the Committee, delivered a statement to member States regarding the situation in Central Africa.", "39. The Standing Advisory Committee strongly condemned trafficking in persons in all its forms, wherever it was practised, and welcomed the initiatives of the Special Rapporteur to combat the phenomenon. The Committee encouraged member States to implement the multilateral regional cooperation agreement to combat trafficking in persons, especially women and children, in West and Central Africa, which was concluded in 2006 between ECCAS and the Economic Community of West African States.", "40. The Standing Advisory Committee welcomed the achievements of the Subregional Centre for Human Rights and Democracy in Central Africa, in particular in the area of tracking population movements and their impact on peace and security in Central Africa.", "41. The Standing Advisory Committee acknowledged that population movements posed challenges to human security and respect for human rights in the subregion. However, member States were also aware that migrations represented an opportunity for improved political and economic integration in Central Africa.", "42. The Standing Advisory Committee encouraged member States to take on board the results of the subregional dialogue on migration and human rights hosted by the Centre in Yaoundé from 6 to 8 December 2010. The issues in question included, inter alia, the need to ratify and implement the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families and the harmonization of domestic legislation with international human rights norms, particularly with regard to migration. In addition, recommendations had been made concerning the adoption and implementation of national migration management policies with a human rights-based approach; capacity-building for those involved in population movement and human rights management; and the establishment of multisectoral structures with effective civil society participation, for cooperation on migration and human rights.", "J. Impact of climate change on peace and security in Central Africa", "43. At the initiative of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Standing Advisory Committee examined for the first time the topic of climate change and its impact on peace and security in Central Africa. The Committee heard with interest the briefings of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Sao Tome and Principe. States exchanged views on the question, which represented a real threat to populations and to the institutional stability of Central Africa.", "44. The Standing Advisory Committee expressed its concern at the continued deterioration of the Congo Basin, which was a factor of instability and a genuine threat. It appealed to the international community to support environmental preservation in the Congo Basin. The Committee welcomed the organization of the first Summit of the three tropical forest basins,[1] which would be held in June 2011 in Brazzaville.", "K. Implementation of General Assembly resolution 65/189 entitled “International Widows’ Day”", "45. Following a statement delivered by the delegation of Gabon, the Standing Advisory Committee decided that upcoming ministerial meetings should include on their agenda the consideration of General Assembly resolution 65/189, adopted on the initiative of Gabon on 2 December 2010 and entitled “International Widows’ Day”, on the need to protect widows and their children.", "L. Central African Common Position on the Arms Trade Treaty", "46. The Standing Advisory Committee heard a statement made by the Secretary of the Committee regarding the content of the Arms Trade Treaty and, in particular, the outcome of discussions on its scope, criteria and parameters, which had taken place at the second session of the Preparatory Committee for the 2012 Conference on the Arms Trade Treaty in February and March 2011.", "47. In order to underscore member States’ support for the negotiation of an Arms Trade Treaty, the Standing Advisory Committee decided to adopt a common position, the Sao Tome Declaration (see A/66/172-S/2011/225, annex I). The Declaration was prepared with the support of UNREC in its capacity as secretariat of the Committee. The Committee requested that UNREC should follow up implementation of the Declaration.", "48. Through its Common Position, Central Africa aims to ensure that the specificities of the region are reflected in the negotiations and the implementation of the resulting treaty. Along with the Kinshasa Convention, the Declaration shows that Central African States are committed to combating illicit trafficking in small arms and light weapons.", "M. Implementation of the Libreville Declaration", "49. The Standing Advisory Committee took note of the measures taken by member States to deliver their financial contributions for the implementation of the Libreville Declaration. It thanked those member States that had already delivered their contributions to the Committee’s Trust Fund.", "50. The Standing Advisory Committee encouraged all member States to strive to make regular contributions to the Trust Fund in accordance with their commitments. It also called on other United Nations Member States and donors to make financial contributions to the Committee’s Trust Fund.", "III. Administrative and financial matters", "51. At the end of 2010, the Committee’s Trust Fund had a balance of $29,305. During the period from 1 January to 30 June 2011, contributions totalling $46,234 were received.", "52. The Secretary-General reiterates his appeal to Member States of the United Nations, in particular States members of the Standing Advisory Committee, and to intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations to contribute to the Trust Fund in order to enable the Standing Advisory Committee to effectively fulfil its mission of assisting the States of the subregion.", "IV. Conclusions and observations", "53. During the period under review, the Standing Advisory Committee considered such regular agenda items as a review of the geopolitical and security situation in Central Africa, the status of inter-State cooperation and the implementation of disarmament and arms limitation programmes, in particular with respect to small arms and light weapons. It also examined the new topics of peace and stability in Central Africa.", "54. The Secretary-General welcomes the fact that the discussions of States members of the Standing Advisory Committee have resulted in recommendations and the adoption of measures whose effective implementation would contribute to the consolidation of peace and security in the region. One major step forward is the Central African Convention for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Their Ammunition and All Parts and Components That Can Be Used for Their Manufacture, Repair and Assembly (Kinshasa Convention). The Secretary-General encourages States members of the Committee to promptly ratify the Convention. Its entry intro force would help reduce the proliferation of weapons and armed violence in the subregion. The Implementation Plan is an essential framework setting forth the institutional, normative and operational measures to be taken at the national and subregional levels.", "55. New sources of insecurity with alarming proportions have led the Standing Advisory Committee to address new questions such as the illegal exploitation of natural resources; women, disarmament, non-proliferation and arms control; the protection of widows and their children; combating trafficking in persons, especially women and children; and the impact of climate change on peace and security in Central Africa. Faced with this new situation, stakeholders need to develop new responses.", "56. In view of the complex nature of the threats to peace and security in Central Africa, the Secretary-General established the United Nations Regional Office for Central Africa (UNOCA) in Libreville in January 2011 and appointed Mr. Abou Moussa as his Special Representative in the subregion. Following the establishment of the new regional office, the Secretary-General decided to transfer responsibility for acting as secretariat of the Standing Advisory Committee to the Department of Political Affairs. UNOCA will therefore organize the Committee’s ministerial meetings as of the thirty-third ministerial meeting to be held in the Central African Republic in September 2011.", "57. The Office of Disarmament Affairs will continue to provide substantive input and support the work of the Standing Advisory Committee on issues specifically related to disarmament and arms limitation. The Secretary-General has no doubt that the Committee will continue to act as an important confidence-building forum in the Central African subregion.", "Annex", "Financial situation of the Trust Fund for the United Nations Standing Advisory Committee on Security Questions in Central Africa for 2010", "(United States dollars)", "Opening balance (31 December 2009) 9 553", "Income received (1 January-31 December 2010)", "Voluntary contributions 19 299", "Funds received under inter-organizational 0 arrangements", "Interest income 453", "Miscellaneous and other income 0", "Subtotal 19 752", "Expenditure (1 January-31 December 2010) 0", "Programme support costs 0", "Subtotal 0", "Prior-period adjustments 0", "Reserves and closing balance (31 December 2010) 29 305", "Note: This information is based on income and expenditure for 2010. During the period from 1 January to 30 June 2011, contributions totalling $46,234 were received from Angola ($10,000), the Congo ($10,961) and Sao Tome and Principe ($25,273).", "[1] The tropical forest basins of the Amazon, Congo and Borneo-Mekong regions." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程[1] 项目99(f)", "审查和执行大会第十二届特别会议的结论文件", "区域建立信任措施：联合国中部非洲安全问题常设咨询委员会的活动", "秘书长的报告", "摘要 \n在本次审议期间，联合国中部非洲安全问题常设咨询委员会举行了两次会议。第三十一次和第三十二次部长级会议分别于2010年11月15日至19日和2011年3月12日至16日在布拉柴维尔和圣多美举行。委员会在两次会议上都延续传统，审议了中部非洲的地缘政治和安全局势，并由此得出结论，在巩固民主进程和体制正常运作方面虽有显著进展，但一些成员国在安全、人道主义局势和人权方面仍然令人严重关切。\n常设咨询委员会成员还着手签署《中部非洲管制小武器和轻武器及其弹药以及可用于制造、修理和装配此类武器的所有零部件公约》，即《金沙萨公约》。成员国为此承诺开展必要行动，以尽快使该公约获得批准并开始生效。委员会成员还正式通过了执行《金沙萨公约》的行动计划，其中列明有待成员国在国家一级，以及有待中部非洲国家经济共同体(中非经共体)总秘书处在次区域一级采取的制度、规范和行动措施。\n此外，常设咨询委员会还审议了通常在部长级会议期间提出的经常性专题，包括成员国在执行关于中部非洲打击小武器和轻武器扩散的布拉柴维尔优先活动方案方面取得的进展以及强调所有成员国必须向委员会信托基金提供自愿捐款的《利伯维尔宣言》的执行情况。同样，委员会还再次审议了几内亚湾海盗问题以及安全理事会关于妇女、和平与安全的第1325(2000)号、第1820(2008)号、第1888(2009)号和第1889(2009)号决议和大会关于妇女、裁军、防扩散和军备控制的第65/69号决议在中部非洲的执行情况。在本次审议期间，常设咨询委员会也讨论了与次区域近期事态发展相一致的新专题。成员国首次就中部非洲非法开采自然资源问题初步交换了意见。委员会为此要求联合国和平与裁军非洲区域中心(非洲裁军中心)向其提交一份资料文件，汇编与这个问题有关的主要倡议和相关条文。委员会还就气候变化对中部非洲和平与安全的影响、保护寡妇及其子女的必要性、以及次区域打击贩卖人口特别是贩卖妇女和儿童行为的方式等问题，展开了新的讨论。 最后，鉴于2012年将举行联合国武器贸易条约谈判会议，常设咨询委员会成员通过了关于中部非洲对武器贸易条约共同立场的《圣多美宣言》，其中表达了成员国采取协调和统一做法，在今后该条约谈判以及缔结和执行过程中阐明中部非洲特定关切的必要性。 \n总之，在本次审议期间，常设咨询委员会继续充当其11个成员国彼此交流和加强信任的行动框架和空间。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 4\n2.常设咨询委员会的活动 4\nA.签署《金沙萨公约》并通过执行该公约的行动计划 5\nB.中部非洲防卫与安全部队行为守则的执行情况 6\nC.布拉柴维尔优先活动方案的执行情况 6\nD.联合国裁军事务厅情况通报 6\nE.审议中部非洲的地缘政治和安全局势 7\nF.中部非洲非法开采自然资源问题 8\nG.几内亚湾海盗问题 8H.安全理事会第1325(2000)号、第1820(2008)号、第1888(2009)号和 8 \n第1889(2009)号决议以及大会第65/69号决议的执行情况 \nI. 中部非洲打击贩卖人口特别是贩卖妇女和儿童的行为 9\nJ. 气候变化对中部非洲和平与安全的影响 9\nK. 大会题为“国际寡妇日”的第65/189号决议的执行情况 9\nL. 中部非洲关于武器贸易条约的共同立场 10\nM. 《利伯维尔宣言》的执行情况 10\n3. 行政和财务问题 10\n4. 结论和意见 10 \n 附件 \n2010年联合国中部非洲安全问题常设咨询委员会信托基金财务报表 12", "一． 导言", "1. 大会在第65/84号决议中重申支持为促进区域和次区域一级的建立信任措施作出努力，以缓和中部非洲的紧张局势和冲突，推动该次区域实现持久的和平、稳定与发展。", "2. 大会在同一决议中请秘书长继续为常设咨询委员会成员国作出这些努力提供必要援助，还请秘书长就该决议的执行情况向大会第六十六届会议提出报告。", "3. 本报告就是应此要求提交的，其中介绍了常设咨询委员会2010年7月至2011年6月期间开展的活动。", "二. 常设咨询委员会的活动", "4. 常设咨询委员会的活动主要是两次部长级会议，即2010年11月15日至19日在布拉柴维尔举行的第三十一次部长级会议和2011年3月12日至16日在圣多美举行的第三十二次部长级会议。委员会11个成员国，即安哥拉、布隆迪、喀麦隆、中非共和国、刚果共和国、刚果民主共和国、加蓬、赤道几内亚、圣多美和普林西比民主共和国、卢旺达和乍得，参与了两次会议的工作。", "5. 参加常设咨询委员会第三十一次和第三十二次部长级会议的还有以下机构的代表：非洲联盟，中部非洲国家经济共同体(中非经共体)，大湖区、非洲之角及毗邻国家打击小武器和轻武器区域中心(小武器区域中心)，以及大湖区国际会议。", "6. 参加会议的还有联合国政治事务部和法律事务部、联合国中非共和国建设和平综合办事处(中非建和办)、联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团(联刚稳定团)、联合国中部非洲区域办事处、联合国中部非洲人权与民主次区域中心和联合国开发计划署(开发署)的代表。", "7. 联合国和平与裁军非洲区域中心(非洲裁军中心)承担了两次会议的秘书处工作。", "8. 会议期间，常设咨询委员会讨论了以下经常性问题和新问题：", "(a) 《中部非洲管制小武器和轻武器及其弹药以及可用于制造、修理和装配此类武器的所有零部件公约》，即《金沙萨公约》，以及关于执行该公约的行动计划；", "(b) 中部非洲防卫与安全部队行为守则的执行情况；", "(c) 关于小武器和轻武器的布拉柴维尔优先活动方案的执行情况；", "(d) 裁军、防扩散和军备控制方面的最新事态发展；", "(e) 中部非洲的地缘政治和安全局势；", "(f) 中部非洲非法开采自然资源问题；", "(g) 几内亚湾海盗问题；", "(h) 关于妇女、和平、安全、裁军、防扩散和军备控制之间关系的安全理事会第1325(2000)号、第1820(2008)号、第1888(2009)号和第1889(2009)号决议以及大会第65/69号决议的执行情况；", "(i) 中部非洲打击贩卖人口特别是贩卖妇女和儿童的行为；", "(j) 气候变化对中部非洲和平与安全的影响；", "(k) 大会2010年12月21日就保护寡妇和孤儿问题通过的题为“国际寡妇日”的第65/189号决议的执行情况；", "(l) 中部非洲参与武器贸易条约选纳进程；", "(m) 关于为委员会活动提供资金的《利伯维尔宣言》的执行情况。", "A． 签署《金沙萨公约》并通过执行该公约的行动计划", "9. 2010年11月19日，《中部非洲管制小武器和轻武器及其弹药以及可用于制造、修理和装配此类武器的所有零部件公约》，即《金沙萨公约》，在布拉柴维尔开放供签署。该公约已于2010年4月30日在常设咨询委员会第三十次部长级会议期间通过。", "10. 各国承诺为批准《金沙萨公约》作出必要安排以使其尽快生效，最好是在2012年7月常设咨询委员会成立二十周年之前生效。", "11. 各国还正式通过了执行《金沙萨公约》的行动计划。该行动计划由非洲裁军中心根据常设咨询委员会第三十次部长级会议规定的任务编写。非洲裁军中心提出的行动计划草案成为各国交换意见的基础。各国还承诺尽快将其中的主要措施付诸实践。", "12. 秘书长欢迎通过《金沙萨公约》，并鼓励常设咨询委员会所有成员国尽早予以签署和批准。有效执行该公约有助于减少武装暴力活动，还能够缓解民众因为中部非洲小武器和轻武器非法贸易和贩运活动而产生的痛苦。", "13. 非洲裁军中心已经为协助各当事国执行该公约作好准备。应中非经共体请求，非洲裁军中心拟订了向中非经共体总秘书处提供技术和体制支持的计划。", "B. 中部非洲防卫与安全部队行为守则的执行情况", "14. 常设咨询委员会感兴趣地注意到，中非经共体总秘书处已作出安排，通过中部非洲和平与安全理事会(中非和安会)防卫与安全委员会的一次会议，将2009年5月8日通过的中部非洲防卫与安全部队行为守则归入经共体内部文件。委员会重申，必须将行为守则作为巩固安全部门民主治理、改善军民关系和提高中部非洲防卫与安全部队专业水平的工具。", "15. 常设咨询委员会鼓励成员国尽早适用该行为守则，并向各自防卫与安全机构进行宣传。非洲裁军中心随时可以协助成员国与中非经共体总秘书处协作，在面向次区域防卫与安全部队的培训活动中推广使用该行为守则。", "C. 布拉柴维尔优先活动方案的执行情况", "16. 2003年通过的布拉柴维尔优先活动方案是次区域执行《从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领》的参考框架。", "17. 按照常设咨询委员会内部的既定做法，各国总结了在国内一级为执行布拉柴维尔优先活动方案的各项规定而作出的安排。", "18. 在意见交换过程中显示，有些成员国尚未按规定采取若干措施，特别是创建和运作负责小武器和轻武器管制的国家委员会或国家联络中心。不过，委员会注意到，大部分成员国已经存在管理枪支的相关法律措施，虽然其中有些立法需要加以修订。", "19. 此外还提到一些进展，例如成员国内部开展的许多业务活动，包括加强军队能力及确保小武器和轻武器安全管理的研讨会，面向普通民众的小武器和轻武器危险性认知运动，以及非法、废弃或多余武器储存的收缴和销毁方案等。", "D. 联合国裁军事务厅情况通报", "20. 应常设咨询委员会请求，联合国裁军事务厅继续向成员国通报裁军、防扩散和军备控制领域的最新事态发展。在这方面，委员会获悉，其成员国喀麦隆参加了2010年9月24日在纽约举行的旨在振兴裁军会议的高级别会议。", "21. 在关于建立非洲无核武器区的《佩林达巴条约》的生效方面，常设咨询委员会获悉，旨在设立非洲核能委员会的首次缔约国会议已于2010年11月4日在亚的斯亚贝巴举行。非洲裁军中心凭借其技术专长，向非洲联盟提供了政策和技术支持。", "22. 在常规武器方面，常设咨询委员会部分成员国参加了2011年5月9日至13日在纽约举行的小武器标识、记录保存和追踪问题不限成员名额政府专家会议。此外，委员会成员国注意到，联合国已经在“联合国加强安保方案”框架内拟订关于保障弹药储存安全的指导原则。", "23. 在《集束弹药公约》方面，委员会获悉，在万象举行的该公约首次缔约国会议通过了旨在确保有效和及时执行公约的《万象宣言和行动计划》。委员会对缔约国在万象会议上决定举行一次非正式闭会期会议就实质性问题进行专题辩论表示欢迎。这一闭会期会议已于2011年6月27日至30日在日内瓦举行，并同时作为将于2011年9月12日至16日在贝鲁特举行的第二次缔约国会议的筹备。", "24. 此外，常设咨询委员会感兴趣地注意到非洲裁军中心在非洲联盟、各区域经济共同体和非洲各国的支持或协作下开展的主要活动。在这方面，委员会对非洲裁军中心作为联合国代表参与其中的非洲联盟及各区域小武器问题指导委员会已经采取的行动表示欢迎。委员会鼓励非洲裁军中心继续支持非洲国家预防和减少枪支暴力，并对非洲武器中介活动进行监管。", "25. 常设咨询委员会还鼓励非洲裁军中心继续协助非洲国家统一关于小武器和轻武器的国家立法，制订关于武器管制的安全部队培训模块，并设计开发中介商管理软件以及各国关于小武器和轻武器的立法及其他法规数据库。", "E． 审议中部非洲的地缘政治和安全局势", "26. 常设咨询委员会延续了对中部非洲地缘政治和安全局势以及部分成员国之间的合作进行审议的传统。虽然在巩固民主进程和体制正常运作方面明显有所进展，但一些成员国在安全、人道主义局势和人权方面仍然令人关切。", "27. 在政治方面，本次审议期间以次区域举行多场选举为标志。在安全方面，虽然一些受冲突影响的国家气氛缓和令人欣喜，但中部非洲的和平与安全仍然面临多重威胁。再度猖獗的重大盗匪和拦路抢劫现象、几内亚湾海盗行为以及非法武装团体实施的武装暴力行为依然严重。在治理、人道主义局势和人权方面，常设咨询委员会成员国已作出重大努力，制约这些问题的法律和体制文书继续获得通过并在各国施行，但次区域一些国家的局势仍然令人关切。", "28. 在国家间合作方面，刚果民主共和国与其邻国，特别是刚果共和国和中非共和国，已经在边界地区开展联合安保巡逻。", "29. 关于难民问题，常设咨询委员会欢迎刚果共和国与刚果民主共和国继续在联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)的支持下稳定刚果共和国北部的局势。这一区域有大量来自刚果民主共和国的难民和流离失所者。此外，刚果、加蓬和难民署于2010年举行了三方会议。安哥拉、刚果和难民署也已实施这一举措。这三个伙伴将在刚果共和国黑角的第二次三方会议期间再次会面，评估2009年3月17日和18日在刚果共和国卡宾达举行的三方会议针对刚果境内安哥拉难民问题所提建议的执行情况。", "30. 最后，关于领土和边界争端问题，加蓬和赤道几内亚均表示愿意通过谈判解决巴尼埃岛争端。经过双边谈判和秘书长特别顾问尼古拉·米歇尔的调解，双方重申将把这一争端提交国际法院。", "F. 中部非洲非法开采自然资源问题", "31. 常设咨询委员会成员国就次区域非法开采自然资源问题初步交换了意见，认定这一复杂现象涉及多个领域，而且确实给和平与安全带来影响。", "32. 常设咨询委员会决定在下次部长级会议期间继续审议这个问题，并要求非洲裁军中心向委员会第三十三次部长级会议提交一份资料文件，汇编非洲及其他区域打击非法开采自然资源的法律政策文书和承诺，包括2010年12月15日在卢萨卡举行的大湖区国际会议首脑会议的最后宣言。", "G. 几内亚湾海盗问题", "33. 常设咨询委员会对几内亚湾海盗行为再度猖獗再次表达关切，并强烈谴责针对其部分成员国，包括最近对喀麦隆的攻击。在这方面，委员会认真听取了安哥拉、喀麦隆、刚果、赤道几内亚及圣多美和普林西比以及中非经共体总秘书处针对几内亚湾海盗行为继续对中部非洲安全和经济形成挑战所作的声明。", "34. 在这方面，常设咨询委员会鼓励中非经共体加快实施打击海盗战略。委员会还注意到几内亚湾D区国家（喀麦隆、刚果、加蓬、赤道几内亚及圣多美和普林西比）于2011年2月11日至13日在黑角举行军队总参谋长会议，并签署第二份海事安全行动计划“Secmar 2”。委员会欢迎各国单独或共同采取其他体制和行动措施，包括一些国家自从在中非经共体主持下签署第一份海事安全行动计划“Secmar1”之后开展联合巡逻。委员会再次建议中非经共体总秘书处根据2009年10月23日和24 日在金沙萨举行的中非经共体国家元首和政府首脑会议第十四届常会的决定，尽快使中部非洲海事安全区域中心投入运作。", "35. 此外，常设咨询委员会再次建议中非经共体和几内亚湾委员会安排举办一次由委员会成员国、出资方和其他相关国际行为体参加的国际海事会议。委员会对喀麦隆声明愿意承办此次会议表示欢迎。", "H. 安全理事会第1325(2000)号、第1820(2008)号、第1888(2009)号和第1889(2009)号决议以及大会第65/69号决议的执行情况", "36. 根据第二十九次部长级会议作出的决定，每次部长级会议都将安全理事会关于妇女、和平与安全的决议执行情况列入议程。常设咨询委员会强调，这些决议是中部非洲在预防和解决冲突以及巩固和平及冲突后重建方面必不可少的工具。", "37. 常设咨询委员会欢迎成员国为执行这些决议作出努力，例如通过国家行动计划。在这方面，委员会感兴趣地注意到安哥拉、布隆迪、喀麦隆、刚果、赤道几内亚、刚果民主共和国、卢旺达以及圣多美和普林西比所作的关于在有关促进安全、和平与裁军的问题中考虑性别和妇女参与问题的通报。", "I. 中部非洲打击贩卖人口特别是贩卖妇女和儿童的行为", "38. 贩卖人口特别是贩卖妇女和儿童问题特别报告员首次应邀出席常设咨询委员会的会议，向成员国通报这个问题在中部非洲的情况。", "39. 常设咨询委员会强烈谴责一切形式、无论发生在何处发生的贩卖人口行为，并欢迎特别报告员为打击这一现象提出倡议。委员会鼓励成员国执行2006年西部非洲国家经济共同体（西非经共体）与中非经共体达成的《中西非打击贩卖人口特别是贩卖妇女和儿童行为区域合作多边协议》。", "40. 常设咨询委员会还对联合国中部非洲人权和民主次区域中心所完成的工作表示赞赏，特别是在监测人口流动及其对中部非洲和平与安全的影响方面。", "41. 常设咨询委员会还认识到人口流动在人类安全和尊重人权方面给次区域带来挑战，但成员国也同样明白，移民也是中部非洲更好地实现政治和经济一体化的一个机遇。", "42. 常设咨询委员会鼓励成员国采纳该中心2010年12月6日至8日在雅温得举办的移民与人权问题次区域对话的成果，包括应批准和执行《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》，以及应确保国内立法符合国际人权规范，特别是移民领域的国际人权规范。除此之外，还建议通过并执行从人权角度管理移民的国家政策，加强参与管理人口流动和人权的行为体的能力，以及设立关于移民与人权问题的多部门协商结构，让民间社会有效参与。", "J. 气候变化对中部非洲和平与安全的影响", "43. 在刚果民主共和国的倡议下，常设咨询委员会首次审议了气候变化专题及其对中部非洲和平与安全的影响。为此，委员会认真听取了刚果民主共和国及圣多美和普林西比分别所作的陈述。成员国就这一现象作了意见交换，认定其对中部非洲人民安宁和体制稳定构成真正的威胁。", "44. 常设咨询委员会对刚果河流域环境持续退化表示关切，认定这是一个真正威胁和不稳定因素。委员会呼吁国际社会为刚果河流域的环境保护工作提供支持。此外，委员会对2011年6月在布拉柴维尔举行三大热带雨林流域首次首脑会议表示欢迎。[2]", "K. 大会题为“国际寡妇日”的第65/189号决议的执行情况", "45. 根据刚果代表团的通报，常设咨询委员会决定将审议大会2010年12月2日在加蓬倡议下通过的关于寡妇和儿童状况的第65/189号决议列入今后部长级会议的议程。", "L. 中部非洲关于武器贸易条约的共同立场", "46. 常设咨询委员会听取了委员会秘书就武器贸易条约关键内容，包括2011年2、3月份联合国武器贸易条约会议筹备委员会第二次会议期间关于该条约适用范围以及标准和参数的讨论情况所作的解释性说明。", "47. 为了表达常设咨询委员会成员国对武器贸易条约谈判进程的支持，委员会决定通过一项共同立场，即“圣多美宣言”（见A/66/72-S/2011/225，附件一）。这一宣言在充当委员会秘书处的非洲裁军中心的支持下编写。委员会还要求非洲裁军中心跟踪其执行情况。", "48. 通过这一共同立场，中部非洲希望该区域的具体特征能够在今后条约的谈判和执行过程中得到考虑。这一宣言以及《金沙萨公约》，表明了中部非洲国家对打击小武器和轻武器非法贩运活动的承诺。", "M. 《利伯维尔宣言》的执行情况", "49. 常设咨询委员会注意到成员国依照《利伯维尔宣言》为支付各自捐款所作的安排，并向已经捐款给委员会信托基金的国家表示感谢。", "50. 常设咨询委员会鼓励所有成员国恪守承诺，主动定期支付捐款。委员会还邀请其他联合国会员国和捐助方向委员会信托基金提供捐款。", "三. 行政和财务问题", "51. 2010年底，常设咨询委员会信托基金共有存款29 305美元。在2011年1月1日至6月30日期间，共收到捐款46 234美元。", "52. 秘书长再次呼吁联合国会员国，特别是委员会成员国以及政府间组织和非政府组织向常设咨询委员会信托基金捐款，使其能够继续有效地完成协助次区域各国的任务。", "四. 结论和意见", "53. 在本次审议期间，常设咨询委员会成员国讨论了历次会议的经常性专题，包括审议中部非洲的地缘政治和安全局势，审查国家之间的合作情况以及次区域裁军和军备控制方案、特别是小武器和轻武器控制方案的执行情况。委员会还审议了中部非洲和平与稳定的新专题。", "54. 秘书长对常设咨询委员会成员国经过讨论形成建议，并通过一经执行即可有效促进次区域和平与安全的措施表示欢迎。在这方面，《中部非洲管制小武器和轻武器及其弹药以及可用于制造、修理和装配此类武器的所有零部件公约》即《金沙萨公约》，是一个重大进展。秘书长鼓励委员会成员国尽快予以批准，以便其生效能帮助减少次区域的武器扩散和武装暴力活动。执行该公约的行动计划是一个必不可少的框架，指明了有待国家一级和次区域一级采取的制度、规范和行动措施。", "55. 由于新的不安全因素令人关切，常设咨询委员会讨论了一些新的专题，例如非法开采自然资源，妇女、裁军、防扩散和军备控制，保护寡妇及其子女，打击贩卖人口特别是贩卖妇女和儿童，气候变化对中部非洲和平与安全的影响。这一新情况，需要有关行为体作出新的答复。", "56. 鉴于中部非洲的和平与安全面临复杂挑战，秘书长于2011年1月在利伯维尔开设了联合国中部非洲区域办事处，并任命阿布·穆萨先生为他在该次区域的特别代表。在设立这一新的区域办事处之后，秘书长决定将常设咨询委员会的秘书处职能转给政治事务部。因此，该区域办事处将从2011年9月在中非共和国举行的第三十三次部长级会议起，安排举办委员会的部长级会议。", "57. 对于具体涉及裁军和军备控制的案卷，裁军事务厅将继续为常设咨询委员会的相关工作提供实质性协助和支持。秘书长坚信委员会将继续充当中部非洲次区域加强信任的重要论坛。", "附件", "2010年联合国中部非洲安全问题常设咨询委员会信托基金财务报表", "(单位：美元)", "2009年12月31日资金结余 9 553 \n 2010年1月1日至12月31日收入 \n 自愿捐款 19 299 \n 通过组织间安排收到的资金 0 \n 利息收益 453 \n 其他收入和杂项收入 0 \n 收入小计 19 752 \n 2010年1月1日至12月31日支出 0 \n 方案支助支出 0 \n 支出小计 0 \n 以往年度调节 0 \n 2010年12月31日准备金和资金结余 29 305", "注： 这些信息以2010年收支情况为依据。2011年1月1日至6月30日期间共收到捐款46 234美元，其中安哥拉10 000美元、刚果共和国10 961美元、圣多美和普林西比25 273美元。", "[1] ^(*) A/66/150。", "[2] 刚果河、亚马孙河和婆罗洲湄公河热带雨林流域。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目99(f)", "审查和执行大会第十二届特别会议的《结论文件》", "区域建立信任措施:联合国中部非洲安全问题常设咨询委员会的活动", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "在本报告所述期间,联合国中部非洲安全问题常设咨询委员会举行了两次会议。 第三十一和三十二次部长级会议分别于2010年11月15日至19日在布拉柴维尔和2011年3月12日至16日在圣多美举行。 在这两次会议上,委员会继续其审查中部非洲地缘政治和安全局势的传统。 因此,委员会得出结论认为,尽管在巩固民主进程和机构正常运作方面取得了重大进展,但一些成员国的安全、人道主义和人权状况仍然令人严重关切。", "常设咨询委员会成员还签署了《中部非洲管制小武器和轻武器及其弹药和一切可用于制造、维修和组装此类武器的零部件公约》,即《金沙萨公约》。 在这方面,成员国承诺采取必要措施批准《公约》并尽快使《公约》生效。 委员会成员还正式通过了《公约》执行计划,其中说明了成员国和中非国家经济共同体(中非经共体)秘书处在分区域一级应采取的体制、管理和业务措施。", "此外,常设咨询委员会还审查了其部长级会议历来审议的问题,除其他外,包括成员国在执行布拉柴维尔防止小武器和轻武器在中部非洲扩散优先活动方案方面取得的进展,以及《利伯维尔宣言》的执行情况,该宣言强调所有成员国都必须向委员会信托基金提供自愿捐助。 委员会还再次审议了几内亚湾海盗问题和中部非洲执行安全理事会关于妇女、和平与安全的第1325(2000)号、第1820(2008)号、第1888(2009)号和第1889(2009)号决议以及大会关于妇女、裁军、不扩散和军备控制的第65/69号决议的情况。", "在本报告所述期间,常设咨询委员会还处理了与该次区域最新事态发展相符合的新议题。 成员国首次就中部非洲非法开采自然资源问题初步交换了意见。 在这方面,委员会请联合国和平与裁军非洲区域中心(和平与裁军中心)向它提交一份资料文件,列出与该问题有关的主要举措和相关文件。 委员会还开始就气候变化对中部非洲和平与安全的影响、保护寡妇及其子女的必要性、以及打击该次区域贩运人口、特别是妇女和儿童行为的手段等展开新的讨论。", "最后,为筹备定于2012年举行的联合国武器贸易条约会议,常设咨询委员会成员通过了《关于中部非洲对武器贸易条约共同立场的圣多美宣言》。 这表明成员国需要采取协调和统一的办法,在谈判中以及在缔结和执行未来条约时突出中部非洲特有的关切。", "最后,在报告所述期间,常设咨询委员会继续充当11个成员国之间对话和建立信任的行动框架和论坛。", "目录", "页次\n一、导 言. 4 常设咨询委员会的活动4\nA. 《金沙萨公约》的签署和通过\nB. 执行《中央国防和安全部队行为守则》\nC. 布拉柴维尔优先方案执行情况6\n活动D. 联合国裁军事务厅提供的资料7\nE. 审查中央的地缘政治和安全局势\n中部自然资源的开发\n非洲\nH. 安全理事会第1325(2000)号、第1820(2008)号、第1888(2009)号和第1889(2009)号决议及大会第1325(2009)号决议的执行情况\n一. 打击中央10起贩卖人口、特别是贩卖妇女和儿童事件\n气候变化对中部和平与安全的影响\nK. 题为 \" 国际寡妇协会 \" 的大会第65/189号决议的执行情况\nL. Central 11 非洲关于武器贸易的共同立场\n条约M.利伯维尔第12条的执行情况\n宣言三。 行政和财务\n四、结 论12和\n意见\n14个常设咨询委员会信托基金的财务状况 中部非洲安全问题\n2010年统计", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 大会第65/84号决议重申支持旨在促进区域和次区域建立信任措施的努力,以缓和中部非洲的紧张局势和冲突并推进该次区域的可持续和平、稳定与发展。", "2. 联合国 大会同一项决议请秘书长继续提供常设咨询委员会会员国为继续努力所需的协助,并就决议执行情况向大会第六十六届会议提出报告。", "3个 本报告是根据这一要求提交的。 本报告涵盖常设咨询委员会2010年7月至2011年6月开展的活动。", "二. 常设咨询委员会的活动", " 4.四. 常设咨询委员会的活动主要包括两次部长级会议:2010年11月15日至19日在布拉柴维尔举行的第三十一次会议和2011年3月12日至16日在圣多美举行的第三十二次会议。 委员会11个成员国——安哥拉、布隆迪、喀麦隆、中非共和国、乍得、刚果、刚果民主共和国、赤道几内亚、加蓬、卢旺达和圣多美和普林西比——参加了两次会议的工作。", "5 (韩语). 非洲联盟、中非经共体、大湖区、非洲之角及周边国家小武器和轻武器区域中心以及大湖区问题国际会议的代表也参加了常设咨询委员会第三十一和三十二次部长级会议。", "6. 国家 出席会议的还有联合国政治事务部和法律事务部、联合国中非共和国建设和平综合办事处(中非建和办)、联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团(联刚稳定团)、联合国中部非洲区域办事处(中非办)、联合国中部非洲次区域人权与民主中心和联合国开发计划署的代表。", "7. 联合国 联合国和平与裁军非洲区域中心担任两次会议的委员会秘书处。", "8. 联合国 在会议期间,常设咨询委员会讨论了经常性和新的问题,特别是:", "(a) 《中部非洲管制小武器和轻武器及其弹药和一切可用于制造、维修和组装此类武器的零部件公约》(称为《金沙萨公约》)和《公约执行计划》;", "(b) 《中部非洲防卫和安全部队行为守则》的执行情况;", "(c) 2003年布拉柴维尔小武器和轻武器优先活动方案的执行情况;", "(d) 国家 裁军、不扩散和军备控制方面的最新事态发展;", "(e) 协助 中部非洲地缘政治和安全局势;", "(f) 在中部非洲非法开采自然资源;", "(g) 几内亚湾的海盗行为;", "(h) 中部非洲执行安全理事会第1325(2000)号、第1820(2008)号、第1888(2009)号和第1889(2009)号决议以及大会关于妇女、和平、安全、裁军、不扩散和军备控制之间的联系的第65/69号决议;", "(一) 在中部非洲打击贩运人口,特别是妇女和儿童;", "(j) 财务和预算司 气候变化对中部非洲和平与安全的影响;", "(k) 与《公约》有关的问题 大会2010年12月21日通过的关于保护寡妇和孤儿的题为 \" 国际寡妇日 \" 的第65/189号决议的执行情况;", "(l) 国家 中部非洲参与通过武器贸易条约的进程;", "(m) 国家 关于资助委员会活动的《利伯维尔宣言》的执行情况。", "A类. 签署《金沙萨公约》和通过《公约》实施计划", "9. 国家 2010年11月19日,《中部非洲管制小武器和轻武器及其弹药和一切可用于制造、维修和组装此类武器的零部件公约》(《金沙萨公约》)在布拉柴维尔开放供签署。 2010年4月30日常设咨询委员会第三十次部长级会议通过了《公约》。 2011年6月30日,在委员会11个成员国中,有9个签署了《公约》。", "10个 各国承诺采取必要措施批准《金沙萨公约》,使其迅速生效,最好是在2012年7月常设咨询委员会成立二十周年之前生效。", "11个 各国还正式通过了《金沙萨公约》执行计划。 该执行计划由和平与裁军非洲区域中心(非洲区域中心)根据常设咨询委员会第三十次部长级会议赋予它的任务起草。 联合国非洲裁军中心编写的执行计划草案是各国交换意见的基础。 各国还承诺尽快执行关键措施。", "12个 秘书长欢迎通过《公约》,并鼓励委员会所有成员国尽早签署和批准《公约》。 有效执行《公约》将有助于减少武装暴力并减轻中部非洲小武器和轻武器非法贸易和贩运给人类造成的痛苦。", "13个 联合国非洲裁军中心随时准备协助缔约国执行《公约》。 应中非国家经济共同体(中非经共体)的要求,中非区域中心正在为中非经共体秘书处制定技术和机构支助计划。", "B. 《中部非洲防卫和安全部队行为守则》的执行情况", "14个 常设咨询委员会感兴趣地注意到中非经共体秘书处采取步骤,通过中部非洲和平与安全理事会国防和安全委员会会议,将2009年5月8日通过的《中部非洲防卫和安全部队行为守则》作为内部文件。 委员会重申《行为守则》作为巩固安全部门民主治理、改善军民关系和发展中部非洲国防和安全部队专业精神的工具的重要性。", "15个 常设咨询委员会鼓励成员国尽早开始使用《行为守则》,并在其国防和安全机构中推广。 中非区域中心与中非经共体秘书处合作,协助成员国传播和使用《行为守则》,为次区域国防和安全部队开展培训活动。", "C. 布拉柴维尔优先活动方案的执行情况", "16号. 2003年通过的布拉柴维尔优先活动方案是执行《从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领》的次区域参考框架。", "17岁。 根据常设咨询委员会的惯例,各国审查了为执行布拉柴维尔优先活动方案在内部采取的措施。", "18岁。 在交换意见期间,显然有些成员国尚未采取某些必要的体制措施,包括设立国家委员会和管制小武器和轻武器的国家协调中心并使其投入运作。 不过,委员会的结论是,大多数成员国都存在管制枪支的相关法律措施,尽管有必要修订某些法律。", " 19. 19. 此外,委员会注意到在成员国开展的许多业务活动方面取得的进展,特别是武装部队和安全部队关于控制小武器和轻武器的能力建设研讨会、为平民开展的关于小武器和轻武器所构成危险的提高认识运动以及收集和销毁非法、过时或过剩武器储存的方案。", "D. 联合国裁军事务厅提供的资料", "20号. 应常设咨询委员会的要求,联合国裁军事务厅继续提请会员国注意裁军、不扩散和军备控制领域的最新事态发展。 在这方面,外空事务厅告知委员会,2010年9月24日在纽约举行了振兴裁军谈判会议工作的高级别会议,其一个成员国喀麦隆参加了这次会议。", "21岁 关于使非洲成为无核武器区的《非洲无核武器区条约》(《佩林达巴条约》)的生效,常设咨询委员会获悉,2010年11月4日在亚的斯亚贝巴举行了第一次缔约国会议,以设立非洲核能委员会。 由于其技术专长,非洲裁军中心向非洲联盟提供政治和技术支助。", "22号. 关于常规武器,委员会若干成员国出席了2011年5月9日至13日在纽约举行的关于小武器标识、记录保存和追查问题的不限成员名额政府专家会议。 此外,委员会成员国注意到本组织作为联合国更安全警卫方案的一部分,制定了确保弹药储存安全的准则。", "23. 联合国 关于《集束弹药公约》,办事处告知委员会,在万象举行了公约缔约国第一次会议,会议通过了《万象宣言》和《万象行动计划》,以有效和及时地执行《公约》。 委员会欢迎在万象会议上,缔约国计划举行一次非正式闭会期间会议来讨论实质性问题。 该次闭会期间会议于2011年6月27日至30日在日内瓦举行,为筹备将于2011年9月12日至16日在黎巴嫩贝鲁特举行的第二次缔约国会议作出了贡献。", "24 (韩语). 常设咨询委员会还感兴趣地注意到联合国非洲裁军中心为支持非洲联盟、区域经济共同体和非洲国家或与其合作开展的主要活动。 在这方面,委员会欢迎非洲联盟区域小武器指导委员会已经采取的行动,裁军中心作为联合国代表参加了该委员会。 委员会敦促非洲裁军中心继续支持非洲国家努力防止和减少武装暴力并管制非洲的武器经纪活动。", "25岁 常设咨询委员会还敦促非洲裁军中心继续协助非洲国家协调本国关于小武器和轻武器的立法,为安全部队制订关于军备控制问题的培训单元,并设计和开发关于小武器和轻武器的国家法律和条例的贸易管理软件和数据库。", "页:1 审查中部非洲地缘政治和安全局势", "26. 联合国 常设咨询委员会继续审查中部非洲地缘政治和安全局势以及一些成员国之间的合作。 尽管在巩固民主进程和机构正常运作方面取得了重大进展,但该次区域某些成员国在安全、人权和人道主义问题上仍然面临重大挑战。", "27个 在政治方面,在本报告所述期间,该次区域举行了各种选举。 在安全局势方面,中部非洲虽然在受冲突影响的某些国家享有相对的平静,但也面临和平与安全的严重威胁。 猖獗的盗匪和拦路抢劫者死灰复燃,几内亚湾的海盗行为和非法武装团体持续进行武装暴力,令人严重关切。 常设咨询委员会成员国在治理、人权和人道主义问题上作出了大量努力。 各国继续通过和执行有关这些事项的法律和体制文书。 然而,该次区域某些国家的局势仍然令人担忧。", "28岁 在国家间合作方面,刚果民主共和国及其邻国,包括刚果共和国和中非共和国建立了联合边界安全巡逻。", "29. 国家 关于难民问题,常设咨询委员会欢迎刚果共和国同刚果民主共和国在联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民专员办事处)的支持下继续合作,以稳定刚果共和国北部的局势。 该地区是来自刚果民主共和国的许多难民和流离失所者的家园。 此外,刚果、加蓬和难民署于2010年举行了三方会议。 安哥拉、刚果和难民署也举行了类似的会议。 这三个伙伴将出席在黑角(刚果)举行的第二次三方会议,以评估2009年3月17日和18日在卡宾达(刚果共和国)举行的上次三方会议就生活在刚果的安哥拉难民所提出的建议的落实情况。", "30岁。 最后,关于领土和边界争端问题,加蓬和赤道几内亚表示希望通过谈判解决关于姆巴尼埃岛的争端。 在秘书长尼科拉斯·米歇尔特别顾问进行双边谈判和调解后,双方再次承诺将其争端提交国际法院。", "F. 中部非洲自然资源的非法开采", "31岁 常设咨询委员会成员国就非法开采该次区域自然资源问题初步交换了意见,这是一个多层面和复杂的问题,对和平与安全有实际影响。", "32. 联合国 常设咨询委员会决定在下一次部长级会议上继续处理这一事项。 它请非洲裁军中心向第三十三届部长级会议提交一份资料文件,列出非洲和其他地方为打击非法开采自然资源而通过的法律和政治文件及倡议,包括2010年12月15日在卢萨卡举行的大湖区问题国际会议的最后宣言。", "G. 几内亚湾的海盗行为", "33. (中文(简体) ). 常设咨询委员会再次对几内亚湾的海盗行为死灰复燃表示关切,并强烈谴责对其一些成员国的袭击,特别是最近对喀麦隆的袭击。 委员会密切关注安哥拉、喀麦隆、刚果、赤道几内亚、圣多美和普林西比以及中非经共体秘书处关于继续发生海盗行为的声明,海盗对中部非洲的安全和经济构成挑战。", "34. 国家 在这方面,常设咨询委员会敦促中非经共体加快执行其打击中部非洲海盗的战略。 委员会还注意到2011年2月11日至13日在黑角举行的几内亚湾D区国家(喀麦隆、刚果、赤道几内亚、加蓬和圣多美和普林西比)联合参谋长会议,以及通过了第二期海事安全计划。 委员会欢迎各国单独和集体采取的其他体制和行动措施,包括自中非经共体主持通过第一个海上安全计划以来,一些国家开展了联合巡逻。 委员会重申其建议,即中非经共体秘书处应按照2009年10月23日和24日在金沙萨举行的中非经共体国家元首和政府首脑会议第十四届常会所作出的决定,尽快使中部非洲海上保安区域中心开始运作。", "35. 联合国 常设咨询委员会再次建议中非经共体和几内亚湾委员会组织一次国际海事会议,召集委员会所有成员国、捐助者和其他国际利益攸关方。 委员会欢迎喀麦隆表示愿意主办这次会议。", "H. 安全理事会第1325(2000)号、第1820(2008)号、第1888(2009)号和第1889(2009)号决议以及大会第65/69号决议的执行情况", "36. (中文(简体) ). 根据第二十九次部长级会议所作出的决定,现在每一次部长级会议都列入一个关于执行安全理事会关于妇女、和平与安全的决议的议程项目。 常设咨询委员会强调,这些决议是中部非洲预防和解决冲突以及建设和平和冲突后重建的重要工具。", "37. 联合国 常设咨询委员会欢迎成员国努力执行这些决议,包括通过具体的国家行动计划。 在这方面,委员会感兴趣地注意到安哥拉、布隆迪、喀麦隆、刚果、刚果民主共和国、赤道几内亚、卢旺达和圣多美和普林西比关于将性别层面纳入促进安全、和平与裁军以及妇女参与其中的发言。", "我当然知道 I. 中部非洲打击贩运人口,特别是妇女和儿童活动", "38. 国家 贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童问题特别报告员首次应邀出席委员会会议,就中部非洲局势向成员国作了发言。", "39. 联合国 常设咨询委员会强烈谴责一切形式的贩运人口行为,不论这种行为在何处发生,并欢迎特别报告员为打击这一现象而提出的倡议。 委员会鼓励成员国执行中非经共体同西非国家经济共同体于2006年缔结的《多边区域合作协定》,以打击西非和中非的贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为。", " 40. 40. 常设咨询委员会欢迎中部非洲次区域人权与民主中心取得的成就,特别是在跟踪人口流动及其对中部非洲和平与安全的影响方面。", "41. 国家 常设咨询委员会承认,人口流动对该次区域的人的安全和尊重人权构成挑战。 然而,成员国也认识到,移徙是中部非洲政治和经济一体化的改善机会。", "42. 国家 常设咨询委员会鼓励成员国采纳中心2010年12月6日至8日在雅温得主办的移徙与人权次区域对话的成果。 除其他外,有关问题包括必须批准和执行《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》,使国内立法与国际人权规范相统一,特别是在移徙方面。 此外,还就以下方面提出了建议:通过和执行以人权为基础的国家移徙管理政策;为参与人口流动和人权管理的人员提供能力建设;建立有民间社会有效参与的多部门结构,就移徙和人权开展合作。", "J. 气候变化对中部非洲和平与安全的影响", "43. 东帝汶 在刚果民主共和国的倡议下,常设咨询委员会首次审查了气候变化及其对中部非洲和平与安全的影响这一专题。 委员会感兴趣地听取了刚果民主共和国及圣多美和普林西比的情况介绍。 各国就此问题交换了意见,因为这一问题对中部非洲人民和机构稳定构成真正的威胁。", "44. 国家 常设咨询委员会对刚果盆地继续恶化表示关切,这是一个不稳定和真正威胁的因素。 它呼吁国际社会支持刚果盆地的环境保护。 委员会欢迎定于2011年6月在布拉柴维尔举行的三个热带森林盆地第一次首脑会议。", "K. 大会题为 \" 国际寡妇日 \" 的第65/189号决议的执行情况", "45. 国家 在加蓬代表团发言后,常设咨询委员会决定,即将举行的部长级会议应将审议2010年12月2日加蓬倡议通过的题为 \" 国际寡妇日 \" 的大会关于需要保护寡妇及其子女的第65/189号决议列入议程。", "L. 中部非洲对武器贸易条约的共同立场", "46. 经常预算: 常设咨询委员会听取了委员会秘书关于《武器贸易条约》内容的发言,特别是2011年2月和3月举行的2012年武器贸易条约会议筹备委员会第二届会议关于条约范围、标准和参数的讨论结果。", "47. 国家 为了强调成员国支持武器贸易条约的谈判,常设咨询委员会决定通过一项共同立场 -- -- 《圣多美宣言》(见A/66/172-S/2011/225,附件一)。 《宣言》是在作为委员会秘书处的非洲裁军中心的支持下编写的。 委员会请联合国非洲裁军中心跟踪《宣言》的执行情况。", " 48. 48. 中部非洲通过其共同立场,旨在确保在谈判和执行由此产生的条约时反映该区域的具体情况。 《宣言》同《金沙萨公约》一道,表明中部非洲各国致力于打击小武器和轻武器的非法贩运。", "M. 《利伯维尔宣言》的执行情况", "49. (中文(简体) ). 常设咨询委员会注意到成员国采取措施,为执行《利伯维尔宣言》提供捐款。 它感谢那些已经向委员会信托基金提供捐款的成员国。", " 50. 50. 常设咨询委员会鼓励所有成员国努力按照其承诺定期向信托基金提供捐款。 它还呼吁联合国其他会员国和捐助者向委员会信托基金提供捐款。", "三. 行政和财务事项", "51. 联合国 截至2010年底,委员会信托基金的余额为29 305美元。 2011年1月1日至6月30日期间,共收到捐款46 234美元。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 秘书长再次呼吁联合国会员国,特别是常设咨询委员会成员国,以及政府间组织和非政府组织向信托基金提供捐款,使常设咨询委员会能有效履行其援助该次区域国家的任务。", "四、结 论 结论和意见", "53. 联合国 在本报告所述期间,常设咨询委员会审议了诸如审查中部非洲地缘政治和安全局势、国家间合作状况以及裁军和军备限制方案、特别是小武器和轻武器方案等经常性议程项目。 会议还审查了中部非洲和平与稳定的新议题。", "54. 联合国 秘书长欢迎常设咨询委员会成员国的讨论已产生建议并采取了有助于巩固该区域和平与安全的措施。 向前迈出的一大步是《中部非洲管制小武器和轻武器及其弹药以及可用于制造、维修和组装此类武器的所有零部件公约》(《金沙萨公约》)。 秘书长鼓励委员会成员国迅速批准《公约》。 它的入驻部队将有助于减少武器扩散和该次区域的武装暴力。 《执行计划》是一个基本框架,规定了在国家和分区域一级应采取的体制、规范和业务措施。", "55. 国家 新的不安全根源令人震惊地导致常设咨询委员会处理新的问题,例如非法开采自然资源;妇女、裁军、不扩散和军备控制;保护寡妇及其子女;打击贩运人口,特别是妇女和儿童;以及气候变化对中部非洲和平与安全的影响。 面对这种新情况,利益攸关方需要制定新的对策。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 鉴于中部非洲和平与安全面临的威胁的复杂性,秘书长于2011年1月在利伯维尔设立了联合国中部非洲区域办事处,并任命阿布·穆萨先生为他在该次区域的特别代表。 新的区域办事处设立后,秘书长决定将担任常设咨询委员会秘书处的责任移交给政治事务部。 因此,中部非洲区域办将从2011年9月在中非共和国举行的第三十三次部长级会议起组织该委员会的部长级会议。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 裁军事务厅将继续就具体与裁军和军备限制有关的问题提供实质性投入并支助常设咨询委员会的工作。 秘书长毫不怀疑,委员会将继续作为中部非洲次区域建立信任的重要论坛。", "页:1", "联合国中部非洲安全问题常设咨询委员会信托基金2010年财务状况", "(单位:美元)", "期初余额(2009年12月31日)", "收到的收入(2010年1月1日至12月31日)", "自愿捐助 19 299", "根据组织间安排收到的资金", "利息收入 453", "杂项收入", "小计 19 752", "支出(2010年1月1日至12月31日)", "方案支助费用 0", "0小计", "上期调整数 0 个", "准备金和基金结余(2010年12月31日) 29 305", "说明: 这一信息基于2010年的收入和支出。 2011年1月1日至6月30日期间,共收到安哥拉(10 000美元)、刚果(10 961美元)和圣多美和普林西比(25 273美元)的捐款46 234美元。", "[1] 亚马逊,刚果和婆罗洲-湄公河地区的热带森林盆地." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 17 (c) of the provisional agenda*", "Macroeconomic policy questions: external debt sustainability and development", "External debt sustainability and development", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report, submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/144, reviews recent developments in the external debt of developing countries with a special focus on policies aimed at avoiding debt crises and the role of credit rating agencies.", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report, which is submitted to the General Assembly in accordance with the request of the Assembly in its resolution 65/144, includes a comprehensive analysis of the external debt situation and debt-servicing problems of developing countries and countries with economies in transition. It describes new developments and trends in external debt and related areas of development finance, discusses the role of credit rating agencies and provides a basis for deliberation on related policy issues.", "II. Recent trends and challenges", "2. The dollar value of the total external debt of developing countries and countries with economies in transition stood at approximately $3.5 trillion by the end of 2009 (see annex). The growth rate of total external debt slowed from 8 per cent in 2007-2008 to 3.5 per cent in 2008-2009. Although, 2010 data from the World Bank Debtor Reporting System are not yet available, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) secretariat estimates that debt grew by approximately 10 per cent during 2010, bringing total external debt to nearly $3.9 trillion. This large increase in the dollar value of external debt was partly due to gyrations in the value of the United States currency in 2010, which depreciated by approximately 6 per cent in effective terms.", "3. Even though the dollar value of debt increased, robust output and export growth in the developing world led to a decrease in debt ratios, reversing the deterioration witnessed in the 2008-2009 period. The average debt service to export ratio of developing countries decreased from 12 per cent in 2009 to an estimated 9.2 per cent in 2010, and their average external debt to gross national income (GNI) ratio decreased from 21.8 per cent in 2009 to an estimated 20.2 per cent in 2010.", "4. Improvements in debt ratios are driven by the fact that developing countries, as a group, are running large current account surpluses and have thus become net exporters of capital. Recent estimates indicate that developing countries provided a net transfer of financial resources to developed countries of approximately $557 billion during 2010.[1] Even though, on average, developing countries do not need foreign financing, private capital continues to flow towards selected emerging market countries. Net private capital inflows to such countries are estimated to have surpassed $900 billion in 2010, a 50 per cent increase over 2009 flows, and are projected to reach $1 trillion by 2012.", "5. Balance of payments accounting requires that current accounts and capital accounts sum to zero. Therefore, a situation in which developing countries run a current account surplus and receive net private capital inflows requires large official outflows to balance them out. The rapid accumulation of international reserves is the outcome of this process. In 2010, total international reserves of developing countries surpassed $5.5 trillion, corresponding to 1.5 times the total external debt of developing countries.", "6. Private capital flows of the “carry trade” type continue to be attracted by high interest rates, which are not caused by the scarcity of funds but rather by the attempts of central banks to fight inflation in growing economies.[2] It is sometimes argued that large private inflows to developing countries signal the strength of the receiving economies, although such flows are often a symptom of a poorly functioning international financial architecture, which can result in a situation in which investors based in the developed economies lend to private borrowers and central banks in emerging market countries, who then lend back to the public sector of the developed economies. Such enormous gross capital flows do not serve to promote capital accumulation or structural transformation. On the contrary, they may lead to a new form of the “Dutch disease”,[3] where the exchange rate value is driven by speculative capital flows rather than being determined by market fundamentals. Misaligned exchange rates undermine national efforts to develop the manufacturing industry and to diversify domestic production and exports.", "7. This new form of the Dutch disease is more dangerous than the traditional one, which was driven by commodity booms. The traditional form leads to distortions but also increases the wealth of a country, whereas the financial form is driven by debt flows that need to be repaid and thus have no direct effect on a country’s net wealth (since short-term flows are rarely invested in productive activities). Therefore, in addition to creating the typical distortion associated with the Dutch disease, “carry trade” activities also plant the seed for a currency crisis, which takes place when investors decide to suddenly abandon a given target currency. When such a crisis hits, exchange rates tend to run out of control and central banks attempt to stabilize the situation by increasing interest rates, a procyclical policy that ends up causing further damage to the real economy.", "8. The trends described above are mostly driven by the large emerging market countries, a factor which masks the fact that there is substantial heterogeneity among developing countries. The majority of developing countries are still net importers of capital. In 2009, there were 117 developing countries (out of 158 for which data were available) with a current account deficit; 81 of those 117 countries had a current account deficit greater than 5 per cent of their gross domestic product (GDP). In 2010, the number of developing countries with a current account deficit dropped slightly, to 114, of which 72 had a current account deficit greater than 5 per cent of GDP. Almost all least developed countries (43 out of 49) ran current account deficits in 2009 and 2010. More than two thirds of those countries (37 in 2009 and 33 in 2010) had current account deficits greater than 5 per cent of GDP.", "Regional trends", "9. In 2010, debt service represented less than 4 per cent of exports in East Asia and the Pacific, more than 22 per cent of exports in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, 5.3 per cent in sub-Saharan Africa, 5.8 per cent in the Middle East and North Africa, 6.8 per cent in South Asia and 14 per cent in Latin America and the Caribbean. External debt is close to 40 per cent of GNI in Eastern Europe and Central Asia and 12 per cent of GNI in East Asia and the Pacific, approximately 14 per cent in Middle East and North Africa, 18 per cent in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia and 24 per cent in Latin America and the Caribbean. Even in the presence of large regional differences, debt ratios have improved in almost all developing regions. The largest drop in the external debt to GNI ratio was in Eastern Europe and Central Asia (5 percentage points drop) followed by sub-Saharan Africa (3.5 percentage points), East Asia and the Pacific, South Asia and the Middle East and North Africa. Latin America and the Caribbean is the only region for which the external debt to GNI ratio remained at its 2009 level. International reserves are particularly large in East and South Asia (more than twice total external debt), but they are also substantial in other developing regions. All regions have reserves that exceed their short-term external debt by at least three times and that cover at least 50 per cent of their total external debt.", "10. Although improvements in debt indicators, current account surpluses and high reserve coverage can increase the resilience of developing countries to external shocks, these figures represent averages that mask large cross-country differences. Debt ratios vary across countries and reserve coverage is limited and rapidly decreasing in some small and vulnerable economies.", "11. In sub-Saharan Africa, higher commodity prices, particularly for oil, helped to narrow both fiscal and current account deficits in 2010. Average fiscal deficits to GDP decreased from 7.2 per cent in 2009 to 5.6 per cent in 2010, while average current account deficits to GDP went from 2.4 per cent to 2.3 per cent. The improvement in current account deficits varied among countries in the region, however. While oil and mineral exporters benefited from high commodity prices, and also experienced a marked improvement in their current accounts, the current account deficit widened in many oil-importing countries. The situation is particularly worrisome for some small African countries which are expected to register large current account deficits in 2011.[4] Although, international reserves have remained broadly stable in 2010 compared to 2009, 10 African countries had reserve coverage at levels well below the 3-months of imports threshold.[5]", "12. Average economic growth of countries in Asia and the Pacific continued to outperform that of the rest of the developing world. The region continues to run large current account surpluses. Remittances, which are particularly important for some small economies in the region, grew by more than 6 per cent during 2010. While Asia was not particularly affected by the global crisis, there are some downside risks. The region’s exports may suffer from a protracted crisis in Europe and by second-round effects from higher oil prices, which could lead to a slowdown of global demand. Moreover, large and volatile capital inflows remain a source of risk for several Asian economies, especially for those with large current account deficits. Many Pacific Island countries recorded widening current account deficits for 2010. These countries, as a result of their marked dependence on food and fuel imports, remain vulnerable to rising commodity prices.", "13. Notwithstanding recent increases in Government spending, oil exporting countries in the Middle East and North Africa are expected to strengthen their fiscal and external balances as a result of strong growth in certain countries in 2011. In contrast, the economic outlook for oil importers is mixed. Some countries are benefiting from greater trade and remittance receipts from oil exporters within the region, but the risks to those countries are mainly on the downside. The near-term economic outlook is subject to unusually large uncertainties stemming from recent political unrest. Further deterioration of investor confidence could leave Governments short of needed financing, especially in countries with growing current account deficits owing to sudden drops in tourism and export revenues.", "14. In 2010, average external debt ratios of countries in Latin America and the Caribbean registered a small improvement. However, several countries in the region are registering widening current account deficits as import growth outpaces export growth, even for commodity exporters that are benefiting from higher commodity prices. High commodity import prices are a source of vulnerability for most small Caribbean island countries, which are already in a situation of high public and external debt.[6]", "III. Debt situation of the least developed countries", "15. The least developed countries tend to have high external debt levels. In 2009, the total debt of the 49 countries belonging to the group stood at 32 per cent of the group’s GNI, 10 percentage points higher than the average for all developing countries. Estimates for 2010 indicate that the average debt of the least developed countries will drop to 28 per cent of GNI, 8 percentage points higher than the estimate for the average developing country. Because a large share of the debt of the least developed countries has been arranged on concessional terms, debt service costs tend to be lower for them. In 2009, the average debt service for the least developed countries was 6 per cent of exports compared to 12 per cent for the average developing country.", "16. The global recession ignited by the collapse of Lehman Brothers led to a large increase in the total external debt of the least developed countries, which increased from $144 billion in 2007 to $162 billion in 2009, although it is estimated to have dropped to $156 billion in 2010. In terms of the share of exports, total external debt increased from 84 per cent in 2008 to 112 per cent in 2009, but is estimated to have declined to 89 per cent in 2010. While the situation is now improving, the pace of recovery has been uneven and economic growth has not yet returned to pre-crisis levels for all countries.", "17. Strong policy buffers contributed to the resilience of the least developed countries during the crisis. However, these countries are rapidly running out of fiscal policy space as countercyclical Government spending increased public debt, reduced international reserves and widened current account deficits.[7] According to the most recent debt sustainability analysis exercises, three least developed countries are in debt distress and another 11 are at high risk of debt distress.[8] It is important, therefore, not to be misled by the resilience of these countries as a group, or to ignore cross-country differences. In the light of the vulnerability of the least developed countries to external shocks, the International Monetary and Financial Committee of the Board of Governors of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has requested a refinement of the tools to assess debt sustainability in low income countries, and intends to explore avenues to help them to improve their ability to manage under circumstances of high volatility.[9]", "18. Rebound in GDP growth will be essential if the least developed countries are to return to the pre-crisis path towards greater debt sustainability. Countercyclical policies, debt relief and official development assistance (ODA), foreign direct investment (FDI) and remittance flows have been important for recovery. However, the “Asia effect” was the main driver of external demand, and of the economic rebound, for those least developed countries that export commodities.[10] Downside risks still abound, as many countries remain vulnerable to the recent surge in food and fuel prices. Debt problems in the euro zone could negatively impact exports to Europe, a main trading partner for most non-oil-exporting countries in sub-Saharan Africa.", "IV. Preventing public debt crises", "19. The design and implementation of policies aimed at avoiding public debt crises must take the origins of the crises into consideration. The basic public debt accumulation equation states that the change in the stock of public debt is equal to the fiscal deficit accumulated during the period under consideration. Practitioners know that this definition rarely holds true, and add to the deficit a residual entity which reconciles the change in debt with the deficit. Since the debt is a stock variable and the deficit is a flow variable, this residual entity is usually called “stock flow reconciliation”. Although, practitioners know about the stock flow reconciliation, this residual term rarely appears in descriptions of the evolution of public debt because it is often assumed to be quantitatively small and mostly driven by measurement error. In fact, this is not the case. Over the 1985-2005 period, there were many episodes in which the stock-flow reconciliation was the largest determinant of debt growth, much more important than the recorded budget deficit.", "A. The origin of public debt crises", "20. A few examples of sudden debt explosions can be instructive. At the end of 2007, Iceland’s total Government debt was approximately 380 billion krónur (29 per cent of GDP). By the end of 2010, the total public debt of Iceland was close to 1,850 billion krónur (about 115 per cent of GDP). This debt explosion was not the outcome of an irresponsible fiscal policy. In 2008, Iceland ran a budget deficit of 0.5 per cent of GDP and in 2009 and 2010 it ran budget deficits of 9 and 12 per cent of GDP, respectively. The accumulated budget deficit was 22.5 per cent of GDP, but the debt-to-GDP ratio increased by 86 percentage points.[11]", "21. In 2007, Ireland had a gross public debt of approximately €47 billion (25 per cent of GDP). By the end of 2010, the public debt of Ireland had increased by more than €100 billion (nearly 100 per cent of GDP). While Ireland ran a deficit of approximately €65 billion, the remaining €35 billion of debt accumulation cannot be explained by fiscal policy.[12]", "22. There are also examples to consider among emerging market countries. For example, in December 1998, Brazil’s net public debt stood at approximately 42 per cent of GDP; by January 1999, that ratio surpassed 51 per cent of GDP. It seems unlikely that the Brazilian Government could have run a deficit of almost 10 per cent of GDP in just one month. In the case of Argentina, at the end of 2001, public debt stood at about 50 per cent of GDP; a few months later, Argentinean public debt surpassed 130 per cent of GDP. Once again, it seems unlikely that the Argentinean Government could have run a deficit equal to 80 per cent of GDP in less than one year.", "23. The drivers of the debt explosions documented above are well known. In the case of Iceland, the origin was a currency crisis, which then led to a banking crisis and finally to a public debt crisis. In the case of Ireland, the growth of public debt was driven by a banking crisis caused by a real estate lending boom. In the cases of Argentina and Brazil, the sudden increase in debt was due to negative balance sheet effects brought about by the presence of foreign currency debt.", "24. These are not rare events. A study using data for up to 117 countries over the period from 1985 to 2003 shows that the stock flow reconciliation factor is an important determinant of debt growth in all developing regions.[13] The average value of this residual entity was 9.6 per cent of GDP for low income countries, 4.9 per cent of GDP for middle income countries and 0.8 per cent of GDP for high income countries. Over the same period, the average budget deficit to GDP for these three groups of countries was 4.7 per cent, 4.1 per cent, and 3.3 per cent, respectively.", "25. The statistical exercise mentioned above found that the most important determinants of debt explosions are banking crises and negative balance sheet effects driven by currency depreciations in the presence of foreign currency debt.", "26. Measurement error is also important. Data on the level and composition of public debt tends to be of poor quality and assembled from sources that differ from the sources used to gather fiscal data. However, if the difference between deficits and the change in debt were solely the result of random measurement error, positive errors would compensate negative errors and the stock flow reconciliation would average to zero over the long run. The data show that this is not the case and that the long-run average of the stock flow reconciliation is positive and large. This might be due to the fact that measurement errors in fiscal accounts are non-random and that some countries systematically underreport their deficits. Increasing the transparency of fiscal accounts would contribute to solving this problem.[14]", "B. Policies for preventing debt crises", "27. Although debt crises do not always have a fiscal origin, there are cases in which they are indeed caused by unsustainable fiscal policies and by institutional arrangements in the capital markets that conceal the true risks of lending and borrowing activities. A transparent budget process could help to prevent the accumulation of debt beyond reasonable limits. Nevertheless, room for discretionary fiscal policy is indispensable. The ability of Governments to put countercyclical policies in place and to stabilize themselves against other shocks should be permitted in all circumstances.", "28. To request all countries at all times to stick to the same critical debt level as a way to preserve debt sustainability may not be the best way to attain this objective. Governments, in their economic policy and debt strategy, have to take into account the specificities of their societies and their external constraints. For example, a country with a very high savings rate on the part of private households should try to increase its engagement in productive investment and may need a higher public debt ratio, in particular if it cannot rely on running a current account surplus that would compensate for the savings of the domestic agents.", "29. A large fiscal deficit is the only sensible response to rapid deleveraging by the private sector. Governments that want to prevent debt explosions should thus put in place policies aimed at preventing the build-up of private sector debt, which is usually followed by financial catastrophe and which may lead to widespread banking crises. This is especially important if debt accumulation is not driven by the need to finance investment projects but used to finance speculative activities. Tighter financial regulation, higher capital requirements for banks and capital controls are useful instruments for limiting excessive risk taking by the private sector.", "30. Currency mismatches are another source of debt crises. Countries that need to balance their external accounts and have a large share of foreign currency debt face difficult trade-offs. In the absence of the positive terms to be gained through trade shocks, currency depreciation is the least painful way to restore external sustainability. However, in the presence of foreign currency debt, a depreciation can lead to a sudden jump in the debt-to-GDP ratio, and possibly to a debt crisis. In order to find a solution to this problem, one should start by recognizing that it is during economic booms that countries sow the seeds of future crises. In periods of global optimism, capital inflows flood into developing countries, which are often unable to restrict the amounts. Different sectors within such countries often go on a borrowing binge. This behaviour not only leads to a rapid accumulation of external debt but often to an appreciation of the real exchange rate and to large external imbalances. When the external imbalance becomes too large, foreign investors start pulling money out. However, because of their large foreign currency debt, countries often adopt policies aimed at limiting outflows or even attracting more capital, making the problem even more difficult to solve. In the end, the inevitable happens, capital leaves the country, its currency collapses and a debt crisis begins.", "31. The solution to this trade-off requires a change of behaviour during “good times”, with less external debt, more reserves and policies aimed at limiting currency appreciation. This is exactly what the largest emerging market countries have been doing since the late 1990s.", "32. External shocks, which are another cause of debt explosions, can take the form of natural disasters, rapid changes in a country’s terms of trade or a sudden tightening of external financial conditions. Countries can deal with these shocks by “self-insuring” through the accumulation of international reserves. One problem with self-insurance is that not all countries can afford to do it (this is especially a problem for low income countries). Moreover, while this policy is rational for each individual country, the world as a whole cannot run a current account surplus. It would thus be desirable to have a global policy aimed at addressing the global imbalances.[15]", "V. Role of credit rating agencies", "33. The Asian financial crisis of 1997-1998 ignited a debate on the role and effectiveness of credit rating agencies. The issuance of top investment grades for a number of structured products and their subsequent rapid downgrade during the 2007-2009 financial crisis restarted the debate on the methodology used by such agencies.[16] The European sovereign debt crisis of 2010 came at a time when confidence in the agencies had already been shaken by previous rating debacles.", "34. The theoretical rationale for the existence of credit rating agencies is based on the fact that there is an asymmetry of information between lenders and borrowers with regard to the creditworthiness of the latter. In order to overcome this problem, there is a need for the existence of independent institutions to supply the information on the creditworthiness of borrowers to the capital market. This type of information is particularly important for medium- and small-sized investors who do not have the resources or the capacity necessary to evaluate the creditworthiness of various issuers.", "35. Credit rating agencies should also encourage corrective measures by borrowers through their monitoring services. Such a monitoring system is supposed to provide stability to the financial system, as borrowers have an incentive to prevent the downgrading of their debt and the associated increase in their borrowing costs.", "36. Credit ratings also play an important role in financial regulation. Rating decisions affect the composition of the portfolio of banks and institutional investors because credit ratings have an impact on the banks’ capital charges and on the type of debt instruments that can be held by certain types of institutional investors.[17]", "37. There are two possible reasons why credit rating agencies may increase financial instability. First, a rapid downgrading of previously investment grade instruments may lead to forced selling of those instruments, which amplifies the funding problems of the downgraded borrowers. Moreover, if rating agencies are overzealous in downgrading borrowers that are facing funding problems, they may amplify the original problem and push the borrowers towards default. Second, changes in the ratings of systemically important borrowers may have spillover effects, leading to an increase in borrowing costs even for borrowers in the same asset class whose credit rating has not changed. This contagion effect may be due to the fact that investors have little faith in the stability of ratings and may decide to sell in anticipation of possible downgrades in other countries. Rating agencies are thus unable to calm markets by confirming the positive credit rating of countries not directly affected by debt problems. This represents a policy challenge for developing countries as the cost of borrowing can suddenly increase without any of the fundamental variables showing deterioration.", "38. To alleviate some of these problems, credit rating agencies have adopted a system of “outlooks” and “reviews” to warn the market of potential changes in credit ratings. In principle, the introduction of such a system is an improvement over previous practices as it applies pressure on the borrower to introduce corrective measures to avoid a downgrade. Nevertheless, markets are forward looking, and changes in outlook may increase borrowing costs and lead to a further deterioration of the debt position, possibly leading to a self-fulfilling prophecy and an actual downgrade.", "39. Under current practices, issuers pay for the rating of securities, or in the case of countries for sovereign ratings. This model produces incentives for borrowers to do business with the agency that will give the best credit rating. As credit rating agencies have no liability in case the market proves them wrong in the future, they have an incentive to stretch the credit rating upwards as much as they can in order to win new business or to maintain existing clients.", "40. The misalignment of incentives in the credit rating industry has generated two types of reactions. Some take a radical view and suggest that the regulatory use of ratings should be eliminated and that market-based discipline is sufficient to guarantee the stability of the financial system. Others argue that eliminating the regulatory role of credit rating agencies is equivalent to throwing the baby out with the bath water. Those who share this view acknowledge the potentially useful role of credit rating agencies for regulatory purposes and recognize that market-based discipline does not always work well, especially if the ultimate risk is not borne by those (such as asset managers) who choose the composition of a given portfolio of assets.[18]", "41. Problems linked to rating inflation could be allayed by developing payment models that provide better incentives for more accurate ratings. One possibility would be to return to investor-paid ratings financed through a transaction tax. A more radical proposal would be to nationalize the agencies. But nationalization would generate conflicts of interest, especially in the rating of sovereign and quasi-sovereign entities. A less radical form of intervention is to subject rating agencies to regulatory oversight and to publish rating performance on a regular basis.¹⁸", "42. One way to provide the rating industry with the right incentives is to require issuers who want to have their instruments listed in a given exchange to pay a listing fee (possibly based on the complexity of the instrument), which will then be used to hire a credit rating agency (if the securities are not traded, the same mechanism can be applied by clearing houses or central depositaries).[19] Such a procedure breaks the commercial link between the issuer and the rating agency and eliminates the conflict of interest that leads to rating inflation. The issuer would still have to provide information to the rating agency but would not be allowed to remunerate it. As this procedure may not provide incentives to put “effort” into the rating exercise (yielding unbiased but inaccurate ratings), it would be possible to design incentive schemes by matching ratings with observable ex post facto outcomes.", "43. While the incentive problem seems to be of paramount importance in explaining rating failures for privately issued securities, the failure of sovereign debt ratings probably has more to do with insufficiently developed methodology. The Asian crisis has shown that a number of variables that were not judged to be important in determining the credit rating of countries before the crisis, such as the level of the real exchange rate, short-term debt and contingent liabilities, were crucial in explaining the events that unfolded. Although a number of these elements have subsequently been included in assessing the credit rating of sovereign debt, it is still not clear what weights are assigned to different variables by credit rating agencies. Furthermore, as a crisis unfolds, correlations between variables that existed prior to the crisis tend to break down, making the model on which the rating was based obsolete. The way forward would necessitate greater transparency on the part of the credit rating agencies over their methodology and a public debate on ways to improve modelling risk. In this regard, the General Assembly, in its resolution 61/188, called upon the international financial and banking institutions to consider enhancing the transparency of risk rating mechanisms and noted that sovereign risk assessments made by the private sector should maximize the use of strict, objective and transparent parameters, which could be facilitated by high‑quality data and analysis.", "VI. Debt relief and official development assistance", "A. Progress in the implementation of the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiatives", "44. From mid-2010 to mid-2011, progress in the implementation of the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative continued to move forward, with four additional countries reaching the completion point (the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia and Togo) and one reaching the decision point (the Comoros). This means that 32 of the 40 eligible countries have now completed the initiative. All the countries that reached the completion point have benefited from additional debt relief under the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative.[20] The remaining countries that have yet to complete the initiative include four countries that have reached the decision point and four eligible heavily indebted poor countries that have yet to begin the process.", "45. While this progress is encouraging, there is concern that a number of post-completion point heavily indebted poor countries are continuing to show signs of debt distress. Of the 32 countries that have reached the completion point, 8 were deemed to be at high risk of debt distress and 11 to be at moderate risk of debt distress in their last debt sustainability analysis (dated 15 May 2011). The percentage of post-completion point countries at low risk of debt distress (40 per cent of the total) is not much higher than the share of other low income countries that are not part of the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative at low risk of debt distress (38 per cent of the total).[21]", "46. As the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative winds to a close, solutions to addressing persisting debt problems of developing countries must be explored. It should be noted that there are eight least developed countries classified as being at high to moderate risk of debt distress that did not benefit from the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries or Multilateral Debt Relief Initiatives. Solutions should not therefore be restricted solely to countries that have benefited from the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative. There is also the thorny issue of domestic debt. In the case of the Gambia, a country that has received substantial debt relief, 20 per cent of Government revenues are used for interest payments on debt, of which 80 per cent is directed to payments for domestic debt.", "Official development assistance", "47. In 1970, the General Assembly adopted resolution 2626 (XXV) on the “International Development Strategy for the Second United Nations Development Decade”, which stated that “... each economically advanced country will progressively increase its official development assistance to the developing countries and will exert its best efforts to reach a minimum net amount of 0.7 per cent of its gross national product at market prices by the middle of the Decade.” After four decades, only a handful of donor countries have reached the 0.7 per cent target.", "48. Over the past decade, the global discourse in support of the delivery of assistance to developing countries has remained positive. In 2000, Member States adopted the Millennium Development Goals, which outlined eight global actions to reduce global poverty by 2015. Donors reaffirmed their commitment to increasing aid flows in the 2002 Monterrey Declaration, the outcome of the International Conference on Financing for Development. In 2005, the Group of Eight (G-8) countries issued the Gleneagles communiqué, which underlined the commitment of the members of the G-8 and other donors to increase assistance to developing countries and to double aid to Africa by 2010, thus increasing ODA to Africa by $25 billion a year. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) estimated that these commitments would increase aid to developing countries by $50 billion a year by 2010, relative to 2004 levels.[22] Building upon those commitments, at the 2005 World Summit, held at United Nations Headquarters, Member States reiterated their determination to ensure the timely and full realization of the development goals and objectives agreed at major United Nations conferences and summits. In particular, donors reaffirmed their commitments to increase aid to developing countries and to reach the 0.5 per cent ODA to GNI ratio by 2010 and 0.7 per cent ratio by 2015.[23]", "49. Unfortunately, actual delivery of ODA never came close to matching those commitments. In 2010, ODA delivered by donors to the OECD Development Assistance Committee reached $129 billion, constituting a 6.5 per cent increase over 2009 in nominal terms and a $21 billion increase with respect to 2005, marking the highest nominal level of ODA to date. The figures, encouraging at first glance, present a more dismal picture of aid efforts when the evolution of exchange rate, inflation, and growth are taken into account. The calculations of the UNCTAD secretariat suggest that controlling for inflation and the depreciation of the United States dollar removes between $5 billion and $15 billion (depending on the assumptions used) from the $21 billion increase. Therefore, the “real” increase of aid flow over the period from 2005 to 2010 is between 25 to 70 per cent lower than the nominal increase reported in official figures.", "50. Although donors have remained committed to the neediest countries, they are not meeting the ODA targets on which they have repeatedly agreed. While some donors have surpassed the 0.7 per cent of ODA to GNI target, most donors are still far from achieving it. In fact, in 2010, average ODA was equal to 0.32 per cent of the GNI of donor countries, which is exactly the same value of ODA to GNI as in 2005, when donors were renewing their commitments to increasing aid.[24]", "51. Not only have donor countries not met their commitments to increase aid, it is possible that the global financial and economic crisis will lead to a reduction of aid flows. Many donor countries, facing increasing pressure to cut budgets owing to combinations of increased spending requirements and lower tax revenues, reduced their ODA contributions in 2010.[25] According to the 2010 OECD Report on Aid Predictability: Survey on Donors’ Forward Spending Plans, 2010-2012, the growth rate of aid is likely to slow in the coming years.", "52. This decline will have negative implications for low income countries and small and vulnerable economies. Debt relief and other forms of ODA provide important sources of financing that are essential for countries pursuing the Millennium Development Goals and other internationally agreed development goals, in particular for countries with narrow tax bases and unpredictable revenue streams. The World Bank reported in its publication, Global Monitoring Report 2011: Improving the Odds of Achieving the MDGs, that few of the 40 low income countries are on track to meet the Millennium Development Goals by 2015. Two thirds of developing countries are on track to meet key targets for reducing poverty and hunger, although the world is lagging behind in health-related development goals, including child and infant mortality and access to sanitation.", "Paris Club activities", "53. Of the seven Paris Club meetings held since July 2010, all but one was devoted to treating the debt of the heavily indebted poor countries.", "54. In July 2010, Guinea-Bissau rescheduled the arrears on its Paris Club debt, including maturities falling due between December 2009 and December 2012, under the Cologne terms. The country reached the completion point under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative at the end of 2010, opening the way for a debt stock treatment under the Initiative in May 2011. On a bilateral and voluntary basis, Paris Club creditors decided to go beyond the standard debt cancellation under the Initiative and wrote off an additional $27 million of Guinea-Bissau’s official bilateral debt.", "55. Comoros reached the decision point in June 2010, paving the way for a meeting of the Paris Club to consider debt relief for the country in August 2010. Maturities falling due between June 2010 and June 2012 were treated under the Cologne terms, and the previously rescheduled debt benefited from an additional reduction of 50 per cent of debt service falling due, as was agreed at the 2009 meeting.", "56. In September 2010, Antigua and Barbuda came to the Paris Club for the first time. Creditors agreed to treat about 85 per cent of the debt service falling due during the three-year consolidation period, 2010-2013, under the Club’s “classic terms”. The rescheduling also included roughly $98 million worth of arrears.", "57. Following the attainment of the completion point under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative in June 2010, Paris Club creditors met with Liberia in September to consider the country’s external debt situation. The treatment granted to Liberia was generous, reflecting the country’s capacity to pay. Liberia obtained a 100 per cent write-off on its pre-cut-off date debt, including the full cancellation of late interest. Both post-cut-off non-ODA debt and short-term debt were also cancelled in full.", "58. In November 2010, a Paris Club meeting was held to consider the debt situation of the Democratic Republic of the Congo after it reached the completion point in the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative in July 2010. The country’s stock of debt was cancelled in line with the requirements of the Initiative.", "59. In December 2010, Togo reached the completion point under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative and met with its Paris Club creditors during the same month. It obtained a full cancellation of its pre-cut-off date debt as well as a 97 per cent write-off on its post-cut-off non-ODA debt. After the implementation of the agreed cancellations, Togo’s debt to the Paris Club creditors will be reduced by about 95 per cent.", "VII. Conclusions and policy recommendations", "60. The majority of developing countries were resilient in the face of the global financial crisis ignited by the collapse of the subprime housing market in the United States of America. Policymakers, however, should not be complacent. Some of the least developed countries and small vulnerable low and middle income economies that suffered heavily from the effects of the global recession are quickly running out of fiscal space. They may soon be forced into a counterproductive fiscal contraction, and they face problems in dealing with high food and oil prices. Moreover, the outlook for the global economy remains uncertain and a new shock or even a slow recovery may have negative effects on debt sustainability.", "61. While the majority of developing countries are still running current account deficits, many emerging market countries are running current account surpluses and facing a wall of private capital inflows and currency appreciation. This financial Dutch disease has had a negative impact on industrialization and structural change and may lead to future currency crises. It is imperative that the international community put in place a system that can limit unproductive large capital flows, which, rather than promoting economic development, are purely speculative in nature.", "62. The global economic events and developments that have taken place in the past several years have been unprecedented, and as a result, much international discourse has been diverted away from the development agenda. The success of achieving the Millennium Development Goals hinges on the provision of adequate and predictable financing. The risks posed to economic growth and poverty reduction of the poorest and most vulnerable countries, as a result of the global crisis, remain. It is imperative for donors to redouble their efforts to keep their ODA commitments in order to consolidate and maintain the progress that has been made thus far and to ensure that future progress is not jeopardized.", "63. Many countries that have completed the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative have been classified as being once again at high risk of debt distress. Policies aimed at guaranteeing debt sustainability will require more research aimed at providing a better understanding of why the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries and Multilateral Debt Relief Initiatives did not succeed in maintaining debt sustainability in this group of countries. There is also a group of least developed countries that did not benefit from the debt relief offered under the two initiatives. These countries have been classified as being at high to moderate risk of debt distress. It would thus be important to consider extending debt relief to those countries (and possibly to all low income countries) and to make sure that, increasingly, aid delivery to low income countries takes the form of grants.", "64. Credit rating agencies play an important role in the market for sovereign debt. For developing countries obtaining a credit rating is generally desirable. However, developing countries should be aware of some shortcomings of the rating process. In his 2006 report to the General Assembly, the Secretary-General highlighted the fact that ratings could encourage countries to pursue policies “that address rather the short-term concerns of portfolio investors in order to avoid a downgrading of their rating, while not necessarily taking into account their long-term development needs” (A/61/152, para. 25).", "65. Debt crises are particularly costly for the poor and other vulnerable social groups. Putting mechanisms in place to prevent such events should be a top priority item on the international agenda. The prevalence and cost of debt crises can be reduced by using innovative debt instruments, adopting domestic and international regulation aimed at reducing destabilizing capital flows and creating an effective international lender of last resort. The international community can also help by assisting developing countries in their effort to improve and strengthen their debt management capacity.", "66. The outcome document adopted at the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held in Istanbul from 9 to 13 May 2011, stated that “Long-term sustainability of debt depends on, inter alia, responsible lending and borrowing by all creditors and debtors …”. Responsible and prudent lending and borrowing is the first line of defence against the emergence of debt problems. In May 2011, following inclusive and transparent multi-stakeholder consultations, UNCTAD released a set of draft principles outlining responsibilities of lenders and borrowers in sovereign financing. Further discussion and consensus-building around this set of principles on responsible sovereign lending and borrowing would contribute to the prevention of debt crises in the future.", "67. Even with the best policies, debt crises are bound to happen. It is lamentable that the international financial architecture still lacks a mechanism aimed at facilitating the resolution of sovereign insolvency and impeding litigation by providing a resolution to debt distress that is legally binding on all creditors.", "Annex", "External debt indicators", "(In billions of United States dollars)", "All developing Sub-Saharan countries and Africa countries with economies in transition^(a)\n 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2006 2008 2009 2010^(b) 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2006 2008 2009 2010^(b)", "Total debt stocks 1 439.5 2 026.5 2 351.5 3 425.4 3 545.1 3 891.9 191.5 226.1 210.6 195.5 199.0 196.3", "Long-term debt 1 165.5 1 626.5 1 892.6 2 672.0 2 759.2 3 058.1 158.2 177.1 172.8 143.1 156.3 166.3", "Private (share) 47.8 54.2 60.8 73.5 72.3 73.7 25.2 24.0 22.5 33.2 34.0 34.1", "Private non-guarantee 8.6 21.5 30.7 49.6 49.0 50.7 4.1 5.6 5.6 10.0 11.1 11.7 (share)", "Short-term debt 238.3 334.7 387.3 728.4 733.7 833.8 26.4 41.3 31.6 48.5 36.5 30.0", "Arrears 116.9 126.9 98.1 77.4 78.3 40.4 60.1 40.3 35.1 31.6", "Debt service 148.0 263.1 384.2 539.8 536.6 515.4 10.0 14.7 14.9 14.0 17.6 19.4", "International 238.6 517.1 1 359.8 4 156.2 4 775.7 5 485.6 15.2 25.1 57.9 156.5 156.8 158.4 reserves", "Debt indicators (percentage)", "Debt 21.3 21.4 17.5 9.6 12.0 9.2 18.7 15.5 9.7 3.6 6.0 5.3 service/exports^(c)", "Total 210.3 164.9 109.2 61.3 79.4 69.3 349.0 233.4 145.1 50.2 66.5 53.4 debt/exports^(c)", "Debt service/GNP 4.2 5.1 5.3 3.2 3.3 2.7 5.5 4.6 3.4 1.5 2.0 1.9", "Total debt/GNP 41.4 39.0 33.0 20.6 21.8 20.2 103.6 70.1 50.2 20.9 22.0 18.6", "Reserves/short-term 100.9 156.6 333.8 577.8 657.6 669.9 56.4 61.9 178.3 319.2 431.2 521.9 debt", "Reserves/M2 13.6 18.4 22.6 31.6 29.1 27.8 13.9 22.4 29.6 38.9 32.2 28.9", "Middle East and Latin America North Africa and the Caribbean", "1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2006 2008 2009 2010^(b) 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2006 2008 2009 2010^(b)", "Total debt stocks 144.1 153.4 147.2 137.9 141.3 148.9 483.9 684.5 767.2 890.5 913.0 1 093.7", "Long-term debt 119.8 131.2 125.1 116.9 118.7 124.4 375.4 541.6 645.7 749.9 773.1 912.7", "Private (share) 33.3 23.6 31.0 36.4 34.5 36.0 64.5 74.1 78.5 82.6 80.7 88.4", "Private non-guarantee 0.9 1.6 4.3 5.7 5.2 5.9 11.7 30.6 35.3 44.0 44.1 52.8 (share)", "Short-term debt 22.5 19.5 20.4 20.8 22.4 24.5 93.0 120.6 96.4 139.8 138.6 181.0", "Arrears 8.8 11.9 9.6 0.7 0.7 43.5 12.1 20.2 30.2 32.0", "Debt service 18.2 18.4 20.0 21.7 17.8 19.5 51.8 119.9 162.4 155.6 146.7 137.9", "International 23.2 44.7 123.1 339.6 350.1 373.8 83.1 153.3 203.7 485.9 535.9 619.4 reserves", "Debt indicators (percentage)", "Debt 27.4 22.5 13.1 5.9 6.3 5.8 27.6 37.4 32.9 15.6 18.6 14.0 service/exports^(c)", "Total 216.4 189.4 102.5 37.4 49.8 44.7 259.1 216.0 158.7 89.4 115.5 111.0 debt/exports^(c)", "Debt service/GNP 7.7 5.8 4.4 2.3 1.9 1.9 4.1 6.4 7.7 3.8 3.8 3.0", "Total debt/GNP 61.3 48.3 33.7 14.9 15.3 14.5 38.8 36.8 37.2 21.5 23.7 23.7", "Reserves/short-term 106.4 229.9 588.5 1 635.3 1 562.9 1 526.0 87.7 127.3 211.6 347.6 386.6 342.3 debt", "Reserves/M2 14.0 22.0 33.3 47.0 43.0 42.9 15.4 24.1 19.7 24.5 20.1 19.8", "East Asia and South Asia the Pacific", "1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2006 2008 2009 2010^(b) 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2006 2008 2009 2010^(b)", "Total debt stocks 300.4 509.7 557.9 756.8 825.6 903.3 137.7 154.9 184.0 318.9 340.0 378.3", "Long-term debt 239.6 396.3 404.0 489.7 502.9 570.9 121.7 143.2 170.7 264.0 282.4 320.4", "Private (share) 47.5 59.3 56.9 60.4 59.9 58.8 24.7 27.9 36.5 48.1 49.2 51.2", "Private non-guarantee 15.6 32.2 34.1 43.2 41.6 40.0 2.7 7.1 24.6 41.6 43.4 45.4 (share)", "Short-term debt 59.2 105.4 143.4 266.9 322.4 332.4 9.7 8.3 11.0 49.5 48.5 57.9", "Arrears 8.4 15.4 14.7 6.6 7.0 0.1 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.2", "Debt service 37.4 62.8 84.2 96.5 102.4 95.7 12.1 16.6 22.1 36.3 22.3 24.7", "International 89.9 218.1 665.1 2 263.7 2 777.0 3 312.1 13.6 31.3 111.9 267.1 296.5 310.9 reserves", "Debt indicators (percentage)", "Debt 16.5 13.6 9.7 4.1 5.2 3.7 29.7 25.3 17.4 10.0 7.1 6.8 service/exports^(c)", "Total 131.9 110.7 63.6 32.5 42.0 35.2 340.8 234.7 146.1 88.1 108.7 104.6 debt/exports^(c)", "Debt service/GNP 4.6 4.4 3.7 1.7 1.6 1.3 3.2 3.2 2.8 2.4 1.3 1.2", "Total debt/GNP 37.0 35.6 24.3 13.0 13.2 12.1 36.6 29.5 23.1 20.9 20.0 18.6", "Reserves/short-term 155.3 224.9 442.2 849.2 862.7 998.2 177.6 391.4 1 102.3 540.1 611.7 537.3 debt", "Reserves/M2 13.6 14.9 19.3 28.8 27.9 27.1 8.1 13.3 21.7 26.5 24.2 20.9", "Europe and Central Asia", "1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2006 2008 2009 2010^(b)", "Total debt stocks 181.9 297.8 484.6 1 125.8 1 126.3 1 169.6", "Long-term debt 150.8 237.0 374.4 908.4 925.8 968.5", "Private (share) 60.9 55.4 73.4 91.6 90.4 90.2", "Private non-guarantee 5.0 14.4 42.3 71.8 70.9 70.8 (share)", "Short-term debt 27.5 39.6 84.4 203.0 165.4 201.1", "Arrears 15.7 26.9 12.9 4.7 6.7", "Debt service 18.5 30.8 80.7 215.6 229.7 218.1", "International .. 44.7 198.1 643.3 659.4 710.9 reserves", "Debt indicators (percentage)", "Debt 16.6 15.2 20.0 18.9 29.0 22.3 service/exports^(c)", "Total 164.8 144.2 127.9 100.1 142.2 119.4 debt/exports^(c)", "Debt service/GNP 2.9 4.4 7.0 6.5 9.0 7.3", "Total debt/GNP 28.6 41.7 44.7 34.6 44.0 39.1", "Reserves/short-term 60.9 118.8 216.6 331.3 415.9 367.4 debt", "Reserves/M2 14.6 28.4 45.7 53.9 50.4 46.2", "Source: UNCTAD calculations based on the World Bank (Global Development Finance 2011) and International Monetary Fund (IMF) (World Economic Outlook (online database)) data.", "^(a) Developing countries as defined in Global Development Finance 2011.", "^(b) 2010 values are estimates.", "^(c) Exports comprise the total value of goods and services exported.", "[1] World Economic Situation and Prospects 2011 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.77.11.C.2).", "[2] United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Trade and Development Report (2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010).", "[3] According to Ebrahim-zadeh, Christine, “Back to Basics — Dutch Disease: Too much wealth managed unwisely” (Finance and Development, March 2003, Volume 40, No. 1), although the disease is generally associated with a natural resource discovery, it can occur from any development that results in a large inflow of foreign currency, including a sharp surge in natural resource prices, foreign assistance and foreign direct investment.", "[4] Oil-importing countries emerging from conflict have the largest current account deficits. Current account deficits are expected to increase by more than 5 per cent of GDP in Cape Verde, Lesotho, the Comoros and Sao Tome and Principe.", "[5] Benin, Djibouti, Gambia, Liberia, Malawi, Mauritania, Sierra Leone, the Sudan, Togo and Zimbabwe.", "[6] Trinidad and Tobago is an exception.", "[7] International Monetary Fund, Fiscal Monitor, April 2011.", "[8] As of May 2011, the least developed countries in debt distress include: the Comoros, Guinea and the Sudan. Countries at high risk of debt distress include: Afghanistan, Burkina Faso, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, the Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Sao Tome and Principe and Yemen.", "[9] International Monetary and Financial Committee communiqué, 16 April 2011, see http://www.imf.org.", "[10] Economic Commission for Africa, Economic Report on Africa 2011.", "[11] Even these deficits were not due to profligate fiscal policies but were a consequence of the economic crisis that followed the collapse of Iceland’s largest banks. As late as 2006, Iceland ran a budget surplus which was well above 6 per cent of GDP.", "[12] Again, the large deficits of 2008-2010 were driven by Ireland’s economic collapse and not by explicit fiscal policy decisions.", "[13] See C. F. S. Campos, D. Jaimovich and U. Panizza, “The unexplained part of public debt”, Emerging Markets Review, vol. 7, No. 3 (2006).", "[14] The unexplained part of debt may also be linked to the inability of Governments to keep track of and report on their contingent liabilities.", "[15] For such a proposal see the UNCTAD Trade and Development Report 2009 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.09.II.D.16).", "[16] According to IMF estimates (IMF, Global Financial Stability Report, October 2010), more than 75 per cent of mortgage-related securities that were rated AAA before the crisis dropped to below investment grade as the financial crisis unfolded.", "[17] Certain institutional investors are precluded from holding securities rated below investment grade. Central banks use credit ratings to determine securities that will be accepted as collateral for providing liquidity to commercial banks. For commercial banks, capital requirements depend on the credit rating of their assets.", "[18] Elkhoury, M. (2008), “Credit rating agencies and their potential impact on developing countries”, UNCTAD/OSG/DP/2008/1.", "[19] Mathis, J., Mc Andrews, J. and Rochet J. C. (2009), “Rating the Raters: Are reputational concerns powerful enough to discipline rating agencies?”, Journal of Monetary Economics, vol. 56, No. 5.", "[20] The Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative provides full debt relief (100 per cent cancellation) from their outstanding multilateral debt claims to IMF, the International Development Association (IDA), the African Development Fund (AfDF) and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB).", "[21] There are 29 low income countries that are not members of the Highly Indebted Poor Countries Initiative. Of these 29 countries, 11 are at low risk of debt distress (see http://www.imf.org).", "[22] Gleneagles communiqué, paras. 24 and 28.", "[23] General Assembly resolution 60/1, paras. 17 and 23 (b).", "[24] OECD, Statistics on Resource Flows to Developing Countries, table 4, “Net Official Development Assistance by DAC Country”, see www.oecd.org.", "[25] OECD, “Development aid reaches an historic high in 2010”, see www.oecd.org." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目17(c)", "宏观经济政策问题：对外 债务的可持续性和发展", "对外债务的可持续性和发展", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告根据大会第65/144号决议的规定提交，回顾发展中国家外债问题最近的事态发展，并特别探讨了避免债务危机的政策和信用评级机构的作用。", "^(*) A/66/150。", "*", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告依照大会第65/144号决议的请求提交大会，其中全面分析了发展中国家和经济转型国家的外债情况和债务偿还问题。报告介绍在外债和有关的发展融资领域的新的动向和趋势，讨论信用评级机构的作用，并提供审议有关政策问题的基础。", "二. 最近的趋势和挑战", "2. 发展中国家和经济转型国家的总外债额到2009年底约为35 000亿美元(见附件)。总外债额的增长率从2007-2008年8%放缓至2008-2009年3.5%。虽然世界银行债务国报告制度尚未公布2010年数据，但联合国贸易和发展会议(贸发会议)秘书处估计，债务在2010年增长约10%，使外债总额接近39 000亿美元。外债以美元计算大幅增加，部分原因是美元币值在2010年的波动，实际贬值了约6%。", "3. 尽管债务的美元价值上升，但发展中世界的产出和出口增长强劲，导致负债比率下降，扭转了2008-2009年期间的恶化情况。发展中国家的平均偿债出口比从2009年12%下降至2010年约9.2%，平均外债与国民总收入的比率则从2009年21.8%下降至2010年约20.2%。", "4. 导致债务比率改善的原因是，发展中国家作为一个整体，目前实现很大的经常账户顺差，并因此成为净资本输出国。最近的估计显示，在2010年，发展中国家向发达国家提供的资金转移净额约为5 570亿美元。[1] 虽然，一般而言，发展中国家不需要对外融资，但私人资本继续流向一些新兴市场国家。新兴经济体的净私人资本流入量估计在2010年已超过9 000亿美元，比2009年的流量增加了50%，预计到2012年将达到10 000亿美元。", "5. 国际收支核算要求经常账户和资本账户的总和为零。因此，在发展中国家经常账户出现顺差，同时又获得私人资本净流入的情况下，需要大量的官方外流，以平衡数字。国际储备的迅速积累就是这一过程的结果。2010年，发展中国家的国际储备总额超过55 000亿美元，相当于发展中国家外债总额的1.5倍。", "6. “套息交易”类型的私人资本流动继续受到高利率的吸引，但高利率并不是资金短缺所造成，而是央行在经济增长的情况下打击通货膨胀的措施。[2] 一些意见认为，私营部门资金大量流入发展中国家显示接受经济体本身的实力，但这种资金流动往往是国际金融架构运作失灵的表征，可以导致发生下述情况：发达经济体的投资者贷款给新兴市场国家的私营部门和中央银行，后者又回借给发达经济体的公共部门。这种巨大的资本流动总量并无助于促进资本积累或结构转型。相反，这种情况可能导致一种新的“荷兰病”，[3] 也就是说，汇率价值受投机资本流量的推动而不是由市场基本因素决定。汇率失衡破坏国家发展制造业以及使国内生产和出口多样化的努力。", "7. 这种新的荷兰病比商品市场兴旺带动的传统形式荷兰病更为危险。传统荷兰病造成扭曲，但也增加一个国家的财富，而金融形式的荷兰病是债务流动所驱动，债务需予偿还，因此对一个国家的净财富没有直接作用(因为短期流动很少投资于生产性活动)。因此，除了带来通常伴随荷兰病出现的扭曲问题，“套息交易”活动还埋下货币危机的种子，在投资者决定突然放弃目标货币时即行爆发。危机爆发时，汇率往往失去控制，央行试图通过提高利率来稳定局面，一个顺周期的政策结果反而对实体经济造成进一步的损害。", "8. 上面所描述的趋势大多是大新兴市场国家所推动，这个因素掩盖了发展中国家之间存在重大异质性的事实。多数发展中国家仍然是净资本进口国。2009年，在有数据可查的158个发展中国家中，经常账户出现逆差的发展中国家有117个；在这117个国家中，81国的经常账户赤字超过5%国内生产总值。2010年，经常账户实现逆差的发展中国家数目小幅下降至114个，其中72个的经常账户赤字超过国内生产总值5%。几乎所有最不发达国家(49个国家中的43个)的经常账户在2009年和2010年都出现赤字。在这些国家中，超过三分之二(2009年37国，2010年33国)的经常账户赤字超过国内生产总值的5%。", "区域趋势", "9. 2010年，在东亚和太平洋，债务偿还额占出口额不到4%，东欧和中亚的此一占额在22%以上，撒哈拉以南非洲的占额为5.3%，中东和北非5.8%，南亚6.8%，拉丁美洲和加勒比14%。在东欧和中亚，外债占国民总收入近40%，东亚和太平洋占国民总收入12%，中东和北非约14%，撒哈拉以南非洲和南亚18%，拉丁美洲和加勒比24%。虽然区域间的差异很大，但几乎所有发展中区域的债务比率均有所改善。外债占国民总收入的比率下降最大是东欧和中亚(下降5个百分点)，其次是撒哈拉以南非洲(3.5个百分点)、东亚和太平洋、南亚及中东和北非。拉丁美洲和加勒比是外债占国民总收入的比率停留在其2009年水平的唯一区域。东亚和南亚的国际储备特别大(总外债额的两倍多)，但其他发展中地区的数量也很大。各区域的储备都起码超过其短期外债三倍和至少相当于其外债总额的50%。", "10. 虽然债务指标改善，经常账户顺差和高储备覆盖率可以提高发展中国家抵御外部冲击的能力，但这些数字只是平均数，掩盖了国家间很大的差异。各国的负债率不一，在一些脆弱的小经济体，储备覆盖率非常有限并迅速减少。", "11. 在撒哈拉以南非洲，商品价格尤其是石油价格上涨，在2010年帮助缩小了财政和经常账户赤字。财政赤字的国内生产总值占比平均从2009年7.2%下降至2010年5.6%，经常账户赤字的国内生产总值占比平均从2.4%下降到2.3%。但该区域各国之间的经常账户赤字改善情况参差不一。石油和矿产出口国受益于高商品价格，经常账户情况也显著改善，但许多石油进口国的经常账户赤字扩大。这种情况特别使一些非洲小国担忧，预计这些国家在2011年将有庞大的经常账户赤字。[4] 与2009年相比，国际储备在2010年大致保持稳定，但有10个非洲国家的储备覆盖率远低于3个月进口量的门槛。[5]", "12. 亚洲和太平洋国家的平均经济增长继续比其他发展中国家出色。该区域将继续实现庞大的经常账户盈余。汇款对该区域的一些小经济体尤为重要，在2010年增长了6%以上。虽然亚洲没有受到全球危机很大的影响，但也面对一些下向风险。该区域的出口可能受到欧洲旷日持久的危机和高油价的次轮效应的影响，结果可能导致全球需求放缓。此外，大量和不稳定的资本流入仍然是几个亚洲经济体的风险源，经常账户赤字庞大的经济体尤其是这样。许多太平洋岛国的经常账户赤字在2010年有所扩大。这些国家对食品和燃料进口的依赖程度很高，仍然容易受到商品价格上涨的影响。", "13. 尽管最近政府支出增加，但由于一些国家的增长强劲，中东和北非石油出口国的财政和外部平衡预计将有所加强。与此相反，石油进口国的经济前景喜忧参半。一些国家因贸易和来自区域内石油出口国的汇款收入增加而得益，但这些国家面对的主要是下向风险。最近的动荡政局使短期经济前景异常不明确。投资者信心进一步下滑可能使政府资金不足，旅游业和出口收入突然下降，导致经常账户赤字增加的国家的情况尤其是这样。", "14. 2010年，拉丁美洲和加勒比国家的平均外债比率稍有改善 。然而，区域几个国家的进口增长比出口增长缓慢，经常账户赤字扩大，甚至受益于商品价格上涨的商品出口国也出现这种情况。多数加勒比小岛国已有大量公共债务和外债，进口商品价格高企是使这些国家易受冲击的一个因素。[6]", "三. 最不发达国家的债务状况", "15. 最不发达国家的外债水平往往偏高。2009年，49个最不发达国家的债务总额为这一组国家的国民总收入的32%，比所有发展中国家的平均高 10个百分点。2010年的估计显示，最不发达国家的平均债务将下降到国民总收入28%，比一般发展中国家的估计高8个百分点。最不发达国家的债务很大部分以减让条件获得，因此债务偿还费用趋于偏低。2009年，最不发达国家的平均债务偿还额相当于出口额6%，发展中国家平均为12%。", "16. 雷曼兄弟垮台点燃的全球经济衰退，导致最不发达国家的外债总额大量增加，从2007年1 440亿美元增加至2009年1 620亿美元，虽然估计这个数字在2010年已回落至1 560亿美元。就出口占比而言，外债总额从2008年84%增加至2009年112%，但估计在2010年已下降至89%。虽然情况正在改善，复苏步伐并不平衡，而且经济增长还没有回到所有国家的危机前水平 。", "17. 强有力的政策缓冲措施，使最不发达国家在危机期间屹立不倒。然而，这些国家的财政政策回旋余地正迅速减少，因为反周期的政府开支导致公共债务增加，国际储备减少，经常账户赤字扩大。[7] 根据最近一次的债务可持续性分析，三个最不发达国家已经受债务困扰，另外11个为债务困扰高危国。[8] 因此，必须避免被这些国家作为一个集体所展示的恢复力所误导，忽略国家间差异。鉴于最不发达国家易受外部冲击，国际货币基金组织(基金组织)理事会的国际货币和金融委员会要求完善工具，以评估低收入国家的债务可持续性，并打算探讨办法帮助提高这些国家在大波动情况下的管理能力。[9]", "18. 国内生产总值恢复增长，对最不发达国家回到危机前的道路，实现更大的债务可持续性，至关重要。反周期政策、债务减免和官方发展援助、外国直接投资和汇款流入对复苏都很重要。然而，对于出口商品的最不发达国家来说，“亚洲效应”是外部需求和经济反弹的主要驱动力。[10] 下向风险仍然比比皆是，因为许多国家仍然很容易受到最近食品和燃料价格飙升的打击。欧洲是撒哈拉以南非洲大多数非石油出口国的主要贸易伙伴，欧元区的债务问题可能负面影响到欧洲的出口。", "四. 防止公共债务危机", "19. 设计和实施旨在避免公共债务危机的政策，必须考虑到危机的起源。公共债务积累的基本程式假定，公共债务数量的变化等于在有关期间所积累的财政赤字。从业人员知道，这个定义很难经得起验证；他们在赤字上增加一个余项，以调节债务变化与赤字。由于债务是一个存量变量而赤字是一个流量变量，这个余项通称为“存量流量调节”。虽然从业人员对存量流量调节有所了解，但这一余项很少见诸关于公共债务的演变的描述，因为通常假定调节所涉数量很小，主要是测量误差所致。事实上，情况并非如此。在1985年至2005年期间，多起事件显示，存量流量调节是债务增长的最大因素，其重要性超越记录的预算赤字。", "A. 公共债务危机的起源", "20. 几个突如其来的债务爆炸例子可具有说明作用。2007年底，冰岛政府债务总额约为3 800亿克朗(国内生产总值的29%)。到2010年底，冰岛的公共债务总额接近18 500亿克朗(约为国内生产总值115%)。这种债务爆炸并非不负责任的财政政策的结果。2008年，冰岛预算赤字占国内生产总值0.5%，2009年和2010年的预算赤字分别为国内生产总值的9和12%。累计预算赤字为国内生产总值的22.5%，但债务的国内生产总值占比提高了86个百分点。[11]", "21. 2007年，爱尔兰公共债务总额约为470亿欧元(国内生产总值的25%)。到2010年底，爱尔兰的公共债务增加了超过1 000亿欧元(接近国内生产总值的100%)。虽然爱尔兰有约650亿欧元的赤字，但其余积累的350亿欧元债务并不能归咎于财政政策。[12]", "22. 新兴市场国家也有若干例子可供参考。例如，在1998年12月，巴西的净公共债务约占国内生产总值42%，到了1999年1月，这个比例超过国内生产总值 51%。巴西政府在短短一个月内创下接近国内生产总值10%的赤字，似乎是不太可能的事。在2001年底，阿根廷的公共债务约为国内生产总值的50%；几个月后，阿根廷公共债务超过国内生产总值130%。阿根廷政府在不到一年的时间内产生相当于国内生产总值80%的赤字，也是不太可能。", "23. 以上记录的债务爆炸实例的起因众所周知。在冰岛，起因是一场货币危机，其后导致银行危机，最终引发公共债务危机。在爱尔兰的情况下，公共债务增长是房地产贷款热潮引发的银行危机所造成。在阿根廷和巴西，债务突然增加是外币债务所造成的负资产负债表效应的结果。", "24. 这些事件并非罕见事件。利用1985至2003年期间117个国家的数据进行的一项研究显示，在所有发展中区域，存量流量调节因素是债务增长的重要决定因素。[13] 这一余项的平均数值，是低收入国家国内生产总值的9.6%，中等收入国家国内生产总值的4.9%，高收入国家国内生产总值的0.8%。在同一期间，这三类国家的预算赤字，平均分别占国内生产总值的4.7%、4.1%和3.3%。", "25. 上述的统计研究确定，债务爆炸的最重要因素是银行危机和在持有外币债务的情况下货币贬值带动的负资产负债表效应。", "26. 测量误差也很重要。有关公共债务水平和组成的数据质量一般欠佳，其收集来源不同于财政数据的来源。但是，如果赤字和债务变化之间的差异纯粹是随机测量误差所致，正误差与负误差应相互抵消，存量流量调节的长期平均应当为零。数据显示情况并非如此，存量流量调节的长期平均是一个很大的正数。这可能是由于财政账户的测量误差属非随机性，一些国家系统地低报赤字。提高财政账户的透明度，有助于解决这一问题。[14]", "B. 防止债务危机的政策", "27. 虽然债务危机并不总是源于财政问题，但有些危机确实是不可持续的财政政策和资本市场的制度安排造成的。这种安排掩盖了借贷活动的真正风险。透明的预算程序可以帮助防止债务积累超过合理的限度。然而，允许酌情实施相应财政政策的空间是必不可少的。政府在任何情况下均应有能力采取反周期政策，稳定局势，应对其他冲击。", "28. 要求所有国家在任何时候都维持同样的关键债务水平，以保全债务可持续性，可能不是实现此一目标的最佳途径。各国政府的经济政策和债务战略，必须考虑到国内的特殊情况和外部的约束因素。例如，家庭储蓄率非常高的国家应尝试增加生产性投资，并可能需要提高公共债务比率，特别是在不可以依靠经常账户顺差解决国内私人储蓄的情况下。", "29. 私营部门迅速去杠杆化的唯一合理对策，是庞大的财政赤字。因此，为了防止债务爆炸，政府应制定政策，防止私营部门债务大量增加；后者的后果通常是金融灾难，并可能进一步引发大规模银行危机。如果债务积累不是投资项目的融资需要所致而是金融投机活动所引起，这一点尤为重要。加强金融监管，提高银行资本充足率和管制资本，都是限制私营部门采取过多风险行动的有效工具。", "30. 货币错配是债务危机的另一个来源 。需要平衡外部账户但外币债务占比大的国家，面临一个困难的取舍选择。在没有正面的贸易条件冲击的情况下，为了恢复外部可持续性，多害相权取其轻，最佳办法是货币贬值。不过，由于外币债务的存在，贬值可能导致债务的国内生产总值占比急升，甚至引发债务危机。为了寻求办法解决这个问题，首先应认识到，未来危机的种子，是在国家经济繁荣时播下的。在全球乐观时期，资本涌入发展中国家，但这些国家往往无法限制流入数量。这些国家的不同部门往往大量举债。这种行为不仅导致外债迅速积累，而且经常使实际汇率上升和造成大量的外部失衡。当外部不平衡过大时，外国投资者开始抽回资金。然而，因为大量的外币债务，这些国家往往采取政策限制资金外流，甚至吸引更多的资本，使问题更加难以解决。最终，难逃的结果发生，资本离开有关国家，币值崩溃，债务危机开始。", "31. 解决这个取舍难题需要改变在“日子好”的时候的行为：减少外债，增加储备，采取政策限制货币升值。最大的新兴市场国家，在1990年代后期以来一直是这样做。", "32. 外部冲击是债务爆炸的另一个原因，冲击的形式可以是自然灾害，国家贸易条件的急变，或外部融资条件突然收紧。国家可以通过积累国际储备，以“自我保险”应对这些冲击。自我保险的一个问题是，并非所有国家都有能力这样做(特别是低收入国家)。此外，虽然这项政策对每个国家来说都是合理的，但世界作为一个整体不可能实现经常账户盈余。因此应当有一个全球性政策，解决全球性失衡问题。[15]", "五. 信用评级机构的作用", "33. 1997-1998年的亚洲金融危机引发了一场关于信用评级机构的作用和效力的辩论。若干结构性产品获得顶尖投资评级，但后来在2007-2009年金融危机期间被迅速降级，信用评级机构所使用的方法重新成为辩论点。[16] 2010年欧洲主权债务危机发生时，由于以前的评级重大失误，对评级机构的信心已经动摇。", "34. 评级机构的存在理论基础是，在关于借款人信用的信息方面，贷款人和借款人之间所掌握的信息不对称。为了克服这个问题，需要有一个独立机构，向资本市场上提供有关借款人信用的信息。中、小投资者缺乏必要的资源或能力评估债券发行人的资信，这类信息尤为重要。", "35. 信用评级机构还应通过监测服务，鼓励借款人采取纠正措施。这样一个监测系统理论上给金融体系提供稳定性，因为它鼓励借款人设法防止其债务降级，避免借贷成本相应增加。", "36. 信用评级在金融监管中也发挥重要作用。评级的决定影响银行和机构投资者拥有的投资的组成，因为信用评级影响银行的资本费用，并影响某些机构投资者可以持有的债务工具类别。[17]", "37. 信用评级机构可增加金融不稳定性的可能原因有二。首先，以前被评定为投资级的证券急速降级可能导致证券被迫抛售，进而加大被降级的借款人的融资问题。此外，如果评级机构过分积极下调面临融资问题的借款人的评价，这可能加剧原来的问题，把借款人推向违约。其次，改变具有系统重要性的借款人的评级可能带来外溢效应，导致同一资产级别内信用评级没有改变的借款人的借贷成本增加。造成这种蔓延效应，可能是因为投资者对评级的稳定性缺乏信心，在预计其他国家评级可能下调的情况下作出沽售决定。因此，即使确认不受债务问题直接影响的国家的正面信用评级，信用评级机构也无法稳定市场。对发展中国家来说，这是一个政策难题，因为他们的借贷成本可能突然增加，即使根本变量没有任何恶化迹象。", "38. 为了缓解上述一些问题，评级机构制定了一套办法，在可能改变信用评级时以“展望”和“复评”对市场发出警告。原则上，采用这个办法比以往的做法有所改进，因为它迫使借款人采取纠正措施，以避免评级下调。然而，市场是前瞻性的，展望的变化可能增加借贷成本，致使债务状况进一步恶化，甚至可能导致预言自我应验和实际的降级。", "39. 根据现行做法，发行人支付证券的评级费用，或在国家的情况下，支付主权评级的费用。这种模式产生了一种激励机制，促使借款人与给予最佳信用评级的机构建立业务关系。即使市场其后证明信用评级机构错误，但由于这些机构不承担任何责任，现行机制促使他们尽量推高信用评级，以赢取新的业务或保持现有客户。", "40. 信用评级业激励因素的错位，带来了两种反应。一种较极端的观点建议，监管活动应停止使用信用评级，市场发挥的督导作用足以保证金融体系的稳定。另一些人则认为，消除信用评级机构的监管作用，无异于因噎废食。同意这种观点的人承认信用评级机构对监管目的可能发挥的积极作用，并认识到市场的督导能力不一定奏效，尤其是在选择投资资产组合的人(如资产管理人)并不承担最终风险的情况下。[18]", "41. 为了解决与评级膨胀有关的问题，可制定有利于改善激励机制，以奖励更准确的评级的费用支付模式。可以考虑的一种办法是征收交易税，恢复由投资者支付评级的做法。一个更大胆的建议是将评级机构国有化。但是，国有化会产生利益冲突，特别是在主权和准主权实体的评级方面。一种较温和的干预形式是要求评级机构接受监管，并定期公布评级业绩。¹⁸", "42. 可以向评级业提供适当激励机制的一种方法是作出规定，要求希望将证券在某一交易所上市的发行人支付上市费用(可以根据证券的复杂性收费)，然后以此聘用信用评级机构(如果证券不上市交易，结算所或中央保存机构可以适用同样机制)。[19] 这样的程序打破发行人和评级机构之间的商业联系和消除导致评级膨胀的利益冲突。发行人仍然需要向评级机构提供信息，但不得给予报酬。此过程可能缺乏“努力”做好评级工作的激励因素(产生的评级不带偏见但不准确)，因此可以设计奖励机制，以事后观察的结果衡量评级。", "43. 对于私营部门发行的证券，评级失误的主因似乎在于激励问题，但主权债务评级的失误则可能是方法尚未完善的结果。亚洲金融危机表明，在确定国家信用评级方面，若干在危机爆发前被视为不重要的变量，如实际汇率、短期债务及或有负债的水平，是解释事件发生的关键因素。虽然这些因素有的其后已被用于评估主权债务信用级别，但评级机构给予各个变量的比重仍然不明确。此外，随着危机的发展，危机前存在各种变量之间的相互关系往往被破坏，评级依据的模型已不合时宜。今后应当增加信用评级机构所用方法的透明度，并就如何减少建模风险进行公开辩论。在这方面，大会第61/188号决议吁请国际金融和银行机构考虑加强风险评级机制的透明度，并指出私营部门的主权风险评估应当尽量使用严格、客观和透明的参数，这些参数可借助于高质量的数据和分析。", "六. 减免债务和官方发展援助", "A． 重债穷国倡议和多边减债倡议的执行进度", "44. 从2010年中至2011年中，重债穷国倡议的执行继续取得进展，再有四个国家达到完成点(刚果民主共和国、几内亚比绍、利比里亚和多哥)，一个达到决策点(科摩罗)。这就是说，在40个符合条件的国家中，32个现已完成该倡议。所有达到完成点的国家，在多边减债倡议下，债务得到进一步减免。[20] 其余尚未完成倡议的国家包括四个达到决策点的国家和四个尚未开始程序的适格重债穷国。", "45. 虽然这种进展令人鼓舞，但令人担忧的是，若干过了完成点的重债穷国继续有受到债务困扰的迹象。最近一次的债务可持续性分析(2011年5月15日)显示，在已达到完成点的32个国家中，8个属于债务困扰高危国，11个属于债务困扰中危国。在过了完成点的国家中，债务困扰低危国的占比(占总数40%)，与这类国家在非重债穷国倡议参与国的其他低收入国家中的占比(占总数38%)比较，并不高出很多。[21]", "46. 随着重债穷国倡议的结束，必须寻求办法解决长期存在的发展中国家债务问题。应当指出，有八个最不发达国家被定为债务困扰高危国或中危国没有得到重债穷国倡议或多边减债倡议的帮助。因此，解决方案不应仅仅适用于重债穷国倡议的受益国家。国内债务也是一个棘手问题。在冈比亚这个已得到大量债务减免的国家，20%的政府收入用于支付债务利息，其中80%用于偿付国内债务。", "官方发展援助", "47. 1970年，大会通过关于“第二个联合国发展十年国际发展策略”的第2626(XXV)号决议，指出“……每一个经济先进国家将逐渐增加其向发展中国家提供的官方发展援助，并将尽最大力量于十年中期使援助净额按市价计至少为其国民生产总值的0.7%。”四十年后，只有少数捐助国达到0.7%的目标。", "48. 在过去十年间，支持向发展中国家提供援助的全球对话依然积极。2000年，会员国通过《千年发展目标》，开列了到2015年减少全球贫穷的八项全球行动。在2002年发展筹资问题国际会议成果文件《蒙特雷宣言》中，捐助国重申增加援助流量的承诺。2005年，八国集团发表格伦伊格尔斯公报，强调八国集团成员国和其他捐助国承诺增加对发展中国家的援助，并在2010年或以前翻一番对非洲的援助，即对非洲的官方发展援助每年增加250亿美元。经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)估计，与2004年的水平比较，到2010年，这些承诺每年将增加500亿美元对发展中国家的援助。[22] 2005年，在这些承诺的基础上，会员国在联合国总部举行的世界首脑会议上重申他们下定决心，确保及时和充分实现联合国主要会议和首脑会议商定的发展目标和指标。各捐助方特别重申作出的承诺：增加对发展中国家的援助，并在2010年或以前达到官方发展援助占国民总收入0.5%的比率和在2015年或以前达到0.7%的比率。[23]", "49. 不幸的是，官方发展援助的实际提供额从未接近这些承诺。2010年，捐助国提供经合组织发展援助委员会的官方发展援助达1 290亿美元，名义值比2009年增加6.5%并比2005年增加了210亿美元，是迄今为止官方发展援助达到的最高名义值水平。这些数字乍看令人鼓舞，但在考虑到汇率、通货膨胀和增长的演变后，援助工作的实际情况就没有那么好。贸发会议秘书处的计算表明，在剔除通货膨胀和美元贬值的影响后，210亿美元的增长将被削减 50亿至150亿美元(取决于所用假设)。因此，在2005至2010年期间，援助流量的“实际”增加比官方数字报道的名义增幅低25至70%。", "50. 虽然捐助国仍致力于援助最贫困国家，但捐助国一再商定的官方发展援助目标尚没有实现。一些捐助国的官方发展援助已超过国民总收入0.7%的目标，然而，大多数捐助国距离这个目标尚远。事实上，在2010年，平均官方发展援助占捐助国国民总收入的0.32%，同2005年捐助国重申致力于增加援助时，官方发展援助的国民总收入占比完全相同。[24]", "51. 捐助国不仅没有实现增加援助的承诺，全球金融和经济危机甚至可能导致援助流量减少。许多捐助国所需支出增加，税收减少，削减预算的压力越来越大，在2010年减少了本国的官方发展援助。[25] 《2010年经合组织关于援助可预测性的报告：2010-2012年捐助方前期开支计划调查》认为，援助的增长速度在未来几年很可能放缓。", "52. 这一下降趋势，必然对低收入国家和弱小经济体产生负面影响。对争取实现《千年发展目标》和其他国际商定发展目标的国家来说，债务减免和其他形式的官方发展援助提供必不可少的重要融资来源。税基狭窄和收入来源不稳定的国家更是有此需要。世界银行出版物《2011年全球监测报告：提高实现千年发展目标的几率》指出，在40个低收入国家中，能够在2015年实现千年发展目标的国家寥寥无几。三分之二的发展中国家应可以如期实现减少贫穷和饥饿的主要指标，尽管在关于健康的发展目标，包括儿童和婴儿死亡率和获得环境卫生方面，全球努力滞后。", "巴黎俱乐部活动", "53. 自2010年7月以来举行了七次巴黎俱乐部会议，除了其中一次，所有会议都是专门讨论如何处理重债穷国债务的问题。", "54. 2010年7月，几内亚比绍按照科隆条款重新安排拖欠巴黎俱乐部的债务，包括在2009年12月至2012年12月期间到期的债务。该国在2010年底达到重债穷国倡议下的完成点，从而得以在2011年5月启动根据重债穷国倡议处理债务总量的进程。在双边和自愿的基础上，巴黎俱乐部债权国决定在重债穷国倡议的取消债务标准安排以外，另外注销几内亚比绍2 700万美元的官方双边债务。", "55. 科摩罗于2010年6月达到决策点，巴黎俱乐部会议因而在2010年8月举行会议，考虑减免该国债务。在2010年6月至2012年6月期间到期的债务按照科隆条款处理，此前已经重新安排的债务，根据2009年会议商定的办法，应付本息额外减免50%。", "56. 2010年9月，安提瓜和巴布达第一次来到巴黎俱乐部。债权国同意按照巴黎俱乐部“传统条款”处理约85%应在2010-2013年三年整并期间支付的债务本息。重新安排的债务还包括9 800万美元左右的拖欠款。", "57. 在2010年6月利比里亚达到重债穷国倡议的完成点后，巴黎俱乐部债权国与该国在九月举行会议审议该国的外债情况。利比里亚获得优惠的处理方式，反映该国支付能力状况。利比里亚在截止日期前的债务被100%注销，包括勾销全部迟付利息。截止后的非官方发展援助债务和短期债务也全部被取消。", "58. 在2010年7月刚果民主共和国达到重债穷国倡议的完成点后，巴黎俱乐部在2010年11月举行了一次会议审议刚果民主共和国的债务状况。根据倡议的规定，该国的全部债务被取消。", "59. 2010年12月，多哥达到重债穷国倡议的完成点，并在该月份与巴黎俱乐部债权国举行会议。该国在截止日期前的债务被全部取消，截止日期后的非发展援助债务也获得97%的注销。在实施商定的注销后，多哥欠巴黎俱乐部债权国的债务将减少约95%。", "七. 结论和政策建议", "60. 在面对美利坚合众国次级房贷崩溃点燃的全球金融危机面前，大多数发展中国家屹立不倒。然而，政策制定者不应感到自满。一些最不发达国家和弱小低收入和中等收入经济体遭受全球经济衰退的严重打击，财政回旋余地正在迅速减少。这些国家可能很快会被迫采取反作用的财政紧缩措施，同时还要处理高粮价和高油价的问题。此外，全球经济前景仍然不明朗，新的冲击，甚至是复苏缓慢，对债务可持续性可能产生负面影响。", "61. 虽然大多数发展中国家的经常账户仍然处于逆差，但许多新兴市场国家的经常账户出现顺差，面临私人资本大量流入和货币升值的问题。这种金融荷兰病不利影响工业化和结构改革，并可能导致未来的货币危机。国际社会必须制定一套办法，限制非生产性资本大量流动，因为这些资本并不促进经济发展，性质纯属投机。", "62. 在过去几年发生的全球经济事件和情况前所未有，因此，国际讨论话题在很多程度上被转移离开发展议程。成功实现《千年发展目标》的关键在于提供充足和可预见的资金。最贫穷和最脆弱国家的经济增长和减贫努力，仍然受到全球危机的威胁。捐助国必须加倍努力，信守其官方发展援助承诺，以确保巩固和维持迄今取得的进展，确保未来进展不受损害。", "63. 许多完成了重债穷国倡议的国家，已再次被列为债务困扰高危国。应当进一步研究旨在保证债务可持续性的政策，以更好地了解为什么重债穷国和多边减债倡议没有成功地维持这一组别国家的债务可持续性。还有一些国家没有得到重债穷国或多边减债倡议提供的债务减免待遇。这些国家已被列为债务困扰高危国或中危国。因此，必须考虑扩大债务减免措施范围以包括这些国家(甚至所有低收入国家)，并确保给予低收入国家的援助越来越多地采用赠款形式。", "64. 信用评级机构在主权债务市场发挥重要作用。发展中国家获得信用评级一般是可取的。然而，发展中国家应了解评级过程的一些不足之处。秘书长在2006年提交大会的报告中着重指出，评级可能鼓励国家实施一种政策，“解决证券投资者短期关注的问题，以避免其评级被下调，长期发展的需要不一定被顾及”(A/61/152，第25段)。", "65. 穷人和其他弱势社会群体对债务危机付出的代价特别大。建立机制防止此类事件发生，应当是国际议程首要优先事项之一。可以减少债务危机发生频率和代价的手段包括：利用创新的债务工具，以国内和国际法规减少动摇市场的资本流动，并建立一个有效的国际最终贷款人。国际社会还可以伸出援手，协助发展中国家作出努力，改善和加强其债务管理能力。", "66. 2011年5月9至13日在伊斯坦布尔举行的第四次联合国最不发达国家会议通过的成果文件说：“债务的长期可持续性取决于，除其他外，所有债权人和债务人负责任地贷款和借款……”。负责任和谨慎的借贷，是防止出现债务问题的第一道防线。2011年5月，在多方利益相关者进行了包容和透明的协商后，贸发会议公布了一套原则草案，列出借贷方在主权融资方面的责任。就这一套负责任的主权借贷原则作进一步讨论和建立共识，将有助于防止未来的债务危机。", "67. 即使有最好的政策，债务危机终究会发生。不幸的是，国际金融架构仍然缺乏机制，促进主权破产事例的解决，以及通过对所有债权人具有法律约束力的债务困境解决办法妨阻诉讼。", "附件", "外债指标", "(以10亿美元计)", "所有发展中国家和经济转型国家^(a) 撒哈拉以南非洲\n 1990- 1995- 2000- 2008 2009 2010^(b) 1990- 1995- 2000- 2008 2009 2010^(b) 1994 1999 2006 1994 1999 2006", "中东和北非 拉丁美洲和加勒比", "1990- 1995- 2000- 2008 2009 2010^(b) 1990- 1995- 2000- 2008 2009 2010^(b) 1994 1999 2006 1994 1999 2006", "债务总额 1 439.5 2 026.5 2 351.5 3 425.4 3 545.1 3 891.9 191.5 226.1 210.6 195.5 199.0 196.3", "长期债务 1 165.5 1 626.5 1 892.6 2 672.0 2 759.2 3 058.1 158.2 177.1 172.8 143.1 156.3 166.3", "私人(份额) 47.8 54.2 60.8 73.5 72.3 73.7 25.2 24.0 22.5 33.2 34.0 34.1", "私人无担保债务(份额) 8.6 21.5 30.7 49.6 49.0 50.7 4.1 5.6 5.6 10.0 11.1 11.7", "短期债务 238.3 334.7 387.3 728.4 733.7 833.8 26.4 41.3 31.6 48.5 36.5 30.0", "拖欠 116.9 126.9 98.1 77.4 78.3 40.4 60.1 40.3 35.1 31.6", "偿债额 148.0 263.1 384.2 539.8 536.6 515.4 10.0 14.7 14.9 14.0 17.6 19.4", "国际储备 2 38.6 517.1 1 359.8 4 156.2 4 775.7 5 485.6 15.2 25.1 57.9 156.5 156.8 158.4", "债务指标(百分比)", "偿债额/出口^(c) 21.3 21.4 17.5 9.6 12.0 9.2 18.7 15.5 9.7 3.6 6.0 5.3", "债务总额/出口^(c) 210.3 164.9 109.2 61.3 79.4 69.3 349.0 233.4 145.1 50.2 66.5 53.4", "偿债额/国民生产总值 4.2 5.1 5.3 3.2 3.3 2.7 5.5 4.6 3.4 1.5 2.0 1.9", "债务总额/国民生产总值 41.4 39.0 33.0 20.6 21.8 20.2 103.6 70.1 50.2 20.9 22.0 18.6", "储备/短期债务 100.9 156.6 333.8 577.8 657.6 669.9 56.4 61.9 178.3 319.2 431.2 521.9", "储备/M2 13.6 18.4 22.6 31.6 29.1 27.8 13.9 22.4 29.6 38.9 32.2 28.9", "债务总额 144.1 153.4 147.2 137.9 141.3 148.9 483.9 684.5 767.2 890.5 913.0 1 093.7", "长期债务 119.8 131.2 125.1 116.9 118.7 124.4 375.4 541.6 645.7 749.9 773.1 912.7", "私人(份额) 33.3 23.6 31.0 36.4 34.5 36.0 64.5 74.1 78.5 82.6 80.7 88.4", "私人无担保债务(份额) 0.9 1.6 4.3 5.7 5.2 5.9 11.7 30.6 35.3 44.0 44.1 52.8", "短期债务 22.5 19.5 20.4 20.8 22.4 24.5 93.0 120.6 96.4 139.8 138.6 181.0", "拖欠 8.8 11.9 9.6 0.7 0.7 43.5 12.1 20.2 30.2 32.0", "偿债额 18.2 18.4 20.0 21.7 17.8 19.5 51.8 119.9 162.4 155.6 146.7 137.9", "国际储备 23.2 44.7 123.1 339.6 350.1 373.8 83.1 153.3 203.7 485.9 535.9 619.4", "债务指标(百分比)", "偿债额/出口^(c) 27.4 22.5 13.1 5.9 6.3 5.8 27.6 37.4 32.9 15.6 18.6 14.0", "债务总额/出口^(c) 216.4 189.4 102.5 37.4 49.8 44.7 259.1 216.0 158.7 89.4 115.5 111.0", "偿债额/国民生产总值 7.7 5.8 4.4 2.3 1.9 1.9 4.1 6.4 7.7 3.8 3.8 3.0", "债务总额/国民生产总值 61.3 48.3 33.7 14.9 15.3 14.5 38.8 36.8 37.2 21.5 23.7 23.7", "储备/短期债务 106.4 229.9 588.5 1 635.3 1 562.9 1 526.0 87.7 127.3 211.6 347.6 386.6 342.3", "储备/M2 14.0 22.0 33.3 47.0 43.0 42.9 15.4 24.1 19.7 24.5 20.1 19.8", "东亚和太平洋 南亚\n 1990- 1995- 2000- 2008 2009 2010^(b) 1990- 1995- 2000- 2008 2009 2010^(b) 1994 1999 2006 1994 1999 2006", "欧洲和中亚", "1990- 1995- 2000- 2008 2009 2010^(b) 1994 1999 2006", "债务总额 300.4 509.7 557.9 756.8 825.6 903.3 137.7 154.9 184.0 318.9 340.0 378.3", "长期债务 239.6 396.3 404.0 489.7 502.9 570.9 121.7 143.2 170.7 264.0 282.4 320.4", "私人(份额) 47.5 59.3 56.9 60.4 59.9 58.8 24.7 27.9 36.5 48.1 49.2 51.2", "私人无担保债务(份额) 15.6 32.2 34.1 43.2 41.6 40.0 2.7 7.1 24.6 41.6 43.4 45.4", "短期债务 59.2 105.4 143.4 266.9 322.4 332.4 9.7 8.3 11.0 49.5 48.5 57.9", "拖欠 8.4 15.4 14.7 6.6 7.0 0.1 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.2", "偿债额 37.4 62.8 84.2 96.5 102.4 95.7 12.1 16.6 22.1 36.3 22.3 24.7", "国际储备 89.9 218.1 665.1 2263.7 2 777.0 3 312.1 13.6 31.3 111.9 267.1 296.5 310.9", "债务指标(百分比)", "偿债额/出口^(c) 16.5 13.6 9.7 4.1 5.2 3.7 29.7 25.3 17.4 10.0 7.1 6.8", "债务总额/出口^(c) 131.9 110.7 63.6 32.5 42.0 35.2 340.8 234.7 146.1 88.1 108.7 104.6", "偿债额/国民生产总值 4.6 4.4 3.7 1.7 1.6 1.3 3.2 3.2 2.8 2.4 1.3 1.2", "债务总额/国民生产总值 37.0 35.6 24.3 13.0 13.2 12.1 36.6 29.5 23.1 20.9 20.0 18.6", "储备/短期债务 155.3 224.9 442.2 849.2 862.7 998.2 177.6 391.4 1 102.3 540.1 611.7 537.3", "储备/M2 13.6 14.9 19.3 28.8 27.9 27.1 8.1 13.3 21.7 26.5 24.2 20.9", "债务总额 181.9 297.8 484.6 1 125.8 1 126.3 1 169.6", "长期债务 150.8 237.0 374.4 908.4 925.8 968.5", "私人(份额) 60.9 55.4 73.4 91.6 90.4 90.2", "私人无担保债务(份额) 5.0 14.4 42.3 71.8 70.9 70.8", "短期债务 27.5 39.6 84.4 203.0 165.4 201.1", "拖欠 15.7 26.9 12.9 4.7 6.7", "偿债额 18.5 30.8 80.7 215.6 229.7 218.1", "国际储备 .. 44.7 198.1 643.3 659.4 710.9", "债务指标(百分比)", "偿债额/出口^(c) 16.6 15.2 20.0 18.9 29.0 22.3", "债务总额/出口^(c) 164.8 144.2 127.9 100.1 142.2 119.4", "偿债额/国民生产总值 2.9 4.4 7.0 6.5 9.0 7.3", "债务总额/国民生产总值 28.6 41.7 44.7 34.6 44.0 39.1", "储备/短期债务 60.9 118.8 216.6 331.3 415.9 367.4", "储备/M2 14.6 28.4 45.7 53.9 50.4 46.2", "资料来源：贸发会议根据世界银行(《2011年全球发展融资》)及国际货币基金组织(基金组织)(《世界经济展望》(在线数据 库））的数据计算。", "^(a) 发展中国家以《2011年全球发展融资》的定义为准。", "^(b) 出口额为出口货物和服务的总值。", "^(c) 2010年数字为估计数。", "[1] 《2011年世界经济形势与展望》(联合国销售出版物，出售品编号：E.11.II.C.2）。", "[2] 联合国贸易和发展会议，《贸易和发展报告》(2006、2007、2008、2009和2010年)。", "[3] 根据Ebrahim-zadeh，Christine，“Back to Basics-Dutch Disease: Too much wealth managed unwisely”(Finance and Development, March 2003, Volume 40, No.1)，虽然这种病一般与发现某种自然资源有关，但也可以因为某种情况导致外国货币大量涌入而发生，这些情况包括自然资源价格急升以及外国援助和外国直接投资激增。", "[4] 摆脱冲突的石油进口国的经常账户赤字最大。预期经常账户赤字增加幅度超过国内生产总值5%的国家有佛得角、莱索托、科摩罗、圣多美和普林西比。", "[5] 贝宁、吉布提、冈比亚、利比里亚、马拉维、毛里塔尼亚、塞拉利昂、苏丹、多哥和津巴布韦。", "[6] 特立尼达和多巴哥例外。", "[7] 国际货币基金组织，《财政监控》，2011年4月。", "[8] 截至2011年5月，处于债务困扰境况的最不发达国家包括：科摩罗、几内亚和苏丹。债务困扰高危国包括：阿富汗、布基纳法索、布隆迪、刚果民主共和国、吉布提、冈比亚、几内亚比绍、海地、老挝人民民主共和国、圣多美和普林西比和也门。", "[9] 国际货币和金融委员会公报，2011年4月16日，见http://www.imf.org。", "[10] 非洲经济委员会，《2011年非洲经济报告》。", "[11] 即使这些赤字也不是挥霍无度的财政政策所造成，而是冰岛最大几家银行倒闭后的经济危机所带来的后果。迟至2006年，冰岛仍然实现超过国内生产总值6%的预算盈余。", "[12] 2008至2010年的巨额赤字是爱尔兰的经济崩溃所致，同样不是具体财政政策决定所造成。", "[13] 见C.F.S. Campos, D. Jaimovich and U. Panizza, “The unexplained part of public debt”, Emerging Markets Review, Vol. 7, No. 3 (2006)。", "[14] 债务来历不明部分也可能与政府无法跟踪和报告其或有负债有关。", "[15] 关于这种建议，见贸发会议，《2009年贸易和发展报告》（联合国出版物，出售品编号：E.09.II.D.16）。", "[16] 据基金组织的估计(基金组织，《全球金融稳定性报告》，2010年10月)，超过75%在危机前被评为AAA级的房贷证券，随着金融危机的扩大，评级被降低至投资级以下。", "[17] 一些机构投资者不得持有评级低于投资级的证券。中央银行使用信用评级，以确定可以接受哪些证券作为抵押，向商业银行提供流动资金。对于商业银行而言，资本充足率取决于其资产的信用评级。", "[18] Elkhoury, M.(2008), “Credit Rating Agencies and their Potential Impact on Developing countries”, UNCTAD/OSG/DP/2008/1。", "[19] Mathis, J., Mc Andrews, J. and Rochet J.C.(2009), “Rating the Raters: Are reputational concerns powerful enough to discipline rating agencies?”, Journal of Monetary Economics，Vol.56 No.5。", "[20] 多边减债倡议全额减免(100%勾销)尚未偿还基金组织、国际开发协会(开发协会)、非洲开发基金(非发基金)和美洲开发银行的多边债务。", "[21] 非重债穷国倡议参与国的低收入国家共有29个。在这29国中，11个属于债务困扰低危国。(见http://www.imf.org)。", "[22] 格伦伊格尔斯公报，第27和28段。", "[23] 大会第60/1号决议，第17和第23(b)段。", "[24] OECD, Statistics on Resource Flows to Developing Countries, table 4, “Net Official Development Assistance by DAC Country”,见www.oecd.org。", "[25] OECD, “Development aid reaches an historic high in 2010”，见www.oecd.org。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目17(c)", "宏观经济政策问题:外债可持续性与发展", "外债可持续性与发展", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "本报告根据大会第65/144号决议提交,审查了发展中国家外债的近期动态,并特别注重旨在避免债务危机的政策以及信用评级机构的作用。", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 本报告是根据大会第65/144号决议的要求提交大会的,其中全面分析了发展中国家和经济转型国家的外债状况和偿债问题。 报告介绍了外债的新动态和趋势以及相关的发展融资领域,讨论了信用评级机构的作用并提供了审议相关政策问题的基础。", "二. 最近的趋势和挑战", "2. 联合国 截至2009年底,发展中国家和经济转型国家外债总额的美元价值约为3.5万亿美元(见附件)。 外债总额增长率从2007-2008年的8%减到2008-2009年的3.5%。 虽然尚未获得世界银行债务人报告系统提供的2010年数据,但联合国贸易和发展会议(贸发会议)秘书处估计,债务在2010年期间增长了约10%,使外债总额接近3.9万亿美元。 外债美元值的大幅增长,部分原因是2010年美国货币贬值,实际贬值了约6%。", "3个 尽管债务的美元价值有所增加,但发展中世界强劲的产出和出口增长导致债务比率下降,扭转了2008-2009年期间的恶化。 发展中国家的平均还本付息与出口比率从2009年的12%下降到2010年的9.2%,其外债与国民总收入的比率从2009年的21.8%下降到2010年的约20.2%。", " 4.四. 债务比率的改善是由于发展中国家作为一个整体,经常账户出现大量盈余,从而成为资本净输出国。 最近的估计表明,2010年期间,发展中国家向发达国家的资金净转移约为5 570亿美元。 [1] 尽管发展中国家平均不需要外国资金,但私人资本继续流向选定的新兴市场国家。 据估计,2010年流入这些国家的私人资本净额已超过9 000亿美元,比2009年增加50%,预计到2012年将达到一万亿美元。", "5 (韩语). 国际收支核算要求活期账户和资本账户合计为零. 因此,发展中国家经常账户顺差并获得私人资本净流入,这种情况需要大量官方流出才能平衡。 国际储备的迅速积累是这一进程的结果。 2010年,发展中国家的国际储备总额超过5.5万亿美元,相当于发展中国家外债总额的1.5倍。", "6. 国家 “承载贸易”类型的私人资本流动继续被高利率所吸引,而高利率并非由资金稀缺所引起,而是由中央银行在增长经济体中努力遏制通货膨胀所引起。 [2] 有时有人认为,大量私人流入发展中国家表明接受经济体的力量,尽管这种流入往往是一种国际金融结构运作不良的表现,这可能导致发达经济体的投资者向新兴市场国家的私人借款人和中央银行提供贷款,然后向发达经济体的公共部门提供贷款。 如此庞大的资本流动总额无助于促进资本积累或结构转型。 相反,它们可能导致一种新的“荷兰病”,[3] 汇率价值由投机性资本流动所驱动,而不是由市场基本因素所决定。 汇率失调破坏了国家发展制造业和使国内生产和出口多样化的努力。", "7. 联合国 这种新形式的荷兰病比由商品繁荣所驱动的传统病更危险. 传统形式导致扭曲,但也增加了一个国家的财富,而金融形式则由需要偿还的债务流动所驱动,因此对一个国家的净财富没有直接影响(因为短期流动很少投资于生产活动)。 因此,除了造成与荷兰疾病有关的典型扭曲外, \" 载货贸易 \" 活动也为货币危机埋下种子,当投资者决定突然放弃某一个目标货币时,货币危机就会发生。 当这种危机发生时,汇率往往失控,中央银行试图通过提高利率来稳定局势,这种助长周期性波动的政策最终会给实体经济造成进一步损害。", "8. 联合国 上述趋势主要是由新兴市场大国所推动的,这一因素掩盖了发展中国家之间差异很大的事实。 大多数发展中国家仍然是资本的净进口国。 2009年,有117个发展中国家(有数据的158个)经常账户出现赤字;这117个国家中有81个经常账户赤字超过其国内生产总值(国内总产值)的5%。 2010年,经常账户赤字的发展中国家数目略有下降,为114个,其中72个经常账户赤字超过国内生产总值的5%。 2009和2010年,几乎所有最不发达国家(49个中的43个)都存在经常账户赤字。 其中三分之二以上(2009年为37个,2010年为33个)的经常账户赤字超过国内生产总值的5%。", "区域趋势", "9. 国家 2010年,还本付息占东亚和太平洋出口的不到4%,占东欧和中亚出口的22%以上,撒哈拉以南非洲5.3%,中东和北非5.8%,南亚6.8%,拉丁美洲和加勒比14%。 东欧和中亚的外债接近国民总收入的40%,东亚和太平洋为国民总收入的12%,中东和北非约为14%,撒哈拉以南非洲和南亚为18%,拉丁美洲和加勒比为24%。 即使存在巨大的区域差异,几乎所有发展中区域的债务比率都有所改善。 外债与国民总收入的比率下降幅度最大的是东欧和中亚(下降5个百分点),其次是撒哈拉以南非洲(3.5个百分点)、东亚和太平洋、南亚和中东和北非。 拉丁美洲和加勒比是唯一外债与国民总收入之比保持2009年水平的区域。 国际储备在东亚和南亚特别多(外债总额有两倍多),但在其他发展中区域也相当多。 所有区域的储备都至少超过其短期外债的3倍,至少涵盖其外债总额的50%。", "10个 虽然债务指标、经常账户盈余和高准备金覆盖面的改善可以提高发展中国家抵御外部冲击的能力,但这些数字是掩盖了国家间巨大差异的平均数。 债务比率因国而异,在一些小型和脆弱经济体中,储备范围有限并迅速下降。", "11个 在撒哈拉以南非洲,商品价格,特别是石油价格上涨,有助于减少2010年的财政和经常账户赤字。 平均财政赤字占GDP的比例从2009年的7.2%降至2010年的5.6%,而平均经常账户赤字占GDP的比例从2.4%降至2.3%。 然而,该区域各国经常账户赤字的改善情况各不相同。 虽然石油和矿物出口国受益于高商品价格,其经常账户也有了显著的改善,但经常账户赤字在许多石油进口国有所扩大。 非洲一些小国预计2011年经常账户出现巨额赤字,这种情况尤其令人担忧。 [4] 虽然与2009年相比,2010年国际储备大体保持稳定,但10个非洲国家的储备覆盖率远低于3个月的进口门槛值。 [5]", "12个 亚洲和太平洋国家的平均经济增长继续超过发展中世界其他国家。 该区域经常账户继续有大量盈余。 汇款对该区域一些小经济体特别重要,2010年增长了6%以上。 虽然亚洲没有受到全球危机的特别影响,但也有一些下行风险。 该区域的出口可能会受到欧洲长期危机和油价高涨的第二轮影响的影响,这可能导致全球需求放缓。 此外,大量和多变的资本流入仍然是几个亚洲经济体的风险来源,特别是那些经常账户赤字较大的经济体。 许多太平洋 2010年,岛屿国家经常账户赤字增加。 这些国家由于对粮食和燃料进口的明显依赖,仍然容易受到初级商品价格上涨的影响。", "13个 尽管最近政府支出有所增加,但由于某些国家2011年的强劲增长,中东和北非的石油出口国预计会加强其财政和对外收支平衡。 相反,石油进口国的经济前景喜忧参半。 一些国家正在受益于区域内石油出口国增加的贸易和汇款收入,但这些国家面临的风险主要是下滑。 近期经济前景因最近的政治动乱而受到异常大的不确定性的影响。 投资者信心的进一步恶化可能使政府得不到所需的资金,特别是在由于旅游业和出口收入突然下降而经常账户赤字不断增加的国家。", "14个 2010年,拉丁美洲和加勒比国家的平均外债比率略有改善。 然而,本区域一些国家的经常账户赤字正在扩大,因为进口增长快于出口增长,即使对受益于初级商品价格上涨的商品出口国而言也是如此。 商品高进口价格是大多数加勒比小岛屿国家脆弱性的根源,这些国家已经处于公共和外债高位的状况。 [6]", "三. 最不发达国家的债务状况", "15个 最不发达国家的外债额往往很高。 2009年,属于该集团的49个国家的债务总额占该集团国民总收入的32%,比所有发展中国家的平均数高出10个百分点。 2010年的估计数表明,最不发达国家的平均债务将降至国民总收入的28%,比平均发展中国家的估计数高8个百分点。 由于最不发达国家的很大一部分债务是以减让性条件安排的,这些国家的偿债费用往往较低。 2009年,最不发达国家平均还本付息额为出口额的6%,而平均发展中国家为12%。", "16号. 由雷曼兄弟公司倒闭所引发的全球衰退使最不发达国家的外债总额大幅增加,从2007年的1 440亿美元增至2009年的1 620亿美元,但2010年估计已降至1 560亿美元。 就出口份额而言,外债总额从2008年的84%增至2009年的112%,但估计2010年已降至89%。 虽然目前局势正在改善,但复苏步伐参差不齐,所有国家的经济增长尚未恢复到危机前的水平。", "17岁。 强有力的政策缓冲有助于最不发达国家在危机期间的复原力。 然而,由于反周期性政府支出增加、国际储备减少和经常账户赤字扩大,这些国家迅速失去财政政策空间。 [7] 根据最近的债务可持续性分析,3个最不发达国家处于债务困境,另有11个面临债务困境的高风险。 [8] 因此,不应被这些国家作为一个群体的复原力所误导,也不应忽视跨国差异。 鉴于最不发达国家易受外部冲击的影响,国际货币基金组织(基金组织)理事会的国际货币和金融委员会已要求改进评估低收入国家债务可持续性的工具,并打算探索各种途径来帮助它们提高在高度动荡的情况下进行管理的能力。 [9]", "18岁。 如果最不发达国家要回到危机前走向更大的持续承受债务能力的道路,国内生产总值的增长就必须重新增长。 反周期政策、债务减免和官方发展援助、外国直接投资和汇款流动对复苏十分重要。 然而,对出口商品的最不发达国家来说,“亚洲效应”是外部需求和经济回升的主要驱动力。 [10] 下滑的风险仍然很大,因为许多国家仍然容易受到最近粮食和燃料价格暴涨的影响。 欧元区的债务问题可能对对欧洲的出口产生不利影响,欧洲是撒哈拉以南非洲大多数非石油出口国的主要贸易伙伴。", "四、结 论 防止公债危机", " 19. 19. 设计和执行旨在避免公债危机的政策必须考虑到危机的根源。 基本公债积累等式规定,公债存量变动等于审议期间积累的财政赤字. 从业人员知道,这一定义很少属实,在赤字中增加了一个剩余实体,使债务变化与赤字相协调。 由于债务是库存可变因素,而赤字是流动可变因素,这一剩余实体通常被称为“库存流动调节”。 尽管从业者知道股票流量调节,但这一剩余术语很少出现在公共债务演变的描述中,因为它往往被假定为数量小并大多被计量错误所驱动. 事实上,情况并非如此。 在1985-2005年期间,有许多情况下,股票流量调节是债务增长的最大决定因素,比记录的预算赤字重要得多。", "A类. 公债危机的根源", "20号. 举出几个突发债务爆炸的例子,是很有启发性的。 2007年底,冰岛政府债务总额约为3800亿克罗努尔(29%的国内生产总值). 截至2010年底,冰岛的公共债务总额已接近11.5亿克罗努尔(约占国内生产总值的115%)。 这种债务爆炸不是不负责任的财政政策的结果。 2008年,冰岛的预算赤字为国内总产值的0.5%,2009年和2010年的预算赤字分别为国内总产值的9%和12%。 累计预算赤字占国内生产总值的22.5%,但债务与国内生产总值的比率增加了86个百分点。 [11]", "21岁 2007年,爱尔兰的公共债务总额约为470亿欧元(占国内生产总值的25%)。 截至2010年底,爱尔兰的公共债务已经增加了1000多亿欧元(接近GDP的100%). 虽然爱尔兰赤字约为650亿欧元,但其余350亿欧元的债务积累不能用财政政策来解释。 [12]", "22号. 新兴市场国家也有一些需要考虑的例子。 例如,1998年12月,巴西的公共债务净额约为国内总产值的42%;到1999年1月,这一比例已超过国内总产值的51%。 巴西政府似乎不可能在一个月内就出现占国内生产总值近10%的赤字。 就阿根廷而言,到2001年底,公共债务约占国内总产值的50%;几个月后,阿根廷的公共债务已超过国内总产值的130%。 同样,阿根廷政府在不到一年的时间里不可能出现相当于国内生产总值80%的赤字。", "23. 联合国 上述债务爆炸的驱动因素是众所周知的。 就冰岛而言,其起源是货币危机,随后导致银行危机,最终导致公债危机. 就爱尔兰而言,公共债务的增长是由房地产贷款繁荣引起的银行危机所驱动的。 就阿根廷和巴西而言,债务的突然增加是由于存在外币债务造成的资产负债表负效应。", "24 (韩语). 这些事件并不罕见。 一项利用1985至2003年期间多达117个国家数据的研究表明,股票流量调节因素是所有发展中区域债务增长的重要决定因素。 [13] 这个剩余实体的平均价值为:低收入国家国内生产总值的9.6%,中等收入国家国内生产总值的4.9%,高收入国家国内生产总值的0.8%. 在同一时期,这三类国家的平均预算赤字为4.7%、4.1%和3.3%。", "25岁 上述统计工作发现,债务爆炸的最重要决定因素是银行危机和因存在外币债务时货币贬值而导致的资产负债表负效应。", "26. 联合国 测量错误也很重要。 关于公共债务水平和构成的数据往往质量差,来自与收集财政数据所使用的来源不同的来源。 然而,如果赤字和债务变化之间的差别完全是随机计量出错的结果,正差会弥补负差,股票流量的调节长期平均为零. 数据显示,情况并非如此,股票流动调节的长期平均数是正和大的。 这可能是由于财政账户中的计量错误是非随意的,而且有些国家系统地少报了赤字。 提高财政账户的透明度将有助于解决这一问题。 [14]", "B. 防止债务危机的政策", "27个 尽管债务危机并不总是由财政因素所造成,但在某些情况下,危机确实由不可持续的财政政策和资本市场的体制安排所造成,这些安排掩盖了借贷活动的真正风险。 透明的预算程序有助于防止债务累积超过合理限度。 然而,自由裁量的财政政策是不可或缺的。 各国政府在任何情况下都应有能力制定反周期政策并稳定自身,以抵御其他冲击。", "28岁 要求所有国家在任何时候都坚持同样的关键债务水平,以维持债务可持续性,可能不是实现这一目标的最佳办法。 各国政府在其经济政策和债务战略中必须考虑到本国社会的特殊性和外部制约因素。 例如,一个私人家庭储蓄率非常高的国家应努力增加对生产性投资的参与,可能需要更高的公共债务比率,特别是如果它不能依靠经常账户盈余来补偿国内代理人的储蓄。", "29. 国家 巨大的财政赤字是私营部门对快速去杠杆化的唯一明智反应。 因此,想防止债务爆炸的各国政府应制定政策来防止私营部门债务的积累,而私营部门债务的积累通常伴随着金融灾难并可能导致广泛的银行危机。 如果债务积累不是因为需要为投资项目提供资金而是为了资助投机活动,这一点就特别重要。 更严格的金融监管、对银行更高的资本要求和资本控制是限制私营部门过度承担风险的有用工具。", "30岁。 货币不匹配是债务危机的另一个根源。 需要平衡其外部账户和拥有很大比例外币债务的国家面临困难的取舍。 在没有通过贸易冲击获得的积极条件的情况下,货币贬值是恢复外部可持续性最不痛苦的方法。 然而,在存在外币债务的情况下,贬值可能导致债务与国内生产总值的比率突然上升,并可能导致债务危机。 为了找到解决这个问题的办法,首先应当认识到,正是在经济繁荣期间,各国播下未来危机的种子。 在全球乐观的时期,资本流入发展中国家,而发展中国家往往无法限制资金数额。 这些国家内部的不同部门经常出现借贷现象。 这种行为不仅导致外债的迅速积累,而且往往导致实际汇率的升值和严重的外部不平衡。 当外部失衡变得过大时,外国投资者开始抽出资金. 然而,由于外债数额很大,各国往往采取旨在限制外流甚至吸引更多资本的政策,使这一问题更加难以解决。 最后,不可避免的情况发生,资本离开国家,货币倒闭,债务危机开始.", "31岁 解决这种取舍需要改变“好时期”的行为,减少外债,增加储备并实行旨在限制货币升值的政策。 这正是1990年代后期以来最大的新兴市场国家所做的。", "32. 联合国 外部冲击是债务爆炸的另一个原因,其形式可以是自然灾害、一国贸易条件的迅速变化或外部金融条件的突然收紧。 各国可以通过积累国际储备“自我保险”来应对这些冲击。 自我保险的一个问题是,并非所有国家都有能力这样做(这对低收入国家来说尤其如此)。 此外,虽然这项政策对每个国家都是合理的,但整个世界都不可能出现经常账户盈余。 因此,应当制定旨在解决全球失衡问题的全球政策。 [15]", " V. 信用评级机构的作用", "33. (中文(简体) ). 1997-1998年亚洲金融危机引发了关于信用评级机构的作用和效力的辩论。 2007-2009年金融危机期间,为一些结构化产品颁发了最高投资等级,随后迅速降级,再次就这些机构采用的方法进行辩论。 [16] 2010年欧洲主权债务危机的到来正值对各机构的信心已经被之前的评级缺陷所动摇.", "34. 国家 信用评级机构存在的理论原理基于这样一个事实,即放款人和借款人之间在后者的信用性方面存在信息不对称. 为了克服这个问题,有必要建立独立的机构,向资本市场提供借款人信誉方面的信息。 这类信息对于没有必要资源或能力来评价各种发行者的资信的中小投资者特别重要.", "35. 联合国 信用评级机构还应鼓励借款人通过其监测服务采取纠正措施。 这种监测系统应该为金融系统提供稳定性,因为借款人有防止其债务降级和由此而增加的借贷成本的动力。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 信用评级也在金融监管中发挥重要作用. 评级决定影响银行和机构投资者的投资组合的组成,因为信用评级对银行的资本收费和某些类型的机构投资者可以持有的债务工具类型产生影响。 [17]", "37. 联合国 信用评级机构可能增加金融不稳定有两个原因. 首先,对先前投资等级工具的迅速降级可能导致强制出售这些工具,这加剧了被降级的借款人的资金问题。 此外,如果评级机构过于热心于降低面临融资问题的借款人的地位,它们可能会扩大最初的问题并促使借款人违约。 第二,改变具有系统重要性的借款人的评级可能具有外溢效应,甚至导致同一资产类别中信用评级没有改变的借款人借贷成本上升。 这种传染效应可能是由于投资者对评级的稳定性缺乏信心,可能为了预期其他国家可能降级而决定出售。 因此,评级机构无法通过确认未受债务问题直接影响的国家的正信用评级来平息市场。 这对发展中国家来说是一项政策挑战,因为借贷成本可能会突然增加,而没有任何基本变量显示出恶化。", "38. 国家 为了缓解其中一些问题,信用评级机构采用了“外观”和“审查”制度,警告市场信用评级可能发生变化。 原则上,采用这种制度比以前的做法有所改进,因为它对借款人施加压力,要求采取纠正措施来避免降级。 尽管如此,市场还是向前看,前景的变化可能会增加借贷成本并导致债务状况进一步恶化,可能导致自我实现的预言和实际的降级.", "39. 联合国 按照目前的做法,发行人支付证券的评级费用,或国家支付主权评级费用。 这一模式激励借款人与给予最佳信用评级的机构做生意。 由于信用评级机构在将来市场证明其错误时不负任何责任,它们有动机尽可能地将信用评级向上拉高,以赢得新业务或维持现有客户.", " 40. 40. 信用评级行业奖励措施的错位引发了两种反应. 一些人持激进观点,建议取消对评级的监管使用,以市场为基础的纪律足以保障金融体系的稳定. 其他人则认为,取消信用评级机构的监管作用相当于用浴水将婴儿扔出. 赞同这种观点的人承认信用评级机构在监管方面可能发挥的有益作用,并承认基于市场的纪律并不总是行之有效,特别是如果最终风险不是由那些选择特定资产组合构成的人(如资产管理人)承担的话。 [18]", "41. 国家 与评级通货膨胀有关的问题可以通过制定付款模式来缓解,这种模式为更准确的评级提供更好的奖励。 一种可能性是通过交易税恢复投资者付费评级。 一个更激进的建议是各机构国有化。 但国有化将产生利益冲突,特别是在主权和准主权实体的评级方面。 不太激进的干预形式是使评级机构接受监管并定期公布评级业绩。", "42. 国家 向评级行业提供正确激励的一个方法是要求希望将其票据列入某一交易所的发行人支付上市费(可能基于票据的复杂性),然后使用该上市费聘请一个信用评级机构(如果证券没有交易,清算所或中央保存人可以采用同样的机制)。 [19] 这样的程序打破了发行人与评级机构之间的商业联系,并消除了导致评级通胀的利益冲突. 发行人仍然必须向评级机构提供信息,但不允许支付报酬。 由于这一程序可能无法提供奖励,鼓励将“努力”纳入评级工作(给予不带偏见但不准确的评级),因此有可能通过将评级与可观察到的事后结果相匹配来设计奖励办法。", "43. 东帝汶 虽然奖励问题似乎在解释私人发行的证券的评级失败方面至关重要,但主权债务评级的失败可能与方法不够完善有关。 亚洲危机表明,一些被认为对确定危机前国家的信用评级不重要的变量,如实际汇率水平、短期债务和或有负债,对于解释所发生的事件至关重要。 虽然其中一些因素后来被纳入对主权债务信用评级的评估,但仍不清楚信用评级机构对不同变量分配了何种权重。 此外,随着危机的发生,危机前存在的可变因素之间的关联往往会破裂,使评级所依据的模式变得过时。 前进的道路要求信用评级机构在方法上提高透明度,并就如何改进建模风险进行公开辩论。 在这方面,大会第61/188号决议吁请国际金融和银行机构考虑提高风险评级机制的透明度,并指出私营部门进行的主权风险评估应最大限度地利用严格、客观和透明的参数,高质量的数据和分析可促进这种评估。", "六、结 论 债务减免和官方发展援助", "A. 执行重债穷国倡议和多边债务减免倡议的进展情况", "44. 国家 从2010年年中到2011年年中,重债穷国倡议的执行继续取得进展,又有四个国家(刚果民主共和国、几内亚比绍、利比里亚和多哥)达到完成点,一个国家达到决定点(科摩罗)。 这意味着40个符合条件的国家中有32个已经完成了该倡议。 所有达到完成点的国家都受益于多边债务减免倡议下的额外债务减免。 [20] 尚未完成该倡议的其余国家包括已达决定点的4个国家和尚未开始这一进程的4个符合条件的重债穷国。", "45. 国家 虽然这一进展令人鼓舞,但令人关切的是,一些完成点之后的重债穷国继续显示出债务困扰的迹象。 在达到完成点的32个国家中,8个国家被认为债务困扰风险高,11个国家在上一次债务可持续性分析(2011年5月15日)中认为债务困扰风险中度。 处于债务困境风险低(占总数的40%)的完成点后国家的百分比并不比不属于重债穷国倡议中处于债务困境风险低(占总数的38%)的其他低收入国家的比例高得多。", "46. 经常预算: 随着重债穷国倡议接近尾声,必须探讨解决发展中国家持续债务问题的办法。 应当指出,有8个最不发达国家被归类为债务困扰风险高到中度,没有从重债穷国或多边债务减免倡议中受益。 因此,解决办法不应仅限于受益于重债穷国倡议的国家。 还有一个棘手的国内债务问题。 冈比亚获得大量债务减免,政府收入的20%用于偿还债务利息,其中80%用于偿还国内债务。", "官方发展援助", "47. 国家 1970年,大会通过了关于“联合国第二个发展十年国际发展战略”的第2626(XXV)号决议,其中指出“.每个经济先进国家将逐步增加对发展中国家的官方发展援助,并尽最大努力到十年中期以市场价格达到其国民生产总值0.7%的最低净额”。 40年后,只有少数捐助国达到了0.7%的目标。", " 48. 48. 在过去十年中,支持向发展中国家提供援助的全球讨论仍然是积极的。 2000年,会员国通过了千年发展目标,其中概述了到2015年减少全球贫穷的八项全球行动。 捐助者在发展筹资问题国际会议成果《2002年蒙特雷宣言》中重申了增加援助流量的承诺。 2005年,八国集团国家发表了《格伦伊格尔斯公报》,强调八国集团成员和其他捐助方承诺到2010年增加对发展中国家的援助并加倍向非洲提供援助,从而将对非洲的官方发展援助每年增加250亿美元。 经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)估计,与2004年的水平相比,到2010年,这些承诺将每年增加对发展中国家的援助500亿美元。 [22] 在这些承诺的基础上,会员国在联合国总部举行的2005年世界首脑会议上重申决心确保及时而全面地实现联合国各次主要会议和首脑会议所商定的发展目标和目的。 尤其是,捐助者重申承诺增加对发展中国家的援助,到2010年使官方发展援助与国民总收入的比率达到0.5%,到2015年使官方发展援助与国民总收入的比率达到0.7%。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 不幸的是,官方发展援助的实际交付从未接近于与这些承诺相匹配。 2010年,捐助方向经合组织发展援助委员会提供的官方发展援助达到1 290亿美元,按名义价值计算比2009年增加6.5%,与2005年相比增加210亿美元,是迄今官方发展援助名义数额最高的一年。 当考虑到汇率、通货膨胀和增长的变化时,这些数字乍一看就更加令人振奋地呈现出援助努力的凄惨景象。 贸发会议秘书处的计算表明,控制通货膨胀和美元贬值从210亿美元的增加额中扣除了50至150亿美元(取决于所使用的假设)。 因此,2005至2010年期间援助流量“实际”增长比官方数字报告的名义增长低25%至70%。", " 50. 50. 虽然捐助者仍然致力于最贫穷国家,但它们没有达到它们一再商定的官方发展援助目标。 虽然一些捐助国已超过官方发展援助的0.7%,达到国民总收入的目标,但大多数捐助国仍远未达到这一目标。 事实上,2010年,平均官方发展援助相当于捐助国国民总收入的0.32%,这与2005年捐助国再次承诺增加援助时的官方发展援助与国民总收入的完全相同。", "51. 联合国 不仅捐助国没有履行其增加援助的承诺,而且全球金融和经济危机可能导致援助流量减少。 由于支出需求增加和税收减少,许多捐助国面临日益增加的削减预算压力,因此2010年减少了其官方发展援助捐款。 [25] 根据2010年经合组织《援助可预测性报告:2010-2012年捐助方前期支出计划调查》,援助增长率在未来几年中可能放缓。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 这种下降将对低收入国家和弱小经济体产生不利影响。 债务减免和其他形式的官方发展援助提供了重要的资金来源,对实现千年发展目标和其他国际商定发展目标的国家至关重要,对税收基础狭窄和收入来源不可预测的国家尤其如此。 世界银行在其出版物《2011年全球监测报告》中作了报告: 在40个低收入国家中,没有几个国家有望到2015年实现千年发展目标。 三分之二的发展中国家正在实现减少贫困和饥饿的关键目标,尽管世界在与健康有关的发展目标方面落后,包括儿童和婴儿死亡率以及获得卫生设施。", "巴黎俱乐部的活动", "53. 联合国 自2010年7月以来,巴黎俱乐部举行了七次会议,除一次会议外,所有会议都专门讨论重债穷国的债务问题。", "54. 2010年7月,几内亚比绍按照科隆条款重新安排了巴黎俱乐部债务的拖欠期限,包括2009年12月至2012年12月期间到期的到期债务。 该国于2010年底达到重债穷国倡议规定的完成点,为2011年5月根据该倡议处理债务存量开辟了道路。 在双边和自愿的基础上,巴黎俱乐部债权人决定超越根据该倡议取消的标准债务,并注销几内亚比绍2 700万美元的官方双边债务。", "55. 国家 科摩罗于2010年6月达到决定点,为巴黎俱乐部2010年8月审议该国债务减免问题的会议铺平了道路。 2010年6月至2012年6月期间到期债务按科隆条款处理,如2009年会议所商定,先前重新安排的债务还本付息额再减少50%。", "56. 2010年9月,安提瓜和巴布达首次来到巴黎俱乐部。 债权人同意根据俱乐部的 \" 经典条件 \" 处理2010-2013年三年合并期间到期的偿债额的约85%。 重新安排的时间还包括价值约9 800万美元的欠款。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 在2010年6月重债穷国倡议完成点之后,巴黎俱乐部债权国于9月与利比里亚举行会议,审议该国的外债情况。 给予利比里亚的待遇是慷慨的,反映了该国的支付能力。 利比里亚在截止日期前的债务上获得100%的注销,包括全额注销迟付利息。 截止日期后的非官方发展援助债务和短期债务也全部被取消。", "58. 2010年11月,巴黎俱乐部举行了一次会议,审议刚果民主共和国2010年7月达到重债穷国倡议完成点后的债务状况。 根据该倡议的要求,该国的债务存量被取消。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 2010年12月,多哥达到了重债穷国倡议的完成点,并在同月会见了巴黎俱乐部的债权人。 它获得完全取消其截止日期前债务,并注销了97%的截止日期后非官方发展援助债务。 协议取消后,多哥对巴黎俱乐部债权人的债务将减少95%左右。", "页:1 结论和建议", "60. 联合国 面对美利坚合众国次贷住房市场崩溃所引发的全球金融危机,大多数发展中国家都具有复原力。 然而,决策者不应自满自足。 一些最不发达国家和脆弱的低收入和中等收入小经济体受到全球经济衰退的严重影响,它们正在迅速失去财政空间。 它们可能很快被迫进行反效果的财政收缩,在处理高粮价和高油价时面临问题. 此外,全球经济的前景仍然不确定,新的冲击甚至缓慢的复苏可能对债务可持续性产生不利影响。", "61. 国家 虽然大多数发展中国家仍然经常账户赤字,但许多新兴市场国家经常账户出现盈余,面临私人资本流入和货币升值的一堵墙。 这种金融荷兰病对工业化和结构改革产生了负面影响并可能导致未来的货币危机. 国际社会必须建立一个能够限制非生产性大量资本流动的制度,这种资本流动不是促进经济发展,而是纯粹的投机性质。", "62. 联合国 过去几年来发生的全球经济事件和事态发展是前所未有的,因此,许多国际讨论偏离了发展议程。 能否成功实现千年发展目标取决于能否提供充分和可预测的资金。 由于全球危机,最贫穷和最脆弱国家的经济增长和减贫仍然面临风险。 捐助国必须加倍努力,履行其官方发展援助承诺,以巩固并维持迄今已取得的进展,并确保今后的进展不会受到损害。", "63. 国家 已经完成重债穷国倡议的许多国家再次被归类为面临债务困扰的高风险国家。 旨在保障债务可持续性的政策需要开展更多的研究,以更好地了解为何重债穷国和多边债务减免倡议未能成功地维持这一组国家的债务可持续性。 还有一批最不发达国家没有从这两项倡议提供的债务减免中受益。 这些国家被归类为债务困扰风险高到中度。 因此,必须考虑将债务减免扩大到这些国家(也可能扩大到所有低收入国家),并确保越来越多地以赠款的形式向低收入国家提供援助。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 信用评级机构在主权债务市场中起重要作用. 对于获得信用评级的发展中国家来说,一般是可取的。 然而,发展中国家应当意识到评级进程的一些缺点。 秘书长在2006年给大会的报告中强调,评级可以鼓励各国实行“解决投资组合投资者短期关切问题的政策,以避免其评级被降级,但不一定考虑到其长期发展需要”(A/61/152,第25段)。", "65. 国家 债务危机对穷人和其他弱势社会群体来说特别昂贵。 建立防止此类事件的机制应当是国际议程上的最优先项目。 可以通过采用创新的债务工具、通过旨在减少不稳定的资本流动并建立有效的最后国际贷款人的国内和国际条例来减少债务危机的普遍性和代价。 国际社会还可以帮助发展中国家努力改善和加强债务管理能力。", "66. (中文(简体) ). 2011年5月9日至13日在伊斯坦布尔举行的第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议通过的成果文件指出,“债务的长期可持续性主要取决于所有债权人和债务人的负责任的借贷......”。 负责任和谨慎的出借和借款是防止出现债务问题的第一线。 2011年5月,在开展包容和透明的多利益攸关方磋商后,贸发会议发布了一套原则草案,概述了贷款人和借款人在主权融资方面的责任。 围绕这一套负责任的主权出借和借款原则进行进一步讨论并建立共识将有助于防止今后出现债务危机。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 即使采取最佳政策,债务危机也必然会发生。 令人痛惜的是,国际金融结构仍然缺乏一个机制,通过提供对所有债权人具有法律约束力的债务困扰解决办法,促进解决主权破产并阻碍诉讼。", "页:1", "外债指标", "(单位:10亿美元)", "撒哈拉以南所有发展中国家和经济转型国家\n1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2006 2008-2008 2009 2010^(b) 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2006 2008 2009-2010^(b)", "债务总额", "长期债务", "私人(股份) 47.8 54.2 60.8 73.5 73.3 73.7 25.2 24.0 22.5 33.2 34.0 34.1", "私人非担保 8.6 21.5 30.7 49.6 50.7 4.1 5.6 10.0 11.1 11.7 (股份)", "短期债务", "拖欠款", "偿债 148.0 263.1 384.2 539.8 536.6 515.4 10.0 14.9 14.0 17.6 19.4", "国际 238.6 517.1 1 359.8 4 156.6.2 4 775.7 5 485.6 15.2 25.9 156.8 158.4 准备金", "债务指标(百分比)", "债务 21.3 21.4 17.5 9.6 12.0 9.2 18.7 15.5 9.7 3.6 6.0 5.3 服务/出口^(c)", "共计 210.3 164.9 109.2 61.3 79.4 69.3 349.0 233.4 145.1 50.2 66.5 53.4 债务/出口^(c)", "偿债/国产总值", "债务总额/国产总值", "储备金/短期100.9 156.6 333.8 57.8 657.6 669.9 56.4 61.9 178.3 319.2 431.2 521.9 债务", "准备金/M2", "中东和拉丁美洲北非和加勒比", "1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2006 2008-2008 2009 2010^(b) 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2006 2008 2009-2010^(b)", "债务总额144.1 153.4 147.2 137.9 141.3 148.9 483.9 684.5 767.2 890.5 913.0 1 093.7", "长期债务", "私人(股份)", "私人非担保", "短期债务", "拖欠款 8.8 11.9 9.6 0.7 43.5 12.1 20.2 30.2 32.0", "还本付息 18.4 20.0 21.7 17.8 19.5 51.8 119.9 162.4 155.6 146.7 137.9", "国际 23.2 44.7 123.1 339.6 350.1 373.8 83.1 153.3 203.7 485.9 535.9 619.4 储备金", "债务指标(百分比)", "债务 27.4 22.5 13.1 5.9 6.3 27.6 37.4 32.9 15.6 18.6 14.0 服务/出口^(c)", "216.4 189.4 102.5 37.4 49.8 44.7 259.1 216.0 158.7 89.4 115.5 111.0 债务/出口^(c)", "还本付息/国产总值 7.7 5.8 4.4 1.3 1.9 1.4 6.4 7.7 3.8 3.0", "债务总额/国产总值", "储备金/短期 储备金/短期 储备金/短期储备金", "储备金/M2", "东亚和南亚", "1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2006 2008-2008 2009 2010^(b) 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2006 2008 2009-2010^(b)", "债务总额 300.4 509.7 557.9 756.8 825.6 903.3 137.7 154.9 184.0 318.9 340.0 378.3", "长期债务", "私人(份额)", "私人非担保 15.6 32.2 34.1 43.2 40.6 40.0 7.1 24.6 41.6 43.4 45.4 (股份)", "短期债务", "拖欠款 8.4 15.4 14.7 6.6 7.0 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2", "偿债 37.4 62.8 84.2 96.5 102.4 95.7 12.1 16.6 22.1 36.3 22.3 24.7", "国际 89.9 218.1 665.1 2 263.7 2 777.0 3 312.1 13.6 31.3 111.9 267.1 296.5 310.9 准备金", "债务指标(百分比)", "债务", "共计 131.9 110.7 63.6 32.5 42.0 35.340.8 234.7 146.1 88.1 108.7 104.6 债务/出口^(c)", "偿债/国产总值 4.6 4.4 3.7 1.7 1.6 1.3 3.2 2.8 2.4 1.3 1.2", "债务总额/国产总值", "准备金/短期准备金", "储备金/M2", "欧洲和中亚", "1990-1994 1995-1999-2000-2006 2008-2009 2010^(b)", "债务总额 181.9 297.8 484.6 1 125.8 1 126.3 1 169.6", "长期债务", "私人(份额)", "非担保私人", "短期债务", "拖欠款 15.7 26.9 12.9 4.7 6.7", "还本付息", "国际储备", "债务指标(百分比)", "债务", "总额164.8 144.2 127.9 100.1 142.2 119.4 债务/出口^(c)", "偿债/国产总值", "债务总额/国产总值", "准备金/短期债务", "储备金/M2", "资料来源:贸发会议根据世界银行(2011年全球发展融资)和国际货币基金组织(基金组织)(《世界经济展望》(在线数据库))数据进行的计算。", "^(a) 《2011年全球发展融资》所界定的发展中国家。", "^(b) 2010年值为估计数。", "^(c) 出口包括出口货物和服务的总价值。", "[1] 《2011年世界经济状况和前景》(联合国出版物,出售品编号:E.77.11.C.2)。", "[2] 联合国贸易和发展会议,《贸易和发展报告》(2006、2007、2008、2009和2010年)。", "[3] 根据Ebrahim-zadeh, Christine,“回到基本点——荷兰疾病:过多的财富管理不明智”(Financial and Development,2003年3月,第40卷,第1号),虽然这种疾病一般与自然资源发现有关,但任何导致大量外币流入,包括自然资源价格、外援和外商直接投资猛涨的发展都可能发生。", "[4] 刚摆脱冲突的石油进口国经常账户赤字最大。 预计佛得角、莱索托、科摩罗和圣多美和普林西比的经常账户赤字将增加国内生产总值的5%以上。", "[5] 贝宁、吉布提、冈比亚、利比里亚、马拉维、毛里塔尼亚、塞拉利昂、苏丹、多哥和津巴布韦。", "[6] 特立尼达和多巴哥是一个例外。", "[7] 国际货币基金组织,财政监测,2011年4月。", "[8] 截至2011年5月,受债务困扰的最不发达国家包括:科摩罗、几内亚和苏丹。 债务困扰风险高的国家包括:阿富汗、布基纳法索、布隆迪、刚果民主共和国、吉布提、冈比亚、几内亚比绍、海地、老挝人民民主共和国、圣多美和普林西比和也门。", "[9] 国际货币和金融委员会公报,2011年4月16日,见http://www.imf.org。", "[10] 非洲经济委员会,《2011年非洲经济报告》。", "[11] 即使这些赤字也并非是挥霍的财政政策所致,而是冰岛最大银行倒闭后发生的经济危机所造成的后果。 截至2006年,冰岛的预算盈余远远高于国内生产总值的6%。", "[12] 2008-2010年的巨额赤字再次被爱尔兰经济崩溃所驱动,而不是由明确的财政政策决定所驱动.", "[13] 见C. F. S. Campos、D. Jaimovich和U. Panizza,“公共债务中无法解释的部分”,《新兴市场评论》,第7卷,第3期(2006年)。", "[14] 债务中无法解释的部分也可能与政府无法跟踪和报告其或有负债有关。", "[15] 关于这种建议,见贸发会议《2009年贸易和发展报告》(联合国出版物,出售品编号:E.09.II.D.16)。", "[16] 根据基金组织的估计(基金组织,《全球金融稳定报告》,2010年10月),随着金融危机的发展,75%以上的与抵押贷款有关的证券在危机前被评为AAA级。", "[17] 某些机构投资者不得持有被评为低于投资等级的证券。 中央银行使用信用评级来确定哪些证券将被接受为向商业银行提供流动性的担保. 对于商业银行,资本要求取决于其资产的信用评级.", "[18] Elkhoury, M.(2008年),“信用评级机构及其对发展中国家的潜在影响”,UNCTAD/OSG/DP/2008/1。", "[19] Mathis, J., Mc Andrews, J. and Rochet J. C.(2009年),“Ratching the Raters:声誉问题是否足以惩戒评级机构?” 货币经济学杂志 第56卷 第5期.", "[20] 多边债务减免倡议向货币基金组织、国际开发协会(开发协会)、非洲发展基金和美洲开发银行提供全额债务减免(100%取消)。", "[21] 有29个低收入国家不是重债穷国倡议的成员。 在这29个国家中,11个国家的债务危难风险较低(见http://www.imf.org)。", "[22] 格伦伊格尔斯公报,第24和28段。", "[23] 大会第60/1号决议,第17和23(b)段。", "[24] 经合组织,《流向发展中国家的资源统计数据》,表4,“发援会国家的官方发展援助净额”,见www.oecd.org。", "[25] 经合组织,“发展援助在2010年达到历史最高水平”,见www.oecd.org。" ]

[ "Substantive session of 2011", "Geneva, 4-29 July 2011", "Agenda item 12", "Non-governmental organizations", "Belgium: Amendment to draft decision I (E/2011/32 (Part II), chap. I)", "Applications for consultative status and requests for reclassification received from non-governmental organizations", "1. Delete paragraph (c).", "2. Add the following as paragraph (g):", "(g) To grant special consultative status to the non-governmental organization International Lesbian and Gay Association." ]

[ "2011年实质性会议", "2011年7月4日至29日，日内瓦", "议程项目12", "非政府组织", "比利时：决定草案——修正案(E/2011/32(Part II)，第一章)", "非政府组织提出的咨商地位申请和更改类别请求", "1. 删除(c)段。", "2. 增加以下内容为(g)段：", "(g) 给予非政府组织“国际男女同性恋协会”特别谘商地位。" ]

[ "2011年实质性会议", "2011年7月4日至29日,日内瓦", "议程项目12", "非政府组织", "比利时:决定草案一修正案(E/2011/32(Part II),第一章) 页:1", "非政府组织提出的咨商地位申请和更改类别请求", "1. 联合国 删除(c)段。", "2. 联合国 增加(g)款如下:", "(g) 给予非政府组织国际男女同性恋协会专门咨商地位。" ]

[ "Substantive session of 2011", "Geneva, 4-29 July 2011", "Agenda item 9", "Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting", "of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples", "by the specialized agencies and the international", "institutions associated with the United Nations", "Congo,* Côte d’Ivoire, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Papua New Guinea,* Sierra Leone,* Syrian Arab Republic,* Timor-Leste* and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of): draft resolution", "Support to Non-Self-Governing Territories by the specialized agencies and international institutions associated with the United Nations", "The Economic and Social Council,", "Having examined the report of the Secretary-General[1] and the report of the President of the Economic and Social Council containing the information submitted by the specialized agencies and other organizations of the United Nations system on their activities with regard to the implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples,[2]", "Having heard the statement by the representative of the Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples,[3]", "Recalling General Assembly resolutions 1514 (XV) of 14 December 1960 and 1541 (XV) of 15 December 1960, the resolutions of the Special Committee and other relevant resolutions and decisions, including, in particular, Economic and Social Council resolution 2010/30 of 23 July 2010,", "Bearing in mind the relevant provisions of the final documents of the successive Conferences of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries and of the resolutions adopted by the Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the African Union, the Pacific Islands Forum and the Caribbean Community,", "Conscious of the need to facilitate the implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples,[4]", "Welcoming the current participation, in their capacity as observers, of those Non-Self-Governing Territories that are associate members of the regional commissions in the world conferences in the economic and social sphere, subject to the rules of procedure of the General Assembly and in accordance with relevant United Nations resolutions and decisions, including resolutions and decisions of the Assembly and the Special Committee on specific Non-Self-Governing Territories,", "Noting that only some specialized agencies and organizations of the United Nations system have been involved in providing assistance to Non-Self-Governing Territories,", "Welcoming the assistance extended to Non-Self-Governing Territories by certain specialized agencies and other organizations of the United Nations system, in particular the United Nations Development Programme,", "Stressing that, because the development options of the small island Non-Self-Governing Territories are limited, they face special challenges in planning for and implementing sustainable development, and that they will be constrained in meeting those challenges without the continuing cooperation and assistance of the specialized agencies and other organizations of the United Nations system,", "Stressing also the importance of securing the necessary resources for funding expanded programmes of assistance for the peoples concerned and the need to enlist the support of all the major funding institutions within the United Nations system in that regard,", "Reaffirming the mandates of the specialized agencies and other organizations of the United Nations system to take all appropriate measures, within their respective spheres of competence, to ensure the full implementation of General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV) and other relevant resolutions,", "Expressing its appreciation to the African Union, the Pacific Islands Forum, the Caribbean Community and other regional organizations for the continued cooperation and assistance they have extended to the specialized agencies and other organizations of the United Nations system in that regard,", "Expressing its conviction that closer contacts and consultations between and among the specialized agencies and other organizations of the United Nations system and regional organizations help to facilitate the effective formulation of programmes of assistance for the peoples concerned,", "Mindful of the imperative need to keep under continuous review the activities of the specialized agencies and other organizations of the United Nations system in the implementation of the various United Nations decisions relating to decolonization,", "Bearing in mind the extremely fragile economies of the small island Non‑Self‑Governing Territories and their vulnerability to natural disasters, such as hurricanes, cyclones and sea-level rise, and recalling the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly,", "Recalling General Assembly resolution 65/110 of 10 December 2010, entitled “Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples by the specialized agencies and the international institutions associated with the United Nations”,", "1. Takes note of the report of the President of the Economic and Social Council² and endorses the observations and suggestions arising therefrom;", "2. Also takes note of the report of the Secretary-General;¹", "3. Recommends that all States intensify their efforts within the specialized agencies and other organizations of the United Nations system of which they are members to ensure the full and effective implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, contained in General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV), and other relevant resolutions of the United Nations;", "4. Reaffirms that the specialized agencies and other organizations and institutions of the United Nations system should continue to be guided by the relevant resolutions of the United Nations in their efforts to contribute to the implementation of the Declaration and all other relevant General Assembly resolutions;", "5. Also reaffirms that the recognition by the General Assembly, the Security Council and other United Nations organs of the legitimacy of the aspirations of the peoples of the Non-Self-Governing Territories to exercise their right to self-determination entails, as a corollary, the extension of all appropriate assistance to those peoples;", "6. Expresses its appreciation to those specialized agencies and other organizations of the United Nations system that have continued to cooperate with the United Nations and the regional and subregional organizations in the implementation of Assembly resolution 1514 (XV) and other relevant resolutions of the United Nations, and requests all of the specialized agencies and other organizations of the United Nations system to implement the relevant provisions of those resolutions;", "7. Requests the specialized agencies and other organizations of the United Nations system and international and regional organizations to examine and review conditions in each Non-Self-Governing Territory so that they may take appropriate measures to accelerate progress in the economic and social sectors of those Territories;", "8. Urges those specialized agencies and organizations of the United Nations system that have not yet provided assistance to Non-Self-Governing Territories to do so as soon as possible;", "9. Requests the specialized agencies and other organizations and bodies of the United Nations system and regional organizations to strengthen existing measures of support and to formulate appropriate programmes of assistance to the remaining Non-Self-Governing Territories, within the framework of their respective mandates, in order to accelerate progress in the economic and social sectors of those Territories;", "10. Recommends that the executive heads of the specialized agencies and other organizations of the United Nations system formulate, with the active cooperation of the regional organizations concerned, concrete proposals for the full implementation of the relevant resolutions of the United Nations and submit those proposals to their governing and legislative organs;", "11. Also recommends that the specialized agencies and other organizations of the United Nations system continue to review, at the regular meetings of their governing bodies, the implementation of Assembly resolution 1514 (XV) and other relevant resolutions of the United Nations;", "12. Recalls the preparation by the Department of Public Information and the Department of Political Affairs of the Secretariat, in consultation with the United Nations Development Programme, the specialized agencies and the Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, of an informational leaflet on assistance programmes available to the Non-Self-Governing Territories and its updated online version, and requests that they be disseminated as widely as possible;", "13. Welcomes the continuing efforts made by the United Nations Development Programme in maintaining a close liaison between the specialized agencies and other organizations of the United Nations system, including the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean and the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, and in providing assistance to the peoples of the Non-Self-Governing Territories;", "14. Encourages the Non-Self-Governing Territories to take steps to establish and/or strengthen disaster preparedness and management institutions and policies;", "15. Requests the administering Powers concerned to facilitate, when appropriate, the participation of appointed and elected representatives of Non‑Self‑Governing Territories in the relevant meetings and conferences of the specialized agencies and other organizations of the United Nations system, in accordance with relevant United Nations resolutions and decisions, including the resolutions and decisions of the General Assembly and the Special Committee on specific Territories, so that they may benefit from the related activities of those agencies and organizations;", "16. Recommends that all Governments intensify their efforts within the specialized agencies and other organizations of the United Nations system of which they are members to accord priority to the question of providing assistance to the peoples of the Non-Self-Governing Territories;", "17. Draws the attention of the Special Committee to the present resolution and to the discussion held on the subject at the substantive session of 2011 of the Economic and Social Council;", "18. Recalls the adoption by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean of its resolution 574 (XXVII) of 16 May 1998,[5] in which the Commission called for the mechanisms necessary for its associate members, including the Non-Self-Governing Territories, to participate, subject to the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, in the special sessions of the Assembly convened to review and assess the implementation of the plans of action of those United Nations world conferences in which the Territories had originally participated in their capacity as observers, and in the work of the Economic and Social Council and its subsidiary bodies;", "19. Requests the President of the Economic and Social Council to continue to maintain close contact on those matters with the Chair of the Special Committee and to report thereon to the Council;", "20. Requests the Secretary-General to follow up on the implementation of the present resolution, paying particular attention to cooperation and integration arrangements for maximizing the efficiency of the assistance activities undertaken by various organizations of the United Nations system, and to report thereon to the Economic and Social Council at its substantive session of 2012;", "21. Decides to keep the above questions under continuous review.", "[1] * In accordance with rule 72 of the rules of procedure of the Economic and Social Council.", "A/66/63.", "[2] E/2011/73 and Add.1.", "[3] See E/2011/SR.__.", "[4] General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV).", "[5] See Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, 1998, Supplement No. 21 (E/1998/41), chap. III, sect. G." ]

[ "2011年实质性会议", "2011年7月4日至29日，日内瓦", "议程项目9", "各专门机构和与联合国有联系的国际机构执行 《给予殖民地国家和人民独立宣言》的情况", "刚果、* 科特迪瓦、厄瓜多尔、尼加拉瓜、巴布亚新几内亚、* 塞拉利昂、*阿拉伯叙利亚共和国、* 东帝汶* 和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国：决议草案", "各专门机构和与联合国有联系的国际机构对非自治领土的支助", "经济及社会理事会，", "审查了秘书长的报告 [1] 和经济及社会理事会主席的报告，后者载有各专门机构和联合国系统的其他组织就它们在执行《给予殖民地国家和人民独立宣言》方面的活动提出的资料，[2]", "听取了给予殖民地国家和人民独立宣言执行情况特别委员会代表的发言，[3]", "回顾大会1960年12月14日第1514(XV)号决议和1960年12月15日第1541(XV)号决议、特别委员会的各项决议以及其他有关决议和决定，特别是经济及社会理事会2010年7月23日第2010/30号决议，", "铭记历次不结盟国家和政府首脑会议的最后文件及非洲联盟国家元首和政府首脑会议、太平洋岛屿论坛和加勒比共同体所通过的各项决议的有关规定，", "意识到有必要促进《给予殖民地国家和人民独立宣言》的执行，[4]", "欢迎为各区域委员会准成员的非自治领土，参照大会议事规则并遵照联合国有关决议和决定，包括大会及特别委员会关于特定非自治领土的决议和决定，目前以观察员的身份参加关于经济和社会问题的世界会议，", "注意到联合国系统只有一些专门机构和组织向非自治领土提供援助，", "欢迎联合国系统某些专门机构和其他组织，特别是联合国开发计划署，向非自治领土提供的援助，", "强调鉴于小岛屿非自治领土的发展途径有限，它们在规划和执行可持续发展方面面临特殊的挑战，如无联合国系统专门机构和其他组织的不断合作和协助，它们在迎接这些挑战时将受到限制，", "又强调必须获得必要资源以资助为有关人民而实施的扩大援助方案，并强调在这方面必须争取联合国系统所有主要供资机构的支助，", "重申联合国系统各专门机构和其他组织有责任在其各自的职权范围内采取一切适当措施，确保充分执行大会第1514(XV)号决议和其他有关决议，", "感谢非洲联盟、太平洋岛屿论坛、加勒比共同体和其他区域组织在这方面继续向联合国系统各专门机构和其他组织提供合作和协助，", "坚信联合国系统各专门机构和其他组织以及区域组织相互间更为密切地接触和磋商将有助于有效拟订对有关人民的援助方案，", "注意到亟须继续经常审查联合国系统各专门机构和其他组织为执行联合国有关非殖民化的各项决定所进行的各项活动，", "铭记小岛屿非自治领土的经济非常脆弱，并且容易发生飓风、旋风和海平面上升等自然灾害，并回顾大会的有关决议，", "回顾大会题为“各专门机构和与联合国有联系的国际机构执行《给予殖民地国家和人民独立宣言》的情况”的2010年12月10日第65/110号决议，", "1. 注意到经济及社会理事会主席的报告，² 并赞同其中提出的意见和建议；", "2. 又注意到秘书长的报告；¹", "3. 建议各国在其参加的联合国系统专门机构和其他组织中加紧努力，以确保充分有效地执行大会第1514(XV)号决议中所载《给予殖民地国家和人民独立宣言》和联合国其他有关决议；", "4. 重申联合国系统各专门机构和其他组织及机构应继续按照联合国有关决议作出努力，为执行《宣言》和大会所有其他有关决议作出贡献；", "5. 又重申大会、安全理事会及联合国其他机关既然承认非自治领土人民争取行使其自决权的愿望是正当合法的，则理应对这些人民给予一切适当的援助；", "6. 感谢那些继续与联合国及各区域和次区域组织合作执行大会第1514(XV)号决议和联合国其他有关决议的联合国系统各专门机构和其他组织，并请联合国系统所有专门机构和其他组织执行这些决议的有关规定；", "7. 请联合国系统各专门机构和其他组织及各国际组织和区域组织研究并审查每一非自治领土的状况，以便它们可以采取适当措施加速这些领土在经济和社会部门的进展；", "8. 敦促尚未向非自治领土提供援助的联合国系统各专门机构和组织尽早提供援助；", "9. 请联合国系统各专门机构、其他组织和机构及区域组织在其各自的任务范围内加强对余下非自治领土的现有支助措施，并制订适当援助方案，以期加速这些领土在经济和社会部门的进展；", "10. 建议联合国系统各专门机构和其他组织的行政首长在有关区域组织的积极合作下制订具体提案，以便充分执行联合国的有关决议，并向其理事机构和立法机构提出这些提案；", "11. 又建议联合国系统各专门机构和其他组织继续在其理事机构常会上审查执行大会第1514(XV)号决议和联合国其他有关决议的情况；", "12. 回顾秘书处新闻部和政治事务部与联合国开发计划署、各专门机构和给予殖民地国家和人民独立宣言执行情况特别委员会协商，编写关于非自治领土可资利用的援助方案的散页说明及其在线最新版本，并请尽量广为传播；", "13. 欢迎联合国开发计划署继续作出努力，与联合国系统各专门机构和其他组织，其中包括拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会和亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会保持紧密联系，并向非自治领土人民提供援助；", "14. 鼓励非自治领土采取步骤，建立和(或)加强灾害防备和管理机构及政策；", "15. 请有关管理国酌情为非自治领土指派或选出的代表，按照联合国有关决议和决定，包括大会及特别委员会关于特定领土的决议和决定，出席联合国系统各专门机构和其他组织的各种相关会议提供方便，使这些领土可从这些机构和组织的有关活动中获益；", "16. 建议各国政府在其参加的联合国系统各专门机构和其他组织中加紧努力，优先考虑向非自治领土人民提供援助的问题；", "17. 提请特别委员会注意本决议和经济及社会理事会2011年实质性会议关于此议题的讨论；", "18. 回顾拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会通过1998年5月16日第574(XXVII)号决议，[5] 其中委员会吁请设立必要机制，以使其准成员、包括非自治领土，参照大会议事规则参加大会特别会议，审查和评估这些领土原先以观察员身份参加的联合国各次世界会议行动计划执行情况，以及参加经济及社会理事会及其附属机构的工作；", "19. 请经济及社会理事会主席继续就这些事项同特别委员会主席密切联系，并就此向理事会提出报告；", "20. 请秘书长继续监测本决议的执行情况，尤其要注意合作和一体化安排，促使联合国系统各个组织所从事的援助活动发挥最大的效力，并就此向经济及社会理事会2012年实质性会议提出报告；", "21. 决定不断审查上述问题。", "[1] ^(*) 依照经济及社会理事会议事规则第72条的规定。", "A/66/63。", "[2] E/2011/73 和Add.1。", "[3] 见E/2011/SR.__", "[4] 大会第1514(XV)号决议。", "[5] 见《经济及社会理事会正式记录，1998年，补编第21号》（E/1998/41），第三章，G节。" ]

[ "2011年实质性会议", "2011年7月4日至29日,日内瓦", "议程项目9", "《给予殖民地国家和人民独立宣言》的执行情况", "《给予殖民地国家和人民独立宣言》的执行情况", "各专门机构和国际", "与联合国有联系的机构", "刚果、* 科特迪瓦、厄瓜多尔、尼加拉瓜、巴布亚新几内亚、* 塞拉利昂、* 阿拉伯叙利亚共和国、* 东帝汶、* 委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国:决议草案", "支助非自治领土 各专门机构和与联合国有联系的国际机构的领土", "经济及社会理事会,", "审查了秘书长的报告[1]和经济及社会理事会主席的报告,其中载有联合国系统各专门机构和其他组织就它们在执行《给予殖民地国家和人民独立宣言》方面的活动所提交的资料,[2]", "听取了给予殖民地国家和人民独立宣言执行情况特别委员会代表的发言,[3]", "回顾大会1960年12月14日第1514(XV)号和1960年12月15日第1541(XV)号决议、特别委员会各项决议以及其他有关决议和决定,特别是经济及社会理事会2010年7月23日第2010/30号决议,", "铭记历次不结盟国家国家元首和政府首脑会议各项最后文件以及非洲联盟国家元首和政府首脑会议、太平洋岛屿论坛和加勒比共同体所通过的决议的各项有关规定,", "意识到需要促进《给予殖民地国家和人民独立宣言》的执行,[4]", "欢迎那些属于区域委员会联系成员的非自治领土,目前根据大会议事规则以及联合国有关决议和决定,包括大会和特别委员会关于特定非自治领土的决议和决定,以观察员身份参加经济和社会领域的世界会议,", "注意到联合国系统只有一些专门机构和组织参与向非自治领土提供援助,", "欢迎联合国系统某些专门机构和其他组织,特别是联合国开发计划署,向非自治领土所提供的援助,", "强调由于小岛屿非自治领土的发展途径有限,它们在规划和执行可持续发展方面面临特殊挑战,如无联合国系统各专门机构和其他组织的不断合作和协助,它们在应付这些挑战时将受到限制,", "又强调亟须获得必要资源以资助为有关人民而实施的扩大援助方案,在这方面必须争取联合国系统所有主要供资机构的支助,", "重申联合国系统各专门机构和其他组织有责任在其各自的职权范围内采取一切适当措施,确保充分执行大会第1514(XV)号决议和其他有关决议,", "感谢非洲联盟、太平洋岛屿论坛、加勒比共同体和其他区域组织在这方面继续向联合国系统各专门机构和其他组织提供合作和协助,", "坚信联合国系统各专门机构和其他组织以及区域组织相互间更为密切地接触和磋商将有助于有效拟订对有关人民的援助方案,", "注意到必须继续经常审查联合国系统各专门机构和其他组织为执行联合国与非殖民化有关的各项决定所进行的各项活动,", "铭记小岛屿非自治领土极其脆弱的经济, 管辖领土和它们易受飓风、旋风和海平面上升等自然灾害影响的情况,并忆及大会各项有关决议,", "回顾大会2010年12月10日题为“各专门机构和与联合国有联系的国际机构执行《给予殖民地国家和人民独立宣言》的情况”的第65/110号决议,", "1. 联合国 1. 注意到经济及社会理事会主席的报告,2并赞同其中提出的意见和建议;", "2. 联合国 2. 又注意到秘书长的报告;1", "3个 3. 建议各国在其参加的联合国系统专门机构和其他组织中加紧努力,以确保充分有效地执行大会第1514(XV)号决议所载《给予殖民地国家和人民独立宣言》和联合国其他有关决议;", " 4.四. 1. 重申联合国系统各专门机构和其他组织及机构应继续按照联合国有关决议作出努力,为执行《宣言》和大会所有其他有关决议作出贡献;", "5 (韩语). 4. 又重申大会、安全理事会及联合国其他机关既然承认非自治领土人民行使其自决权的愿望是正当合法的,应对这些人民给予一切适当的援助;", "6. 国家 5. 感谢那些继续与联合国及各区域和次区域组织合作执行大会第1514(XV)号决议和联合国其他有关决议的联合国系统各专门机构和其他组织,并请联合国系统所有专门机构和其他组织执行这些决议的有关规定;", "7. 联合国 6. 请联合国系统各专门机构和其他组织及国际组织和区域组织研究并审查每一非自治领土的状况,以便它们可以采取适当措施,加速这些领土在经济和社会部门的进展;", "8. 联合国 5. 敦促联合国系统那些尚未向非自治领土提供援助的专门机构和组织尽快提供援助;", "9. 国家 7. 请联合国系统各专门机构和其他组织和机构及区域组织在其各自的任务范围内加强对尚余非自治领土的现有支助措施并制订适当援助方案,以期加速这些领土在经济和社会部门的进展;", "10个 2. 建议联合国系统各专门机构和其他组织的行政首长在有关区域组织的积极合作下制订具体提案,以便充分执行联合国的有关决议,并提交各自的理事机构和立法机构;", "11个 11. 又建议联合国系统各专门机构和其他组织继续在其理事机构常会上审查大会第1514(XV)号决议和联合国其他有关决议的执行情况;", "12个 17. 回顾秘书处新闻部和政治事务部同联合国开发计划署、各专门机构和给予殖民地国家和人民独立宣言执行情况特别委员会协商,编写关于非自治领土可利用的援助方案的散页说明及其在线增订本,并请尽可能广泛地予以分发;", "13个 12. 欢迎联合国开发计划署继续努力同联合国系统各专门机构和其他组织,包括拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会和亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会保持紧密联系,并向非自治领土人民提供援助;", "14个 16. 鼓励非自治领土采取步骤建立和(或)加强灾害防备和管理机构和政策;", "15个 3. 请有关管理国酌情为非自治领土任命和选出的代表与会提供方便; 各专门机构和联合国系统其他组织根据联合国有关决议和决定,包括大会和特别委员会关于特定领土的决议和决定,举行有关大小会议,使这些领土可从这些机构和组织的有关活动中获益;", "16号. 14. 建议各国政府在其参加的联合国系统各专门机构和其他组织中加紧努力,优先考虑向非自治领土人民提供援助的问题;", "17岁。 2. 提请特别委员会注意本决议和经济及社会理事会2011年实质性会议关于此议题的讨论;", "18岁。 11. 回顾拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会1998年5月16日第574(XXVII)号决议,[5] 委员会在该决议中要求设立必要机制,使包括非自治领土在内的联系成员能按照大会议事规则,参加为审查和评估这些领土原先以观察员身份参加的联合国世界会议行动计划执行情况而召开的大会特别会议,并参加经济及社会理事会及其附属机构的工作;", " 19. 19. 6. 请经济及社会理事会主席就这些事项同特别委员会主席继续密切联系,并就此向理事会提出报告;", "20号. 9. 请秘书长密切关注本决议的执行情况,并特别注意合作和一体化安排,以最大限度地提高联合国系统各组织所开展援助活动的效率,并就此向经济及社会理事会2012年实质性会议提出报告;", "21岁 5. 决定继续审查上述问题。", "[1] * 根据经济及社会理事会议事规则第72条。", "见A/66/63。", "[2] E/2011/73和Add.1。", "[3] 见E/2011/SR.__。", "[4] 大会第1514(XV)号决议。", "[5] 见《经济及社会理事会正式记录,1998年,补编第21号》(E/1998/41),第三章,A节。 G." ]

[ "President:\tMr. Wittig\t(Germany) \nMembers:\tBosnia and Herzegovina\tMs. Hodžić\n Brazil Mr. Vargas \n China Ms. Li Xinyan \n Colombia Mr. Osorio \n France Ms. Guilloteau \n\tGabon\tMr. MandoukouOmbegue\n India Mr. Kumar \n Lebanon Mr. Jaber \n Nigeria Mrs. Aguwa \n Portugal Mr. Madureira \n Russian Federation Mr. Maksimychev \n South Africa Mr. Ngculu \n\tUnited Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland\tMs. Davison\n United States of America Mr. Cenzer", "Agenda", "Maintenance of international peace and security", "Impact of climate change", "Letter dated 1 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Germany to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General (S/2011/408)", "The meeting resumed at 3.10 p.m.", "The President: I once again wish to remind all speakers to limit their statements to no more than four minutes in order to enable the Council to carry out its work expeditiously.", "I now give the floor to the representative of Slovenia.", "Ms. Štiglic (Slovenia): Allow me first to thank Germany for organizing this important open debate. I also wish to thank Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and the Executive Director of the United Nations Environment Programme for their remarks on this serious and timely topic.", "Slovenia also welcomes the participation of the President of the Republic of Nauru, as well as his contribution to today’s debate. We clearly understand the gravity of the situation and the challenges faced by small island developing States, particularly those of the Pacific, whose characteristics make them among the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate change.", "I would like to align Slovenia with the statement made earlier by the observer of the European Union (EU).", "Climate change is not a distant threat. Its impacts are real and are already felt by many nations. In many cases, it jeopardizes their very existence. While climate change is a global phenomenon, its negative impacts are disproportionate. Some parts of the world will be more affected than others. Furthermore, climate vulnerability depends not only on exposure to climate risks, but also on adaptation capacities to reduce those risks. Consequently, many of the developing countries will be the hardest hit by climate change.", "Climate change has detrimental effects on human security and well-being, it endangers economic development and efforts to eliminate poverty and has a negative impact on international peace and security. Rising sea levels and coastal erosion will result in the loss of territory, and in some cases even statehood. Rising temperatures and extended droughts will increase desertification and land degradation, making vast areas of our planet uninhabitable. According to one empirical study, there could be 350 million environmental migrants by 2050 as result of those phenomena. Climate change also has a significant impact on food security, which is at the same time inextricably linked with water security.", "With the onset of climate change and the increasing number of natural disasters, the link between the environment and security is hard to dispute. Already in 1987, the Brundtland report (A/42/427, annex), which coined the term sustainable development, also highlighted environmental degradation as a key factor in creating insecurity. The report also recognized that environmental stress was seldom the only cause of major conflicts but played an important part in causality associated with any conflict. Today, we generally regard climate change as a threat multiplier, a root cause or an underlying cause of instability and vulnerability. Careful consideration of those implications can help strengthen conflict prevention.", "Slovenia is aware that climate change is the ultimate global challenge that calls for global responsibility. Although climate change is already a reality, with collective effort there is still time to secure our future.", "The European Union and its member States are at the forefront of the debates on the issue of climate change. This has led to the presentation of a joint paper by the High Representative and the European Commission on Climate Change and International Security in March 2008, during the Slovenian presidency of the EU. The document remains a reference and guidance for EU action.", "Slovenia believes that our success in addressing the climate change challenge depends foremost on our ability to achieve an ambitious post-2012 climate agreement and to limit global warming to below 2° C. Furthermore, building climate resilience is a priority for the most vulnerable countries and regions, which bear little historical responsibility for climate change. Negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change should deliver a new climate deal that will reduce emissions and provide adequate financing and technology transfer for adaptation actions in developing countries.", "However, neither adaptation nor mitigation alone can avert all climate change impacts. Close cooperation is needed among the relevant organs of the United Nations to intensify efforts in addressing the issue of climate change and its possible security implications. We need to use all our knowledge and resources to find proper solutions. We see today’s Council debate as an important contribution to that end.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Denmark.", "Mr. Staur (Denmark) First of all, I would like to thank you, Mr. President, for convening this important debate. I would also like to express my appreciation for the statements this morning by the Secretary-General and by the Executive Director of the United Nations Environment Programme.", "I would like to align myself with the statement made by the observer of the European Union (EU) just before lunch.", "Denmark sees today’s discussion as a very welcome opportunity to consider how to further support the efforts of the Security Council in relation to its responsibilities to maintain international peace and security in the context of climate change, and to make this issue an integral part of the work of the United Nations.", "The Secretary-General’s report (A/64/350) explains how climate change can have an aggravating effect on political tensions. The security implications caused by climate change cannot be ignored. Climate-related resource shortages, such as of water and fertile land, are well recognized and powerful drivers of conflict in many places around the world. In some places, climate change may even threaten to undermine Governments’ ability to ensure stability and security for their own people.", "To find a sustainable solution to this global threat, it is necessary to follow a multi-pronged strategy that incorporates climate and security in the work of all United Nations agencies and relevant international, regional and national institutions. As developing countries are the most vulnerable to climate change, this issue must also be an integral part of the international development cooperation. That includes capacity-building to deal with security threats and political tension caused by climate change. It also includes immediate activities to adapt to climate change, as well as improved disaster preparedness and warning systems. Mitigation actions must be started without delay, including further development of renewable energy sources and strategies on greening economic development.", "Allow me here to also echo the words of the Secretary-General this morning that we must seize the opportunity at the Rio Conference next June to connect the dots of energy security, food security, the environment and climate change. We fully agree.", "The efforts to promote global climate diplomacy must also be further strengthened. All aspects of climate change must be addressed through a dialogue that can promote a coherent understanding of this issue and a common vision of its solution. In that context, we very much welcome the recent EU Foreign Affairs Council conclusions to strengthen the EU’s climate diplomacy.", "It is an important prerequisite in our efforts to be efficient that we have access to relevant information on developments related to climate change and the security implications thereof. Denmark can therefore lend its support to inviting the Secretary-General to regularly report on these issues.", "Most important, we must ensure a joint response from the international community to the global challenge of climate change, to secure international peace and security. It is a challenge we all face and that we can only overcome together. It is our hope that the debate today will be an important step forward in that process.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Luxembourg.", "Ms. Lucas (Luxembourg) (spoke in French): Luxembourg fully associates itself with the statement delivered earlier on behalf of the European Union.", "Allow me to congratulate you, Mr. President, for having taken the initiative to convene this open debate.", "Climate change is a challenge of global proportions and it can be addressed only at that level. It requires appropriate and effective international action. The response to climate change must therefore include all the relevant United Nations bodies, including the Security Council, working in accordance with their respective mandates.", "The negative effects of climate change have clear implications for the security and development of many States, in particular small island developing States. As noted by the Secretary-General in his report (A/64/350) issued following the General Assembly’s adoption of resolution 63/281, on the possible security implications of climate change, it is important that we see climate change as a threat multiplier. Climate change not only exacerbates the threats of persistent poverty, weak institutions for resource management and conflict resolution, fault lines and histories of mistrust between communities and nations, but also gives rise to such new threats as loss of territory leading to the displacement of populations and statelessness, and competition for shared or undemarcated international resources, such as water.", "Our understanding of climate change has become considerably deeper since the issue was first brought before the Council in April 2007 (see S/PV.5663). Today, we are even better able to gauge the urgency of the situation. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has clearly indicated the need to act without delay on various fronts.", "Efforts must therefore be sustained in the context of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in order to achieve a legally binding international agreement. The impact of climate change on the well-being of populations will indeed depend primarily on the measures taken by the international community to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to decelerate these changes.", "As early as 2005, the Security Council stressed the need to adopt a comprehensive conflict prevention strategy addressing globally the underlying causes of armed conflict and political and social crises. By this logic, it is critical that the security implications of climate change be factored into the Council’s reflections and mandates, and, in an enhanced and comprehensive manner, into the activities of the United Nations system as a whole and of regional and international organizations.", "There is no doubt that a vast spectrum of such interdependent factors as ethnic tension, cross-border disputes, deepening inequalities within societies and failed States can contribute to armed conflict. However, climate change, with its potentially tragic consequences for security — such as the displacement and transfer of populations, the former of which we have already witnessed — will become an increasingly critical factor in the underlying causes of conflict as the climate continues to change at an ever-faster pace.", "Climate change is not fair. It impacts primarily the most vulnerable, who are the least responsible for its causes but have to cope with its effects on a daily basis. That is why Luxembourg’s development cooperation began several years ago to systematically mainstream the issues of climate change mitigation and adaptation into its development programmes. It also provides fast-start financing to combat climate change. These contributions are new and complementary to our official development assistance, which reached 1.09 per cent of our gross national income in 2010.", "We also view these contributions in the context of conflict prevention as measures to ensure sustainable development, since, as the Secretary-General has indicated in his reports, climate change can endanger countries’ stability by slowing economic growth, aggravating poverty and despair, and exacerbating the vulnerability of populations.", "The President: I give the floor to the representative of Costa Rica.", "Mr. Ulibarri (Costa Rica) (spoke in Spanish): Costa Rica thanks you, Sir, for convening this open debate, highlighting the importance of climate change as a critical item on the multilateral agenda. We particularly welcome the participation of the Secretary-General and the Executive Director of the United Nations Environment Programme.", "Costa Rica associates itself with the statement made by the representative of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China, to the effect that the primary responsibility for addressing these matters comprehensively falls to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. All complementary efforts to address this issue on the part of any other organ of the Organization should take that, and in particular the following factors, into account. First, such efforts should seek to support work plans and goals in the context of the multilateral negotiating framework. Secondly, they should be based on the specific responsibilities of the respective body — in this case, the Security Council.", "In addressing the problems of climate change through more than merely peripheral actions, we need to achieve an agreement that, in accordance with scientific evidence, will allow us to stabilize and reduce concentrations greenhouse gases to the levels established in the Convention. We can do so specifically through the firm and committed participation of the countries that are the principal greenhouse gas emitters, all of which are represented at this table and therefore have an ongoing and, in many instances, historic responsibility.", "Although that responsibility is not limited to the industrialized countries referred to in annex I of the Convention, they should nevertheless assume leadership, which should also be embraced by the major emerging economies. The permanent members of the Security Council — all major emitters and, with their right of veto, endowed with exceptional powers within this organ — should in particular make a clear political commitment to reducing greenhouse gases. That would be the best and largest contribution they could make to ensuring that climate change does not become an even greater threat to international peace and security. That group should then be expanded to include the other members of the international community commensurate with their emissions and economic capacities.", "Pursuant to its competences under the United Nations Charter, the Security Council should focus on efforts to prevent or control conflicts or traumas that may arise as a result of the effects of climate change and that may undermine peace and security. These could include, inter alia, struggles for scarce water resources, forced population displacements or the threat of national disappearance. The most substantial and decisive actions, however, are outside the Council’s mandate, and we reiterate that they should be addressed in accordance with the provisions of the Convention. We should also consider the competences of other entities of the United Nations system, such as the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council — particularly in the framework of the Commission on Sustainable Development — and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.", "Costa Rica believes that, in addition to the commitments made with respect to emission reduction, prevention and mitigation, we should strengthen adaptation to climate change. Such measures would have a tangible effect on such factors as sea-level rise, flooding, droughts and food insecurity. In order to make a significant contribution to these tasks, the major economies must step up their financial flows towards countries that are affected or could potentially be affected by the problem, concentrating in particular on small island States, many of which face the imminent danger of disappearing as nations, as noted by President Stephen of Nauru on behalf of the Pacific small island developing States.", "In my part of the world in Central America, the catastrophic effects of climate change are becoming ever-more frequent. Similarly, developing countries require direct investments to strengthen our climate monitoring and early warning systems. We also need the transfer of technologies that will, inter alia, improve the production of basic foodstuffs and help us to generate clean energy. In return, developing countries must act transparently and with accountability, good governance, respect for the rule of law, and set adequate priorities in the use of our resources. Costa Rica recognizes that we, too, must share the responsibility.", "In conclusion, the climate change agenda is a broad network of interconnected nodes. That is why the most effective responses to the concerns raised at this debate are to be found within the framework of the Convention. We will make little headway against the concrete effects of climate change if we fail to establish the requisite conditions and to take the effective political decisions to allow the Convention fully to achieve its objectives.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of New Zealand.", "Mr. Simpson (New Zealand): I thank your delegation, Mr. President, for acknowledging the singular importance of this issue by calling this timely debate. Allow me first to comment on some of the disagreements aired in the lead-up to today’s debate.", "New Zealand understands the concerns expressed regarding this Council taking up issues beyond the role and mandate accorded to it by the Charter. However, for those low-lying small island States, including several in my own region, the Pacific, for which climate change poses the ultimate security risk — that of ceasing to exist as States and as communities — debates about whether this constitutes a legitimate topic for discussion cannot but seem rather abstract and deeply divorced from the severity and urgency of the challenges they face.", "The potential security implications of climate change have been well documented. They centre on the significant challenges faced by many communities in managing and maintaining access to basic resources — land, food, shelter, water — in the face of sustained climatic change. The Asia-Pacific region has also faced a devastating series of natural disasters in the past few years — events that are predicted to become even more frequent and severe in the decades ahead. Such forecasts are worrying for small island developing States, which tend to be particularly vulnerable to such events due to their size, geographic isolation and relatively weak economic base. If not addressed, these challenges could well contribute to increased instability and conflict.", "For some low-lying island States, climate change poses a more fundamental threat, potentially undermining their very viability and continued existence, and raising the very real prospect that we will witness forced migrations of an unprecedented nature and scale. Put simply, whole populations could be on the move, and by any measure that is a security threat.", "Several steps must be taken to prevent and address the security impacts of climate change. First, we must build the adaptive capacities of developing countries so that they can better cope with future climate-related events before they become security challenges. Resilience to climate change requires more than building capacity to cope with physical impacts. It must also address existing and future resource use to reduce pressures on resources and build in necessary buffers for when things go wrong.", "Secondly, and of equal importance, we must manage the scale of these security impacts through reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. Addressing the symptoms alone will be insufficient unless we also address the cause. New Zealand is committed, through negotiations in the context of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, to achieving comprehensive and effective global mitigation action and implementing effective adaptation measures. To make meaningful progress towards those goals, this year’s Durban meeting must take the important step of implementing the Cancún agreements.", "It is also important that adaptation and mitigation measures be effectively integrated into development activities, including peacekeeping and peacebuilding initiatives. New Zealand is currently working on adaptation and development projects through a number of bilateral, regional and multilateral initiatives. Our climate change adaptation assistance in the Pacific places a strong emphasis on climate-proofing new infrastructure, for example in the context of post-cyclone reconstruction.", "Sharing best practices and research can also make a significant contribution towards effective, practical measures to address the security impacts of climate change. New Zealand’s initiative, supported by many other countries, to establish the Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases aims to ensure that efforts to reduce agricultural emissions do not compromise the food security of a growing global population. No country will put its population at risk by reducing its agricultural production, so we need to find other ways of reducing associated emissions.", "Issues of climate change and security must also be dealt with in an integrated manner across the breadth of United Nations agencies. We therefore support the call by Pacific small island developing States for consideration of mechanisms to support early identification of climate change-related security challenges and to promote comprehensive and cohesive research, analysis and action to address their causes.", "Many countries hold serious concerns about the security implications of climate change for them and for their neighbours. But we know from past experience that such challenges can be addressed before they reach crisis point, and that conflict need not be inevitable. Many of the actions required for achieving this lie outside the competence and mandate of this Council, but understanding climate change as a driver of instability and potentially of conflict is nevertheless important to achieving a more secure future.", "I hope that today’s discussions have taken us a step closer towards achieving that shared understanding, and I hope that today the Council will send a clear and unequivocal message that it, too, is willing to play its part in meeting this challenge. Anything less will be a deep disappointment to the people of small, low-lying island States such as our friends and neighbours in the Pacific.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of the Republic of Korea.", "Mr. Kim Sook (Republic of Korea): At the outset, I would like to thank Germany, in its capacity as President of the Council, for its very timely and well-prepared initiative to hold an open debate on the impact of climate change on the maintenance of international peace and security. I also appreciate your delegation’s concept paper (S/2011/408, annex), which concisely shows the potential implications of climate change on international peace and security.", "Today’s debate offers a meaningful opportunity for the Security Council to discuss the link between security and climate change, and my delegation would like to take this opportunity to note the Council’s fruitful open debate on the interdependence between security and development held in February (see S/PV.6479). In this connection, today’s climate debate may be able to marshal compelling arguments to encourage world leaders to take responsibility for reducing carbon emissions and to invest in adaptation with a view towards guarding against future insecurity.", "We are aware of the imminent threats that climate change poses to the international community, as are many scholars and Government officials. In May, an international conference, “Threatened Island Nations: Legal Implications of Rising Seas and a Changing Climate”, was sponsored by Columbia Law School and the Republic of the Marshall Islands. A number of policymakers and scholars shared common understandings of the gravity of the current trend. There have been many expert reports on climate change and the security issue as well. A recent report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicted that, due to the expected sea-level rise, many of the small island States will disappear by the year 2040. In addition, the IPCC estimates that between 350 and 600 million people in Africa will be at risk of increased water stress by the middle of the century, and that yields from rain-fed agriculture could be slashed by up to 50 per cent by 2020. Therefore, climate change could become a threat multiplier that makes existing problems even more complicated and intractable in terms of regional and global security.", "In view of this, our delegation would like to address three points. First, global challenges require global responses. Given the global nature of climate change, such responses call for the widest possible cooperation by all countries and their participation in an effective and appropriate international response.", "Second, considering the respective responsibilities of the principal organs of the United Nations and the role of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as the key instrument for addressing climate change, the relevant organs of the United Nations, as appropriate and within their respective mandates, should intensify their efforts in considering and addressing climate change, including its possible security implications.", "Finally, given its global dimension and interconnection with other global issues, such as poverty, underdevelopment and the food and energy crises, climate change should ultimately be addressed in the broader context of sustainable development. We share the high expectations of the international community for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, to be held in 2012. We are ready to join international efforts to ensure its overarching success.", "The Republic of Korea strongly supports the efforts of the international community to address climate change in the context of sustainable development. As a country that has embraced green growth as a national strategy, the Republic of Korea has offered, in particular, to host the eighteenth Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC in 2012. We believe that our efforts can provide a unique opportunity to highlight how green growth and a green economy can not only help to mitigate and adapt to the challenges of climate change, but also facilitate the attainment of sustainable development. In that connection, the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Cancún last year made considerable progress in the areas of climate finance, adaptation and technology, resulting in the so-called Cancún Agreement. We hope that this momentum can be maintained in Durban this year.", "I hope that today’s debate will jump-start our search for wise and insightful solutions to this far-reaching problem, while simultaneously leading to meaningful progress towards a breakthrough in future climate change negotiations.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Chile.", "Mr. Errázuriz (Chile) (spoke in Spanish): Allow me to express my thanks for and to commend the report presented by the Secretary-General (A/64/350), as well as the very interesting and comprehensive presentation of Mr. Steiner.", "My country has strong ties of friendship with the Pacific island States, which can be seen in our close multilateral cooperation on issues including the law of the sea and the conservation and preservation of the marine environment, to which the Pacific small island States have made an undeniable contribution. I would like to warmly welcome the participation of the President of Nauru, His Excellency Mr. Marcus Stephen, and to thank him for his eloquent statement this morning.", "As a coastal Pacific State, Chile shares the concern of the Pacific island States. It understands and supports their interest in resorting to the relevant bodies of the multilateral system to address current difficulties, given the danger they face from sea-level rise threatening their territory and the well-being of their citizens.", "The General Assembly addressed the issue of climate change and its possible security implications through its resolution 63/281 of 2009. The report of the Secretary-General prepared pursuant to that resolution acknowledged that climate change can be a “threat multiplier”, in particular in situations of extreme poverty.", "Thus, on the Antarctic peninsula, for example, the Larsen ice shelf has been breaking up over the past two decades, while large ice masses have broken off from the western Antarctic. Such phenomena are undeniable and serve to illustrate the threat to low-lying coastal States, in particular small island States. To those are added the issues of the possible displacement of populations or increased political tension.", "The debate on the possible security implications of climate change certainly cannot undermine the authority or mandates of relevant bodies, processes and instruments in addressing such an important issue. It should not deflect but strengthen the efforts of the international community in the areas of mitigation, adaptation and economic, social and environmental development, and should promote greater impetus in that regard. International cooperation, the exchange of relevant information and increased support for scientific research are essential to the pursuit of basic solutions to this serious issue, which also includes other extremely serious phenomena, such as increasing desertification, among others, that affect various areas of our planet.", "Chile believes that we should reaffirm the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change as the fundamental instrument for addressing climate change. We recall its provisions, including recognizing that the global nature of climate change requires the broadest possible cooperation of all countries and their participation in an effective international response, in accordance with their common but different responsibilities, respective capacities and social and economic conditions.", "In that regard, we believe it essential to move towards establishing a broad and legally binding agreement on climate change. At the same time, our country believes that agreement in the negotiations on the Kyoto Protocol must be reached as soon as possible in order to avoid a gap between the first and the second commitment periods under that instrument.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Kyrgyzstan.", "Mr. Kydyrov (Kyrgyzstan): Let me thank you, Mr. President, for organizing this open debate on climate change and its impact on international peace and security. Kyrgyzstan shares the view that global climate change is becoming one of the most serious challenges to humankind and thus requires an integrated approach by the United Nations and its main bodies and agencies. We hope that this debate will contribute to a deeper analysis of the problem of climate change and its impact on international peace and security, and that it will allow for a more clearly defined role of the Security Council in dealing with such challenges.", "Given the record rise in global food prices from 2008 to 2010, and due to global climate change, food security in the least developed and developing countries is being seriously undermined. The situation is especially complicated for mountain countries such as Kyrgyzstan. It might eventually lead to food shortages and possible subsequent conflicts in the most vulnerable States. Therefore, we consider it important to implement General Assembly resolution 64/205 on sustainable mountain development in terms of ensuring food security for mountain countries.", "The international community is aware that small island developing States are already experiencing the earliest ecological impacts of climate change in terms of sea-level rise. Climate change has actually become an issue of survival and security for them. We believe that the United Nations should consider measures to mobilize the necessary international support for collective efforts to address the environmental problems of small island States.", "The report of the Secretary-General on climate change and its possible security implications notes that", "“[w]idespread mass losses from glaciers and reductions in snow cover … are projected to accelerate throughout the twenty-first century, reducing water availability and hydropower potential and changing seasonality of flows in regions supplied by melt-water from major mountain ranges” (A/64/350, para. 34).", "That process has already affected the Central Asian region. For example, the supply of fresh water from the glaciers of Kyrgyzstan, estimated at 650 billion cubic metres, has rapidly decreased due to the reduction of the glacier surface area by 20 per cent over the past 30 years. In 20 years it may well decline by another 35 per cent. As a result, we may face a critical shortage of fresh water, along with negative consequences for peace and security.", "According to the preliminary forecast of the second national communication of Kyrgyzstan to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, our glaciers may totally disappear by 2100. Such a situation requires not only the development of effective inter- and intra-State water use and allocation measures, but also the implementation of special projects on forest conservation, the prevention of natural hazards and the production of environmentally friendly renewable energy sources, including hydropower, which has no negative environmental impact.", "The significant increase in natural disasters in many regions of the world, including Africa and some countries of Asia and Central Asia, is another indicator of the negative impact of global climate change. For instance, in the past 10 years the number of natural disasters in Kyrgyzstan has increased from 60 in 2000 to 420 in 2010. Experts estimate that disasters will continue to increase in terms of both quantity and destructive effects. This problem is of particular concern in view of the transboundary threat posed by uranium tailings located in Kyrgyzstan and in other Central Asian countries.", "Kyrgyzstan believes that these problems must be taken into account in implementing conflict prevention, crisis management, peacebuilding and post-conflict stabilization measures. Kyrgyzstan considers it necessary to design regional systems to monitor, assess and respond to the negative effects of climate change in terms of peace and security while bearing in mind regional specificities. An important component of these actions must be the timely identification and appropriate inclusion of these matters before the corresponding organs and agencies of the United Nations system so that necessary steps may be taken. With respect to our region, we believe that the activity in this domain of the Regional Centre for Preventive Diplomacy for Central Asia, in cooperation with relevant United Nations agencies and organs, should be increased.", "Special attention is needed on the effective implementation of country programmes and projects, particularly on those aimed at environmental protection or strengthening capacities of the most vulnerable countries to tackle emergency situations. In this regard, we hope that the role of the United Nations Development Programme in coordinating these issues and developing appropriate plans and strategies will be further enhanced.", "In conclusion, I would like to emphasize that Kyrgyzstan is firmly committed to the international agreements on climate change, including the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol. In this regard, we support the adoption of all significant commitments to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases before 2012. We also consider it important to ensure the implementation of the Agreements reached in Cancún in 2010 related to assisting developing countries in formulating and implementing national adaptation plans.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Mexico.", "Mrs. Morgan (Mexico) (spoke in Spanish): Climate change is one of the major challenges facing the international community. It requires that specific action be taken by all countries, without exception and in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capacities. For these reasons and based on its effects so far, climate change is far from being a threat to international peace and security in the traditional sense. The available scientific information is solid and clearly shows the risks associated with not giving serious attention to this challenge. Mexico therefore appreciates the efforts of the German presidency to draw attention to the risks associated with climate change. This debate will help to strengthen our conviction that we must make greater and more efficient efforts in order to achieve the ultimate goal of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as soon as possible.", "We must ensure that the commitments undertaken in Cancún eight months ago are implemented and work tirelessly to strengthen effective action in that context. The international legal framework must be strengthened and adapted to the magnitude of the task. The United Nations system remains the ideal forum to design solutions to the challenges facing the international community. But in order to make use of it we must get to work immediately and in good faith.", "If we do not reduce our greenhouse gas emissions, we will begin to see the larger effects of climate change, such as limited agricultural production, irregular rainfall patterns, soil erosion, changes in disease transmission vectors and sea-level rise. These effects will be felt most strongly in developing countries, in particular the poorest and most vulnerable among them, who are also the ones that emit the least. Because of its nature, the effects of global climate warming will in the long term affect the governability and political, economic and social stability of countries, as well as their opportunities for development.", "The challenge of climate change cannot be resolved in one fell swoop or with a single solution. It requires ongoing actions by all actors and sectors of society. It requires a portfolio of technological, political and economic options, as well as individual action. At the international level, it requires a strengthened framework where the situations of all countries could converge and be addressed. This is no easy task. Time has shown us that the climate change framework must develop gradually.", "In Cancún, we achieved concrete results that represent an important step forward in our work. Mexico is implementing its commitments and adopting measures that will enable us to reduce emissions as much as possible based on our capacities in the short and medium term.", "In Durban, we will need to breathe life into the institutions created in Cancún, and operationalize them to increase our collective ambition. We must also create certainty as to the future of the Kyoto Protocol, which is fundamental instrument to maintain a rules-based system to achieve our objectives. But it should also be complemented by another protocol that includes countries that currently do not have reduction commitments under the Kyoto Protocol.", "My country hopes that this debate will help to strengthen actions within the competent forums and that it will maintain our attention on the relevant issue of the fight against climate change. We are aware of the fact that if our efforts do not succeed, it is probable, and it would be unfortunate, that in the future the adverse effects of climate change will have consequences for the maintenance of international peace and security and thus require action by the Security Council.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Ecuador.", "Mr. Morejón (Ecuador) (spoke in Spanish): At the outset, allow me, Mr. President, to acknowledge the presence in this important debate of the Secretary-General, the President of Nauru, my friend Mr. Achim Steiner and Ms. Juanita Castaño.", "My delegation associates itself with the statement made by the representative of the Argentine Republic on behalf of the Group of 77 and China, as well as with the statement of the representative of Egypt in his capacity as Chair of the Bureau of the Non-Aligned Movement.", "Ecuador would like to join the majority of countries in asserting that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the body mandated with steering issues stemming from climate change. We believe that the Kyoto Protocol should be respected and that the commitments made under Annex 1 should carried out. The General Assembly, as a universal democratic body, is the ideal forum for making recommendations to address climate change’s repercussions at the global level. We are aware that climate change constitutes one of the major problems facing the international community. In that regard, my country has taken specific action to combat climate change and reduce emissions through a process that has been widely discussed at the United Nations; I am referring to the Yasuni-ITT initiative, with which many here are familiar.", "Climate change will continue to have various effects on the planet’s humans and ecosystems. Developing countries are of course vulnerable, which is why we need a cohesive response to the issue that includes technology transfer and the undertaking of appropriate financial commitments. In that regard, we stress the importance of fulfilling the Kyoto Protocol commitments according to the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, by which developed countries maintain their historical responsibility, in line with their ecological footprint, to reduce their emissions, and support developing countries through efforts aimed at adapting to and mitigating climate change. We also feel it is essential to seek political support for the second Kyoto Protocol commitment period. For these reasons, my delegation reiterates its belief in the need to work to achieve agreements based on the instruments we have. We encourage all countries to do likewise and to strengthen the agreements adopted under the Convention.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Cuba.", "Mr. Benítez Versón (Cuba) (spoke in Spanish): Cuba firmly supports the statements made by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement and by the representative of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China.", "Climate change is undoubtedly one of the most serious and imminent dangers threatening the survival of humankind. Paradoxically, the States most affected and in the worst position to adapt to the negative consequences of climate change, in particular small island developing States and African countries, are the least responsible for the problem. On the contrary, developed countries’ emissions account for 76 per cent of greenhouse gas emissions, which continue to grow. One billion people in the first world wastefully consume half the planet’s energy while 2 billion poor people lack electricity. Thirty countries consume 80 per cent of the fuel that the world produces. Developed countries therefore bear the main responsibility for repaying the debt historically owed to our planet’s ecosystem.", "The relevant powers and functions of the various bodies within and without the United Nations must be duly respected. We are seriously concerned about the Security Council’s growing interference in the functions and responsibilities of the other principal United Nations organs. Climate change is an issue that, by definition, should be discussed under the sustainable development cluster. In the United Nations, therefore, it should be addressed, as has been the case in recent years, by the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council and their relevant subsidiary bodies, in particular the Commission on Sustainable Development and the United Nations Environment Programme.", "Cuba understands the legitimate concerns of some of the small island States, which have brought this issue to the attention of the Security Council. They are driven by a pressing need to find solutions to a problem that poses a serious threat to their security and physical integrity as territories and nations. If the Security Council, despite its limitations and lack of jurisdiction in this area, wishes to demonstrate any seriousness in reviewing this issue of universal concern and making a meaningful contribution to the search for solutions, it should begin by making a statement that includes the following basic points.", "First, it should emphasize that the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities is the cornerstone of a just and lasting solution to global climate change.", "Secondly, it should underline how important it is that developed countries meet their international development commitments, including those relating to the Millennium Development Goals, official development assistance, Agenda 21, the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation, the Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy, helping developing countries to take the actions needed to adapt to climate change.", "Thirdly, it should call on industrialized countries to undertake a second commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol, with measurable and more ambitious goals for emissions reduction. In that regard, the Council should recognize that the emissions reduction goals being announced by some of the major developed countries go far beyond the range necessary to stabilize the rise in global temperature at a level that will prevent irreversible catastrophe.", "Fourthly, the Council should emphasize that the goals for reducing greenhouse gas emissions by the countries of the South cannot be formulated in such a way as to obstruct their right to development, but should be done on the basis of voluntary, non-binding mitigation actions, in accordance with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.", "Fifthly, the Council should recognize that the main cause of global climate change is the unsustainable production and consumption patterns that prevail in developed countries.", "Sixthly, the Council should press for concrete commitments on funding and technology transfer on preferential terms to developing countries, making small island States and least developed countries a priority, as well as allocate new and additional resources for implementing adaptation actions.", "Allow me to conclude by emphasizing that climate change is a global threat that requires global solutions that are just, equitable and balanced. Only respect for the principles and commitments enshrined in the Framework Convention and the Kyoto Protocol can help us solve this problem. At the seventeenth Conference of the Parties, the world will have a new opportunity that must not be wasted. The way in which we deal with climate change today will have a direct impact on the development prospects of many countries and humankind’s very survival.", "Ms. Flores (Honduras) (spoke in Spanish): Mr. President, my delegation joins previous speakers in acknowledging your dedication and commendable work in presiding over the Council. You and the rest of the Council members have our cooperation and commitment of support on the issue of climate change, which is being addressed in the Council today. We thank Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon; the President of Nauru, Mr. Marcus Stephen; and Mr. Richard Marles, Australia’s Parliamentary Secretary for Pacific Island Affairs, for their statements today. We concur with delegations that have today affirmed that climate change is a threat that affects peace and security.", "If the blows of nature in its cruelty can significantly affect countries with greater capacities for response reaction and relief in the face of such disasters, imagine how severe their impact is on the weakest and most vulnerable societies. How can we expect many of our meagre economies to achieve the Millennium Development Goals while they may be dealing with one of these tremendous setbacks, which can destroy achievements that took decades to attain?", "As Mr. Achim Steiner, Executive Director of the United Nations Environment Programme, said today, I come from one of those nations battered by the fury of a deadly hurricane of biblical proportions. In a split second, the hurricane took away 50 years of determined effort and so many dreams, just when we thought we could finally see the light at the end of the tunnel. Thanks to international solidarity and the aid of providence, we marshalled the internal strength we needed to overcome this harsh test and move on, but not without having to retrace our steps along the same path. That required time, resources and efforts that could have gone into dealing with our setbacks in order so as not to exacerbate our underdevelopment. For these reasons, we believe that limiting this debate to issues related to the impact of rising sea levels, food security and risks of scarcity on international peace and security would be far too simplistic. Whenever nature rebels against humans, the ensuing destruction affects the natural equilibrium, provoking chain reactions, threatening fundamental aspects of our lives and destroying opportunities for future generations.", "Even though no one can ever be fully prepared to face such a natural upheaval, a certain degree of preparedness, in the form of identifying and devising solutions to vulnerabilities, has proved helpful in mitigating the consequences and repairing the damage. In designing mitigation and international cooperation policies and programmes aimed at dealing with the impact of such phenomena, it is imperative to take account of the geographical, political, economic, cultural and religious differences between our national societies.", "We in Honduras are working on a national climate change mitigation strategy aimed at elaborating public policies and community practices that will contribute to decreasing our vulnerabilities. We plan to increase national awareness of the fact that we will be able to move forward only by improving and safeguarding our natural riches, our water basins and water resources, and focusing on water preservation and the creation of sustainable agroforestry systems, through ecosystem preservation in both protected and unprotected areas of the country.", "However, merely reciting a litany of needs does little good when the minimum resources required to significantly mitigate such weaknesses are non‑existent, as many of those weaknesses are not related merely to the country’s geographical position. It is unfortunate that we are located right in the path of hurricanes that cause destruction in the form of landslides and floods; that we are close to dangerous geological faults that cause earthquakes and cataclysms; that our country is bathed by waters that could rise up as tsunamis; and that we are at the mercy of inclement climatic variations that hinder the sowing of and destroy our crops.", "Our vulnerabilities are also related to our internal situation, our economic underdevelopment and the limited possibilities faced by a large percentage of the population in terms of finding a decent job and safe housing without being forced to relocate their families to high-risk areas that lack basic services. Our society’s vulnerabilities are therefore multifaceted and, given our limited economic assets, addressing them would cost more than we can afford.", "Please forgive me for digressing, but this is our reality — a reality that cannot be viewed only in the light of contingency-driven risks, without accepting the fact that it will always be burdened by the system’s intrinsic shortfalls. It is a very different reality from other, more privileged ones — one that requires its own specific diagnosis and understanding so that we will not innocently and mistakenly adopt solutions that may be suitable for others but unsuitable for us.", "In conclusion, I would like to share the following concept, taken from the most recent annual report of the United Nations Development Programme, entitled People-centred Development: Empowered Lives, Resilient Nations. Countries cannot on their own deal with climate change and the loss of biodiversity. This is without a doubt a shared responsibility that should be addressed in the context of the natural differences between countries and peoples. It is a responsibility centred on people, with a full understanding of the requirements involved and complemented by broad-based measures aimed at fulfilling their strong wish to overcome their adverse circumstances.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Ireland.", "Ms. Webster (Ireland): In the interests of saving time, I propose to give an abbreviated statement; the full text will be circulated to delegations shortly.", "Ireland aligns itself with the statement made earlier by the head of the European Union (EU) on behalf of its member States.", "Our focus today reminds us of the importance of together adopting a holistic approach to tackling climate change. I will therefore focus my remarks on the security implications and the outlook of two areas driven by climate change. These give us ever-increasing cause for alarm: first, the seemingly inexorable rise in sea levels and, secondly, food insecurity. The latter is all the more germane today, the day on which the Secretary-General declared a famine in the Horn of Africa — the first such declaration in 30 years.", "The security implications of the negative impact of climate change and its role as a threat multiplier are evident and have been referred to by many speakers. Consequences include forced migration, permanent resettlement, greater competition for ever more scarce resources, land degradation and food insecurity. As we know, these factors have repeatedly led to conflict and have served to exacerbate already difficult conditions, including in fragile States. This surely undermines peace and peacebuilding.", "As observed by the Secretary-General, rising sea levels present the ultimate security threat to those Member States whose very existence is at stake. The dire projections are no less shocking with repetition: by 2050, 200 million people could be displaced by rising sea levels and drought.", "A stark illustration of the grim and present reality of rising sea levels was brought home to us earlier this year in Dublin at a conference of women leaders on climate justice. Speakers from Papua New Guinea’s Carteret Islands described the unprecedented high tides which rapidly covered their land, destroying its soil for food production and menacing the safety and security of the islanders. As a result, all 1,500 islanders were evacuated to Bougainville. So we find that statelessness and loss of territory, with their related security implications, have become a reality rather than a theoretical possibility.", "The United Nations can foster a truly global response to such phenomena, one that is rooted in social justice and equality, one that demands strong political leadership from all countries, particularly the major emitters in the developed world. The European Union is leading the way in this by deciding to reduce its emissions by at least 20 per cent by 2020 compared to 1990 levels. We have also made a conditional offer to increase that target to 30 per cent, subject to commitments from other developed and developing countries.", "Global warming has already hindered the fulfilment of the human rights of millions of the world’s poor to life, security, food, health and shelter. Ireland strongly believes that we, the international community, need to work together to address the related needs of developing countries, especially the Pacific small island developing States and the least developed countries. We strongly echo the call made by Honduras for us all to work together in that regard. The most vulnerable will need help in reducing their susceptibility to future shocks. We are convinced that mitigation and adaptation are two sides of the same risk-management coin.", "Climate change is now identified as a growing global challenge, and perhaps its greatest impact will be an increase in the scale and intensity of hunger and food insecurity. We are today witnessing harrowing scenes from Somalia and the rest of the Horn of Africa. Millions of people are at risk of starvation in some of the most hostile conditions imaginable. More than 78,000 Somalis have fled their country in the past two months — 61,000 last month alone. This is putting an enormous strain on neighbouring countries such as Ethiopia and Kenya, which have opened their borders to the influx of the displaced and starving.", "But hunger stalks many lands: the grim reality is that almost a billion people are undernourished worldwide. The security implications of this climate change are more frequent and more extreme weather events, coupled with failing yields and escalating food prices, with incidents of social protests, unrest and riots inexorably increasing in several countries.", "With these concerns in mind, Ireland’s development programme supports efforts to increase the capacity of local communities to become more resilient to the vagaries of climate and environmental degradation. Our engagement involves a pledge to spend at least 20 per cent of our aid budget on hunger and related areas by 2012.", "The concept note prepared by the Pacific small island States is clear and compelling. It proposes the case for the Security Council to clearly recognize the threat of climate change to international peace and security. In the meantime, however, Security Council work on climate change is already supported by existing instruments.", "Ireland supports the case for a clear mandate for the Security Council to request the Secretary-General to report contextual information to the Council. This would be focused on drivers of conflict, and it is clear that climate change is undoubtedly one such key driver.", "In the interests of brevity, I will conclude by adding that, last February, the Security Council encouraged Member States, particularly those actively involved in governance structures of the United Nations, to promote coherence in the United Nations work in conflict and post-conflict situations. This exhortation was echoed in the Secretary-General’s report on climate change (A/64/350), where he called for strengthened efforts to mainstream climate change within United Nations activities. The one UN approach on this key challenge is clearly vital.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Japan.", "Mr. Osuga (Japan): I would like to begin by thanking the German presidency for convening this important meeting. I would also like to express our appreciation to the German delegation for making their best efforts in drafting the concept note (S/2011/408) consistent with the mandate of the Security Council by taking into account the views expressed in the past in the Council and in the General Assembly.", "For climate change negotiators, global warming is one of the most imminent threats facing humankind. However, the anticipated time span for tackling this issue is different from that for the threats of armed conflict, which the Security Council has dealt with traditionally. Today, most countries have no doubt that climate change threatens human security and, in the long term, would have indirect adverse effects on national security as well. On the other hand, we need to be careful in considering what role the Security Council could play in addressing the adverse impacts of global warming on international peace and security. Based on this recognition, I would like to share the views and actions of my Government in the area of climate change and its security implications.", "Mr. Naoto Kan, Prime Minister of Japan, in his address during the general debate of the General Assembly last September, emphasized that small island developing States are in peril of being submerged in future because of global warming. Saving these countries from their predicament is one of the reasons we should address the issue of climate change with a greater sense of urgency.", "Receding coastlines caused by sea-level rise would affect territorial waters and borders in many countries with low-lying coastal areas, not limited to small island developing States, and thus could incite disputes between States. Furthermore, sea-level rise would aggravate the vulnerability of coastal areas to natural hazards, resulting in internally displaced persons, refugees and other unexpected population dynamics, which could raise the risk of conflict. Not only food security and a variety of natural disasters, but also the distribution of water resources and global health challenges would be affected by climate change. These issues would, in turn, weaken the resilience of communities, which might lead to conflict or hamper efforts to resolve existing disputes.", "It should also be noted that the poorest countries and the poorest people and communities within a country are most vulnerable to the negative impact of climate change. Given that fact, my delegation underscores the importance of the nexus between climate change, development and security.", "In order to address climate change, we need to establish a fair and effective international framework in which all major economies take part. At the same time, we should build upon, step by step, the agreements reached under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. At the seventeenth Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, we should try to reach a well-balanced agreement to operationalize the Cancún Agreements. Japan will engage in a constructive manner in the preparation process towards a successful Conference.", "In this context, I would like to point out the fact that the emissions from the parties under obligation to the Kyoto Protocol amount to less than 30 per cent of the total emissions today. The extension of those obligations would not lead to the effective mitigation of emissions. With regard to setting the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, Japan’s position remains unchanged.", "At the fifteenth Conference of the Parties, in Copenhagen, Japan announced that it would provide assistance to developing countries in the amount of $15 billion up to 2012; and it had already implemented $9.7 billion as of March 2011. We have been promoting policy dialogue in cooperation with the countries most vulnerable to climate change, including African countries.", "At the Pacific Islands Leaders Meeting interim ministerial meeting, which was held in Tokyo last October to follow up on the outcomes of the fifth Pacific Islands Leaders Meeting, participants confirmed the steady implementation of Japan’s fast-start financing on climate change. My Government remains fully committed to providing assistance to Pacific island countries, as pledged at the fifth Meeting, in other areas as well, such as the environment and human security, including health and education.", "With regard to African countries, the third Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD) ministerial follow-up meeting was held in Senegal to follow up on the Yokohama Action Plan, adopted at the fourth TICAD meeting. At the meeting, participants agreed to commence preparations for a low-carbon growth and sustainable development strategy in Africa.", "Finally, I would like to touch on disaster risk reduction. On 11 March, Japan was hit by an unprecedented earthquake. It should be noted that more devastating damage was caused by the tsunami than by the earthquake itself, which highlights the gravity of disasters to low-lying coastlines. In order to promote global cooperation for disaster risk reduction, we need to establish a new international strategy to succeed the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015. To contribute to this endeavour, as announced at the third session of the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction, held in Geneva last May, Japan is willing to hold a third world conference on disaster reduction. In preparation for that conference, Japan will organize a high-level conference on large-scale natural disasters in 2012. We very much appreciate the active support of Member States for our initiatives.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Singapore.", "Mr. Menon (Singapore): My delegation commends Germany for the initiative to hold today’s debate. It is timely and will hopefully complement the initiative by the United Kingdom in 2007. Then, Singapore was among the voices that argued for the link between the effects of climate change, in particular the obvious competition for scarce resources and the implications for international peace and security.", "As I said in 2007,", "“Intuitively, there may be a nexus between environmental degradation from climate change and increased conflict over limited resources made even scarcer. Land, water, food and minerals have often been variables in that complex equation leading to conflict. ... People have been studying conflicts for centuries without arriving at a perfect formula for predicting them. But while we should recognize the complexity …, we should not lose sight of the simple idea that people often fight over tangible things.” (S/PV.5663 (Resumption 1), p. 27)", "The link is now accepted and a consensus exists that only concerted efforts by all Member States, working with relevant non-State actors, can tackle the biggest challenge of this age.", "Climate change is a global problem which requires sustainable global solutions in the context of a rules-based and inclusive multilateral framework. Without the buy-in from the different stakeholders, any response to climate change would be limited and ineffective. The United Nations therefore plays an important role in formulating a multilateral response to climate change that is global, multifaceted and yet coordinated and integrated. This is clearly not an easy task.", "We must recognize that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is, and will remain, the primary forum for climate change negotiations. In that context, I support the statements delivered by the representative of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China and by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement. The aim of the debate today is not to prejudge the ongoing negotiations in the UNFCCC.", "Nevertheless, we do see the need for the UNFCCC to work closely with other United Nations agencies, funds and programmes, especially with regard to adaptation and capacity-building. Ultimately, the challenge posed by climate change is closely linked to the larger issue of sustainable development. In that regard, a key challenge for the United Nations system is to ensure coherence and coordination in the activities of agencies and programmes in the field of sustainable development. This is an area where the General Assembly and the Commission on Sustainable Development can make a useful contribution.", "With this clear understanding that decision-making authority lies within the UNFCCC track, the Security Council can also make an important contribution to the climate change discussion in two ways. First, it can help to build greater awareness of the catastrophic long-term consequences of climate change, including the possible security consequences. Secondly, the Security Council can help to reinforce ongoing efforts to inject political momentum into the UNFCCC negotiating process for a successful outcome to be adopted at the seventeenth Conference of the Parties and the seventh Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol, to be held in Durban, South Africa, later this year. In that regard, members of the Security Council, in particular the permanent members, must show leadership in the climate change negotiating process.", "The successful outcome in Cancún last year has restored faith in the multilateral climate change negotiating process. The leadership played by Mexico was instrumental in achieving success in Cancún. We commend Mexico for its efforts. This year, we are pleased that South Africa is also showing leadership and initiative. However, the success of multilateral negotiations cannot be the sole responsibility of the country holding the presidency. It must be a collective effort.", "It is clear that developed countries have a clear historical responsibility for addressing climate change. But it is equally clear that we cannot solve this problem without the participation of all countries, both developed and developing. We must also act with a sense of urgency, not only because we must respond to the call for action from our fellow Pacific small island developing States, but because we are custodians of the sustainability, security and quality of life of generations to come.", "Let me conclude with a quote from Ralph Waldo Emerson, who once said that “What you do speaks so loudly that I cannot hear what you say”. I hope the debate today will not become a substitute for action, but will be a prelude to action.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Iceland.", "Ms. Gunnarsdóttir (Iceland): Climate change is one of the greatest challenges of our times. Indeed, the very existence of some Member States is in danger due to rising sea levels. In that regard, we recognize that small island developing States are especially vulnerable. Others will face serious droughts and increased frequency of extreme weather conditions. These developments and others, which are well known to all of us, will have a significant environmental, social, economic and political impact.", "The consequences of climate change can increase tension and potentially lead to conflict. It is therefore very timely and important for the Security Council to address the security implications of climate change. While the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change remains the primary forum for addressing climate change at the international level, the Council, in fulfilling its role in maintaining international peace and security, should recognize the threats posed by climate change and seek ways to address them and ensure the viability and sustainability of our societies.", "Although everyone will be affected by climate change, it is important to remember that climate change magnifies existing inequalities. Women are especially vulnerable. Rural areas in developing States and emerging economies, as well as sectors and activities traditionally associated with women, are disproportionally affected by climate change. As a result, women face greater hardships with household activities and the daily struggle for survival. Fewer water resources also have a negative effect on health, sanitation and food security, which puts an additional burden on women. Due to their social roles and responsibilities, women are also more vulnerable to natural disasters than men.", "The principles guiding the Security Council when it adopted its landmark resolution 1325 (2000), on women, peace and security, must also guide the Council’s work when addressing the security implications of climate change. Women should be portrayed not only as victims of climate change, but also as fundamental actors in action against it. The Council must ensure that any response to climate change takes the gender perspective into account and that both women and men are included in the debate, decision-making and implementation with regard to all aspects of climate change. This will make the response to climate change more effective and appropriately contribute to greater gender equality worldwide.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Canada.", "Mr. Rivard (Canada): Canada is pleased to participate in this debate. We thank Germany for initiating this dialogue and look forward to engaging further, as we have done in the past. We also thank the Pacific small island developing States for bringing forward this important issue. Canada strives to be an accountable, effective and reliable partner of small island developing States, including in those in the Pacific and the Caribbean and here at the United Nations. We have consistently supported effective responses by the Security Council to new and emerging security challenges.", "Our support and sponsorship of the resolution on climate change and security, brought forward by our Pacific island partners, is a case in point. The resolution was an affirmation of our collective recognition of the possible security implications of climate change. The existential threat facing small island developing States and those confronting food insecurity gives this issue an urgent and human dimension.", "Climate change has the potential to act as a stressor in failed and fragile States.", "Canada continues to be engaged in the international negotiations aimed at developing a new, fair and effective international post-2012 climate change regime. We have joined our international partners in adopting the Cancún Agreements. These are a set of significant decisions that together represent a concrete step forward in establishing the type of global climate change regime necessary to achieve real environmental results. The Cancun Agreements acknowledge the global reality that all major emitters need to take action if we are to succeed in effectively addressing climate change.", "Grave problems call for grave solutions. National environmental programmes must be sustained by international cooperation in a dynamic economy. As part of our commitment to support mitigation and adaptation efforts in developing countries, including least developed countries, small island developing States and Africa, Canada contributed $400 million in new and additional climate financing for the 2010-2011 fiscal year alone, as part of our fast-start climate change financing commitment. This is Canada’s largest-ever contribution to support international efforts to address climate change, and focuses on supporting developing countries’ efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change in three priority areas, namely, adaptation, clean energy and forests and agriculture.", "(spoke in French)", "Today, there are approximately 1 billion hungry people in the world. Another billion are getting enough to eat but suffer from chronic malnutrition because they do not have access to sufficiently nutritious foods. The majority of these 2 billion people are women, children and small-scale farmers living in rural areas.", "Canada has played a leadership role in supporting responses to food crises through its long-standing commitment to increasing food security. At the Group of Eight (G-8) summit in L’Aquila in 2009, we pledged to more than double our investment in sustainable agricultural development and to provide $600 million in increased funding over three years, reaching $1.18 billion in overall funding. Canada has met its total L’Aquila commitment, and we are proud to be the first G-8 country to do so.", "Food security remained a high priority during Canada’s 2010 presidency of the G-8 and the Group of 20, and Canada has established food security as one of its five international assistance priorities. Coupled with our multilateral and bilateral funding to support long-term responses, Canada also believes in the importance of supporting research partnerships and multilateral research initiatives that will increase our knowledge base and allow us to better devise long-term climate change adaptation solutions.", "Such solutions can enhance resilience, build and strengthen institutions and reduce the loss of life and economic devastation, which in turn builds a strong foundation for the maintenance of peace and security. We welcome further thinking on how to deliver adaptation support in a manner that takes into account how existing tensions can be minimized and enables the integration of long-term governance approaches that reduce such tensions.", "The President: I give the floor to the representative of Papua New Guinea.", "Mr. Aisi (Papua New Guinea): Mr. President, we thank you for convening this important meeting. I also take this opportunity to thank you personally for your attention to this matter.", "We align ourselves with the statement eloquently delivered by His Excellency Mr. Marcus Stephen, President of Nauru, on behalf of the Pacific small island developing States (SIDS) and their friends. We also thank the Parliamentary Secretary for Pacific Islands Affairs of the Government of Australia, Mr. Richard Marles, for his statement.", "We, like many other speakers, acknowledge the severity and urgency of the issue of climate change, especially the challenges that confront developing countries, particularly those most threatened by its adverse impacts — the SIDS and least developed countries, along with many parts of Africa — and that continue to face enormous pressures from these impacts on their national capacities and institutions. Let me also include the Arctic and Antarctic regions, which have also been adversely affected by climate change, in turn contributing to rising sea levels globally. Both regions have been prominently featured in the international media by the visits of the Secretary-General in recent times.", "The truth, however, is that all of our countries are in some way adversely affected by the effects of climate change. Nevertheless, there are United Nations Member States among us that are and will continue to be affected and harmed through absolutely no fault of their own. They will be immediately affected by loss of land or territory through inundation from rising sea levels, which could be catastrophic; others will be affected by horrible droughts that will continue to force millions of people — as we are seeing in parts of the world today — to move across land borders because of depleting arable land and the drying-up of scarce water resources. There are consequences, some of which could potentially lead to conflict.", "Through the global public media, we have been made aware that scenario planning by military and intelligence experts, along with various organizations, forecast the potential displacement of large populations due to the adverse impacts of climate change, leading to a variety of negative consequences, including the potential for conflicts.", "The Charter of the United Nations is clear. The Council is vested with the mandate to oversee and maintain international peace and security. We would, however, reiterate here the unequivocal statement made by the President of Nauru:", "“Make no mistake: the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change — the UNFCCC — is and must remain the primary forum for developing an international strategy to mitigate climate change, mobilize financial resources, and facilitate adaptation, planning and project implementation.” (S/PV.6587)", "Furthermore, we also strongly support the President of Nauru’s call for the General Assembly to continue addressing the links between climate change and sustainable development.", "Addressing climate change and its adverse impacts require, at the national level, a whole-of-Government approach. In this respect, we would also argue that there is a need for a whole-of-United Nations approach, which must include all the United Nations organs — among others, the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council — and the UNFCCC, along with related United Nations agencies, such as the United Nations Development Programme, and international organizations, including the Global Environment Facility and the World Bank. Each must play its respective role, be it in setting up the relevant policy framework as we move forward or in financing the various response mechanisms to address the adverse impacts of climate change.", "By extension, we submit that the Security Council also has an important role to play. In this regard, we would strongly argue that the Council should and must exercise its mandate relative to addressing the adverse impacts of climate change, which may have security implications, including future contingencies that may arise. We observe that the Council has been previously called upon to exercise its mandate to address issues such as development, HIV/AIDS, children in armed conflict, women in conflict and other issues. While these issues have remained on the agenda of the Council, that has not diluted the primacy of those relevant United Nations organs and agencies that have direct oversight — for example, the Economic and Social Council over the development agenda.", "We would highlight the effective role that the Council played in sensitizing the international community to HIV/AIDS, noting it as a soft and borderless threat. To be sure, we, the international community, still have challenges ahead of us in dealing with this global scourge, but we saw during the recently concluded High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on HIV/AIDS the real interplay between all the relevant United Nations agencies in addressing this issue, which, we reiterate, was initiated by this Council. The adoption of the outcome document (General Assembly resolution 65/277) in essence reflected the unity of purpose within the international community to continue joint collaboration in addressing HIV/AIDS. In fact, we delivered as one United Nations on the commitment to continue fighting the scourge of HIV/AIDS globally.", "In conclusion, we would argue that the same purposive approach as that employed in the HIV/AIDS and development issues by the Council, respecting the mandates of all relevant United Nations agencies and organs, should be employed to address the security implications of the adverse impacts of climate change.", "The President: I give the floor to the representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran.", "Mr. Al Habib (Islamic Republic of Iran): At the outset, I would like to associate myself with the statement made by the representative of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China, as well as that made by the Ambassador of Egypt on behalf of Non‑aligned Movement. I would further like to make the following brief additional observations on the topic of today’s open debate of the Council.", "The repeated encroachment of the Security Council into the Charter-defined mandates of the other principal organs of the United Nations is a matter of serious concern. While the Council has not even been able, capable or willing to genuinely address the well-established causes of insecurity and conflict around the world, its insistence on delving into issues outside its competence or issues that are not generally believed or proven to threaten world peace and security is incomprehensible. Overstretching by the Security Council, with its current exclusive structure and non‑transparent working methods, will have grave consequences for the functioning of other United Nations bodies and the fate of those issues in which the Council shows interest.", "Perhaps the best service that some permanent members of the Council can deliver in combating climate change would be to honour their commitments on capacity-building, unconditional transfer of climate-friendly technologies and provision of financial resources to countries that are most in need, particularly small island developing States, the least developed countries and Africa, as well as to commit themselves to meaningfully reducing greenhouse gas emissions.", "There is a spectacular gap between commitments and actions on the part of many developed countries with regard to requirements urgently needed to combat climate change. Meanwhile, we note with concern that the prospect of dramatic reduction of emissions in the near future is too slim.", "Climate change is an inevitable and urgent global challenge with long-term implications for the sustainable development of countries. Thus addressing climate change within the context of sustainable development, rather than of peace and security, is the best advisable solution. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and the Commission on Sustainable Development, in our understanding, are the competent and relevant bodies to deal with climate change and its consequences in a comprehensive, inclusive and substantive manner.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Kuwait.", "Mr. Alotaibi (Kuwait) (spoke in Arabic): Thank you, Mr. President, for giving me the floor. I have the honour to speak on behalf of the Group of Arab States to explain its position on the issue of the maintenance of international peace and security and the impact of climate change.", "At the outset, I wish to express our support of the statements made by the representatives of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement and of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China.", "Statistics and reality confirm that developing countries — particularly the least developed countries, African countries, landlocked countries and the small island developing States — are most harmed by the negative effects of climate change. The Arab States stress that the potential consequences of climate change will have adverse effects on the Arab region, especially in arid and semi-arid areas.", "The Arab Group would like to stress the following points.", "First, the responsibility for maintaining international peace and security falls primarily on the Security Council, specifically as per the mandate in the Charter of the United Nations, while taking into consideration the role of the General Assembly in this area, particularly in accordance with Assembly resolution 377 (V) of 3 November 1950. on the overlap of the role of the Security Council with the roles and responsibilities of the other principal bodies does not conform with the principles and purposes of the United Nations Charter and may infringe on the authority of those bodies and the rights of Member States as a whole.", "Secondly, climate change is also of an integral part of sustainable development in its three aspects: economic development, social development, and the protection of the environment, which must be tackled in a holistic way.", "Thirdly, the issue of climate change is of the utmost importance for sustainable development. Responsibilities for sustainable development are borne by the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and their relevant subsidiary bodies, including the Commission on Sustainable Development and the United Nations Environment Programme. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is a binding agreement on climate change, and there is the Kyoto Protocol. There is no role provided for the Security Council in any of that.", "We believe it necessary for all Member States to support sustainable development by adhering to the Rio principles, particularly the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, and by fully implementing Agenda 21 and other commitments related to the provision of financial resources, technology transfer and building the capacities of developing countries. These commitments were made at Rio, Johannesburg and other major United Nations conferences on economic and social issues.", "The Arab Group firmly believes that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the best forum in which to deal with the dangers of climate change and to consider measures to be taken on the basis of the principles therein. Measures must be taken in accordance with the Convention, particularly the need for developed countries to take urgent measures to fulfil their commitments to reducing emissions in accordance with the Kyoto Protocol. Developed countries that have yet to adhere to the Protocol should do so. The Arab Group stresses the need to agree on a second commitment period for the Kyoto Protocol and to ensure that there is no gap between the first and second periods.", "In this regard, the Group stresses that it supports the two letters to the President of the Security Council from the Non-Aligned Movement (S/2007/203) and the Group of 77 and China (S/2007/211) regarding the Council’s open debate on energy, security and climate on 17 April 2007 (see S/PV.5663). It also supports the letter of 14 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Egypt, on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement, to the President of the Security Council concerning the open debate entitled “Maintenance of international peace and security: the impact of climate change” (S/2011/427).", "The Arab Group also emphasizes that no Security Council presidential statement or press statement should be issued nor any action taken after the open debate, especially any statement or action that may undermine the authority or mandate of relevant organs, processes and instruments or that might in any way effect the cause of climate-change negotiations, including the 17th Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention scheduled to be held in South Africa at the end of 2011.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Kazakhstan.", "Mrs. Aitimova (Kazakhstan): At the outset, I would like to reiterate that deliberations related to climate change are very much within the purview of the General Assembly, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and other United Nations organs and entities. However, my delegation understands the rationale for discussing the subject in the Security Council, because at present the effects of climate change pose a serious threat to human security.", "Climate change is a threat multiplier that exacerbates existing negative trends, tensions and instability, overburdening States and regions that are already fragile and conflict-prone. The risks are not just of a humanitarian nature; they also include political and security risks that directly affect both national and international interests, requiring a comprehensive policy response to deal with food, water and energy shortages. The areas most affected will be those under strong demographic pressure and with a massive influx of environmental migrants. That will lead to political, religious and ethnic radicalization, which will have an impact on human rights.", "It is well known that attainment of the Millennium Development Goals would be at considerable risk because climate change, if unmitigated, may well wipe out years of development efforts, increasing poor health conditions, unemployment and educational resources.", "My delegation recommends further strengthening the UNFCCC in collaboration with other United Nations entities to address the impact of climate change on international security in a comprehensive and effective manner. It is thus critical to further enhance knowledge and assess the capacities of regional bodies and Member States and to improve our efforts in the prevention of, and preparedness for early responses to, climate-related disasters and conflicts, through monitoring and early-warning systems. We must also strengthen civilian protection and disaster-management mechanisms and build capacity in personnel and equipment. The financial implications for such responses should be identified and considered by the United Nations, for improved dialogue between countries on both sides of the climate change spectrum.", "Climate change and its security dimension can strain international relations as well as donor capacity. Still, the issue is becoming a driver for improving and reforming global, regional and local governance.", "My delegation would particularly like to emphasize the extremely necessary and critical role that United Nations-led preventive diplomacy can play in Central Asia and other regions of the world in addressing the scarcity of water resources, which could lead to tensions and even conflicts. That was confirmed by Mr. Achim Steiner in his written statement, where he referred to the assessment of the Environmental and Security Initiative in the Amu Darya River Basin in the Central Asian Region.", "Kazakhstan has been contributing to the United Nations effort to mitigate the effects of climate change by fulfilling its obligations, and so it established its Council of Sustainable Development and the Department of the Kyoto Protocol. The country made quantitative commitments for the post-Kyoto period to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 25 per cent by 2050. The country proposed to grant the International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea the status of a United Nations institution.", "The Aral Sea crisis — which is human-made, as is climate change — is well known. The Sea has lost three fourths of its water, spelling disaster for millions of people living around it and impacting the environment of the Eurasian continent. The countries of the Central Asian Region need the assistance of the world community to rehabilitate the Sea. Kazakhstan stands ready to fully contribute to the multilateral effort — including building on the Cancún recommendations — to reduce the threats of climate change at the global and regional levels.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Belgium.", "Mr. Lambert (Belgium) (spoke in French): Let me start by thanking you, Mr. President, for convening this meeting. The effects of climate change indeed require renewed mobilization, and Belgium welcomes this opportunity to give this question the attention it deserves.", "Belgium fully associates itself with the statement delivered by the representative of the European Union, and I will therefore limit myself to a few points.", "Many speakers today referred to the debate held in April 2007 (see S/PV.5663), and rightly so. The 2009 report of the Secretary-General requested by the General Assembly (A/64/350) was also a major milestone: it made the case for enhanced action on the part of the United Nations system.", "What has happened since then? Climate change has returned to negotiations on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Despite the notable progress in that forum, we should admit that this question is no longer given a high priority in our debates in New York. We recognize that the Framework Convention is the proper forum for dealing with climate change, but other organs — this Council and the General Assembly — should remain seized of aspects of this matter that fall under their jurisdiction.", "Climate change acts as a threat multiplier. Some might argue that those threats are remote, but that is not the case. We should not close our eyes to what science is telling us. Average global temperatures have increased by 0.7°C since pre-industrial times. Emissions already in the atmosphere will lead to a further increase of 0.6°C. Continuing with business as usual puts us in danger of a 3˚ change by the end of the century.", "What is worrying is that past changes in the Earth’s climate have always been non-linear and unpredictable, with sudden shifts when key thresholds were reached. That makes planning even more challenging for policymakers. We are at risk of an abrupt climate change that could cause a rapid dieback of tropical forests, a precipitous melting of polar ice sheets or glaciers and greatly accelerate the rise of sea levels.", "What can we do? The first avenue for prevention is indeed mitigation. Major steps were agreed to in Cancún and are now being implemented. However, the negotiations in the Framework Convention should be stepped up. The European Union has set itself on track to a low-carbon and energy-efficient economy by 2020. We are now expecting others to join these efforts.", "Beyond that essential action, we have to increase our readiness to cope with the effects of climate change. Some of them are already felt today. In the Pacific, the relocation of the populations of small islands has already begun. The same is happening in some villages of Alaska. The succession of droughts and floods worldwide has intensified over the past years and has led to an increased number of humanitarian emergencies.", "The effects of climate change are also threatening the very resources that are so vital for human life. Throughout history people have fought over natural resources. Climate change is threatening the availability of those resources. Water, fertile land, food and energy supplies are all at risk. Scarcity of natural resources is in some cases a threat multiplier; in other cases it is itself a threat. The stress on crops and the lack of fresh water will first affect the most vulnerable populations.", "Indeed, the impact of climate change will not be spread evenly. Scarcity might lead to a breakdown of coping mechanisms of groups and individuals, carrying with it an increased risk of instability and conflict. Today, we know that a wide range of factors — such as ethnic tensions, transborder disputes, inequalities in societies, population movements and failed States — can lead to armed conflict. But climate change will become an ever more important factor among those root causes.", "How can the United Nations respond? This major challenge for mankind should be addressed in a holistic and preventive way. It would be irresponsible to reduce climate change to its negotiating aspect. An overall framework for preventive diplomacy is indispensable to alleviate the consequences outlined in the reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, especially for the most vulnerable countries.", "We have to take concrete steps towards a coherent approach within the United Nations system. Our international institutions should be prepared to respond to the impacts of climate change and the scarcity it will cause. Today we welcome this debate, which paves the way for future Council action on this issue and promotes a structured approach by the United Nations system to the security aspects of the climate challenge.", "The President (spoke in Spanish): I now give the floor to the representative of Peru.", "Mr. Rodríguez (Peru) (spoke in Spanish): My delegation appreciates and acknowledges the statement made this morning by Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, as well as the information and briefing provided by the Executive Director of the United Nations Environmental Programme, Mr. Achim Steiner. My delegation also takes due note of the clear and precise portrayal of the problem of climate change made by the President of Nauru, Mr. Marcus Stephen. Peru associates itself with the statements made by the Permanent Representatives of Argentina and of Egypt on behalf of the Group of 77 and China and of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, respectively.", "That climate change is a real problem for all countries of the world without exception is no secret to anyone. We all are suffering it to various degrees, so the international community, in terms of our respective capacities and levels of responsibility, must understand the historic and overriding need to take decisive action to assuage the scourge.", "This is the right time to reaffirm that there are duly established multilateral channels to address the issue through the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which is the appropriate context within which States should seek the necessary consensus, and the relevant United Nations entities, in particular the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council, the Commission on Sustainable Development and the United Nations Environment Programme. Those bodies should exclusively address the issue of sustainable development in general.", "I would like to underscore some of the havoc that climate change has been wreaking in my country. The population of Peru lives in very diverse ecosystems. In our case, the greater intensity and frequency of climate disorders, such as the El Niño phenomenon, result in severe floods on the coast and droughts in the Andes, causing serious social and economic damage. At the same time, our glaciers, which account for more than half the tropical glaciers in the world, are affected by rapid melting, which increases the scarcity of water for human consumption, agriculture and power generation. The Peruvian Amazon forest, the second largest in Latin America, which is a priceless biodiversity reserve, is equally affected. In other words, the threat of climate change is by no means alien to us.", "The problem of climate change is of global proportions. Therefore, we will be able to tackle it only with the multilateral and concerted action of the entire international community through the structure provided by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, its additional instruments and their core principles, in particular that of common but differentiated responsibilities.", "In that context, we reaffirm our conviction that specific measures to contain greenhouse gas emissions must urgently be adopted. Here, it is a priority to strengthen the multilateral regime and full respect for commitments undertaken. For that, we must take into account that our peoples demand levels of well-being and development that we will have to attain under conditions of climate uncertainty and the changed availability of our natural resources. That will force us to make drastic changes in their management, and will mean designing new and less carbon-intensive manufacturing and technology.", "For all those reasons, we reiterate our demand for support, not only in recognition of the efforts that developing countries have already made, but also as an ethical imperative of global solidarity. That requirement includes the pressing need to establish the financing and cooperation mechanisms provided for in the Convention. Such support, together with backing for capacity-building and dynamically and flexibly linked technologies, is a trilogy that will require the creation and definition by all parties requiring it of a process that must be aligned with national circumstances and needs, without restrictive conditionalities.", "Peru acknowledges that small island States have been affected by both the global economic and financial crisis and the consequences of the food and energy crises, as well as by climate change and natural disasters, such as the earthquake that struck Haiti in January 2010. We should also take into account the threat to many island States of sea-level rise, whose two main causes have been identified as temperature rise and polar ice melt.", "From our position as a developing country, we show solidarity for the efforts of those States, and advocate the due implementation of the cooperation commitments of the international community to financing, technical cooperation and capacity-building. The recent food and financial crises revealed that the structure and operation of the food market were too weak to cope with the effects of successive crises, exacerbated by the implementation of inappropriate policies in terms of efficient land use and food production.", "As in many other countries, in Peru, agriculture provides 62.8 per cent of national food production and is the main source of livelihood for the rural population. However, of that 62.8 per cent, 66 per cent of the agriculture depends entirely on rain. Peruvian agriculture is therefore very vulnerable to climate change, which affects our food security.", "In that context, it is appropriate to continuing working globally to undertake measures to ensure food security throughout the world, in particular in the poorest countries, essentially through effective strategies managed by every Government to implement investment plans, develop financing mechanisms, and broaden North-South and South-South cooperation, and so on.", "Finally, I believe that this is the right time to make an urgent call for the solidarity of all States Members of the Organization so that, setting aside individual interests and looking at the future of all humankind altruistically, we can draw up as soon as possible, in the relevant multilateral bodies, an ethical, joint, far-reaching, inclusive and transparent agreement that will allow us to tackle climate change and to bequeath a successful outcome to succeeding generations on our planet.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Bangladesh.", "Mr. Momen (Bangladesh): I thank Germany for scheduling this open debate on “Maintenance of international peace and security: the impact of climate change”. I thank the Secretary-General for his statement. Allow me also to express our sincere thanks to the other speakers, including the President of the Republic of Nauru, the Parliamentary Secretary for Pacific Island Affairs of Australia and the Executive Director of the United Nations Environment Programme, Mr. Achim Steiner, for their statements this morning.", "My delegation aligns itself with the statements delivered on behalf of the Group of 77 and China and of the Non-Aligned Movement, expressing their views and concern. In addition, I wish to highlight the following points, which Bangladesh feels are important.", "My delegation believes that the maintenance of international peace and security, as set out in the Charter of the United Nations, is the primary responsibility of the Security Council. The Charter also designated the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council to deal with issues related to economic and social development. In that regard, we believe that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the primary international intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change.", "Climate change is one of the most severe global challenges facing humankind. I appreciate the Secretary-General’s 2009 report on climate change and its possible security implications (A/64/350), which identified several channels, including food insecurity, a growing scarcity of natural resources, the displacement of people, the loss of jobs and livelihoods, abject poverty, large-scale migration and, more important, the loss of hope, resulting in desperation.", "All of those have the potential of driving social and regional tensions, political unrest, violent conflict and extremism, thereby threatening international peace and security. Indeed, some of the adverse impacts of climate change include the gradual loss of land, floods, inundation, droughts, sea-level rise, increased salinity, extreme weather patterns, decreased food production, scarcity of fresh water and climate-induced migration. Global warming in different parts of the world is already compelling us to face erratic climatic behaviour and witness increasing natural catastrophes.", "Recently, we have seen how wildfires in Russia and Australia; floods in Pakistan; earthquakes in Haiti, Chile and New Zealand; the tsunami in Japan; tornados and twisters in the United States and drought in Africa have affected developed and developing countries alike. It is true that climate change-induced food insecurity, the uprooting of populations and related adversity constitute a threat to international peace and security. In this regard, I call upon the parties concerned to quickly implement the promises spelled out in the L’Aquila Joint Statement on Global Food Security, adopted by global leaders in 2009.", "Sea-level rise is another looming concern for the global community, especially small island developing States (SIDS) and countries with low-lying coastal areas. The rising sea level is of great concern for Bangladesh, as it may displace 30 to 50 million people from our coastal belts by the year 2050. It also will deprive them of their livelihoods. Climate-induced displacement of people has already aggravated urban slum conditions in Bangladesh. Therefore, as negotiations are held to discuss what percentage of emission should be or would be allowed, millions of people in our region are scared of losing their homes and of joblessness and apprehensive of the fact that their next generation will not see their ancestral property. Their survival is at stake.", "The effect of climate change will be severe on the least developed countries and SIDS, and global efforts to support these countries should be enhanced right away. In this regard, my delegation calls for the full and effective implementation of the commitments under the Istanbul Declaration on the Least Developed Countries, the Mauritius Declaration and the Mauritius Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States.", "I urge all stakeholders to fully implement Agenda 21, adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992 and the commitments undertaken at other relevant United Nations conferences in the economic, environmental and social fields, including the Millennium Declaration.", "Let me stress the need to enhance assistance to the affected developing countries by supporting efforts to increase their national and regional capacities, including in mitigation, adaptation, preparedness and development. The developed countries should also ensure the provision of adequate, predictable, new and additional financial resources and the transfer of technology to developing countries.", "While addressing this matter, we must focus on the root causes of the problem. My delegation feels that if they are to tackle the adverse impacts of climate change, countries with different capacities and levels of development should fulfil their commitments with regard to emissions reductions and mitigation actions. Developed and developing countries should fulfil their differentiated responsibilities, including pledges and obligations under the framework of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change negotiations to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions.", "In conclusion, I also stress the need for a well-coordinated and integrated approach to mitigating the adverse impacts of climate change at the United Nations, meaning that all the relevant organs should complement rather than duplicate their efforts to meet the challenges of climate change.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of the Plurinational State of Bolivia.", "Mr. Archondo (Plurinational State of Bolivia) (spoke in Spanish): I would like to thank you, Mr. President, for allowing us to take the floor today. Bolivia associates itself with the statements made by the representative of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China and by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.", "Climate change is a genuine threat to the existence of humanity, human beings and Mother Earth. Given its systemic nature, it can be analysed from many angles, including its social, economic, cultural and environmental aspects. It is also known that climate change has a security dimension because many States may disappear and new conflicts will emerge due to the effects of extreme temperature change. It is a global threat caused by just a few but affecting millions. Based on that understanding, Bolivia expresses its solidarity with the small island developing States, represented here in the Council by the President of Nauru this morning.", "However, while we recognize the security dimension of this issue, we do not believe that the issue should be addressed by the Security Council because the representatives of the largest emitters of greenhouse gases are precisely those States with permanent seats in the Council and the right to veto. Given those conditions, is it possible for the Security Council to adopt resolutions on sanctions or reparations that effectively hold those countries responsible for the damage they are causing?", "The security aspect of climate change should be dealt with in a forum where the guilty States do not possess permanent seats or the right to veto. It should be discussed in a forum where the main victims are adequately represented: the island States threatened with disappearance, countries with glaciers, the countries of Africa, and all of the developing countries that have to pay for damage that they did not cause. Today, the only forum with this level of participation is the General Assembly. For that reason, all aspects of climate change should be addressed comprehensively by that body.", "My delegation also stresses that the fundamental task of climate change negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is to guarantee the effective and genuine reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by implementing the second stage of commitments of the Kyoto Protocol. That is the only way to bridge the existing gap and stabilize the global temperature increase at 1ºC. The developed countries should increase their commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. We now face a temperature increase of 5ºC that will lead to a catastrophic situation, as the Executive Director of the United Nations Environment Programme clearly noted this morning.", "According to the Global Humanitarian Forum, every year 350,000 people die because of natural disasters resulting from climate change. That figure will grow and exceed the death rates of the many conflicts and armed conflicts worldwide. That is why a body must be created that will judge and sanction countries that fail to reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases, because they are provoking genocide and ecocide against Mother Earth. For this reason, the Plurinational State of Bolivia advocates the creation of an international tribunal for climate and environmental justice that will implement effective measures to guarantee the human and natural rights of all, and especially those affected by the irresponsibility of those who place profit and earnings above the survival of the human species and Mother Earth.", "Every year, global military expenditures total more than $1.5 trillion. Most of those expenditures are incurred by the developed countries, and particularly the five permanent members of the Security Council. However, in order to address the problems of climate change, developed countries have committed only $30 billion over three years — $10 billion per year — an amount equal to less than 1 per cent of their expenditures on defence and security.", "A first positive step would be to significantly reduce military expenses and to allocate those resources to a fund to tackle the impacts of climate change in developing countries, particularly island States, African countries, mountain countries and all poor regions of the world that are being affected by this problem.", "Allow me to end my statement with a question. Would it be possible for the Security Council to adopt a resolution establishing a reduction of some 10 or 20 per cent in defence and security expenditures, and directing that money to efforts to address the effects of climate change?", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Palau.", "Mr. Beck (Palau): At the outset, I would like to thank Germany and you personally, Mr. President, for hosting and leading this very important meeting. I would also like to thank the United Kingdom for its inspiring actions three years ago here in the Council. I associate Palau with the statements made by His Excellency President Stephen of the Republic of Nauru and by Parliamentary Secretary Richard Marles, and I note with appreciation the support of Maldives, Seychelles and Timor-Leste.", "The Security Council is responsible for carrying out the most crucial international tasks and is, as a result, accorded extraordinary powers by the Charter. When a threat to international peace and security arises, the Security Council has the mandate and limitless ability to act. That basic function under the Charter should be uncontroversial. Palau is surprised and disappointed, therefore, to hear any opposition whatsoever to an outcome from this debate. Today’s best available science shows clearly that the Western Pacific region has already seen sea levels rise twice as much as in other regions. The Pacific small island developing States are in a red zone. Perhaps if others stood on our vanishing shores, they would better appreciate our situation. While the causes of this threat are novel, the effects, which endanger the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Member States, fit squarely within the Council’s traditional mandate.", "The Council has before it the Pacific’s modest, constructive and highly achievable proposals. We respectfully request that, at a very minimum, the Council adopt them. If not, I can assure the Council that this will not be the last word on the issue. The danger is mounting. Palau will therefore continue to call on every United Nations entity to intensify its efforts to address climate change and security.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Hungary.", "Mr. Körösi (Hungary): My country fully aligns itself with the statement made by the observer of the European Union. Let me thank the President of the Council for proposing this open debate and also emphasize our full support for what President Marcus Stephen of Nauru said this morning about the magnitude of the challenges we all face as a result of ongoing climate change.", "I would like to voice some additional thoughts about the security implications of climate change, particularly concerning the direct threats represented by rising water levels. For certain countries, as some speakers have indicated today, their potential loss of territory could be fatal, leading to the total relocation of some nations; others can expect the extraordinarily heavy burden of having to move — where that is possible — infrastructure and economic assets.", "In Europe alone, some 20 to 30 million people may be forced to leave their homes over the next 70 years. The overall loss of assets there could be more than the total gross domestic product (GDP) of the European Union today. On a global scale, the population that would have to be relocated could be more than 300 million, and the potential loss of assets is incalculable. Degradation and the flight of capital and populations from endangered areas could happen well before such areas were submerged. Vulnerable societies, as many have indicated today, could be overwhelmed by such events.", "Some potential indirect threats from these factors are that fishing and mining rights could become uncertain or even challenged if territorial waters and exclusive economic zones were to change significantly. Traditional donors will have to spend much more on their own mitigation projects and be able to contribute less to assisting stability and development in other regions.", "Some possible inland security consequences include an increase in the volatility of rivers, resulting in uncontrollable floods, and more powerful storms with greater destructive capability. An increasing part of countries’ GDP may have to be spent on constant recovery efforts. Such factors are already taking a greater toll than ongoing wars, in both human and economic terms.", "Among the security issues that should be reconsidered, food security, which has already been discussed today, has never been as fragile in the past 60 years as it is today. The implications are felt everywhere, but in the most vulnerable countries, rapidly growing social tensions could quickly topple local or regional security arrangements. In fact, in all the countries affected by the Arab Spring, food prices played an important role in security issues. New analysis and guidance concerning the peacekeeping and peacebuilding activities overseen by the Security Council and other bodies might be desirable in order to prevent States and communities from lapsing into violent conflict situations.", "Six decades ago, when the United Nations system was first developed, security was viewed primarily in military terms. Today, the dimensions of security and the imminence of risk factors have significantly changed. The focus of the principal body responsible for addressing security challenges should follow or even anticipate those changes. The Republic of Hungary strongly supports the work of the Security Council and further encourages the Council to maintain its vigilance over and preparedness for the security implications of climate change.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Finland.", "Mr. Taalas (Finland): Finland subscribes to the European Union statement. I would like to make just a few additional points from our national perspective.", "Finland welcomes this debate. In the light of this debate, of exchanges in many other forums, and of the Secretary-General’s 2009 report (A/64/350), it is clear that climate change will have significant security implications. The themes highlighted in the concept note (S/2011/408, annex) and in this debate, including rises in sea levels and food security, are directly linked to international peace and security. Only 20 years ago, it did not seem imaginable that small island nations could be submerged due to sea-level rise. It sounded like science-fiction. Today, that prospect is all too real.", "Climate change will have an adverse effect on food production and freshwater resources. That impact will be worse in areas already under environmental stress, which could lead to population movements and political unrest. While the impact of climate change varies from region to region, the small island developing States are most at risk. They are not the cause of climate change, but they may very well become its first victims unless remedial action is taken. They must be our priority.", "Finland is actively partnering with many small island developing States in building their capacity to act internationally and adapt locally. As an example, Finland supports the capacity development of the Alliance of Small Island States and the Pacific small island developing States, and has meteorological cooperation projects in the Pacific and Caribbean regions.", "Action and ownership at the local level are crucial to slowing climate change and mitigating its effects. Women have a key role, as they are often the most powerful agents for change. That is why Finland has for years supported the Global Gender and Climate Alliance and the participation of women representatives in climate change negotiations.", "Finland welcomes the discussions on climate change within the United Nations and believes that the Security Council and other United Nations organs can and should contribute to this, within their respective competences. The Security Council should, given its pre-eminent role in maintaining international peace and security, keep an eye on the emerging security implications of climate change. If elected to the Security Council next year, Finland will contribute actively to any such assessment and action.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Barbados.", "Mr. Goddard (Barbados): At the outset, let me join those who spoke before me in thanking you, Mr. President, and Germany for having convened this very important meeting.", "I have the honour to speak on behalf of the 14 member States of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). CARICOM wishes to associate itself with the statements made on behalf of the Group of 77 and China and the Non-Aligned Movement. CARICOM welcomes the presence of His Excellency Mr. Marcus Stephen, President of the Republic of Nauru, at today’s debate.", "Climate change represents the most serious global environmental and development challenge facing humanity. Dangerous climate change is already occurring, and therefore an urgent and comprehensive response by all countries must be of the highest priority. Climate change will intensify already existing global challenges, exacerbate water and food scarcity, and cause a range of other shocks and stresses, some of which will be highly unpredictable and abrupt.", "CARICOM believes that the environmental, social and economic aspects of climate change cannot be easily separated from its possible security dimensions. We therefore believe that the possible security implications of climate change must be addressed at the multilateral level by bodies which are inclusive, representative and transparent and that allow for the full and effective participation of all Member States.", "Let me reiterate CARICOM’s view that the Security Council should refrain from encroaching on the functions and powers that the Charter and tradition have placed within the purview of the General Assembly. CARICOM maintains that it is far better for the Council to construe its mandate strictly and do a small number of things well rather than be more expansive and do a host of tasks poorly.", "As a group of countries particularly vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change, CARICOM believes that if urgent and ambitious actions are taken to comprehensively address climate change, this will reduce the security implications associated with climate change, including the existential threat faced by some small island developing States (SIDS), including some in the Caribbean and Pacific. When the Council last addressed this issue in 2007, it was in the context of the alarming findings of the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which warned that we were on the cusp of a global climate disaster without an urgent and ambitious collective response.", "Over the past four years, science and actual climatic events have not only confirmed these assessments, but have pointed to an even narrower window of opportunity for action than originally envisaged in 2007. The increased intensity and frequency of extreme weather events around the world, including in the Caribbean, accelerating ice melting in polar regions and glacier retreats, and a faster-than-projected sea-level rise, all point to the seriousness of the climate challenge.", "Unfortunately, the response by the international community has not been commensurate with the scale and complexity of this challenge. Despite the sobering realities confronting us, there is an absence of political will on the part of those most responsible for this problem to conclude a comprehensive and legally binding agreement in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and provide vulnerable developing countries with the means to address current and future adaptation needs. Furthermore, global emissions are at their highest level in history, and as the International Energy Agency confirmed a few weeks ago, the world is about to cross the dangerous threshold that would make it impossible to limit the increase in global mean temperatures to the below 2º C goal agreed to in Cancun in the UNFCCC a mere six months ago, or achieve the even more ambitious below 1.5º goal supported by over 100 developing countries, including the Alliance of Small Island States and the least developed countries.", "CARICOM continues to believe that with strong leadership, a bold and ambitious response is possible, and we are therefore not prepared to wave the white flag of surrender and abandon hope that this problem will be solved. We consider it morally and ethically unacceptable for the international community to fail to respond to the needs of peoples facing the prospect of hunger, drought, more frequent and intense extreme weather events or the real prospect of losing their lands, livelihoods and even lives on account of sea-level rise, when we have the means and tools at our disposal to address these problems.", "It is still scientifically possible and economically feasible to undertake the actions required to avert this looming climate catastrophe. Even now, no effort, financial or otherwise, is being spared to avert a global financial meltdown. A similar effort is required to avert a climate catastrophe.", "In this regard, those who have historically contributed most to this problem have a moral and legal obligation to assume primary responsibility. Developed countries must take the lead in significantly reducing their harmful greenhouse gas emissions and substantially increasing financial and technological assistance to support the adaptation efforts of developing countries, especially the SIDS.", "CARICOM remains convinced that the international community must attach the highest priority to completing ongoing climate change negotiations within the UNFCCC and its Kyoto Protocol on strengthening the existing legally binding climate regime.", "CARICOM wishes to further emphasize the need for our development partners to join with us and other SIDS to ensure the full and rapid implementation of the Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy, of which the issues of climate change and sea-level rise are important components. The effective implementation of these two international agreements, support for national and regional initiatives such as the Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre, along with the action taken within the UNFCCC, will significantly assist the SIDS in coping with the adverse effects of climate change and help to minimize the security implications associated with climate change.", "In closing, let me say that it is these real and tangible actions that will reduce the risks of climate change. Given the many expressions of solidarity today, CARICOM is hopeful that this debate will result in a renewed sense of urgency and ambition within the ongoing climate change negotiations. For the Caribbean Community and other island States, the failure of the international community to respond to climate change and thereby ensure our survival and viability is not an option we would wish to contemplate.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Turkey.", "Mr. Çorman (Turkey): Turkey welcomes this important open debate on climate change and international peace and security. We thank the German presidency for having organized it.", "There can be no doubt that climate change continues to be one of the most pressing and complex issues facing humankind today. It is vital to find a global solution to this problem. We have absolutely no time to lose. The adverse effects of climate change pose a risk that is simply too serious and too great to ignore. Complacency cannot be an option.", "It is also very clear that the risks posed by climate change cannot be met by any single State. We are faced with a common challenge and we must tackle it with a spirit of shared responsibility. This means that effective long-term cooperation and sustained international solidarity will be of paramount importance.", "Turkey is fully committed to contributing to the global efforts to address climate change. We believe that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the central multilateral instrument to guide individual and collective actions. In this context, we need to work hard to determine the elements of a realistic post-2012 regime. The UNFCCC Cancún Conference was a significant step forward in this regard.", "Climate change and its follow-on effects pose a severe risk to political, economic and social stability, in particular in drier, subtropical, overpopulated and economically underdeveloped regions of the world. These effects include shortfalls in water for drinking and irrigation, with concomitant risks of thirst and famine; changes and possible declines in agricultural productivity stemming from altered temperature and rainfall patterns; rises in sea level, which pose an existential threat to several Member States; spikes in the rates and extended geographic scope of malaria and other diseases; shifts in economic output and trade patterns; changes and possible large shifts in human migration patterns; larger economic and human losses attributable to extreme weather events such as hurricanes; and shortfalls in energy supply. Such effects would significantly curtail sustainable development and the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals.", "Needless to say, small island developing States and least-developed countries will be hit hardest by climate change, due to their structural constraints, limited natural resources and vulnerability to natural hazards. In this context, we believe that climate change adaptation merits further consideration.", "The international community should continue to work on how best to overcome the observed and future impacts of climate change, taking into account the potential security implications. A key issue is the identification of cases of successful adaptation in the developing world, where the greatest risk and physical vulnerability persists. It depends predominantly on the capacity to cope with all kinds of threats and impacts, which is determined to a large degree by the socio‑economic characteristics of communities. Thorough assessment and effective planning are central to successful adaptation. This requires sufficient long-term sources of financing, as well as appropriate know-how and technology.", "It is clear to us that the international community needs to accelerate its efforts to combat climate change. This long-term dedicated effort will also contribute to development, prosperity, peace and security on our planet. Turkey stands ready to do its part in this regard.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of the Philippines.", "Mr. Cabactulan (Philippines): At the outset, I wish to congratulate Germany and you, Mr. President, upon your assumption of the presidency of the Security Council for the month of July. I also wish to express my appreciation to you, Sir, and the other members of the Council for this opportunity to address the Council under the agenda item on the maintenance of international peace and security and the impact of climate change.", "The Philippines aligns itself with the statements delivered by the Permanent Representative of Egypt, on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement, and by the Permanent Representative of Argentina, on behalf of the Group of 77 and China.", "It is beyond dispute that climate change has adversely affected and continues to impact our environment and our lives. It not only alters the harmony of nature but destroys its works. We are now experiencing its harmful effects and consequences. We fear that this is just a prelude to a much greater and irreversible catastrophe.", "The Philippines, like many developing island States, is highly vulnerable to the adverse impact of climate change. The increasing frequency and severity of floods, droughts and typhoons are already stretching to the limit our Government’s capacity and resources to aid the victims of natural calamities.", "Global warming has also affected the yield of staple crops, such as rice and corn. Even marine resources have felt the scourge of this phenomenon. The fish kill in some provinces in the Philippines continues to mount, endangering the livelihood of thousands of fisherfolk. Indeed, the slew of environmental devastation and economic loss brought about by climate change shows no sign of alleviating.", "Sea-level rise is another threat to the integrity of the Philippine archipelago. We therefore share the grave concern of small island developing States about the short- and long-term consequences of climate change and the havoc it will bring if nothing is done to mitigate these pernicious consequences.", "My delegation believes that addressing the issue of climate change falls primarily within the competence of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), but also tangentially within those of the General Assembly and other forums such as the Rio+20 Conference, to be held next year. The Security Council may of course play a role on this issue, in the sense that armed conflicts could potentially break out due to competition for food and scarce resources, not to mention the disappearance of island States as the ocean slowly swallows them. This crisis is not just hypothetical; it is real, and a certain recipe for chaos and instability — a real threat to peace and security. Yet no discussion within the Security Council on climate change can be held without acknowledging the state of play in other forums, especially within the UNFCCC process.", "The principles and discussions regarding the issue of climate change must be interrelated and complementary. Before we reach the ultimate crisis level when nation States drown, all efforts to prevent this from happening through adaptation and mitigation must be exhausted. Part of this appreciation should also consider commitments made under the Kyoto Protocol and the need to negotiate a second commitment period, mutually agreed to by all stakeholders.", "It is ironic that small islands and developing States, particularly those in tropical areas like the Philippines, are the least responsible for this global problem and yet they face and bear the most adverse consequences. Climate change, in particular global warming, will continue unless significant gains are achieved in the campaign to immediately reduce greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The predicament of these countries is compounded by their inability to access resources to enable them to adapt to climate change.", "We all know the problem very well, and we are all part of the solution. While of course this is accepted, some members here are more responsible than others in addressing the root causes of the problem. Scientific studies and findings provide the bases for and the courses of action that we must all take. We should not wait for a major catastrophic event to happen. We cannot afford to be lax and indifferent. The future of our children and of generations to come is at stake. All of us must therefore be directly involved in the fulfilment of our intergenerational obligation and responsibility to protect the environment and save the planet from anthropogenic shortcomings that could lead us all to problems of international peace and security.", "The President: Following extensive consultations by Council members, I have been authorized to make the following statement on their behalf:", "“The Security Council reaffirms its primary responsibility under the Charter of the United Nations for the maintenance of international peace and security. The Council stresses the importance of establishing strategies of conflict prevention.", "“The Security Council recognizes the responsibility for sustainable development issues, including climate change, conferred upon the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council.", "“The Security Council underlines General Assembly resolution 63/281 of 3 June 2009, which: reaffirms that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the key instrument for addressing climate change, recalls the provisions of the UNFCCC, including the acknowledgement that the global nature of climate change calls for the widest possible cooperation by all countries and their participation in an effective and appropriate international response, in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities and their social and economic conditions, and invites the relevant organs of the United Nations, as appropriate and within their respective mandates, to intensify their efforts in considering and addressing climate change, including its possible security implications.", "“The Security Council notes General Assembly resolution 65/159 of 20 December 2010, entitled ‘Protection of global climate for present and future generations of humankind’.", "“The Security Council notes that, in response to the request contained in General Assembly resolution 63/281, the Secretary-General submitted a report to the General Assembly on ‘Climate change and its possible security implications’ (A/64/350).", "“The Security Council expresses its concern that possible adverse effects of climate change may, in the long run, aggravate certain existing threats to international peace and security.", "“The Security Council expresses its concern that possible security implications of loss of territory of some States caused by sea-level rise may arise, in particular in small low-lying island States.", "“The Security Council notes that in matters relating to the maintenance of international peace and security under its consideration, conflict analysis and contextual information on, inter alia, possible security implications of climate change is important, when such issues are drivers of conflict, represent a challenge to the implementation of Council mandates or endanger the process of consolidation of peace. In this regard, the Council requests the Secretary-General to ensure that his reporting to the Council contains such contextual information.”", "This statement will be issued as a document of the Security Council under the symbol S/PRST/2011/15.", "I would like to thank all members of the Council for the cooperation and flexibility shown in the intensive negotiations over recent days. It led to an outcome of our debate that is good news.", "I now give the floor to the representative of Kenya.", "Mr. Kamau (Kenya): I would like, first of all, to begin by thanking you, Mr. President, for convening today’s meeting. I would also like to thank Mr. Achim Steiner for his statement this morning.", "My delegation very much welcomes the opportunity to speak on this issue today, because for us climate change presents a real and present danger that consistently haunts the existence and lives of our people. This happens in five key dimensions. The first is human security; the second is economic security; the third is national security in the collective sense; the fourth is in the context of peace and stability; and the fifth is in the context of trying to find solutions for these issues.", "Insofar as human security is concerned, for us climate change impacts on the lives and livelihoods of Kenyans in ways that are very difficult to describe because, for the most part, they impact in ways in which lives are lost, children suffer and we all collectively find ourselves in a spiral of deteriorating circumstances. The food security situation in our country, the situation of prices driven by food insecurity, the situation with regard to water, the situation with regard to the drying up of rivers and the situation with regard to access to shelter driven by the disappearance of forests, where we get the timber for many houses — all these are conditions that are directly correlated to the human security of our people and their livelihoods. Health and education are affected directly as people find themselves forced out of their homes and communities by situations of drought and lack of water and food. This situation becomes real. As we have seen over the past 10 to 15 years, the situation has continued to accelerate. Currently we have yet another drought, after having faced one as recently as in 2008.", "As far as economic security is concerned, as everyone here knows, many of the countries in our region — and Kenya is no exception — are weather-based economies. We depend upon agriculture, livestock and wildlife. Agriculture is the backbone of our economy. It is not irrigation-driven, it is weather-based. We have had cycles of drought and floods, which continue to undermine our ability to provide the food security that we wish to provide for our people. We have determined that we suffer a 2 to 5 per cent loss in economic growth every two or three years as a direct consequence of climate change driven by droughts and floods. This difference is essentially the difference between attaining full growth that can drive the transformation of our economies and meet our Millennium Development Goals, or not.", "With regard to climate change and national security, again, in the case of Kenya we are very conscious of the fact that we are in a country and an economy with truly scarce resources.", "Less than one-third of our country is arable; two-thirds of the country is basically shrub and land that is not conducive to agriculture. Therefore, land is a premium product and something that we consider to be fundamentally important to the livelihoods of people. Struggles around land, water, livestock and food become a fundamental part of people’s existence and therefore drive their interrelationships. In the northern part of our country, we have seen cattle-rustling and other acts that drive the inability of the country to maintain security become correlated to the weather patterns of that region. We see people migrating internally — huge population movements driven by the consequences of poor weather. These are real issues for us.", "In the context of the regional perspective, we see people coming in to our country. Over the past month, we have seen yet another 1,300 people added to the already 500,000 who are there from Somalia alone. As the Secretary-General said in his presentation, we have seen close to 53,000 people coming in to the country, driven primarily by the consequences of the lack of water, food and security in our neighbour Somalia. This is a real concern for us, and the correlation between it and climate change is direct.", "My fourth point relates to peace and stability. The three issues that I have just spoken about — human security, economic security and national security — fundamentally affect peace and stability not only in Kenya, but in the region in which our country exists. It has already been said here by many that the Horn of Africa is undergoing the severest drought it has experienced in the past two generations. Not since the 1950s have we seen anything as serious as what we are witnessing in northern Kenya and much of Somalia. We are therefore very conscious of what this means for the efforts that we are undertaking in our country not only to promote peace and stability, but to try to put in place the kind of economic growth that will allow us to overcome poverty and achieve the Millennium Development Goals.", "Lastly, we have come to realize — and we have come here because we want to emphasize — that we need a clear, determined and long-term solution. In this context, we associate ourselves with the statements made on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement and the Group of 77. It is imperative that we, as the international community, begin to take extremely seriously the consequences of climate change, particularly for poor countries. As I said earlier, the consequences are real to us. They drive livelihoods and they drive lives. They undermine the well-being of our families and leave our children devastated and without opportunities to learn and maintain good health.", "I very much welcome the presidential statement that has just been adopted (S/PRST/2011/15) because it signals to us that the Security Council and, by extension, the General Assembly are truly beginning to understand that this situation is serious enough to deserve not just a paper outcome, but also clear, determined solutions that we can all use to seize the opportunity to improve the lives of our children.", "The President: I give the floor to the representative of the Sudan.", "Mr. Osman (Sudan) (spoke in Arabic): At the outset, I should like to thank you, Sir, for the comprehensive concept paper you have submitted (S/2011/408, annex), and in particular for the fifth and final issue it raises for discussion concerning the need to coordinate the other United Nations organs and agencies working on conflict prevention and peacebuilding, including the Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery of the United Nations Development Programme, the Post-Conflict and Disaster Management Branch of the United Nations Environment Programme, the Department of Political Affairs and the Peacebuilding Commission. There must be coordination among all these agencies in order to counter the negative security dimensions of climate change.", "I should like to add my voice to those of the representatives of Egypt, Argentina and Kuwait, who spoke on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement, the Group of 77 and China, and the Group of Arab States, respectively.", "With regard to the subject under discussion, my country has suffered a conflict in Darfur that is coming to an end. I recall our previous statements to the Council to the effect that drought and desertification in that region are among the basic causes of that conflict, and that they are the results of climate change. In 1985, Darfur experienced severe desertification and drought, which affected economic activity based on agriculture and livestock. When the drought took hold, conflict erupted that had nothing to do with the ethnicity of the tribes involved, but was directly related to the economic situation. Herdsmen encroached on farmland, sparking the onset of conflict in Darfur. There is a saying that the herdsman would sooner see his son die before his eyes than his cow. We therefore assert that the main cause of conflict in Darfur was desertification and drought.", "My second point is that if the international community had helped the Sudan to address the basic cause of conflict, which is lack of economic development in the face of drought and desertification, it would not have needed to spend all that money on peacekeeping operations in Darfur. The money spent every year on peacekeeping there amounts to some $3 billion. Would it not have been preferable to spend that money to address the fundamental problems caused by desertification and drought in the region? Had we done so, we could have ended the conflict.", "Other, political causes followed desertification and drought which some parties used to exploit the situation in Darfur. In the Doha negotiations, the Sudan, with the assistance of the United Nations and the African Union, has drawn up a basic document that has been accepted by all stakeholders in Darfur. We hope that the document will put a rapid end to the conflict in Darfur. At the same time, we have agreed to establish a bank capitalized by the sisterly country of Qatar. From this Chamber, we would like to thank Qatar for addressing the root causes of conflict: the lack of economic development, drought and desertification.", "In conclusion, if we, in all the agencies of the United Nations, focus on the root causes of conflict, we could achieve peace and security. If we delay, we will be helpless to prevent conflict, and will have to spend much money on peacekeeping operations that do not address its root causes.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Ghana.", "Mr. Tachie-Manson (Ghana): My delegation commends the Federal Republic of Germany for holding this debate on “Maintenance of international peace and security: the impact of climate change”. We express our gratitude to the Secretary-General and the Executive Director of the United Nations Environment Programme for their statements. We align ourselves with the statements delivered by the representatives of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China and of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.", "Climate change has negatively impacted food production in many parts of the world. Excessive heat, wild fires, floods, drought and desertification have caused crop failures and reduced crop yield. In addition, as noted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, climate change is likely to reduce access to clean water and ecosystem resources, and to undermine stable health conditions and the security of settlements. Evidence abounds that global warming will cause sea-level rise, major changes in coast lines and the inundation of low-lying areas.", "The impact of climate change has implications for human security. The livelihoods and survival of communities are at stake. Climate change has, to some extent, caused the scarcity of resources, competition and disagreement among parties, institutional breakdown and violent conflict in some countries. The areas in which climate change has led to conflict are mainly where the capacity of the population to adapt to changing conditions is weak and it is susceptible to conflict.", "We firmly believe that a security-oriented debate on climate change in the Council will encourage many countries to substantially reduce emissions and invest more in adaptation activities. Investment in adaptation activities that provide information on vulnerability, climate risk and early warning signals builds the adaptive capacities of States through measures such as co-managing water resources, protecting and diversifying livelihoods, and ensuring access to and the availability of key natural resources and support to domestic and regional conflict resolution institutions. That will enhance security and reduce the potential for conflicts.", "Responses to environmental wars should focus predominantly not on military solutions to secure resources or to erect solid barriers to migration, but more on the cost-effective alternative of adaptation. We hope that putting climate change in the “high politics” category of security will not draw attention away from development challenges, such as extreme poverty, access to education and HIV/AIDS, which, altogether, pose an urgent threat to vulnerable societies.", "It is our fervent hope that this debate in the Council will lead to actions that complement and boost the work of relevant institutions mandated to handle sustainable development issues. Such actions should be timely, concerted and sustainable.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.", "Mr. Valero Briceño (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela) (spoke in Spanish): As we have all heard, the Security Council has adopted a presidential statement on the topic under deliberation today (S/PRST/2011/15). The statement was read out before today’s debate had ended and before the statements of 11 delegations on the list delivered to us by the Secretariat, including the Venezuelan delegation, having been heard. That procedure, to say the least, is inconsiderate and another example of the exclusive nature of the Security Council’s decision-making. While voicing such concern about the procedure, I would like to state the view of the Venezuelan delegation on the topic under consideration.", "First, the delegation of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela endorses the statements made by the representatives of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 (G-77) and China, and of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.", "My delegation is concerned over the hypersensitivity shown by members of this body on issues beyond their competence, even as they omit or avoid consideration of initiatives that contribute to making the legitimate activity of this organ more transparent. It has been repeatedly stated here that the primary responsibility of the Security Council is the maintenance of international peace and security, as established in the Charter of the United Nations, as we all know. That instrument entrusts, among other matters, the handling of issues of economic and social development to the Economic and Social Council and the General Assembly.", "The increasing infringement by the Security Council of the functions and responsibilities of other main organs of the United Nations is a distortion of the purposes and principles of the Charter and is an abuse of authority that affects the rights of most Members of the United Nations.", "We therefore allow ourselves to reiterate that the responsibility for addressing matters of sustainable development falls to the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and its pertinent auxiliary bodies, such as, for example, the Commission on Sustainable Development and the United Nations Environment Programme. Moreover, climate change and its implications are the object of a binding multilateral agreement, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and an additional protocol, the Kyoto Protocol. Given its nature, that issue is outside the competences of the Security Council.", "The position of Venezuela on this issue is consistent with that voiced by developing countries since 2007. What is proposed today is to strengthen, and not to weaken the institutional framework of the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council as the principal organs concerned with economic, social and environmental matters.", "Our delegation therefore rejects any initiative on climate change that is presented outside the scope of the Framework Convention, as it would deeply affect the institutionality of the multilateral system on that issue. Furthermore, the Security Council has no mandate to address issues related to the vulnerability of States to the effects of climate change.", "We take this opportunity to reiterate the readiness of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela to cooperate on the cause of the sustainable development of small island States, which is central to the policies of solidarity and cooperation of the Bolivarian people with brother island States.", "Within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, we support the position of the G-77 and China on strengthening the institutions and mechanisms that will help to build the capacities of those States facing the effects of climate change. We must assess and manage risks before disasters occur. It is therefore necessary to unite the efforts of the development, humanitarian assistance and environmental protection bodies.", "It is essential that all States Members of the United Nations promote sustainable development by adhering to the Rio principles, in particular that of common but differentiated responsibilities, and by fully implementing Agenda 21 and other documents agreed at the Rio Conference, the Johannesburg Summit and the relevant United Nations conferences on economic, social and environmental matters.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Fiji.", "Mr. Daunivalu (Fiji): Let me begin by first thanking the German presidency and you personally, Mr. President, for convening this open debate. It is timely and my country is pleased to participate.", "In making this statement, we align ourselves with the statement delivered this morning by the President of Nauru on behalf of the Pacific States, together with Maldives, Seychelles and Timor-Leste.", "We are all aware that climate change is a phenomenon that has no respect for national boundaries or sovereign States. All nations contribute to the problem and all are affected. The adverse impact of climate change is undisputed. It was our collective recognition of that threat that led to the formation of the various international instruments and bodies currently dealing with climate change.", "It is clear, however, that the scale of the threat posed by climate change differs from country to country. While some countries are content with addressing climate change challenges as a sustainable development issue or tackling only its causes and related factors under the process of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), for Fiji, Pacific small island developing States (SIDS) and other low-lying countries, climate change carries a real security threat.", "Climate change poses the most serious threat to the survival and livelihood of many small island and low-lying coastal States. The preservation of our nations’ territorial integrity and our very existence as sovereign States face far greater threats from the adverse impacts of climate change than from human conflict or other atrocities. The nature of those fundamental security implications of climate change should indicate to us that the issue requires the attention of all principal organs of the United Nations. We say this mindful of a potential domino effect that would ignore the real threats posed by climate change and their consequences for national, regional and international peace and security. We therefore welcome the convening of this open debate in the Council.", "In asking the Council to deal with the issue of the security implications of climate change, we do not consider that there has been any encroachment on the mandates of the relevant organs and bodies of the United Nations that already deal with climate change. What we are asking the Council to do is to fulfil its responsibilities as conferred upon it by the Charter. All Member States agreed under the Charter that in carrying out its duties and responsibilities, the Security Council acts on our behalf. We rely on the Council’s wisdom to represent the interests of all Members of the United Nations and its organs in the fulfilment of its mandate. We urge the Council to deliver on its part.", "In fulfilling its responsibilities, we also ask the Council to fully respect the mandates of the other principal organs of the United Nations and other relevant bodies, processes and instruments that already address climate change. We reaffirm that the UNFCCC is the primary forum for negotiating a global response to climate change and that General Assembly resolution 63/281 recognizes, among other things, the respective responsibilities of the principal organs of the United Nations, including the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security conferred upon the Security Council.", "We recognize that climate change is interconnected with issues of sustainable development, food security, financing, mitigation and adaptation. More than that, however, the security implications of climate change threaten the very livelihood and survival of our islands, countries and peoples. We believe, therefore, that this phenomenon should be given the necessary attention it deserves. The threat posed by climate change is politically blind. Its consequences can be far greater that any battle fought. It is incumbent upon us as representatives of the planet and humanity to be comprehensive and thorough in our approach. The stakes are too serious for us to fail to address this issue, or to take action only after a disaster is already upon us. The price for inaction now will be immeasurably high in the future, for human history teaches us that severe security implications will inevitably arise from the great changes that lie ahead.", "In conclusion, if the time to make hay is when the sun is shining, then we firmly believe that we have reached the juncture where the Council must take up the challenge faced by the countries most at risk from climate change. We wish to emphasize that special attention must be given to the obvious calamities associated with sea-level rise. We call on the Council to begin earnest preparations to deal with the security implications of climate change. To that end, we welcome and are heartened by the presidential statement delivered a short while ago on the outcome of this open debate (S/PRST/2011/15). It lays a solid platform for further work by the Council on this important issue.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Poland.", "Mr. Zieliński (Poland): Let me begin by thanking you, Mr. President, and the delegation of Germany for taking the important initiative to organize this timely debate. I also thank you for the comprehensive concept note that you have prepared (S/2011/408). My delegation also welcomes the presidential statement that you delivered earlier (S/PRST/2011/15).", "Poland fully aligns itself with the statement made by the observer of the European Union on behalf of its 27 member States; however, let me just add a few remarks.", "We are already experiencing effects from climate change. Extreme weather events are becoming more frequent and intense than ever before. While climate change alone does not cause conflict, it is an existential threat that can fuel conflict over food and scarce natural resources, especially where access to those resources is politicized. The impacts of climate change might weaken fragile Governments and generate new conflict.", "Fortunately, there is increasing awareness among the international community of the urgent need to take action and place climate change within a broader global policy context. The impact of climate change on global security is a cross-cutting issue and requires comprehensive policy responses. In that context, we find it vital to focus our deliberations on water and energy issues.", "Water should be at the centre of climate adaptation efforts. Water shortage has the potential to cause civil unrest leading to significant economic loss and thus to generate conflict around the world. Investments and changes to water-management policies should thus be prioritized. In addition, where water supplies cross borders, it is crucial to negotiate water-sharing agreements. Water is also central to almost all economic activities. Therefore, deficiencies in water resources will become one of the most visible impacts of climate change on human society.", "Let me now turn to the energy issue. Competition over access to, and control over, energy resources is one of the most significant potential sources of conflict. Since much of the world’s strategic energy reserves are in regions that are vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, instability is likely to increase. However, the main threat to energy security comes from import reliance and the lack of necessary infrastructure. In that context, the crucial role of indigenous resources is of the utmost importance. Moreover, energy supply chains should be set up based on a competitive market and adequate infrastructure. Furthermore, reducing emissions by improving energy efficiency is indispensable to achieving mitigation measures.", "Urgent international action at the global level is needed to deal with the security challenges of climate change. Addressing its security implications requires new foreign policy thinking outside the environmental box. It is necessary to improve countries’ capacity for early warning, analysis and response to climate-induced security implications.", "We are aware that these actions entail significant costs. Nonetheless, the cost of action on climate change is far outweighed by the consequences of inaction. Sound environmental policies should become an essential part of conflict prevention on a global scale. Moreover, prevention, mitigation and response capacity-building should be coupled with promoting the development of regional security scenarios for different levels of climate change and their implications. We also need a global framework of risk management to address the challenges of climate change.", "Last but not least, Poland understands the concerns of the most vulnerable countries, particularly small island developing States. Climate change is one of the major challenges that these States face. It threatens their very existence, posing additional development challenges with significant security implications. In that context, we would like to reaffirm our commitment to the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy, with a view to addressing effectively the specific vulnerabilities and development needs of small island developing States. It is of the utmost importance that we continue and intensify our assistance to developing countries in their efforts to address climate change.", "Finally, let me also underline the key role of international climate change negotiations. An ambitious post-2012 global climate agreement will play a crucial role in addressing climate security. In this regard, Poland actively supports the work carried out in the context of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The complexity of today’s topic and the institutional aspects of how to address the various effects of climate change should not deter us from discussing this important challenge in the future.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of the United Republic of Tanzania.", "Mr. Sefue (United Republic of Tanzania): I thank you, Mr. President, for the opportunity to address the Security Council on this subject of great interest to all of us, and I thank the Secretary-General and the Executive Director of the United Nations Environment Programme for their statements this morning. The President of Nauru could not have been more passionate about this subject, and that is something we share. My delegation associates itself with the statements made by the representatives of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement and of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China.", "The United Republic of Tanzania, like other developing countries, considers climate change to be a serious threat to our food and water security, our socio-economic development and perhaps our very existence. Poor countries like the United Republic of Tanzania bear the least responsibility for the threat we all now face, have the least capacity to mitigate the impact of climate change and stand to suffer the most from it. We also know that climate change and subsequent global warming are linked to human activity, and that the solution is to be found in sustainable development — an important issue that is currently being addressed by and within the mandates of other United Nations bodies and intergovernmental processes where we all participate on an equal footing.", "The Government of the United Republic of Tanzania recognizes that there is an element of security in climate change, just as there is an element of security in most other things in the world. Yet we do not bring all those things into the purview of the Security Council. My delegation believes that climate change is best handled by the other principal organs of the United Nations, as well as by entities mandated to deal with sustainable development. We also recall that we had a similar discussion in 2007 (see S/PV.5663), in which the overwhelming opinion of Member States was that the Security Council should avoid infringing on the mandates of other United Nations entities, such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Economic and Social Council and, ultimately, the General Assembly.", "We recognize fully the threats facing Pacific islands — we had to, as we listened to the President of Nauru this morning — and others that are confronting the possible loss of their land mass and the subsequent creation of climate refugees. This is a threat that countries like my own share, because we too have in our territorial waters small islands that risk the same fate as those in the Pacific if we do not bring climate change under control.", "That is why we attach great importance to the ongoing multilateral negotiations aimed at reaching amicable solutions through an intergovernmental process we all participate in. We feel that isolating climate change could weaken the possibility of an early conclusion to negotiations under the UNFCCC. The United Republic of Tanzania recommends that the Secretary-General be requested to undertake a comprehensive study to determine the size and scope of the threat facing the Pacific islands and others in a similar position, and develop a menu of alternative options and solutions for consideration and decision by the General Assembly.", "In conclusion, let me underline the need to provide recognition and incentives to those countries that render global service in providing climate change mitigation, including carbon sequestration, one of the interventions enjoying consensus. Tanzania has dedicated more than 30 per cent of its land mass to forest reserves and national parks. It is a net sink for carbon dioxide that deserves support, not just for the United Republic of Tanzania but also for others that play a similar role. We believe that the responsibilities of Member States to avert the threat of climate change lie in making progress through mitigation and adaptation under the UNFCC framework and the upcoming United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Israel.", "Mr. Prosor (Israel): I would first like to thank you, Mr. President, and commend the German delegation for organizing this important debate in an efficient and interesting way.", "Albert Einstein once said that we cannot solve the problems we have created with the same thinking that created them. The challenges of climate change call for innovative solutions and new ways of doing business at all levels of Government and society. Today’s debate provides a timely opportunity for the international community to think outside the box and advance progress on a very important aspect of this issue. The effects of climate change on peace and security are real. They are already appearing, and will become increasingly evident in the years to come. Drought and land degradation may create food shortages. Ocean acidification could destroy whole ecosystems and deplete fish reserves. Rising seas may destroy usable land, forcing communities and even nations to relocate.", "This issue affects us all. However, Israel recognizes that it holds particular significance for Pacific small island developing States, which face the prospect of severe land degradation and even total loss of their territory. Already, we have seen rising ocean levels cause degradation and loss of land in many regions, including among the Pacific small island developing States. These consequences present not only economic risks but also serious threats to social stability and security.", "My country recognizes the need for an immediate, coordinated and wide-ranging international response to the challenges associated with climate change. Israel is a committed party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC), the Kyoto Protocol and post-2012 negotiations. We supported the Pacific small island developing States when they initiated the process for the adoption of General Assembly resolution 63/281, bringing this issue to the attention of the General Assembly.", "The loss of territory in small island nations as a result of climate change raises significant legal issues. Israel recently partnered with the Marshall Islands to advance dialogue on these issues, hosting a conference at Columbia University Law School last May.", "Israel continues to work towards achieving our nation’s target of a 20 per cent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2020, while serving as a full and active partner in global efforts to address climate change. To that end, the Israeli Government has established a ministerial committee on environmental protection and climate change that incorporates all relevant Government ministries, as well as representatives from civil society and other significant stakeholders. The committee has formulated a national climate change plan for Israel. We are working to reach our ambitious reduction standards through a wide range of efforts, including by improving the efficiency of energy systems, promoting green building and increasing the use of renewable energy sources.", "In response to the arid and semi-arid conditions that prevail throughout much of our country, Israel has developed significant experience in combating desertification and has unique expertise in the fields of afforestation, agriculture and highly efficient water conservation. Knowledge in these fields will be critical as we prepare for and adapt to changing climatic conditions. Israel will continue to share its expertise with other countries through a number of capacity-building projects and programmes. To that end, we will again initiate a draft resolution on agriculture technology for development at the next session of the General Assembly that will promote the use of sustainable agriculture technology to enhance conservation and mitigate environmental degradation.", "Israel looks forward to continuing to engage with others to advance progress on this issue, which to our minds remains critical for our common future. Indeed, all countries, big and small, have an obligation to each other and to the next generation to respond to this issue with unity, ingenuity and conviction. As we consider that obligation, I am reminded of a lesson from an ancient Jewish text that teaches us to remember that God said to Adam in the Garden of Eden: “See to it that you do not spoil and destroy my world; for if you do, there will be no one to repair it after you”.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Spain.", "Mr. De Laiglesia (Spain) (spoke in Spanish): I would like first of all to express my gratitude for the statements delivered this morning by the Secretary-General and the Executive Director of the United Nations Environment Programme. I should like also to thank the German presidency of the Security Council for having convened this open debate on a genuinely global problem whose origins and effects respect no boundaries and whose consequences for international security are especially worrying.", "In today’s world, there are no longer solely concrete and easy to discern and understand threats, such as those stemming from an armed conflict or terrorist acts. Instead, we face amorphous, complex and multidimensional threats that are rooted in poverty, lack of development, food and energy insecurity, lack of access to drinking water and sanitation, global pandemics and disease and environmental crises and challenges.", "The Security Council has recently devoted a significant amount of time to issues such as development and HIV/AIDS, based on the conviction that they pose a threat to international security. It is in that same spirit that we ought to address the issue of climate change, which is a genuine threat to peace that has enormous consequences not only for countries’ security but also for human security. We welcome the fact that the members of the Security Council have finally been able to reach agreement on a presidential statement on this issue. We hope that it will be possible to continue down the path embarked upon in 2007, when the security consequences of climate change were first identified.", "Spain associates itself with the statement delivered earlier today by the observer of the European Union. I should like to make some additional comments in my national capacity.", "My country is following very closely the threat posed by climate change. On 28 June, my Government adopted a new security strategy that considers climate change as one of the main drivers of increased threats to security. The strategy foresees potential future conflicts as a consequence of climate change and the concomitant scarcity of resources and increased poverty, which could lead to the emergence of failed or weakened States. It also points out the direct threats to our country in the Mediterranean region, as well as the measures to be taken to mitigate their consequences. The strategy also indicates that this is a universal phenomenon that can be addressed only through joint coordination, solidarity and responsibility by all of us.", "Spain is therefore committed to continue to develop the necessary legal instruments to combat this threat, as well as to participate actively in the various multilateral forums, in particular the United Nations, in both the Framework Convention on Climate Change and other bodies, including the Security Council.", "It is difficult to remain insensitive to pleas such as the one made this morning by the President of Nauru, who can see that his country is at risk of disappearing entirely unless the effects of climate change are halted. This is evidence of the vulnerability from which no State is exempt, as well as of the need to work tirelessly to minimize existing threats to development, security and the very existence of many countries and territories.", "I should like to conclude by once again reiterating Spain’s commitment to combating climate change, our gratitude to the presidency for its initiative to convene this timely debate, and our desire that this body continue to consider this fundamental issue in future.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Italy.", "Mr. Ragaglini (Italy): Italy associates itself with the statement made earlier by the observer of the European Union. I would like to add a few remarks in my national capacity.", "Climate change is widely recognized as a serious global threat. Since 2007, when the first debate on the security implications of climate change took place in the Security Council (see S/PV.5663), the situation has certainly not improved, as has been underlined in previous interventions. Climate change continues to act as a threat multiplier and risks triggering or exacerbating conflicts stemming from the consequences of sea-level rise, the depletion of natural resources, desertification, climate-induced migration and the crucial question of sustainable energy supply, just to mention some of the main challenges.", "Yet the international community has not fully activated the threat minimizers that could lower the risk of climate-related insecurity, such as an efficient and globally shared climate mitigation and adaptation mechanism or an effective system of strengthened international cooperation, preventive diplomacy and mediation. That is why Italy welcomes today’s debate as an opportunity to further discuss the security implications of climate change, while being mindful and respectful of the prerogatives of the relevant bodies, processes and instruments that already address this issue.", "Sea-level rise is one of the most dramatic and tangible climate-related insecurity factors, as it threatens the very survival of several Member States and seriously threatens the living conditions of millions of people throughout the world. For obvious reasons, small island developing States are potentially the most affected, with those of the Pacific having unique features of vulnerability. While the international community aims at a global agreement on climate change, those States cannot be expected to face the consequences of sea-level rise by themselves. They need to be adequately supported in their efforts at adaptation and disaster preparedness, while also being assisted in drafting and implementing sustainable development policies. Those considerations are the basis of Italy’s bilateral cooperation policy in the region and motivate our support for the further enhancement of the European-Pacific development partnership.", "While small island developing States deserve priority attention, careful consideration also has to be given to other situations, especially in vulnerable regions in which sea-level rise threatens to significantly alter the coastline, impacting on territorial borders and the division of maritime zones and causing humanitarian crises and the exodus of populations. Another important issue is how to effectively manage new opportunities deriving from global warming and sea-level rise, such as the availability of newly accessible natural resource deposits and transportation routes across the Arctic. The capacity of the United Nations system to effectively address these new challenges cannot be taken for granted and may need to be strengthened and improved.", "Let me also briefly touch upon the issue of food security. Unlike sea-level rise, food insecurity is not a direct consequence of climate change, but it may be aggravated by the pernicious effects of global warming and extreme weather. Although the impact may vary in different areas of the world, the global toll of climate change on food production is considered negative. This increases the challenge of ensuring food security for the world’s growing population, creating the conditions for greater social tensions, unrest and open conflicts. The only way to address such a situation is to redouble our collective efforts to increase the food supply and ensure the stability of food prices.", "Italy directly contributed to the adoption of the L’Aquila Food Security Initiative at the Group of Eight (G-8) Summit in 2009. Italy places food security at the centre of its humanitarian and development cooperation agendas and fully supports the commitment of the European Union and the G-8 and the Group of 20 to tackle world hunger and malnutrition.", "In conclusion, let me underline that action on security-related aspects alone will be in vain unless the international community renews and intensifies its initiative to address the root causes of climate change. Without an effective global agreement in the context of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the human and economic costs of climate change and its impact on security will only grow and be perpetuated indefinitely.", "Likewise, it is essential to boost the international community’s efforts to advance sustainable development, without which confronting climate change and its security-related consequences will be far more difficult. All Member States should bear this in mind as we approach the crucial final stage of the preparations for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development to be held in Rio de Janeiro in 2012.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Pakistan.", "Mr. Haroon (Pakistan): Much gratitude and plaudits to Germany for organizing what I consider to be a very significant contribution to this cause.", "While we associate ourselves with the statement delivered by the representative of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China, we would like to make some additional points in our national capacity.", "Pakistan strongly believes it is imperative to address the threat posed by climate change to all developing countries. We are particularly worried about the existential peril of rising sea levels for a number of developing countries, most notably small island developing States (SIDS). There is now clear scientific evidence that, barring effective measures to reduce global warming, some countries’ very existence will be threatened.", "Decisions adopted at the sixteenth Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) at Cancún represent a tiny glimmer of hope amidst a pall of gloom, apathy and disenchantment with climate change negotiations.", "There is no gainsaying the fact that a climate catastrophe is unfolding due to low levels of emission-reduction pledges by the developed world, as well as the uncertainty surrounding the delivery of financial commitments to heal the affected world.", "Scientific and pragmatic sense requires that developed countries cut their emissions to at least 25‑40 per cent below 1990 levels by 2020. Ironically, the current levels of voluntary pledges — at the lower end of their ranges — suggest that they will have either increased emissions by 6 per cent, or — at the upper end — reduced them by 16 per cent. Either way, even after including emission-reduction actions by developing countries, we are heading towards a global temperature increase of 2.5 to 5° C, spelling disaster in particular for vulnerable developing countries that neither contributed to climate change nor are capable of handling its fallout.", "In these circumstances, Pakistan primarily recognizes that small island countries have expressed legitimate concerns about the threat posed to their very survival by climate change and rising seas. We consider this debate an important contribution to our quest for a solution within the UNFCCC-led process.", "One of global warming’s most disastrous yet least-reported consequences has been global drought, which has transformed a further one fifth of the planet’s semi-arid cropland into irretrievable desert. Such desertification has created serious food and water shortages, destroying almost one third of all crop lands and range lands and potentially depleting water supplies for 1 billion people around the world. Water scarcity is already fuelling serious conflicts in South Asia, the Middle East and Africa. Of Africa’s 51 nations, only 12 feed their people without assistance.", "Another by-product of global warming, the worldwide wildfire plague has aggravated drought and desertification even further. The aridity crisis fuels the global wildfire plague, most dramatically in what we consider a most important region, namely, the Amazon Basin. More Brazilian rainforest is now consumed each year by fire than by loggers. More carbon dioxide is pumped into the atmosphere by wildfires than by internal combustion engines. The pandemic fire plague thus renders exponential the greenhouse effect. And the wildfire plague mounts annually in size and frequency, eroding and ruining even more land.", "The first of the mega-fires was in Yellowstone in 1988. Since then, the number of such fires has skyrocketed, and the total increase in their devastation has had a multiplier effect. The fires pumped out incomprehensible quantities of greenhouse gases, accelerated drought, increased desertification and impeded rainforests’ ability to process carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. These natural infernos are now many times the size of anything people had seen previously. Ten years ago, a 100,000-acre fire would have been massive disaster. Now wildfires in the United States alone are routinely many times that size. Firestorms increasingly consume the Amazon rainforest. During one recent year, satellite photos documented more than 350,000 Amazon forest fires. Previously, that rainforest had been impervious to such conflagration.", "The Earth’s shrinking forest canopy has also diminished the rainforest’s assimilation of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, sabotaging its cleansing of the atmosphere as well as undercutting raincloud development over desolated jungles, reducing precipitation even further.", "These multiple disasters — shrinking farmlands, pandemic wildfires and food and water scarcity — compounded by dwindling energy reserves, are destabilizing the world’s most violently troubled nations. By destroying people’s livelihoods, aggravating poverty and fuelling terrorism among the have-nots, can we even begin to fathom what we have wreaked?", "Let me say that a major cause in any civilization’s decline and fall — as documented by such scholars as Arnold Toynbee, Oswald Spengler and Edward Gibbon — is wealth inequity, the exploitation of the populace and the violent rise of poverty, inspiring class warfare arising out of the inability to feed people. Conflict, not cooperation, is fast becoming the world condition. If we are to have any chance at disaster-prevention or consequence management, we must act quickly and decisively. The coming catastrophes will exacerbate the current conflicts.", "Let me now take the Council back in time and history. While the Mediterranean world was mired in the dark ages, in Mexico there existed a “one world”, much like what we have at the United Nations today. They read the heavens, preceded Copernicus’s heliocentric theory and devised a calendar accurate until 2012. Thousands of years ago, the Olmecas built the pyramid of Cholula, one-third larger than the great pyramids of Giza; the Mayas build their famous city of Uxmal; and the Toltecs, their fabled Tula. And then: destruction! They had problems frighteningly similar to our own. Their own version of global warming had brought them continuous drought and pervasive famine. Their hyper-dependence on a single crop, maize, made them uniquely vulnerable to climate change.", "If our food base were hammered as hard as Tula’s, we would each have to go a long way for a meal. In the United States a typical meal travels on average 1,400 miles to the plate. Famine was what finally defeated the American Plains Indians: when 99.99 per cent of the bison had been exterminated, they were inescapably dependent on the buffalo and met their downfall.", "Today, climate change is an inescapable reality for Pakistan. It is beginning to manifest itself with increasing intensity and ferocity. We are one of the", "worst victims of climate injustice. For us, dealing with climate change is no longer a matter of choice; it is an imperative. While there is a global scientific debate taking place about the level and timing of glacial melt, the signs in Pakistan are ominously clear. In my province of Sindh, with hundreds of thousands of arable acres, water availability is down to less than half of what it was 50 years ago. Pakistan’s vast glacial area covers around 15,000 square kilometres, and is in rapid retreat. The rate of glacial recession in Pakistan, which has increased by 23 per cent in the past decade alone, is faster than in any other part of the world. Of Pakistan’s total land area, only 24 per cent is cultivated, of which 80 per cent is irrigated by water flowing through the predominantly glacier-fed rivers of the country.", "Against that backdrop, climate change affects almost all sectors of the country, in particular those of water resources, energy, health, forestry and biodiversity — with a particularly significant impact on agricultural productivity. Last year’s unprecedented floods in Pakistan demonstrated the urgency of addressing the threat that climate change poses.", "In conclusion, allow me to underline that important work is being undertaken in relevant forums, most notably the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. We underscore the importance of the mandates that each of the principal organs of the United Nations has been given by the Charter. The General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council must retain their pre-eminence and importance.", "The President: There are no further speakers inscribed on my list. The Security Council has thus concluded the present stage of its consideration of the item on its agenda.", "The meeting rose at 7.15 p.m." ]

[ "主席： 维蒂希先生 (德国) \n 成员： 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 霍季奇女士 \n 巴西 巴尔加斯先生 \n 中国 李新艳女士 \n 哥伦比亚 奥索里奥先生 \n 法国 古约托女士 \n 加蓬 芒杜库·翁贝古先生 \n 印度 库马尔先生 \n 黎巴嫩 贾比尔先生 \n 尼日利亚 阿古瓦夫人 \n 葡萄牙 马杜雷拉先生 \n 俄罗斯联邦 马克西米切夫先生 \n 南非 恩加库鲁先生 \n 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 戴维森女士 \n 美利坚合众国 桑泽先生", "议程项目", "维护国际和平与安全", "气候变化的影响", "2011年7月1日德国常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信(S/2011/408)", "下午3时10分复会。", "主席(以英语发言)：我要再次提醒所有发言者将的发言时间限定在四分钟以内，以便安理会能够快速开展工作。", "我现在请斯洛文尼亚代表发言。", "什蒂格利奇女士(斯洛文尼亚)(以英语发言)：首先请允许我感谢德国组织这次重要的公开辩论会。我还要感谢潘基文秘书长和联合国环境规划署执行主任就这一重大而及时的议题作了发言。", "斯洛文尼亚还欢迎瑙鲁共和国总统与会，以及他在今天辩论会上的发言。我们清醒地认识到小岛屿发展中国家、特别是太平洋发展中国家面临的局势和挑战的严重性，这些国家的特点使其成为世界上最易受气候变化影响的国家之一。", "我还要表示，斯洛文尼亚赞同欧洲联盟(欧盟)观察员稍早的发言。", "气候变化并非遥远的威胁。其影响实实在在，许多国家已经感受到。在许多情况下，气候变化会危及这些国家的实际存在。虽然气候变化是一个全球现象，但其在各地造成的负面影响是大小不一的。世界一些地区受到的影响将比其他地区要大。此外，气候脆弱性不仅取决于面临的气候风险，而且还取决于减少这些风险的适应能力。因此，许多发展中国家将受到气候变化的最严重打击。", "气候变化对人类安全和福祉产生有害影响，危及经济发展和消除贫困的努力，对国际和平与安全造成负面影响。由于海平面不断上升，海岸日益遭到侵蚀，有些国家将丧失领土，在有些情况下甚至连国家都不复存在。气温不断上升和长期干旱将加剧荒漠化和土地退化，使我们这个星球上的广袤地区变得无法居住。一项经验性研究表明，由于这些现象，到2050年可能会有3.5亿环境移民。气候变化也对粮食安全造成巨大影响，而粮食安全同时又与水安全有着密不可分的联系。", "随着气候发生变化和自然灾害越来越多，环境和安全之间的联系是难以争辩的。早在1987年，创造出‘可持续发展’一词的布伦特兰报告(A/42/427，附件)还突出强调环境退化是造成不安全的一个关键因素。该报告还认识到，环境压力很少是重大冲突的唯一原因，但在与任何冲突有关的起因中起了重要作用。而今，我们一般认为气候变化是使威胁倍增的因素，也是不稳定和脆弱性的根源或根本原因。认真思考这些影响有助于加强预防冲突工作。", "斯洛文尼亚认识到，气候变化是全球性终极挑战，要求全球负起责任。尽管气候变化已经成为现实，但如果我们共同做出努力，仍有时间把握自己的未来。", "欧洲联盟及其成员国在气候变化问题辩论会上一马当先。因此，在斯洛文尼亚担任欧盟轮值主席期间，高级代表和欧洲气候变化与国际安全问题委员会于2008年3月提交了一份联合文件。该文件仍然是欧盟行动的参考和指南。", "斯洛文尼亚认为，我们能否成功地应对气候变化，首先取决于我们能否达成一项雄心勃勃的2012年后气候协定，能否将全球升温限制在2℃以下。此外，加强适应气候能力是最脆弱国家和区域的优先事项，因为这些国家和区域对气候变化应负的历史责任少之又少。根据《联合国气候变化框架公约》进行的谈判应达成一项新的气候协议，以便减少排放量，为发展中国家的适应行动提供充分资金并转让技术。", "然而，单靠适应或减缓都不能避免气候变化的种种影响。联合国相关机构之间需要密切合作，加大力度解决气候变化问题及其可能对安全产生的影响。我们需要运用全部知识和资源找到适当的解决办法。我们认为，今天的安理会辩论会为此作出了重要贡献。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请丹麦代表发言。", "斯陶尔先生(丹麦)(以英语发言)：主席先生，我首先要感谢你召开这次重要辩论会。我也要感谢秘书长和联合国环境规划署执行主任今天上午的发言。", "我赞同欧洲联盟(欧盟)观察员刚刚在午餐前所作的发言。", "丹麦认为，今天的讨论是一个良机，能够让我们审议如何进一步支持安全理事会在气候变化的背景下履行维护国际和平与安全的职责的努力，以及如何使这一问题成为联合国工作的有机组成部分。", "秘书长的报告(A/64/350)说明气候变化如何能够加剧政治紧张局势。气候变化对安全造成的影响不容忽视。与气候相关的资源短缺，如水和沃土的短缺，是引发世界许多地方冲突的公认主要因素。在一些地方，气候变化造成的威胁甚至可能削弱政府确保人民安全和稳定的能力。", "要找到消除这一全球性威胁的持久办法，必须采取多管齐下的策略，将气候和安全纳入联合国各机构以及有关国际、区域和国家机构的工作中。由于发展中国家最容易受到气候变化的影响，这一问题也必须成为国际发展合作的组成部分。这其中包括能力建设，以应对气候变化造成的安全威胁和政治紧张局势；另外还包括立即开展适应气候变化的活动，以及完善备灾和预警系统。必须从速采取缓解行动，包括进一步开发可再生能源，制定绿色经济发展战略。", "请允许我在此重复秘书长今天上午的话：我们必须在明年6月的里约会议上抓住机遇，在能源安全、粮食安全、环境和气候变化之间建立起联系。我们完全赞同他的话。", "另外还必须努力促进全球气候外交。气候变化的方方面面必须通过对话加以解决，因为对话可促进在这一问题上达成共识，也可推动形成关于解决办法的共同愿景。在这方面，我们非常欢迎欧盟外交理事会最近作出加强气候外交的决定。", "我们高效工作的重要前提是能够获取相关信息，借以了解气候变化动态及其对安全的影响。因此，在请秘书长定期就这些问题提交报告方面，丹麦可给予支持。", "最重要的是，我们必须确保国际社会共同应对气候变化的全球性挑战，以确保国际和平与安全。这是我们大家都面临的挑战，我们只能共同战胜挑战。我们希望今天的辩论会将是在这一进程中向前迈出的重要一步。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请卢森堡代表发言。", "卢卡斯女士(卢森堡)(以法语发言)：卢森堡完全赞同稍早以欧洲联盟的名义所作的发言。", "主席先生，请允许我祝贺你倡议召开这次公开辩论会。", "气候变化是一个全球性挑战，只能在全球加以应对。它需要适当和有效的国际行动。因此，应对气候变化的工作必须由包括安全理事会在内的所有联合国相关机构按照各自的任务进行。", "气候变化对许多国家、特别是小岛屿发展中国家的安全和发展有明显影响。秘书长关于气候变化可能对安全产生的影响的报告(A/64/350)是在大会通过第63/281号决议后提出的，正如他在其中指出的那样，我们必须将气候变化视为使威胁倍增的因素。气候变化不仅会加剧持续贫穷、资源管理和冲突解决机制薄弱、社区与国家之间出现分裂和不信任现象等威胁，而且还会带来新威胁,例如，国土丧失从而致使人口流离失所和国家消亡，以及竞相抢夺诸如水资源等共享或未标定的国际资源。", "自2007年4月首次向安理会提出气候变化问题(见S/PV.5663)以来，我们大大加深了对该问题的认识。今天，我们甚至能够更好地判断形势的紧迫性。政府间气候变化专门委员会明确表示，需要立即在各方面采取行动。", "因此，必须根据《联合国气候变化框架公约》持续做出努力，以达成具有约束力的国际协定。气候变化对人类福祉的影响的确主要取决于国际社会为减少温室气体排放和放缓这些变化而采取的措施。", "早在2005年，安全理事会就强调需要采取全面的冲突预防战略，在全球范围内解决武装冲突和政治社会危机的根本原因。据此，十分有必要将气候变化对安全的影响问题纳入安理会的讨论和任务，并进一步将其全面纳入整个联合国系统、区域和国际组织的各项活动。", "族裔关系紧张、跨界争端、社会中及崩溃国家的不平等状况加剧等一系列相互关联的因素无疑都可能促使发生武装冲突。但是，气候变化对安全具有潜在的悲剧性影响-诸如人口流离失所和转移，而前一点我们已经看到-并将随着气候不断加速变化逐渐成为冲突根本原因的一个日趋重要的因素。", "气候变化不讲公平。它主要影响最脆弱者，而他们对形成气候变化的原因负有最小的责任，但却不得不每天都应对气候变化的影响。因此，若干年前卢森堡开始进行发展合作，以将减缓和适应气候变化的问题系统纳入其发展方案主流。发展合作还为应对气候变化提供快速启动资金。这些捐款为我们官方发展援助提供了新的补充，2010年的官方发展援助已达我们国民总收入的1.09%。", "我们还将这些捐款视为在冲突预防背景下确保可持续发展的措施，因为，正如秘书长在其报告中所述，气候变化可能通过放缓经济增长、加剧贫穷和绝望、加大人口的脆弱性等方式，威胁各国的稳定。", "主席(以英语发言)：我请哥斯达黎加代表发言。", "乌利瓦里先生(哥斯达黎加)(以西班牙语发言)：主席先生，哥斯达黎加感谢召开此次公开辩论会，凸显气候变化作为多边议程的一个重要议题的重要性。我们尤其欢迎秘书长和联合国环境规划署执行主任与会。", "哥斯达黎加赞同阿根廷代表以77国集团加中国代表的身份所作的发言，指出全面解决这些问题是《联合国气候变化框架公约》的主要责任。本组织任何其他机构为解决这个问题而做出的所有补充努力都应考虑到这一点，尤其是考虑到以下因素。首先，这些努力应寻求支持多边谈判框架下的工作计划和目标。第二，这些努力应围绕相关机构——这种情况下为安全理事会——的具体职责展开。", "通过不限于单一外围行动来解决气候变化时，我们需要达成一致意见，该意见使我们得以根据科学证据，稳定温室气体排放，并使其排放量降到《公约》规定的标准。我们可以具体通过温室气体主要排放国家坚定、持之以恒的参与来实现这一点，所有这些国家参加了此次辩论，因此，其在当前和许多情况下负有历史性责任。", "虽然这一责任并不局限于《公约》附件一提到的工业化国家，但不论如何它们应该发挥领导作用，对此主要新兴经济体也应予以拥护。安全理事会常任理事国——它们都是主要排放国并因其否决权而在本机构中具有特殊权力——尤其应做出明确的减少温室气体排放的政治承诺。这将是它们能够为确保气候变化不会成为国际和平与安全的更大威胁而做出的最佳、最大的贡献。之后还应将该群体扩大至国际社会中那些排放量和经济能力均达相当程度的其他成员。", "根据《联合国宪章》赋予其的权限，安全理事会应侧重预防或控制因气候变化影响可能导致并可能破坏和平与安全的冲突或创伤。除其他外，这些可能包括，争夺稀缺的水资源、人口被迫流离失所或国家消失的威胁。然而，最实质性的和决定性的行动却不属于安理会的任务授权，我们重申，应按照《公约》的条文解决这些问题。我们还应考虑到大会、经济及社会理事会——特别是在可持续发展委员会框架内——以及联合国粮食及农业组织等联合国系统其他实体的权限。", "哥斯达黎加认为，除了在减排、预防和减轻气候变化方面所作的承诺外，我们还应加强适应气候变化。此种措施将对海平面上升、洪水、干旱和粮食无保障等问题产生切实影响。为了大力推进这些任务，主要经济体必须加大向受影响或可能受到影响的国家提供资金，尤其集中在小岛屿国家，因为正如瑙鲁的斯蒂芬总统代表太平洋小岛屿发展中国家指出的那样，其中许多国家面临国家消失的紧迫危险。", "在我国所处的中美洲，气候变化的灾难性影响正在变得愈加频繁。同样，发展中国家要求直接投资，来加强我们的气候监测和预警系统。我们也需要技术转让，这除其他外将提高基本食品的生产量，并帮助我们开发清洁能源。反过来，发展中国家必须以透明、负责、善治、尊重法治的方式采取行动，并在利用我们的资源时拟定适当的优先事项。哥斯达黎加认为我们也必须承担责任。", "最后，气候变化议程是一个彼此相连的广泛网络。因此，应对本次辩论期间所提诸多关切的多数有效对策应在《公约》框架中找到。如果我们不能建立必要条件并做出行之有效的政治决策，从而使《公约》充分实现其目标，我们在应对气候变化的具体影响方面取得的进展将微乎其微。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请新西兰代表发言。", "辛普森先生(新西兰)(以英语发言)：主席先生，感谢贵国代表团通过召集这次及时的辩论会，确认这个问题的特殊重要意义。首先请允许我就今天辩论会前夕所发表的一些不同意见说几句话。", "新西兰理解一些人对安理会处理《宪章》所赋职责和职权之外的事务表示的关切。不过，气候变化给低地小岛屿国家，包括新西兰所在的太平洋地区一些低地小岛屿国家在内，带来了极大的安全风险，那就是，逐渐消失的风险，对它们来说，激烈辩论这种情况是否构成合情合理的讨论主题当然似乎非常抽象，并严重偏离了这些国家和社区面临的严峻而紧迫的挑战。", "气候变化可能给安全造成的影响早已见诸文献。它们集中表现为，面对持续性的气候变化，许多社区在管理和维护土地、食物、庇护所、淡水等基本资源的获取方面面临重大挑战。过去几年，亚太地区也遭受了一系列毁灭性自然灾害——预计今后数十年内此类事件将更加频繁、更加严重。这种预测让小岛屿发展中国家感到焦虑，由于国土面积小、地处偏僻而且经济基础相对较弱，这些国家通常更有可能受到此类事件的冲击。如果不加以解决，这些挑战必然会大大加剧不稳定性和冲突。", "对于某些低地岛屿国家而言，气候变化的威胁更为严重，有可能破坏其生存能力和持续生存，并会使我们确实有可能亲眼目睹性质与规模都前所未有的被迫移徙。简言之，整个群体可能都将迁移，无论从哪个标准来看，这都是一种安全威胁。", "必须采取诸多措施防止和解决气候变化造成的安全影响。首先，我们必须建设发展中国家的适应能力，以使它们在未来与气候有关的灾害转变成安全挑战之前，更好地加以应对。抵御气候变化不仅仅需要建设应对实际影响的能力。我们还必须处理目前和未来资源利用问题，以减少资源压力，并建立必要的缓冲以应对出现问题的情况。", "其次，同样重要的是，我们必须通过减少温室气体排放，控制这些安全影响的范围。不治本而光是治标是不够的。新西兰通过在《联合国气候变化框架公约》构架内开展谈判，承诺实现全面且有效的全球缓解行动，并执行切实的适应措施。为在实现上述目标方面取得有意义的进展，今年的德班会议必须采取重要措施落实坎昆协议。", "将适应和缓解措施切实融入发展活动，包括维持和平和建设和平倡议也具有重要意义。新西兰目前正通过多项双边、区域和多边倡议，开展适应和发展项目。新西兰在太平洋地区的气候变化适应援助工作极为重视能抵御气候变化的新基础设施，例如发生暴风后的重建方面。", "共享最佳做法和研究成果也能极大地促进形成有效、切实的措施，以应对气候变化的安全影响。新西兰倡议建立全球农业温室气体研究联盟，以确保减少农业排放的努力不会危及日益增多的全球人口的粮食安全。这项倡议得到了许多其他国家的支持。没有哪个国家愿意因减少农业产量把自己的人民置于危险境地，因此我们必须找到其他方法减少相关排放。", "联合国各机构必须采取综合方式解决气候变化和安全问题。因此新西兰支持太平洋小岛屿发展中国家呼吁考虑设立有关机制，以支持早日明确与气候变化有关的安全挑战，促进开展全面、一致的研究和分析，并采取行动解决问题的根源。", "许多国家严重关注气候变化对自身及邻国的安全影响。但根据过去的经验，新西兰知道可以在这种挑战转变成危机之前解决问题，而且冲突并非是不可避免的。实现这一目标所需采取的许多行动不属于安理会的权限和任务范围，但认识到气候变化是不稳定状态而且也可能是冲突的驱动因素，对于造就更有保障的未来而言，仍然具有重要意义。", "我希望今天的讨论让我们更加接近达成共识，我还希望安理会能在今天发出明确无误的信息，表明它也愿意在迎接这项挑战方面发挥作用。如果情况并非如此，低地小岛屿国家，例如太平洋地区的新西兰友国和邻国的人民将感到深深的失望。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请大韩民国代表发言。", "金肃先生(大韩民国)(以英语发言)：首先，我要感谢德国作为安理会主席非常及时地提出举行关于气候变化对维护国际和平与安全的影响的公开辩论会，并做了认真的准备。我同样赞赏德国代表团的概念文件(S/2011/408，附件)，其中简要介绍了气候变化对国际和平与安全的潜在影响。", "今天的辩论会为安全理事会讨论安全与气候变化之间的联系提供了一个有意义的机会，大韩民国代表团愿利用这次机会提及安理会2月举行的关于安全与发展之间互为依靠的关系的卓有成效的公开辩论会(见S/PV.6479)。在这方面，今天关于气候问题的辩论会也许能够找到令人信服的理由，鼓励世界各国领导人承担起减少碳排放的责任，并从防范未来的不安全着眼，投资于适应性措施。", "与许多学者及政府官员一样，我们都意识到气候变化对国际社会构成了迫在眉睫的威胁。5月，哥伦比亚大学法学院和马绍尔群岛共和国共同主办了“受到威胁的岛屿国家：海平面升高和气候变化所涉法律问题”的国际会议。多位决策者和学者在会上交流了对当前趋势的严重性的共同看法。还有许多专家报告了气候变化和安全问题。政府间气候变化专门委员会的最新报告预测，由于海平面预计会上升，许多小岛屿国家将在2040年之前沉没。此外，政府间气候变化专门委员会估计到本世纪中期，非洲将有3.5亿到6亿人面临更严重的缺水状况，到2020年靠雨水灌溉的农业将减产达50%。因此，气候变化可能致使威胁倍增，从而导致现有的区域和全球安全问题变得更加复杂棘手。", "有鉴于此，大韩民国代表团谨发表三点意见。第一，全球性的挑战需要全球性的对策。考虑到气候变化影响整个世界，这种对策要求所有国家尽可能开展最广泛的合作，并参与切实而适当的国际应对行动。", "第二，考虑到联合国主要机构各自的责任以及《联合国气候变化框架公约》(《气候公约》)作为处理气候变化问题的主要文书的作用，联合国相关机构应酌情在各自职权范围内加大努力，审议并解决气候变化问题，包括其可能给安全造成的影响。", "最后，鉴于气候变化问题具有全球范围的影响并与贫困、欠发展、粮食和能源危机等其他全球问题相互关联，它应在可持续发展的大背景下得到解决。大韩民国与国际社会一样都对即将在2012年举行的联合国可持续发展会议抱有很高的期望。我们愿与国际社会共同努力，确保会议取得圆满成功。", "大韩民国大力支持国际社会在可持续发展背景下为应对气候变化作出的努力。大韩民国将绿色增长作为国家战略，将在2012年主办《联合国气候变化框架公约》缔约方会议。我们相信，我们的努力可以为绿色增长与绿色经济提供独特的机会，这不仅可以有助于减轻和适应气候变化带来的挑战，也有利于实现可持续发展。在这方面，去年在坎昆举办的联合国气候变化会议在气候融资、适应和技术领域取得了长足进展，达成了所谓的坎昆协议。我们希望今年的德班会议能保持这一势头。", "我希望今天的辩论能迅速促使我们行动起来，寻找明智和有远见的方案来解决这一影响深远的问题，同时在未来气候变化谈判方面取得有意义的突破。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请智利代表发言。", "埃拉苏里斯先生(智利)(以西班牙语发言)：请允许我感谢并赞扬秘书长提交的报告(A/64/350)，并感谢施泰纳先生所作引人入胜的全面情况介绍。", "智利与太平洋岛屿国家保持着强有力的友好关系，这反映在我们对各项问题的密切多边合作中，包括在海洋法及海洋环境的养护和维护方面。太平洋小岛屿国家在这一问题上做出的贡献有目共睹。我热烈欢迎瑙鲁总统马库斯·斯蒂芬先生阁下的参与，并感谢他今天上午所作的精湛发言。", "智利作为一个太平洋沿岸国家，与太平洋岛屿国家有着共同的关注。我们理解并支持它们在领土和本国公民的福祉面临海平面上升的威胁时，诉诸多边制度下的有关机构解决当前困难所做的努力。", "2009年大会通过第63/281号决议，强调了气候变化及其可能造成的安全隐患。秘书长根据该决议编写的报告承认气候变化可能“导致威胁倍增”，特别是在极端贫困的情况下。", "因此，例如南极半岛上的拉森冰架在过去二十年里破裂，大块冰层脱离南极西部。这种现象是不可否认的，足以说明低地沿海各国尤其是小岛屿国家受到的威胁。此外，还有可能导致百姓流离失所或政治紧张加剧等问题。", "就气候变化可能造成的安全隐患的辩论当然不能破坏相关机构、进程和文书在解决这一重要问题方面的权威和任务授权。辩论不应当偏离而是应该加强国际社会在减灾、适应以及经济、社会和环境发展等领域的努力，并应在这方面提供更大的动力。国际合作、交换相关信息、增加对科研的支持对探寻解决这一严重问题的基本方法都至关重要，这一问题本身还包括其他极其严重的现象，例如不断增加的荒漠化等影响我们这个星球各区域的各种问题。", "智利认为，我们应该重申《联合国气候变化框架公约》是应对气候变化的基本文书。我们忆及其中各项规定，包括认识到气候变化的全球性要求各国依据共同但有区别的责任，结合各自的能力和社会经济条件，尽可能广泛地开展合作，并参与切实的国际应对措施。", "在这方面，我们认为有必要朝着签订一项广泛且具有法律约束力的气候变化协议的方向努力。与此同时，智利认为，必须尽快商定关于《京都议定书》的谈判，避免《议定书》规定的第一个和第二个承诺期之间出现差距。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请吉尔吉斯斯坦代表发言。", "克德洛夫先生(吉尔吉斯斯坦)(以英语发言)：感谢主席先生召开这次关于气候变化及其对国际和平与安全之影响的公开辩论会。吉尔吉斯斯坦同意这样的观点，即全球气候变化正成为人类最严重的挑战之一，因此需要联合国及其主要组织和机构采取综合措施。我们希望这次辩论有助于更深入地分析气候变化问题及其对国际和平与安全的影响，并将更明确地界定安全理事会在应对这些挑战方面的作用。", "由于2008年至2010年全球粮食价格上涨创下历史记录，并且基于全球气候变化，最不发达国家和发展中国家的粮食安全正在受到严重破坏。对吉尔吉斯斯坦这样的山区国家而言，情况尤其复杂。气候变化可能最终导致粮食短缺，并且随后可能导致最脆弱国家发生冲突。因此，我们认为，执行大会关于可持续山区发展的第64/205号决议在确保山区国家粮食安全方面具有重要意义。", "国际社会很清楚小岛屿发展中国家正在经历气候变化造成海平面上升带来的最初生态影响。气候变化实际上已经成为事关这些国家生存和安全的问题。我们认为，联合国应考虑采取措施，调集必要的国际支持，开展集体努力解决小岛屿国家的环境问题。", "秘书长关于气候变化及其可能带来的安全影响的报告指出：", "“据预测，在整个21世纪内，冰川大面积损失和雪盖的减少情况将会加速发生……使供水量和水力发电潜力减少，并改变由主要山脉积雪融水供应用水地区的水流季节性。(A/64/350，第34段)”", "这一进程已经对中亚地区产生影响。例如，在过去的30年里，由于冰川面积减少了20%，吉尔吉斯斯坦来自冰川的淡水供应已迅速减少了约6 500亿立方米。20年后，水源很可能还会减少35%。因此，我们会面临淡水奇缺的困境，另外还有和平与安全面临的不利影响。", "吉尔吉斯斯坦提交《联合国气候变化框架公约》的第二次国家信息通报文件的初步预测指出，我们的冰川将在2100之前年消失殆尽。危情当前，我们不仅需要制订有效的国家间和国内用水及分配措施，还需要开展养护森林、预防自然灾害和开发环境友好型可再生能源(包括水力)等不会对环境产生不利影响的特殊项目。", "世界上包括非洲和一些亚洲及中亚国家在内的很多地方自然灾害频发，这表明全球气候变化正在产生不利的影响。例如，在过去十年，吉尔吉斯斯坦发生的自然灾害数量从2000年的60起增至2010年的420起。专家估计，灾害数量将继续增加，其破坏力亦将不断增大。鉴于吉尔吉斯斯坦及其他中亚国家境内的铀尾料存在跨界危险，该问题尤其令人关切。", "吉尔吉斯斯坦认为，在执行冲突预防、危机管理、建设和平和冲突后稳定措施时必须妥善考虑这些问题。吉尔吉斯斯坦认为，有必要设计区域系统，用以在顾及各区域特殊情况的前提下，监测、评估和应对气候变化对和平与安全造成的不利影响。这些行动的一个关键要素必须是赶在联合国系统相关部门和机构之前及时确认并恰当列入这些问题，以便采取必要步骤。就中亚区域来说，我们认为应当增加中亚预防性外交区域中心与相关联合国机构和部门合作在该领域开展的活动。", "需要特别关注国家方案和项目的有效执行，特别是环境保护或加强最脆弱国家应对紧急情况能力方面的方案和项目。为此，我们希望进一步强化联合国开发计划署在协调这些问题和制订适当计划及战略方面的作用。", "最后，我要强调，吉尔吉斯斯坦坚定地致力于气候变化方面的国际协定，包括《联合国气候变化框架公约》和《京都议定书》。在这方面，我们支持通过所有旨在于2012年以前减少温室气体的重大承诺。我们还认为，必须确保落实2010年在坎昆达成的关于协助发展中国家制订和执行国家适应计划的协定。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请墨西哥代表发言。", "摩根夫人(墨西哥)(以西班牙语发言)：气候变化是国际社会面临的主要挑战之一。它要求所有国家无一例外地遵照其共同但有区别的责任，力所能及地开展具体行动。考虑到这些原因，并鉴于迄今其产生的影响，气候变化远非传统意义上国际和平与安全所面临的威胁。现有的科学知识十分可靠，明确表明了与不重视该挑战相关的风险。因此，墨西哥赞赏轮值主席国德国提请注意与气候变化有关的风险。这次辩论将有助于增强我们的信念，即我们必须为尽快实现《联合国气候变化框架公约》(《气候公约》)的最终目标做出更大和更有效的努力。", "我们必须确保履行八个月前在坎昆作出的承诺，同时不遗余力地加强这方面的有效行动。必须加强国际法律框架，使之适应任务的艰巨程度。联合国系统仍然是为国际社会面临的种种挑战设计对策的最佳平台。但是，为了利用该平台，我们必须立即真诚地投入工作。", "如果不减少温室气体排放量，我们将看到气候变化会造成更大的影响，如农业减产、降雨分布不均、土壤侵蚀、传病媒介改变和海平面上升。发展中国家特别是其中最贫穷和最脆弱的国家将受到最严重影响，尽管它们的排放量最少。全球气候变暖的性质决定，长期来看，它将对各国的施政能力、政治经济和社会稳定及其发展机会产生影响。", "气候变化挑战不可能在一夜之间或者依靠单一方法解决。它需要全社会所有行为方和部门不间断地采取行动；还需要一套技术、政治和经济方案，以及个人行动。在国际一级，我们需要加强框架，以便汇集各国的具体情况并加以解决。这绝非易事。时间已经证明，气候变化框架必须逐步发展起来。", "在坎昆我们取得了具体成果，它标志着我们的工作向前迈出重要的一步。墨西哥正在履行承诺和采取措施，以便根据我们的能力在短期和中期内尽可能减少排放量。", "在德班，我们需要为在坎昆创立的机构注入活力，使之投入运行，以增强集体抱负。我们还必须明确《京都议定书》的未来，因为它是维持我们赖以实现各项目标的有章可循的体系的基本文书。但还需要另一份议定书作为补充，该议定书须包括目前没有遵照《京都议定书》做出减排承诺的国家。", "我国希望此次辩论能有助于加强有关平台内采取的行动，并使我们始终关注应对气候变化方面的相关问题。我们认识到以下事实，即如果我们的努力以失败告终，那么便有可能甚至不幸，未来气候变化的不利影响会对维护国际和平与安全造成后果，并因此需要安全理事会采取行动。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请厄瓜多尔代表发言。", "莫雷洪先生(厄瓜多尔)(以西班牙语发言)：主席先生，首先，请允许我欢迎秘书长、瑙鲁总统，我的朋友阿希姆·施泰纳先生及胡安妮塔·卡斯塔尼奥女士出席此次重要辩论。", "我国代表团赞同阿根廷共和国代表以77国集团加中国的名义所作的发言，以及埃及代表作为不结盟运动协调局主席所作的发言。", "厄瓜多尔谨同大多数国家一道，主张《联合国气候变化框架公约》是受权指导气候变化导致发生的问题的机构。我们认为，应当尊重《京都议定书》并履行附录1下的承诺。大会作为具有普遍性的民主机构，是提出在全球层面解决气候变化影响建议的理想论坛。我们认识到，气候变化是国际社会面临的主要问题之一。在这方面，我国采取了具体行动遏制气候变化，并通过一项已在联合国广泛讨论的进程进行减排；我指的是亚苏尼-ITT倡议，在座的很多人对该倡议都不陌生。", "气候变化将继续对地球上的人类和生态系统产生各种影响。发展中国家无疑是脆弱的，因此我们需要采取协调一致的应对措施来解决这个问题，其中包括技术转让和做出适当财政承诺。在这方面，我们强调，根据共同但有区别的责任原则履行《京都议定书》的承诺至关重要。根据该原则，发达国家应按照其生态足迹，继续承担其历史责任，减少排放，并通过做出旨在适应并缓解气候变化的努力，为发展中国家提供支助。我们还认为，寻求对《京都议定书》第二个承诺期的政治支持至关重要。基于这些理由，我国代表团重申有必要努力在已有的法律文书上达成协议。我们鼓励各国这样做，并加强依据《公约》通过的协议。", "主席(以英语发言)：现在请古巴代表发言。", "贝尼特斯·韦尔索先生(古巴)(以西班牙语发言)：古巴坚决支持埃及代表以不结盟运动的名义所作的发言以及阿根廷代表以77国集团和中国的名义所作的发言。", "气候变化无疑是威胁人类生存的最严重、最紧迫危险之一。然而，受害最严重和最难以适应气候变化带来的不利影响的国家，特别是小岛屿发展中国家和非洲国家对这一问题负有的责任最小。相反，发达国家的温室气体排放量占总排放量的76%，而且这一数字在继续增长。在第一世界的10亿人口奢侈地消耗地球一半的能源时，20亿贫困人口正面临用电短缺的问题。三十个国家消耗的燃料占全球生产的总燃料的80%。因此，发达国家在偿还对我们地球生态系统欠下的历史债务问题上负有主要责任。", "必须对联合国内外各机构的相关权力和职能给予应有的尊重。对于安全理事会不断干涉联合国其他主要机构的职能与责任的问题，我们甚感忧虑。气候变化问题从本质上讲应当在可持续发展专题组之下加以讨论。因此，在联合国内部，应遵照近年来的惯例，由大会、经济及社会理事会以及相关附属机构，特别是可持续发展委员会和联合国环境规划署处理气候变化问题。", "古巴理解一些小岛屿国家的正当关切，它们提请安全理事会注意这个问题。小岛屿国家被一种迫切需要所驱使，必须找到办法解决严重威胁其领土和国家的安全和自然完整性的问题。尽管安理会有其局限性而且在这方面没有管辖权，但如果它想证明自己在审议这一普遍关注的问题时是严肃认真的，并且为寻找解决方案做出了有意义的贡献，那么它应该首先发表一项包含以下基本要点的声明。", "首先，安理会应该强调，共同但有区别的责任原则是公正和持久解决全球气候变化问题的基石。", "第二，安理会应该强调，发达国家必须履行国际发展承诺，包括与千年发展目标、官方发展援助、《21世纪议程》、《约翰内斯堡执行计划》、《巴巴多斯行动纲领》和《毛里求斯战略》相关的承诺，帮助发展中国家采取必要行动适应气候变化。", "第三，安理会应呼吁工业化国家实施《京都议定书》规定的第二个承诺期，设定可以衡量而且更为远大的减排目标。在这方面，安理会应认识到，一些主要发达国家宣布的减排目标远远超出了把全球气温升幅稳定在可防止发生不可逆转灾难的程度所需的幅度。", "第四，安理会应强调，在设定南半球国家温室气体减排目标的时候绝不能妨碍其发展权，而应当在自愿和非约束性缓减行动的基础上，依据《联合国气候变化框架公约》设定减排目标。", "第五，安理会应确认，导致全球气候变化的主要原因是发达国家盛行的不可持续的生产和消费模式。", "第六，安理会应敦促做出关于以优惠条件向发展中国家供资和转让技术的具体承诺，将小岛屿国家和最不发达国家作为优先重点，同时为实施适应行动分配新资源和额外资源。", "在结束发言之前，我要强调，气候变化是全球性威胁，需要公正、公平和平衡的全球性办法才能解决。只有尊重《框架公约》和《京都议定书》规定的原则和承诺，才能帮助我们解决这个难题。在第十七届缔约方会议上，世界将迎来不容错过的新机遇。我们今天应对气候变化的方式将直接影响到许多国家的发展前景和人类的生存。", "弗洛雷斯女士(洪都拉斯)(以西班牙语发言)：主席先生，洪都拉斯代表团与前几位发言人一样，肯定你在主持安理会工作时所作的奉献和开展的值得赞扬的工作。在安理会目前正在处理的气候变化问题上，我们将与你和安理会其他成员合作，并承诺提供支持。我们感谢秘书长潘基文、瑙鲁总统马库斯·斯蒂芬先生和澳大利亚太平洋岛屿事务议会次长理查德·马尔莱斯先生今天所做的发言。我们赞同一些代表团今天重申气候变化是对和平与安全的威胁。", "如果说大自然的无情打击会对救灾和振灾能力较强的国家产生巨大影响，那么其对最弱小和最无助社会产生的影响可想而知。如果贫弱经济体可能需要应对此类巨大挫折之一，我们如何能指望其实现千年发展目标？巨大的自然挫折会摧毁它们数十年取得的成就。", "正如联合国环境规划署执行主任阿奇姆·施泰纳先生今天所说的，我来自一个遭受了极其猛烈的致命飓风袭击的国家。正当我们认为即将看到光明的时候，飓风顷刻间使我们50年来的坚定努力和无数梦想化为乌有。多亏国际团结和有远见的援助，我们得以积聚必要的力量，克服严峻挑战并继续前进，但我们难免重循旧途。这需要我们为了应对挫折而投入时间、资源和努力，以免加剧我们的不发展状况。出于这些原因，我们认为，本次辩论会如果仅局限于讨论海平面上升的影响、粮食安全以及有可能缺乏国际和平与安全所涉及的问题，就显得过于简单化了。每当自然界向人类发威，其所造成的毁灭性影响就会影响到自然界的平衡，引发连锁反应，威胁到我们的基本生活，并毁掉后代的机会。", "尽管永远不会有人能够完全做好准备来应对自然界的这种风云突变，但做出一定程度的准备，即明确和制定克服脆弱因素的解决办法被证明可以有助于减轻后果和修复损害。在制定减轻后果和国际合作的政策和方案应对此类现象的影响时，必须考虑到我们各国社会之间的地理、政治、经济、文化和宗教差异。", "我们洪都拉斯正在制定国家减缓气候变化的战略，其目的在于拟定有助于降低我国脆弱性的公共政策和社区做法。我们计划提高全民对以下情况的认识，即我们前进的唯一办法就是加强和捍卫我国的自然财富、我国的水流域和水资源，通过在国家保护区和非保护区保护生态系统，突出水资源保护和建立可持续农林系统的工作。", "然而，在大大减轻此类弱点所需的起码资源都不具备的情况下，只是列出一长串的需要是无济于事的，因为这些弱点中有很多并非只是牵涉到我国的地理位置。不幸的是，我国正好位于飓风必经之地，飓风带来了泥石流和水灾，造成破坏；我们还靠近导致地震和灾害的危险地质断层带；我国濒临海洋，而海水上涨可能引发海啸；我们受到各种恶劣气候条件的影响却无能无力，这些情况妨碍了播种作物并导致作物被毁。", "我们的脆弱性还与以下因素有关，包括我国国内局势、经济不发达状况、大量民众难以找到象样工作和安全住所，从而不用被迫把家搬到缺乏基本服务的高危地区。所以说，我国社会的脆弱性是多方面的，而由于我们的经济能力有限，处理这些问题所需的费用超出了我们的负担能力。", "请原谅我离题了，但这都是我国的实际情况——不能只是因为突发因素造成危险才关注这种现实，而不承认这样的事实，那就是现实始终会因为系统的内在不足而承受压力。这种实际情况与其它的较幸运情况大有不同，它要求我们对其作出具体的诊断，得出具体的认识，这样才不会天真、错误地采用适合他人却不适合我们的解决办法。", "最后，我愿谈谈源自联合国开发计划署最近发表的题为“以人为本的发展：增强个体能力和提高国家韧性”的年度报告的以下理念。各国不可能独自应对气候变化和生物多样性流失问题。这无疑是一项共同责任，应当从各国和各国人民之间存在着自然分歧的角度加以处理。它是以人为本的工作，要充分认识到其中的要求，同时辅之以基础广泛的、旨在满足人民对于克服逆境的强烈愿望的措施。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请爱尔兰代表发言。", "韦伯斯特女士(爱尔兰)(以英语发言)：为了节省时间，我将作简略发言，发言稿全文很快会散发给各国代表团。", "爱尔兰赞同欧洲联盟(欧洲联盟)负责人稍早代表欧盟成员国所作的发言。", "我们今天关注的重点问题提醒我们，必须一起采取整体做法，来应对气候变化问题。因此，我在发言中将重点谈谈安全方面的影响以及受气候变化推动的两个方面的问题的前景。这些问题使我们越来越有理由感到震惊。第一个问题是，海平面上升似乎难以阻挡，第二个问题是粮食不安全。后者在今天尤为切题，因为秘书长今天宣布非洲之角出现饥荒——这是30年来首次作出此类宣布。", "气候变化的负面后果所造成的安全影响以及气候变化所起到的加剧威胁的作用都显而易见，对此很多发言者也已谈到。后果包括被迫迁移、永久性重新安置、争夺日益稀缺的资源的现象加剧、土地退化和粮食不安全。正如我们所知，这些因素一再导致冲突，并致使本已困难的状况包括脆弱国家的困难状况愈发困难。这肯定有损和平与建设和平工作。", "正如秘书长指出的那样，海平面上升对事关其生死存亡的那些会员国构成了最严重的安全威胁。可怕的预测无论怎么重复都同样令人震惊，那就是到2050年，2亿人可能因为海平面上升和旱灾而流离失所。", "今年早些时候在都柏林举行的妇女领袖讨论气候正义问题的会议，使人们清楚地认识到海平面持续上升这一严峻的当前现实。来自巴布亚新几内亚卡特雷特群岛的发言者描述了空前之高的海潮迅速淹没岛屿、毁坏土地和粮食生产并威胁到岛民安全的情况。结果是，1 500名岛民全部后撤到布干维尔。所以说，我们看到失去国家和领土的情况以及由此产生的相关安全影响已成为现实，而非理论上的可能。", "联合国可以推动对此类现象采取真正的全球对策，一种根植于社会正义和平等的对策，一种要求各国特别是发达世界的排放大国作出坚定政治领导的对策。欧洲联盟正在这方面发挥带头作用，它已决定将其2020年排放量较1990年至少降低20%。我们也提出了有条件的提议，即把该目标提高至30%，但这要取决于其它发达和发展中国家的承诺。", "全球变暖已经妨碍到世界数百万穷人享有生命权、安全权、食物权、健康权和住房权等各种人权。爱尔兰坚信，我们国际社会需要共同努力，满足发展中国家特别是太平洋小岛屿发展中国家和最不发达国家的有关需要。我们大力重申洪都拉斯发出的呼吁，即我们大家需要在这方面共同努力。最脆弱者将需要帮助，从而使它们今后不那么容易遭受冲击。我们深信，减缓和适应是风险管理的两个方面。", "气候变化现已被确定为一项日益严峻的全球挑战，其最大影响恐怕是饥饿和粮食不安全的范围扩大、程度增强。我们今天正在目睹索马里和非洲之角其它国家令人痛心的景象。数百万人有可能陷入饥馑，面临能够想象的最恶劣处境。78 000多名索马里人在过去两个月中逃离自己的国家——单在上个月就有61 000人逃离。这给埃塞俄比亚和肯尼亚等邻国造成巨大压力，这些国家已开放边界，接纳涌入的流离失所者和忍饥挨饿者。", "但是饥荒也在很多土地上肆虐。严酷的现实是，全世界差不多有10亿人营养不良。这种气候变化对安全造成的影响就是，极端天候更趋频繁、更趋极端，同时出现农作物歉收和食品价格上涨现象，某些国家的社会抗议、动乱和骚乱事件不可避免地增多。", "考虑到这些关切，爱尔兰的发展方案支持努力提高地方社区的能力，使其能够在多变的气候和环境退化面前具有更强的抗压力。我们的参与包括承诺到2012年将我们援助预算中的至少20%花在消除饥饿及有关方面。", "太平洋小岛屿国家编写的概念说明十分清楚也很有说服力。它建议安全理事会明确承认气候变化对国际和平与安全的威胁。但是，与此同时，安全理事会就气候变化问题开展工作已经得到现有文书的支持。", "爱尔兰支持明确授权安全理事会要求秘书长向安理会报告相关背景信息。这将侧重于冲突的各种驱动因素，显然，气候变化无疑就是这样一个关键驱动因素。", "为简要起见，最后我想补充指出，今年2月，安全理事会曾鼓励各会员国特别是那些积极参与联合国治理架构的会员国加强联合国在冲突和冲突后局势下工作的协调一致性。秘书长关于气候变化问题的报告(A/64/350)也发出了这一呼吁，他在报告中呼吁加大力度，将气候变化纳入联合国活动的主流。在这个关键挑战上采取“一个联合国”的做法显然是至关重要的。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请日本代表发言。", "大管先生(日本)(以英语发言)：我愿首先感谢主席国德国召开本次重要会议。我还愿感谢德国代表团根据安全理事会的任务授权，并顾及各方过去在安理会和大会表达过的意见，竭尽全力起草概念说明(S/2011/408)。", "对于气候变化问题的谈判方来说，全球变暖是人类面临的最为迫在眉睫的威胁之一。然而，处理该问题预计的时间跨度与安全理事会传统上处理的武装冲突威胁的时间跨度有所不同。今天，大多数国家都不怀疑气候变化威胁着人类安全，而且从长远来看，还将间接地消极影响国家安全。从另一方面来说，我们在考虑安全理事会可以为处理全球变暖给国际和平与安全造成的不利影响方面发挥什么作用时，需要小心谨慎。基于这种认识，我愿分享我国政府在气候变化及其安全影响方面的看法及行动。", "日本首相菅直人先生在去年9月大会一般性辩论期间的发言中强调，小岛屿发展中国家未来有因为全球变暖而被淹没的危险。将这些国家从困境中拯救出来是为什么我们应更加紧迫地处理气候变化问题的原因之一。", "海平面上升导致的海岸线退后可能影响到许多拥有低地沿海区域的国家的领海和边界，其影响不仅仅限于小岛屿发展中国家，由此可能引发国家间的争端。此外，海平面上升还会使沿海地区更易受到自然灾害的破坏，导致出现境内流离失所者、难民以及其它预料之外的人口态势，这有可能会增加冲突爆发的风险。不仅粮食安全和各种自然灾害，还有水资源分配以及全球医疗挑战，都将受到气候变化的影响。这些问题反过来将削弱社区的复原力，这可能会导致冲突或阻碍解决现有争端的努力。", "还应指出的是，最贫困的国家以及一国中最贫困的人口与社区最易受到气候变化消极后果的影响。鉴于这一事实，我国代表团强调气候变化、发展与安全之间联系的重要性。", "为处理气候变化问题，我们需建立一个各主要经济体都参与的公平有效的国际框架。与此同时，在根据《联合国气候变化框架公约》达成的协议基础上，我们还应再接再厉，循序渐进。在联合国气候变化框架公约第17次缔约方会议上，我们应努力达成一个平衡的协议，以便将《坎昆协议》付诸实施。日本将建设性地参与筹备进程，以使大会取得成功。", "在这一背景下，我愿指出这样一个事实：对《京都议定书》负有义务的缔约国的排放量在今天总排放量中只占不到30%。延长这些义务的期限不会带来有效的减排。关于设定《京都议定书》第二个承诺期这个问题，日本的立场保持不变。", "在哥本哈根召开的第15次缔约方会议上，日本宣布，到2012年，它将为发展中国家提供多达150亿美元的援助。到2011年3月，它已提供了97亿美元。我们一直与最易受气候变化影响的国家包括非洲国家合作，共同推动政策对话。", "去年10月在东京召开了旨在后续执行第五次太平洋岛屿领导人会议成果的太平洋岛屿领导人会议临时部长级会议，在该次会议上，与会者们证实日本的气候变化快速启动筹资机制得到了稳步实施。我国政府继续充分致力于在环境和人类安全等领域，包括在医疗与教育方面向太平洋岛屿国家提供援助，这是我们在第五次会议上做出的保证。", "关于非洲国家，第三届非洲发展问题东京国际会议(东京会议)部长级后续会议在塞内加尔召开，以后续执行在第四届东京会议上通过的《横滨行动计划》。在该次会议上，与会者们同意开始准备制定一项非洲低碳增长和可持续发展的战略。", "最后，我愿提及减少灾害风险的问题。3月11日，日本遭到一场前所未有的地震袭击。应指出的是，海啸造成的破坏比地震本身造成的破坏还要严重，这凸显了灾害对低地海岸地区的严重后果。为增进减少灾害风险方面的全球合作，我们需制定一个新的国际战略，以替代《2005-2015年兵库行动框架》。为推动这项努力，日本在今年5月于日内瓦召开的减少灾害风险全球平台第三次会议上宣布，它愿意主办第三次世界减灾大会。为筹备该会议，日本将于2012年召开一次关于大规模自然灾害的高级别会议。我们非常感谢会员国积极支持我们的倡议。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请新加坡代表发言。", "梅农先生(新加坡)(以英语发言)：我国代表团赞扬德国主动倡议举行今天的辩论会。这次会议是及时的，并且有希望补充2007年联合王国采取的举措。当时，新加坡与其它国家一道指出，气候变化的各种后果、特别是明显争抢稀缺资源现象同气候变化给国际和平与安全所造成影响之间存在着关联。", "我在2007年说过：", "“凭直觉，气候变化造成的环境退化与对变得更加紧缺的有限资源的更激烈冲突之间可能存在联系。土地、水、粮食和矿藏常常是这一导致冲突的复杂方程式中的变数……人们几百年来一直在研究冲突，却没有得出预言冲突的完美方法。但是，在我们应该承认……复杂性的同时，我们不应该忽视关于人们经常为具体事情斗争的简单思想”。(S/PV.5663(Resumption I)，第24页)", "这种联系现在已经得到接受，而且已经存在共识：只有所有会员国与相关非国家行为体合作，才能应对当代这个最大的挑战。", "气候变化是一个全球问题，需要在基于准则和有包容各方的多边框架中通过可持续的全球办法加以解决。任何气候变化应对措施如果得不到不同利益攸关方的接受，都将作用有限，而且没有效力。因此，联合国在制订全面和多层面但又协调和统筹一致的多边应对气候变化措施方面发挥着重要作用。显然，这不是一件简单的工作。", "我们必须认识到，《联合国气候变化框架公约》(气候公约)一直都将是气候变化谈判的主要论坛。在这方面，我支持阿根廷代表以77国集团加中国的名义和埃及代表以不结盟运动的名义所作的发言。今天辩论会的目的不是预先判定《气候公约》框架内目前正在进行谈判的结果。", "不过，我们确实认为，《气候公约》有必要与联合国其它机构、基金和方案紧密合作，特别是在调整和能力建设方面。归根结底，气候变化带来的挑战与可持续发展这个更广泛的问题密切相关。在这方面，联合国系统面临的重要挑战是确保各国机构和方案在可持续发展方面活动的一致性和协调。这是大会和可持续发展委员会可以作出有益贡献的领域。", "安全理事会在清楚认识到决策权在于《气候公约》轨道的同时，也能够通过两种方式对气候变化讨论作出重要贡献。第一，安理会能够帮助增强对气候变化的长期灾难性后果包括可能产生的安全后果的认识；第二，安全理事会能够帮助加强当前为气候公约谈判进程注入政治动力的努力，以便在将于今年晚些时候在南非德班举行的第十七届气候公约缔约方大会和京都议定书缔约方第七次会议上取得成功结果。在这方面，安全理事会成员，特别是常任理事国，必须在气候变化谈判进程中展现领导作用。", "去年在坎昆取得的成功恢复了人们对多边气候变化谈判进程的信心。墨西哥发挥的领导作用对于在坎昆取得成功至关重要。我们赞扬墨西哥所做的努力。今年，我们感到高兴的是，南非也正在展现领导力和主动性。然而，使多边谈判取得成功不能只是担任主席国国家的责任。它必须是集体努力。", "显然，发达国家对于处理气候变化问题负有历史责任。但同样清楚的是，如果没有包括发达国家和发展中国家在内的所有国家的参与，我们无法解决这个问题。我们还必须带着紧迫感采取行动，不仅是因为我们必须响应我们的太平洋小岛屿发展中国家伙伴要求采取行动的呼吁，还因为我们是未来几代人可持续、安全和高质量生活的保护者。", "最后，请允许我引述拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生的话作为结束。他曾经说过：“你们说得这么大声，以致我无法听清你们在说什么”。我希望，今天的辩论会将不会成为行动的替代品，而是采取行动的前奏。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请冰岛代表发言。", "贡纳斯多蒂尔女士(冰岛)(以英语发言)：气候变化是我们当代最大的挑战之一。确实，一些会员国的存亡由于海平面不断上升而处于危险之中。在这方面，我们承认小岛屿国家特别脆弱。其他国家将面临严重干旱和越来越频繁的极端天气条件。我们所有人都非常清楚诸如此类的事态发展，它们将产生重大环境、社会、经济和政治冲击。", "气候变化的后果会加剧紧张局势，有可能导致冲突。因此，安理会讨论气候变化对安全的影响是非常及时和重要的。尽管《联合国气候变化框架公约》仍然是在国际层面处理气候变化问题的主要论坛，但是，安理会在履行其维护国际和平与安全职责时也应当认识到气候变化构成的威胁，寻求解决这些威胁的方法，并且确保我们各个社会的生存能力和可持续性。", "尽管所有人都将受到气候变化的影响，但必须记住，气候变化加剧了已经存在的不平等状况。妇女特别容易受到影响。发展中国家和新兴经济体的农村地区以及传统上与妇女有关的部门和活动都受到气候变化不成比例的影响。因此，妇女在家务活动和每天努力维持生计方面面临更多困难。水资源减少对健康、环境卫生和粮食安全也有不利影响，增加妇女的负担。由于妇女的社会作用和责任，她们也比男性更容易受到自然灾害的影响。", "安理会在通过其标志性的关于妇女、和平与安全问题的第1325(2000)号决议时的指导原则也必须指导安理会在处理气候变化对安全产生的影响方面的工作。不仅应当说妇女是气候变化的受害者，还应当说她们是采取应对行动方面的重要行为体。安理会必须确保任何应对气候变化的措施都考虑到两性平等的观点，而且使妇女和男性都参与到与气候变化各个方面有关的讨论、决策和政策执行之中。这将使应对气候变化措施更加有效，并且为在全世界促进两性平等作出适当贡献。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请加拿大代表发言。", "里瓦德先生(加拿大)(以英语发言)：加拿大很高兴参加本次辩论会。我们感谢德国倡议举行此次对话，并且期待着像我们过去所做的那样进行深入交流。我们也感谢太平洋小岛屿发展中国家提出这个重要问题。加拿大力争做小岛屿发展中国家，包括太平洋、加勒比以及联合国这里的发展中国家的负责任、有效和可靠的伙伴。我们一贯支持安全理事会采取有效措施应对新的和正在出现的安全挑战。", "我们支持并联署了我们的太平洋岛屿伙伴国家提交的关于气候变化与安全问题的决议就是明证。该决议确认，我们共同认识到气候变化可能对安全产生的影响。小岛屿发展中国家和那些面临粮食不安全的国家面临的存亡威胁使这个问题有了紧迫和人性化的一面。", "气候变化有可能使陷于崩溃的国家和脆弱的国家受到更大压力。", "加拿大继续参与旨在建立新的、公平的和有效的2012年后气候变化国际制度的国际谈判。我们与我们的国际伙伴一道通过了坎昆系列协议。该协议是一整套重要决定，它们共同构成在建立取得实效所需的全球气候变化制度方面向前迈出的坚实一步。坎昆系列协议承认这一全球现实：如果我们要成功地有效处理气候变化问题，所有排放大国都必须采取行动。", "严峻的问题需要严肃的解决办法。必须在富有活力的经济中通过国际合作维持国家环境方案。作为我们对支持发展中国家包括最不发达国家减轻影响和适应努力承诺的一部分，加拿大仅在2010-2011财政年度就为新的补充气候变化融资捐资4亿美元，这是我们对迅速启动气候变化融资捐助的一部分。这是加拿大对于支持解决气候变化国际努力的最大单笔捐资，重点是支持发展中国家努力减少温室气体排放，并且在适应、清洁能源以及森林和农业三个优先领域适应气候变化造成的不利影响。", "今天，世界上大约有10亿人挨饿。另外10亿人有足够的食品，但由于得不到足够的营养食物而长期营养不良。这20亿人中大部分是妇女、儿童和乡村地区的小农。", "加拿大通过对增加粮食安全作出长期承诺在支助粮食危机的对策方面发挥了带头作用。在2009年八国集团拉奎拉首脑会议上，我们保证把我们对可持续农业发展的投资增加一倍以上，并在三年中提供6亿美元的增加拨款，资金总额达到11.8亿美元。加拿大已经达到在拉奎拉作出的全部承诺，并且我们骄傲地成为八国集团中第一个这样做的国家。", "在2010年加拿大担任八国集团和20国集团主席期间，粮食安全仍然是一个高度优先事项，并且加拿大把粮食安全作为其五个国际援助优先事项之一。在我们为支助长期对策而提供多边和双边融资的同时，加拿大还认为必须支持研究伙伴关系和多边研究活动，它们将增加我们的知识库，使我们能够更好地制定适应气候变化的长期解决办法。", "这种解决办法能够增加复原能力、建立和加强机构，并减少生命损失和经济破坏，这反过来会奠立维护和平与安全的牢固基础。我们欢迎进一步思考如何提供适应性支助，提供支助的方式要考虑到如何能够尽量减少现有的紧张状况，并且能够采纳旨在减少这种紧张状况的长期的治理办法。", "主席(以英语发言)：我请巴布亚新几内亚代表发言。", "艾西先生(巴布亚新几内亚)(以英语发言)：主席先生，我们感谢你召开本次重要会议。我也借此机会感谢你个人对这一事项的关注。", "我们赞同瑙鲁总统马库斯·斯蒂芬先生阁下代表太平洋小岛屿发展中国家(小岛屿发展中国家)及其朋友，所作的雄辩发言。我们也感谢澳大利亚政府太平洋岛屿事务议会秘书理查德·马尔斯先生的发言。", "我们同许多其他发言者一样，认识到气候变化问题的严重性和紧迫性，尤其是发展中国家所面临的挑战，特别是那些受到其不利影响的最大威胁的国家——小岛屿发展中国家和最不发达国家，以及非洲的许多地区——它们继续面临这些影响对其国家能力和机构造成的巨大压力。也请允许我提及北极和南极地区，它们也受到气候变化的不利影响，转而造成全球海平面的上升。国际媒体突出报道了秘书长最近对这两个地区的访问。", "但是，实际上我们所有国家都受到气候变化作用的某种不利影响。然而，我们中有些联合国会员国现在并将继续受到影响和伤害，而绝对不是它们本身的过错。由于其土地或领土因可能是灾难性的海平面上升而被淹没，它们将立即受到影响；另一些国家将受到可怕干旱的影响，因为可耕地的流失和稀缺水资源的干涸继续迫使千百万人民跨越陆地边界——正如我们今天在世界部分地区所看到。会有后果，其中一些可能导致冲突。", "我们通过全球公众媒体了解到，军方和情报专家以及各个组织所作的假想规划预测到，由于气候变化的不利影响，大批人口可能流离失所，导致各种消极后果，包括冲突的可能性。", "《联合国宪章》是明确的。安理会受权监测和维护国际和平与安全。但是，我们要在这里重申瑙鲁总统的毫不含糊的声明：", "“毫无疑问，《联合国气候变化框架公约》(《气候公约》)是、并且必须仍然是制订国际战略以减少气候变化、调集财政资源，以及促进适应、规划及项目执行的主要论坛。”(S/PV.6587)", "此外，我们也强烈支持瑙鲁总统的呼吁，要求大会继续处理气候变化同可持续发展之间的联系。", "解决气候变化及其不利影响需要整个政府在国家一级采取行动。在这方面，我们也要指出，有必要采取整个联合国的方法，这必须包括联合国所有机构——除其他外，大会和经济及社会理事会——和《气候公约》，以及联合国开发计划署等联合国相关机构和包括全球环境基金和世界银行在内的国际组织。每一方必须发挥各自的作用，不管是在我们前进时建立相关的政策框架，或是资助各种应对机制，以解决气候变化的不利影响。", "照此推理，我们认为安全理事会也要发挥重要作用。在这方面，我们强烈认为，安理会应当并必须行驶其处理气候变化的不利影响方面的授权，气候变化可能对安全产生影响，包括今后可能出现的紧急情况。我们看到，安理会过去曾被要求履行其授权，处理发展、艾滋病毒/艾滋病、武装冲突中儿童、冲突中妇女其他等问题。尽管这些问题仍列在安理会的议程上，但没有削弱直接监管它们的联合国有关机关和机构的主导地位——例如经济及社会理事会对发展议程的主导地位。", "我们谨强调安理会在提高国际社会对艾滋病毒/艾滋病的认识方面所起的有效作用，指出它是一个无边界的软威胁。当然，我们国际社会仍然面临着处理这一全球祸害的挑战，但我们在最近结束的大会关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病的高级别会议上看到，联合国所有相关机构在处理这个问题时进行真正的互动，我们重申，这是本安理会发起的。成果文件(大会第65/277号决议)的通过，实际上反映了国际社会的一致目标，要继续共同合作处理艾滋病毒/艾滋病。事实上，我们联合国一致兑现承诺，继续在全球打击艾滋病毒/艾滋病祸害。", "最后，我们谨指出，为了解决气候变化的不利影响对安全造成的后果，应当在尊重联合国所有相关机构和机关的授权的情况下，利用安理会在处理艾滋病毒/艾滋病和发展问题时采用的目标相同的方法。", "主席(以英语发言)：我请伊朗伊斯兰共和国代表发言。", "哈比卜先生(伊朗伊斯兰共和国)(以英语发言)：首先，我谨赞同阿根廷代表以77国集团加中国的名义，以及埃及代表以不结盟运动的名义，所作的发言。我要进一步就安理会今天公开辩论的议题，发表以下简短的额外看法。", "安全理事会一再侵占《宪章》规定的联合国其他主要机关的任务授权，令人感到严重关切。尽管安理会甚至不能或不愿意真正处理造成世界各地不安全和冲突局势的确凿起因，但它却坚持过问不属于其权限范围的问题或未被一般认为或证明威胁世界和平与安全的问题，这一点令人百思不解。安全理事会以其目前的专属结构和不透明的工作方法，管事太多会对联合国其他机构的运作和安理会颇感兴趣的那些问题的结局产生严重后果。", "安理会某些常任理事国在应对气候变化方面能够提供的最佳服务也许是信守其关于能力建设、无条件转让气候友好型技术和向有需要的国家特别是小岛屿发展中国家、最不发达国家和非洲提供财政资源的承诺，以及承诺切实减少温室气体排放。", "就应对气候变化所亟需的要求而言，许多发达国家的言行之间存在巨大差距。同时，我们关切地注意到，近期内大幅减少排放的前景太渺茫。", "气候变化是一项不可避免的、紧急的全球挑战，对各国的可持续发展有着长期影响。因此，在可持续发展而非和平与安全框架内应对气候变化是最明智的办法。我们的理解是，《联合国气候变化框架公约》、大会、经济及社会理事会和可持续发展委员会是以全面、包容性和实质性方式应对气候变化及其后果的相关主管机构。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请科威特代表发言。", "阿洛泰比先生(科威特)(以阿拉伯语发言)：主席先生，感谢你请我发言。我谨以阿拉伯国家集团的名义发言，以说明其对维护国际和平与安全和气候变化的影响这一议题的立场。", "首先，我要表示，我们支持埃及代表以不结盟运动的名义和阿根廷代表以77国集团加中国的名义所作的发言。", "统计数据和现实情况证实，发展中国家，特别是最不发达国家、非洲国家、内陆国家和小岛屿发展中国家，受气候变化负面影响损害最大。阿拉伯国家强调，气候变化的潜在后果将对阿拉伯区域产生严重影响，尤其在干旱和半干旱地区。", "阿拉伯集团要强调以下几点。", "第一，具体按照《联合国宪章》的任务授权，维护国际和平与安全的责任首先在于安全理事会，同时应根据1950年11月3日大会第377(V)号决议考虑到大会在这方面的作用。如果安全理事会的作用与其他主要机构的作用和责任重叠，那将不符合《联合国宪章》的原则和宗旨，并可能损害这些机构的权威和全体会员国的权利。", "第二，气候变化也是可持续发展的组成部分。可持续发展包括经济发展、社会发展和环境保护等三个方面，必须统筹处理。", "第三，气候变化问题对可持续发展有着至关重要的意义。可持续发展的责任由大会、经济及社会理事会及其包括可持续发展委员会和联合国环境规划署在内的相关附属机构承担。《联合国气候变化框架公约》是一项具有约束力的关于环境变化的协议。还有《京都议定书》。这两项文书中的任何一项都没有为安全理事会规定任何作用。", "我们认为，所有会员国都必须支持可持续发展，其方式是遵守里约原则，特别是共同但有区别的责任原则，并充分执行二十一世纪议程及其他与提供财政资源、技术转让和建设发展中国家能力有关的承诺。这些承诺是在里约、约翰内斯堡以及关于经济和社会问题的联合国其他重要会议上作出的。", "阿拉伯集团坚信，《联合国气候变化框架公约》是应对气候变化危险和考虑根据其中所载原则采取措施的最佳论坛。必须根据《公约》采取措施。特别是，发达国家必须根据《京都议定书》采取紧急措施履行其减排承诺。尚未加入《京都议定书》的发达国家应当加入。阿拉伯集团强调，各方必须就《京都议定书》第二承诺期达成协议，并确保第一承诺期与第二承诺期之间不出现空白。", "在这方面，阿拉伯集团强调，它支持不结盟运动和77国集团加中国就2007年4月17日安理会关于能源、安全和气候的公开辩论会(见S/PV.5663)给安全理事会主席的两封信(S/2007/203和S/2007/211)。它还支持2011年7月14日埃及常驻代表以不结盟运动的名义就题为“维护国际和平与安全：气候变化的影响”的公开辩论会给安全理事会主席的信(S/2011/427)。", "阿拉伯集团还强调，在本次公开辩论会结束之后，不应发表任何安全理事会主席声明或新闻谈话，也不应采取任何行动，尤其是可能损害相关机构、进程和文书的权威或任务授权，或可能以任何方式影响气候变化谈判事业，包括定于2011年年底在南非举行的框架公约缔约国第17次会议的任何声明或行动。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请哈萨克斯坦代表发言。", "艾季莫娃夫人(哈萨克斯坦)(以英语发言)：首先，我要重申，与气候变化相关的审议在很大程度上属于大会、《联合国气候变化框架公约》(气候公约)以及联合国其他机构和实体的权限范围。然而，我国代表团理解在安全理事会讨论这个议题的理由，因为目前气候变化的影响对人类安全构成严重威胁。", "气候变化使威胁倍增。它加剧现有消极趋势、紧张和不稳定，使已经脆弱和易发生冲突的国家和区域负担过重。风险不只是人道主义性质的；它们还包括那些直接影响国家和国际利益的政治和安全风险，因而要求采取全面的对策，以处理粮食、饮用水及能源短缺问题。受影响最严重地区将是面临强大人口压力、环境移民大量涌入的地区。环境移民大量涌入将导致政治、宗教和族裔激进化，从而对人权产生影响。", "众所周知，实现千年发展目标将面临很大风险，因为气候变化若得不到缓解，很可能会使多年的发展努力化为乌有，加重卫生条件差、失业以及教育资源不足等问题。", "我国代表团建议与联合国其他实体协作进一步加强《气候公约》，以全面、有效地应对气候变化的影响。因此，进一步增强知识、评估区域机构和会员国的能力、改善我们通过监测和预警系统防灾和做好早期应对气候相关灾害准备的努力都至关重要。我们还必须加强保护平民与灾害管理机制，建设人员和设备能力。联合国应该提出和考虑这样做所涉的经费问题，以改善气候变化问题辩论双方国家之间的对话。", "气候变化及其所涉安全问题可影响国际关系及捐助能力。不过，该问题正在推动全球、区域和地方治理工作的改进和改革。", "我国代表团谨特别强调，由联合国主导的预防性外交在中亚和其他地区可发挥极端必要和关键性的作用，解决水资源稀缺问题，该问题可导致紧张甚至可能引发冲突。这已经得到阿希姆·施泰纳先生书面发言的证实，其中提到中亚地区阿穆达里亚河流域环境和安全倡议的评估。", "哈萨克斯坦始终履行义务，促进联合国减缓气候变化影响的努力。我国已经建立可持续发展委员会和京都议定书部。我国已经对后京都议定书时期作出量化承诺，决心到2050年将温室气体排放量减少25%。我国已经建议授予“拯救咸海国际基金”联合国机构地位。", "咸海危机众所周知，它既是人为的结果，也是气候变化产生的后果。咸海海水已经减少了四分之三，对咸海四周居民的生活造成灾难，影响欧亚大陆环境。中亚地区国家需要国际社会援助，以恢复咸海。哈萨克斯坦随时准备为多边努力作出充分贡献，包括在坎昆建议的基础上进一步努力，在全球和区域各级减轻气候变化造成的威胁。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请比利时代表发言。", "朗贝尔先生(比利时)(以法语发言)：主席先生，首先让我感谢你召开这次会议。气候变化的影响确实需要各国重新动员。比利时欢迎有此机会给予该问题应有的重视。", "比利时完全赞同欧洲联盟代表的发言，因此我仅谈几点看法。", "今天，许多发言者正确地提到在2007年4月举行的辩论会(见S/PV.5663)。秘书长根据大会的要求提出的2009年报告(A/64/350)也是一个重要的里程碑，报告阐明了联合国系统加强采取行动的需要。", "自那时以来情况如何？《联合国气候变化框架公约》(气候公约)恢复了有关气候变化问题的谈判。尽管在此论坛上取得显著进展，但应该承认，在纽约的辩论中，这已经不再是一个高度优先事项。我们承认《气候公约》是处理气候变化问题的适当论坛，但其他机构，包括安理会和大会也应该根据各自职权范围继续处理这方面问题。", "气候变化有“威胁乘数”的作用。有人可能会说，这些都是遥远的威胁，但事实并非如此。我们不能无视科学证据。现在的全球平均气温已经比工业化前时代上升了0.7摄氏度，已经排放进大气层的温室气体将导致全球平均气温再上升0.6摄氏度。继续一切照旧将导致我们面临到本世纪末全球平均气温再上升3个摄氏度的危险。", "令人担心的是，过去地球气候变化都是非线性的变化和不可预测，一旦达到临界点就会发生突变。这为决策者的规划工作增加了挑战性。我们面临发生突然气候变化，可能导致热带森林迅速枯死、极地冰盖或冰川急剧融化、海平面上升速度大大加快的风险。", "我们可以做些什么？第一道预防措施确实是缓解气候变化的影响。主要步骤在坎昆已经商定，目前正在执行。然而，《气候公约》中的谈判应该加快。欧洲联盟有望到2020年建成低碳和高能效经济。我们现在期待其他国家加入这方面努力。", "除了这种必要行动之外，我们还必须提高应付气候变化影响的准备状况。有些影响今天已经能够感到。在太平洋地区，小岛屿人口迁移工作已经开始。阿拉斯加的一些村庄正在发生同样的情况。过去几年，世界各地干旱和洪水更加频繁，导致人道主义紧急情况的数量增加。", "气候变化的影响也威胁到人类生活必要的重要资源。纵观历史，人类争夺自然资源的斗争不断。气候变化正威胁着这些资源是否仍然可得。水、沃土、粮食和能源供应都面临危险。在某些情况下，天然资源匮乏使威胁倍增；在其他情况下，其本身就是威胁。它对作物的影响和缺乏淡水，首先将影响到最脆弱的人群。", "事实上，气候变化影响的分布并不均匀。匮乏可能导致团体和个人的应对机制崩溃，带来增加不稳定和冲突的风险。我们现在知道，许多因素，如族裔紧张、跨界纠纷、社会不平等、人口流动和能力不足的国家，都可导致武装冲突。但气候变化将成为这方面越来越重要的根源。", "联合国如何回应？应该以整体和预防方法应对人类面临的这一重大挑战。将减轻气候变化的努力仅限于谈判是不负责任的做法。必须为预防性外交建立一个总体框架，这是必不可少的，以纾缓政府间气候变化专门委员会报告中所述的后果，尤其是为最脆弱的国家。", "我们必须采取具体步骤，在联合国系统内形成协调一致的办法。我们的国际机构应做好应对气候变化的影响和它将造成的匮乏问题的准备。今天，我们欢迎召开这次辩论会，为安理会今后就此问题采取行动铺路，并促使联合国系统用有条理的办法解决气候挑战造成的安全方面问题。", "主席(以西班牙语发言)：我现在请秘鲁代表发言。", "罗德里格斯先生(秘鲁)(以西班牙语发言)：我国代表团赞赏并感谢潘基文秘书长今天上午的发言，以及联合国环境规划署执行主任阿希姆·施泰纳先生所作的介绍和通报。我国代表团适当地注意到了瑙鲁总统马库斯·斯蒂芬先生对气候变化问题所作的清晰、准确的描述。秘鲁赞同阿根廷和埃及常驻代表分别以77国集团和中国以及不结盟运动的名义所作的发言。", "气候变化是世界各国无一例外都面临的一个实际问题，这一点已众所周知。我们大家都不同程度地受到气候变化的影响，因此，就我们各自能力和责任程度而言，国际社会必须认识到，采取决定性行动来减轻该祸害是压倒一切的历史要求。", "现在应当重申，存在着以适当方式建立起来的、通过《联合国气候变化框架公约》和联合国有关实体，特别是大会、经济及社会理事会、可持续发展委员会和联合国环境规划署来处理此问题的多边渠道。该公约是各国应在其中寻求必要共识的适当框架，而那些机构应当专门处理总体可持续发展问题。", "我愿强调气候变化对我国造成的一些破坏。秘鲁人生活在非常多样化的生态系统中。在我国，厄尔尼诺现象等气候紊乱现象烈度增强和次数增多，导致沿海地区出现严重水灾，而安第斯地区出现旱灾，造成严重的社会和经济损害。与此同时，占世界热带冰川半数以上的我国冰川在迅速消融，这种现象加剧了生活、农业和发电用水匮乏的状况。拉丁美洲第二大的秘鲁亚马逊森林蕴藏着无价的生物多样性，但同样受到了影响。换句话说，气候变化的威胁绝非远离我们。", "气候变化问题具有全球性。因此，我们只有藉由《联合国气候变化框架公约》，其附加文书及其核心原则，特别是共同但有区别责任的原则所确立的结构，通过整个国际社会采取多边协同行动，才能应对该问题。", "在这方面，我们重申，我们坚信必须紧急采取遏制温室气体排放的具体措施。在此，优先工作是加强多边制度，充分遵守所作的各项承诺。为此，我们必须考虑到我们各国人民要求我们必须在气候状况不确定和自然资源保有量发生变化的情况下达到的福祉和发展水平。这将迫使我们大幅改变自然资源的管理方式，将意味着创造新的低碳生产方式和技术。", "出于所有这些原因，我们重申要求获得支持，这不仅是对发展中国家所作努力的认可，而且也是全球团结的道义要求。这种要求包括亟须建立《公约》所规定的融资与合作机制。提供这种支持以及帮助进行能力建设并辅以密切、灵活联系在一起的技术，是三个彼此相连的部分，要求有此方面需要的各方建立和确定一个程序，而这个程序必须符合各国国情和需要，同时不附带限制性的条件。", "秘鲁认识到，小岛屿国家受到全球经济和金融危机以及粮食和危机所造成的后果的双重影响，而且也受到气候变化和自然灾害，如2010年1月海地地震的影响。我们还应考虑到海平面上升给很多岛国造成的威胁，气温上升和极地冰盖融化已被确定为海平面上升的两个主要原因。", "我们从自己作为一个发展中国家的角度出发，表示声援这些国家的努力，并倡导适当履行国际社会对于融资、技术合作和能力建设问题所作的合作承诺。最近的粮食和金融危机表明，粮食市场的结构和运作过于脆弱，难以应对接连发生的危机的影响，而在高效利用土地和生产粮食方面所采取的不适当政策加剧了这种影响。", "同其它很多国家一样，秘鲁农产品占到国家粮食产量的62.8%，而且是农村人口的主要生计来源。然而，在这62.8%当中，66%的农业完全依靠雨水。因此，秘鲁农业很容易受到气候变化的影响，这种变化影响到了我们的粮食安全。", "有鉴于此，应当继续在全球开展工作，采取措施确保全世界特别是最贫穷国家的粮食安全，主要是要通过各国政府实施有效战略，执行投资计划、发展融资机制和拓宽南北合作及南南合作等等。", "最后，我认为现在正是发出紧急呼吁的时候，应当呼吁本组织所有会员国保持团结，以便我们能够将个体利益放在一边，从利他角度着眼于全人类的未来，尽快在有关多边机构制定一项符合道德的、共同的、意义深远的、包容和透明的协议，从而使我们能够应对气候变化，给我们地球上的后代留下一个很好的成果。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请孟加拉国代表发言。", "穆明先生(孟加拉国)(以英语发言)：我感谢德国安排本次公开辩论会，讨论“维护国际和平与安全：气候变化的影响”。我感谢秘书长的发言。也请允许我衷心感谢其他发言者，其中包括瑙鲁共和国总统、澳大利亚负责太平洋岛屿事务的政务次官和联合国环境规划署执行主任阿希姆·施泰纳先生今天上午的发言。", "我国代表团赞同分别以77国集团和中国以及不结盟运动名义所作的发言，发言表达了它们的看法和关切。此外，我愿着重谈谈以下几点，孟加拉国认为以下几点具有重要意义。", "我国代表团认为，《联合国宪章》规定的维护国际和平与安全是安全理事会的首要责任。《宪章》还规定大会和经济及社会理事会处理与经济和社会发展有关的问题。在这方面，我们认为《联合国气候变化框架公约》是就全球应对气候变化问题开展谈判的首要国际政府间论坛。", "气候变化是人类面临的最严峻的全球挑战之一。我赞赏秘书长2009年就气候变化和它可能对安全产生的影响问题提交报告(A/64/350)。报告指出，一些问题，包括粮食不安全、自然资源日益匮乏、民众流离失所、失业和失去谋生手段、赤贫、大规模移民，更重要的是丧失希望，会导致绝望。", "所有这一切都有可能加剧社会和区域紧张、政治动乱、暴力冲突以及极端主义，从而威胁国际和平与安全。实际上，气候变化的一些不利影响包括陆地逐渐消失、水灾、洪水泛滥、旱灾、海平面上升、咸度升高、极端天气现象、粮食减产、淡水短缺以及气候导致的移民。世界各地发生的全球变暖已经迫使我们面对气候的变化无常，并遭遇越来越多的自然灾害。", "最近，我们目睹了俄罗斯和澳大利亚的野火、巴基斯坦的水灾、海地、智利和新西兰的地震、日本的海啸、美国的龙卷风和旋风以及非洲的旱灾是如何同样影响着发达国家和发展中国家的。的确，气候变化导致的粮食无保障、人们背井离乡以及相关灾祸给国际和平与安全构成威胁。在这方面，我呼吁有关各方迅速落实在全球领导人2009年通过的拉奎拉《关于全球粮食保障问题的联合声明》中做出的承诺。", "海平面上升是国际社会特别是小岛屿发展中国家和拥有低地沿海地区国家的另一个隐忧。孟加拉国对海平面不断上升深表关切，因为到2050年它有可能使居住在我们沿海一带地区的3 000万到5 000万人民流离失所。它还将剥夺他们的谋生手段。气候导致的人们流离失所已经使孟加拉国城市贫民窟的条件更加恶劣。因此，在举行谈判以讨论多少百分比的排放应该被或会被允许的同时，我们区域数以百万计的人民却在为失去他们的家园和丢掉工作而担惊受怕，为他们的下一代将看不到祖先的财产而忧心忡忡。他们的生存危在旦夕。", "气候变化的影响将重创最不发达国家和小岛屿发展中国家，应立即加强支持这些国家的全球努力。在这方面，我国代表团呼吁充分有效履行在《关于最不发达国家的伊斯坦布尔宣言》、《毛里求斯宣言》以及《关于进一步执行小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展行动纲领的毛里求斯战略》中做出的各项承诺。", "我敦促各利益攸关方充分执行1992年在巴西里约热内卢召开的联合国环境与发展会议上通过的《二十一世纪议程》以及在经济、环境和社会领域的其它联合国相关会议上作出的承诺，其中包括《千年宣言》中的承诺。", "请允许我强调，需要以支持旨在提高其国家和区域在减缓、适应、准备和发展等方面能力的工作，来增加对受影响的发展中国家的援助。发达国家还应确保向发展中国家提供充足、可预测、新的和更多的财政资源，并向其转让技术。", "在处理该问题时，我们必须侧重于问题的根源。我国代表团感到，各国能力不同、发展水平各异，如果要处理气候变化的不利影响，它们就应履行其在减少排放和减缓行动上做出的承诺。发达国家和发展中国家应履行其有区别的责任，其中包括在《联合国气候变化框架公约》谈判框架中所做的减少全球温室气体排放的保证和义务。", "最后，我还强调联合国需在减缓气候变化不利影响方面采取一种协调一致和统筹的做法，这意味着各有关机关应相辅相成而不是重复劳动，以应对气候变化的挑战。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请多民族玻利维亚国代表发言。", "Archondo先生(多民族玻利维亚国)(以西班牙语发言)：主席先生，我愿感谢你允许我们今天发言。玻利维亚赞同阿根廷代表以77国集团加中国的名义所作的发言以及埃及代表以不结盟运动的名义所作的发言。", "气候变化确实威胁到人类、个人乃至地球母亲的存在。鉴于其系统性，我们可以从许多角度来分析它，包括它的社会、经济、文化和环境层面。我们还知道，气候变化具有安全层面，因为由于极端气温变化的影响，许多国家可能会消失，新的冲突将会出现。这是一个由少数人造成但却影响着千百万人的全球性威胁。基于这一理解，玻利维亚向今天上午瑙鲁总统在安理会所代表的小岛屿发展中国家表示声援。", "但是，尽管我们承认该问题具有安全层面，但是我们并不认为该问题应由安全理事会来处理，因为最大的温室气体排放国的代表正是那些拥有安理会常任席位和否决权的国家。考虑到这些情况，安全理事会有可能通过制裁或赔偿决议，从而有效追究那些造成破坏国家的责任吗？", "气候变化的安全层面应由一个责任国不占据常任席位也不拥有否决权的论坛来加以处理。它应在一个主要受害者有充分代表权的论坛上进行讨论，这些受害者包括：面临消失威胁的岛屿国家、冰川国家、非洲国家以及所有不得不为并非由它们造成的损害付出代价的发展中国家。今天，唯一达到这种参与程度的论坛就是大会。为此，气候变化的各个层面均应由该机构来加以全面处理。", "我国代表团还强调，根据《联合国气候变化框架公约》进行的气候变化谈判的根本任务是通过履行《京都议定书》的第二阶段承诺，确保有效和真正减少温室气体排放。这是弥合现有缺口并将全球气温升高稳定在1℃的唯一办法。发达国家应为减少温室气体排放作出更多承诺。正如联合国环境规划署执行主任今天上午明确指出的那样，我们现在面临着气温升高5℃，这将导致灾难性的局面。", "根据全球人道主义论坛的数据，每年有35万人死于气候变化导致的自然灾害。这一数据还将增加，并超过世界各地许多冲突和武装冲突的死亡率。这就是为什么必须成立一个机构，评判和制裁那些未减少其温室气体排放的国家，因为它们在挑起针对地球母亲的种族灭绝和生态灭绝。为此，多民族玻利维亚国倡导成立一个为气候和环境伸张正义的国际法庭，该法庭将采取有效措施，保证所有人的人权和自然权利，特别是那些受到将利润和收入置于人类物种和地球母亲生存之上的人不负责任行为影响的人的权利。", "全球军费支出每年总计超过1.5万亿美元。这些支出中的大多数源自发达国家特别是安全理事会的5个常任理事国。然而，为处理气候变化的问题，发达国家却只承诺在3年中花费300亿美元，即每年100亿美元，这一数额还不到它们防御和安全支出的1%。", "大幅削减军费支出，并将节省资源调拨给一项基金，以处理气候变化在发展中国家特别是岛屿国家、非洲国家、山地国家以及世界上所有受该问题影响的贫穷区域造成的影响，这将是迈出的积极的第一步。", "请允许我以一个问题来结束我的发言。安全理事会有没有可能通过一项决议，规定将防御和安全支出减少约10%或20%，将这部分资金用于处理气候变化影响的工作？", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请帕劳代表发言。", "贝克先生(帕劳)(以英语发言)：首先，我感谢德国和主席先生你本人召集并主持本次非常重要的会议。我也感谢联合王国三年前在安理会采取的激励人心的行动。帕劳赞同瑙鲁共和国总统斯蒂芬先生阁下和澳大利亚政务次官Richard Marles所作的发言，我赞赏地注意到马尔代夫、塞舌尔和东帝汶的支持。", "安全理事会负责执行最重要的国际任务，并由此获得《宪章》授予的特别权力。在出现对国际和平与安全的威胁时，安全理事会有采取行动的授权和不受限制的能力。《宪章》赋予的这一基本职能应当毫无争议。因此，帕劳惊讶和失望地听到有人反对本次辩论会产生成果。今天可以得到的最佳科学证据清楚表明，西太平洋地区的海平面上升幅度已经是其它区域的两倍。太平洋小岛屿发展中国家处于危险地带。或许如果其它国家站在我们正在消失的海岸上，它们就会更好地理解我们的处境。尽管这一威胁的原因是新的，但是，其所产生的影响威胁到会员国的主权和领土完整，因而完全属于安理会的传统授权范围。", "安理会面前摆着太平洋地区提出的适度、建设性和完全可以落实的建议。我们敬请安理会最起码采纳这些建议。如果不这样做，那么我可以向安理会保证，这将不是我们最后一次谈论这个问题。危险正在增加。因此，帕劳将继续呼吁每一个联合国实体加紧应对气候变化与安全问题的努力。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请匈牙利代表发言。", "克勒希先生(匈牙利)(以英语发言)：我国完全赞同欧洲联盟观察员所作的发言。请允许我感谢安理会主席提议召开本次公开辩论会，并要强调指出，我们完全支持瑙鲁总统马库斯·斯蒂芬今天上午就我们所有人因当前气候变化而面临挑战的严峻程度所谈的看法。", "我要补充关于气候变化对安全造成的影响的几点想法，特别是海平面上升造成的直接威胁。正如一些发言者今天所指出的那样，对某些国家来说，它们可能遭受的领土损失有可能是致命性的，导致一些国家需要完全迁移，而另外一些国家则可能会因被迫转移基础设施和经济资产——如果有可能的话——而承受异常沉重的负担。", "光是在欧洲，未来70年中就有大约2千万到3千万人可能被迫离开家园。总资产损失有可能超过今天欧洲联盟国内生产总值的总和。从全球范围看，被迫搬迁的人口有可能超过3亿，可能造成的资产损失无法估量。在面临危险的地区，环境恶化以及资产和人口逃离可能早在那些地区被淹没前就会出现。正如今天许多人已经指出的那样，脆弱社会可能被此类事件完全击垮。", "这些因素可能造成的一些间接威胁是，如果领海和专属经济区出现重大改变，捕渔和采矿权可能变得不确定，甚至受到挑战。传统捐助方将不得不在自己的缓解影响项目上投入更多资源，而只能减少对帮助其它区域稳定与发展的捐助。", "可能出现的内陆安全后果包括：河流变化性增大，导致无法控制的洪灾，以及出现破坏力更大的更强烈风暴。各国可能不得不把国内生产总值的更大部分花在长期恢复努力上。从人的和经济的角度而言，这些因素造成的代价已经比持续的战争还要大。", "在理应再度考虑的安全问题当中，我们今天已讨论的粮食安全问题如今比过去60年的任何时候都更加岌岌可危。在所有地方都可以感觉到这个问题的影响，但在最脆弱国家中，快速增加的社会紧张有可能迅速推翻地方或区域的安全安排。事实上，在受“阿拉伯之春”影响的所有国家中，粮食价格在安全问题上起了重要作用。可取的做法或许是在联合国和其他机构监督下对维持和平和建设和平活动进行新的分析和指导，以防国家和社区陷入暴力冲突局势中。", "六十年前，在联合国系统成立之初，安全问题主要是从军事角度来考虑的。今天，安全的层面和风险因素已经大大改变。安理会这个负责处理安全问题的主要机构的重点应当紧随这些变化，甚至是超前行动。匈牙利共和国坚决支持安全理事会的工作，并且进一步鼓励安理会继续对气候变化对安全的影响保持警惕，并且作好准备。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请芬兰代表发言。", "塔拉斯先生(芬兰)(以英语发言)：芬兰赞同欧洲联盟的发言。我要从我国的角度补充谈几点。", "芬兰欢迎举行本次辩论会。从本次辩论会的情况、在许多其它论坛进行的交流以及秘书长2009年报告(A/64/350)的内容来看，显然，气候变化将对安全产生重大影响。在概念说明(S/2011/408附件)和本次辩论会中强调的主题，包括海平面上升和粮食安全问题都与国际和平与安全有直接联系。不过就在20年前，似乎还难以想象小岛屿国家有可能由于海平面上升而被淹没。这听起来像是科幻小说。今天，这种可能性真切存在。", "气候变化将对粮食生产和淡水资源产生不利影响。在已经承受环境压力的地区，这种影响将更加严重，有可能导致人口流动和政治动乱。尽管气候变化的影响依各个地区而异，但是，小岛屿发展中国家面临的风险最大。这些国家并不是气候变化的成因，但是，除非采取补救行动，否则它们很有可能成为气候变化的第一批牺牲者。我们必须把它们作为优先重点。", "芬兰正在与许多小岛屿发展中国家积极合作，帮助建设它们在国际上采取行动和在当地从事适应活动的能力。例如，芬兰支持小岛屿国家联盟和太平洋小岛屿发展中国家的能力建设，并且在太平洋和加勒比地区开展气象合作项目。", "在地方一级采取行动和发挥自主权是减慢气候变化和减轻其影响的关键所在。妇女可发挥重要作用，因为她们往往是促进变革的最强大力量。正因为如此，芬兰多年来一直支持气候问题全球联盟，并且支持妇女代表参加气候变化谈判。", "芬兰欢迎联合国内部关于气候变化的讨论，并认为安全理事会和联合国其他机关能够并应当在各自职权范围内对此作出贡献。鉴于安全理事会在维护国际和平与安全方面具有首要作用，它应当关注气候变化正在对安全造成的影响。如果芬兰明年入选安全理事会，它将对任何这种评估和行动作出积极的贡献。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请巴巴多斯代表发言。", "戈达德先生(巴巴多斯)(以英语发言)：主席先生，首先请允许我同前面的发言者一道，感谢你和德国召开本次非常重要的会议。", "我荣幸地代表加勒比共同体(加共体)14个成员国发言。加共体谨赞同以77国集团加中国和不结盟运动的名义所作的发言。加共体欢迎瑙鲁共和国总统马库斯·斯蒂芬先生阁下出席今天的辩论会。", "气候变化是人类面临的最严重的全球环境与发展挑战。危险的气候变化已经在发生，因此，所有国家都必须将此作为最高优先事项，作出紧急和全面的应对。气候变化将加深已经存在的全球挑战、加剧饮用水和粮食的短缺并造成一系列其他冲击和压力，其中一些冲击和压力将是极其无法预计和猝不及防的。", "加共体认为，气候变化的环境、社会和经济方面的问题不能同它可能的安全层面轻易分开。因此，我们认为，必须由包容各方、具有代表性和透明的机构在多边层次处理气候变化可能造成的安全影响，要让全体会员国进行充分和有效的参与。", "请允许我重申加共体的观点，安全理事会应当避免越权，行使根据《宪章》和传统属于大会职权范围以内的职能和权力。加共体认为，安理会最好严格诠释它的任务规定，把少量事情做好，而不是到处插手，做不好太多的事情。", "作为一个特别易受气候变化负面影响的打击的国家集团，加共体认为，如果为全面解决气候变化问题采取紧迫和雄心勃勃的行动，就会减少气候变化造成的安全影响，包括一些小岛屿发展中国家如加勒比和太平洋国家的生存所面临的威胁。安理会上次在2007年处理这个问题，是因为政府间气候变化专门委员会《第四次评估报告》的惊人调查结果。它警告说，如不作出紧急和有力的集体应对，我们处于一个全球性气候灾难的风口浪尖上。", "过去4年中，科学成果和实际气象事件不仅证实了这些评估，而且指出，采取2007年最初设想行动的机会之窗甚至更加狭窄。包括加勒比在内的世界各地极端气候事件的严重性和频率的增加，加快了极地的冰融和冰川的缩减以及超过预期的海平面上升，这一切都说明了气候挑战的严重性。", "不幸的是，国际社会的反应，同这一挑战的规模和复杂性不相称。尽管我们面临严峻的现实，对这一问题的责任最大的各方缺乏政治意愿，不愿在《联合国气候变化框架公约》(气候公约)的范围内达成全面和具有法律约束力的协定，并且向脆弱的发展中国家提供满足当前和未来的适应需求的手段。此外，全球排放量达到历史最高水平，正如国际能源机构几周前证实的那样，世界将要跨过一道危险的门槛，使它无法把全球平均气温限制在坎昆气候公约大会仅在6个月前商定的低于2℃的目标，或是达到获得超过100个发展中国家包括小岛屿国家联盟和最不发达国家支持的更加雄心勃勃的低于1.5℃的目标。", "加共体继续认为，只要有强有力的领导就能作出大胆和雄心勃勃的反应，因此，我们不准备挥舞投降的白旗，放弃解决这一问题的希望。我们认为，如果我们拥有解决这些问题的手段和工具，国际社会不回应那些面临饥饿、干旱、更频繁和严重的极端气候事件或是因海平面上升而丧失土地、生计甚或生命的真实前景的人民的需求，这在道德上和道义上都是不可接受的。", "为避免这场迫在眉睫的气候灾难而采取必要的行动，在科学上仍为可能和在经济上可行。即便在现在，为避免全球金融崩溃正在作出种种财政或其他各种努力。为避免气候灾难需要作出类似的努力。", "在这方面，在历史上对造成这一问题的责任最大的国家，具有承担首要责任的道德和法律义务。发达国家必须带头大幅减少其有害的温室气体排放，并大大增加财政和技术援助，支持发展中国家特别是小岛屿发展中国家适应气候变化的努力。", "加共体仍然相信，国际社会必须作为最高优先事项，完成目前在《气候公约》及其《京都议定书》范围内的气候变化谈判，以加强具有法律约束力的现有气候制度。", "加共体谨进一步强调，我们的发展伙伴必须同我们和其他小岛屿发展中国家一道，确保《巴巴多斯行动纲领》和《毛里求斯战略》的充分和迅速的执行，气候变化和海平面上升问题是它们的重要内容。有效执行这两项国际协议、支持加勒比共同体气候变化中心等国家和区域倡议，同时在《气候公约》范畴内采取行动，将大大帮助小岛屿发展中国家应对气候变化的负面影响并帮助减少气候变化造成的安全影响。", "最后，请允许我指出，这些实际和具体的行动将减少气候变化的危险。鉴于今天许多人表示声援，加共体希望，本次辩论会将在目前的气候变化谈判中产生新的紧迫感和雄心。对于加勒比共同体和其他岛屿国家而言，国际社会不对气候变化作出反应并以此确保我们的存续和生存能力，都不是我们希望考虑的选项。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请土耳其代表发言。", "乔尔曼先生(土耳其)(以英语发言)：土耳其欢迎本次关于气候变化和国际和平与安全问题的重要公开辩论会。我们感谢主席国德国组织本次会议。", "毫无疑问，气候变化仍然是人类今天所面临的最紧迫和最复杂的问题之一。找到一项全球办法解决这个问题至关重要。我们绝对不能耽搁时间。气候变化负面影响构成的风险太大、太严重，不容忽视。沾沾自喜不可取。", "同样十分清楚的是，气候变化构成的风险不能由任何单一国家应对。我们面临一项共同挑战，我们必须本着共同承担责任的精神应对这项挑战。这意味着，有效长期合作和持续国际团结具有至关重要的意义。", "土耳其充分致力于为应对气候变化的全球努力做出贡献。我们认为，《联合国气候变化框架公约》(气候公约)是指导单独和集体行动的核心多边文书。在此背景下，我们必须努力确定一个现实的2012年后制度的内容。气候公约坎昆会议是这方面向前迈出的一大步。", "气候变化及其后续影响对世界特别是较干燥、亚热带、人口过多和经济发展不足区域的政治、经济和社会稳定构成严重风险。这些影响包括缺乏饮用水和灌溉用水，带来饥渴和饥荒风险；由于气温和降雨规律的改变，农业生产力发生变化和可能下降；海平面上升，从而对若干会员国的存在构成威胁；疟疾和其他疾病发病率急剧上升，发病地域扩大；经济产量和贸易模式发生转移；人类移徙模式发生变化和可能出现巨大转移；飓风等极端天气事件导致的经济和人的损失增加；以及能源短缺。这种影响将大大制约可持续发展和包括千年发展目标在内的国际商定发展目标的实现。", "不用说，小岛屿发展中国家和最不发达国家受气候变化打击最为沉重，因为它们面临结构性制约，自然资源有限，易受自然灾害影响。在这方面，我们认为，应当进一步审议气候变化适应问题。", "国际社会应当在顾及气候变化潜在安全影响的情况下继续考虑如何能够最妥善地消除气候变化已被观测到的影响和未来的影响。一个关键问题是确定持续存在最大风险和实际脆弱性的发展中世界成功适应的案例。成功适应主要取决于应对各种威胁和影响的能力，而这种能力在很大程度上取决于社区的社会经济特征。透彻的评估和有效规划对于成功适应来说至关重要。这要求有充足的长期资金来源，以及适当的专门技能和技术。", "对我们来说明显的是，国际社会必须为应对气候变化加快努力。这项长期付出的努力还将促进我们地球上的发展、繁荣、和平与安全。土耳其随时准备在这方面尽其职责。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请菲律宾代表发言。", "卡瓦克图兰先生(菲律宾)(以英语发言)：主席先生，首先我要祝贺德国和你担任7月份安全理事会主席。主席先生，我还要感谢你和安理会其他成员给我这次机会在关于维护国际和平与安全和气候变化的影响这一议程项目下向安理会发言。", "菲律宾赞同埃及常驻代表以不结盟运动的名义和阿根廷常驻代表以77国集团加中国的名义所作的发言。", "毋庸置疑，气候变化已经并且继续对我们的环境和我们的生活产生负面影响。气候变化不仅改变大自然的和谐，而且还破坏大自然的中的万物。我们现在正经历其有害影响和后果。我们担心，这只是一场更大和不可逆转灾难的前兆。", "菲律宾与许多发展中岛国一样极易遭受气候变化的负面影响。日益频繁和日益严重的水灾、旱灾和台风已经使我国政府援助自然灾害受害者的能力和资源极度吃紧。", "全球变暖也影响到水稻和玉米等主要作物的产量。就连海洋资源也受到这一现象损害。在菲律宾某些省份，鱼类死亡继续增多，从而危及成千上万渔民的生计。实际上，气候变化造成的环境破坏和经济损失的程度没有显示任何减轻的迹象。", "海平面上升是整体菲律宾群岛面临的另一个威胁。因此，我们与小岛屿发展中国家一样对气候变化造成的短期和长期后果及其在人类不采取任何措施缓解这些致命后果的情况下可能带来的浩劫感到严重关切。", "我国代表团认为，处理气候变化问题首先属于《联合国气候变化框架公约》(气候公约)的权限范围，但同时也属于大会和其他论坛——例如将于明年举行的纪念里约会议20周年会议——的权限范围。在这个问题上，安全理事会当然可以发挥作用，因为武装冲突有可能会因为争夺粮食和稀有资源而爆发，且不提岛国因被海洋慢慢吞噬而消失。这一危机不只是假设性的；它是真实的，是必然导致混乱和动荡的因素，因而是对和平与安全的真实威胁。然而，安全理事会内关于气候变化的任何讨论都不能不在确认其他论坛尤其是在《气候公约》进程内的运作状况的情况下举行。", "关于气候变化问题的原则和讨论必须相互联系、相互补充。在民族国家被淹没的大难来临之前，我们必须作出一切努力，通过适应和减缓防止这一局面发生。作为这项要求的一部分，我们还应考虑在《京都议定书》下所作的承诺以及通过谈判商定得到所有利益攸关方共同认可的第二承诺期的必要性。", "具有讽刺意味的是，小岛屿和发展中国家，特别是像菲律宾这样位于热带地区的小岛屿和发展中国家，对这一全球问题所负责任最小，但所面临和承受的后果却最严重。除非在争取立即减少大气中温室气体含量的运动中取得巨大成果，否则气候变化特别是全球变暖将继续下去。这些国家的困境由于它们无法获得使它们能够适应气候变化的资源而加剧。", "我们对问题都非常了解。我们都是解决办法的一部分。当然这一点是被接受的，但在处理问题的根源方面，在座有些成员比其他成员责任更多一些。科学研究和发现为我们大家必须采取的行动提供依据和方向。我们不应该坐等重大灾难性事件发生。我们不能懈怠和无动于衷。这关系到我们的子孙后代。因此，各国必须直接参与履行我们对后代的义务和责任，保护环境，拯救地球，使其免遭可能给所有国家带来国际和平与安全问题的人为缺陷。", "主席(以英语发言)：在安理会成员广泛磋商之后，我受权代表他们发表以下声明：", "“安全理事会重申其根据《联合国宪章》承担的维护国际和平与安全的首要责任。安理会强调制订预防冲突战略的重要性。", "“安全理事会确认大会和经济及社会理事会负责处理可持续发展问题，包括气候变化问题。", "“安全理事会着重指出，大会2009年6月3日第63/281号决议重申《联合国气候变化框架公约》是应对气候变化的重要工具，并回顾《气候公约》的各项条款，包括确认气候变化的全球性质要求所有国家根据其共同但有区别的责任、各自的能力及社会和经济条件，尽可能广泛地开展合作，一起做出适当有效的国际反应；安理会请联合国相关机构酌情根据各自的任务，进一步努力审议和处理气候变化问题，包括它可能对安全产生的影响。", "“安全理事会注意到大会2010年12月20日题为‘为今世后代保护全球气候’的第65/159号决议。", "“安全理事会注意到，秘书长按照大会第63/281号决议的要求，向大会提交了关于‘气候变化和它可能对安全产生的影响’的报告(A/64/350)。", "“安全理事会感到关切的是，气候变化可能产生的不利影响长此以往可能会加剧国际和平与安全目前面临的某些威胁。", "“安全理事会感到关切的是，一些国家、特别是低地小岛屿国家因海平面上升丧失领土，可能产生安全问题。", "“安全理事会指出，在安理会审议的涉及维护国际和平与安全的事项中，当气候变化可能引起的安全问题促成冲突，给执行安理会的任务带来挑战或危及巩固和平进程时，冲突分析和背景资料、特别是关于这一问题的分析和资料，甚为重要。为此，安理会请秘书长确保他给安理会的报告中有此类背景资料。”", "本声明将作为安全理事会文件印发，文号为S/PRST/2011/15。", "我谨感谢安理会所有成员在近几天来的密集谈判中表现出的合作与灵活性，使我们的辩论取得良好结果。", "我现在请肯尼亚代表发言。", "卡马乌先生(肯尼亚)(以英语发言)：主席先生，首先我谨感谢你召开今天的会议。我还要感谢阿希姆·施泰纳先生今天上午的发言。", "今天，我国代表团非常高兴有机会就此问题发言，因为对我们来说，气候变化构成真正和现实的危险，始终困扰我国人民的生存和生活。这涉及五个重要领域。首先是人的安全；其次是经济安全；第三是国家集体安全；第四次是和平与稳定；第五是设法找到解决这些问题的办法。", "就人的安全而言，我们认为，气候变化对肯尼亚人的生活和生计的影响很难描述，因为多数情况下，气候变化造成生命损失、儿童受苦，以及我们集体处于情况急剧恶化的困境。我国粮食安全形势、粮食不安全造成的价格情况、水的情况、河流干涸、森林消失带来的住房问题(我们建造许多房子用的木材来自森林)，所有这些情况直接关系到我国人民的安全和他们的生计。干旱和缺水缺粮状况迫使人们背井离乡，这直接影响到他们的卫生和教育情况。这种状况已成为现实。正如我们在过去10至15年中看到的那样，这种状况继续加快发展。继2008年干旱之后，我国现在再次遭遇干旱。", "就经济安全而言，在座各位都知道，本地区许多国家的经济依靠天气，肯尼亚也不例外。我们依靠农业、牲畜和野生动物。农业是我国经济的支柱。我国农业依靠天气，不靠灌溉。我国遭遇了干旱与洪水周期，它们继续破坏我们希望为我国人民提供粮食安全的能力。我们已经发现，因为气候变化和干旱水灾的直接后果，我国经济增长每两三年损失2%到5%。这一差异基本上意味着我国是否能够实现充分增长，以带动我国经济转型和实现千年发展目标。", "关于气候变化和国家安全，在这方面，我们肯尼亚人也非常清楚地认识到，我们的国家和经济确实稀缺资源。", "我国不到三分之一的土地是可耕地，国土面积有三分之二基本上是灌木和不适合农耕的土地。因此，土地是高档产品，我们认为它对于人民生计至关重要。围绕土地、水源、牲畜和粮食的争夺，成为人民生存方式的基本组成部分，因而也是其相互关系的驱动因素。在我国北部，我们看到偷盗牲畜和致使国家无法维护安全的其它行为与该地区惯有的天气存在着相互联系。我们看到民众在国内移徙的现象——恶劣天气所带来的后果导致民众大量流动。这些问题对我们来说是真实存在的。", "从区域角度看，我们看到有人涌入我国。过去一个月里，我们看到又有1 300人进入我国，而单从索马里进入我国的人已有50万。正如秘书长在其介绍中所说，我们看到近53 000人涌入我国，促使他们涌入的主要因素是我们的邻国索马里缺乏水源、粮食和安全。这是我们切实关切的一个问题，它与气候变化之间存在着直接的相互联系。", "我要谈的第四点涉及和平与稳定。我刚才谈到的三个问题——人的安全、经济安全和国家安全——不仅从根本上影响到肯尼亚而且也影响到我国所在地区的和平与稳定。很多人曾在此说过，非洲之角正在经受过去两代人期间最严重的旱灾。从1950年代起，我们就没有看到过目前在肯尼亚北部和索马里大部所看到的如此严峻的局面。因此，我们非常清楚这对于我们正在我国开展的努力意味着什么。这些努力不仅旨在促进和平与稳定，而且也旨在努力使我们实现经济增长，从而使我们能够克服贫困和实现千年发展目标。", "最后，我们已经认识到——我们来到这里是因为我们想强调——我们需要清楚、坚定和长期的解决办法。有鉴于此，我们赞同以不结盟运动和77国集团的名义所作的发言。我们作为国际社会，必须开始极为严肃地看待气候变化的后果，特别是给穷国造成的后果。正如我先前所说的那样，我们认为后果是真实存在的。它们是生计和生活的驱动力。它们损害了我们家庭的福祉，给我们的儿童造成创伤，使他们没有机会学习和保持健康。", "我非常欢迎刚刚通过的主席声明(S/PRST/2011/15)，因为它向我们表明，安全理事会还有大会已经真正开始明白，这种状况已十分严峻，要求我们不仅取得纸面上的成果，而且还要采取清楚、坚定的解决办法。我们大家可以用这些办法来抓住机遇，改善我们儿童的生活。", "主席(以英语发言)：我请苏丹代表发言。", "奥斯曼先生(苏丹)(以阿拉伯语发言)：主席先生，首先，我要感谢你提交全面的概念文件 (S/2011/408，附件)，特别是文件提出要讨论的第五也即最后一个问题，即必须对开展冲突预防和建设和平工作的其它联合国机关和机构进行协调，其中包括联合国开发计划署预防危机和复原局、联合国环境规划署冲突后及灾害管理处、政治事务部和建设和平委员会。所有这些机构都必须进行协调，以便遏制气候变化对安全造成的负面影响。", "我谨表示赞同埃及、阿根廷和科威特代表的发言，他们分别代表不结盟运动、77国集团加中国以及阿拉伯国家集团作了发言。", "关于正在讨论的问题，我国达尔富尔地区发生了一场冲突，该冲突即将结束。我重申我们以前在安理会所作的发言，即该地区的旱灾和荒漠化是这场冲突的基本起因之一，而这种情况是气候变化造成的。1985年，达尔富尔经受了严重的荒漠化和干旱现象，对以农牧业为基础的经济活动造成了影响。在旱情肆虐时，爆发了冲突，与有关部落的族裔归属毫无关系，而是与经济状况直接相关。牧民侵占了农田，引发了达尔富尔冲突的爆发。有一种说法称，牧民宁愿看到他的儿子死去，也不愿看到他的牛死去。因此，我们断定达尔富尔冲突的主要起因是荒漠化和旱灾。", "我要谈的第二点是，国际社会如果早就帮助苏丹解决了冲突的基本起因，即旱灾和荒漠化导致经济无法发展的问题，它就不用花那么多钱在达尔富尔开展维和行动了。每年用于在那里开展维和行动的钱约为30亿美元。把这笔钱用来解决该地区荒漠化和旱灾造成的根本性问题难道不是更好吗？如果我们早就那么做了，我们早就制止了冲突。", "在发生荒漠化和旱灾之后，出现了其它一些政治因素，而有人利用荒漠化和旱灾煽动达尔富尔局势。在多哈谈判中，苏丹在联合国和非洲联盟的协助下，拟定了一份已得到达尔富尔有关各方接受的基本文件。我们希望该文件能够迅速制止达尔富尔冲突。与此同时，我们同意成立一家由姐妹国家卡塔尔出资的银行。我们愿在本会议厅感谢卡塔尔触及冲突的根本原因：经济欠发展、干旱和荒漠化。", "最后，如果我们在联合国所有机构中都能侧重解决冲突的根源，那就能实现和平与安全。如果我们拖延不动，就无法防止冲突，而不得不在与解决冲突根源无涉的维持和平行动上花费大量资金。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请加纳代表发言。", "塔奇-门松先生(加纳)(以英语发言)：我国代表团赞赏德意志联邦共和国召开本次关于“维持国际和平与安全：气候变化的影响”的辩论会。我们感谢秘书长和联合国环境规划署执行主任的发言。我们赞同阿根廷代表以77国集团加中国的名义以及埃及代表以不结盟运动的名义所作的发言。", "气候变化对世界许多地方的粮食生产产生不利影响。气温过高、野火肆虐、洪水、干旱以及荒漠化都使农作物枯死并降低了作物产量。此外，如政府间气候变化专门委员会指出的那样，气候变化还有可能减少取得清洁饮用水和生态系统资源的渠道并破坏稳定的医疗环境和生境的安全。大量证据表明，全球变暖将使海平面上升、海岸线发生重大变化以及低地遭到淹没。", "气候变化的影响也关系到人类安全。社会的生计和生存都处于危殆。从某种程度来说，气候变化在一些国家导致资源匮乏、派别间的竞争与分歧、机构瘫痪以及暴力冲突。气候变化导致冲突的地区主要是那些人们对环境变化的适应能力薄弱因而容易发生冲突的地方。", "我们坚信，安理会就气候变化问题举行侧重于安全层面的辩论将鼓励许多国家大幅削减排放，并在适应气候变化的活动上加大投资。在提供有关脆弱性、气候风险和早期预警信号等方面信息的适应活动进行投资，可使各国通过采取共同管理水资源、保护生计并使谋生手段多样化、确保能够获取并提供关键自然资源以及确保为国内及区域解决冲突机构提供支助等措施建立适应能力。这将增进安全，减少发生冲突的可能性。", "应对环境战争不应主要侧重于采取军事解决办法来攫取资源或设置防止人民移徙的坚实壁垒，而应更多地采取符合成本效益的适应办法。我们希望，将气候变化纳入高度政治化的安全问题将不会分散对诸如极端贫困、接受教育和防治艾滋病毒/艾滋病等发展挑战的关注。这些问题结合在一起，给脆弱社会构成了紧迫威胁。", "我们热切希望，安理会的本次辩论会将促使加强采取行动，辅助并推动负有处理可持续发展问题的任务的有关机构的工作。这种行动应是及时、协调一致和可持续的。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国代表发言。", "瓦莱罗·布里塞尼奥先生(委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国)(以西班牙语发言)：我们都听说，安全理事会已就今天审议的议题通过了一项主席声明(S/PRST/2011/15)。该声明在今天辩论会结束之前并在秘书处发给我们的名单上还有11个代表团——包括委内瑞拉代表团尚未发言之前就宣读了。这种做法起码是考虑不周，也是安全理事会独断行事的又一个实例。在对程序表示关切的同时，我愿阐述委内瑞拉代表团对审议中的问题的看法。", "第一，委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国代表团赞同阿根廷代表以77国集团加中国的名义以及埃及代表以不结盟运动的名义所作的发言。", "我国代表团对本机构成员就超出其职权范围之外的问题表现出高度敏感表示关切，即使他们忽视或回避考虑有助于提高本机关的合法活动更加透明的举措。大家在此一再表示，安全理事会的首要责任是维护国际和平与安全，而众所周知，这是《联合国宪章》规定的职责。该文书还特别将处理经济与社会发展问题的任务交给经济及社会理事会及大会。", "安全理事会越来越多地越权侵犯联合国其它主要机关的职能与责任，这偏离了《宪章》的宗旨与原则，是滥用职权，影响到联合国大多数会员国的权利。", "因此，我们愿重申，处理可持续发展问题是大会、经济及社会理事会及其有关附属机构如可持续发展委员会和联合国环境规划署的责任。此外，气候变化及其影响是《联合国气候变化框架公约》这一具有法律约束力的多边协议及其附加议定书《京都议定书》讨论的主题。鉴于这项问题的性质，它不属于安全理事会的主管范围。", "委内瑞拉在该问题上的立场与自2007年以来发展中国家表明的立场相符。今天所建议的是加强而非削弱大会和经济及社会理事会作为处理经济、社会和环境问题的主要机关的机构框架。", "因此，我国代表团反对在《框架公约》范围以外提出的任何有关气候变化的倡议，因为它将深刻影响多边体系在该问题上的机构运作。此外，安全理事会也没有处理关于国家易受气候变化影响问题的任务授权。", "我们借此机会重申，委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国准备与小岛屿国家就可持续发展工作开展合作，这是玻利瓦尔人民与兄弟的岛屿国家团结合作政策的核心。", "在《联合国气候变化框架公约》内，我们支持77国集团加中国关于加强有助于建设那些面临气候变化影响的国家能力的机构与机制的立场。我们必须在灾难发生前评估和管理风险。因此必须把发展、人道主义援助以及环境保护等机构的努力联合起来。", "至关重要的是，联合国所有会员国都应坚持里约原则，特别是共同但有区别的责任原则，并且充分落实《二十一世纪议程》和在里约会议、约翰内斯堡首脑会议以及关于经济、社会和环境事务的联合国相关会议上商定的其它文件，以此促进可持续发展。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请斐济代表发言。", "Daunivalu先生(斐济)(以英语发言)：首先，请允许我感谢主席国德国和主席先生你本人召开本次公开辩论会。会议是及时的，我国很高兴参加会议。", "在作这一发言时，我们赞同今天上午瑙鲁总统代表太平洋国家以及马尔代夫、塞舌尔和东帝汶所作的发言。", "我们所有人都意识到，气候变化是一个不分国界或主权国家的现象。所有国家都是这个问题的成因，并且也都受其影响。气候变化的不利影响不容置疑。正是我们对这个威胁的集体认识导致制订了各种国际文书，并且建立了目前负责处理气候变化问题的机构。", "不过显然，气候变化造成威胁的严重程度依不同国家而异。尽管一些国家满足于把气候变化挑战作为可持续发展问题来处理，或者只是在《联合国气候变化框架公约》(气候公约)的进程中处理其原因和相关因素，但对于斐济、太平洋小岛屿发展中国家和其他低地国家来说，气候变化包含实实在在的安全威胁。", "气候变化是对许多小岛屿国家和低地沿海国家生存和生计最严重的威胁。气候变化的不利影响远较人类冲突或其它暴行给维护我们这些国家的领土完整和我们作为主权国家的存亡带来更大的威胁。这些气候变化对安全根本影响的性质应当向我们表明，这个问题需要联合国所有主要机关的关注。我们之所以这样说，是因为考虑到忽视气候变化带来的切实威胁及其对国家、区域和国际和平与安全后果可能造成的多米诺骨牌效应。因此，我们欣见在安理会举行本次公开辩论会。", "我们请求安理会处理气候变化对安全的影响这个问题，同时认为并不存在任何侵犯已经在处理气候变化问题的联合国相关机关和机构授权的问题。我们对安理会的要求是履行《宪章》赋予它的职责。所有会员国根据《宪章》商定，安理会在履行其义务和责任时是在代表我们采取行动。我们依靠安理会的智慧，在履行其授权时代表联合国所有会员国及其各个机关的利益。我们敦促安理会尽到自己的责任。", "在安理会履行其职责时，我们要求安理会充分尊重联合国其它主要机关和已在处理气候变化问题的其它相关机构、进程和文书的授权。我们重申，《气候公约》是就应对气候变化全球措施进行谈判的主要论坛，而且，大会第63/281号决议承认，除其他外，联合国主要机关各自的责任，包括赋予安全理事会的维护国际和平与安全的主要责任。", "我们认识到，气候变化与可持续发展、粮食安全、融资、减轻影响和适应等问题相互关联。然而，除此之外，气候变化对安全的影响威胁到我们各个岛屿、国家和人民的生计和存亡。因此我们认为，气候变化现象应当得到它应有的重视。气候变化造成的威胁无关政治因素。其后果有可能比任何战斗的后果都大得多。作为这个星球和人类的代表，我们有责任采取全面和彻底的办法。事关重大，不容许我们不处理这个问题，或者只是在大难临头时才采取行动。现在不采取行动的代价在今后将高的无法估量，因为人类历史告诉我们，我们面前的巨大变化将不可避免地产生对安全的严重影响。", "总而言之，如果要趁热打铁，那么我们坚信，我们已经走到安理会必须应对受气候变化威胁最严重的国家所面临的挑战的重要关头。我们希望强调，必须特别关注与海平面上升有关的显而易见的灾难。我们呼吁安理会开始认真作好准备，以便处理气候变化对安全的影响。为此，我们欢迎刚才就本次公开辩论会成果发表的主席声明(S/PRST/2011/15)，并且为其深受鼓舞。主席声明为安理会就这个重要问题进一步开展工作奠定了坚实基础。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请波兰代表发言。", "日耶林斯基先生(波兰)(以英语发言)：主席先生，首先请允许我感谢你和德国代表团提出这个重要倡议，组织本次及时的辩论会。我也感谢你准备的全面的概念说明(S/2011/408)。我国代表团也欢迎你先前发表的主席声明(S/PRST/2011/15)。", "波兰完全赞同欧洲联盟观察员代表其27个成员国所作的发言，不过，请允许我补充几点意见。", "我们已经在经历气候变化造成的影响。极端天气事件越来越频繁，而且比以往任何时候都更加严重。尽管气候变化本身没有导致冲突，但它是一个事关生存的威胁，会助长争夺粮食和稀缺自然资源的冲突，在获得这些资源的途径被政治化时尤其如此。气候变化的影响有可能削弱脆弱的国家政府，并且造成新的冲突。", "幸运的是，国际社会日益意识到采取行动的迫切需要，并且把气候变化放在更广泛的全球政策范围内加以研究。气候变化对全球安全的影响是一个涉及各个领域的问题，需要采取全面的政治应对措施。在这种背景下，我们认为重要的是把我们讨论的重点集中在水和能源问题上。", "水应当成为适应气候努力的核心。水资源短缺有可能造成国内动乱，导致严重的经济损失，并因此在世界各地导致冲突。因此，应当把投资和修改水管理政策作为优先事项。此外，如果水资源供应跨越边境，至关重要的是应当谈判达成共享水资源的协议。水也是几乎一切经济活动的核心。因此，水资源不足将成为气候变化对人类社会最显著的影响之一。", "现在，请允许我谈一谈能源问题。争夺获得能源资源的途径或其控制权是冲突最重要的可能源头之一。由于世界上很大一部分战略能源储备位于易受气候变化影响的地区，不稳定情况有可能增加。然而，对能源安全的主要威胁来自于依赖进口和缺少必要的基础设施。在这种背景下，本土资源的重要作用极为重要。此外，应当在竞争性市场和充分基础设施的基础上建立能源供应链。还有，通过提高能源效率减少排放是实施减缓措施所不可或缺的。", "为了处理气候变化给安全带来的挑战，必须在全球一级采取国际紧急行动。为了消除它造成的安全影响，需要有超出环境框架的新的外交政策思维。必须改善各国的预警、分析和应对气候造成的安全影响的能力。", "我们知道，这些行动的成本很高。然而，束手无策的后果远远超过应对气候变化的行动的成本。健全的环境政策应当成为全球规模的预防冲突努力的基本组成部分。此外，在进行预防、减缓影响和建立应对能力的同时，应当提倡针对不同程度的气候变化及其影响，确定区域安全假想。为了处理气候变化的挑战，我们也需要一个全球风险管理框架。", "最后但同样重要的是，波兰理解最脆弱的国家、特别是小岛屿发展中国家的关切。气候变化是这些国家面临的主要挑战之一。它威胁到这些国家的生存本身，对发展构成了具有重大安全影响的额外挑战。在这方面，我们谨重申我们承诺执行《毛里求斯战略》，以有效解决小岛屿发展中国家的具体脆弱性和发展需求。我们必须继续并加紧协助发展中国家为解决气候变化问题而作的努力，这一点至关重要。", "最后，也请允许我强调国际气候变化谈判的关键作用。一项2012年后的全球气候协议将在解决气候安全问题方面发挥关键作用。在这方面，波兰积极支持《联合国气候变化框架公约》范畴内的工作。今天议题的复杂性，以及如何处理气候变化各种影响的机构性问题，不应阻止我们今后讨论这项重要的挑战。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请坦桑尼亚联合共和国代表发言。", "塞弗先生(坦桑尼亚联合共和国)(以英语发言)：主席先生，我感谢你给我机会，就我们大家极其关心的这个议题在安全理事会发言，并且我感谢秘书长和联合国环境规划署执行主任今天上午的发言。瑙鲁总统在这个议题上感触强烈，我们也是如此。我国代表团赞同埃及代表以不结盟运动的名义以及阿根廷以77国集团加中国的名义所作的发言。", "坦桑尼亚联合共和国同其他发展中国家一样，认为气候变化对我们的粮食和水安全、我们的社会经济发展，或许还有我们的生存本身，构成严重威胁。象坦桑尼亚联合共和国这样的穷国对我们大家目前所面临威胁的责任最小，减缓气候变化影响的能力最低，但受害却最大。我们也知道，气候变化和随后的全球升温同人类活动有关，并且要在可持续发展中寻找解决办法——我们大家在平等基础上参加的其他联合国机构和政府间进程，目前正在各自授权范围内处理这个重要问题。", "坦桑尼亚联合共和国政府认识到，正如世界上多数其他事情都包含安全因素一样，气候变化方面也存在着安全因素。然而，我们并没有把所有这些事情都归入安全理事会的职权范围内。我国代表团认为，最好应由联合国其他主要机构以及受权处理可持续发展的实体来处理气候变化问题。我们也回顾，我们在2007年进行了类似的讨论(见S/PV.5663)，会员国在讨论中的压倒性意见是，安全理事会应当避免僭越联合国其他实体，例如《联合国气候变化框架公约》(《气候公约》)、经济及社会理事会乃至大会的任务权限。", "我们完全认识到太平洋岛屿所面临的威胁——我们必须这样做，因为我们今天上午听取了瑙鲁总统的发言——并认识到其他可能丧失土地并随后产生气候难民的国家所面临的威胁。像我国这样的国家都面临这一威胁，因为如果我们不控制气候变化，我国领水中的小岛屿便可能遭遇与太平洋岛屿相同的命运。", "正因为如此，我们非常重视目前的多边谈判，其目的是通过一个我们大家都参加的政府间进程，达成友好的解决方案。我们感到，孤立对待气候变化问题，可能减少早日完成《气候公约》之下的谈判的可能性。坦桑尼亚联合共和国建议，请秘书长进行一次全面的研究，确定太平洋岛屿和其他处于相同状况的国家所面临威胁的规模和范围，编制一份备用选项和解决办法清单，供大会审议和作出决定。", "最后，我谨强调，必须表扬和奖励那些提供包括碳固存等旨在减缓气候变化影响的全球服务的国家，碳固存是得到一致认可的干预措施之一。坦桑尼亚把超过30%的土地面积用于森林保护区和国家公园。这对于坦桑尼亚联合共和国，以及对于起着同样作用的其他国家来说，都是一种二氧化碳净吸收汇，应得到支持。我们认为，会员国防止气候变化威胁的责任，在于通过《气候公约》框架之下的减缓影响和适应行动以及即将召开的联合国可持续发展大会取得进展。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请以色列代表发言。", "Prosor先生(以色列)(以英语发言)：主席先生，首先，我谨感谢你并赞扬德国代表团以有效和有趣的方式，召开本次重要的辩论会。", "阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦曾经说过，我们不能以造成问题的同样的思维方式，来解决这些问题。为了解决气候变化的挑战，需要政府和社会所有各级拿出创新解决办法和新的工作方法。今天的辩论为国际社会提供了一次及时的机会，以便摆脱条条框框，在这个问题的一个非常重要的方面取得进展。气候变化对和平与安全产生的影响是实实在在的。这种影响已经出现，并将在今后变得日益明显。干旱和土壤退化可能造成粮食短缺。海洋酸化可能破坏整个生态系统并耗尽渔业储备。海平面上升可能破坏可耕地，迫使社区甚至国家迁往别处。", "这个问题影响到我们大家。但是，以色列认识到，它对太平洋小岛屿发展中国家而言特别重要，它们面临土壤严重退化甚至完全丧失领土的前景。我们已经看到，海平面上升导致许多区域出现土地退化和流失，包括在太平洋小岛屿发展中国家。这些后果不仅具有经济危险，而且还严重威胁社会稳定与安全。", "我国认识到，必须对气候变化造成的挑战作出立即、协调和广泛的国际反应。以色列是《联合国气候变化框架公约》(《气候公约》)、《京都议定书》和后2012年谈判的坚定参与方。我们过去一直支持太平洋小岛屿发展中国家启动有关进程，通过大会第63/281号决议，使大会注意这个问题。", "小岛屿国家因气候变化而丧失领土的情况，从而引起了重大的法律问题。以色列最近与马绍尔群岛合作推进关于这些问题的对话，于今年5月在哥伦比亚大学法学院主办了一次会议。", "以色列继续致力于实现我国到2020年将温室气体排放量减少20%的目标，同时在应对气候变化的全球努力中充当一个全面和积极的伙伴。为此，以色列政府设立了一个关于环境保护和气候变化问题的部级委员会，成员包括政府所有相关部委，以及民间社会和其他重要利益攸关方的代表。该委员会已为以色列制定一项国家气候变化计划。我们正力求通过广泛各种努力达到我们的雄心勃勃的减排标准，包括通过提高能源系统的效率、促进绿化建筑和增加使用可再生能源这样做。", "为应对我国很多地方存在的干旱和半干旱状况，以色列在消除荒漠化方面取得了大量的经验，并在造林、农业和高效水源保持等领域具备独特专门知识。在我们防备和适应不断变化的气候条件时，这些领域的知识至关重要。以色列将继续通过若干能力建设项目和方案与其他国家分享其专门知识。为此，我们将在大会下届会议期间再次提出一项关于农业技术促进发展的决议草案，以促进利用可持续农业技术来加强环境保护和缓解环境退化现象。", "以色列期待着继续同其他国家接触，以推动在这个问题上取得进展。我们认为，这个问题对于我们的共同未来仍然至关重要。事实上，大大小小所有国家都对彼此和后代负有一项义务，那就是，团结一致、群策群力、坚定不移地处理这个问题。当我们考虑这项义务时，我想起一篇教导我们记住上帝在伊甸园对亚当所说的话的犹太教古文中的教诲：“注意不要损毁我的世界，因为如果你这样做，不会有任何人在你之后修复它”。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请西班牙代表发言。", "德莱格莱西亚先生(西班牙)(以西班牙语发言)：首先，我要对秘书长和联合国环境规划署执行主任今天上午所作的发言表示感谢。我还要感谢安全理事会主席德国召开本次公开辩论会，讨论一个其起源与影响不分国界、其对国际安全产生的后果尤其令人不安的真正全球性问题。", "在当今世界，不再有武装冲突或恐怖行为构成的那种完全具体和易于区别和理解的威胁。相反，我们面临无形、复杂和多层面的威胁。这种威胁根植于贫穷、缺乏发展、粮食和能源无保障、无机会获得饮用水和使用环卫设施、全球流行病和疾病以及环境危机与挑战等问题。", "安全理事会最近花了大量时间处理发展和艾滋病毒/艾滋病等问题，因为它坚信这些问题对国际安全构成威胁。正是本着同样的精神，我们应当处理气候变化问题，因为气候变化对和平构成真正威胁。这种威胁不仅对各国的安全，而且还对人的安全造成巨大后果。我们欢迎安全理事会成员终于能够就一项关于这个问题的主席声明达成一致。我们希望，我们将能够继续沿着我们于2007年首次确定气候变化的安全后果时所步入的道路前进。", "西班牙赞同欧洲联盟观察员今天早些时候所作的发言。我要以我国代表的身份提出几点补充意见。", "我国正在非常密切地关注着气候变化构成的威胁。6月28日，我国政府通过了一项把气候变化视为导致安全威胁增多的主要因素之一的新安全战略。该战略预见，潜在未来冲突的起因将是气候变化和随之而来的资源稀缺和贫困增加，因为这些现象可能导致国家陷于崩溃或衰弱。该战略还指出了我国在地中海区域所面临的直接威胁，以及为缓解这些威胁的后果而需要采取的措施。该战略也指出，这是一个普遍现象，只有通过我们大家齐心协力、休戚与共、共同负责才能得到处理。", "因此，西班牙决心继续制定应对这一威胁的必要法律文书，并积极参加各种多边论坛，特别是联合国的活动，既参加《联合国气候变化框架公约》构架内的活动，也参加包括安全理事会在内其他机构的工作。", "对于瑙鲁总统今天上午发出的那种恳求，我们很难继续无动于衷。他可以看到，他的国家正面临完全消失的风险，除非气候变化的影响得到制止。这证明，没有任何国家幸免于这一影响，而且我们必须作出不懈努力，尽量减少气候变化对许多国家和领土的发展、安全和存在本身构成的现有挑战。", "最后，我要再次重申，西班牙致力于应对气候变化，而且我们感谢主席倡议召开本次及时的辩论会。我们希望安理会今后继续审议这个根本问题。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请意大利代表发言。", "拉加利尼先生(意大利)(以英语发言)：意大利赞同欧洲联盟观察员先前所作的发言。我要以我国代表的身份补充几点意见。", "气候变化被广泛公认为一种严重的全球威胁。正如前面各位代表在发言中强调指出的那样，自安全理事会于2007年举行关于气候变化对安全造成的影响的首次辩论会(见S/PV.5663)以来，情况肯定没有好转。气候变化继续是导致威胁倍增的一个因素，并且可能触发或加剧由于海平面上升、自然资源枯竭、荒漠化、气候引起的移徙和至关重要的可持续能源供应问题——仅举其中几项主要挑战——而爆发的冲突。", "然而，国际社会并未充分启动能够最大程度降低与气候有关的不安全风险的减少威胁机制，例如高效和全球共享的气候变化缓和与适应机制，或者得到强化的国际合作、预防性外交和调解的有效系统。这就是为什么意大利欢迎举行今天的辩论会，作为进一步讨论气候变化安全影响的机会，同时铭记和尊重已在处理这个问题的相关机构、进程和文书的权限。", "海平面上升是与气候有关的最严重和最具体不安全因素之一，因为它威胁到一些会员国的生存本身，并严重威胁世界各地数百万人的生活条件。出于明显的原因，小岛屿发展中国家可能是受影响最严重的国家，而太平洋小岛屿发展中国家有着独特的弱点。当国际社会着眼于就气候变化达成一项全球协议，不能指望这些国家能够单靠自身力量来应对海平面上升造成的后果。在努力适应和防备灾害时，这些国家必须得到足够的支助。这些考虑因素是意大利在该区域的双边合作政策的基础，并且促使我们支持进一步加强欧洲-太平洋之间的发展方面伙伴关系。", "尽管小岛屿发展中国家应当受到优先关注，但我们也必须认真考虑其他局势，尤其是脆弱区域的局势，因为在那些区域，海平面上升可能使海岸线发生大幅变动，从而影响陆地边界和海洋区域的分界，并引起人道主义危机和人口迁离。另一个主要问题是如何有效利用全球变暖和海平面上升带来的新机遇，例如出现新近可以利用的自然资源储备和穿越北极的交通路线。不可想当然地认为联合国系统具备有效应对这些新挑战的能力。我们可能需要加强和改进它的这种能力。", "我还要简要谈谈粮食保障问题。与海平面上升不同，粮食无保障不是气候变化造成的直接后果，但可能因全球变暖和极端天气的有害影响而加剧。虽然世界各地区所受影可能有所不同，但都认为气候变化对全球粮食生产产生负面影响。这加剧了确保世界不断增长的人口粮食安全的挑战，创造了扩大社会紧张、不安和公开冲突的条件。解决这种情况的唯一出路是我们集体加倍努力，增加粮食供应和确保粮食价格的稳定。", "意大利对2009年8国集团首脑会议通过《拉奎拉食品安全倡议》作出了直接贡献。意大利把粮食安全置于我国人道主义与发展合作议程中心，充分支持欧洲联盟、8国集团和20国集团致力于解决世界饥饿和营养不良问题的承诺。", "最后让我强调，单独在安全相关方面作出努力将是徒劳无益的，除非国际社会重申和强化解决气候变化根源的举措。不在《联合国气候变化框架公约》范围内达成有效的全球协议，气候变化造成的人和经济损失及其对安全的影响只会继续增加和无限期存在。", "同样，必须加强国际社会推动可持续发展的努力，舍此，应对气候变化及其与安全相关后果将倍加困难。随着2012年将在里约热内卢举行的联合国可持续发展大会筹备工作关键性最后阶段的逼近，所有会员国都应牢记这一点。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请巴基斯坦代表发言。", "哈龙先生(巴基斯坦)(以英语发言)：非常感谢和祝贺德国组织召开这次会议。我认为这是对这项事业的一个非常重要的贡献。", "我们赞同阿根廷代表以77国集团加中国的名义所作的发言，但我愿以本国代表身份补充几点。", "巴基斯坦强烈认为，必须解决气候变化对所有发展中国将构成的威胁。我们特别关切海平面上升对若干发展中国家、尤其是小岛屿发展中国家的生存产生的威胁。现在有明确的科学证据显示，除非采取有效措施减轻全球气候暖化，否则有些国家的生存将受到威胁。", "在气候变化谈判一片悲观、冷漠、令人失望的情况下，在坎昆举行的联合国气候变化框架公约缔约国第十六届会议通过决定，带来了一丝希望。", "无可否认，由于发达国家减排承诺低以及兑现财政承诺愈合受创世界的前景不定，一场气候灾难正在展开。", "科学和务实意识要求发达国家减排，到2020年至少达到低于1990年水平25-40%的程度。讽刺的是，现有自愿承诺水平显示，低者将增加排放6%，高者可减少16%。因此无论如何，即使包括发展中国家的减排行动，我们将面临全球气温上升2.5至5摄氏度的局面，特别是对脆弱的发展中国家形成灾难，这些国家既没有造成气候变化，也无力解决它所造成的后果。", "在这种情况下，巴基斯坦主要认识到小岛屿国家已经对气候变化和海平面上升对它们的生存构成威胁表示的正当关切。我们认为，这次辩论是对我们在《气候公约》主导的进程中寻求解决方案的努力的重要贡献。", "全球变暖最具灾难性但最少报道的后果之一是全球性干旱，它已经使地球上另外五分之一半干旱农田变成无可挽回的沙漠。这种荒漠化已经造成严重的粮食和饮用水短缺，摧毁了世界上几乎三分之一的农田和牧场，可能夺走世界各地10亿人的供水。水资源短缺已经开始在南亚、中东和非洲造成严重冲突。非洲51个国家，只有12个国家不用援助就可养活本国人民。", "全球变暖的另一个副产品——世界各地野火肆虐进一步加剧了干旱和荒漠化灾情。干旱危机助长了全球野火灾情，特别是在我们认为的一个最重要地区，即亚马逊流域。现在，每年森林火灾烧毁的巴西热带雨林已经超过伐木，野火释放进入大气层的二氧化碳已经超过内燃机的排放量。因此，严重火灾成倍增加温室效应。野火肆虐的规模和频率每年增加，侵蚀和破坏更多的土地。", "1988年黄石公园发生第一次特大火灾。从那时以来，此类火灾数量猛增，其破坏性倍增。火灾释放出大量难以想象的温室气体，加快旱情，增加荒漠化，阻碍热带雨林处理二氧化碳和其他温室气体的能力。现在，这些自然火海已经超出人们先前所见火灾的许多倍。十年前，10万英亩林地的火灾已经是一场巨大的灾难。现在，仅美国一国境内的野火面积往往是它的好几倍。大火侵吞越来越多的亚马逊雨林。最近一年，卫星照片记录亚马逊森林发生了逾35万次火灾。此前，该热带雨林不受火灾影响。", "地球上森林覆盖面积的缩小也削弱了热带雨林吸收二氧化碳和其他温室气体的能力，破坏其洁净空气的能力，并影响荒芜丛林地区雨云的形成，使降雨量进一步减少。", "农田减少、野火猖獗、粮食与水短缺，上述多重灾害加上能源储备减少，正在破坏世界上问题最剧烈的国家的稳定。通过摧毁民众的生计，加剧贫困和助长恐怖主义等等，我们难以想象我们已经造成怎样的破坏？", "让我指出，正如阿诺德·汤因比、奥斯瓦尔德·斯宾格勒和爱德华·吉本等学者所言，造成任何一个文明衰弱和消亡的主要原因是财富分配不公平、剥削民众和贫困状况急剧上升以及不能养活人民而产生的阶级战争。冲突而非合作正迅速成为世界状况。如果想要有任何机会预防灾害或管理后果，我们就必须迅速采取果断的行动。即将到来的灾难将加剧现有的冲突。", "现在，让我同安理会一道回顾历史。当地中海世界还沉陷在黑暗时代时，墨西哥已经建成“同一世界”，就像我们今天在联合国。他们研究天文早于哥白尼的日心说理论，他们设计的日历可准确计算到2012年。几千年前，Olmecas人已经建成朱陆拉金字塔，比吉萨金字塔群大三分之一；玛雅人建成他们的名城乌斯马尔；托尔提克人建成传说中的图拉。然后突然毁灭！他们遇到了与我们现在惊人相似的问题。他们当时的全球暖化给他们带来了持续的干旱和普遍饥荒。他们过度依赖一种作物玉米，这使得他们特别容易受到气候变化的影响。", "如果我们的粮食基础受到诸如图拉般的沉重打击，我们将需要千里寻粮。在美国，一顿饭一般需要经过1 400英里才能送到饭桌上。美洲平原印第安人最终败于饥荒：因为99.99%的野牛被消灭，而他们对野牛具有无法逃避的依赖性，终于一蹶不振。", "今天，对巴基斯坦来说，气候变化已经是无法逃避的现实，其影响日益激烈、凶猛。我国是气候不公的最大受害者之一。对于我们来说，应对气候变化不再是一个选项，而是一项必须面对的问题。尽管全球科学界正在就冰川融化的程度和时机进行辩论，但是在巴基斯坦，迹象是极为明显的。我居住的信德省拥有数10万公顷的可耕地，但可得到的水源却减少到不足过去50年的一半。巴基斯坦广阔的冰川地区约为15 000公里，现在正迅速后退。仅在过去十年，巴基斯坦冰川后退率上升23%，快于世界任何其他地区。在巴基斯坦总的土地中，可耕地仅占24%，其中80%由流经我国主要由冰川提供水源的河流的水灌溉。", "在这种背景下，气候变化几乎影响到我国所有部门，特别是水资源、能源、卫生、森林、生物多样性等部门，农业生产受到的影响尤其严重。巴基斯坦去年发生的空前洪水显示了应对气候变化所构成的威胁的紧迫性。", "最后，请允许我强调，在相关论坛，尤其是《联合国气候变化框架公约》，正在开展重要的工作。我们强调《宪章》所赋予联合国各主要机构的任务授权的重要性。大会和经济及社会理事会必须保持其至高无上的地位和重要性。", "主席(以英语发言)：我的名单上没有其他发言者了。安全理事会就结束现阶段对其议程项目的审议。", "下午7时15分散会。" ]

[ "主席: 维蒂希先生 (德国)\n成员:波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 霍季奇女士\n巴西 巴尔加斯先生\n中国 李新燕女士\n哥伦比亚 奥索里奥先生\n法国 吉洛托女士\n加蓬 曼杜库先生 欧姆贝格\n印度 Kumar先生\n黎巴嫩 Jaber先生\n尼日利亚 阿古瓦女士\n葡萄牙 马杜雷拉先生\n俄罗斯联邦 马克西米切夫先生\n南非 恩库卢先生\n大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 戴维森女士\n美利坚合众国 Cenzer先生", "议程项目", "维持国际和平与安全", "气候变化的影响", "2011年7月1日德国常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信(S/2011/408)", "下午3时10分复会", "主席(以英语发言):我要再次提醒所有发言者将发言限制在四分钟以内,使安理会能够迅速开展工作。", "我现在请斯洛文尼亚代表发言。", "什蒂格利奇女士(斯洛文尼亚): 首先,请允许我感谢德国组织这次重要的公开辩论会。 我还要感谢潘基文秘书长和联合国环境规划署执行主任就这个严肃而及时的议题所说的话。", "斯洛文尼亚也欢迎瑙鲁共和国总统参加今天的辩论并作出贡献。 我们清楚地了解局势的严重性以及小岛屿发展中国家,特别是太平洋小岛屿发展中国家面临的挑战,这些国家的特点使它们成为世界上最易受气候变化影响的国家之一。", "我赞同欧洲联盟(欧盟)观察员早些时候的发言。", "气候变化不是一个遥远的威胁。 其影响是真实的,许多国家已经感受到了。 在许多情况下,它危及他们的生存。 虽然气候变化是一种全球现象,但其负面影响不成比例。 世界上一些地区将比其他地区受到更严重的影响。 此外,气候脆弱性不仅取决于气候风险的暴露,还取决于减少这些风险的适应能力。 因此,许多发展中国家受气候变化的影响将最为严重。", "气候变化对人类安全和福祉产生不利影响,危及经济发展和消除贫穷的努力,并对国际和平与安全产生不利影响。 海平面上升和海岸侵蚀将导致丧失领土,在某些情况下甚至造成国家地位。 气温上升和长期干旱将加剧荒漠化和土地退化,使地球广大地区无法居住。 根据一项实证研究,到2050年,由于这些现象,可能有3.5亿环境移民。 气候变化还对粮食安全产生重大影响,与此同时,粮食安全与水安全有着不可分割的联系。", "随着气候变化的开始和自然灾害数量的增加,环境与安全之间的联系难以争议。 早在1987年,编造了可持续发展一词的布伦特兰报告(A/42/427,附件)也强调环境退化是造成不安全的一个关键因素。 该报告还认识到,环境压力很少是重大冲突的唯一原因,而是在与任何冲突有关的因果关系方面起重要作用。 今天,我们一般认为气候变化是威胁倍增者、不稳定和脆弱性的根源或根本原因。 认真考虑这些影响有助于加强预防冲突。", "斯洛文尼亚认识到,气候变化是要求承担全球责任的终极全球挑战。 虽然气候变化已经是一个现实,但通过集体努力,仍然有时间保障我们的未来。", "欧洲联盟及其成员国站在气候变化问题辩论的前沿。 这导致高级代表和欧洲气候变化与国际安全委员会于2008年3月在斯洛文尼亚担任欧盟主席期间提交了一份联合文件。 该文件仍然是欧盟行动的参考和指导。", "斯洛文尼亚认为,我们能否成功应对气候变化挑战,首先取决于我们能否达成雄心勃勃的2012年后气候协议,将全球变暖限制在2°C以下。 此外,建设气候复原力是最脆弱国家和地区的优先事项,而这些国家和地区对气候变化没有多少历史责任。 根据《联合国气候变化框架公约》进行的谈判应产生新的气候协议,减少排放量,为发展中国家的适应行动提供充足的资金和技术转让。", "然而,光靠适应或缓解并不能避免所有气候变化影响。 联合国各有关机构需要密切合作,以加紧努力处理气候变化问题及其可能对安全产生的影响。 我们需要利用我们所有的知识和资源找到适当的解决办法。 我们认为,安理会今天的辩论是为此作出的重要贡献。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请丹麦代表发言。", "斯陶尔先生(丹麦)(以英语发言):主席先生,首先我要感谢你召开这次重要辩论会。 我还要感谢秘书长和联合国环境规划署执行主任今天上午的发言。", "我赞同欧洲联盟(欧盟)观察员在午餐前所作的发言。", "丹麦认为,今天的讨论是一个非常受欢迎的机会,可以审议如何进一步支持安全理事会在气候变化背景下维持国际和平与安全的责任方面所作的努力,并使这个问题成为联合国工作的一个组成部分。", "秘书长的报告(A/64/350)解释了气候变化如何会加剧政治紧张局势。 气候变化对安全的影响不容忽视。 与气候有关的资源短缺,例如水和肥沃的土地短缺,是世界各地许多地方公认的冲突强大驱动因素。 在有些地方,气候变化甚至可能破坏政府确保本国人民稳定和安全的能力。", "为了找到这一全球威胁的可持续解决办法,必须采取多管齐下的战略,将气候和安全纳入联合国所有机构和有关国际、区域和国家机构的工作。 由于发展中国家最容易受到气候变化的影响,这一问题也必须是国际发展合作的一个组成部分。 这包括开展能力建设,以应对气候变化造成的安全威胁和政治紧张局势。 它还包括立即开展适应气候变化的活动,以及改进备灾和预警系统。 必须毫不拖延地启动缓解行动,包括进一步发展可再生能源和绿色经济发展战略。", "也请允许我在这里重复秘书长今天上午所说的话,即我们必须抓住明年6月里约会议的机会,将能源安全、粮食安全、环境和气候变化等点联系起来。 我们完全同意。", "还必须进一步加强促进全球气候外交的努力。 必须通过对话解决气候变化的所有方面问题,这种对话可以促进对该问题的一致理解以及对解决该问题的共同愿景。 在这方面,我们非常欢迎欧盟外交理事会最近作出的加强欧盟气候外交的结论。", "我们努力提高效率的一个重要先决条件是,我们能够获得与气候变化及其安全影响有关的事态发展的相关信息。 因此,丹麦可以支持请秘书长定期就这些问题提出报告。", "最重要的是,我们必须确保国际社会共同应对气候变化的全球挑战,以确保国际和平与安全。 这是我们大家面临的挑战,我们只能共同克服。 我们希望,今天的辩论将是这一进程中向前迈出的重要一步。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请卢森堡代表发言。", "卢卡斯女士(卢森堡)(以法语发言): 卢森堡完全赞同早些时候以欧洲联盟名义所作的发言。", "主席先生,请允许我祝贺你主动召开这次公开辩论会。", "气候变化是全球性挑战,只能在这一层面加以解决。 它要求采取适当而有效的国际行动。 因此,应对气候变化的措施必须包括联合国所有有关机构,包括安全理事会,根据各自的任务规定开展工作。", "气候变化的负面影响对许多国家,特别是小岛屿发展中国家的安全与发展有着明显的影响。 正如秘书长在大会通过关于气候变化可能对安全产生的影响的第63/281号决议后所发表的报告(A/64/350)所指出,我们必须将气候变化视为威胁倍数。 气候变化不仅会加剧持续贫穷、资源管理和解决冲突机构薄弱、社区和国家之间互不信任的分界线和历史等威胁,而且还会引发新的威胁,如丧失领土导致人口流离失所和无国籍状态,以及争夺共享或未划定的国际资源,如水等。", "自2007年4月首次向安理会提出这一问题(见S/PV.5663)以来,我们对气候变化的理解已变得更加深入。 今天,我们甚至能够更好地衡量局势的紧迫性。 政府间气候变化问题小组已明确表明,必须在各方面毫不拖延地采取行动。", "因此,必须在《联合国气候变化框架公约》的范围内持续努力,以达成一项具有法律约束力的国际协定。 气候变化对人民福祉的影响确实将主要取决于国际社会为减少温室气体排放并减缓这些变化而采取的措施。", "早在2005年,安全理事会就强调必须通过一项全面的预防冲突战略,从全球范围处理武装冲突及政治和社会危机的根源。 根据这一逻辑,至关重要的是将气候变化对安全的影响纳入安理会的思考和任务,并以强化和全面的方式纳入整个联合国系统以及区域和国际组织的活动。", "毫无疑问,族裔紧张关系、跨界争端、社会内部不平等加深和崩溃的国家等一系列相互依存的因素会助长武装冲突。 然而,随着气候继续以越来越快的速度变化,气候变化及其对安全的潜在悲剧性后果——例如人口流离失所和转移——将日益成为造成冲突根源的关键因素,我们已经看到这种情况。", "气候变化不公平。 它主要影响到最脆弱者,他们对其原因的责任最小,但必须每天应对其影响。 正因为如此,卢森堡的发展合作在几年前就开始系统地将减缓和适应气候变化问题纳入其发展方案的主流。 它还为应对气候变化提供快速启动资金。 这些捐款是新的,是对我国官方发展援助的补充,2010年官方发展援助达到我国国民总收入的1.09%。", "我们还将预防冲突方面的这些贡献视为确保可持续发展的措施,因为正如秘书长在其报告中所指出,气候变化可能通过减缓经济增长、加剧贫穷和绝望以及加剧人民的脆弱性而危及各国的稳定。", "主席(以英语发言):我请哥斯达黎加代表发言。", "乌利巴里先生(哥斯达黎加)(以西班牙语发言): 科斯塔语 哥斯达黎加 主席先生,感谢你召开本次公开辩论会,强调气候变化作为多边议程上一个关键项目的重要性。 我们特别欢迎秘书长和联合国环境规划署执行主任与会。", "哥斯达黎加赞同阿根廷代表以77国集团加中国的名义所作的发言,即全面处理这些问题的主要责任在于《联合国气候变化框架公约》。 本组织任何其他机构为处理这一问题而作的所有补充努力都应考虑到这一点,特别是以下因素。 首先,这种努力应争取在多边谈判框架内支持工作计划和目标。 第二,它们应当以各自机构——在此情况下是安全理事会——的具体责任为基础。", "在通过不仅仅是外围行动解决气候变化问题时,我们需要达成一项协议,根据科学证据,该协议将使我们能够将温室气体浓度稳定下来并降低到《公约》所确定水平。 我们可以通过作为温室气体主要排放国的国家的坚定和坚定参与来做到这一点,这些国家都派代表参加了本议席,因此负有持续和在许多情况下具有历史意义的责任。", "虽然这一责任并不限于《公约》附件一提到的工业化国家,但它们仍应承担领导责任,主要新兴经济体也应承担领导责任。 安全理事会常任理事国——所有主要排放国,并拥有否决权,在本机构内拥有特殊权力——尤其应当对减少温室气体作出明确的政治承诺。 这将是他们为确保气候变化不会成为对国际和平与安全的更大威胁所能作出的最佳和最大贡献。 然后,应该扩大该小组,使之包括与其排放和经济能力相适应的国际社会其他成员。", "根据《联合国宪章》规定的权限,安全理事会应着重努力防止或控制由气候变化的影响而可能产生的并可能破坏和平与安全的冲突或创伤。 这些可能包括争夺稀缺的水资源、强迫人口流离失所或国家失踪的威胁等。 然而,最实质性和决定性的行动超出了安理会的授权范围,我们重申,应根据《公约》的规定处理这些行动。 我们还应考虑联合国系统其他实体,例如大会、经济及社会理事会——特别是在可持续发展委员会的框架内——以及联合国粮食及农业组织的权限。", "哥斯达黎加认为,除了在减少、预防和减缓排放方面作出的承诺外,我们还应加强适应气候变化。 这些措施将对海平面上升、洪水、干旱和粮食不安全等因素产生切实影响。 为了为这些任务作出重大贡献,主要经济体必须增加对受该问题影响或可能受影响的国家的资金流动,特别侧重于小岛屿国家,正如瑙鲁总统斯蒂芬代表太平洋小岛屿发展中国家所指出,其中许多国家面临作为国家消失的迫切危险。", "在我所在的中美洲地区,气候变化的灾难性影响日益频繁。 同样,发展中国家需要直接投资,以加强我们的气候监测和预警系统。 我们还需要转让技术,以便除其他外,改善基本食品的生产,帮助我们产生清洁能源。 反过来,发展中国家必须透明地采取行动,实行问责制、善政、尊重法治,并在使用我们的资源方面确定适当的优先事项。 科斯塔语 哥斯达黎加认识到,我们也必须分担责任。", "最后,气候变化议程是一个由相互联系的节点组成的广泛网络。 因此,在《公约》框架内可以找到对本次辩论中所提出关切的最有效反应。 如果我们不能创造必要条件并作出有效的政治决定,使《公约》能充分实现其目标,那么,我们将在应对气候变化的具体影响方面没有取得什么进展。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请新西兰代表发言。", "辛普森先生(新西兰): 主席先生,我感谢贵国代表团召开本次及时的辩论会,承认这一问题的极端重要性。 首先,请允许我谈谈在今天辩论之前出现的一些分歧。", "新西兰理解对安理会处理《宪章》赋予它的作用和任务之外的问题所表示的关切。 然而,对那些地势低洼的小岛屿国家,包括我们自己的区域 -- -- 太平洋 -- -- 气候变化对这些国家构成最终的安全风险——即不再作为国家和社区存在—— -- -- 来说,关于这是否构成讨论的合法议题的辩论,似乎相当抽象,而且与它们所面临挑战的严重性和紧迫性极为脱节。", "气候变化对安全的潜在影响已有大量文件证明。 它们的重点是许多社区面对持续气候变化,在管理和保持获得基本资源——土地、粮食、住所、水——方面所面临的重大挑战。 亚太地区在过去几年中也面临着一系列毁灭性的自然灾害,预计今后几十年中这些事件将变得更加频繁和严重。 这种预测对小岛屿发展中国家来说是令人担忧的,这些国家往往特别容易受到这种事件的影响,因为它们幅员辽阔,地理上孤立,经济基础相对薄弱。 如果不加以解决,这些挑战很可能加剧不稳定和冲突。", "对一些地势低洼的岛屿国家来说,气候变化构成更根本的威胁,可能损害其生存能力和持续生存,并带来我们目睹空前和规模的强迫移徙的真正前景。 简言之,全体人口可能正在移动,而且无论如何都是一种安全威胁。", "必须采取若干步骤来防止和应对气候变化对安全的影响。 首先,我们必须建设发展中国家的适应能力,使它们能够在将来成为安全挑战之前更好地应付与气候有关的事件。 应对气候变化需要的不仅仅是建立应付实际影响的能力。 它还必须解决现有和未来的资源使用问题,以减少对资源的压力,并在出现问题时建立必要的缓冲机制。", "第二,同样重要的是,我们必须通过减少温室气体排放来管理这些安全影响的规模。 除非我们也解决原因,否则仅解决这些症状是不够的。 新西兰致力于通过在《联合国气候变化框架公约》范围内的谈判,实现全面而有效的全球减缓行动,并落实有效的适应措施。 为了在实现这些目标方面取得有意义的进展,今年的德班会议必须采取执行坎昆协定的重要步骤。", "同样重要的是,适应和减缓措施必须有效地纳入发展活动,包括维持和平和建设和平举措。 新西兰目前正在通过若干双边、区域和多边举措,就适应和发展项目开展工作。 我们在太平洋的气候变化适应援助着重强调抵御气候变化的新基础设施,例如在环流后重建方面。", "分享最佳做法和研究也可为采取切实有效的措施应对气候变化的安全影响作出重大贡献。 新西兰在很多其他国家的支持下倡议建立全球农业温室气体研究联盟,旨在确保减少农业排放的努力不损害全球人口增长的粮食安全。 任何国家都不会通过减少农业生产而使其人口处于危险之中,因此,我们需要找到减少相关排放的其他方法。", "气候变化和安全问题也必须以综合方式在联合国各机构中处理。 因此,我们支持太平洋小岛屿发展中国家的呼吁,即考虑建立各种机制,支持早日查明与气候变化有关的安全挑战,并提倡全面和协调一致的研究、分析和行动来消除其根源。", "许多国家严重关切气候变化对它们及其邻国的安全影响。 但我们从过去的经验中知道,这些挑战在达到危机点之前是可以解决的,冲突不一定是不可避免的。 实现这一目标所需的许多行动超出了安理会的权限和任务范围,但理解气候变化是不稳定和冲突的潜在驱动因素,对于实现更安全的未来至关重要。", "我希望,今天的讨论使我们朝着达成共同谅解迈出了一步,我希望安理会今天将发出一个明确无误的信息,即安理会也愿意在迎接这一挑战中发挥作用。 否则,我们太平洋的朋友和邻国等低地小岛屿国家人民将深感失望。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请大韩民国代表发言。", "金淑先生(大韩民国): 首先,我要感谢德国以安理会主席的身份,非常及时和充分准备采取主动行动,就气候变化对维护国际和平与安全的影响举行公开辩论。 我还赞赏贵国代表团的概念文件(S/2011/408,附件),该文件简要地说明了气候变化对国际和平与安全的潜在影响。", "今天的辩论为安全理事会讨论安全与气候变化之间的联系提供了一个有意义的机会。 我国代表团想借此机会指出,安理会在2月份就安全与发展之间的相互依存性举行了富有成果的公开辩论(见S/PV.6479)。 在这方面,今天的气候辩论也许能够提出令人信服的论点,鼓励世界领导人承担起减少碳排放的责任并投资于适应,以期防止未来的不安全。", "我们认识到气候变化对国际社会以及许多学者和政府官员构成的紧迫威胁。 5月,哥伦比亚法学院和马绍尔群岛共和国主办了一次国际会议,题为“威胁岛屿国家:海洋崛起和气候变化的法律影响”。 一些决策者和学者对目前趋势的严重性有共同的理解。 关于气候变化和安全问题也有许多专家报告。 政府间气候变化问题小组(气候小组)最近的一份报告预测,由于预期海平面上升,到2040年许多小岛屿国家将消失。 此外,气专委估计,到本世纪中叶,非洲有3.5至6亿人面临水压力增加的风险,到2020年,以雨水为生的农业产量可减少50%。 因此,气候变化可能成为威胁的倍增效应,使现有问题在区域和全球安全方面更加复杂和棘手。", "有鉴于此,我国代表团想谈三点。 第一,全球挑战需要全球对策。 鉴于气候变化的全球性质,这种对策需要所有国家进行最广泛的合作并参与有效和适当的国际对策。", "第二,考虑到联合国各主要机关各自的责任和《联合国气候变化框架公约》(《气候公约》)作为应对气候变化的关键文书的作用,联合国各有关机构应酌情在各自任务范围内加紧努力,审议和应对气候变化,包括其可能对安全产生的影响。", "最后,鉴于气候变化的全球性和与其他全球问题,如贫穷、不发达以及粮食和能源危机之间的相互联系,气候变化最终应在可持续发展的更广阔背景下加以解决。 我们与国际社会一样,对将于2012年举行的联合国可持续发展大会抱有很高的期望。 我们准备加入国际努力,确保会议取得全面成功。", "大韩民国坚决支持国际社会为在可持续发展背景下应对气候变化而作的努力。 作为一个将绿色增长作为国家战略的国家,大韩民国特别提出在2012年主办《气候公约》缔约方会议第十八届会议。 我们认为,我们的努力可以提供一个独特的机会来强调绿色增长和绿色经济不仅能帮助减缓和适应气候变化的挑战,而且能促进实现可持续发展。 在这方面,去年在坎昆举行的联合国气候变化会议在气候融资、适应和技术领域取得了相当大的进展,达成了所谓的《坎昆协定》。 我们希望这一势头能在今年德班得到维持。", "我希望,今天的辩论将启动我们寻求这一深远问题的明智和有见地的解决办法,同时导致未来气候变化谈判取得有意义的进展。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请智利代表发言。", "埃拉苏里斯先生(智利)(以西班牙语发言): 请允许我对秘书长提出的报告(A/64/350)以及施泰纳先生非常有趣而全面的介绍表示感谢和赞扬。", "我国同太平洋岛屿国家有着牢固的友谊纽带,这可以从我们在海洋法和养护及保全海洋环境等问题上的密切多边合作中看到,太平洋小岛屿国家对这些问题作出了不可否认的贡献。 我要热烈欢迎瑙鲁总统马库斯·斯蒂芬先生阁下与会并感谢他今天上午所作的雄辩发言。", "作为一个太平洋沿岸国,智利同太平洋岛屿国家一样感到关切。 它理解并支持它们希望利用多边体系的有关机构解决目前面临的困难,因为海平面上升对其领土及其公民的福祉构成威胁。", "大会2009年第63/281号决议讨论了气候变化问题及其可能对安全产生的影响。 秘书长根据该决议编写的报告承认,气候变化可成为一种“威胁乘数”,特别是在极端贫穷的情况下。", "例如,在南极半岛,拉森冰架在过去20年中一直在断裂,而从南极西部断裂出大量冰块。 这种现象是不可否认的,它表明对地势低洼的沿海国,特别是小岛屿国家的威胁。 此外还有人口可能流离失所或政治紧张局势加剧的问题。", "关于气候变化可能对安全产生的影响的辩论当然不会损害有关机构、进程和文书在处理如此重要问题方面的权威或授权。 它不应转移而应加强国际社会在减缓、适应和经济、社会和环境发展方面的努力,并应当促进这方面的更大动力。 国际合作、交流相关信息并增加对科学研究的支持,对于寻求解决这一严重问题的基本办法至关重要,而这一问题还包括其他极端严重的现象,例如影响到我们星球不同地区的日益严重的荒漠化等。", "智利认为,我们应该重申《联合国气候变化框架公约》是应对气候变化的基本文书。 我们回顾其中的规定,包括认识到气候变化的全球性要求所有国家根据其共同但不同的责任、各自的能力以及社会和经济条件,进行最广泛的合作并参与有效的国际对策。", "在这方面,我们认为,必须努力就气候变化问题达成一项广泛和有法律约束力的协定。 与此同时,我国认为,必须尽快就《京都议定书》的谈判达成协议,以避免该文书下的第一个承诺期和第二个承诺期之间出现差距。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请吉尔吉斯斯坦代表发言。", "基德罗夫先生(吉尔吉斯斯坦): 主席先生,请允许我感谢你组织这次关于气候变化及其对国际和平与安全影响的公开辩论。 吉尔吉斯斯坦也认为,全球气候变化正成为人类面临的最严峻挑战之一,因此需要联合国及其主要机关和机构采取综合办法。 我们希望,这次辩论将有助于更深入地分析气候变化问题及其对国际和平与安全的影响,并允许安全理事会在处理这些挑战方面发挥更明确的作用。", "鉴于2008至2010年全球粮食价格创纪录地上涨,并由于全球气候变化,最不发达国家和发展中国家的粮食安全正受到严重损害。 吉尔吉斯斯坦等山区国家的情况尤其复杂。 这最终可能导致粮食短缺,并可能在最脆弱的国家引发冲突。 因此,我们认为必须执行大会关于山区可持续发展的第64/205号决议,确保山区国家的粮食安全。", "国际社会认识到,小岛屿发展中国家已经在海平面上升方面遭受气候变化最早的生态影响。 气候变化实际上已成为他们生存和安全问题。 我们认为,联合国应考虑采取措施,动员必要的国际支持,以集体努力解决小岛屿国家的环境问题。", "秘书长关于气候变化及其可能对安全产生的影响的报告指出:", "“预计整个21世纪将加速冰川大规模损失和雪盖减少,减少供水和水力发电潜力,并改变由主要山脉融水所提供区域的流动季节性”(A/64/350,第34段)。", "这一进程已影响到中亚地区。 例如,吉尔吉斯斯坦冰川的淡水供应估计为6 500亿立方米,由于过去30年冰川面积减少了20%,因此迅速减少。 在20年里,它很可能再下降35%。 因此,我们可能面临淡水严重短缺以及对和平与安全的负面影响。", "根据吉尔吉斯斯坦提交《联合国气候变化框架公约》第二次国家信息通报的初步预测,我们的冰川可能在2100年前完全消失。 这种情况不仅需要制定有效的国家间和国内用水和分配措施,而且还需要执行关于森林养护、预防自然灾害和生产无害环境的可再生能源,包括水力发电的特别项目,这些都对环境没有负面影响。", "包括非洲以及亚洲和中亚一些国家在内的世界许多区域的自然灾害大幅增加,是全球气候变化不利影响的又一指标。 例如,在过去十年中,吉尔吉斯斯坦的自然灾害从2000年的60起增加到2010年的420起。 专家们估计,灾害的数量和破坏性后果将继续增加。 鉴于吉尔吉斯斯坦和其他中亚国家铀尾矿的跨界威胁,这一问题尤其令人关切。", "吉尔吉斯斯坦认为,在执行预防冲突、危机管理、建设和平和冲突后稳定措施时必须考虑到这些问题。 吉尔吉斯斯坦认为需要设计区域系统来监测、评估和应对气候变化在和平与安全方面的负面影响,同时考虑到区域特点。 这些行动的一个重要组成部分必须是及时查明并适当纳入联合国系统相应机关和机构的这些事项,以便采取必要步骤。 关于我们区域,我们认为,应当同联合国有关机构和机关合作,加强中亚地区预防性外交中心在这一领域的活动。", "需要特别注意有效执行国家方案和项目,特别是旨在保护环境或加强最脆弱国家应付紧急情况的能力的方案和项目。 在这方面,我们希望联合国开发计划署在协调这些问题和制定适当计划和战略方面的作用得到进一步加强。", "最后,我要强调,吉尔吉斯斯坦坚定地致力于关于气候变化的国际协定,包括《联合国气候变化框架公约》和《京都议定书》。 在这方面,我们支持通过2012年之前减少温室气体排放的所有重要承诺。 我们还认为,必须确保执行2010年在坎昆达成的有关协助发展中国家制定和执行国家适应计划的各项协议。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请墨西哥代表发言。", "摩根夫人(墨西哥)(以西班牙语发言): 气候变化是国际社会面临的主要挑战之一。 它要求所有国家毫无例外地根据其共同但有区别的责任和各自的能力采取具体行动。 由于这些原因并基于其迄今的影响,气候变化远远不是对国际和平与安全的传统威胁。 现有的科学信息是可靠的,清楚地表明了不认真关注这一挑战的风险。 因此,墨西哥赞赏主席国德国为提请注意与气候变化有关的风险而作的努力。 这次辩论将有助于加强我们的信念,即我们必须作出更大和更有效的努力,以尽快实现《联合国气候变化框架公约》(气候公约)的最终目标。", "我们必须确保八个月前在坎昆作出的承诺得到履行,并为加强这方面的有效行动而不懈努力。 必须加强国际法律框架并适应这项任务的规模。 联合国系统仍然是设计国际社会所面临挑战的解决办法的理想论坛。 但是,为了利用它,我们必须立即真诚地开展工作。", "如果我们不减少温室气体排放,我们将开始看到气候变化的更大影响,如农业生产有限、降雨不规则、土壤侵蚀、疾病传播媒介的变化和海平面上升等。 发展中国家,特别是其中最贫穷和最脆弱的国家,将最强烈地感受到这些影响,而这些国家也是最不起作用的国家。 由于其性质,全球气候变暖的影响将长期影响各国的治理能力和政治、经济和社会稳定以及发展机会。", "气候变化的挑战不能一劳永逸地解决,也不能用单一的解决办法解决。 它要求社会所有行动者和部门不断采取行动。 它需要一系列技术、政治和经济选择以及个人行动。 在国际一级,它要求有一个强化的框架,使所有国家的情况能够汇合并得到解决。 这不是一件容易的事。 时间告诉我们,气候变化框架必须逐步发展。", "在坎昆,我们取得了具体成果,这是我们工作向前迈出的重要一步。 墨西哥正在履行其承诺并采取措施,使我们能够根据我们在中短期的能力尽可能地减少排放。", "在德班,我们将需要为在坎昆所建立的机构注入活力并使它们开始运作,以增进我们的集体抱负。 我们还必须对《京都议定书》的未来产生确定性,因为该议定书是维持一个有章可循的制度以实现我们的目标的基本文书。 但是,还应由另一项议定书加以补充,其中包括目前没有在《京都议定书》下作出削减承诺的国家。", "我国希望,本次辩论会将有助于加强有关论坛内的行动,并希望辩论会继续关注应对气候变化的相关问题。 我们意识到,如果我们的努力不成功,气候变化的不利影响今后可能对维护国际和平与安全产生影响,因此需要安全理事会采取行动,这是有可能的,而且将是不幸的。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请厄瓜多尔代表发言。", "莫雷洪先生(厄瓜多尔)(以西班牙语发言): 主席先生,首先请允许我感谢秘书长、瑙鲁总统、我的朋友阿希姆·施泰纳先生和胡安塔·卡斯塔尼奥女士出席本次重要辩论会。", "我国代表团赞同阿根廷共和国代表以77国集团加中国的名义所作的发言,以及埃及代表以不结盟运动主席团主席的身份所作的发言。", "厄瓜多尔想同大多数国家一样,主张《联合国气候变化框架公约》是负责指导由气候变化所产生问题的机构。 我们认为,应该遵守《京都议定书》并履行根据附件一作出的承诺。 作为一个普遍的民主机构,大会是提出建议以处理气候变化在全球一级所产生影响的理想论坛。 我们认识到,气候变化是国际社会面临的主要问题之一。 在这方面,我国已采取具体行动,通过联合国广泛讨论的进程来应对气候变化并减少排放;我指的是在座许多人熟悉的亚苏尼-ITT倡议。", "气候变化将继续对地球人类和生态系统产生各种影响。 发展中国家当然是脆弱的,这就是为什么我们需要对包括技术转让和作出适当财政承诺在内的这一问题作出一致的反应。 在这方面,我们强调根据共同但有区别的责任原则履行《京都议定书》承诺的重要性,根据这一原则,发达国家根据其生态足迹,保持其减少排放的历史责任,并通过旨在适应和减缓气候变化的努力来支持发展中国家。 我们还认为,必须为《京都议定书》第二个承诺期寻求政治支持。 出于这些原因,我国代表团重申,它相信需要努力在我们已有文书的基础上达成协议。 我们鼓励所有国家也这样做,加强根据《公约》通过的各项协定。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请古巴代表发言。", "贝尼特斯·韦尔森先生(古巴)(以西班牙语发言): 古巴坚决支持埃及代表以不结盟运动的名义和阿根廷代表以77国集团加中国的名义所作的发言。", "气候变化无疑是威胁人类生存的最严重和最紧迫的危险之一。 矛盾的是,受影响最严重和最能适应气候变化不利后果的国家,特别是小岛屿发展中国家和非洲国家,对该问题的责任最小。 相反,发达国家的排放量占温室气体排放量的76%,而这种排放量仍在增加。 第一世界的10亿人浪费了地球一半的能源,而20亿穷人则缺乏电力。 30个国家消耗了世界80%的燃料。 因此,发达国家负有偿还历史上欠我们地球生态系统的债务的主要责任。", "必须适当尊重联合国内外各机构的相关权力和职能。 我们严重关切安全理事会日益干涉联合国其他主要机构的职能和责任。 根据定义,气候变化是一个应在可持续发展专题组下讨论的问题。 因此,在联合国,大会和经济及社会理事会及其有关附属机构,特别是可持续发展委员会和联合国环境规划署,应像近年来一样处理这个问题。", "古巴理解一些小岛屿国家的合理关切,它们已提请安全理事会注意这一问题。 他们的驱动力在于迫切需要找到解决办法,解决对其作为领土和国家的安全及人身安全构成严重威胁的问题。 如果安全理事会尽管在这方面有其局限性和缺乏管辖权,但希望表明它认真审查这个普遍关切的问题,并对寻求解决办法作出有意义的贡献,它首先应作出包括以下基本要点的声明。", "首先,它应强调,共同但有区别的责任原则是公正和持久解决全球气候变化的基石。", "第二,应该强调,发达国家履行其国际发展承诺,包括与千年发展目标、官方发展援助、《21世纪议程》、《约翰内斯堡执行计划》、《巴巴多斯行动纲领》和《毛里求斯战略》有关的承诺,帮助发展中国家采取必要行动以适应气候变化,是何等重要。", "第三,它应当呼吁工业化国家在《京都议定书》下开展第二个承诺期,为减少排放制定可衡量和更宏伟的目标。 在这方面,理事会应认识到,一些主要发达国家所宣布的减排目标远远超出了将全球气温上升稳定在可防止不可逆转灾难的水平所必要的范围。", "第四,理事会应强调,南方国家减少温室气体排放的目标不能以阻碍其发展权的方式制定,而应当根据《联合国气候变化框架公约》,在自愿和无约束力的缓解行动的基础上来制定。", "第五,理事会应认识到,全球气候变化的主要原因是发达国家普遍存在的不可持续的生产和消费模式。", "第六,理事会应敦促作出具体承诺,以优惠条件向发展中国家提供资金和技术转让,将小岛屿国家和最不发达国家列为优先事项,并为执行适应行动分配新的和额外的资源。", "最后,请允许我强调,气候变化是一个全球威胁,需要公正、公平和平衡的全球解决办法。 只有尊重《框架公约》和《京都议定书》所揭示的原则和承诺,才能帮助我们解决这一问题。 在第十七次缔约方会议上,世界将有一个不容浪费的新机会。 我们今天应对气候变化的方式将对许多国家的发展前景和人类的生存产生直接影响。", "弗洛雷斯女士(洪都拉斯)(以西班牙语发言):主席先生,我国代表团同前面的发言者一样,感谢你在主持安理会工作方面的奉献和值得赞扬的工作。 在今天安理会正在处理的气候变化问题上,你和安理会其他成员得到了我们的合作和支持。 我们感谢潘基文秘书长、瑙鲁总统马库斯·斯蒂芬先生和澳大利亚太平洋岛国事务议会秘书理查德·马莱斯先生今天的发言。 我们赞同今天确认气候变化是影响和平与安全的威胁的代表团的意见。", "如果大自然的残酷打击能够显著地影响那些面对这些灾害反应和救济能力较强的国家,想象这些灾害对最弱和最易受伤害社会的影响会多么严重。 我们怎能指望我们许多微薄的经济体实现千年发展目标,而它们可能正处理这些巨大挫折之一,而这种挫折可能破坏历经几十年才取得的成就?", "正如联合国环境规划署执行主任阿奇姆·施泰纳先生今天所言,我来自一个因一场具有圣经规模的致命飓风而肆虐的国家。 在一分一秒的时间里,飓风夺走了50年的坚定努力和如此多的梦想,就在我们以为终于可以在地道尽头看到光. 由于国际团结和上帝的帮助,我们调动了我们所需要的内部力量来克服这一严峻的考验并向前迈进,但并非必须重新走同样的道路。 这需要时间、资源和本可以努力处理我们的挫折,以免加剧我们的不发达。 出于这些原因,我们认为,将本次辩论限于与海平面上升、粮食安全和匮乏对国际和平与安全的影响有关的问题将过于简单化。 每当大自然反抗人类时,随之而来的破坏都会影响自然平衡,引发连锁反应,威胁我们生活的基本方面并破坏后代的机会。", "尽管没有人能够充分准备面对这种自然的动乱,但某种程度的准备,即确定和设计出解决脆弱性的办法,已证明有助于减轻后果和修复损害。 在设计旨在处理这种现象所产生影响的缓解和国际合作政策和方案时,必须考虑到我们各国社会之间的地理、政治、经济、文化和宗教差异。", "我们洪都拉斯正在制定一项国家减缓气候变化战略,以制定有助于减少我们脆弱性的公共政策和社区做法。 我们计划提高全国对以下事实的认识:我们只有通过改善和捍卫我们的自然财富、我们的水流域和水资源,并通过保护我国受保护和无保护地区的生态系统,注重水的保护和建立可持续的农林业系统,才能向前迈进。", "然而,如果不存在大量缓解这些弱点所需的最低限度资源,仅仅重复一连串需要就没有什么好处,因为许多这些弱点并不仅仅与该国的地理位置有关。 不幸的是,我们正处在以山崩和洪水形式造成破坏的飓风的正路上;我们接近造成地震和灾难的危险地质断层;我们的国家被可能作为海啸而上升的水域所沐浴;我们受阻碍播种和摧毁我们作物的恶劣气候变异所支配。", "我们的脆弱性也与我们的内部状况、我们的经济不发达以及很大一部分人口在寻找体面的工作和安全住房方面面临的有限机会有关,而不必被迫将其家庭迁移到缺乏基本服务的高风险地区。 因此,我们社会的脆弱性是多方面的,而且,鉴于我们有限的经济资产,解决这些脆弱性的代价将超出我们所能承担的费用。", "请原谅我的疏远,但这就是我们的现实——这个现实不能只从应急风险的角度来看待,而不能接受这样一个事实,即它将永远由系统的内在缺陷所负担。 这是一个与其它更享有特权的国家截然不同的现实——一个需要其自身具体诊断和理解的现实,以便我们不会无辜和错误地采取可能适合他人却不适合我们的解决办法。", "最后,我要介绍联合国开发计划署最近题为 \" 以人为中心的发展:赋予权力的生活,具有复原力的联合国 \" 的年度报告中的以下概念。 各国不能自行处理气候变化和生物多样性的丧失。 这无疑是一项共同的责任,应当在各国和各国人民之间自然差异的背景下加以解决。 这是一项以人民为中心的责任,要充分了解有关要求,并辅以旨在实现其克服不利情况的强烈愿望的广泛措施。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请爱尔兰代表发言。", "韦伯斯特女士(爱尔兰): 为了节省时间,我提议作简短发言;全文不久将分发给各代表团。", "爱尔兰赞同欧洲联盟(欧盟)领导人早些时候以成员国名义所作的发言。", "我们今天的重点提醒我们,必须共同采取整体办法来应对气候变化。 因此,我的发言将侧重于气候变化所驱动的两个领域的安全影响和前景。 这些情况使我们更加震惊:第一,海平面似乎不可阻挡地上升;第二,粮食无保障。 后者在今天更加相关,就是秘书长宣布非洲之角发生饥荒的日子——这是30年来第一次宣布。", "气候变化的负面影响对安全的影响及其作为威胁乘数的作用是显而易见的,许多发言者都提到了这一点。 其后果包括:强迫移徙、永久重新安置、争夺越来越稀缺的资源的竞争加剧、土地退化和粮食无保障。 我们知道,这些因素一再导致冲突并加剧了已经困难的条件,包括在脆弱国家。 这无疑会破坏和平与建设和平。", "正如秘书长所指出,海平面的上升是对那些生存受到威胁的会员国的最终安全威胁。 可怕的预测同样令人震惊:到2050年,有2亿人可能因海平面上升和干旱而流离失所。", "今年早些时候,在都柏林举行的气候正义问题妇女领袖会议上,向我们提出了海平面上升这一严峻而现实的鲜明例证。 来自巴布亚新几内亚的卡特雷特群岛的发言人描述了前所未有的高潮,迅速覆盖了他们的土地,摧毁了他们用于粮食生产的土壤并威胁到岛上居民的安全和保障。 因此,所有1500名岛民被疏散到布干维尔. 因此,我们发现,无国籍状态和丧失领土及其相关的安全影响已成为现实,而不是理论上的可能性。", "联合国可以促进对这种现象作出真正的全球反应,这种反应植根于社会正义和平等,要求所有国家,特别是发达世界的主要排放国提供强有力的政治领导。 欧洲联盟正在率先这样做,决定到2020年将其排放量同1990年水平相比至少减少20%。 我们还有条件地提出将这一目标提高到30%,但须遵守其他发达国家和发展中国家的承诺。", "全球升温已经阻碍了世界上数百万穷人在生活、安全、粮食、保健和住房方面实现人权。 爱尔兰坚信,我们国际社会需要共同努力,满足发展中国家,特别是太平洋小岛屿发展中国家和最不发达国家的有关需要。 我们强烈赞同洪都拉斯的呼吁,即我们大家应在这方面共同努力。 最脆弱者将需要帮助来减少他们对未来冲击的易感性。 我们相信,减缓和适应是同一个风险管理硬币的两个方面。", "气候变化现已被确定为日益严重的全球挑战,其最大影响或许是饥饿和粮食不安全的规模和强度会增加。 我们今天目睹索马里和非洲之角其他地区令人痛心的景象。 数百万人在一些最敌对的条件下面临饥饿的危险。 在过去两个月中,超过78 000名索马里人逃离了本国——仅上个月就有61 000人。 这给埃塞俄比亚和肯尼亚等邻国造成了巨大压力,它们向流离失所者和饥馑者开放了边界。", "但是,饥饿困扰着许多土地:严峻的现实是,全世界有将近10亿人营养不良。 这种气候变化对安全的影响更为频繁和极端的天气事件,加上产量下降和粮食价格上升,一些国家的社会抗议、动乱和暴乱事件无可避免地增加。", "考虑到这些关切,爱尔兰的发展方案支持努力提高地方社区的能力,以更好地抵御气候和环境退化的多变。 我们的参与包括承诺到2012年将至少20%的援助预算用于饥饿和相关领域。", "太平洋小岛屿国家编写的概念说明是明确而令人信服的。 它建议安全理事会明确承认气候变化对国际和平与安全的威胁。 然而,与此同时,安全理事会有关气候变化的工作已经得到现有文书的支持。", "爱尔兰支持明确授权安全理事会请秘书长向安理会报告有关情况。 这将侧重于冲突的驱动因素,显然,气候变化无疑是这种关键驱动因素之一。", "最后,为了简明扼要,我要补充说,今年2月,安全理事会鼓励会员国,特别是积极参与联合国治理结构的会员国,促进联合国在冲突和冲突后局势中工作的协调一致。 秘书长在关于气候变化的报告(A/64/350)中重复了这一劝告,他呼吁加强努力,将气候变化纳入联合国活动的主流。 显然,联合国对这一关键挑战采取统一做法至关重要。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请日本代表发言。", "奥苏加先生(日本): 首先,我要感谢主席国德国召开本次重要会议。 我还要表示,我们赞赏德国代表团作出最大努力,起草概念说明(S/2011/408),使之符合安全理事会的任务规定,同时考虑到过去在安理会和大会上表达的观点。", "对于气候变化谈判者来说,全球变暖是人类面临的最紧迫的威胁之一。 然而,处理这一问题的预期时间跨度不同于安全理事会历来处理的武装冲突威胁。 今天,大多数国家毫不怀疑,气候变化会威胁人类安全,而且从长远来看,会对国家安全产生间接的不利影响。 另一方面,我们需要谨慎考虑安全理事会在处理全球变暖对国际和平与安全的不利影响方面可以起何种作用。 基于这一认识,我要谈谈我国政府在气候变化及其安全影响领域的看法和行动。", "日本首相金直藤先生去年9月在大会一般性辩论中的讲话中强调,由于全球变暖,小岛屿发展中国家今后有可能被淹没。 使这些国家摆脱困境是我们应当更加紧迫地处理气候变化问题的原因之一。", "海平面升高导致的海岸线缩小,将影响到许多低地沿海地区国家的领水和边界,而不限于小岛屿发展中国家,从而会引发国家间的争端。 此外,海平面上升会使沿海地区更容易遭受自然灾害,导致境内流离失所者、难民和其他出乎意料的人口动态,从而会增加冲突的风险。 气候变化不仅会影响粮食安全和各种自然灾害,而且会影响水资源的分配和全球卫生挑战。 这些问题反过来会削弱社区的复原力,这可能导致冲突或妨碍解决现有争端的努力。", "还应指出,一国最贫穷的国家以及最贫穷的人和社区最容易受到气候变化的不利影响。 鉴于这一事实,我国代表团强调气候变化、发展和安全之间的联系的重要性。", "为了应对气候变化,我们需要建立一个所有主要经济体都参加的公平而有效的国际框架。 与此同时,我们应当逐步以在《联合国气候变化框架公约》下所达成的协议为基础。 在《联合国气候变化框架公约》缔约方第十七次会议上,我们应努力达成一项平衡的协议,以落实《坎昆协定》。 日本将以建设性的方式参与会议成功的筹备进程。", "在这方面,我要指出,《京都议定书》缔约方的排放量不到目前总排放量的30%。 延长这些义务不会有效减缓排放量。 关于确定《京都议定书》第二个承诺期,日本的立场保持不变。", "在哥本哈根举行的第十五次缔约方会议上,日本宣布到2012年将向发展中国家提供150亿美元的援助;截至2011年3月,日本已经实施了97亿美元。 我们一直在与最易受气候变化影响的国家,包括非洲国家合作,促进政策对话。", "去年10月在东京举行的太平洋岛国领导人临时部长级会议上,与会者确认了日本气候变化快速启动融资的稳步实施。 我国政府仍然充分致力于向太平洋岛国提供援助,正如第五次会议所承诺的那样,在其他领域,例如环境和人类安全,包括保健和教育。", "关于非洲国家,在塞内加尔举行了第三次非洲发展问题东京国际会议(东京会议)部长级后续会议,以贯彻第四次东京会议通过的《横滨行动计划》。 在会上,与会者同意开始筹备非洲低碳增长和可持续发展战略。", "最后,我要谈谈减少灾害风险问题。 3月11日,日本遭遇了前所未有的地震. 应当指出,海啸造成的破坏性破坏比地震本身更为严重,这突出了灾害对地势低洼的海岸线的严重性。 为了促进全球减少灾害风险合作,我们需要制定一项新的国际战略来接过《2005-2015年兵库行动框架》。 正如今年5月在日内瓦举行的减少灾害风险全球平台第三届会议所宣布的那样,为了为这一努力作出贡献,日本愿意举行第三次世界减灾会议。 为筹备这次会议,日本将在2012年组织一次关于大规模自然灾害的高级别会议。 我们非常感谢会员国对我们的倡议的积极支持。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请新加坡代表发言。", "梅农先生(新加坡): 我国代表团赞扬德国主动举行今天的辩论会。 这是及时的,有望补充联合王国2007年的倡议。 然后,新加坡是主张把气候变化的影响,特别是争夺稀缺资源的明显竞争同对国际和平与安全的影响联系起来的国家之一。", "如我2007年所说,", "“从直觉上看,气候变化造成的环境退化与因资源有限而加剧的冲突之间可能存在联系。 土地、水、粮食和矿物往往是导致冲突的复杂方程式中的可变因素。 . . . . . . . . 几个世纪以来,人们一直在研究冲突,但没有找到一个完美的预测方案。 但是,尽管我们应当认识到复杂性......,但我们不应忽视人们常常为有形事物而斗争的简单想法。” (S/PV.5663(复会1),第27页)", "这一联系现已被接受,而且存在一种共识,即只有所有会员国同有关非国家行为者共同努力,才能应对这一时代的最大挑战。", "气候变化是一个全球性问题,需要在基于规则和包容性的多边框架内找到可持续的全球解决办法。 如果没有不同利益攸关方的支持,任何应对气候变化的对策都将是有限的和无效的。 因此,联合国在制定全球、多方面、但又协调和综合的气候变化多边对策方面发挥着重要作用。 这显然不容易。", "我们必须认识到,《联合国气候变化框架公约》(《气候公约》)是、并将继续是气候变化谈判的主要论坛。 在这方面,我支持阿根廷代表以77国集团和中国的名义以及埃及代表以不结盟运动的名义所作的发言。 今天辩论的目的不是要预先判断《气候公约》正在进行的谈判。", "然而,我们认为《气候公约》需要同联合国其他机构、基金和方案密切合作,特别是在适应和能力建设方面。 归根结底,气候变化所带来的挑战同更大的可持续发展问题密切相关。 在这方面,联合国系统面临的一个关键挑战是确保各机构和方案在可持续发展领域的活动协调一致。 在这一领域,大会和可持续发展委员会可以作出有益的贡献。", "鉴于这种明确理解,即决策权在《气候公约》轨道之内,安全理事会也可以以两种方式为气候变化讨论作出重要贡献。 第一,它可以帮助人们更好地了解气候变化的灾难性长期后果,包括可能的安全后果。 第二,安全理事会可以帮助加强正在进行的努力,为《气候公约》谈判进程注入政治势头,以便在今年晚些时候在南非德班举行的第十七次缔约方会议和《京都议定书》缔约方第七次会议上取得成功结果。 在这方面,安全理事会成员,特别是常任理事国,必须在气候变化谈判进程中发挥领导作用。", "去年坎昆会议的成功结果恢复了对多边气候变化谈判进程的信心。 墨西哥发挥的领导作用有助于在坎昆取得成功。 我们赞扬墨西哥的努力。 今年,我们感到高兴的是,南非也表现出领导和主动精神。 然而,多边谈判的成功不能完全由担任主席的国家负责。 它必须是集体努力。", "显然,发达国家在处理气候变化问题方面负有明确的历史责任。 但是同样明显的是,没有发达国家和发展中国家所有国家的参与,我们就无法解决这个问题。 我们还必须以紧迫感采取行动,这不仅是因为我们必须响应太平洋小岛屿发展中国家的号召,而且因为我们是子孙后代的可持续性、安全和生活质量的监护者。", "最后,请允许我引用拉尔夫·瓦尔多·埃默森的话,他曾经说过,“你所说的话太大声了,我听不到你说的话”。 我希望今天的辩论不会取代行动,而将成为行动的序幕。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请冰岛代表发言。", "贡纳斯多蒂尔女士(冰岛): 气候变化是我们时代的最大挑战之一。 事实上,由于海平面上升,一些会员国的存在本身就处于危险之中。 在这方面,我们认识到小岛屿发展中国家特别脆弱。 其他国家将面临严重干旱,极端气候条件更加频繁。 这些事态发展以及众所周知的其他事态发展将产生重大的环境、社会、经济和政治影响。", "气候变化的后果会加剧紧张局势并可能导致冲突。 因此,安全理事会处理气候变化对安全的影响是非常及时和重要的。 虽然《联合国气候变化框架公约》仍然是在国际一级处理气候变化问题的主要论坛,但安理会在履行其维护国际和平与安全的作用时,应当认识到气候变化所构成的威胁并寻求解决这些威胁的办法,确保我们社会的生存能力和可持续性。", "虽然每个人都会受气候变化的影响,但必须记住,气候变化加剧了现有的不平等。 妇女特别脆弱。 发展中国家和新兴经济体的农村地区以及传统上与妇女有关的部门和活动,受到气候变化的严重影响。 因此,妇女在家务活和日常生存斗争中面临更大的困难。 水资源较少也对健康、卫生和粮食安全产生不利影响,给妇女带来额外负担。 由于她们的社会作用和责任,妇女也比男子更容易遭受自然灾害。", "安全理事会通过具有里程碑意义的关于妇女、和平与安全的第1325(2000)号决议时所遵循的原则也必须指导安理会处理气候变化对安全的影响的工作。 不仅应把妇女描绘成气候变化的受害者,而且还应描绘成针对气候变化的基本行为者。 理事会必须确保对气候变化的任何反应都考虑到性别观点,并确保妇女和男子都参与有关气候变化所有方面的辩论、决策和执行工作。 这将使气候变化对策更加有效并适当促进全球性别平等。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请加拿大代表发言。", "里瓦德先生(加拿大)(以英语发言):加拿大很高兴参加本次辩论。 我们感谢德国发起这次对话,并期待着像我们过去所做的那样进一步参与。 我们还感谢太平洋小岛屿发展中国家提出这一重要问题。 加拿大努力成为小岛屿发展中国家,包括太平洋和加勒比以及这里的联合国小岛屿发展中国家的负责任、有效和可靠的伙伴。 我们一贯支持安全理事会有效应对新的和正在出现的安全挑战。", "我们对太平洋岛屿伙伴提出的关于气候变化与安全的决议的支持和提案国就是一个例子。 该决议肯定了我们集体承认气候变化可能对安全产生的影响。 小岛屿发展中国家和面临粮食无保障的国家所面临的生存威胁使这一问题具有紧迫和人性层面。", "气候变化有可能成为失败和脆弱国家的压力因素。", "加拿大继续参与旨在制定2012年后新的、公平而有效的国际气候变化制度的国际谈判。 我们同我们的国际伙伴一道通过了《坎昆协定》。 这些是一系列重要决定,共同表明在建立实现真正环境成果所必要的全球气候变化制度方面向前迈出了具体步骤。 《坎昆协定》承认,如果我们要成功有效应对气候变化,所有主要排放国都必须采取行动。", "严重问题需要严肃的解决办法。 国家环境方案必须通过活跃经济中的国际合作来维持。 作为我们承诺支持发展中国家,包括最不发达国家、小岛屿发展中国家和非洲减缓和适应努力的一部分,加拿大仅在2010-2011财政年度就提供了4亿美元新的和额外的气候融资,作为我们快速启动的气候变化融资承诺的一部分。 这是加拿大有史以来支持应对气候变化的国际努力的最大贡献,重点是支持发展中国家努力减少温室气体排放并适应气候变化在适应、清洁能源和森林及农业等三个优先领域的不利影响。", "(以法语发言)", "今天,世界上约有10亿饥饿人口。 另有10亿人正在获得足够的食物,但长期营养不良,因为他们无法获得足够的营养食品。 这20亿人中大多数是生活在农村地区的妇女、儿童和小农。", "加拿大通过长期致力于加强粮食安全,在支持应对粮食危机方面发挥了领导作用。 在2009年于拉奎拉举行的八国集团首脑会议上,我们承诺把对可持续农业发展的投资增加一倍以上,并在三年内增加6亿美元的资金,达到11.8亿美元的总资金。 加拿大履行了其全部拉奎拉承诺,我们自豪地成为第一个这样做的八国集团国家。", "在加拿大2010年担任八国集团和20国集团主席期间,粮食安全仍然是一个高度优先事项,加拿大已将粮食安全作为其五个国际援助优先事项之一。 加拿大还认为,必须支持研究伙伴关系和多边研究倡议,以扩大我们的知识基础并使我们能够更好地制定长期的适应气候变化的解决办法。", "这种解决办法可以加强复原力、建立和加强机构并减少生命损失和经济破坏,这反过来又为维持和平与安全奠定坚实的基础。 我们欢迎进一步思考如何以考虑到如何将现有紧张局势减少到最低程度并能够纳入减轻这种紧张局势的长期治理办法的方式提供适应支助。", "主席(以英语发言):我请巴布亚新几内亚代表发言。", "艾西先生(巴布亚新几内亚)(以英语发言):主席先生,我们感谢你召开这次重要会议。 我还借此机会感谢你亲自关注此事。", "我们赞同瑙鲁总统马库斯·斯蒂芬先生阁下以太平洋小岛屿发展中国家及其朋友的名义所作的发言。 我们还感谢澳大利亚政府太平洋岛屿事务议会秘书理查德·马勒斯先生的发言。", "我们同许多其他发言者一样,认识到气候变化问题的严重性和紧迫性,特别是发展中国家,特别是那些受到其不利影响威胁最大的国家——小岛屿发展中国家和最不发达国家以及非洲许多地区——面临的挑战,这些国家继续面临这些影响对其国家能力和机构的巨大压力。 我还要包括北极和南极地区,它们也受到了气候变化的不利影响,反过来又对全球海平面上升作出了贡献。 秘书长最近的访问使这两个区域在国际媒体中占有显著地位。", "然而,事实是,我们所有国家都在某种程度上受到气候变化的影响。 然而,我们当中有一些联合国会员国现在和将来都绝对不会因为自己的过错而受到影响和伤害。 它们将立即受到因海平面上升而淹没的土地或领土损失的影响,这种损失可能是灾难性的;其他人将受到可怕的干旱的影响,这些干旱将继续迫使数百万人——正如我们今天在世界一些地区所看到的那样——跨越陆地边界,因为可耕地枯竭和稀缺水资源被干涸。 有些后果可能导致冲突。", "通过全球公共媒体,我们了解到,军事和情报专家与各种组织一起进行情景规划,预测由于气候变化的不利影响,大批人口可能流离失所,导致各种负面后果,包括冲突的可能性。", "《联合国宪章》是明确的。 安理会被赋予监督并维持国际和平与安全的任务。 然而,我们要在此重申瑙鲁总统的明确声明:", "“不要犯错误:《联合国气候变化框架公约》——《气候公约》——现在是而且必须仍然是制定国际战略的主要论坛,以减缓气候变化、调动财政资源并便利适应、规划和项目执行。” (S/PV.6587)", "此外,我们还坚决支持瑙鲁总统呼吁大会继续处理气候变化与可持续发展之间的联系。", "应对气候变化及其不利影响需要在国家一级采取全政府办法。 在这方面,我们还要指出,需要一种全联合国的办法,它必须包括所有联合国机构——特别是大会和经济及社会理事会——和《气候公约》,以及联合国有关机构,例如联合国开发计划署和包括全球环境基金和世界银行在内的国际组织。 各方必须发挥各自的作用,无论是在前进的过程中建立相关政策框架,还是为各种应对机制提供资金,以应对气候变化的不利影响。", "我们进而认为,安全理事会也可发挥重要作用。 在这方面,我们强烈主张,安理会应该而且必须履行它处理气候变化不利影响的任务,气候变化可能对安全产生影响,包括今后可能出现的意外情况。 我们注意到,安理会以前曾被要求履行其职责,处理诸如发展、艾滋病毒/艾滋病、武装冲突中的儿童、冲突中的妇女等各种问题。 虽然这些问题仍然列在理事会的议程上,但这并没有削弱直接监督——例如经济及社会理事会对发展议程——的联合国有关机关和机构的优先地位。", "我们要强调安理会发挥的有效作用,使国际社会认识到艾滋病毒/艾滋病,指出它是一种软而无边界的威胁。 当然,我们国际社会在处理这一全球祸害方面仍然面临挑战,但我们在最近结束的关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题的大会高级别会议上看到,联合国所有有关机构在处理这一问题方面都进行了真正的互动,我们重申,这是由安理会发起的。 成果文件(大会第65/277号决议)的通过实质上反映了国际社会继续联合协作防治艾滋病毒/艾滋病的共同目标。 事实上,我们作为一个联合国兑现了继续在全球防治艾滋病毒/艾滋病祸害的承诺。", "最后,我们要指出,安理会在艾滋病毒/艾滋病和发展问题上采用的同样目标明确的做法,应尊重联合国所有有关机构和机关的授权,来应对气候变化不利影响对安全的影响。", "主席(以英语发言):我请伊朗伊斯兰共和国代表发言。", "哈比卜先生(伊朗伊斯兰共和国): 首先,我赞同阿根廷代表以77国集团和中国的名义以及埃及大使以不结盟运动名义所作的发言。 我还要就安理会今天公开辩论的议题发表以下简短的补充意见。", "安全理事会一再侵犯《宪章》规定的联合国其他主要机构的任务,令人严重关切。 虽然安理会甚至未能、有能力或愿意真正解决世界各地不安全和冲突的根深蒂固的根源,但安理会坚持探讨其权限外的问题或一般不认为或经证明不威胁世界和平与安全的问题是不可理解的。 安全理事会以其目前的专属结构和不透明的工作方法而过度拖延,将对联合国其他机构的运作和安理会所关心的问题的命运产生严重后果。", "安理会一些常任理事国在应对气候变化方面能够提供的最佳服务或许是履行其关于能力建设、无条件转让无害气候技术、向最需要的国家提供财政资源的承诺,特别是小岛屿发展中国家、最不发达国家和非洲,并致力于切实减少温室气体排放。", "许多发达国家在对付气候变化的迫切需要方面的承诺和行动之间存在着巨大差距。 与此同时,我们关切地注意到,在不久的将来大幅度减少排放量的前景太渺茫。", "气候变化是不可避免的、紧迫的全球挑战,对各国的可持续发展具有长期影响。 因此,在可持续发展而不是和平与安全的背景下处理气候变化问题是最佳的解决办法。 据我们了解,《联合国气候变化框架公约》、大会、经济及社会理事会和可持续发展委员会是以全面、包容和实质性方式应对气候变化及其后果的主管机构和相关机构。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请科威特代表发言。", "阿洛泰比先生(科威特)(以阿拉伯语发言): 谢谢 主席先生,请我发言。 我荣幸地代表阿拉伯国家集团发言,解释其在维护国际和平与安全以及气候变化影响问题上的立场。", "首先,我谨表示支持埃及代表以不结盟运动的名义和阿根廷代表以77国集团加中国的名义所作的发言。", "统计数字和现实证实,发展中国家——特别是最不发达国家、非洲国家、内陆国家和小岛屿发展中国家——受气候变化的不利影响最大。 阿拉伯国家强调,气候变化的潜在后果将对阿拉伯区域产生不利影响,特别是在干旱和半干旱地区。", "阿拉伯集团想强调以下几点。", "第一,维护国际和平与安全的责任主要由安全理事会承担,具体地说,根据《联合国宪章》的授权,同时考虑到大会在这一领域的作用,特别是根据大会1950年11月3日第377(V)号决议。 安全理事会的作用与其他主要机构的作用和责任的重叠不符合《联合国宪章》的原则和宗旨,可能侵犯这些机构的权威和所有会员国的权利。", "第二,气候变化也是可持续发展三个方面的一个组成部分:经济发展、社会发展和环境保护,必须以整体方式处理。", "第三,气候变化问题对可持续发展至关重要。 可持续发展的责任由联合国大会、经济及社会理事会及其相关附属机构,包括可持续发展委员会和联合国环境规划署承担。 《联合国气候变化框架公约》是关于气候变化的具有约束力的协定,还有《京都议定书》。 安全理事会在其中没有任何作用。", "我们认为,所有会员国都必须支持可持续发展,遵守里约原则,特别是共同但有区别的责任原则,并充分执行《21世纪议程》和有关提供财政资源、技术转让和建设发展中国家能力的其他承诺。 这些承诺是在里约、约翰内斯堡和联合国关于经济和社会问题的其他主要会议上作出的。", "阿拉伯集团坚信,《联合国气候变化框架公约》是处理气候变化危险并审议根据《公约》原则将采取的措施的最佳论坛。 必须根据《公约》采取措施,特别是发达国家需要采取紧急措施来履行其根据《京都议定书》减少排放的承诺。 尚未加入《议定书》的发达国家应当这样做。 阿拉伯集团强调,需要商定《京都议定书》的第二个承诺期,并确保第一和第二个承诺期之间没有差距。", "在这方面,集团强调,它支持不结盟运动(S/2007/203)和77国集团加中国(S/2007/211)就安理会2007年4月17日关于能源、安全和气候的公开辩论给安全理事会主席的两封信(见S/PV.5663)。 它还支持2011年7月14日埃及常驻代表以不结盟运动的名义就题为“维护国际和平与安全:气候变化的影响”的公开辩论给安全理事会主席的信(S/2011/427)。", "阿拉伯集团还强调指出,不应发表安全理事会主席声明或新闻声明,也不得在公开辩论后采取任何行动,特别是任何可能损害有关机关、进程和文书的权威或授权或可能以任何方式影响气候变化谈判事业的声明或行动,包括定于2011年底在南非举行的《框架公约》缔约方会议第十七届会议。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请哈萨克斯坦代表发言。", "艾季莫娃夫人(哈萨克斯坦): 首先,我要重申,有关气候变化的审议在很大程度上属于大会、《联合国气候变化框架公约》(《气候公约》)和联合国其他机构和实体的职权范围。 然而,我国代表团理解安全理事会讨论这一问题的理由,因为目前气候变化的影响对人类安全构成严重威胁。", "气候变化是威胁倍增剂,加剧了现有的消极趋势、紧张和不稳定,使已经很脆弱和容易发生冲突的国家和区域负担过重。 这些风险不仅具有人道主义性质,而且还包括直接影响国家和国际利益的政治和安全风险,需要采取全面的政策对策来应对粮食、水和能源短缺问题。 受影响最大的地区是人口压力大和环境移民大量涌入的地区。 这将导致政治、宗教和种族激进化,这将对人权产生影响。", "众所周知,实现千年发展目标将面临很大风险,因为气候变化如果得不到缓解,很可能使多年的发展努力付诸东流,增加恶劣的卫生条件、失业和教育资源。", "我国代表团建议与其他联合国实体合作,进一步加强《气候公约》,以全面而有效地应对气候变化对国际安全的影响。 因此,必须进一步加强对区域机构和会员国的认识并评估其能力,并改进我们通过监测和预警系统在预防和防备与气候有关的灾害和冲突方面所作的努力。 我们还必须加强平民保护和灾害管理机制并建设人员和设备能力。 联合国应确定和审议这些应对措施所涉及的财政问题,以增进气候变化两岸国家之间的对话。", "气候变化及其安全层面可能给国际关系和捐助能力带来压力。 然而,这一问题正成为改进和改革全球、区域和地方治理的驱动力。", "我国代表团想特别强调,联合国领导的预防性外交在中亚和世界其他区域可以发挥极为必要和关键的作用,解决水资源短缺问题,这可能导致紧张局势甚至冲突。 阿奇姆·施泰纳先生在其书面发言中确认了这一点,他在发言中提到了对中亚地区阿姆河流域环境与安全倡议的评估。", "哈萨克斯坦一直通过履行其义务来协助联合国努力减轻气候变化的影响,因此,哈萨克斯坦设立了可持续发展理事会和《京都议定书》司。 该国为后京都时期作出了数量承诺,到2050年将温室气体排放减少25%。 该国提议给予拯救咸海国际基金联合国机构的地位。", "咸海危机是人为的,气候变化也是如此,众所周知。 海洋已丧失了四分之三的水分,为周围数百万人拼写了灾难并影响了欧亚大陆的环境. 中亚区域各国需要国际社会的援助来恢复海洋,哈萨克斯坦随时准备为多边努力——包括在坎昆建议的基础上——作出充分贡献,以在全球和区域各级减少气候变化的威胁。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请比利时代表发言。", "兰伯特先生(比利时)(以法语发言): 主席先生,首先请允许我感谢你召开本次会议。 气候变化的影响确实需要重新动员起来,比利时欢迎有此机会给予这个问题应有的重视。", "比利时完全赞同欧洲联盟代表的发言,因此,我将仅谈几点。", "今天,许多发言者提到了2007年4月举行的辩论(见S/PV.5663),这是正确的。 大会所要求提交的2009年秘书长报告(A/64/350)也是一个重大里程碑:该报告说明有必要加强联合国系统的行动。", "之后发生了什么? 气候变化已回到关于《联合国气候变化框架公约》(《气候公约》)的谈判。 尽管该论坛取得了显著进展,但我们应当承认,我们在纽约的辩论中不再高度重视这一问题。 我们认识到,《框架公约》是处理气候变化问题的适当论坛,但其他机构——安理会和大会——应继续处理属于其管辖范围的这个问题的各个方面。", "气候变化是威胁的倍增效应。 有些人可能认为这些威胁是遥远的,但情况并非如此。 我们不应该闭着眼睛看科学告诉我们什么。 全球平均气温上升了0.7° C从工业化前时期开始. 大气中的排放量将进一步增加0.6°C。 继续一切照旧,使我们有可能在本世纪末发生3个变化。", "令人担心的是,过去地球气候的变化始终是非线性的和无法预测的,在达到关键阈值时会突然变化。 这使规划对决策者更具挑战性。 我们面临突然的气候变化的风险,这种气候变化可能导致热带森林迅速消失,极地冰盖或冰川迅速融化并大大地加速了海平面上升。", "我们该怎么办? 预防的第一个途径确实是减缓。 坎昆会议商定并正在执行重大步骤。 然而,《框架公约》的谈判应加紧进行。 欧洲联盟已走上到2020年低碳和节能经济的正轨。 我们现在期待其他国家加入这些努力。", "除了这一基本行动之外,我们还必须更准备应对气候变化的影响。 其中一些今天已经感觉到了。 在太平洋,已经开始迁移小岛屿人口。 阿拉斯加的一些村庄也是如此。 过去几年来,全世界接连不断的干旱和洪水加剧,并导致更多的人道主义紧急情况。", "气候变化的影响也威胁到对人类生命至关重要的资源。 历史上,人们为争夺自然资源而斗争。 气候变化威胁着这些资源的提供。 水、肥沃的土地、粮食和能源供应都受到威胁。 在某些情况下,自然资源匮乏是威胁的倍增;在另一些情况下,自然资源本身就是威胁。 对作物的压力和缺乏淡水首先会影响到最脆弱的人口。", "事实上,气候变化的影响不会平均地得到传播。 匮乏可能导致群体和个人的应对机制崩溃,从而带来更大的不稳定和冲突风险。 今天,我们知道,广泛的因素——例如种族紧张关系、跨界争端、社会不平等、人口流动和崩溃的国家——可能导致武装冲突。 但是,气候变化将成为这些根源中的一个日益重要的因素。", "联合国如何作出反应? 对人类的这一重大挑战应当以全面和预防性方式加以解决。 将气候变化降低到谈判层面是不负责任的。 预防性外交的总体框架对于减轻政府间气候变化专门委员会报告概述的后果,特别是对最脆弱国家的影响是必不可少的。", "我们必须采取具体步骤,在联合国系统内采取协调一致的做法。 我们的国际机构应准备应对气候变化的影响及其造成的匮乏。 今天,我们欢迎这次辩论,它为安理会今后在这一问题上采取行动铺平了道路并促使联合国系统对气候挑战的安全方面采取有条理的办法。", "主席(以西班牙语发言): 我现在请秘鲁代表发言。", "罗德里格斯先生(秘鲁)(以西班牙语发言): 我国代表团赞赏并赞赏潘基文秘书长今天上午的发言,以及联合国环境规划署执行主任阿奇姆·施泰纳先生提供的信息和通报。 我国代表团还适当注意到瑙鲁总统马库斯·斯蒂芬先生明确和准确地描述了气候变化问题。 秘鲁赞同阿根廷和埃及常驻代表分别以77国集团加中国和不结盟国家运动的名义所作的发言。", "气候变化是世界各国无一例外的真正问题,对任何人都不是秘密。 我们大家都在遭受不同程度的痛苦,因此从我们各自的能力和责任程度来看,国际社会必须理解采取决定性行动来消除这一祸害的历史和压倒一切的需要。", "现在应该重申,通过《联合国气候变化框架公约》以及相关联合国实体,特别是大会、经济及社会理事会、可持续发展委员会和联合国环境规划署,有适当的多边渠道来处理这个问题。 《联合国气候变化框架公约》是各国寻求必要共识的适当背景。 这些机构应专门处理一般的可持续发展问题。", "我要强调气候变化在我国造成的一些破坏。 秘鲁的人口生活在多种多样的生态系统中。 就我国而言,厄尔尼诺现象等气候紊乱的强度和频率越高,造成沿海严重水灾和安第斯地区旱灾,造成严重的社会和经济破坏。 与此同时,占世界热带冰川一半以上的我国冰川受到迅速融化的影响,这加剧了人类消费、农业和发电用水的匮乏。 秘鲁亚马逊森林是拉丁美洲第二大森林,是一个无价的生物多样性保护区,同样受到影响。 换句话说,气候变化的威胁对我们来说绝非陌生。", "气候变化问题是全球性的。 因此,只有通过整个国际社会通过《联合国气候变化框架公约》、其其他文书及其核心原则,特别是共同但有区别的责任的原则提供的结构,采取多边和协调一致的行动,我们才能解决这个问题。", "在这方面,我们重申我们的信念,即必须立即采取具体措施来遏制温室气体排放。 在这方面,加强多边制度并充分尊重所作出的承诺是一个优先事项。 为此,我们必须考虑到,我们各国人民需要福利和发展水平,而我们必须在气候不确定和自然资源供应发生变化的条件下实现这些水平。 这将迫使我们大幅度地改变它们的管理,并意味着设计出新的和碳密集程度较低的制造和技术。", "出于所有这些原因,我们重申,我们要求提供支持,这不仅是承认发展中国家已经作出的努力,而且也是全球团结的道德要求。 这一要求包括迫切需要建立《公约》规定的筹资和合作机制。 这种支持,加上对能力建设和动态和灵活联系技术的支持,是三部曲,需要所有各方创造和确定一个必须符合国情和需要、不附加限制性条件的进程。", "秘鲁承认,小岛屿国家受到全球经济和金融危机、粮食和能源危机后果以及气候变化和自然灾害的影响,例如2010年1月海地发生地震。 我们还应考虑到海平面上升对许多岛屿国家的威胁,其两个主要原因是气温上升和极地冰融化。", "从我们作为一个发展中国家的立场来看,我们声援这些国家的努力,并主张适当履行国际社会对筹资、技术合作和能力建设的合作承诺。 最近的粮食和金融危机表明,粮食市场的结构和运作太弱,无法应付接连不断的危机的影响,由于在高效地使用土地和粮食生产方面执行不当政策而加剧。", "同许多其他国家一样,在秘鲁,农业提供了全国粮食生产的62.8%,是农村人口的主要生计来源。 然而,在这62.8%的农业中,66%完全依靠雨水. 因此,秘鲁农业非常容易受到气候变化的影响,这影响到我们的粮食安全。", "在这方面,应该继续在全球范围内努力采取措施,确保全世界的粮食安全,特别是最贫穷国家的粮食安全,主要是通过由各国政府管理的有效战略来实施投资计划,发展筹资机制,并扩大南北和南南合作等。", "最后,我认为,现在是紧急呼吁本组织所有会员国团结一致的适当时机,这样,我们就可以在相关多边机构中尽快起草一项道德、共同、意义深远、包容和透明的协议,使我们能够应对气候变化,并将成功结果留给我们地球上的后世。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请孟加拉国代表发言。", "穆明先生(孟加拉国): 我感谢德国安排关于“维持国际和平与安全:气候变化的影响”的本次公开辩论。 我感谢秘书长的发言。 还请允许我真诚地感谢其他发言者,包括瑙鲁共和国总统、澳大利亚太平洋岛国事务议会秘书和联合国环境规划署执行主任阿奇姆·施泰纳先生今天上午的发言。", "我国代表团赞同代表77国集团和中国以及不结盟运动所作的发言,表达他们的看法和关切。 此外,我要强调孟加拉国认为重要的以下几点。", "我国代表团认为,《联合国宪章》规定的维护国际和平与安全是安全理事会的首要责任。 《宪章》还指定了大会和经济及社会理事会处理与经济和社会发展有关的问题。 在这方面,我们认为,《联合国气候变化框架公约》是谈判气候变化全球对策的主要国际政府间论坛。", "气候变化是人类面临的最严重全球挑战之一。 我赞赏秘书长2009年关于气候变化及其可能对安全产生的影响的报告(A/64/350),该报告确定了若干渠道,包括粮食无保障、自然资源日益匮乏、人民流离失所、失业和生计丧失、赤贫、大规模移徙以及更重要的是丧失希望,导致绝望。", "所有这些都有可能引发社会和地区紧张局势、政治动乱、暴力冲突和极端主义,从而威胁国际和平与安全。 事实上,气候变化的一些不利影响包括土地逐渐丧失、洪水、淹没、干旱、海平面上升、盐度增加、极端天气模式、粮食生产减少、淡水短缺和由气候引起的移徙。 世界不同地区的全球变暖已经迫使我们面对不稳定的气候行为并目睹日益严重的自然灾害。", "最近,我们看到,俄罗斯和澳大利亚的野火;巴基斯坦的洪水;海地、智利和新西兰的地震;日本的海啸;美国的龙卷风和旋风;以及非洲的干旱,对发达国家和发展中国家都造成了怎样的影响。 气候变化导致的粮食无保障、人口被赶出家园以及相关的逆境确实对国际和平与安全构成威胁。 在这方面,我呼吁有关各方迅速履行全球领导人于2009年通过的《关于全球粮食安全的拉奎拉联合声明》所阐明的承诺。", "海平面上升是国际社会,特别是小岛屿发展中国家和有低地沿海地区的国家所关切的另一个紧迫问题。 海平面上升令孟加拉国深感关切,因为到2050年,它可能使3 000至5 000万人从我们的沿海地带上流离失所。 这也将剥夺他们的生计。 气候引起的流离失所已经使孟加拉国的城市贫民窟条件恶化。 因此,在进行谈判以讨论应允许或将允许何种比例的排放时,我们区域的数百万人害怕失去家园,害怕失业,担心下一代看不到祖传财产。 他们的生存受到威胁。", "气候变化对最不发达国家和小岛屿发展中国家的影响将很严重,支持这些国家的全球努力应立即加强。 在这方面,我国代表团呼吁充分而有效地履行根据《伊斯坦布尔最不发达国家宣言》、《毛里求斯宣言》和《关于进一步执行小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展行动纲领的毛里求斯战略》作出的承诺。", "我敦促所有利益攸关方充分执行1992年在巴西里约热内卢举行的联合国环境与发展会议通过的《21世纪议程》,以及在经济、环境和社会领域其他相关联合国会议上作出的承诺,包括《千年宣言》。", "让我强调,需要通过支持努力提高其国家和区域能力,包括在减缓、适应、准备和发展方面的能力,加强对受影响的发展中国家的援助。 发达国家还应确保向发展中国家提供充足、可预测、新的和额外的财政资源并转让技术。", "在处理这个问题时,我们必须注重问题的根源。 我国代表团认为,如果要应对气候变化的不利影响,具有不同能力和发展水平的国家就应当履行其减排和减缓行动的承诺。 发达国家和发展中国家应当履行其有区别的责任,包括在《联合国气候变化框架公约》框架内减少全球温室气体排放的承诺和义务。", "最后,我还强调必须在联合国采取协调良好的综合办法来减轻气候变化的不利影响,这意味着所有相关机构应补充而不是重复应对气候变化挑战的努力。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请多民族玻利维亚国代表发言。", "阿孔多先生(多民族玻利维亚国)(以西班牙语发言): 主席先生,我要感谢你允许我们今天发言。 玻利维亚赞同阿根廷代表以77国集团和中国的名义以及埃及代表以不结盟运动的名义所作的发言。", "气候变化是对人类、人类和地球母亲生存的真正威胁。 鉴于其系统性,可以从许多角度分析,包括其社会、经济、文化和环境方面。 人们还知道,气候变化具有安全层面,因为许多国家可能消失,并由于极端温度变化的影响而出现新的冲突。 它只是少数人造成的全球威胁,但影响到数百万人。 基于这一理解,玻利维亚对今天上午瑙鲁总统在安理会这里所代表的小岛屿发展中国家表示声援。", "然而,尽管我们承认这一问题的安全方面,但我们不认为由安全理事会来处理这个问题,因为温室气体最大排放国的代表正是在安理会拥有常任席位和否决权的国家。 鉴于这些条件,安全理事会能否就制裁或赔偿问题通过决议,切实使这些国家对其所造成的损害承担责任?", "气候变化的安全方面应当在有罪国家没有常任理事国席位或否决权的论坛上处理。 应在一个主要受害者得到充分代表的论坛上讨论这个问题:面临失踪威胁的岛屿国家、有冰川的国家、非洲国家以及所有必须为其未造成的损害付出代价的发展中国家。 今天,大会是唯一具有这种参与水平的论坛。 因此,该机构应全面解决气候变化的所有方面。", "我国代表团还强调指出,根据《联合国气候变化框架公约》(《气候公约》)进行的气候变化谈判的根本任务是通过履行《京都议定书》第二阶段承诺来保证有效和真正地减少温室气体排放。 这是缩小现有差距和将全球气温上升稳定在一°C的唯一办法。 发达国家应增加减少温室气体排放的承诺。 联合国环境规划署执行主任今天上午明确指出,我们现在面临气温上升5摄氏度,将导致灾难性局势。", "根据全球人道主义论坛,每年有35万人死于由气候变化造成的自然灾害。 这一数字将增加并超过世界各地许多冲突和武装冲突的死亡率。 这就是为什么必须建立一个机构来评判和制裁那些未能减少温室气体排放的国家,因为它们正在挑起对地球母亲的种族灭绝和生态灭绝。 为此,多民族玻利维亚国主张设立一个国际气候和环境正义法庭,以采取有效措施保障所有人的人权和自然权利,特别是那些因那些将利润和收益置于人类和地球母亲生存之上的人的不负责任而受到影响的人。", "每年,全球军事开支总额超过1.5万亿美元。 这些支出大多由发达国家,特别是安全理事会五个常任理事国承担。 然而,为了解决气候变化问题,发达国家只承诺在三年内提供300亿美元——每年100亿美元——这一数额还不到其国防和安全支出的1%。", "第一个积极的步骤将是大幅度减少军事开支,并将这些资源分配给一个基金来应对气候变化对发展中国家的影响,特别是岛屿国家、非洲国家、山区国家和世界上受这一问题影响的所有贫穷地区的影响。", "最后,请允许我提出一个问题。 安全理事会是否可以通过一项决议,规定将国防和安全开支减少10%或20%,并将这笔资金用于应对气候变化影响的努力?", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请帕劳代表发言。", "贝克先生(帕劳): 首先,我要感谢德国和主席先生你个人主办并领导了这次非常重要的会议。 我还要感谢联合王国三年前在安理会这里采取的令人鼓舞的行动。 我赞同瑙鲁共和国总统斯蒂芬阁下和议会秘书理查德·马莱斯的发言,我赞赏地注意到马尔代夫、塞舌尔和东帝汶的支持。", "安全理事会负责执行最重要的国际任务,因此,《宪章》赋予它特别的权力。 当国际和平与安全受到威胁时,安全理事会具有采取行动的授权和无限能力。 《宪章》规定的这一基本职能应该没有争议。 因此,帕劳对听到对本次辩论结果的任何反对意见感到惊讶和失望。 今天最好的现有科学清楚地表明,西太平洋区域的海平面已经上升了两倍于其他区域。 太平洋小岛屿发展中国家处于红色地带。 也许如果其他人站在我们消失的海岸上 他们会更欣赏我们的处境 虽然这种威胁的根源是新颖的,但威胁会员国主权和领土完整的后果完全符合安理会的传统授权。", "理事会面前有太平洋提出的温和、建设性和高度可实现的建议。 我们敬请安理会至少通过这些建议。 如果没有,我可以向安理会保证,这不是在这个问题上的最后一句话。 危险在增加。 因此,帕劳将继续呼吁联合国各实体加紧努力,应对气候变化和安全。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请匈牙利代表发言。", "克勒西先生(匈牙利): 我国完全赞同欧洲联盟观察员的发言。 请允许我感谢安理会主席提议举行这次公开辩论,并还要强调,我们完全支持瑙鲁总统马库斯·斯蒂芬今天上午就我们大家由于当前的气候变化而面临巨大挑战所说的话。", "我要就气候变化对安全的影响,特别是水位上升造成的直接威胁,发表一些补充意见。 对某些国家来说,正如今天一些发言者所指出,它们可能丧失领土是致命的,导致一些国家完全迁移;另一些国家可以预期,不得不——如果有可能——迁移基础设施和经济资产,负担会特别沉重。", "仅在欧洲,今后70年就有大约2 000至3 000万人可能被迫出家出走。 那里的资产总损失可能超过欧洲联盟今天的总国内生产总值。 在全球范围内,必须迁移的人口可能超过3亿,资产的潜在损失是无法估量的。 退化以及资本和人口从濒危地区外逃,很可能在这些地区被淹没之前发生。 正如许多人今天所指出,脆弱社会可能会被这些事件所压倒。", "这些因素可能带来的一些间接威胁是,如果领水和专属经济区发生重大变化,捕鱼和采矿权可能变得不确定,甚至受到挑战。 传统捐助者必须在自己的缓解项目上花更多钱,并且能够减少对协助其他区域的稳定和发展的贡献。", "一些可能的内陆安全后果包括:河流的多变性增加,导致无法控制的洪灾;更强大的风暴具有更大的破坏能力. 越来越多的国家国内总产值可能不得不花在不断的复苏努力上。 这些因素在人力和经济方面已经比正在进行的战争付出了更大的代价。", "在应当重新审议的安全问题中,今天已经讨论过的粮食安全在过去60年中从未像今天这样脆弱。 影响到处可见,但在最脆弱的国家,迅速加剧的社会紧张局势可能使地方或区域安全安排迅速崩溃。 事实上,在受阿拉伯之春影响的所有国家,粮食价格在安全问题上发挥了重要作用。 对安全理事会和其他机构监督的维持和平和建设和平活动进行新的分析和提供指导也许是可取的,以防止各国和社区陷入暴力冲突局势。", "六十年前,当联合国系统首次得到发展时,人们主要从军事角度看待安全问题。 今天,安全层面和风险因素的紧迫性已发生重大变化。 负责应对安全挑战的主要机构的重点应紧随这些变化,甚至应预见到这些变化。 匈牙利共和国坚决支持安全理事会的工作,并进一步鼓励安理会对气候变化的安全影响保持警惕并做好准备。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请芬兰代表发言。", "塔拉斯先生(芬兰)(以英语发言):芬兰赞同欧洲联盟的发言。 我只想从我国的角度补充几点。", "芬兰欢迎这次辩论。 鉴于这次辩论、许多其他论坛的交流以及秘书长2009年的报告(A/64/350),气候变化显然将产生重大的安全影响。 概念说明(S/2011/408,附件)和本次辩论强调的主题,包括海平面上升和粮食安全,同国际和平与安全直接相关。 仅在20年前,似乎无法想象小岛屿国家可能因海平面上升而被淹没。 听起来像是科幻小说 今天,这种前景太真实了。", "气候变化将对粮食生产和淡水资源产生不利影响。 在已经面临环境压力的地区,这种影响将更加严重,这可能导致人口流动和政治动乱。 虽然气候变化的影响因区域而异,但小岛屿发展中国家面临的风险最大。 它们不是气候变化的原因,但除非采取补救行动,否则它们很可能成为气候变化的第一个受害者。 它们必须是我们的优先事项。", "芬兰正同许多小岛屿发展中国家积极合作,建设它们在国际上采取行动和适应当地情况的能力。 例如,芬兰支持小岛屿国家联盟和太平洋小岛屿发展中国家的能力发展,并在太平洋和加勒比区域开展气象合作项目。", "地方一级的行动和自主权对于减缓气候变化并减轻其影响至关重要。 妇女可以发挥关键作用,因为她们往往是变革的最强大的推动者。 因此,芬兰多年来一直支持全球性别和气候联盟以及妇女代表参加气候变化谈判。", "芬兰欢迎联合国内部关于气候变化的讨论,并认为安全理事会和联合国其他机构能够并应当在各自职权范围内为此作出贡献。 鉴于安全理事会在维护国际和平与安全方面发挥的突出作用,它应当关注气候变化对安全产生的新影响。 如果明年当选安全理事会成员,芬兰将积极为任何此类评估和行动作贡献。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请巴巴多斯代表发言。", "戈达德先生(巴巴多斯): 首先,主席先生,请允许我同在我前面发言的人一道感谢你和德国召开这次非常重要的会议。", "我谨代表加勒比共同体(加共体)14个成员国发言。 加共体赞同以77国集团加中国和不结盟运动的名义所作的发言。 加共体欢迎瑙鲁共和国总统马库斯·斯蒂芬先生阁下出席今天的辩论会。", "气候变化是人类面临的最严重的全球环境和发展挑战。 危险的气候变化已经发生,因此,所有国家的紧急和全面反应必须成为最高优先事项。 气候变化将加剧已经存在的全球挑战,加剧缺水和粮食,并造成一系列其他冲击和压力,其中一些将非常不可预测和突然。", "加共体认为,气候变化的环境、社会和经济方面不能轻易地与其可能的安全方面相分离。 因此,我们认为,必须在多边层面由包容、有代表性和透明的机构处理气候变化可能对安全产生的影响,使所有会员国都能充分而有效地参与。", "让我重申加共体的看法,即安全理事会不应侵犯《宪章》和传统赋予大会的职能和权力。 加共体认为,安理会最好严格地解释其授权,并做好少量工作,而不是扩大范围并做一连串工作。", "作为特别容易受到气候变化不利影响的国家集团,加共体认为,如果采取紧急和雄心勃勃的行动来全面应对气候变化,这将减少与气候变化有关的安全影响,包括一些小岛屿发展中国家,包括一些加勒比和太平洋国家面临的生存威胁。 当理事会上次于2007年讨论这一问题时,正是在政府间气候变化专门委员会第四次评估报告令人震惊的结论的背景下,该报告警告说,我们正处在一场全球气候灾难的边缘,没有紧急和雄心勃勃的集体反应。", "在过去四年中,科学和实际气候事件不仅证实了这些评估,而且表明采取行动的机会比2007年最初设想的更窄。 包括加勒比在内的世界各地极端天气事件的强度和频率增加,极地地区的冰融化和冰川退缩速度加快,海平面上升速度快于预测,所有这些都表明气候挑战的严重性。", "不幸的是,国际社会的反应与这一挑战的规模和复杂性不相称。 尽管我们面临严峻的现实,但对这个问题负有最主要责任的人缺乏政治意愿,在《联合国气候变化框架公约》(《气候公约》)中缔结一项有法律约束力的全面协定,并为脆弱的发展中国家提供解决当前和未来适应需要的手段。 此外,全球排放处于历史最高水平,正如国际能源机构几周前确认的那样,世界即将越过危险的门槛,从而无法将全球平均气温的上升限制在低于2o的水平。 C目标仅在六个月前在坎昆在《气候公约》中商定,或者在100多个发展中国家,包括小岛屿国家联盟和最不发达国家的支持下,实现更宏伟的低于1.5o的目标。", "加共体继续认为,有了强有力的领导,就有可能作出大胆和雄心勃勃的反应,因此,我们不准备挥舞投降的白旗并放弃这一问题得到解决的希望。 我们认为,在道义上和道德上,国际社会不能满足面临饥饿、干旱、更频繁和更剧烈的极端气候事件或由于海平面上升而丧失土地、生计甚至生命的真正前景的人民的需求,而我们却有手段和工具来解决这些问题。", "采取避免这一迫在眉睫的气候灾难所需的行动在科学上和经济上仍然是可行的。 即使在现在,人们仍然不遗余力地避免全球金融崩溃,不管是财政努力还是其他努力。 需要作出类似努力来避免气候灾难。", "在这方面,那些历来对该问题贡献最大的国家负有承担主要责任的道义和法律义务。 发达国家必须率先大幅度减少其有害的温室气体排放并大幅增加财政和技术援助,以支持发展中国家,特别是小岛屿发展中国家的适应努力。", "加共体仍然深信,国际社会必须最优先地完成在《气候公约》及其《京都议定书》范围内正在进行的气候变化谈判,以加强现有具有法律约束力的气候制度。", "加共体想进一步强调,我们的发展伙伴需要同我们和其他小岛屿发展中国家一道,确保充分和迅速地执行《巴巴多斯行动纲领》和《毛里求斯战略》,其中气候变化和海平面上升问题是重要的组成部分。 有效执行这两项国际协定,支持加勒比共同体气候变化中心等国家和区域倡议,以及在《气候公约》范围内采取的行动,将大大有助于小岛屿发展中国家应对气候变化的不利影响,并最大限度地减少与气候变化有关的安全影响。", "最后,我要说,正是这些真正和切实的行动将减少气候变化的风险。 鉴于今天有许多人表示声援,加共体希望,本次辩论将在当前气候变化谈判中产生新的紧迫感和雄心。 对加勒比共同体和其他岛屿国家来说,国际社会未能应对气候变化,从而确保我们的生存和生存,不是我们希望考虑的选择。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请土耳其代表发言。", "乔尔曼先生(土耳其)(以英语发言):土耳其欢迎这次关于气候变化与国际和平与安全的重要公开辩论。 我们感谢主席国德国组织这次会议。", "毫无疑问,气候变化仍然是人类今天面临的最紧迫和最复杂的问题之一。 必须找到解决这个问题的全球办法。 我们绝对没有时间浪费。 气候变化的不利影响构成的风险实在太严重和太大,不容忽视。 满足不能是一种选择。", "同样非常明显的是,任何一个国家都无法应付气候变化所构成的风险。 我们面临着共同的挑战,我们必须本着分担责任的精神来应对这一挑战。 这意味着有效的长期合作和持续的国际团结至关重要。", "土耳其充分致力于为应对气候变化的全球努力作出贡献。 我们认为,《联合国气候变化框架公约》(《气候公约》)是指导个人和集体行动的核心多边文书。 在这方面,我们需要努力确定2012年后现实制度的要素。 《气候公约》坎昆会议是在这方面迈出的重要一步。", "气候变化及其后续影响对政治、经济和社会稳定构成严重威胁,特别是在干旱、亚热带、人口过多和经济不发达的地区。 这些影响包括饮用和灌溉用水短缺,伴有口渴和饥荒的风险;气温和降雨模式的改变和农业生产力可能下降;海平面升高,对一些会员国构成生存威胁;疟疾和其他疾病的发病率激增并扩大其地理范围;经济产出和贸易模式的改变;人类移徙模式的改变和可能的重大改变;飓风等极端天气事件造成的更大的经济和人员损失;能源供应短缺。 这种影响将大大地限制可持续发展和国际商定的发展目标,包括千年发展目标的实现。", "不用说,小岛屿发展中国家和最不发达国家将因其结构性限制、有限的自然资源和易受自然灾害影响而受气候变化的影响最为严重。 在这方面,我们认为,适应气候变化值得进一步审议。", "国际社会应继续努力,在考虑到潜在的安全影响的情况下,探讨如何最好地克服所观察到的和今后气候变化的影响。 一个关键问题是查明发展中世界成功的适应案例,那里的风险和脆弱性最大。 这主要取决于应付各种威胁和影响的能力,这在很大程度上是由社区的社会经济特点决定的。 透彻的评估和有效的规划是成功的适应的关键。 这就需要充足的长期资金来源以及适当的专门技能和技术。", "我们清楚地看到,国际社会需要加快应对气候变化的努力。 这一长期而专注的努力也将有助于我们星球上的发展、繁荣、和平与安全。 土耳其随时准备在这方面尽自己的责任。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请菲律宾代表发言。", "卡瓦克图兰先生(菲律宾): 首先,我要祝贺德国和主席先生你担任安全理事会7月份主席。 主席先生,我还要感谢你和安理会其他成员给我这个机会,在安理会关于维持国际和平与安全和气候变化的影响的议程项目下发言。", "菲律宾赞同埃及常驻代表以不结盟运动的名义和阿根廷常驻代表以77国集团加中国的名义所作的发言。", "毫无疑问,气候变化对我们的环境和生活产生了不利影响,并继续产生影响。 它不仅改变了自然的和谐,还摧毁了它的作品. 我们现在正在经历其有害影响和后果。 我们担心,这只是一场更大和不可逆转的灾难的前奏。", "菲律宾同许多发展中岛屿国家一样,极易受到气候变化的不利影响。 水灾、旱灾和台风日益频繁和严重,已经使我国政府援助自然灾害受害者的能力和资源受到限制。", "全球升温还影响到稻米和玉米等主作物的产量。 甚至海洋资源也感受到了这一现象的祸害。 菲律宾一些省份的杀鱼事件继续增加,危及数千名渔民的生计。 事实上,气候变化造成的环境破坏和经济损失没有减轻的迹象。", "海平面上升是对菲律宾群岛完整性的另一个威胁。 因此,我们同小岛屿发展中国家一样,严重关切气候变化的短期和长期后果以及如果不采取行动来减轻这些有害后果将造成的破坏。", "我国代表团认为,处理气候变化问题主要属于《联合国气候变化框架公约》(《气候公约》)的职权范围,但也属于大会和明年将举行的里约+20会议等论坛的职权范围。 当然,安全理事会可以在这个问题上发挥作用,因为武装冲突可能由于对粮食和稀缺资源的竞争而爆发,更不用说岛屿国家随着海洋慢慢吞噬而消失了。 这场危机不仅仅是假设的;它是真实的,也是造成混乱和不稳定的某种办法——这是对和平与安全的真正威胁。 然而,如果不承认其他论坛,特别是在《气候公约》进程范围内发挥作用的状况,安全理事会就不能就气候变化问题进行讨论。", "关于气候变化问题的原则和讨论必须相互关联并相互补充。 在我们达到民族国家溺水后的最终危机水平之前,必须通过适应和缓解来防止这种情况发生的所有努力都必须用尽。 这种理解的一部分还应考虑在《京都议定书》下作出的承诺,以及需要谈判所有利害关系方共同商定的第二个承诺期。", "具有讽刺意味的是,小岛屿和发展中国家,特别是菲律宾等热带地区的国家,对这个全球问题的责任最小,但它们却面临并承受最不利的后果。 除非立即减少大气层中温室气体的运动取得重大成果,否则气候变化,特别是全球变暖将继续存在。 这些国家由于无法获得资源来适应气候变化而更加困难。", "我们都非常了解这个问题,我们都是解决办法的一部分。 当然,这一点是可以接受的,但这里的一些成员比其他成员更有责任解决问题的根源。 科学研究和研究结果为我们大家必须采取的行动提供了基础和方针。 我们不应等待重大灾难性事件发生。 我们不能松懈和漠不关心。 关系到我们儿童和后代的未来。 因此,我们大家必须直接参与履行我们世代相传的义务和责任,保护环境,使地球免于可能导致我们大家出现国际和平与安全问题的人为缺陷。", "主席(以英语发言):经安理会成员进行广泛协商后,我受权代表他们发表以下声明:", "“安全理事会重申其根据《联合国宪章》负有维持国际和平与安全的首要责任。 安理会强调必须制定预防冲突战略.", "“安全理事会确认大会和经济及社会理事会对包括气候变化在内的可持续发展问题负有责任。", "“安全理事会着重指出,大会2009年6月3日第63/281号决议:重申《联合国气候变化框架公约》(《气候公约》)是应对气候变化的关键文书;回顾《气候公约》的各项规定,包括确认气候变化是全球性的,需要所有国家根据其共同但有区别的责任和各自的能力及其社会和经济条件,进行最广泛的合作并参与有效和适当的国际反应;请联合国相关机构酌情在各自任务范围内加紧努力,审议和应对气候变化,包括其可能对安全产生的影响。", "\" 安全理事会注意到大会2010年12月20日题为 \" 为人类今世后代保护全球气候 \" 的第65/159号决议。", "\" 安全理事会注意到,应大会第63/281号决议的要求,秘书长就 \" 气候变化及其可能对安全产生的影响 \" 向大会提交了一份报告(A/64/350)。", "“安全理事会感到关切的是,从长远来看,气候变化可能产生的不利影响可能加剧对国际和平与安全的某些现有威胁。", "“安全理事会感到关切的是,海平面上升可能给一些国家,特别是低地小岛屿国家造成领土丧失的安全影响。", "“安全理事会注意到,就安理会审议的与维持国际和平与安全有关的事项而言,冲突分析和关于气候变化可能对安全产生的影响等背景资料十分重要,因为这些问题是冲突的驱动因素,是对安理会执行任务的挑战,或危及巩固和平进程。 在这方面,安理会请秘书长确保他给安理会的报告载有这种背景资料。 “", "本声明将作为安全理事会文件印发,文号为S/PRST/2011/15。", "我要感谢安理会所有成员在最近几天的紧张谈判中表现出的合作和灵活性。 它使我们的辩论产生了一个好消息。", "我现在请肯尼亚代表发言。", "卡毛先生(肯尼亚)(以英语发言):主席先生,我首先要感谢你召开今天的会议。 我还要感谢阿希姆·施泰纳先生今天上午的发言。", "我国代表团非常欢迎今天有机会就这一问题发言,因为对我们来说,气候变化构成一种真实而现实的危险,它始终困扰着我国人民的生存和生活。 这发生在五个关键方面。 第一是人类安全;第二是经济安全;第三是集体意义上的国家安全;第四是和平与稳定;第五是努力为这些问题找到解决办法。", "就人类安全而言,对我们来说,气候变化对肯尼亚人的生活和生计的影响是非常难以描述的,因为在大多数情况下,气候变化影响的方式是失去生命、儿童受苦受难,而且我们大家共同发现自己处于日益恶化的恶性循环之中。 我国的粮食安全状况、由粮食无保障所驱动的价格状况、与水有关的情况、河流干涸的情况以及因森林消失所驱动的获得住房的情况,我们在那里为许多房屋取取出木材——所有这些条件都同我国人民的人类安全及其生计直接相关。 健康和教育受到直接影响,因为人们因干旱和缺乏水和食物而被迫离开家园和社区。 这种状况已成为现实。 正如我们在过去10至15年中所看到的那样,局势继续加速。 与2008年相比,我们最近遭遇了一次旱灾,现在又发生了一次旱灾。", "就经济安全而言,正如在座各位所知,我们区域的许多国家——肯尼亚也不例外——都是以天气为基础的经济体。 我们依赖农业、牲畜和野生动物。 农业是我国经济的支柱. 它不是由灌溉驱动的,而是以天气为基础的。 我们不断发生旱灾和水灾,继续破坏我们提供我们希望为我国人民提供的粮食安全的能力。 我们确定,由于由干旱和洪水所驱动的气候变化的直接后果,我们每两三年就遭受2%至5%的经济增长损失。 这种差异基本上是实现充分增长之间的区别,这种增长能够推动我们经济的转变并实现千年发展目标。", "关于气候变化和国家安全,同样在肯尼亚,我们非常了解我们是一个资源确实匮乏的国家和经济。", "我国耕地不足三分之一;全国三分之二基本为灌木和土地,不利于农业. 因此,土地是一种高价产品,我们认为对人民的生计至关重要。 围绕土地、水、牲畜和粮食进行的斗争成为人民生存的一个基本部分,因此推动了他们的相互关系。 在我国北部,我们看到破坏牛群和其他导致该国无法维持安全的行为与该地区的气候模式有关。 我们看到,由于恶劣天气的后果,人们在内部移徙——人口大规模流动。 这些对我们来说是真正的问题。", "从区域角度看,我们看到人们来到我国。 在过去一个月中,我们看到,仅索马里就已经在那里的50万人就增加了1 300人。 正如秘书长在他的介绍中所说的那样,我们看到有将近53 000人来到该国,这主要是由于我们邻国索马里缺乏水、粮食和安全的后果所驱动的。 这是我们真正关切的问题,气候变化与气候变化之间的关系是直接的。", "我的第四点涉及和平与稳定。 我刚才谈到的三个问题——人类安全、经济安全和国家安全——不仅从根本上影响肯尼亚的和平与稳定,而且影响我国所在地区的和平与稳定。 许多人在这里已经说过,非洲之角正在经历过去两代经历的最严重的干旱。 自1950年代以来,我们从未看到过象我们在肯尼亚北部和索马里大部分地区所看到的那样严重的情况。 因此,我们非常清楚,这不仅意味着我们在我国努力促进和平与稳定,而且也意味着努力建立能够使我们克服贫穷和实现千年发展目标的经济增长。", "最后,我们终于认识到——我们来到这里是为了强调——我们需要一个明确、果断和长期的解决办法。 在这方面,我们赞同以不结盟运动和77国集团名义所作的发言。 我们必须作为国际社会,开始极其认真地对待气候变化的后果,特别是对穷国的后果。 正如我早些时候所说,后果对我们来说是真实的。 他们驱动生计和生活。 它们损害我们家庭的福祉,使我们的儿童遭受破坏,没有机会学习和维持健康。", "我非常欢迎刚才通过的主席声明(S/PRST/2011/15),因为它向我们表明,安全理事会,乃至大会,正在真正开始理解,这一局势十分严重,不仅应该得到文件成果,而且应该得到我们大家可以利用的明确、有决心的解决办法来抓住机会来改善我们儿童的生活。", "主席(以英语发言):我请苏丹代表发言。", "奥斯曼先生(苏丹)(以阿拉伯语发言): 主席先生,首先我要感谢你提交的综合概念文件(S/2011/408,附件),特别是该文件提出的第五个也是最后一个问题,即需要协调从事预防冲突和建设和平工作的联合国其他机关和机构,包括联合国开发计划署预防危机和复原局、联合国环境规划署冲突后和灾害管理处、政治事务部和建设和平委员会。 所有这些机构之间必须进行协调,以应对气候变化的消极安全方面。", "我同埃及、阿根廷和科威特代表一道分别代表不结盟运动、77国集团和中国以及阿拉伯国家集团发言。", "关于正在讨论的问题,我国在达尔富尔经历了一场即将结束的冲突。 我回顾我们以前在安理会的发言,大意是该区域的干旱和荒漠化是这场冲突的基本根源之一,它们是气候变化的结果。 1985年,达尔富尔发生了严重的荒漠化和干旱,影响到以农业和牲畜为基础的经济活动。 干旱发生后,爆发了与所涉部落族裔无关的冲突,但与经济状况直接有关。 牧民侵占了农田,引发了达尔富尔的冲突。 有一种说法是,牧人会更早地看到儿子死在他眼前,而不是牛. 因此,我们断言,达尔富尔冲突的主要原因是荒漠化和干旱。", "我的第二点是,如果国际社会帮助苏丹解决冲突的基本原因,即在干旱和荒漠化面前缺乏经济发展,那么它就不需要将所有这些资金用于达尔富尔的维持和平行动了。 每年在那里用于维持和平的资金约为30亿美元。 将这笔钱用于解决该区域由荒漠化和干旱所引发的根本问题是否更好? 如果我们这样做,我们本来可以结束冲突。", "另一些政治原因则是荒漠化和干旱,一些当事方利用了达尔富尔的局势。 在多哈谈判中,苏丹在联合国和非洲联盟的协助下,已起草了一份基本文件,得到达尔富尔所有利益攸关方的接受。 我们希望该文件能迅速结束达尔富尔的冲突。 与此同时,我们同意建立一个由姐妹国家卡塔尔资本化的银行。 我们从本会议厅感谢卡塔尔处理冲突的根源:缺乏经济发展、干旱和荒漠化。", "最后,如果我们在联合国所有机构集中关注冲突的根源,我们就能实现和平与安全。 如果我们拖延,我们将无助于预防冲突,并将不得不为不解决其根源的维持和平行动花费大量资金。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请加纳代表发言。", "塔奇-曼森先生(加纳): 我国代表团赞扬德意志联邦共和国举行这次关于“维持国际和平与安全:气候变化的影响”的辩论。 我们感谢秘书长和联合国环境规划署执行主任的发言。 我们赞同阿根廷代表以77国集团和中国的名义以及埃及代表以不结盟运动的名义所作的发言。", "气候变化对世界许多地区的粮食生产产生了负面影响。 过度发热、野火、洪水、干旱和荒漠化造成作物歉收并降低了作物产量。 此外,如政府间气候变化专门委员会所指出,气候变化可能减少获得清洁水和生态系统资源的机会,并会破坏稳定的卫生条件和住区的安全。 大量证据表明,全球变暖将导致海平面上升、沿海线的重大变化和地势低洼地区的淹没。", "气候变化的影响对人类安全产生影响。 社区的生计和生存受到威胁。 在某种程度上,气候变化在一些国家造成了资源匮乏、各方之间的竞争和分歧、体制崩溃和暴力冲突。 气候变化导致冲突的地区主要是人民适应不断变化的条件的能力薄弱并容易发生冲突的地区。", "我们坚信,安理会就气候变化问题举行以安全为导向的辩论,将鼓励许多国家大幅度减少排放并增加对适应活动的投资。 对提供脆弱性、气候风险和预警信号信息的适应活动进行投资,通过共同管理水资源、保护和使生计多样化、确保获取和提供关键自然资源以及支持国内和区域解决冲突机构等措施,建设了各国的适应能力。 这将加强安全和减少冲突的可能性。", "环境战争的对策不应主要侧重于军事解决办法,以确保资源或为移徙设置坚实障碍,而应更注重成本效益高的适应办法。 我们希望,将气候变化列入“高政治”安全类别不会使人们忽视发展挑战,如极端贫困、受教育的机会和艾滋病毒/艾滋病,这些挑战对脆弱社会构成紧迫威胁。", "我们热切地希望,理事会的本次辩论将导致采取行动,以补充和促进负责处理可持续发展问题的相关机构的工作。 这种行动应当及时、协调并可持续。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国代表发言。", "瓦莱罗·布里塞尼奥先生(委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国)(以西班牙语发言): 正如我们大家所听到的那样,安全理事会就今天审议的议题通过了一项主席声明(S/PRST/2011/15)。 该发言是在今天的辩论结束之前宣读的,在听取了秘书处、包括委内瑞拉代表团向我们提出的名单上的11个代表团的发言之前宣读的。 至少可以说,这一程序是没有考虑的,是安全理事会决策的排他性的另一个例子。 在对程序表示这种关切的同时,我要阐述委内瑞拉代表团对审议中的议题的看法。", "首先,委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国代表团赞同阿根廷代表以77国集团和中国的名义以及埃及代表以不结盟运动的名义所作的发言。", "我国代表团对本机构成员对超出其权限的问题表现出的高度敏感性感到关切,即使他们忽略或回避审议有助于使本机构的合法活动更加透明的倡议。 人们在这里一再指出,正如我们大家所知道的那样,安全理事会的主要责任是维持国际和平与安全。 该文书除其他外,委托经济及社会理事会和大会处理经济和社会发展问题。", "安全理事会越来越多地侵犯联合国其他主要机构的职能和责任,歪曲了《宪章》的宗旨和原则,是滥用权力,影响到联合国大多数会员国的权利。", "因此,我们愿重申,处理可持续发展问题的责任在于大会、经济及社会理事会及其相关辅助机构,例如可持续发展委员会和联合国环境规划署。 此外,气候变化及其影响是具有约束力的多边协定《联合国气候变化框架公约》和附加议定书《京都议定书》的目标。 鉴于这个问题的性质,它不属于安全理事会的职权范围。", "委内瑞拉在这一问题上的立场与发展中国家自2007年以来表达的立场是一致的。 今天提议加强而不是削弱大会和经济及社会理事会作为负责经济、社会和环境事务的主要机构的体制框架。", "因此,我国代表团反对任何在《框架公约》范围之外提出的气候变化倡议,因为这将深刻地影响多边体系在这个问题上的体制性。 此外,安全理事会没有处理各国易受气候变化影响问题的授权。", "我们借此机会重申,委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国愿意就小岛屿国家可持续发展事业进行合作,这是玻利瓦尔人民同兄弟岛屿国家休戚与共政策的核心。", "在《联合国气候变化框架公约》范围内,我们支持77国集团加中国在加强机构和机制方面的立场,这些机构和机制将帮助面临气候变化影响的国家进行能力建设。 我们必须在灾害发生前评估和管理风险。 因此,必须联合发展、人道主义援助和环境保护机构的努力。", "联合国所有会员国必须遵守里约原则,特别是共同但有区别的责任原则,并充分执行《21世纪议程》和里约会议、约翰内斯堡首脑会议和联合国有关经济、社会和环境问题会议所商定的其他文件,以促进可持续发展。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请斐济代表发言。", "道尼瓦鲁先生(斐济): 主席先生,首先让我感谢主席国德国和你个人召开本次公开辩论会。 这是及时的,我国高兴地参加。", "我们赞同瑙鲁总统今天上午代表太平洋国家以及马尔代夫、塞舌尔和东帝汶所作的发言。", "我们都知道,气候变化是一种无视国界或主权国家的现象。 所有国家都对该问题有所贡献,所有国家都受到影响。 气候变化的不利影响是无可争议的。 正是我们集体认识到这一威胁,才形成了目前处理气候变化问题的各种国际文书和机构。", "然而,气候变化所构成威胁的规模显然因国而异。 虽然一些国家满足于将气候变化挑战作为一个可持续发展问题处理,或仅根据《联合国气候变化框架公约》(《气候公约》)进程处理其根源和相关因素,但对斐济、太平洋小岛屿发展中国家和其他低地国家而言,气候变化构成真正的安全威胁。", "气候变化对许多小岛屿国家和低地沿海国的生存和生计构成最严重的威胁。 维护我们各国的领土完整和我们作为主权国家的生存,比起人类冲突或其他暴行,气候变化的不利影响所面临的威胁要大得多。 气候变化对安全的这些根本影响的性质应当向我们表明,这一问题需要联合国所有主要机构的关注。 我们这样说是因为意识到一种潜在的多米诺效应,这种效应将无视气候变化构成的真正威胁及其对国家、区域和国际和平与安全所造成的后果。 因此,我们欢迎在安理会召开这次公开辩论会。", "在要求安理会处理气候变化对安全的影响问题时,我们认为,没有侵犯已经处理气候变化问题的联合国有关机关和机构的授权。 我们要求安理会做的是履行《宪章》赋予它的职责。 所有会员国根据《宪章》商定,安全理事会在履行其职责和责任时,代表我们行事。 我们依靠安理会的智慧来代表联合国所有会员国及其机构在执行其任务时的利益。 我们敦促安理会作出自己的贡献。", "在履行其职责时,我们还要求安理会充分尊重联合国其他主要机构以及已经处理气候变化问题的其他有关机构、进程和文书的授权。 我们重申,《气候公约》是谈判气候变化全球对策的主要论坛,大会第63/281号决议除其他外,确认联合国各主要机关各自的责任,包括赋予安全理事会的维护国际和平与安全的主要责任。", "我们认识到,气候变化与可持续发展、粮食安全、筹资、减缓和适应问题相互关联。 然而,不仅如此,气候变化的安全影响还威胁到我们岛屿、国家和人民的生计和生存。 因此,我们认为,应当对这一现象给予应有的必要关注。 气候变化造成的威胁在政治上是盲目的。 它的后果比任何战斗都要大得多。 我们作为地球和人类的代表,有责任采取全面和彻底的办法。 对我们来说,利害关系太严重,不能不处理这个问题,也不能在灾难已经降临之后才采取行动。 现在不采取行动的代价在今后将高得不可估量,因为人类历史告诉我们,今后发生的重大变化必然会造成严重的安全影响。", "最后,如果做干草的时机是阳光照亮的时候,那么我们坚信,我们已到了安理会必须迎接气候变化风险最大的国家所面临挑战的时刻。 我们要强调,必须特别关注与海平面上升有关的明显灾难。 我们呼吁安理会开始认真准备,以应对气候变化对安全的影响。 为此,我们欢迎不久前就本次公开辩论结果发表的主席声明(S/PRST/2011/15)并对此感到鼓舞。 它为安理会就这一重要问题进一步开展工作提供了一个坚实的平台。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请波兰代表发言。", "齐林斯基先生(波兰): 主席先生,首先请允许我感谢你和德国代表团采取重要主动行动,及时组织这次辩论。 我还要感谢你编写的全面概念说明(S/2011/408)。 我国代表团也欢迎你早些时候所发表的主席声明(S/PRST/2011/15)。", "波兰完全赞同欧洲联盟观察员代表27个成员国所作的发言;然而,请允许我补充几点。", "我们已经在遭受气候变化的影响。 极端天气事件越来越频繁和剧烈。 虽然仅靠气候变化不会造成冲突,但它是一个存在性的威胁,可能助长对粮食和稀缺自然资源的冲突,特别是在获取这些资源被政治化的情况下。 气候变化的影响可能削弱脆弱的政府并造成新的冲突。", "所幸的是,国际社会日益认识到迫切需要采取行动,将气候变化置于更广泛的全球政策背景下。 气候变化对全球安全的影响是一个贯穿各领域的问题,需要全面的对策。 在这方面,我们认为必须把审议重点放在水和能源问题上。", "水应该是适应气候变化努力的核心。 缺水有可能造成内乱,导致重大的经济损失,从而在世界各地引发冲突。 因此,水管理政策的投资和改变应列为优先事项。 此外,在供水跨越边界的情况下,必须谈判水分享协定。 水也是几乎所有经济活动的核心。 因此,水资源短缺将成为气候变化对人类社会最明显的影响之一。", "我现在谈谈能源问题。 争夺获取和控制能源资源是最重要的潜在冲突根源之一。 由于世界上许多战略能源储备都位于易受气候变化影响的区域,不稳定性有可能增加。 然而,能源安全面临的主要威胁是依赖进口和缺乏必要的基础设施。 在这方面,土著资源的关键作用至关重要。 此外,应在竞争性市场和适当基础设施的基础上建立能源供应链。 此外,通过提高能源效率来减少排放对于实现缓解措施是必不可少的。", "需要在全球一级采取紧急国际行动来应对气候变化的安全挑战。 解决其安全影响需要环境箱外的新外交政策思维。 必须提高各国预警、分析和应对由气候引起的安全影响的能力。", "我们认识到,这些行动需要大量费用。 然而,不采取行动的后果远远超过了就气候变化采取行动的代价。 健全的环境政策应当成为全球范围预防冲突的一个基本部分。 此外,在开展预防、缓解和应对能力建设的同时,还应促进针对不同程度的气候变化及其影响制定区域安全设想。 我们还需要一个全球风险管理框架来应对气候变化的挑战。", "最后但并非最不重要的一点是,波兰理解最脆弱国家,特别是小岛屿发展中国家所关切的问题。 气候变化是这些国家面临的主要挑战之一。 它威胁到它们本身的存在,带来更多的发展挑战,对安全产生重大影响。 在这方面,我们要重申我们对执行《毛里求斯战略》的承诺,以有效解决小岛屿发展中国家的具体脆弱性和发展需要。 最重要的是,我们继续并加紧援助发展中国家应对气候变化的努力。", "最后,我还要强调国际气候变化谈判的关键作用。 一项雄心勃勃的2012年后全球气候协议将在解决气候安全问题中发挥关键作用。 在这方面,波兰积极支持在《联合国气候变化框架公约》范围内开展的工作。 当今议题的复杂性和如何处理气候变化各种影响的体制方面不应阻止我们今后讨论这一重要挑战。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请坦桑尼亚联合共和国代表发言。", "塞福先生(坦桑尼亚联合共和国): 主席先生,我感谢你给我机会就我们大家都非常关心的这个问题在安全理事会发言,并感谢秘书长和联合国环境规划署执行主任今天上午的发言。 瑙鲁总统对这个议题的热情再高不过了,这是我们的共同看法。 我国代表团赞同埃及代表以不结盟运动的名义和阿根廷代表以77国集团加中国的名义所作的发言。", "坦桑尼亚联合共和国同其他发展中国家一样,认为气候变化对我们的粮食和水安全、我们的社会经济发展以及也许我们的生存构成严重威胁。 象坦桑尼亚联合共和国这样的穷国对我们大家现在面临的威胁所负的责任最小,减轻气候变化影响的能力最弱,受气候变化影响最深。 我们还知道,气候变化和随后的全球变暖与人类活动有关,必须在可持续发展中找到解决办法,而可持续发展是一个重要问题,目前正由联合国其他机构和政府间进程在它们的授权范围内处理,我们大家都平等参与。", "坦桑尼亚联合共和国政府认识到,在气候变化中存在安全因素,正如世界上大多数其他事项中存在安全因素一样。 然而,我们并没有将所有这些问题纳入安全理事会的职权范围。 我国代表团认为,气候变化最好由联合国其他主要机构以及负责处理可持续发展问题的实体处理。 我们还回顾,我们在2007年进行了类似的讨论(见S/PV.5663),其中会员国的压倒性意见是,安全理事会应避免侵犯《联合国气候变化框架公约》(气候公约)、经济及社会理事会等联合国其他实体以及最终大会的授权。", "我们充分认识到太平洋岛屿所面临的威胁——我们今天上午不得不听取瑙鲁总统的发言——以及面临可能丧失其土地并随后造成气候难民的其他威胁。 这是像我国这样的国家的威胁,因为我们的领水内也有小岛,如果我们不控制气候变化,它们将面临与太平洋一样的命运。", "因此,我们非常重视正在进行的多边谈判,其目的是通过我们所有人都参加的一个政府间进程达成友好的解决办法。 我们认为,孤立气候变化会削弱尽早完成《气候公约》下谈判的可能性。 坦桑尼亚联合共和国建议请秘书长进行一次全面研究,以确定太平洋岛屿和处境类似的其他国家所面临威胁的规模和范围,并编制一份备选备选方案和解决办法清单,供大会审议并作出决定。", "最后,请允许我强调,需要对那些在减缓气候变化方面提供全球服务,包括碳固存的国家给予承认和鼓励,碳固存是已达成共识的干预措施之一。 坦桑尼亚将30%以上的土地用于森林保护区和国家公园。 它是二氧化碳的净汇,不仅对坦桑尼亚联合共和国,而且对发挥类似作用的其他国家都值得支持。 我们认为,会员国避免气候变化威胁的责任在于通过在《联合国气候变化框架公约》框架内的减缓和适应以及即将举行的联合国可持续发展大会来取得进展。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请以色列代表发言。", "普罗索先生(以色列): 主席先生,首先我要感谢你,并赞赏德国代表团以有效和有趣的方式组织这次重要辩论。", "阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦曾经说过,我们无法用创造这些问题的同样思维来解决我们所创造的问题。 气候变化的挑战要求各级政府和社会采取创新的解决办法和新的经营方式。 今天的辩论为国际社会提供了一个及时的机会,让国际社会能够超越框框进行思考,并在这个问题上一个非常重要的方面取得进展。 气候变化对和平与安全的影响是真实的。 它们已经出现,并将在今后几年日益明显。 干旱和土地退化可能造成粮食短缺。 海洋酸化可能破坏整个生态系统并消耗鱼类资源。 不断上升的海洋可能破坏可用的土地,迫使社区甚至国家迁移。", "这个问题影响到我们大家。 然而,以色列认识到,它对太平洋小岛屿发展中国家特别重要,这些国家面临严重的土地退化,甚至完全丧失其领土的前景。 我们已经看到,海洋水平的上升在许多区域,包括在太平洋小岛屿发展中国家中造成退化和土地丧失。 这些后果不仅带来经济风险,而且也严重威胁到社会稳定和安全。", "我国认识到,需要立即对与气候变化有关的挑战作出协调而广泛的国际反应。 以色列是《联合国气候变化框架公约》(《气候公约》)、《京都议定书》和2012年后谈判承诺的缔约国。 我们支持太平洋小岛屿发展中国家启动通过大会第63/281号决议的进程,并提请大会注意这一问题。", "由于气候变化,小岛屿国家丧失了领土,这引起了重大的法律问题。 以色列最近同马绍尔群岛合作,推动就这些问题进行对话,今年5月在哥伦比亚大学法学院主办了一次会议。", "以色列继续努力实现我国到2020年将温室气体排放减少20%的目标,同时成为全球应对气候变化努力中充分和积极的伙伴。 为此,以色列政府已设立一个环境保护和气候变化部长级委员会,由所有相关政府部委以及民间社会和其他重要利益攸关方的代表组成。 该委员会为以色列制定了一项国家气候变化计划。 我们正在努力通过广泛的努力,包括通过提高能源系统的效率、促进绿色建筑和增加使用可再生能源,达到我们雄心勃勃的减排标准。", "针对我国大部分地区普遍存在的干旱和半干旱状况,以色列在防治荒漠化方面积累了丰富的经验,并在植树造林、农业和高效节水领域拥有独特的专门知识。 在我们准备和适应不断变化的气候条件时,这些领域的知识至关重要。 以色列将继续通过若干能力建设项目和方案与其他国家分享其专门知识。 为此,我们将再次在大会下届会议上提出一项关于农业技术促进发展的决议草案,将促进使用可持续农业技术来增强养护和减轻环境退化。", "以色列期待着继续与其他各方接触,以推进在这个问题上的进展,我们认为这个问题对我们的共同未来仍然至关重要。 事实上,所有国家,无论大小,都有义务彼此和下一代以团结、智慧和信念应对这一问题。 在我们考虑这项义务时,我从一个古老的犹太文字中得到一个教训,它教导我们记住上帝在伊甸园对亚当说: “确保你不会破坏并摧毁我的世界;如果你这样做,在你之后就没有人能修复它”。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请西班牙代表发言。", "德莱格莱西亚先生(西班牙)(以西班牙语发言): 首先,我要感谢秘书长和联合国环境规划署执行主任今天上午所作的发言。 我还要感谢担任安全理事会主席的德国召开本次公开辩论会,讨论一个真正的全球性问题,其起源和影响不分国界,对国际安全的影响尤其令人担忧。", "在当今世界上,不再只有具体和容易识别和理解的威胁,例如由武装冲突或恐怖主义行为造成的威胁。 相反地,我们面临非常态、复杂和多面的威胁,其根源在于贫穷、缺乏发展、粮食和能源无保障、缺乏饮用水和卫生设施、全球流行病和疾病以及环境危机和挑战。", "安全理事会最近用大量时间处理诸如发展和艾滋病毒/艾滋病等问题,因为人们坚信这些问题对国际安全构成威胁。 本着同样的精神,我们应当处理气候变化问题,这是对和平的真正威胁,不仅会给各国的安全,而且会给人类安全带来严重后果。 我们欢迎安全理事会成员终于能够就这个问题的主席声明达成协议。 我们希望能够继续沿着2007年开始的道路走下去,当时首先确定了气候变化的安全后果。", "西班牙赞同欧洲联盟观察员今天早些时候所作的发言。 我谨以我国代表的身份补充几点意见。", "我国正在密切关注气候变化所构成的威胁。 6月28日,我国政府通过了一项新的安全战略,将气候变化视为安全威胁增加的主要驱动因素之一。 该战略预见到由于气候变化以及随之而来的资源匮乏和贫困加剧而来的潜在未来冲突,这可能导致崩溃或被削弱的国家的出现。 它还指出了对地中海区域我国的直接威胁以及为减轻其后果所要采取的措施。 该战略还表明,这是一个普遍现象,只有通过我们大家的联合协调、团结和责任才能解决。", "因此,西班牙致力于继续制定必要的法律文书来对付这一威胁,并积极参加各种多边论坛,特别是联合国,以及《气候变化框架公约》和其他机构,包括安全理事会。", "瑙鲁总统今天上午提出的这样的请求很难保持不敏感,他可以看到,除非气候变化的影响得到制止,他的国家有可能完全消失。 这证明任何国家都无法幸免,也证明需要不懈地努力来尽量减少对发展、安全和许多国家和领土存在的现存威胁。", "最后,我要再次重申西班牙对同气候变化作斗争的承诺,我们感谢主席主动召开这次及时的辩论会,并希望本机构今后继续审议这一根本问题。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请意大利代表发言。", "拉加利尼先生(意大利)(以英语发言):意大利赞同欧洲联盟观察员早些时候所作的发言。 我谨以我国代表的身份补充几点意见。", "人们普遍认为,气候变化是一个严重的全球威胁。 2007年,安全理事会就气候变化对安全的影响进行了第一次辩论(见S/PV.5663),自那时起,局势肯定没有改善,以往发言中已经强调了这一点。 气候变化继续成为威胁倍增者,并有可能引发或加剧由海平面上升、自然资源耗竭、荒漠化、由气候引起的移徙和可持续能源供应的关键问题等后果所引发的冲突,仅提及一些主要挑战。", "然而,国际社会尚未充分启动可以降低与气候有关的不安全风险的尽量减少威胁的措施,例如高效和全球共享的减缓和适应气候变化机制或加强国际合作、预防性外交和调解的有效制度。 因此,意大利欢迎今天的辩论,认为这是进一步讨论气候变化对安全的影响的机会,同时注意到和尊重已经处理这一问题的有关机构、进程和文书的特权。", "海平面升高是与气候有关的最引人注目和最切实的不安全因素之一,因为它威胁到若干会员国的生存,并严重威胁到世界各地数百万人的生活条件。 出于明显的原因,小岛屿发展中国家可能受影响最大,而太平洋小岛屿发展中国家具有独特的脆弱性特征。 虽然国际社会的目标是就气候变化问题达成全球协议,但不能指望这些国家自己面对海平面上升的后果。 它们在适应和备灾方面需要得到充分的支持,同时在拟订和执行可持续发展政策方面也需要得到援助。 这些考虑是意大利在该区域的双边合作政策的基础,促使我们支持进一步加强欧洲-太平洋发展伙伴关系。", "小岛屿发展中国家 各国值得优先注意,还必须认真考虑其他情况,特别是在脆弱地区,那里的海平面上升有可能严重改变海岸线,影响领土边界和海洋区的划分,并造成人道主义危机和人口外流。 另一个重要问题是如何有效管理全球变暖和海平面上升带来的新机会,如新获得的自然资源矿藏和穿越北极的运输路线。 联合国系统有效应对这些新挑战的能力不能理所当然,可能需要加强和改进。", "我还要简要地谈谈粮食安全问题。 与海平面上升不同,粮食无保障不是气候变化的直接后果,但全球变暖和极端天气的有害影响可能加剧粮食无保障。 虽然世界不同地区的影响可能不同,但全球气候变化对粮食生产的影响被认为是负面的。 这增加了确保世界日益增长的人口的粮食安全的挑战,为更大的社会紧张局势、动乱和公开冲突创造条件。 解决这种情况的唯一办法是加倍努力来增加粮食供应和确保粮食价格的稳定。", "意大利为2009年八国集团首脑会议通过《拉奎拉粮食安全倡议》作出了直接贡献。 意大利将粮食安全置于其人道主义和发展合作议程的中心,并完全支持欧洲联盟、八国集团和20国集团解决世界饥饿和营养不良问题的承诺。", "最后,请允许我强调,除非国际社会重新提出并加强其解决气候变化根源的倡议,否则仅就与安全有关的方面采取行动将徒劳无功。 如果没有在《联合国气候变化框架公约》范围内达成有效的全球协议,气候变化造成的人力和经济代价及其对安全的影响只会增加并无限期地永久化。", "同样,必须推动国际社会努力推动可持续发展,否则,应对气候变化及其与安全有关的后果将更加困难。 在我们即将进入2012年在里约热内卢举行的联合国可持续发展大会筹备工作的关键最后阶段时,所有会员国都应铭记这一点。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请巴基斯坦代表发言。", "哈龙先生(巴基斯坦): 非常感谢和赞赏德国组织我认为这是对这一事业的重大贡献。", "虽然我们赞同阿根廷代表以77国集团加中国的名义所作的发言,但我们想以我国的名义补充几点。", "巴基斯坦坚信,必须应对气候变化对所有发展中国家所构成的威胁。 我们特别担心海平面上升给一些发展中国家,特别是小岛屿发展中国家带来的生存危险。 现在有明确的科学证据表明,如果不采取有效措施来减少全球变暖,一些国家的生存本身将受到威胁。", "在坎昆举行的联合国气候变化框架公约(气候公约)第十六届缔约方会议上所通过的决定代表着一丝一线的希望,在对气候变化谈判充满了悲观、冷漠和失望。", "由于发达世界的减排承诺水平低,以及为医治受影响世界而履行财政承诺的不确定性,气候灾难正在发生,这一事实不容乐观。", "科学和务实感要求发达国家到2020年将其排放量从1990年的水平至少减少到25-40%。 具有讽刺意味的是,目前自愿认捐的水平——在承诺范围的低端——表明,它们要么将排放量增加6%,要么在上端减少16%。 无论哪种方式,即使在发展中国家采取了减排行动之后,我们正朝着全球气温上升2.5至5°的方向前进。 C, 特别是对于既不造成气候变化又没有能力处理其后果的脆弱发展中国家而言。", "在这种情况下,巴基斯坦首先认识到,小岛屿国家对气候变化和海洋上升对它们的生存构成的威胁表示了合理的关切。 我们认为,这次辩论对我们在《气候公约》所领导的进程中寻求解决办法作出了重要贡献。", "全球气候变暖最灾难性但报道最少的后果之一是全球干旱,这又把地球上五分之一的半干旱耕地变成了无法弥补的沙漠。 这种荒漠化造成了严重的粮食和水短缺,几乎摧毁了所有耕地和牧场的三分之一,并有可能耗尽全世界10亿人的供水。 缺水已经在助长南亚、中东和非洲的严重冲突。 在51个非洲国家中,只有12个没有援助就养活了自己的人民。", "全球变暖的另一个副产品是世界范围的野火瘟疫使干旱和荒漠化进一步恶化。 干旱危机助长了全球野火瘟疫,在我们所认为的最重要区域,即亚马逊盆地,最严重的是。 巴西雨林每年被大火所消耗的比伐木者多。 野火向大气中泵入二氧化碳的比内燃机还要多. 因此,大流行的火灾瘟疫使温室效应呈指数化。 而\"野火\"瘟疫每年在规模上和频率上不断上升,侵蚀并摧毁了更多的土地.", "最早的特大火灾发生在1988年的\"黄石\". 从那时起,这种火灾的数量急剧增加,其破坏的总增加产生了倍增效应. 火灾喷出大量无法理解的温室气体,加速了干旱,加剧了荒漠化并阻碍了雨林处理二氧化碳和其他温室气体的能力。 这些自然地狱是人类以前所见到的大小的多倍。 十年前,一场10万英亩的火灾将会是巨大的灾难. 现在光是美国的野火 通常就比这大很多倍 火暴日益消耗亚马逊雨林. 近年来,卫星照片记录了35万多起亚马逊森林火灾。 此前,雨林一直不受这种战火的侵袭.", "地球正在缩小的林冠也减少了雨林对二氧化碳和其他温室气体的同化,破坏了雨林对大气层的净化,并破坏了雨云在荒芜丛林上的发展,进一步减少了降水。", "这些多重灾害——农田收缩、大流行的野火和食物和水的匮乏——再加上能源储备的减少,正在破坏世界上最暴力不安的国家的稳定。 通过摧毁人们的生计、加剧贫困和助长穷人中的恐怖主义,我们甚至能够开始了解我们所付出的代价吗?", "让我说,正如阿诺德·托恩比、奥斯瓦尔德·斯彭格勒和爱德华·吉本等学者所记录的那样,任何文明衰落和倒塌的一个主要原因是财富不平等、剥削人民和贫困的暴力上升,这刺激了因无力养活人民而引发的阶级战争。 冲突而不是合作正在迅速成为世界的条件。 如果我们要有机会进行防灾或后果管理,我们必须迅速果断地采取行动。 即将到来的灾难将加剧目前的冲突。", "现在让我回顾一下安理会的时间和历史。 虽然地中海世界陷入了黑暗的时代,但在墨西哥存在着一个“一个世界”,这与我们今天在联合国拥有的世界大相径庭。 他们阅读了\"天\",在哥白尼的\"太阳心\"理论之前,并设计了精确到2012年的日历. 几千年前,奥尔梅卡斯人建造了克霍卢拉金字塔,比吉萨的大金字塔大三分之一;玛雅人建造了他们著名的城市乌克萨尔;托尔特克人建造了他们的寓言图拉. 然后:毁灭! 他们的问题和我们相似 他们自己的全球升温模式给他们带来了持续的干旱和普遍的饥荒。 它们过度依赖单一作物 -- -- 玉米 -- -- 使它们特别容易受到气候变化的影响。", "如果我们的食物基地和图拉一样坚硬, 在美国,典型的一顿饭平均行走1400英里到板块. 饥荒是最终击败美国平原印第安人的原因:当99.99%的野牛被灭绝后,他们无可避免地依赖于水牛并遭遇倒地.", "今天,气候变化是巴基斯坦不可回避的现实。 它开始以越来越激烈和凶猛的姿态表现出来。 我们是其中之一", "气候不公正最严重的受害者。 对我们来说,处理气候变化问题已不再是一个选择问题;这是当务之急。 虽然全球正在就冰川融化的程度和时间进行科学辩论,但巴基斯坦的迹象是不祥的。 在我的信德省,有几十万可耕地,供水量已降至50年前的一半以下. 巴基斯坦广阔的冰川面积约为15,000平方千米,并正在迅速后退. 仅在过去十年,巴基斯坦的冰川衰退率就增加了23%,比世界任何其他地区都快。 在巴基斯坦的土地总面积中,只有24%被耕种,其中80%由流经该国以冰川为主的河流的水灌溉。", "在此背景下,气候变化几乎影响到该国所有部门,特别是水资源、能源、卫生、林业和生物多样性部门,对农业生产力产生了特别重大的影响。 去年巴基斯坦发生的前所未有的洪灾表明,迫切需要应对气候变化所构成的威胁。", "最后,请允许我强调,有关论坛,特别是《联合国气候变化框架公约》正在开展重要工作。 我们强调《宪章》赋予联合国每个主要机关的任务的重要性。 大会和经济及社会理事会必须保持其优先地位和重要性。", "主席(以英语发言):我的名单上没有其他发言者了。 安全理事会就此结束现阶段对其议程项目的审议。", "下午7时15分散会" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 104 of the provisional agenda*", "Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty", "Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty", "Note by the Secretary-General", "1. The report of the Executive Secretary of the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization covering the year 2010 is hereby transmitted to the General Assembly pursuant to the provisions of article IV, paragraph 1, of the Agreement to Regulate the Relationship between the United Nations and the Preparatory Commission (General Assembly resolution 54/280, annex).", "2. Since only a limited number of copies of the report are available, it has not been possible to make a full distribution. Delegations are therefore requested to have the copies transmitted to them available during discussion of the item." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "暂定项目表^(*) 项目104", "全面禁止核试验条约", "全面禁止核试验条约", "秘书长的说明", "1. 兹按照《规定联合国同筹备委员会之间关系的协定》(大会第54/280号决议，附件)第四条第1款的规定，向大会提交2010年全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会执行秘书的报告。", "2. 由于报告印本份数有限，无法全面分发。因此，请各代表团在讨论此项目时携带已发给他们的印本。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目104", "全面禁止核试验条约", "全面禁止核试验条约", "秘书长的说明", "1. 联合国 兹依照《规范联合国同筹备委员会之间关系的协定》(大会第54/280号决议,附件)第四条第1款的规定,向大会转递全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会执行秘书2010年的报告。", "2. 联合国 由于报告印本数量有限,无法全面分发。 因此,请各代表团在讨论该项目时携带已转发给他们的印本。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 98 (e) of the provisional agenda*", "Towards an arms trade treaty: establishing common international standards for the import, export and transfer of conventional arms", "The arms trade treaty", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 2II.Replies 2 received from Member \nStates \nAustralia 2\nBulgaria 3\nChina 5\nEgypt 6\nElSalvador 10\nGuyana 13\nMexico 14\nNetherlands 16New 17 \nZealand \nNorway 17\nPanama 18\nSwitzerland 18\nTurkmenistan 21", "I. Introduction", "1. In paragraph 9 of its resolution 64/48, entitled “The arms trade treaty”, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to seek the views of Member States on proposed treaty elements and other relevant issues relating to the United Nations Conference on the Arms Trade Treaty, and to submit a report to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session.", "2. On 15 April 2011, the Secretariat addressed a note verbale to all Member States requesting them to make use of this opportunity to present their views on the arms trade treaty negotiations.", "3. In response to that request, 13 States had submitted their views by the time of the preparation of the present report. The full texts of the replies received are available on the website of the Office for Disarmament Affairs, at www.un.org/ disarmament/convarms/ATTPrepCom/index.htm. Additional replies received will be issued as addenda to the present report.", "II. Information received from Governments", "Australia", "[Original: English] [13 June 2011]", "Australia is pleased to contribute to the work of the Preparatory Committee for the United Nations Conference on the Arms Trade Treaty, under the chairmanship of Ambassador Roberto García Moritán, and to the fulfilment of its mandate (see General Assembly resolution 64/48) to elaborate draft elements of the prospective treaty.", "We believe the draft elements effectively capture the arms trade treaty’s important security, humanitarian and responsible trade goals, which Australia strongly supports, and lay the foundation for an international framework within which States can trade arms responsibly and transparently.", "After more than five years of international consideration, United Nations Members will have an opportunity to formally negotiate the arms trade treaty in 2012. The draft elements provide a sound basis for those negotiations. Australia strongly believes they meet the expectations of a majority of Member States for a comprehensive, legally binding treaty that will establish commonly agreed standards and criteria for international transfers of conventional arms.", "Australia is confident that an effectively implemented arms trade treaty will help deter and prevent illicit trafficking in conventional arms and the tragic consequences of armed violence, lawlessness and conflict. We believe the inclusion of small arms and light weapons in the draft scope of the arms trade treaty is critical to the ultimate achievement of the arms trade treaty’s humanitarian goals.", "Australia believes all States have a responsibility to do everything they reasonably can to support the objectives of the Treaty; that is, to control the legitimate arms trade with a view to eliminating the illicit trade.", "Although we do not believe the arms trade treaty should prescribe the way States Parties implement their treaty obligations, it will obviously require them to enact and to enforce effective laws and regulations to control the flow of arms into, out of and through their respective territories.", "Some States will be better placed than others to implement their treaty commitments, particularly States with well-established national systems and controls. For others, there will be gaps in national capacity and capability that may have to be addressed through international cooperation and assistance.", "Australia has strongly supported an arms trade treaty from the very beginning. We were among a small group of countries to first bring the issue of the arms trade treaty to the United Nations in the form of a resolution in 2006, and look forward to continuing to work with all States to conclude an effective and comprehensive arms trade treaty at the United Nations Conference in 2012.", "Bulgaria", "[Original: English] [1 June 2011]", "Bulgaria continues to share the international concerns about the negative consequences of illegal and irresponsible conventional arms transfers and thus strongly favours the establishment of a robust international legally binding instrument (arms trade treaty) that would set the highest possible standards for regulation of legal arms transfers and activities. For those reasons, Bulgaria supported General Assembly resolution 64/48.", "We reiterate our understanding that, in line with the principle of non‑retroactivity of law, the provisions of this treaty will be applicable to activities undertaken by States after the treaty enters into force for them; in other words it will regulate only future activities.", "Scope", "Regarding the scope of the treaty, we believe that it should be as comprehensive as possible.", "In terms of items covered by the scope, we believe that an arms trade treaty should cover all conventional arms, including ammunition, in line with the categories of the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, further extended reflecting technological improvements of the different categories of arms, if considered necessary. Alongside large calibre weapons, an arms trade treaty should cover small arms and light weapons, parts and components, technology and equipment. The above items should be clearly defined and laid out in a detailed annex that should be updated at regular intervals.", "In terms of activities, the instrument should include export, re-export, import, brokering, transit and trans-shipment.", "We share the view that manufacture under foreign licence as such should not be subject to the regulation of this treaty as a separate activity and could be addressed by the category technology and equipment.", "Criteria/parameters", "Bulgaria believes that the instrument should have a strong set of common criteria without hindering the right to individual or collective self-defence and without limiting the right of States to produce defence items and to procure for their legitimate defence needs and participation in peace support operations.", "While a future arms trade treaty should introduce commonly agreed standards, the final decision to authorize or deny a transfer should remain a national responsibility.", "At the same time we believe that international and regional obligations and commitments of a State, including sanctions and embargoes, should be treated separately and should lead to a denial.", "The other criteria should enumerate basic standards to be met when assessing applications, under the following core chapters:", "• Internal, regional and international security and stability", "• International humanitarian law and international human rights law, including human security and development", "• Arms control and non-proliferation.", "We consider necessary the stipulation of the case-by-case approach when assessing an application with specific control for specific transfers; for example, the full set of standards to be applicable for export, re-export, import and brokering and a reduced set for transit and trans-shipment.", "The issue of corruption and organized crime within the arms trade treaty needs to be addressed in the section on implementation, instead of in the section on criteria/parameters through obliging or encouraging States to adopt respective national legislation. In our view, organized crime has to be considered in a broader perspective and tackled as part of armed violence as a whole.", "Implementation", "The implementation of the provisions of the arms trade treaty has to be a national responsibility. To this end, States have to elaborate and have in place the necessary export control legislation, which would include legal provisions for administrative capacity-building, the establishment of licensing, enforcement and prosecution authorities, and penal and administrative sanctions in cases of infringement of the national legislation and the provisions of the arms trade treaty, respectively.", "The implementation should be consistent with the practical application, taking into account the difference in the capacity of States and the specificities of the legal systems and the existence of relevant national legislation. Any grace periods for implementation should not be envisaged. States have to be in a position to start implementing the treaty as soon as it enters into force for each State.", "A mandatory transparency mechanism should be established that would be closely linked to the implementation requirements and vital for achieving the arms trade treaty’s objectives. The provisions enhancing transparency have to be pragmatic and should strike a clear balance between information sharing and national security concerns.", "In order to address some of these concerns while trying to achieve a robust treaty, for certain types of items and activities, it may prove useful to make a clear distinction between control over and reporting requirements. More precisely, the scope has to be as comprehensive as possible, but the reporting format in terms of data exchange could cover certain items and activities as stipulated in the scope.", "We support the establishment of a small secretariat (Implementation Support Unit) as the appropriate body responsible for collating national reports and for record-keeping, as well as for serving as a letter box for required and provided assistance by States.", "Follow-up processes", "We consider appropriate the establishment of a review mechanism of the future treaty. Conferences for review of the status, the implementation and the scope of the treaty should be conducted at commonly agreed intervals. During the intersessional periods States could assemble on an annual or biannual basis in order to enhance implementation, promote universality of the treaty and request or provide assistance.", "China", "[Original: Chinese and English] [1 June 2011]", "China attaches great importance to problems caused by illicit transfer and diversion of conventional weapons. We support the international community in taking necessary measures to enhance international cooperation and regulate international arms trade in order to combat illicit trafficking of conventional weapons.", "China believes that the primary goal of an arms trade treaty is to prevent and combat illicit trafficking of conventional weapons; thus it is necessary to appropriately regulate arms trade activities without affecting legitimate arms trade or a State’s legitimate right to self-defence. The arms trade treaty should be concise and feasible, focusing on targeted problems. The treaty negotiation is a step-by-step process, which must be carried out within the framework of the United Nations through open and transparent discussion, and decisions should be made by consensus.", "On the scope of an arms trade treaty, China believes that we should not only strive to cover a wide range of conventional weapons, but also take into consideration the feasibility of implementing an arms trade treaty with such a scope. China proposes to cover the seven categories of weapons under the United Nations Register of Conventional Weapons. In terms of international transactions or activities, an arms trade treaty should cover both import and export.", "On criteria for transfer, China believes that relevant criteria should be objective, impartial and internationally recognized. It should target problems arising from illicit trafficking and diversion of conventional weapons, and avoid any politicalized or discriminative elements. China proposes that criteria for transfer should include fulfilling obligations set out in international laws and United Nations Security Council resolutions, maintaining international and regional security and stability, combating transnational crimes and terrorism, being conducive to the capability for just self-defence of the recipient country, and no interference in the internal affairs of the recipient country.", "On the implementation of an arms trade treaty, China believes that States bear the primary responsibility for appropriate administration and management on arms trade. Meanwhile, China supports that countries actively carry out international cooperation and assistance on a voluntary basis. As a priority, developed countries should provide developing countries with materials, human resources, technology and funds as necessary for implementation. Mechanisms of cooperation and implementation should facilitate the efforts to implement an arms trade treaty, without interfering in national sovereign decisions or overburdening States with unnecessary implementation costs. The existing mechanisms or instruments, such as the United Nations Register of Conventional Weapons, should continue to play their due roles.", "China has always adopted a prudent and responsible attitude in its arms export and exercises stringent control over arms exports in accordance with national laws and regulations, United Nations Security Council resolutions and relevant international obligations. China’s arms export policy strictly observes the following three principles: arms export should be conducive to the legitimate self-defence capability of the recipient country; it should not undermine the peace, security and stability of the region concerned and the world as a whole; and it should not be used as a means of interfering in the internal affairs of the recipient country. China adopts a licensing system for arms export, prohibiting unauthorized entities and individuals from conducting business of arms export, and banning exports to non-State actors. We request recipient countries to present end-use and end-user certificates and commit to no re-transfer to a third party without consent of the Chinese authority.", "China attaches importance to the international cooperation in conventional arms transfer, actively participates in relevant discussions in the arms trade treaty process and plays a constructive role in the work of the United Nations Group of Governmental Experts, the Open-ended Working Group and the Preparatory Committee for the arms trade treaty. China will, in a serious and responsible manner, continue to take part in the discussions on issues of arms trade, and make unremitting efforts for appropriately addressing problems caused by illicit trafficking in conventional weapons.", "Egypt", "[Original: English] [3 June 2011]", "General views relating to process and framework negotiations", "The views represented in this note complement, and do not replace, the views officially presented earlier by Egypt in accordance with relevant General Assembly resolutions on the arms trade treaty. While views on feasibility, scope and draft parameters have been presented earlier to the United Nations Secretariat, views represented here cover general principles and objectives, scope, parameters and implementation of an arms trade treaty.", "It is clearly the case, as confirmed by the Group of Governmental Experts on the issue (see A/63/334), that the feasibility of an arms trade treaty would be dependent on establishing its collectively agreed objectives, its practical applicability, its resistance to political abuse and its potential for universality. Any consideration of the feasibility of a potential arms trade treaty was thus seen to be dependent on its scope and parameters, as interrelated factors that would require open, transparent, inclusive and universal discussions. The issue of feasibility is thus not covered here since no agreement has yet been reached on the scope or the parameters of a potential arms trade treaty.", "Egypt strongly believes in the importance of basing the deliberations and any possible results of the 2012 United Nations Conference on the Arms Trade Treaty on the principle stipulated in paragraph 5 of General Assembly resolution 64/48, entitled “The Arms Trade Treaty”, which confirms that the Conference will be undertaken in an open and transparent manner, on the basis of consensus. This means that the Conference will only consider documentation agreed by the Preparatory Committee by consensus and will only adopt any possible text by consensus. In case the time allocated for the Conference, or the method through which its deliberations and negotiations are conducted, did not allow for a conclusive result by consensus, consideration should be given to ways and means to allow the continued work within the United Nations multilateral framework of all relevant elements with a view to arriving at an outcome that is acceptable to all.", "Needless to say, the views presented have deliberately avoided going into any extensive details, since such details remain subject to preliminary exploration in the framework of the Preparatory Committee and are interrelated in a manner that does not allow, at this stage, their thorough presentation in a manner that does not prejudge the negotiation process and the alternative details it might consider.", "On general objectives and principles", "The key objectives of an arms trade treaty should be to promote the principles and objectives of the Charter of the United Nations, to prevent, combat and eradicate the illicit transfer, illicit production and illicit brokering of conventional arms; and promote transparency and accountability in the production, import, export and trans-shipment of conventional arms.", "From a principle standpoint, Egypt is of the view that efforts to consider an arms trade treaty should not represent in any way a shift from the unquestioned priority of nuclear disarmament, as agreed by consensus at the first special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament in 1978. This element has to be clearly mentioned in the text of the potential Treaty. While it should ideally cover illicit arms transfers, the potential arms trade treaty has to “regulate” rather than “restrict” arms trade, making arms trade transactions more transparent while not allowing, through sufficient safeguards, the political abuse of the scope and parameters of the treaty for other political, commercial or economic interests.", "The potential arms trade treaty has to fully comply with the letter and spirit of all principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, including the legitimate right of States to acquire conventional weapons for legitimate self-defence, and their right to produce, export, import and transfer conventional arms, their equal sovereign rights, the right to territorial integrity and political independence and the right of self-determination of all peoples, as well as all other principles of the Charter, including those prohibiting the use of force and threat of use of force and those promoting the pacific settlement of disputes.", "The potential treaty should recognize the sovereign right of States to regulate transfers of arms within their territories. In order to serve its objectives, the arms trade treaty should prevent exports of arms aimed at introducing or maintaining quantitative or qualitative imbalances in regional armaments. The proposed arms trade treaty should not interfere with already existing systems in the framework of the United Nations with regard to conventional weapons, and must neither infringe on these systems, add to their obligations nor adversely affect their performance, nature and basic operational and principle foundations.", "While an arms trade treaty must take account of the legitimate defence, commercial, economic and military concerns of all parties, reflecting the respective responsibilities of the arms-producing, exporting, trans-shipment and importing States, it should not attempt to substitute the logical duties of major arms-producing States with discriminatory rights which undermine in any way the rights of arms importing States. Therefore a potential arms trade treaty must take into account the elements of production and stockpiles, along with the export, import and transfer. The potential arms trade treaty must have clear and feasible incentives for arms importing States including an extensive and international cooperation framework which goes beyond cooperation to implement the treaty.", "On the scope of a potential arms trade treaty", "There remains a very strong and direct link between the elements of scope and criteria of a potential arms trade treaty, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, on the manner in which such criteria will be applied under the potential treaty. The inclusion of detailed arms categories in the scope of an arms trade treaty should naturally require the detailed articulation of elements of criteria and vice versa.", "Clear consideration should be given to the relevance of particular weapons categories to particular parameters. The inclusion of particular weapons categories in the scope of the treaty should not mean that once a potential recipient State does not fit one criterion, it would automatically be denied transfers of the entire set of arms categories covered in the scope. In principle, emphasis should be made on the element of relevance and proportionality along with practical guarantees to relevance and proportionality in implementation.", "For the purposes of the potential treaty, the scope of conventional arms categories covered by the treaty could include the seven items enumerated in the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, as defined by the Register, and should not go beyond them.", "The inclusion of small arms and light weapons would interfere with and seriously undermine the already well functioning United Nations Programme of Action on small arms and light weapons and would lead to complex and extensive practical and reporting responsibilities which complicate the possible effective implementation of an arms trade treaty. Due to the lack of consensus on their possible inclusion, Egypt does not support the inclusion of ammunitions in the scope of any potential arms trade treaty, as that would result in extensive practical hurdles of reporting and implementation.", "As is in the case for ammunitions, there has been no reference to parts and/or components of weapons or weapons systems, or dual-use goods and components in the mandate of negotiations or the objective of regulating arms trade. Their inclusion can result in extensive hurdles to civil industry and contradict industrial and developmental aims of many development States. They should thus be firmly avoided.", "Technology transfer and manufacture under foreign licence should be encouraged under an arms trade treaty.", "While brokering remains an activity controlled and regulated through national legislations and regulations, only illicit brokering can be covered under the scope of a potential arms trade treaty. brokering authorized under national law falls outside any possible scope of an arms trade treaty, taking into consideration that the issue of brokering is considered in another framework in the United Nations under the work of the Group of Governmental Experts on the issue.", "On the parameters/criteria of a potential arms trade treaty", "The treaty has to provide for collectively agreed, unambiguous, detailed, measurable and relevant parameters that could be enforced by exporting, trans-shipment and importing States of conventional weapons covered by the scope of the treaty in a verifiable manner. Such parameters should be entirely consistent with those acknowledged within the United Nations and its relevant specialized bodies. Against that background, no linkages should be made to allow any State to make subjective assessments against another State in fields such as human rights or sustainable development since frameworks and contexts for the fair consideration of such issues within the United Nations differ significantly from the framework of the proposed arms trade treaty.", "It is crucial for an arms trade treaty to avoid allowing for individually assumed, potentially subjective assessments on a national level without relying on multilaterally agreed mechanisms such as decisions of relevant United Nations bodies or a special body of the arms trade treaty member States that can be assigned with this task under the treaty.", "As sources of information relating to the criteria of an arms trade treaty, a State party shall take into account the nature of the arms to be transferred, the use of the weapon by the end-user and assessments made and information provided formally by the State party’s own governmental authorities and agencies, in accordance with decisions and agreed practices of relevant United Nations specialized bodies, including its diplomatic and consular missions, in a documented and well-certified manner.", "The application of criteria should be by all States and not only arms-exporting States. A decision by a State to authorize or to deny a transfer should not be made based on national assumptions, but rather on internationally agreed decisions made by relevant bodies of the United Nations. Such decisions will be relevant only in cases where violations of the criteria to be agreed are large scale, consistent and identified as significant by relevant United Nations bodies.", "On the implementation framework of a potential arms trade treaty", "The potential arms trade treaty will require the establishment of an international secretariat exclusively dedicated to serve, promote and verify the effective, fair and accountable implementation of the treaty and its objectives. Such a secretariat can be funded from assessed contributions of its member States and/or resources to be allocated and collected representing an agreed percentage of revenues of arms sales by major arms producers.", "The secretariat has to have a role in verifying that the implementation of the treaty remains fair and to record all reported transfers covered by the treaty, including denied transfers. The treaty has to clearly list the rights and obligations of its members, in a balanced manner which respects the equal sovereignty of States under the Charter of the United Nations. There should be little room for interpretation of commitments under the treaty or the manner in which it is implemented by each of its possible members.", "The implementation mechanism should include not only measures to implement the treaty on a national level, but also measures on the international level to ensure its fair and accountable application both in cases of approved transfers or denied ones.", "A comprehensive reporting system should be established under the treaty. While a comprehensive reporting requirement will enhance transparency in the fair and objective implementation of the treaty and increase confidence in its uniform application, reporting will also allow for scrutiny of practices which contradict the treaty, allowing objective questioning related to grounds for denials. Under the proposed reporting system, States will be required to report on licence authorizations granted, denied licences and actual transfers of conventional arms.", "Any implementation mechanism should promote technology transfer and manufacture under foreign licence among the incentives for universal membership and the promotion of advantages of treaty adherence by arms importing States. The treaty system should be balanced and thus aim at making sure that a potential importing State, once complying with all the agreed parameters, will be certain to obtain its required transfers and that the potential exporting State will have an obligation to do so, taking into consideration all other aspects related to the transfer.", "El Salvador", "[Original: Spanish] [23 May 2011]", "It is important that the treaty should be based on the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, taking into account the principle of the sovereign equality, territorial integrity and political independence of all States. The content of the treaty should guarantee that States parties will fulfil in good faith the obligations they assume upon signature or ratification.", "The future treaty should strengthen mechanisms for controlling and regulating the arms trade and should include the criteria, parameters and standards applicable to all States for the manufacture, export and import of arms and other forms of arms trading.", "It should establish the entity or organization responsible for overseeing, as needed, the manufacture, export and import of arms.", "The instrument should define the criteria for the State’s approval or denial of arms imports, exports or transfers. It should recognize that all States have a legitimate right to procure arms in accordance with their own perceived security and domestic needs, in line with the principles of the Charter of the United Nations and international law. The text should provide for the strengthening of mechanisms for arms tracing and information exchange among States.", "It is important that the treaty define the responsibility of arms-producing States with respect to the award of commercial contracts and the shipment of arms to their final destination, with a requirement that they notify transit States of such shipments.", "The instrument should include regulations or considerations aimed at preventing the arms trade from spurring an arms race in the region of the country or countries of destination. In order to prevent illicit arms transfers, the treaty should also establish the obligation of arms manufacturers to mark weapons so as to identify the exporting country.", "Lastly, all States should agree on the treaty’s parameters, given that the escalation in the acquisition of conventional arms is currently a source of concern in all regions of the world and is an issue that directly affects regions’ stability and balance of power.", "The future instrument should be intended to serve as a legally binding norm that will strengthen mechanisms for the control and regulation of trade in conventional arms, establishing the criteria, parameters and standards applicable to all States in the context of arms exports.", "In addition, the document adopted should take into account the realities of each State and should be feasible to implement in practice, with clear parameters and precise definitions.", "In order to ensure that arms exports do not have unwanted effects such as the diversion of arms to the illicit market, it is extremely important that States, in taking decisions on arms exports, should not regard them merely as profitable commercial transactions, but should carefully analyse where the arms will be used, what circumstances led to a need to acquire the arms and what purposes and objectives the arms are intended to serve.", "A comprehensive approach to the oversight of arms transactions is needed. Standard and objective criteria should be established for the approval or denial by States of arms imports, exports or transfers.", "It should be recognized that all States have a legitimate right to procure arms in accordance with their own perceived security and domestic needs in order to combat crime, provided that their motives for acquiring and using weapons are consistent with the principles of the Charter of the United Nations, international law, international humanitarian law and human rights.", "It is also important to strengthen mechanisms for tracing arms and to ensure follow-up on the end use of the arms traded; this may be achieved by maintaining information exchanges among States.", "It is important to define the responsibility of arms-producing States with respect to the award of commercial contracts and the shipment of arms to their final destination. In such cases, any transit States should be notified and, in addition, legislative measures should be adopted to establish as criminal offences the illegal manufacture, possession, stockpiling and trade of arms.", "The arms trade treaty should include the definitions and components of conventional arms, small arms and light weapons. Arms-producing States should evaluate transactions to ensure that they will not spur an arms race in the region of the country or countries of destination.", "Arms manufacturers should make use of arms marking tools in their production process and should provide the technical information needed to identify and locate any arms that may be involved in illicit transfers.", "With regard to measures to prevent terrorists from acquiring weapons of mass destruction, El Salvador, as a State Member of the United Nations and of the Organization of American States, has signed and ratified the following international instruments:", "– Inter-American Convention against Terrorism, signed by El Salvador in Bridgetown, Barbados, on 3 June 2002 and ratified on 21 January 2003", "– Convention to Prevent and Punish the Acts of Terrorism Taking the Form of Crimes against Persons and Related Extortion that Are of International Significance", "– International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism", "– Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago Convention) and its amendments, which provides that the Convention applies to civil aircraft but not to State (military, customs and police) aircraft", "– Convention on Damage Caused by Foreign Aircraft to Third Parties on the Surface", "– The 1997 International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings, in the framework of the United Nations", "At the national level, the Special Counter-Terrorism Act is in effect, having been adopted by Legislative Decree No. 108 of 21 September 2006, amended by Legislative Decree No. 399 of 24 June 2010 and published in Official Gazette No. 118, vol. 387, of the same date. The Act provides for the following considerations:", "1. The principal reason for adopting this Act was the fact that terrorism poses a grave threat to the country’s security, to public peace and to harmony among States, directly and indirectly affecting the physical and psychological integrity of its nationals, their property and the enjoyment and preservation of their rights. A special law needed to be established in order to prevent, investigate, punish and eradicate terrorist activities and thus respond to the exceptional circumstances affecting the international community.", "2. The purpose of the Act is to ensure, while upholding strict respect for human rights, the prevention, investigation, punishment and eradication of the crimes described therein, along with all acts, including their financing and related activities, that, by virtue of the manner in which they are performed and the means and methods employed, demonstrate the intention to cause alarm, fear or terror in the population by posing an imminent threat to the life or the physical or psychological integrity of persons, particularly significant or important material goods, the democratic system, State security or international peace.", "3. For the purposes of the Act, definitions are given of firearms, explosive devices, chemical weapons and terrorist organizations.", "4. The Act establishes that, pursuant to the Framework Treaty on Democratic Security in Central America or any other international treaty ratified by El Salvador, all State institutions shall provide to the institutions responsible for implementing the Act information on actions or movements of terrorists or terrorist networks, on copied or forged documents, and on procedures used to combat the crimes set out in the Special Counter-Terrorism Act, including their financing and related activities.", "Guyana", "[Original: English] [1 June 2011]", "The Government of Guyana joins the international community in recognizing that the absence of common international standards on the import, export and transfer of conventional arms is a contributory factor to the destabilization of nation States through conflict and crime, thereby undermining peace, security and stability. The Government therefore fully supports the conclusion of a legally binding instrument negotiated on a non-discriminatory, transparent and multilateral basis, to establish common international standards for the import, export and transfer of conventional arms.", "With respect to the category of weapons or equipment to be regulated by the treaty, Guyana favours the seven categories of weapons on the United Nations Register as a starting point with the addition of small arms and light weapons, as well as the technology to manufacture such equipment, parts and components of the weapons, and ammunition.", "The activities and transactions that ought to be covered by the treaty include import, export, re-export, temporary re-export, trans-shipment, transit, transfer, brokering activities, technology transfer, manufacture under foreign licence, technical assistance and end-user verification and monitoring.", "The Government of Guyana believes that the treaty should make provisions for the following considerations in order to determine when a transfer of arms would be lucrative:", "• Whether there is a potential breach of existing international obligations or commitments of the State making the transfer; these could include obligations arising under the Charter of the United Nations or Security Council embargoes, etc.;", "• The likely end user, so that there may be a prohibition of transfer if there is a substantial risk that the arms to be transferred are likely to be used to commit serious violations of international human rights or humanitarian law or crimes against humanity;", "• The transferring State is able to do everything in its power to combat or avoid diversion;", "• Due diligence to ensure the avoidance of transfers to non-State actors in an effort to avoid transfers to terrorist groups, criminal gangs or insurgents.", "Once the treaty has entered into force implementation ought to be done at both the national and international levels. A national system should contain specific legislation that allows for the enforcement of the arms trade treaty provisions and a national agency that is charged with overseeing implementation. The international implementation system should focus on cooperation and assistance that facilitates implementation for States that lack the requisite capacity; e.g., financial, technical and legal and the sharing of best practices.", "Finally, Guyana supports the proposition that there should be established a regular national reporting system on implementation, designed to take into consideration the disparity between States in terms of their import and export activities and their status as manufacturers or consumers of weapons.", "Mexico", "[Original: Spanish] [6 June 2011]", "An arms trade treaty must be adopted in the framework of the United Nations by 2012 in order to control the irresponsible trade in conventional arms. This trade has threatened peace and security at the national, regional and international levels and has sustained terrorist activities, organized crime and other acts in violation of international law.", "A strong instrument on the issue would make it possible to prevent and to combat more effectively the diversion of arms to the illicit market.", "The treaty’s purpose should be to establish regulations on arms trading, based on the shared responsibility of all parties involved in the life cycle of a weapon, from manufacture to destruction, and on objective, non-discriminatory and transparent criteria.", "Mexico has firmly supported the negotiations on an arms trade treaty and has decided to make the control of the arms trade a major focus of its foreign policy.", "International cooperation and assistance", "The establishment of rapid and flexible assistance mechanisms for responding to States’ needs and strengthening their national capacity will be one of the key requirements for effectively implementing the treaty.", "With regard to international cooperation, it will be critical to provide for information exchanges and dialogue between importers and exporters, with a view to taking the recipients of arms transfers into account in risk analyses.", "Scope of the treaty", "Arms", "In order for the arms trade treaty to be an effective instrument, it will be important to go beyond an approach based on lists of arms, focusing instead on reaching agreement on a definition that covers all conventional arms, their parts and components, high- and low-calibre ammunition and technology related to the production, development or maintenance of arms or ammunition.", "The definition of conventional arms to be included in the treaty should be flexible and adaptable to future technological developments in the arms industry. Mexico believes that a static treaty that establishes fixed lists of arms would be significantly limited in terms of its relevance and validity.", "The treaty should not establish exceptions for sporting or hunting weapons because they can cause the same harm as conventional arms, as they can be used to: (i) facilitate organized crime activities; (ii) threaten State stability and security; and (iii) support terrorist activities.", "Activities to be regulated", "The treaty should regulate all physical and legal transfers of arms, components, technology and ammunition, by whomever owned or to whomever transferred.", "Arms and ammunition should be controlled throughout their life cycle, from production to destruction. It is important that regulations on arms trading should consider both the end user and the probable use of the arms.", "Criteria", "Although the decision to approve the transfer of arms is a sovereign decision of each Member State, Mexico will seek to ensure that the treaty establishes high standards to prevent trade in arms when there is a substantial risk that they will be used to commit or facilitate grave violations of international humanitarian law or grave and systematic violations of international human rights law.", "Marking and tracing", "It is important that the treaty should include a provision indicating that all arms covered by the treaty, as well as their parts and components, must be marked during the production process and that databases of marking information must be kept to facilitate the efficient tracing of arms. These measures would significantly improve the control of arms over their entire life cycle.", "Implementation and monitoring and enforcement mechanism", "It is critical that the treaty should be backed by a support entity to follow up and verify compliance with the obligations set out in the instrument. Mexico is of the view that this entity must have sufficient budgetary and human resources to provide assistance to States in implementing the treaty at the national level and to function as a mechanism for verifying compliance. In addition, provision should be made in the treaty’s implementation for transparent and efficient follow-up mechanisms to monitor transfers and establish controls over the entire life cycle of arms and to identify the best formats for national reporting.", "Decision-making at the 2012 Conference", "Mexico has advocated the negotiation of an arms trade treaty that will enable Member States to effectively control the trade in conventional arms, while ensuring that this important process is not overtaken by consensus-seeking on minimum standards or by the paralysis that has characterized other disarmament initiatives.", "To this end, Mexico will make every effort to arrive at general and, if possible, universal agreements, but if no such agreements are reached, the alternatives established in the rules of procedure of the General Assembly could be considered.", "Netherlands", "[Original: English] [20 May 2011]", "The Netherlands strongly supports the establishment of an arms trade treaty. We believe that responsible arms trade is a legitimate part of international trade relations, but it is also clear that arms trade is a relevant factor in possible threats to peace, security, stability and the violation of international law, including human rights law and humanitarian law.", "It is in the interest of the entire international community that international trade in conventional arms will be submitted to a comprehensive international instrument containing common, minimum standards for transfers of conventional arms. These standards should be derived from the highest standards contained in already existing agreements under international humanitarian law and customary international law.", "Our aim for the negotiations leading to 2012 is to create a strong and robust treaty, but at the same time include as many States as possible. A very strong treaty with low participation is as undesirable as a weak treaty with broad participation. This will be one of the key elements for the negotiations. We will therefore have to be as ambitious as possible.", "An arms trade treaty should oblige States to adopt and implement national legislation in order to prevent that transfers of conventional arms may, directly or indirectly, provoke, prolong or exacerbate conflicts or be otherwise detrimental to human rights, security, stability or development. For the Netherlands, terrorism, organized crime, the risk of diversion and corruption are also elements to be covered by this treaty.", "However, this should not prevent States from participating in responsible international trade in conventional arms. States should be able to meet their legitimate defence and security needs, and assist in international peacekeeping operations when possible.", "An arms trade treaty should contain the broadest possible scope. This concerns both the categories of arms and types of transfers.", "Furthermore, the Netherlands deems the support by civil society organizations essential for a successful arms trade treaty. We aim for a broad participation of NGOs in this process. However, the final decisions have to be made by sovereign States. In addition to this, the Netherlands believes that involvement of the defence industry will be a key to success. A serious defence industry will benefit from serious regulations for arms trade.", "New Zealand", "[Original: English] [31 May 2011]", "Executive summary: The non-paper suggests that States should provide reports under an arms trade treaty on two separate issues: implementation measures; and international transfers over the preceding 12 months (with an additional option of reporting on international transfers that they may have denied during the previous 12 months). It posits a simplified reporting procedure for small States, as well as the possibility of region-based reporting.", "The non-paper suggests a possible bilateral mechanism to promote implementation of an arms trade treaty (a “Request for Clarification” and a “Request for Comment” procedure) as well as a multilateral process (via a “peer engagement mechanism”). It outlines a range of functions for a possible arms trade treaty secretariat (or Implementation Support Unit), including being the recipient of all reports from States.", "Norway", "[Original: English] [31 May 2011]", "Norway is firmly committed to reaching a strong arms trade treaty that will make a difference on the ground. The overall goal of the arms trade treaty should be through responsible regulation of all international arms trade to prevent illicit or irresponsible arms trade that causes human suffering and armed violence, including violations of international humanitarian law and human rights law.", "The scope of the treaty should be broad and cover all aspects of international transfers and apply to all conventional arms, including small arms and light weapons, components, arms technology, etc. For Norway it is important that ammunition is included in the scope.", "Norway has likewise stressed that the arms trade treaty should contain provisions for international cooperation and assistance, including language on victims’ assistance. The treaty should also ensure transparency and accountability, thus enabling relevant actors, including civil society, to access information and raise public awareness on these issues. The arms trade treaty should also contain provisions on end-user documentation and marking and tracing.", "Panama", "[Original: Spanish] [1 June 2011]", "The global increase in the trade and illicit trafficking of arms calls for the establishment of an international instrument to regulate a situation that is completely out of control and affects millions of citizens throughout the world.", "International arms transfers have reached significant qualitative and quantitative proportions, leading to an increase in illicit trafficking in conventional arms.", "The proposals made by United Nations Member States concerning the arms trade treaty seek to create a legally binding instrument that will provide international norms for the efficient and effective transfer of conventional arms. Specifically, the aim is to establish common criteria that must be implemented by all States when importing or exporting arms.", "To that end, as has already been affirmed, States parties should draft a new instrument in accordance with their positive law, with international law and with the principles set out in the Charter of the United Nations.", "The scope of the arms trade treaty should be such that the controls it establishes over conventional arms will become a real means of defending human rights.", "The scope of the treaty should clearly establish what arms will be covered, what criteria will be used to permit or deny the transfer of arms and what forms of transparency are required.", "While States have the right to acquire weapons for their own security, they also have a responsibility to ensure that the arms trade is conducted within the limits of the law.", "In that regard, it should be noted that, at the end of April 2011, the Chamber of Deputies of the Republic of Panama passed a new law regulating firearms, ammunition and related materiel, now awaiting approval by the executive branch, as an immediate step to control the high level of armed violence in the country.", "When the negotiations have been completed, the resulting instrument should enhance the security and peace of all citizens of the world.", "Switzerland", "[Original: English] [2 June 2011]", "General remarks", "In light of the long-lasting humanitarian tradition of Switzerland, the international promotion of peace and human rights is a key objective of the Swiss foreign policy. The principle of neutrality, respect for human rights and the rule of law have consequently been important elements in the way Switzerland deals with arms trade. In sharing its experience, Switzerland deals with arms trade. In sharing its experience, Switzerland hopes to make an active contribution to the further arms trade treaty negotiations.", "Elements of an arms trade treaty", "With regard to the report of the United Nations Secretary-General to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session, Switzerland wishes to share its views on the following elements of an arms trade treaty.", "Types of goods and transfers", "Switzerland supports a comprehensive legally binding arms trade treaty with clear and effective parameters, covering all conventional arms listed in the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, small arms and light weapons, ammunition, parts and components, military explosives as well as the relevant technologies.", "Against this background, Switzerland suggests the following categories to be covered by an arms trade treaty: tanks, military vehicles, artillery systems, military aircraft, military helicopters, naval vessels, missile and missile systems, small arms, light weapons, ammunition, military explosives, parts and components, technology.", "The following types of transfers should be subject to licensing: export (including re-export and temporary export), transit (includes trans-shipment), import (includes temporary import), transfer of title or control over conventional arms from the jurisdiction of one State to another, transfer of information (transfer of technology) as well as brokering.", "Parameters", "Switzerland would like to refer as follows to the idea of having two sets of criteria that should be applied on a case-by-case basis:", "• Firstly, an arms trade treaty should have criteria that exclude the granting of a license; and", "• Secondly, it should have criteria that need to be taken into consideration when assessing licences.", "The Treaty may differentiate between parameters which compulsively exclude the granting of any license (“exclusion parameters”), while others will serve — on a non-exhaustive basis — as refined assessment parameters also applicable in the absence of an excluding criterion.", "Exclusion parameters: States shall not authorize an international arms transfer if", "• The State of destination is a party to an armed conflict and has committed serious violations of international law, including international humanitarian law;", "• United Nations sanctions or sanctions adopted by regional or subregional organization to which the exporting State is a party, as well as international treaties or other obligations under international law, prohibit the arms transfer;", "• The State of destination violates human rights in a systematic and serious manner;", "• There is a substantial risk that exported arms are used against the civilian population in the State of destination;", "• There is a substantial risk, in the State of destination that exported arms are diverted to a recipient not fulfilling the aforementioned parameters.", "In assessing an application, the following parameters should be taken into account:", "• The influence of arms transfers on peace and security as well as regional and subregional stability;", "• The situation in the State of destination with regard to the respect for human rights;", "• The impact on the sustainable economic and social development of the State of destination;", "• The efforts made in the area of development cooperation;", "• A possible contribution of arms transfers to a pattern of corruption in the State of destination.", "Reporting and information sharing", "An effective implementation of a future arms trade treaty requires a high level of transparency. A mechanism for reporting and sharing information is of great significance for the credibility of such a treaty.", "Reporting and information sharing should include:", "• Specific information on a regular basis with regard to licences granted (annual or semi-annual) under the Treaty and transfers having taken place. It could also include individual notification of denials within a certain period of time after decision.", "Minimum requirements therein could include:", "• Exporting State: information pertaining to the country of destination, type and quantity of approved arms exports as well as date(s) of export (and/or of licences granted);", "• Importing State: information pertaining to the exporting State, type and quantity of imported arms as well as date(s) of import;", "Other elements could be:", "End user (e.g. armed forces/police forces, private), broker/intermediary involved, value, denied exports and date of denial (within a certain period of time) as well as reasons therefore.", "• Additionally, the future arms trade treaty should include provisions regarding the reporting on national implementation of the treaty such as on national legislation or on administrative and institutional decisions.", "• Information sharing could also cover exchange of information on any risks associated with transfers of conventional arms.", "Monitoring", "Monitoring of the commitments should be established by a consultation process allowing for such consultations on a bilateral as well as on a multilateral level.", "National implementation", "Member States should establish national legal and administrative systems in order to give effect to the arms trade treaty under national legislation. These include the introduction or amendment of relevant laws, regulations and administrative procedure and the relevant enforcement.", "Final and institutional arrangements", "Final provisions should envisage procedural possibilities to review the treaty (review conferences), Meetings of States Parties and institutional support. A minimal structure should be set up within the United Nations to collate and analyse the information provided and, if needed, to bring the information into a comparable form. This unit could also act as an “information broker” on request of Member States.", "Turkmenistan", "[Original: Russian] [6 June 2011]", "Information pertaining to the Arms Trade Treaty provided pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/48", "Neutrality is the foundation of Turkmenistan’s domestic and foreign policy. A fundamental condition for Turkmenistan, arising from its neutral status and international obligations, is the peace-loving nature of its foreign policy. Accordingly, all matters are addressed exclusively through political and diplomatic channels, primarily international organizations and the United Nations. Turkmenistan fully supports international efforts to combat the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, their means of delivery and related technologies. In its legislation, Turkmenistan proclaims its refusal to possess, manufacture, store or transport nuclear, chemical, bacteriological and other types of weapons of mass destruction, new types of such weapons or technologies for their production.", "In line with its international obligations, Turkmenistan is not a member of and does not participate in any military blocs or unions nor does it host foreign military bases on its territory. Reflecting the great importance it attaches to strengthening international peace and security, Turkmenistan has adhered to all fundamental international conventions, agreements and treaties and has implemented them to the letter.", "In view of its neutral status, no weapons are manufactured or sold on the territory of Turkmenistan. Accordingly, Turkmenistan does not export weapons. However, to ensure national security, Turkmenistan does import arms from States that manufacture them. Turkmenistan takes the management of its defence assets seriously and consistently applies the principles of rigorous monitoring, responsible management and strict oversight.", "The Law on Weapons adopted on 21 November 2009 governs the circulation of civilian, service and military firearms, bladed weapons and ammunition on the territory of Turkmenistan. The Law is also designed to strengthen international cooperation in combating crime and illicit arms trafficking.", "In the interests of world peace, security and stability, Turkmenistan believes that all countries, in particular developed countries, should exercise strict monitoring over the transfer of potentially hazardous materials, technologies and armaments and, acting with restraint, put an end to the irresponsible transfer of weapons that threaten global security and regional stability.", "Turkmenistan supports the efforts of the global community directed at developing concrete measures to combat illicit arms trafficking through the international Arms Trade Treaty and favours its continued discussion under the aegis of the United Nations. This position is guided, above all, by the fact that illicit arms trafficking is the cause of untold human suffering.", "Turkmenistan welcomes the constructive proposals of the international community and individual States aimed at facilitating global disarmament processes and, guided by national and regional priorities, stands ready to participate in these efforts. In that context, Turkmenistan is playing an active role in disarmament efforts in the cause of peace, harmony and shared progress." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目98(e)", "推动拟订一项武器贸易条约：建立常规 武器进出口和转让共同国际标准", "^(*) A/66/150。", "武器贸易条约", "秘书长的报告", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 3\n2.从各国政府收到的信息 3\n澳大利亚 3\n保加利亚 4\n中国 6\n埃及 7\n萨尔瓦多 11\n圭亚那 13\n墨西哥 14\n荷兰 16\n新西兰 16\n挪威 17\n巴拿马 17\n瑞士 18\n土库曼斯坦 20", "一. 导言", "1. 在题为“武器贸易条约”的第64/48号决议的第9段中，大会请秘书长就拟议的条约要点以及与联合国武器贸易条约会议有关的其他相关问题征求会员国的意见，并向大会第六十六届会议提交报告。", "2. 2011年4月15日，秘书处向所有会员国发出普通照会，请其利用这一机会就武器贸易条约谈判提交意见。", "3. 至编写本报告时，13个国家根据上述请求提交了意见。裁军事务厅网站上提供收到的答复全文：www.un.org/disarmament/convarms/ATTPrepCom/index.htm。收到的其他答复将作为本报告增编印发。", "二. 从各国政府收到的信息", "澳大利亚", "［原件：英文］ ［2011年6月13日］", "澳大利亚很高兴为罗伯托·加西亚·莫里坦大使主持的联合国武器贸易条约会议筹备委员会的工作和为完成该委员会拟订今后条约要点草案的任务(见大会第64/48号决议)做贡献。", "我们认为，要点草案有效反映了澳大利亚强烈支持的武器贸易条约的重要安全、人道主义和负责任的贸易的目标，并为各国能够以负责和透明的方式进行武器贸易的一种国际框架奠定了基础。", "经过五年的国际审议后，联合国成员国将有机会在2012年正式谈判武器贸易条约。要点草案为这一谈判奠定了坚实的基础。澳大利亚坚信，谈判一定能够满足大多数会员国的期望，拟订出一项能确立常规武器转让的共同商定标准和准则的全面、具有法律约束力的条约。", "澳大利亚确信，一项能够切实执行的武器贸易条约将有助于阻止和预防常规武器的非法贩运以及武装暴力、目无法纪情况和冲突造成的悲惨后果。我们认为，将小武器和轻武器列入武器贸易条约的范畴草案，对于最终实现武器贸易条约的人道主义目标至关重要。", "澳大利亚认为，各国都有责任尽一切可能支持条约的目标；那就是，对合法武器贸易进行管制，以期消除非法贸易。", "尽管我们认为武器贸易条约应说明缔约国应如何履行条约的义务，但很显然，缔约国必须制订并实施有效的法律和条例，对进出其领土和经其领土过境的武器流动加以管制。", "与其他国家相比，某些国家将能够更好地履行条约的承诺，特别是那些拥有完善国家制度和管制的国家。对其他国家而言，可能还需要通过国际合作和援助解决在国家能力方面存在的差距。", "澳大利亚从一开始就坚决支持武器贸易条约。2006年，我们为数不多的一些国家第一次以决议的形式向联合国提出了武器贸易条约的问题，我们还期待继续同所有会员国一道努力，在联合国2012年的大型会议上完成有效而全面的武器贸易条约。", "保加利亚", "[原件：英文] [2011年6月1日]", "保加利亚继续同国际上一样关切非法和不负责任的常规武器转让带来的消极后果，因此极力赞成制订一项强有力、具有法律约束力的国际文书(武器贸易条约)，为规范合法武器转让和活动规定最高的标准。基于这些原因，保加利亚支持大会第64/48号决议。", "我们重申我们的理解，即：根据法律不溯及既往的原则，本条约的条款将适用于本条约对其生效之后各国开展的活动；换言之，本条约只规范今后的活动。", "范围", "关于条约的范围，我国认为应尽可能的全面。", "关于范围涵盖的物品，我国认为，武器贸易条约应依照联合国常规武器登记册中的类别，涵盖所有常规武器，包括弹药，以便在认为必要时，进一步全面地反映不同类武器的技术改进。武器贸易条约除大口径武器外，还应该涵盖小武器和轻武器、零部件、技术和设备。应在详细的附件中明确界定和说明涵盖的物品，此附件应定期予以更新。", "关于活动，文书应报告出口、再出口、进口、中介、过境和转口。", "我们赞同这样的看法，即：利用外国许可证生产的武器不应作为单独活动接受本条约的管辖，可在技术和设备类别下予以解决。", "标准/参数", "保加利亚认为，文书应该有一套健全的共同标准，而不妨碍单独或集体的自卫权利，也不限制国家为合法防卫需要而生产以及为参加支助和平行动采购防卫物品的权利。", "虽然今后的武器贸易条约应该提出共同商定的标准，但批准或否决一项转让的最终决定仍应属于国家的责任。", "我们同时认为，对于一个国家的国际和区域义务和承诺，包括制裁和禁运，应该分开处理，并应导致可以加以拒绝。", "其他标准应在下列各核心章节下列出评估实施情况时必须遵守的一套基本标准：", "• 内部、区域和国际安全与稳定；", "• 国际人道主义法和国际人权法，包括人的安全和发展；", "• 军备控制和不扩散。", "我们认为，在评估一项申请时，有必要规定逐案处理的办法，对具体的转让规定具体的管制；例如：对出口、再出口、进口和中介将要适用的一整套标准以及一套数目有所减少的过境和转运标准。", "武器贸易条约中的腐败和有组织犯罪的问题，需要在关于执行的一节而不是在关于标准/参数的一节内述及，办法是要求或鼓励各国通过本国的国家立法。我们认为，必须从更广的角度来考虑有组织犯罪问题，并作为整个武装暴力的一部分加以解决。", "执行", "执行武器贸易条约的规定必须是国家的责任。为此，各国必须拟订和制定必要的出口管制立法，其中包括的法律规定应该有：行政能力建设，建立许可证、执法和起诉当局，以及违反国家立法和武器贸易条约规定时分别实行的刑事和行政制裁。", "执行应该与实际应用保持一致，考虑到国家能力的不同和法律制度的特点以及相关国家立法的存在。不应设想执行应该有任何宽限期。一俟条约对其生效，各国即必须有条件能够立即开始执行条约。", "应该建立一种与执行要求密切相关、且对于实现武器贸易条约的目标举足轻重的强制性透明机制。加强透明度的规定必须实际可行，并应明确地兼顾信息分享和国家安全的关切。", "为了解决其中的一些关切，与此同时力求制定一项强有力的条约，对于某些类的物品和活动而言，明确地区分管制和报告要求可能是有益的。更准确地说，范围应尽可能的全面，但数据交换的报告格式可以涵盖范围所规定的某些物品和活动。", "我们支持设立小型的秘书处(执行支助股)，作为负责整理国家报告和进行记录的适当机构，同时作为各国需要和提供协助的一个信箱。", "后续进程", "我们认为应设立未来条约的审查机制。应该根据共同商定的时间间隔召开审查条约现状、执行情况和范围的审查大会。各国在闭会期间可每年或每半年举行一次会议，以便加强执行工作，促进条约的普遍性以及请求提供或提供协助。", "中国", "［原件：中文］ ［2011年6月1日］", "中国高度重视非法转让和转移常规武器带来的问题。我们支持国际社会采取措施加强国际合作和管制国际武器贸易，打击常规武器的非法贩运。", "中国认为，武器贸易条约的主要目标是防止和打击非法贩运常规武器；因此，有必要在不影响正当武器贸易和国家正当自卫权的情况下，对武器贸易活动进行适当的管制。武器贸易条约应简明扼要和实际可行，集中解决目标明确的问题。条约谈判是逐步的过程，必须通过公开和透明的谈判，在联合国框架内进行，并以协商一致方式作出决定。", "关于武器贸易条约的范围，中国认为，我们不仅要力求涵盖广泛的常规武器，而且应考虑到执行这种范围广泛的武器贸易条约的可行性。中国建议涵盖《联合国常规武器登记册》所适用的七类武器。就国际交易或活动而言，武器贸易条约应对进出口均适用。", "关于转让的标准，中国认为，相关标准应该客观、公正和为国际所公认。这些标准应针对非法贩运和转移常规武器带来的问题，并避免任何政治化或歧视性内容。中国建议，转让标准应包括履行国际法和联合国安全理事会决议规定的义务，保持国际和区域安全与稳定，打击跨国犯罪和恐怖主义，有利于接受国正当自卫能力，不干涉接受国内政。", "关于执行武器贸易条约，中方认为，各国负有适当执行和管理武器贸易的主要责任。与此同时，中国支持各国在自愿基础上积极开展国际合作和援助。作为优先事项，发达国家应向发展中国家提供执行的必要材料、人力资源、技术和资金。合作和执行机制应有助于执行武器贸易条约的努力，不干涉国家主权的决定和给各国带来不必要的执行费用的沉重负担。《联合国常规武器登记册》等现有机制或文书应继续发挥应有的作用。", "中国在军品出口方面一向持审慎、负责的态度，并根据国家法律和条例、联合国安全理事会决议以及相关国际义务，对武器出口实行严格的管制。中国的武器出口政策严格遵守以下三个原则：军品出口应有利于接受国的正当自卫能力；不损害有关地区和整个世界的和平、安全和稳定；不干涉接受国的内政。中国对军品出口实施许可证制度，禁止未经授权的实体和个人从事军品出口业务，禁止向非国家行为者出口。我们要求接受国出具最终用途和最终用户证书，并承诺不在未经中国当局认可的情况下向第三方进行再转让。", "中国重视常规武器转让领域的国际合作，积极参与武器贸易条约进程的有关讨论，并在联合国政府专家组、不限成员名额工作组和武器贸易条约筹备委员会的工作中发挥建设性的作用。中国将以认真、负责的态度继续参与军品贸易问题的谈判，为正确解决非法贩运常规武器造成的问题做出不懈的努力。", "埃及", "[原件：英文] [2011年6月3日]", "进程和框架谈判方面的一般性意见", "本说明中所提意见补充而不是取代埃及先前根据大会武器贸易条约问题决议正式提出的意见。尽管先前向联合国秘书处提交了关于可行性、范围和参数草案的意见，但这里提出的意见涉及武器贸易条约的一般原则和目标、范围、参数和执行。", "很显然，情况正如关于这一问题的政府专家组确认的那样(A/63/334)，武器贸易条约是否可行，取决于确定这一条约的集体商定的目标、是否能防止政治滥用以及能否具有普遍性。因此，考虑可能制订的武器贸易条约的可行性被视为取决于这一条约的范围和参数，这些是相互关联的因素，需要对其进行公开、透明、具有包容性和全球范围的讨论。因此，这里并不涉及可行性的问题，原因是还没有就可能制订的武器贸易条约的范围或参数达成协议。", "埃及坚信，将对联合国2012年《联合国武器贸易条约会议》的审议以及任何可能取得的成果均须立足于题为“武器贸易条约”的大会第64/48号决议第5段所规定的原则，这一原则确认将以协商一致、公开和透明的方式举行上述会议。这意味着会议将只审议筹备委员会经协商一致通过的文件，并仅以协商一致的方式通过可能的案文。倘若发生会议分配的时间或进行审议和谈判的方法无法通过协商一致取得结论性的成果，就应考虑采取何种方式方法在联合国多边框架内继续就所有相关内容进行工作，以期达成所有人都能接受的结果。", "所提交意见有意避免广泛地涉及细节，这是不言自明的，因为这种细节应该在筹备委员会的框架内进行初步探讨，而且这些细节相互关联，所以现阶段还无法详细地提出，以便影响谈判进程和谈判可能审议的其他细节。", "关于一般目标和原则", "武器贸易条约的主要目标应该是：促进《联合国宪章》的原则和目标，防止、打击和消除常规武器的非法转让、非法生产和非法中介；促进常规武器生产、进出口和转运的透明度和问责。", "从原则立场出发，埃及认为，审议武器贸易条约的工作绝不应转移1978年致力于裁军问题的大会第一届特别会议所协商一致商定的核裁军这一确定无疑的优先事项。可能制订的条约必须在案文中明确提及这一内容。虽然最理想的是武器贸易条约应适用非法的武器转让，但可能制订的武器贸易条约必须是“管制”而不是“限制”武器贸易，让武器贸易交易变得更加透明，与此同时，通过充分的保障，不让条约的范围和参数被政治滥用，追求其他的政治、商业或经济利益。", "可能制订的武器贸易条约必须完全符合《联合国宪章》所体现的各项宗旨的文字和精神，包括各国为正当自卫取得常规武器的正当权利，生产、进出口和转让常规武器的权利，平等的主权权利，领土完整和政治独立的权利以及所有国家人民的自决权，以及《宪章》的所有其他原则，包括禁止使用武力和以武力相威胁的原则以及促进和平解决争端的原则。", "可能制订的条约应承认国家对本国领土内的武器转让进行管制的主权权利。为了实现目标，武器贸易条约应防止旨在造成或维持区域军备在数量或质量上的不平衡情况的武器出口。拟议的武器贸易条约不应干预联合国框架内关于常规武器的现有的制度，既不能危害这些制度，增加其义务，也不能给这些制度的业绩、性质和基本运作和原则基础造成不利影响。", "尽管武器贸易条约必须考虑到各方正当的防卫、商业、经济和军事关切，反映武器制造、出口、转运和进口国的各自责任，但条约不应试图以任何破坏武器进口国的权利的歧视性的权利取代主要武器生产国必须担负的责任。因此，可能制订的武器贸易条约必须连同进出口和转让，考虑到生产和储存的内容。可能制订的武器贸易条约必须为武器进口国规定出明确和可行的奖励措施，包括超出合作执行条约的一种广泛的国际合作框架。", "关于可能制订的武器贸易条约的范围", "在可能制订的武器贸易条约的范围和标准的内容以及根据可能制订的条约将要执行这些标准的方式之间，仍然存在着牢固的直接联系。将详细的武器类别列入武器贸易条约的范围，理应要求详细说明标准的内容，反之亦然。", "应明确考虑特定武器类别对于特定参数的相关性。将特定武器类别列入条约的范围，不应意味着一旦可能的接受国与标准不符，该国将自动地不准转让范围所涉及的整套武器类别。从原则上说，应强调相关性和相称性的内容，同时并强调执行中就相关性和相称性作出的实际保障。", "为了可能制订的条约的目的，该条约所适用的常规武器类别的范围可包括《联合国常规武器登记册》所列该登记册规定应该包括的七种物品，并不得超出这七种物品。", "将小武器和轻武器列入条约，将干涉并严重影响运作良好的联合国小武器和轻武器行动纲领，并导致复杂而广泛的实际与报告责任，从而使武器贸易条约的可能有效执行复杂化。由于在是否列入弹药问题上没有共识，埃及不支持将弹药列入可能制订的武器贸易条约的范围，因为这样做将给报告和执行带来多方面的实际障碍。", "同弹药的情况一样，谈判的任务或管制武器贸易的目标中均未提及武器零件和(或)部件或武器系统，也未提及双重用途物品和部件。将它们列入有可能给民用工业带来很多障碍，并与很多发展中国家的工业和发展目标相违背。因此，必须坚决避免这种做。", "应鼓励根据武器贸易条约进行利用外国许可证开展的技术转让和制造。", "尽管中介仍然是根据国家立法条例的控制和管辖下进行的活动，但只有非法中介才包括在可能制订的武器贸易条约的范围内。考虑到中介问题现在联合国的另一框架内由这一问题的政府专家组在其工作中进行审议，国家法律授权的中介不属于武器贸易条约的可能范围。", "关于可能制订的武器贸易条约的参数/标准", "公约必须以可核查的方式，就条约范围所适用的常规武器的出口、转运和进口国能够实施的，经集体商定的、明确、详细、可衡量和相关的参数作出规定。这些参数应完全符合联合国及其有关专门机构所承认的参数。在这种情况下，不应实行挂钩做法，让任何国家可以对其他国家的人权或可持续发展等领域作出主观的判断，这是因为，在联合国内对这种问题进行公平审议的框架和背景，与拟议的武器贸易条约的框架大不相同。", "武器贸易条约必须避免出现国家层面上凭主观臆断作出有可能是主观的判断，而不是依靠多边商定的机制，例如，有关联合国机构的决定，或可被指定负责武器贸易条约这一任务的该条约成员国的一个特别机构的决定。", "关于同武器贸易条约标准相关的信息来源，缔约国应考虑到将要转让武器的性质，最终用户的武器用途，以及缔约国本国政府当局和机构根据联合国专门机构、包括其外交和领事使团的决定和商定做法，以记录齐备和有案可查的方式，正式提出的评估和提供的信息。", "标准应该由所有国家来执行，而不仅是武器出口国执行。各国不应根据国家的推断作出授权或拒绝转让的决定，而应根据联合国相关机构所作国际商定的决定作出。只有所发生违反将要商定的标准的情况属于大规模、一贯和经联合国有关机构确定为重大的违约情事，这种决定才有相关性。", "关于可能制订的武器贸易条约的执行框架", "可能制订的武器贸易条约将要求设立一个专门服务于、促进和核查条约及其目标的有效、公平和负责任的执行的国际秘书处。这一秘书处的经费可从会员国的分摊会费以及(或)作为主要武器生产国武器销售收入的某一商定百分比分配和收取的资源中拨付。", "秘书处必须具有核实条约的执行仍属公平以及记录条约所涉所有报告的转让、包括被遭拒绝的转让的作用。条约必须以尊重各国根据《联合国宪章》享有平等主权的平衡的方式，明确列出成员国的权利和义务。不应该留有可以对根据条约所作承诺或条约的每一可能成员履行承诺的方式作出解释的空间。", "执行机制不仅应包括国家一级为执行条约而采取的措施，而且应包括国际一级为确保在核准的转让或遭拒绝的转让的情况下公约都能以公平和负责任的方式予以适用而采取的措施。", "应建立条约的全面报告制度。全面报告要求能够能提高公平和客观执行条约的透明度，增强对统一执行该公约的信心，与此同时，报告也能够确保仔细查找违背条约的做法，从而能够对拒绝的理由提出客观的质疑。根据拟议的报告制度，将要求各国就所发出的许可证授权、遭拒绝的许可证以及常规武器的实际转让作出报告。", "任何执行机制都应促进利用外国许可证进行的技术转让和制造，作为争取普遍参加和促进武器进口国加入条约的好处的激励措施。条约系统应该平衡，这样做的目的是确保潜在的进口国一旦遵守了所有的商定参数，肯定能够获得所需要的转让，与此同时，潜在的出口国将有义务这样做，并考虑到与转让相关的所有其他方面。", "萨尔瓦多", "［原件：西班牙文］ ［2011年5月23日］", "条约必须立足于《联合国宪章》的宗旨和原则，考虑到所有国家的主权平等、领土完整和政治独立的原则。条约的内容应确保缔约国忠实履行签署和批准条约时所承担的义务。", "未来的条约应加强控制和规范武器贸易的机制，应该包括适用于所有国家制造、进出口武器及进行其他形式的武器贸易的准则、参数和标准。", "未来的条约应建立负责必要情况下监督武器制造、出口和进口的实体或组织。", "文书应确定国家批准或拒绝批准武器进口、出口或转让的标准。文书应承认，根据《联合国宪章》和国际法的原则，所有国家都有依照自己认为的安全和国内需要采购武器的合法权利。案文应对加强武器跟踪和各国间交流信息的机制作出规定。", "条约必须界定武器生产国在授予商业合同和向最终目的地运送武器方面的责任，规定武器生产国应通知这些武器运送的过境国。", "该文书应包括旨在防止武器贸易推动目的地国家所在地区出现军备竞赛的规定或考虑。为了防止非法武器转让，条约还应规定武器制造商给武器作标记以便查找出口国的义务。", "最后，各国应商定条约的范围，因为当前获取常规武器活动的升级已成为让全世界各地区感到担心的因素，并成为直接影响各地区稳定和均势的问题。", "未来的文书应成为具有法律约束力的规范，用以加强控制和管制常规武器贸易的机制，并就适用于所有国家的武器出口的准则、参数和标准作出规定。", "此外，所通过的文件还应考虑到各国的实际情况，并有明确的参数和确切的定义，在实践中执行起来切实可行。", "为确保武器出口不会带来武器流入非法市场等有害影响，各国在就武器出口作出决定时，绝不能仅仅将武器出口视为有利可图的商业交易，而应仔细分析武器将用于何处，导致需要获得武器的情况以及打算使用武器的目的和目标。", "需要采取全面的办法对武器转让进行监测。应规定武器进出口或转让国批准或拒绝批准的标准和客观的准则。", "应该承认，各国均有根据为打击犯罪根据本国认为的安全和国内需要采购武器的正当权利，只要其获得和使用武器的动机符合《联合国宪章》、国际法、国际人道主义法和人权的原则。", "还必须加强跟踪武器和确保就武器贸易最终用途采取后续行动的机制；可通过保持各国间的信息交流这样做。", "必须界定武器生产国在授予商业合同和向最终目的地运送武器方面的责任。在此情况下，应通知所有过境国，此外，还应通过立法措施将非法制造、持有、储存和贩卖武器定为刑事犯罪。", "武器贸易条约应包括常规武器、轻武器和轻武器的定义和组成部分。武器生产国应对交易作出评价，以确保武器交易不会推动目的地国家所在地区出现军备竞赛。", "武器制造商应在生产过程中使用武器标记工具，并应提供必要的技术信息以确定非法转让所涉任何武器的特征和位置。", "关于防止恐怖分子染指大规模毁灭性武器的措施，萨尔瓦多作为联合国会员国和美洲国家组织的成员国签署并批准了以下国际文书：", "– 《美洲国家反恐怖主义公约》，萨尔瓦多于2002年6月3日在巴巴多斯布里奇顿签署，2003年1月21日批准", "– 《防止和惩治以侵害个人罪行和相关勒索罪行形式进行的具有国际影响的恐怖主义行为公约》", "– 《制止向恐怖主义提供资助的国际公约》", "– 《国际民用航空公约》、(《芝加哥公约》)及其修正案，该公约规定，《公约》适用于民用飞机，但不适用于国家的(军事、还过和经查)飞机", "– 《外国飞机对地面第三者造成损害的公约》", "– 1997年联合国框架内的《制止恐怖主义爆炸的国际公约》", "在国家一级，《特别反恐法》于2006年9月21日经第108号法令通过，于2010年6月24日经第399号法令修订，并于同日发表在第118号《政府公报》第387卷，该法现已生效。该法就以下考虑作了规定：", "1. 通过本法的主要原因是，恐怖主义对国家安全、公众和平和各国间的和谐构成严重威胁，直接和间接影响我国国民的身心健康、其财产和享有及维护个人的权利。有必要制定特别法律以防止、调查、惩处和消除恐怖活动，从而对影响国际社会的特殊情况作出回应。", "2. 本法的目的是，在确保尊重人权的同时，确保防止、调查、惩处和消除本法所述罪行以及所有行为，包括资助恐怖主义的活动和相关活动。由于其行事的方式和所采取的方式方法，这些活动显示有意在人民中制造惊慌、恐惧或恐怖，给个人生活或身心健康造成立即的威胁，特别是给重大或重要的物质材料、民主制度、国家安全或国际和平造成威胁。", "3. 为了本法的目的，规定了火器、爆炸装置、化学武器和恐怖组织的定义。", "4. 本法规定，依照《中美洲民主安全框架条约》或萨尔瓦多批准的其他国际条约，所有负责执行本法的国家机构均应提供关于恐怖分子或恐怖网络的行动或运动、复印或伪造证件以及用于打击《特别反恐法》所列罪行、包括资助恐怖主义及其相关活动的程序的资料。", "圭亚那", "[原件：英文] [2011年6月1日]", "和国际社会一样，圭亚那政府认识到，缺少常规武器进出口和转让的共同国际标准，是冲突与犯罪造成国家不稳定的一个促成因素，从而破坏了和平、安全和稳定。因此，圭亚那政府全力支持在非歧视、透明和多边基础上，谈判缔结一项具有法律约束力的文书，以建立关于常规武器进出口和转让的尽可能高的共同国际标准。", "关于条约将要规范的武器或设备的类别，圭亚那赞成将《联合国常规武器登记册》内规定的七类武器作为起点，并增列小武器和轻武器，以及制造设备、武器零部件和弹药等的技术。", "公约应该适用的活动和交易包括进出口、再出口、临时性再出口、转运、转让、中介活动、技术转让、利用外国许可证进行生产、技术援助和最终用户核查与监测。", "圭亚那政府认为，条约应就以下考虑作出规定，以便决定在哪种情况下武器转让是图利性的：", "• 是否存在可能违反转让国现有的国际义务或承诺的情况；这方面可包括《联合国宪章》或安全理事会禁运等所产生的义务；", "• 可能的最终用途，因此，如果所转让武器很可能被用来从事严重违反国际人权或人道主义法的行为或反人类罪，即有可能禁止转让；", "• 转让国有能力尽全力制止或避免被转移；", "• 恪尽职守，确保避免向非国家行为者转让，以便努力避免转让给恐怖团体、犯罪团伙或叛乱分子。", "条约一旦生效，便应在国家一级和国际一级执行条约。国家系统应包括具体的立法，以便能够实施武器贸易条约的规定，同时包括负责监督执行的一个国家机构。国际执行系统应侧重于合作与援助，以便为缺乏财力、技术和法律等方面必要能力的国家执行条约和分享最佳做法提供便利。", "最后，圭亚那支持建立关于执行情况的定期性国家报告制度的建议，该制度的设计应考虑到各国的进出口活动的差别以及作为武器制造国或消费国的地位。", "墨西哥", "[原件：西班牙语] [2011年6月6日]", "必须在2012年年底之前，在联合国的框架内通过武器贸易条约，以期控制不负责任的常规武器贸易。这种贸易威胁国家、区域和国际各级的和平与安全，维系了恐怖活动、有组织犯罪和其他违反国际法的行为。", "就这一问题通过一项强有力的文书，将能够更有效地防止和制止武器被转移到非法市场。", "条约的宗旨应该是，根据所有参与从武器的制造到销毁的整个生命周期的当事方的共同责任，并根据客观、不歧视和透明的准则，拟订出武器贸易的规则。", "墨西哥坚决支持武器贸易条约谈判，并决定将对武器贸易的控制作为其外交政策的一个重点。", "国际合作与援助", "建立应对各国需要和加强各国国家能力的快速而灵活的援助机制，将是有效执行条约的关键要求之一。", "关于国际合作，必须就进出口国之间的信息交流和对话作出规定，以便在风险分析中将武器转让的接受国考虑在内。", "条约的范围", "武器", "为使武器贸易条约成为有效的文书，必须摆脱依靠武器清单的办法，将重点放在就定义达成一致意见上，这一定义将包括所有的常规武器，其零部件，大口径和小口径弹药，以及同武器或弹药的生产、研制或维修相关的技术。", "列入条约的常规武器的定义应该灵活，并与军火工业未来的技术发展相适应。墨西哥认为，一种规定固定性武器清单的静态条约，将使适用性和有效性受到很大的限制。", "条约不应就体育或狩猎武器作出例外规定，原因是这些武器用于以下用途时，能够造成与常规武器相同的伤害：㈠ 推动有组织犯罪活动；㈡ 威胁国家稳定和安全；㈢ 支持恐怖活动。", "将要规范的活动", "公约应规范武器、部件、技术和弹药的所有实际和法律转让，不论其归谁所有或向谁转让。", "应在武器和弹药的生产到销毁的整个寿命周期内对其进行管制。武器贸易的条例应考虑最终用途和武器的可能用途这两者。", "标准", "尽管批准武器转让的决定是每个会员国的主权决定，但墨西哥将寻求确保，在武器很有可能被用来犯下或推动严重违反国际人道主义法的行为，或大规模严重违反国际人权之时，条约能够订出防止武器贸易的高标准。", "标记和跟踪", "条约中必须包括表明条约所适用的所有武器及其零部件必须在生产流程中作出标记以及必须设立标记信息数据库以便利对武器进行有效跟踪的规定。这些措施应大大加强对武器整个生命周期的管制。", "执行以及监测和执行机制", "条约必须有一种支助实体作为支持，借以跟踪与核实履行文书所规定义务的情况。墨西哥认为，这一实体必须有足够的预算和人力资源，为各国在国家一级执行条约提供援助，并作为核实遵守情况的一种机制发挥作用。此外，应为执行条约规定建立透明和有效的后续机制，对转让进行监测，对武器的整个生命周期进行管制，并确定进行国家报告的最好格式。", "2012年会议的决策", "墨西哥一直主张，武器贸易条约的谈判应让会员国能够有效地管制常规武器的贸易，同时还应确保这一重要进程不会变成为了最低标准而寻求协商一致，或是出现其他裁军倡议中出现的那种瘫痪局面。", "为此，墨西哥将尽一切努力达成总体协议，如果可能，达成普遍适用的协议，但如果达不成这种协议，可考虑大会议事规则中规定的替代办法。", "荷兰", "[原件：英文] [2011年5月20]", "荷兰坚决支持制定一项武器贸易条约。我们认为，负责任的武器贸易是国际贸易关系的一个合理组成部分，但同样显而易见的是，武器贸易是可能威胁和平、安全和稳定以及违反包括人权法和人道主义法在内的国际法的一个相关因素。", "常规武器的国际贸易应遵守载有有常规武器转让的共同最低标准的国际综合文书，这符合整个国际社会的利益。这些标准应来自国际人道主义法和国际习惯法中现有协议中载明的最高标准。", "我们在直至2012年的谈判中的目的是，拟订出一项强有力和健全的条约，但同时也应包括尽可能多的国家。一项参加国数目少但非常有力的条约同一项参加国数目多但软弱无力的条约一样，都是不可取的。这将是谈判中的关键内容之一。因此，我们必须有雄心壮志。", "武器贸易条约应要求各国通过并执行国家立法，防止发生常规武器的转让直接或间接挑起、延长或加剧冲突或损害人权、安全、稳定和发展的情况。荷兰认为，条约还应涉及恐怖主义、有组织犯罪、转移的风险和腐败。", "但这不应阻止各国参加负责任的国际常规武器贸易。各国应该有能力满足正当的防务和安全需要，并在可能时协助开展国际维持和平行动。", "武器贸易条约应具有尽可能广的适用范围。这涉及到武器类别和转让类别这两者。", "此外，荷兰认为，民间社会组织的支持对于武器贸易条约取得成功至关重要。我们的目的是非政府组织广泛参与这一进程。但最终决定必须由主权国家作出。除此之外，荷兰还认为，国防工业的参与将是取得成功的一个关键。严肃的国防工业将从武器贸易的认真规范中获益。", "新西兰", "[原件：英文] [2011年5月31日]", "执行摘要：非正式文件建议，各国应根据武器贸易条约就两个单独的问题提出报告：执行措施；以及前12个月的国际转让(还可选择就前12个月内遭拒绝的国际转让提出报告)。文件假设小国家可实行简化的报告程序，也可实行区域报告的做法。", "非正式文件建议建立一种可能的双边机制来促进武器贸易条约的执行(“要求做出澄清”以及“要求进行评论”的程序)和多边进程(通过一种“同行参与机制”)。文件说明了可能的武器贸易条约秘书处(或执行支助股)的广泛职责，包括成为各国所有报告的接受者。", "挪威", "[原件：英文] [2011年5月31日]", "挪威坚定致力于达成一项能够发挥重要实际作用的健全的武器贸易条约。武器贸易条约的总体目标应该是，通过对所有国际武器贸易进行负责任的规范，防止造成人类痛苦和武装暴力、包括违反国际人道主义法和人权法的非法或不负责的武器贸易。", "条约的范围应该广泛，涵盖国际转让的所有方面，适用于所有常规武器，包括小武器和轻武器、部件、武器技术等。挪威认为，弹药必须包括在条约的范围。", "挪威同样强调，武器贸易条约应载有国际合作和援助方面的规定，包括援助受害者的文字。条约还应确保透明度和问责，以便让相关行为者、包括民间社会能够获得信息和提高公众对这些问题的认识。武器贸易条约还应载有关于最终用户的证件以及标记和跟踪的规定。", "巴拿马", "[原文：西班牙语] [2011年6月1日]", "全球武器贸易和武器非法贩运的加剧，要求必须拟订一项国际文书，对这种影响全世界千百万公民的完全失控的情势加以控制。", "国际武器转让已从质量和数量上达到了不容忽视的规模，导致了常规武器非法贩运的加剧。", "联合国会员国提出的关于武器贸易条约的建议，旨在制定一项具有法律约束力的文书，就常规武器的高效和有效转让制定国际性规范。具体而言，目的是拟订出各国在进出口武器时必须实施的共同标准。", "为此，如前已申明的，各缔约国应根据本国的实在法、国际法以及《联合国宪章》规定的原则草拟新的文书。", "武器贸易条约的范围应该做到，该条约对常规武器规定的管制应该成为捍卫人权的实际手段。", "公约的范围应明确规定将适用哪些武器，将使用哪些标准批准或拒绝武器的转让和需要何种程度的透明度。", "尽管各国有权为自身安全获得武器，但各国也有责任确保在法律规定范围内从事武器贸易。", "在这方面，应该指出的是，截至2011年4月底，巴拿马共和国众议院通过了规范火器、弹药和相关材料的新法律，正等待行政部门的批准，这是为控制本国严重的武装暴力需要采取的步骤。", "谈判完成后，所产生文书应能够加强世界所有公民的安全与和平。", "瑞士", "[原件：英文] [2011年6月2日]", "一般评论", "鉴于瑞士具有长期的人道主义传统，在国际上促进和平与人权，是瑞士外交政策的一项主要目标。因此，中立、尊重人权和法治的原则一直是瑞士处理武器贸易的方式的重要内容。瑞士通过分享经验处理武器贸易问题。瑞士希望通过经验分享，为武器贸易条约的进一步谈判作出积极的贡献。", "武器贸易条约的要点", "关于联合国秘书长提交大会第六十六届会议的报告，瑞士希望谈谈在武器贸易条约的以下内容方面瑞士的看法。", "货物和转让类别", "瑞士支持具有法律约束力的全面武器贸易条约，该条约具有明确和有效的参数，适用于《联合国常规武器登记册》所列所有常规武器、小武器和轻武器、弹药、零部件、军用炸药以及相关技术。", "在此背景下，瑞士支持武器贸易条约适用以下各类别：坦克、军用车辆、火炮系统、军用直升机、海军舰只、导弹和导弹系统、小武器、轻武器、弹药、军用炸药、零部件、技术。", "以下类别的转让需获得许可：出口(包括再出口和临时性出口)过境(包括转运)、进口(包括临时性进口)、将常规武器的产权或控制权由一国的管辖转让给另一国的管辖、转让信息(技术的转让)以及中介。", "参数", "瑞士希望提及下述应在个案基础上适用的两套标准的想法：", "• 首先，武器贸易条约应列明不包括颁发许可证的标准；以及", "• 其次，武器贸易条约应列明在对许可证进行评估时需要加以考虑的标准。", "条约可将硬性规定不得颁发任何许可证的参数(“不适用参数”)区别开来，而其他参数将以非详尽的方式，作为在没有不适用标准的情况下也适用的精选评估参数。", "不适用参数：出现以下情况时各国不得授权进行国际武器转让：", "• 目的地国系某一武装冲突的当事方，并犯下严重违反国际法、包括国际人道主义法的行为；", "• 出口国加入的区域或分区域组织所通过的联合国制裁以及国际条约，或国际法规定的其他义务禁止武器转让；", "• 目的地国大规模严重违反人权；", "• 被出口武器还可能被用于对付目的地国的平民人口；", "• 在目的地国，被出口武器可能被转移给不履行上述参数的接受者。", "在对申请进行评价时，应考虑以下参数：", "• 武器转让对和平与安全以及区域和分区域稳定的影响；", "• 目的地国的人权方面的局势；", "• 对目的地国可持续经济社会发展的影响；", "• 该地区在发展合作领域的努力；", "• 武器转让有可能造成目的地国某种形式的腐败。", "报告和信息分享", "有效执行未来的武器贸易条约，需要高度的透明性。报告和信息分享机制对于此条约的可行性极为重要。", "报告和信息分享应包括：", "• 定期提供关于根据条约颁发许可证(每年一次或半年一次)和已发生转让的具体信息。还可包括单独地通报作出决定后某一期间内的拒绝转让的情况。", "这方面的最低要求可包括：", "• 出口国：关于目的地国、核准武器出口的类别和数量以及出口(和/或颁发的许可证)日期；", "• 进口国：关于出口国、进口武器的类别和数量以及进口日期；", "其他内容可以有：", "最终用户(例如：武装部队/警察部队，私人)、中介/中间人、价值、被拒出口和拒绝日期(某一时段内)及其理由。", "• 此外，未来的武器贸易条约应包括关于就国家执行条约的情况作出报告的规定，例如，关于国家立法或关于行政和组织决定的规定；", "• 信息分享还可涵盖关于与转让常规武器相关风险的信息交流。", "监测", "应通过协商进程建立对承诺的监测，协商可在双边或者多边层面上进行。", "国家执行", "会员国应建立国家法律和行政系统，以便使武器贸易条约根据国家立法生效。这些系统包括对相关法律、条例和行政程序以及相关的执行作出修订。", "最后和体制安排", "最后条款应设想程序上的可能性，以便审查条约(审查会议)、缔约国会议和体制支助。应在联合国内建立最低限度的架构，收集和分享所提供的信息，并在需要时将信息转化为可比较的形式。这一单位还可根据会员国要求发挥“信息中介”的作用。", "土库曼斯坦", "[原件：俄文] [2011年6月6日]", "关于根据大会第64/48号决定所提供与武器贸易条约有关的信息", "中立是土库曼斯坦国内外政策的基础。中立地位和国际义务决定了土库曼斯坦的根本地位，赋予了土库曼斯坦外交政策爱好和平的性质。因此，土库曼斯坦完全从政治和外交渠道，即主要从国际组织和联合国的渠道出发解决所有的事项。土库曼斯坦全力支持制止大规模毁灭性武器及其运载工具和相关技术扩散的国际努力。土库曼斯坦在立法中宣布拒绝拥有、制造、储存和运输核、化学、细菌或其他类型的大规模毁灭性武器，拒绝新型的这类武器或生产技术。", "根据其国际义务，土库曼斯坦不属于也不参加任何军事集团或联盟，也不在本国领土上设立外国军事基地。土库曼斯坦加入并忠实执行了所有的基本国际公约、协定和条约，反映出土库曼斯坦对于加强国际和平与安全的高度重视。", "鉴于自身的中立地位，土库曼斯坦没有在本国领土上制造或出售武器。因此，土库曼斯坦不出口武器。但是，为确保国家安全，土库曼斯坦确实从生产武器的国家进口武器。土库曼斯坦认真对待国防资产的管理，并始终如一地奉行严格监测、负责任的管理和严格监督的原则。", "2009年11月21日通过的《武器法》对土库曼斯坦领土上流通的民用、服务用和军用火器、利刃武器和弹药实行管理。该法的另一个目的是加强打击犯罪和非法武器贩运的国际合作。", "为了世界和平、安全与稳定，土库曼斯坦认为，所有国家，特别是发达国家应对潜在的危险材料、技术和军备进行严格的监测，实行克制，停止威胁全球安全和国家稳定的不负责任的武器转让。", "土库曼斯坦支持国际社会努力通过国际武器贸易条约制定具体的措施以制止非法武器贩运，并赞成在联合国的支持下继续讨论该条约。这一立场的出发点是，非法武器贩运是造成人类不可名状苦难的根源。", "土库曼斯坦欢迎国际社会和各国为推动全球裁军进程提出的建设性建议，并在国家和区域优先事项的指导下，随时准备参与到这些努力中去。在这方面，土库曼斯坦正在和平、和谐和共同进步的事业中为裁军努力发挥积极的作用。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目98(e)", "推动拟订一项武器贸易条约:建立常规武器进出口和转让共同国际标准", "武器贸易条约", "秘书长的报告", "目录", "页次\n一、导 言. 2\n国家\n澳大利亚\n保加利亚\n中国\n埃及\n萨尔瓦多 10\n圭亚那\n墨西哥 14\n荷兰 16\n新西兰\n挪威\n巴拿马\n瑞士 18\n土库曼斯坦 21", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 大会题为“武器贸易条约”的第64/48号决议第9段请秘书长就拟议的条约内容和与联合国武器贸易条约会议有关的其他相关问题征求会员国的意见,并向大会第六十六届会议提出报告。", "2. 2011年4月15日,秘书处向所有会员国发出普通照会,请它们利用这一机会就武器贸易条约谈判发表意见。", "3个 在编写本报告时,有13个国家根据这一要求提交了意见。 收到的答复全文可在裁军事务厅网站www.un.org/disarmament/convarms/ATTPrepCom/index.htm上查阅。 其他收到的答复将作为本报告增编印发。", "二. 从各国政府收到的资料", "澳大利亚", "[原件:英 [2011年6月13日]", "澳大利亚高兴地为罗伯托·加西亚·莫里坦大使所主持的联合国武器贸易条约会议筹备委员会的工作作出贡献,并完成拟定未来条约要素草案的任务(见大会第64/48号决议)。", "我们认为,要点草案有效地体现了澳大利亚坚决支持的武器贸易条约的重要安全、人道主义和负责任的贸易目标,并为各国能够负责和透明地进行武器贸易的国际框架奠定了基础。", "经过五年多的国际审议,联合国会员国将有机会于2012年正式谈判武器贸易条约。 要点草案为这些谈判提供了良好的基础。 澳大利亚坚信,它们符合大多数会员国的期望,即缔结一项具有法律约束力的全面条约,为国际常规武器转让确立共同商定的标准和准则。", "澳大利亚相信,有效执行武器贸易条约将有助于遏制和防止常规武器的非法贩运以及武装暴力、无法无天和冲突的悲惨后果。 我们认为,将小武器和轻武器纳入武器贸易条约的范围草案,对于最终实现武器贸易条约的人道主义目标至关重要。", "澳大利亚认为,所有国家都有责任尽一切合理能力支持《条约》的目标,即控制合法武器贸易,以杜绝非法贸易。", "虽然我们认为武器贸易条约不应规定缔约国如何履行其条约义务,但它显然将要求缔约国颁布并强制执行有效的法律和条例,以控制武器流入、出出或出自各自领土。", "一些国家将比其他国家更有能力履行其条约承诺,特别是拥有完善的国家制度和控制的国家。 对其他国家来说,国家能力和能力的差距可能必须通过国际合作和援助加以解决。", "澳大利亚从一开始就坚决支持缔结一项武器贸易条约。 我们同少数国家一道,在2006年以一项决议的形式首次将武器贸易条约问题提交联合国,并期待着继续与所有国家合作,以在2012年联合国会议上缔结一项有效和全面的武器贸易条约。", "保加利亚", "[原件:英 [2011年6月1日]", "保加利亚继续同国际社会一样,对非法和不负责任的常规武器转让的消极后果感到关切,并因此强烈赞成制订一项强有力的具有法律约束力的国际文书(武器贸易条约),为管制合法的武器转让和活动规定尽可能高的标准。 出于这些原因,保加利亚支持大会第64/48号决议。", "我们重申我们的理解,即根据法律不溯及既往的原则,本条约的规定将适用于各国在条约对其生效后开展的活动;换句话说,本条约将只规范今后的活动。", "范围", "关于条约的范围,我们认为,条约应当尽可能全面。", "就范围涵盖的项目而言,我们认为,武器贸易条约应按照联合国常规武器登记册的类别,涵盖所有常规武器,包括弹药,如果认为有必要,应进一步扩展,以反映不同类别武器的技术改进。 除大口径武器外,武器贸易条约还应包括小武器和轻武器、零部件、技术和设备。 应明确界定上述项目,并将其列入一份详细的附件,定期予以更新。", "在活动方面,文书应包括出口、再出口、进口、中介、过境和转运。", "我们同意这样的观点,即根据外国许可证进行的制造本身不应作为单独活动受本条约的管制,可由技术和设备类别处理。", "标准/参数", "保加利亚认为,该文书应具有一套强有力的共同标准,但不应妨碍单独或集体自卫的权利,也不应限制各国为正当防卫需要和参加和平支助行动而生产防卫物品和采购这些物品的权利。", "虽然未来的武器贸易条约应采用共同商定的标准,但授权或拒绝转让的最后决定仍应是国家责任。", "与此同时,我们认为,一国的国际和区域义务和承诺,包括制裁和禁运,应分别处理,并应导致拒绝。", "其他标准应在以下核心章节中列出评估申请时所要达到的基本标准:", "• 国内、区域和国际安全与稳定", "• 国际人道主义法和国际人权法,包括人的安全与发展", "二. 支助 军备控制和不扩散。", "我们认为,在评估对具体转让有具体控制的申请时,有必要规定逐案处理办法;例如,适用于出口、再出口、进口和经纪的整套标准,以及减少过境和转运的一套标准。", "武器贸易条约内的腐败和有组织犯罪问题需要在有关执行的一节中讨论,而不是在关于标准/参数的一节中通过责成或鼓励各国通过各自的国家立法来讨论。 我们认为,必须从更广泛的角度审议有组织犯罪问题,并将其作为整个武装暴力的一部分加以处理。", "执行情况", "执行武器贸易条约的规定必须是国家的责任。 为此,各国必须制定并制订出必要的出口管制立法,其中包括行政能力建设、建立许可证发放、执法和检察机关以及违反国家立法和武器贸易条约规定的刑事和行政制裁的法律规定。", "执行工作应与实际适用相一致,同时考虑到各国能力的不同、法律制度的特殊性以及有关国家立法的存在。 不应设想任何执行的宽限期。 条约一旦对每个国家生效,各国必须能够开始执行。", "应建立一个强制性的透明度机制,该机制与执行要求密切相联,对实现武器贸易条约的目标至关重要。 提高透明度的规定必须务实,并应在信息共享和国家安全关切之间达成明确的平衡。", "为了解决其中一些关切,同时努力就某些类型的项目和活动达成一项强有力的条约,不妨明确区分控制与报告要求。 更确切地说,范围必须尽可能全面,但数据交换方面的报告格式可以涵盖范围中规定的某些项目和活动。", "我们支持设立一个小型秘书处(执行支助股),作为负责整理国家报告和保存记录的适当机构,并作为各国需要和提供援助的信箱。", "后续进程", "我们认为应建立未来条约的审查机制。 条约现况、执行情况和范围的审查会议应按共同商定的间隔时间举行。 在闭会期间,各国可以每年或每半年召开一次会议,以加强执行,促进条约的普遍性并请求或提供援助。", "中国", "[原件:中文和英 [2011年6月1日]", "中国高度重视常规武器非法转让和转移引起的问题。 我们支持国际社会采取必要措施,加强国际合作并管制国际武器贸易,以打击常规武器的非法贩运。", "中国认为,武器贸易条约的首要目标是防止和打击常规武器的非法贩运;因此,在不损害合法武器贸易或国家合法自卫权的情况下,必须适当管制武器贸易活动。 武器贸易条约应简洁而可行,侧重于有针对性的问题。 条约谈判是一个分步骤的进程,必须通过公开而透明的讨论,在联合国框架内进行,决定应以协商一致方式作出。", "关于武器贸易条约的范围,中方认为,我们不仅应努力涵盖广泛的常规武器,而且应考虑到执行这一范围的武器贸易条约的可行性。 中方建议在《联合国常规武器登记册》中涵盖七类武器。 就国际交易或活动而言,武器贸易条约应涵盖进出口。", "关于转让标准,中方认为相关标准应当客观,公正,得到国际认可. 它应针对常规武器非法贩运和转用引起的问题,并避免任何政治性或歧视性因素。 中国建议,转让标准应包括履行国际法和联合国安理会决议规定的义务,维护国际和区域安全与稳定,打击跨国犯罪和恐怖主义,有利于接受国的正当自卫能力,不干涉接受国内政。", "关于执行武器贸易条约,中国认为,国家对武器贸易的适当行政管理负有主要责任。 与此同时,中国支持各国在自愿基础上积极开展国际合作和援助。 作为优先事项,发达国家应当向发展中国家提供执行所必需的材料、人力资源、技术和资金。 合作与执行机制应促进执行武器贸易条约的努力,而不应干涉国家主权决定或使国家负担过重,承担不必要的执行费用。 诸如《联合国常规武器登记册》等现有机制或文书应继续发挥应有的作用。", "中国在武器出口中始终采取审慎负责的态度,根据国家法律法规,联合国安理会决议和有关国际义务,严格控制武器出口. 中国的军品出口政策严格遵守以下三项原则: 军品出口应当有利于接受国的合法自卫能力; 不得破坏有关地区和整个世界的和平,安全与稳定; 不得以军品出口作为干涉接受国内政的手段. 中国实行武器出口许可证制度,禁止未经许可的实体和个人从事武器出口业务,并禁止向非国家行为者出口武器。 我们请接受国提交最终用途和最终用户证书,并承诺未经中国当局同意不得再转让给第三方。", "中国重视常规武器转移的国际合作,积极参与武器贸易条约进程的相关讨论,在联合国政府专家组,不限成员名额工作组和武器贸易条约筹备委员会的工作中起建设性作用. 中方将继续认真负责地参与武器贸易问题的讨论,为妥善解决常规武器非法贩运问题而不懈努力。", "埃及", "[原件:英 [2011年6月3日]", "关于进程和框架谈判的一般意见", "本说明中表达的观点补充而不是取代埃及根据大会有关武器贸易条约的决议先前正式表达的观点。 虽然早些时候已经向联合国秘书处提出了关于可行性、范围和暂定参数的意见,但这里所表达的意见涉及武器贸易条约的一般原则和目标、范围、参数和执行。", "正如关于这一问题的政府专家组所证实的那样(见A/63/334),显然,武器贸易条约的可行性将取决于能否确立其集体商定的目标、其实际适用性、对政治滥用的抵制以及其普遍性的潜力。 因此,对一项可能的武器贸易条约的可行性的任何审议都被视为取决于其范围和参数,是需要公开、透明、包容和普遍讨论的相互关联的因素。 因此,此处不涉及可行性问题,因为尚未就一项可能的武器贸易条约的范围和参数达成协议。", "埃及坚信,必须把2012年联合国武器贸易条约会议的审议和可能取得的任何成果建立在题为“武器贸易条约”的大会第64/48号决议第5段中规定的原则基础上,该决议确认会议将在协商一致的基础上以公开和透明的方式进行。 这意味着会议将只审议由筹备委员会协商一致商定的文件,并将以协商一致的方式通过任何可能的案文。 如果为裁谈会分配的时间,或其审议和谈判的方法无法以协商一致的方式取得最终结果,则应考虑各种方法和途径,以便在联合国多边框架内继续开展所有相关内容的工作,以达成各方都能接受的结果。", "毋庸赘言,所提出的意见故意避免详加阐述,因为这些细节仍有待在筹备委员会框架内进行初步探讨,而且相互关联,在现阶段不允许以不对谈判进程及其可能考虑的其他细节作出预先判断的方式全面阐述。", "关于总体目标和原则", "武器贸易条约的主要目标应当是促进《联合国宪章》的原则和目标,防止、打击和消除常规武器的非法转让、非法生产和非法中介活动;促进常规武器生产、进口、出口和转运的透明度和问责制。", "从原则观点来看, 埃及认为,审议武器贸易条约的努力绝不应改变1978年专门讨论裁军问题的大会第一届特别会议协商一致商定的核裁军这一不容置疑的优先事项。 在可能的条约案文中必须明确提及这一要素。 虽然它最好应涵盖非法武器转让,但潜在的武器贸易条约必须“管制”而不是“限制”武器贸易,使武器贸易交易更加透明,同时通过充分的保障措施,不允许在政治上为其他政治、商业或经济利益滥用条约的范围和参数。", "可能的武器贸易条约必须充分遵守《联合国宪章》所揭示的所有原则的文字和精神,包括各国为合法自卫获取常规武器的合法权利、常规武器的生产、出口、进口和转让权利、平等的主权权利、领土完整和政治独立的权利、各国人民的自决权,以及《宪章》的所有其他原则,包括禁止使用武力和威胁使用武力的原则以及促进和平解决争端的原则。", "可能的条约应承认各国管制本国境内武器转让的主权权利。 为了实现其目标,武器贸易条约应防止出口武器,以便在区域军备中引入或维持数量上或质量上的不平衡。 拟议的武器贸易条约不应干涉联合国框架内关于常规武器的现有制度,也不得侵犯这些制度,增加其义务,也不得对其性能、性质和基本的行动基础和原则基础产生不利影响。", "虽然武器贸易条约必须考虑到各方的合法防卫、商业、经济和军事关切,反映武器生产国、出口国、转运国和进口国各自的责任,但不应试图以歧视性权利取而代之,这些歧视性权利以任何方式损害武器进口国的权利。 因此,一项可能的武器贸易条约必须考虑到生产和储存的要素以及出口、进口和转让。 可能的武器贸易条约必须对武器进口国采取明确而可行的激励措施,包括超越合作执行条约的广泛国际合作框架。", "关于可能制订的武器贸易条约的范围", "潜在武器贸易条约的范围和标准要素与潜在条约中这些标准的适用方式之间仍然有着非常密切和直接的联系。 将详细的武器类别列入武器贸易条约的范围自然需要详细阐明标准要素,反之亦然。", "应明确考虑特定武器类别与特定参数的相关性。 将特定武器类别列入条约范围不应意味着,一旦潜在接受国不符合某一标准,将自动拒绝转让该范围所包括的整套武器类别。 原则上,应强调相关性和相称性要素,以及执行中相关性和相称性的实际保障。", "就可能的条约而言,条约所包括的常规武器类别的范围可以包括登记册所定义的《联合国常规武器登记册》所列举的七个项目,而且不应超出它们的范围。", "列入小武器和轻武器将干扰并严重损害已经运作良好的《联合国小武器和轻武器行动纲领》,并导致承担复杂而广泛的实际和报告责任,使有效执行武器贸易条约的可能性复杂化。 由于没有就其可能列入达成共识,埃及不支持将弹药列入任何可能的武器贸易条约的范围,因为这将导致在报告和执行方面遇到广泛的实际障碍。", "同弹药一样,在谈判任务或管制武器贸易的目标中没有提到武器或武器系统的部件和(或)部件,或两用货物和部件。 将它们纳入其中可能会给民用工业造成广泛障碍并违背许多发展国家的工业和发展目标。 因此,应坚决地避免它们。", "武器贸易条约应鼓励外国许可的技术转让和制造。", "虽然经纪活动仍然是由国家立法和条例所控制和管制的活动,但只有非法经纪活动才能列入一项可能的武器贸易条约的范围。 国内法授权的经纪活动不属于武器贸易条约的任何可能范围,同时考虑到经纪活动问题在联合国内的另一个框架内,由关于这一问题的政府专家组审议。", "关于可能的武器贸易条约的参数/标准", "条约必须规定集体商定、明确、详细、可衡量和相关的参数,可通过出口、转运和进口国以可核查的方式实施条约所涵盖常规武器。 这种参数应与联合国及其有关专门机构内承认的参数完全一致。 在这种背景下,不应让任何国家在人权或可持续发展等领域对另一国进行主观评估,因为联合国内部公平审议此类问题的框架和背景与拟议的武器贸易条约框架相去甚远。", "至关重要的是,武器贸易条约应避免允许在国家一级单独进行可能主观的评估,而不依赖多边商定的机制,如联合国有关机构的决定或武器贸易条约成员国的特别机构的决定,而可根据条约承担这项任务。", "作为与武器贸易条约标准有关的信息来源,缔约国应按照联合国有关专门机构,包括其外交和领事使团的决定和商定做法,以有文件证明和充分证明的方式,考虑到所转让武器的性质、最终用户使用武器的情况以及缔约国本国政府当局和机构所作的评估和正式提供的信息。", "适用标准应当由所有国家,而不仅仅是武器出口国。 国家批准或拒绝转让的决定不应基于国家假设,而应基于联合国有关机构作出的国际商定的决定。 这种决定只有在违反有待商定的标准的情况是大规模、一致并被联合国有关机构确定为重大的情况下才具有相关性。", "A. 关于可能制订的武器贸易条约的执行框架", "可能的武器贸易条约将要求设立一个专门服务、促进和核查有效、公正和负责任地执行条约及其目标的国际秘书处。 这种秘书处的资金可以来自其成员国的分摊会费和(或)分配和收取的资源,占主要武器生产国武器销售收入的商定百分比。", "秘书处必须发挥作用,核查条约的执行情况是否仍然公平,并记录条约所涵盖的所有已报告的转让,包括被拒绝的转让。 条约必须以平衡的方式明确列出其成员的权利和义务,尊重《联合国宪章》规定的各国主权平等。 在解释条约下的承诺或每个可能的成员履行条约的方式方面,不应有任何余地。", "执行机制不仅应包括在国家一级执行条约的措施,还应包括国际一级的措施,以确保在经核准的转让或被拒绝转让的情况下公平和负责任地适用条约。", "应当根据条约建立一个全面的报告制度。 虽然全面报告要求将提高公正和客观地执行条约的透明度并增强对其统一适用的信心,但报告还将允许审查与条约相矛盾的做法,允许客观地质疑拒绝的理由。 根据拟议报告制度,将要求各国报告发放许可证、拒发许可证和实际转让常规武器的情况。", "任何执行机制都应促进在外国许可下进行技术转让和制造,作为促进普遍成员制和促进武器进口国遵守条约的好处的激励措施。 条约制度应保持平衡,以确保潜在的进口国一旦遵守了所有商定的参数,就一定会获得所需的转让,而且潜在的出口国有义务这样做,同时考虑到与转让有关的所有其他方面。", "萨尔瓦多", "[原件:西班牙 [2011年5月23日]", "条约必须以《联合国宪章》的宗旨和原则为基础,同时考虑到所有国家主权平等、领土完整和政治独立的原则。 条约的内容应保证缔约国诚意地履行它们在签署或批准时承担的义务。", "未来的条约应加强管制和管制武器贸易的机制,并应包括适用于所有国家制造、出口和进口武器和其他形式的武器贸易的标准、参数和标准。", "它应设立实体或组织,根据需要负责监督武器的制造、出口和进口。", "该文书应规定国家批准或拒绝武器进口、出口或转让的标准。 它应该承认,所有国家都有合法权利根据《联合国宪章》和国际法的原则,根据它们自己的安全和国内需要采购武器。 案文应规定加强武器追踪和国家间信息交流的机制。", "条约必须界定武器生产国在授予商业合同和将武器运至最终目的地方面的责任,并要求它们向过境国通报这种运输。", "该文书应包括旨在防止军火贸易在目的地国区域引发军备竞赛的条例或考虑因素。 为了防止非法武器转让,条约还应规定武器制造商有义务对武器作标记,以确定出口国。", "最后,所有国家都应就条约的参数达成一致,因为常规武器采购的升级目前是世界所有区域所关切的问题,是直接影响区域稳定和力量平衡的问题。", "未来的文书应作为具有法律约束力的准则,加强常规武器贸易的管制和管制机制,并确立在武器出口方面适用于所有国家的标准、参数和标准。", "此外,通过的文件应考虑到每个国家的现实情况,并且应当可行地在实践中加以执行,并有明确的参数和准确的定义。", "为了确保武器出口不会产生不必要的影响,例如武器转入非法市场,极为重要的是,各国在就武器出口作出决定时,不应仅仅将其视为有利可图的商业交易,而应仔细分析武器将在何处使用、导致需要获取武器的情况以及武器打算用于何种目的和目标。", "需要对武器交易实行全面监督。 应当为各国批准或拒绝武器进出口或转让制定标准和客观标准。", "应该承认,所有国家都有合法权利根据自己认为的安全需要和国内需要采购武器来打击犯罪,条件是其获取和使用武器的动机符合《联合国宪章》的原则、国际法、国际人道主义法和人权。", "还必须加强追踪武器的机制,并确保对最终使用所交易的武器采取后续行动;这可以通过保持各国之间的信息交流来实现。", "必须确定武器生产国在授予商业合同和将武器运至最终目的地方面的责任。 在这种情况下,应通知任何过境国,并应采取立法措施,将非法制造、拥有、储存和买卖武器的行为定为刑事犯罪。", "武器贸易条约应包括常规武器、小武器和轻武器的定义和组成部分。 武器生产国应评估交易,以确保交易不会在目的地国区域引发军备竞赛。", "武器制造商在生产过程中应使用武器标识工具,并应提供识别和找到可能参与非法转让的任何武器所需的技术信息。", "关于防止恐怖分子获取大规模毁灭性武器的措施,萨尔瓦多作为联合国会员国和美洲国家组织成员国已签署和批准了下列国际文书:", "- 《美洲国家反恐怖主义公约》,萨尔瓦多于2002年6月3日在巴巴多斯布里奇敦签署,2003年1月21日批准;", "- 《防止和惩治以侵害个人罪行和具有国际影响的有关勒索为形式的恐怖主义行为公约》;", "- 《制止向恐怖主义提供资助的国际公约》", "- 《国际民用航空公约》(《芝加哥公约》)及其修正案,其中规定《公约》适用于民用航空器,而不适用于国家(军事、海关和警察)飞机", "- 《外国飞机对地上第三方造成损害公约》", "- 在联合国框架内的1997年《制止恐怖主义爆炸的国际公约》", "在国家一级,2006年9月21日第108号立法令通过了《反恐怖主义特别法》,经2010年6月24日第399号立法令修订,并于同日第118号政府公报第387卷公布。 该法规定了以下考虑:", "1. 联合国 通过该法的主要原因是,恐怖主义对国家安全、公共和平和国家间和谐构成严重威胁,直接和间接地影响到其国民的身心完整、其财产以及享有和维护其权利。 为了预防、调查、惩罚和消除恐怖主义活动,从而对影响国际社会的特殊情况作出反应,需要制定一项特别法律。", "2. 联合国 该法的宗旨是,在坚持严格尊重人权的同时,确保预防、调查、惩罚和根除其中所描述的罪行,以及一切行为,包括资助和有关活动,这些行为通过实施方式和使用的手段和方法,表明意图通过对人的生命或身心完整性,特别是重大或重要物质财产、民主制度、国家安全或国际和平构成迫在眉睫的威胁,在民众中制造恐慌、恐惧或恐怖。", "3个 为该法的目的,对火器、爆炸装置、化学武器和恐怖组织作了定义。", " 4.四. 该法规定,根据《中美洲民主安全框架条约》或萨尔瓦多所批准的任何其他国际条约,所有国家机构均应向负责执行该法的机构提供关于恐怖分子或恐怖主义网络的行动或移动、复制或伪造的文件以及用于打击《反恐怖主义特别法》所列罪行,包括其筹资和有关活动的程序的资料。", "圭亚那", "[原件:英 [2011年6月1日]", "圭亚那政府同国际社会一道认识到,缺乏常规武器进出口和转让的共同国际标准,是冲突与犯罪造成民族国家不稳定的一个促成因素,从而破坏和平、安全与稳定。 因此,我国政府完全支持在非歧视、透明和多边基础上谈判缔结一项具有法律约束力的文书,以建立常规武器进出口和转让的共同国际标准。", "关于条约所管制的武器或装备的类别,圭亚那赞成联合国登记册上的七类武器作为增加小武器和轻武器以及制造这种设备、武器和弹药零部件的技术的起点。", "条约应涵盖的活动和交易包括进口、出口、再出口、临时再出口、转运、过境、转让、中介活动、技术转让、外国许可证制造、技术援助和最终用户核查和监测。", "圭亚那政府认为,条约应规定下列因素,以确定武器转让何时有利可图:", "二. 支助 转让国是否可能违反现有国际义务或承诺;这些义务可包括根据《联合国宪章》或安全理事会禁运等承担的义务;", "二. 支助 可能的最终用户,因此,如果转让的武器很有可能被用于严重违反国际人权法或人道主义法或危害人类罪行,则可能禁止转让;", "二. 支助 转让国能够竭尽全力打击或避免转移;", "二. 支助 克尽职责,确保避免向非国家行为者转移资金,以努力避免向恐怖主义集团、犯罪团伙或叛乱分子转移资金。", "一旦条约生效,应在国家和国际两级执行。 国家制度应载有具体立法,允许执行武器贸易条约的规定并设有负责监督执行情况的国家机构。 国际执行系统应侧重于促进缺乏必要能力的国家执行《公约》的合作和援助,例如财政、技术和法律以及分享最佳做法。", "最后,圭亚那支持关于应建立执行情况定期国家报告制度的建议,该制度旨在考虑到各国在进出口活动及其武器制造商或消费者地位方面的差异。", "墨西哥", "[原件:西班牙 [2011年6月6日]", "必须在2012年之前在联合国框架内通过一项武器贸易条约,以控制不负责任的常规武器贸易。 这种贸易威胁了国家、区域和国际各级的和平与安全,并持续了恐怖主义活动、有组织犯罪和其他违反国际法的行为。", "就这一问题通过一项强有力的文书,将能够更有效地防止和打击武器转入非法市场。", "条约的目的应该是根据参与武器生命周期的所有各方的共同责任,从制造到销毁,以及客观、不歧视和透明的标准,制定武器贸易条例。", "墨西哥坚决支持关于武器贸易条约的谈判,并决定将控制武器贸易作为其外交政策的主要重点。", "国际合作和援助", "建立迅速而灵活的援助机制,满足各国需要并加强其国家能力,将是有效执行条约的关键要求之一。", "关于国际合作,至关重要的是在进出口者之间进行信息交流和对话,以便在风险分析中考虑到武器转让的接受者。", "条约的范围", "军火", "为了使武器贸易条约成为一项有效的文书,必须超越基于武器清单的办法,而侧重于就涵盖所有常规武器及其零部件、高口径和低口径弹药以及与武器或弹药的生产、开发或维护有关的技术的定义达成协议。", "列入条约的常规武器定义应具有灵活性并适应武器工业今后的技术发展。 墨西哥认为,一项固定武器清单的静态条约在相关性和有效性方面将受到严重限制。", "条约不应规定体育或狩猎武器的例外情况,因为这些武器可造成与常规武器相同的伤害,因为它们可用于:(一) 为有组织犯罪活动提供便利;(二) 威胁国家稳定与安全;(三) 支持恐怖活动。", "有待规范的活动", "条约应规范武器、部件、技术和弹药的所有实物和合法转让,无论由谁拥有或转让给谁。", "应在武器和弹药的整个生命周期,从生产到销毁,对其进行控制。 有关武器贸易的条例必须考虑到武器的最终用户和可能的使用情况。", "标准", "尽管批准武器转让的决定是每个会员国的主权决定,但墨西哥将力求确保条约确立高标准,在武器贸易很有可能被利用来犯下或便利严重违反国际人道主义法或严重和有步骤地违反国际人权法时,防止武器贸易。", "标识和追查", "条约必须包括一项规定,说明在生产过程中必须标出条约所包括的所有武器及其零部件,必须保存标记资料的数据库,以利有效追查武器。 这些措施将大大改进武器在整个生命周期的控制。", "执行、监测和执行机制", "至关重要的是,条约应得到一个支持实体的支持,以跟踪和核查对文书中规定的义务的遵守情况。 墨西哥认为,该实体必须有足够的预算和人力资源来协助各国在国家一级执行条约并发挥核查遵守情况的机制的作用。 此外,应在条约的执行中规定透明和有效的后续机制,以监测转让和建立对整个武器生命周期的控制,并查明国家报告的最佳格式。", "2012年会议的决策", "墨西哥主张谈判一项武器贸易条约,使会员国能够有效控制常规武器贸易,同时确保这一重要进程不会被就最低标准达成共识所取代,也不会被其他裁军倡议所特有的瘫痪所取代。", "为此,墨西哥将尽一切努力达成一般性协定,并在可能的情况下达成普遍协定,但是如果没有达成这种协定,则可以考虑大会议事规则中规定的其他办法。", "荷兰", "[原件:英 [2011年5月20日]", "荷兰坚决支持缔结一项武器贸易条约。 我们认为,负责任的武器贸易是国际贸易关系的合法部分,但同样明显的是,武器贸易是可能威胁和平、安全、稳定和违反国际法,包括人权法和人道主义法的一个相关因素。", "常规武器国际贸易将提交给载有常规武器转让共同最低标准的全面国际文书,符合整个国际社会的利益。 这些标准应当取自国际人道主义法和习惯国际法现有协定所载的最高标准。", "我们争取在2012年之前进行谈判的目的是制定一项有力而有力的条约,但同时尽可能地包括更多的国家。 一项参与程度低的强有力条约与一项广泛参与的薄弱条约一样不可取。 这将成为谈判的关键要素之一。 因此,我们必须尽可能雄心勃勃。", "武器贸易条约应责成各国通过并落实国家立法,以防止常规武器的转让会直接或间接地挑起、延长或加剧冲突,或以其他方式损害人权、安全、稳定或发展。 荷兰认为,恐怖主义、有组织犯罪、转移用途和腐败风险也是这项条约应涵盖的要素。", "然而,这不应阻止各国参与负责任的常规武器国际贸易。 各国应能够满足其正当的国防和安全需要,并在可能的情况下协助国际维持和平行动。", "武器贸易条约应包含尽可能广泛的范围。 这既涉及武器类别,也涉及转让类型。", "此外,荷兰认为民间社会组织的支持对武器贸易条约的成功至关重要。 我们的目标是让非政府组织广泛参与这一进程。 然而,最后决定必须由主权国家作出。 除此之外,荷兰认为国防工业的参与将是成功的关键。 严肃的国防工业将受益于对军火贸易的严格管制。", "新西兰", "[原件:英 [2011年5月31日]", "内容提要: 该非正式文件建议,各国应根据武器贸易条约就两个不同的问题提交报告:执行措施;以及过去12个月中的国际转让(还有一种报告它们在过去12个月中可能否认的国际转让的备选办法)。 它为小国提出了简化报告程序,以及区域报告的可能性。", "非正式文件建议建立一个可能的双边机制来推动执行武器贸易条约(“要求澄清”和“要求评论”程序)以及多边进程(通过“同侪接触机制”)。 报告概述了可能设立的武器贸易条约秘书处(或执行支助股)的一系列职能,包括接受各国的所有报告。", "挪威", "[原件:英 [2011年5月31日]", "挪威坚定地致力于达成一项强有力的武器贸易条约,这将在实地发挥作用。 武器贸易条约的总目标应当是对所有国际军火贸易进行负责任的管制,以防止非法或不负责任的军火贸易造成人的痛苦和武装暴力,包括违反国际人道主义法和人权法的行为。", "条约的范围应当广泛并涵盖国际转让的所有方面,并适用于所有常规武器,包括小武器和轻武器、部件、武器技术等。 对挪威来说,弹药必须纳入范围。", "挪威还强调,武器贸易条约应载有国际合作和援助的规定,包括关于援助受害者的措辞。 条约还应确保透明度和问责制,使相关行为者,包括民间社会能够获得有关这些问题的信息并提高公众认识。 武器贸易条约还应载有关于最终用户文件以及标识和追踪的规定。", "巴拿马", "[原件:西班牙 [2011年6月1日]", "全球武器贸易和非法贩运的增加要求制定一项国际文书来管制一个完全失控并影响到全世界数百万公民的局势。", "国际武器转让在质量和数量上都达到了相当高的比例,导致常规武器的非法贩运有所增加。", "联合国会员国就武器贸易条约所提出的建议力求制定一项具有法律约束力的文书,为高效和有效地转让常规武器提供国际规范。 具体地说,其目的是制定所有国家在进口或出口武器时必须执行的共同标准。", "为此目的,正如已经申明的那样,缔约国应当根据其实在法、国际法和《联合国宪章》所阐明的原则起草一项新的文书。", "武器贸易条约的范围应当使其对常规武器的管制成为捍卫人权的真正手段。", "条约的范围应明确规定将涵盖哪些武器,将采用何种标准允许或拒绝武器转让,以及需要何种形式的透明度。", "虽然各国有权为自己的安全获取武器,但它们也有责任确保武器贸易在法律范围内进行。", "在这方面,应当指出,2011年4月底,巴拿马共和国众议院通过了一项管制火器、弹药和相关材料的新法律,目前等待行政部门批准,作为控制该国武装暴力高发情况的一个立即步骤。", "在谈判完成后,由此产生的文书应可加强世界所有公民的安全与和平。", "瑞士", "[原件:英 [2011年6月2日]", "总论", "鉴于瑞士的长期人道主义传统,国际促进和平与人权是瑞士外交政策的主要目标。 因此,中立、尊重人权和法治原则是瑞士处理武器贸易方式的重要因素。 瑞士通过分享经验,处理武器贸易问题。 在分享经验时,瑞士希望为武器贸易条约的进一步谈判作出积极贡献。", "武器贸易条约的内容", "关于联合国秘书长向大会第六十六届会议提交的报告,瑞士愿就武器贸易条约的下列内容发表意见。", "货物类型和转让", "瑞士支持一项具有明确而有效参数的具有法律约束力的全面武器贸易条约,涵盖《联合国常规武器登记册》所列举的所有常规武器、小武器和轻武器、弹药、零部件、军用爆炸物以及相关技术。", "在此背景下,瑞士建议武器贸易条约涵盖以下类别:坦克、军用车辆、火炮系统、军用飞机、军用直升机、海军舰艇、导弹和导弹系统、小武器、轻武器、弹药、军用炸药、零部件、技术。", "下列类型的转让应获得许可证:出口(包括再出口和临时出口)、过境(包括转运)、进口(包括临时进口)、常规武器的所有权或控制权从一国的管辖范围向另一国的转让、信息转让(技术转让)以及中介活动。", "参数", "瑞士想提及下述设想,即应当逐一适用两套标准:", "二. 支助 第一,武器贸易条约应订有排除发放许可证的标准;", "二. 支助 第二,它应有在评估许可证时需要考虑的标准。", "《条约》可区分强制排除发放任何许可证的参数(“排除参数”),而其他参数则在并非详尽无遗的基础上作为完善的评估参数,在没有排除标准的情况下也可适用。", "排除参数: 1. 在下列情况下,国家不得批准国际武器转让:", "二. 支助 目的地国是武装冲突的当事方,严重违反了国际法,包括国际人道主义法;", "• 出口国加入的联合国制裁或分区域组织通过的制裁,以及国际条约和国际法规定的其他义务,都禁止武器转让;", "二. 支助 目的地国系统而严重地侵犯人权;", "二. 支助 出口武器对目的地国平民使用的风险很大;", "二. 支助 在目的地国,出口的武器被转移到不符合上述条件的接收者手中的风险很大。", "在评估申请时,应考虑到下列参数:", "二. 支助 武器转让对和平与安全以及区域和次区域稳定的影响;", "二. 支助 目的地国在尊重人权方面的情况;", "二. 支助 对目的地国可持续经济和社会发展的影响;", "二. 支助 在发展合作领域所做出的努力;", "二. 支助 武器转让可能助长目的地国的腐败模式。", "报告和信息共享", "有效执行未来的武器贸易条约需要高度的透明度。 报告和分享信息的机制对条约的可信度具有重大意义。", "报告和信息共享应包括:", "• 定期提供关于根据《条约》颁发的许可证(每年或半年一次)和已经进行的转让的具体资料。 它还可包括在作出决定后一定时间内单独通知拒绝。", "其中的最低要求可包括:", "二. 支助 出口国:与目的国有关的资料、核准的武器出口类型和数量以及出口日期(和/或发放的许可证);", "二. 支助 进口国:与出口国有关的资料、进口武器的类型和数量以及进口日期;", "其他要素可包括:", "最终用户(如武装部队/警察部队、私人)、所涉经纪人/中间人、价值、被拒绝的出口和拒绝日期(在一定时间内)以及原因。", "二. 支助 此外,未来的武器贸易条约应包括关于报告国家执行条约情况的规定,例如关于国家立法或行政和机构决定的规定。", "• 信息共享还可包括就与常规武器转让有关的任何风险交流信息。", "监测", "应通过协商程序确定对承诺的监测,使这种协商能够在双边和多边一级进行。", "国家执行", "会员国应建立国家法律和行政制度,以根据国家立法实施武器贸易条约。 这包括制定或修订相关法律、条例和行政程序以及相关执法。", "最后安排和体制安排", "最后条款应设想审查条约(审查会议)、缔约国会议和机构支助的程序可能性。 在联合国内应建立一个最低限度的结构来整理和分析所提供的信息,并在需要时将信息变成一个可比的形式。 该股还可应会员国的请求充当“信息中介”。", "土库曼斯坦", "[原件:俄 [2011年6月6日]", "根据大会第64/48号决议提供的与《武器贸易条约》有关的资料", "中立是土库曼斯坦国内外政策的基础。 土库曼斯坦由于其中立地位和国际义务而产生的一个根本条件是其外交政策的爱好和平性质。 因此,所有事项都完全通过政治和外交渠道处理,主要是国际组织和联合国。 土库曼斯坦完全支持为打击大规模毁灭性武器及其运载工具和有关技术的扩散而作的国际努力。 土库曼斯坦在其立法中宣布,它拒绝拥有、制造、储存或运输核、化学、细菌等大规模毁灭性武器、新型此种武器或生产这类武器的技术。", "根据其国际义务,土库曼斯坦不是任何军事集团或联盟的成员,也不参加任何军事集团或联盟,也不在其领土上设立外国军事基地。 土库曼斯坦遵守了所有基本国际公约、协定和条约,并执行了这些公约、协定和条约。", "鉴于其中立地位,土库曼斯坦境内没有制造或出售武器。 因此,土库曼斯坦不出口武器。 但是,为了确保国家安全,土库曼斯坦确实从制造武器的国家进口了武器。 土库曼斯坦认真对待其国防资产管理,始终坚持严格监督、负责任管理和严格监督的原则。", "2009年11月21日通过的《武器法》规范了土库曼斯坦境内民用、军用和军用火器、刃口武器和弹药的流通。 该法还旨在加强打击犯罪和非法贩运武器方面的国际合作。", "为了世界和平、安全与稳定,土库曼斯坦认为,所有国家,特别是发达国家,应严格监测潜在有害材料、技术和军备的转让,并克制地采取行动,制止不负责任地转让威胁全球安全与稳定的武器。", "土库曼斯坦支持国际社会努力制定具体措施,通过《国际武器贸易条约》打击非法武器贩运,并赞成在联合国主持下继续讨论该条约。 这一立场的取向是,非法军火贩运是造成无数人痛苦的原因。", "土库曼斯坦欢迎国际社会和各国为促进全球裁军进程而提出的建设性建议,并愿意以国家和区域优先事项为指导,参加这些努力。 在这方面,土库曼斯坦正在和平、和谐和共同进步的事业中为裁军努力发挥积极作用。" ]

[ "Statement by the President of the Security Council[1]", "At the 6587th meeting of the Security Council, held on 20 July 2011, in connection with the Council’s consideration of impact of climate change under the item entitled “Maintenance of international peace and security”, the President of the Security Council made the following statement on behalf of the Council:", "“The Security Council reaffirms its primary responsibility under the Charter of the United Nations for the maintenance of international peace and security. The Council stresses the importance of establishing strategies of conflict prevention.", "“The Security Council recognizes the responsibility for sustainable development issues, including climate change, conferred upon the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council.", "“The Security Council underlines General Assembly resolution 63/281 of June 3, 2009, which: reaffirms that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the key instrument for addressing climate change, recalls the provisions of the UNFCCC, including the acknowledgement that the global nature of climate change calls for the widest possible cooperation by all countries and their participation in an effective and appropriate international response, in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities and their social and economic conditions, and invites the relevant organs of the United Nations, as appropriate and within their respective mandates to intensify their efforts in considering and addressing climate change, including its possible security implications.", "“The Security Council notes General Assembly resolution 65/159 of December 20, 2010, entitled ‘Protection of global climate for present and future generations of humankind’.", "“The Security Council notes that, in response to the request contained in General Assembly resolution 63/281, the Secretary-General submitted a report to the General Assembly on ‘Climate change and its possible security implications’ (A/64/350).", "“The Security Council expresses its concern that possible adverse effects of climate change may, in the long run, aggravate certain existing threats to international peace and security.", "“The Security Council expresses its concern that possible security implications of loss of territory of some States caused by sea-level-rise may arise, in particular in small low-lying island States.", "“The Security Council notes that in matters relating to the maintenance of international peace and security under its consideration, conflict analysis and contextual information on, inter alia, possible security implications of climate change is important, when such issues are drivers of conflict, represent a challenge to the implementation of Council mandates or endanger the process of consolidation of peace. In this regard, the Council requests the Secretary-General to ensure that his reporting to the Council contains such contextual information.”", "[1] * Reissued for technical reasons on 22 July 2011." ]

[ "^(*) 由于技术原因于2011年7月22日重新印发。", "安全理事会主席的声明", "安全理事会主席在2011年7月20日安全理事会第6587次会议上，就安理会在题为“维护国际和平与安全”的项目下审议的气候变化的影响问题，代表安理会发表声明如下：", "“安全理事会重申其根据《联合国宪章》承担的维护国际和平与安全的首要责任。安理会强调制订预防冲突战略的重要性。", "“安全理事会确认大会和经济及社会理事会负责处理可持续发展问题，包括气候变化问题。", "“安全理事会着重指出，大会2009年6月3日第63/281号决议重申《联合国气候变化框架公约》是应对气候变化的重要工具，并回顾《气候公约》的各项条款，包括确认气候变化的全球性质要求所有国家根据其共同但有区别的责任、各自的能力及社会和经济条件，尽可能广泛地开展合作，一起做出适当有效的国际反应；安理会请联合国相关机构酌情根据各自的任务，进一步努力审议和处理气候变化问题，包括它可能对安全产生的影响。", "“安全理事会注意到大会2010年12月20日题为‘为今世后代保护全球气候’的第65/159号决议。", "“安全理事会注意到，秘书长按照大会第63/281号决议的要求，向大会提交了关于‘气候变化和它可能对安全产生的影响’的报告（A/64/350）。", "“安全理事会感到关切的是，气候变化可能产生的不利影响长此以往可能会加剧国际和平与安全目前面临的某些威胁。", "“安全理事会感到关切的是，一些国家、特别是低地小岛屿国家因海平面上升丧失领土，可能产生安全问题。", "“安全理事会指出，在安理会审议的涉及维护国际和平与安全的事项中，当气候变化可能引起的安全问题促成冲突，给执行安理会的任务带来挑战或危及巩固和平进程时，冲突分析和背景资料、特别是关于这一问题的分析和资料，甚为重要。为此，安理会请秘书长确保他给安理会的报告中有此类背景资料。”" ]

[ "安全理事会主席的声明[1]", "安全理事会主席在2011年7月20日安全理事会第6587次会议上,就安理会在题为 \" 维护国际和平与安全 \" 的项目下审议气候变化的影响,代表安理会发表声明如下:", "“安全理事会重申其根据《联合国宪章》负有维持国际和平与安全的首要责任。 安理会强调必须制定预防冲突战略.", "“安全理事会确认大会和经济及社会理事会对包括气候变化在内的可持续发展问题负有责任。", "“安全理事会着重指出,大会2009年6月3日第63/281号决议:重申《联合国气候变化框架公约》是应对气候变化的关键文书;回顾《气候公约》的各项规定,包括确认气候变化的全球性需要所有国家根据其共同但有区别的责任、各自的能力及其社会和经济条件,进行最广泛的合作并参与有效和适当的国际应对;邀请联合国相关机构酌情在各自任务范围内加紧努力,审议和应对气候变化,包括其可能对安全产生的影响。", "\" 安全理事会注意到大会2010年12月20日题为`为人类今世后代保护全球气候 ' 的第65/159号决议。", "\" 安全理事会注意到,应大会第63/281号决议的要求,秘书长就 \" 气候变化及其可能对安全产生的影响 \" 向大会提交了一份报告(A/64/350)。", "“安全理事会感到关切的是,从长远来看,气候变化可能产生的不利影响可能加剧对国际和平与安全的某些现有威胁。", "“安全理事会表示关切海平面上升可能给一些国家、特别是地势低洼的小岛屿国家造成领土损失的安全影响。", "“安全理事会注意到,就安理会审议的与维持国际和平与安全有关的事项而言,冲突分析和关于气候变化可能对安全产生的影响等背景资料十分重要,因为这些问题是冲突的驱动因素,是对安理会执行任务的挑战,或危及巩固和平进程。 在这方面,安理会请秘书长确保他给安理会的报告载有这种背景资料。 “", "[1] * 由于技术原因于2011年7月22日重新印发." ]

[ "Seventeenth session", "Kingston, Jamaica", "11-22 July 2011", "Draft decision of the Assembly relating to financial and budgetary matters", "The Assembly of the International Seabed Authority,", "Acting on the recommendation of the Council, and taking into account the recommendations of the Finance Committee,[1]", "1. Urges the members of the Authority to pay their assessed contributions to the budget on time and in full;", "2. Appeals to the members of the Authority to pay outstanding contributions to the budget of the Authority from previous years as soon as possible, and requests the Secretary-General, at his discretion, to continue his efforts to recover those amounts;", "3. Expresses appreciation to those members of the Authority which announced contributions to the Endowment Fund and the Voluntary Trust Fund during the seventeenth session;", "4. Strongly encourages members to make voluntary contributions to the Endowment Fund and the Voluntary Trust Fund of the Authority and ask the Secretary-General to seek expert advice on the investment of the capital of the Endowment Fund and consult the relevant authorities at United Nations Headquarters;", "5. Expresses its appreciation to the Secretary-General for the report to the Finance Committee on the implementation of the budget and for the efforts being made to effect savings in the budget of the Authority during the 2011-2012 financial period, and urges the Secretary-General to continue those efforts;", "6. Appoints PricewaterhouseCoopers as independent auditor for 2011 and 2012, and requests the auditors to express, in future reports, an opinion on the effectiveness of the internal controls of the Authority;", "7. Requests the Finance Committee, at its next meeting, to consider and make recommendations on the adoption of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards;", "8. Also requests the Finance Committee, at its next meeting, to consider and make recommendations on whether the International Seabed Authority should subscribe to the statute of the International Civil Service Commission;", "9. Authorizes the Secretary-General, to the extent necessary and on an exceptional basis, to make an advance of up to $30,000 from the interest accrued on the Endowment Fund to supplement the Voluntary Trust Fund.", "[1] See ISBA/17/A/3-ISBA/17/C/3." ]

[ "第十七届会议", "牙买加金斯敦", "2011年7月11日至22日", "国际海底管理局大会关于财政和预算事项的决定草案", "国际海底管理局大会，", "按照理事会的建议，并考虑到财务委员会的各项建议，[1]", "1. 敦促管理局成员按时全额缴付预算摊款；", "2. 呼吁管理局成员尽快支付未缴纳的管理局往年预算摊款，请秘书长酌情继续努力收缴这些款额；", "3. 对在第十七届会议期间宣布向捐赠基金和自愿信托基金捐款的管理局成员表示赞赏；", "4. 大力鼓励各成员向管理局的捐赠基金和自愿信托基金提供自愿捐助，请秘书长就捐赠基金资本金的投资问题寻求专家意见并同联合国总部有关当局协商；", "5. 对秘书长就预算执行情况给财务委员会的报告以及在管理局2011-2012财务期间预算内为节省费用而做出的努力表示赞赏,并敦促秘书长继续做出这些努力；", "6. 任命普华永道会计师事务所为2011和2012年独立审计员，并请审计人员在今后的报告中就管理局内部控制的效果发表意见；", "7. 请财务委员会在其下一次会议上就采用国际公共部门会计准则一事进行审议并提出建议；", "8. 又请财务委员会在其下一次会议上就国际海底管理局是否应当签署公务员制度委员会章程一事进行审议并提出建议；", "9. 授权秘书长在必要时作为特殊情况，从捐赠基金的应计利息中预付最多30 000美元来补贴自愿信托基金。", "[1] 见ISBA/17/A/3-ISBA/17/C/3。" ]

[ "第十七届会议", "牙买加金斯敦", "2011年7月11日至22日,日内瓦", "大会关于财务和预算事项的决定草案", "国际海底管理局大会,", "根据理事会的建议并考虑到财务委员会的建议采取行动,[1]", "1. 联合国 4. 敦促管理局成员按时足额缴付预算摊款;", "2. 联合国 8. 呼吁管理局成员尽快向管理局预算缴付前几年的未缴会费,并请秘书长酌情继续努力收回这些款项;", "3个 2. 感谢管理局成员在第十七届会议期间宣布向捐赠基金和自愿信托基金捐款;", " 4.四. 4. 大力鼓励各成员向管理局捐赠基金和自愿信托基金提供自愿捐助,并请秘书长就捐赠基金资本的投资征求专家意见并征求联合国总部有关当局的意见;", "5 (韩语). 2. 赞赏秘书长向财务委员会提出关于预算执行情况的报告,并赞赏为在2011-2012年财政期间节省管理局预算而作的努力,敦促秘书长继续这些努力;", "6. 任命普华永道 库珀斯担任2011年和2012年的独立审计员,并请审计员在今后的报告中就管理局内部控制的有效性发表意见;", "7. 联合国 6. 请财务委员会下次会议审议采用国际公共部门会计准则的问题并提出建议;", "8. 联合国 6. 又请财务委员会下次会议审议国际海底管理局是否应签署国际公务员制度委员会章程并提出建议;", "9. 国家 4. 授权秘书长在必要情况下,作为例外,从捐赠基金应计利息中预支最多30 000美元,以补充自愿信托基金。", "[1] 见ISBA/17/A/3-ISBA/17/C/3。" ]

[ "[] UNITED \n NATIONS \n [] Distr. \n GENERAL \n FCCC/SBI/2006/23 \n 6 October 2006 \n Original: English \n \nSUBSIDIARYBODYFORIMPLEMENTATION \nTwenty-fifthsession \nNairobi,6–14November2006 \nItem8 (b)oftheprovisionalagenda \nImplementationofArticle4,paragraphs8 and9, oftheConvention \nMattersrelatingtotheleastdevelopedcountries", "Report on the work of the Least Developed Countries Expert Group", "Note by the secretariat[1]", "Contents", "Paragraphs Page", "I. Mandate ‎1–‎3 2", "II. Summary of the tenth meeting of the Least Developed Countries Expert Group ‎4–‎30 2", "A. Review of national adaptation programmes of action preparation ‎6–‎12 2", "B. Consideration of efforts to facilitate preparation of the national adaptation programmes of action ‎13–‎20 2", "C. Consideration of the work programme of the Least Developed Countries Expert Group and its expected outcomes ‎21–‎26 2", "D. Interaction of the Least Developed Countries Expert Group with Uganda’s national adaptation programme of action team ‎27–‎30 2", "Annex", "Members of the Least Developed Countries Expert Group as at 31 August 2006 8", "I. Mandate", "1. The Conference of the Parties (COP), by its decision 29/CP.7, established the Least Developed Countries Expert Group (LEG) to advise on the preparation and implementation strategy for national adaptation programmes of action (NAPAs), and adopted the terms of reference of the LEG. According to these terms of reference, the LEG is to convene its meeting twice each year, and report on its work to the Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI).", "2. By its decision 4/CP.11, the COP decided to extend the mandate of the LEG under its original terms of reference and to review the progress, need for continuation and terms of reference of the group, and to adopt a decision thereon, at its thirteenth session (December 2007).", "3. As requested by decision 4/CP.11, the LEG developed, at its ninth meeting, a work programme for 2006–2007,[2] which was considered by the SBI at its twenty-fourth session. The SBI expressed its appreciation to the LEG for its good work and welcomed the work programme it had developed. The LEG was requested to keep the SBI informed of its efforts to implement the work programme over the biennium 2006–2007, in accordance with its mandate, by including in its subsequent reports information on expected outcomes.", "II. Summary of the tenth meeting of the Least Developed Countries Expert Group", "1. The tenth meeting of the LEG was hosted by the Government of Uganda and held in Kampala, Uganda, from 4 to 6 September 2006. The Governments of Belgium, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand and Norway provided financial support for the meeting.", "2. As requested by decision 4/CP.11 and by the SBI, at its twenty-fourth session (FCCC/SBI/2006/11, paragraphs 74−77), the LEG continued its efforts to implement its work programme in accordance with its mandate. Its tenth meeting focused on reviewing the NAPA preparation and implementation process; considering efforts that support Least Developed Countries (LDCs) in the preparation of NAPAs; elaborating further activities in support of the implementation of its work programme; and interacting with the NAPA team of Uganda.", "A. Review of national adaptation programmes of action preparation", "1. Status of NAPA preparation", "1. The LEG was advised that, as at 31 August 2006, 44 NAPA proposals have been approved for funding by the Global Environment Facility (GEF). Of this number, six have been completed and submitted to the UNFCCC secretariat. Niger submitted its NAPA in July.", "2. Among LDC Parties that are in the process of preparing their NAPAs, seven have submitted their draft NAPAs to the LEG for comments, in accordance with paragraph 9 of the annex to decision 29/CP.7. The status of preparation of several NAPAs could not easily be determined from the information available to the LEG. It was noted that several of the LDC Parties, especially those which only recently emerged from conflict, are overcoming barriers to start their NAPA preparation.", "3. The LEG concluded that there was a need to update its database of information on the status of NAPA preparation as well as its list of experts to assist NAPA teams, available on the UNFCCC website at: <http://unfccc.int/cooperation_and_support/ldc/items/3541.php>.", "4. The LEG agreed to develop a survey to collect, at COP 12, information on the status of NAPA preparation from LDC Parties and from the implementing agencies of the GEF. It also agreed to communicate information more widely to NAPA teams of its availability, upon request, to assist in providing technical feedback on draft NAPAs.", "2. LEG comments on draft NAPAs", "1. In accordance with decision 29/CP.7, annex, paragraph 9 (a), the LEG was requested to provide comments on the draft NAPAs of Haiti, Madagascar, Rwanda, Senegal, the United Republic of Tanzania and Uganda.", "2. The compiled comments made by LEG members, input from implementing agencies and other invited comments on the draft NAPAs were discussed. The LEG noted that the NAPAs submitted for comments were of a high quality and followed the NAPA guidelines, often exceeding the reporting requirements by, for example, providing detailed biogeographical data on the country. It was also noted that project profiles were presented in varying levels of detail, and several NAPAs presented an implementation strategy for the prioritized projects proposed for implementation.", "3. The LEG discussed the compiled comments and agreed to release them to the NAPA teams and to advise the respective implementing agencies of its comments. Initiatives by the LEG to facilitate and further improve the timeliness of responding to draft NAPAs were also discussed and agreed. These initiatives include developing a template to assist the LEG in providing standardized responses and monitoring the submission and response process in order to improve the LEG’s responsiveness.", "B. Consideration of efforts to facilitate preparation of the national adaptation programmes of action", "1. The LEG was advised of the discussions at SBI 24 between the Chair of the Least Developed Countries Expert Group and representatives of the implementing agencies of the GEF, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), with technical support from the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), to assist Parties in the NAPA process, to address the capacity-building needs for NAPAs and to further facilitate support provided for the development of project proposals for funding. The discussion on capacity-building was targeted at two groups, namely, Parties that are well advanced in the process and Parties that have started the NAPA process.", "1. Parties that are well advanced in the NAPA process", "2. The LEG was advised that UNITAR, taking advantage of the planned tenth meeting of the LEG, with technical support from UNEP and UNDP, scheduled two training workshops for anglophone African LDCs that are well advanced in the NAPA process, but have not yet finalized the NAPA reports for endorsement by their national authorities.", "3. The secretariat reported on the two training workshops which were held in Kampala, Uganda, from 23–26 August 2006 and in Nairobi, Kenya, from 30 August to 2 September 2006, prior to the tenth LEG meeting. The main objective of these meetings was to provide hands-on training to assist LDCs from Eastern and Southern Africa to finalize their NAPA documents, mainly by strengthening the collection and use of climate change and socio-economic data in these documents, especially for the project profiles. Ethiopia, Gambia, Lesotho, Liberia, Mozambique, Sudan, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania and Zambia were represented at the workshops.", "4. The LEG received a communication from the participants that attended the Workshop to Support NAPAs in Anglophone African Countries in Nairobi requesting it to provide more guidance and support. The workshop participants had made extensive use of the NAPA annotated guidelines, which led them to conclude that further assistance was needed in developing project profiles, especially in order to present the information in greater detail.", "5. Additional NAPA training workshops for Parties that are well advanced in the process are planned to take place by the end of 2006 or in early 2007, subject to the availability of resources.", "2. Parties that have started the NAPA process", "6. The LEG was also advised of the efforts of UNITAR in discussions with the Chair of the Least Developed Countries Expert Group to conduct a NAPA preparation workshop for LDCs in the Asia region with the support of the United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID). This training workshop is planned for late 2006 or early 2007 and is designed to assist LDCs in the Asia region that have started the NAPA preparation and are in need of technical advice and guidance in order to progress further.", "7. The LEG also discussed and agreed that for the Asia region the use of national experts from countries that are well advanced, or that had completed their NAPAs, could provide practical experience on the NAPA process and improve the sharing of information between countries in the region.", "8. The LEG concluded that the participation of its members in this effort is to be encouraged with the objective, among others, of receiving feedback from the NAPA teams on technical constraints in the NAPA process.", "C. Consideration of the work programme of the Least Developed Countries Expert Group and its expected outcomes", "1. The work programme of the LEG as contained in annex 1 to document FCCC/SBI/2006/9, as well as the SBI 24 conclusions contained in document FCCC/SBI/2006/11, was further considered by the LEG at its tenth meeting.", "1. Further elaboration of the LEG work programme, 2006–2007", "1. Activities and related actions in the work programme were further elaborated and the members who would implement the activities identified. In organizing the work, the members established five task teams, based on paragraphs 9 (a) to (e) of the annex to decision 29/CP.7, led by a LEG member to coordinate efforts to implement the mandate.", "2. In organizing itself to complete its work programme, the LEG will focus on the NAPAs submitted to the secretariat. To achieve its expected outcomes, the group has identified the following actions to guide its work between its tenth and eleventh meetings:", "(a) Develop a template for use in the narrative section of completed NAPAs in order to synthesize information on the use of the NAPA guidelines contained in the annex to decision 28/CP.7;", "(b) Compile information from the template above, on prioritized projects contained in the project profiles in completed NAPAs;", "(c) Develop a questionnaire to obtain updated information from NAPA teams and the implementing agencies on technical constraints being encountered in the preparation of NAPAs;", "(d) Extract from the questionnaire information on financial and technical needs and support that can assist NAPA implementation;", "(e) Extract information on efforts aimed at mainstreaming NAPAs into development planning;", "(f) Identify best practices from adaptation that could support implementation.", "3. To complement the above activities, the LEG plans to invite LDC Parties to a stocktaking meeting for NAPA preparation and implementation. The main objectives would be to undertake a comprehensive assessment of the status of the NAPA preparation; to facilitate the sharing of experiences in NAPA preparation and implementation; to identify best practices in NAPA preparation; and to guide project implementation and to consider how best to mainstream NAPA activities into national development planning.", "2. Implementation of the LEG work programme, 2006–2007: Expected outcomes", "1. In responding to the request from the SBI, at its twenty-fourth session,[3] the LEG further detailed its workplan by identifying the following expected outcomes from its activities:", "(a) Status of NAPA preparation: actions and activities identified will enable the LEG to monitor the NAPA preparation process and provide the appropriate responses to Parties in need of assistance;", "(b) Comments on draft NAPAs: in addition to continuing its practice of consulting and interacting with NAPA teams of LDC Parties that are the hosts of its mandated meetings, the LEG has provided technical feedback to Haiti, Kiribati, Madagascar, Rwanda, Senegal, the United Republic of Tanzania and Uganda. The LEG anticipates that by communicating directly with national NAPA teams its actions will provide the input that would assist the teams in finalizing the draft NAPAs for submission to the respective authorities and ultimately to the UNFCCC secretariat;", "(c) NAPA preparation and implementation: by maintaining oversight of the activities of the GEF’s implementing agencies providing capacity-building with assistance from UNITAR, the LEG expects to provide input to these activities being undertaken, coordinating its efforts to support the activities and to provide through its membership a vital link between the agencies and the LEG activities in order to monitor both the financial and technical support being provided to LDCs in the NAPA process. It also expects, based on the interaction between and among the various actors, to identify and respond to any gaps in support and identify technical needs that may emerge from LDCs between them and the various actors.", "2. The LEG also agreed to continue interacting with LDC Parties, implementing agencies and other relevant actors in the NAPA process in order to better advise on the issues of implementation, to identify best practices that have been reported by LDCs as a result of national efforts to prepare NAPAs, to share experiences in mainstreaming of NAPAs into national development planning and to formulate a response to possible means of incorporating NAPA results into national communications of LDCs.", "D. Interaction of the Least Developed Countries Expert Group with Uganda’s national adaptation programme of action team", "1. In conjunction with its tenth meeting, and in keeping with the past practice of interacting with NAPA teams of the host country, the LEG conducted an interactive session with representatives of the Uganda NAPA team.", "2. The Uganda NAPA team noted that it was in the final stages of NAPA preparation and that the final draft had been sent to the LEG for comments. The team briefed the LEG on its main findings.", "3. The Uganda NAPA team presented an overview of the NAPA process, its institutional arrangements and stakeholder consultations. The presentation focused on the challenges that emerged from the national exercise. They indicated that some of these challenges were: how to capture the wealth of undocumented information available at the local and regional levels; how to deal with the raised expectations of stakeholders, as a result of the consultations and the fear that the expectations might not be realized; how to solve the problem of demarcating ecosystems across Uganda; how to resolve the difficulty in determining what should be the focus of attention in each area; and how to address the extreme difficulty in shortlisting prioritized activities for implementation across the needs identified by the NAPA study.", "4. The LEG was also advised that, on the basis of the recent workshop held in Kenya, the Uganda NAPA team concluded that there is a need for them to re-examine the NAPA project profiles contained in the draft submitted to the LEG in an attempt to improve the presentation of information.", "Annex", "Members of the Least Developed Countries Expert Group as at 31 August 2006", "Mr. Erwin Kuenzi Austria", "Mr. Mahmood H. Khan Bangladesh", "Ms. Renata Vandeputte[4] Belgium", "Mr. Karma L. Rapten Bhutan", "Ms. Elizabeth Harvey Canada", "Mr. Bubu Pateh Jallow Gambia", "Mr. Samuel Raboqha Lesotho", "Mr. Ahmed Jameel Maldives", "Mr. Almeida Alberto Sitoe Mozambique", "Ms. Madeleine Rose Diouf-Sarr¹ Senegal", "Mr. Chanel Iroi Solomon Islands", "Mr. Fred Machulu Onduri Uganda", "[1] ^(*) This document was submitted after the due date as a result of the timing of the meeting of the Least Developed", "Countries Expert Group.", "[2] ¹ Annex I of document FCCC/SBI/2006/9.", "[3] ² FCCC/SBI/2006/11.", "[4] ¹ Also a member of the Consultative Group of Experts on National Communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention." ]

[ "附属履行机构", "第二十五届会议", "2006年11月6日至14日，内罗毕", "临时议程项目8(b)", "《公约》第四条第8款和第9款的执行情况", "与最不发达国家有关的问题", "最不发达国家专家组的工作报告", "秘书处的说明[1]", "概 要 \n本文件是最不发达国家专家组于2006年9月4日至6日在乌干达坎帕拉举行的第十次会议报告。本文件是按第4/CP.11号决定编写的，该决定请最不发达国家专家组制订一个包括执行国家适应行动方案的工作方案。编写本文件也是因为附属履行机构第二十四届会议要求最不发达国家专家组通报在2006-2007两年期内落实工作方案的努力情况。", "目 录", "段 次 页 次", "一、任 务......................................... 1 - 3 3", "二、最不发达国家专家组第十次会议概述 4 - 30 3", "A. 审查国家适应行动方案的编制 6 - 12 4", "B. 审议《国家适应行动方案》编制的促进工作 13 - 20 5", "C. 审议最不发达国家专家组的工作方案及其预期成果.................. 21 - 26 6", "D. 最不发达国家专家组与乌干达国家适应行动方案编制单位的交流 27 - 30 8", "附 件", "最不发达国家专家组成员(截至2006年8月31日) 9", "一、任 务", "1. 缔约方会议第29/CP.7号决定设立了最不发达国家专家组(“专家组”)，就国家适应行动方案(“行动方案”)的编制和执行战略提供意见，并通过了专家组的职权范围。根据职权范围，专家组将每年举行两次会议，并向附属履行机构(履行机构)报告工作。", "2. 缔约方会议在第4/CP.11号决定中决定延长专家组原有职权范围所规定的任期，在第十三届会议上审查专家组的工作进展、继续存在的必要性和职权范围，并就此通过一项决定(2007年12月)。", "3. 根据第4/CP.11号决定的要求，专家组在第九次会议上制订了一个2006-2007年工作方案，[2] 履行机构在第二十四届会议上审议了工作方案。履行机构对专家组的良好工作表示欣赏，并欢迎其所制订的工作方案。履行机构要求专家组报告在2006-2007年两年期内根据任务落实工作方案的情况，为此应在以后的报告中提供关于预期成果的信息。", "二、最不发达国家专家组第十次会议概述", "4. 专家组第十次会议由乌干达政府承办，于2006年9月4日至6日在乌干达的坎帕拉举行。比利时、加拿大、爱尔兰、新西兰和挪威政府为会议提供了资助。", "5. 根据4/CP.11号决定和履行机构在第二十四届会议(FCCC/SBI/2006/11,第74-77段)的请求，专家组继续根据任务落实工作方案。它的第十次会议侧重于审查行动方案的编制和履行情况；考虑了在编制行动方案中对最不发达国家的支持；讨论了落实行动方案的进一步活动；并且与乌干达行动方案编制单位进行了交流。", "A. 审查《国家适应行动方案》的编制", "1. 《行动方案》的编制现状", "6. 专家组获悉：截至2006年8月31日，44项由全球环境基金供资的行动方案编制建议已得到核准。其中6项已经完成并提交给《气候公约》秘书处。尼日尔在7月提交了行动方案。", "7. 在编制行动方案的最不发达国家缔约方中，有7国已经根据第29/CP.7号决定附件第9段向专家组提交了行动方案的草案，征求意见。从专家组得到的资料看，不易确定一些行动方案的编制情况。它注意到，一些最不发达国家缔约方，特别是那些最近才摆脱冲突的缔约方，正在克服困难而开始编制行动方案。", "8. 专家组认为，有必要更新《气候公约》网站http://unfccc.int/ cooperation_and_support/ldc/items/3541.php上提供的关于行动方案编制现状的信息库以及为行动方案编制单位提供协助的专家的名单。", "9. 专家组商定在第十二届缔约方会议上开展一个调查，收集最不发达国家缔约方关于编制行动方案现状的资料以及来自全球环境基金各执行机构的资料。它还商定根据请求更广泛地向各行动方案编制人员队伍提供信息，以协助在行动方案草案方面提供技术反馈。", "2. 专家组关于《行动方案》草案的意见", "10. 根据第29/CP.7号决定的附件第9(a)段，专家组应邀对海地、马达加斯加、卢旺达、塞内加尔、坦桑尼亚联合共和国和乌干达的行动方案草案提供了意见。", "11. 讨论了关于行动方案草案的专家组成员综合意见、各执行机构意见和其它所征求的意见。专家组注意到，为征求意见而提交的行动方案质量好，符合行动方案的编制指南，往往还超过报告要求，如，提供了一个国家详细的生物地理数据。讨论中也注意到，项目大纲介绍的详细程度有参差，某些行动方案为所拟落实的重点项目提出了执行战略。", "12. 专家组讨论了综合意见，并商定向各行动方案编制单位分发、并向有关执行机构转达其意见。也讨论和商定了专家组为促进和进一步改进对行动方案草案作出反应的期限的倡议。这些倡议包括制定一个模板，以协助专家组提供标准化的答复，监测提交或答复程序，从而改进专家组的应答工作。", "B. 审议《国家适应行动方案》编制的促进工作", "13. 专家组获悉：在履行机构第二十四届会议上并在联合国训练研究所的技术支持下，最不发达国家专家工作组主席与全球环境基金各执行机构的代表，联合国环境规划署(环境署)和联合国开发计划署(开发计划署)进行了讨论，以协助缔约方关于行动方案的工作、处理行动方案的能力建设需要，并进一步便利于为项目计划筹资而提供支持。关于能力建设的讨论侧重于两类，即：在行动方案编制上已经取得相当进展的缔约方，和已经开始编制工作的缔约方。", "1. 行动方案编制上已经取得相当进展的缔约国", "14. 专家组获悉：联合国训练和研究所利用专家组计划的第十次会议以及环境署和开发计划署的技术支持，打算为一些非洲最不发达英语国家举办两个培训讲习班，这些国家在行动方案编制上已经取得相当进展，但尚未最后为行动方案报告定稿以供这些国家主管部门的审批。", "15. 秘书处报告了在专家组第十次会议前于2006年8月23日至26日在乌干达坎帕拉和2006年8月30日至9月2日在肯尼亚内罗毕举行的两个培训研讨会的情况。这些会议的主要目标是提供实践培训，以帮助东部和南部非洲的最不发达国家编制行动方案文件，主要是加强这些文件中――特别是为项目大纲――气候变化和社会经济数据的收集和使用。参加研讨会的有埃塞俄比亚、冈比亚、莱索托、利比里亚、莫桑比克、苏丹、乌干达、坦桑尼亚联合共和国、赞比亚。", "16. 专家组收到了参加在内罗毕举行的支持非洲英语国家编制行动方案研讨会成员的来信，请求它提供更多的指导和支持。研讨会参加者大量参考了注释的行动方案编制指南，从而认为在制订项目大纲方面需要进一步的援助，特别是为了更详细地提供资料。", "17. 已经计划在2006年底或2007年初根据资源的具备情况为已经在编制上取得相当进展的缔约国举办另一个行动方案培训研讨会。", "2. 已经开始行动方案编制的缔约国", "18. 专家组还获悉：联合国训练研究所与最不发达国家专家组主席讨论，准备为亚洲地区最不发达国家在联合王国国际开发部支持下举办一个关于行动方案编制的研讨会。计划于2006年年底或2007年年初举办这一培训研讨会，以协助已经开始编制行动方案、并需要技术咨询和指南以进一步开展工作的亚洲地区最不发达国家。", "19. 专家组还讨论并商定，对于亚洲国家，利用已经取得相当进展或已经完成编制行动方案的国家的专家，可以提供行动方案编制的实践经验，并改善该地区国家间的资料分享。", "20. 专家组认为，应当鼓励其成员参与这一工作，目标之一是获取行动方案编制单位关于行动方案编制工作中的技术障碍的反馈。", "C. 审议最不发达国家专家组工作方案及其预期成果", "21. 专家组在第十次会议上进一步讨论了载于FCCC/SBI/2006/9号文件附件一的专家组工作方案与载于FCCC/SBI/2006/11号文件的履行机构第二十四届会议结论。", "1. 专家组2006-2007年工作方案的进一步编订", "22. 进一步编订了工作方案中的活动和有关行动，并确定了落实行动的成员。在安排工作方面，成员们根据第29/CP.7号决定的附件第9(a)至(e)段而设立了五个工作小组，由一个最不发达国家成员领导。协调关于落实任务的工作。", "23. 在组织完成工作方案的过程中，专家组侧重于提交给秘书处的行动方案。为达到预期成果，专家组确认了下述行动，以指导其在第十次和第十一次会议之间的工作：", "(a) 制订一个用于完成的行动方案叙述部分的模板，以便综合归纳第28/CP.7号决定附件所载关于行动方案指南使用的信息；", "(b) 从上述模板中汇集载于已完成的行动方案项目大纲中的重点项目信息；", "(c) 编制一个问卷表，以从行动方案编制人员队伍和执行机构获取关于行动方案编制过程中所遇技术制约的更新信息；", "(d) 从问卷表中提取关于资金和技术需要以及有助于落实行动方案的支持工作的信息；", "(e) 提取关于为将行动方案纳入发展规划的主流而所作努力的信息；", "(f) 从可支持落实行动的适应工作中找出最佳做法。", "24. 为补充上述活动，专家组计划邀请最不发达国家缔约方参加一个行动方案编制和落实的评估会议。主要目标是开展一个行动方案编制情况的全面评估，促进行动方案编制和执行方面的经验分享，找出行动方案编制方面的最佳做法，指导项目落实，并审议如何以最佳方式将行动方案活动纳入国家发展规划的主流。", "2. 落实专家组2006-2007年工作方案：预期成果", "25. 根据履行机构第二十四届会议的请求，[3] 专家组进一步补充了工作计划，确定了活动的下述预期成果：", "(a) 行动方案编制情况：确定的行动和活动将使专家组能够监测行动方案编制工作，恰当满足那些需要援助的缔约国；", "(b) 关于行动方案草案的意见：除了与那些受权承办会议的最不发达国家缔约方的行动方案编制人员队伍继续进行协商和交流，专家组向海地、基里巴斯、马达加斯加、卢旺达、塞内加尔、坦桑尼亚联合王国和乌干达提供了技术反馈。专家组认为：通过与各国行动方案编制人员队伍的直接交流而进行的参与，它的活动将能够协助它们为行动方案定稿，以提交给有关主管部门并最后提交给《气候公约》秘书处；", "(c) 行动方案的编制和执行：通过监督全球环境基金各执行机构在联合国训练研究所协助下提供能力建设的活动，专家组希望为那些活动做出贡献，协调工作以支持这些活动，并通过其成员资格而建立各机构与专家组活动之间的一个重要联系，以监督那些向编制行动方案的最不发达国家提供的财政和技术支持。它也期望根据不同行为方之间的互动关系而找出并解决任何支持工作上的差距、找出可能来自于最不发达国家的、涉及它们和各行为方之间的技术需要。", "26. 专家组还同意继续与最不发达国家缔约方、各执行机构和行动方案编制方面其它各有关行为方合作，以更好地就执行问题提供意见，确定最不发达国家就编制行动方案的国家工作而汇报的最佳做法，交流行动方案纳入国家发展规划主流的经验，并对行动方案成果纳入最不发达国家的国家信息通报的可能方式作出反应。", "D. 最不发达国家与乌干达国家适应行动方案编制单位的交流", "27. 结合其第十次会议并按照与东道国行动方案编制单位合作的惯例，专家组与乌干达行动方案编制单位的代表举行了一次交流会议。", "28. 乌干达行动方案编制单位说，它正处在编制行动方案的最后阶段，最后草案已经送往专家组征求意见。该单位向专家组介绍了它的主要结论。", "29. 乌干达行动方案编制单位介绍了行动方案工作的全面情况，其机构安排、以及与利害关系方的磋商。介绍侧重于在国家编制工作中出现的挑战。他们表示，这些挑战部分是：如何获取在当地和区域一级具备但未正式记录在案的信息，如何处理利害关系方由于协商而增长的期望和关于期望可能不会实现的担心；如何解决在乌干达全境为生态系统划界的问题；如何解决在每一地区确定重点的困难；如何处理在按照行动方案研究工作所确认的各种需要提出重点执行活动方面的极大困难。", "30. 专家组还获悉，乌干达行动方案编制单位根据最近在肯尼亚举办的研讨会的情况认为，它们有必要重新研究向专家组提交的草案中所含的行动方案项目大纲，以争取改进信息的编排方式。", "附 件", "最不发达国家专家组成员(截至2006年8月31日)", "Erwin Kuenzi先生 奥地利", "Mahmood H.Khan先生 孟加拉国", "Renata Vandeputte女士 [4] 比利时", "Karma L.Rapten先生 不丹", "Elizabeth Harvey女士 加拿大", "Bubu Pateh Jallow先生 冈比亚", "Samuel Raboqha先生 莱索托", "Ahmed Jameel先生 马尔代夫", "Almeida Alberto Sitoe先生 莫桑比克", "Madeleine Rose Diouf-Sarr女士¹ 塞内加尔", "Chanel Iroi先生 索罗门群岛", "Fred Machulu Onduri先生 乌干达", "[1] * 本文件逾期提交，是因为最不发达国家专家组会议的时间安排。", "[2] FCCC/SBI/2006/9号文件的附件一。", "[3] FCCC/SBI/2006/11。", "[4] 也是非《公约》附件一所列缔约方国家信息通报问题专家咨询小组的成员。" ]

[ "[ 联 合 国\n联合国\n[原件:英文]\n常规\n气候变化框架公约\n纽约\n页:1\n\n附属机构\n第二十五届会议\n2006年11月6日至14日,内罗毕\n临时议程项目8(b)\n《公约》第4条第8和第9款的执行情况\n与最不发达国家有关的事项", "最不发达国家专家组工作报告", "秘书处的说明 [1]", "目录", "段次 页次", "一. 任务 1-3 2", "二. B. 最不发达国家专家组第十次会议摘要 4 - 30 2", "A类. B. 审查国家适应行动方案的编制 6 - 12 2", "B. 审议为便利编制国家适应行动方案所作的努力 13-20 2", "C. 审议最不发达国家专家组的工作方案及其预期成果 21-26 2", "D. 最不发达国家专家组与乌干达国家适应行动方案行动小组的互动 27-30 2", "页:1", "二、截至2006年8月31日的最不发达国家专家组成员 8", "一. 任务", "1. 联合国 1. 缔约方会议第29/CP.7号决定设立了最不发达国家专家组,就国家适应行动方案的编制和执行战略提供建议,并通过了专家组的职权范围。 根据这些职权范围,专家组将每年举行两次会议,并向附属履行机构(履行机构)报告工作情况。", "2. 联合国 在第4/CP.11号决定中,缔约方会议决定延长专家组最初的职权范围,并审查专家组的进展、是否需要续设和职权范围,并在第十三届会议(2007年12月)上就此通过一项决定。", "3个 根据第4/CP.11号决定的要求,专家组第九次会议制定了2006-2007年工作方案,[2] 履行机构第二十四届会议审议了该方案。 履行机构表示赞赏专家组的出色工作,并欢迎专家组所制定的工作方案。 请专家组根据其任务规定,在以后的报告中提供预期结果的资料,随时向履行机构通报2006-2007两年期工作方案的执行努力。", "二. 最不发达国家专家组第十次会议摘要", "1. 联合国 专家组第十次会议由乌干达政府主办,于2006年9月4日至6日在乌干达坎帕拉举行。 比利时、加拿大、爱尔兰、新西兰和挪威政府为会议提供了财政支助。", "2. 联合国 按照第4/CP.11号决定和履行机构第二十四届会议的要求(FCCC/SBI/2006/11, 第74-77段),专家组继续努力按照其任务规定执行其工作方案。 其第十次会议侧重于审查国家适应行动方案的编制和执行进程;考虑支持最不发达国家编制国家适应行动方案的努力;拟订支持执行工作方案的进一步活动;与乌干达国家适应行动方案小组互动。", "A类. 审查国家适应行动方案的编制", "1. 联合国 国家适应行动方案编制情况", "1. 联合国 专家组获悉,截至2006年8月31日,全球环境基金(环境基金)已批准了44个国家适应行动方案提案。 其中6个已经完成并提交《气候公约》秘书处。 尼日尔于7月提交了国家适应行动方案。", "2. 最不发达国家 正在编制国家适应行动方案的缔约方有7个按照第29/CP.7号决定附件第9段向专家组提交了国家适应行动方案草案以征求意见。 一些国家适应行动方案的编制状况难以从专家组获得的信息中确定。 有人指出,一些最不发达国家缔约方,特别是刚刚摆脱冲突的缔约方,正在克服障碍,开始编制国家适应行动方案。", "3个 专家组的结论是,需要更新关于国家适应行动方案编制状况的信息数据库以及协助国家适应行动方案团队的专家名单,可在《气候公约》网站<http://unfccc.int/cooperation_and_support/ldc/items/3541.php>上查阅。", " 4.四. 专家组同意开展一项调查,以便在缔约方会议第十二届会议上从最不发达国家缔约方和环境基金执行机构收集关于国家适应行动方案编制情况的资料。 履行机构还商定,根据请求,向国家适应行动方案小组更广泛地通报现有信息,以协助就国家适应行动方案草案提供技术反馈。", "2. 专家组对国家适应行动方案草案的评论", "1. 联合国 根据第29/CP.7号决定附件第9(a)段,请专家组就海地、马达加斯加、卢旺达、塞内加尔、坦桑尼亚联合共和国和乌干达的国家适应行动方案草案提供意见。", "2. 联合国 讨论了专家组成员汇编的意见、各执行机构的意见和关于国家适应行动方案草案的其他特邀意见。 专家组指出,提交供评论的国家适应行动方案质量高并遵循了国家适应行动方案指南,往往超出报告要求,例如提供了该国详细的生物地理数据。 还指出,项目概况的详细程度各不相同,一些国家适应行动方案提出了拟议执行的优先项目的执行战略。", "3个 专家组讨论了所汇编的意见,并商定将其分发给国家适应行动方案小组,并向各执行机构提供意见。 会议还讨论并商定了专家组为便利和进一步改善及时响应国家适应行动方案草案的举措。 这些举措包括开发一个模板,协助专家组提供标准化答复并监测提交和答复进程,以提高专家组的反应能力。", "B. 审议为便利编制国家适应行动方案而作的努力", "1. 联合国 履行机构第二十四届会议向专家组通报了最不发达国家专家组主席与环境基金、联合国环境规划署(环境署)和联合国开发计划署(开发署)执行机构的代表在联合国训练研究所(训研所)的技术支助下进行的讨论,这些讨论旨在协助缔约方开展国家适应行动方案进程,满足国家适应行动方案的能力建设需要并进一步促进为拟订供资项目提案而提供的支助。 关于能力建设的讨论针对两类缔约方,即进展良好的缔约方和已经开始国家适应行动方案进程的缔约方。", "1. 联合国 在国家适应行动方案进程中进展良好的缔约方", "2. 联合国 专家组获悉,训研所利用计划举行的专家组第十次会议,在环境署和开发署的技术支助下,安排了两次非洲英语最不发达国家培训讲习班,这些最不发达国家在国家适应行动方案进程中进展良好,但尚未最后确定国家适应行动方案报告,由本国主管部门核准。", "3个 秘书处报告了在专家组第十次会议之前于2006年8月23日至26日在乌干达坎帕拉和2006年8月30日至9月2日在肯尼亚内罗毕举行的两次培训研讨会的情况。 这些会议的主要目的是提供实际操作培训,协助东部和南部非洲最不发达国家最后确定国家适应行动方案文件,主要是加强这些文件中气候变化和社会经济数据的收集和使用,特别是项目概况。 埃塞俄比亚、冈比亚、莱索托、利比里亚、莫桑比克、苏丹、乌干达、坦桑尼亚联合共和国和赞比亚派代表出席了讲习班。", " 4.四. 专家组收到了出席内罗毕英语非洲国家支持国家适应行动方案研讨会的与会者的来函,请专家组提供更多的指导和支持。 研讨会与会者广泛利用了《行动方案》附加说明的指南,从而得出结论,在制定项目概况方面需要进一步援助,特别是为了更详细地介绍有关信息。", "5 (韩语). 计划在2006年底或2007年初为这一进程中进展良好的缔约方举办额外的国家适应行动方案培训研讨会,但须视资源情况而定。", "2. 联合国 已经开始国家适应行动方案进程的缔约方", "6. 国家 专家组还获悉,训研所在与最不发达国家专家组主席的讨论中,在联合王国国际开发部(国际开发部)的支持下,为亚洲区域最不发达国家举办了国家适应行动方案编制研讨会。 本次培训研讨会计划于2006年底或2007年初举行,旨在协助亚洲地区已经开始编制国家适应行动方案并需要技术咨询和指导以取得进一步进展的最不发达国家。", "7. 联合国 专家组还讨论并商定,对于亚洲地区,使用来自先进国家或已完成国家适应行动方案的国家的专家,可提供关于国家适应行动方案进程的实际经验,并改进该区域各国之间的信息共享。", "8. 联合国 专家组的结论是,鼓励其成员参加这项工作,其目的之一是从国家适应行动方案小组那里得到关于国家适应行动方案进程中技术制约因素的反馈。", "C. 审议最不发达国家专家组的工作方案及其预期成果", "1. 联合国 专家组第十次会议进一步审议了FCCC/SBI/2006/9号文件附件1所载的专家组工作方案以及FCCC/SBI/2006/11号文件所载履行机构第二十四届会议的结论。", "1. 联合国 进一步拟订专家组2006-2007年工作方案", "1. 联合国 工作方案中的活动和相关行动得到了进一步阐述并确定了将开展活动的成员。 在安排工作时,成员根据第29/CP.7号决定附件第9(a)至(e)段设立了由专家组一名成员牵头的五个工作组,以协调执行任务的努力。", "2. 联合国 在安排完成其工作方案时,专家组将侧重于向秘书处提交的国家适应行动方案。 为了实现预期结果,该小组确定了以下行动,以指导其第十次和第十一次会议之间的工作:", "开发一个模板,用于已完成的国家适应行动方案的叙述部分,以综合关于第28/CP.7号决定附件所载国家适应行动方案指南使用情况的信息;", "(b) 汇编上述模板中关于已完成的国家适应行动方案项目简介所载优先项目的信息;", "编写一份调查问卷,从国家适应行动方案小组和执行机构获得关于编制国家适应行动方案过程中遇到的技术限制的最新信息;", "(d) 从调查问卷中摘录可协助国家适应行动方案执行的资金和技术需要及支助的信息;", "摘录旨在将国家适应行动方案纳入发展规划主流的努力的信息;", "(f) 确定可支持执行工作的适应的最佳做法。", "3个 为了补充上述活动,专家组计划邀请最不发达国家缔约方参加国家适应行动方案编制和执行评估会议。 主要目标是全面评估国家适应行动方案的编制情况;为交流国家适应行动方案的编制和执行经验提供便利;确定国家适应行动方案编制方面的最佳做法;指导项目的执行并考虑如何以最佳方式将国家适应行动方案活动纳入国家发展规划的主流。", "2. 专家组2006-2007年工作方案的执行情况: 预期结果", "1. 联合国 应履行机构第二十四届会议的要求,[3] 专家组进一步详细制定了工作计划,确定了其活动的下列预期成果:", "国家适应行动方案编制情况:确定的行动和活动将使专家组能够监测国家适应行动方案编制进程,向需要援助的缔约方作出适当反应;", "(b) 关于国家适应行动方案草案的意见:除了继续与最不发达国家缔约方的国家适应行动方案工作队进行磋商并与之互动,最不发达国家专家组向海地、基里巴斯、马达加斯加、卢旺达、塞内加尔、坦桑尼亚联合共和国和乌干达提供了技术反馈。 专家组预计,通过与国家国家适应行动方案小组直接沟通,专家组的行动将提供投入,协助各小组完成国家适应行动方案草案的定稿工作,以提交各自主管部门,并最终提交《气候公约》秘书处;", "国家适应行动方案的编制和执行:通过继续监督环境基金执行机构在训研所的协助下提供能力建设的活动,专家组期望为正在开展的活动提供投入,协调支持这些活动的努力,并通过其成员在各机构与专家组活动之间建立重要联系,以监测在国家适应行动方案进程中向最不发达国家提供的资金和技术支持。 它还期望,根据不同行为者之间的相互作用,查明和应对在支持方面的任何差距,并查明最不发达国家与不同行为者之间可能出现的技术需要。", "2. 联合国 专家组还同意在国家适应行动方案进程中继续与最不发达国家缔约方、执行机构和其他相关行为者进行互动,以更好地就执行问题提供建议,确定最不发达国家因国家努力编制国家适应行动方案而报告的最佳做法,分享将国家适应行动方案纳入国家发展规划主流的经验,并针对将国家适应行动方案结果纳入最不发达国家国家信息通报的可能办法制定对策。", "D. 最不发达国家专家组与乌干达国家适应行动方案小组的互动", "1. 联合国 结合第十次会议,并参照以往与东道国国家适应行动方案小组互动的做法,专家组与乌干达国家适应行动方案小组的代表举行了一次互动会议。", "2. 联合国 乌干达 国家适应行动方案小组指出,它正处于国家适应行动方案编制的最后阶段,最后草案已送交专家组征求意见。 专家组向专家组介绍了其主要调查结果。", "3个 乌干达国家适应行动方案小组概述了国家适应行动方案进程、体制安排和利害关系方磋商情况。 发言着重介绍了国家行动带来的挑战。 他们指出,其中一些挑战是:如何掌握地方和区域各级现有的大量无文件资料;如何应对由于磋商和担心预期可能无法实现而使利害关系方提高的期望;如何解决乌干达全国生态系统的分界线问题;如何解决确定每个领域应重点关注哪些问题的困难;如何解决在按照国家适应行动方案研究报告所查明的需要确定优先执行活动的短名单方面的极端困难。", " 4.四. 专家组还获悉,根据最近在肯尼亚举行的研讨会,乌干达国家适应行动方案小组得出结论认为,它们需要重新审查提交专家组的草案所载的国家适应行动方案项目概况,以努力改进信息的列报。", "页:1", "截至2006年8月31日的最不发达国家专家组成员", "Erwin Kuenzi先生 奥地利", "马哈茂德·汗先生 孟加拉国", "雷纳塔·范德普特女士[4] 比利时", "Karma L. Rapten先生 不丹", "伊丽莎白·哈维女士 加拿大", "Bubu Pateh Jallow先生 冈比亚", "塞缪尔·拉博克哈先生", "Ahmed Jameel先生 马尔代夫", "阿尔梅达·阿尔韦托·西托先生", "玛德琳·罗斯·迪乌夫-萨拉1女士 塞内加尔", "沙内尔·伊罗伊先生", "弗雷德·马丘卢·翁杜里先生 乌干达", "[1] ^(*) 本文件因最不发达国家会议时间安排而逾期提交。", "国家专家组。", "[2] 1 FCCC/SBI/2006/9号文件附件一。", "[3] 2 FCCC/SBI/2006/11。", "[4] 1 也是非《公约》附件一所列缔约方国家信息通报问题专家咨询小组成员。" ]

[ "GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS OF CCW/GGE/XV/WP.1", "THE STATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION 6 October 2006", "ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON", "THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL", "WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE", "EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO", "HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS Original: ENGLISH", "Fifteenth Session", "Geneva, 28 August – 6 September 2006", "Item 10 of the Agenda", "Third Review Conference of the", "States Parties to the Convention on", "Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of", "Certain Conventional Weapons Which May", "be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious", "or to Have Indiscriminate Effects", "PROPOSAL FOR A MANDATE TO NEGOTIATE A LEGALLY-BINDING INSTRUMENT THAT ADDRESSES THE HUMANITARIAN CONCERNS POSED BY CLUSTER MUNITIONS", "Presented by Austria, Holy See, Ireland, Mexico, New Zealand and Sweden", "The Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which may Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects decides to establish an open-ended Group of Governmental Experts to negotiate a legally-binding instrument that addresses the humanitarian concerns posed by cluster munitions." ]

[ "第十五届会议", "2006年8月28日至9月6日，日内瓦", "议程项目10", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有", "过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规", "武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议", "关于谈判一项具有法律约束力的文书以解决集束弹药 所引起的人道主义关注的任务授权建议", "奥地利、教廷、爱尔兰、墨西哥、新西兰和瑞典提出", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议决定设立一个不限成员名额的政府专家小组，负责谈判一项具有法律约束力的文书，以解决集束弹药所引起的人道主义关注。" ]

[ "CCW/GGE/XV/WP.1号政府专家小组", "2006年10月6日《公约》缔约国", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或", "使用《特定常规武器公约》", "被销毁的武器", "伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》", "具有不利影响 贸易和发展理事会", "第十五届会议", "2006年8月28日至9月6日,日内瓦", "议程项目10", "第三次审查会议", "《公约》缔约国", "禁止或限制使用", "某些可转让常规武器", "伤害力", "滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约", "关于授权谈判解决集束弹药造成的人道主义关切的法律文书的建议", "奥地利、教廷、爱尔兰、墨西哥、新西兰和瑞典提交", "1. 《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议决定设立一个不限成员名额的政府专家小组,就一项解决集束弹药所引起人道主义关切的具有法律约束力的文书进行谈判。" ]

[ "GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS OF CCW/GGE/XV/WP.2", "THE STATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION 6 October 2006", "ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON", "THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL", "WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE", "EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO", "HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS Original: ENGLISH", "Fifteenth Session", "Geneva, 28 August – 6 September 2006", "Item 10 of the Agenda", "Third Review Conference of the", "States Parties to the Convention on", "Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of", "Certain Conventional Weapons Which May", "be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious", "or to Have Indiscriminate Effects", "PROPOSAL FOR A MANDATE TO STUDY LASER SYSTEMS", "Presented by Germany and Sweden", "The Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which may Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects decides to establish an open-ended Group of Governmental Experts to study feasible precautions which could be taken with a view to improving the design of military laser systems in order to avoid the incidence of permanent blindness to unenhanced vision." ]

[ "第十五届会议", "2006年8月28日至9月6日，日内瓦", "议程项目10", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有", "过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规", "武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议", "关于研究激光系统的任务授权建议", "德国和瑞典提出", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议决定设立一个不限成员名额的政府专家小组，负责研究可采取何种可行的预防措施，以改进军事激光系统的设计，从而防止对未用增视器材状态下的视觉器官造成永久失明。" ]

[ "CCW/GGE/XV/WP.2号政府专家小组", "2006年10月6日《公约》缔约国", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或", "使用《特定常规武器公约》", "被销毁的武器", "伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》", "具有不利影响 贸易和发展理事会", "第十五届会议", "2006年8月28日至9月6日,日内瓦", "议程项目10", "第三次审查会议", "《公约》缔约国", "禁止或限制使用", "某些可转让常规武器", "伤害力", "滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约", "关于研究实验室系统的任务的建议", "德国和瑞典提交", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议决定设立一个不限成员名额的政府专家小组,研究可采取哪些可行的预防措施来改进军事激光系统的设计,以避免对未增强的视力造成永久性盲目。" ]

[ "GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS OF CCW/GGE/XV/WP.3", "THE STATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION 6 October 2006", "ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON", "THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL", "WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE", "EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO", "HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS Original: ENGLISH", "Fifteenth Session", "Geneva, 28 August – 6 September 2006", "Item 10 of the Agenda", "Third Review Conference of the", "States Parties to the Convention on", "Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of", "Certain Conventional Weapons Which May", "be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious", "or to Have Indiscriminate Effects", "PROPOSAL FOR A MANDATE ON EXPLOSIVE REMNANTS OF WAR (ERW)", "Presented by the European Union", "The European Union is in favour of continuing the further work in the CCW beyond the Review Conference on munitions which may become ERW, in particular on the implementation of existing IHL and on possible preventive technical measures. The European Union therefore proposes, with a view to further consultation, that as a minimum the mandate of the Working Group on Explosive Remnants of War be extended at the Review Conference for the year 2007, as follows:", "“To continue to consider, including through participation of legal experts, the implementation of existing principles of International Humanitarian Law and to further study, on an open-ended basis, with particular emphasis on meetings of military and technical experts, possible preventive measures aimed at improving the design of certain specific types of munitions, including sub-munitions, with a view to minimising the humanitarian risk of these munitions becoming explosive remnants of war. Exchange of information, assistance and co-operation would be part of this work. The Group will report on the work done to the next Meeting of the States Parties.”" ]

[ "第十五届会议", "2006年8月28日至9月6日，日内瓦", "议程项目10", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有", "过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规", "武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议", "关于战争遗留爆炸物的任务授权建议", "欧洲联盟提出", "欧洲联盟赞成在审查会议之后继续在《特定常规武器公约》的框架内就可能成为战争遗留爆炸物的弹药问题开展进一步的工作，特别是讨论现有国际人道主义法的实施问题和可采取何种预防性技术措施。因此，为进一步磋商起见，欧洲联盟建议审查会议至少将战争遗留爆炸物问题工作组的以下任务授权延长到2007年：", "“继续审议国际人道主义法现有原则的实施问题，包括由法律专家参加这一审议，并在可自由参加的基础上继续进一步研究可否制定一些预防措施来改进特定类型的弹药包括子弹药的设计，以求尽可能减少此种弹药成为战争遗留爆炸物的人道主义危险，而在进行这一研究时，可把重点放在举行军事和技术专家会议上。信息交换以及援助与合作应是这项工作的一部分。工作组将向下一届缔约国会议报告所做的工作。”" ]

[ "CCW/GGE/XV/WP.3号政府专家小组", "2006年10月6日《公约》缔约国", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或", "使用《特定常规武器公约》", "被销毁的武器", "伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》", "具有不利影响 贸易和发展理事会", "第十五届会议", "2006年8月28日至9月6日,日内瓦", "议程项目10", "第三次审查会议", "《公约》缔约国", "禁止或限制使用", "某些可转让常规武器", "伤害力", "滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约", "关于战争遗留爆炸物任务的建议", "欧洲联盟提交", "欧洲联盟赞成在审查会议后继续在《特定常规武器公约》中就可能成为战争遗留爆炸物的弹药,特别是现有国际人道主义法的执行情况和可能的预防性技术措施开展进一步的工作。 因此,欧洲联盟建议,为了进一步磋商,审查会议至少将战争遗留爆炸物问题工作组的任务期限延长至2007年,具体如下:", "“继续审议国际人道主义法现有原则的实施情况,包括由法律专家参加审议,并在可自由参加的基础上进一步研究可否采取预防措施来改进包括子弹药在内的某些特定类型弹药的设计,以期将此种弹药成为战争遗留爆炸物的人道主义危险降至最低程度,同时特别强调军事和技术专家会议。 信息交换、援助与合作将是这项工作的一部分。 小组将向下一次缔约国会议报告所完成的工作。 “" ]

[ "GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS OF CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1/Add.2", "THE STATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION 6 October 2006", "ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON", "THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL", "WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE", "EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO", "HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS Original: ENGLISH", "Fifteenth Session", "Geneva, 28 August – 6 September 2006", "Item 7 of the Agenda", "Explosive Remnants of War", "Working Group on Explosive Remnants of War", "PROVISIONAL AGENDA FOR THE MEETING OF THE", "MILITARY AND TECHNICAL EXPERTS ON ERW", "Proposal by the Chairperson of the Meeting of the Military and Technical Experts on ERW", "Addendum", "DRAFT TABLE OF EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE TYPES AND SYSTEMS", "[]", "_(______)" ]

[ "第十五届会议", "2006年8月28日至9月6日，日内瓦", "议程项目7", "战争遗留爆炸物", "战争遗留爆炸物问题工作组", "战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议临时议程", "战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席的建议", "增 编", "爆炸性弹药类型和系统表(草案)" ]

[ "CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1/Add.2号文件的政府专家小组", "2006年10月6日《公约》缔约国", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或", "使用《特定常规武器公约》", "被销毁的武器", "伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》", "具有不利影响 贸易和发展理事会", "第十五届会议", "2006年8月28日至9月6日,日内瓦", "议程项目7", "战争遗留爆炸物", "战争遗留爆炸物问题工作组", "临时 缔约方会议议程", "战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家", "战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席的建议", "增编", "爆炸类型和系统表草案", "[]", "_(______)" ]

[ "[] UNITED \n NATIONS \n [] Distr. \n GENERAL \n FCCC/SBSTA/2006/10 \n 11 October 2006 \n Original: English \n \nSUBSIDIARYBODYFORSCIENTIFICANDTECHNOLOGICALADVICE \nTwenty-fifthsession \nNairobi,6–14November2006 \nItem5 oftheprovisionalagenda \nReducingemissionsfromdeforestationindevelopingcountries", "Report on a workshop on reducing emissions from deforestation", "in developing countries", "Note by the secretariat[1]", "Contents", "Paragraphs Page", "I. Introduction ‎1–‎5 3", "A. Mandate ‎1–‎3 3", "B. Scope of the note ‎4 3", "C. Possible action by the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice ‎5 4", "II. Proceedings ‎6–‎11 4", "III. Summary of presentations and discussions ‎12–‎71 5", "A. Theme I: Scientific, socio-economic, technical and methodological issues ‎12–‎32 5", "B. Theme II: Policy approaches and positive incentives to reduce emissions from deforestation in developing countries ‎33–‎64 10", "C. Theme III: Identification of possible links between relevant scientific, socio-economic, technical and methodological issues and policy approaches and positive incentives ‎65–‎71 17", "IV. Possible next steps ‎72–‎75 18", "A. Relevant issues ‎72–‎74 18", "B. Possible process for consideration of relevant issues ‎75 19", "I. Introduction", "A. Mandate", "1. The Conference of the Parties (COP), at its eleventh session, invited Parties and accredited observers to submit to the secretariat their views on issues relating to reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries, focusing on relevant scientific, technical and methodological issues, and the exchange of relevant information and experiences, including policy approaches and positive incentives. The COP invited Parties also to submit recommendations on any further process to consider the issues. It requested the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) to consider the information in the submissions,[2] beginning at its twenty-fourth session. The SBSTA will report at its twenty-seventh session on issues referred to in the submissions, including any recommendations.[3]", "2. Also at its eleventh session, the COP requested the secretariat to organize a workshop on reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries before the twenty-fifth session of the SBSTA and to prepare a report of the workshop for consideration by the SBSTA at that session.[4]", "3. The SBSTA, at its twenty-fourth session,[5] decided that the workshop should provide an opportunity for Parties to share experiences and consider relevant aspects relating to reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries. It also decided on the specific topics to be discussed at the workshop:", "a. Scientific, socio-economic, technical, and methodological issues, including the role of forests, in particular tropical forests, in the global carbon cycle; definitional issues, including those relating to links between deforestation and degradation; data availability and quality; scale; rates and drivers of deforestation; estimation of changes in carbon stocks and forest cover; and related uncertainties;", "b. Policy approaches and positive incentives to reduce emissions from deforestation in developing countries, including causes; short- and long-term effectiveness with respect to emission reductions; the displacement of emissions; bilateral and multilateral cooperation; activities of other relevant international bodies; enhancing sustainable forest management; capacity-building; and financial mechanisms and other alternatives – basing discussions on experiences and lessons learned;", "c. Identification of possible links between relevant scientific, socio-economic, technical and methodological issues and policy approaches and positive incentives that may arise from the consideration of the topics in subparagraphs (a) and (b) above.", "B. Scope of the note", "1. This document contains a description of the proceedings and a summary of the discussions on the topics referred to in paragraph ‎3 above during the workshop held in response to the above mandate. In preparing the summaries of presentations and main outcomes of discussions, the secretariat made every effort to use the specific terminologies as expressed by the speakers and participants.", "C. Possible action by the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice", "1. The SBSTA may wish to consider the information in this document, in particular in chapter IV, and provide additional guidance on further actions to complete the mandate given by the COP at its eleventh session.", "II. Proceedings", "1. The UNFCCC workshop on “Reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries” took place in the premises of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy, from 30 August to 1 September 2006. It was hosted by the Ministry for the Environment and Territory, Italy, and FAO, with financial support from the Governments of Australia, Finland, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand and Sweden and FAO.", "2. One hundred and sixty-three representatives of 94 Parties and organizations attended the workshop. Fifty-five representatives from 25 Parties included in Annex I to the Convention (Annex I Parties) and 74 representatives from 42 Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention (non-Annex I Parties) participated in the workshop.", "3. Representatives of 13 intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) and 15 non‑governmental organizations (NGOs) also attended the workshop as observers. The IGOs present included the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Bank, the International Union of Forest Research Organizations, FAO, the secretariats of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) and the United Nations Forum on Forests, the Global Terrestrial Observing System (GTOS), the Global Environment Facility, the Global Mechanism of the UNCCD, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) and the European Space Agency. In addition, six resource persons provided technical expertise.", "4. At the opening of the workshop Ms. Maria Pia Garavaglia, Deputy Mayor of the City of Rome, and Mr. Gaetano Benedetto, Deputy Head of Cabinet of the Minister of Environment, Land and Sea of the Republic of Italy, welcomed participants to Rome. The Chair of the SBSTA, Mr. Kishan Kumarsingh, who chaired the workshop, addressed the participants and thanked the Government of Italy and FAO for hosting the workshop and expressed appreciation to other governments for their financial support. Mr. Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio, Minister of Environment, Land and Sea of the Republic of Italy, addressed the workshop on the opening day.", "5. A representative of the UNFCCC secretariat presented the mandate, goal and scope of the workshop, and the background document prepared to facilitate discussions,[6] and acknowledged the governments that contributed supplementary funds for the organization of the workshop.", "6. General discussions were held after each session on a particular topic or cluster of related topics. Chapter III summarizes the key points of presentations[7] and discussions. At the end of the workshop the chair provided to the participants a summary of the discussions from themes I and II; the summary of outcomes in paragraphs ‎23–‎32 and paragraphs ‎49–‎64 is consistent with that summary.", "III. Summary of presentations and discussions", "A. Theme I: Scientific, socio-economic, technical and methodological issues", "1. Summary of presentations", "1. A resource person provided an overview of the main aspects covered in part I of the background paper relating to scientific, socio-economic, technical and methodological issues.[8] The presentation highlighted the achievements in monitoring changes in forest area and cover using remote sensing techniques, the availability of tools and methods for estimating and monitoring carbon stock changes in forests, such as field measurements and traditional forest inventories, and methodologies for estimating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from deforestation, for example, in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines.[9]", "2. The presentation highlighted that progress made in the development of methods and tools in this area is allowing for the measurement of changes in land cover at the national and international scales from space with confidence. In addition, technological developments in remote sensing are under way where technical limitations still exist, for example, with regard to the distinction of secondary from mature forest, identification of degraded or selectively logged forests, or incompleteness in coverage due to clouds. At present, remote sensing cannot measure carbon in biomass or forest carbon stocks directly; these are generally estimated using forest inventory data obtained through sampling. However, up-to-date national forest inventories are scarce in many tropical countries and require considerable resources if undertaken at the national level, in particular for large countries. A reliable measurement of carbon stocks would therefore require cost-effective remote sensing technology in combination with field data. Development in this field for monitoring changes in carbon stocks is ongoing.", "3. The presentation also provided information on definitions for forests, deforestation and degradation, including possible implications that different definitions can have on estimates of carbon stock changes, information on drivers of deforestation and degradation, and methods used by developing countries for estimating carbon stock in biomass. Finally, the need for developing standard step-by-step protocols for monitoring deforestation was expressed.", "4. The representative from the Woods Hole Research Center in his presentation on the role of forests, in particular tropical forests, in the global carbon cycle highlighted the significance of carbon emissions from tropical deforestation (which in recent years has accounted for about 20 per cent of total global emissions), and also presented historical trends of carbon sources and sinks and net fluxes at global and regional levels. The presentation further outlined the ways used to determine carbon emissions from deforestation or changes in land uses based on changes in areas and changes in carbon stocks, possible sources of land-use data, the estimated losses in carbon for the different types of land-use changes (e.g. changes from forests to pastures, plantations) and emphasized the importance of the types of land-use changes and management in determining sources and sinks of carbon. Uncertainties in current estimations mainly result from uncertainties in rates of deforestation and estimated carbon stocks per hectare, as illustrated by the differences in tropical deforestation rates for the main tropical regions in the various data sources. Depending on the data source quoted, annual carbon emissions are estimated at about 0.9 to 2.4 Pg C/year; an immediate halt in deforestation would result in a reduction in global emissions of 1 to 2 Pg C/ year. Finally, the presentation gave an outlook on possible future emission trends for different tropical regions based on current deforestation rates. On this basis a release of 87–130 Pg C from the tropics until 2100 is projected.", "5. Methodological issues concerning estimation of carbon stocks and forest cover and related uncertainties were addressed in the presentation by the representative of the National Institute for Research in the Amazon (INPA), who presented INPA’s estimation approach based on a study undertaken in tropical moist forests. The presentation outlined methodological differences, e.g. with regard to parameters used in the estimation of carbon stocks in primary and secondary forests for the various biomass types to be considered (above-ground, below-ground biomass, etc.), detailing underlying allometric equations, which take into account knowledge on biomass and/or tree species, and the detailed estimation of corresponding uncertainties based on IPCC equations.", "6. The presentation by the representative of FAO on definitional issues explained the definitions used by FAO for forests, deforestation and forest degradation, and how and which processes in the forest sector contribute to GHG emissions (e.g. conversions to other land uses, unsustainable use of forests). Deforestation is defined by FAO as a conversion of forest to other land uses, whereas forest degradation does not imply a change in the land use, but is generally described as a reduction of the canopy cover and/or stocking and the decreased capacity of the forest to perform its functions. The differences in definitions used by FAO for its forest resources assessments (FRAs) and those used under the Kyoto Protocol were also highlighted. In this regard the presentation highlighted a number of issues requiring consideration in any choice of definitions for use in the context of reducing emissions from deforestation.", "7. Another FAO representative provided an overview on data availability and quality, scale and rates of deforestation, based on the organization’s FRAs. These assessments are based on country reports (229 for FRA 2005, covering 40 data variables) – which according to the presenter are considered to be the best national source of forest information and are supplemented by remote sensing surveys. The latest FRA assessment shows declining trends for both global deforestation rates and net losses in forest area compared to previous FRAs, with an annual deforestation rate of 13 million ha/yr between 1990 and 2005. Data by region show differences in deforestation trends and forest area changes, indicating considerable differences in scale and rates of deforestation between different groups of countries.", "8. The presentation also outlined the available sources of data on forest area changes, their quality and use by Annex I and non-Annex I Parties, i.e. national monitoring systems (e.g. forest inventories), independent/unrelated assessments (e.g. remote sensing studies), expert estimates based on assumptions, or other sources. Information on which to base trend estimates of carbon stock changes is scarce in most non-Annex I Parties, mainly due to lack of field measurement data. Comparison of studies in the tropics, e.g. remote sensing surveys of the tropics in FRA 2000 with country data, indicate that in some cases the differences in resulting deforestation scale and rates can be large, whereas for other regions results indicate similar rates. The presentation also highlighted the considerable differences observed in the availability and quality of data, the existence of monitoring systems and capacities for forest monitoring, and the importance of field measurements. It also outlined the future needs for improving data availability and quality through monitoring systems at the national, global and regional levels.", "9. In his presentation on remote sensing and data availability, the representative of the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre focused on measuring deforestation and degradation in the tropics using earth observation techniques. The presentation was based on a recent report prepared by the GTOS[10] which provides information on monitoring deforested area, degraded forest area and carbon stock changes. The talk outlined the different levels of monitoring (i.e. from global to fine scale), the suitability of different resolutions for different monitoring purposes (illustrated with various examples of satellite images) and associated costs, and reflected on achievable accuracies as well as ways of assessing accuracy of high resolution imagery. Illustrations of operational monitoring systems at the national level (e.g. Brazilian and Indian surveys and estimated deforestation rates, such as for the Brazilian Amazon) up to the regional/global level by remote sensing surveys were provided, followed by options for future monitoring based on systematic sampling. The presentation demonstrated that, although various methods are available to analyze satellite data for measuring changes in forest areas, the main constraints in implementing national systems for monitoring such changes are cost and access to high resolution data.", "10. Information on drivers of deforestation was provided by a representative of the University of Louvain, Belgium, who illustrated inter-annual variability of deforestation rates, causes and pathways of tropical deforestation, distinguishing between proximate causes directly impacting on forest cover, such as wood extraction or infrastructural and agricultural expansion, and underlying causes, which are mainly due to demographic, economic, policy and institutional, technological and/or cultural factors. A systematic meta analysis of case studies in more than 150 countries showed the complex interactions of multiple causes of deforestation at different scales (e.g. in the long and short term); however, regional patterns and recurring problems were discernible. In this regard, a cluster of interrelated factors with direct or indirect impacts on forests (intended or unintended) was presented and the pathway of deforestation from historical times until the present was illustrated for the Amazon region.", "11. A package of general policy options (including elements such as improved governance, new institutional instruments, etc.) was presented, taking into account the fact that no universal policy could control deforestation and that a balance of factors specific to a region would have to be considered. The difficulties in addressing deforestation include control of forests, discerning the effects of a given policy to a reduction in deforestation, the multiple uses and functions of forests, international leakage, and the close link between forest transition and economic modernization, among others.", "2. Main outcomes of discussions", "1. The exchange of views by participants following the theme I presentations can be summarized as follows:", "Methods and tools to estimate GHG emissions from deforestation", "2. Based on the information provided in the presentations, the following was noted:", "enough to monitor and estimate emissions from deforestation with an acceptable level of certainty. However, the possibilities for using these tools and implementing any system for measuring and monitoring would depend on the availability of appropriate financial, technological and human resources, including capacity-building. In addition, tools and methods available have limitations under different national circumstances, such as scale of forest cover;", "inventories, as well as the use of IPCC GHG inventory guidelines[11] can be used to estimate GHG emissions resulting from deforestation;", "above methods and tools under a broad range of conditions;", "developing countries will require financial and technical support as well as targeted capacity-building. International collaboration could help facilitate these. Positive incentives for reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries could also help facilitate this support as well as provide incentives for robust monitoring.", "1. Regarding the presented approach to estimate carbon stocks based on allometric equations (see paragraph 16), the relatively low uncertainty was discussed as was the useful contribution that this approach could make in addition to the methods available in IPCC guidelines. At the same time, participants highlighted the requirements of this approach for detailed information on forest types, number of trees and species, and for taking into consideration regional differences. The associated cost implications given the level of accuracy were also discussed.", "2. Participants also discussed the developments in remote-sensing technology that may allow direct measurement of above-ground carbon stocks and changes over time, which would facilitate the monitoring of emissions from deforestation in tropical countries.", "3. Cost implications of the various methods and tools and their components were addressed, e.g. in relation to scale, resolution and accuracy, taking into account both the establishment or implementation and the maintenance of any monitoring system. Although costs of data have decreased, the bulk of costs is generally associated with implementation of a monitoring system. The advantages of remote sensing in terms of costs as compared to field measurements were mentioned, in particular for countries with large forest cover.", "Definitional issues", "4. The following points were noted:", "exist, which were developed to address different needs under different processes. One example of this is the set of forest-related definitions under the Kyoto Protocol that apply only in the context of that protocol;", "of GHG emissions resulting from deforestation;", "emissions from deforestation in developing countries, consideration may be given to:", "international arrangement on this matter;", "development of new definitions, or modification of existing definitions to facilitate a more consistent approach to estimating emissions from deforestation and taking into account any related processes resulting in GHG emissions; a range of definitions might be needed, given that the implications of definitions (e.g. for estimation of forest cover or carbon stock change) may differ depending on, for example, country size, type of forest or forest cover;", "and which of these should be addressed in this context;", "address challenges resulting from the existence and use of different forest-related definitions in the estimation of GHG emissions from deforestation.", "1. Participants also discussed the challenges associated with definitions for processes that do not result in land-use changes per se but also lead to carbon stock losses and GHG emissions, such as forest degradation, logging or temporarily unstocked forests and the implications that coverage or non-coverage of these processes in any definition may have in terms of emission reductions. Other issues discussed in this context included the variety of forest types (e.g. forests in drylands, temperate forests, peat swamp forests, trees outside forests) and related terminology that may need to be taken into account, as well as the need for a common understanding of avoided deforestation. The importance of ensuring consistent land representation over time was mentioned, for example for the establishment of baselines.", "General issues[12]", "2. In addition to the above, participants noted the following general issues:", "seen in isolation from other land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) related issues in the UNFCCC context;", "addressed and not only those relating to changes in carbon stocks;", "human-induced activities as compared to those that are due to natural changes has not been resolved;", "the negotiations relating to afforestation and reforestation under the clean development mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol could be useful in the consideration of any international arrangement to reduce emissions from deforestation.", "1. Regarding non-CO₂ GHGs, for example resulting from burning after clearing of lands, participants also discussed the need for considering different types of land, such as peatlands (see also paragraph 29).", "2. The need to address socio-economic factors – in addition to methodological issues such as estimation of carbon stock changes – was also expressed, in particular at the local level where local populations are highly dependent on forests and their products. Given the multiplicity of linked causes of deforestation, a focus on the local level may also assist in discerning the relevant underlying drivers. In addition to the causes of deforestation outlined in the presentations, a number of participants highlighted the causes of deforestation in their countries, e.g. poverty, increase in population, economic development and perverse incentives. Participants also mentioned policy implications, given the nature of the causes of deforestation, that would have to be taken into consideration in addressing emissions from deforestation. The need to address permanence was also mentioned.", "A. Theme II: Policy approaches and positive incentives to reduce emissions from deforestation in developing countries", "1. Summary of presentations", "1. The session opened with an overview presentation on the background paper on policy approaches and positive incentives.[13] The presentation covered causes of deforestation and incentives and policies that address both direct and underlying causes, taking into consideration the agents of deforestation. It was noted that the causes are heterogeneous across countries. Policies and activities outside the forest sector also contribute to deforestation. Most examples of policies and incentives to reduce deforestation are based on supporting forest conservation and sustainable forest management. Due to a range of factors, the effectiveness of policies and positive incentives cannot be generalized and are usually case specific.", "Causes, short- and long-term effectiveness with respect to emission reductions, and the displacement of emissions", "2. Causes of deforestation, short- and long-term effectiveness with respect to emission reduction, and the displacement of emissions were covered in a presentation on causes of deforestation and forest degradation in the Oceania region by the participant from Tuvalu. The presentation was based on views on outcomes from a regional workshop held in Fiji in 1998. It was noted that there were several common causes driving deforestation in the Oceania region. The presentation also proposed several strategies to address the various causes. The capability of each strategy to address the displacement of emissions, the short- and long-term effectiveness with respect to emission reductions, and the feasibility and effectiveness in reducing CO₂ emissions were assessed.", "Bilateral and multilateral cooperation, activities of other relevant international bodies, and capacity‑building", "3. In considering this cluster of topics, the workshop heard several presentations from representatives of Parties and IGOs, either as donors or beneficiaries of bilateral or multilateral cooperation and capacity-building. The first presentation on the topic was given by the representative from Colombia, on behalf of a group of Latin American countries: Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay. Experts from these countries form the Latin American Discussion Group on LULUCF and Climate Change (GLAD-CC), an informal network of LULUCF experts and negotiators. The presenter spoke of the high rate of deforestation in the GLAD-CC countries and the policy approaches and actions being taken by governments to address the issue. Despite numerous efforts to protect forests, such as developing carbon conservation projects, eco-tourism and environmental services programmes, the forests in the region are still facing numerous development-related threats. The group called for the building of institutional and technical capacities and noted the need for studies considering the economics of various policy approaches. The need for new and additional funds as well as up-front financing for the forest sector was highlighted, such as through overseas development assistance (ODA), new donor programmes, revolving funds and market-based approaches.", "4. The participant from the Central African Republic presented the views of the countries in the Congo Basin: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. She presented the Central African approach against deforestation, including a “convergence plan” (an action plan for forests) adopted by the heads of state of the region and reported on the region’s strong commitment to conservation and sustainable forest management. The group proposed the creation of a fund under the UNFCCC for the reduction of emissions from deforestation. The fund would provide two types of grants: a forest management grant based on the forest area managed sustainably in a country and a climate regulation grant weighted to the rate of deforestation.", "5. Participants from Annex I Parties also presented their experiences and views on the topics, considering the issues as donors in support of bilateral cooperation and capacity-building. One of the participants, from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, provided a general overview of the causes of deforestation and highlighted specific examples of causes in a few regions. He called for a multisectoral approach (a variety of policies and actions); clearer and more secure property rights; better governance and regulation; and payment for environmental services.", "6. A participant from Germany spoke on the experiences of German Development Cooperation in sustainable forest management (SFM). He provided examples of projects, impacts of these projects and the lessons learned. Thus far, German bilateral cooperation has not focused on reducing emissions from deforestation, but a few pilot projects are being planned. He noted that technical and financial cooperation efforts have not reduced significantly the rate of deforestation. He suggested that a market-based mechanism could make a difference by scaling-up the positive impacts of bilateral cooperation.", "7. A participant from the United States of America presented lessons learned on the ground through ongoing United States government forestry programmes. The presentation noted the three “Cs” of addressing deforestation: commercial/market-based approaches, community forest management and conserving forests. He highlighted the actions that worked under each of the Cs and provided examples from the Sustainable Forests Products Global Alliance, community forest management and the Tropical Forest Conservation Act. He noted the importance of an integrated response to address deforestation, such as addressing economic development, poverty reduction, biodiversity and climate change concerns and the need for technical assistance and capacity-building.", "8. There were two presentations relating to multilateral cooperation and capacity-building. The representative from UNEP WCMC provided an overview of her centre’s activities in cooperation with other United Nations agencies, IGOs, NGOs, governments and industry. The WCMC has engaged in cooperative efforts on the assessment and monitoring of forest resources, development of indicators and data sharing. She raised the question of whether the sharing of monitoring systems could assist Parties in meeting the obligations of several conventions simultaneously. She also prompted participants to think about what sort of support and guidance Parties might require in identifying opportunities for multiple benefits, in developing and implementing monitoring programmes, in sharing data, and in benefiting from lessons learned elsewhere.", "9. The representative of the ITTO presented that organization’s experiences and challenges in bringing tropical forests under sustainable management. ITTO cooperates, collaborates and consults with member countries on policy research and studies as well as project activities. The organization has initiated several activities of direct relevance to climate change, for example, capacity-building workshops on afforestation and reforestation activities under the CDM, alternative financing models for SFM and implementation of ITTO guidelines for SFM.", "Enhancing sustainable forest management", "10. Three participants spoke on their countries’ experiences in implementing and enhancing sustainable forest management. The participant from Bolivia presented her country’s experiences on forest management and emissions avoidance. She described how the Noel Kempff Climate Action project is contributing to avoiding deforestation while generating real and measurable carbon offsets. The project has contributed to stopping industrial timber extraction, avoiding slash-and-burn agriculture, generating substantial benefits to climate, biodiversity and communities, and addressing the issue of leakage.", "11. Malaysia’s commitment to implementing SFM through proper policy, legislation and forestry practices (e.g. reduced-impact logging, forest rehabilitation, timber certification) was noted in the presentation by the participant from that country. He also highlighted the importance of peat swamp forests as carbon stores. He said that these forest ecosystems are threatened in his region, and that any measure to reduce GHG emissions should take peat swamp forests into consideration.", "12. A participant from Japan reported on his country’s continuing commitment to support SFM at the domestic, regional and international levels. Japan believes that SFM is an important element in strategies to mitigate global warming, and, as such, SFM is part of the country’s ODA philosophy. Japan contributes to technical and financial cooperation through both bilateral and multilateral channels as well as through NGOs and the private sector. It was highlighted that four key elements are necessary for realizing SFM: ownership, partnership, respect for local conditions and sustainability of actions.", "Financial mechanisms and other alternatives", "13. Representatives of Parties presented their views and experiences on approaches, based either on financial mechanisms or other alternatives, to reduce emissions from deforestation in developing countries. They also proposed approaches for an international arrangement for addressing the issue.[14]", "14. A representative of Papua New Guinea gave an overview of his country’s experiences in multilateral cooperation and presented views on potential policy approaches and positive incentives. He noted that although ODA has been successful in supporting technical capacity and reducing illegal logging, it has contributed little in terms of fair trade, poverty alleviation or reduction in deforestation rates. A flexible basket of positive incentives should be considered, such as ODA (various types of funds); a voluntary national approach (or voluntary Annex for deforestation); a flexible scale approach that takes into account national circumstances; combining bilateral or multilateral efforts and funds to support emissions reductions from deforestation; and optional protocol. He added that technology, methods and markets are currently available, but the challenge of implementation remains. International funding is needed immediately for analysis, capacity-building and pilot market activities, but markets are likely the most sustainable financing solution, he said.", "15. The participant from Costa Rica presented his country’s experiences with an environmental services payments programme to avoid deforestation and promote forest recovery. Implementation of the programme had to address legal, institutional, financial and political aspects and the need for transparency and accountability. This programme has reduced deforestation (particularly from illegal logging) and land degradation; improved forest cover; enhanced rural development and forest-related industries; and contributed to the fulfilment of environmental goals. However, it was stressed that current financial resources (from internal and external sources) are insufficient to guarantee the sustainability of the programme in the long term and the further expansion of forest cover.", "16. A representative from Brazil presented his country’s preliminary proposal for an arrangement in the context of the UNFCCC that would provide positive financial incentives for developing countries that voluntarily reduce their GHG emissions from deforestation. The arrangement would not generate future obligations or count towards emissions reduction commitments of Annex I Parties. Positive financial incentives would be given relative to a reference emission rate (calculated based on a pre-defined reference deforestation rate and an agreed carbon content). Parties included in Annex II to the Convention would voluntarily provide funds for this arrangement, taking into account their ODA commitments. The funds would then be divided among participating developing countries in the same ratio as the emission reductions they have achieved.", "2. Main outcomes of discussions", "1. The following is a summary of the main outcomes from the exchange of views by participants following the theme II presentations.", "General views relating to policy approaches and positive incentives", "2. The following general points were noted:", "contribute to meeting the objective of the UNFCCC;", "the alleviation of poverty, be based on principles of good governance and be consistent with national development goals;", "efforts to reduce emissions from sources in other sectors;", "prescriptive in terms of which policies and incentives should be applied and implemented at the national level;", "deforestation vary across countries. Therefore, flexibility is needed. National governments are best placed to define what type of policies and incentives apply best to their national circumstances;", "not disadvantage efforts already in place, but should reward early action;", "was noted:", "levels, for example, wood provides benefits at the local level, water conservation at the regional level and the reduction of GHG emissions and the conservation of biodiversity at the international level;", "local level, they also need to add up to a reduction of emissions at the national level;", "countries should draw upon experiences and lessons learned from negotiations undertaken in the past on similar issues.", "1. A participant expressed her country’s views on the usage of the term “positive incentives” vis-à-vis incentives such as “subsidies” and “payment for environmental services”. The participant expressed concern, referring to the background paper prepared by the secretariat on policy approaches and positive incentives (Working paper No. 1 (b) (2006)), that these terms could contribute to confusion and misunderstanding when considered against similar terms and associated rules of other multilateral organizations/agreements (e.g. World Trade Organization (WTO), CBD). More specifically, the participant expressed concern that incentives do not necessarily have only positive effects, but also “perverse” effects, and that the use of such terms should take into consideration trade-related issues as well as the context of usage in other multilateral processes (such as WTO, CBD and UNEP).", "Causes, short- and long-term effectiveness with respect to emission reductions, and the displacement of emissions", "2. The following points were noted:", "deforestation does not exist, given that deforestation results from a complex interaction of underlying and direct causes;", "of local decision-making to the level of global markets. However, deforestation takes place locally and is linked to national circumstances. For this reason, drivers and causes of deforestation can best be identified by the national governments concerned;", "factors that drive deforestation, bearing in mind that most causes of deforestation lay outside the forest sector;", "direct causes of deforestation and the possibility of leakage.", "1. Some general examples that arose during discussions on why deforestation occurs included lack of capacity and willingness to address the issue, lack of education and lack of development opportunities. It was also highlighted that international policies and agreements may have an influence on local policies and, hence, on the causes of deforestation.", "2. A participant suggested that discussions on this matter should not focus on the “domestic framework of policy actions” taken to address causes but on the “added value” in addressing the issue within the international process.", "3. Several participants underlined the need for addressing deforestation from the demand side of the market. One participant noted that an excessive demand for timber need not necessarily lead to deforestation unless harvesting leads to a change in land use. However, logging practices often pose environmental problems and primary forests are converted into secondary forests. Another participant noted that the pricing policies for energy products often make such products unaffordable to local communities, resulting in excessive harvest of wood for fuel. In considering the demand side of the market, the behaviour of consumers needs to be considered and the market should relate pricing of the product to the carbon emissions associated with the product.", "4. It was questioned whether any analysis has been done to consider the link between the effects of leakage and the causes of deforestation. It was also noted that although leakage presents a methodological hurdle, some lessons could be taken from past negotiations on project-based activities under the Kyoto Protocol.", "Bilateral and multilateral cooperation, activities of other relevant international bodies, and capacity‑building", "5. The following points were noted:", "efforts to reduce forest loss, deforestation continues to be a major problem;", "currently in place. Most relate to the promotion of SFM and forest conservation. These include: capacity‑building and training; technical support; policy advice and support for policy development; and provision of financial resources;", "implementation of relevant policies;", "reducing emissions from deforestation.", "1. It was also noted that results do not only depend on the quantity of resources devoted to addressing deforestation but also on how the resources are allocated and used. A few participants noted that it is important to assess the effectiveness of current policy approaches and incentives and to learn from past experiences. Participants also touched on financing options (e.g. ODA, market or trading mechanisms) to address deforestation and expressed concerns over how such payments are delivered to the various levels, from national to local. One participant noted the growing importance of South–South cooperation.", "Enhancing sustainable forest management", "2. The following points were noted:", "services. Hence, it is essential to take these goods and services into account when combating forest loss;", "support the livelihoods of local communities. Efforts to reduce emissions from deforestation should not be undertaken at the cost of local livelihoods;", "deforestation rates;", "sustainable management.", "Financial mechanisms and other alternatives", "1. Some possible sources of financing to support activities to reduce emissions from deforestation were mentioned, including: ODA, establishment of funds, multilateral sources, bilateral cooperation, public and private partnerships, payment for environmental services, and market mechanisms.", "2. The following points were noted:", "policies and efforts to reduce emissions from deforestation as well as add to efforts that are already in place;", "needs to be broad and include several possible alternatives;", "mechanisms, and funding needs to be certain, long-term and sustainable;", "including through the establishment of policy frameworks;", "provide incentives that are effective in reducing emissions from deforestation. However, they should be tailored to national circumstances and respond to national priorities;", "capacity to enable countries to take action in reducing emissions from deforestation, including through the establishment of institutional and technical frameworks;", "started quickly on actions, and could be directed towards building of institutional and technical capacity. However, the implementation of actions on the ground to reduce emissions from deforestation requires that financial resources are continuous and available over the longer term;", "transaction costs for incentives to be effective;", "effective reduction of emissions from deforestation. Appropriate institutional frameworks could contribute to the effectiveness of allocation of financial resources;", "deforestation, which could be assessed relative to a reference baseline;", "by those actors who undertake actions on the ground. Institutions play a major role in ensuring that actors on the ground are compensated;", "discussions on reducing emissions from deforestation, bearing in mind developments in other international agreements. The possible design of options to reward or compensate actions to reduce emissions from deforestation would need to be consistent with Parties’ existing obligations in other agreements.", "1. Participants discussed how Costa Rica managed its programme of payment for environmental services and ensured its sustainability. The representative from Costa Rica explained that it was not possible to pay the full economic value of all products/services provided by the land and forests, but that the system is very efficient from the political, social and economic perspectives. Costa Rica is looking for other market-related solutions to ensure sustainability of the programme and is following a step-by-step learning process, he said.", "2. Some participants expressed the view that the proposal by Brazil[15] offers an opportunity for dialogue and recognizes national circumstances when considering approaches to reward actions for reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries; some participants added that the displacement of emissions, among other possible issues, would require further discussion in the context of this proposal.", "3. A participant spoke on the roles of ODA and regulated markets, expressing the view that although ODA is useful for capacity-building, it may be necessary to formalize market approaches to achieve the objective of reducing emissions from deforestation in a sustainable way. Participants also discussed the links between the issue of deforestation and harvested wood products, noting that the issue of harvested wood products is currently under consideration by the SBSTA. It was suggested that all options should be kept open at this stage and that attempts should be made at advancing on a set of terms of reference with which to consider the options.", "A. Theme III: Identification of possible links between relevant scientific, socio-economic, technical and methodological issues and policy approaches and positive incentives", "1. Participants acknowledged that the tools and methodologies for estimating changes in carbon stocks and monitoring deforestation are already available and could be used. However, it was noted that there are still large gaps between countries in terms of their capacity to use available tools and methodologies. A group of participants suggested that consideration be given to the provision of capacity-building, which could include pilot projects that might provide valuable insights and experience.", "2. Although markets may provide a sustaining “signal” to stimulate financing to reduce emissions from deforestation, the setting up of a formal market approach could be more demanding as it needs stricter quantification. Several participants mentioned that the market approach should not be the only option considered and that other financing possibilities must be taken into consideration. These participants highlighted some negative implications of market approaches in contributing to deforestation in general. It was highlighted that many local communities whose livelihoods are dependent on the informal sector are marginalized from formal markets. In the consideration of any approach, socio-cultural factors, as well as issues relating to property rights, water security and food security, should be taken into account. One participant mentioned that an approach, such as payment for environmental services, can have negative impacts on communities and the implementation of any programmes should take into account relevant rules agreed under the WTO, and suggested that the only way payment for environmental services would work would be to limit the payments to cover only the extra costs of protection. However, it is uncertain whether payment for environmental services contributes to poverty alleviation, she said.", "3. It was acknowledged that a flexible basket of options will have to be considered, be it ODA-based or market-based. Limiting options at this stage might reduce the chances of achieving the objective, participants said. Countries will have to decide on the national policies best suited to their national needs. In any case, financial sustainability is necessary to ensure ecological sustainability. It was mentioned that irrespective of the decisions taken, local communities should be actively involved in the process. Forms of financing need to target rural communities, particularly those involved in community forestry.", "4. Some participants highlighted that the capacity to translate an increased understanding of the drivers of deforestation into effective policy approaches was a huge challenge. In this regard, the need to identify specific drivers and pathways of deforestation at the national and/or regional levels using existing methodologies was expressed, to enable countries to assess the different policy approaches and their effectiveness; the need for economic and feasibility analyses in the consideration of any framework was also suggested.", "5. The need to address forest degradation and other processes in forests leading to GHG emissions was also expressed, as considering deforestation alone could be too narrow an approach, and, as a result, emissions from such processes would not be accounted for and reduced.", "6. As deforestation does not occur in isolation, participants linked it to other relevant issues, such as adaptation, mitigation, biodiversity, harvested wood products and bio-energy. In addition, the link between drivers of deforestation and possible policy approaches should also be considered, such as the role of agriculture in deforestation. Another area requiring further exploration is the cost implications of methodologies, drivers and policies. However, one participant expressed the need to take into account the timeframe and cautioned that targeting a large number of issues for consideration may result in failure to address key issues. Although many decisions will have to be taken at the national level, it was noted that ideas will be needed on how other relevant bodies/organizations could support the work required.", "7. One participant suggested that existing infrastructure and commitments of the UNFCCC process should continue to be explored, in addition to possible new arrangements. Another participant raised the question of whether the current information systems under the UNFCCC will support the policy needs of efforts to reduce emissions from deforestation or whether there are different and additional information needs. It was acknowledged that there is a need to continue exploring options and the implications and impacts of these options. It was also mentioned that a holistic approach would be needed to address deforestation in the context of emissions at the global level.", "IV. Possible next steps", "A. Relevant issues", "1. Consideration should be given to the proposed approaches (including the proposed approaches by Brazil, countries of the Congo Basin, and Papua New Guinea[16]) for an international arrangement under the UNFCCC for actions to reduce emissions from deforestation in developing countries, taking into account experiences and lessons learned at the national and international levels, deliberations at the workshop and input from Parties in their submissions. Special attention could be given to the following:", "a. Identifying how the proposed approaches would best fit different national circumstances, taking into account the successful experiences and lessons learned from ongoing activities to reduce deforestation (such as SFM, payment for environmental services and specific government programmes);", "b. Identifying the commonalities and differences between the proposed approaches in relation to:", "achieved, including, issues on baselines or reference emission rates and possible leakage or displacement of emissions associated with the proposed approaches;", "1. Consideration should be given to capacity-building needs to facilitate actions to reduce emissions from deforestation under the UNFCCC. The capacity-building could include increasing capacity to monitor and estimate emissions from deforestation; to identify specific drivers and pathways of deforestation and translate these into effective policy approaches; and to determine economic feasibility of the proposed approaches (taking into account opportunity costs for stakeholders, costs for increased capacity-building, costs of surveillance of deforestation and likely sources of additional financing through international cooperation).", "2. Attention should be given to the use of appropriate terminologies in discussions on potential approaches to reduce emissions from deforestation under the UNFCCC, taking into account the use of similar or related terminologies as well as existing relevant rules in other international processes and multilateral agreements. This could reduce potential confusion and difficulties in the consideration of approaches that may be developed under the UNFCCC.", "A. Possible process for consideration of relevant issues", "1. The SBSTA may wish to consider the following process to address the above issues:", "a. A second workshop before the twenty-sixth session of the SBSTA that could focus discussions on the topics described in paragraph ‎72 above;", "b. Activities to support and facilitate discussions at the second workshop, if such a workshop would take place, including:", "i. Submission of views by Parties on the issues referred to in paragraph ‎72 above, to be also considered by the SBSTA at its twenty-sixth session;", "ii. Expert meeting(s) preceding the workshop to clarify specific aspects relating to the proposed approaches to facilitate their consideration at the workshop;", "iii. Preparation of a background paper for the workshop on the commonalities and differences between the proposed approaches in relation to the issues in paragraph ‎72 ‎(b), taking into account information in the submissions by Parties referred to in subparagraph (b) (i) above;", "c. Submission of views by Parties and accredited observers on the issues referred to in paragraph ‎73 above for consideration by the SBSTA at its twenty-sixth session;", "d. Identification of additional activities to be undertaken from the twenty-sixth session to the twenty-seventh session of the SBSTA, at which the SBSTA will report on issues relating to reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries, including any recommendations, in accordance with the mandate of the COP at its eleventh session.", "[1] ^(*) This document was submitted late due to the timing of the workshop.", "[2] Submissions from Parties are contained in FCCC/SBSTA/2006/MISC.5 and Add.1. Submissions from intergovernmental organizations are available at <http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/igo/items/3714.php> and submissions from non-governmental organizations are available at <http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/ngo/items/3689.php>.", "[3] FCCC/CP/2005/5, paragraphs 81–83.", "[4] FCCC/CP/2005/5, paragraph 84.", "[5] FCCC/SBSTA/2006/5, paragraph 52 (a) to (c).", "[6] The background document, which includes a synthesis of information from national communications and submissions from Parties and accredited observers (see footnote 1), is available at <http://unfccc.int/methods_and_science/lulucf/items/3757.php>.", "[7] The list of presentations and speakers and the full presentations are available at <http://unfccc.int/methods_and_science/lulucf/items/3764.php>. The reader is encouraged to refer to the original presentations for details.", "[8] See Working paper 1 (a) (2006) at <http://unfccc.int/methods_and_science/lulucf/items/3757.php>.", "[9] Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry, and 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (volume on agriculture, forestry and other land use).", "[10] Reducing GHG emissions from deforestation in developing countries: Considerations for monitoring and measuring (GOFC-GOLD).", "[11] Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry and 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2006 IPCC Guidelines).", "[12] Other scientific, socio-economic, technical and methodological issues discussed under theme I are addressed in this section. Discussions on drivers and causes of deforestation are covered in more detail under theme II due to the close link to policy approaches and positive incentives.", "[13] See Working paper 1(b) (2006) at <http://unfccc.int/methods_and_science/lulucf/items/3757.php>.", "[14] See also the proposed approach by the countries of the Congo Basin, paragraph ‎36.", "[15] See paragraph ‎48.", "[16] See paragraphs ‎48, ‎36 and ‎46, respectively." ]

[ "附属科学技术咨询机构", "第二十五届会议", "2006年11月6日至14日，内罗毕", "临时议程项目5", "减少发展中国家毁林所致排放量", "减少发展中国家毁林所致排放量研讨会的报告", "秘书处的说明[1]", "概 要 秘书处按照缔约方会议第十一届会议的要求举办了一次减少发展中国家毁林所致排放量研讨会。研讨会于2006年8月30日至9月1日在意大利罗马举行。 附属科学技术咨询机构(科技咨询机构)决定，研讨会应当为缔约各方交流经验和审议与减少发展中国家毁林所致排放量有关的各方面问题提供一次机会。与会者听取了有关科学、社会经济、技术和方法学问题专题的技术性介绍以及缔约方代表和国际组织代表关于政策方针和积极激励办法专题的介绍。与会者还交流了意见和详细讨论了与这些专题有关的问题，并讨论了这两个专题之间的可能联系。建议了若干可能的下一步骤以推动科技咨询机构的工作并使科技咨询机构能够在第二十七届会议上提出报告。 \n科技咨询机构不妨审议本报告所载的信息，特别是有关可能的下一步骤的信息，并就今后的行动提供进一步指导。", "目 录", "段 次 页 次", "一、导言......................... 1 - 5 3", "A. 授权........................ 1 - 3 3", "B. 本说明的范围 4 4", "C. 附属科学技术机构可采取的行动 5 4", "二、议事情况................. 6 - 11 4", "三、介绍和讨论概要 12 - 71 5", "A. 专题一：科学、社会经济、技术和方法学问题 12 - 32 5", "B. 专题二：减少发展中国家毁林所致排放量的政策方针和积极激励办法 33 - 64 11", "C. 专题三：找出相关的科学、社会经济、技术和方法学问题与政策方针和积极激励办法之间的可能关联..................... 65 - 71 20", "四、可能的下一步骤 72 - 75 21", "A. 相关问题............. 72 - 74 21", "B. 审议相关问题的可能进程 75 22", "一、导 言", "A. 授 权", "1. 缔约方会议第十一届会议请缔约各方和经认可的观察员向秘书处提交对于减少发展中国家毁林所致排放量所涉问题的意见，侧重于相关科学、技术和方法学问题和交流有关的信息和经验，包括政策方针和积极的激励措施。缔约方会议还请缔约各方就审议这些问题的任何进一步程序提出建议。缔约方会议请附属科技咨询机构自第二十四届会议开始审议所提交材料[2] 中的信息。科技咨询机构将在第二十七届会议上就所提交材料中提到的问题包括任何建议提出报告。[3]", "2. 缔约方会议第十一届会议还请秘书处在科技咨询机构第二十五届会议之前组织一次有关减少发展中国家毁林所致排放量的研讨会，并编写一份研讨会的报告供科技咨询机构该届会议审议。[4]", "3. 科技咨询机构第二十四届会议决定，研讨会应当为缔约各方交流经验和审议与减少发展中国家毁林所致排放量有关的各方面问题提供一次机会。还决定研讨会所讨论的具体专题将包括：[5]", "(a) 全球碳循环的科学、社会经济、技术和方法学问题，包括森林特别是热带森林的作用；定义问题，包括涉及毁林和退化之间关联的定义问题；数据的可得性和质量；毁林的范围、速率和动因；碳储存和森林覆盖面变化的估算；与此相关的不确定性问题；", "(b) 减少发展中国家毁林所致排放量以及毁林成因的政策方针和积极激励办法；减少排放量的长、短期实效；排放量的置换；双边和多边合作；其他有关国际机构的活动；增强可持续的森林管理；能力建设；资金机制和其他替代办法――以获得的经验和教益作为讨论的基础；", "(c) 找出相关的科学、社会经济、技术和方法学问题与审议上文(a)和(b)分段的过程中可能产生的政策方针和积极激励办法之间的可能关联。", "B. 本说明的范围", "4. 本文件载有根据上述授权举行的研讨会的议事情况和研讨会有关上文第3段所述专题的讨论情况概要。在编写介绍概要和主要讨论结果时，秘书处尽可能使用了与发言者和与会者所表述的相同的具体术语。", "C. 附属科学技术咨询机构可采取的行动", "5. 科技咨询机构不妨审议本文件所载的信息，特别是第四章中的信息，并就为完成缔约方会议第十一届会议授予的任务须采取的进一步行动提供更多的指导。", "二、议事情况", "6. 《气候公约》“减少发展中国家毁林所致排放量”研讨会于2006年8月30日至9月1日在意大利罗马联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)举行。研讨会是由意大利环境和领土部及粮农组织主办的，得到澳大利亚、芬兰、意大利、荷兰、新西兰和瑞典等国政府和粮农组织有资助。", "7. 94个缔约方和组织的163位代表出席了研讨会。25个《公约》附件一所列缔约方(附件一缔约方)的55位代表和42个非《公约》附件一所列缔约方(非附件一缔约方)的74位代表参加了研讨会。", "8. 13个政府间组织和15个非政府组织的代表也作为观察员出席了研讨会。出席的政府间组织包括国际热带木材组织(热带木材组织)、经济合作和发展组织、世界银行、国际林业研究组织联合会、粮农组织、《生物多样性公约》秘书处、《联合国防治荒漠化公约》秘书处、联合国森林论坛秘书处、全球陆地观测系统、全球环境基金(全环基金)、《防治荒漠化公约》全球机制、联合国环境规划署(环境署)世界养护监测中心和欧洲航天局(欧航局)。此外，6位顾问提供了技术专门知识。", "9. 在研讨会开幕式上，罗马市副市长Maria Pia Garavaglia女士和意大利共和国环境、土地和海洋部长办公室副主任Gaetano Benedetto先生欢迎与会者到罗马。担任研讨会主席的科技咨询机构主席对与会者讲了话，感谢意大利政府和粮农组织主办研讨会并对其他国家政府提供资金支助表示感谢。意大利共和国环境、土地和海洋部长Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio先生在研讨会开幕式上讲了话。", "10. 《气候公约》秘书处代表介绍了研讨会的任务、目标和范围，以及为便利讨论编写的背景文件[6]，并向为举办研讨会提供补充基金的各国政府表示感谢。", "11. 在每次讨论某一特定专题或一组相关专题之后都进行一般性讨论。第三章概述了专题介绍 [7] 和讨论的要点。在研讨会结束时主席向与会者总结了专题一和专题二的讨论情况；第23至32段中和第49至64段中的结果概要与该总结是一致的。", "三、专题介绍和讨论概要", "A. 专题一：科学、社会经济、技术和方法学问题", "1. 专题介绍概要", "12. 一位顾问概述了有关科学、社会经济、技术和方法学问题的背景文件第一部分所包括的主要方面。[8] 该介绍突出了使用遥感技术监测森林面积和覆盖变化方面的成就、估计和监测森林碳储量的工具和方法的可得性，例如实地测量和传统森林清单，以及估计毁林所致温室气体排放量的方法，例如政府间气候变化专门委员会(气专委)各项指南中的方法。[9]", "13. 该介绍强调了开发这一领域的方法和工具取得的进展使得从空间测量国家和国际范围的土地覆盖变化能够令人可信地进行。此外，遥感技术正在发展中，仍然存在技术限制，例如无法区分次生林和成熟林、识别退化森林和挑选地株伐的森林、或者覆盖面因云层遮盖不完整。目前，遥感不能直接测量生物质或森林碳储存中的碳；这些数据通常是利用通过抽样获得的森林清单数据来估计。不过，许多热带国家缺少最新的国家森林清单数据，因为要在全国范围内，特别是面积大的国家内，进行森林调查需要大量资源。因此可靠的碳储量测量将需要结合经济有效的遥感技术和实地测量数据。正在发展这方面的监测碳储量变化的方法。", "14. 该介绍还提供了有关森林、毁林和退化定义的资料，包括不同的定义对碳储量变化的估计、有关毁林和退化动因的信息、发展中国家用于估计生物质碳储量的方法可能产生的影响。最后，他表示有必要拟订标准的逐步监测毁林议定书。", "15. 伍兹霍尔研究中心代表在作有关森林、特别是热带森林在全球碳循环中的作用的报告时强调了热带毁林所致碳排放量的重要性(近年来已在全球总排放量中占大约20%)，并介绍了全球和区域范围的碳源和汇以及净通量的历史趋势。还概述了根据面积变化和碳储量变化、可能的土地利用数据来源、不同类型土地利用变化(例如从森林改为牧场、种植园的估计碳损失量确定毁林或土地利用变化所致的碳排放量所用的方法，并强调了土地利用变化类型和管理对确定碳源和汇的重要性。目前所作估计的不确定性主要是由于毁林速率和估计的每公顷碳储量的不确定性，这反映在各种不同数据来源中主要热带地区的热带毁林速率不同上。取决于所引用的数据来源，年碳排放量估计约为0.9至2.4Pg C/年；立即停止毁林将使全球排放量减少1至2Pg C/年。最后，他介绍了根据目前的毁林速率不同热带地区可能的未来排放量趋势。根据这一估计，预计直到2100年热带的排放量为87至130 Pg C。", "16. 亚马逊国家研究所代表所作的报告中谈到了有关估计碳储量和森林覆盖及相关的不确定性的方法学问题，他介绍了亚马逊国家研究所基于一项在热带湿润森林进行的研究的估计办法。他概述了方法学方面的不同点，例如估计原生林和次生林中各种须考虑的生物质(地面上、地面下生物质等)的碳储量所用的参数，所根据的异速方程细节――考虑到对生物质和/或树种的了解，以及根据气专委方程估计相应的不确定性详情。", "17. 粮农组织代表作了有关定义问题的报告，他解释了粮农组织使用的森林、毁林和森林退化定义，并说明了森林部门如何和通过什么进程造成温室气体排放(例如转变为其他土地利用、不可持续的利用森林)。粮农组织对毁林的定义是将森林转变为其他土地利用，而森林退化并不意味着土地利用变化，通常只说是林冠覆盖率和/或储存量减少以及森林发挥作用的能力下降。他还强调了粮农组织在其森林资源评估中所用的定义和《京都议定书》之下所用的定义不同。在这方面，他强调在选择用于减少毁林所致排放量问题中的定义时有若干问题需要考虑。", "18. 另一位粮农组织代表根据粮农组织的森林资源评估(FRA)结果简要介绍了数据可得性和质量、毁林范围和速率的情况。这些评估是根据国家报告(FRA 2005有229份，包括40个数据变数)――据该代表说是大家认为最好的国家森林信息来源――并辅以遥感测量数据作出的。最新的FRA评估显示与上一次评估相比全球毁林速率和森林面积净损失都有下降趋势，在1990年至2005年期间年毁林率是1,300万顷/年。区域数据显示各区域的毁林趋势和森林面积变化各不相同，表明不同国家集团之间在毁林规模和速率方面有很大的不同。", "19. 粮农组织代表还概述了可得的森林面积变化数据来源、其质量和附件一及非附件一缔约方使用情况，即国家监测系统(例如森林清单)，独立/不相关的评估(例如遥感研究)，专家根据假设所作的估计，或其他来源。多数非附件一缔约方缺少估计碳储量变化趋势所根据的资料，主要是由于缺少实地测量数据。对各项热带研究进行比较，例如FRA 2000中的热带遥感测量数据与国家数据作比较，表明在有些区域不同的研究得出的毁林范围和速率可能有很大的不同，而在另一些区域得出的速率则是相同的。他还强调指出数据可得性和质量、监测系统的存在和森林监测能力方面存在很大的差异，并强调实地测量很重要。他还概述了通过国家、全球和区域各级的监测系统改善数据可得性和质量的未来需要。", "20. 欧盟委员会联合研究中心代表在作有关遥感和数据可得性的报告时着重说明了使用地球观测技术测量热带地区的毁林和退化情况，他的介绍是根据全球陆地观测系统最近编写的一份报告，[10] 其中提供了有关监测毁林面积、退化森林面积和碳储量变化的信息。他概述了不同层次的监测(即从全球到细小范围)、不同清晰度对不同监测目的的适用 性(用各种不同卫星图象说明)以及所涉的费用，并谈到了可达到的准确度以及如何评估高清晰度图象的准确性。他提供了国家一级运作的监测系统(例如巴西和印度的观测以及估计的毁林速率，例如巴西亚马逊区域的毁林速率)直到区域/全球一级的遥感测量的图象说明，并提出了基于有系统地抽样的未来监测选择方案。他的介绍表明，尽管有各种方法可用于分析测量森林面积变化的卫星数据，但执行监测这类变化的国家系统的主要限制因素是费用和能否得到高分辨率数据。", "21. 比利时Louvain大学代表提供了有关毁林动因的信息。他举例说明毁林速率的年度间可变性、热带毁林的原因和途径，同时区分了例如伐木或基础设施和农业扩展等直接影响到森林覆盖的近因和主要由于人口、经济政策和体制、技术和/或文化因素造成的根本原因。对150多个国家的案例研究进行的有系统的分析表明，多种毁林原因在不同的范围内(例如在长期和短期内)复杂地相互作用；不过，可以看出区域格局和重复出现的问题。在这方面，他介绍了一组直接或间接影响到(有意或无意)森林的相互关联因素，并举例说明了亚马逊区域从古代到现在的毁林路径。", "22. 他指出了一套总政策选择方案(包括改善管理、新的体制手段等要素)，同时考虑到没有普遍性政策可以管制毁林以及需要兼顾一个区域特有的各种因素这一事实。解决毁林问题的困难包括管制森林、辨别特定政策对减少毁林的影响、森林的多种用途和功能。国际渗漏、森林转变和经济现代化之间的密切关联等等。", "2. 主要讨论结果", "23. 与会者在专题一介绍之后进行的意见交流可总结如下：", "估计毁林所致温室气体排放量的方法和工具", "24. 根据介绍中提供的信息，可归纳如下：", "[11] 可以估计毁林造成的温室气体排放量；", "25. 关于根据异速方程估计碳储量的方法(见第16段)，大家讨论了其不确定性比较低以及这一方法可在气专委指南中可得到的方法之外作出的有用贡献。同时，与会者着重指出这一方法需要有关于森林类型、树本和树种数目的详细资源，并且需要考虑到区域差别。与会者还讨论了准确度与所涉的相关费用。", "26. 与会者也讨论了遥感技术的发展可能使地面上碳储量及其随时间的变化能够直接测量，这将有利于监测热带国家毁林所致的排放。", "27. 与会者讨论了各种方法和工具及其部件所涉的费用，例如规模、分辨率和准确性所涉的费用，同时考虑到建立或执行和维持任何监测系统的费用。尽管数据费用已降低，但大部分费用通常与执行监测系统有关。有人提到遥感在费用方面与实地测量相比具有优势，特别是对森林覆盖面积大的国家。", "定义问题", "28. 可归纳出以下各点：", "29. 与会者还讨论了与界定不导致土地利用变化本身但也导致碳储量损失和温室气体排放的进程，例如森林退化、伐木或暂时无立木森林有关的挑战，以及这些进程包括或不包括在任何定义内可能对排放量减少产生的影响。在这一范围内讨论的其他问题包括各种森林类型(例如旱地森林、温带森林、泥炭沼泽森林、森林之外的树林)及可能需要考虑到的相关术语，以及需要有避免毁林的共同谅解。有人提到有必要确保一致的土地代表性，例如以便确定基准。", "一般性问题 [12]", "30. 除了上述问题，与会者注意到以下一般性问题：", "31. 关于开垦土地后的燃烧产生的非二氧化碳温室气体，与会者也讨论了考虑不同类型土地，例如泥炭地(也见第29段)的需要。", "32. 有人表示也需要考虑社会经济因素――在估计碳储量变化等方法学问题之外，特别是在当地人口高度依赖森林及其产品的当地一级。鉴于毁林原因错综复杂，把重点放在当地一级也可能有助于判明相关的根本动因。在专题介绍中提到的毁林原因之外，若干与会者指出了他们本国的毁林原因，例如贫穷、人口增加、经济发展和反面激励办法。与会者还提到，由于毁林原因的性质，在处理毁林所致排放量问题时需要考虑到政策影响。也有人提到需要处理持久性问题。", "B. 专题二：减少发展中国家毁林所致排放量的 政策方针和积极激励办法", "1. 专题介绍概要", "33. 讨论开始时概要介绍了有关政策方针和积极激励办法的背景文件。[13] 该介绍包括毁林原因以及针对直接原因和根本原因的激励办法和政策，同时考虑到毁林代理人。指出原因是各国不相同，森林部门以外的政策和活动也导致毁林。多数减少毁林的政策和激励办法例子都是基于支持森林养护和可持续的森林管理。由于各种各样的因素，政策和积极激励办法的实效不能够一概而论，通常取决于具体情况。", "原因、减少排放量的短期和长期实效和排放量置换", "34. 图瓦卢与会者在关于大洋洲区域毁林和森林退化原因的介绍中谈到了毁林原因、减少排放量的短期和长期实效和排放量置换。该介绍的根据是大家就1998年在斐济举行的区域研讨会的结果提出的意见。有人指出大洋洲区域的毁林有若干共同动因。该介绍还提出若干解决各种原因的战略。并评估了每一战略解决排放量置换问题的能力、减少排放量的短期和长期实效以及减少二氧化碳排放量的可行性和实效。", "双边和多边合作、其他有关国际机构的活动和能力建设", "35. 在审议这一组专题时，研讨会听取了缔约方和政府间组织――作为双边或多边合作和能力建设的捐助方或受益方――代表所作的若干介绍。第一个关于这个专题的介绍是哥伦比亚代表代表一组拉丁美洲国家：哥伦比亚、厄瓜多尔、危地马拉、洪都拉斯、墨西哥、尼加拉瓜、巴拿马、巴拉圭、秘鲁和乌拉圭作出的。这些国家的专家组织了拉丁美洲土地利用、土地利用变化和林业(LULUCF)以及气候变化问题讨论小组(GLAD-CC)，这是一个土地利用、土地利用变化和林业专家和谈判者的非正式网络。该代表谈到了GLAD-CC各国的毁林率很高以及各国政府为解决这个问题采取的政策方针和行动。尽管为保护森林作出了很多努力，例如，拟订碳保存项目、生态旅游和环保服务方案，该区域的森林仍然面临许多与发展有关的威胁。该小组呼吁建设体制和技术能力，并指出有必要研究各种政策方针的实际利益。强调了需要新的额外基金以及用于森林部门的预付资金，例如通过海外发展援助、新的援助方案、循环基金和基于市场的办法提供。", "36. 中非共和国与会者介绍了刚果河流域各国的看法：喀麦隆、中非共和国、刚果、刚果民主共和国、赤道几内亚和加蓬。她介绍了中非防毁林的做法，包括该区域国家元首通过的“汇合计划”(一项森林行动计划)，并报告了该区域对养护和可持续森林管理的坚强承诺。这一组国家建议在《气候公约》之下设立一项减少毁林所致排放量的基金。该基金可提供两类补助金：根据一国可持续管理的森林面积提供的森林管理补助金和按毁林速率提供的气候调节补助金。", "37. 附件一缔约方与会者也介绍了他们在这个专题上的经验和看法，作为支持双边合作和能力建设的捐助方看待问题。其中一位是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国与会者，他笼统地概述了毁林原因，并强调指出了几个区域的毁林原因具体例子。他呼吁采取多部门办法(各种政策和行动)；更明确、更稳固的财产权；更好的管理和法律规章，支付环保服务费。", "38. 德国与会者谈了德国发展合作在可持续森林管理方面的经验。他介绍了项目实例，这些项目的影响和所取得的教训。到目前为止，德国双边合作的重点不在于减少毁林所致的排放量，但正在计划进行一些试验项目。他指出了技术和资金合作未能大幅减少毁林速率。他说基于市场的机制可以因加大双边合作的积极影响而产生较大的影响。", "39. 美利坚合众国与会者介绍了通过正在进行的美国政府林业方案实地取得的教训。他介绍了解决毁林问题的3个“C”：商业/市场办法、社区森林管理和养护森林。他介绍了在每个“C”下采取的行动以及可持续森林产品全球联盟、社区森林管理和热带森林养护法的例子。他指出，有必要采取综合办法解决毁林问题，例如综合地处理经济发展、减贫、生物多样性和气候变化问题，并且需要技术援助和能力建设。", "40. 有两位与会者作了有关多边合作和能力建设的介绍。环境署世界养护监测中心代表概述了该中心与其他联合国机构、政府间组织、非政府组织、各国政府和产业界合作进行的活动。世界养护监测中心参与评估和监测森林资源、拟订指标和交流数据方面的合作努力。她提出了共同监测系统是否能够帮助缔约方同时履行若干公约的义务这一问题。她还敦促与会者想一想缔约方在确定多重利益的机会、拟订和执行监测方案、分享数据受益于从别处取得的教训方面需要什么样的支持和指导意见。", "41. 热带木材组织代表介绍了该组织在推动热带森林的可持续管理方面的经验和挑战。热带木材组织与成员国合作和协商进行政策研究以及项目活动。该组织开展了若干与气候变化直接相关的活动，例如关于清洁发展机制之下在造林和再造林活动的能力建设研讨会；替代的可持续森林管理资金供应模式和执行热带木材组织可持续森林管理掼指南。", "增强可持续的森林管理", "42. 与会者介绍了他们本国在执行和增强可持续森林管理方面的经验。玻利维亚与会者介绍了她本国在森林管理和避免排放方面的经验。她叙述了Noel Kempff气候行动项目如何对避免毁林同时产生实际可测量的碳抵销作出贡献。该项目有助于制止工业采伐木材，避免刀耕火种农业，给气候、生物多样性和社区带来很大的好处，并处理渗漏问题。", "43. 马来西亚与会者在介绍中指出，该国承诺通过适当的政策、立法和林业做法(例如减少影响的伐木、森林恢复、木材核证)执行可持续森林管理。他还指出泥炭沼泽森林作为碳储存的重要性。他说这些森林生态系统在他所在的区域受到威胁，并说任何减少温室气体排放的措施应当把泥炭沼泽森林考虑在内。", "44. 日本与会者报告说日本继续承诺支持国内、区域和国际各级的可持续森林管理。日本相信可持续森林管理是减缓全球升温战略的一个重要要素，因此，可持续森林管理是日本官方发展援助原理的一部分。日本通过双边和多边渠道以及通过非政府组织和私营部门对技术和资金合作做出贡献。他强调要实现可持续森林管理需要具备四个关键要素：所有权、合伙、尊重当地条件和行动的可持续性。", "资金机制和其他替代办法", "45. 各缔约方代表介绍了他们对根据资金机制或其他替代办法采取的减少发展中国家毁林所致排放量的做法的意见和经验。他们还建议了作出解决这一问题的国际安排的办法。[14]", "46. 巴布亚新几内亚代表概述了他本国在多边合作方面的经验，并介绍了他本国对可能的政策方针和积极激励办法的看法。他指出尽管官方发展援助在支持技术能力和减少非法伐木方面是成功的，但在公平贸易、减贫和减少毁林速率方面作用不大。应当考虑采取灵活的一揽子积极激励办法，例如官方发展援助(各种类别的资金)；自愿的国家做法(或自愿的毁林附件)；考虑到国家情况的灵活做法；结合双边或多边努力和资金支持毁林所致的排放量减少；以及任择议定书。他还说，目前技术、方法和市场是可得的，但仍存在执行方面的挑战。他说，立即需要国际上提供资金进行分析、能力建设和试验市场活动，不过市场可能是最可持续的融资办法。", "47. 哥斯达黎加与会者介绍了他本国在为避免毁林和促进森林恢复执行环保服务报酬方案方面的经验。该方案的执行涉及法律、体制、财政和政治等方面，并且需要透明度和问责制。该方案减少了毁林(特别是非法伐木)和土地退化；改善了森林覆盖；增强了农村发展和与森林有关的工业；对实现环境目标作出了贡献。不过，他强调现有的资金资源(国内和国外资金)不足以保证方案的长期可持续性和森林覆盖的进一步扩展。", "48. 巴西代表介绍了他本国提出的在《气候公约》范围内作出安排为自愿地减少其毁林所致温室气体排放量的发展中国家提供积极资金奖励的初步建议。该安排将不会产生未来的义务也不会算入附件一缔约方的排放量减少承诺。积极资金奖励将按照一个参考排放率(根据预先确定的参考毁林速率和议定的碳含量计算)提供。《公约》附件二所列缔约方将自愿为这一安排提供资金，同时考虑到它们的官方发展援助承诺。这些资金将在参加发展中国家之间按与它们取得的排放量减少相同的比例分配。", "2. 主要讨论结果", "49. 以下是与会者在专题二介绍之后进行的意见交流的主要结果总结。", "有关政策方针和积极激励办法的一般性意见", "50. 可归纳出以下一般性要点：", "51. 一位与会者表示了她本国对“积极激励办法”一词与“补贴”和“环保服务报酬”等奖励办法相比较的用法的看法。该与会者提到秘书处编写的关于政策方针和积极激励办法的背景文件(工作文件第1号(b)(2006年))，表示担心这些术语在与其他多边组织/协定(例如世界贸易组织(世贸组织)、生物多样性公约)的类似术语和相关规则作比较时可能造成混乱和误解。更具体地说，该与会者担心激励办法不一定只有积极效应，也可能有“反面”效应，并说使用这类术语应考虑到与贸易有关的问题以及在其他多边进程(例如世贸组织，生物多样性公约、环境署)中使用的背景。", "原因、减少排放量的短期和长期实效和排放量置换", "52. 归纳出以下各点：", "53. 在讨论为什么发生毁林中提出的一些一般性看法包括缺少解决问题的能力和意愿、缺少教育和缺少发展机会。也有人指出国际政策和协定可能对当地政策有影响，因此对毁林原因有影响。", "54. 一位与会者说，关于这个问题的讨论不应当集中于为解决原因采取的“国内政策行动框架”，而应当集中于在国际进程范围内处理这个问题的“增值”。", "55. 若干与会者强调有必要从市场需求方的角度处理毁林问题。一位与会者说，对木材的过分需求不一定会导致毁林，除非采伐导致土地利用变化。不过，伐木做法往往造成环境问题，使原生林转变成次生林。另一位与会者说，能源产品的定价政策往往使当地社区买不起这类产品，导致过分的采收木材当燃料。在考虑市场需求方时，需要考虑到消费者行为，而市场应当比照与产品有关的碳排放量来确定产品价格。", "56. 有人问说，是否做过分析考虑渗漏效应与毁林原因之间的关联。也有人说，虽然渗漏是方法学方面的一个障碍，但可从过去关于《京都议定书》之下的项目活动的谈判中吸取一些教训。", "双边和多边合作、其他有关国际机构的活动和能力建设", "57. 归纳出以下各点：", "58. 也有人指出效果不仅取决于用于解决毁林问题的资源数量，也取决于资源如何分配和使用。一些与会者说，有必要评估现有政策方针和奖励办法的实效并吸取过去的经验。与会者还谈到解决毁林问题的融资选择方案(例如官方发展援助、市场和贸易机制)并对这类报酬如何分配到从国家到当地各级表示关切。一位与会者指出南南合作越来越重要。", "增强可持续的森林管理", "59. 归纳出以下各点：", "资金机制和其他替代办法", "60. 与会者提到了一些支持减少毁林所致排放量活动的可能资金来源，其中包括：官方发展援助、建立基金、多边来源、双边合作、公私合伙、环境服务报酬和市场机制。", "61. 归纳出以下各点：", "62. 与会者讨论了哥斯达黎加如何管理其环保服务报酬方案并确保其可持续性。哥斯达黎加代表解释说，要支付土地和森林提供的所有产品/服务的全额经济价值是做不到的，但该制度从政治、社会和经济角度来看是很有效的。他说，哥斯达黎加正在找寻其他与市场有关的解决办法来确保该方案的可持续性，并且采取边做边学的逐步进程。", "63. 有些与会者认为巴西建议 [15] 提供了对话机会，并在考虑报酬减少发展中国家毁林所致排放量行动的办法时承认各国情况不同；有些与会者还说，排放量置换等其他可能问题也需要在这一建议范围内进一步讨论。", "64. 一位与会者谈到了官方发展援助和正式市场的作用，并认为尽管官方发展援助对能力建设是有用的，但可能需要使市场办法正规化以便实现可持续地减少毁林所致排放量的目标。与会者还讨论了毁林问题与采收木材产品之间的联系，并指出科技咨询机构目前正在审议采收木材产品问题。有人说在现阶段所有选择方案都应当讨论，并且应设法提出一套可据以审议各种选择方案的职权范围。", "C. 专题三：找出相关的科学、社会经济、技术和方法学问题 与政策方针和积极激励办法之间的可能关联", "65. 与会者确认估计碳储量变化和监测毁林的工具和方法学已经可得到并且可以使用。不过，有人指出各国之间在使用可得工具和方法的能力方面仍然存在很大的差距。一些与会者建议可考虑提供能力建设，这可包括能提供宝贵见识和经验的试验项目。", "66. 尽管市场可能提供持续的“信号”刺激对减少毁林所致排放量活动的资金供应，但建立正式的市场办法可能比较艰难，因为需要比较严格的量化。若干与会者提到市场办法不应当是唯一被考虑的选择方案，其他融资可能性也必须考虑。这些与会者指出了市场办法对造成一般毁林的一些负面影响。有人指出许多生计依赖这一非正式部门的当地社区被正式市场边缘化。在审议任何办法时，应当考虑到社会文化因素以及与财产权、水安全和粮食安全有关的问题。一位与会者提到诸如环保服务报酬等办法可能对社区产生不良影响，执行任何方案应当考虑到世贸组织之下议定的有关规则，并说环保服务报酬办法要起作用的唯一方式是报酬只限于支付额外的保护费用。不过，她说不知道环保服务报酬是否有助于减贫。", "67. 与会者承认必须考虑灵活的一揽子选择方案，不管是基于官方发展援助还是基于市场。与会者说在现阶段限制选择方案可能减少实现目标的机会。各国必须决定最适合其国家需要的国家政策。无论如何，要确保生态可持续性必须在财政上能持续。有人说，不管作出什么决定，应当让当地社区积极参与进程。各种资金供应必须以农村社区为对象，特别是参与社区林业的社区。", "68. 有些与会者指出，将对毁林动因的更多了解转变成有效的政策办法的能力是一大挑战。在这方面，有人表示有必要使用现有方法查明国家一级和/或区域一级的具体毁林动因和路径，使各国能够评估各种不同的政策办法及其实效；还说在审议任何框架时有必要进行经济和可行性分析。", "69. 也有人表示需要考虑森林退化和其他导致温室气体排放的森林进程，因为只考虑毁林的办法可能太狭隘，因而这类进程所致的排放量将不被核算或减少。", "70. 由于毁林不是孤立地发生，与会者把它与其他相关问题联系起来，例如适应、减缓、生物多样化、采收木材产品和生物能源。此外，也应当考虑毁林动因与可能的政策办法之间的关联，例如农业在毁林中的作用。另一个需要进一步探讨的领域是方法、动因和政策所涉的费用。不过，一位与会者表示有必要考虑到时限问题，并警告说同时审议很多问题可能造成关键问题无法处理。尽管许多决定需要在国家一级作出，但也需要有其他有关机构/组织如何支助必须做的工作的概念。", "71. 一位与会者说，除了可能的新安排外，应当继续探讨《气候公约》现有的基础结构和承诺。另一位与会者提问说，《气候公约》之下现有的信息系统是否将支持减少毁林所致排放量努力的政策需要，是否有不同的额外信息需要。有人认为有必要继续探讨各种选择方案以及这些选择方案所涉的问题和影响。也有人说需要采取综合办法在减少全球范围的排放量范围内考虑毁林问题。", "四、可能的下一步骤", "A. 相关问题", "72. 应当考虑在《气候公约》之下作出国际安排奖励发展中国家减少毁林所致排放量的行动的拟议办法(包括巴西、刚果河流域国家和巴布亚新几内亚建议的办法[16])，同时考虑到国家一级和国际一级取得的经验和教训、研讨会的审议结果和缔约方在其提交材料中提供的投入。可以特别注意以下各点：", "(a) 查明拟议办法如何适应不同的国家情况，要考虑到正在进行的减少毁林活动取得的成功经验和教训(例如可持续森林管理、环保服务报酬和具体的政府方案)；", "(b) 查明各种拟议办法之间在以下方面的共同点和不同点：", "73. 应当考虑能力建设需要以便推动在《气候公约》之下采取减少毁林所致排放量的行动。能力建设可包括提高监测和估计毁林所致排放量的能力；找出具体的毁林动因和路径并将这些转变成有效的政策办法；确定拟议办法的经济可行性(要考虑到利害关系方的机会成本、增加能力建设的费用、监测毁林的费用和通过国际合作可能得到的额外资金来源)。", "74. 应当注意在讨论《气候公约》之下减少毁林所致排放量的可能办法时要使用适当的词汇，同时考虑到其他国际进程和多边协定中类似或相关词汇的用法以及现行的有关规则。这样做可在审议《气候公约》之下可能拟订的办法时减少可能的混淆和困难。", "B. 审议相关问题的可能进程", "75. 科技咨询机构不妨考虑通过以下进程来处理上述问题：", "(a) 在科技咨询机构第二十六届会议之前举行第二次研讨会，把讨论重点放在上文第72段所述的问题上；", "(b) 如举行第二次研讨会，为支持和便利研讨会讨论的活动包括：", "(1) 缔约方就上文第72段提到的问题提出意见，这些意见也将由科技咨询机构第二十六届会议审议；", "(2) 在研讨会之前举行专家会议来澄清与拟议办法有关的具体问题，以便利研讨会审议这些问题；", "(3) 为研讨会编写一份背景文件，说明各种拟议办法之间在第72(b)段所述问题方面的共同点和不同点，同时考虑到上文第(b)(一)分段提到的缔约方提交材料中所载的信息；", "(c) 缔约方和经认可的观察员就上文第73段提到的问题提出意见供科技咨询机构第二十六届会议审议；", "(d) 确定将在科技咨询机构第二十六届会议和第二十七届会议之间进行的进一步活动，按照缔约方会议第十一届会议的授权，科技咨询机构第二十七届会议将就与减少发展中国家毁林所致排放量有关的问题提出报告。", "[1] * 由于研讨会的时间安排，本文件推迟提交。", "[2] 缔约方提交的材料载于FCCC/SBSTA/2006/MISC.5和Add.1。政府间组织提交的材料可查看<http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/igo/items/3714.php>，非政府组织提交的材料可查看<http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/ngo/items/3689.php>。", "[3] FCCC/CP/2005/5, 第81至83段。", "[4] FCCC/CP/2005/5, 第84段。", "[5] FCCC/SBSTA/2006/5, 第52 (a)至(c) 段。", "[6] 背景文件，包括国家信息通报提供的资料以及缔约方和经认可的观察员提交的材料(见脚注1)综合，可查看<http://unfccc.int/methods_and_science/lulucf/items/3757.php>。", "[7] 专题介绍和发言者清单以及专题介绍全文可查看<http://unfccc.int/methods_and_science/ lulucf/items/3764.php>。关于详细资料，读者最好参看专题介绍原文。", "[8] 见登在<http://unfccc.int/methods_and_science/lulucf/items/3757.php>的工作文件1 (a) (2006)。", "[9] 修订的1996年气专委国家温室气体清单编制指南、关于土地利用、土地利用变化和林业方面的优良做法、2006年气专委国家温室气体清单编制指南(关于农业、森林和其他土地利用的一册)。", "[10] 减少发展中国家毁林所致温室气体排放量：监测和测量的考虑因素(GOFC-GOLD-)。", "[11] 关于土地利用、土地利用变化和林业的良好做法指南和2006年气专委国家温室气体清单编制指南(2006年气专委指南)。", "[12] 本节描述了在专题一下讨论的其他科学、社会经济、技术和方法学问题。关于毁林动因和原因的讨论将在专题二下比较详细地描述，因为与政策方针和积极激励办法密切相关。", "[13] 见登在<http://unfccc.int/methods_and_science/lulucf/items/3757.php>上的工作文件1(b) (2006)。", "[14] 也见刚果河流域国家建议的办法，第36段。", "[15] 见第48段。", "[16] 分别见第48、36和46段。" ]

[ "[ 联 合 国\n联合国\n[原件:英文]\n常规\n气候变化框架公约\n纽约\n页:1\n\n附属科学和技术机构\n第二十五届会议\n2006年11月6日至14日,内罗毕\n临时议程项目5\n减少发展中国家从毁林中的排放", "减少毁林所致排放量问题研讨会报告", "B. 在发展中国家的", "秘书处的说明 [1]", "目录", "段次 页次", "一. 导言 1-5 3", "A. 授权 1-3 3", "B. 本说明的范围 4 3", "C. 附属科学技术咨询机构可采取的行动 5 4", "二. B. 议事情况 6 - 11 4", "三. 发言和讨论摘要 12-71 5", "A类. 主题一:科学、社会经济、技术和方法问题 12-32 5", "B组. 二:减少发展中国家毁林所致排放量的政策方针和积极鼓励措施 33-64 10", " C C. 主题三:确定相关的科学、社会经济、技术和方法学问题与政策方针和积极激励办法之间可能的联系 65-71 17", "四、结 论 B. 今后可能采取的步骤 72-75 18", "A. 有关问题 72-74 18", "B. 审议有关问题的可能进程 75 20", "一. 导言", "A. 任务", "1. 联合国 1. 缔约方会议第十一届会议请缔约方和经认证的观察员就与减少发展中国家毁林所致排放量有关的问题向秘书处提交意见,重点是相关的科学、技术和方法学问题,并交流有关信息和经验,包括政策方针和积极激励办法。 缔约方会议还请缔约方就审议这些问题的任何进一步进程提出建议。 科技咨询机构请附属科学技术咨询机构(科技咨询机构)从第二十四届会议起审议所提交材料中的信息。 科技咨询机构将就提交材料中提及的问题向第二十七届会议提出报告,包括任何建议。 [3]", "2. 联合国 在第十一届会议上,缔约方会议还请秘书处在科技咨询机构第二十五届会议之前组织一次关于减少发展中国家毁林所致排放量的研讨会,并编写一份研讨会报告,供科技咨询机构该届会议审议。 [4]", "3个 科技咨询机构第二十四届会议[5] 决定,研讨会应使缔约方有机会分享经验并审议与减少发展中国家毁林所致排放量有关的方面。 委员会还就讲习班将讨论的具体议题作出决定:", "(单位:千美元) 科学、社会经济、技术和方法学问题,包括森林,特别是热带森林在全球碳循环中的作用;定义问题,包括与毁林和退化之间的联系有关的问题;数据可得性和质量;规模;毁林率和驱动因素;碳储存和森林覆盖变化估计;以及相关的不确定性;", "(b) 减少或减少员额。 减少发展中国家毁林所致排放量的政策方针和积极鼓励措施,包括原因;减排方面的短期和长期效力;排放量的转移;双边和多边合作;其他相关国际机构的活动;加强可持续森林管理;能力建设;以及金融机制和其他替代办法 -- -- 以所吸取的经验教训为基础进行讨论;", "C. 结 论 确定相关科学、社会经济、技术和方法学问题与审议上文(a)和(b)分段所述专题可能产生的政策方针和积极激励办法之间可能的联系。", "B. 本说明的范围", "1. 联合国 本文件载有根据上述任务举行的研讨会上对会议情况的说明和关于上文第3段所述议题的讨论摘要。 在编写专题介绍摘要和主要讨论结果时,秘书处尽一切努力使用发言者和与会者表达的具体术语。", "C. 附属科学技术咨询机构可采取的行动", "1. 联合国 科技咨询机构不妨审议本文件中的信息,特别是第四章中的信息,并就如何为完成缔约方会议第十一届会议规定的任务而采取进一步行动提供进一步指导。", "二. 1. 议事情况", "1. 联合国 《气候公约》“减少发展中国家毁林所致排放量”研讨会于2006年8月30日至9月1日在意大利罗马联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)举行。 会议由意大利环境和领土部和粮农组织主办,澳大利亚、芬兰、意大利、荷兰、新西兰和瑞典政府以及粮农组织提供了财政支助。", "2. 联合国 94个缔约方和组织的163名代表出席了研讨会。 来自25个《公约》附件一所列缔约方(附件一缔约方)的55名代表和来自42个非《公约》附件一所列缔约方(非附件一缔约方)的74名代表参加了研讨会。", "3个 13个政府间组织和15个非政府组织的代表也以观察员身份出席了研讨会。 出席会议的政府间组织包括:国际热带木材组织、经济合作与发展组织、世界银行、国际林业研究组织联合会、粮农组织、《生物多样性公约》、《联合国防治荒漠化公约》(《荒漠化公约》)和联合国森林论坛秘书处、全球陆地观测系统、全球环境基金、《荒漠化公约》全球机制、联合国环境规划署(环境署)世界养护监测中心和欧洲空间局。 此外,6名专家提供了技术专门知识。", " 4.四. 在讲习班开幕式上,罗马市副市长Maria Pia Garavaglia女士和意大利共和国环境、土地和海洋部长内阁副部长Gaetano Benedetto先生欢迎与会者来到罗马。 科技咨询机构主席Kishan Kumarsingh先生主持研讨会,他向与会者讲话,感谢意大利政府和粮农组织主办研讨会,并表示感谢其他政府的资助。 意大利共和国环境、土地和海洋部长Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio先生在开幕式上致词。", "5 (韩语). 《气候公约》秘书处的一位代表介绍了研讨会的任务、目标和范围以及为便利讨论而编写的背景文件,[6] 并感谢为举办研讨会提供补充资金的各国政府。", "6. 国家 在每届会议后就某一个专题或一组相关专题进行了一般性讨论。 第三章总结了专题介绍[7]和讨论的要点。 在讲习班结束时,主席向与会者提供了专题一和二的讨论摘要;第23至32段和第49至64段的成果摘要与该摘要一致。", "三. 发言和讨论摘要", "A类. 主题一:科学、社会经济、技术和方法问题", "1. 联合国 二. 专题介绍摘要", "1. 联合国 一名专家概述了背景文件第一部分所涉及与科学、社会经济、技术和方法问题有关的主要方面。 [8] 专题介绍强调了利用遥感技术监测森林面积和覆盖面积变化方面的成就、估计和监测森林碳储存变化的工具和方法的提供情况,例如实地测量和传统森林清单,以及估计毁林所致温室气体排放量的方法,例如政府间气候变化专门委员会(气专委)指南。 [9]", "2. 联合国 该专题介绍强调,在这一领域制定方法和工具方面取得的进展有助于在国家和国际范围内以有信心的方式衡量土地覆盖的变化。 此外,遥感技术也在发展之中,在技术限制仍然存在的地方,例如二级森林与成熟森林的区别、已退化或有选择地被砍伐的森林的识别或由于云层而覆盖的不完整。 目前,遥感不能直接测量生物量或森林碳储存中的碳;这些碳储存一般是使用通过取样获得的森林清单数据进行估算的。 然而,许多热带国家缺乏最新的国家森林清单,如果在国家一级进行,需要大量资源,对大国尤其如此。 因此,对碳储存的可靠测量需要具有成本效益的遥感技术与实地数据相结合。 这一领域的开发工作正在进行中,以监测碳储存的变化。", "3个 介绍还介绍了森林、毁林和退化的定义,包括不同定义可能对碳储存量变化估计数产生的影响,关于毁林和退化驱动因素的信息,以及发展中国家用于估计生物量碳储存量的方法。 最后,有人表示需要为监测毁林情况制定标准分步骤议定书。", " 4.四. 伍兹霍尔研究中心代表在介绍森林,特别是热带森林在全球碳循环中的作用时,强调了热带砍伐森林造成的碳排放(近年来占全球总排放量的20%)的重要性,并介绍了全球和区域各级碳源和汇以及净通量的历史趋势。 发言还概述了根据面积变化和碳储存变化确定毁林或土地利用变化所致碳排放量的方法、可能的土地利用数据来源、不同类型的土地利用变化(例如从森林到牧场、种植园的变化)的碳估计损失,并强调了土地利用变化类型和管理在确定碳源和汇方面的重要性。 目前估计的不确定性主要是由于森林砍伐率和每公顷估计碳储存量的不确定性,各数据来源中主要热带地区热带森林砍伐率的差异就说明了这一点。 根据所引用的数据来源,每年的碳排放量估计约为0.9至2.4皮克/年;立即停止毁林将导致全球排放量减少1至2皮克/年。 最后,报告根据目前的毁林率,对不同热带地区今后可能的排放趋势作了展望。 在此基础上,预计从热带地区释放出87-130 Pg C至2100.", "5 (韩语). 亚马逊国家研究所(INPA)的代表介绍了关于估计碳储存和森林覆盖以及相关的不确定性的方法学问题,该研究所代表根据在热带湿润森林进行的一项研究介绍了INPA的估计方法。 该介绍概述了方法上的差异,例如,用于估算拟考虑的各种生物量类型(地上、地下生物量等)的原生林和次生林中碳储存量的参数,详细说明了考虑到生物量和/或树种知识的对等方程,以及基于气专委方程对相应不确定性的详细估算。", "6. 国家 粮农组织代表在关于定义问题的介绍中解释了粮农组织在森林、毁林和森林退化方面使用的定义,以及森林部门的各种进程如何和哪些进程导致温室气体排放(例如转用其他土地用途、不可持续的森林使用)。 粮农组织将森林砍伐定义为森林转为其他用地,而森林退化并不意味着土地使用的变化,但一般被描述为树冠覆盖和/或树木面积减少以及森林履行职能的能力下降。 粮农组织用于森林资源评估的定义和《京都议定书》下的定义也存在差异。 在这方面,发言强调了在选择用于减少毁林所致排放量的定义时需要考虑的一些问题。", "7. 联合国 另一位粮农组织代表根据该组织的森林资源评估,概述了数据提供情况和质量、毁林规模和速率。 这些评估以国家报告(FRA,2005年为229份,涵盖40个数据变量)为基础,据介绍者认为,这些报告是最佳的国家森林信息来源,并辅之以遥感调查。 最新森林资源评估显示,与前几次森林资源评估相比,全球森林砍伐率和森林面积净损失都呈下降趋势,1990至2005年期间,年森林砍伐率为1 300万公顷/年。 按区域分列的数据显示了毁林趋势和森林面积变化的差异,表明不同国家集团之间毁林的规模和速度存在相当大的差异。", "8. 联合国 该专题介绍还概述了关于森林面积变化的现有数据来源、其质量和附件一缔约方和非附件一缔约方的使用情况,即国家监测系统(如森林清单)、独立/无关评估(如遥感研究)、基于假设的专家估计数或其他来源。 多数非附件一缔约方缺乏关于碳储存量变化趋势估计数的依据信息,主要原因是缺乏实地测量数据。 对热带的研究,如2000年FRA热带遥感调查与国家数据的比较表明,在某些情况下,由此产生的毁林规模和森林砍伐率的差异可能很大,而其他区域的研究结果则显示出类似的比例。 该专题介绍还着重指出,在数据的可获性和质量、监测制度和森林监测能力的存在以及实地测量的重要性方面观察到了相当大的差异。 报告还概述了今后需要通过国家、全球和区域各级的监测系统来改进数据的提供和质量。", "9. 国家 欧洲委员会联合研究中心的代表在介绍遥感和数据提供情况时,重点介绍了利用地球观测技术测量热带森林砍伐和退化的情况。 介绍的依据是全球地面观测系统最近编写的一份报告,其中提供了关于监测毁林面积、退化林地和碳储存变化的信息。 会谈概述了监测的不同层次(即从全球到细微尺度)、不同分辨率是否适合不同的监测目的(以卫星图像的各种实例为蓝本)和相关费用,并思考了可实现的速率以及评估高分辨率图像准确性的方法。 通过遥感调查,提供了直至区域/全球一级的国家一级业务监测系统(例如巴西和印度的调查和估计的毁林率,例如巴西亚马逊)的介绍,然后根据系统取样提出未来监测的备选办法。 该专题介绍表明,尽管有各种方法可用于分析卫星数据以衡量森林地区的变化,但实施国家监测这种变化的制度的主要制约因素是费用和高分辨率数据的获取。", "10个 比利时卢万大学的一名代表提供了关于毁林驱动因素的资料,他说明了毁林率、热带毁林的原因和途径的跨年差异,区分了直接影响到森林覆盖的近因,如木材采掘或基础设施和农业扩张,以及主要由人口、经济、政策和体制、技术和/或文化因素所造成的根本原因。 对150多个国家的案例研究进行的系统元分析显示,毁林的多种原因在不同规模上(如长期和短期)有着复杂的相互作用;然而,区域模式和反复出现的问题是显而易见的。 在这方面,介绍了对森林产生直接或间接影响的一组相互关联的因素(有意或无意的),并说明了亚马逊地区从历史时期到现在的毁林路径。", "11个 考虑到任何普遍政策都无法控制毁林现象,而且必须考虑一个区域特有的因素的平衡,会上提出了一揽子一般政策选择(包括改善治理等要素、新的体制手段等)。 解决砍伐森林问题的困难包括控制森林、辨别某项政策对减少砍伐森林的影响、森林的多种用途和功能、国际渗漏以及森林过渡和经济现代化之间的密切联系等。", "2. 讨论的主要结果", "1. 联合国 与会者在专题一发言后交换意见的情况可概述如下:", "估算毁林所致温室气体排放的方法和工具", "2. 联合国 根据发言中提供的资料,注意到以下几点:", "足以以可接受的确定性水平监测和估计毁林所致排放量。 然而,使用这些工具和实施任何衡量和监测系统的可能性将取决于是否有适当的资金、技术和人力资源,包括能力建设。 此外,可用的工具和方法在不同的国情,如森林覆盖规模方面有局限性;", "清单以及使用气专委温室气体清单指南[11]可用于估算毁林所致温室气体排放量;", "在广泛的条件下,上述方法和工具;", "发展中国家将需要财政和技术支助以及有针对性的能力建设。 国际合作可以帮助促进这些工作。 减少发展中国家毁林所致排放量的积极鼓励措施也有助于促进这种支持,并为有力的监测提供奖励。", "1. 联合国 关于所介绍的根据等同量方程估算碳储存量的方法(见第16段),与会者讨论了相对较低的不确定性,以及除了气专委指南中提供的方法之外,这一方法所能作出的有益贡献。 同时,与会者强调,这一办法要求提供关于森林类型、树木和物种数量的详细资料,并考虑到区域差异。 还讨论了考虑到准确性的相关费用问题。", "2. 与会者还讨论了遥感技术的发展情况,这些技术可以直接测量地上碳储量和随时间推移而发生的变化,从而有助于监测热带国家毁林所致排放量。", "3个 讨论了各种方法和工具及其组成部分所涉费用问题,例如,在规模、分辨率和准确性方面,同时考虑到建立或执行和维持任何监测系统。 虽然数据费用已经减少,但大部分费用一般与监测系统的实施有关。 提到了遥感相对于实地测量而言在成本方面的好处,特别是对于森林覆盖率高的国家。", "定义问题", " 4.四. 已注意到以下几点:", "制定这些框架是为了满足不同进程下的不同需要。 例如,《京都议定书》之下的一套只适用于该议定书的与森林有关的定义;", "毁林所致温室气体排放量;", "不妨考虑:", "关于这一事项的国际安排;", "制定新的定义,或修改现有定义,以便更一致地估计毁林所致排放量,同时考虑到导致温室气体排放的任何相关进程;可能需要一系列定义,因为定义的影响(例如,对估计森林覆盖或碳储量变化的影响)可能因国家大小、森林或森林覆盖类型等不同而不同;", "以及在这方面应处理哪些问题;", "在估算毁林所致温室气体排放量时,应对因存在和使用与森林有关的不同定义而带来的挑战。", "1. 联合国 与会者还讨论了与以下进程的定义有关的挑战:这些进程本身不会导致土地利用的变化,但也会导致碳储存损失和温室气体排放,例如森林退化、伐木或临时无储存的森林;这些进程在任何定义中的涵盖范围或未涵盖范围在排减量方面可能产生的影响。 在这方面所讨论到的其他问题包括各种森林类型(例如旱地的森林、温带森林、泥炭沼泽地森林、森林外的树木)和可能需要考虑的相关术语,以及对避免砍伐森林的共同理解的必要性。 有人提到确保土地在一段时间内具有一致性的重要性,例如在确定基线方面。", "一般问题[12]", "2. 联合国 除上述问题外,与会者还注意到下列一般性问题:", "在《气候公约》背景下与其他土地利用、土地利用的变化和林业有关的问题隔离看待;", "不仅涉及与碳储存量变化有关的问题,而且涉及与碳储存量变化有关的问题;", "与自然变化引起的活动相比,人类引起的活动尚未得到解决;", "与《京都议定书》清洁发展机制下的造林和再造林有关的谈判对于审议减少毁林所致排放量的任何国际安排可能是有益的。", "1. 联合国 关于非二氧化碳温室气体,例如清理土地后燃烧产生的温室气体,与会者还讨论了考虑不同类型土地的必要性,例如泥炭地(另见第29段)。", "2. 联合国 还有人表示,除了估计碳储存量变化等方法问题外,还需要解决社会经济因素,特别是在当地居民高度依赖森林及其产品的地方一级。 鉴于毁林的多种相关原因,注重地方一级也可能有助于找出相关的根本驱动因素。 除了发言中概述的毁林原因外,一些与会者还强调了本国毁林的原因,如贫困、人口增长、经济发展和不正当的鼓励措施等。 与会者还提到,鉴于毁林原因的性质,在处理毁林所致排放量时必须考虑到所涉政策问题。 还有人提到需要解决永久性问题。", "A类. 专题二:减少发展中国家毁林所致排放量的政策方针和积极激励办法", "1. 联合国 二. 专题介绍摘要", "1. 联合国 会议首先概述了关于政策方针和积极奖励的背景文件。 [13] 介绍涉及毁林的原因和针对直接和根本原因的鼓励措施和政策,同时考虑到毁林因素。 有人指出,各国的起因各不相同。 森林部门以外的政策和活动也助长了毁林。 减少毁林的政策和奖励措施的大多数实例都基于支持森林养护和可持续森林管理。 由于一系列因素,政策和积极鼓励措施的有效性不能普遍,而且通常是针对具体情况的。", "排减量和排放量转移的原因、短期和长期有效性", "2. 联合国 来自图瓦卢的与会者在关于大洋洲区域毁林和森林退化的原因的介绍中,谈到了毁林的原因、在减排方面的短期和长期效力以及排放量的转移。 报告是根据1998年在斐济举行的区域讲习班对结果的看法编写的。 据指出,大洋洲区域毁林有若干共同原因。 介绍还提出了解决各种原因的若干战略。 评估了每项战略处理排放量转移问题的能力、在减排方面的短期和长期效力以及减少二氧化碳排放量的可行性和有效性。", "双边和多边合作、其他有关国际机构的活动和能力建设", "3个 在审议这组专题时,研讨会听取了缔约方和政府间组织代表作为双边或多边合作和能力建设的捐助方或受益者所作的若干发言。 哥伦比亚代表以下列拉丁美洲国家集团的名义就这一专题作了第一次专题介绍:哥伦比亚、厄瓜多尔、危地马拉、洪都拉斯、墨西哥、尼加拉瓜、巴拿马、巴拉圭、秘鲁和乌拉圭。 这些国家的专家组成了LULUCF和气候变化拉丁美洲讨论小组,这是一个LULUCF专家和谈判人员的非正式网络。 发言者谈到了GLAD-CC国家毁林率高以及各国政府为解决这一问题所采取的政策办法和行动。 尽管为保护森林作出了许多努力,如制定碳养护项目、生态旅游和环境服务方案,但该区域的森林仍然面临许多与发展有关的威胁。 该集团呼吁建立体制和技术能力,并指出需要研究各种政策办法的经济学。 会议强调需要为森林部门提供新的和额外的资金以及前期资金,例如通过海外发展援助、新的捐助方案、循环基金和市场办法。", " 4.四. 来自中非共和国的与会者介绍了刚果盆地各国的意见:喀麦隆、中非共和国、刚果、刚果民主共和国、赤道几内亚和加蓬。 她介绍了中部非洲制止砍伐森林的办法,包括该区域国家元首通过的 \" 汇合计划 \" (森林行动计划)并报告了该区域对养护和可持续森林管理的坚定承诺。 专家组提议在《气候公约》之下设立一个基金来减少毁林所致排放量。 该基金将提供两类赠款:基于一个国家可持续管理的森林面积的森林管理赠款和与毁林率加权的气候调控赠款。", "5 (韩语). 附件一缔约方的与会者还介绍了关于这些议题的经验和意见,认为这些问题是支持双边合作和能力建设的捐助方。 一位来自大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国的与会者概述了毁林的原因,并重点介绍了几个区域的具体原因。 他呼吁采取多部门办法(各种政策和行动);更明确和更有保障的财产权;更好的治理和监管;以及支付环境服务费用。", "6. 国家 德国的一位与会者就德国发展合作在可持续森林管理方面的经验作了发言。 他举例说明了项目、这些项目的影响和经验教训。 迄今为止,德国的双边合作没有侧重于减少毁林所致排放量,但正在规划一些试点项目。 他指出,技术和财政合作努力并未显著降低毁林率。 他建议,以市场为基础的机制可以通过扩大双边合作的积极影响来发挥作用。", "7. 联合国 美利坚合众国的一位与会者介绍了通过美国政府现行林业方案在实地吸取的经验教训。 发言提到处理毁林问题的三个“C”:商业/市场办法、社区森林管理和保护森林。 他强调了每个C下的行动,并举例说明了可持续森林产品全球联盟、社区森林管理和热带森林养护法。 他指出,必须采取综合对策来解决毁林问题,例如处理经济发展、减贫、生物多样性和气候变化等关切问题,并需要技术援助和能力建设。", "8. 联合国 有两次专题介绍涉及多边合作和能力建设。 环境署养护监测中心的代表概述了该中心与其他联合国机构、政府间组织、非政府组织、政府和工业界合作开展的活动。 养护监测中心在评估和监测森林资源、制定指标和分享数据方面进行了合作。 她提出一个问题,即共享监测系统是否能够帮助缔约方同时履行若干公约的义务。 她还促使与会者考虑缔约方可能需要何种支持和指导,以确定多重效益的机会,制定和执行监测方案,分享数据,并从其他地方吸取的经验教训中受益。", "9. 国家 国际热带木材组织的代表介绍了该组织在将热带森林置于可持续管理之下方面的经验和挑战。 国际热带木材组织与成员国就政策研究以及项目活动进行合作、协作和协商。 本组织发起了若干与气候变化直接相关的活动,例如,关于清洁发展机制之下的造林和再造林活动的能力建设讲习班、可持续森林管理的替代筹资模式以及执行国际热带木材组织的可持续森林管理准则。", "加强可持续森林管理", "10个 3名与会者介绍了本国在执行和加强可持续森林管理方面的经验。 玻利维亚的与会者介绍了玻利维亚在森林管理和避免排放方面的经验。 她介绍了Noel Kempff气候行动项目如何有助于避免毁林,同时产生真正和可衡量的碳抵消。 该项目有助于制止工业木材开采,避免刀耕火种的农业,为气候、生物多样性和社区带来巨大利益并解决渗漏问题。", "11个 马来西亚的与会者在发言中指出,马来西亚致力于通过适当的政策、立法和林业做法(例如减少影响伐木、森林恢复、木材认证)来实施可持续森林管理。 他还强调了泥炭沼泽地森林作为碳储存地的重要性。 他说,这些森林生态系统在本区域受到威胁,任何减少温室气体排放的措施都应考虑到泥炭沼泽地森林。", "12个 日本的一名与会者报告说,日本继续致力于在国内、区域和国际各级支持可持续森林管理。 日本认为,可持续森林管理是减缓全球变暖战略的重要组成部分,因此,可持续森林管理是日本官方发展援助理念的一部分。 日本通过双边和多边渠道以及通过非政府组织和私营部门为技术和金融合作作出贡献。 有人强调,实现可持续森林管理需要四个关键要素:所有权、伙伴关系、尊重当地条件和行动的可持续性。", "财务机制和其他替代办法", "13个 缔约方代表介绍了他们对基于资金机制或其他替代办法的减少发展中国家毁林所致排放量的办法的看法和经验。 他们还为解决这一问题的国际安排提出了办法。 [14]", "14个 巴布亚新几内亚的一位代表概述了该国在多边合作方面的经验,并介绍了关于可能的政策方针和积极激励办法的看法。 他指出,虽然官方发展援助成功地支持了技术能力并减少了非法砍伐,但在公平贸易、减贫或减少毁林率方面却贡献甚微。 应考虑灵活的一揽子积极鼓励措施,如官方发展援助(各种类型的资金);国家自愿办法(或森林砍伐自愿附件);考虑到国情的灵活规模办法;将双边和多边努力和资金结合起来,支持减少毁林所致排放量;以及任择议定书。 他补充说,目前已有技术、方法和市场,但执行方面的挑战依然存在。 他说,分析、能力建设和试点市场活动立即需要国际资金,但市场可能是最可持续的筹资解决办法。", "15个 哥斯达黎加的与会者介绍了哥斯达黎加为避免砍伐森林和促进森林恢复而开展的环境服务支付方案的经验。 该方案的执行必须解决法律、体制、财政和政治方面的问题,并需要透明度和问责制。 该方案减少了毁林(特别是非法砍伐)和土地退化;改善了森林覆盖;加强了农村发展和与森林有关的工业;并有助于实现环境目标。 但是,有人强调,目前的财政资源(来自内部和外部来源)不足以保证方案的长期可持续性并进一步扩大森林覆盖。", "16号. 巴西的一位代表介绍了巴西关于在《气候公约》范围内作出安排的初步建议,这种安排将为自愿减少毁林所致温室气体排放量的发展中国家提供积极的财政奖励。 这一安排不会产生附件一缔约方今后对减排承诺的义务或计算。 相对于参考排放率(根据预先确定的参考毁林率和商定的碳含量计算),将给予积极的资金奖励。 《公约》附件二所列缔约方将自愿为这一安排提供资金,同时考虑到其官方发展援助承诺。 然后,这些资金将按与其所实现的排减量相同的比例分配给参与的发展中国家。", "2. 讨论的主要结果", "1. 联合国 以下是与会者在专题二发言后交换意见的主要结果摘要。", "关于政策方针和积极鼓励措施的一般看法", "2. 联合国 已注意到以下一般要点:", "为实现《气候公约》的目标作出贡献;", "以善政原则为基础并符合国家发展目标;", "努力减少其他部门的源排放量;", "规定在国家一级应适用和执行哪些政策和奖励措施;", "各国毁林情况各不相同。 因此,需要灵活性。 国家政府最适合确定哪类政策和奖励措施最适合其国情;", "不应使已经作出的努力处于不利地位,而应奖励早期行动;", "注意到:", "例如,木材可在地方一级产生效益,在区域一级提供节水,在国际一级减少温室气体排放并保护生物多样性;", "在地方一级,它们还需要在国家一级减少排放量;", "各国应当吸取过去就类似问题所进行谈判的经验教训。", "1. 联合国 一位与会者就 \" 积极奖励 \" 一词相对于 \" 补贴 \" 和 \" 支付环境服务费 \" 等奖励一词的用法表达了她的国家的看法。 与会者提到秘书处编写的关于政策方针和积极鼓励措施的背景文件(第1 (b)号工作文件(2006年)),表示担心,如果与其他多边组织/协定(如世界贸易组织(世贸组织)和《生物多样性公约》)的类似条款和相关规则相提并论,这些术语可能会造成混乱和误解。 更具体地说,该与会者表示关注说,奖励办法不一定只具有积极的效果,而且还具有“反面”的效果,使用这些用语应考虑到与贸易有关的问题以及其他多边进程(如世贸组织、《生物多样性公约》和环境署)使用的情况。", "排减量和排放量转移的原因、短期和长期有效性", "2. 联合国 已注意到以下几点:", "不存在毁林现象,因为毁林是根本和直接原因的复杂相互作用所造成;", "地方决策对全球市场水平的影响。 然而,毁林是在当地发生的,与国情有关。 因此,毁林的驱动因素和原因最好由有关国家政府确定;", "导致毁林的因素,同时铭记毁林的大多数原因不在森林部门之内;", "毁林的直接原因和渗出的可能性。", "1. 联合国 在讨论砍伐森林的原因时出现的一些一般例子包括缺乏解决这一问题的能力和意愿、缺乏教育和缺乏发展机会。 还有人强调,国际政策和协定可能对地方政策产生影响,从而对毁林的原因产生影响。", "2. 联合国 一位与会者建议,有关这一事项的讨论不应侧重于为处理根源而采取的“国内政策行动框架”,而应侧重于在国际进程中处理这一问题的“附加值”。", "3个 若干与会者强调,需要从市场需求方解决毁林问题。 一位与会者指出,对木材的过度需求不一定会导致毁林,除非采伐导致土地使用的变化。 然而,伐木做法往往造成环境问题,原始森林被转化为次生森林。 另一位与会者指出,能源产品的定价政策往往使当地社区负担不起这些产品,导致过度采伐木材取用燃料。 在考虑市场需求方面时,需要考虑消费者的行为,市场应当将产品的定价与产品的碳排放联系起来。", " 4.四. 有人问,是否进行过任何分析来考虑渗漏的影响与毁林原因之间的联系。 还有人指出,虽然渗漏是一个方法上的障碍,但可以从过去关于《京都议定书》下基于项目活动的谈判中吸取一些教益。", "双边和多边合作、其他有关国际机构的活动和能力建设", "5 (韩语). 已注意到以下几点:", "努力减少森林损失和毁林仍然是一个重大问题;", "现已设立。 大多数涉及促进可持续森林管理和森林养护。 其中包括:能力建设和培训;技术支助;政策咨询和为政策制定提供支助;提供财政资源;", "执行相关政策;", "减少毁林所致排放量。", "1. 联合国 还有人指出,结果不仅取决于专门用于解决毁林问题的资源数量,而且取决于如何分配和使用资源。 一些与会者指出,必须评估现行政策方针和激励措施的有效性并学习过去的经验。 与会者还谈到解决毁林问题的融资办法(如官方发展援助、市场或贸易机制),并表示关切如何向从国家到地方的各级支付此种款项。 一位与会者指出南南合作日益重要。", "加强可持续森林管理", "2. 联合国 已注意到以下几点:", "服务。 因此,在打击森林损失时必须考虑到这些货物和服务;", "支持地方社区的生计。 减少毁林所致排放量的努力不应以牺牲当地生计为代价;", "毁林率;", "可持续管理。", "财务机制和其他替代办法", "1. 联合国 会上提到一些可能的资金来源,以支持减少毁林所致排放量的活动,包括:官方发展援助、设立基金、多边来源、双边合作、公私伙伴关系、环境服务付费和市场机制。", "2. 联合国 已注意到以下几点:", "减少毁林所致排放量的政策和努力,并增加已经作出的努力;", "范围需要广泛并包括若干可能的替代办法;", "(c) 机制和资金必须是确定、长期和可持续的;", "包括通过建立政策框架;", "提供有效减少毁林所致排放量的激励措施。 然而,它们应适合国情并符合国家优先事项;", "使各国能够采取行动减少毁林所致排放量的能力,包括通过建立体制和技术框架;", "迅速开始采取行动,可以用于建设体制和技术能力。 然而,要在实地采取行动减少毁林所致排放量,需要长期持续提供财政资源;", "有效奖励的交易成本;", "有效减少毁林所致排放量。 适当的体制框架可以促进财政资源分配的有效性;", "与参考基准相对应的毁林情况;", "这些行为者在实地采取行动。 各机构在确保实地行为者获得赔偿方面起主要作用;", "考虑到其他国际协定的发展情况,讨论减少毁林所致排放量的问题。 可能制定奖励或补偿减少毁林所致排放量的行动的备选办法,需要符合缔约方在其他协定中的现有义务。", "1. 联合国 与会者讨论了哥斯达黎加如何管理其环境服务付费方案并确保其可持续性。 哥斯达黎加代表解释说,无法支付土地和森林提供的所有产品/服务的全部经济价值,但从政治、社会和经济角度来看,这一制度非常有效。 科斯塔语 他说,哥斯达黎加正在寻找其他与市场有关的解决方案,以确保该方案的可持续性,并正在逐步学习。", "2. 联合国 一些与会者认为,巴西的提案[15] 为对话提供了机会,在考虑奖励减少发展中国家毁林所致排放量的行动的方法时,承认了各国的情况;一些与会者补充说,排放量的转移以及其他可能的问题需要在本提案的范围内进一步讨论。", "3个 一位与会者谈到官方发展援助和受管制市场的作用,认为虽然官方发展援助对能力建设有用,但也许有必要使市场办法正规化,以可持续的方式实现减少毁林所致排放量的目标。 与会者还讨论了毁林和伐木制品问题之间的联系,指出科技咨询机构目前正在审议伐木制品问题。 有人建议,在现阶段应保持所有备选方案的开放性,并努力推进一套审议备选方案的职权范围。", "A类. 主题三:查明相关科学、社会经济、技术和方法问题与政策方针和积极激励办法之间可能的联系", "1. 联合国 与会者承认,估计碳储存变化和监测毁林情况的工具和方法已经具备,可以使用。 然而,有人指出,各国之间在利用现有工具和方法的能力方面仍存在巨大差距。 一组与会者建议考虑提供能力建设,其中可包括可能提供宝贵见解和经验的试点项目。", "2. 联合国 虽然市场可提供持续的“信号”,以刺激减少毁林所致排放量的融资,但建立正式的市场办法可能要求更高,因为它需要更严格的量化。 几位与会者提到,市场办法不应是考虑的唯一选择,还必须考虑到其他融资可能性。 这些与会者强调了市场办法在助长毁林方面的总体负面影响。 有人强调,许多生计依赖非正规部门的地方社区在正规市场中被边缘化。 在审议任何办法时,应考虑到社会文化因素以及与财产权、水安全和粮食安全有关的问题。 一位与会者提到,支付环境服务费等办法会对社区产生不利影响,任何方案的执行都应考虑到世贸组织商定的有关规则,并建议,支付环境服务费的唯一办法就是限制支付,只支付额外的保护费用。 但是,她说,对环境服务付费是否有助于减贫尚不确定。", "3个 与会者承认,必须考虑灵活的一揽子备选办法,无论是以官方发展援助为基础的还是以市场为基础的。 与会者指出,在现阶段限制备选办法可能会减少实现目标的机会。 各国必须决定最适合本国需要的国家政策。 无论如何,财政可持续性是确保生态可持续性所必不可少的。 有人提到,无论作出何种决定,当地社区都应积极参与这一进程。 融资形式必须针对农村社区,特别是参与社区林业的社区。", " 4.四. 一些与会者强调,将更多了解毁林驱动因素转化为有效政策办法的能力是一个巨大的挑战。 在这方面,有人表示需要利用现有方法查明国家和/或区域一级毁林的具体驱动因素和途径,使各国能够评估不同的政策办法及其效力;也有人建议在审议任何框架时进行经济和可行性分析。", "5 (韩语). 还有人表示需要解决森林退化和森林中导致温室气体排放的其他进程,因为仅仅考虑毁林可能过于狭窄,因此,这些进程产生的排放量不会得到核算和减少。", "6. 国家 由于毁林并非孤立发生,与会者将其与适应、缓解、生物多样性、伐木制品和生物能源等其他相关问题联系起来。 此外,还应考虑毁林驱动因素与可能的政策方针之间的联系,例如农业在毁林中的作用。 另一个需要进一步探索的领域是方法、驱动因素和政策所涉费用问题。 然而,一位与会者表示需要考虑时限,并告诫说,针对大量问题进行审议可能导致无法解决关键问题。 虽然必须在国家一级作出许多决定,但有人指出,需要思考其他相关机构/组织如何能支持所需要开展的工作。", "7. 联合国 一位与会者建议,除了可能的新安排之外,应继续探索《气候公约》进程的现有基础设施和承诺。 另一位与会者提出一个问题,即《气候公约》之下的现有信息系统是否支持减少毁林所致排放量的政策需要,或者是否有不同的额外信息需要。 与会者承认,有必要继续探讨各种备选办法及其影响和影响。 还有人提到,需要采取整体办法,在全球一级解决排放量方面毁林问题。", "四、结 论 今后可能采取的步骤", "A类. 相关问题", "1. 联合国 应考虑拟议的方针(包括巴西、刚果盆地各国和巴布亚新几内亚[16] 根据《气候公约》为采取行动减少发展中国家毁林所致排放量作出国际安排的拟议方针),同时考虑到国家和国际两级的经验教训、研讨会上的讨论以及缔约方在提交的材料中提出的意见。 可特别注意以下方面:", "(单位:千美元) 确定拟议办法如何最能适应不同的国情,同时考虑到从目前减少毁林活动(如可持续森林管理、环境服务付费和具体政府方案)中吸取的成功经验和教训;", "(b) 减少或减少员额。 确定拟议办法在下列方面的共同点和差异:", "实现的问题,包括基准或参考排放率问题和与拟议方针有关的排放可能泄漏或转移;", "1. 联合国 应考虑能力建设需要,以利根据《气候公约》采取行动减少毁林所致排放量。 能力建设可包括:提高监测和估计毁林所致排放量的能力;确定毁林的具体驱动因素和途径并把它们转化为有效的政策办法;确定拟议办法的经济可行性(考虑到利害关系方的机会成本、加强能力建设的成本、监测毁林的成本以及通过国际合作提供可能的额外资金来源)。", "2. 在讨论《气候公约》之下减少毁林所致排放量的可能方针时,应注意使用适当的术语,同时考虑到其他国际进程和多边协定中使用类似或相干术语以及现行相关规则。 这可减少在审议《气候公约》之下可能制定的办法时可能出现的混乱和困难。", "A类. 二. 审议相关问题的可能程序", "1. 联合国 2. 科技咨询机构不妨考虑开展以下进程,以解决上述问题:", "(单位:千美元) 科技咨询机构第二十六届会议之前的第二次研讨会,可集中讨论上文第72段所述专题;", "(b) 减少或减少员额。 如果举办第二次讲习班,则支持和便利讨论的活动包括:", "一、导 言 缔约方就以上第72段所指问题提出意见,由科技咨询机构第二十六届会议审议;", "二. 研讨会之前的专家会议,以澄清与拟议方针有关的具体方面,以便利研讨会审议这些方针;", "页:1 为研讨会编写一份背景文件,说明与第72(b)段问题有关的拟议方针之间的共性和差异,同时考虑到上文(b)(一)分段所述缔约方提交的材料中的信息;", "C. 结 论 缔约方和经认证的观察员就以上第73段所指问题提出意见,供科技咨询机构第二十六届会议审议;", "(单位:千美元) 确定第二十六届会议至科技咨询机构第二十七届会议将开展的其他活动,科技咨询机构将在第二十七届会议上报告与减少发展中国家毁林所致排放量有关的问题,包括根据缔约方会议第十一届会议的任务授权提出的任何建议。", "[1] ^(*) 本文件由于研讨会的时间安排而迟交。", "[2] 缔约方提交的材料载于FCCC/SBSTA/2006/MISC.5和Add.1。 政府间组织提交的材料见<http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/igo/items/3714.php>。 非政府组织提交的材料见<http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/ngo/items/3689.php>。", "[3] FCCC/CP/2005/5, 第81-83段。", "[4] FCCC/CP/2005/5, 第84段。", "[5] FCCC/SBSTA/2006/5, 第52 (a)至(c)段。", "[6] 背景文件载有国家信息通报和缔约方及经认可的观察员提交的材料(见脚注1)的综合资料,可在以下网站查阅:http://unfccc.int/methods_and_science/lulucf/items/3757.php。", "[7] 专题介绍和发言名单及发言全文见<http://unfccc.int/methods_and_science/lulucf/items/3764.php>。 鼓励读者参考原始演示文稿作详细介绍.", "[8] 见工作文件1(a)(2006年),见<http://unfccc.int/methods_and_science/lulucf/items/3757.php>。", "[9] 修订的1996年气专委国家温室气体清单指南、土地利用、土地利用的变化和林业良好做法指导意见和2006年气专委国家温室气体清单指南(关于农业、林业和其他土地利用的卷)。", "[10] 减少发展中国家毁林所致温室气体排放量: 监测和衡量的考虑(GOFC-GOLD)。", "[11] 土地利用、土地利用的变化和林业良好做法指导意见和2006年气专委国家温室气体清单指南(2006年气专委指南)。", "[12] 本节讨论主题一下讨论的其他科学、社会经济、技术和方法问题。 关于毁林的驱动因素和原因的讨论,由于与政策方针和积极鼓励措施密切相关,因此在主题二下有更详细的论述。", "[13] 见工作文件1(b)(2006年),<http://unfccc.int/methods_and_science/lulucf/items/3757.php>。", "[14] 另见刚果盆地各国提议的办法,第36段。", "[15] 见第48段。", "[16] 分别见第48、36和46段。" ]

[ "EIGHTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/1", "STATES PARTIES TO AMENDED 12 October 2006", "PROTOCOL II TO THE CONVENTION ON", "PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE", "OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH", "MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS", "OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 6 November 2006", "Item 3 of the provisional agenda", "Adoption of the Agenda", "PROVISIONAL AGENDA", "Presented by the President-designate", "1. Opening of the Conference.", "2. Confirmation of the nomination of the President and other officers.", "3. Adoption of the Agenda.", "4. Confirmation of the Rules of Procedure.", "5. Appointment of the Secretary-General of the Conference.", "6. Adoption of arrangements for meeting the costs of the Conference.", "7. Organization of work including that of any subsidiary bodies of the Conference.", "8. General exchange of views.", "9. Review of the operation and status of the Protocol.", "10. Consideration of matters arising from reports by High Contracting Parties according to paragraph 4 of Article 13 of the Amended Protocol II.", "11. Consideration of the development of technologies to protect civilians against indiscriminate effects of mines.", "12. Report(s) of any subsidiary organ(s).", "13. Other matters.", "14. Consideration and adoption of the final documents." ]

[ "2006年11月6日，日内瓦", "临时议程项目3", "通过议程", "临 时 议 程", "候任主席提交", "1. 会议开幕。", "2. 确认主席及主席团其他成员的提名。", "3. 通过议程。", "4. 确认议事规则。", "5. 任命会议秘书长。", "6. 通过会议费用的分摊安排。", "7. 工作安排，包括会议任何附属机构的工作安排。", "8. 一般性交换意见。", "9. 审查议定书的实施情况和现况。", "10. 审议各缔约方根据经修正后的第二号议定书第13条第4款提出的报告所引起的事项。", "11. 审议各种保护平民不受地雷滥杀滥伤影响的技术的发展情况。", "12. 任何附属机构的报告。", "13. 其他事项。", "14. 审议并通过最后文件。" ]

[ "CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/1 第八届年度会议", "2006年10月12日修正后的缔约国", "公约第二号议定书", "禁止或限制使用", "常规武器公约》", "可能严重", "影响或滥杀滥伤 贸易和发展理事会", "2006年11月6日,日内瓦", "临时议程项目3", "通过议程", "临时议程", "候任主席提交", "1. 联合国 1. 会议开幕。", "2. 确认主席及主席团其他成员的提名。", "3个 1. 通过议程。", " 4.四. 4. 确认议事规则。", "5 (韩语). 5. 任命会议秘书长。", "6. 国家 6. 通过会议费用的分摊安排。", "7. 联合国 6. 安排工作,包括安排会议任何附属机构的工作。", "8. 联合国 4. 一般性交换意见。", "9. 国家 7. 审查议定书的实施情况和现况。", "10个 4. 审议各缔约方根据经修正后的第二号议定书第13条第4款提出的报告所引起的事项。", "11个 审议保护平民不受地雷滥杀滥伤影响的技术的发展情况。", "12. 任何附属机构的报告。", "13个 其他事项。", "14. 审议并通过最后文件。" ]

[ "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THESTATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAINCONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BEDEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUS OR TO HAVEINDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS CCW/CONF.III/7CCW/GGE/XV/613 October 2006Original:ENGLISH", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Submission of the report of the", "Group of Governmental Experts", "PROCEDURAL REPORT", "GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS OF THE STATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS", "Fifteenth Session", "Geneva, 28 August – 6 September 2006", "CONTENTS", "CCW/GGE/XV/6 Procedural Report Annex List of documents of the Group of GovernmentalExperts Thirteenth session, 6 – 10 March 2006 Fourteenth session, 19 - 23 June 2006 \n Fifteenth session, 28 August - 6 September 2006 \n Addenda \nCCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.1\tReport of the Work on Explosive Remnants of War\nCCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.2\tReport of the Work in 2006 on Mines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines\nCCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.3\tReport of the President-designate on the issueof compliance\nCCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.4\tProvisional Programme of Work - Main Committee I\nCCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.5\tProvisional Programme of Work - Main CommitteeII\nCCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.6\tDraft Declaration on the occasion of entry intoforce of ccw Protocol on Explosive Remnants ofWar (Protocol v)\nCCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.7\tDraft Final Document of the Third ReviewConference of the High Contracting Parties tothe Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictionson the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons WhichMay be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or tohave Indiscriminate Effects\nCCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.8\tDraft Decision on the establishment of aSponsorship Programme under the Convention onProhibitions or Restrictions on the Use ofCertain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemedto be Excessively Injurious or to haveIndiscriminate Effects (CCW)", "PROCEDURAL REPORT", "Prepared by the Secretariat", "1. The Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (CCW) held at Geneva on 24 and 25 November 2005 decided, as contained in paragraph 29 of its report (document CCW/MSP/2005/2), to commission follow-up work under the oversight of the President-designate of the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention.", "2. The Meeting of the States Parties decided, as contained in paragraph 26 of CCW/MSP/2005/2, “to convene the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention from 7 to 17 November 2006 at Geneva in conjunction with the Eighth Annual Conference of the States Parties to Amended Protocol II.” The Meeting of the States Parties also decided, as contained in paragraph 27 of CCW/MSP/2005/2, that “all necessary preparations for the Third Review Conference be undertaken within the framework of the existing Group of Governmental Experts.”", "3. The Meeting of the States Parties decided, as contained in paragraph 35 of CCW/MSP/2005/2, to recommend that “the Secretary-General of the United Nations, as Depositary of the Convention and its annexed Protocols, and the President-designate, on behalf of the States Parties, exercise their authority to achieve the goal of universality of the Convention and its annexed Protocols.”", "4. The Meeting of the States Parties decided, as contained in paragraph 30 of CCW/MSP/2005/2, that the Working Group on Explosive Remnants of War (ERW) would continue its work in the year 2006 with the following mandate:", "“To continue to consider, including through participation of legal experts, the implementation of existing principles of International Humanitarian Law and to further study, on an open-ended basis, with particular emphasis on meetings of military and technical experts, possible preventive measures aimed at improving the design of certain specific types of munitions, including sub-munitions, with a view to minimising the humanitarian risk of these munitions becoming explosive remnants of war. Exchange of information, assistance and co-operation would be part of this work. The Group will report on the work done to the Third Review Conference in 2006.”", "5. The Meeting of the States Parties decided, as contained in paragraph 31 of CCW/MSP/2005/2, that the Working Group on Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines (MOTAPM) would continue its work in the year 2006 with the following mandate:", "“a) To continue to consider all proposals on Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines put forward since the establishment of the Group of Governmental Experts with the aim of elaborating appropriate recommendations on Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines for submission to the Third Review Conference in 2006.", "b) Meetings of military experts shall also be conducted to provide advice on these activities.”", "6. The Meeting of the States Parties decided, as contained in paragraph 32 of CCW/MSP/2005/2, that “the President-designate shall undertake consultations during the intersessional period on possible options to promote compliance with the Convention and its annexed Protocols, taking into account proposals put forward, and shall submit a report, adopted by consensus, to the States Parties.”", "7. The Meeting of the States Parties decided, as contained in paragraph 33 of CCW/MSP/2005/2, that “the President-designate shall undertake consultations during the intersessional period on the possibility to establish a sponsorship programme under the Convention and on the modalities of such a sponsorship programme, and shall report to the States Parties.”", "8. The Meeting of the States Parties decided, as contained in paragraph 38 of CCW/MSP/2005/2, to “designate Ambassador François Rivasseau of France as President of the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to be held in 2006.” The States Parties also appointed Ambassador Edvardas Borisovas of Lithuania as Coordinator on Explosive Remnants of War, and Ambassador Carlos Antonio da Rocha Paranhos of Brazil as Coordinator on Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines.", "9. The Meeting of the States Parties decided, as contained in paragraph 28 of CCW/MSP/2005/2, that “the intersessional work of the Group of Governmental Experts will be undertaken in three sessions at Geneva during 2006.”", "10. The Fifteenth Session of the Group of Governmental Experts was held at Geneva from 28 August to 6 September 2006.", "11. The following States Parties to the Convention participated in the work of the Group: Albania, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Holy See, Hungary, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Latvia, Lesotho, Lithuania, Malta, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Korea, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Senegal, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America and Venezuela.", "12. The following Signatory States to the Convention also participated in the work of the Group: Afghanistan and Egypt.", "13. The following States not parties to the Convention participated as observers: Azerbaijan, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Kuwait, Lebanon, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Malaysia, Myanmar, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen.", "14. The representatives of United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) and United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS) took part in the work of the Group.", "15. The representatives of the following organisations also took part in the work of the Group: Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD) and International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).", "16. The representatives of the following non-governmental organisations also took part in the work of the Group: Actiongroup Landmine.de, Austrian Aid for Mine Victims, Cluster Munition Coalition, Geneva Call, Handicap International, Human Rights Watch, International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL), Landmine Action (UK), Norwegian People’s Aid, Pax Christi International, Pax Christi Netherlands, Swiss Campaign to Ban Landmines, Tchad Agir pour l’Environnement, University of Exeter.", "17. On 28 August 2006, the session was opened by the President-designate of the Third Review Conference, Ambassador François Rivasseau of France.", "18. The meetings of the Working Groups of the Group of Governmental Experts were chaired by the two Coordinators: Ambassador Edvardas Borisovas of Lithuania as Coordinator on Explosive Remnants of War and Ambassador Carlos Antonio da Rocha Paranhos of Brazil as Coordinator on Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines. Mr. Peter Kolarov, Political Affairs Officer, Department for Disarmament Affairs, Geneva Branch, served as Secretary of the Group, and was assisted by Mr. Bantan Nugroho, Political Affairs Officer.", "19. The Group held eight plenary meetings. At its first plenary meeting, on 28 August 2006, the Group confirmed its Agenda (CCW/GGE/XIII/7, Annex I), and the Rules of Procedure as adopted and used by the Second Review Conference (CCW/CONF.II/PC.1/1 with oral amendments) and adopted its Programme of Work (CCW/GGE/XV/1/Rev.1).", "20. At the same plenary meeting, the Group of Governmental Experts considered the question of participation, including that of the United Nations agencies, specialized and other agencies and non-governmental organizations in the work of the Group and agreed to exercise the utmost degree of transparency in its activities.", "21. At the same plenary meeting, the following States participated in a general exchange of views on the preparation for the Third Review Conference: Argentina, Canada, China, Finland (on behalf of the European Union, the Acceding Countries Bulgaria and Romania, the Candidate Countries Croatia and The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the Countries of the Stabilization and Association Process and potential candidates Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia, as well as Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova aligning themselves), Japan, Norway, Pakistan, Republic of Korea, and Russian Federation. GICHD, Human Rights Watch and Cluster Munition Coalition also participated in the general exchange of views.", "22. At the plenary meeting, on 28 August 2006, the Group of Governmental Experts devoted time for the consideration of the status of CCW Protocol V on Explosive Remnants of War. The meeting was chaired by Ambassador Edvardas Borisovas of Lithuania, Coordinator on Explosive Remnants of War. The Group took note of the 23 States Parties which had notified the Secretary-General of the United Nations of their consent to be bound by Protocol V on Explosive Remnants of War: Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, El Salvador, Finland, Germany, Holy See, India, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan and Ukraine. The Group also took note that in accordance with article 5 (3) of the Convention, Protocol V will enter into force on 12 November 2006 during the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention.", "23. In accordance with the decisions taken by the Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention in 2005 (CCW/MSP/2005/2), the Group of Governmental Experts devoted time for the consideration of the preparation for the 2006 Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention at the plenary meetings on 28 August, 4 and 6 September 2006. The meetings were chaired by Ambassador François Rivasseau of France and considered papers presented by the President-designate titled “Provisional Programme of Work of the Main Committee I of the Third Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects” as contained in CCW/GGE/XV/4, dated 25 August 2006, “Provisional Programme of Work of the Main Committee II of the Third Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects” as contained in CCW/GGE/XV/5, dated 25 August 2006 and “Draft Final Document of the Third Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects” as contained in CCW/GGE/XV/L.2, dated 29 August 2006.", "24. In accordance with the decisions taken by the Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention in 2005 (CCW/MSP/2005/2), the Group of Governmental Experts devoted time for the consideration of options to promote compliance with the Convention at the plenary meetings on 30 August, 4 and 6 September 2006. The meetings were chaired by Ambassador François Rivasseau of France, who was assisted by Ambassador Gordan Markotić of Croatia, Friend of the President on Compliance, and considered papers presented by the President-designate titled “Amendment to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to have Indiscriminate Effects” as contained in CCW/GGE/XV/2, dated 16 August 2006, “Revised Draft Proposal on Compliance” as contained in CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.1, dated 1 September 2006, and CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.2, dated 5 September 2006.", "25. In accordance with the decisions taken by the Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention in 2005 (CCW/MSP/2005/2), the Group of Governmental Experts devoted time for the consideration of the possibility to establish a sponsorship programme under the Convention and on the modalities of such a sponsorship programme at the plenary meetings on 30 August, 4 and 6 September 2006. The meetings were chaired by Ambassador François Rivasseau of France and considered papers presented by the President-designate titled “Draft Decision on the Establishment of a Sponsorship Programme under the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (CCW)” as contained in CCW/GGE/XV/3, dated 16 August 2006, and “Revised Draft Decision on the Establishment of a Sponsorship Programme under the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (CCW)” as contained in CCW/GGE/XV/3/Rev.1, dated 31 August 2006.", "26. The Working Group on Explosive Remnants of War held three meetings and discussed the implementation of existing principles of International Humanitarian Law and possible preventive measures aimed at improving the design of certain specific types of munitions, including sub-munitions, with a view to minimise the humanitarian risk of these munitions becoming explosive remnants of war. It also considered a paper presented by the President-designate titled “Draft Declaration on the Occasion of the Entry into Force of CCW Protocol V on Explosive Remnants of War” as contained in CCW/GGE/XV/L.1, dated 25 August 2006. It also held one meeting of military and technical experts, chaired by Ms. Vera Bohle of GICHD, and discussed document CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1, dated 8 August 2006, presented by the Chairperson of the Meetings of Military and Technical Experts on Explosive Remnants of War titled “Provisional Agenda for the Meeting of the Military Experts on ERW” and its addenda as contained in CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1/Add.1, dated 8 August 2006 titled “Annotated Provisional Agenda”, and CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1/Add.2, dated 6 October 2006 titled “Draft Table of Explosive Ordnance Types and Systems”.", "27. The Working Group on Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines held three meetings and discussed proposals on Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines put forward since the establishment of the Group of Governmental Experts. It considered papers presented by the Coordinator titled “Set of Provisions on the Use of MOTAPM/AVM. A Compilation of Provisions that Could Command Consensus in the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE)” as contained in CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1, dated 14 August 2006, and CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1/Rev.1, dated 4 September 2006. It also held one meeting of military experts, chaired by Brigadier-General Gerson Menandro Garcia de Freitas of Brazil.", "28. During the course of the session, the Group of Governmental Experts considered documents CCW/GGE/XV/1 to CCW/GGE/XV/5, CCW/GGE/XV/WP.1 to CCW/GGE/XV/WP.3, as well as CCW/GGE/XV/L.1 and CCW/GGE/XV/L.2, as listed in the annex. The Working Group on Explosive Remnants of War considered documents CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1, CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1/Add.1, CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1/Add.2, and CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.1 to CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.3, as listed in the annex. The Working Group on Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines considered documents CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1, CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1/Rev.1 and CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/WP.1 and CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/WP.2, as listed in the annex. These documents are available in all official languages through the Official Document System of the United Nations at http://documents.un.org, and the official website of the CCW as part of the website of the United Nations Office at Geneva at http://www.unog.ch/disarmament.", "29. The Group of Governmental Experts heard presentations by ICRC on “Battlefield lasers and loss of vision: a question of dose”; by Gari Owen, an independent consultant, on “Lasers and associated hazards”; by UN DDA to launch the new official website of the CCW as part of the website of the United Nations Office at Geneva at http://www.unog.ch/disarmament/. The Working Group on Explosive Remnants of War heard presentations by France titled “ERW – Quality Management Process”; UNMAS on “Cluster Munitions in Lebanon”; and Human Rights Watch on “Cluster Munitions, ERW and Protocol V”.", "30. The Group of Governmental Experts decided to recommend to the Third Review Conference the “Provisional Programme of Work of Main Committee I of the Third Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects” as contained in addendum 4, and “Provisional Programme of Work of Main Committee II of the Third Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects” as contained in addendum 5. The Group also decided to recommend to the Third Review Conference the “Draft Final Document of the Third Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects” as contained in addendum 7, the “Draft Declaration on the Entry into force of CCW Protocol V on ERW”, as contained in addendum 6, as well as the “Draft Decision on the Establishment of a Sponsorship Programme under the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects”, as contained in addendum 8.", "31. At the final plenary meeting, on 6 September 2006, the Group of Governmental Experts adopted the procedural report of the Fifteenth Session, as contained in document CCW/GGE/XV/CRP.1, as orally amended, which is being issued as document CCW/CONF.III/7-CCW/GGE/XV/6 and its addenda.", "Annex", "LIST OF DOCUMENTS", "OF THE GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS", "THIRTEENTH SESSION, 6 – 10 MARCH 2006", "Symbol Title Submitted by\nCCW/GGE/XIII/1\tProvisional Agenda\tPresident-designate\nCCW/GGE/ XIII/2\tProvisional Programme ofWork\tPresident-designate\nCCW/GGE/ XIII/3\tProvisional Agenda ofthe Third ReviewConference\tPresident-designate\nCCW/GGE/ XIII/4\tDraft Rules of Procedureof Third ReviewConference of the StatesParties to theConvention onProhibitions orRestrictions on the Useof Certain ConventionalWeapons Which May beDeemed to be ExcessivelyInjurious or To HaveIndiscriminate Effects\tPresident-designate\nCCW/GGE/ XIII/5\tUniversalization of theCCW and its AnnexedProtocols\tPresident-designate\nCCW/GGE/ XIII/6\tSponsorship Programmeunder the Convention\tPresident-designate\n CCW/GGE/ XIII/7 Procedural Report Secretariat \nCCW/GGE/ XIII/WP.1\tFood for thought paper.Ensuring a thoroughreview of the status andoperation of the CCW andits Protocols at theThird Review Conference\tInternationalCommittee ofthe RedCross\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/1\tProvisional Agenda forthe Meeting of theMilitary and TechnicalExperts on ERW\tChairpersonof theMeeting ofthe MilitaryandTechnicalExperts onERW\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.1\tResponses to documentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitled IHL and ERW,dated 8 March 2005\tItaly\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.2\tResponses to documentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitled IHL and ERW,dated 8 March 2005\tCzechRepublic\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.3\tResponses to documentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitled IHL and ERW,dated 8 March 2005\tIreland\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.4\tResponses to documentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitled IHL and ERW,dated 8 March 2005\tSouth Africa\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.5\tResponses to documentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitled IHL and ERW,dated 8 March 2005\tMexico\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.6\tResponses to documentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitled IHL and ERW,dated 8 March 2005\tPortugal\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.7\tAssessment of therelative risk ofcategories of explosiveordnances becomingExplosive Remnants ofWar: Methodology\tUnitedKingdom ofGreatBritain andNorthernIreland\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.8\tDraft Table ofConventional AmmunitionTypes and Systems\tChairpersonof theMeeting ofthe MilitaryandTechnicalExperts onERW\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.9(Original: Chinese)\tResponses to documentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitled IHL and ERW,dated 8 March 2005\tPeople’sRepublic ofChina\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.10\tGerman Understanding ofCluster Munitions\tGermany\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.11\tCluster Weapons-A RealHumanitarian Threat, orAn Imaginary One?\tRussianFederation\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12,Corr.1 (Englisn only) andCorr.2 (Chinese, Englishand Spanish Only)\tReport on StatesParties’ Responses tothe Questionnaire onInternationalHumanitarian Law &Explosive Remnants ofWar,CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,Dated 8 March 2005\tAsia PacificCentre forMilitaryLaw,UniversityofMelbourne,Australia\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.1\tReport on StatesParties’ Responses tothe Questionnaire onInternationalHumanitarian Law &Explosive Remnants ofWar,CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,Dated 8 March 2005 -Addendum\tAsia PacificCentre forMilitaryLaw,UniversityofMelbourne,Australia\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.2\tReport on StatesParties’ Responses tothe Questionnaire onInternationalHumanitarian Law &Explosive Remnants ofWar,CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,Dated 8 March 2005 -Addendum\tAsia PacificCentre forMilitaryLaw,UniversityofMelbourne,Australia\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.13\tA Critical Analysis onthe “Report on StatesParties’ Responses tothe Questionnaire” onInternationalHumanitarian Law andExplosive Remnants ofWar,CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,Dated 8 March 2005,Prepared by the AsiaPacific Centre forMilitary Law, Universityof Melbourne, Australiaand Presented at theRequest of theCoordinator on ERW asDocumentCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12and Addenda\tGenevaInternationalCentre forHumanitarianDemining\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.14\tMunitions - a method toreduce the risksassociated withexplosive remnants ofwar\tFrance\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.15\tComments on the “Reporton States Parties’Responses to theQuestionnaire ”onInternationalHumanitarian Law andExplosive Remnants ofWar,CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,Dated 8 March 2005,Prepared by the AsiaPacific Centre forMilitary Law, Universityof Melbourne, Australiaand Presented at theRequest of theCoordinator on ERW asDocumentCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12and Addenda\tInternationalCommittee ofthe RedCross\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.16\tResponses to the Surveyon the Humanitarianthreat Posed byMunitions andSub-Munitions that HaveBecome ERW-PreliminaryAssessment Based onresponses and Finding,DocumentCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.11,Dated 12 December 2005\tBelarus\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/1\tProvisional Agenda forthe Meetings of theMilitary Experts onMOTAPM\tChairpersonof theMeeting ofthe MilitaryExperts onMOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.1\tImpact of thedetectability of minesother thananti-personnel mines(MOTAPM) on theirmilitary effectiveness\tRussianFederation\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.2\tPractical experience inthe Russian Federationin the detection anddeactivation ofimprovised explosivedevices\tRussianFederation\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.3\tPromising technologiesfor the detection ofexplosive objects\tRussianFederation\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.4\tAnti-vehicle mines\tRussianFederation\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.5\tPrincipal approaches tothe development ofmethods for checking thereliability ofanti-personnel mineself-destructionmechanisms andself-deactivationdevices\tRussianFederation\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.6\tMapping, fencing andmarking of minefields:practice in the RussianFederation\tRussianFederation\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.7\tCurrent restrictions onthe use ofanti-personnel mines\tRussianFederation\n CCW/GGE/XIII/CRP.1 Draft Procedural Report Secretariat CCW/GGE/XIII/INF.1 andAdd.1\tList of Participants\tSecretariat \n(English/French/SpanishOnly) \nCCW/GGE/XIII/MISC.1(English/French/SpanishOnly)\tProvisional List ofParticipants\tSecretariat", "LIST OF DOCUMENTS", "OF THE GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS", "FOURTEENTH SESSION, 19 - 23 JUNE 2006", "Number\tTitle\tSubmittedby\nCCW/GGE/XIV/1\tProvisional Programme of Work\tPresident-designate\nCCW/GGE/XIV/2\tAmendment to the Convention onProhibitions or Restrictions onthe Use of Certain ConventionalWeapons Which May Be Deemed tobe Excessively Injurious or toHave Indiscriminate Effects\tPresident-designate\nCCW/GGE/XIV/3\tSponsorship Programme under theConvention. A PossibleOperational Way Forward\tPresident-designate\nCCW/GGE/XIV/4\tProposal on a Plan of Action toPromote Universality of the CCW\tPresident-designate\nCCW/GGE/XIV/4/Rev.1\tRevised Proposal on a Plan ofAction to Promote Universalityof the CCW\tPresident-designate\nCCW/GGE/XIV/5 andCorr.1\tProcedural Report\tSecretariat\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WP.1\tViews on the CCW SponsorshipProgram\tUnitedStates ofAmerica\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WP.2\tAlternative Approach toPromoting Compliance with theConvention and its AnnexedProtocols\tUnitedStates ofAmerica\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WP.3\tPreparing a Review of the CCWand its Protocols\tInternationalCommitteeof the RedCross\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/1\tProvisional Agenda for theMeeting of the Military andTechnical Experts on ERW\tChairpersonof theMeeting oftheMilitaryandTechnicalExperts onERW\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/1/Add.1\tProvisional Agenda for theMeeting of the Military andTechnical Experts on ERW –Addendum - AnnotatedProvisional Agenda\tChairpersonof theMeeting oftheMilitaryandTechnicalExperts onERW\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/1/Add.2and Corr.1 (Englishand Russian only)\tProvisional Agenda for theMeeting of the Military andTechnical Experts on ERW –Addendum - Draft Table ofExplosive Ordnance Types andSystems\tChairpersonof theMeeting oftheMilitaryandTechnicalExperts onERW\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.1\tRemarks on documentsCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12,CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.1andCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.2\tAsiaPacificCentre forMilitaryLaw,UniversityofMelbourne,Australia\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.2\tResponses to documentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, entitledIHL and ERW, dated 8 March 2005\tHungary\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.3\tTechnical Comments on DocumentCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.8\tArgentina\nCCW/GGE//XIV/WG.1/WP.4\tPreliminary Thoughts on aPossible Approach toRecommendation 3\tAsiaPacificCentre forMilitaryLaw,UniversityofMelbourne,Australia\nCCW/GGE/XIV/CRP.1\tDraft Procedural Report\tSecretariat\nCCW/GGE/XIV/INF.1(English/French/SpanishOnly)\tList of Participants\tSecretariat\nCCW/GGE/XIV/MISC.1(English/French/SpanishOnly)\tProvisional List ofParticipants\tSecretariat", "LIST OF DOCUMENTS", "OF THE GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS", "FIFTEENTH SESSION 28 AUGUST-6 SEPTEMBER 2006", "Symbol\tTitle\tSubmittedby\nCCW/GGE/XV/1/Rev.1\tRevised Provisional Programmeof Work\tPresident-designate\nCCW/GGE/XV/2\tProposal of amendment to theConvention on Prohibitions orRestrictions on the Use ofCertain Conventional Weaponswhich may Be Deemed to beExcessively Injurious or toHave Indiscriminate Effects\tPresident-designate\nCCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.1and Rev.2 (Englishonly)\tRevised Draft Proposal onCompliance\tPresident-designate\nCCW/GGE/XV/3 andRev.1\tProposal for a Draft decisionon the establishment of asponsorship programme under theConvention on Prohibitions orRestrictions on the Use ofCertain Conventional Weaponswhich may Be Deemed to beExcessively Injurious or toHave Indiscriminate Effects(CCW)\tPresident-designate\nCCW/GGE/XV/4\tProvisional programme of workof the Main Committee I of theThird Review Conference of theHigh Contracting Parties to theConvention on Prohibitions orRestrictions on the Use ofCertain Conventional Weaponswhich May Be Deemed to BeExcessively Injurious or toHave Indiscriminate Effects\tPresident-Designate\nCCW/GGE/XV/5\tProvisional programme of workof the Main Committee II of theThird Review Conference of theHigh Contracting Parties to theConvention on Prohibitions orRestrictions on the Use ofCertain Conventional Weaponswhich May Be Deemed to BeExcessively Injurious or toHave Indiscriminate Effects\tPresident-Designate\nCCW/CONF.III/7CCW/GGE/XV/6\tProcedural Report\tSecretariat\nCCW/CONF.III/7/Add.1CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.1\tReport of the work on ExplosiveRemnants of War\tCoordinatoron ERW andtheChairpersonof theMeetingsofMilitaryandTechnicalExperts\nCCW/CONF.III/7/Add.2CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.2\tReport of the work in 2006 onMines Other Than Anti-PersonnelMines\tCoordinatoron MOTAPMand theChairpersonof theMeetingsofMilitaryExperts\nCCW/CONF.III/7/Add.3CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.3\tReport of thePresident-designate on theissue of compliance\tPresident-designate\nCCW/CONF.III/7/Add.4CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.4\tProvisional Programme of Work -Main Committee I\tGroup ofGovernmentalExperts\nCCW/CONF.III/7/Add.5CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.5\tProvisional Programme of Work -Main Committee II\tGroup ofGovernmentalExperts\nCCW/CONF.III/7/Add.6CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.6\tDraft Declaration on theoccasion of entry into force ofCCW Protocol on ExplosiveRemnants of War (Protocol V)\tGroup ofGovernmentalExperts\nCCW/CONF.III/7/Add.7CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.7\tDraft Final Document of theThird Review Conference of theHigh Contracting Parties to theConvention on Prohibitions orRestrictions on the Use ofCertain Conventional WeaponsWhich May Be Deemed to BeExcessively Injurious or toHave Indiscriminate Effects\tGroup ofGovernmentalExperts\nCCW/CONF.III/7/Add.8CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.8\tDraft Decision on theestablishment of a SponsorshipProgramme under the Conventionon Prohibitions or Restrictionson the Use of CertainConventional Weapons Which MayBe Deemed to Be ExcessivelyInjurious or to HaveIndiscriminate Effects\tGroup ofGovernmentalExperts\nCCW/GGE/XV/WP.1\tProposal for a Mandate toNegotiate a Legally-BindingInstrument that Addresses theHumanitarian Concerns Posed byCluster Munitions\tAustria,Holy See,Ireland,Mexico,NewZealand,Sweden\nCCW/GGE/XV/WP.2\tProposal for a Mandate to StudyLaser Systems\tGermanyand Sweden\nCCW/GGE/XV/WP.3\tProposal for a Mandate onExplosive Remnants of War (ERW)\tEuropeanUnion\nCCW/GGE/XV/L.1*\tDraft Declaration on theoccasion of the entry intoforce of CCW Protocol V onExplosive Remnants of War\tPresident-Designate\nCCW/GGE/XV/L.2\tDraft Final Document of theThird Review Conference of theHigh Contracting Parties to theConvention on Prohibitions orRestrictions on the Use ofCertain Conventional Weaponswhich May Be Deemed to BeExcessively Injurious or toHave Indiscriminate Effects\tPresident-Designate\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1\tProvisional Agenda for theMeeting of the Military andTechnical Experts on ERW\tChairpersonof theMeeting oftheMilitaryandTechnicalExperts onERW\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1/Add.1\tProvisional Agenda for theMeeting of the Military andTechnical Experts on ERW –Annotated Provisional Agenda\tChairpersonof theMeeting oftheMilitaryandTechnicalExperts onERW\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1/Add.2\tProvisional Agenda for theMeeting of the Military andTechnical Experts on ERW –Draft Table of ExplosiveOrdnance Types and Systems\tChairpersonof theMeeting oftheMilitaryandTechnicalExperts onERW\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.1\tResponses to documentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2, entitledInternational Humanitarian Lawand ERW, dated 8 March 2005\tSpain\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.2\tThe United Nations and theImplementation of Protocol V\tUnitedNationsMineActionService(UNMAS) onbehalf oftheIACG-MA\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.3\tInitiative on a commonunderstanding of clustermunitions within the MilitaryExperts Group of the CCW\tGermany\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1,Corr.1 (English only)and Rev.1\tSet of provisions on the use ofMOTAPM/AVM - A compilation ofprovisions that could commandconsensus in the group ofgovernmental expert (GGE)\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/WP.1\tComments on the set ofprovisions on the use ofMOTAPM/AVM. A compilation ofprovisions that could commandconsensus in the Group ofGovernmental Experts (GGE),contained in CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1and Corr.1\tEuropeanUnion\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/WP.2\tProposal on Ant-Vehicle Mines(AVM)\tPakistan\nCCW/GGE/XV/INF.1 andAdd.1(English/French/SpanishOnly)\tList of Participants\tSecretariat\nCCW/GGE/XV/CRP.1\tDraft Procedural Report\tSecretariat\nCCW/GGE/XV/MISC.1(English/French/SpanishOnly)\tProvisional List ofParticipants\tSecretariat", "The above documents are available in all official languages through the Official Document System of the United Nations at http://documents.un.org and the official website of the CCW as part of the website of the United Nations Office at Geneva at http://www.unog.ch/disarmament/." ]

[ "2006年11月7日至17日，日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "提交政府专家小组的报告", "程 序 性 报 告", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或 滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》 缔约国政府专家小组", "第十五届会议 2006年8月28日至9月6日，日内瓦", "目 录", "CCW/GGE/XV/6 程序性报告", "附 件", "政府专家小组文件清单", "第十三届会议(2006年3月6日至10日)", "第十四届会议(2006年6月19日至23日)", "第十五届会议(2006年8月28日至9月6日)", "增 编", "CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.1 战争遗留爆炸物问题工作报告", "CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.2 非杀伤人员地雷问题2006年工作报告", "CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.3 候任主席关于遵约问题的报告", "CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.4 临时工作计划――第一主要委员会", "CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.5 临时工作计划――第二主要委员会", "CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.6 关于《特定常规武器公约》的《战争遗留爆炸物议定书》(第五号议定书)开始生效的宣言草案", "CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.7 《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议最后文件草案", "CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.8 关于在《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》(《公约》)之下建立一项赞助方案的决定草案", "程序性报告", "秘书处编写", "1. 如其报告(CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件)第29段所述，2005年11月24日至25日在日内瓦举行的《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》(《特定常规武器公约》)缔约国会议决定在《公约》缔约国第三次审查会议候任主席的督导下继续开展工作。", "2. 如CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件第26段所述，缔约国会议决定，“2006年11月7日至17日在日内瓦举行《公约》缔约国第三次审查会议，该会议将与经修正后的第二号议定书缔约国第八届年度会议一同举行”。如CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件第27段所述，缔约国会议还决定，“在现有政府专家小组的框架内为第三次审查会议进行一切必要的筹备”。", "3. 如CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件第35段所述，缔约国会议决定建议“作为《公约》及其所附议定书保存人的联合国秘书长和代表各缔约国的候任主席履行他们的职责，以实现各国普遍加入《公约》及其所附议定书这一目标”。", "4. 如CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件第30段所述，缔约国会议决定，战争遗留爆炸物问题工作组将在2006年期间按以下职权范围继续开展工作：", "“继续审议国际人道主义法现有原则的实施问题，包括由法律专家参加这一审议，并在可自由参加的基础上，继续进一步研究可否制定一些预防措施，改进特定类型的弹药包括子弹药的设计，以求尽可能减少此种弹药成为战争遗留爆炸物的人道主义危险，在进行这一研究时，可把重点放在举行军事专家和技术专家会议上。信息交换以及援助与合作应为这项工作的一部分。工作组将向2006年第三次审查会议汇报所做的工作”。", "5. 如CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件第31段所述，缔约国会议决定，非杀伤人员地雷问题工作组在2006年期间将按以下职权范围继续开展工作：", "“(a) 继续审议自政府专家小组设立以来提出的关于非杀伤人员地雷的所有提案，目的是就非杀伤人员地雷拟订适当的建议，以提交2006年的第三次审查会议。", "(b) 还应举行军事专家会议，就上述活动提供咨询意见。”", "6. 如CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件第32段所述，缔约国会议决定“请候任主席在休会期间进行磋商，探讨可采取何种办法促进对《公约》及其所附各议定书的遵守。他应考虑到提出的各项建议，并应向缔约国提交一份以协商一致方式通过的报告”。", "7. 如CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件第33段所述，缔约国会议决定“请候任主席在休会期间进行磋商，以探讨有无可能在《公约》下设立一项赞助方案并研讨此一方案的运作模式。他应向缔约国提交一份报告”。", "8. 如CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件第38段所述，缔约国会议决定“指定法国大使弗朗索瓦·里瓦索为2006年将要举行的缔约国第三次审查会议的主席”。缔约国还指定立陶宛大使爱德华达斯·鲍里索瓦斯为战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员，巴西大使卡洛斯·安东尼奥·达罗沙·帕拉尼奥斯为非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员。", "9. 如CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件第28段所述，缔约国会议决定，“政府专家小组将在2006年期间开展休会期间工作，并为此在日内瓦举行三届会议”。", "10. 政府专家小组第十五届会议于2006年8月28日至9月6日在日内瓦举行。", "11. 《公约》的下列缔约国参加了小组的工作：阿尔巴尼亚、阿根廷、澳大利亚、奥地利、孟加拉国、白俄罗斯、比利时、贝宁、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、巴西、保加利亚、加拿大、智利、中国、哥斯达黎加、克罗地亚、古巴、塞浦路斯、捷克共和国、丹麦、厄瓜多尔、爱沙尼亚、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、危地马拉、教廷、匈牙利、印度、爱尔兰、以色列、意大利、日本、约旦、拉脱维亚、莱索托、立陶宛、马耳他、墨西哥、摩洛哥、荷兰、新西兰、尼日尔、挪威、巴基斯坦、秘鲁、菲律宾、波兰、葡萄牙、大韩民国、摩尔多瓦共和国、罗马尼亚、俄罗斯联邦、塞内加尔、塞尔维亚、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亚、南非、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、土耳其、乌干达、乌克兰、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国、美利坚合众国和委内瑞拉。", "12. 《公约》的下列签署国也参加了小组的工作：阿富汗和埃及。", "13. 《公约》的下列非缔约国以观察员身份参加：阿塞拜疆、伊朗(伊斯兰共和国)、科威特、黎巴嫩、阿拉伯利比亚民众国、马来西亚、缅甸、卡塔尔、沙特阿拉伯、阿拉伯联合酋长国和也门。", "14. 联合国裁军研究所和联合国排雷行动处的代表参加了小组的工作。", "15. 下列组织的代表也参加了小组的工作：日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心和红十字国际委员会。", "16. 下列非政府组织的代表也参加了小组的工作：地雷行动集团、澳大利亚援助地雷受害者组织、集束弹药联盟、日内瓦之声组织、残疾人国际、人权观察社、国际禁止地雷运动、地雷行动(联合王国)、挪威人民援助团、国际基督和平会、国际基督和平会(荷兰分会)、瑞士禁止地雷运动、乍得环境行动社、埃克塞特大学。", "17. 2006年8月28日，本届会议在第三次审查会议侯任主席、法国大使弗朗索瓦·里瓦索的主持下开幕。", "18. 政府专家小组的工作组会议由两名协调员主持，他们是担任战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员的立陶宛大使爱德华达斯·鲍里索瓦斯和担任非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员的巴西大使卡洛斯·安东尼奥·达罗沙·帕拉尼奥斯。裁军事务部日内瓦办事处政治事务干事彼得·科拉罗夫先生担任工作组秘书，政治事务干事班坦·努格罗霍先生予以协助。", "19. 小组举行了8次全体会议。在2006年8月28日第一次全体会议上，小组确认了其议程(CCW/GGE/XIII/7,附件一)以及第二次审查会议通过并使用的议事规则(CCW/CONF.II/PC.1/1, 经口头修订)，并通过了工作计划(CCW/GGE/XV/ 1/Rev.1)。", "20. 在同一次全体会议上，政府专家小组还审议了参加问题，包括联合国机构、专门机构和其他机构以及非政府组织参加小组工作的问题，并同意在最大程度上保证其活动的透明度。", "21. 在同一次全体会议上，下列国家参加了一般性意见交换：阿根廷、加拿大、中国、芬兰 (代表欧盟、申请加入国保加利亚及罗马尼亚及候选国克罗地亚和前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、稳定和协作进程国和潜在候选国阿尔巴尼亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、黑山、塞尔维亚以及支持其立场的乌克兰和摩尔多瓦共和国)、日本、挪威、巴基斯坦、大韩民国和俄罗斯联邦。日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心、人权观察社和集束弹药联盟也参加了一般性意见交换。", "22. 在2006年8月28日的全体会议上，政府专家小组专门审议了《特定常规武器公约》的《战争遗留爆炸物议定书》(第五号议定书)的现况。担任战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员的立陶宛大使爱德华达斯·鲍里索瓦斯主持了会议。在该会议上，小组欢迎有23个缔约国已通知联合国秘书长它们同意接受《战争遗留爆炸物议定书》(第五号议定书)的约束。这些国家是：阿尔巴尼亚、保加利亚、克罗地亚、捷克共和国、丹麦、萨尔瓦多、芬兰、德国、教廷、印度、利比里亚、列支敦士登、立陶宛、卢森堡、荷兰、尼加拉瓜、挪威、塞拉利昂、斯洛伐克、瑞典、瑞士、塔吉克斯坦和乌克兰。小组还注意到，根据《公约》第五条第3款，第五号议定书将在《公约》缔约国第三次审查会议期间于2006年11月12日生效。", "23. 按照2005年《公约》缔约国会议的决定(CCW/MSP/2005/2)，在2006年8月28日和9月4日和6日的全体会议上，政府专家小组专门审议了2006年《公约》缔约国第三次审查会议的筹备问题。会议由法国大使弗朗索瓦·里瓦索主持并审议了候任主席提交的下列文件：“《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议第一主要委员会临时工作计划 ”(载于2006年8月25日CCW/GGE/XV/4号文件)；“《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议第二主要委员会临时工作计划”(载于2006年8月25日CCW/GGE/XV/5号文件)；和“《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议最后文件草案”(载于2006年8月29日CCW/GGE/XV/L.2号文件)。", "24. 按照2005年《公约》缔约国会议的决定(CCW/MSP/2005/2)，在2006年8月30日和9月4日和6日的全体会议上，政府专家小组专门审议了可采取何种办法来促进对《公约》的遵守的问题。会议由法国大使弗朗索瓦·里瓦索主持，关于遵约问题的主席之友、克罗地亚的戈丹·马尔科蒂奇大使从旁协助。会议审议了候任主席提交的下列文件：“修正《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》的提案”(载于2006年8月16日CCW/GGE/XV/2号文件)；“遵约提案的修正草案”(载于2006年9月1日CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.1号文件和2006年9月5日CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.2号文件)。", "25. 按照2005年《公约》缔约国会议的决定(CCW/MSP/2005/2)，在2006年8月30日和9月4日和6日的全体会议上，政府专家小组专门审议了在《公约》之下建立一项赞助方案的可能性，并讨论了该方案的运作方式。会议由法国大使弗朗索瓦·里瓦索主持，审议了候任主席提交的下列文件：“关于在《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》(《公约》)之下建立一项赞助方案的决定草案”(载于2006年8月16日CCW/GGE/XV/3号文件)；和“关于在《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》(《公约》)之下建立一项赞助方案的订正决定草案”(载于2006年8月31日CCW/GGE/XV/3/Rev.1号文件)。", "26. 战争遗留爆炸物问题工作组举行了3次会议，讨论了国际人道主义法现有原则的实施问题以及可否制定一些预防措施以改进特定类型的弹药包括子弹药的设计，以求尽可能减少此种弹药成为战争遗留爆炸物的人道主义危险。它还审议了候任主席提交的下列文件：“关于《特定常规武器公约》的《战争遗留爆炸物议定书》(第五号议定书)开始生效的宣言草案”(载于2006年8月25日CCW/GGE/XV/L.1 号文件)。工作组还在日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心的薇拉·博勒女士的主持下举行了一次军事和技术专家会议，讨论了战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席提交的下列文件：“战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议临时议程”(载于2006年8月8日CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1号文件)；及其增编“临时议程说明”(载于2006年8月8日CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1/Add.1号文件)和“爆炸性弹药类型和系统表(草案)”(载于2006年10月6日CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1/Add.2号文件)。", "27. 非杀伤人员地雷问题工作组举行了3次会议，讨论了自设立政府专家小组以来所提出的有关非杀伤人员地雷问题的提案。它审议了协调员提交的下列文件：“关于使用非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的一组规定――政府专家小组会取得协商一致意见的建议汇编”(载于2006年8月14日CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1号文件和2006年9月4日CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1/Rev.1号文件)。工作组还在巴西的格尔森·梅南德罗·加西亚·德弗雷塔斯准将的主持下举行了一次军事专家会议。", "28. 会议期间，政府专家小组审议了附件所列的CCW/GGE/XV/1号至CCW/GGE/XV/5号文件、CCW/GGE/XV/WP.1号至CCW/GGE/XV/WP.3号文件和CCW/GGE/XV/L.1至CCW/GGE/XV/L.2号文件。战争遗留爆炸物问题工作组审议了附件所列的CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1号、CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1/Add.1号和CCW/GGE/ XV/WG.1/1/Add.2号文件和CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.1号至CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/ WP.3号文件。杀伤人员地雷问题工作组审议了附件所列的CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1号和CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1/Rev.1号文件和CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/WP.1号至CCW/GGE/ XV/WG.2/WP.2号文件。上述文件的所有正式语文本都可通过联合国正式文件系统查到(http://documents.un.org)，也可从作为联合国日内瓦办事处网站(http://www.unog.ch/ disarmament)一部分的《特定常规武器公约》正式网站上查到。", "29. 政府专家组听取了红十字国际委员会关于“战场激光器与失明：剂量问题”的介绍；独立顾问加里·欧文关于“激光器及附带危害” 的介绍；联合国裁军事务部关于新开设《特定常规武器公约》正式网站的介绍，该网站是联合国日内瓦办事处网站(http://www.unog.ch/disarmament/)的一部分。战争遗留爆炸物问题工作组听取了法国关于“战争遗留爆炸物――质量管理程序”的介绍；联合国排雷行动处关于“黎巴嫩境内的集束弹药”的介绍；人权观察关于“集束弹药、战争遗留爆炸物与第五号议定书”的介绍。", "30. 政府专家小组决定向第三次审查会议建议增编4所载的“《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议第一主要委员会临时工作计划”和增编5所载的“《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议第二主要委员会临时工作计划”。小组还决定向第三次审查会议建议增编7所载的“《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议最后文件草案”、增编6所载的“关于《特定常规武器公约》的《战争遗留爆炸物议定书》(第五号议定书)开始生效的宣言草案”和增编8所载的“关于在《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》(《公约》)之下建立一项赞助方案的决定草案”。", "31. 在2006年9月6日举行的最后一次全体会议上，政府专家小组通过了载于CCW/GGE/XV/CRP.1号文件并经口头修订的第十五届会议程序性报告，该报告现作为CCW/CONF.III/7－CCW/GGE/XV/6号文件及其增编印发。", "附 件", "政府专家小组第十三届会议 (2006年3月6日至10日) 文件清单", "文 号 标 题 提 交 者 \n CCW/GGE/XIII/1 临时议程 候任主席 \n CCW/GGE/XIII/2 临时工作计划 候任主席 \n CCW/GGE/XIII/3 第三次审查会议临时议程 候任主席 \nCCW/GGE/XIII/4\t《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议议事规则草案\t候任主席\nCCW/GGE/XIII/5\t普遍加入《公约》及其所附议定书\t候任主席\n CCW/GGE/XIII/6 《公约》之下的赞助方案 候任主席 \n CCW/GGE/XIII/7 程序性报告 秘书处 \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WP.1\t旨在启发思考的文件确保第三次审查会议彻底审查《特定常规武器公约》及其议定书的现况和实施情况\t红十字国际委员会\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/1\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议临时议程\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.1\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t意大利\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.2\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t捷克共和国\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.3\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t爱尔兰\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.4\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t南非\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.5\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t墨西哥\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.6\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t葡萄牙\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.7\t评估各类爆炸性弹药成为战争遗留爆炸物的相对风险：方法\t大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.8\t常规弹药类型和系统表(草案)战争\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.9(原文： 中文)\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t中华人民共和国\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.10\t德国对集束弹药的理解\t德国\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.11\t集束武器――真实的抑或想象的人道主义威胁？\t俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12、Corr.1(仅有英文本)和Corr.2(仅有中文、英文和西班牙文本)\t关于缔约国对2005年3月8日国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物问题单(CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件)的答复的报告\t澳大利亚墨尔本大学亚洲太平洋军事法中心\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.1\t关于缔约国对2005年3月8日国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物问题单(CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件)的答复的报告增编\t澳大利亚墨尔本大学亚洲太平洋军事法中心\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.2\t关于缔约国对2005年3月8日国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物问题单(CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件)的答复的报告增编\t澳大利亚墨尔本大学亚洲太平洋军事法中心\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.13\t对澳大利亚墨尔本大学亚洲太平洋军事法中心编写、应战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员请求提交的关于缔约国对2005年3月8日国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物问题单(CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件)答复报告(CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12和增编)的批判性分析\t日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.14\t弹药――减少与战争遗留爆炸物相关风险的方法\t法国\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.15\t评论“关于缔约国对2005年3月8日国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物问题单(CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件)的答复的报告”(该报告由澳大利亚墨尔本大学亚洲太平洋军事法中心编写，应战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员的请求提交，作为CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12号文件及其增编分发)\t红十字国际委员会\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.16\t对已成为战争遗留爆炸物的弹药和子弹药造成的人道主义威胁的情况调查的答复――调查表见“基于答复和调查结论的初步评估”(2005年12月12日CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.11号文件)\t白俄罗斯共和国\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/1\t非杀伤人员地雷军事专家会议临时议程\t非杀伤人员地雷军事专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.1\t非杀伤人员地雷的可探测性对其军事效力的影响\t俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.2\t俄罗斯联邦在探测和排除简易爆炸装置方面的实际经验\t俄罗斯联邦\n CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.3 有前景的爆炸物探测技术 俄罗斯联邦 \n CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.4 反车辆地雷 俄罗斯联邦 \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.5\t制定程序检查杀伤人员地雷自毁机构和自失能装置可靠性的主要办法\t俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.6\t雷场绘图、设置栅栏和标记：俄罗斯联邦的做法\t俄罗斯联邦\n CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.7 目前对使用杀伤人员地雷的限制 俄罗斯联邦 \n CCW/GGE/XIII/CRP.1 程序性报告草案 秘书处 \nCCW/GGE/XIII/INF.1和Add.1(仅有英文/法文/西班牙文本)\t与会者名单\t秘书处\nCCW/GGE/XIII/MISC.1(仅有英文/法文/西班牙文本)\t临时与会者名单\t秘书处", "政府专家小组第十四届会议 (2006年6月19日至23日) 文 件 清 单", "文 号 标 题 提 交 者 \n CCW/GGE/XIV/1 临时工作计划 候任主席 \nCCW/GGE/XIV/2\t修正《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》\t候任主席 CCW/GGE/XIV/3 关于《公约》之下赞助方案的意见 候任主席 \n 一个可操作的进行方法 \nCCW/GGE/XIV/4\t关于促进普遍加入《特定常规武器公约》行动计划的提议\t候任主席\nCCW/GGE/XIV/4/Rev.1\t关于促进普遍加入《特定常规武器公约》行动计划的订正提议\t候任主席\nCCW/GGE/XIV/5和Corr.1\t程序性报告\t秘书处\n CCW/GGE/XIV/WP.1 关于《公约》之下赞助方案的意见 美利坚合众国\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WP.2\t促进遵守《公约》及其所附议定书的备选办法\t美利坚合众国\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WP.3\t筹备审查《特定常规武器公约》及其议定书\t红十字国际委员会\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/1\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议临时议程\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/1/Add.1\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议临时议程增编――附加说明的临时议程\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/1/Add.2和Corr.1(仅有英文和俄文本)\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议临时议程增编――常规弹药类型和系统表(草案)\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.1\t关于CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12、CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.1和CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.2号文件的说明\t澳大利亚墨尔本大学亚洲太平洋军事法中心\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.2\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t匈牙利\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.3\t关于CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.8号文件的技术评论\t阿根廷\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.4\t关于处理建议3的可能办法的初步想法\t澳大利亚墨尔本大学亚洲太平洋军事法中心\n CCW/GGE/XIV/CRP.1 程序性报告草案 秘书处 \nCCW/GGE/XIV/INF.1(仅有英文/法文/西班牙文本)\t与会者名单\t秘书处\nCCW/GGE/XIV/MISC.1(仅有英文/法文/西班牙文本)\t临时与会者名单\t秘书处", "政府专家小组第十五届会议 (2006年8月28日至9月6日) 文件清单", "文 号 标 题 提 交 者 \n CCW/GGE/XV/1/Rev.1 订正的临时工作计划 候任主席 \nCCW/GGE/XV/2\t修正《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》的提案\t候任主席\nCCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.1和Rev.2(仅有英文本)\t遵约提案的修正草案\t候任主席\nCCW/GGE/XV/3和 Rev.1\t关于在《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》(《公约》)之下建立一项赞助方案的决定草案\t候任主席\nCCW/GGE/XV/4\t《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议第一主要委员会临时工作计划\t候任主席\nCCW/GGE/XV/5\t《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议第二主要委员会临时工作计划\t候任主席 CCW/CONF.III/7 程序性报告 秘书处 \n CCW/GGE/XV/6 \nCCW/CONF.III/7/Add.1CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.1\t战争遗留爆炸物问题工作报告\t战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员和军事和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/CONF.III/7/Add.2CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.2\t非杀伤人员地雷问题2006年工作报告\t非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员和军事专家会议主席 CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.3 候任主席关于遵约问题的报告 候任主席 \n CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.3 \nCCW/CONF.III/7/Add.4CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.4\t临时工作计划――第一主要委员会\t政府专家小组\nCCW/CONF.III/7/Add.5CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.5\t临时工作计划――第二主要委员会\t政府专家小组\nCCW/CONF.III/7/Add.6CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.6\t关于《特定常规武器公约》的《战争遗留爆炸物议定书》(第五号议定书)开始生效的宣言草案\t政府专家小组\nCCW/CONF.III/7/Add.7CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.7\t《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议最后文件草案\t政府专家小组\nCCW/CONF.III/7/Add.8CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.8\t关于在《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》(《公约》)之下建立一项赞助方案的决定草案\t政府专家小组\nCCW/GGE/XV/WP.1\t关于谈判一项具有法律约束力的文书以解决集束弹药所引起的人道主义关注的任务授权建议\t奥地利、教廷、爱尔兰、墨西哥、新西兰和瑞典\n CCW/GGE/XV/WP.2 关于研究激光系统的任务授权建议 德国和瑞典 \nCCW/GGE/XV/WP.3\t关于战争遗留爆炸物的任务授权建议\t欧洲联盟\nCCW/GGE/XV/L.1*\t关于《特定常规武器公约》的《战争遗留爆炸物议定书》(第五号议定书)开始生效的宣言草案\t候任主席\nCCW/GGE/XV/L.2\t《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议最后文件草案\t候任主席\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议临时议程\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1/Add.1\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议临时议程–附加说明的临时议程\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1/Add.2\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议临时议程–爆炸性弹药类型和系统表(草案)\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.1\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t西班牙\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.2\t联合国与第五号议定书的执行\t联合国排雷行动处代表地雷行动机构间协调组\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.3\t战争遗留爆炸物军事专家小组内关于集束弹药问题的共同理解初议\t德国\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1、Corr.1(仅有英文本)和 Rev.1\t关于使用非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的一组规定――政府专家小组会取得协商一致意见的规定汇编\t非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/WP.1\t评论CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1和CORR.1号文件所载的“关于使用非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的一组规定――政府专家小组会取得协商一致意见的规定汇编”\t欧洲联盟\n CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/WP.2 关于反车辆地雷的建议 巴基斯坦 \nCCW/GGE/XV/INF.1和Add.1(仅有英文/法文/西班牙文本)\t与会者名单\t秘书处\n CCW/GGE/XV/CRP.1 程序性报告草案 秘书处 \nCCW/GGE/XV/MISC.1(仅有英文/法文/西班牙文本)\t临时与会者名单\t秘书处", "上述文件的所有正式语文本都可通过联合国正式文件系统查到(http://documents. un.org)，也可从作为联合国日内瓦办事处网站(http://www.unog.ch/disarmament/)一部分的《特定常规武器公约》正式网站上查到。" ]

[ "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议", "2006年11月7日至17日,日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "提交委员会的报告", "政府专家组", "程序性报告", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国政府专家小组", "第十五届会议", "2006年8月28日至9月6日,日内瓦", "目 录", "CCW/GGE/XV/6 程序事项 页:1 政府专家小组第十三届会议文件一览表 2006年3月6日至10日\n第十五届会议,2006年8月28日至9月6日\n增编\n裁军谈判会议 战争遗留爆炸物问题工作报告\n日内瓦 2006年非杀伤人员地雷问题工作报告\nCCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.3号文件 候任主席关于遵约问题的报告\nCCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.4 临时工作计划----主要委员会 一、导 言\nCCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.5 临时工作计划----第二主要委员会\nCCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.6号文件 《战争遗留爆炸物公约议定书》(第五议定书)生效宣言草案\nCCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.7号文件 《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约方第三次审查会议最后文件草案\nCCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.8 裁军谈判会议 关于在《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》(《特定常规武器公约》)下设立赞助方案的决定草案", "程序性报告", "秘书处编写", "1. 联合国 1. 如其报告(CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件)第29段所载,2005年11月24日和25日在日内瓦举行的《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》(《特定常规武器公约》)缔约国会议决定在《公约》缔约国第三次审查会议候任主席的监督下开展后续工作。", "2. 联合国 2. 如CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件第26段所述,缔约国会议决定“结合经修正后的第二号议定书缔约国第八届年度会议,于2006年11月7日至17日在日内瓦举行公约缔约国第三次审查会议。” 缔约国会议还决定,如CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件第27段所述,“第三次审查会议的所有必要筹备工作均应在现有政府专家小组的框架内进行。 “", "3个 2. 如CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件第35段所述,缔约国会议决定建议“联合国秘书长作为《公约》及其所附议定书的保存人和候任主席代表缔约国行使职权,以实现普遍加入《公约》及其所附议定书的目标。 “", " 4.四. 2. 如CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件第30段所述,缔约国会议决定,战争遗留爆炸物问题工作组在2006年继续开展工作,其任务如下:", "“继续审议国际人道主义法现有原则的实施情况,包括由法律专家参加审议,并在可自由参加的基础上进一步研究可否采取预防措施来改进包括子弹药在内的某些特定类型弹药的设计,以期将此种弹药成为战争遗留爆炸物的人道主义危险降至最低程度,同时特别强调军事和技术专家会议。 信息交换、援助与合作将是这项工作的一部分。 工作组将向2006年第三次审查会议报告所做的工作。 “", "5 (韩语). 1. 如CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件第31段所述,缔约国会议决定,非杀伤人员地雷问题工作组于2006年继续开展工作,其任务如下:", "“(a) 继续审议自政府专家小组设立以来就非杀伤人员地雷提出的所有提案,以就非杀伤人员地雷拟订适当的建议,提交2006年第三次审查会议。", "(b) 还应举行军事专家会议,就这些活动提供意见。 “", "6. 国家 如CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件第32段所述,缔约国会议决定,“候任主席应在闭会期间进行磋商,以探讨可采取何种办法来促进对《公约》及其所附议定书的遵守,同时考虑到所提出的建议,并应以协商一致的方式向缔约国提交一份报告。 “", "7. 联合国 2. 如CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件第33段所述,缔约国会议决定,“候任主席应在休会期间就能否根据《公约》设立一个赞助方案以及这种赞助方案的模式进行磋商,并向缔约国报告。 “", "8. 联合国 如CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件第38段所述,缔约国会议决定“指定法国的弗朗索瓦·里瓦索大使为2006年举行的缔约国第三次审查会议主席。” 缔约国还任命立陶宛的埃德瓦尔达斯·鲍里索瓦斯大使为战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员,巴西的卡洛斯·安东尼奥·达罗沙·帕拉尼奥斯大使为非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员。", "9. 国家 2. 如CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件第28段所述,缔约国会议决定“政府专家小组的闭会期间工作将分2006年在日内瓦举行的三届会议进行。 “", "10个 1. 政府专家小组第十五届会议于2006年8月28日至9月6日在日内瓦举行。", "11个 《公约》的下列缔约国参加了工作组的工作:阿尔巴尼亚、阿根廷、澳大利亚、奥地利、孟加拉国、白俄罗斯、比利时、贝宁、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、巴西、保加利亚、加拿大、智利、中国、哥斯达黎加、克罗地亚、古巴、塞浦路斯、捷克共和国、丹麦、厄瓜多尔、爱沙尼亚、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、危地马拉、教廷、匈牙利、印度、爱尔兰、以色列、意大利、日本、约旦、拉脱维亚、莱索托、立陶宛、马耳他、墨西哥、摩洛哥、荷兰、新西兰、尼日尔、挪威、巴基斯坦、秘鲁、菲律宾、波兰、葡萄牙、大韩民国、摩尔多瓦共和国、罗马尼亚、俄罗斯联邦、塞内加尔、塞尔维亚、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亚、南非、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、土耳其、乌干达、乌克兰、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国、美利坚合众国和委内瑞拉。", "12个 《公约》的下列签署国也参加了小组的工作:阿富汗和埃及。", "13个 下列非《公约》缔约国以观察员身份参加了会议:阿塞拜疆、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、科威特、黎巴嫩、阿拉伯利比亚民众国、马来西亚、缅甸、卡塔尔、沙特阿拉伯、阿拉伯联合酋长国和也门。", "14个 联合国裁军研究所(裁研所)和联合国排雷行动处的代表参加了小组的工作。", "15个 下列组织的代表也参加了小组的工作:日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心和红十字国际委员会(红十字委员会)。", "16号. 下列非政府组织的代表也参加了工作组的工作: 地雷行动小组、奥地利援助地雷受害者组织、集束弹药联盟、日内瓦呼吁组织、国际残疾协会、人权观察社、国际禁止地雷运动、地雷行动(联合王国)、挪威人民援助组织、基督和平会国际、荷兰基督和平会、瑞士禁止地雷运动、乍得促进环境运动、Exeter大学。", "17岁。 2. 2006年8月28日,第三次审查会议候任主席法国的弗朗索瓦·里瓦索大使宣布会议开幕。", "18岁。 政府专家小组工作组会议由两名协调员主持:立陶宛的埃德瓦尔达斯·鲍里索瓦斯大使担任战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员;巴西的卡洛斯·安东尼奥·达罗沙·帕拉尼奥斯大使担任非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员。 裁军事务部日内瓦办事处政治事务干事彼得·科拉罗夫先生担任小组秘书,政治事务干事班坦·努格罗霍先生提供协助。", " 19. 19. 小组举行了8次全体会议。 4. 在2006年8月28日第一次全体会议上,小组确认了其议程(CCW/GGE/XIII/7, 附件一)和第二次审查会议通过并使用的议事规则(CCW/CONF.II/PC.1/1, 并作口头修正),并通过了工作计划(CCW/GGE/XV/1/Rev.1)。", "20号. 5. 在同一次全体会议上,政府专家小组审议了参与问题,包括联合国机构、专门机构和其他机构以及非政府组织参与小组工作的问题,并商定在其活动中尽量保持透明度。", "21岁 5. 在同一次全体会议上,下列国家参加了关于第三次审查会议筹备工作的一般性交换意见:阿根廷、加拿大、中国、芬兰(代表欧洲联盟、加入国保加利亚和罗马尼亚、候选国克罗地亚和前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、稳定与结盟进程国及潜在候选国阿尔巴尼亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、黑山、塞尔维亚以及赞同其立场的乌克兰和摩尔多瓦共和国)、日本、挪威、巴基斯坦、大韩民国和俄罗斯联邦。 日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心、人权观察和集束弹药联盟也参加了一般性意见交换会。", "22号. 在2006年8月28日的全体会议上,政府专家小组专门审议了《特定常规武器公约》关于战争遗留爆炸物的第五号议定书的现况。 会议由立陶宛战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员埃德瓦尔达斯·鲍里索瓦斯大使主持。 专家组注意到已通知联合国秘书长同意受关于战争遗留爆炸物的第五号议定书约束的23个缔约国:阿尔巴尼亚、保加利亚、克罗地亚、捷克共和国、丹麦、萨尔瓦多、芬兰、德国、教廷、印度、利比里亚、列支敦士登、立陶宛、卢森堡、荷兰、尼加拉瓜、挪威、塞拉利昂、斯洛伐克、瑞典、瑞士、塔吉克斯坦和乌克兰。 专家组还注意到,根据《公约》第5条第3款,第五号议定书将于2006年11月12日在《公约》缔约国第三次审查会议期间生效。", "23. 联合国 根据2005年《公约》缔约国会议的决定(CCW/MSP/2005/2),政府专家小组在2006年8月28日、9月4日和6日的全体会议上专门审议了2006年《公约》缔约国第三次审查会议的筹备工作。 会议由法国的弗朗索瓦·里瓦索大使主持,并审议了候任主席提交的2006年8月25日CCW/GGE/XV/4号文件所载的“禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约缔约国第三次审查会议第一主要委员会临时工作计划”和2006年8月29日CCW/GGE/XV/L.2号文件所载的“禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约缔约国第三次审查会议第二主要委员会临时工作计划”。", "24 (韩语). 根据2005年《公约》缔约国会议的决定(CCW/MSP/2005/2),政府专家小组在2006年8月30日、9月4日和6日的全体会议上专门审议了促进遵守《公约》的各种备选办法。 会议由法国的弗朗索瓦·里瓦索大使主持,他得到遵约问题主席之友克罗地亚的戈尔丹·马尔科蒂奇大使的协助,并审议了候任主席提交的2006年8月16日CCW/GGE/XV/2号文件、2006年9月1日CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.1号文件和2006年9月5日CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.2号文件所载题为“《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》修正案”的文件。", "25岁 根据2005年《公约》缔约国会议所作出的决定(CCW/MSP/2005/2),政府专家小组在2006年8月30日、9月4日和6日的全体会议上专门审议了在《公约》下设立一个赞助方案的可能性和这种赞助方案的模式。 会议由法国的弗朗索瓦·里瓦索大使主持,审议了候任主席提交的2006年8月16日CCW/GGE/XV/3号文件所载题为“关于在《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》(《特定常规武器公约》)下设立赞助方案的决定草案”和2006年8月31日CCW/GGE/XV/3/Rev.1所载“关于在《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》下设立赞助方案的订正决定草案”的文件。", "26. 联合国 战争遗留爆炸物问题工作组举行了三次会议并讨论了国际人道主义法现有原则的实施情况和可能采取的预防措施,目的是改进包括子弹药在内的某些特定类型弹药的设计,以尽量减少这些弹药成为战争遗留爆炸物的人道主义危险。 会议还审议了候任主席提交的一份文件,题为“关于《特定常规武器公约》关于战争遗留爆炸物的第五号议定书生效的宣言草案”,载于2006年8月25日CCW/GGE/XV/L.1号文件。 会议还举行了一次由日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心Vera Bohle女士主持的军事和技术专家会议,讨论了战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席2006年8月8日提交的题为“战争遗留爆炸物军事专家会议临时议程”的CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1号文件及其增编,分别载于2006年8月8日题为“附加说明的临时议程”的CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1/Add.1号文件和2006年10月6日题为“爆炸性弹药类型和系统一览表草案”的CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1/Add.2号文件。", "27个 非杀伤人员地雷问题工作组举行了三次会议并讨论了自政府专家小组设立以来提出的关于非杀伤人员地雷的提案。 委员会审议了协调员提交的题为“关于使用非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的一套规定”的文件。 载于2006年8月14日CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1号文件和2006年9月4日CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1/Rev.1号文件的政府专家小组可取得协商一致意见的规定汇编。 它还举行了一次由巴西的Gerson Menandro Garcia de Freitas准将主持的军事专家会议。", "28岁 会议期间,政府专家小组审议了附件所列的CCW/GGE/XV/1至CCW/GGE/XV/5、CCW/GGE/XV/WP.1至CCW/GGE/XV/WP.3号文件以及CCW/GGE/XV/L.1和CCW/GGE/XV/L.2号文件。 战争遗留爆炸物问题工作组审议了附件所列的CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1、CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1/Add.1、CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1/Add.2和CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.1至CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.3号文件。 1. 非杀伤人员地雷问题工作组审议了附件所列的CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1、CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1/Rev.1和CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/WP.1和CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/WP.2号文件。 这些文件的所有正式语文本均可通过联合国正式文件系统(http://documents.un.org)和作为联合国日内瓦办事处网站一部分的《特定常规武器公约》官方网站(http://www.unog.ch/disarmament)查阅。", "29. 国家 政府专家小组听取了红十字委员会关于“战地激光和视力丧失:剂量问题”的介绍;独立顾问Gari Owen关于“激光及相关危险”的介绍;联合国裁军事务部关于启动《特定常规武器公约》新官方网站的介绍,该网站是联合国日内瓦办事处网站(http://www.unog.ch/disarmament/)的一部分。 战争遗留爆炸物问题工作组听取了下列人士的发言:法国,题为“战争遗留爆炸物——质量管理进程”;联合国排雷行动处,题为“黎巴嫩集束弹药”;人权观察,题为“集束弹药、战争遗留爆炸物和第五号议定书”。", "30岁。 政府专家小组决定向第三次审查会议建议增编4所载“禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约缔约国第三次审查会议第一主要委员会暂定工作方案”和增编所载“禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约缔约国第三次审查会议第二主要委员会暂定工作方案”。 5. 工作组还决定向第三次审查会议建议增编7所载 \" 《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议最后文件草案 \" 、增编6所载 \" 《特定常规武器公约》关于战争遗留爆炸物的第五号议定书生效宣言草案 \" 以及增编8所载 \" 关于根据《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》设立赞助方案的决定草案 \" 。", "31岁 在2006年9月6日最后一次全体会议上,政府专家小组通过了经口头修正的载于CCW/GGE/XV/CRP.1号文件的第十五届会议程序性报告,该报告已作为CCW/CONF号文件印发。 CCW/GGE/XV/6及其增编。", "页:1", "文件清单", "政府专家小组的报告", "第十三届会议,2006年3月6日至10日", "文号 标题\nCCW/GGE/XIII/1 临时议程\nCCW/GGE/XIII/2 候任主席临时工作计划\nCCW/GGE/XIII/3 第三次审查会议临时议程\nCCW/GGE/XIII/4 《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议议事规则草案\nCCW/GGE/XIII/5 普遍加入《特定常规武器公约》及其所附议定书\nCCW/GGE/XIII/6 赞助 《公约》之下的方案\nCCW/GGE/XIII/7 程序性报告秘书处\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WP.1号文件 食取思纸. 确保第三次审查会议彻底审查《特定常规武器公约》及其议定书的现况和实施情况\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/1 战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席会议临时议程 ERW专家\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.1 对题为国际人道主义法和战争遗留爆炸物的文件CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2的答复,2005年3月8日,意大利\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.2 对题为 \" 国际人道主义法和战争遗留爆炸物 \" 的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复,2005年3月8日,捷克共和国\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.3 对题为 \" 国际人道主义法和战争遗留爆炸物 \" 的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复,2005年3月8日,爱尔兰\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.4 对题为国际人道主义法和战争遗留爆炸物的文件CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2的答复,2005年3月8日,南非\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.5 对题为 \" 国际人道主义法和战争遗留爆炸物 \" 的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复,2005年3月8日,墨西哥\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.6 对CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复,题为国际人道主义法和战争遗留爆炸物,日期为2005年3月8日,葡萄牙\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.7 评估各类爆炸物成为战争遗留爆炸物的相关危险:大不列颠和北爱尔兰联合王国的方法\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.8 公约一览表草案 军事和技术会议主席 ERW专家\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.9 (原件:中文) 对题为 \" 国际人道主义法和战争遗留爆炸物 \" 的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复,2005年3月8日,中华人民共和国\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.10 德国对集束弹药的理解 德国\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.11 集束弹药――真正的人道主义威胁,还是想象中的威胁? 俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12,Corr.1(仅英文)和Corr.2(仅中文、英文和西班牙文) 对国际人道主义法和战争遗留爆炸物问题单的答复,CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,2005年3月8日 澳大利亚梅尔本大学亚洲太平洋军事法中心\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.1 关于缔约国的报告 对国际问题调查表的答复 人道主义法和战争遗留爆炸物,CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,2005年3月8日-增编 澳大利亚梅尔本大学亚洲太平洋军事法中心\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.2 关于缔约国的报告 对国际问题调查表的答复 人道主义法和战争遗留爆炸物,CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,2005年3月8日-增编 澳大利亚梅尔本大学亚洲太平洋军事法中心\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.13 关于 \" 关于缔约国对国际人道主义法和战争遗留爆炸物问题单的答复的报告 \" 的批判性分析,CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,2005年3月8日,澳大利亚墨尔本大学亚洲太平洋军事法中心编写,应战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员的请求作为CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12号文件和日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心增编提交\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.14 弹药----一种减少与法国战争遗留爆炸物相关风险的方法\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.15 2005年3月8日由澳大利亚墨尔本大学亚洲太平洋军事法中心编写,应战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员的请求作为CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12号文件和Addenda International提交的对 \" 缔约国对国际人道主义法和战争遗留爆炸物问题单的答复 \" 的意见 红十字委员会\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.16号文件 2005年12月12日印发的CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.11号文件,对 \" 接受战争遗留爆炸物的部队和分部队造成的人道主义威胁调查----根据答复和调查结果所作的初步评估 \" 的答复 白俄罗斯\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/1 非杀伤人员地雷军事专家会议主席会议临时议程\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.1号文件 非杀伤人员地雷的可探测性对其军事效力的影响\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.2 俄罗斯联邦在探测和拆除简易爆炸装置方面的实际经验\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.3号文件 探测爆炸物的有前途的技术\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.4号文件 俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.5 制定方法以核查杀伤人员地雷自毁装置和自失能装置的可靠性的主要办法\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.6号文件 雷场的绘图、围栏和标记:俄罗斯联邦的做法\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.7号文件 目前对使用杀伤人员地雷的限制\nCCW/GGE/XIII/CRP.1 程序性报告草稿\n(英语/法语/西班牙语)\nCCW/GGE/XIII/MISC.1 (英文/法文/西班牙文) 与会国临时名单 秘书处", "文件清单", "政府专家小组的报告", "2006年6月19日至23日,第十四届会议", "标题\nCCW/GGE/XIV/1 临时工作计划\nCCW/GGE/XIV/2 《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》修正案\nCCW/GGE/XIV/3 赞助 《公约》之下的方案。 可能的前进行动方向\nCCW/GGE/XIV/4 关于促进普遍加入《特定常规武器公约》行动计划的建议\nCCW/GGE/XIV/4/Rev.1 关于促进普遍加入《特定常规武器公约》行动计划的修订提案\nCCW/GGE/XIV/5和Corr.1 程序性报告秘书处\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WP.1号文件 关于《特定常规武器公约》赞助方案的意见\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WP.2 促进遵守《公约》及其所附议定书的备选办法\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WP.3 筹备对《特定常规武器公约》及其议定书的审查 红十字委员会\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/1 战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席会议临时议程 ERW专家\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/1/Add.1 战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议临时议程-增编-战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席附加说明的临时议程\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/1/Add.2和Corr.1(仅有英文本和俄文本) 战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议临时议程-增编-战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席会议清单草案\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.1 CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12、CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.1和CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.2号文件的评论 澳大利亚梅尔本大学亚洲太平洋军事法中心\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.2 2005年3月8日匈牙利对题为“IHL和战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\n对CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.8号文件的技术评论\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.4 澳大利亚墨尔本大学亚洲太平洋军事法中心建议3的可能办法的初步想法\nCCW/GGE/XIV/CRP.1 程序草案 报告秘书处\nCCW/GGE/XIV/INF.1(英文/法文/西班牙文) 与会者名单\nCCW/GGE/XIV/MISC.1 (英文/法文/西班牙文) 与会国临时名单 秘书处", "文件清单", "政府专家小组的报告", "2006年8月6日至9月6日,日内瓦", "文号 标题\nCCW/GGE/XV/1/Rev.1 候任主席的订正临时工作计划\nCCW/GGE/XV/2 《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》修正案\nCCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.1和Rev.2(只有英文本) 关于遵约问题的提案草案\nCCW/GGE/XV/3和Rev.1 关于在《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》(《特定常规武器公约》)下设立一项提案的决定草案\nCCW/GGE/XV/4 禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约缔约国第三次审查会议第一主要委员会临时工作计划\nCCW/GGE/XV/5 禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约缔约国第三次审查会议第二主要委员会临时工作计划\nCCW/GGE/XV/6 程序性报告秘书处\nCCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.1 裁军谈判会议 关于战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员和军事和技术专家会议主席的工作报告\nCCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.2 裁军谈判会议 2006年非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员和 专家\n* 由于技术原因重新印发。 候任主席关于遵约问题的报告\nCCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.4 临时工作计划----第一政府专家小组 专家\nCCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.5 临时工作计划----第二主要委员会 专家\nCCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.6 裁军谈判会议 《特定常规武器公约》战争遗留爆炸物议定书(第五号议定书)生效宣言草案 专家\n页:1 禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约缔约国第三次审查会议最后文件草案 专家\n* 由于技术原因重新印发。 在《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》之下设立赞助方案的决定草案 专家\nCCW/GGE/XV/WP.1 关于授权谈判一项解决由集束弹药引起的人道主义关切的法律依据的建议\nCCW/GGE/XV/WP.2 德国和瑞典关于研究激光系统的任务提案\nCCW/GGE/XV/WP.3 关于战争遗留爆炸物的任务授权的建议\nCCW/GGE/XV/L.1* 《特定常规武器公约》关于战争遗留爆炸物的第五号议定书生效宣言草案\nCCW/GGE/XV/L.2 禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约缔约国第三次审查会议最后文件草案\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1 战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席的临时议程 ERW专家\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1/Add.1 战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议临时议程――战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席附加说明的临时议程\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1/Add.2 战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议临时议程――战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席爆炸类型和系统一览表草案\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.1 对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法和战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复,西班牙\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.2号文件 联合国与第五号议定书实施工作\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.3 关于在《特定常规武器公约》德国军事试验组内就集束弹药达成共同谅解的倡议\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1/Corr.1(仅有英文本)和Rev.1 关于使用非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的一套规定----非杀伤人员地雷问题政府专家小组协调员可达成共识的规定汇编\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/WP.1号文件 关于使用MOTAPM/AVM的一套规定的评论。 载于CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1和Corr.1号文件的可在政府专家小组中达成共识的规定汇编\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/WP.2 关于巴基斯坦反车辆地雷的提案\nCCW/GGE/XV/INF.1和Add.1(英文/法文/西班牙文) 与会者名单\nCCW/GGE/XV/CRP.1 程序草案 报告秘书处\nCCW/GGE/XV/MISC.1(英文/法文/西班牙文本) 秘书处", "上述文件的所有正式语文本均可通过联合国正式文件系统http://documents.un.org和作为联合国日内瓦办事处网站一部分的《特定常规武器公约》官方网站http://www.unog.ch/disarmament/查阅。" ]

[ "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THESTATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAINCONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BEDEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUS OR TO HAVEINDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.4CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.413 October 2006Original:", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Submission of the report of the", "Group of Governmental Experts", "PROCEDURAL REPORT", "GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS OF THE STATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS", "Fifteenth Session", "Geneva, 28 August – 6 September 2006", "Addendum", "Provisional Programme of Work", "Main Committee I", "PROVISIONAL PROGRAMME OF WORK", "MAIN COMMITTEE I", "DATE\tAGENDAITEM\tTITLE Thursday, 1 Opening of the meeting by the Chairperson 9 November2006 \n10 a.m. -1 p.m. \n\t2\tReview of the scope and operation of theConvention and its annexed Protocols.General statements regarding new proposalsFriday,10November2006\t3\tConsideration of possible options topromote compliance with the Convention andits annexed Protocols[1] \n10 a.m. -1 p.m. Tuesday,14November2006\t4\tConsideration of the scope and operation ofthe Convention and its annexed Protocols: \n10 a.m.-1p.m. \n\t4 (a)\tPlan of Action on the universalization ofthe Convention and its annexed Protocols;\n\t4 (b)\tEstablishment of a Sponsorship programmeunder the Convention. Wednesday, 5 Consideration of Laser Systems 15November2006 \n10 a.m.-1p.m. \n\t6\tConsideration of procedural matters andfollow-up\n 7 Any other matters \n 8 Conclusions", "[1] In accordance with the mandate as contained in paragraph 32 of CCW/MSP/2005/2 dated 14 February 2006." ]

[ "2006年11月7日至17日，日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "提交政府专家小组的报告", "程序性报告", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或 滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》 缔约国政府专家小组", "第十五届会议 2006年8月28日至9月6日，日内瓦", "增 编", "临时工作计划", "第一主要委员会", "临时工作计划", "第一主要委员会", "日 期\t议程项目\t标 题\n2006年11月9日星期四上午10时至下午1时\t1\t主席宣布会议开幕\n\t2\t审查《公约》及其所附议定书的范围和实施情况。关于新提案的一般性发言\n2006年11月10日星期五上午10时至下午1时\t3\t审议可采取何种办法促进对《公约》及其所附议定书的遵守[1]\n2006年11月14日星期二上午10时至下午1时\t4\t审查《公约》及其所附议定书的范围和实施情况\n\t4(a)\t普遍加入《公约》及其所附议定书行动计划\n 4(b) 设立《公约》之下的赞助方案 \n2006年11月15日星期三上午10时至下午1时\t5\t审议激光系统\n 6 审议程序性事项和后续工作 \n 7 任何其他事项 \n 8 结论", "[1] 根据2006年2月14日CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件第32段所载任务授权。" ]

[ "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力 或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议 原文:英文", "2006年11月7日至17日,日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "提交委员会的报告", "政府专家组", "程序性报告", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国政府专家小组", "第十五届会议", "2006年8月28日至9月6日,日内瓦", "增编", "临时工作计划", "主要委员会 一、导 言", "临时 工作计划", "主要委员会 一、导 言", "日期议程 主席宣布会议开幕\n上午10时至下午1时\n2 审查《公约》及其所附议定书的范围和实施情况。 关于新提案的一般性发言 3. 审议可采取何种办法来促进对《公约》及其所附议定书的遵守[1]\n2006年11月14日星期二上午10时至下午1时 4. 审议《公约》及其所附议定书的范围和实施情况:\n上午10时至下午1时\n关于普遍加入《公约》及其所附议定书的行动计划;\n4(b) 建立《公约》之下的赞助方案。 2006年11月15日星期三 审议激光系统\n上午10时至下午1时\n6. 审议程序事项并采取后续行动\n第7条 其他事项\n8 结论", "[1] 根据2006年2月14日CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件第32段所载的任务授权。" ]

[ "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THESTATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAINCONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BEDEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUS OR TO HAVEINDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.5CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.513 October 2006Original:", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Submission of the report of the", "Group of Governmental Experts", "PROCEDURAL REPORT", "GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS OF THE STATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS", "Fifteenth Session", "Geneva, 28 August – 6 September 2006", "Addendum", "Provisional Programme of Work", "Main Committee II", "PROVISIONAL PROGRAMME OF WORK", "MAIN COMMITTEE II", "DATE\tAGENDAITEM\tTITLE Thursday, 1 Opening of the meeting by the Chairperson 9 November2006 \n3 p.m. - 6p.m. \n 2 General statements regarding new proposals Friday,10November2006\t3\tConsideration of Mines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines[1] \n3 p.m. - 6p.m. Tuesday, 4 Consideration of Explosive Remnants of War[2] 14November2006 \n3 p.m. - 6p.m. Wednesday, ~~5~~ ~~Consideration of […]~~ 15November2006 \n3 p.m. - 6p.m. \n\t6\tConsideration of procedural matters andfollow-up\n 7 Any other matters \n 8 Conclusions", "[1] In accordance with the mandate as contained in paragraph 31 of CCW/MSP/2005/2 dated 14 February 2006.", "[2] In accordance with the mandate as contained in paragraph 30 of CCW/MSP/2005/2 dated 14 February 2006." ]

[ "2006年11月7日至17日，日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "提交政府专家小组的报告", "程序性报告", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或 滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》 缔约国政府专家小组", "第十五届会议 2006年8月28日至9月6日，日内瓦", "增 编", "临时工作计划", "第二主要委员会", "临时工作计划", "第二主要委员会", "日 期\t议 程项 目\t名 称\n2006年11月9日星期四下午3时至6时\t1\t主席宣布会议开幕\n 2 关于新提案的一般性发言 \n2006年11月10日星期五下午3时至6时\t3\t审议非杀伤人员地雷问题[1]\n2006年11月14日星期二下午3时至6时\t4\t审议战争遗留爆炸物问题[2]\n2006年11月15日星期三下午3时至6时\t6\t审议程序性事项和后续工作\n 7 任何其他事项 \n 8 结论", "[1] ¹ 根据2006年2月14日CCW／MSP／2005／2号文件第31段所载任务授权。", "[2] ² 根据2006年2月14日CCW／MSP／2005／2号文件第30段所载任务授权。" ]

[ "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议 原文:英文", "2006年11月7日至17日,日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "提交委员会的报告", "政府专家组", "程序性报告", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国政府专家小组", "第十五届会议", "2006年8月28日至9月6日,日内瓦", "增编", "临时工作计划", "第二主要委员会", "临时 工作计划", "第二主要委员会", "日期议程 主席宣布会议开幕\n下午3时至6时\n2 关于新提案的一般性发言 2006年11月10日星期五 3\n下午3时-6时 审议战争遗留爆炸物[2]\n下午3时至6时 星期三, 考虑[......] 页:1\n下午3时至6时\n6. 审议程序事项并采取后续行动\n第7条 其他事项\n8 结论", "[1] 根据2006年2月14日CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件第31段所载的任务授权。", "[2] 根据2006年2月14日CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件第30段所载的任务授权。" ]

[ "Sixty-fifth session", "Agenda item 42", "The situation in Central America: progress in fashioning a region of peace, freedom, democracy and development", "Identical letters dated 15 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Honduras to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the General Assembly", "I have the honour to transmit to you, and through you to the Member States of the United Nations, Organization of American States resolution AG/RES. 1 (XLI-E/11) on “Participation of Honduras in the Organization of American States”, by which Honduras returned to that regional organization as a full member (see annex).", "I should be grateful if the present letter and its annex could be distributed as a document of the General Assembly under agenda item 42.", "(Signed) Mary E. Flores Flake Ambassador and Permanent Representative", "Annex to the identical letters dated 15 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Honduras to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the General Assembly", "[Original: English]", "Resolution AG/RES. 1 (XLI-E/11) on the participation of Honduras in the Organization of American States", "Adopted at the plenary session, held on 1 June 2011 and subject to revision by the Style Committee", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling article 22 of the Inter-American Democratic Charter which provides that once the situation that led to suspension of a member State has been resolved, that suspension may be lifted;", "Considering resolution AG/RES. 2 (XXXVII-E/09) which suspended “the Honduran State from the exercise of its right to participate in the Organization of American States, in accordance with article 21 of the Inter-American Democratic Charter” as a result of the coup d’etat against the constitutional Government of that country on 28 June 2009;", "Sharing the conviction that democracy is one of our region’s most valued accomplishments and that the peaceful transfer of power through constitutional means and in strict compliance with the constitutional rules of each of our States is the product of a continuous and irreversible process in which the region admits no interruption or setbacks; and", "Noting with satisfaction the Agreement for National Reconciliation and Consolidation of the Democratic System in the Republic of Honduras signed at Cartagena de Indias on 22 May 2011, by the President of the Republic of Honduras, Porfirio Lobo, and the former President of the Republic of Honduras, José Manuel Zelaya Rosales, witnessed by the mediators Juan Manuel Santos Calderón, President of the Republic of Colombia, and Hugo Chávez Frías, President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, and noting also its Follow-Up Committee,", "Resolves:", "1. To lift the suspension, with immediate effect, of the right of the State of Honduras to participate in the Organization of American States, which was put into effect by resolution AG/RES. 2 (XXXVII-E/09), adopted on 4 July 2009 at the thirty-seventh special session of the General Assembly.", "2. To instruct the Secretary General to notify the Government of the State of Honduras of the contents of this resolution.", "3. To instruct the Secretary General to transmit this resolution to the other organs, agencies and entities of the inter-American system and to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.", "4. To welcome the Agreement for National Reconciliation and Consolidation of the Democratic System in the Republic of Honduras and its Follow-Up Committee, within the framework of full respect for the principle of non-intervention." ]

[ "第六十五届会议", "议程项目42", "中美洲局势：形成和平、自由、 民主和发展区域的进展", "2011年7月15日洪都拉斯常驻联合国代表给秘书长和大会主席的同文信", "谨随函向阁下转递，并通过阁下向联合国会员国转递美洲国家组织关于“洪都拉斯加入美洲国家组织”的AG/RES.1(XLI-E/11)号决议，洪都拉斯已凭此决议全面重返该区域组织(见附件)。", "请将本函及其附件作为大会议程项目42下的文件分发为荷。", "常驻代表", "大使", "玛丽·弗洛雷斯·弗雷克(签名)", "2011年7月15日洪都拉斯常驻联合国代表给秘书长和大会主席的同文信的附件", "[原件：英文]", "关于洪都拉斯加入美洲国家组织的AG/RES.1(XLI-E/11)号决议", "在2011年6月1日举行的全体会议上通过，须经体例委员会订正", "大会，", "回顾《美洲民主宪章》第22条，其中规定，一旦导致成员国被暂停资格的情况得到解决，即可恢复其成员资格；", "考虑到由于2009年6月28日发生针对洪都拉斯宪法政府的政变，“依照《美洲民主宪章》第21条”，AG/RES.2(XXXVII-E/09)号决议暂停“洪都拉斯国家行使其加入美洲国家组织的权利”；", "同样确信，民主是本区域最有价值的成就之一，而遵照每个国家的宪法规则，通过宪法手段和平转移权力，是本区域确认不得中断或倒退的持续和不可逆进程的产物；并", "满意地注意到，洪都拉斯共和国总统波菲里奥·洛沃与洪都拉斯共和国前总统何塞·曼努埃尔·塞拉亚·罗萨莱斯在调解人哥伦比亚共和国总统胡安·曼努埃尔·桑托斯·卡尔德隆和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国总统乌戈·查韦斯·弗里亚斯的见证下，于2011年5月22日在哥伦比亚卡特赫纳签署《洪都拉斯共和国民族和解与巩固民主体制协议》，还注意到其后续行动委员会，", "决定：", "1. 恢复经2009年7月4日大会第三十七届特别会议通过的AG/RES.2(XXXVII- E/09)号决议暂停的洪都拉斯国家加入美洲国家组织的权利，且立即生效；", "2. 指示秘书长将本决议的内容通知洪都拉斯国家政府；", "3. 指示秘书长将本决议转交美洲系统其他机关、机构和实体以及联合国秘书长；", "4. 在全面遵守不干涉原则的框架内，欢迎《洪都拉斯共和国民族和解与巩固民主体制协议》及其后续行动委员会。" ]

[ "第六十五届会议", "议程项目42", "中美洲局势:形成和平、自由、民主和发展区域的进展", "2011年7月15日洪都拉斯常驻联合国代表给秘书长和大会主席的同文信", "谨向你并通过你向联合国会员国转递美洲国家组织AG/RES号决议。 1(XLI-E/11),“洪都拉斯参加美洲国家组织”,洪都拉斯作为该组织的正式成员重返该组织(见附件)。", "请将本函及其附件作为大会议程项目42的文件分发为荷。", "(签名) 玛丽·弗洛雷斯·弗莱克(签名)", "2011年7月15日洪都拉斯常驻联合国代表给秘书长和大会主席的同文信的附件", "[原件:英", "关于洪都拉斯参加美洲国家组织的第AG/RES.1(XLI-E/11)号决议", "2011年6月1日举行的全体会议通过,有待样式委员会修订", "大会,", "回顾《美洲民主宪章》第22条,其中规定,一旦导致一个成员国被中止的情况得到解决后,可以解除中止;", "考虑到第AG/RES.2 (XXXVII-E/09)号决议,该决议因2009年6月28日针对洪都拉斯立宪政府的政变而暂停“洪都拉斯根据《美洲民主宪章》第21条行使参加美洲国家组织的权利”;", "赞同以下信念:民主是我们区域最宝贵的成就之一,通过宪法手段和严格遵守我们每个国家的宪法规则和平移交权力,是持续和不可逆转进程的产物,在这个进程中,该区域不会受到干扰或挫折;", "满意地注意到洪都拉斯共和国总统波菲里奥·洛博和洪都拉斯共和国前总统何塞·曼努埃尔·塞拉亚·罗萨莱斯2011年5月22日在卡塔赫纳德印第亚斯签署的《洪都拉斯共和国民族和解与巩固民主制度协定》,哥伦比亚共和国总统胡安·曼努埃尔·桑托斯·卡尔德隆和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国总统乌戈·查韦斯·弗里亚斯见证了该协定,并注意到其后续委员会,", "决定:", "1. 联合国 1. 立即取消第AG/RES号决议实施的洪都拉斯国参加美洲国家组织的权利的中止。 第2(XXXVII-E/09)号决议,2009年7月4日第三十七届特别会议通过。", "2. 联合国 指示秘书长将本决议的内容通知洪都拉斯国政府。", "3个 指示秘书长将本决议转交美洲体系其他机关、机构和实体以及联合国秘书长。", " 4.四. 欢迎《洪都拉斯共和国民族和解和巩固民主制度协定》及其后续委员会在充分尊重不干涉原则的框架内。" ]

[ "Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women", "Forty-ninth session", "Summary record of the 992nd meeting", "Held at Headquarters, New York, on Thursday, 21 July 2011, at 3 p.m.", "Chair: Ms. Ameline (Vice-Chair)", "Contents", "Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 18 of the Convention (continued)", "Combined initial, second and third periodic reports of Djibouti (continued)", "In the absence of Ms. Pimentel, Ms. Ameline, Vice-Chair, took the Chair.", "The meeting was called to order at 3 p.m.", "Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 18 of the Convention (continued)", "Combined initial, second and third periodic reports of Djibouti (CEDAW/C/DJI/1-3; CEDAW/C/DJI/Q/1-3 and CEDAW/C/DJI/Q/ 1-3/Add.1) (continued)", "1. At the invitation of the Chair, the members of the delegation of Djibouti took places at the Committee table.", "Article 12 (continued)", "2. The Chair invited the members of the delegation to resume their response to the Committee’s questions on article 12 posed at the previous meeting.", "3. Ms. Hadi (Djibouti) said that a Ministry of Health programme that had been in place since 1997 focused on raising public awareness of the medical risks associated with the practice of female genital mutilation. No statistics were available for the number of procedures that had led to medical complications.", "4. The newly created department for maternal and child health was working to reduce maternal and infant mortality rates. Access to health services was decentralized thanks to a network of rural medical centres that provided local women with gynaecological, obstetric and emergency health services. Some 100 community health specialists had been dispatched around the country to provide reproductive health services and to assist expecting mothers. Under the national reproductive health policy adopted in 2010, the reproductive health programme was being carried out as part of a broader outreach campaign that included the distribution of vitamin A, routine vaccinations, prenatal care and post-partum services and the provision of general preventive care for mothers and children free of charge. A reproductive health information and referral centre had also been established.", "5. A system of community health-care funds had been set up locally to help pay for emergency obstetric services. With regard to maternal mortality rates, three of the eleven hospital deaths in 2010 had occurred in rural facilities. With regard to family planning, the use of contraceptives had increased significantly since 2009; one third of the female population was now covered.", "Article 13", "6. Ms. Schulz said that while famine in the Horn of Africa was making reforms more difficult than ever, it was unclear why poverty, illiteracy and unemployment rates among women had not improved despite a number of programmes that sought to include women in economic development and why women had not benefited from the steady national economic growth achieved in recent years.", "7. Considering the difficulties women faced in gaining access to credit, she wished to know whether the Government intended to expand the use of tontines, the system of community loans widely used in Djibouti. Given that a number of microfinance institutions existed, including one that specialized in lending to poor women, it would be interesting to know whether there was competition with respect to the interest rates they offered and what those interest rates were. Also, it would be useful to learn whether lending institutions provided any type of support to female loan recipients.", "8. Considering the agricultural development measures being undertaken by the Government, she wished to know how the pastoral population, and specifically the women, were affected and whether there was a risk of conflict over land. Finally, given the ongoing famine, she wished to know how the Government planned to provide food to those facing extreme food shortages, with women being at a greater risk than men, and to the thousands of refugees living in Djibouti.", "9. Ms. Daoud (Djibouti) said that over half of the participants in the semi-official tontine system were women. The system allowed women to benefit from collective guarantees, learn and receive support and eventually gain access to larger loans. It was becoming easier for women to establish microenterprises and improve their quality of life.", "10. The traditional pastoral system had been unable to cope with drought and poverty, resulting in the decimation of flocks. Agropastoral activity was being promoted as a way for pastoral populations to ensure their food security. The Government was working to establish agropastoral centres in areas with large pastoral populations by constructing permanent water points around which communities could form. Once those centres were formed, medical clinics and schools would follow.", "11. The Djibouti Economic Development Fund tended to support projects undertaken by women with higher education while the two national savings and credit cooperatives, which had merged, helped disadvantaged women and households. The institutions did not compete with one another because there was such a great need for their services. The agency tasked with implementing the National Social Development Initiative provided support and training for microenterprises.", "12. The Chair, speaking in her capacity as an expert, enquired whether the Government had set goals and had a strategy for increasing the number of women using microcredit over the coming years.", "13. Ms. Daoud (Djibouti) said that the Government planned to integrate gender-specific goals into the National Social Development Initiative during an upcoming review.", "Article 14", "14. Ms. Zou Xiaoqiao said that rural women needed to participate on equal footing in development. She wished to know the percentage of rural women in the total population, the proportion of women engaged in agriculture or other types of economic activity and the proportion of women confined to domestic work. Data disaggregated by gender on rural poverty rates would also be useful. Additional information about projects targeting specific vulnerable groups among Djiboutian women and programmes providing health services and reproductive health information to rural women would also be appreciated. Lastly, she wished to know how many credit unions existed specifically to serve women. What measures had been taken to encourage women to participate in them?", "15. Ms. Daoud (Djibouti) said that the delegation had expected to bring with it the statistical findings of a recent comprehensive study of all social and economic aspects of life in Djibouti but that information had not been provided in time. While it was known that 20 per cent of the population lived in rural areas, where poverty rates were higher, no data was available concerning rural women specifically. However, Djibouti had been using the gender-related human development index and was making an effort to gather gender-disaggregated data.", "16. A number of Government entities, including the education and health ministries, had been working together to improve irrigation methods and water use in rural areas. In the first phase of a programme in place since 2008, 20 cemented wells had been constructed. The second phase involved the establishment of agropastoral centres that would provide the pastoral population, and women in particular, with better access to water and to the schools and community health centres that would eventually be opened there.", "17. Access to health services for rural women had improved with the use of mobile medical teams and ambulances in areas where no community health centres existed. In addition, committees had been established in such communities to oversee matters related to vaccinations and contraception.", "Articles 15 and 16", "18. Ms. Halperin-Kaddari said that few satisfactory answers had been provided with respect to customary law and traditions in Djibouti. The reporting State had adopted the Convention with no reservations and had the obligation to discourage any notions of inequality of women and men which were affirmed by laws, or by religious or private law or by custom. Therefore, the Committee could not accept the answer that some customs could not be changed. She urged Djibouti to look for ways of harmonizing its religious laws with the precepts of the Convention. Non-governmental organizations could perhaps assist with that process.", "19. A number of specific issues raised in the report were in direct contradiction with the Convention and the Committee’s general recommendation No. 21. She wished to know whether there were any plans to discontinue the payment of mahr, a dower without which a marriage was not considered valid. Referring to the practice of polygamy, she acknowledged that the Family Code had been modified to give the first wife some say in her husband’s decision to take a second wife. She was interested to know if there were any plans to abolish the practice entirely.", "20. While men were not required to provide any justification for seeking a divorce, women who initiated divorce proceedings without justification had to renounce certain rights and could face financial penalties. She asked for an explanation of such differences in treatment and whether there were plans to change such discriminatory policies. She would also be grateful for any information pertaining to a change in laws with respect to marriages between Muslims and non-Muslims and inheritance practices. Experience in other countries with similar situations clearly showed that the existing legal framework in Djibouti was not the only possible interpretation of the Koran with respect to the inheritance rights of women.", "21. Ms. Daoud (Djibouti) said that, even in the face of affirmative action, the weight of certain traditions could impede efforts to promote women’s rights. The political will was there, as was reflected in the measures taken, which were slowly but surely changing mentalities. However, in the social context of Djibouti, certain concerns, such as the right to food, and indeed the very right of survival, naturally assumed priority importance. Despite the Government’s best efforts, women were consequently unable to hear certain messages. In its efforts to address the problems arising from traditional attitudes, her country would be glad to learn from the experience of others. Djibouti had not banned polygamy but had posed as a condition that the man concerned should be able to support more than one wife. Moreover, since 2002, a man could not take a second wife without informing his first wife and, under the Family Code, divorce by repudiation was not an option.", "Follow-up questions", "22. Mr. Bruun, reverting to article 11, reiterated his earlier request for information on the question of maternity leave.", "23. Ms. Halperin-Kaddari said that the Committee was aware of the unique circumstances of Djibouti and understood that the appropriate changes would not come about without effective mobilization. The First Lady had held a meeting with religious leaders on women’s issues, which seemed a good step in that direction: she wondered about possible follow-up and the number of women participants, particularly among religious representatives. It would also be interesting to know whether the Constitutional Council monitored personal status laws, given that it was competent to determine the constitutionality of laws, and whether any of its members were women.", "24. Ms. Šimonović, following up on article 10, asked what policy measures had been put in place by the Government to eliminate stereotypes, especially since women themselves were alleged to be complicit in their perpetuation. Despite reports of a decline in the practice of female genital mutilation, it still remained strongly entrenched. She wondered what could be done to help root it out. Did the State party need increased financial or other support? Was there any awareness-raising for parents? The Committee would also like to know whether practitioners were liable for prosecution and, if not, whether they might be in the future.", "25. Ms. Rasekh welcomed the amendments to the Family Code, notably the provision for a court assessment of the damage caused by second marriages. Information would be appreciated about the means of access to the court system available to women. She asked if access to justice for women was a reality or just a remote possibility.", "26. Ms. Schulz asked whether the development of the new watering holes mentioned was connected with an effort to sedentarize the pastoral population. She also wished to know what rate of interest was charged to women for microcredit.", "27. Ms. Daoud (Djibouti), responding to the question on maternity leave, said that women were given three and a half months of fully paid leave following confinement. With regard to the practice of female genital mutilation, some 600 associations and NGOs were involved in the campaign against it and 300 of them were led by women; they worked with the Government and were also active in the fight against HIV/AIDS. Women were directly involved in the administration of sharia law as lawyers and judges, in particular in the Personal Status Court. As for the elimination of stereotypes, the Government’s efforts to that effect included the removal of disparaging references to women in school textbooks and the production of educational television programmes; her Ministry was engaged in those efforts on a daily basis. On the question of whether traditional excisers were prosecuted, she said that they were when denounced. The main concern for the time being was awareness-raising and prevention; the next stage would be to convict offenders by way of example. In regard to access to the courts, that was ensured equally for men and women, without distinction, particularly through the provision of legal assistance, which was given automatically to certain groups such as HIV/AIDS sufferers and minors who had been victims of violence; that was a huge financial burden that had been assumed by the State under a recent law. In response to the question about the development of new watering holes, she said that the aim was indeed to promote sedentarization in the interests of a more sustainable way of life in remote areas. As for microcredit, no interest was charged, but a joint and several guarantee was required from one of the five members of each beneficiary group; for microfinance, the rate of interest was 1 per cent.", "28. Mr. Abdou (Djibouti), taking up the issue of constitutionality, said that, in cases of violation of basic human rights, the plaintiff could refer the matter directly to the Constitutional Council. In addition, during a procedure before an ordinary court, if a defendant considered that the law under which he or she was being judged was unconstitutional, a plea of unconstitutionality could be made, leading to the referral of the case to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court would then decide on the merits of the plea and, where appropriate, seize the Constitutional Council. The decision of the Council was unappealable.", "29. Ms. Daoud (Djibouti) said in closing that the submission for the first time of a periodic report from Djibouti was a source of gratification to her personally and attested to the vision of the President of the Republic who, despite socio-cultural inertia, even among some women, had shown a political will to advance the cause of women’s rights. As a result, there was now a collective awareness of those rights, allowing women increasingly to assume their rightful place in society. She thanked the Committee members for their support and advice and looked forward to receiving their recommendations for the continued improvement of the situation of women in her country.", "The meeting rose at 4.05 p.m." ]

[ "消除对妇女歧视委员会", "第四十九届会议", "第992次会议简要记录", "2011年7月21日星期四下午3时在纽约总部举行", "主席： 阿姆利纳女士(副主席)", "目录", "审议缔约国根据《公约》第18条提交的报告(续)", "吉布提的初次、第二次和第三次合并定期报告(续)", "因皮门特尔女士缺席，副主席阿姆利纳女士代行主席职务。", "下午3时宣布开会。", "审议缔约国根据《公约》第18条提交的报告(续)", "吉布提的初次、第二次和第三次合并定期报告(CEDAW/C/DJI/1-3；CEDAW/C/DJI/Q/1-3和CEDAW/ C/DJI/Q/1-3/Add.1)(续)", "1. 应主席邀请，吉布提代表团成员在委员会议席就座。", "第12条(续)", "2. 主席请代表团成员再次回答上次会议上委员会就第12条提出的问题。", "3. Hadi女士(吉布提)说，卫生部于1997年出台了一项方案，侧重于提高公众对切割女性生殖器官习俗的相关医疗风险的认识。没有提供统计资料说明导致并发症的手术数目。", "4. 新成立的妇幼保健部正在致力于降低产妇和婴儿死亡率。农村医疗中心网络为当地妇女提供妇科、产科和急诊服务，使保健服务得到普及。约100名社区保健专家被安排在全国各地提供生殖保健服务、为孕妇提供帮助。根据2010年通过的国家生殖保健政策，生殖保健方案正在实施，作为一场广泛的推广运动的一部分，推广运动包括免费向母亲和儿童发放维生素A、提供常规接种、产前护理和产后服务以及基本预防保健。另外，还建立了生殖保健信息和转诊中心。", "5. 在地方一级还设立了社区保健基金制度，用于帮助支付产科急诊服务的费用。关于孕妇死亡率，2010年11例医院死亡事故中有3例发生在农村医疗设施。关于计划生育，避孕用具的使用率自2009年以来显著提高；目前覆盖三分之一的女性人口。", "第13条", "6. Schulz女士说，虽然非洲之角的饥荒使得改革愈发艰难，但妇女的贫穷、文盲和失业率问题并未因众多致力于将妇女纳入经济发展的方案而得到改善，妇女也没有从近年来国民经济的稳定增长中获益，这种情况究竟为何，目前还不清楚。", "7. 关于妇女在获得信贷方面面临的困难，她想知道吉布提政府是否有意扩大通坦蓄贷会——在吉布提广泛使用的社区贷款体系——的使用。鉴于有许多小额供资机构，包括一家专门向贫穷妇女发放贷款的机构，她想知道这些机构报出的利率是否相互竞争以及这些利率是多少。另外，知道贷款机构是否对受益于贷款的妇女提供任何形式的支持也有好处。", "8. 关于吉布提政府执行的农业发展措施，她想知道牧区居民，尤其是妇女受到什么影响，以及是否有可能发生争夺土地的冲突。最后，对于目前的饥荒，她想知道吉布提政府有什么计划向粮食极度短缺的人们——其中妇女面临的风险比男性大——以及向居住在吉布提的数千难民提供粮食。", "9. Daoud女士(吉布提)说，在半官方的通坦蓄贷会中，一半以上参与者为妇女。该体系使得妇女从集体担保中受益，并使她们能够学习和接受支助，最后能够获得大额贷款。妇女建立微型企业和提高生活质量变得更容易。", "10. 传统的畜牧系统无法对抗干旱和贫穷，造成牲畜大量死亡。农牧活动正在作为确保牧区居民粮食安全的一种途径而加以推广。吉布提政府正致力于在牧民众多的地区建立永久性饮水点，饮水点周边可以形成社区，从而建立农牧中心。一旦农牧中心建立起来，医疗诊所和学校也会涌现。", "11. 吉布提经济发展基金会有意支助受过高等教育的妇女实施的项目，而新出现的两家国家储蓄和信贷合作社向弱势妇女和家庭提供帮助。因为服务需求量巨大，这些机构并不互相竞争。该机构承担了执行国家经济发展倡议的任务，向微型企业提供支助和培训。", "12. 主席以专家身份发言，她询问吉布提政府是否设立了目标，是否推出增加今后使用小额贷款的妇女人数的战略。", "13. Daoud女士(吉布提)说，吉布提政府计划在下次审查时将针对不同性别的目标纳入国家社会发展倡议中。", "第14条", "14. 邹晓巧女士说，农村妇女需要平等参与发展。她想知道农村妇女占总人口的百分比、从事农业或其他类型经济活动的女性比例以及局限于家务劳动的女性比例。按性别分列的农村贫困率数据也非常有用。她还希望能获得以吉布提妇女中特定弱势群体为目标的项目以及向农村妇女提供保健服务和生殖健康信息的方案的补充信息。最后，她想知道有多少个专门为妇女服务的信用社。为鼓励女性参与其中采取了哪些措施？", "15. Daoud女士(吉布提)说，吉布提代表团本希望带来近期关于吉布提生活所有社会和经济方面的综合研究的统计结果，但该信息未能及时提供。尽管现已明确20%的人口居住在农村，那里的贫困率更高，但具体涉及农村妇女的数据还没有提供。不过，吉布提采用了与性别有关的人类发展指数，正在努力收集按性别分列的数据。", "16. 包括教育部和卫生部在内的很多政府实体进行合作，以改进农村地区的灌溉方法和水资源利用。在2008年出台的一项方案的第一阶段中修建了20口水泥井。第二阶段涉及建立农牧中心，让牧区居民，尤其是女性能够更好地取水和上学，并建立最终在当地开放的社区保健中心。", "17. 在没有社区保健中心的地区，流动医疗队和救护车改善了农村妇女获得保健服务。另外，在这种社区成立了委员会，以对与接种和避孕有关的事项进行监管。", "第15条和第16条", "18. Halperin-Kaddari女士说，在吉布提习惯法和传统方面提供的答案很少能令人满意。报告国毫无保留地通过了《公约》，有义务破除法律、宗教法、私法或习俗所肯定的男女不平等观念。因此，委员会不能接受某些习俗不能改变这一答案。她敦促吉布提想方设法使其宗教法与《公约》的规则保持一致。非政府组织或许可以为该进程提供帮助。", "19. 报告中提出的很多具体问题与《公约》和委员会的第21号一般性建议发生直接矛盾。她想知道是否计划停止支付mahr——一种不支付婚姻便不被视为有效的嫁妆。关于一夫多妻习俗，她承认《家庭法典》得到了修改，让第一个妻子在其丈夫决定娶第二个妻子时有一定的发言权。她想知道是否有彻底废除这一做法的计划。", "20. 男子想离婚不必提出任何正当理由，而无正当理由提出离婚诉讼的妇女则不得不放弃某些权利并面临经济处罚。她要求对这种区别对待做出解释，并想知道是否有改变这种歧视性政策的计划。她还期待了解穆斯林与非穆斯林之间的婚姻及遗产继承做法法律方面的变化。情况类似的其他国家的经验明确表明，吉布提现有的法律框架并不是对《古兰经》中有关妇女继承权问题唯一可行的解释。", "21. Daoud女士(吉布提)说，即便是在平等权利行动中，某些传统的影响也会妨碍为提高妇女权利所做的努力。正如采取的措施所反映的，政治意愿就摆在那里，虽然缓慢但无疑正在改变着人们的思维模式。但是，在吉布提社会里，某些顾虑，如食物权，实际上是生存权，当然是最重要的。尽管政府做出了最大的努力，妇女还是不能得到某些信息。在努力应对传统态度带来的问题时，吉布提乐于借鉴其他国家的经验。吉布提还没有禁止一夫多妻制，但提出了一个条件，即男性必须有能力养活一个以上的妻子。此外，自2002年以来，男子如果不告诉他第一个妻子不得娶第二个妻子，根据《家庭法典》，不得选择休妻离婚。", "后续问题", "22. Bruun先生回到了第11条，他重申之前提出的想了解产假问题情况的要求。", "23. Halperin-Kaddari女士说，委员会很清楚吉布提的特殊情况，也理解不经过有效的动员是不会发生适当改变的。第一夫人同宗教领袖就妇女问题召开了一次会议，这似乎是在此方向上迈出的有利一步：她想了解可能的后续行动和与会的妇女人数，尤其是宗教代表中的妇女人数。她还想知道，鉴于宪法委员会有权决定法律是否合宪，该委员会是否监测个人地位法律，以及该委员会是否有女性成员。", "24. Šimonović女士继续就第10条提问，政府出台了什么政策措施来消除陈规定型观念，尤其在女性本身被说成是默许这些做法的时候。虽然报告称切割女性生殖器官的做法有所减少，但这种习俗仍然根深蒂固。她想知道如何做才能根除这种陋习。该缔约国是否需要更多的经济或其他支助？是否有提高父母认识的做法？委员会还想知道从业人员是否受到起诉，如果不是，将来他们是否会受到起诉。", "25. Rasekh女士欢迎修正《家庭法典》，尤其欢迎关于由法院评估第二次婚姻造成的伤害的条款。她希望得到妇女获得法院系统帮助的途径的信息。她询问妇女获得司法帮助是已经成为现实，还是仅仅是一种遥远的可能。", "26. Schulz女士询问前边提到的新饮水点的开发是否与牧民定居的工作有关。她还想知道对妇女小额贷款收取的利率是多少。", "27. Daoud女士(吉布提)在回答产假问题时说，妇女分娩后可享受三个半月的全薪产假。关于切割女性生殖器官的做法，有大约600家协会和非政府组织参加", "了制止这种做法的运动，其中300家由妇女领导；她们与政府合作，也在积极抗击艾滋病毒/艾滋病。妇女作为律师和法官直接参与伊斯兰教法的管理，尤其是在个人地位法院中。关于消除陈规定型观念，政府在这方面所做的努力包括在教科书和教育电视节目制作中不要以贬低口吻提及妇女；该部每天都参加这些活动。关于传统施行者是否被起诉的问题，她说，他们一旦被告发就会受到起诉。目前的主要问题是提高认识和预防；下一阶段是对犯罪者定罪以儆戒他人。关于向法院起诉，男女都有同样的保证，没有任何区别，尤其是在提供法律援助方面，法律援助自动提供给某些群体，如艾滋病毒/艾滋病患者和曾经遭受暴力侵害的未成年人；这是一个沉重的经济负担，国家依据最新法律承担起这一重担。关于开发新的饮水点的问题，她说，此举的真正目的在于为了边远地区的生活更具可持续性促进定居。关于小额贷款，不收取利息，但每个受益群体中每五个成员便有一个需要提供连带责任的担保；关于小额供资，利率是百分之一。", "28. Abdou先生(吉布提)在谈到合宪性问题时说，如果基本人权受到侵犯，原告可以直接向宪法委员会起诉。另外，在普通法院审理过程中，如果被告认为对其判决所依据的法律违宪，可以提出违宪申诉，将案件提交最高法院审理。最高法院然后再根据申诉的案情做出裁决，并酌情告知宪法委员会。宪法委员会的决定不能上诉。", "29. Daoud女士(吉布提)最后说，她个人对吉布提第一次提交定期报告感到满意，报告印证了共和国总统的愿景，即虽然社会文化缺乏活力，甚至有些妇女也是如此，但总统显示出推进妇女权利事业的政治意愿。因此，现在人们对这些权利有了一种集体认识，使得妇女日益在社会中找到自己的正确位置。她感谢委员会成员的支持和建议，并期待收到继续改善吉布提妇女处境的建议。", "下午4时05分散会。" ]

[ "消除对妇女歧视委员会", "第四十九届会议", "第992次会议简要记录", "2011年7月21日星期四下午3时在纽约总部举行", "主席: 阿梅琳女士(副主席)", "目录", "审议缔约国根据《公约》第18条提交的报告(续)", "吉布提的初次、第二次和第三次合并定期报告(续)", "因皮门特尔女士缺席,副主席阿梅琳女士代行主席职务。", "下午3时宣布开会", "审议缔约国根据《公约》第18条提交的报告(续)", "吉布提的初次、第二次和第三次合并定期报告(CEDAW/C/DJI/1-3;CEDAW/C/DJI/Q/1-3和CEDAW/C/DJI/Q/1-3/Add.1)(续)", "1. 联合国 1. 应主席邀请,吉布提代表团成员在委员会议席就座。", "第12条(续)", "2. 联合国 主席请代表团成员继续答复委员会在上次会议上就第12条提出的问题。", "3. Hadi女士(吉布提)说,自1997年以来实施的卫生部方案侧重于提高公众对与切割女性生殖器做法有关的医疗风险的认识。 没有关于导致医疗并发症的程序数量的统计数据。", " 4.四. 新成立的妇幼保健部正在努力降低产妇和婴儿死亡率。 由于农村医疗中心网络向当地妇女提供妇科、产科和紧急保健服务,获得保健服务的机会分散。 已在全国各地派遣了大约100名社区保健专家,以提供生殖保健服务并援助孕妇。 根据2010年通过的国家生殖健康政策,正在实施生殖健康方案,作为更广泛的外联活动的一部分,其中包括分发维生素A、例行疫苗接种、产前护理和产后服务以及为母亲和儿童提供免费的一般预防护理。 还建立了一个生殖健康信息和转诊中心。", "5 (韩语). 在当地建立了社区保健基金系统,帮助支付产科急诊费用。 关于产妇死亡率,2010年11起医院死亡中有3起发生在农村设施。 在计划生育方面,自2009年以来,避孕药具的使用大幅增加;现在,三分之一的女性人口已包括在内。", "第13条", "6. 国家 Schulz女士说,虽然非洲之角的饥荒使改革比以往任何时候都更加困难,但不清楚为什么尽管有一些方案试图将妇女纳入经济发展,但妇女的贫穷、文盲和失业率没有改善,为什么妇女没有从近年来实现的稳定的国民经济增长中受益。", "7. 联合国 考虑到妇女在获得信贷方面面临的困难,她想了解吉布提政府是否打算扩大使用在吉布提广泛采用的社区贷款制度。 鉴于存在一些小额供资机构,包括专门向贫穷妇女提供贷款的机构,她想知道这些机构提供的利率是否有竞争,这些利率是多少。 此外,了解贷款机构是否向女性贷款接受者提供任何形式的支持也是有益的。", "8. 联合国 考虑到政府正在采取的农业发展措施,她想了解牧民,特别是妇女受到何种影响,以及土地冲突的风险。 最后,鉴于目前的饥荒,她想了解政府计划如何向面临极端粮食短缺的人提供粮食,妇女比男子面临更大的风险,以及向生活在吉布提的数千名难民提供粮食。", "9. 国家 29. Daoud女士(吉布提)说,半官方的丰通系统参与者中有一半以上是妇女。 该制度允许妇女从集体担保中受益,学习并获得支助,并最终获得更大的贷款。 妇女建立微型企业和提高其生活质量越来越容易。", "10个 传统的畜牧系统无法应付干旱和贫穷,导致羊群大量死亡。 正在促进农牧业活动,作为牧民确保粮食安全的一种方式。 政府正在努力在牧民人数多的地区建立农牧中心,建造永久性的供水点,社区可以围绕这些地点组成。 一旦建立了这些中心,医疗诊所和学校将随之而来。", "11个 吉布提经济发展 基金倾向于支持受过高等教育的妇女开展的项目,而合并的两个国家储蓄和信贷合作社则帮助处境不利的妇女和家庭。 这些机构没有相互竞争,因为非常需要它们的服务。 负责执行国家社会发展倡议的机构为微型企业提供支助和培训。", "12个 主席以专家身份发言,她询问政府是否设定了目标并制定了在未来几年中增加使用小额信贷的妇女人数的战略。", "13. Daoud女士(吉布提)说,吉布提政府计划在即将进行的审查中将针对性别的目标纳入国家社会发展倡议。", "第14条", "14个 邹晓巧女士说,农村妇女需要平等参与发展。 她想知道农村妇女在总人口中所占的比例、从事农业或其他经济活动的妇女的比例以及从事家务劳动的妇女的比例。 按性别分类的农村贫困率数据也将是有用的。 此外,还希望了解针对吉布提妇女特定弱势群体的项目以及向农村妇女提供保健服务和生殖健康信息的方案。 最后,她想了解有多少信用社专门为妇女服务。 已采取哪些措施鼓励妇女参与其中?", "15个 29. Daoud女士(吉布提)说,吉布提代表团本希望将最近对吉布提生活所有社会和经济方面进行的一项综合研究的统计结果带给它,但这一信息没有及时提供。 虽然人们知道20%的人口生活在贫穷率较高的农村地区,但没有具体关于农村妇女的数据。 然而,吉布提一直在使用与性别有关的人类发展指数,并正在努力收集按性别分列的数据。", "16号. 一些政府实体,包括教育和卫生部,一直在共同努力改善农村地区的灌溉方法和用水情况。 在2008年以来实施的方案的第一阶段,已建造了20口水泥井。 第二阶段是建立农牧中心,为牧民,特别是妇女提供更好的取水机会,以及进入学校和社区保健中心,这些中心最终将在那里开放。", "17岁。 在没有社区保健中心的地区,通过使用流动医疗队和救护车,农村妇女获得保健服务的机会已有所改善。 此外,在这些社区设立了委员会来监督与疫苗接种和避孕有关的事项。", "第15和16条", "18岁。 Halperin-Kaddari女士说,吉布提对习惯法和传统提供的满意答复很少。 报告国毫无保留地通过了《公约》,并有义务劝阻法律、宗教或私法或习俗所确认的任何男女不平等观念。 因此,委员会不能接受某些习俗不能改变的答案。 她敦促吉布提想方设法使其宗教法与《公约》的规定相协调。 非政府组织也许可以协助这一进程。", " 19. 19. 报告中提出的若干具体问题与《公约》和委员会第21号一般性建议直接相矛盾。 她想知道是否有任何计划停止支付马赫尔,没有这种嫁妆,婚姻就被视为无效。 关于一夫多妻制的做法,她承认,《家庭法》已经过修改,使第一任妻子在丈夫决定再娶一任妻子时有发言权。 她想知道是否有任何计划彻底废除这种做法。", "20号. 虽然男子无需为寻求离婚提供任何理由,但无正当理由提起离婚诉讼的妇女必须放弃某些权利并可能面临经济处罚。 她要求解释这种待遇上的差别,以及是否有计划改变这种歧视性政策。 她还希望得到关于穆斯林与非穆斯林结婚和继承做法的法律变化的信息。 其他有类似情况的国家的经验表明,吉布提的现有法律框架并不是对妇女继承权的唯一可能的解释。", "21岁 29. Daoud女士(吉布提)说,即使在平权行动面前,某些传统的影响也会妨碍促进妇女权利的努力。 正如所采取的措施所反映的那样,政治意愿已经存在,这些措施正在缓慢但肯定地改变着思想。 然而,在吉布提的社会背景下,某些关切,如食物权,甚至生存权,自然具有优先地位。 尽管政府尽了最大努力,但妇女仍无法听到某些信息。 在努力解决由传统态度所引发的问题时,她的国家愿意学习其他国家的经验。 吉布提没有禁止一夫多妻,而是将有关男子能够养活一个以上的妻子作为条件。 此外,自2002年以来,男子不能在通知其第一任妻子之前娶第二任妻子,根据《家庭法》,休妻不是选择。", "后续问题", "22号. Bruun先生在重新谈到第11条时,重申他早些时候要求提供关于产假问题的资料。", "23. 联合国 Halperin-Kaddari女士说,委员会了解吉布提的独特情况,并理解,没有有效的动员,就不会有适当的改变。 第一夫人就妇女问题与宗教领袖举行了一次会议,这似乎是朝这个方向迈出的好一步:她想了解可能的后续行动以及妇女、特别是宗教代表的参与人数。 鉴于宪法委员会有权确定法律的合宪性,她想知道宪法委员会是否监测个人地位法,以及其成员中是否有妇女。", "24 (韩语). Šimonović女士就第10条采取后续行动,她询问政府采取了什么政策措施来消除陈规定型观念,特别是因为据称妇女本身是长期存在的同谋。 尽管有报告说切割女性生殖器官的做法有所减少,但这种做法仍然根深蒂固。 她想知道可以做些什么来帮助根除这种现象。 缔约国是否需要更多的财政或其他支助? 是否为父母开展了提高认识活动? 委员会还想了解从业人员是否负有起诉责任,如果没有,他们是否将来会被起诉。", "25岁 Rasekh女士欢迎对《家庭法》的修正,特别是法院评估第二次婚姻所造成损害的规定。 她希望了解妇女利用法院系统的途径。 她询问,妇女诉诸司法是否是一种现实,还是一种遥远的可能性。", "26. 联合国 Schulz女士询问,上述新的取水洞的开发是否与定居牧民的努力有关。 她还想了解妇女获得小额信贷的利率是多少。", "27个 29. Daoud女士(吉布提)在回答关于产假的问题时说,妇女在分娩后有3个半月的全薪假期。 关于切割女性生殖器官的做法,约有600个协会和非政府组织参与了反对这种做法的运动,其中300个由妇女领导;它们与政府合作,并积极参与防治艾滋病毒/艾滋病。 妇女作为律师和法官直接参与伊斯兰教法的执行,特别是在个人地位法院。 至于消除陈规定型观念,政府为此而作的努力包括删除学校教科书中对妇女的贬低和制作教育电视节目;她的部每天都参与这些努力。 关于传统消费者是否被起诉的问题,她说,他们受到谴责。 目前主要关注的问题是提高认识和预防;下一阶段将以实例方式对罪犯定罪。 关于诉诸法院的问题,这一点是不加区别地平等地确保的,特别是通过提供法律援助,这种援助自动提供给某些群体,如艾滋病毒/艾滋病患者和曾受暴力侵害的未成年人;这是国家根据最近一项法律承担的巨大财政负担。 在回答关于开发出新的取水孔的问题时,她说,目的确实是为了促进定居,以有利于偏远地区更可持续的生活方式。 至于小额信贷,没有收取利息,但每个受益群体五个成员中有一个需要连带担保;小额供资的利率为1%。", "28. Abdou先生(吉布提)在谈到合宪性问题时说,在侵犯基本人权的案件中,原告可以直接向宪法委员会提交这一事项。 此外,在普通法院的诉讼程序中,如果被告认为审判他或她所依据的法律违宪,可以提出违宪抗辩,导致将案件提交最高法院。 然后,最高法院将就申辩的案情作出决定,并在适当时将案件提交宪法委员会。 理事会的决定是不可上诉的。", "29. 国家 29. Daoud女士(吉布提)最后说,吉布提首次提交定期报告使她个人感到欣慰并证明了共和国总统的远见,尽管在社会文化方面,甚至在一些妇女中,总统表现出了推动妇女权利事业的政治意愿。 因此,现在对这些权利有了集体的认识,使妇女能够越来越多地在社会中占据应有的地位。 她感谢委员会成员的支持和咨询意见,并期待着收到他们关于继续改善该国妇女状况的建议。", "下午4时05分散会。" ]

[ "Substantive session of 2011", "Geneva, 4-29 July 2011", "Agenda item 7 (g)", "Coordination, programme and other questions: Joint", "United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)", "Albania,* Brazil,* Colombia,* Czech Republic,* El Salvador,* Guatemala, Lithuania,* Luxembourg,* Monaco,* Poland,* Republic of Moldova,* Senegal, Serbia,* Ukraine and United States of America: draft resolution", "Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)", "The Economic and Social Council,", "Recalling its resolution 2009/6 of 24 July 2009,", "Having considered the report of the Executive Director of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS,[1]", "Welcoming the Political Declaration on HIV and AIDS: Intensifying our Efforts to Eliminate HIV and AIDS[2] adopted by the General Assembly at the High-Level Meeting on HIV/AIDS, held in June 2011, as a key reference for the 2011-2015 UNAIDS Strategy,", "Recalling the adoption of the 2011-2015 UNAIDS Strategy: Getting to Zero by the UNAIDS Programme Coordinating Board in December 2010,", "1. Encourages Governments, the United Nations system, civil society and the private sector to scale up efforts on an urgent basis to achieve the goals and targets contained in the 2011 Political Declaration on HIV and AIDS;", "2. Urges UNAIDS to support the full and effective implementation of the 2011 Political Declaration on HIV and AIDS;", "3. Urges UNAIDS, while implementing the 2011-2015 UNAIDS Strategy, to support Governments in strengthening their national responses to the epidemic in accordance with their specific epidemiological situation, national contexts and priorities, while taking into due account the 2011 Political Declaration on HIV and AIDS;", "4. Calls upon the United Nations system, in collaboration with all relevant stakeholders, to further strengthen coordinated action, in particular at the country level;", "5. Requests the Secretary-General to transmit to the Council, at its substantive session of 2013, a report prepared by the Executive Director of the Joint Programme, in collaboration with its co-sponsors and other relevant organizations and bodies of the United Nations system, on progress made in implementing a coordinated response by the United Nations system to the HIV/AIDS epidemic.", "[1] * In accordance with rule 72 of the rules of procedure of the Economic and Social Council.", "See E/2011/109.", "[2] General Assembly resolution 65/277." ]

[ "2011年实质性会议", "2011年7月4日至29日，日内瓦", "临时议程项目7(g)", "协调、方案和其他问题：联合国 艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署", "阿尔巴尼亚、[1] 巴西、^(*) 哥伦比亚、^(*) 捷克共和国、^(*) 萨尔瓦多、^(*) 危地马拉、立陶宛、^(*) 卢森堡、^(*) 摩纳哥、^(*) 波兰、^(*) 摩尔多瓦共和国、^(*) 塞内加尔、塞尔维亚、^(*) 乌克兰和美利坚合众国：决议草案", "联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署(艾滋病署)", "经济及社会理事会，", "回顾其2009年7月24日第2009 /6号决议，", "审议了联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署执行主任的报告，[2]", "欣见2011年6月举行的大会艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题高级别会议通过了《关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题的政治宣言：加大行动力度，根除艾滋病毒和艾滋病》，[3] 这是2011-2015年艾滋病署战略的一项重要文献，", "回顾艾滋病署方案协调委员会于2010年12月通过的《2011-2015年艾滋病署战略：实现零感染率》，", "1. 鼓励各国政府、联合国系统、民间社会和私营部门紧急加大行动力度，争取实现2011年《关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题的政治宣言》所载目标和指标；", "2. 敦促艾滋病署支持全面和有效地执行2011年《关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题的政治宣言》；", "3. 敦促艾滋病署一方面执行《2011-2015年艾滋病署战略》，另一方面支持各国政府根据自己国家的具体发病情况、国情和优先事项，在适当参考2011年《关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题的政治宣言》的前提下，加强本国应对该流行病的行动；", "4. 吁请联合国系统与所有相关利益攸关方合作，进一步加强协调行动，特别是加强国家一级的协调行动；", "5. 请秘书长在理事会2013年实质性会议上转递艾滋病署执行主任与共同提案国和联合国系统其他有关组织和机构合作编写的报告，该报告将介绍联合国系统在协调应对艾滋病毒/艾滋病这个流行病方面取得的进展。", "[1] ^(∗) 根据经济及社会理事会议事规则第72条。", "[2] 见E/2011/109。", "[3] 大会第65/277号决议。" ]

[ "2011年实质性会议", "2011年7月4日至29日,日内瓦", "议程项目7(g)", "协调、方案和其他问题: 联合", "联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病方案(艾滋病方案)", "阿尔巴尼亚、* 巴西、* 哥伦比亚、* 捷克共和国、* 萨尔瓦多、* 危地马拉、立陶宛、* 卢森堡、* 摩纳哥、* 波兰、* 摩尔多瓦共和国、* 塞内加尔、塞尔维亚、* 乌克兰和美利坚合众国:决议草案", "联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署(艾滋病规划署)", "经济及社会理事会,", "回顾其2009年7月24日第2009/6号决议,", "审议了联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署执行主任的报告,[1]", "欢迎大会在2011年6月举行的艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题高级别会议上通过的《关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题的政治宣言:加大行动力度,消灭艾滋病毒和艾滋病》,[2] 作为2011-2015年艾滋病规划署战略的主要参考,", "回顾通过了2011-2015年艾滋病规划署 战略:艾滋病规划署方案协调委员会于2010年12月达到零,", "1. 联合国 4. 鼓励各国政府、联合国系统、民间社会和私营部门紧急加紧努力,实现2011年《关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题的政治宣言》所载目标和指标;", "2. 联合国 4. 敦促艾滋病规划署支持全面而有效地执行2011年《关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题的政治宣言》;", "3个 敦促艾滋病署在执行2011-2015年艾滋病署时 战略,支持各国政府根据其具体的流行病状况、国情和优先事项,加强国家应对这一流行病的对策,同时适当考虑到2011年《关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题的政治宣言》;", " 4.四. 5. 吁请联合国系统同所有相关利益攸关方协作,进一步加强协调行动,特别是在国家一级;", "5 (韩语). 4. 请秘书长向理事会2013年实质性会议转递由联合方案执行主任同其共同赞助者和联合国系统其他相关组织和机构合作编写的关于联合国系统在协调应对艾滋病毒/艾滋病流行病方面取得的进展的报告。", "[1] * 根据经济及社会理事会议事规则第72条。", "见E/2011/109。", "[2] 大会第65/277号决议。" ]

[ "Seventeenth session", "Kingston, Jamaica", "11-22 July 2011", "Credentials of representatives to the seventeenth session of the Assembly of the International Seabed Authority", "Report of the Credentials Committee", "Chair: Ms. Jacqueline Moseti (Kenya)", "1. At its 132nd plenary meeting, held on 18 July 2011, the Assembly of the International Seabed Authority appointed a Credentials Committee consisting of the following nine members: Argentina, Brazil, Germany, Kenya, Namibia, New Zealand, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation and Saudi Arabia.", "2. The Credentials Committee held one meeting, on 19 July 2011, and elected Ms. Jacqueline Moseti (Kenya) as its Chair for the seventeenth session.", "3. The Credentials Committee examined the credentials of the representatives participating in the current session of the Assembly. The Committee had before it a memorandum by the secretariat dated 19 July 2011 on the status of those credentials.", "4. As noted in paragraph 1 of the memorandum of the secretariat, formal credentials issued by the head of State or Government, the Minister for Foreign Affairs or a person authorized by the Minister had been received by the secretariat for the representatives of the following States: Argentina, Australia, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belgium, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Côte d’Ivoire, Cuba, Czech Republic, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Fiji, Finland, France, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kiribati, Kuwait, Mauritania, Mexico, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nauru, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, South Africa, Spain, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Sudan, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Viet Nam.", "5. As noted in paragraph 2 of the memorandum of the secretariat, information concerning the appointment of representatives participating in the current session of the Assembly had been communicated by means of facsimile or in the form of initialled notes verbales from ministries, embassies, permanent missions to the Authority, permanent missions to the United Nations or other government offices or authorities by the following States, and the European Union, participating in the Assembly: Brazil, Iraq, Kenya, Morocco, Nigeria and Uganda.", "6. The Chair proposed that the Committee accept the credentials of all representatives mentioned in the memorandum of the secretariat on the understanding that the formal credentials of representatives referred to in paragraph 2 of the memorandum would be communicated to the secretariat as soon as possible. The following draft decision was proposed by the Chair for adoption by the Committee:", "“The Credentials Committee,", "Having examined the credentials of the representatives to the seventeenth session of the Assembly of the International Seabed Authority referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 of the memorandum of the secretariat dated 19 July 2011,", "Accepts the credentials of the representatives concerned.”", "7. The draft decision was adopted by the Committee without a vote.", "8. Subsequently, the Chair proposed that the Committee recommend to the Assembly for adoption the draft decision contained in paragraph 10 below. The proposal was adopted by the Committee without a vote.", "9. In the light of the foregoing, the present report is submitted to the Assembly.", "Recommendation of the Credentials Committee", "10. The Credentials Committee recommends to the Assembly for adoption the following draft decision:", "Decision of the Assembly relating to the credentials of representatives to the seventeenth session of the International Seabed Authority", "“The Assembly of the International Seabed Authority", "Approves the report of the Credentials Committee.”" ]

[ "第十七届会议", "2011年7月11日至22日", "牙买加金斯敦", "出席国际海底管理局大会第十七届会议的代表的全权证书", "全权证书委员会的报告", "主席：杰奎琳·莫赛逖女士(肯尼亚)", "1. 国际海底管理局大会在其2011年7月18日第132次全体会议上任命了一个全权证书委员会，由以下九个成员组成：阿根廷、巴西、德国、肯尼亚、纳米比亚、新西兰、大韩民国、俄罗斯联邦和沙特阿拉伯。", "2. 全权证书委员会于2011年7月19日举行了一次会议，选举杰奎琳·莫赛逖女士(肯尼亚)为该委员会第十七届会议主席。", "3. 全权证书委员会审查了出席大会本届会议的代表的全权证书。委员会收到了秘书处2011年7月19日关于这些证书情况的备忘录。", "4. 如秘书处备忘录第1段所述，秘书处收到了国家元首或政府首脑、外交部长或由其授权的人签发的出席本届大会的下列国家的代表的正式全权证书：阿根廷、澳大利亚、巴哈马、孟加拉国、比利时、布基纳法索、喀麦隆、加拿大、智利、中国、科特迪瓦、古巴、捷克共和国、多米尼加共和国、埃及、斐济、芬兰、法国、德国、加纳、希腊、圭亚那、海地、洪都拉斯、印度、印度尼西亚、意大利、牙买加、日本、基里巴斯、科威特、毛里塔尼亚、墨西哥、莫桑比克、缅甸、纳米比亚、瑙鲁、荷兰、新西兰、挪威、 阿曼、巴基斯坦、巴拿马、菲律宾、波兰、葡萄牙、卡塔尔、大韩民国、俄罗斯联邦、沙特阿拉伯、塞内加尔、南非、西班牙、圣基茨和尼维斯、苏丹、汤加、特立尼达和多巴哥、突尼斯、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国和越南。", "5. 如秘书处备忘录第2段所述，出席大会的下列国家和欧洲联盟以传真方式，或以政府各部、大使馆、常驻海底管理局代表团、常驻联合国代表团或其他政府部门或当局所草签的普通照会形式，送交了关于任命其出席大会本届会议的代表的资料：巴西、伊拉克、肯尼亚、摩洛哥、尼日利亚和乌干达。", "6. 主席提议，委员会接受秘书处备忘录中所述所有代表的全权证书，但有一项理解，即备忘录第2段所述代表的正式全权证书将尽快送交秘书处。主席提议委员会通过以下决定草案：", "“全权证书委员会，", "审查了秘书处2011年7月19日备忘录第1和第2段所述出席国际海底管理局大会第十七届会议的代表的全权证书，", "接受有关代表的全权证书。”", "7. 委员会未经表决通过了这项决定草案。", "8. 随后，主席提议委员会建议大会通过下文第10段所载决定草案。委员会未经表决通过了这项提议。", "9. 根据以上所述，向大会提交本报告。", "全权证书委员会的建议", "10. 全权证书委员会建议大会通过以下决定草案：", "大会关于出席国际海底管理局第十七届会议代表的全权证书的决定", "“国际海底管理局大会核准全权证书委员会的报告。”" ]

[ "第十七届会议", "牙买加金斯敦", "2011年7月11日至22日,日内瓦", "出席国际海底管理局大会第十七届会议代表的全权证书", "全权证书委员会的报告", "主席: 杰奎琳·莫塞蒂女士 (肯尼亚)", "1. 联合国 国际海底管理局大会在2011年7月18日举行的第132次全体会议上任命了由下列9个成员组成的全权证书委员会:阿根廷、巴西、德国、肯尼亚、纳米比亚、新西兰、大韩民国、俄罗斯联邦和沙特阿拉伯。", "2. 联合国 全权证书委员会于2011年7月19日举行了一次会议,并选举杰奎琳·莫塞蒂女士(肯尼亚)为第十七届会议主席。", "3个 全权证书委员会审查了出席大会本届会议的代表的全权证书。 委员会收到了秘书处2011年7月19日关于这些全权证书状况的备忘录。", " 4.四. 如秘书处备忘录第1段所述,秘书处已收到下列国家代表由国家元首或政府首脑、外交部长或经部长授权的人员签发的正式全权证书:阿根廷、澳大利亚、巴哈马、孟加拉国、比利时、布基纳法索、喀麦隆、加拿大、智利、中国、科特迪瓦、古巴、捷克共和国、多米尼加共和国、埃及、斐济、芬兰、法国、德国、加纳、希腊、圭亚那、海地、洪都拉斯、印度、印度尼西亚、意大利、牙买加、日本、基里巴斯、科威特、毛里塔尼亚、墨西哥、莫桑比克、缅甸、纳米比亚、瑙鲁、荷兰、新西兰、挪威、阿曼、巴基斯坦、巴拿马、菲律宾、波兰、葡萄牙、卡塔尔、大韩民国、俄罗斯联邦、沙特阿拉伯、塞内加尔、南非、西班牙、圣基茨和尼维斯、苏丹、汤加、特立尼达和多巴哥、突尼斯、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国和越南。", "5 (韩语). 如秘书处备忘录第2段所述,出席大会的下列国家和欧洲联盟以传真或草签的普通照会形式送交了关于任命出席大会本届会议的代表的资料:巴西、伊拉克、肯尼亚、摩洛哥、尼日利亚和乌干达。", "6. 国家 主席建议委员会接受秘书处备忘录中提到的所有代表的全权证书,但有一项谅解,即备忘录第2段中提到的代表的正式全权证书将尽快送交秘书处。 主席提议委员会通过以下决定草案:", "“全权证书委员会,", "审查了2011年7月19日秘书处备忘录 第1和第2段所述出席国际海底管理局大会第十七届会议代表的全权证书,", "接受有关代表的全权证书。 “", "7. 联合国 委员会未经表决通过了该决定草案。", "8. 联合国 随后,主席提议委员会建议大会通过下文第10段所载的决定草案。 委员会未经表决通过了该提案。", "9. 国家 鉴于上述情况,兹向大会提交本报告。", "全权证书委员会的建议", "10个 全权证书委员会建议大会通过下列决定草案:", "大会关于出席国际海底管理局第十七届会议代表的全权证书的决定", "“国际海底管理局大会", "核可全权证书委员会的报告。 “" ]

[ "Seventeenth session", "Kingston, Jamaica", "11-22 July 2011", "Decision of the Assembly relating to the credentials of representatives to the seventeenth session of the International Seabed Authority", "The Assembly of the International Seabed Authority", "Approves the report of the Credentials Committee.[1]", "134th meeting 22 July 2011", "[1] ISBA/17/A/6." ]

[ "第十七届会议", "2011年7月11日至22日", "牙买加金斯敦", "大会关于出席国际海底管理局第十七届会议代表的全权证书的决定", "国际海底管理局大会", "核准全权证书委员会的报告。[1]", "2011年7月22日", "第134次会议", "[1] ISBA/17/A/6。" ]

[ "第十七届会议", "牙买加金斯敦", "2011年7月11日至22日,日内瓦", "大会关于出席国际海底管理局第十七届会议代表的全权证书的决定", "国际海底管理局大会,", "核可全权证书委员会的报告。 [1] (中文(简体) ).", "2011年7月22日 第134次会议", "[1] ISBA/17/A/6 (中文(简体) )." ]

[ "Secretary-General’s bulletin", "Organization of the Office of Human Resources Management", "The Secretary-General, pursuant to the Secretary-General’s bulletin entitled “Organization of the Secretariat of the United Nations” (ST/SGB/1997/5) as amended by Secretary-General’s bulletin ST/SGB/2002/11, and for the purpose of establishing the organizational structure of the Office of Human Resources Management, promulgates the following:", "Section 1 General provision", "The present bulletin shall apply in conjunction with the Secretary-General’s bulletin entitled “Organization of the Secretariat of the United Nations” (ST/SGB/1997/5) as amended by Secretary-General’s bulletin ST/SGB/2002/11.", "Section 2 Functions and organization", "2.1 The Office of Human Resources Management seeks to align the Organization’s human resources capacity with its mission and changing mandates and to ensure that the Secretariat can carry out its functions effectively and efficiently. It endeavours to act with sensitivity and appropriate flexibility, taking into account the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations, the mandates of the General Assembly, the Staff Regulations and the Staff Rules, as well as the principles and practices of a good employer. In developing solutions, it addresses strategic organizational needs as well as those of individual staff.", "2.2 Accordingly, as the central authority for matters pertaining to the management of human resources, the Office is responsible for:", "(a) In strategic partnerships with clients, including departments, offices, staff, Member States, etc., identifying, championing, developing and implementing suitable policies, programmes, procedures and supporting systems, including technology-based support tools, that together will lead to:", "(i) The creation of an organizational culture that is responsive and results-oriented; rewards creativity and innovation; and promotes continuous learning, high performance and managerial excellence;", "(ii) Greater transparency, responsibility, accountability, due process, equity and fairness in the management of human resources;", "(iii) The development of a dynamic, adaptable and global workforce with the highest levels of competence and integrity to serve the evolving mandates of the Organization;", "(b) Selecting, retaining and developing staff of the highest competence and integrity, taking into account the provisions of Articles 8 and 101 of the Charter of the United Nations;", "(c) Managing programmes concerning staff and career development, staff mobility, performance management, contractual arrangements and conditions of service that meet the needs and aspirations of both staff and the Organization, in coordination with the International Civil Service Commission as appropriate;", "(d) Defining human resources objectives, at the Secretariat, departmental and office levels, and field missions;", "(e) Establishing and interpreting human resources policies, as well as establishing the relevant rules and guidelines for the implementation of such policies;", "(f) Supporting the monitoring of the implementation of rules, policies and programmes; guiding and advising staff and managers in the performance of their roles and responsibilities in the area of human resources; and taking or recommending corrective measures or sanctions, as appropriate, to improve management practice and increase efficiency of work;", "(g) Promoting and maintaining staff health, developing, implementing and monitoring health-care and medico-administrative policies, and ensuring staff access to medical care system-wide, including field operations, and United Nations funds and programmes;", "(h) Providing support to intergovernmental, inter-agency and expert bodies in the field of human resources management;", "(i) Conducting staff-management consultation, and promoting staff welfare and security in conjunction with the Department of Safety and Security.", "2.3 The Office is divided into organizational units, as described in the present bulletin. The Assistant Secretary-General for Human Resources Management and the officials in charge of each unit, in addition to the specific functions set out in the present bulletin, perform the general functions applicable to their positions, as set out in Secretary-General’s bulletin ST/SGB/1997/5 as amended by Secretary-General’s bulletin ST/SGB/2002/11.", "Section 3 Assistant Secretary-General for Human Resources Management", "3.1 The Assistant Secretary-General is responsible for the activities of the Office of Human Resources Management and its administration, and is accountable to the Under-Secretary-General for Management.", "3.2 The Assistant Secretary-General provides leadership, direction and advice on matters that relate to the development, implementation, coordination, monitoring and communication of human resources strategy and underlying policies, and the implementation of related programmes throughout the Secretariat. Accordingly, the Assistant Secretary-General:", "(a) Provides the Secretary-General, through the Under-Secretary-General for Management, with advice and support on all matters pertaining to human resources management;", "(b) On matters pertaining to human resources management, represents the Secretary-General in dealings with the representatives of Member and observer States, intergovernmental bodies, international organizations, governmental and non-governmental organizations, the International Civil Service Commission and other programmes and organizations of the United Nations system through the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination and its subsidiary bodies, and the media;", "(c) Interprets and establishes human resources policies, as well as establishes the relevant rules and guidelines for the implementation of such policies;", "(d) Represents the Secretary-General in the conduct of staff-management consultations, as envisaged in article VIII of the Staff Regulations;", "(e) Formulates the programme plan of the Office and produces the corresponding budget proposals;", "(f) Identifies broad strategies required for the development and implementation of the work programme of the Office;", "(g) Carries out management activities and makes managerial decisions to ensure the effective, efficient and economic operation of the programme.", "Section 4 Office of the Assistant Secretary-General for Human Resources Management", "4.1 The core functions of the Office of the Assistant Secretary-General for Human Resources Management are as follows:", "(a) To assist and advise the Assistant Secretary-General in carrying out her/his duties, particularly on issues requiring policy decisions, and in coordinating administrative and management matters that require clearance by the head of the Office as well as in coordinating the activities of the Office with those of other organizational units performing related tasks;", "(b) To prepare or coordinate the preparation of reports to the General Assembly and other bodies on human resources management matters;", "(c) To conduct staff-management consultations;", "(d) To conduct and coordinate communications programmes;", "(e) To monitor the implementation of the workplans of the Office.", "4.2 The Office of the Assistant Secretary-General also provides secretariat services to the Staff-Management Coordination Committee.", "Section 5 Strategic Planning and Staffing Division", "5.1 The Strategic Planning and Staffing Division is headed by a Director who is accountable to the Assistant Secretary-General.", "5.2 The Division consists of the following: (a) the Planning, Monitoring and Reporting Service; (b) the Staffing Service; and (c) the Outreach Section. The Chief of each Service or Section is accountable to the Director of the Division.", "5.3 The core functions of the Planning, Monitoring and Reporting Service are: to support the management of the Secretariat’s human resources through strategic workforce planning, supporting the monitoring of human resources delegated authority and reporting on human resources management information.", "5.4 The core functions of the Staffing Service are:", "(a) To manage the implementation of the staff selection system, including the provision of secretariat services to the central review bodies at United Nations Headquarters in New York; provide expert advice to central review body secretariats away from Headquarters; and contribute to the development of policies for the work of the central review bodies in the Organization;", "(b) To develop and manage components of the talent management system related to staffing as an enterprise talent management tool; provide guidance to departments and offices to ensure that selection decisions are made on the basis of merit, demonstrated competencies, performance, objective, job-related criteria, and organizational mandates; and develop and monitor an integrated approach to ensure transparency, consistency, timeliness and efficiency of staffing procedures;", "(c) To contribute to the development of strategies, policies and programmes with a view to promoting a dynamic, adaptable and global workforce with the highest levels of competence and integrity to serve the evolving mandates of the Organization;", "(d) To develop strategies for the management of the recruitment of young professionals and conduct competitive examinations for recruitment to the Professional category, ensuring the preparation, validity and confidentiality of examination materials, as well as other examinations, tests and assessments.", "5.5 The core function of the Outreach Section is: to support the Secretariat in identifying and attracting high-quality candidates through outreach activities and the United Nations internship programme; and conduct proactive and targeted recruitment campaigns taking into account the predicted operational needs of the Organization and the mandates of the General Assembly, particularly on geographical representation and gender balance.", "Section 6 Learning, Development and Human Resources Services Division", "6.1 The Learning, Development and Human Resources Services Division is headed by a Director who is accountable to the Assistant Secretary-General.", "6.2 The Division consists of one service and two sections: (a) the Human Resources Service; (b) the Learning, Leadership and Organizational Development Section; and (c) the Career Support and Performance Management Section. The Chief of the Service and the Chief of each Section are accountable to the Director of the Division.", "6.3 The core functions of the Human Resources Service are:", "(a) To administer and monitor staff entitlements and benefits in accordance with the Staff Regulations and Rules; and engage in business process reviews in order to streamline procedures for increased efficiency and effectiveness;", "(b) To provide advice and support to management and staff on: (i) the implementation of human resources management policies; (ii) succession planning options; (iii) staff selection, recruitment, induction and separation; and (iv) consultations on individual cases;", "(c) To ensure emergency preparedness in the Secretariat through the Emergency Preparedness and Support Team, which provides support to staff and their families directly affected by malicious acts, natural disasters and other emergencies, and works closely with other departments to prepare a coordinated approach to emergency management.", "6.4 The core functions of the Learning, Leadership and Organizational Development Section are:", "(a) To develop and implement core learning and development programmes, using best practice, to build the Secretariat’s leadership and managerial capacity; increase competence in human and financial resources management; enable the Organization to maximize its investments in technology; ensure that the substantive skills of staff are continually enhanced and updated; promote a culture of high ethical standards throughout the Secretariat; and strengthen the Secretariat’s capacity to take advantage of its diversity by promoting multilingualism, cross-cultural awareness and gender awareness;", "(b) To integrate core and managerial competencies into all human resources systems, including staff selection, performance management, career development and training; and assess needs and formulate strategies to address organizational and individual development and learning requirements in order to build capacity at all levels, including at senior management levels.", "6.5 The core functions of the Career Support and Performance Management Section are:", "(a) To develop mechanisms to support career development, including the expansion of job networks and voluntary mobility opportunities, career planning programmes, the spouse support programme, programmes for junior professionals, and mentoring programmes; and the development of career paths and models;", "(b) To support the institutionalization of performance-based management, through the continuing development and implementation of a performance management and development system linked to talent management, continuous learning, and career development.", "Section 7 Human Resources Policy Service", "7.1 The Human Resources Policy Service is headed by a Chief who is accountable to the Assistant Secretary-General.", "7.2 The Service consists of the Administrative Law Section, the Policy and Conditions of Service Section, and the Compensation and Classification Section. The Chief of each Section is accountable to the Chief of the Service.", "7.3 The core functions of the Policy and Conditions of Service Section are:", "(a) To develop human resources policies according to the Secretary-General’s human resources management strategy in consultation with management and staff representative bodies, as appropriate; prepare amendments to the Staff Regulations for submission to the General Assembly; draft or coordinate revisions to the Staff Rules and administrative issuances setting out rules, policies and procedures; and approve the publication of all administrative issuances, information circulars and official forms;", "(b) To contribute to the development of a common system human resources policy in the areas of compensation and conditions of service, and in the review and expansion of common services in the human resources area; contribute to the work of inter-agency bodies including the High-level Committee on Management and the Human Resources Network, and represent the United Nations at the International Civil Service Commission; and monitor the implementation of policy instructions and guidelines related to salaries, allowances and other entitlements, providing substantive support to legislative bodies during the consideration of these issues.", "7.4 The core functions of the Compensation and Classification Section are:", "(a) To conduct comprehensive salary surveys at non-headquarters duty stations; and review, approve and promulgate salary scales and allowances for staff in the General Service and related categories;", "(b) To participate in the development of classification policies and standards at the common system level; develop and maintain classified generic job profiles; provide classification advice; and support the work of the classification appeals bodies.", "7.5 The core functions of the Administrative Law Section are:", "(a) To manage all aspects of appeals against administrative decisions, as the representative of the Secretary-General before the United Nations Dispute Tribunal;", "(b) To manage all disciplinary cases in respect of United Nations staff members, including providing legal advice and making recommendations in disciplinary cases through all steps of the disciplinary process.", "Section 8 Medical Services Division", "8.1 The Medical Services Division is headed by a Director who is accountable to the Assistant Secretary-General.", "8.2 The Director acts as medical adviser on matters pertaining to the Advisory Board on Compensation Claims and is the designated medical consultant for the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Board.", "8.3 The Division consists of the Office of the Director, administrative and information technology support services, the Field Support Section, the Headquarters and Common Support Section (including nursing and diagnostic support services), the Public Health and Emergency Preparedness Section, and the Psychosocial Support Section.", "8.4 The core functions of the Medical Services Division are:", "(a) To promote staff health, while ensuring medical compatibility with job requirements, through the performance and review of medical examinations, providing medical clearances for the recruitment, reassignment and mission deployment of staff worldwide, and the recruitment of military observers and civilian police monitors, providing travel health advice, pre- and post-mission consultations, preventive health and health promotion programmes, consultations and referrals, psychosocial support, health-related training, and assessments/ recommendations regarding office ergonomics and the working environment;", "(b) To manage risks in the workplace, through the provision of first aid, treatment and emergency services, approving, advising on and assisting with medical evacuations and repatriation requests by staff and their recognized dependants, military observers, civilian police monitors and United Nations peacekeeping troops, providing medical inputs to the Crisis Operation Group, developing preparedness plans for pandemic human influenza and other emergencies, including liaison with the New York Department of Health and Mental Hygiene and other health authorities and medical facilities of New York City;", "(c) To provide medical advice to United Nations medical facilities system-wide, coordinating the implementation of United Nations policies on health care, providing advice on technical and professional aspects of the functioning of United Nations-sponsored dispensaries and civilian clinics of United Nations peacekeeping missions, providing technical clearance and participating in interviews for the appointment of United Nations physicians and other medical staff, including to positions in peacekeeping missions, appointing United Nations examining physicians, and performing on-site assessments of health facilities at field duty stations, including the assessment of existing and potential regional evacuation centres;", "(d) To advise on medico-administrative issues, including medical aspects of sick leave, the evaluation and certification of sick leave for staff worldwide, the provision of medical advice to the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund, the Advisory Board on Compensation Claims, the Field Budget and Finance Division (on compensation claims of troops) and the International Civil Service Commission (regarding medical aspects of hardship classifications of duty stations), advising the Administration on special dependency allowances for disabled children and special education grants for children with disabilities, and advising on health-related policies system-wide (in administrative instructions, information circulars, etc.).", "Section 9 Human Resources Information Systems Section", "9.1 The Human Resources Information Systems Section is headed by a Chief who is accountable to the Assistant Secretary-General.", "9.2 The core functions of the Human Resources Information Systems Section are:", "(a) To establish human resources systems strategy;", "(b) To provide application development, maintenance and user support for Inspira, the United Nations talent management information system, in the areas of staffing, learning management, performance management and reporting;", "(c) To provide human-resources-related management information for reporting purposes, including through the provision of self-service online tools for human resources practitioners and programme managers;", "(d) To support the implementation of enterprise resource planning systems that conform to the standards and directives of the Office of Information and Communications Technology;", "(e) To ensure that sufficient security controls are implemented across all human resources systems.", "Section 10 Final provisions", "10.1 The present bulletin shall enter into force on the date of its issuance.", "10.2 Secretary-General’s bulletin of 7 April 2004, entitled “Organization of the Office of Human Resources Management” (ST/SGB/2004/8), is hereby abolished.", "(Signed) BAN Ki-moon Secretary-General" ]

[ "秘书长公报", "人力资源管理厅的组织", "秘书长根据经秘书长ST/SGB/2002/11号公报修正的题为“联合国秘书处的组织”(ST/SGB/1997/5)的秘书长公报，并为确立人力资源管理厅的组织结构，特颁布如下规定：", "第1节", "总则", "本公报应结合经秘书长ST/SGB/2002/11号公报修正的题为“联合国秘书处的组织”(ST/SGB/1997/5)的秘书长公报一并施行。", "第2节", "职能和组织", "2.1 人力资源管理厅力求使本组织的人力资源能力与其使命和不断变化的授权任务相匹配，并确保秘书处能有效力和有效率地履行其职能。该厅在考虑到《联合国宪章》的各项规定、大会的授权任务、《工作人员条例和工作人员细则》及良好雇主应当遵循的原则和做法的同时，努力以具有敏感性和适当灵活性的方式行事。在拟订解决问题的方法时，该厅要同时兼顾组织上的战略性需求和工作人员个人的需求。", "2.2 因此，作为主管有关人力资源管理事务的中央权力机构，该厅的责任如下：", "(a) 与包括各部、厅、办、工作人员、会员国等在内的服务对象建立战略伙伴关系，确定、推动、发展和执行合适的政策、方案、程序和支助制度，包括以技术为基础的支助工具，通过这些以达到：", "㈠ 建立一种反应灵活并注重结果的组织文化；这种文化奖励创造和创新，促进不断学习、优良业绩和出色管理；", "㈡ 增进人力资源管理方面的透明度、责任心、问责制、正当程序、公正和公平；", "㈢ 培养一支动态的、适应性强并具最高才干及忠诚度的全球性工作队伍，以服务于本组织不断变化的授权任务；", "(b) 在考虑到《联合国宪章》第八条和第一百零一条各项规定的情况下，甄选、保留和培养具最高才干及忠诚度的工作人员；", "(c) 管理与工作人员及职业发展、工作人员流动、业绩管理、合同安排和服务条件有关并符合工作人员和本组织需求和愿望的方案，并在这方面酌情与国际公务员制度委员会进行协调；", "(d) 确定秘书处、部、厅、办一级和外地特派团的人力资源目标；", "(e) 确立和解释人力资源政策，以及确立执行这类政策所需的有关规则和导则；", "(f) 支持对规则、政策和方案执行情况的监测；指导工作人员和管理人员发挥在人力资源领域的作用和责任并向他们提供咨询；以及酌情采取或建议采取纠正措施或奖惩措施，以改善管理工作和提高工作效率；", "(g) 促进和维护工作人员健康；拟订、执行和监测保健及医疗行政政策，并确保全系统工作人员都得到医疗保健，包括外地行动及联合国各基金和方案；", "(h) 向政府间、机构间和专家机构提供人力资源管理方面的支助；", "(i) 主持工作人员与管理当局的协商，并与安全和安保部一起促进工作人员的福利和安全。", "2.3 如本公报所述，该厅分成一些组织单位。主管人力资源管理助理秘书长和主管各单位的官员，除本公报规定的具体职能外，履行经秘书长ST/SGB/2002/11号公报修正的秘书长ST/SGB/1997/5号公报所规定的适用于其职位的一般职能。", "第3节", "主管人力资源管理助理秘书长", "3.1 助理秘书长负责人力资源管理厅的各项活动及其行政工作，并向主管管理事务副秘书长负责。", "3.2 助理秘书长就整个秘书处与人力资源战略和基本政策的制定、执行、协调、监测和交流有关的事项和有关方案的执行工作，提供领导、指导和咨询。因此，助理秘书长：", "(a) 通过主管管理事务副秘书长就有关人力资源管理的所有事项向秘书长提供咨询和支助；", "(b) 就与人力资源管理有关的事项代表秘书长与下列各方代表接洽：会员国和观察员国家、政府间机构、国际组织、政府和非政府组织、国际公务员制度委员会及联合国系统其他方案和组织(通过联合国系统行政首长协调理事会及其附属机构)，以及传播媒介；", "(c) 解释和确立人力资源政策，以及确立执行这类政策所需的有关规则和导则；", "(d) 代表秘书长主持《工作人员条例》第八条中设想的工作人员与管理当局的协商；", "(e) 制定该厅的方案计划并提出相应的拟议预算；", "(f) 为拟订和执行该厅工作方案确定广泛的战略；", "(g) 开展管理活动，做出管理决策，确保以有效力、有效率和力行节约的方式开展方案活动。", "第4节", "主管人力资源管理助理秘书长办公室", "4.1 主管人力资源管理助理秘书长办公室的核心职能如下：", "(a) 在下列方面向助理秘书长提供协助和咨询：履行职责，特别是对于那些需要做出决策的事项；协调需要由厅长审批的行政和管理事项；协调人力资源管理厅同履行相关任务的其他组织单位的活动；", "(b) 就人力资源管理事项起草或协调起草提交大会和其他机构的报告；", "(c) 主持工作人员与管理当局的协商；", "(d) 主持和协调交流方案；", "(e) 监测该厅工作计划的执行情况。", "4.2 助理秘书长办公室还向工作人员与管理当局协调委员会提供秘书处服务。", "第5节", "战略规划和人员配置司", "5.1 战略规划和人员配置司由司长领导，司长向助理秘书长负责。", "5.2 该司的组成如下：(a) 规划、监测和报告处；(b) 人员配置处；以及(c) 外联科。各处处长或科长向司长负责。", "5.3 规划、监测和报告处的核心职能是：通过战略工作队伍规划、对人力资源所授权力的监测提供支助和就人力资源管理信息提出报告，向秘书处人力资源管理工作提供支助。", "5.4 人员配置处的核心职能是：", "(a) 管理工作人员甄选系统的实施，包括向纽约联合国总部中央审查机构提供秘书处服务、向总部以外的中央审查机构秘书处提供专家咨询意见，以及协助拟订本组织中央审查机构的工作政策；", "(b) 发展和管理人才管理体系的组成部分，作为企业人才管理工具；向部、厅、办提供指导，以确保甄选决定的基础是功绩、所显示的才干、业绩、目标、与职位相关的标准及组织的授权任务；制定一种综合办法，以确保人员配置程序具有透明性、一贯性，及时性和效率，并监测此种办法的执行情况；", "(c) 协助拟订战略、政策和方案，以促进培养一支动态的、适应性强并具最高才干及忠诚度的全球性工作队伍，以服务于本组织不断变化的授权任务；", "(d) 拟订管理年轻专业人员征聘工作的战略，举办专业职类竞争性征聘考试，确保考试材料及其他考试、测试和评估材料的编制、有效性和保密性。", "5.5 外联科的核心职能是：通过外联活动和联合国实习方案，协助秘书处确认和吸引高质量候选人；在考虑到本组织预期业务需求和大会的授权，特别是有关地域代表性和性别平衡的授权的情况下，举办积极和有针对性的征聘活动。", "第6节", "学习、发展和人力资源事务司", "6.1 学习、发展和人力资源事务司由司长领导，司长向助理秘书长负责。", "6.2 该司由一个处和两个科组成：(a) 人力资源处；(b) 学习、领导能力和组织发展科；以及(c) 职业支助和业绩管理科。处长和各科科长向司长负责。", "6.3 人力资源处的核心职能是：", "(a) 根据《工作人员条例和细则》管理和监测工作人员应享权利和福利；参与业务流程审查，以简化程序，提高效率和效力；", "(b) 就下列方面向管理部门和工作人员提供咨询和支助：㈠ 人力资源管理政策的执行；㈡ 继承规划的选项；㈢ 工作人员的甄选、征聘、就职和离职；以及㈣ 就个案进行协商；", "(c) 通过应急准备和支助小组确保秘书处做好应急准备，可向受恶意行为、自然灾害和其他紧急情况直接影响的工作人员及其家属提供支助，并与其他部门密切合作，就应急管理制订一种协调一致的方法。", "6.4 学习、领导能力和组织发展科的核心职能是：", "(a) 运用最佳做法拟订和执行核心学习和发展方案，以建设秘书处的领导和管理能力；提高人力资源和财务资源管理才干；使本组织能最大限度地进行技术投资；确保工作人员的实务技能不断得以提高和更新；在整个秘书处内促进高道德标准文化；以及促进对多语种、跨文化问题及性别平等问题的认识，以加强秘书处发挥其多元性优势的能力；", "(b) 将核心才干和管理才干融入所有人力资源系统，包括工作人员甄选、业绩管理、职业发展和培训；评估需求和制定战略，以满足组织和个人的发展和学习需要，以期建设各个层级的能力，包括高级管理层的能力。", "6.5 职业支助和业绩管理科的核心职能是：", "(a) 发展支助职业发展的机制，包括扩大工作网络和自愿流动机会、职业规划方案、配偶支助方案、初级专业人员方案和辅导方案，以及发展职业道路和模式；", "(b) 支持将注重业绩的管理制度化，途径包括不断发展和执行与人才管理、不断学习和职业发展相联系的业绩管理和发展制度。", "第7节", "人力资源政策处", "7.1 人力资源政策处由处长领导，处长向助理秘书长负责。", "7.2 该处由行政法科、政策和服务条件科及报酬和叙级科组成。各科科长向处长负责。", "7.3 政策和服务条件科的核心职能是：", "(a) 根据秘书长的人力资源管理战略，酌情与管理部门和工作人员代表机关协商，拟订人力资源政策；起草《工作人员条例》修正案文，提交大会；起草或协调修订《工作人员细则》以及涉及规则、政策和程序的行政指示；批准发布各项行政指示、情况通报和正式表格；", "(b) 协助拟订报酬和服务条件及人力资源共同事务的审查和扩大等领域的共同制度人力资源政策；促进机构间机关的工作，包括管理问题高级别委员会和人力资源网，并在国际公务员制度委员会内代表联合国；监督薪金、津贴和其他应享权利等方面的政策指示和指导方针的执行情况；在立法机关审议这些问题时向他们提供实务支助。", "7.4 报酬和叙级科的核心职能是：", "(a) 在总部以外各个工作地点进行全面的薪金调查；审查、核可和颁布一般", "事务人员及有关职类工作人员的薪金表和津贴；", "(b) 参与拟订共同制度一级的叙级政策和标准、拟订和维持分类通用职务说明、提供叙级咨询，以及支助叙级上诉机关的工作。", "7.5 行政法科的核心职能是：", "(a) 在联合国争议法庭作为秘书长的代表处理对行政决定提起的上诉的所有方面问题；", "(b) 处理涉及联合国工作人员的所有纪律案件，包括在纪律案件的纪律程序过程中的所有阶段提供法律咨询意见和建议。", "第8节", "医务司", "8.1 医务司由司长领导，司长向助理秘书长负责。", "8.2 司长担任索偿事项咨询委员会医务顾问，并被指定为联合国工作人员养恤金联合委员会的医务顾问。", "8.3 该司由司长办公室、行政处和信息技术支助事务处、外勤支助科、总部和共同支助科(包括护理和诊断支助事务)、公共卫生和应急准备科，以及心理社会支助科组成。", "8.4 医务司的核心职能是：", "(a) 通过执行体检和审查体检结果，促进工作人员健康，同时确保对工作要求具有医疗方面的兼容性；为世界各地工作人员的征聘、调派和任务部署，为军事观察员和民警监督员的征聘提供体检合格证明；提供旅行卫生咨询、任务前和任务后咨询、预防性保健和健康促进方案、咨询和转诊、心理社会支助、保健相关培训，以及有关办公室人类工程学和工作环境的评估/建议；", "(b) 通过提供急救、治疗和应急服务，管理工作场所的风险；核准工作人员及其在册家属、军事观察员、民警监督员及联合国维和部队的医疗后送和医疗遣返要求，并就此提供咨询和协助；向危机处理小组提供医疗方面的意见；拟订人流感大流行及其他紧急情况的应对计划，包括与纽约卫生和心理卫生局及纽约市其他卫生当局和医疗设施联络；", "(c) 向联合国全系统的医疗设施提供医疗咨询；协调联合国保健政策的执行工作；就联合国赞助的药房和联合国维和特派团平民诊所运作的技术和专业方面问题提供咨询；提供技术合格证明和参与联合国医生和其他医疗工作人员的任命面试以填充包括维和特派团在内的职位；任命联合国体检医生；以及对外地工作地点的保健设施进行现场评估，包括评估现有和可能建立的区域后送中心；", "(d) 就医疗行政问题提供咨询，包括病假的医疗方面问题；评价和批准世界各地工作人员的病假；向联合国合办工作人员养恤基金、索偿事项咨询委员会、外勤预算和财务司(就部队的索偿问题)和国际公务员制度委员会(就工作地点艰苦条件分类的医疗方面问题)提供医务咨询；就残疾子女的特别扶养津贴和残疾子女的特别教育补助金向行政部门提供咨询；以及就全系统的保健相关政策提供咨询(行政指示、情况通报等)。", "第9节", "人力资源信息系统科", "9.1 人力资源信息系统科由科长领导，科长向助理秘书长负责。", "9.2 人力资源信息系统科的核心职能是：", "(a) 确立人力资源系统战略；", "(b) 为Inspira、联合国人才管理信息系统提供人员配置、学习管理、业绩管理和报告方面的应用发展、维护和用户支助；", "(c) 为提交报告的目的提供与人力资源相关的管理信息，包括通过向人力资源实践者和方案管理员提供在线自选工具；", "(d) 支持实施符合信息和通信技术厅标准和指令的企业规划系统；", "(e) 确保在所有人力资源系统中都实施充分的安全控制。", "第10节", "最后条款", "10.1 本公报应于发布之日起生效。", "10.2 秘书长2004年4月7日题为“人力资源管理厅的组织”的公报(ST/SGB/ 2004/8)就此作废。", "秘书长", "潘基文(签名)" ]

[ "秘书长公报", "人力资源管理厅的组织", "秘书长根据经ST/SGB/2002/11号秘书长公报修正的题为 \" 联合国秘书处的组织 \" 的秘书长公报(ST/SGB/1997/5),并为了建立人力资源管理厅的组织结构,兹颁布如下:", "第1节 一般规定", "本公报应与经ST/SGB/2002/11号秘书长公报修订的题为 \" 联合国秘书处的组织 \" 的秘书长公报(ST/SGB/1997/5)一并适用。", "第2节 职能和组织", "2.1 国家 人力资源管理厅力求使本组织的人力资源能力与其使命和不断变化的任务规定相协调,并确保秘书处能切实有效地履行其职能。 考虑到《联合国宪章》的规定、大会的任务规定、《工作人员条例》和《工作人员细则》以及良好雇主的原则和做法,秘书处努力以敏感和适当的灵活性行事。 在制订解决方案时,它既满足工作人员个人的战略组织需要,也满足其需要。", "2.2 国家 因此,作为处理人力资源管理事项的中央机关,该厅负责:", "(a) 国家 与客户,包括各部厅、工作人员、会员国等建立战略伙伴关系,确定、倡导、制定和执行适当的政策、方案、程序和支助系统,包括技术支持工具,从而共同实现:", "(一) 创造一种反应迅速并注重结果的组织文化;奖励创造力和创新;促进不断学习、高业绩和卓越的管理;", "(二) 提高人力资源管理的透明度、责任制、问责制、适当程序、公平和公平;", "(三) 培养一支能力最强、操守最强、适应能力最强的全球动态工作人员队伍,为本组织不断变化的任务服务;", "(b) 在考虑到《联合国宪章》第八条和第一百零一条规定的情况下,甄选、保留和发展最有能力和最正直的工作人员;", "(c) 酌情同国际公务员制度委员会协调,管理与工作人员和职业发展、工作人员流动、业绩管理、合同安排和服务条件有关的方案,以满足工作人员和本组织的需要和愿望;", "(d) 确定秘书处、各部厅以及外地特派团的人力资源目标;", "(e) 制定和解释人力资源政策,并为执行这些政策制定相关规则和准则;", "(f) 支持监测规则、政策和方案的执行情况;指导工作人员和管理人员履行其在人力资源领域的作用和责任并提供咨询;酌情采取或建议采取纠正措施或制裁,以改进管理做法并提高效率;", "(g) 促进并维持工作人员的健康,制定、执行并监测保健和医疗行政政策,确保工作人员获得全系统的医疗服务,包括外地行动以及联合国各基金和方案;", "(h) 为人力资源管理领域的政府间、机构间和专家机构提供支助;", "(一) 与安全和安保部一起进行工作人员-管理当局协商并增进工作人员的福利和安全。", "第2.3条 如本公报所述,该办公室分为若干组织单位。 主管人力资源管理助理秘书长和负责各单位的官员,除本公报所载列的具体职能外,还履行经ST/SGB/2002/11号秘书长公报修正的ST/SGB/1997/5号秘书长公报所规定的适用于其职位的一般职能。", "第3款 主管人力资源管理助理秘书长", "3.1 国家 助理秘书长负责人力资源管理厅的活动及其行政工作,并向主管管理事务副秘书长负责。", "3.2 国家 助理秘书长就有关人力资源战略和基本政策的制定、执行、协调、监测和交流以及在整个秘书处执行有关方案等事项提供领导、指导和咨询意见。 因此,助理秘书长:", "(a) 通过主管管理事务副秘书长就与人力资源管理有关的所有事项向秘书长提供咨询和支助;", "(b) 国家 在与人力资源管理有关的事项上,代表秘书长通过联合国系统行政首长协调理事会及其附属机构同会员国和观察员国、政府间机构、国际组织、政府组织和非政府组织、国际公务员制度委员会和联合国系统其他方案和组织的代表以及媒体打交道;", "(c) 解释和制定人力资源政策,并为执行这些政策制定相关规则和准则;", "(d) 按照《工作人员条例》第八条的设想,代表秘书长进行工作人员与管理当局的协商;", "(e) 制定该厅的方案计划并编制相应的拟议预算;", "(f) 为拟定和执行办公室工作方案确定必要的广泛战略;", "(g) 开展管理活动并作出管理决定,以确保方案的有成效、有效率和经济运作。", "第4款 主管人力资源管理助理秘书长办公室", "4.1 国家 主管人力资源管理助理秘书长办公室的核心职能如下:", "(a) 国家 协助助理秘书长履行职责并提供咨询意见,特别是在需要作出政策决定的问题上,协调需要办事处负责人批准的行政和管理事项,以及协调办事处与执行有关任务的其他组织单位的活动;", "(b) 国家 编写或协调编写提交大会和其他机构的关于人力资源管理事项的报告;", "(c) 进行工作人员与管理当局的协商;", "(d) 国家 开展和协调通信方案;", "(e) 监测该办公室工作计划的执行情况。", "4.2 (中文(简体) ). 助理秘书长办公室还向工作人员和管理当局协调委员会提供秘书处服务。", "第5款 战略规划和人员配置司", "5.1 联合国 战略规划和人员配置司由司长领导,司长向助理秘书长负责。", "5.2 国家 该司包括:(a) 规划、监测和报告处;(b) 人员配置处;(c) 外联科。 每个处或科科长向司长负责。", "5.3 联合国 规划、监测和报告处的核心职能是:通过员工队伍战略规划、支持监测下放的人力资源权力并报告人力资源管理信息,支持秘书处人力资源管理。", "5.4 (中文(简体) ). 人员配置处的核心职能是:", "(a) 国家 管理工作人员甄选制度的实施,包括向纽约联合国总部的中央审查机构提供秘书处服务;向总部以外的中央审查机构秘书处提供专家咨询意见;为本组织中央审查机构的工作制定政策;", "(b) 国家 开发和管理人才管理系统中与人员配置有关的构成部分,将其作为企业人才管理工具;为各部厅提供指导,确保根据业绩、表现的能力、业绩、客观、与工作有关的标准和组织任务作出甄选决定;制定并监测综合办法,确保人员配置程序的透明度、一致性、及时性和效率;", "(c) 为制定战略、政策和方案作出贡献,以期促进一支能动、适应性强并具有最高能力和忠诚的全球工作人员队伍,为本组织不断变化的任务服务;", "(d) 国家 制定年轻专业人员招聘管理战略并举办专业职类招聘竞争性考试,确保考试材料以及其他考试、考试和评估的编制、有效性和保密性。", "5.5 联合国 外联科的核心职能是:通过外联活动和联合国实习方案,支持秘书处确定和吸引高质量的候选人;开展积极主动和有针对性的征聘活动,同时考虑到本组织的预期业务需要和大会的任务,特别是关于地域代表性和性别均衡的任务。", "第6款 学习、发展和人力资源事务司", "6.1 学习、发展和人力资源事务司由司长领导,司长向助理秘书长负责。", "6.2 请检查date=中的日期值 (帮助) 该司由1个处和2个科组成:(a) 人力资源处;(b) 学习、领导和组织发展科;(c) 职业支助和业绩管理科。 处长和每个科科长向司长负责。", "第6.3条 人力资源处的核心职能是:", "(a) 国家 按照《工作人员条例和细则》管理并监测工作人员的应享权利和福利;参与业务流程审查,以简化程序,提高效率和效益;", "(b) 国家 就下列事项向管理层和工作人员提供咨询和支助:(一) 执行人力资源管理政策;(二) 继任规划备选方案;(三) 工作人员甄选、征聘、上岗和离职;(四) 就个案进行协商;", "(c) 通过应急准备和支助小组确保秘书处的应急准备,该小组向受恶意行为、自然灾害和其他紧急情况直接影响的工作人员及其家属提供支助,并与其他各部密切合作,以制定管理紧急情况的协调办法。", "6.4 (中文(简体) ). 学习、领导和组织发展科的核心职能是:", "(a) 国家 利用最佳做法,制订和执行核心学习和发展方案,以建立秘书处的领导能力和管理能力;提高人力和财力资源管理的能力;使本组织能最大限度地进行技术投资;确保不断提高和更新工作人员的实质性技能;在整个秘书处促进高道德标准文化;通过促进使用多种语文、跨文化意识和对性别问题的认识来增强秘书处利用其多样性的能力;", "(b) 国家 将核心能力和管理能力纳入所有人力资源系统,包括工作人员甄选、业绩管理、职业发展和培训;评估各种需要并制订战略,以满足组织和个人的发展和学习需要,以便在各级,包括高级管理层建设能力。", "6.5 (中文(简体) ). 职业支助和业绩管理科的核心职能是:", "(a) 国家 建立支持职业发展的机制,包括扩大职业网络和自愿流动机会、职业规划方案、配偶支助方案、初级专业人员方案以及辅导方案;制定职业途径和模式;", "(b) 国家 支持绩效管理制度化,通过继续制定和实施与人才管理,持续学习,职业发展相衔接的绩效管理和发展体系.", "第7款 人力资源政策处", "第7.1条 人力资源政策处由处长领导,处长向助理秘书长负责。", "7.2 (中文(简体) ). 该处由行政法科、政策和服务条件科以及报酬和叙级科组成。 各科科长向处长负责。", "第7.3条 政策和服务条件科的核心职能是:", "(a) 国家 酌情同管理部门和工作人员代表机构协商,根据秘书长的人力资源管理战略制定人力资源政策;编写《工作人员条例》修正案并提交大会;起草或协调对《工作人员细则》和载有规则、政策和程序的行政通知的修订;并核准出版所有行政通知、情况通报和正式表格;", "(b) 协助在报酬和服务条件领域制订共同制度人力资源政策,并审查和扩大人力资源领域的共同事务;协助包括管理问题高级别委员会和人力资源网在内的机构间机构的工作并代表联合国在国际公务员制度委员会;监测与薪金、津贴和其他应享权利有关的政策指示和准则的执行情况,在审议这些问题期间向立法机构提供实务支助。", "7.4 (中文(简体) ). 报酬和叙级科的核心职能是:", "(a) 国家 在非总部工作地点进行全面薪金调查;审查、核准并颁布一般事务及有关职类工作人员的薪金表和津贴;", "(b) 国家 参与制定共同制度一级的叙级政策和标准;制定和维持分类通用职务说明;提供叙级咨询;支持叙级上诉机构的工作。", "7.5 (中文(简体) ). 行政法科的核心职能是:", "(a) 国家 作为秘书长在联合国争议法庭的代表,管理对行政决定提出的上诉的所有方面;", "(b) 国家 管理与联合国工作人员有关的所有纪律案件,包括通过纪律程序的所有步骤提供法律咨询和就纪律案件提出建议。", "第8款 医务司", "第8.1条 医务司由司长领导,司长向助理秘书长负责。", "8.2 国家 主任在与索偿事项咨询委员会有关的事项上担任医疗顾问,并被指定为联合国工作人员养恤金联合委员会的医疗顾问。", "第8.3条 该司由司长办公室、行政和信息技术支助服务、外勤支助科、总部和共同支助科(包括护理和诊断支助服务)、公共卫生和应急准备科以及心理社会支助科组成。", "8.4 国家 医务司的核心职能是:", "(a) 国家 促进工作人员健康,同时确保医疗与工作要求相符合,方法是进行体检和审查,为世界各地工作人员的征聘、调任和特派团部署提供体检合格证明,并征聘军事观察员和民警监测员,提供旅行保健咨询、任务前和任务后咨询、预防性保健和健康促进方案、咨询和转诊、心理社会支助、与健康有关的培训,以及关于办公室人类工程学和工作环境的评估/建议;", "(b) 国家 管理工作场所的风险,提供急救、治疗和紧急服务,批准、咨询和协助工作人员及其确认的家属、军事观察员、民警监测员和联合国维持和平部队的医疗后送和遣返请求,向危机行动组提供医疗投入,为人流感大流行和其他紧急情况制定防备计划,包括与纽约卫生和精神卫生部及纽约市其他卫生当局和医疗设施联络;", "(c) 向联合国全系统的医疗设施提供医疗咨询,协调联合国保健政策的执行,就联合国赞助的联合国维持和平特派团医务室和文职诊所运作的技术和专业方面提供咨询,为联合国医生和其他医务人员的任命,包括维持和平特派团的职位,提供技术许可并参加面试,任命联合国体检医生,实地评估外地工作地点的保健设施,包括评估现有和潜在的区域疏散中心;", "(d) 国家 就医疗行政问题提供咨询,包括病假的医疗方面、世界各地工作人员病假的评估和证明、向联合国合办工作人员养恤基金、索偿事项咨询委员会、外勤预算和财务司(部队索偿)和国际公务员制度委员会(关于工作地点艰苦条件分类的医疗方面)、就残疾儿童特别抚养津贴和残疾儿童特别教育补助金向行政当局提供建议,并就全系统与保健有关的政策提供建议(在行政指示和情况通报等)。", "第9款 人力资源信息系统科", "9.1 国家 人力资源信息系统科由科长领导,科长向助理秘书长负责。", "第9.2条 人力资源信息系统科的核心职能是:", "(a) 国家 制定人力资源系统战略;", "(b) 国家 为Inspira(联合国人才管理信息系统)提供人员配置、学习管理、业绩管理和报告等领域的应用程序开发、维护和用户支持;", "(c) 为报告目的提供与人力资源有关的管理信息,包括为人力资源从业人员和方案主管提供在线自助工具;", "(d) 支持实施符合信息和通信技术厅标准和指示的企业资源规划系统;", "(e) 协助 确保在所有人力资源系统中实施足够的安全控制。", "第10节 最后规定", "10.1 对 本公报自发布之日起生效.", "10.2 秘书长2004年4月7日题为 \" 人力资源管理厅的组织 \" 的公报(ST/SGB/2004/8)就此作废。", "潘基文(签名) 秘书长" ]

[ "Letter dated 21 July 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "I have the honour to request that, in accordance with its previous practice, the Security Council invite the Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations to participate in the meeting of the Security Council, which will be held on Tuesday, 26 July 2011, regarding the situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question.", "(Signed) Feda Abdelhady Nasser Chargé d’affaires a.i." ]

[ "2011年7月21日巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员代表团临时代办给安全理事会主席的信", "谨请安全理事会按照其以往惯例，邀请巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员参加安全理事会将于2011年7月26日星期二举行的关于中东局势、包括巴勒斯坦问题的会议。", "临时代办", "费达·阿卜杜勒哈迪-纳赛尔(签名)" ]

[ "2011年7月21日巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员代表团临时代办给安全理事会主席的信", "谨请安全理事会按照以往惯例,邀请巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员参加安全理事会定于2011年7月26日星期二举行的关于中东局势,包括巴勒斯坦问题的会议。", "费达·阿卜杜勒-哈迪·纳赛尔(签名)" ]

[ "Sixty-fifth session", "Agenda item 114", "Admission of new Members to the United Nations", "Letter dated 12 July 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Burkina Faso to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "On the instructions of my Government, I have the honour to transmit to you, attached, a copy of the declaration by the Government of Burkina Faso of 10 July in recognition of the State of South Sudan, following the proclamation of the independence of South Sudan on 9 July 2011 (see annex).", "I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the attention of the Member States of the United Nations and circulate it as a document of the General Assembly.", "(Signed) Leopold T. Bonkoungou Second Secretary Chargé d’affaires a.i.", "Annex to the letter dated 12 July 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Burkina Faso to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "Declaration recognizing the State of South Sudan", "The Government of Burkina Faso,", "Aware of the responsibility Burkina Faso bears as a Member State of the African Union and the United Nations,", "Deeply attached to the ideals of peace, the principles of cooperation among nations and respect for the fundamental rights of human beings as proclaimed in the relevant international instruments, in particular the Constitutive Act of the African Union, the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,", "Reaffirming the importance of equality among peoples and their inalienable right to self-determination,", "Taking note of the results of the referendum held in January 2011 and the choice expressed on that occasion by the people of South Sudan in favour of the country’s autonomy and independence,", "Referring to the Solemn Declaration of the Conference of Heads of State and Government of the African Union on Sudan, adopted at its 16th session held in Addis Ababa on 30 and 31 January 2011, as well as the decision by the Conference on the independence process in South Sudan adopted at its 17th session in Malabo from 30 June to 1 July 2011,", "1. Welcomes the implementation by the signatories of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement which led to the proclamation of the independence of the State of South Sudan on 9 July 2011 and congratulates the Government and people of South Sudan on their peaceful accession to international sovereignty;", "2. Solemnly declares that it recognizes the State of South Sudan as a sovereign and independent State;", "3. Expresses its readiness to maintain a relationship of friendship and cooperation with the new State based on the principles of mutual respect, equality among peoples and nations, the right to self-determination and non-interference in internal affairs;", "4. Assures the Government and people of South Sudan of the support of the Government and people of Burkina Faso in their quest for a democratic and prosperous State, living in peace with the other African States, in particular the Republic of Sudan." ]

[ "第六十五届会议", "议程项目114", "接纳新会员加入联合国", "2011年7月12日布基纳法索常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信", "奉我国政府指示，谨随信转递在2011年7月9日南苏丹共和国宣布独立之后，布基纳法索共和国政府于2011年7月10日发表的承认南苏丹为独立国家的声明(见附件)。", "请提请联合国会员国注意该声明并将其作为大会文件分发为荷。", "临时代办", "二等参赞", "利奥波德·邦孔(签名)", "2011年7月12日布基纳法索常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信的附件", "布基纳法索政府，", "意识到布基纳法索作为非洲联盟成员国和联合国会员国承担的责任，", "坚决奉行和平信念、国家合作原则以及遵守《非洲联盟组织法》、《联合国宪章》和《世界人权宣言》等相关国际文书所述的基本人权原则，", "重申各族人民平等的重要性及其不可剥夺的自决权利，", "注意到2011年1月举行的全民投票的结果以及南苏丹人民在投票中表达的对国家自主独立的选择，", "提及2011年1月30日至31日在亚的斯亚贝巴举行的非洲联盟国家元首和政府首脑第六届会议对苏丹问题通过的郑重宣言，以及2011年6月30日至7月1日在马拉博举行的第七届会议通过的关于南苏丹独立进程的决定，", "1. 欢迎各缔约方执行《和平协定》，促成2011年7月9日南苏丹国家宣布独立，并祝贺南苏丹当局和人民和平获得国际主权；", "2. 郑重宣布承认南苏丹国家为主权独立国家；", "3. 表示愿与这个新国家在互相尊重、各族人民和各国之间平等、人民自决权利以及不干涉内政原则的基础上保持友好合作关系；", "4. 向南苏丹当局和人民保证，布基纳法索当局和人民将支持其建立民主繁荣的国家，并与其他非洲国家、特别是苏丹共和国和平共处。" ]

[ "第六十五届会议", "议程项目114", "接纳新会员加入联合国", "2011年7月12日布基纳法索常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信", "奉我国政府指示,谨随函转递2011年7月9日南苏丹宣布独立后布基纳法索政府7月10日承认南苏丹国的声明(见附件)。", "请将本宣言提请联合国会员国注意并将其作为大会文件分发为荷。", "利奥波德·邦孔古(签名)", "2011年7月12日布基纳法索常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信的附件", "承认南苏丹国的声明", "布基纳法索政府,", "意识到布基纳法索作为非洲联盟和联合国会员国所承担的责任,", "深为坚持有关国际文书所宣布的和平理想、国家间合作和尊重人的基本权利的原则,特别是《非洲联盟组织法》、《联合国宪章》和《世界人权宣言》,", "重申各国人民平等及其不可剥夺的自决权的重要性,", "注意到2011年1月举行的全民投票的结果和南苏丹人民当时表示赞成该国的自治和独立,", "提及2011年1月30日和31日在亚的斯亚贝巴举行的非洲联盟国家元首和政府首脑会议第十六届会议通过的《苏丹问题庄严宣言》,以及2011年6月30日至7月1日在马拉博举行的第十七届会议通过的关于南苏丹独立进程的决定,", "1. 联合国 4. 欢迎签署各方执行导致南苏丹国于2011年7月9日宣布独立的《全面和平协定》,并祝贺南苏丹政府和人民和平地获得国际主权;", "2. 联合国 庄严地宣布承认南苏丹国是一个主权和独立国家;", "3个 2. 表示准备在相互尊重、人民和国家间平等、自决和不干涉内政的原则基础上同新国家保持友好合作关系;", " 4.四. 向南苏丹政府和人民保证,布基纳法索政府和人民支持他们寻求建立一个民主而繁荣的国家,与其他非洲国家,特别是苏丹共和国和平共处。" ]

[ "Sixty-fifth session", "Agenda item 114", "Admission of new Members to the United Nations", "Letter dated 19 July 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Cuba to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to inform you that, on 10 July 2011, the Government of the Republic of Cuba recognized the Republic of South Sudan as a sovereign and independent State and welcomed the entry of that country into the community of nations in exercise of the right of peoples to independence, sovereignty and self-determination. Please find attached a copy of the note verbal sent in that connection by the Ministry of Foreign Relations of Cuba to the Ministry of Foreign Relations of South Sudan (see annex).", "On 10 July 2011, in Juba, the capital of the Republic of South Sudan, diplomatic relations were formally established between the Republic of Cuba and the Republic of South Sudan.", "I should be grateful if the present letter and its annex could be circulated as a document of the General Assembly under agenda item 114.", "(Signed) Rodolfo Benítez Verson Ambassador Chargé d’affaires a.i.", "Annex to the letter dated 19 July 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Cuba to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Cuba presents its compliments to the Ministry of Foreign Relations of the Republic of South Sudan and has the honour to transmit herewith the decision of the Government of Cuba to extend a warm welcome to the Republic of South Sudan upon its entry into the community of nations in exercise of the right of peoples to independence, sovereignty and self-determination.", "The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Cuba takes this opportunity to convey to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of South Sudan the assurances of its highest consideration." ]

[ "第六十五届会议", "议程项目114", "接纳新会员加入联合国", "2011年7月19日古巴常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信", "谨通知你，古巴共和国政府于2011年7月10日承认南苏丹共和国为独立主权国家，并欢迎该国在各国人民享有独立、主权和自决的权利下进入国际社会。随信附上古巴外交部就此发给南苏丹共和国外交部的普通照会的副本(见附件)。", "2011年7月10日当天，古巴共和国与南苏丹共和国在南苏丹共和国首都朱巴正式建立外交关系。", "请将本信及其附件作为大会议程项目114的文件分发为荷。", "古巴常驻联合国临时代办", "大使", "鲁道夫·贝尼特斯·韦尔松(签名)", "2011年7月19日古巴常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信的附件", "古巴共和国外交部向南苏丹共和国外交部致意，谨以此信向其转达，古巴政府决定欢迎该国在各国人民享有独立、主权和自决的权利下进入国际社会。", "顺致崇高敬意。" ]

[ "第六十五届会议", "议程项目114", "接纳新会员加入联合国", "2011年7月19日古巴常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信", "谨通知你,2011年7月10日,古巴共和国政府承认南苏丹共和国为主权独立国家,并欣见该国加入国际社会,行使人民独立、主权和自决权。 谨随函附上古巴外交部就此向南苏丹外交部发出的口头照会(见附件)。", "2011年7月10日,在南苏丹共和国首都朱巴,古巴共和国与南苏丹共和国正式建立外交关系.", "请将本信及其附件作为大会议程项目114的文件分发为荷。", "鲁道夫·贝尼特斯·韦尔森(签名)", "2011年7月19日古巴常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信的附件", "古巴共和国外交部向南苏丹共和国外交部致意,并谨随函转交古巴政府的决定,即热烈欢迎南苏丹共和国在行使人民独立、主权和自决权而进入国际社会。", "古巴共和国外交部借此机会向南苏丹共和国外交部致以最崇高的敬意。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "** The present report was prepared in consultation with staff from the major institutional stakeholders involved in the financing for development process. Responsibility for its contents, however, rests solely with the United Nations Secretariat.", "Item 17 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Macroeconomic policy questions", "International financial system and development", "Report of the Secretary-General**", "Summary", "The present report, submitted in response to General Assembly resolution 65/143, complements the report of the Secretary-General on the follow-up to and implementation of the Monterrey Consensus and the Doha Declaration on Financing for Development. It reviews recent trends in international official and private capital flows of developing countries and current efforts to reform the international monetary and financial system and architecture. The report highlights the urgent challenges arising from the world financial and economic crisis and its aftermath, in particular in the key areas of financial regulation and supervision, multilateral surveillance, macroeconomic policy coordination, sovereign debt, a global financial safety net, the international reserve system and governance reform of the Bretton Woods institutions.", "I. International financial flows of developing countries", "A. Global imbalances and reserve accumulation", "1. Persistent global imbalances can be seen as a manifestation of an increasingly interdependent global economy. They refer to the pattern of large persistent current account deficits in the United States and, to a lesser extent, some other advanced economies in Europe, matched by surpluses in emerging economies, most notably China, as well as in Germany and Japan.", "2. The recent global recession led to a narrowing in global imbalances with the external deficit of the United States declining from its peak of 6 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP) before the recession to a low of 2.7 per cent in 2009, while China’s surplus dropped from a high of 10 per cent of GDP to 6 per cent in the same period. The current account surpluses of Germany, Japan and some energy-exporting emerging economies were also reduced. However, there are signs that global imbalances are beginning to widen again along with the global recovery. In 2010, the current account deficit of the United States increased slightly to above 3 per cent of GDP, while the surpluses of Germany, Japan and the energy-exporting countries widened. However, the current account surplus of China, as a percentage of GDP, declined further to about 5 per cent.[1] How these adjustments play out over the coming year would be influenced by, among other things, trends in growth rates, levels of domestic demand in key economies, sovereign debt problems, and movements in exchange rates.", "3. The unprecedented accumulation of foreign reserves by a number of developing country central banks is a central component of the widening of global economic imbalances. Following the emerging market crises of the 1990s, a number of developing countries, especially in emerging Asia, accumulated vast amounts of foreign currency reserves as a form of self-protection against future crises. The reserve accumulation was associated with an undervaluation in the currencies of some of these countries and the generation of current account surpluses. This in turn contributed to widening current account deficits in economies like the United States of America. A vicious cycle resulted whereby the subsequent flow of finance from these surplus economies into deficit countries like the United States contributed to the build-up of asset bubbles within them leading to a further widening of global imbalances that entailed even greater financial flows from deficit to surplus countries.", "4. The strategy of international reserve accumulation helped emerging market economies during the crisis, when a number of them used these reserves to moderate currency volatility, offset shortages in dollars faced by local markets and create fiscal space. Indeed, during the trough of the crisis, in the last quarter of 2008 and early 2009, the tapping by developing countries into their surplus reserves led to an aggregate fall in reserve holdings by about $300 billion. The recovery of exports and the subsequent return of capital flows facilitated renewed growth of reserve holdings. Reserve holding by developing countries and economies in transition totalled about $5.4 trillion at the end of 2009, to which an additional $500 billion was added in 2010. A large proportion has been accumulated by developing countries in Asia, particularly China, which was holding about $2.6 trillion in foreign-exchange reserves at the end of 2010.[2]", "5. Looking ahead, emerging economies are expected to continue to accumulate reserves as a form of self-protection against financial shocks. The effective use of reserves during the recent financial crisis in warding off financial instability, as well as the fact that a number of developing countries experienced capital outflows during this period, has re-emphasized the importance of having an insurance mechanism during periods of economic turbulence. Moreover, the likelihood that countries will, in the near future, have immediate access to a sufficient amount of foreign currency finance in the event of a major crisis seems slim.", "B. Private capital flows to developing countries", "6. The last couple of years have witnessed a strong revival in private capital flows to emerging economies, following the sharp downturn that took place during the recent global economic and financial crisis. Net private capital flows to developing countries are estimated to have risen from about $325 billion in 2009 to about $392 billion in 2010.[3] This has been driven by a combination of circumstances. Most importantly, stronger growth and higher interest rates in developing countries has attracted investors, especially when compared with sluggish economic prospects and low interest rates in a number of advanced economies. In addition, the relative risk characteristics of advanced and emerging economies favour the latter, given continuing fiscal and public debt problems in some developed countries, especially in Europe.", "7. Foreign direct investment remains a major component of private capital flows to developing countries and is estimated to have amounted to over $300 billion in 2010.³ While FDI flows have, like other components of private capital flows, been concentrated in selected developing countries, there are signs of greater diversification. Foreign investment in Africa, though flat over the past year, is significantly higher than a decade ago. While a large portion of these flows are continuing to go into the natural resource sector, and to some commodity-rich countries, the region has also been attracting foreign direct investment into agriculture and new service sectors such as banking and telecommunications.", "8. Other components of private capital flows to developing countries, including international bank lending and portfolio investments, have continued their path of recovery following the crisis. Cross-border bank lending nevertheless remains weighed down by continuing financial difficulties faced by advanced country banks. These have been particularly acute in the transition economies in Europe and Asia and have served to restrain lending to these regions. However, according to statistics provided by the Bank for International Settlements, cross-border lending to emerging Europe has recently begun to expand for the first time in two years.[4] A large share of the increase in cross-border lending to emerging markets has been directed towards rapidly growing economies of the Asia-Pacific region, especially China, and Latin America, where Brazil has accounted for a large proportion of international bank loans.", "9. Portfolio capital flows also staged a recovery in the aftermath of the crisis and have been directed mainly towards middle-income emerging economies, particularly in Asia and Latin America. The upturn in portfolio flows has been reinforced by low interest rates in the advanced economies, as well as concerns about economic fundamentals in some of these countries, that have led investors to be more favourably disposed towards emerging markets. Equity flows to developing countries were particularly strong in 2010 and stock markets in developing countries have regained much of the value lost during the crisis. Equity issuance rose to historically high levels in some countries, especially Brazil and China, and was buoyant in other emerging economies such as the Republic of Korea and India. The recovery in portfolio debt inflows has also triggered strong issuance of corporate debt in a number of emerging markets, especially in Latin America. International Monetary Fund (IMF) statistics suggest that the aggregate supply of external corporate bonds reached a historical record in 2010.[5]", "C. Official development assistance", "10. In 2010, total net ODA[6] from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development’s (OECD) Development Assistance Committee (DAC) member countries reached $129 billion, the highest level ever, representing 0.32 per cent of DAC members’ combined gross national income (GNI).[7] Net bilateral ODA to Africa was $29 billion, an increase of 4 per cent in real terms over 2009, of which $27 billion went to sub-Saharan Africa (an increase of 6 per cent). Net ODA/GNI ratios of many large donors are below the internationally agreed target of 0.7 per cent, while five countries (Denmark, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden) continue to exceed that target. Although aid delivery to least developed countries increased from $12 billion in 2000 to $37 billion in 2009, the improvement of DAC member countries’ aggregated ODA/GNI ratio (from 0.05 per cent to 0.10 per cent) was not sufficient to achieve the least developed country target of 0.15-0.20 per cent. To reach the lower limit of this target, DAC donors need to increase their net ODA by 1.5 times of the current level to $58 billion.[8]", "11. Net ODA disbursements of all major DAC donors rose in 2010. The United States, the largest donor, increased its ODA by 3.5 per cent in real terms and exceeded $30 billion (0.21 per cent of GNI). Its bilateral aid to LDCs reached a record high of $9.4 billion, an increase of 16.2 per cent from 2009, of which $1.1 billion was allocated to Haiti in the aftermath of the 2010 earthquake. ODA from the 15 DAC-EU members also rose by 6.7 per cent and exceeded $70 billion, accounting for 54 per cent of the total DAC ODA. The DAC/European Union ODA/GNI was 0.46 per cent, compared to 0.44 per cent in 2009. Although Japan fell $3.6 billion short of its promise made at the 2005 Group of Eight (G-8) Summit in Gleneagles to increase its ODA by $10 billion over the period 2005-2009, the net ODA from Japan increased, in 2009-2010, by 11.8 per cent in real terms to $11 billion. This was mainly owing to the country’s larger bilateral grants to least developed countries and a major contribution to the World Bank. Its ODA/GNI ratio improved from 0.18 per cent in 2009 to 0.20 per cent in 2010.[9]", "12. Despite the increase in the volume of aid, the 2010 overall ODA delivery fell short by $21 billion of the pledges made at the 2005 G-8 Gleneagles Summit. The shortfall regarding Africa was $18 billion. With respect to the ambitious European Union ODA/GNI target of 0.51 per cent set for 2010, about half (8 out of 15) of the DAC/European Union members have met this goal. One country (France, with a ratio of 0.50 per cent) nearly met the goal, but others fell short with ratios ranging from 0.15 to 0.43 per cent.[10]", "13. The outlook for aid beyond 2010 is not promising. OECD estimates that the global country programmable aid[11] would increase at a real rate of 2 per cent from 2011 to 2013, compared to an average of 8 per cent in the past three years.⁹ Most of the increase is coming from multilateral donors. OECD projects that country programmable aid to Africa will increase by 1 per cent annually in real terms. Country programmable aid to least developed countries is projected to grow by 5 per cent in 2010 and 3 per cent in 2011 but stagnate in 2012.⁸", "14. Innovative sources of financing are expected to provide “additional” resources to supplement traditional sources of development finance. However, the vast majority of revenues raised through the existing innovative financing mechanisms are recorded as ODA, as they are raised under national legislations.[12] Accordingly, what is counted “additional” in relation to ODA is the contribution of the non‑official sector (e.g. private philanthropy). For instance, in the health sector, of the $5.5 billion raised by selected innovative financing mechanisms since 2002 only about $0.2 billion is “additional to ODA”, according to OECD statistics.¹² Yet, even these “additional” resources may be reported as ODA when they are disbursed by DAC multilateral donors.", "15. In the health sector, where operational mechanisms are concentrated, the Leading Group on Innovative Financing for Development estimates that nearly $6 billion has been raised by the operational mechanisms.[13] While discussions on the innovative finance for education, food security and other sectors at various forums are under way, the G-8 Muskoka Initiative on Maternal, Newborn and Under-Five Child Health and the United Nations Global Strategy for Women’s and Children’s Health may facilitate the scaling up of the existing mechanisms or implementation of new ones (e.g., tobacco tax) to fill the annual funding gap of $26 to $42 billion in the period 2011-2015 in the health sector.[14]", "16. As the 2015 deadline of the Millennium Development Goals approaches, expectations regarding the potential of innovative mechanisms in financing development have increased. Fiscal constraints aggravated by the global economic crisis have renewed the interest in innovative finance and some specific mechanisms (e.g., financial transactions tax). The Leading Group on Innovative Financing for Development estimated that a centrally collected multi-currency transaction tax could generate $25 to $34 billion annually (at the rate of 0.005 per cent) to help meet the funding needs for international development and environmental challenges.[15]", "17. To meet the annual commitment of $100 billion under the Copenhagen Accord, financial transaction taxes were also examined by the Secretary-General’s High-level Advisory Group on Climate Change Financing.[16] This Advisory Group has concluded that auctions of emission allowances and new carbon taxes in developed countries have the greatest potential among the new public instruments examined, by generating $30 billion annually. Another $10 billion a year could be raised from taxing carbon emissions from international (maritime and aviation) transportation, and up to $10 billion could be mobilized from some form of financial transaction tax implemented among interested countries at the national or regional levels.", "II. Strengthening the international financial architecture", "A. Reform of financial regulation", "18. A major step in the reform process triggered by the financial crisis is the introduction of the Basel III framework for bank capital and liquidity regulation. Following the endorsement by the G-20 leaders at the November 2010 summit, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision issued the Basel III rules text on 16 December 2010. Now it needs to be transposed into national law and applied according to the agreed schedule. To minimize the transition costs, the Basel III requirements will be phased in gradually starting from 1 January 2013, so that they can be fully implemented by 1 January 2019.", "19. Compared to its predecessors, Basel I and II, Basel III attempts to be more comprehensive in scope. It provides for higher minimum capital requirements, better risk capture, a stricter definition of eligible capital elements and larger liquidity buffers. In addition, the framework combines micro- and macroprudential elements to address both institution and systemic risks.[17]", "20. One goal of Basel III is to create a globally consistent and harmonized regulatory structure as a way to ensure a level playing field. It is thus considered important to discourage competitive race to the bottom and beggar-thy-neighbour policies that might benefit narrow national interests at the expense of global financial stability. At the same time, given diverse national structures, the challenge is to strike the right balance between ensuring an international level playing field and accommodating country differences in order not to place unnecessary burden of adjustment on national financial systems. Repercussions of Basel III on access to financing for low-income countries should also be taken into account, including possible adverse impacts on trade finance.", "21. The fallout from the crisis underscores the need to put in place additional measures to reduce the likelihood and the severity of problems emerging at systemically important financial institutions. Accordingly, in addition to the Basel III standards, an international effort is under way to reduce the probability of failure for systemically important financial institutions and, in case a failure still occurred, to limit its impact on the financial system as a whole.", "22. It has been agreed within the G-20 that systemically important financial institutions, and initially in particular global systemically important financial institutions, should have loss-absorbing capacity beyond the general standards promulgated by the Basel III rules, as well as more intensive supervision to reflect the greater risks that these institutions pose to the global financial system. The additional capital charges are also thought to be able to level the playing field by reducing too-big-to-fail competitive advantages in funding markets.", "23. Work is currently under way on how to define institutions that are systemically important based on criteria such as size, interconnectedness and substitutability, and how to determine the capital surcharges, contingent capital and other elements to limit systemic fallout. The Financial Stability Board, in consultation with the standard setters, will recommend the additional degree of loss absorbency and the instruments by which it can be met by end-2011.[18]", "24. The Financial Stability Board is also working to set out the essential features and tools that national resolution regimes for failed systemically important financial institutions should have in order to avoid a chain reaction which could eventually lead to a systemic crisis.¹⁸ Supervisors from different countries are working together in an effort to create more effective cross-border crisis management tools and resolution regimes. This work, however, is in its very early stages and there are still significant obstacles to overcome.[19]", "25. Another important issue is integrating into the regulatory framework the so‑called shadow banking system; i.e., credit intermediation through non-bank channels. In this context, there is a need to ensure that tighter regulatory rules on banks do not provide incentives for financial institutions to shift their activities to unregulated areas.", "26. The challenge is to establish an appropriate definition of shadow banking and outline possible regulatory measures to address the risks posed by this sector. The Financial Stability Board is currently discussing all the options regarding the definition, the monitoring and the regulation of the shadow banking sector. In April 2011, it published a background note on shadow banking.[20] The note sets out the current thinking on the issue and proposes that monitoring and policy responses should be guided by a two-stage approach: firstly, by casting the net wide to cover all non-bank credit intermediation so as to identify potential areas where new risks might arise; and secondly, by narrowing the focus to those parts of the system where maturity/liquidity transformation, flawed credit risk transfer and/or leverage create important systemic risk. The Financial Stability Board is to develop initial draft recommendations on shadow banking and submit them to the G-20 in the autumn of 2011.", "27. Many other regulatory initiatives are being discussed. They include work on over-the-counter derivatives, rating agencies, alternative investment vehicles, consumer finance protection and financial market infrastructures.", "28. Along with the reform of traditional microprudential regulation focused on the level of the individual bank, efforts are ongoing to strengthen system-wide oversight and macroprudential policy framework. Macroprudential policies aim to address a system-wide risk by dampening financial system pro-cyclicality and reducing systemic risk concentrations. In addition to some policies to reduce pro-cyclicality that are contained in Basel III, the main strand here is the design and the introduction of various buffers and protections that can act counter-cyclically and contain spillover effects.", "29. Besides regulatory reform, supervisory structures also need further improvement. Indeed, the global financial system is largely regulated on a country-by-country basis. Given that some global regulatory authority is, at best, a distant possibility, financial supervision requires a much higher degree of international cooperation and trust, as potential systemic risks are mainly a cross-border phenomenon.", "B. Multilateral surveillance and policy coordination", "30. Overseeing the world economy to identify possible risks to global financial and economic stability is a core part of the IMF mandate. The financial and economic crisis has highlighted the need to strengthen multilateral surveillance in order to enhance its fairness and effectiveness. It is generally recognized that IMF in its surveillance activities needs to pay more attention to financial sector issues, to policy spillovers, especially those emanating from systemically important countries and financial centres, and to cross-border linkages.", "31. An evaluation of the performance of IMF surveillance in the run-up to the global financial and economic crisis by the IMF Independent Evaluation Office[21] found that IMF did not convey a clear message about the urgent need to address financial sector risks. Surveillance paid insufficient attention to risks of spillovers from advanced economies, deteriorating financial sector balance sheets, and financial regulatory issues, and to the credit boom and emerging asset bubbles. According to the Independent Evaluation Office, various factors played a role in the failure of IMF to identify risks and give clear warnings, such as analytical weaknesses, organizational impediments, internal governance problems and political constraints.", "32. IMF has taken steps to improve methods and coverage of its surveillance activities, including increased focus on linkages between the real economy and the financial sector, launching the early warning exercise (in cooperation with the Financial Stability Board) and the Fiscal Monitor, and strengthening the vulnerability exercises. Also, it has been agreed to initiate a trial spillover analysis for the five major economies (China, the Euro area, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States) that are to be presented alongside article IV consultations in the summer of 2011. At the spring meetings of IMF and the World Bank in April 2011, it was decided to further strengthen the Fund’s global monitoring role. In this context, IMF will prepare a new consolidated multilateral surveillance report, which will include analysis of potential spillover effects and will draw on a wider range of information.[22]", "33. IMF and the World Bank have also revamped the Financial Sector Assessment Programme, including through the decision by IMF to make financial stability assessments under the Financial Sector Assessment Programme a mandatory part of surveillance for the 25 jurisdictions with systemically important financial sectors every five years. Financial sector surveillance is not the purview of the Fund alone. Accordingly, collaboration with other relevant institutions, such as the Financial Stability Board, the Bank for International Settlements and financial sector standard-setting bodies, continues to be a priority.", "34. Effective surveillance is constrained by the lack of a mechanism to enforce policy adjustments in countries. To increase the traction of the IMF surveillance mandate, a group of former senior international policymakers suggested to strengthen the international commitment to consider the impacts of domestic policies on global stability.[23] The group proposed to develop norms on economic and financial policies, which might cover, for example, current account deficits or surpluses, inflation rates, or fiscal deficits and debt ratios. Breach of a norm would trigger a consultation procedure. In case of compliance or non-compliance of countries with internationally agreed policy norms, the group also proposed to create the possibility of incentives and sanctions.", "35. It is recognized that economic policy coordination within the G-20 during the crisis was instrumental in averting an even more serious downturn and in setting the stage for recovery. In 2009, G-20 leaders launched the Framework for Strong, Sustainable, and Balanced Growth, through which G-20 countries identify objectives for the global economy and the policies needed to reach them. The framework includes a mutual assessment process to evaluate progress towards meeting the shared objectives. However, as global recovery continues, the cooperative spirit among policymakers in the major economies appears to have been waning, and national considerations are regaining priority over multilateral efforts.[24] Against this background, as well as in the broader context of strengthening governance for sustainable development, it is critical that macroeconomic policy coordination be sustained, strengthened and institutionalized on the multilateral agenda.", "36. In November 2010, G-20 leaders, at their summit in Seoul, reaffirmed their commitment to strengthen multilateral cooperation, to promote external sustainability and to pursue policies conducive to reducing excessive imbalances. In this regard, the G-20 leaders noted the importance of assessing, against indicative guidelines, the nature of persistently large imbalances and the root causes of impediments to adjustment as part of the mutual assessment process, while recognizing the need to take into account national and regional circumstances.[25]", "37. The challenge still remains to make the G-20 policy framework for sustainable global rebalancing more specific and operational. Clear and verifiable targets will need to be laid out to put the global economy on a development path that is both more balanced and sustainable.", "38. While most of the smaller countries may have limited systemic importance for the world economy, and are excluded from the G-20 process, issues under discussion at the G-20 nevertheless have profound implications for their economies. Therefore, this informal grouping needs to forge stronger institutional linkages with non-member States and universal international bodies, in particular the United Nations.", "39. While the mutual assessment process is outside of the IMF surveillance process, the Fund provides supporting technical analysis in assessing policies and identifying focus areas that require action. In the future, a stronger role of the Fund in global macroeconomic policy coordination might be envisaged, drawing from the experiences of both the mutual assessment process and the regular IMF surveillance, including spillover reports, and exploring synergies between these, largely complementary, processes. There is also a need for clearer procedures and practices to ensure complementarity of policy coordination efforts between the United Nations, IMF, G-20 and other multilateral stakeholders. The role of the United Nations within the global economic governance framework is primarily to serve as a universally inclusive platform for discussion, coordination and decision-making in addressing, in an integrated manner, global challenges of sustainable development, including those of medium- and long-term nature.", "40. Another issue that has taken a centre stage on the policy cooperation agenda is capital flows, in particular the extent and volatility of capital flows to emerging economies. The policy debate on capital flows has focused on the question of how to respond to potentially destabilizing capital inflows and which policy instruments to choose. In designing policy responses, recipient countries have a range of tools at their disposal. Policy options include exchange rate, monetary, fiscal and macroprudential policies and other forms of capital account regulations, such as capital controls.", "41. The implementation of capital controls by a country can have multilateral repercussions. In an era of financial globalization, it is no longer possible for any individual country to fully manage cross-border risk by unilateral action. Yet, there is largely a lack of international rules or guidelines on capital flow management. In this context, G-20 leaders called on the Financial Stability Board, IMF and the Bank for International Settlements to do further work on tools to mitigate the impact of excessive capital flows.²⁵ It has also been emphasized that as capital controls could potentially contravene countries’ commitments under the World Trade Organization’s General Agreement on Trade in Services, the World Trade Organization should be involved in multilateral policy coordination. In addition, regional and subregional cooperation might be useful to mitigate the adverse impact of capital flows.", "42. IMF is working to develop a framework to help countries deal with large capital inflows. As a first step, recent country experiences and potential policy tools to manage capital inflows were examined.[26] The ultimate goal of the framework is to assess policy options for capital flow management, taking into account countries’ economic and financial capacity and characteristics, and to determine the appropriate circumstances for the respective measures.", "43. Policy advice and cooperation on capital flows should be even-handed and target not only recipient countries, but also originating countries, taking into account their responsibilities for global financial stability. In this regard, it has been argued that boom-bust cycles of capital flows, driven by macroeconomic conditions in advanced economies, may have a detrimental impact on development.[27]", "C. Coping with developed country sovereign debt crisis", "44. Public finances in developed economies have come under significant pressure in the course of the financial crisis. Debt ratios continue to rise in most advanced economies and financing needs are at historical highs.", "45. The related loss of confidence in the ability to service public debt, which so far has been most evident in several euro area countries, and the significant exposure of the financial sector to sovereign debt risks represent an important source of instability for the global financial system. According to the IMF Global Financial Stability Report, sovereign funding is among the most pressing challenges ahead.[28]", "46. To address sovereign debt crisis in Europe, European leaders have agreed on assistance measures to distressed euro area member States. To provide temporary financial support, the European Financial Stability Facility was created in May 2010, with a capacity of up to €440 billion (about $630 billion). It was also agreed to set up a permanent crisis management framework due to be implemented in 2013, the European Stability Mechanism, with an effective lending capacity of €500 billion (about $790 billion). European Union assistance programmes will be complemented by IMF facilities.[29]", "47. In the context of the sovereign debt crisis in Europe, the possibility of debt restructuring for troubled countries is being debated. If deemed necessary to preserve financial stability, such measures would need to be adopted and implemented in coordination with all stakeholders concerned.", "48. One factor compromising international financial stability against the background of substantial public debt is the absence of an international framework for sovereign debt restructuring. The lack of such a mechanism amplifies market uncertainty in times of public debt crises and complicates debt resolution. There have been many proposals to develop some form of a fair and internationally accepted workout mechanism for official debt obligations of developed and developing countries that applies to all creditors.[30] Such a mechanism is a critical element for the stability of the international financial system. However, thus far there has been no progress on this issue.", "49. With a view to safeguarding international financial stability, there is a need to pursue fiscal consolidation in major advanced economies over the medium and long term. G-20 leaders have recognized this need and agreed to address fiscal consolidation within their policy cooperation agenda.[31] Measures to ensure medium-term fiscal sustainability should be internationally coordinated and well timed so as not to damage recovery prospects.", "D. Global financial safety net", "50. An effective global financial safety net is an important backstop for the preservation of global economic and financial stability. Currently, countries rely on a hybrid system of financial safety, combining reserve accumulation, bilateral agreements, and regional and multilateral mechanisms.", "51. The international financial safety net was strengthened during the recent crisis and its aftermath. In 2010, IMF increased the duration and credit available under the existing Flexible Credit Line, an insurance option for countries with very strong policies and economic fundamentals, and established a new Precautionary Credit Line. The Precautionary Credit Line, a form of contingency protection, is designed for those countries that do not qualify for the Flexible Credit Line, but have only moderate vulnerabilities. Unlike the Flexible Credit Line, the Precautionary Credit Line features ex-post conditionalities focused on reducing any remaining vulnerabilities identified in the qualification assessment.", "52. Resources available to IMF to carry out its lending activities have increased significantly. The Fourteenth General Review of Quotas was completed in December 2010, with a decision to double the IMF’s quota resources to approximately $750 billion, and is now awaiting ratification by the membership. Borrowing arrangements with member countries and central banks have also been enhanced. The expanded and more flexible New Arrangements to Borrow with a total borrowing capacity of about $580 billion became operational in March 2011. In order to ensure the capacity of the Fund to provide large-scale liquidity support in the future, its resource base may need to be further enlarged. To this end, there are proposals to fund IMF crisis lending facilities by issuing special drawing rights.", "53. While the cooperative efforts during the crisis have strengthened the global financial safety net, important issues remain regarding the sufficiency and composition of international liquidity support. Indeed, the crisis highlighted the need for large liquidity buffers to deal with fast and sizeable capital market swings. This requires further strengthening the multilateral capacity to cope with shocks of a systemic nature. In this regard, it has been stressed that in the recent crisis, the bulk of the needed liquidity was provided through ad hoc arrangements deployed on a one-off basis by key central banks.[32] It has also become evident that uncertainties about the availability and functioning of financial safety nets can impose significant costs.²⁴", "54. There are a number of suggestions on how to make the global financial safety net more effective and predictable. An ambitious proposal is to develop IMF towards an international lender of last resort, which would provide access to liquidity when no other lender is willing to lend in sufficient volume to deal effectively with a financial crisis.[33] Countries could qualify for access to this facility through the regular article IV IMF surveillance without additional conditions. The liquidity would need to be largely provided by countries issuing reserve currencies. Due to the far-reaching obligations of major central banks to grant access to liquidity when the facility is triggered, this proposal will be difficult to implement.", "55. IMF itself is exploring related options to set up a permanent mechanism to provide liquidity in systemic crises in conjunction with bilateral and regional liquidity support arrangements.[34] Alternative modalities for such a global stabilization mechanism are under consideration, providing varying degrees of predictability and efficacy. Key elements of the mechanism would need to be defined, such as procedures for activating the mechanism, access to and approval of financing, the instruments involved, the funding of the mechanism, the coordination with relevant central banks and regional arrangements, and safeguards to reduce moral hazard. As a more pragmatic alternative, IMF could take on the role as manager or coordinator of a multilateral network of central bank swap and liquidity lines.", "56. A key element in strengthening the global financial safety net is closer cooperation with regional and subregional mechanisms. Regional financial arrangements, such as the Arab Monetary Fund, the Chiang-Mai Initiative, stabilization facilities within the European Union, or the Latin American Reserve Fund, can play an important role in preventing and mitigating financial crises. Ways to improve collaboration and consistency between global and regional facilities should be further explored.", "E. Role of special drawing rights", "57. The need for reforming the international reserve system has gained wide recognition. Despite some diversification, the majority of reported international foreign exchange reserves continues to be held in United States dollars.[35] In the current system, reserve-issuing countries run external deficits to supply reserve assets, inherently sustaining global economic imbalances, as discussed above. Moreover, the use of national currencies as international reserve assets exposes the global reserve system to vulnerabilities stemming from domestic monetary and economic policies of the reserve-issuing countries.", "58. The diversification of the international reserve system towards a multicurrency system might be regarded as a step to better reflect today’s multipolar global economy. However, such a system may bear the risk of even higher exchange rate volatility, owing to the possibility of sharp shifts of international demand from one international currency to another.", "59. In order to mitigate the possible flaws of a national currency-based reserve system, there are proposals to strengthen the role of the special drawing rights. Strengthening the role of special drawing rights might help reduce the extent and costs of international reserve accumulation; augment the supply of safe global assets and facilitate diversification; and lessen exchange rate volatility among major currencies.", "60. The role of special drawing rights is currently very limited. Although initially designed as “the principal reserve asset in the international monetary system”,[36] existing special drawing rights represent less than 4 per cent of total global reserve holdings.[37] Realistically, strengthening the role of special drawing rights as a reserve asset will therefore be a gradual process over the coming years towards a system that combines increased use of special drawing rights with a range of nationally supplied reserve assets. Progress in this direction will require a number of measures to enhance the acceptance, the availability and the use of special drawing rights.", "61. Increasing the acceptance of special drawing rights may require broadening the composition of the special drawing right basket to make it more representative. In particular, the inclusion of emerging market currencies should be considered. All the component currencies, however, should be fully convertible and have well-developed financial markets. The International Monetary and Financial Committee, at its meeting in April 2011, called for further work on a criteria-based path to broaden the composition of the special drawing right basket,[38] and work is under way at the Fund on the role and composition of this reserve asset.", "62. The amount of special drawing rights allocated increased almost tenfold during the financial crisis (from about SDR 21 billion to currently about SDR 204 billion, equivalent to about $331 billion). For special drawing rights to take on a more significant role, their availability would have to be further increased. This could be achieved through regular — e.g., annual — issuances, taking into account the global demand for reserves. It is estimated that annual issuance of the equivalent of about $200 billion would lift the proportion of special drawing rights in total reserves to a little over 13 per cent after 2020.³⁷", "63. The possibility of setting up a mechanism that allows countries to convert reserves into special drawing right-denominated securities and deposits could be revisited. This issue was discussed when the substitution account was negotiated within IMF in the 1970s. At that time, countries could not agree on a burden-sharing arrangement regarding the resulting exchange rate risk. Bearing this in mind, it has been suggested to explore alternative designs for a substitution account.²³", "64. One reason for the limited role of special drawing rights at present is that they are not used in private commercial or financial transactions. Developing a market for special drawing right-denominated financial instruments might involve issuance of special drawing right-denominated bonds by sovereigns and multilateral financial institutions, to the extent possible without significantly increasing borrowing costs. In addition, IMF could consider using special drawing rights in its lending activities.", "65. The measures to promote the use of special drawing rights as a unit of account may include the pricing of international trade, such as trade in commodities, pegging currencies, and reporting international statistics, such as balance of payments or other data.³⁷ Consideration might also be given to increase the use of special drawing rights as a reference unit in international organizations and agreements, such as is currently practised in IMF, the Universal Postal Union and the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air (1999).[39]", "F. Governance reform at the Bretton Woods institutions", "66. Both IMF and the World Bank have taken steps to redress imbalances in terms of voice and representation. The recent governance reforms aim at better reflecting today’s composition of the world economy and moving towards a more representative, responsive and accountable governance structure.", "67. The second phase of governance reform for the World Bank Group, agreed upon in April 2010, foresees a shift in voting power to developing and transition countries in the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the International Finance Corporation (IFC) and the International Development Association (IDA), with a commitment to move, over time, towards equitable voting power. The reform increases the voting power of developing countries and countries with economies in transition by an aggregate 4.59 percentage points in IBRD (since 2008) to 47.19 per cent; by 6.07 percentage points in IFC to 39.48 per cent; and by about 6 percentage points in IDA to 45.59 per cent.", "68. The IMF 2008 quota and voice reforms, basically involving quota redistribution among a group of emerging market and developing countries, the tripling of the basic votes, and an appointment of a second Alternate Executive Director in the constituencies of seven or more members, entered into force on 3 March 2011. The 2008 reform was followed by further, more significant, changes in 2010.", "69. In December 2010, the IMF Board of Governors approved quota and governance reforms under the Fourteenth General Review of Quotas. The reforms will double member countries’ quotas. They will also shift more than 6 per cent of quota shares to emerging market and developing countries without lowering the quota shares and voting power of the poorest members. The 2010 reforms also envisage an all-elected Executive Board with increased representation of developing countries while keeping the size of the Board unchanged. The International Monetary and Financial Committee, at its meeting in April 2011, urged all members to make the 2010 quota and governance reforms effective by the 2012 annual meetings.³⁸ In addition, a comprehensive review of the current quota formula is scheduled to be completed by January 2013, which might give greater weight to variables supporting the representation of developing countries.", "70. While recent measures represent important progress, efforts to further enhance the governance structure of the Bretton Woods institutions should continue. It is considered important to clarify the roles and responsibilities of the management and the Executive Boards of both organizations to improve accountability and effectiveness. It has also been suggested to increase the roles of the International Monetary and Financial Committee and the Development Committee in strategic decision-making. In this regard, many developing countries are of the view that these bodies should retain their advisory nature and consensus-based character.[40] The introduction of an open and transparent senior leadership selection process that is based on merit irrespective of nationality and gender as well as the promotion of greater management and staff national diversity are still important goals.", "III. Conclusions", "71. Important priorities in financial regulation are the implementation of Basel III, new rules for systemically important financial institutions and adequate regulation of the shadow banking system. It is vital to discourage attempts to achieve a national competitive advantage in the process of regulatory reform and to ensure that regulations and their implementation as well as supervisory practices are driven by the goal of bolstering global financial stability and development, rather than by interests of some narrow group of private financial institutions and/or markets.", "72. IMF in its surveillance activities needs to pay more attention to spillovers of major countries’ policies on the rest of the world. Enhancing international coherence and promoting coordination among national economic policies towards improved financial stability and sustainable global growth should become a central objective of the IMF agenda.", "73. In the aftermath of the financial and economic crisis, capital flows have taken a centre stage in the policy debate on global economic and financial stability. In the era of financial globalization, there is a need for some form of international framework for assessing policies to manage cross-border capital flows.", "74. Rising public debt in developed countries has increasingly been perceived as a major source of instability for the global financial system. To address this issue, there is a need to ensure medium-term fiscal sustainability without destabilizing financial markets. It has also been suggested to develop an international framework for sovereign debt restructuring.", "75. Despite recent initiatives to strengthen the global financial safety net, there is scope for further enhancing multilateral liquidity provision. There might be a case to consider the creation of a multilateral mechanism to provide financing in systemic crises, in conjunction with bilateral and regional liquidity support arrangements.", "76. The need to explore options for reform of the international monetary system is now broadly accepted. In particular, enhancing the role of special drawing rights in moving towards a more balanced and stable global reserve system should be kept under consideration.", "77. The Bretton Woods institutions have taken important steps to redress imbalances in voice and representation. Along with the timely and thorough implementation of the agreed reforms, it is important to continue work on various governance issues, including on further improving the governance structure, enhancing the diversity of management and staff and developing open, transparent and merit-based selection processes for senior leadership.", "[1] See World Economic Situation and Prospects 2011 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.11.II.C.2); see also E/2011/113.", "[2] World Economic Situation and Prospects 2011 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.11.II.C.2).", "[3] International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database, April 2011, available from www.imf.org.", "[4] Bank for International Settlements, Quarterly Review, 14 March 2011, available from www.bis.org.", "[5] International Monetary Fund, Global Financial Stability Report: Durable Financial Stability: Getting There from Here (Washington, D.C., April 2011).", "[6] Net ODA is equal to gross ODA disbursements minus amounts received (e.g., repayments of principal, offsetting entries for debt relief, repatriation of capital and recoveries on grants) from countries and territories in the DAC list of ODA recipients. Interest payments are not deducted. Although most ODA data are expressed in “net ODA” terms, “Net Aid Transfers” (NAT), which deduct cancellations of non-ODA loans and interest payments from net ODA, are regarded as a better measure in two accounts. Firstly, NAT is net of both principle and interest payments on ODA loans, which is particularly relevant for some donors receiving a large amount of interest on ODA loans. Secondly, NAT excludes cancellations of old non-ODA loans because cancellations of such loans hardly generate additional net transfers, even though it is counted as ODA. According to the NAT data sets (Center for Global Development, Net Aid Transfers data set, available from www.cgdev.org), the 2009 NAT was $112 billion compared to the net ODA of $120 billion.", "[7] Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, “Development aid reaches an historic high in 2010”, 6 April 2011, available from www.oecd.org.", "[8] Development Cooperation Forum, “Background study for the 2012 Development Cooperation Forum: trends in international financial cooperation for LDCs”, draft 29 April 2011, available from www.un.org.", "[9] See Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, “Development: Aid increases, but with worrying trends”, 6 April 2011, available from www.oecd.org.", "[10] OECD, “Development aid reaches an historic high in 2010”, 6 April 2011, available from www.oecd.org.", "[11] Country programmable aid is the portion of aid that each donor can programme for each recipient country. It reflects more predictable flows of aid that are available for recipient country planning and spending according to national priorities.", "[12] Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Working Party on Statistics, “Mapping of some important innovative finance for development mechanisms”, 7 February 2011, available from www.oecd.org.", "[13] The Leading Group Secretariat, “Leading Group Task Force on Innovative Financing for Health: Terms of Reference”, available from www.leadinggroup.org.", "[14] Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, “Global Strategy for Women’s and Children’s Health”, 2010, available from www.who.int.", "[15] Leading Group on Innovative Financing for Development, “Globalizing Solidarity: the Case for Financial Levies: Report of the Committee of Experts to the Taskforce on International Financial Transactions for Development”, 2010, available from www.leadinggroup.org.", "[16] United Nations, “Report of the Secretary-General’s High-level Advisory Group on Climate Change Financing”, 5 November 2010.", "[17] For an overview of Basel III, see, for instance, “Basel III: Stronger Banks and a More Resilient Financial System” by Stefan Walter, Secretary General, Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, at the Conference on Basel III, Financial Stability Institute, Basel, 6 April 2011, available from www.bis.org.", "[18] Financial Stability Board, “Progress in the Implementation of the G-20 Recommendations for Strengthening Financial Stability: Report to G-20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors”, 15 February 2011, available from www.financialstabilityboard.org.", "[19] “Regulatory reform of the global financial system”, remarks by William Dudley, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, at a meeting hosted by the Institute of Regulation and Risk, North Asia, Tokyo, 11 April 2011, available from www.bis.org.", "[20] Financial Stability Board, “Shadow Banking: Scoping the Issues, A Background Note of the Financial Stability Board”, 12 April 2011, available from www.financialstabilityboard.org.", "[21] International Monetary Fund, Independent Evaluation Office, “IMF Performance in the Run-Up to the Financial and Economic Crisis: IMF Surveillance in 2004-07”, 2011, available from www.ieo-imf.org.", "[22] International Monetary Fund, “New Emphasis on IMF’s Global Monitoring Role”, IMF Survey Magazine, 17 April 2011, available from www.imf.org.", "[23] Palais-Royal Initiative, “Reform of the International Monetary System: A Cooperative Approach for the Twenty First Century”, 2011, available from www.elysee.fr. The group was convened by Michel Camdessus, Former Managing Director, IMF; Alexandre Lamfalussy, Former General Manager, BIS; and Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa, Former Minister of Finance, Italy, and comprised a number of other former senior policymakers.", "[24] “Assessing the Agenda for Economic Policy Cooperation”, speech by John Lipsky, IMF First Deputy Managing Director, at the Conference on Macro and Growth Policies in the Wake of the Crisis, Washington, D.C., 7 March 2011, available from www.imf.org.", "[25] G-20 Seoul Summit Document, 11-12 November 2010, available from www.seoulsummit.kr.", "[26] International Monetary Fund, “Recent Experiences in Managing Capital Inflows: Cross-Cutting Themes and Possible Policy Framework”, 14 February 2011, and IMF Staff Discussion Note, “Managing Capital Inflows: What Tools to Use?”, 5 April 2011, available from www.imf.org.", "[27] Yilmaz Akyuz, “Capital Flows to Developing Countries in a Historical Perspective: Will the Current Boom End with a Bust?”, South Centre Research Paper 37, March 2011, available from www.southcentre.org.", "[28] IMF, Global Financial Stability Report, Market Update (Washington, D.C., June 2011).", "[29] “The Euro area — challenges and responses”, speech by Christian Noyer, Governor of the Bank of France and Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Bank for International Settlements, at the Economic Club, New York, 18 April 2011, available from www.bis.org.", "[30] For a discussion of international debt contractual arrangements and resolution, see, for instance, World Economic and Social Survey 2010: Retooling Global Development (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.10.II.C.1), pp. 126-127.", "[31] See, for instance, G-20 Seoul Summit Leaders’ Declaration, 11-12 November 2010, available from www.seoulsummit.kr.", "[32] International Monetary Fund, Statement by the Managing Director to the International Monetary and Financial Committee on the Fund’s Policy Agenda, 13 April 2011, available from www.imf.org.", "[33] See, for instance, Eduardo Fernández Arias and Eduardo Levy Yeyati, “Global Financial Safety Nets: Where Do We Go from Here?”, Inter-American Development Bank Working Paper Series No. 231, November 2010.", "[34] International Monetary Fund, “The Fund’s Mandate — The Future Financing Role: Reform Proposals”, 29 June 2010, available from www.imf.org.", "[35] The proportion of United States dollars in global foreign currency reserves, as reported to IMF, has declined by about 10 percentage points over the past decade to a little over 60 per cent (IMF, Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves (COFER database), available from www.imf.org).", "[36] International Monetary Fund Articles of Agreement, art. VIII, sect. 7.", "[37] International Monetary Fund, “Enhancing International Monetary Stability — A Role for the SDR?”, 7 January 2011, available from www.imf.org.", "[38] International Monetary Fund, International Monetary and Financial Committee, Communiqué of the twenty-third meeting, 16 April 2011, available from www.imf.org.", "[39] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2242, No. 39917.", "[40] Intergovernmental Group of Twenty-Four on International Monetary Affairs and Development, Communiqué 14 April 2011, available from www.imf.org." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目17(b)", "宏观经济政策问题", "国际金融体系与发展", "秘书长的报告^(**)", "摘要", "本报告根据大会第65/143号决议的要求提交，并对秘书长关于落实和执行发展筹资问题蒙特雷共识和多哈宣言的报告进行补充。本报告审查了最近发展中国家国际公共和私人资本流动的趋势，以及当前对国际货币和金融体系结构进行的改革。本报告着重阐述了世界金融和经济危机及其影响产生的挑战，特别是给金融监管、多边监测、宏观经济政策协调、主权债务、全球金融安全网、国际储备体系和布雷顿森林管理改革等重要领域带来的挑战。", "^(*) A/66/150。", "^(**) 本报告与参与发展筹资进程的主要机构利益攸关方工作人员协商编写，但联合国秘书处对报告内容承担全部责任。", "一. 发展中国家的国际资本流动", "A. 全球经济失衡与外汇储备积累", "1. 长期性全球失衡可以看作是全球经济相互依存日益深化的一个现象。全球失衡表现在：一方面美国及在较低程度上部分欧洲发达经济体的经常账户长期存在巨额赤字，而另一方面中国等新兴经济体以及德国和日本则出现了盈余。", "2. 最近的全球衰退导致全球失衡减缓，美国的对外收支赤字从衰退前最高占国内生产总值(GDP)6%下降至2009年的2.7%，中国的盈余从高峰期占GDP的10%下降至同期的6%。德国、日本及部分能源出口新兴经济体的经常账户盈余也出现下降。但是，有迹象显示，随着全球复苏，全球失衡现象开始再度加剧。2010年，美国的经常账户赤字略有上升，超过占GDP的3%，同时德国、日本及其他能源出口国的盈余出现增加。但是，中国经常账户盈余按GDP占比计算继续下跌至5%左右。[1] 上述变化调整在未来的一年中如何发展，将受到增长率趋势、主要经济体的内需水平、主权债务问题和汇率变化等诸多因素的影响。", "3. 一些发展中国家中央银行的外汇储备创空前水平，是全球经济失衡扩大的核心所在。在1990年代新兴市场危机后，一些发展中国家，特别是亚洲新兴经济体，开始储备大量外汇，作为对今后危机的自我保护。在储备外汇的同时，部分国家的货币开始贬值，经常账户出现盈余，这又使得美国等经济体的经常账户赤字增加。于是，出现了一个恶性循环——盈余经济体的资本随即向美国等赤字国家流动，促成了这些国家的资产泡沫，导致全球失衡进一步加剧，进而造成赤字国家对盈余国家的资本流动继续增加。", "4. 国际外汇储备战略在危机中对新兴市场经济体起到了帮助作用，部分经济体利用储备平抑货币的剧烈波动，弥补本国市场的美元短缺，创造财政空间。的确，在2008年第四季度至2009年第一季度的危机低谷期，发展中国家动用盈余储备，造成所持储备总额减少3 000亿美元左右。其后，出口复苏及资本流动恢复，又造成各国储备再次增加。截至2009年底，发展中国家和转型经济体所持储备总计5.4万亿美元，2010年再增5 000亿美元。储备最多的是以中国为首的亚洲发展中国家。截至2010年底，中国的外汇储备接近2.6万亿美元。[2]", "5. 展望未来，新兴经济体的外汇储备将继续增加，作为对金融冲击的自我保护。在最近的金融危机中，部分国家有效利用外汇储备抵御金融动荡，而同期一些发展中国家出现了资本外流，这再次说明经济动荡时期建立保障机制的重要性。并且，在不远的将来各国在遭遇重大危机时立即得到充足外汇资金的可能性微乎其微。", "B. 对发展中国家的私人资本流动", "6. 在最近的全球经济金融危机中，对新兴经济体的私人资本流动大幅下降，但近两年则出现了强力反弹。据估计，2009年对发展中国家的净私人资本流动约为3 250亿美元，2010年增加至3 920亿美元。³ 造成这一现象的有多种因素，最重要的是发展中国家增长加快和利率上升对投资者的吸引，而一些发达经济体经济复苏缓慢，利率低位运行。此外，鉴于部分发达国家、特别是欧洲国家财政和公共债务问题持续爆发，发达经济体和新兴经济体的相对风险特征希望维持低利率的做法。", "7. 外国直接投资继续成为对发展中国家私人资本流动的主力，2010年外国直接投资估计达到3 000亿美元。[3] 一如其他私人资本流动，外国直接投资集中于部分发展中国家，但是投资目的地多样化的迹象也已开始显现。非洲去年的外国投资虽然基本保持不变，但比十年前有显著增加。私人资本流动大部分继续进入自然资源部门，进入部分初级商品大国，但是非洲也正在吸引外国直接投资进入农业以及银行和邮电等新兴服务部门。", "8. 在对发展中国家的私人资本流动中，国际银行借贷和证卷投资等其它部分在危机后继续复苏。但是，由于发达国家银行持续面临金融困难，跨界银行借贷举步维艰。欧亚转型经济体的金融困难尤为严重，因此制约了对这些地区的借贷。但是，国际清算银行的数据表明，两年来对欧洲新兴经济体的跨界借贷最近首次出现增加。[4] 新兴市场的跨界借贷主要进入亚太和拉美地区的快速增长经济体(特别是中国、巴西在国际银行贷款中占有很大比例)。", "9. 在危机之后，证卷资本流动也起死回生，并主要流入亚洲和拉美等地区的中等收入新兴经济体。发达经济体利率低位运行以及投资者对部分国家基本经济要素感到担忧而更加注重新兴市场，进一步刺激了证卷资本流动增加。2010年，对发展中国家的证卷资本流动尤为强劲，发展中国家股市危机中失去的价值基本得到恢复。在巴西和中国等国，证卷发行创下历史新高，大韩民国和印度等新兴经济体的证卷发行也十分活跃。由于证卷债务流入的复苏，拉美等地区新兴经济体的公司大量发行公司债务。国际货币基金组织(基金组织)的数字显示，2010年对外发行的公司债券总量创造了历史记录。[5]", "C. 官方发展援助", "10. 2010年，经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)发展援助委员会成员国提供的净官方发展援助[6] 总计1 290亿美元，创历史最高水平，占这些国家国民总收入(GNI)总额的0.32%。[7] 对非洲双边官方发展援助净额计290亿美元，按实际价值计算比2009年增加4%，其中270亿美元进入撒南非洲(增加6%)。许多大型捐助方的官方发展援助/国民总收入净额比没有达到0.7%的国际商定目标，但五个国家(丹麦、卢森堡、荷兰、挪威、瑞典)继续超出目标。虽然2000年至2009年对最不发达国家的援助从120亿美元增至370亿美元，但是发展援助委员会成员国官方发展援助/国民总收入比率的总体改善(从0.05%增至0.10%)，不足以实现对最不发达国家援助占0.15至0.20的目标。为达到该目标的下限，发展援助委员会捐助国需在目前580亿美元的基础上再增加1.5倍。[8]", "11. 2010年，发展援助委员会主要捐助国的净官方发展援助全面上升。美国作为最大捐助国，官方发展援助按实际价格计算增加3.5%，超过300亿美元(占国民总收入0.21%)。其对最不发达国家的双边援助比2009年增加16.2%，达到94亿美元，创历史记录，其中11亿美元用于海地2010年地震的救灾。发展援助委员会15个欧盟成员的官方发展援助也增加了6.7%，数额超过700亿美元，占委员会官方发展援助总额的54%。委员会欧盟成员的官方发展援助/国民总收入比达到0.46%，2009年为0.44%。日本在2005年格伦伊格尔八国峰会上作出承诺，2005至2009年官方发展援助增加100亿美元，但实际数额相差36亿美元。尽管如此，2009年至2010年，日本的官方发展援助按实际价格计算增加了11.8%，上升至110亿美元。其主要原因是，日本增加了对最不发达国家的双边赠款，并为世界银行提供了大笔捐款。日本2009年的官方发展援助/国民总收入比为0.18%，2010年提高到了0.20%。[9]", "12. 虽然援助出现增加，但2010年提供的官方发展援助比2005年格伦伊格尔八国峰会的承诺减少210亿美元。其中，对非洲的援助相差180亿美元。欧盟确定2010年官方发展援助/国民总收入比达到0.51%的宏伟目标，但发展援助委员会欧盟成员国仅有半数实现目标(15个中有8个)。一个国家(法国为0.50%)接近达到目标，但其他国家都未达标，其比率在0.15%至0.43%之间。[10]", "13. 2010年以后的援助前景不容乐观。经合组织估计，按实际价格计算全球国家方案援助[11] 2011年至2013年将增加2%，过去三年平均为8%。⁹ 增加部分主要来自多边捐助方。经合组织预测，对非洲的国家方案援助按实际价格计算每年将增加1%。对最不发达国家的国家方案援助，预计2010年上升5%，2011年增加3%，但到2012年将出现停滞。⁸", "14. 创新资源将为补充传统发展资金提供“额外”资源。但是，通过现有创新筹资机制筹集的资金大都记作官方发展援助，因为这种资金是根据本国法律筹集的。¹² 因此，官方发展援助中的“补充”资源，是非正式部门(私人慈善机构等)提供的捐款。比如，在卫生部门，经合组织数据显示2002年以来部分创新筹资机制筹资55亿美元，约有2亿美元作为官方发展援助的“补充资源”。[12] 然而，即使是这种“补充”资源，如果由发展援助委员会多边捐助方支出，也可能记作官方发展援助。", "15. 创新发展筹资问题领导小组估计，在运行机制集中的卫生部门，运行机制筹集资金近60亿美元。[13] 虽然其他论坛正在讨论有关创新教育、粮食安全和其他部门的筹资问题，但是八国集团关于孕产妇和五岁以下婴幼儿健康的马斯科卡倡议和联合国《妇女儿童健康全球战略》可能有助于扩大现有机制，并建立新的机制(如烟草税)，用以弥补2011年至2015年期间卫生部门每年260亿至420亿美元的资金缺口。[14]", "16. 随着2015年实现千年发展目标期限的临近，对于发展筹资创新机制的潜力的期待有所提高。全球经济危机加大了财政制约，使人们对创新筹资和一些具体机制(如金融交易税)重新产生兴趣。创新发展筹资领导小组估计，集中征收的多种货币交易税每年可为弥补国际发展和环境挑战资金缺口筹资250亿至340亿美元(按0.005%的税率计算)。[15]", "17. 为履行《哥本哈根协议》规定的每年1 000亿美元的承诺，秘书长气候变化筹资问题高级别咨询小组正在审查评估金融交易税问题。[16] 咨询小组认为，发达国家的碳排放权拍卖交易和新征碳税，每年可征收300亿美元，是最可能得到审查的新的公共手段。另外，国际运输(海运空运)碳排放税可征收100亿美元，有关国家在国家和区域两级以某种形式征收财政交易税，也可筹集最高达100亿美元的资金。", "二. 加强国际金融架构", "A. 金融监管改革", "18. 金融危机触发的一个改革进程重要步骤，就是出台了监管银行资本和流动资金的巴塞尔三框架。继二十国集团领导人在2010年11月首脑会议上认可后，巴塞尔银行监管委员会(巴塞尔银监会)于2010年12月16日公布了巴塞尔三规则文本。现在需要根据商定的时间表将其转变为国家法律并加以运用。为尽量降低过渡成本，巴塞尔三的规定将从2013年1月1日起开始逐步分阶段执行，从而至迟在2019年1月1日全面实施。", "19. 与之前的巴塞尔一和二相比，巴塞尔三力图做到范围更加全面。它规定了更高的最低资本要求、更好的风险把握措施、更严格的合格资本要素定义和更大额度的缓冲流动资金。此外，该框架结合了处理机构性和系统性这两种风险的微观和宏观审慎要素。[17]", "20. 巴塞尔三的目标之一是建立一个全球协调的监管架构，以此确保公平的竞争环境。因此，重要的是要防止竞相逐低和以邻为壑的政策，这种政策也许可以惠及狭隘的国家利益，但却要以牺牲全球金融稳定为代价。同时，由于不同的国家结构，面临的挑战是既要确保国际公平竞争环境，又要照顾国家差异，以免对国家金融体系造成不必要的调整负担。巴塞尔三对低收入国家获得融资机会的影响也应被考虑在内，包括对贸易融资可能产生的不利影响。", "21. 危机的后果突出说明必须进一步采取措施，以降低具有系统重要性的金融机构出现问题的可能性和严重性。因此，除巴塞尔三标准之外，国际社会正努力降低具有系统重要性的金融机构倒闭的概率，并在如果依然发生倒闭的情况下，限制其对整个金融体系的影响。", "22. 二十国集团一致认为，具有系统重要性的金融机构，首先尤其是具有系统重要性的全球金融机构，应有超过巴塞尔三规则所颁一般标准的吸收损失能力和更得力的监督，以反映这些机构对全球金融体系构成的较大风险。二十国集团还认为，额外的资本费用能够降低资金市场上大到不可倒闭的竞争优势，从而创造更公平的竞争环境。", "23. 目前正在开展工作，以确定如何根据规模、相互关联性和可替代性等标准界定具有系统重要性的金融机构，以及如何确定资本费用、应急资本和其他要素，以限制系统性的有害影响。金融稳定委员会在与标准制定机构协商后，将不迟于2011年底就提高吸收损失能力的幅度和使之得到遵守的文书提出建议。[18]", "24. 金融稳定委员会也在开展工作，以制订国家为避免最终可能导致系统性危机的连锁反应而解决具有系统重要性金融机构倒闭问题的制度中应有的基本要素和工具。¹⁸ 不同国家的主管人员正在共同努力，以创造更有效的跨界危机管理工具和解决制度。不过，这项工作起步不久，仍有一些重大障碍需要克服。[19]", "25. 另一个重要问题是把所谓的影子银行系统(即通过非银行渠道运作的信贷中介)纳入监管框架。在此情况下，还需要确保对银行实施的更严格监管规则不至于刺激金融机构将其活动转至不受监管的领域。", "26. 现在的挑战是要给影子银行下一个适当的定义，并勾勒出可能的监管措施以处理这一部门构成的风险。金融稳定委员会目前正在讨论关于影子银行部门的定义、监测和调控的各种选项。2011年4月，它公布了一份关于影子银行的背景说明。[20] 背景说明介绍了目前对这个问题的思考，并建议监测和政策应遵循一个两阶段办法：首先是广撒网以涵盖所有的非银行信贷中介，从而确定可能出现新风险的潜在领域；其次，把重点聚焦到这一系统里到期/流动的转换、有缺陷的信贷风险转移和(或)利用将造成重大系统风险的那些部分。金融稳定委员会将就影子银行问题草拟一批初步建议，在2011年秋提交二十国集团。", "27. 其他多次监管举措正在讨论之中，其中包括市场外交易衍生产品、评级机构、另类投资工具、消费者融资保护和金融市场基础设施方面的工作。", "28. 在对传统上以各家银行为重点的微观审慎监管进行改革的同时，正在努力加强全系统的监督和宏观审慎的政策框架。宏观审慎政策旨在抑制金融体系的顺周期性并降低系统性风险的密集程度，以解决全系统的风险。除了巴塞尔三所载降低顺周期性的一些政策之外，这方面的主要工作是设计和推出各种能够逆周期运转并遏制外溢效应的缓冲及保护措施。", "29. 除监管改革之外，监督结构也需要进一步改善。事实上，全球金融体系大体上以逐国监管为基础。鉴于某种全球性的监管机构充其量只是一种遥远的可能性，金融监督需要程度高得多的国际合作和信任，因为潜在的系统性风险主要是一种跨界现象。", "B. 多边监测和政策协调", "30. 监测世界经济以发现可能威胁全球金融和经济稳定的风险，是基金组织的核心工作之一。金融和经济危机突出说明，必须加强多边监测以增强其公平性和有效性。普遍认为，基金组织在其监测活动中应更加关注金融部门问题，关注政策的外溢效应，尤其是那些具有系统重要性的国家和金融中心产生的外溢效应，并关注跨界关联。", "31. 基金组织独立评价办公室对全球金融和经济危机前期基金组织监测表现的一次评价发现，[21] 基金组织没有就解决金融部门风险的迫切需要发出明确信息。监测工作没有对发达经济体外溢效应的风险、不断恶化的金融部门资产负债表、金融监管问题、信贷膨胀和正在出现的资产泡沫予以足够重视。据独立评价办公室介绍，各种因素导致基金组织在识别风险和发出明确警告方面出现失误，例如分析不足、组织障碍、内部治理问题以及政治上的制约。", "32. 基金组织已采取步骤改进其监测活动的方法和覆盖范围，包括加强对实体经济与金融部门之间关联的重视、启动早期预警作业(与金融稳定委员会合作)和财政监测以及加强克服弱点作业。此外，还商定启动对五个主要经济体(中国、欧元区、日本、英国和美国)的试验性外溢分析，分析结果将在2011年夏季第四条磋商期间提交。2011年4月，基金组织和世界银行春季会议决定进一步加强基金组织的全球监测作用。在此背景下，基金组织将编写一份新的综合多边监测报告，其中将包括对潜在外溢效应的分析，并将利用范围更广泛的信息。[22]", "33. 基金组织和世界银行还改进了金融部门评估方案，包括基金组织决定，针对拥有具系统重要性金融部门的25个管辖区，把每五年进行一次金融稳定评估列为金融部门评估方案下监测的强制性部分。金融部门监测并非基金组织的独家职权。因此，与金融稳定委员会、国际清算银行和金融部门标准制订机构等其他相关机构的协作依然是一个优先事项。", "34. 一些国家缺乏实行政策调整机制的情况制约了有效监测。为了提高基金组织监测工作的力度，一个由前国际高级决策者组成的小组建议加强关于考虑国内政策对全球稳定影响的国际承诺。[23] 该小组提议制订经济和金融政策规范，涵盖范围可包括经常账户逆差或顺差、通货膨胀率或财政赤字与债务比率。如出现违反规范的情况，将随即启动协商程序。针对各国遵守或不遵守国际商定的政策规范的情况，该小组还提议为激励和制裁创造可能性。", "35. 各方确认，二十国集团内部在危机期间的经济政策协调帮助避免了更严重的衰退，并为复苏打下了基础。2009年，二十国集团领导人启动了“强劲、可持续和均衡增长框架”。通过这一框架，集团各国确定了全球经济目标和达到这些目标所需要的政策。框架包括一个评价在争取实现这些共同目标方面的进展的相互评估程序。不过，随着全球复苏的继续，主要经济体决策者之间的合作精神似乎正在减弱，而本国考量正在取代多边努力成为优先事项。[24] 在此背景下，并在加强治理促进可持续发展这一更广阔的范围内，至关重要的是在多边议程中保持和加强宏观经济政策协调，并使这种协调制度化。", "36. 2010年11月，二十国集团领导人在首尔举行的首脑会议上重申，将致力于加强多边合作，促进外部可持续性，并奉行有利于减少过度失衡状况的政策。在这方面，二十国集团领导人指出，作为相互评估程序的一部分，必须参照指示性导则评估持续严重失衡的性质和妨碍调整的根本原因，同时承认应考虑到国家和区域的具体情况。[25]", "37. 需继续克服挑战，使二十国集团可持续全球再平衡政策框架更加具体和更具操作性。为使全球经济踏上更加均衡和可持续的发展之路，需要制订明确和可核查的目标。", "38. 虽然大多数较小国家对于世界经济只有有限的系统重要性并被排除在二十国集团进程之外，但二十国集团所讨论的问题对它们的经济却会产生深刻影响。因此，这种非正式的集团组合需要与非成员国和具有普遍性的国际机构、尤其是与联合国建立更有力的体制联系。", "39. 虽然相互评估程序处于基金组织监测进程之外，但基金组织为支助对政策的评估和对需要行动的重点领域的认定提供了技术分析。预计今后可能需要基金组织借鉴相互评估程序和基金组织常规监测这两方面的经验(包括溢出问题报告)，探索这些总体相辅相成的进程之间的协同增效作用，并在全球宏观经济政策协调方面发挥更有力的作用。还需要更明确的程序和做法，以确保联合国、基金组织、二十国集团和其他多边利益攸关方之间的政策协调努力能够取长补短、相得益彰。联合国在全球经济治理框架中的作用主要是充当一个具有普遍包容性的平台，以利各方为以综合方式解决可持续发展的全球挑战(包括中长期挑战)展开讨论、进行协调和作出决策。", "40. 在政策合作议程中占有中心地位的另一问题是资本流动，尤其是资本流向新兴经济体的规模和波动性。关于资本流动的政策辩论重点是如何应对可能破坏稳定的资本流入和选择何种政策工具。在制订应对政策时，流入国有一系列可供使用的工具。政策选项包括汇率、货币、财政和宏观审慎方面的政策和其他形式的资本账户监管，例如资本管制。", "41. 一个国家实行资本管制可能产生多边影响。在金融全球化时代，任何一个国家都不再可能靠单方面行动全面管理跨界风险。然而，目前基本上没有关于资本流动管理的国际规则或指南。在此情况下，二十国集团领导人呼吁金融稳定委员会、基金组织和国际清算银行进一步推进工具开发工作，以减轻过度资本流动的影响。²⁵ 他们强调，由于资本管制可能违反各国在世界贸易组织《服务贸易总协定》中作出的承诺，世界贸易组织应参与多边政策协调。此外，区域和次区域合作对于减轻资本流动的不利影响可能也有裨益。", "42. 基金组织正在制订一个框架，以帮助各国应对大量资本的流入。作为第一步，对最近的国家经验和管理资本流入的潜在政策工具进行了审查。[26] 框架的终极目标是在考虑到各国的经济和财政能力及特点的同时评估资本流动管理的政策选项，并确定运用各种措施的适当情况。", "43. 有关资本流动的政策咨询和合作应当做到不偏不倚，其对象不仅是流入国，也包括流出国，同时要考虑到它们对全球金融稳定所担负的责任。在这方面，一种论点认为，发达经济体中受宏观经济条件驱动的资本流动的繁荣萧条周期可能对发展造成不利影响。[27]", "C. 应对发达国家的主权债务危机", "44. 在金融危机过程中，发达经济体的公共财政受到巨大压力。大部分发达经济体的负债比率继续攀升，融资需求达到历史新高。", "45. 与此相关的对公共债务还本付息的信心丧失目前在若干欧元区国家中最为明显，而金融部门面临着重大的主权债务风险，这些情况是全球金融体系不稳定因素的重要来源。据基金组织《全球金融稳定性报告》介绍，主权资金问题是今后最紧迫的挑战之一。[28]", "46. 为了解决欧洲主权债务危机，欧洲各国领导人已商定采取措施，援助处于困境的欧元区成员国。为提供临时财政支助，资金多达4 400亿欧元(约6 300亿美元)的欧洲金融稳定基金于2010年5月设立。各方还商定成立一个常设危机管理框架，即欧洲稳定机制，预计2013年实施，其有效放贷能力为5 000亿欧元(约7 900亿美元)。基金组织的贷款机制将对欧洲联盟的各项援助方案予以补充。[29]", "47. 在欧洲主权债务危机的背景下，各方正在就困难国家债务重组的可能性展开辩论。如有必要维护金融稳定，将与所有相关的利益攸关方协调采取并实施这种措施。", "48. 在巨额公共债务的背景下，缺乏主权债务重组国际框架是影响国际金融稳定的因素之一。没有这样一个机制，在公共债务危机时期，市场的不确定性就会被放大并使债务的解决变得复杂。已经就此提出了很多建议，以求为发达国家和发展中国家的官方债务逐步建立适用于所有债权人的某种形式的公平和国际接受的债务解决机制。[30] 这种机制是促进国际金融体系稳定的一个关键要素。不过，迄今为止在这个问题上没有取得进展。", "49. 为了维护国际金融稳定，主要的发达经济体有必要实行中、长期财政整顿。二十国集团领导人已确认了这种必要性，并同意在其政策合作议程中处理财政整顿问题。[31] 确保中期财政可持续性的措施应在国际一级进行协调，并把握出台时机，以免破坏复苏的前景。", "D. 全球金融安全网", "50. 一个有效的全球金融安全网是维护全球经济和金融稳定的重要保障。目前，各国依靠混合型的金融安全系统，对储备积累、双边协定及区域和多边机制进行管理。", "51. 在最近的危机及其结束后的一个时期，国际金融安全网得到了加强。灵活信贷额度是政策十分健全且经济基础雄厚的国家的一个保险办法，2010年，基金组织延长了现行灵活信贷额度的信贷期限并提高了可用信贷，还制订了新的预防性信贷额度。预防性信贷额度这种应急保护专门针对不符合灵活信贷额度但问题不大的国家。与灵活信贷额度不同，预防性信贷额度的特点是事后附加条件，侧重于减少资格评估中发现的其他问题。", "52. 基金组织贷款活动的可用资源有显著增加。2010年12月第十四次份额总审查完成，决定把基金组织的份额资源翻一番，达到约7 500亿美元，目前正等待成员的批准。与成员国和中央银行的借款安排也得到了加强。有所扩大且更为灵活的借款新安排借贷能力总额约为5 800亿美元，并于2011年3月开始施行。为了保证基金组织今后有能力提供大规模的流动性支持，其资源基础可能需要进一步扩大。为此，拟议发行特别提款权为基金组织的危机贷款机制提供资金。", "53. 虽然危机期间的合作努力加强了全球金融安全网，但国际流动性支持的充分性和组成方面仍存在重大问题。事实上，危机突出说明，要应对快速和可观的资本市场波动，需要有大量的流动性缓冲措施。这就要求进一步加强应对系统性冲击的多边能力。在这方面各方强调的是，在最近的危机中，大部分所需的流动性是通过主要中央银行的一次性特设安排提供的。[32] 而且，显然，不确定金融安全网的可用性和运作情况可造成巨大费用。²⁴", "54. 各各方就如何提高全球金融安全网的有效性和可预见性提出了若干建议。一个雄心勃勃的建议是把基金组织发展成不得已求助的国际贷款方，在没有其他贷款方愿意出借足量资金以有效应对金融危机时，这将有机会获取流动性。[33] 各国可以通过基金组织第四条规定的定期监管在无附加条件的情况下享用这一机制。流动性在很大程度上需要由发行储备货币的国家提供。各主要央行的重大责任是，启动这一机制时要准许获取流动性，因此，这项建议将难以实施。", "55. 基金组织也在探索，设立常设机制的有关办法，在系统性危机时同双边和区域流动性支持安排一道提供流动性。[34] 目前正在考虑这种全球性稳定机制的其他方式，可提供不同程度的可预见性和有效性。机制的关键要素须加以界定，如启动机制的程序、获取融资和融资审批、所涉工具、机制的供资、与有关中央银行和区域安排的协调以及减少道德风险的保障。一个更加务实的替代办法是，基金组织可发挥央行交换和资产折现力的多边网络管理方或协调方的作用。", "56. 加强全球金融安全网的一个关键因素是加强与区域和次区域机制的合作。区域金融安排，如阿拉伯货币基金组织、清迈倡议、欧洲联盟内的稳定机制或拉丁美洲储备基金，可以在预防和化解金融危机方面发挥重要作用。应进一步探讨如何改善全球和区域机制之间的协作和一致性。", "E. 特别提款权的作用", "57. 改革国际储备体系的必要性获得了广泛认可。尽管有一些多样化，但所报告的国际外汇储备仍然是以美元持有居多。[35] 如上所述，在现行制度下，储备发行国为供应储备资产出现对外收支赤字，因而本质上保持了全球经济失衡。此外，把国家货币作为国际储备资产使全球储备体系要承受储备发行国的国内货币和经济政策带来的漏洞。", "58. 国际储备体系向多种货币系统的多样化发展，或许是向更好地反映当今全球多极经济迈出了一步。然而，这样一个体系可能承受更大的汇率波动风险，原因是国际需求可能从一种国际货币急速转向另一种国际货币。", "59. 为了减少基于国家货币的储备制度可能出现的问题，建议加强特别提款权的作用。加强特别提款权的作用有助于减少国际储备积累的程度和成本、增加安全的全球资产的供应和促进多样化并减少主要货币之间的汇率波动。", "60. 特别提款权的作用目前非常有限。虽然最初构想为“国际货币体系的主要储备资产”，[36] 但现有的特别提款权不到全球总储备的4%。[37] 因此，实际上，加强特别提款权作为储备资产的作用是一个渐进过程，在今后几年将逐渐发展成扩大使用特别提款权与各种由国家供应的储备资产相结合的系统。在这方面要取得进展将需要采取若干措施，以加强对特别提款权的认可，扩大特别提款权的供应和使用情况。", "61. 促进接受特别提款权可能需要扩大特别提款权篮的组成，使其更具代表性。特别是应考虑纳入新兴市场的货币。然而，所有组成货币应该可以完全自由兑换，还应有发达的金融市场。国际货币和金融委员会在2011年4月会议上要求进一步制订基于标准的办法，拓宽特别提款权篮的组成，[38] 目前基金正在就这个储备资产的作用和组成开展工作。", "62. 分配的特别提款权的款额在金融危机期间增加了近10倍(从约210亿特别提款权增至目前约2 040亿特别提款权，相当于大约3 310亿美元)。特别提款权要发挥更重要的作用，则须进一步增加供应。考虑到全球的储备需求，通过定期发行(如每年发行)，可以做到这一点。据估计，如每年发行相当于约2 000亿美元，2020年后特别提款权在总储备中的占比将增至略超过13%。³⁷", "63. 可以重新考虑有无可能设立一种机制，允许各国将储备转换成特别提款权计价的证券和存款。基金组织20世纪70年代谈判代替帐户时讨论了这个问题。当时，各国不能就最终的汇率风险在分担责任安排上达成一致。因此，有人建议探讨其他的替代帐户办法。²³", "64. 特别提款权目前作用有限的一个原因是，特别提款权没有用于私人商业或金融交易。发展特别提款权计价的金融工具市场可能涉及由主权国家和多边金融机构发行特别提款权计价的债券，同时尽可能不显著增加借贷成本。此外，基金组织可以考虑在其贷款活动中使用特别提款权。", "65. 促进把特别提款权用作记账单位的措施可以包括国际贸易定价，如商品贸易、盯住货币和报告国际统计数据，如国际收支或其他数据。³⁷ 也可能会考虑在国际组织和协定中更多使用特别提款权，把特别提款权作为参考单位，如基金组织、万国邮政联盟和《统一国际航空运输某些规则的公约》的现行做法。[39]", "F. 布雷顿森林机构的治理改革", "66. 基金组织和世界银行已采取措施纠正发言权和代表权失衡问题。近期的治理改革旨在更好地反映当今世界经济的组成，建立一个更具代表性、反应迅速和追究责任的治理结构。", "67. 至于2010年4月达成的世界银行集团治理改革第二阶段，预计国际复兴开发银行(世界银行)、国际金融公司(金融公司)和国际开发协会(开发协会)的投票权将转移到发展中国家和转型期国家，并逐步实现公平投票权。改革增加了发展中国家和经济转型国家的总投票权，世界银行增加了4.59个百分点(自2008年以来)，增至47.19%；金融公司增加了6.07个百分点，增至39.48%；开发协会增加了约6个百分点，增至45.59%。", "68. 基金组织2008年份额和发言权改革于2011年3月3日生效，主要内容为一批新兴市场和发展中国家之间份额再分配、基本票增加两倍、在7个或更多成员的选区再任命一名候补执行董事。继2008年改革后，2010年做出了更进一步、意义更加重大的变革。", "69. 2010年12月，基金组织理事会根据第十四次份额总审查批准了份额和治理改革。改革将使成员国的份额翻一番。改革还将把超过6%的份额转向新兴市场和发展中国家，但不降低最贫困成员的份额和投票权。2010年改革还设想在当选的理事会中增加发展中国家的代表权，同时保持理事会的规模不变。国际货币和金融委员会在2011年4月会议上，敦促所有成员在2012年度会议前让2010年份额和治理改革生效。³⁸ 此外，当前份额公式的全面审查预计2013年1月前完成，这可能会极大增加支持发展中国家代表权的变量的权重。", "70. 虽然最近采取的措施取得了重大进展，但应继续努力，进一步加强布雷顿森林机构的治理结构。重要的是，应明确这两个组织的管理部门和理事会的角色和责任，以加强问责实效。还有人建议，提高国际货币和金融委员会和发展委员会在战略决策中的作用。在这方面，许多发展中国家认为，这些机构应保留其咨询性质和基于共识的特性。[40] 采用公开、透明且基于业绩而不论国籍和性别的高级领导人遴选程序，以及促进提高管理层和工作人员的国别多样性仍是重要目标。", "三. 结论", "71. 金融监管的要务是实施巴塞尔协议三、执行对系统有重要意义的金融机构的新规则和充分监管影子银行体系。至关重要的是，阻止在监管改革过程中实现国家竞争优势的企图，并确保法规及其实施以及监管做法由加强全球金融稳定和发展的目标驱动，而不是由某些私人金融机构和/或市场的狭隘集团的利益驱动。", "72. 基金组织在其监管活动中应更多地关注主要国家的政策对世界其他地方的溢出效应。加强国际协调一致和促进协调国家经济政策以改善金融稳定和促进可持续全球经济增长，应成为基金组织议程的中心目标。", "73. 在金融和经济危机后，资本流动在有关全球经济和金融稳定的政策辩论中占据了中心地位。在金融全球化的时代，需要某种国际框架以评估管理跨境资本流动的政策。", "74. 人们日渐认为发达国家的国债不断增加是全球金融体系不稳定的主要原因。为了解决这个问题，需要在保持金融市场稳定的同时确保中期财政的可持续性。还有人建议，制定一个国债重组的国际框架。", "75. 尽管最近采取了加强全球金融安全网的举措，但仍可进一步促进提供多边流动性。或许有必要考虑设立一个多边机制，与双边和区域流动性支持安排一道，在系统性危机时提供融资。", "76. 现在普遍认为，应探讨改革国际货币体系的办法。特别是，应考虑增强特别提款权的作用，以建立一个更平衡和更稳定的全球储备体系。", "77. 布雷顿森林机构为纠正发言权和代表权不平衡问题采取了重要步骤。在及时和全面实施商定改革之际，还须继续解决各种治理问题，包括进一步改善治理结构，增加管理层和工作人员的多样性，制订开放、透明和基于业绩的高层领导甄选程序。", "[1] 见《2011年世界经济形势与展望》(联合国出版物，出售品编号：C.11.II.C.2)；另见E/2011/113。", "[2] 《2011年世界经济形势与展望》(联合国出版物，出售品编号：C.11.II.C.2)。", "[3] 国际货币基金组织，世界经济展望数据库，2011年4月，见www.imf.org。", "[4] 国际清算银行，《季度审查》，2011年3月14日，见www.bis.org。", "[5] 国际货币基金组织，《全球金融稳定报告，持久的金融稳定：从现在做起》(2011年4月，华盛顿特区)。", "[6] 净官方发展援助等于官方发展援助支出毛额减去从发展援助委员会官方发展援助受援国名单上国家和领土所得款项(如还本付款，同时抵消债务减免、资本抽回、赠款收回等)，但不扣除付息部分。官方发展援助数据大多以“净官方发展援助”表示，但是减去非官方发展援助的贷款减免和净官方发展援助付息的“净援助转让”，能够更好地进行衡量。第一，“净援助转让”为官方发展援助贷款本金和利息的净额，对从官方发展援助贷款中收取大笔利息的部分捐助方特别重要。第二，“净援助转让”不计入旧的非官方发展援助贷款的减免，因为这种贷款的减免即使作为官方发展援助计算也很少产生额外的净转让。援助转让净额数据集显示，2009年的净援助转让为1 112亿美元，而净官方发展援助为1 200亿美元(全球发展中心，净援助转让数据集，见www.cgdev.org)。", "[7] 经济合作与发展组织，“2010年发展援助创历史新高”，2011年4月6日，见www.oecd.org。", "[8] 发展合作论坛，“2012年发展合作论坛背景研究：针对最不发达国家的国际金融合作趋势”，2011年4月29日草稿，见www.un.org。", "[9] 见经济合作与发展组织，“发展：援助增加趋势令人不安”，2011年4月6日，见www.oecd.org。", "[10] 经合组织，“2010年发展援助创历史新高”，2011年4月6日，见www.oecd.org。", "[11] 国家方案援助为援助中每个捐助方可为每个受援国编制方案的部分，反映了受援国根据国家优先进行规划和支出的更可预测的援助流动。", "[12] 经济合作与发展组织统计工作队，“为部分重要创新发展筹资机制把脉”，2011年2月7日，见www.oecd.org。", "[13] 领导小组秘书处，“卫生领域创新发展筹资问题领导小组：职权范围”，见www.leadinggroup.org。", "[14] 秘书长潘基文，“全球妇幼健康战略”，2010年，见www.who.int。", "[15] 创新发展筹资问题领导小组，“实现全球团结：金融税案例：国际金融交易促进发展工作组专家委员会的报告”，2010年，见www.leadinggroup.org。", "[16] 联合国，“秘书长气候变化筹资问题高级别咨询小组的报告”，2010年11月5日。", "[17] 关于巴塞尔三的概况，可参见文献之一是“Basel III：Stronger Banks and a More Resilient Financial System”by Stefan Walter，Secretary General，Basel Committee on Banking Supervision，at the Conference on Basel III，Financial Stability Institute，Basel， 6 April 2011，见www.bis.org。", "[18] 金融稳定委员会，“Progress in the Implementation of the G20 Recommendations for Strengthening Financial Stability”，Report to G-20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors，15 February 2011，见www.financialstabilityboard.org。", "[19] “Regulatory Reform of the global financial system”，remarks by William Dudley，President and Chief Executive Officer of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York，at a meeting hosted by the Institute of Regulation and Risk，North Asia，Tokyo，11 April 2011，见www.bis.org。", "[20] Financial Stability Board，“Shadow Banking：Scoping the Issues，A Background Note of the Financial Stability Board”，12 April 2011，见www.financialstabilityboard.org。", "[21] 国际货币基金组织独立评价办公室，“基金组织在金融和经济危机前期的表现：基金组织在2004-07年的监测”，2011年，见www.ieo-imf.org。", "[22] 国际货币基金组织，“重新强调基金组织的全球监测作用”，《基金组织调查杂志》，2011年4月17日，见www.imf.org。", "[23] Palais-Royal Initiative，“Reform of the International Monetary System：A Cooperative Approach for the Twenty First Century”，2011，见www.elysee.fr。该小组的召集人是基金组织前总裁米歇尔·卡姆德苏斯、国际清算银行前总经理亚历山大·拉姆法路西和意大利前财政部长托马索·帕多阿-斯基奥帕，并包括一批其他前高级决策者。", "[24] “评估经济政策合作议程”，2011年3月7日基金组织第一副总裁约翰·利普斯基在哥伦比亚特区华盛顿“危机之后宏观和增长政策问题会议”上的讲话，见www.imf.org。", "[25] G-20 Seoul Summit Document，11-12 November 2010，见www.seoulsummit.kr。", "[26] 国际货币基金组织，“管理资本流动的最近经验：贯穿各领域的主题和可能的政策框架”，2011年2月14日，以及基金组织工作人员讨论说明，“管理资本流入：使用何种工具？”，2011年4月5日，见www.imf.org。", "[27] Yilmaz，Akyuz，“Capital Flows to Developing Countries in a Historical Perspective：Will the Current Boom End with a Bust?”，South Centre Research Paper 37，March 2011， 见www.southcentre.org。", "[28] 基金组织，《全球金融稳定性报告：市场最新情况》(2011年6月，华盛顿特区)。", "[29] “The Euro area–challenges and responses”，speech by Christian Noyer，Governor of the Bank of France and Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Bank for International Settlements，at the Economic Club，New York，18 April 2011，见www.bis.org。", "[30] 关于对国际债务合同安排和解决的讨论，参考文献之一是《2010年世界经济和社会概览》(联合国出版物，出售品编号：C.10.II.C.1)，第126至第127页。", "[31] 例如，见G-20 Seoul Summit Leaders’Declaration，11-12 November 2010，见www.seoulsummit.kr。", "[32] 国际货币基金组织，国际货币和金融委员会总裁关于基金组织政策议程的声明，2011年4月13日，见www.imf.org。", "[33] 例如，见Eduordo Fernandez Arias和Eduoido Levy Yeyati，“Global Financial Safety Nets: Where Do We Go from Here?”,美洲开发银行工作文件系列第231号，2010年11月。", "[34] 国际货币基金组织，“The Fund’s Mandate -The Future Financing Role: Reform Proposals”, 2010年6月29日，见www.imf.org。", "[35] 根据向基金组织提交的报告，美元在全球外汇储备中的比重在过去十年中下降了约10个百分点，降至稍高于60%(基金组织，官方外汇储备的币种构成(COFER数据库)，见www.imf.org)。", "[36] 《国际货币基金组织协定条款》，第八条，第7款。", "[37] 国际货币基金组织，“Enhancing International Monetary Stability - A Role for the SDR?”,2011年1月7日，见www.imf.org。", "[38] 国际货币基金组织，国际货币和金融委员会，第二十三届会议公报，2011年4月16日，见www.imf.org。", "[39] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第2242卷,第39917号。", "[40] 二十四国国际货币事务和发展政府间小组，2011年4月14日公报，见www.imf.org。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "页:1 本报告是同参与发展筹资进程的主要利益有关机构的工作人员协商后编写的。 然而,其内容完全由联合国秘书处负责。", "临时议程* 项目17(b)", "宏观经济政策问题", "国际金融体制与发展", "秘书长的报告* * 联合国", "内容提要", "本报告是根据大会第65/143号决议提交的,是对秘书长关于《蒙特雷共识》和《发展筹资问题多哈宣言》的后续行动和执行情况的报告的补充。 报告回顾了发展中国家国际官方和私人资本流动的最近趋势以及目前为改革国际货币和金融体系及结构而作的努力。 报告突出强调了由世界金融和经济危机及其后果引起的紧迫挑战,特别是在金融监管和监督、多边监督、宏观经济政策协调、主权债务、全球金融安全网、国际储备制度和布雷顿森林机构治理改革等关键领域。", "一. 发展中国家的国际资金流动", "A. 全球失衡和储备积累", "1. 联合国 全球持续不平衡可视为日益相互依存的全球经济的表现。 它们是指美国长期存在大量经常账户赤字的模式,在较小程度上指欧洲其他一些发达经济体,新兴经济体,最突出的是中国以及德国和日本的顺差。", "2. 联合国 最近的全球衰退导致全球失衡缩小,美国的对外赤字从衰退前占国内生产总值(GDP)6%的高峰下降到了2009年2.7%的低点,而中国的盈余从占GDP10%的高点下降到同期的6%. 德国、日本和一些能源出口新兴经济体的经常账户盈余也有所减少。 然而,有迹象表明,全球失衡随着全球复苏而再次扩大。 2010年,美国的经常账户赤字略有增加,超过国内生产总值的3%,而德国、日本和能源出口国的盈余则有所扩大。 但是,中国经常账户盈余占国内生产总值的百分比进一步下降到了5%左右。 [1] 未来一年中这些调整如何发挥,除其他外,将受到增长率趋势、主要经济体的国内需求水平、主权债务问题和汇率变动等的影响。", "3个 一些发展中国家的中央银行空前地积累了外汇储备,这是全球经济失衡日益扩大的核心组成部分。 1990年代新兴市场危机后,一些发展中国家,特别是亚洲新兴国家,积累了大量外币储备,作为抵御未来危机的一种自我保护形式. 准备金的积累与这些国家中一些国家的货币贬值和产生经常账户盈余有关。 这反过来又导致美利坚合众国等经济体经常账户赤字扩大。 由此导致的恶性循环是,这些盈余经济体随后向美国等赤字国家的资金流入,助长了这些经济体内部资产泡沫的积累,导致全球失衡现象进一步扩大,从而导致更多资金从赤字流入盈余国家。", " 4.四. 国际储备积累战略在危机期间帮助了新兴市场经济体,其中一些国家利用这些储备缓解了货币波动,抵消了当地市场面临的美元短缺并创造了财政空间。 事实上,在2008年第四季度和2009年初危机爆发期间,发展中国家利用其盈余储备导致储备总量减少约3 000亿美元。 出口的恢复和资本流动的回流促进了储备持有量的回升。 截至2009年底,发展中国家和转型期经济体的储备总额约为54万亿美元,2010年又增加了5 000亿美元。 亚洲发展中国家,特别是中国积累了大量外汇储备,2010年底,中国持有约2.6万亿美元外汇储备。 [2]", "5 (韩语). 展望未来,预计新兴经济体将继续积累储备,作为抵御金融冲击的一种自我保护形式。 在最近的金融危机期间有效利用储备来防止金融不稳定,以及一些发展中国家在此期间出现资本外流,都再次强调了在经济动荡期间建立保险机制的重要性。 此外,如果发生重大危机,各国在不久的将来能够立即获得足够的外币融资的可能性似乎很小。", "B. 流向发展中国家的私人资本", "6. 国家 在最近全球经济和金融危机期间出现急剧下滑之后,过去几年,流向新兴经济体的私人资本强劲回升。 据估计,流向发展中国家的私人资本净额从2009年的约3 250亿美元增加到2010年的约3 920亿美元。 [3] 这是由多种情况共同驱动的。 最重要的是,发展中国家的更强劲增长和更高的利率吸引了投资者,尤其是与一些发达经济体经济前景暗淡和低利率相比。 此外,发达经济体和新兴经济体的相对风险特征有利于后者,因为一些发达国家,特别是欧洲的持续财政和公共债务问题。", "7. 联合国 外国直接投资仍然是流向发展中国家的私人资本的主要部分,2010年估计为3 000多亿美元。 外国直接投资流动与私人资本流动的其他部分一样,集中在选定的发展中国家,但也有进一步多样化的迹象。 在非洲的外国投资虽然在过去一年中是平的,但远远高于十年前。 虽然其中很大一部分资金继续流入自然资源部门和一些商品丰富的国家,但该区域也一直在为农业和银行和电信等新的服务部门吸引外国直接投资。", "8. 联合国 流向发展中国家的私人资本的其他部分,包括国际银行贷款和证券投资,在危机后继续走复苏的道路。 然而,跨国银行贷款仍然受到先进国家银行持续面临的财政困难的重压。 在欧洲和亚洲的转型经济体中,这些问题尤其严重,限制了对这些区域的贷款。 然而,根据国际清算银行提供的统计数据,对新兴欧洲的跨界贷款最近两年来首次开始增加。 [4] 向新兴市场提供跨界贷款的增加有很大一部分是针对亚太区域迅速增长的经济体,特别是中国和拉丁美洲的,巴西在国际银行贷款中占很大比例。", "9. 国家 证券组合资本流动在危机后也实现了复苏,主要面向中等收入新兴经济体,特别是亚洲和拉丁美洲。 发达经济体的低利率以及对其中一些国家的经济基本面的关切,使投资人更加积极地投向新兴市场,这加强了投资组合流动的回升。 2010年,流向发展中国家的股票特别强劲,发展中国家的股票市场重新获得危机期间损失的大部分价值。 在一些国家,特别是巴西和中国,股票发行量上升到历史最高水平,在大韩民国和印度等其他新兴经济体也呈现出蓬勃态势。 证券组合债务流入的回升也促使一些新兴市场,特别是拉丁美洲,大量发行公司债务。 国际货币基金组织(基金组织)的统计数据表明,2010年外部公司债券的总供应量达到了历史记录. [5]", "C. 官方发展援助", "10个 2010年,经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)发展援助委员会(发援会)成员国提供的官方发展援助净额共计1 290亿美元,达到有史以来的最高水平,占发援会成员国国民总收入总额的0.32%。 [7] 对非洲的双边官方发展援助净额为290亿美元,按实际价值计算比2009年增加4%,其中270亿美元用于撒哈拉以南非洲(增加6%)。 许多大捐助者的官方发展援助/国民总收入净比率低于国际商定的0.7%的目标,而有五个国家(丹麦、卢森堡、荷兰、挪威和瑞典)继续超过这一目标。 虽然向最不发达国家提供的援助从2000年的120亿美元增至2009年的370亿美元,但发援会成员国官方发展援助/国民总收入的总比率(从0.05%增至0.10%)的改善不足以实现最不发达国家0.15%-0.20%的目标。 为了达到这一目标的下限,发援会捐助国需要将其官方发展援助净额增加1.5倍,达到目前的580亿美元。 [8]", "11个 2010年,发援会所有主要捐助方的官方发展援助付款净额有所增加。 美国作为最大的捐助国,其官方发展援助按实际价值计算增加了3.5%,并超过300亿美元(占国民总收入的0.21%)。 其对最不发达国家的双边援助达到94亿美元的最高纪录,比2009年增加了16.2%,其中11亿美元是在2010年地震后分配给海地的。 来自15个发援会-欧盟成员的官方发展援助也增加了6.7%并超过700亿美元,占发援会官方发展援助总额的54%。 发援会/欧洲联盟的官方发展援助/国民总收入为0.46%,而2009年为0.44%。 尽管日本在2005年格伦伊格尔斯八国集团首脑会议上承诺在2005-2009年期间将官方发展援助增加100亿美元,但日本提供的官方发展援助净额在2009-2010年期间实际增加了11.8%,达到110亿美元。 这主要是由于该国向最不发达国家提供了更多的双边赠款,并对世界银行作出了重大贡献。 其官方发展援助/国民总收入比率从2009年的0.18%增至2010年的0.20%。 [9]", "12个 尽管援助额有所增加,但2010年官方发展援助总交付额在2005年格伦伊格尔斯8国集团首脑会议上的认捐额中仍然不足210亿美元。 非洲短缺180亿美元。 关于为2010年设定的雄心勃勃的0.51%的欧洲联盟官方发展援助/国民总收入目标,发援会/欧洲联盟成员中约有一半(15个中有8个)已经实现这一目标。 一个国家(法国,比率为0.50%)几乎实现了目标,而其他国家则低于目标,比率从0.15%到0.43%不等。", "13个 2010年以后的援助前景并不乐观。 经合组织估计,2011年至2013年,全球可列入国家方案的援助[11]的实际增长率为2%,而过去三年的平均增长率为8%。 增加的大部分来自多边捐助者。 经合组织预测,向非洲提供的可列入国家方案的援助按实际价值计算每年将增加1%。 对最不发达国家的可列入国家方案的援助预计将在2010年增长5%,2011年增长3%,但在2012年停滞不前。", "14个 预计创新的资金来源将提供“额外”资源来补充传统的发展资金来源。 然而,通过现有创新筹资机制筹集的绝大部分收入被记录为官方发展援助,因为这些收入是根据国家立法筹集的。 [12] 因此,在官方发展援助方面,被算作“额外”的是非官方部门(如私人慈善机构)的捐款。 例如,在保健部门,根据经合组织的统计,自2002年以来选定的创新筹资机制筹集的55亿美元中,只有约2亿美元是“官方发展援助之外的额外资金”。 然而,即使这些“额外”资源如果由发援会多边捐助者支付,也可报告为官方发展援助。", "15个 在业务机制集中的卫生部门,创新发展筹资领导小组估计,业务机制筹集了近60亿美元。 [13] 在各种论坛讨论教育、粮食安全和其他部门的创新筹资问题时,八国集团关于产妇、新生儿和五岁以下儿童保健的马斯科卡倡议和联合国全球妇女和儿童保健战略可能有助于扩大现有机制或实施新机制(例如烟草税),以填补2011-2015年期间卫生部门每年260至420亿美元的资金缺口。", "16号. 随着2015年千年发展目标最后期限的到来,人们对创新型发展筹资机制潜力的期待已经增加。 全球经济危机所加剧的财政制约重新激发了对创新融资和某些具体机制(例如金融交易税)的兴趣。 创新性发展筹资领导小组估计,中央征收的多货币交易税每年可产生250至340亿美元(0.005%),以帮助满足国际发展和环境挑战的资金需要。 [15]", "17岁。 为履行《哥本哈根协定》规定的每年1 000亿美元的承诺,秘书长的气候变化筹资问题高级别咨询小组也审查了金融交易税。 [16] 本咨询小组得出结论认为,在所审查的新公共文书中,拍卖发达国家的排放津贴和新的碳税的潜力最大,每年产生300亿美元。 对国际(海运和航空)运输的碳排放征税每年可再筹集100亿美元,从有关国家在国家或区域一级实施的某种形式的金融交易税可筹集到100亿美元。", "二. 加强国际金融结构", "A类. 金融监管改革.", "18岁。 金融危机所引发的改革进程中的一个重要步骤是引入了银行资本和流动性调控的巴塞尔三框架. 20国集团领导人在2010年11月首脑会议上表示赞同后,巴塞尔银行监督委员会于2010年12月16日发布了巴塞尔三规则文本. 现在需要将其移植到国内法中,并按照商定的时间表加以适用。 为将过渡成本降到最低,巴塞尔III要求将从2013年1月1日起逐步分期实施,以至2019年1月1日全部实施.", " 19. 19. 与其前身巴塞尔一号和二号相比,巴塞尔三号试图在范围上更加全面. 它规定了更高的最低资本要求、更好的风险记录、更严格的合格资本要素定义以及更大的流动性缓冲。 此外,该框架结合了微观和宏观审慎因素,以应对机构和系统风险。 [17]", "20号. 《巴塞尔协议三》的目标之一是建立全球一致和统一的监管结构,以此确保公平竞争。 因此,人们认为有必要阻止竞相走向底层和邻里贫困的政策,这些政策可能有利于狭隘的国家利益而牺牲全球金融稳定。 同时,鉴于国家结构的多样性,面临的挑战是在确保国际公平竞争和照顾国家差异之间取得适当的平衡,以避免给国家金融体系带来不必要的调整负担。 还应考虑到《巴塞尔协议三》对低收入国家获得融资的影响,包括对贸易融资可能产生的不利影响。", "21岁 危机的后果突出表明,需要制定更多措施来降低在具有系统重要性的金融机构中出现的问题的可能性和严重性。 因此,除了《巴塞尔协定三》的标准外,国际社会正在努力减少具有系统重要性的金融机构失败的可能性,如果仍然发生失败,则限制其对整个金融体系的影响。", "22号. 20国集团内部已商定,具有系统重要性的金融机构,尤其是最初具有全球系统重要性的金融机构,应具有超越巴塞尔三规则所颁布的一般标准的损失吸收能力,并进行更严格的监督,以反映这些机构对全球金融体系构成的更大风险。 据认为,增加的资本收费也能够通过减少供资市场过于庞大和失败的竞争优势,公平竞争。", "23. 联合国 目前正在研究如何根据规模、相互联系和可替代性等标准界定具有系统重要性的机构,以及如何确定资本附加费、或有资本和其他要素,以限制系统性后果。 金融稳定委员会将同标准制定者协商,建议增加损失吸收程度和2011年底能够达到这一程度的手段。 [18]", "24 (韩语). 金融稳定委员会也正在努力确定国家解决制度对失败的系统重要金融机构应具有的基本特点和工具,以避免连锁反应,最终可能导致系统性危机。 来自不同国家的主管正在共同努力,以建立更有效的跨界危机管理工具和解决制度。 然而,这项工作尚处于初期阶段,仍有重大障碍需要克服。 [19]", "25岁 另一个重要问题是将所谓的影子银行系统纳入监管框架;即通过非银行渠道进行信贷中介。 在这方面,需要确保更严格的银行监管规则不会鼓励金融机构将其活动转移到不受管制的领域。", "26. 联合国 挑战在于确定影子银行的适当定义并概述应对该部门所构成风险的可能监管措施。 金融稳定委员会目前正在讨论关于影子银行部门的定义、监测和监管的所有备选方案。 2011年4月,它发表了\"影子银行\"的背景说明. [20] 该说明阐述了当前对这一问题的思考,并提议监测和政策对策应以两阶段办法为指导:第一,将净值投放范围扩大,以涵盖所有非银行信贷中介,从而确定可能出现新风险的潜在领域;第二,将重点缩小到系统成熟度/流动性转变、信用风险转移缺陷和/或杠杆造成重大系统性风险的那些部分。 金融稳定委员会将拟订关于影子银行业务的初步建议草案,并将于2011年秋季提交二十国集团。", "27个 目前正在讨论许多其他监管举措。 其中包括场外衍生产品、评级机构、替代投资工具、消费者保护和金融市场基础设施方面的工作。", "28岁 在改革注重个别银行水平的传统微观审慎监管的同时,正在努力加强全系统监督和宏观审慎政策框架。 宏观审慎政策旨在通过抑制金融系统助长周期性波动并减少系统性风险集中来应对全系统风险。 除了巴塞尔协议三所载的一些减少助长周期性波动的政策外,这里的主要方面是设计和引入各种缓冲和保护,这些缓冲和保护可以采取反周期性行动并包含外溢效应.", "29. 国家 除了管理改革外,监督结构也需要进一步改进。 事实上,全球金融系统基本上按国家逐一管理。 鉴于一些全球监管机构充其量是一种遥远的可能性,金融监督需要更高程度的国际合作和信任,因为潜在的系统风险主要是跨界现象。", "B. 多边监测和政策协调", "30岁。 监督世界经济以确定全球金融和经济稳定可能面临的风险是货币基金组织任务的核心部分。 金融和经济危机突出表明需要加强多边监督,以增强其公正性和有效性。 人们普遍认识到,货币基金组织在监督活动中需要更多地注意金融部门问题、政策外溢效应,特别是来自具有系统重要性的国家和金融中心的外溢效应,以及跨界联系。", "31岁 基金组织独立评价办公室对全球金融和经济危机前期基金组织监测业绩的评价[21] 发现,基金组织没有传达关于迫切需要应对金融部门风险的明确信息。 监督工作没有充分注意发达经济体的外溢风险、日益恶化的金融部门资产负债表和金融监管问题,以及信贷繁荣和新兴资产泡沫。 据独立评价办公室称,各种因素对基金组织未能查明风险和发出明确警告起了作用,如分析薄弱环节、组织障碍、内部治理问题和政治制约等。", "32. 联合国 货币基金组织已采取步骤改进其监测活动的方法和覆盖面,包括更加注重实体经济与金融部门之间的联系,(同金融稳定委员会合作)发起预警活动和财政监测,以及加强脆弱性活动。 此外,还商定对五个主要经济体(中国、欧元区、日本、联合王国和美国)进行一次试点外溢分析,该分析将于2011年夏季与第四条磋商同时进行。 2011年4月货币基金组织和世界银行春季会议决定进一步加强货币基金组织的全球监测作用。 在这方面,货币基金组织将编写一份新的综合多边监测报告,其中将分析潜在的外溢效应并借鉴更广泛的信息。 [22]", "33. 货币基金组织和世界银行还修订了金融部门评估方案,包括由货币基金组织决定,将金融部门评估方案下的金融稳定评估作为每五年对具有系统重要性的金融部门的25个管辖区实行监督的强制性部分。 金融部门的监督不仅仅是基金的职权范围。 因此,与金融稳定委员会、国际清算银行和金融部门标准制定机构等其他有关机构的合作仍然是一个优先事项。", "34. 国家 有效的监督因缺乏在各国执行政策调整的机制而受到限制。 为了加大基金组织监督任务的力度,一些前高级国际决策者建议加强国际承诺,以考虑国内政策对全球稳定的影响。 [23] 专家组建议制定经济和金融政策准则,可能涵盖经常账户赤字或盈余、通货膨胀率或财政赤字和债务比率等。 违反规范将触发协商程序。 如果各国遵守或不遵守国际商定的政策规范,该小组还提议创造出鼓励和制裁的可能性。", "35. 联合国 人们认识到,20国集团内部在危机期间的经济政策协调有助于避免更严重的衰退和为复苏创造条件。 2009年,20国集团领导人启动了 \" 强劲、可持续和平衡增长框架 \" ,20国集团国家通过该框架确定全球经济目标和实现这些目标所需的政策。 该框架包括一个相互评估进程,以评估在实现共同目标方面取得的进展。 然而,随着全球复苏的继续,主要经济体决策者之间的合作精神似乎正在减弱,国家考虑正重新优先于多边努力。 [24] 在此背景下,以及在加强治理促进可持续发展的大背景下,宏观经济政策协调必须在多边议程上得到持续、加强并制度化。", "36. 2010年11月,20国集团领导人在首尔首脑会议上重申致力于加强多边合作,促进外部可持续性并奉行有利于减少过度失衡的政策。 在这方面,20国集团领导人指出,必须对照指示性准则,评估长期存在的严重失衡的性质以及阻碍调整的根本原因,作为相互评估进程的一部分,同时确认需要考虑到国家和区域情况。 [25] (中文(简体) ).", "37. 联合国 目前的挑战仍然是使20国集团可持续全球再平衡政策框架更加具体和可操作。 需要制定明确和可核查的目标,使全球经济走上更加平衡和可持续的发展道路。", "38. 国家 虽然大多数小国对世界经济的系统重要性可能有限,并且被排除在20国集团进程之外,但20国集团正在讨论的问题对其经济有着深远的影响。 因此,这一非正式分组需要同非会员国和普遍国际机构,特别是联合国建立更强有力的体制联系。", "39. 联合国 虽然相互评估进程不在货币基金组织监测进程之外,但货币基金组织在评估政策和确定需要采取行动的重点领域方面提供了支持性技术分析。 今后可以设想基金组织在全球宏观经济政策协调方面发挥更强有力的作用,借鉴相互评估进程和基金组织定期监测的经验,包括外溢效应报告,并探讨这些基本上相辅相成的进程之间的协同作用。 还需要制定更明确的程序和做法,以确保联合国、基金组织、20国集团和其他多边利益攸关方之间的政策协调工作相辅相成。 联合国在全球经济治理框架内的作用主要是作为一个普遍包容的平台,以讨论、协调和决策,以综合方式应对可持续发展的全球挑战,包括中长期挑战。", " 40. 40. 在政策合作议程中占据中心位置的另一个问题是资本流动,特别是流向新兴经济体的资本流动的程度和波动性。 关于资本流动的政策辩论侧重于如何应对可能破坏稳定的资本流入以及选择何种政策工具的问题。 在设计对策时,受援国可以使用一系列工具。 政策选择包括汇率、货币、财政和宏观审慎政策以及其他形式的资本账户条例,例如资本管制。", "41. 国家 一国实施资本管制可产生多边影响。 在金融全球化的时代,任何国家都不可能通过单方面行动充分管理跨界风险。 然而,基本上缺乏关于资本流动管理的国际规则或准则。 在这方面,20国集团领导人呼吁金融稳定委员会、货币基金组织和国际清算银行就减轻过度资本流动所产生影响的工具作进一步的工作。 还有人强调,由于资本管制可能违背各国根据世界贸易组织《服务贸易总协定》作出的承诺,世界贸易组织应参与多边政策协调。 此外,区域和分区域合作可能有助于减轻资本流动的不利影响。", "42. 国家 货币基金组织正在努力制定一个框架来帮助各国应对大量资本流入。 作为第一步,审查了最近的国家经验和管理资本流入的潜在政策工具。 [26] 框架的最终目标是评估资本流动管理的政策选择,同时考虑到各国的经济和财政能力及特点,并确定相应措施的适当环境。", "43. 东帝汶 有关资本流动的政策咨询与合作应当公平,不仅针对受援国,而且针对来源国,同时考虑到它们对全球金融稳定的责任。 在这方面,有人认为由先进经济体宏观经济条件所驱动的资本流动的繁荣-萧条循环可能对发展产生不利影响。", "C. 应对发达国家主权债务危机", "44. 国家 在金融危机期间,发达经济体的公共财政受到很大压力。 在大多数发达经济体,债务比率继续上升,资金需求处于历史高位。", "45. 国家 迄今在几个欧元区国家最为明显的是,对偿还公共债务的能力丧失了信心,金融部门面临主权债务风险,这是全球金融体系不稳定的一个重要根源。 根据货币基金组织《全球金融稳定报告》,主权筹资是今后最紧迫的挑战之一。", "46. 经常预算: 为了解决欧洲的主权债务危机,欧洲领导人已就援助受困欧元区成员国的措施达成协议。 为了提供临时财政支助,2010年5月设立了欧洲金融稳定基金,其能力可达4 400亿欧元(约6 300亿美元)。 会议还商定建立一个常设危机管理框架,将于2013年实施,即欧洲稳定机制,其有效贷款能力为5 000亿欧元(约7 900亿美元)。 欧洲联盟的援助方案将得到货币基金组织机制的补充。 [29]", "47. 国家 在欧洲主权债务危机的背景下,正在辩论对陷入困境的国家进行债务重组的可能性。 如果认为有必要维护财政稳定,则需要与所有相关的利益攸关方协调,通过并执行此类措施。", " 48. 48. 在巨额公共债务的背景下,影响国际金融稳定的一个因素是缺乏主权债务重组的国际框架。 缺乏这种机制加剧了公共债务危机时期的市场不确定性并使得债务解决复杂化。 已经提出许多建议,为发达国家和发展中国家的官方债务义务制定某种形式的公平和国际公认的解决机制,适用于所有债权人。 [30] 这种机制是国际金融体制稳定的关键因素。 然而,迄今为止,在这个问题上没有取得进展。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 为了保障国际金融稳定,需要从中长期出发,对主要发达经济体进行财政整顿. 20国集团领导人已认识到这一需要,并商定在其政策合作议程范围内处理财政整顿问题。 [31] 确保中期财政可持续性的措施应当得到国际协调并及时制定,以免损害恢复前景。", "D. 全球金融安全网", " 50. 50. 一个有效的全球金融安全网是维护全球经济和金融稳定的重要后盾。 目前,各国依靠混合的金融安全制度,将储备积累、双边协定以及区域和多边机制结合起来。", "51. 联合国 国际金融安全网在最近的危机及其后果期间得到加强。 2010年,基金组织增加了现有灵活信贷额度下可提供的期限和信贷,这是政策和经济基础非常强的国家的保险选择,并设立了新的预防性信贷额度。 预防性信贷额度是一种应急保护形式,是为那些没有资格获得灵活信贷额度但脆弱性不大的国家设计的。 与灵活信贷额度不同,预防性信贷额度具有事后附加条件,侧重于减少资格评估所查明的任何剩余脆弱性。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 基金组织可用于开展借贷活动的资源大幅增加。 第十四次配额总审查于2010年12月完成,决定将基金组织的配额资源增加一倍,达到约7 500亿美元,目前正在等待成员国批准。 还加强了与成员国和中央银行的借款安排。 2011年3月,借款能力总额约为5 800亿美元的扩大和更加灵活的借款新安排开始运作。 为了确保基金今后有能力提供大规模流动资金支助,可能需要进一步扩大其资源基础。 为此,有人提议通过发放特别提款权来资助货币基金组织的危机贷款机制。", "53. 联合国 虽然危机期间的合作努力加强了全球金融安全网,但在国际流动资金支助的充足性和构成方面仍存在重要问题。 事实上,危机突出表明,需要大规模的流动性缓冲措施来应对迅速而可观的资本市场波动。 这需要进一步加强多边能力,以应对系统性冲击。 在这方面,有人强调,在最近的危机中,大部分所需流动资金是通过主要中央银行一次性部署的临时安排提供的。 [32] 同样明显的是,金融安全网的可获性和运作方面的不确定性可能带来巨大的成本。", "54. 联合国 关于如何使全球金融安全网更有效和更可预测,有若干建议。 一项雄心勃勃的建议是,将货币基金组织发展为最后的国际贷款人,在没有任何其他贷款人愿意提供足够数额的贷款以有效应对金融危机时,提供获得流动资金的机会。 [33] 国家有资格通过货币基金组织定期进行的第四条监测,而无需附加条件。 流动资金需要主要由发行储备货币的国家提供。 由于各大中央银行在启动贷款机制时给予流动资金使用权具有深远的义务,这项建议将难以实施.", "55. 国家 基金组织本身正在探讨相关备选办法,以建立一个常设机制,与双边和区域流动资金支助安排一道,在系统性危机中提供流动资金。 [34] 正在考虑这种全球稳定机制的其他模式,提供不同程度的可预测性和效力。 该机制的关键要素需要界定,例如启动该机制的程序、获得和批准融资、所涉工具、机制的供资、与有关中央银行和区域安排的协调以及减少道德风险的保障措施。 作为一种更为务实的替代办法,货币基金组织可以发挥中央银行互换和流动性额度多边网络的管理者或协调员的作用。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 加强全球金融安全网的一个关键因素是与区域和次区域机制更密切合作。 区域金融安排,如阿拉伯货币基金、清迈倡议、欧洲联盟内部的稳定机制或拉丁美洲储备基金等,可在预防和减轻金融危机方面发挥重要作用。 应进一步探讨如何改进全球和区域设施之间的合作和一致性。", "页:1 特别提款权的作用", "57. 萨尔瓦多 改革国际储备体系的必要性已得到广泛承认。 尽管有一些多样化,但所报告的大多数国际外汇储备仍以美元为单位。 [35] 如上所讨论,在目前的制度中,储备发放国存在供应储备资产的外部赤字,从而内在地维持了全球经济失衡。 此外,使用国家货币作为国际储备资产使全球储备体系暴露出储备国国内货币和经济政策所引发的脆弱性。", "58. 联合国 国际储备体系向多货币体系的多样化可能被视为更好地反映当今多极全球经济的一个步骤。 然而,由于国际需求可能从一种国际货币急剧转向另一种国际货币,这种制度可能面临汇率更不稳定的风险。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 为了减轻国家货币储备制度可能存在的缺陷,有人建议加强特别提款权的作用. 加强特别提款权的作用可能有助于减少国际储备积累的程度和成本;增加安全的全球资产的供应并便利多样化;并减少主要货币之间的汇率波动。", "60. 联合国 特别提款权的作用目前非常有限。 虽然最初被设计为“国际货币体系中的主要储备资产”,[36] 现有特别提款权占全球储备总持有量的不到4%。 [37] 因此,在现实中,加强特别提款权作为储备资产的作用,将是今后几年逐步形成一种制度,把更多地使用特别提款权同国家提供的一系列储备资产结合起来。 要在这方面取得进展,就需要采取若干措施,加强特别提款权的接受、提供和使用。", "61. 国家 增加对特别提款权的接受可能需要扩大特别提款权篮子的组成,使其更具代表性。 特别是应考虑纳入新兴市场货币。 但是,所有组成部分货币都应完全可兑换并拥有发达的金融市场。 国际货币和金融委员会在其2011年4月的会议上呼吁就一条基于标准的道路作进一步的工作,以扩大特别提款权篮的组成,[38] 基金组织正在就这一储备资产的作用和组成开展工作。", "62. 联合国 在金融危机期间,分配的特别提款权几乎增加了十倍(从约210亿特别提款权增加到了目前的约240亿特别提款权,相当于约3 310亿美元)。 要使特别提款权发挥更重要的作用,就必须进一步增加它们的可获性。 这可以通过定期——例如每年——发行来实现,同时考虑到全球对储备的需求。 据估计,在2020年以后,每年发行相当于约2 000亿美元,特别提款权在准备金总额中的比例将提高到略高于13%。", "63. 国家 可以重新考虑建立一个机制的可能性,使各国能够将储备金转为以权取而代之的证券和存款。 在1970年代货币基金组织内部谈判替代账户时讨论了这一问题。 当时,各国无法就由此产生的汇率风险商定分担负担的安排。 考虑到这一点,有人建议探讨替代账户的替代设计。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 特别提款权目前作用有限的一个原因是,这些提款权不用于私人商业或金融交易。 发展以特别提款权为标价的金融工具市场可能涉及主权国和多边金融机构发行以特别提款权为标价的债券,但尽可能避免借贷成本显著增加。 此外,货币基金组织可以考虑在其借贷活动中使用特别提款权。", "65. 国家 促进使用特别提款权作为记账单位的措施可包括对国际贸易定价,如商品贸易、挂钩货币、报告国际收支或其他数据等国际统计。 还可以考虑在国际组织和协定中更多地使用特别提款权作为参考单位,例如货币基金组织、万国邮政联盟和《统一国际航空运输某些规则的公约》(1999年)。", "费. 布雷顿森林机构的治理改革", "66. (中文(简体) ). 货币基金组织和世界银行均已采取步骤来纠正在发言权和代表性方面的不平衡。 最近进行的治理改革旨在更好地反映当今世界经济的构成,并逐步建立一个更具代表性、更敏感和更负责任的治理结构。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 2010年4月商定的世界银行集团治理改革第二阶段预计将在国际复兴开发银行(世界银行)、国际金融公司(金融公司)和国际开发协会(开发协会)向发展中国家和转型国家转移表决权,承诺逐步转向平等的表决权。 改革使发展中国家和经济转型国家的表决权增加4.59个百分点(自2008年以来),达到47.19%;国际金融公司增加6.07个百分点,达到39.48%;开发协会增加约6个百分点,达到45.59%。", "68. (中文(简体) ). 基金组织2008年的配额和发言权改革于2011年3月3日生效。 改革主要涉及在新兴市场和发展中国家集团中重新分配配额,基本票数翻了三倍,并在7个或7个以上成员选区任命了第二名副执行主任。 2008年改革之后,2010年发生了更重大的变化。", "69. (中文(简体) ). 2010年12月,基金组织理事会根据第十四次配额总审查核准了配额和治理改革。 改革将使成员国配额翻一番。 它们还将超过6%的配额份额转移给新兴市场和发展中国家,而不降低最贫穷成员的配额份额和表决权。 2010年改革还设想设立一个经选举产生的执行局,增加发展中国家的任职人数,同时保持执行局的规模不变。 国际货币和金融委员会在2011年4月的会议上敦促所有成员到2012年年度会议时使2010年的配额和治理改革生效。 此外,定于2013年1月之前完成对现行配额公式的全面审查,这将加大对发展中国家代表性的变量的分量。", "70. 联合国 虽然最近的措施代表了重要进展,但为进一步加强布雷顿森林机构的治理结构而作的努力应该继续下去。 据认为,必须澄清两个组织的管理层和执行局的作用和责任,以改进问责制和效力。 还有人建议加强国际货币和金融委员会以及发展委员会在战略决策中的作用。 在这方面,许多发展中国家认为,这些机构应保持其咨询性质和基于共识的性质。 [40] 实行公开和透明的高级领导甄选程序,不论国籍和性别如何,均以择优录取为基础,以及促进更大的管理和工作人员的国家多样性,仍然是重要的目标。", "三. 结论", "71. 联合国 金融监管的重要优先事项是实施巴塞尔三号协议,为具有系统重要性的金融机构制定新规则,并适当监管影子银行系统. 必须阻止在监管改革进程中取得国家竞争优势的企图,并确保法规及其执行和监督做法受到促进全球金融稳定和发展的目标的驱动,而不是受到一些狭隘的私营金融机构和/或市场的利益的驱动。", "72. 联合国 货币基金组织在监督活动中需要更多地注意主要国家的政策对世界其他地区的外溢效应。 加强国际一致性和促进国家经济政策之间的协调,以增进金融稳定和可持续全球增长,应成为货币基金组织议程的中心目标。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 在金融和经济危机后,资本流动在关于全球经济和金融稳定的政策辩论中占据了中心地位。 在金融全球化时代,需要某种形式的国际框架来评估管理跨界资本流动的政策。", "74. 国家 发达国家不断增加的公共债务日益被视为全球金融体系不稳定的一个主要根源。 为了解决这一问题,必须确保中期财政可持续性,而不会破坏金融市场的稳定。 还建议为主权债务重组制定一个国际框架。", "75. 国家 尽管最近采取了加强全球金融安全网的举措,但仍有进一步加强多边流动资金提供的余地。 也许有理由考虑建立一个多边机制,与双边和区域流动资金支助安排一起,在系统危机中提供资金。", "76. 联合国 现在人们广泛接受有必要探讨改革国际货币体系的备选办法。 特别是,应考虑加强特别提款权在逐步建立更平衡和稳定的全球储备制度方面的作用。", "77. 国家 布雷顿森林机构已采取了重要步骤来纠正发言权和代表性方面的不平衡。 除了及时和彻底地实施商定的改革外,还必须继续就各种治理问题开展工作,包括进一步改善治理结构,加强管理层和工作人员的多样性,为高级领导制定公开、透明和择优录取的程序。", "[1] 见《2011年世界经济状况和展望》(联合国出版物,出售品编号:E.11.II.C.2);又见E/2011/113。", "[2] 《2011年世界经济形势和前景》(联合国出版物,出售品编号:E.11.II.C.2)。", "[3] 国际货币基金组织,《世界经济展望数据库》,2011年4月,可查阅www.imf.org。", "[4] 国际清算银行,《季度评论》,2011年3月14日,可查阅www.bis.org。", "[5] 国际货币基金组织,《全球金融稳定报告:持久的金融稳定:从这里走向这里》(哥伦比亚特区华盛顿,2011年4月)。", "[6] 官方发展援助净额等于发援会官方发展援助受援国名单所列国家和地区提供的官方发展援助付款毛额减去收到的数额(例如偿还本金、抵减债务减免、归还资本和收回赠款)。 利息付款不扣除。 虽然大多数官方发展援助数据是以“官方发展援助净额”表示的,但“净援助转让”(NAT)从官方发展援助净额中扣除了取消的非官方发展援助贷款和利息付款,这在两个账户中被认为是一个更好的衡量标准。 首先,国家贷款机制既没有原则,也没有支付官方发展援助贷款的利息,这对于一些接受大量官方发展援助贷款利息的捐助者来说特别重要。 第二,NAT排除了取消旧的非官方发展援助贷款,因为取消这类贷款几乎不会产生额外的净转移,尽管它被算作官方发展援助。 根据NAT数据集(Center for Global Development,Net Aid Transfer data set,可查阅www.cgdev.org),2009年NAT为1 120亿美元,而官方发展援助净额为1 200亿美元.", "[7] 经济合作与发展组织,“2010年发展援助达到历史最高水平”,2011年4月6日,可查阅www.oecd.org。", "[8] 发展合作论坛,“2012年发展合作论坛背景研究:最不发达国家国际金融合作趋势”,草案,2011年4月29日,可查阅www.un.org。", "[9] 见经济合作与发展组织,“发展:援助增加,但趋势令人担忧”,2011年4月6日,可查阅www.oecd.org。", "[10] 经合组织,“2010年发展援助达到历史最高水平”,2011年4月6日,可查阅www.oecd.org。", "[11] 可列入国家方案的援助是每个捐助方可为每个受援国编制方案的援助部分。 它反映了受援国根据国家优先事项进行规划和支出时可以得到的更可预测的援助流量。", "[12] 经济合作与发展组织统计工作队,“为发展机制规划一些重要的创新融资”,2011年2月7日,可查阅www.oecd.org。", "[13] 领导小组秘书处,“领导小组创新卫生筹资工作队:职权范围”,可查阅www.leadinggroup.org。", "[14] 秘书长潘基文, \" 妇女和儿童健康全球战略 \" ,2010年,可查阅www.who.int。", "[15] 创新发展筹资领导小组,“全球化团结:金融税问题:专家委员会提交国际金融交易促进发展工作队的报告”,2010年,可查阅www.leadinggroup.org。", "[16] 联合国,《秘书长气候变化融资问题高级别咨询小组的报告》,2010年11月5日。", "[17] 关于巴塞尔三的概况,见巴塞尔银行监督委员会秘书长斯特凡·瓦尔特在巴塞尔三会上所作的“巴塞尔三会:更强大的银行和更具弹性的金融系统”,2011年4月6日,巴塞尔,金融稳定研究所,可查阅www.bis.org。", "[18] 金融稳定委员会,“执行20国集团关于加强金融稳定的建议的进展情况:提交20国集团财政部长和中央银行行长的报告”,2011年2月15日,可查阅www.financialstabilityboard.org。", "[19] “全球金融体系的监管改革”,纽约联邦储备银行行长兼首席执行官William Dudley在监管与风险研究所主办的会议上的发言,2011年4月11日,东京,可查阅www.bis.org。", "[20] 金融稳定委员会,“Shadow Banking:范围界定问题,金融稳定委员会的背景说明”,2011年4月12日,可查阅www.Financialstabilityboard.org。", "[21] 国际货币基金组织,独立评价办公室,“货币基金组织在应对金融和经济危机方面的业绩:货币基金组织2004-07年监测”,2011年,可查阅www.ieo-imf.org。", "[22] 国际货币基金组织,《对基金组织全球监测作用的新强调》,基金组织《调查杂志》,2011年4月17日,可查阅www.imf.org。", "[23] 万国宫倡议,“改革国际货币体系:二十一世纪的合作办法”,2011年,可查阅www.elysee.fr。 该小组由货币基金组织前总裁Michel Camdessus、国际清算银行前总经理Alexandre Lamfalussy和意大利前财政部长Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa召集,成员包括其他一些前高级决策者。", "[24] “评估经济政策合作议程”,基金组织第一副总裁约翰·利普斯基在2011年3月7日于华盛顿特区举行的危机醒悟中的宏观和增长政策会议上的发言,可查阅www.imf.org。", "[25] G-20首尔峰会文件,2010年11月11-12日,可查阅www.seoulsummit.kr。", "[26] 国际货币基金组织,“管理资本流入的最新经验:交叉交流的主题和可能的政策框架”,2011年2月14日;国际货币基金组织工作人员讨论说明,“管理资本流入:使用什么工具?” 2011年4月5日,可查阅www.imf.org。", "[27] Yilmaz Akyuz,“历史视角下的资本流向发展中国家:目前的繁荣会以失败结束吗?”,南方中心研究报告37,2011年3月,可查阅www.southcentre.org。", "[28] 基金组织,《全球金融稳定报告》,《市场最新情况》(哥伦比亚特区华盛顿,2011年6月)。", "[29] “欧元区——挑战和对策”,法国银行行长兼国际清算银行董事会主席克里斯蒂安·诺耶的讲话,纽约经济俱乐部,2011年4月18日,可查阅www.bis.org。", "[30] 关于国际债务合同安排和解决办法的讨论,例如见《2010年世界经济和社会概览:调整全球发展》(联合国出版物,出售品编号:E.10.II.C.1),第126-127页。", "[31] 例如,见20国集团首尔首脑会议领导人宣言,2010年11月11日至12日,可查阅www.seoulsummit.kr。", "[32] 国际货币基金组织,总裁在国际货币和金融委员会就货币基金组织政策议程发表的声明,2011年4月13日,可查阅www.imf.org。", "[33] 例如,见Eduardo Fernández Arias和Eduardo Levy Yeyati, “全球金融安全网:我们从这里走向何处?” 美洲开发银行工作文件系列第231号,2010年11月。", "[34] 国际货币基金组织, \" 基金的任务 -- -- 未来筹资作用:改革建议 \" ,2010年6月29日,可查阅www.imf.org。", "[35] 向货币基金组织报告的全球外币储备中美元的比例在过去十年中下降了约10个百分点,略高于60%(货币基金组织,官方外汇储备的货币构成(货币储备数据库),可查阅www.imf.org)。", "[36] 国际货币基金组织协定条款,第3条。 页:1 7. 联合国", "[37] 国际货币基金组织,“加强国际货币稳定——特别提款权的作用?” 2011年1月7日,可查阅www.imf.org。", "[38] 国际货币基金组织,国际货币和金融委员会,第二十三次会议公报,2011年4月16日,可查阅www.imf.org。", "[39] 联合国,《条约汇编》,第2242卷,第39917号。", "[40] 国际货币事务与发展二十四国政府间小组,2011年4月14日公报,可查阅www.imf.org。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 98 (l) of the provisional agenda*", "General and complete disarmament", "Relationship between disarmament and development", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/52. It discusses recent trends in the further strengthening within the United Nations of the relationship between disarmament and development. In addition, the report contains information received from Governments on the subject.", "* A/66/150.", "I. Introduction", "1. In paragraph 1 of General Assembly resolution 65/52 entitled “Relationship between disarmament and development”, the Assembly stressed the central role of the United Nations in the disarmament-development relationship and requested the Secretary-General to strengthen the role of the Organization in this field. In paragraph 2, the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to continue to take action, through appropriate organs and within available resources, for the implementation of the action programme adopted at the 1987 International Conference on the Relationship between Disarmament and Development.[1]", "2. Furthermore, in paragraphs 6 and 7 of the resolution, the General Assembly reiterated its invitation to Member States to provide the Secretary-General with information regarding measures and efforts to devote part of the resources made available by the implementation of disarmament and arms limitation agreements to economic and social development, with a view to reducing the ever-widening gap between developed and developing countries, and requested the Secretary-General to report at its sixty-sixth session on the implementation of the resolution. The present report is submitted pursuant to that request.", "3. On 31 March 2011, the Secretariat sent a note verbale to Member States seeking their views. At the time of writing, replies have been received from the following States: Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Guyana, Lebanon, Mexico, Portugal, Qatar, Ukraine and Zambia. This information is contained in section III below.", "II. Strengthening further the role of the United Nations in the disarmament-development relationship", "4. The last 15 years have seen initiatives, instruments and programmes, both within the United Nations and outside, which have clearly taken into account the linkage between disarmament, arms regulation and development. Examples include action addressing the illicit trade in small arms and its consequences, the destabilization caused by armed violence and poor controls over the trade in other conventional arms and ammunition. Other important development-related initiatives in the field of disarmament include the Anti-Personnel Landmine Convention and the Convention on Cluster Munitions.", "5. Previous reports of the Secretary-General to the General Assembly on the relationship between disarmament and development provided a background on the development of discussions and initiatives on this topic from the early cold war era until the twenty-first century.[2] Importantly, the diversion for armaments of the world’s human and economic resources has long been identified as a cause for persistent underdevelopment. The acknowledgment of world leaders in 2005 that “development, peace and security and human rights are interlinked and mutually reinforcing” illustrates that the relationship between disarmament and development remains a highly topical one.[3]", "6. Within the framework of delivering as one, the United Nations, through its existing coordination mechanisms — such as the United Nations Mine Action Team, the Coordinating Action on Small Arms and the Inter-Agency Working Group on Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration — aims at ensuring that the relationship between disarmament and development is adequately and effectively addressed through the involvement of all relevant actors from within the United Nations system.", "7. This report provides information on further developments since the issuance of the last report of the Secretary-General on the subject matter.", "8. During the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals, which was held in New York from 20 to 22 September 2010, more than 60 States addressed the issue of armed violence and its negative impact on achieving the Millennium Development Goals. They underscored that violence and crime hamper productivity and economic growth and the ability of Member States to meet their development targets.", "9. The Security Council held an open debate on the interdependence of security and development on 11 February 2011. In the presidential statement issued after the debate, the Council noted “that successful implementation of the many tasks that peacekeeping operations could be mandated to undertake in the areas of security sector reform; disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration; rule of law; and human rights requires an understanding of … the close interlinkage between security and development”.[4] On 19 April 2011, the Council considered the Secretary-General’s report on small arms (S/2011/255), which draws ample attention to the interlinkage between armed violence and development.", "10. The Open-ended Meeting of Governmental Experts on the Implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects was held in New York in May 2011. The significance of the nexus between disarmament and development was particularly discussed during the debate on international assistance and capacity-building, with special emphasis on the need to improve the implementation capacity of States to enable them to effectively trace illegal arms back to their point of diversion, thus contributing to safer and more secure communities. The implementation of the Programme of Action, as well as the International Tracing Instrument, will be further examined at the review conference of the Programme of Action that will be held from 27 August to 7 September 2012.", "11. The United Nations is also improving its ability to work in delivering effective policy, programming and advice to its own agencies, funds and programmes working in the field — and to Member States — on curbing the uncontrolled proliferation and misuse of small arms and light weapons. A set of International Small Arms Control Standards and international ammunition technical guidelines are currently being developed (the latter in response to paragraph 7 of General Assembly resolution 63/61), which are complementary to the existing Integrated Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Standards and the International Mine Action Standards.", "12. Furthermore, within the framework of the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development, the United Nations organized during the period covered by this report a series of regional seminars: in Guatemala (16-18 November 2010), Nepal (16-18 March 2011) and Nairobi (23-25 February 2011). These seminars aimed to foster discussions and experience-sharing at the regional level, assessed the progress of implementation of armed violence reduction programmes, and identified promising and innovative practices. They were part of the preparations for the second Ministerial Review Conference on the Geneva Declaration that will be held in Geneva on 31 October and 1 November 2011.", "13. Preparations for the organization of the United Nations Conference on the Arms Trade Treaty have started and the first meeting of the Preparatory Committee was held in July 2010. Two other such meetings were held in 2011. The negative impact of unregulated arms transfers on security, development and human rights was a recurring point of discussion during the preparatory discussion process. The United Nations Conference on the Arms Trade Treaty, which will be held in July 2012, is mandated to elaborate a legally binding instrument on the highest possible common international standards for the transfer of conventional arms.", "14. The Tenth Meeting of States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction, which was held in Geneva from 29 November to 3 December 2010, highlighted the progress made from a development perspective in the implementation of this treaty. States Parties underlined the Convention’s contribution to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and reiterated their commitment to continue to promote the inclusion of mine action activities, as a priority, in ongoing development programmes at the local, national and international levels. In addition, States agreed to further develop the topic of victim assistance within the broader context of social services, health care, development, human rights and gender equality.", "15. At the First Meeting of States Parties to the Convention on Cluster Munitions in October 2010, States adopted the Vientiane Declaration, in which they highlighted that cluster munitions “constitute a serious threat to peace, human security and development. Cluster munition remnants have severe consequences for affected individuals and their communities, and pose severe impediments to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, poverty eradication and social and economic development”.[5] At the opening of the meeting, the United Nations — represented by the Deputy Secretary-General — underlined that after the successful codification of a cluster munitions ban, it was important that action was also taken on two additional security challenges with humanitarian and development implications: firstly, anti-vehicle mines, which continued to cause casualties and posed similar obstacles to recovery and development as cluster munitions; secondly, the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, which caused profound suffering to civilians and also hampered development.", "16. Member States continued to provide information to the United Nations System for the Standardized Reporting of Military Expenditures. In 2010-2011, for the first time since its inception in 1980, a Group of Governmental Experts was established to consider the operation and further development of this instrument. The report of the Group provides recommendations aimed at adapting the reporting template to new security and military realities (see A/66/89).", "III. Information received from Governments", "Cuba", "[Original: Spanish]", "[29 June 2011]", "Despite the profound economic and environmental crisis affecting the world, military spending has not decreased but has instead been increasing every year at an accelerated pace. Over the past 10 years, spending on arms has increased by 49 per cent, reaching the astronomical sum of 1.5 trillion dollars. Just one country is responsible for nearly half of military spending at the global level.", "While tens of millions of human beings perish as victims of poverty and preventable, curable diseases, unjustifiable wars continue to be waged, as is the case in Libya today. Such wars are never the solution and always cause thousands of civilian deaths, scandalously referred to as “collateral damage”.", "The armed forces are major consumers of a broad range of non-renewable resources and reserves, both of energy and of raw materials. It is clear that the major military powers consume the most raw materials for military purposes, even going beyond their consumption of resources in general.", "Military and related activities absorb a large proportion of the scientific and technological potential. It is estimated that some 25 per cent of the world’s scientists are dedicated to military-related projects. Furthermore, it has been calculated that approximately 40 per cent of total research and development spending since the Second World War has been used for military purposes.", "The economic consequences of military expenditures are worse for developing countries than for the most developed countries. It has been established that, for every dollar spent on arms in developing countries, domestic investment decreases by 25 cents. Imports of arms exacerbate the trade deficit of developing countries and account for almost 50 per cent of the trade deficit in some third world countries.", "Comparing the amount of resources squandered in the arms race with the amount needed to develop the so-called third world provides the most dramatic evidence of waste.", "Since 1960, rich countries have spent at least 15 trillion dollars on the manufacture of weapons (approximately 334 billion dollars annually); however, they have transferred only 2.6 trillion dollars in development assistance to poor countries (just under 58 billion dollars annually). In other words, rich countries have invested at least six times more in manufacturing weapons than they have disbursed in development assistance. At that rate, developing countries would have to wait 260 years (more than two and a half centuries) to receive development assistance equal to the amount squandered on military expenditures by industrialized countries in only 45 years (not even half a century).", "The resources currently spent on arms could be used to combat the extreme poverty endured by 1.4 billion people; feed the more than 1 billion hungry people on the planet; prevent the deaths every year of 11 million children from hunger and preventable diseases; or teach 759 million illiterate adults to read and write.", "The increase in military expenditures is in itself cause for mistrust and legitimate international concern. We cannot stand idly by while global military spending continues to far exceed the funds allocated to meet the Millennium Development Goals. These issues must be addressed through urgent action.", "Cuba reiterates its proposal to create a fund, administered by the United Nations, into which at least half of current military expenditure would be paid in order to meet the economic and social development requirements of poor countries. This initiative, apart from its obvious benefits, could have added value as a confidence-building measure and would be a decisive factor in achieving the Millennium Development Goals.", "Cuba also reiterates its support for the action programme adopted at the International Conference on the Relationship between Disarmament and Development, held in September 1987, which includes an international commitment to allocate a portion of the resources made available through disarmament for purposes of socio-economic development. Cuba also reiterates its support for discussion of this matter in the United Nations General Assembly and for implementation of the recommendations contained in the resolutions of the Assembly.", "Cuba is of the view that the deteriorating living conditions in the world caused by global warming and the existence of nuclear weapons constitute the primary challenges to the survival of the human species. The use of only a fraction of the huge global nuclear arsenal — the explosion of 100 warheads — would bring about a nuclear winter in a few hours.", "Despite the end of the cold war, 22,600 nuclear weapons remain in existence. According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, nearly half of these are ready for immediate use. The mere existence of these weapons and the doctrines that justify their possession and use constitutes a grave threat to international peace and security. That is why nuclear disarmament is and must continue to be the highest disarmament priority.", "The Non-Aligned Movement, whose members have always been at the forefront of actions and initiatives to achieve a world free of nuclear arms within a specified time frame, reaffirmed its commitment to nuclear disarmament by approving a declaration on the issue at the Sixteenth Ministerial Conference of the Non-Aligned Movement, held in Bali from 23 to 27 May 2011.", "Ecuador", "[Original: Spanish] [17 May 2011]", "Assessment by the National Secretariat for Planning and Development (SENPLADES)", "The following observations are being issued in response to memorandum No. MRECI-SOIS-2011-0120-O, which requests comments on General Assembly resolution 65/52, entitled “Relationship between disarmament and development”, particularly with regard to measures taken to “devote part of the resources made available to economic and social development”, subsequent to a review of that resolution.", "International reports on arms spending have concluded that spending has increased globally over the past few years, hampering the disarmament efforts pursued by international agencies. This situation has arisen because greater investment in arms spending has been accompanied by an increase in social problems, creating even more obstacles to the development processes sought by States.", "Figure I Military spending/gross domestic product in Ecuador vs. South America 2000-2010", "[]", "Source: Military spending for Ecuador — Ministry of Finance (MF); average for South America — Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI).", "The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) has published an alarming report indicating that South America experienced the greatest increase in arms spending, which reached $63.3 billion in 2010.", "Despite the regional and global situation, Ecuador declared itself a peaceful territory in its 2008 Constitution, which also establishes universal disarmament as a principle of international relations and opposes the development and use of weapons of mass destruction (article 416). This gives an idea of Ecuador’s position on and engagement with the disarmament aims of international agencies, and specifically with the work of the United Nations on the issue.", "It should be noted that the country’s primary planning tool, the National Plan for Well-being, establishes guidelines that complement the position outlined above. For example, National Goal 5 of this tool concerns “Guaranteeing sovereignty and peace, and advancing strategic participation in the world and Latin American integration”. Based on this goal, policies were established aimed at creating a culture of peace in the country and achieving peaceful coexistence domestically and with other countries.", "It should be understood that the opposite of insecurity is not security, but rather coexistence and social cohesion in the exercise of rights. Poverty reduction is therefore a key aspect of preventing an increase in social inequality and the purchase of weapons to protect private property.", "Figure II Income poverty trends, 2006-2010", "Source: National Police.", "Created by: SENPLADES.", "In that regard, Ecuador has made significant advances in combating one of the worst ills in the world, which is the result of a range of issues. The income poverty trends, which are based on the parameters of basic unmet needs, are a source of great encouragement to our nation. The five-point reduction in the poverty level motivates us to keep working towards the established goals, in line with the policies set out by the Government.", "In addition, the increase in public investment has improved important sectors that languished for years. Education, health and road infrastructure have been restored from their former deplorable state. For the first time in 20 years, the main priority has been social spending rather than reducing external debt.", "Figure III Public investment in Ecuador, 2000-2010 (in millions of dollars)", "[]", "Security as a factor in the disarmament of the population", "Source: Integrated Financial Management System (e-SIGEF) — Ministry of Finance.", "Created by: SENPLADES.", "^(a) Does not include transfers from the National Treasury.", "Security as a factor in the disarmament of the population", "The State should be considered as the entity responsible for regulating public security. As a first step in fulfilment of this role, Ecuador has promoted disarmament of private individuals as an initiative to maintain peaceful public spaces and civic coexistence in general.", "Figure IV Reports of offences against persons and property nationally, 2008, 2009, 2010", "[]", "Source: National Police.", "Created by: SENPLADES.", "The figures reveal that reports of violence have increased over the past two years. Developing public policy initiatives that promote new security practices and the mechanisms to implement them has therefore been made a priority.", "The primary goal of the new arms control law passed in 2009 is to regulate the issuance of permits to own and carry weapons as a means of progressively disarming citizens and individuals in a timely manner. In that regard, the number of law-enforcement agents was increased, with the following results:", "Table Firearm seizures, 2008, 2009, 2010", "Action 2008 2009 2010^(a)", "Firearms seized 4 038 4 513 5 609", "Gangs dispersed 301 416 498", "Source: National Police.", "Created by: SENPLADES.", "^(a) September 2010.", "Through efforts to restructure and educate the police force and redistribute officers throughout the country, it is intended to transform the underlying thinking about and approach to addressing crime. Under one of the adopted measures, the distribution of officers has been reorganized by district and precinct. The following map (Quito) shows an example of how security problems would be addressed at the neighbourhood level.", "Figure V Organization of precincts by district in the city of Quito", "[]", "Source: National Police.", "Created by: SENPLADES.", "Each district has approximately eight precincts, and each of these has a specified number of police officers charged with maintaining security and public order.", "Figure VI Public security and justice system", "[]", "Source: National Police.", "Created by: SENPLADES.", "Institutional changes in the Armed Forces and the Police", "The 2008 Constitution laid the foundation for a change in the concept of public security in Ecuador. The legal framework is designed to guide law enforcement officials in discharging their role in this transformation of the country. The most pertinent changes to the Constitution may be found in articles 158 and 159, which state that the Armed Forces and the National Police “are institutions that protect citizens’ rights, freedoms and guarantees” and that they “shall be obedient and not deliberative, and shall fulfil their mission strictly subject to civilian power and the Constitution”.", "The Constitution defines the Armed Forces as defenders of national sovereignty and territorial integrity, emphasizing the new contribution they must make to national development. This change in doctrine seeks to redirect the militaristic and weapons-based approach and strengthen the capacity of a unified and disciplined force that benefits national interests. In that regard, the Constitution defines the role of the National Police as that of internal protection and maintenance of public order, in line with a demilitarized police force that acts as a guarantor of human rights.", "Article 168 of the Constitution indicates that members of the Armed Forces and the National Police shall be tried by the ordinary courts. In line with this constitutional provision, all military and police tribunals were transferred to the judiciary, with crimes committed in a military or police context being brought before the criminal tribunals or courts of the justice system.", "This subjection of military authority to civil authority aims in part to ensure that democracy is protected by civil authority, and that law enforcement officials help to build an egalitarian and integrated society with strong social cohesion. The very existence of this norm, as well as the efforts to fulfil the Constitutional provisions, are evidence of progress.", "In conclusion, if, together with the foregoing, Ecuador’s proposal to build a society based on well-being that meets people’s basic needs within a framework of solidarity, respect and justice is taken into account, it may be concluded that promoting disarmament should be a critical factor to the development process. Striving to avoid activities that could slow development, such as the unnecessary purchase of arms, is key to the attainment of development goals, which is reason enough to create policies designed to suppress such activities.", "The relationship between development and peace in general must be considered, beyond the relationship between disarmament and development. The quest for well-being entails precisely the fostering of a society in which harmony prevails among all members, and which avoids situations that threaten its stability, not only in economic and financial terms, but also in terms of coexistence generally.", "Guatemala", "[Original: Spanish]", "[3 May 2011]", "Owing to its geographical location and internal social dynamics, the State of Guatemala faces various threats that put its population and democratic governance at risk.", "The thriving illegal firearms trade in the region is linked to and, to a large extent, partly driven by the drug trade; while drugs are heading north to Mexico and the United States, arms are heading south.", "Violence and crime undoubtedly affect the country’s productivity as it relates to economic growth and limit the expansion of its gross domestic product (GDP).", "Although the Guatemalan peace agreement was signed 15 years ago following the country’s armed conflict, the greater availability of firearms — whether from legitimate sources or from illegal weapons sales — has led to an increase in the levels of armed violence.", "Nonetheless, the situation has been changing with the entry into force of the new Arms and Ammunition Act (Decree No. 15-2009). Progress has been made in reducing the proliferation of firearms and ammunition in Guatemala, strengthening controls over the trading and granting of personal licences for the possession and bearing of firearms, and lowering the rates of firearms-related homicide and weapons imports.", "According to the General Directorate for Control of Arms and Ammunition, weapons imports into Guatemala fell by 30 per cent from 2008 to 2009, 53 per cent from 2009 to 2010, and 40 per cent in the first four months of 2011 compared with 2010.", "Ammunition imports declined by 54 per cent from 2008 to 2009, 2 per cent from 2009 to 2010, and 50 per cent in the first four months of 2011 compared with 2010.", "The number of firearms that were in storage at the Directorate General for the Control of Arms and Ammunition and were the subject of judicial proceedings totalled 7,130 in 2009, 6,832 in 2010, and 2,170 in the first four months of 2011.", "Poverty and inequality in Guatemala attributable to inherited historical trends pose a challenge for the State. This is a situation that requires prompt attention from the Government, which has made multiple efforts to soften the impact of poverty on the most vulnerable people. It is also undeniable that armed violence impedes development, discourages investment, reduces the ability of health institutions to provide general care, and diminishes the chances of multilateral agencies and non‑governmental organizations contributing to development in high-risk areas.", "The people most affected continue to be children, youth and women, especially those living in high-density urban areas, areas with a high presence of illegal drug trafficking, and border areas. Experience has shown that violence affects the levels of impunity and fear, making progress in consolidating the rule of law more difficult and slow.", "Bearing in mind this reality, Guatemala strongly supports international efforts in favour of general and complete disarmament, the adoption of various incentives and the creation of political and/or binding legal instruments that address this issue and its implementation at the international, regional, subregional and national levels, and reiterates its commitment to the goals and principles thereof.", "Guatemala agrees with the point made in the report of the Group of Governmental Experts on the relationship between disarmament and development to the effect that disarmament and development are two of the most important tools for creating conditions of security and well-being. It also agrees that, by promoting economic and social progress and by generating opportunities, development policies and programmes contribute to eradicating poverty and promoting economic growth.", "As stated in paragraph 61 of the report, disarmament has a key role in the peacebuilding and post-conflict reconstruction process. Guatemala has experienced this first-hand, having finalized its National Demining Plan in 2005, which called for the destruction of explosive remnants of war, and having been declared a country free of anti-personnel mines. This activity helped to eliminate the risk represented by the presence of such artefacts for the population in the affected areas, thereby contributing to the safe return and resettlement of persons displaced during the domestic armed conflict.", "Guatemala considers that the level of international assistance for programmes designed to prevent and combat violence and promote development should be commensurate with the level of spending by developed countries in the production and trading of armaments. Adequately addressing the problems caused by violence and how to link them to their development agendas poses a major challenge for States.", "The current Government has made efforts at the national level to respond to that reality, focusing on education, health and development as important tools for countering conditions that foster violence and the use of weapons and therefore require that security forces be armed appropriately in order to guarantee peace and national security. It should be borne in mind that allocating more resources to social investment will generate better results in terms of security.", "Guatemala is aware that policies and programmes aimed at reducing the availability and use of firearms can also help to curb violent crimes.", "It is also important to point out that the issue of firearms in Guatemala and in the rest of Central America transcends regional and national boundaries. It therefore requires the strong support of the international community, which has recognized that strategies for interrupting the south-north flow of drugs must be complemented by a greater effort to limit the flow of illegal weapons in the opposite direction.", "In this regard, and given that weapons possession is intricately linked to organized crime, sustained reduction of demand for weapons will depend on progress made in combating organized crime and curtailing the flow of illegal weapons. This must be a joint effort, as unilateral action is now a thing of the past.", "Measures adopted and efforts made in the context of disarmament and promotion of social development in Guatemala over the past year and a half", "The State of Guatemala has taken action on various fronts, both political and operational, including the recognition of civil society as an indispensable actor in development and implementation of appropriate solutions. The following are some of the most notable actions:", "Agreements, commissions, institutional strengthening", "The National Agreement for the Advancement of Security and Justice was signed. As part of the agreement, the Commission for the Prevention and Reduction of Armed Violence was created in order to support the formulation and implementation of policies designed to promote disarmament and arms control, and to encourage the adoption of a comprehensive, inclusive approach to the reduction of armed violence and the promotion of development, by advocating for the incorporation of violence-reduction programmes into national development policies.", "The National Security Policy, which will soon be approved by the National Security Council, was developed; the Political Reform Commission was established; and local security councils of the National Civil Police (NCP) undertook dissemination and institutional-strengthening activities. The NCP and the General Directorate for Control of Arms and Ammunition are developing the operational plan for the establishment of the NCP weapons register.", "The judiciary, the Office of the Public Prosecutor, the National Civil Police, the National Institute of Forensic Sciences and the General Directorate for Control of Arms and Ammunition developed an inter-institutional protocol, in which the Teaching Institute for Sustainable Development (IEPADES) — a civil society organization that advocates for the proper handling of firearms that are the subject of judicial proceedings — participated as facilitator. Civil society also provided support for the management, classification and systematization of the NCP ballistic fingerprint register.", "Legal instruments", "The new Arms and Ammunition Act (Decree No. 15-2009) was approved. The Regulations of the Arms and Ammunition Act, which entered into force with Government Order No. 85-2011 on 7 April 2011, and which confer on the General Directorate for Control of Arms and Ammunition (DIGECAM) the power to issue end-user certificates, marks a significant step forward in enhancing the efficiency of existing control systems.", "In the Congress of the Republic, a multisectoral technical group was created to study possible amendments to the Arms and Ammunition Act (Decree No. 15-2009), and Decree No. 52-2010, the law regulating private security services, was approved. The decree sets out tools for improving control over private agencies and the weapons they handle. The Access to Information Act (2010) was passed to improve transparency in State management processes. A protocol was developed in 2010 for the treatment of weapons and their indicators, but it is still subject to approval by the relevant authorities.", "Other actions", "To promote disarmament, more than 6,500 weapons were destroyed in 2010, as certified by the United Nations through the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. With regard to binational programmes for the prevention and control of arms use, Guatemala, in its capacity as President Pro Tempore of the Central American Integration System, promoted the prioritization of the Central American Security Strategy, focusing on the areas of combating crime, prevention and institutional strengthening, with emphasis on illicit weapons trafficking.", "Prevention and development actions", "Violence prevention and development programmes: The Escuelas Seguras (safe schools) conditional transfer programme benefited 904,621 families living in poverty or extreme poverty and 2,463,349 children between 0 and 15 years of age in 2010. The Escuelas abiertas los fines de semana (schools open on weekends) programme benefited 250,000 youth; while the Bolsa Solidaria programme helped provide 358,000 families with food security.", "These activities give priority to specific groups in risky situations and seek to incorporate them into programmes that provide individuals and communities with a non-violent alternative lifestyle, thereby addressing a multidimensional issue from a prevention standpoint and contributing to the enjoyment of basic rights, such as the right to food and the right to education.", "The other programmes implemented include Barrios Seguros (safe neighbourhoods), Municipios Seguros (safe municipalities), Comisarias Modelo (model police stations), and binational programmes for the prevention and control of arms use.", "Summary of opinions", "Violence and crime affect countries’ productivity as it relates to economic growth and limit the expansion of their gross domestic product (GDP).", "Guatemala strongly supports international efforts in favour of general and complete disarmament, the adoption of various incentives and the creation of political and/or binding legal instruments that address the topic and its implementation at the international, regional, subregional and national levels, and reiterates its commitment to the goals and principles thereof.", "Guatemala agrees with the point made in the report of the Group of Governmental Experts on the relationship between disarmament and development to the effect that disarmament and development are two of the most important tools for creating conditions of security and well-being.", "Guatemala considers that the level of international assistance for programmes designed to prevent and combat violence and promote development should be commensurate with the level of spending by developed countries in the production and trading of armaments.", "The problem of firearms in Guatemala and in the rest of Central America transcends regional and national borders.", "Given that weapons possession is intricately linked to organized crime, sustained reduction of demand for weapons will depend on progress made in combating organized crime and curtailing the flow of illegal weapons. This must be an international effort, as unilateral action is now a thing of the past.", "Although poverty alone does not give rise to violence, violence clearly thrives in situations of low levels of development and nascent institutions. Consequently, a key element in reducing violence is to strengthen the State’s capacity to control the risk associated with the presence of and easy access to firearms.", "In order to foster the prevention of armed violence, it is indispensable for all institutions of the State of Guatemala, all States of the region, especially arms‑producing States, to participate in the development and execution of prevention and reduction programmes and the accompaniment of civil society in areas within their competence.", "Guyana", "[Original: English]", "[27 May 2011]", "The Government of the Cooperative Republic of Guyana commends the adoption of resolution 65/52 entitled “Relationship between disarmament and development” and is both mindful of, and agrees with, the considerations comprising the action programme adopted at the 1987 International Conference on the Relationship between Disarmament and Development (see A/59/119).", "The Government of the Cooperative Republic of Guyana expresses its commitment to the General Assembly’s invitation to provide the Secretary-General with information regarding measures and efforts to devote part of the resources made available by the implementation of disarmament and arms limitation agreements to economic and social development. These concerns underlie much of the policy considerations of Guyana’s founding father, His Excellency Dr. Cheddi Jagan’s (now deceased) vision for Guyana’s fight against poverty, which he put forward during the World Summit for Social Development, held in Copenhagen from 6 to 12 March 1995, in a proposal entitled “A New Global Human Order”. This vision has subsequently influenced Guyana’s current national development strategy, premised on the Low Carbon Development Strategy and the Poverty Reduction Strategy, implemented during the current Government’s administration of Guyana, beginning from 1992 until present.", "The Government of the Cooperative Republic of Guyana respectfully submits its general recognition of the synergy between armed conflict and economic diversion for military expenditures, ultimately at the expense of developmental assistance to developing countries. “A New Global Human Order” highlighted the fact that “if only a small percentage of the money spent annually on the arms race was diverted to causes of peace and development, if only a tiny percentage of national budgets in developed countries was diverted towards developmental assistance to developing countries, the world could have been a better place to live”. For instance, the United Nations Development Programme had pointed out that if military expenditure in the 1990s was reduced by only 3 per cent per year, it would yield a “peace dividend” of US$ 1 trillion.", "Consequently, the Government of the Cooperative Republic of Guyana echoes paragraph 4 of resolution 65/52 insofar as to encourage “the international community to achieve the Millennium Development Goals and to make reference to the contribution that disarmament could provide in meeting them when it reviews its progress towards this purpose in 2011, as well as to make greater efforts to integrate disarmament, humanitarian and development activities”. To this end, Guyana’s Poverty Reduction Strategy Programme 1 and its successor Poverty Reduction Strategy Programme 11 (2008-2012) have contributed to the reduction of poverty and greater access and equity in access to services for the poor and vulnerable as well as produced expanded social safety opportunities, and, as a consequence, Guyana is likely to meet four of the eight Millennium Development Goals by 2015. The policy considerations underlying both of these programmes share many of the concerns of Dr. Jagan’s “A New Global Human Order”, and specifically recognize that peaceful resolutions rather than armed conflict will result in a general reduction in military expenditures, thereby providing a more readily available and accessible avenue through which to pursue developmental assistance to developing countries, such as Guyana.", "As Dr. Jagan noted, “the key contributing factors to our problems, and hence to their solutions, exist largely outside our immediate control. Despite our steadfastness and our political will to stay the course, our endeavours will not be successful unless supported by the international community in a meaningful and practical way”. Peaceful resolution acts in furtherance of this notion of international community support, since in contrast to armed conflict, more funds are available to be dedicated to developing countries.", "Guyana’s report under the universal periodic review mechanism in May 2010 documents Guyana’s efforts to reduce poverty, create economic, political and social stability and promote and protect human rights.", "Lebanon", "[Original: Arabic]", "[20 May 2011]", "Lebanon has consistently supported instruments related to disarmament in general and the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction in particular, because such weapons constitute a threat to security and peace, and the money that is spent on them could be used in and contribute to the advancement of various spheres of development.", "Lebanon is beset by armed violence and is in need of all possible assistance in relieving the suffering that it causes. Notwithstanding the security and military circumstances that are currently affecting the country, and the onerous duties that the army must undertake both along the borders and inside the country with a view to implementing Security Council resolution 1701 (2006), all means available are being used to promote economic and social development.", "This matter also concerns certain other ministries, whose opinion may be sought.", "Mexico", "[Original: Spanish]", "[31 May 2011]", "Mexico believes that disarmament and development are challenges facing the international community in the areas of development, poverty eradication and the elimination of diseases that afflict humanity.", "Mexico recognizes the symbiotic relationship between disarmament and development and the crucial role of security in this connection, and shares the concern that more resources are being devoted to military purposes globally that could be geared towards meeting development needs throughout the world. It therefore supports initiatives promoting the effective fulfilment of disarmament and development commitments.", "Mexico is strongly convinced that the effective fulfilment of international commitments arising from existing agreements on disarmament and arms control can help to counter the negative impact on social and economic development.", "Mexico notes that the Secretary-General has invited Member States to provide information regarding measures and efforts to devote part of the resources made available by the implementation of disarmament and arms limitation agreements to economic and social development, with a view to reducing the ever-widening gap between developed and developing countries, and would like to provide the following information:", "• The Government of Mexico is achieving significant advances in universal access to health services, high-quality education and a substantial reduction in extreme poverty through coordinated action by various social agencies in the three levels of government.", "• Mexico’s social policy promotes integrated and coordinated action in order to maximize the social impact and enhance the use of resources.", "• From 2007 to 2009 — the first three years of the Administration of President Felipe Calderón — programmable expenditure allocated to social development increased 19 per cent in real terms.", "• In Mexico, social policy is high on the federal Government’s agenda. Both as a priority over other sectors and under the Social Development Act, it is not permitted for the budget earmarked for social development to be lower, in real terms, than in the previous fiscal year. Such expenditure must increase at least at the same rate as the estimated growth in gross domestic product.", "• The Mexican Government has a single strategy, known as “Living Better”, which encompasses all of the programmes and actions implemented under its social policy. The Living Better strategy has made it possible to generate income opportunities in the country’s marginal areas; expand access to education, health care, food and decent housing for low-income populations; and improve basic infrastructure.", "• Lines of action under Living Better include: capacity-building for Mexicans; a social protection network that helps Mexicans to cope with various contingencies; the establishment of links between social policy and economic policy with the aim of boosting Mexicans’ capacities and skills in order to help them successfully engage in economic development; and environmental development in order to achieve an enhanced environment conducive to full development.", "• Expenditure on social development has been rising in Mexico over the last two decades, with real growth of 276 per cent from 1990 to 2007. From 1990 to 1994, social expenditure increased 91 per cent; from 1994 to 1995 it declined by 23 per cent; and from 1996 to 2007 it increased again, rising in nominal terms from 537 billion to 1,136 billion pesos.", "• As a percentage of total programmable expenditure, spending on social development increased from 38 per cent in 1990 to 57.2 per cent in 2010.", "• In 2010, a total of 1,476,862,200,000 pesos was allocated to social development.", "• Of total resources, 33.6 per cent went to education; 24.1 per cent to health care; 22.9 per cent to social security; 11.4 per cent to urban planning, housing and regional development; 5.0 per cent to social assistance; and 3.0 per cent to drinking water and sewer systems.", "Portugal", "[Original: English]", "[24 August 2011]", "Between 2007 and 2010, Portugal invested a total sum of €22,435 on anti‑personnel mine clearance projects in Angola and other developing countries. Within this context, Portugal also wishes to inform that a reviewed “National Strategy for Security and Development” was adopted in 2009. This strategy focuses on coherence and efficiency and ensures better coordination of all Portuguese programmes. The strategy also promotes a broader approach and reinforces the priority of human security as a major goal in the Portuguese cooperation policy.", "Qatar", "[Original: English]", "[12 May 2011]", "The Government of the State of Qatar is of the view that the State does not possess weapons of mass destruction and that it has acceded to all treaties that ban those weapons. With regard to conventional weapons, the State of Qatar possesses a quantity of such weapons only as necessary to protect its security and sovereignty in view of the surrounding international and regional circumstances. This policy has been reflected in the budget set for weapons, which has been limited to achieving this goal. Therefore, economic and social development plans in the State are moving at an accelerated pace towards the development of our nation and the prosperity of our citizens.", "Ukraine", "[Original: Russian]", "[6 May 2011]", "Implementation of a special State programme for the period 2008 to 2017 for disposal of conventional types of ammunition and of a special State programme for the period 2010 to 2014 for disposal of liquid missile propellant components has done much to reduce ammunition and mélange stocks which can no longer be feasibly used or stored.", "Dialogue with representatives of the NATO Maintenance and Supply Agency (NAMSA) on possible international assistance to fund the disposal of ammunition and PFM-1 anti-personnel mines has also had positive outcomes.", "Cooperation with the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) on disposal of mélange stockpiles, paid for by OSCE donor countries, is ongoing. An international mélange disposal contract signed by the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine, OSCE and Russian concerns and paid for by OSCE donor countries is being fulfilled.", "Creating conditions for the increased disposal of surplus missiles, ammunition and missile propellant components from arsenals, bases and storage facilities being dismantled during the period 2011-2012 is a priority for the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine, as is fulfilment of Ukraine’s international obligations to OSCE, NAMSA and the Russian Federation on the disposal of surplus ammunition and mélange.", "Zambia", "[Original: English]", "[21 June 2011]", "Introduction", "Zambia has continued to support the various existing mechanisms for the coordination of disarmament and development issues such as the Mine Action Team, the Coordinating Action on Small Arms and the Inter-Agency Working Group on Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration under the United Nations system. These mechanisms aim at ensuring that the relationship between disarmament and development is covered in their respective areas through involvement of all relevant actors from within the United Nations system. Consequently, relevant information is always provided to the Secretary-General by Zambia.", "Zambia is aware of the challenges the world is facing in the field of development, poverty eradication and the elimination of the diseases that afflict humanity. In this regard, the importance of the symbiotic relationship between disarmament and development and the important role of security and the accompanying concern at the ever increasing global military expenditures that could otherwise be spent on development needs cannot be overemphasized. It is clear from this that the United Nations has a central role in the disarmament-development relationship and should therefore continue to coordinate and encourage cooperation among the relevant United Nations departments, agencies and sub-agencies. However, we must bear in mind the fact that it is only when peace is assured and sustained that disarmament would be fully realized and resources made available for development. In this connection, Zambia’s position on the relationship between disarmament and development with respect to General Assembly resolution 65/52 is summarized as follows.", "Summary of Zambia’s position on the relationship between disarmament and development", "Strengthening security through confidence-building mechanisms operating at both the bilateral and multilateral levels is an important aspect of the disarmament effort and should be encouraged in order to foster consolidation of partnership with the United Nations and other intergovernmental organizations. Further, regional and subregional initiatives should focus on a broad range of issues aimed at preventing the spread of weapons of mass destruction, curbing the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons, promoting security confidence-building measures and advancing the prospects and success of nuclear-weapon-free zones such as the African Nuclear-Weapons-Free Zone established under the Treaty of Pelindaba.", "Promote and create conditions conducive to economic, scientific and technological cooperation through the following actions:", "(a) Establish favourable conditions for collaboration at both the regional and international levels;", "(b) Ensure the prevalence of transparency and accountability in our efforts to contribute to the development of human resources;", "(c) Provide training and exchange expert missions and scientific visits;", "(d) Domesticate the development of the relevant skills and resources that will assist in the building and improving of national capacities.", "Prevent conflict and pursue peacebuilding at both the bilateral and multilateral levels.", "Education, awareness and research should aim at enhancing the comprehensive understanding of the many facets of the disarmament-development issue.", "The multilateral approach should be the international framework for dealing with all aspects related to disarmament, development and security and should be styled on the premise of the Millennium Development Goals. Further, the realization of such an ideal is underpinned by political will, the availability of adequate resources and the continued effective coordination and cooperation among relevant United Nations departments, agencies and sub-agencies in the United Nations system.", "Strengthening of the high-level steering groups on disarmament and development is imperative in order to encourage relevant departments and agencies to share and learn best practices so as to improve and enhance cooperation, coordination and joint programming.", "Conclusion", "The mere reduction of military expenditure in itself does not necessarily imply that additional resources will be available for development because relevant political decisions at the national level are needed for this to be possible. Further, some observed increase in military expenditure does not necessarily reflect a rise in the volume of armaments. This is because as technology advances and becomes more complex, more expensive weapons tend to take up a growing share of this military expenditure. It must also be mentioned that the rise in the occurrence of natural and man-made hazard has put pressure on the military as they are increasingly being called upon to assist in reconstruction and recovery efforts, which also creates a demand for increased investment in human capacity and technology.", "[1] See A/59/119.", "[2] A/64/153 and A/65/132.", "[3] General Assembly resolution 60/1, para. 9.", "[4] S/PRST/2011/4.", "[5] CCM/MSP/2010/WP.1, para. 4." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目98(l)", "全面彻底裁军", "裁军与发展之间的关系", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告是根据大会第65/52号决议提交的。本报告讨论了在联合国系统内进一步加强裁军与发展之间关系的最新趋势。此外，本报告还载有从各国政府收到的有关这一议题的资料。", "* A/66/150。", "一. 导言", "1. 大会题为“裁军与发展之间的关系”的第65/52号决议第1段强调了联合国在裁军与发展之间关系中的核心作用，并请秘书长进一步加强本组织在这一领域的作用。大会在决议第2段请秘书长通过有关机关并在现有资源范围内，继续采取行动，执行1987年裁军和发展之间关系国际会议通过的行动纲领。[1]", "2. 此外，该决议第6和7段重申再次邀请会员国向秘书长提供资料，说明它们采取了哪些措施和作出了哪些努力，将通过执行各项裁军与军备限制协定而节约的资源的一部分用于经济和社会发展，以缩小发达国家与发展中国家间不断扩大的差距，并请秘书长就本决议的执行情况向大会第六十六届会议提出报告。本报告是根据这一要求提交的。", "3. 2011年3月31日，秘书处向会员国发出了征求其意见的普通照会。截至编写本报告时，已收到下列国家的答复：古巴、厄瓜多尔、危地马拉、圭亚那、黎巴嫩、墨西哥、葡萄牙、卡塔尔、乌克兰和赞比亚。这些资料载于下文第三节。", "二. 进一步加强联合国在裁军与发展之间关系中的作用", "4. 过去15年来，联合国内外有着若干倡议、文书和方案，其中考虑到裁军、军备控制与发展之间的联系。例子包括：为解决小武器非法贸易及其后果、武装暴力造成的不稳定以及对其他常规武器和弹药贸易的薄弱控制问题而采取的行动。在裁军领域的其他与发展有关的重要举措包括《禁止杀伤人员地雷公约》和《集束弹药公约》。", "5. 秘书长以前向大会提交的关于裁军与发展之间关系的报告提供了自冷战早期至二十一世纪关于这一主题的讨论和倡议演变的背景。重要的是，将世界人力和经济资源移用于军备这一点早已被确定为持久欠发达的原因之一。世界各国领袖在2005年确认，“发展、和平与安全、人权彼此关联、相互加强”，[2] 这表明，裁军和发展之间的关系仍是热门议题。[3]", "6. 在“一体行动”的框架内，联合国通过其现有协调机制，如联合国地雷行动小组、小武器协调行动以及解除武装、复员和重返社会机构间工作组，通过联合国系统内所有相关行为者的参与，努力确保充分和有效地顾及裁军与发展之间的关系。", "7. 本报告提供了自印发秘书长关于此事项的上一份报告以来的进一步事态发展信息。", "8. 2010年9月20日至22日在纽约举行的大会千年发展目标高级别全体会议期间，60多个国家提到武装暴力问题及其对实现千年发展目标的负面影响。它们强调指出，暴力和犯罪有碍于生产率的提高、经济增长以及会员国实现其发展目标的能力。", "9. 安全理事会于2011年2月11日举行关于安全与发展相互依存关系的公开辩论。在辩论后发表的主席声明中，安理会注意到“要成功地完成可能要求维持和平行动在安全部门改革、裁军、解除武装、复员和重返社会、法治和人权领域执行的任务，就要理解安全与发展密切相关的意见……”。[4] 2011年4月19日，安理会审议了秘书长关于小武器问题的报告(S/2011/255)，报告提请充分注意武装暴力与发展之间的相互联系。", "10. 2011年5月在纽约举行的防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易各方面问题行动纲领执行情况不限成员名额政府专家会议。特别是在关于国际援助和能力建设的辩论中讨论了裁军与发展之间关系的意义，特别强调需要提高各国的实施能力，使它们能够有效地追查非法武器，直溯其分流点，从而有利于建立更安全的社区。将在定于2012年8月27日至9月7日举行的行动纲领审查会议上进一步探讨《行动纲领》以及《国际追查文书》的实施问题。", "11. 联合国也在提高其有关工作能力，以便就如何遏制小武器和轻武器无节制的扩散和滥用问题，更好地向其各机构、基金和在外地工作的方案，以及向会员国提供切实有效政策、方案编制和建议。目前正在制定一套国际小武器控制标准和国际弹药技术指南(后者是为了响应大会决议第63/61号决议第7段的规定)，以补充现有的解除武装、复员和重返社会综合标准和国际地雷行动标准。", "12. 此外，在《武装暴力与发展问题日内瓦宣言》的框架内，联合国在本报告所述期间举办了一系列区域研讨会：危地马拉(2010年11月16日至18日)、尼泊尔(2011年3月16日至18日)和内罗毕(2011年2月23日至25日)。这些研讨会旨在促进区域一级的讨论和经验交流，评估了减少武装暴力方案的实施进展情况，确定了有前途和创新性的做法。这些研讨会也是为了筹备定于2011年10月31日和11月1日在日内瓦举行的关于《日内瓦宣言》第二次部长级审议大会。", "13. 联合国武器贸易条约大会组织工作的筹备已经开始，筹备委员会第一次会议于2010年7月举行。2011年又举行两次筹备会议。在筹备讨论的过程中，无管制的武器转让对安全、发展和人权产生的负面影响是一个经常的议题。定于2012年7月举行的联合国武器贸易条约大会的任务是拟订一份关于常规武器转让方面尽可能最高级别共同国际标准的具有法律约束力的文书。", "14. 《关于禁止使用、储存、生产和转让杀伤人员地雷及销毁此种地雷的公约》第十次缔约国会议2010年11月29日至12月3日在日内瓦举行，会议强调了从发展的角度来审视在该条约执行过程中所取得的进展。缔约国强调《公约》对实现千年发展目标的贡献并重申，它们承诺继续推动在地方、国家和国际各级正在进行的发展方案中将排雷行动列为一项重点。此外，各国同意在社会服务、医疗保健、发展、人权和两性平等的更广范围内进一步探讨向受害者提供援助的主题。", "15. 《集束弹药公约》第一次缔约国会议于2010年10月举行，各国通过了《万象宣言》，其中强调指出，集束弹药“对和平、人类安全和发展构成严重威胁。遗留集束弹药给受影响个人及其社区造成严重后果，并成为实现千年发展目标、消除贫穷以及社会和经济发展的严重障碍”。[5] 在会议开幕式上，副秘书长代表联合国强调，在成功编纂禁止集束弹药的法规后，必须对另外两个具有人道主义和发展影响的安全挑战采取行动：首先是反车辆地雷，此类地雷继续造成人员伤亡并构成恢复和发展障碍，影响不亚于集束炸弹；其次是在人口稠密地区使用爆炸性武器，这造成平民深重的苦难，也阻碍了发展。", "16. 会员国继续向联合国军事支出标准汇报表提供信息。在2010-2011年期间，自该报表于1980年建立以来，首次设立了该报表的运作和进一步发展问题政府专家组。专家组的报告提出了一些建议，旨调整报表模板，以适应新的安全和军事现实(见A/66/89)。", "三. 从各国政府收到的资料", "古巴", "[原件：西班牙文] [2011年6月29日]", "尽管有着深刻的经济和环境危机影响着全世界，军费支出非但不减少，反而继续以惊人的速度逐年增长。在过去的10年中，军费支出增加了49%，达到1.5万亿美元的天文数字。其中仅一个国家就占了这一期间全球军费总增长的近一半。", "虽然数以百万计的人死于贫穷和可预防、可治愈的疾病，有人却仍在继续发动无理的战争，今天的利比亚就是这种情况。这样的战争从来都不是解决问题的办法，而总是造成数以千计的平民死亡，即臭名昭著的所谓“间接伤害”。", "武装部队是多种能源和原材料不可再生资源和储量的主要耗费者。显然，军事大国为军事目标耗费的原材料最多，甚至超过它们为普通目的消耗的资源。", "军事和相关活动吸收了很大部分的科学和技术潜力。据估计，全世界约有25%的科学家目前正在从事与军事相关的活动。另据计算，自第二次世界大战以来，研究和发展的总费用中约有40%用于军事目的。", "军费对发展中国家造成的有害经济后果比多数发达国家更为严重。现已确认，发展中国家为军备每支付一美元，其国内投资就减少25美分。军备的进口加大了发展中国家的贸易赤字，在一些第三世界国家中，约占其贸易赤字的50%。", "若把军备竞赛所挥霍的资源数额与所谓的第三世界的发展所需数额进行比较，就可证明，其浪费程度令人触目惊心。", "1960年以来，富国为制造武器至少花费了15万亿美元(每年约为3 340亿美元)；但是，它们在发展援助中仅仅向穷国转移了2.6万亿美元(每年约为580亿美元)。换言之，富国在制造武器方面的投资至少是发展援助支出的6倍。按这一比率，发展中国家将不得不等待260年(即超过两个半世纪的时间)才能得到相当于工业化国家仅仅在45年(即不到半个世纪的时间)内就浪费在军事支出的金额的发展援助。", "目前花费在武器上的资源可用于消除14亿人遭受的极端贫穷；养活地球上超过10亿的饥饿人口；防止每年1 100万儿童死于饥饿和可预防疾病；或教会7.59亿成人文盲读写。", "军事支出的增加足以引起不信任和合理的国际关切。我们不能坐视不管，任凭全球军事支出继续远远超过供用于实现千年发展目标的费用。必须采取紧急行动应对这些问题。", "古巴重申建议设立一项由联合国管理的基金，将目前军事支出的至少一半交付这一基金，以满足穷国经济和社会发展的需求。除了显然的效益外，这项倡议还有附加价值可以成为一项建立信任措施，并成为实现千年发展目标的一个关键因素。", "古巴还重申支持1987年9月举行的裁军和发展之间关系国际会议通过的行动纲领，该纲领载有一项国际承诺，即将从裁军中腾出的资源的一部分用于社会经济发展的目的。古巴还重申支持在大会讨论这一事项，并落实大会决议所载的各项建议。", "古巴认为，由全球变暖引起的世界生活条件日益恶化以及核武器的存在构成了对人类生存的主要挑战。仅需使用全球巨大的核武库的一小部分，即爆炸100枚核弹头就会在数小时内带来核冬天。", "尽管冷战已经结束，但仍然存在22 600件核武器。据斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所报告，其中近一半可立即使用。这些武器的存在本身以及为拥有和使用这些武器提供理由的种种理论是对国际和平与安全的严重威胁。正因如此，核裁军是且必须继续是裁军领域最高的优先事项。", "不结盟运动成员始终是在规定时限内实现无核武器世界行动和倡议的急先锋。不结盟运动在2011年5月23日至27日在巴厘岛举行的其第十六届部长级会议上批准了关于这一问题的宣言，从而重申了其对核裁军的承诺。", "厄瓜多尔", "[原件：西班牙文] [2011年5月17日]", "国家规划和发展秘书处(规发秘书处)的评估", "以下意见是按照第MRECI-SOIS-2011-0120-O号备忘录的要求提出的，该备忘录要求我国在审查大会题为“裁军与发展之间的关系”的第65/52号决议后就该决议提出评论意见，特别是说明在“将部分可用资源用于经济和社会发展”方面采取的措施。", "国际军费支出报告得出的结论认为，在过去的几年中，全球军费支出增加，阻碍了国际机构的裁军努力。出现这种情况，是因为在增加军备支出方面投资的同时，也出现了更多的社会问题，使得各国寻求发展的进程愈发举步维艰。", "图一 2000-2010年厄瓜多尔和南美的军费支出/国内生产总值", "[]", "来源：厄瓜多尔军费支出——财政部；南美洲平均数——斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所。", "斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所发表了一份令人震惊的报告表明，南美洲军费支出出现最大增幅，在2010年达到633亿元。", "尽管出现这样的区域和全球形势，厄瓜多尔在其2008年《宪法》中宣布本国为和平领土，将普遍裁军和反对发展和使用大规模毁灭性武器作为国际关系的原则(第416条)。这表达了厄瓜多尔对国际机构裁军宗旨，特别是对联合国有关工作的立场和参与。", "应该指出的是，我国的主要规划工具，即国家福祉计划确立了与上述立场配套的指导方针。例如，该工具中的国家目标5涉及“保障主权与和平以及促进对世界的战略参与和拉丁美洲一体化”。基于这一目标，我国制定了有关政策，以便在全国树立和平的文化并实现国内和谐以及与其他国家的和平共处。", "应说明的是，不安全的彼岸不是安全而已，而应是在行使权利过程中实现共存和形成社会凝聚力。因此，减贫是防止社会不平等现象增多以及防止购买武器来保护私有财产等工作的一个关键方面。", "图二 2006-2010年收入贫穷趋势", "[]", "资料来源：国家警察。", "创建者：规发秘书处。", "在这方面，厄瓜多尔在与世界上最恶劣社会现象面取得了重大进展，这一现象是一系列问题导致的。收入贫穷的趋势是基于未满足的基本需求参数的，其迅速下降对我们民族而言是一个极大的鼓舞源泉。贫穷水平呈五点下降趋势，这激励着我们按照政府制定的政策，继续朝着既定的目标不断努力。", "此外，公共投资的增加，改善了一些多年不起色的重要部门状况。教育、卫生和道路基础设施已从以前破败不堪的状况中恢复。20年来，社会支出首次取代减少外债，成为主要优先事项。", "图三 2000-2010年厄瓜多尔的公共投资 (百万美元)", "[]", "资料来源：综合财务管理系统(E-SIGEF)——财政部。", "创建者：规发秘书处。", "^(a) 不包括从国库转移的资金。", "人口裁军中的安全因素", "国家应被视为负责公安的实体。作为履行这一角色的第一步，厄瓜多尔已推动解除私人武装，以此作为维护公共场所和平及公民共存的举措。", "图四 2008年、2009年、2010年全国侵犯人身和财产罪行的报告", "[]", "资料来源：国家警察。", "创建者：规发秘书处。", "这些数字显示，在过去两年中，暴力事件的报告有所增加。制定有关公共政策措施，以促进新的安全做法，以及建立有关机制加以实施也因此被列为优先事项。", "2009年通过的新的军控法律主要目标是规范拥有和携带武器许可证的颁发，以此作为及时逐步解除公民和个人武装的手段。为此，执法人员的数量有所增加，具体结果如下：", "表 2008年、2009年、2010年枪支收缴情况", "行动 2008年 2009年 2010年^(a)", "收缴的火器 4 038 4 513 5 609", "捣毁的团伙 301 416 498", "资料来源：国家警察。", "创建者：规发秘书处。", "^(a) 2010年9月。", "通过警察部队的结构调整和教育以及在全国各地重新分配人员，以更新在解决犯罪问题方面持有的基本思想和采取的方法。根据所采取的措施之一，人员的分布按照行政区和专用区进行了重新改组。下面的地图(基多)展示了如何在街区层面解决安全问题的一个例子。", "图五 基多市，按行政区组织的专用区", "[]", "资料来源：国家警察。", "创建者：规发秘书处。", "每个行政区大约有八个专用区，而每个专用区都有一定数目负责维护安全和公共秩序的警务人员。", "图六 公安和司法系统", "[]", "资料来源：国家警察。", "创建者：规发秘书处。", "武装部队和警察的机构变化", "《2008年宪法》为厄瓜多尔公安概念的变化奠定了基础。该法律框架旨在给执法人员以指导，以便其在国家进行这一变革过程中履行自己的职责。对《宪法》进行的最有意义的修订见第158条和第159条，其中规定军队和国家警察是保护公民权利、自由和有关保障的机构，应服从管理和不具审议职能，在履行其使命过程中必须严格受文职当局和《宪法》的约束。", "按《宪法》所赋定义，武装力量是国家主权和领土完整的捍卫者。《宪法》强调，武装力量必须为国家发展作出新的贡献。这一原则的变化，其目的是改变军国主义和基于武器的方法，并加强一个统一的和有纪律的部队的能力，以有利于国家利益。在这方面，《宪法》规定国家警察的作用是：作为人权的捍卫者，按照非军事化警察部队的理念，提供国内保护和维持社会治安。", "《宪法》第168条规定，武装部队和国家警察成员应由普通法院审理。按照《宪法》的这一规定，所有的军事和警察法庭均须移交司法机关，在军队或警察的背景下犯下的罪行则须由司法系统的刑事法庭或法院审理。", "军事机关隶属文职当局，这一关系旨在确保民主能够得到文职当局的保护，而且执法人员可帮助建立一个平等和一体化的具有很强社会凝聚力的社会。这一准则的存在本身，以及为履行宪法的规定而进行的努力，是进步的明证。", "总之，若在上述情况基础上，考虑到厄瓜多尔关于建设一个基于福祉，即在团结、尊重和正义的框架内满足人们基本需求的社会的建议，则可得出结论认为，促进裁军应是发展过程中的一个关键因素。努力避免可能使发展放缓的活动，例如不必要的购买武器活动，是实现发展目标的关键。正因如此，须制定旨在制止此类活动的政策。", "必须超越裁军与发展之间的关系来考虑宽泛意义上的发展与和平之间的关系。要谋求福祉，就要建立一个所有成员和谐相处的社会，且要避免威胁其稳定，包括经济和金融稳定及在共存意义上的稳定的情况。", "危地马拉", "[原件：西班牙文] [2011年5月3日]", "由于其地理位置和社会内部动态，危地马拉国面临各种威胁，其人口和民主治理因而处在危险境地。", "该地区日益猖獗的非法枪支贸易与毒品贸易有关且在很大程度上受后者驱动；毒品向北流入墨西哥和美国，而武器则南下。", "暴力和犯罪无疑会影响国家的生产力，因为这涉及经济增长且限制了其国内生产总值的扩张。", "虽然15年前该国在武装冲突后签署了《危地马拉和平协议》，但是由于存在更多的枪支(无论是从合法来源或从非法武器销售而来)，因此武装暴力的程度在上升。", "然而，随着《新武器和弹药法》(第15-2009号法令)的生效，情况已开始改变。危地马拉在下列方面已经取得了进展：减少枪支和弹药的扩散、加强对枪支贸易的控制以及对拥有和携带枪支的个人许可证的发放的控制；降低与枪支有关的凶杀案发生率以及武器进口。", "根据武器和弹药控制总局提供的信息，危地马拉的武器进口自2008年至2009年下降了30%，自2009年至2010年下降了53%，2011年前4个月与2010年相比则下降了40%。", "弹药的进口自2008年至2009年下降了54%，自2009年至2010年下降了2%，2011年前4个月与2010年相比则下降了50%。", "存放于武器和弹药控制总局并应经司法程序处理的枪支数目在2009年达到7 130件，在2010年达到6 832件，在2011年前4个月达到2 170件。", "危地马拉因继承历史趋势而继续存在的贫穷和不平等现象对国家造成了挑战。这一情况需要政府及时注意，政府已作出多种努力，以减轻贫穷对最脆弱群体的影响。另外，不可否认的是，武装暴力阻碍发展，阻碍投资，降低医疗卫生机构提供一般医护的能力，也减少了多边机构和非政府组织在高风险地区促进发展的机会。", "受影响最严重的群体仍是儿童、青少年和妇女，尤其是那些生活在人口密度高的城市地区、非法贩运毒品活动猖獗地区以及边境地区的儿童、青少年和妇女。经验表明，暴力影响到有罪不罚现象和恐惧的程度，导致在巩固法治方面的进展更加困难和缓慢。", "危地马拉铭记上述现实，坚决支持国际上促进全面彻底裁军的努力，支持采取各种激励措施以及为解决这个问题而制定政治性的和/或有约束力的法律文书，并在国际、区域、次区域和国家各级予以实施，重申将奉行其中的目标和原则。", "危地马拉同意裁军与发展之间的关系政府专家小组的报告提出的一点，即裁军与发展是为安全和福祉创造条件的两个最重要的工具。危地马拉还同意，通过促进经济和社会进步以及创造机会，发展政策和方案有助于消除贫穷和促进经济增长。", "如报告第61段所指出的那样，裁军在建设和平以及冲突后重建过程中发挥着关键作用。危地马拉在这方面有切身经验。我国于2005年最后完成了《国家排雷计划》，其中要求销毁战争遗留爆炸物，并宣布危地马拉为无杀伤人员地雷国家。这项活动有助于消除遗留爆炸物对受影响地区人口的风险，从而促进国内武装冲突中的流离失所者安全返回和得到安置。", "危地马拉认为，为旨在防止和打击暴力以及促进发展的方案提供的国际援助水平应与发达国家在军备生产和贸易方面的支出水平相称。充分解决暴力引起的问题以及如何将其与其发展议程挂钩，是国家面临的主要挑战。", "本届政府已在国家一级作出努力，以应对这一现实，重点是将教育、健康和发展作为重要工具，用以遏制助长暴力和武器使用的条件，并因此需要适当的武装安全部队，以保证和平及国家安全。应该牢记，增拨资源用于社会投资，会在安全方面会产生更好的效果。", "危地马拉清楚，旨在减少枪械的可获性和使用的政策和方案也可帮助遏制暴力犯罪。", "同样必须指出的是，危地马拉和中美洲其他地方的枪支问题超越了区域范围和国界。因此，需要国际社会予以大力支持，国际社会也已经认识到必须作出更大的努力，在阻断毒品由南向北流动的同时，限制非法武器反向流入。", "在这方面，鉴于持有武器与有组织犯罪有千丝万缕的联系，因此能否持续减少对武器的需求，将取决于在打击有组织犯罪和遏制非法武器流通方面取得的进展。这必须是一项共同努力，因为单方面行动已属于过去。", "危地马拉在过去一年半中在裁军和促进社会发展方面采取的措施和作出的努力", "危地马拉国家已在各方面采取政治和业务行动，包括肯定民间社会在制定和实施适当的解决方案过程中不可或缺的作用。以下是一些最重要的行动：", "签订协议、设立委员会和加强体制建设", "《国家促进安全和司法协议》已经签订。按照协议的规定，还设立了预防和减少武装暴力委员会，以支持制定和实施旨在促进裁军和军控的政策，并鼓励采取全面、包容性的办法，即倡导把减少暴力方案纳入国家发展政策，以减少武装暴力和促进发展。", "即将由国家安全委员会批准的国家安全政策已经制定完毕；政治改革委员会已经成立；国家民事警察的各地方安全委员会进行了传播和加强体制的活动。国家民事警察与武器和弹药控制总局为建立国家民事警察武器登记册制定了行动计划。", "司法机关、检察官办公室、国家民事警察、国家法医学研究所及武器和弹药控制总局拟订了一份机构间协议，一个主张妥善处置须应经司法程序处理的枪支的民间社会组织，即可持续发展教学研究所也作为调解人参加进来。民间社会也为国家民事警察弹道指纹登记的管理、分类和系统化提供了支持。", "法律文书", "新的《武器和弹药法》(第15-2009号法令)已经获得批准。2011年4月7日颁布的第85-2011号政府令宣布《武器和弹药法条例》生效，并赋予武器和弹药控制总局颁发最终用户证书的权力，这标志着在提高现有控制系统效率方面的一个显著进步。", "在共和国议会中，设立了一个多部门的技术组，负责研究可能需要对《武器和弹药法》(第15-2009号法令)进行的修订，第52-2010号法令，即规范私人保安服务的法律也获得批准。该法令为改善对私营机构及其经手的武器的控制规定了工具。另外，还通过了《信息获取法》(2010)，以改善国家管理过程的透明度。2010年还拟定了一份关于武器处理和有关指标的协议，但仍有待有关当局的批准。", "其他行动", "为了促进裁军，2010年销毁了6 500多件武器，这是经联合国，即通过联合国毒品和犯罪问题办事处核证的。至于两国间对武器使用的预防和控制方案，危地马拉以中美洲一体化体系临时主席的身份，推动把中美洲安全战略置于优先位置，重点是打击犯罪、预防和加强机构建设等领域，特别是打击非法贩运武器行为。", "预防和发展行动", "预防暴力和发展方案：2010年，安全学校有条件转学方案惠及904 621个贫穷或极端贫穷的家庭以及2 463 349名0至15岁儿童。周末开放学校方案惠及25万青少年；而团结补贴方案则帮助保障了358 000个家庭的粮食安全。", "这些活动优先考虑处于危险情况的特定群体并力求将其纳入向个人和社区提供非暴力替代生活方式的方案，从而解决了从预防角度的多层面问题且有助于人们享有基本权利，如食物权和受教育权。", "实施的其他方案包括安全街区方案、安全城市方案、模范警署方案、以及对武器使用的预防和控制两国间方案。", "意见摘要", "暴力和犯罪会影响国家的生产力，因为这涉及经济增长且限制了其国内生产总值的扩张。", "危地马拉坚决支持国际上促进全面彻底裁军的努力，支持采取各种激励措施以及为解决这个问题而制定政治性的和/或有约束力的法律文书，并在国际、区域、次区域和国家各级予以实施，重申将奉行其中的目标和原则。", "危地马拉同意裁军与发展之间的关系政府专家小组的报告提出的一点，即裁军和发展是为安全和福祉创造条件的两个最重要的工具。", "危地马拉认为，为旨在防止和打击暴力和促进发展方案提供的国际援助水平应与发达国家在军备生产和贸易方面的支出水平相称。", "危地马拉和中美洲其他地方的枪支问题超越了区域范围和国界。", "鉴于武器的持有与有组织犯罪有千丝万缕的联系，因此能否持续减少对武器的需求，将取决于在打击有组织犯罪和遏制非法武器流通方面取得的进展。这必须是一项国际努力，因为单方面行动已属于过去。", "虽然贫穷本身并不产生暴力，但在发展水平低和新生机构立足未稳的情况下暴力显然猖獗。因此，在减少暴力方面的关键因素是，加强国家控制因存在和容易获得枪支而产生的风险的能力。", "为了促进对武装暴力的预防，危地马拉所有国家机构，以及该地区所有国家，尤其是武器生产国必须参与武装暴力预防和减少方案的制定和执行，而且民间社会也须在其职权范围内的各领域予以配合。", "圭亚那", "[原件：英文] [2011年5月27日]", "圭亚那合作共和国政府赞扬大会通过题为“裁军与发展之间的关系”的第65/52号决议，并且既铭记也赞同1987年裁军和发展之间关系国际会议所通过的行动纲领中的有关考虑(见A/59/119)。", "圭亚那合作共和国政府承诺将应大会的邀请，向秘书长提供资料，说明其采取的有关措施，以及其如何进行努力，把通过实施裁军和武器限制协议而释放的资源部分用于经济社会发展。这些关切是(已故)圭亚那国父切迪·贾根博士阁下关于圭亚那反贫穷斗争构想的根本政策考虑。他在1995年3月6至12日于哥本哈根举行的世界社会发展首脑会议期间提出这一构想，即题为“新的全球人类秩序”的建议。后来，这一构想影响了圭亚那的国家发展战略，后者的前提即是低碳发展战略和减贫战略，而且从1992年直到目前，圭亚那本届政府已在施政过程中予以实施。", "圭亚那合作共和国政府谨郑重表示，它总体上肯定武装冲突与有关国家在经济上转向军事支出，最终以牺牲给发展中国家的发展援助二者之间的关联。“新的全球人类秩序”强调，“若能将每年花在军备竞赛上的钱哪怕很小的百分比转用于和平与发展事业，若能将发达国家全国预算的极小比例转用于对发展中国家的援助，则世界就可能变成一个更美好的生活之地”。例如，联合国开发计划署指出，若20世纪90年代的军事支出每年减少哪怕3%，则将产生1万亿美元的“和平红利”。", "因此，圭亚那合作共和国政府赞同第65/52号决议第4段的内容，即鼓励“国际社会实现千年发展目标，在2011年审查为此取得的进展时指出裁军能够为实现千年目标作出的贡献，并作出更大努力，把裁军、人道主义和发展活动综合起来”。为此，圭亚那的减贫战略方案一号以及其后继方案，即减贫战略方案二号(2008-2012年)有助于减少贫穷以及使穷人和弱势群体更平等地获取服务，并创造扩大了社会安全的机会，而且圭亚那也因此可能到2015年时实现八项千年发展目标中的四项。这些方案的政策考虑因素与贾根博士的“新的全球人类秩序”中的许多关切相同，并特别认识到，和平解决问题，而不是武装冲突将导致军事支出的普遍减少，从而提供一个更易获取和使用的途径，借以为圭亚那这样的发展中国家争取发展援助。", "正如贾根博士指出的那样，造成我们问题的主要因素以及因此其解决方案的关键因素均在很大程度上处于我们的直接控制之外。尽管我们坚定不移且具有坚持正确道路的政治意愿，但若国际社会不以有意义和切实可行的方式予以支持，则我们的努力不会成功。和平解决冲突有助于推动这种国际社会支持的概念，因为相比于武装冲突，和平的环境会吸引更多的资金，专门用于发展中国家。", "圭亚那在2010年5月普遍定期审查机制下提出的报告介绍了圭亚那为减少贫穷、创造经济、政治和社会稳定以及促进和保护人权而作出的努力。", "黎巴嫩", "[原件：阿拉伯文] [2011年5月20日]", "黎巴嫩一贯支持裁军，尤其是裁减大规模毁灭性武器，这是鉴于此种武器对安全与和平造成的威胁以及所花的费用，如果将这些费用转用于各种领域的发展，就可以作出重大贡献。", "黎巴嫩遭受着武装冲突的危害，并需要得到可减轻此种苦难的援助。尽管我国正面临严峻的安全和军事局势，军队在边界沿线和国内须履行繁重的职责，以实施安全理事会第1701(2006)号决议，但是我国仍在使用一切现有手段，促进经济和社会发展。", "此事也涉及其他部委，不妨征求它们的意见。", "墨西哥", "[原件：西班牙文] [2011年5月31日]", "墨西哥认为，裁军和发展是国际社会在发展、消除贫穷和消灭危害人类的疾病领域面临的挑战。", "墨西哥承认裁军和发展之间的共生关系以及安全在这方面至关重要的作用，也同样关切目前更多的资源正用于全球军事目的，而这些资源本可用于在世界各地满足发展需要。因此，墨西哥支持有助于有效履行裁军和发展承诺的倡议。", "墨西哥坚信，切实履行现有裁军和军备控制协定提出的国际承诺，可有助于应对对社会经济发展的有害影响。", "墨西哥注意到，秘书长已邀请会员国提供资料，说明它们采取了哪些措施和作出了哪些努力，将通过执行各项裁军与军备限制协定而节约的资源的一部分用于经济和社会发展，以缩小发达国家与发展中国家间不断扩大的差距，因此提出下列资料：", "• 墨西哥政府通过各种社会机构在三级政府的协调一致行动，在以下方面取得显著进展：普及卫生保健服务、高品质教育和大幅度减少极端贫穷。", "• 墨西哥的社会政策有助于采取综合和协调一致的行动，以最大限度地提高社会影响和促进资源的使用。", "• 从2007年到2009年，即总统费利佩·卡尔德隆政府前3年期间，拨给社会发展的可列入方案的支出实际增长19%。", "• 在墨西哥，社会政策在联邦政府议程上占据重要位置。作为优先于其他部门的事项，以及按照社会发展法的规定，均不允许社会发展的专用预算比上一财年实质降低。这方面的支出增长速度必须至少不低于国内生产总值(GDP)估计增长速度。", "• 墨西哥政府实施单一的战略，即“生活更美好”战略，其中包括所有根据其社会政策而实施的行动和方案。由于“生活更美好”战略，才有可能在全国边缘地区创造收入机会；扩大低收入人群获得教育、医疗保健、食物和体面住房的机会；以及改善基础设施。", "• “生活更美好”战略的行动领域包括：对墨西哥人的能力建设；帮助墨西哥人应付各种突发事件的社会保障网络；建立社会政策和经济政策之间的联系，以提高墨西哥人的能力和技能，帮助他们成功地参与经济发展；以及创造环境，即更有利于全面发展的环境。", "• 过去二十年，墨西哥社会发展方面的支出呈上升趋势，从1990年至2007年实质增长276%。从1990年到1994年，社会支出增加了91%，从1994年到1995年下降了23%；从1996年至2007年再次增长，实现从5 370亿比索到11 360亿比索的名义增长。", "• 社会发展的方面的支出在可编入方案的支出总额中的百分比从1990年的38%增至2010年的57.2%。", "• 2010年，共拨款1 476 862 200 000比索用于社会发展。", "• 在资源总额中，33.6%用于教育；24.1%用于医疗保健，22.9%用于社会保障；11.4%用于城市规划、住房和地区发展；5.0%用于社会援助，3.0%用于饮用水和污水处理系统。", "葡萄牙", "[原件：英文] [2011年8月24日]", "2007年和2010年之间，葡萄牙共投入22 435欧元用于在安哥拉和其他发展中国家清除杀伤人员地雷项目。在此背景下，葡萄牙也希望告知，一个经审查的《国家安全和发展战略》于2009年获得通过。该战略注重连贯性和效率，并确保所有葡萄牙项目之间更好的协调。该战略还促进采用更广泛的做法并将人类安全作为葡萄牙合作政策主要目标的重中之重。", "卡塔尔", "[原件：英文] [2011年5月12日]", "卡塔尔国政府认为，卡塔尔不拥有大规模毁灭性武器，并已加入所有禁止此类武器的条约。在常规武器方面，卡塔尔国拥有此类武器的数量仅足以用于在必要时，针对周边国际和区域局势，保护其自身的安全和主权。这一政策体现在为仅限于实现这一目标而维持的武器预算。因此，卡塔尔的经济和社会发展计划正在加快步伐，以早日实现我们民族的发展和我国公民的繁荣。", "乌克兰", "[原件：俄文] [2011年5月6日]", "我国在2008年至2017期间实施了一个处置常规弹药的特别国家方案，2010年至2014年期间又实施了一个处置液体导弹推进剂组件的特别国家方案，这对减少不再能切实使用或储存的弹药和零碎军火物件库存，起到了重要作用。", "与北约保障供给局代表进行对话，讨论是否可能提供国际援助，用于弹药和PFM-1型杀伤人员地雷的处置，这方面也取得了积极的成果。", "在欧安组织捐助国赞助下与欧洲安全与合作组织(欧安组织)就处置零碎军火物件库存开展的合作正在进行中。在欧安组织捐助国赞助下由乌克兰国防部、欧安组织和俄罗斯有关单位签订的国际零碎军火物件出售合同正在履行之中。", "创造条件，以便更多地处置武库中剩余导弹、弹药和导弹推进剂组件、2011-2012年期间被拆除的基地和存储设施，是乌克兰国防部的一个优先事项，而乌克兰的另一优先事项是履行在出售剩余弹药和零碎杂军火物件方面对欧安组织、北约保障供给局和俄罗斯联邦的国际义务。", "赞比亚", "[原件：英文] [2011年6月21日]", "导言", "赞比亚继续支持现有各种协调裁军和发展问题的机制，如联合国系统的地雷行动小组、小武器和轻武器协调行动以及解除武装、复员和重返社会问题机构间工作组。这些机制的目的是通过联合国系统内所有相关行为体的参与，确保在其各自的领域中顾及裁军与发展之间的关系问题。因此，赞比亚一直将有关资料提供给秘书长。", "赞比亚清楚世界在发展、消除贫穷和消灭危害人类的疾病领域面临的挑战。在这方面，对裁军与发展之间的共生关系的重要性、安全的重要作用以及随之而来对于不断将更多本可用于发展需要的资金用于全球军事支出的关切，再强调也不过分。从这一点可看出，联合国在裁军与发展的关系方面发挥着核心作用，因此应继续协调和鼓励联合国有关部门、机构和分支机构之间的合作。但是，我们必须牢记，只有当和平得到保证和得以持续时，解除武装的工作才可充分实现，才可腾出资源用于发展。在这方面，赞比亚关于大会第65/52号决议所涉裁军与发展之间的关系问题的立场归纳如下。", "赞比亚关于裁军与发展之间的关系问题的立场摘要", "通过在双边和多边层面运行的建立信任机制加强安全，是裁军努力的一个重要方面，应予以鼓励，以促进与联合国和其他政府间组织的伙伴关系的巩固。此外，区域和次区域倡议应针对各种问题，旨在防止大规模毁灭性武器的扩散、制止小武器和轻武器非法贸易，促进建立安全互信的措施以及促成无核武器区的前景和成功，如根据《佩林达巴条约》建立的非洲无核武器区。", "通过下列行动为经济、科学和技术合作促进和创造有利条件：", "(a) 为区域和国际各级合作创造有利条件；", "(b) 确保我们促进人力资源开发的工作普遍具有较高的透明度和问责水平；", "(c) 开展培训和专家交流以及科学考察；", "(d) 引进和发展相关技能和资源，用于建设和改善国家能力。", "在双边和多边层面预防冲突和进行和平建设。", "教育、宣传和研究活动的目的应是加强对裁军与发展问题诸多方面的全面了解。", "多边的做法应成为处理有关裁军、发展和安全问题各个方面的国际框架，并应该以千年发展目标为前提。此外，要实现这样一个理想，就必须立足于政治意愿、足够的资源以及联合国相关部门、联合国系统各机构及分支机构之间持续有效的协调和合作。", "必须加强裁军与发展问题高级别指导小组，以鼓励有关部门和机构分享和学习最佳做法，从而改善和加强合作、协调以及方案的联合编制。", "结论", "减少军事支出本身并不一定意味着有更多的资源可用于发展，因为需要在国家一级作出有关政治决策，才可能做到这一点。此外，据观察发现的一些军费支出增加情况并不一定反映军备数量的上升。这是因为随着技术不断进步和日益复杂，更昂贵的武器在这一军事支出中有占越来越大份额的趋势。还必须提到，自然和人为险情的日益频发也给军队造成压力，因为越来越多地调动军队协助重建和恢复工作，因而也要求在人力和技术方面增加投入。", "––––––––––––––", "[1] 见A/59/119。", "[2] A/64/153和A/65/132。", "[3] 大会第60/1号决议，第9段。", "[4] S/PRST/2011/4。", "[5] CCM/MSP/2010/WP.1，第4段。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程* 项目98(l)", "全面彻底裁军", "裁军和发展之间的关系", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "本报告是根据大会第65/52号决议提交的。 报告讨论了在联合国内部进一步加强裁军与发展之间关系的最近趋势。 此外,本报告还载有从各国政府收到的关于这一问题的资料。", "页:1", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 大会题为“裁军与发展之间的关系”的第65/52号决议第1段强调联合国在裁军与发展关系中的核心作用,并要求秘书长加强联合国在这一领域的作用。 大会在第2段中请秘书长通过有关机关并在现有资源范围内,继续采取行动,执行1987年裁军和发展之间关系国际会议通过的行动纲领。 [1] (中文(简体) ).", "2. 此外,大会在该决议第6和7段中再次请会员国向秘书长提供资料,说明为将执行各项裁军和军备限制协定所节约的资源的一部分用于经济和社会发展,以缩小发达国家与发展中国家间不断扩大的差距而采取的措施和作出的努力,并请秘书长就决议的执行情况向大会第六十六届会议提出报告。 本报告是根据这一要求提交的。", "3. 2011年3月31日,秘书处向会员国发出普通照会,征求它们的意见。 在编写本报告时,已收到下列国家的答复:古巴、厄瓜多尔、危地马拉、圭亚那、黎巴嫩、墨西哥、葡萄牙、卡塔尔、乌克兰和赞比亚。 这些资料载于下文第三节。", "二. 进一步加强联合国在裁军与发展关系中的作用", " 4.四. 过去15年中,联合国内外采取了各种举措、文书和方案,明确考虑到裁军、军备管制和发展之间的联系。 这方面的例子包括处理小武器非法贸易及其后果的行动、武装暴力造成的不稳定以及对其他常规武器和弹药贸易的控制不力。 裁军领域与发展有关的其他重要举措包括《杀伤人员地雷公约》和《集束弹药公约》。", "5 (韩语). 秘书长以前就裁军与发展之间的关系向大会提交的报告,为从冷战早期到21世纪就这一主题开展讨论和提出倡议提供了背景。 [2] 重要的是,长期以来,世界人力和经济资源被转用于军备已被确定为长期不发达的原因。 2005年,世界领导人承认“发展、和平与安全和人权是相互联系和相辅相成的”,这表明裁军与发展之间的关系仍然是热门话题。 [3]", "6. 国家 在 \" 一体行动 \" 框架内,联合国通过其现有的协调机制,例如联合国地雷行动小组、小武器问题协调行动和解除武装、复员和重返社会问题机构间工作组,旨在确保通过联合国系统内所有相关行动者的参与,充分而有效地处理裁军与发展之间的关系。", "7. 联合国 本报告介绍了自秘书长就这一主题提出上次报告以来的进一步事态发展。", "8. 在2010年9月20日至22日在纽约举行的大会关于千年发展目标的高级别全体会议上,60多个国家讨论了武装暴力及其对实现千年发展目标的负面影响问题。 他们强调,暴力和犯罪阻碍生产力和经济增长以及会员国实现发展目标的能力。", "9. 国家 安全理事会于2011年2月11日举行了关于安全与发展相互依存关系的公开辩论。 在辩论后发表的主席声明中,安理会指出,“成功执行维持和平行动在安全部门改革、解除武装、复员和重返社会、法治和人权等领域可承担的许多任务,需要了解......安全与发展之间的密切联系”。 [4] 2011年4月19日,安理会审议了秘书长关于小武器的报告(S/2011/255),其中充分提请注意武装暴力与发展之间的相互联系。", "10个 2011年5月在纽约举行了《从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领》执行情况不限成员名额政府专家会议。 在关于国际援助和能力建设的辩论中,人们特别讨论了裁军和发展之间的关系的重要性,并特别强调需要提高各国的执行能力,以使它们能够有效地追踪非法武器,使其回到被转用的地步,从而促进更安全和更安全的社区。 2012年8月27日至9月7日举行的《行动纲领》审查会议将进一步审查《行动纲领》和《国际追查文书》的执行情况。", "11个 联合国还正在提高其能力,以便就制止小武器和轻武器无节制地扩散和滥用问题向在实地开展工作的自己机构、基金和方案以及会员国提供有效的政策、方案拟定和咨询意见。 目前正在制订一套国际小武器管制标准和国际弹药技术准则(后一准则是根据大会第63/61号决议第7段编写的),以补充现有的解除武装、复员和重返社会综合标准和国际地雷行动标准。", "12个 此外,在《武装暴力与发展问题日内瓦宣言》的框架内,联合国在本报告所述期间举办了一系列区域研讨会:危地马拉(2010年11月16日至18日)、尼泊尔(2011年3月16日至18日)和内罗毕(2011年2月23日至25日)。 这些研讨会旨在促进区域一级的讨论和经验分享,评估了减少武装暴力方案的执行进展,并确定了有希望的创新做法。 它们是将于2011年10月31日和11月1日在日内瓦举行的第二次日内瓦宣言部长级审查会议筹备工作的一部分。", "13个 组织联合国武器贸易条约会议的筹备工作已经开始,筹备委员会第一次会议于2010年7月举行。 2011年还举行了另外两次会议。 不受管制的武器转让对安全、发展和人权的负面影响是筹备讨论过程中反复讨论的一个问题。 定于2012年7月举行的联合国武器贸易条约会议的任务是就常规武器转让方面尽可能高的共同国际标准拟订一项具有法律约束力的文书。", "14个 2010年11月29日至12月3日在日内瓦举行的《关于禁止使用、储存、生产和转让杀伤人员地雷及销毁此种地雷的公约》缔约国第十次会议从发展角度强调了在执行该条约方面取得的进展。 缔约国强调《公约》对实现千年发展目标的贡献,并再次承诺继续促进将排雷行动作为优先事项,纳入地方、国家和国际各级正在进行的发展方案。 此外,各国还同意在社会服务、保健、发展、人权和两性平等的更广阔范围内进一步发展受害者援助专题。", "15个 在2010年10月举行的《集束弹药公约》缔约国第一次会议上,各国通过了《万象宣言》,其中强调集束弹药“对和平、人类安全和发展构成严重威胁。 遗留集束弹药给受影响的个人及其社区带来严重后果,并严重阻碍了千年发展目标的实现、消除贫困以及社会和经济发展”。 [5] 在会议开幕式上,由常务副秘书长代表的联合国强调,在成功地编纂了集束弹药禁令之后,还必须就另外两项具有人道主义和发展影响的安全挑战采取行动:第一,反车辆地雷继续造成伤亡并给恢复和发展造成与集束弹药相类似的障碍;第二,在人口稠密地区使用爆炸性武器给平民造成深刻痛苦并阻碍发展。", "16. 会员国继续向联合国军事支出标准汇报制度提供资料。 2010-2011年,自1980年设立以来,首次设立了一个政府专家组来审议这一文书的运作和进一步发展。 专家组的报告为调整报告模板以适应新的安全和军事现实提出了建议(见A/66/89)。", "三. 从各国政府收到的资料", "古巴", "[原件:西班牙", "[2011年6月29日]", "尽管世界遭受了深刻的经济和环境危机,但军费开支并没有减少,而是每年加速增加。 过去十年来,军备开支增加了49%,达到1.5万亿美元天文总和。 只有一个国家负责全球近一半的军事支出。", "虽然有上千万人死于贫穷和可预防、可治愈的疾病,但正如今天利比亚的情况一样,继续发动毫无道理的战争。 这种战争从来不是解决办法,总是造成数千名平民死亡,令人愤慨地称为“附带损害”。", "武装部队是各种不可再生资源和储备的主要消费者,包括能源和原材料。 显然,主要军事强国为军事目的消耗的原材料最多,甚至超出了它们一般对资源的消耗。", "军事和相关活动吸收了很大一部分的科学和技术潜力。 据估计,全世界约25%的科学家致力于与军事有关的项目。 此外,据计算,自第二次世界大战以来,研究和发展支出总额的大约40%用于军事目的。", "军费开支对发展中国家造成的经济后果比对最发达国家更严重。 已经确定,在发展中国家用于军备的每一美元,国内投资将减少25分。 武器进口加剧了发展中国家的贸易赤字,占了一些第三世界国家贸易赤字的近50%。", "把在军备竞赛中浪费的资源数量同发展所谓的第三世界所需要的数量相比较,就是最引人注目的浪费证据。", "自1960年以来,富国在制造武器方面至少花费了15万亿美元(每年约3 340亿美元);然而,它们只向穷国转移了2.6万亿美元发展援助(每年不到580亿美元)。 换言之,富国在制造武器方面的投资至少是它们在发展援助中支出的六倍。 按照这一速度,发展中国家必须等待260年(两个半个多世纪)才能获得相当于工业化国家在仅仅45年(甚至不到半个世纪)里浪费在军事支出上的数额的发展援助。", "目前用于武器的资源可用于消除14亿人口的极端贫困;为地球上10多亿饥饿人口提供食物;防止每年有1 100万儿童死于饥饿和可预防的疾病;或教育7.59亿文盲成年人读写。", "军事开支的增加本身就造成了不信任和正当的国际关切。 我们不能袖手旁观,因为全球军事开支继续远远超过为实现千年发展目标所分配的资金。 这些问题必须通过紧急行动加以解决。", "古巴重申其建议,即设立一个由联合国经管的基金,其中至少一半的现有军事开支将用于支付,以满足穷国的经济和社会发展需要。 这项倡议除了其明显的好处外,还可以作为建立信任措施而增加价值,并成为实现千年发展目标的决定性因素。", "古巴还重申支持1987年9月举行的裁军和发展之间关系国际会议通过的行动纲领,其中包括一项国际承诺,将裁军提供的资源的一部分用于社会经济发展。 古巴还重申支持在联合国大会上讨论这一事项并落实大会决议中所载的建议。", "古巴认为,全球变暖和核武器的存在造成世界生活条件恶化,是人类生存的主要挑战。 仅仅使用全球庞大核武库的一小部分——即100枚弹头的爆炸——将在几小时内带来核冬天。", "尽管冷战已经结束,但仍有22 600件核武器。 斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所表示,其中近一半可以立即使用。 这些武器的存在及其拥有和使用的理由理论对国际和平与安全构成严重威胁。 正因为如此,核裁军现在是而且必须继续是最高的裁军优先事项。", "其成员始终站在行动和倡议的前列,以便在规定时限内实现一个无核武器世界。 不结盟运动重申致力于核裁军,在2011年5月23日至27日在巴厘举行的不结盟运动第十六次部长级会议上批准了关于这个问题的宣言。", "厄瓜多尔", "[原件:西班牙 [2011年5月17日]", "国家规划和发展秘书处的评估", "现就第MRECI-SOIS-2011-0120-O号备忘录发表以下意见,该备忘录要求就大会题为“裁军与发展之间的关系”的第65/52号决议发表评论,特别是审查该决议后为“将部分资源用于经济和社会发展”而采取的措施。", "关于军备开支的国际报告得出结论,过去几年全球开支有所增加,妨碍了国际机构所追求的裁军努力。 之所以出现这种情况,是因为在增加军备开支投资的同时,社会问题也有所增加,给各国寻求的发展进程制造了更多的障碍。", "图一 厄瓜多尔的军费开支/国内生产总值 南美洲 2000-2010年", "[]", "资料来源:厄瓜多尔军事开支——财政部;南美洲平均数——斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所。", "斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所(和研所)发表了一份令人震惊的报告,指出南美洲的军备支出增长最大,2010年达到633亿美元。", "尽管出现了区域和全球局势,厄瓜多尔在其2008年《宪法》中宣布自己为和平领土,《宪法》还将普遍裁军确立为国际关系的原则,并反对发展和使用大规模毁灭性武器(第416条)。 这使人了解到厄瓜多尔对国际机构的裁军目标的立场和参与,特别是对联合国在这个问题上的工作。", "应该指出的是,国家的主要规划工具是《国家福利计划》,它制定了补充上述立场的指导方针。 例如,该工具的国家目标5涉及“保障主权与和平,促进世界的战略参与和拉丁美洲一体化”。 基于这一目标,制定了旨在在该国创造和平文化并在国内以及与其他国家和平共处的政策。", "应该理解,不安全的反面不是安全,而是在行使权利方面的共存和社会凝聚力。 因此,减贫是防止社会不平等加剧和购买武器以保护私人财产的一个关键方面。", "图二 2006-2010年收入贫穷趋势", "资料来源:国家警察。", "由SENPLADES创建.", "在这方面,厄瓜多尔在防治由一系列问题造成的世界上最恶劣的疾病之一方面取得了重大进展。 收入贫穷趋势是以基本未满足需要的参数为基础的,我国深受鼓舞。 五点减贫促使我们继续按照政府制定的政策,为既定目标而努力。", "此外,公共投资的增加改善了多年来饱受折磨的重要部门。 教育、卫生和道路基础设施已经从以前的悲惨状态得到恢复。 20年来第一次,主要优先事项是社会支出,而不是减少外债。", "图三 2000-2010年厄瓜多尔公共投资(百万美元)", "[]", "安全是解除民众武装的一个因素", "资料来源:财政部综合财务管理系统。", "由SENPLADES创建.", "^(a) 不包括国库转帐.", "安全是解除民众武装的一个因素", "国家应被视为负责管理公共安全的实体。 作为履行这一作用的第一步,厄瓜多尔促进解除个人武装,以此作为维护和平公共空间和公民普遍共处的一项举措。", "图四 2008年、2009年、2010年全国侵犯人身和财产犯罪报告", "[]", "资料来源:国家警察。", "由SENPLADES创建.", "这些数字表明,过去两年来暴力报告有所增加。 因此,制定促进新的安全做法和执行这些做法的机制的公共政策举措被作为优先事项。", "2009年通过的新的军备控制法的主要目标是,对颁发拥有和携带武器的许可证进行管理,以作为及时逐步解除公民和个人武装的手段。 在这方面,增加了执法人员的人数,结果如下:", "表 2008、2009、2010年枪支收缴情况", "行动2008-2009年(a)", "收缴的火器 4 038 4 513 5 609", "帮派分散 301 416 498", "资料来源:国家警察。", "由SENPLADES创建.", "^(a) 2010年9月。", "通过努力改组和教育警察部队并在全国重新分配警官,其目的是改变处理犯罪问题的基本思想和方法。 根据通过的一项措施,已按地区和地区对官员的分布进行了重组。 以下地图(基多)举例说明如何在邻里一级解决安全问题。", "图五 基多市按地区划分的行政区划", "[]", "资料来源:国家警察。", "由SENPLADES创建.", "每个区约有8个区,每个区都有一定数量的警官负责维持安全和公共秩序。", "图六 公共安全和司法系统", "[]", "资料来源:国家警察。", "由SENPLADES创建.", "武装部队和警察机构的变化", "2008年宪法为厄瓜多尔公共安全概念的改变奠定了基础. 法律框架旨在指导执法官员在国家的这一转变中发挥作用。 第158和159条对《宪法》作了最相关的修改,其中指出,武装部队和国家警察 \" 是保护公民权利、自由和保障的机构 \" ,它们 \" 应服从而不是考虑,应严格服从文职权力和《宪法》履行使命 \" 。", "《宪法》将武装部队定义为国家主权和领土完整的捍卫者,强调武装部队必须对国家发展作出新的贡献。 理论的这一变化旨在改变军国主义和以武器为基础的方针,并增强一支有利于国家利益的统一和有纪律的力量的能力。 在这方面,《宪法》界定国家警察的作用是内部保护和维护公共秩序,与作为人权保障者的非军事化警察部队保持一致。", "《宪法》第168条规定,武装部队和国家警察成员由普通法院审判。 根据该宪法规定,所有军事法庭和警察法庭被移交司法机关,在军事或警察背景下所犯下的罪行被提交刑事法庭或司法系统法院。", "军事当局受民政当局管辖的部分原因是要确保民主受到民政当局的保护,并确保执法官员帮助建立一个具有强大社会凝聚力的平等而一体化的社会。 这一规范的存在,以及为履行《宪法》规定而作的努力,都是取得进展的证据。", "最后,如果同上述情况一起,考虑到厄瓜多尔关于在团结、尊重和正义的框架内建立一个基于福祉、满足人民基本需求的社会的建议,可以得出结论,促进裁军应该是发展进程的关键因素。 努力避免可能减缓发展的活动,如不必要地购买武器,是实现发展目标的关键,这是制定旨在制止这类活动的政策的充分理由。", "除了裁军与发展之间的关系之外,还必须考虑到发展与和平之间的关系。 追求福祉恰恰意味着促进一个所有成员和谐相处并避免不仅在经济和金融方面,而且在一般共存方面威胁其稳定的社会。", "危地马拉", "[原件:西班牙", "[2011年5月3日]", "由于地理位置和国内社会动态,危地马拉面临各种威胁,危及其人口和民主治理。", "该区域非法火器贸易的兴旺与毒品贸易有关,而且在很大程度上是由毒品贸易所驱动的;毒品向北流向墨西哥和美国,而武器则向南流动。", "暴力和犯罪无疑会影响国家的生产力,因为它关系到经济增长,限制了国内生产总值的扩大。", "虽然危地马拉和平协定是15年前在该国武装冲突之后签署的,但火器——无论是来自合法来源还是来自非法武器销售——的提供量增加,导致武装暴力程度增加。", "然而,随着新《武器和弹药法》(第15-2009号法令)的生效,情况一直在发生变化。 危地马拉在减少火器和弹药扩散、加强对拥有和携带火器的个人许可证交易和发放的管制以及降低与火器有关的杀人和武器进口率等方面取得了进展。", "据武器和弹药管制总局称,2008年至2009年,危地马拉的武器进口下降了30%,2009年至2010年下降了53%,2011年头四个月比2010年下降了40%。", "2008年至2009年,弹药进口下降了54%,2009年至2010年下降了2%,2011年头4个月比2010年下降了50%。", "2009年,武器和弹药管制总局储存的火器数量为7 130件,2010年为6 832件,2011年头四个月为2 170件。", "危地马拉的贫穷和不平等是历史遗留趋势造成的,对国家构成挑战。 这种情况需要政府立即予以注意,政府已作出多重努力来缓解贫困对最脆弱群体的影响。 同样不可否认的是,武装暴力阻碍发展,阻碍投资,降低保健机构提供一般护理的能力,并减少多边机构和非政府组织为高风险地区发展作出贡献的机会。", "受影响最大的仍然是儿童、青年和妇女,特别是居住在人口密度高的城市地区、非法贩毒活动多的地区和边境地区。 经验表明,暴力影响有罪不罚和恐惧的程度,使巩固法治的进展更加困难和缓慢。", "考虑到这一现实,危地马拉坚决支持为全面彻底裁军而作的国际努力,采取各种奖励措施,并制订政治和(或)具有约束力的法律文书来处理这个问题,并在国际、区域、分区域和国家各级执行这些文书,并重申其对这些目标和原则的承诺。", "危地马拉同意裁军和发展之间关系政府专家组报告中提出的观点,即裁军和发展是创造安全和福祉条件的两个最重要工具。 它还同意,通过促进经济和社会进步并创造机会,发展政策和方案有助于消除贫穷和促进经济增长。", "正如报告第61段所述,裁军在建设和平和冲突后重建进程中可以发挥关键作用。 危地马拉亲身经历了这一经历,于2005年完成了要求销毁战争遗留爆炸物的国家排雷计划,并被宣布为无杀伤人员地雷国家。 这项活动有助于消除这些手工艺品对受影响地区居民造成的风险,从而有助于在国内武装冲突期间流离失所者的安全返回和重新安置。", "危地马拉认为,对旨在防止和打击暴力并促进发展的方案的国际援助水平应与发达国家在军备生产和贸易方面的开支水平相称。 充分解决由暴力所生出的问题以及如何将它们同发展议程联系起来,是各国面临的一项重大挑战。", "本届政府在国家一级努力应对这一现实,重点是教育、卫生和发展,以此作为打击助长暴力和使用武器的条件的重要手段,因此要求安全部队拥有适当武装,以保障和平与国家安全。 应当铭记,为社会投资分配更多资源将在安全方面产生更好的结果。", "危地马拉认识到,旨在减少枪支供应和使用的政策和方案也有助于遏制暴力犯罪。", "还必须指出,危地马拉和中美洲其他地区的火器问题超越了区域和国家边界。 因此,它需要国际社会的大力支持,因为国际社会认识到,必须作出更大努力,限制非法武器向相反方向流动,以此来补充阻断毒品从南向北流动的战略。", "在这方面,鉴于拥有武器与有组织犯罪有着错综复杂的联系,持续地减少对武器的需求将取决于在打击有组织犯罪和减少非法武器流动方面取得的进展。 这必须是一项共同努力,因为单方面行动现在已经过去。", "过去一年半在危地马拉裁军和促进社会发展方面采取的措施和作出的努力", "危地马拉已在政治和业务两方面采取行动,包括承认民间社会是制定和执行适当解决办法所不可或缺的行动者。 以下是一些最引人注目的行动:", "协议、委员会、加强体制", "《全国促进安全与司法协定》已经签署。 作为协定的一部分,设立了预防和减少武装暴力委员会,以支持制定和执行旨在促进裁军和军备控制的政策,并倡导将减少暴力方案纳入国家发展政策,鼓励采取全面、包容的办法来减少武装暴力并促进发展。", "国家安全政策即将由国家安全委员会批准;政治改革委员会已经成立;国家民警地方安全委员会进行了宣传和加强体制的活动。 全国大会党和武器和弹药管制总局正在制定建立全国大会党武器登记册的行动计划。", "司法部门、检察官办公室、国家民警、国家法医学研究所和武器和弹药管制总局制定了一项机构间议定书,其中可持续发展教学所(IEPADES)是一个民间社会组织,倡导妥善处理作为司法程序主题的火器,它作为促进者参与其中。 民间社会还支持国家CP弹道指纹登记册的管理、分类和系统化。", "法律文书", "新的《武器和弹药法》(第15-2009号法令)得到批准。 随着2011年4月7日第85-2011号政府令而生效的《武器和弹药法条例》赋予武器和弹药管制总局签发最终用户证书的权力,标志着在提高现有管制系统的效率方面向前迈出了重要一步。", "共和国议会成立了一个多部门技术小组,研究对《武器和弹药法》(第15-2009号法令)可能进行的修正,并核准了第52-2010号法令,即关于私营保安服务的法律。 该法令规定了改进对私营机构和它们处理的武器的控制的工具。 《获取信息法》(2010年)获得通过,以提高国家管理程序的透明度。 2010年制定了处理武器及其指标的议定书,但仍须经有关当局批准。", "其他行动", "为促进裁军,经联合国通过联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室认证,2010年销毁了6 500多件武器。 关于预防和控制武器使用的两国方案,危地马拉作为中美洲一体化体系临时主席,推动将中美洲安全战略列为优先事项,重点放在打击犯罪、预防和加强体制等领域,并将重点放在非法贩运武器上。", "预防和发展行动", "预防暴力和发展方案: 2010年,Escuelas Seguras(安全学校)有条件转移方案使904 621个贫穷或赤贫家庭以及2 463 349名0至15岁的儿童受益。 周末开放的学校方案使25万名青年受益;而Bolsa Solidaria方案帮助为35.8万个家庭提供了粮食安全。", "这些活动优先考虑处境危险的特定群体,并争取将其纳入为个人和社区提供非暴力替代生活方式的方案,从而从预防角度解决一个多方面的问题,并有利于享受食物权和受教育权等基本权利。", "实施的其他方案包括Barrios Seguros(安全街区)、Municipios Seguros(安全市)、Comisarias Modelo(模范警察局)和两国预防和控制武器使用方案。", "意见摘要", "暴力和犯罪影响国家的生产力,因为它与经济增长有关,并限制其国内生产总值的扩大。", "危地马拉坚决支持为全面彻底裁军而作的国际努力,支持采取各种奖励措施并制订政治和(或)具有约束力的法律文书来处理这一问题并在国际、区域、分区域和国家各级加以执行,并重申对这些目标和原则的承诺。", "危地马拉同意裁军和发展之间关系政府专家组报告中提出的观点,即裁军和发展是创造安全和福祉条件的两个最重要工具。", "危地马拉认为,对旨在防止和打击暴力并促进发展的方案的国际援助水平应与发达国家在军备生产和贸易方面的开支水平相称。", "危地马拉和中美洲其他地区的火器问题超越了区域和国家边界。", "鉴于拥有武器与有组织犯罪密切相关,持续地减少对武器的需求将取决于在打击有组织犯罪和减少非法武器流动方面取得的进展。 这必须是一项国际努力,因为单方面行动现在已经过去。", "虽然仅仅贫穷不会引发暴力,但在发展水平低和新生体制中,暴力显然猖獗。 因此,减少暴力的一个关键因素是加强国家控制与火器的存在和容易获得有关的风险的能力。", "为了促进防止武装暴力,危地马拉国家所有机构、该区域各国,特别是武器生产国,必须参与制定和执行预防和减少方案,并参与民间社会在其职权范围内各领域的工作。", "圭亚那", "[原件:英", "[2011年5月27日]", "圭亚那合作共和国政府赞扬通过了题为“裁军与发展之间的关系”的第65/52号决议,同时注意到并赞同1987年裁军和发展之间关系国际会议通过的行动纲领(见A/59/119)的各项考虑。", "圭亚那合作共和国政府表示,它承诺执行大会的邀请,向秘书长提供将执行裁军和军备限制协定所提供的部分资源用于经济和社会发展的措施和努力的资料。 这些关切是圭亚那建国之父Cheddi Jagan博士阁下(现已逝去)对圭亚那同贫穷作斗争的愿景的许多政策考虑的基础,他在1995年3月6日至12日于哥本哈根举行的社会发展问题世界首脑会议上提出了题为 \" 全球人类新秩序 \" 的提案。 这一愿景后来影响了圭亚那目前的国家发展战略,其前提是从1992年至今在圭亚那本届政府执政期间实施的低碳发展战略和减贫战略。", "圭亚那合作共和国政府谨普遍承认武装冲突与用于军事开支的经济转移之间的协同作用,最终牺牲了对发展中国家的发展援助。 “全球人类新秩序”强调,“如果每年用于军备竞赛的资金只有一小部分被转用于和平与发展的事业,如果发达国家的国家预算只有一小部分被转用于对发展中国家的发展援助,世界本来是更好的生活场所”。 例如,联合国开发计划署已经指出,如果1990年代的军费每年只减少3%,将产生1万亿美元的“和平红利”。", "因此,圭亚那合作共和国政府赞同第65/52号决议第4段,即鼓励“国际社会在2011年审查朝此目标取得的进展时,实现千年发展目标,并提及裁军能为实现这些目标作出的贡献,并作出更大努力将裁军、人道主义和发展活动结合起来”。 为此,圭亚那的减贫战略方案1及其后续的减贫战略方案11(2008-2012年)为减少贫穷和使穷人和弱势群体有更多机会和公平获得服务做出了贡献,并扩大了社会安全机会,因此,圭亚那有可能到2015年实现八项千年发展目标中的四项。 这两项方案所依据的政策考虑与贾根博士的 \" 全球人类新秩序 \" 有许多共同关切,并特别承认,和平解决而不是武装冲突将导致普遍削减军费开支,从而提供一个更方便和方便的渠道来向发展中国家,如圭亚那提供发展援助。", "正如贾根博士所指出,“造成我们的问题因而也导致这些问题的解决的关键因素,基本上在我们眼前控制不了。 尽管我们坚持不懈的坚定立场和政治意愿,但除非得到国际社会有意义和切实的支持,否则我们的努力不会取得成功”。 和平解决有助于推动国际社会支持的这一理念,因为与武装冲突相反,可以向发展中国家提供更多的资金。", "圭亚那2010年5月根据普遍定期审议机制提交的报告记录了圭亚那为减少贫困、创造经济、政治和社会稳定以及促进和保护人权而作的努力。", "黎巴嫩", "[原件:阿拉伯", "[2011年5月20日]", "黎巴嫩一贯支持有关总的裁军,特别是不扩散大规模毁灭性武器的文书,因为这种武器对安全与和平构成威胁,用于这些武器的资金可用于并有助于促进各个领域的发展。", "黎巴嫩被武装暴力所困扰,需要一切可能的援助来减轻它所造成痛苦。 尽管该国目前面临安全和军事局势,而且为了执行安全理事会第1701(2006)号决议,军队必须在边境沿线和国内履行繁重的职责,但是,所有可用的手段都被用来促进经济和社会发展。", "这一事项也涉及其他某些部委,可征求它们的意见。", "墨西哥", "[原件:西班牙", "[2011年5月31日]", "墨西哥认为,裁军和发展是国际社会在发展、消除贫穷和消除危害人类的疾病方面面临的挑战。", "墨西哥认识到裁军与发展之间的共生关系以及安全在这方面的关键作用,并同样关切地看到,全球有更多的资源用于军事目的,可以用于满足世界各地的发展需要。 因此,它支持促进有效履行裁军和发展承诺的倡议。", "墨西哥坚信,有效履行现有裁军和军备控制协定所产生的国际承诺,有助于消除对社会和经济发展的负面影响。", "墨西哥注意到,秘书长已请会员国提供资料,说明为将执行裁军和军备限制协定所节约的资源的一部分用于经济和社会发展,以缩小发达国家与发展中国家间不断扩大的差距而采取的措施和作出的努力,并想提供下列资料:", "二. 支助 墨西哥政府通过三级政府的各种社会机构的协调行动,在普及保健服务、高质量教育和大幅度减少赤贫方面取得重大进展。", "墨西哥的社会政策促进采取综合协调的行动,以尽量扩大社会影响并增加资源的利用。", "• 2007年至2009年——费利佩·卡尔德龙总统执政的头三年——分配给社会发展的可规划支出按实际价值计算增加了19%。", "二. 支助 在墨西哥,社会政策在联邦政府的议程上占有重要地位。 根据《社会发展法》和《社会发展法》,社会发展专项预算按实际价值计算不得低于上一财政年度。 这种支出必须至少与国内生产总值的估计增长率相同。", "二. 支助 墨西哥政府有一个称为“生活更美好”的单一战略,其中包括根据其社会政策所实施的所有方案和行动。 \" 改善生活 \" 战略使得有可能在该国边缘地区创造收入机会;扩大低收入人口获得教育、保健、食物和体面住房的机会;并改进基本基础设施。", "· \" 生活更美好 \" 项下的行动方针包括:墨西哥人的能力建设;帮助墨西哥人应付各种突发事件的社会保护网络;在社会政策和经济政策之间建立联系,以提升墨西哥人的能力和技能,帮助他们成功地参与经济发展;以及环境发展,以创造一个有利于全面发展的环境。", "• 墨西哥社会发展支出在过去20年中一直在增加,从1990年到2007年实际增长276%。 从1990年到1994年,社会支出增加了91%;从1994年到1995年,社会支出减少了23%;从1996年到2007年,社会支出再次增加,名义价值从5 370亿比索增加到11 360亿比索。", "二. 支助 在可规划支出总额中,社会发展支出从1990年的38%增至2010年的57.2%。", "二. 支助 2010年,共为社会发展拨款1 476 862 200 000比索。", "二. 支助 在总资源中,33.6%用于教育;24.1%用于保健;22.9%用于社会保障;11.4%用于城市规划、住房和区域发展;5.0%用于社会援助;3.0%用于饮用水和下水道系统。", "葡萄牙", "[原件:英", "[2011年8月24日]", "2007至2010年期间,葡萄牙总共为安哥拉和其他发展中国家的杀伤人员地雷清除项目投资了22 435欧元。 在这方面,葡萄牙还希望告知,2009年通过了经审查的“国家安全与发展战略”。 该战略的重点是一致性和效率,并确保更好地协调所有葡萄牙方案。 该战略还促进采取更广泛的办法,并强化人类安全作为葡萄牙合作政策主要目标的优先地位。", "卡塔尔", "[原件:英", "[2011年5月12日]", "卡塔尔国政府认为,卡塔尔不拥有大规模毁灭性武器,并已加入禁止这些武器的所有条约。 在常规武器方面,卡塔尔国拥有一定数量的武器,但鉴于周围的国际和地区情况,只有在保护其安全和主权时才有必要。 这一政策已反映在为武器制定的预算之中,该预算仅限于实现这一目标。 因此,我国经济和社会发展计划正以加速步伐向我国发展和公民繁荣的方向发展。", "乌克兰", "[原件:俄", "[2011年5月6日]", "执行2008至2017年期间处置常规类型弹药的国家特别方案和2010至2014年期间处置液体导弹推进剂部件的国家特别方案,在减少弹药和无法再实际使用或储存的Mélange库存方面做了大量工作。", "就为弹药和PFM-1型杀伤人员地雷的处置提供资金而可能提供的国际援助与北约维持和供应机构代表的对话也取得了积极成果。", "与欧洲安全与合作组织(欧安组织)在处置由欧安组织捐助国支付的梅朗格储存方面的合作正在进行。 由乌克兰国防部、欧安组织和俄罗斯的关切签署并由欧安组织捐助国支付费用的一项国际mélange处置合同正在履行。", "创造条件,更多地处理2011-2012年期间拆除的武库、基地和储存设施中的剩余导弹、弹药和导弹推进剂部件,以及履行乌克兰对欧安组织、不结盟运动安全局和俄罗斯联邦关于处置剩余弹药和弹药的国际义务,都是乌克兰国防部的优先事项。", "赞比亚", "[原件:英", "[2011年6月21日]", "导言", "赞比亚继续支持协调裁军和发展问题的各种现有机制,如地雷行动小组、小武器问题协调行动和联合国系统下属的解除武装、复员和重返社会问题机构间工作组。 这些机制旨在确保通过联合国系统内所有相关行为体的参与,在各自领域涵盖裁军与发展之间的关系。 因此,赞比亚总是向秘书长提供有关资料。", "赞比亚意识到世界在发展、消除贫穷和消除危害人类的疾病方面所面临的挑战。 在这方面,裁军与发展之间的共生关系的重要性、安全的重要作用以及随之而来对全球军事支出不断增加的关切,本来可以用于发展需要,怎么强调也不过分。 从中可以清楚地看到,联合国在裁军与发展关系中具有中心作用,因此应继续协调和鼓励联合国有关部门、机构和分机构之间的合作。 然而,我们必须铭记,只有在和平得到保证和持续的情况下,裁军才能得到充分实现,才能为发展提供资源。 在这方面,赞比亚对大会第65/52号决议裁军和发展之间关系的立场概述如下。", "赞比亚关于裁军与发展之间关系的立场摘要", "通过双边和多边建立信任机制加强安全,是裁军努力的一个重要方面,应当予以鼓励,以巩固与联合国和其他政府间组织的伙伴关系。 此外,区域和次区域倡议应侧重于一系列广泛的问题,以预防大规模毁灭性武器的扩散,遏制小武器和轻武器的非法贸易,促进安全建立信任措施,并推进根据《佩林达巴条约》所建立的非洲无核武器区等无核武器区的前景和成功。", "通过以下行动促进并创造有利于经济、科学和技术合作的条件:", "(a) 为区域和国际各级的合作创造有利条件;", "(b) 国家 确保在我们促进人力资源开发的努力中普遍实行透明度和问责制;", "(c) 提供培训和交流专家访问以及科学访问;", "(d) 将相关技能和资源的开发纳入国内,以协助建设和改善国家能力。", "在双边和多边一级预防冲突并寻求建设和平。", "教育、认识和研究应着眼于加强对裁军-发展问题许多方面的全面了解。", "多边办法应成为处理与裁军、发展和安全有关的所有方面的国际框架,并应以千年发展目标为前提。 此外,实现这种理想的基础是政治意愿、有足够的资源以及联合国系统内相关部门、机构和分支机构之间继续有效协调和合作。", "必须加强裁军和发展高级别指导小组,以鼓励有关部门和机构分享并学习最佳做法,改进并加强合作、协调和联合拟订方案。", "结论", "仅仅削减军事开支本身并不一定意味着会有更多资源用于发展,因为要做到这一点就必须在国家一级作出相关的政治决定。 此外,军费开支增加并不一定反映军备数量的增加。 这是因为随着技术的进步和日益复杂,更昂贵的武器往往占到这种军事开支的越来越大的份额。 还必须指出的是,自然和人为灾害的发生增加了对军队的压力,因为他们越来越多地被要求协助重建和恢复工作,这也造成了对增加人力和技术投资的需求。", "[1] 见A/59/119。", "[2] A/64/153和A/65/132。", "[3] 大会第60/1号决议,第2段。 9. 国家", "[4] S/PRST/2011/4。", "[5] CCM/MSP/2010/WP.1, 第5段。 4.四." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 12 of the provisional agenda[1]", "2001-2010: Decade to Roll Back Malaria in Developing Countries, Particularly in Africa", "2001-2010: Decade to Roll Back Malaria in Developing Countries, Particularly in Africa", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the General Assembly the report prepared by the World Health Organization pursuant to Assembly resolution 65/273.", "Report of the World Health Organization entitled “Consolidating gains and accelerating efforts to control and eliminate malaria in developing countries, particularly in Africa, by 2015”", "Summary", "The present report highlights current progress towards meeting the goals concerning malaria control in the context of General Assembly resolution 65/273. It draws on the following recent progress reports: World Malaria Report 2010 (2010) and Malaria Prevention and Control: Sustaining the Gains and Reducing Transmission (report to the World Health Assembly), produced by the World Health Organization (WHO), and Saving Lives with Malaria Control: Counting Down to the Millennium Development Goals (2010) and Business Investing in Malaria Control: Economic Returns and a Healthy Workforce for Africa (2011), produced by the Roll Back Malaria Partnership. Data from malaria-endemic countries and other Roll Back Malaria partners, including the Alliance for Malaria Prevention, are also used. The report concludes with recommendations for the consideration of the Assembly.", "Over the past decade, malaria control efforts have attracted considerable political attention and financial support at the international, regional and country levels. At the African Summit to Roll Back Malaria, held in Abuja in 2000, African heads of State pledged to “halve the malaria mortality for Africa’s people by 2010, through implementing strategies and actions for Roll Back Malaria”. World leaders put forth the challenge “have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria” as a component of one of the eight Millennium Development Goals. In early 2008, the Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon appointed a Special Envoy for Malaria to mobilize global support for action on the disease. Following the call of the Secretary-General for universal coverage, and in response to a growing international push for a long-term commitment to malaria control, the Roll Back Malaria Partnership collectively developed the Global Malaria Action Plan. The objectives of the plan are to accelerate and sustain malaria control efforts, eliminating the disease where possible, and to ensure investment in research for new tools that would permit the eradication of the disease in the long term.", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly passed a comprehensive resolution entitled “Consolidating gains and accelerating efforts to control and eliminate malaria in developing countries, particularly in Africa, by 2015”. In May 2011, the World Health Assembly also passed a resolution on malaria calling on Member States, international partners and the Director-General of WHO to undertake a comprehensive set of actions in order to ensure the achievement of ambitious global targets by 2015.", "In June 2011, following a consultative process, revised objectives, targets, and priorities of the Global Malaria Action Plan were released. The primary objective, achieving near zero deaths from malaria by 2015, will require an extraordinary intensification of current efforts. With continued support from the Roll Back Malaria Partnership; the United Nations, including its specialized agencies, such as WHO and the United Nations Children’s Fund, as well as the Office of the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General for Malaria; bilateral development partners; and the African Leaders Malaria Alliance (a group of 39 African heads of State working to end malaria-related deaths and who track progress through a quarterly scorecard); malaria control continues to be a high priority on the global development agenda in 2011, and the accelerated drive to achieve universal coverage with today’s tools continues to produce impressive results.", "In response to global advocacy efforts, international funding commitments for malaria control have increased from less than $0.2 billion in 2000 to $1.8 billion in 2010, owing largely to the establishment of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria and major commitments by the United States Government through the President’s Malaria Initiative, the World Bank and other agencies. This increase in funding has resulted in a dramatic scale-up of malaria control interventions in many settings and has led to measurable reductions in the malaria burden. However, it appears that new commitments for malaria control have stagnated in 2009 and 2010, at $1.8 billion (approximately 30 per cent of the estimated need). Nevertheless, there have been recent new commitments from the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, which has developed a malaria framework for results entitled “Breaking the cycle: saving lives and protecting the future”, which was released in late 2010. The Government of the United Kingdom has pledged up to £500 million per year to fight malaria by 2014, an increase from its current annual funding level of £150 million.", "Coverage with insecticide-treated mosquito nets continues to increase rapidly in many African countries; by mid-2010, household ownership of at least one insecticide-treated net was estimated to have risen to 42 per cent, as compared with 31 per cent in 2008. Furthermore, more children under 5 years of age used such a net in 2010 (35 per cent) than in previous years. Household ownership of insecticide-treated nets is estimated to have reached more than 50 per cent in 19 high-burden African countries in 2010, an increase from 13 countries in 2009. Despite such successes, the percentage of children using a net is below the World Health Assembly target of 80 per cent, primarily because of low ownership of nets in several large African countries and owing to a lack of sufficient nets for all household members. Resources for further scale-up are being made available; in less than three years, between 2008 and 2010, a cumulative total of 289 million insecticide-treated nets had been delivered to sub-Saharan Africa, enough to cover 76 per cent of the 765 million persons at risk.", "The procurement of rapid diagnostic tests and artemisinin-based combination therapies for malaria continues to increase. The percentage of reported suspected cases receiving a parasitological test has increased globally from 67 per cent in 2005 to 73 per cent in 2009. By the end of 2009, 11 African countries were providing sufficient courses of artemisinin-based combination therapies to cover more than 100 per cent of malaria cases seen in the public sector; a further 8 African countries delivered sufficient courses to treat 50-100 per cent of cases. These figures show a substantial increase since 2005. However, evidence does indicate that many patients are still receiving artemisinin-based combination therapies without confirmatory diagnosis.", "In high-burden African countries that have achieved high coverage of their populations with insecticide-treated nets and treatment programmes, recorded cases and deaths due to malaria have fallen by 50 per cent, suggesting that the targets for Millennium Development Goal 6, of reversing the incidence of malaria, can be achieved if there is adequate coverage with key interventions. These results were seen in some island settings (Cape Verde and Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania), as well as in countries on the African mainland (including Eritrea, Rwanda and Zambia). In all countries, the decreases are associated with intense malaria control interventions. However, in 2009, there was evidence of an increase in malaria cases in subnational areas of three countries (Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, and Zambia) that had previously reported reductions, demonstrating the fragility of progress in malaria control and the need to rigorously maintain control programmes even when cases have been reduced substantially.", "A recent analysis showed that from 2001 to 2010, the lives of almost three quarters of a million children across 34 malaria-endemic African countries (representing 98 per cent of the at-risk population in Africa) had been saved through vector control (insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying) and intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy. The vast majority of those lives (85 per cent) were saved from 2006 onwards, when significant funding became available. The results of that analysis suggest that if current scale-up efforts continue until 2015, the lives of an additional 1.14 million African children would be saved between 2011 and 2015. Overall, in 2010, more than one third of the 106 malarious countries documented reductions in confirmed malaria cases of more than 50 per cent compared with 2000 (11 African countries and 32 outside of Africa). Ten countries are implementing nationwide malaria elimination programmes, and eight countries are in the pre-elimination phase. Another nine countries have interrupted transmission and are at the stage of preventing the reintroduction of malaria. In 2010, Morocco and Turkmenistan were certified by WHO as free of malaria.", "Resistance of parasites to antimalarial medicines and of mosquitoes to insecticides remains a major threat to achieving global malaria control. The first evidence of resistance of Plasmodium falciparum malaria to artemisinins was reported in western Cambodia in 2008. The multipronged containment response, which began in January 2009, is continuing, but there are worrisome data that suggest that additional foci of artemisinin resistance have emerged elsewhere in the Mekong subregion. In early 2011, WHO, together with the Roll Back Malaria Partnership, released the Global Plan for Artemisinin Resistance Containment, which was developed with input from more than 100 stakeholders. The stated objective of the Global Plan is to preserve artemisinin-based combination therapies as an effective treatment for falciparum malaria.", "Disbursements to malaria-endemic countries (nearly $1.8 billion in 2010), still fall short of the estimated need in the Global Malaria Action Plan to ensure high coverage and maximal impact worldwide; the need will exceed $5 billion annually between 2010 and 2015 and $4.75 billion annually between 2020 and 2025. Achievement of the Millennium Development Goals will require not only adequate financial resources, but also the strengthening of health systems capable of delivering vector control interventions, the provision of diagnostics for the parasitologic confirmation of malaria alongside treatment with artemisinin-based combination therapies, and the development of routine surveillance systems for malaria as well as for resistance of parasites to antimalarial medicines and resistance of mosquitoes to insecticides.", "I. Background and context", "1. In 2009, there were an estimated 225 million cases of malaria (5th to 95th centiles, 169 million to 294 million) worldwide. The vast majority of cases (78 per cent) were in the WHO African Region, followed by the South-East Asia Region (15 per cent) and the Eastern Mediterranean Region (5 per cent). There were an estimated 781,000 deaths (5th to 95th centiles, 628 million to 968 million) in 2009, of which 91 per cent were in the African Region, followed by the South-East Asia Region (6 per cent) and the Eastern Mediterranean Region (2 per cent).", "2. Despite progress, malaria remains a major killer of African children, so control of malaria will make a direct contribution to the achievement of Millennium Development Goal 4 (reducing under-5 mortality by two thirds by 2015). Malaria control will also contribute to the achievement of Millennium Development Goal 5, reducing maternal mortality. Without substantial progress in controlling malaria, which accounted for 8 per cent of deaths in children under 5 years of age globally in 2008 and 16 per cent of deaths of children under 5 years of age in Africa, Millennium Development Goal 4 will not be achieved.", "3. As of 2007, the United Nations (through the Millennium Development Goals), the World Health Assembly and the Roll Back Malaria Partnership had consistent goals for intervention coverage and impact for 2010 and 2015. Those goals have evolved in recent years with the development of the Global Malaria Action Plan in 2008 to become increasingly ambitious, reflecting the substantial progress made in malaria control. The targets of the Global Malaria Action Plan were recently further revised through a consultative process. The first objective is to reduce the global number of malaria deaths to near zero by 2015, which is more ambitious than the previous targets of a 75 per cent reduction in the number of malaria deaths by 2015 (World Health Assembly 2007), and the reduction of the global number of preventable malaria deaths to near zero by 2015 (Roll Back Malaria Partnership 2008). The second objective is the reduction in the number of global malaria cases by 75 per cent by 2015 (when compared with 2000). The third is that by 2015, malaria should be eliminated in 10 additional countries (since 2008) and in the WHO European Region.", "4. The intervention coverage targets in 2007 were aimed at reaching more than 80 per cent by 2010, with four key interventions: insecticide-treated nets for people at risk, appropriate antimalarial medicines for patients with probable or confirmed malaria, indoor residual spraying for targeted households at risk, and intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (in moderate to high-transmission settings). In accordance with the latest revision of the Global Malaria Action Plan, these targets have been made more ambitious, reflecting both changing WHO recommendations on universal diagnostic testing of suspected malaria and continued progress, and now include: universal access to case management (by 2015, 100 per cent of suspected cases receive a malaria diagnostic test and 100 per cent of confirmed cases receive treatment with appropriate and effective antimalarial drugs in public and private sectors or through community case management); universal access to and utilization of prevention measures (currently defined as every person at risk sleeping under a quality insecticide-treated net or in a space protected by indoor residual spraying and every pregnant woman at risk receiving at least one dose of intermittent preventive treatment during each of the second and third trimesters, in settings where such treatment is appropriate), and sustaining those levels; and acceleration of the development of malaria surveillance systems (by the end of 2015, all districts have the capacity to report on a monthly basis the number of suspected malaria cases, the number of cases receiving a diagnostic test and the number of confirmed malaria cases from all public health facilities, or a consistent sample of them).", "II. Policies and strategies for malaria control", "5. The two most powerful and most broadly applied interventions aimed at malaria prevention through mosquito control are long-lasting insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying. Because high coverage rates are needed in order to realize the full potential of either nets or spraying, WHO recommends “universal coverage” of all people at risk in areas targeted for malaria prevention. In the case of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets, this means that all people at risk, regardless of age or gender, in areas targeted for malaria prevention should be provided with nets.", "6. WHO recommends that long-lasting insecticide-treated nets be either delivered free of charge or made available at highly subsidized prices. Cost should not be a barrier to making them available to all people at risk for malaria, especially those at greatest risk for adverse outcomes, such as young children and pregnant women.", "7. Universal coverage with long-lasting insecticide-treated nets is best achieved and maintained by combining distribution through initial rapid coverage with periodic mass campaigns supplemented by routine delivery to pregnant women through antenatal services and to infants at immunization clinics.", "8. Only nets recommended by the WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme should be procured by national malaria control programmes and partners for malaria control. Such nets are designed to maintain their biological efficacy against vector mosquitoes for at least three years in the field under recommended conditions of use, obviating the need for regular insecticide treatment. There is a pressing need to move towards basing procurement decisions not on the lowest unit cost per net, but the lowest cost per life year covered by a long-lasting insecticide-treated net, taking into account the durability of the net. This approach may result in improved effectiveness of the interventions, as well as improved efficiencies and cost savings as a result of reduced delivery costs. Such a shift requires the adoption of routine monitoring of the durability of the nets under field conditions, as is recommended by WHO (World Health Organization 2011: Guidelines for monitoring the durability of long-lasting insecticidal mosquito nets under operational conditions). In addition, interim guidance is being prepared for endemic countries and donor agencies to inform procurement decisions and improve value for money, and is expected to be ready in early 2012.", "9. Twelve insecticides belonging to four chemical classes are currently recommended by the Scheme for indoor residual spraying. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) has comparatively long residual efficacy (more than six months) against malaria vectors. Under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, countries can continue to use DDT for indoor residual spraying, provided that the guidelines and recommendations of WHO are followed.", "10. Current methods of malaria control are highly dependent on a single class of insecticides, the pyrethroids, which are the most commonly used compounds for indoor residual spraying and the only insecticide class used for treated nets. The widespread use of a single class of insecticide increases the risk that mosquitoes will develop resistance, which could rapidly lead to a major public health problem, particularly in Africa, where chemical vector control is being deployed with unprecedented levels of coverage and where the burden of malaria is greatest. Monitoring and managing resistance to the insecticides used in both long-lasting insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying are vital to ensure that the appropriate mix of malaria vector control interventions is being used. Recent recommendations from WHO call for programmes to avoid the practice of spraying the same insecticide (or class of insecticides) repeatedly year after year; instead, insecticides with different modes of action should be sprayed alternately, in rotation. This and other recommendations can be found in The technical basis of coordinated action against insecticide resistance: preserving the effectiveness of modern malaria vector control (WHO, 2011). The World Health Assembly has called on WHO to develop a global plan for insecticide resistance management in malaria vectors, which is expected to be released in early 2012.", "11. Early and effective treatment of malaria reduces morbidity, prevents death and reduces the reservoir of infection, leading to successful malaria control. Updated WHO Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria were released in 2010.", "12. For all patients with suspected malaria, prompt parasitological confirmation through microscopy or a rapid diagnostic test is recommended before treatment is started. Treatment based solely on clinical suspicion should be considered only when a parasitological diagnosis is not accessible. Parasitological confirmation of malaria before treatment is increasingly important because as transmission falls, so does the proportion of fevers that are attributable to malaria. By treating all cases of fever as malaria, not only are artemisinin-based combination therapies overused, but also appropriate care for people with other causes of fever is not provided. Expansion of the use of rapid diagnostic tests will help to reduce the overdiagnosis of malaria and overuse of antimalarial medicines. In Senegal, following the introduction of rapid diagnostic tests in 2007, malaria diagnostic testing rates rose rapidly from 4 per cent to 86 per cent (by 2009); the prescription of artemisinin-based combination therapy dropped throughout this period from 73 per cent of malaria-like febrile illness to 32 per cent, reaching close equivalence to confirmed malaria (30 per cent of 585,000 suspected fever cases). More than 500,000 courses of inappropriate artemisinin-based combination therapy prescription were averted.", "13. Confirmed cases of Plasmodium falciparum malaria without complications should be treated with an artemisinin-based combination therapy, and cases of Plasmodium vivax should be treated with chloroquine in areas where it is effective, or with an appropriate artemisinin-based combination therapy in areas where the resistance of Plasmodium vivax to chloroquine has been documented. Treatment of Plasmodium vivax should be combined with 14 days of primaquine to prevent relapse, after confirming that the patient does not have glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. A single dose of primaquine may be added to an artemisinin-based combination therapy for treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria as an anti-gametocyte medicine, particularly as a component of a pre‑elimination or elimination programme, provided the risk of haemolysis in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency has been considered.", "14. Artemisinin-based combination therapies not only are efficacious, but also help to prevent the emergence and spread of drug-resistant Plasmodium. Five such therapies are currently recommended for use because of their safety and efficacy: artemether-lumefantrine, artesunate-amodiaquine, artesunate-mefloquine, artesunate-sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (which has recently received regulatory approval from the European Medicines Agency). The choice of the therapy should be based on the efficacy of the combination in the country or area of intended use. Artemisinin-based fixed-dose combinations are strongly preferable to loose individual medicines that are co-blistered or co-dispensed.", "15. In November 2010, the results of a trial known as Aquamat proved that parenteral artesunate is superior to quinine for the treatment of severe malaria, including among children living in high malaria transmission areas in Africa. Based on these results, WHO has updated the guidelines for the treatment of malaria, and now recommends parenteral artesunate (intravenous or intramuscular), as first choice treatment for severe malaria in all endemic areas. Accelerated action is needed at the country level to ensure that national policies are updated accordingly. In November 2010, WHO pre-qualified Artesunate IV, manufactured by Guilin Pharmaceutical in China. Therefore, this medicine can now be procured by multiple international funding agencies, including the Global Fund, making possible a large increase in procurement and access to this important and life-saving medicine.", "16. Intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy with sulfadoxine pyrimethamine, given two to three times during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy during antenatal care visits, is recommended for pregnant women in areas of high transmission. Intermittent preventive treatment in infants, using a single dose of sulfadoxine pyrimethamine administered three times during the first year of life at routine expanded programme on immunization visits, is recommended for areas of high transmission where sulfadoxine pyrimethamine still remains effective as a preventive medicine.", "17. Parasite resistance has rendered previous antimalarial medicines ineffective in most parts of the world, threatening malaria control. The highly effective artemisinin derivatives and their partner drugs are vulnerable to the same risk. WHO recommends that oral artemisinin-based monotherapies not be used for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria and that they be withdrawn from the market and replaced with artemisinin-based combination therapies.", "III. Financing of malaria control", "18. Advocacy efforts at the global, regional and national levels over the course of the past 10 years spurred an upsurge in terms of political and financial commitment to malaria control efforts.", "19. Financial commitments to malaria control on the part of external agencies have increased dramatically from approximately $0.3 billion per year in 2003 to $1.8 billion in 2010. However, commitments appear to have stagnated in 2009 and 2010, at $1.8 billion. While commitments are critical, it is the international disbursements for malaria to malaria-endemic countries that determine progress. These disbursements increased from $35 million in 2000 to $200 million in 2004 to more than $1.5 billion in 2009, a fortyfold increase.", "20. The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria accounted for $2.8 billion, or more than 60 per cent, of all external malaria-control funds disbursed to malaria-endemic countries between 2000 and 2009. The United States Agency for International Development, including the President’s Malaria Initiative, was second to the Global Fund as a source of funds from 2000 to 2009, increasing its malaria funding by a factor of 30 from $10 million in 2000 to $300 million in 2008; the World Bank disbursed $54.2 million, and the combined bilateral donor countries (not including the United States) and other multilateral donors disbursed approximately $120 million.", "21. The number of countries receiving external assistance for malaria increased from 29 in 2000 to 77 in 2008 (out of a total of 106 malaria-endemic countries in 2010). The highest per capita expenditure continued to be seen in countries with smaller populations at risk. There is an approximate difference of ninetyfold between the per-person-at-risk funding level in sub-Saharan Africa; Côte d’Ivoire received $0.57 per person at risk, and Sao Tome and Principe received $50.93 per person at risk over the seven-year period from 2003 to 2009. External financing appears to be concentrated on programme activities, particularly the procurement of insecticide-treated nets, antimalarial medicines and indoor residual spraying. A larger proportion of national government financing is directed towards human resources, although significant amounts are also spent on antimalarial medicines and spraying.", "22. An analysis of the malaria prevention and control programmes of private sector efforts by three companies in Zambia (Mopani Copper Mines, Konkola Copper Mines and Zambia Sugar) showed that among the 157,000 individuals (including 33,000 employees, their dependants and surrounding members of the community) protected over the period from 2000 to 2009, annual malaria cases decreased 94 per cent, annual malaria-related workdays lost decreased 94 per cent and malaria-related spending at company clinics decreased 76 per cent. A total of 108,000 malaria episodes were averted, and more than 300 lives were saved. Other public-private partnerships — AngloGold Ashanti in Ghana, Marathon Oil in Equatorial Guinea and BHP Billiton in Mozambique — all reduced company health-care costs and workdays lost to malaria. These results indicate a minimum return on malaria control investment of 28 per cent, providing unprecedented evidence that businesses can and should be involved in malaria control efforts.", "23. Information on domestic financing for malaria is less complete and likely contributed to an overall underestimate of the total financial resources available for malaria control. Nonetheless, domestic spending on malaria control appears to have risen in all WHO regions in the countries that report financial data. Large increases in donor financing do not appear to have resulted in an overall reduction in the amount of domestic financing, although countries that had reduced their spending had received more external financing than those that increased their domestic spending.", "24. Government financing frequently covers the fixed costs of operating malaria programmes, including human resources and programme management (including information systems, planning workshops, supervision, etc.). The expenditures of these external agencies, such as the Global Fund and President’s Malaria Initiative, are more often directed to the financing of variable costs, such as the provision of commodities and their distribution.", "25. While the total funds available for malaria control have increased to unprecedented levels they are still lower than the annual amount estimated in the Global Malaria Action Plan — between $5.0 billion and $6.2 billion per year between 2009 and 2015 — to successfully control malaria.", "IV. Programme implementation: vector control", "26. In 2009, 23 countries in the African Region and 42 outside it had adopted the WHO recommendation that mosquito nets be provided for all age groups at risk for malaria, not just women and children; this represents an increase of 13 countries since 2008. A total of 83 countries, of which 39 are in the African Region, distribute insecticide-treated nets free of charge.", "27. According to data provided by the Alliance for Malaria Prevention of the Roll Back Malaria Partnership, the number of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets delivered to sub-Saharan African countries rose from 5.6 million per year in 2004 to 88.5 million per year in 2009. In 2010 a further 141 million insecticide-treated nets were delivered. Thus, in less than three years between 2008 and 2010, a cumulative total of 289 million insecticide-treated nets were supplied and delivered to sub‑Saharan Africa, enough to cover 76 per cent of the 765 million persons at risk (assuming two people sleeping under each net).", "28. More than 50 per cent of the insecticide-treated nets provided between 2008 and 2010 were delivered to seven countries: the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, the Sudan, Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania, which comprise 56 per cent of the population at risk in sub-Saharan Africa.", "29. The percentage of children using insecticide-treated nets is still below the World Healthy Assembly target of 80 per cent, partly because up to the end of 2009, insecticide-treated net ownership remained low in some parts of the largest African countries. Resources for further scale-up have subsequently been made available, with more than 140 million nets delivered in 2010, including at least 52 million to the three most populous countries in Africa (the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia and Nigeria).", "30. Household survey data for 2007-2009 indicate that 10 countries (Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Mali, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo and Zambia) had reached a household ownership rate of insecticide-treated nets of more than 50 per cent. The proportion of children sleeping under a net in 2010 was estimated to be 35 per cent, compared with 17 per cent in 2007. The low rates of use reported in some surveys are due primarily to a lack of sufficient nets to cover all household members; however, a very high proportion of available insecticide-treated nets (80 per cent) is used.", "31. A model-based estimate showed that 42 per cent of African households owned at least one insecticide-treated net, and 35 per cent of children under 5 years of age slept under such a net in 2010. Household ownership of insecticide-treated nets was estimated in this model to have reached 50 per cent or higher in 19 African countries in 2010.", "32. A consistent pattern emerges across countries showing that persons aged 5‑19 years are least likely to use an insecticide-treated net compared with those in the younger and older age groups, which is cause for concern, as such persons are at significant risk of malaria, especially as its transmission falls. Women are slightly more likely to sleep under an insecticide-treated net than men (ratio women:men = 1.1) owing partly to the fact that pregnant women are more likely to sleep under a net. There are no differences in usage rates between female and male children under 5 years of age.", "33. Indoor residual spraying programmes have expanded considerably in recent years. In 2009, 71 countries, 32 of which are in Africa, reported recommending indoor residual spraying. A total of 168 million persons were protected by indoor residual spraying in 2009; the number of people protected by spraying in the African Region rose from 10 million in 2005 to 73 million in 2009, corresponding to the protection of 10 per cent of the at-risk population. Twelve countries protected more than 10 per cent of their populations at risk in 2009: Sao Tome and Principe (83 per cent), South Africa (80 per cent), Equatorial Guinea (79 per cent), Ethiopia (50 per cent), Gambia (47 per cent), Zambia (43 per cent), Zimbabwe (41 per cent), Madagascar (34 per cent), Mozambique (36 per cent), Namibia (31 per cent), Botswana (18 per cent) and Rwanda (14 per cent).", "V. Programme implementation: diagnosis", "34. The percentage of reported suspected malaria cases receiving a parasitological test has increased between 2005 and 2009, particularly in the African Region (from 26 per cent to 35 per cent), the Eastern Mediterranean Region (47 per cent to 68 per cent) and South-East Asia Region, excluding India (from 58 per cent to 95 per cent). Low rates persist in the majority of African countries: in 21 out of 42 countries, which reported on testing, the percentage of cases tested was less than 20 per cent. However, major scale-up efforts are currently under way following the 2010 WHO recommendation for universal access to diagnostic testing of suspected malaria cases.", "35. The number of rapid diagnostic tests delivered increased rapidly in 2009 from less than 200,000 in 2005 to about 30 million in 2009, with most rapid diagnostic tests (44 per cent) being used in the African Region, followed by the South-East Asia Region (41 per cent) and the Eastern Mediterranean Region (11 per cent). However, these totals are likely to underestimate the quantity of rapid diagnostic tests distributed, as only 21 of the 43 endemic countries in the African Region reported such data in 2009.", "36. A wide range of brands of rapid diagnostic tests is available on the market, and products differ in their performance. In addition, test performance is affected by extremes of heat and humidity, conditions that frequently prevail in malaria-endemic settings. In order to ensure the high-quality rapid diagnostic tests, countries are advised to procure products that have demonstrated good performance in the WHO Rapid Diagnostic Test Evaluation Programme. The programme, which was launched in 2006 in collaboration with the Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, assesses and reports on the performance of rapid diagnostic test products and serves as a guide for countries and procurement agencies in selecting high-quality tests. A third round of performance test results is now available. An unprecedented number of product submission requests were received, and 50 products were tested after limiting submission to three per manufacturer; of those products, 23 were resubmissions from previous rounds. A major improvement in quality was observed in the resubmitted products, with an increase in median parasite detection score at low parasite densities from 63 per cent to 84 per cent for Plasmodium falciparum and 30 per cent to 63 per cent for Plasmodium vivax, demonstrating that manufacturers are being guided by the testing process to improve the quality of their products. Since the performance of various production lots of individual products often varies over time, it is recommended that all lots of procured products be checked for quality through lot testing prior to large-scale deployment in the field and that a process for the monitoring of rapid diagnostic test performance in the field be put in place. The Rapid Diagnostic Test Evaluation Programme provides the service of lot testing of rapid diagnostic tests at several regional centres.", "VI. Programme implementation: treatment", "37. By 2009, 77 of 86 Plasmodium falciparum malaria-endemic countries and territories had adopted artemisinin-based combination therapies for use as part of their national drug policies.", "38. The use of oral artemisinin-based monotherapies threatens the therapeutic life of artemisinin-based combination therapies by fostering the spread of resistance. Despite the appeal made by WHO for a halt in the use of these medicines (World Health Assembly resolution 60.18, endorsed by all WHO member States in May 2007), production continues, and many countries have not yet withdrawn them from their markets. Since the appeal of WHO, 35 countries have withdrawn marketing authorization for oral artemisinin-based monotherapy. Out of 80 companies involved in the production and marketing of these medicines, a total of 46 have de-listed oral artemisinin-based monotherapy from their product catalogues. However, there is more work to be done, as 34 companies, mainly those targeting the private-sector markets of malaria-endemic countries, are still actively marketing monotherapies. Greater assistance to national drug regulatory authorities is required to phase out oral artemisinin-based monotherapies from the market.", "39. The procurement of artemisinin-based combination therapies for the public sector continues to increase, rising from more than 76 million treatment courses in 2006 to 158 million in 2009.", "40. The number of artemisinin-based combination therapies distributed by national malaria control programmes appears to have increased between 2007 and 2009, but reporting by country is incomplete. Nevertheless, country reports indicate that by the end of 2009, 11 African countries were providing sufficient courses of artemisinin-based combination therapies to cover more than 100 per cent of malaria cases seen in the public sector; a further eight African countries delivered sufficient courses to treat 50-100 per cent of cases. These figures represent a substantial increase since 2005, when only five countries were providing sufficient courses of artemisinin-based combination therapy to cover more than 50 per cent of patients treated in the public sector. However, the number of artemisinin-based combination therapy courses distributed by national malaria control programmes in the African Region in 2009 exceeded the total number of diagnostic tests carried out (microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests) by a factor of 2.4, indicating that many patients are still receiving artemisinin-based combination therapies without confirmatory diagnosis.", "41. By combining household survey data with health facility data, it can be estimated that, on average, 65 per cent of treatment needs are fulfilled for patients attending public health facilities. In the private sector, febrile patients are 25 per cent less likely to receive an antimalarial than those visiting public sector facilities, while those that stay at home are 60 per cent less likely.", "42. The Affordable Medicines Facility for Malaria, an innovative financing mechanism designed to expand access to the most effective malaria treatments, has launched a pilot to increase access to artemisinin-based combination therapies in the private sector and to displace cheaper but ineffective medicines and monotherapies that promote drug resistance. Managed by the Global Fund, this programme is being piloted in eight countries and will operate for approximately 24 months before being reviewed through an independent evaluation to determine whether to expand, accelerate, modify or suspend the Facility. The Global Fund board is expected to make this decision in 2012.", "43. The first evidence of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to artemisinin in western Cambodia was published in 2008. A multipronged project to contain the spread of artemisinin resistance was implemented on the Cambodia-Thailand border that began in January 2009 is continuing. However, there are concerning data to suggest that foci of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum may have emerged in other sites in the Mekong subregion. In response to this grave threat to global malaria control efforts, WHO worked with more than 100 stakeholders across the Roll Back Malaria Partnership to develop the Global Plan for Artemisinin Resistance Containment. The plan, launched by the WHO Director-General in January 2011, calls on all partners to collaborate in order to stop the spread of resistant parasites; increase monitoring and surveillance for artemisinin resistance; improve access to malaria diagnostic testing and rational treatment with artemisinin-based combination therapies; invest in artemisinin resistance-related research; and motivate action and mobilize resources.", "VII. Preventive treatment", "44. A total of 33 of 43 endemic countries in the African Region, as well as two countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (Somalia and Sudan) and one in the Western Pacific Region (Papua New Guinea), had adopted intermittent preventive treatment for pregnant women as a national policy by the end of 2009. Data on intermittent preventive treatment for pregnant women from surveys in 2007-2008 were available for eight countries in Africa, representing a combined population of 270 million. In 2007-2008, the percentage of women who received two doses of treatment during pregnancy ranged from 2.4 per cent in Angola to 62 per cent in Zambia; the weighted average remained low, at 12 per cent, owing to low coverage rates in the largest countries. Data reported by national malaria control programmes in 22 high-burden countries in the African Region indicate that the percentage of women attending antenatal clinics who received the second dose of intermittent preventive treatment was 55 per cent.", "VIII. Impact of control programmes in the World Health Organization African Region", "45. A total of 11 countries and one area in the African Region showed a reduction of more than 50 per cent in either confirmed malaria cases or malaria admissions and deaths in recent years (Algeria, Botswana, Cape Verde, Eritrea, Madagascar, Namibia, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, and Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania). In all countries, the decreases are associated with intensive scale-up of malaria control interventions. As a result of these significant reductions in malaria-related disease burdens, progress towards the halving of under-five mortality (Millennium Development Goal 4) has been accelerated.", "46. Similar impacts may have occurred in other high-burden African countries, but changes in morbidity and mortality have been difficult to routinely detect because disease surveillance systems are not sufficiently developed. Based on malaria prevention scale-up (intermittent preventive treatment for pregnant women, insecticide-treated nets, indoor residual spraying) in 34 African countries over the past decade, it is estimated that more than 735,000 lives have been saved between 2000 and 2010, most of them since 2006.", "47. In 2009, there was evidence of an increase in malaria cases in three countries that had previously reported reductions (Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe and Zambia). The reasons for these resurgences are not known with certainty, but they highlight the fragility of progress in malaria control and the need to rigorously maintain control programmes even when cases have been reduced substantially.", "48. Four out of five low transmission countries in southern Africa (Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Swaziland) showed decreases of greater than 50 per cent in the number of confirmed malaria cases between 2000 and 2009. Four of these countries (Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Swaziland) also reported decreases in the number of deaths from malaria. Cape Verde showed sustained decreases from 2000 to 2008, enabling it to enter the pre-elimination phase of malaria control. It recorded a rise in cases in 2009, which may be due to increased case detection efforts. Each of these countries shows evidence of large-scale malaria programme activity.", "IX. Impact of control programmes in other World Health Organization Regions", "49. In the other WHO Regions, the number of reported cases of confirmed malaria decreased by more than 50 per cent in 32 of the 56 malaria-endemic countries between 2000 and 2009, and downward trends of 25-30 per cent were seen in eight other countries. In 2009, the European Region reported no locally acquired cases of Plasmodium falciparum malaria for the first time. The number of cases fell the least in countries with the highest incidence rates, indicating that greater attention should be given to such countries, which harbour most of the malaria burden outside Africa.", "50. The number of cases reported in the region of the Americas decreased from 1.18 million in 2000 to 526,000 in 2009. Four countries (Brazil, Colombia, Haiti and Peru) accounted for 90 per cent of the cases in 2009. Reductions of more than 50 per cent were reported in 11 countries (Argentina, Belize, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Paraguay and Suriname). Four of the countries are in the elimination or pre-elimination stage, and actively follow up suspected cases (Argentina, El Salvador, Mexico and Paraguay), while four others show evidence of control activities being implemented extensively in populations at risk of malaria (Ecuador, Guatemala, Nicaragua and Suriname). Brazil has greatly extended the availability of diagnosis and treatment through a network of more than 40,000 health workers who reach individual households. Three countries (Dominican Republic, Haiti and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)) reported increased numbers of cases between 2000 and 2009, with the highest increase seen in Haiti (three times more cases in 2009 compared with 2000).", "51. Reductions of more than 50 per cent in the number of reported cases between 2000 and 2009 were seen in five countries in the South-East Asia Region (Bhutan, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Thailand). The number of confirmed cases in India was 23 per cent lower in 2009 than in 2000. There was evidence of wide-scale implementation of antimalarial interventions in three countries that showed decreases in the number of cases (Bhutan, Sri Lanka and Thailand), although intervention coverage has been less than 50 per cent in recent years in Sri Lanka and Thailand. Two countries in the pre-elimination stage actively follow up all suspected cases (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and Sri Lanka). The scale of preventive interventions appears to be small in India and Nepal, with less than 30 per cent of the population at high risk covered. The remaining malaria-endemic countries reported no change or an increase in cases (Bangladesh, Indonesia, Myanmar and Timor-Leste), and the scale of control activities appeared to be small in relation to the total population at risk.", "52. The number of reported malaria cases in the European Region has been reduced substantially, from 32,385 in 2000 to 285 in 2009. Intensive control activities are implemented throughout the region. Indoor residual spraying is the primary means of vector control, supplemented by the use of the larvivorous Gambusia fish in rice-growing areas, passive and active case detection and inter‑country collaboration in affected border areas. In 2005, all nine malaria-affected countries in the European Region endorsed the Tashkent Declaration, the goals of which are to interrupt malaria transmission by 2015 and to eliminate the disease within the Region. No indigenous Plasmodium falciparum cases were reported in 2009 for the first time since the resurgence of malaria in the early 1990s. Four countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region have seen reductions in malaria cases of more than 50 per cent between 2000 and 2009 (Afghanistan, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq and Saudi Arabia), the last three of which have shown evidence of a sustained decrease in the number of cases associated with wide-scale implementation of malaria control activities and are classified as being in the elimination or pre-elimination stage. Other countries in the Region have not registered consistent decreases in the number of cases (Djibouti, Pakistan, Somalia, the Sudan and Yemen), although the Sudan has extended the coverage of malaria preventive activities to more than 50 per cent of the at-risk population.", "53. In the Western Pacific Region, five countries reported decreases in the numbers of confirmed cases of more than 50 per cent between 2000 and 2009 (China, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, the Republic of Korea, Solomon Islands and Viet Nam). There is evidence of widespread implementation of malaria control activities in all these countries, either through vector control or enhanced case management. Three countries reported decreases of 25-50 per cent (Malaysia, the Philippines and Vanuatu); there is widespread coverage of vector control interventions in Malaysia and Vanuatu. In both Cambodia and Papua New Guinea, there was little change in confirmed cases, although Cambodia has reported a reduction in malaria deaths from 608 in 2000 to 279 in 2009 (54 per cent decrease).", "X. Elimination", "54. WHO encourages countries in areas of low, unstable transmission to proceed to malaria elimination (interrupting transmission).[2] The conditions that are prerequisites for achieving and sustaining malaria elimination in these settings include the presence of a health system providing nationwide coverage of quality-controlled services, including surveillance. In areas of high, stable transmission with unrelentingly high vectorial capacities, such as many parts of tropical Africa, achieving and sustaining a malaria-free status is improbable, given the currently available malaria control tools.", "55. In 2009, there were eight countries (Argentina, El Salvador, Paraguay, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Malaysia, Mexico, the Democratic Republic of Korea and Sri Lanka) in the pre-elimination stage of malaria control. A ninth country, Cape Verde, was added in 2010. Ten countries (Algeria, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iraq, Kyrgyzstan, Republic of Korea, Saudi Arabia, Tajikistan, Turkey and Uzbekistan) are implementing elimination programmes nationwide. A further seven countries (Armenia, the Bahamas, Egypt, Jamaica, Oman, the Russian Federation and the Syrian Arab Republic) are in the phase of preventing introduction of malaria.", "56. In May 2010, Morocco became the second country in recent history to be certified by WHO as having achieved malaria elimination (the United Arab Emirates was certified as malaria free by WHO in January 2007). Morocco reported its last case of indigenous Plasmodium vivax malaria transmission in 2004. In October 2010, Turkmenistan was added to the WHO Official Register of areas where malaria elimination has been achieved. The last case was also registered in 2004. Armenia has initiated the process for certification of malaria elimination.", "XI. Summary and recommendations", "57. Progress is being made towards achieving the goals for malaria control set forth by the World Health Assembly, the Roll Back Malaria Partnership and the Millennium Development Goals.", "58. International funding for malaria control has risen steeply in the past decade. Disbursements reached their highest ever levels in 2009 at $1.5 billion, but new commitments for malaria control appear to have stagnated in 2009 and 2010 at $1.8 billion. Countries with smaller at-risk populations continue to receive more funding per person at risk than more populous countries. The amounts committed to malaria, while substantial, still fall short of the resources required for malaria control, estimated at more than $6 billion for the year 2010.", "59. The increased financing has resulted in tremendous progress in increasing access to insecticide-treated mosquito nets in the past three years. Between 2008 and the end of 2010, approximately 289 million long-lasting insecticide-treated nets were delivered to sub-Saharan Africa, enough to cover 76 per cent of the 765 million persons at risk of malaria. It is estimated that 42 per cent of households in Africa owned at least one insecticide-treated net in mid‑2010, and that 35 per cent of children slept under such a net. The percentage of children using insecticide-treated nets is still below the World Health Assembly target of 80 per cent, partly because up to the end of 2009, ownership of the nets remained low in some of the largest African countries. Low rates of usage reported in some surveys are owing primarily to a lack of sufficient nets to cover all household members; household survey results suggest that most of the available nets (80 per cent) are being used.", "60. While the rapid scale-up of distribution of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets in Africa represents an enormous public health achievement, it also represents a formidable challenge for the future in ensuring that the high levels of coverage are maintained. The lifespan of a long-lasting net is currently estimated to be three years. Nets delivered in 2006 and 2007 are therefore already due for replacement, and those delivered between 2008 and 2010 soon will be. It is a public health imperative to replace these nets as a life-saving intervention; failure to do so could lead to a resurgence of malaria cases and deaths. It is important to move towards procuring long-lasting nets based on the lowest cost-per-life year covered rather than the lowest unit cost.", "61. Indoor residual spraying programmes have also expanded considerably in recent years, with the number of people protected in sub-Saharan Africa increasing from 13 million in 2005 to 75 million in 2009, corresponding to protection for approximately 10 per cent of the at-risk population in 2009.", "62. WHO now recommends that all cases of suspected malaria be confirmed with a diagnostic test prior to treatment. As the incidence of malaria decreases through much of sub-Saharan Africa, the need to differentiate malaria from non-malarial fevers becomes more pressing. The proportion of reported cases in Africa confirmed with a diagnostic test has risen substantially from less than 5 per cent at the beginning of the decade to approximately 35 per cent in 2009, but low rates persist in the majority of African countries and in a minority of countries in other regions. A small number of countries have shown that it is possible to rapidly scale up the availability of malaria diagnostic testing on a national scale, provided that attention is given to adequate preparation, training, monitoring, supervision and quality control. Such experiences have been linked with large savings in the use of artemisinin-based combination therapies and with improved malaria surveillance.", "63. Information from manufacturers indicates that the number of artemisinin-based combination therapies procured has increased in every year since 2005. By the end of 2009, 11 African countries were providing sufficient courses of artemisinin-based combination therapies to cover more than 100 per cent of malaria cases seen in the public sector; a further eight African countries delivered sufficient courses to treat 50-100 per cent of cases. These figures represent a substantial increase since 2005, when only five countries were providing sufficient courses of artemisinin-based combination therapy to cover more than 50 per cent of patients treated in the public sector. However, information on access to treatment is generally incomplete, particularly for the significant proportion of patients treated in the private sector.", "64. A total of 11 countries and one area in the WHO African Region showed a reduction of more than 50 per cent in either confirmed malaria cases or malaria admissions and deaths in recent years. A decrease of more than 50 per cent in the number of confirmed cases of malaria between 2000 and 2009 was found in 32 of the 56 malaria-endemic countries outside Africa, while downward trends of 25-50 per cent were seen in eight other countries. Morocco and Turkmenistan were certified by the Director-General of WHO in 2009 as having eliminated malaria. In 2009, the European Region reported no cases of Plasmodium falciparum malaria for the first time.", "65. It is estimated that the number of cases of malaria rose from 233 million in 2000 to 244 million in 2005 but decreased to 225 million in 2009. The number of deaths from malaria is estimated to have decreased from 985,000 in 2000 to 781,000 in 2009. Decreases in the malaria burden have been observed in all WHO Regions, with the largest proportional decreases noted in the European Region, followed by the Region of the Americas. The largest absolute decreases in deaths were observed in Africa.", "66. Going forward, it is urgent that all countries and development partners work to maintain malaria high on the political and development agendas, to advocate strongly for adequate and predictable long-term financing for malaria control, and to sustain national financial commitments for malaria control in order to accelerate implementation of the policies and strategies recommended by WHO, thereby achieving World Health Assembly targets for malaria, the health-related Millennium Development Goals, as well as the ambitious objectives of the Roll Back Malaria Partnership, notably near-zero malaria deaths by the end of 2015.", "67. It is essential that countries undertake regular and comprehensive reviews of malaria programmes as an essential step in developing strategic and operational plans for achieving and maintaining universal access to and coverage of malaria interventions.", "68. Recommended vector-control interventions should be provided and maintained for all people at risk, particularly through: (a) replacement and continuous provision of long-lasting insecticide-treated bednets and targeted communication about their usage; and/or (b) regular application of indoor residual spraying with insecticides.", "69. Prompt diagnostic testing of all suspected malaria cases should be provided, along with effective treatment with artemisinin-based combination therapy for patients with confirmed falciparum malaria, in both the public and private sectors, including the community level. The expansion of diagnostic services can be used as an opportunity to strengthen malaria surveillance.", "70. In order to sustain the advances in malaria control, it is essential to take immediate action to combat resistance to artemisinin-based medicines, by implementing the recommendations in the Global Plan for Artemisinin Resistance Containment, including strengthening regulatory services in the public and private sectors, working to halt the use of oral artemisinin-based monotherapies and substandard medicines not meeting WHO prequalification standards or strict national regulatory authority standards, introducing quality-assurance mechanisms, and improving supply-chain management for all malaria commodities and services.", "71. It is also vital to combat resistance to insecticides by adopting best practices, such as: rotation of insecticides used for indoor residual spraying; and using insecticides approved for indoor residual spraying from insecticide classes other than pyrethroids (and compounds sharing cross-resistance with pyrethroids) in areas where usage of insecticide-treated bednets is high. These recommendations will be elaborated in greater detail as part of the global plan for insecticide resistance management in malaria vectors, which is currently under development.", "72. The expansion of interventions for malaria prevention and control can be used as an entry point for strengthening health systems, including laboratory services, maternal and child health services at peripheral health facilities, integrated management of illnesses at the community level, and timely and accurate surveillance.", "73. At the heart of all malaria control programmes are people. In order to maintain core national competencies for malaria control, a strong cadre of malaria experts, including entomologists, needs to be maintained at all levels of the health-care system.", "74. Malaria remains a leading killer of children under 5 years of age. Success in this fight is crucial to improving the health of women and children around the world, especially in Africa, and in generating progress towards the health-related Millennium Development Goals and towards the goals articulated in the Global Strategy for Women’s and Children’s Health.", "[1] * A/66/150.", "[2] Malaria elimination: the interruption of local mosquito-borne malaria transmission; reduction to zero of the incidence of infection caused by human malaria parasites in a defined geographical area as a result of deliberate efforts; continued measures to prevent the re-establishment of transmission are required. Certification of malaria elimination: can be granted by WHO after it has been proved beyond reasonable doubt that the chain of local human malaria transmission by Anopheles mosquitoes has been fully interrupted in an entire country for at least three consecutive years. Malaria eradication: permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific agent; applies to a particular malaria parasite species. Intervention measures are no longer needed once eradication has been achieved." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目12", "2001-2010：发展中国家 特别是非洲减少疟疾十年", "2001-2010：发展中国家特别是非洲减少疟疾十年", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会转递世界卫生组织按照大会第65/273号决议编写的报告。", "世界卫生组织题为“在发展中国家特别是非洲巩固成果并加紧努力以在2015年底前控制和消灭疟疾”的报告", "摘要 \n本报告着重介绍在实现大会第65/273号决议所定关于控制疟疾目标方面至今所取得的进展情况。本报告参考了最近印发的以下进展报告：世界卫生组织(世卫组织)编写的《2010年世界疟疾报告》(2010年)和《预防和控制疟疾：维持成果和减少传播》(向世界卫生大会提交的报告)、减疟伙伴关系编写的《控制疟疾以挽救生命：千年发展目标倒计时》(2010年)和《企业投资于控制疟疾工作：经济回报和为非洲创造一支健康的工作队伍》(2011年)。还利用了疟疾流行国家和包括预防疟疾联盟在内的其他减少疟疾合作伙伴单位提供的数据。本报告在结尾部分提出建议供大会审议。\n过去十年来，为控制疟疾所作的努力在国际、区域和国家一级赢得了高度政治重视和财政支持。2000年非洲国家元首在阿布贾举行的非洲减少疟疾首脑会议上保证，“通过执行减少疟疾战略和行动，到2010年把非洲人民的疟疾死亡率减少一半”。世界各国领导人把应对“到2015年停止并开始扭转疟疾发病率”的挑战列为8项千年发展目标中其中一项目标的组成部分。2008年初，秘书长潘基文任命了一位疟疾问题特使，以推动全球支持对这一疾病采取行动。在秘书长发出全面覆盖的呼吁之后并为了响应国际社会对长期承诺控制疟疾提出的日益强烈的要求，减疟全球伙伴关系各方集体拟订了《全球疟疾行动计划》。该计划的目的是为了加快并维持控制疟疾工作，尽可能消灭这一疾病，并确保投资于新工具的研制工作，以便能最终根除该疾病。大会第六十五届会议通过了题为“在发展中国家特别是非洲巩固成果并加紧努力以在2015年底前控制和消灭疟疾”的全面决议。2011年5月，世界卫生大会也通过了一项关于疟疾的决议，呼吁成员国、国际合作伙伴和世卫组织总干事采取全面行动，以确保在2015年底前实现各项宏伟的全球目标。 \n2011年6月，在磋商之后，发布了《全球疟疾行动计划》的订正目的、目标和优先事项。要实现主要目的，即在2015年底前将疟疾造成的死亡率降至近乎零，就需要额外地加紧当前所作的努力。在减疟伙伴关系、联合国(包括其专门机构，如世卫组织和联合国儿童基金会)及秘书长疟疾问题特使办公室、双边发展合作伙伴，以及非洲领导人防治疟疾联盟(由39个非洲国家元首组成的小组，致力于终止与疟疾有关的死亡，他们通过季度记分卡追踪进展情况)的持续支持下，控制疟疾工作仍然是2011年全球发展议程上的高度优先事项，而利用当前工具加快推动实现全面覆盖的工作继续产生令人瞩目的成果。\n在全球宣传工作的影响下，国际社会对控制疟疾工作的供资承诺已从2000年的不足2亿美元增加到2010年的18亿美元，这主要是因为成立了全球抗击艾滋病、结核病和疟疾基金及美国政府(通过总统的《疟疾倡议》)、世界银行和其他机构作出了重大承诺。供资的增加使得许多地区的疟疾控制干预工作大规模扩大，疟疾负担大幅度减少。但是，在2009年和2010年期间，对疟疾控制工作的新承诺似乎停滞在18亿美元的水平上(占估计需求的大约30%)。然而，大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国政府最近作出了新的承诺；该国拟订并于2010年下半年发布了一个防治疟疾成果框架，标题是：“打破周期：挽救生命和保护未来”。大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国政府保证在2014年底前每年为防治疟疾最多出资5亿英镑，高于目前每年1.5亿英镑的供资水平。\n驱虫蚊帐的覆盖率在许多非洲国家继续快速提高。到2010年年中，估计至少拥有一頂驱虫蚊帐的家庭上升至42%，2008年仅有31%。此外，与前些年相比，2010年有更多的5岁以下幼儿使用了这类蚊帐(35%)。2010年，家庭驱虫蚊帐拥有率超过50%的疟疾高度流行非洲国家估计有19个，多于2009年的13个国家。虽然取得了这些成就，但儿童使用蚊帐的百分比仍低于世界卫生大会的80%的目标，主要因为几个非洲大国的驱虫蚊帐拥有率较低，以及缺乏足够的蚊帐供所有家庭成员使用。现已提供了用于进一步扩大规模的资源；在2008年至2010年不到三年的时间里，已向撒哈拉以南非洲共累计交付了2.89亿頂驱虫蚊帐，足以覆盖7.65亿高危人口中的76%。\n疟疾快速诊断检测剂和青嵩素类复方疗法的采购量在继续增长。在全球接报的疑似病例中，接受寄生虫检测的病例百分比从2005年的67%上升到了2009年的73%。到2009年底，有11个非洲国家提供了足够的青嵩素综合疗程，可覆盖在公共部门发现的100%以上的疟疾病例，另有8个非洲国家提供了足以治疗50%至100%病例的疗程。这些数字表明自2005年以来有了显著的增加。但是，有证据表明，许多病人仍在未得到确诊的情况下接受青嵩素综合疗法。\n在其人口受驱虫蚊帐和治疗方案高度覆盖的疟疾高度流行的非洲国家里，有记录的疟疾发病率和死亡率降低了50%；这表明，千年发展目标6中旨在扭转疟疾发病率的各个具体目标是可以实现的，但必须使关键的干预手段达到足够的覆盖率。在一些岛屿地区(佛得角和坦桑尼亚联合共和国的桑给巴尔)以及非洲大陆的一些国家(包括厄立特里亚、卢旺达和赞比亚)都看到这样的成果。在所有国家中，发病率和死亡率的减少都与开展密集的疟疾控制干预工作有关。但是证据显示，2009年在以前报告病情减少的3个国家的地方一级疟疾病例回升，表明控制疟疾工作进展的脆弱性，及即使在病例大量减少的情况下仍需大力维持控制方案。\n最近的一项分析表明，2001年至2010年期间，在34个疟疾流行的非洲国家中，通过病媒控制(驱虫蚊帐和室内滞留喷洒)和孕期间歇预防治疗，挽救了1百万儿童(占非洲高危人口的98%)中的近75万名儿童的生命；其中绝大多数儿童的生命(85%)是自2006年大量资金到位后得到挽救的。这项分析的结果表明，如果目前的扩大规模努力持续至2015年，则在2011年至2015年期间将能再挽救114万非洲儿童的生命。总之与2000年相比，在106个疟疾流行国家中有三分之一以上的国家记载，2010年的疟疾确诊病例减少了50%以上(11个非洲国家和32个非洲以外国家)。有10个国家正在执行全国性消灭疟疾方案，另有8个国家处于消灭前阶段。还有9个国家已阻断传播渠道，并进入预防疟疾疫情再次发生的阶段。摩洛哥和土库曼斯坦于2010年获得世卫组织颁发的无疟疾国家证书。\n寄生虫对抗疟药物的抗药性和蚊虫对杀虫剂的抗药性仍然是对实现全球疟疾控制目标的主要威胁。2008年报告了在柬埔寨西部发现恶性疟原虫对青嵩素抗药性的首例证据。2009年1月展开的多管齐下的遏制应对措施仍在进行，但现有令人担忧的数据表明，在湄公河次区域其他地方发现了新的青嵩素耐药性疫源地。2011年初，世卫组织和减疟伙伴关系一起发布了在听取100多个利益攸关方的意见之后拟订的《抑制青嵩素抗药性全球计划》。《全球计划》的既定目的是维护青嵩素综合疗法作为恶性疟原虫性疟疾的有效治疗手段。\n向疟疾流行国家支付的款项(2010年接近18亿美元)仍低于《全球疟疾行动计划》为确保全世界高度覆盖和产生最大效应提出的所需估计数；在2010年至2015年期间，每年所需的金额超过50亿美元；在2020年至2025年期间，每年需要47.5亿美元。要实现千年发展目标不仅需要足够的财政资源，而且还需要加强能提供病媒控制干预手段的保健体系，为疟疾的寄生虫学确认提供诊断手段及青蒿素综合疗法，以及发展疟疾、寄生虫对抗疟药物抗药性和蚊虫对杀虫剂抗药性的日常监测系统。", "一. 背景和内容", "1. 在2009年，全世界发现的疟疾病例估计达2.25亿例(第5至第95百分位数，1.69亿至2.94亿例)。绝大多数病例(78%)发生在世卫组织非洲区域，接下来是东南亚区域(15%)和地中海东部区域(5%)。估计2009年死亡人数为78.1万人(第5至第95百分位数，6.28亿至9.68亿)，其中91%发生在非洲区域，接下来是东南亚区域(6%)和地中海东部区域(2%)。", "2. 尽管取得了进展，但疟疾仍然是非洲儿童的主要杀手，因此控制疟疾将直接有助于实现千年发展目标4(在2015年底前把5岁以下幼儿死亡率减少三分之二)。控制疟疾还将有助于实现关于减少产妇死亡率的千年发展目标5。在2008年全球5岁以下儿童死亡人数中，疟疾造成的死亡率占8%；在非洲5岁以下儿童死亡人数中，疟疾造成的死亡率占16%。因此，若不能在控制疟疾方面获得实质进展，就不可能实现千年发展目标4。", "3. 在2007年底前，联合国(通过千年发展目标)、世界卫生大会和减疟伙伴关系一直设有2010年至2015年干预工作覆盖面和效应的各项目标。近年来，这些目标因在2008年拟订了《全球疟疾行动计划》而变得更为雄心勃勃，反映出在控制疟疾方面取得了实质性进展。《全球疟疾行动计划》的目标经过最近的磋商得到进一步修订。第一个目标是，在2015年底前将全球的疟疾死亡人数降至近乎零(这个目标比到2015年底前将疟疾死亡人数减少75%的原定目标(世界卫生大会，2007年)更为雄心勃勃)，以及在2015年底前把全球可预防的疟疾死亡人数降至近乎零(减少疟疾伙伴关系，2008年)。第二个目标是，在2015年底前把全球疟疾病例数减少75%(与2000年相比)。第三个目标是，在2015年底前，在(自2008年以来的)另外10个国家和在世卫组织欧洲区域消灭疟疾。", "4. 2007年的干预覆盖目标是，在2010年底前4项关键干预措施的覆盖率要达到80%以上：向高危人群发放驱虫蚊帐、向可能或确诊的疟疾病人提供适当的抗疟药品、向高危目标家庭提供室内滞留喷洒及向孕妇提供间歇预防治疗(在中度和高度传播地区)。根据最新订正的《全球疟疾行动计划》，这些目标变得更为雄心勃勃，反映出世卫组织在不断改变关于对疑似疟疾病例进行普遍诊断检测和持续进展的建议；现在包括：普及病案管理(在2015年底前，100%的疑似病例接受一次疟疾诊断检测，100%的确诊病例在公共和私营部门或通过社区病案管理接受适当和有效的抗疟药物治疗)；普遍提供和利用预防性措施(目前的定义是，每个高危个人可睡在优质驱虫蚊帐内或睡觉的空间得到室内滞留喷洒的保护，每个高危孕妇在可进行间歇预防治疗的情况下在妊娠中期和晚期至少各接受一次间歇预防治疗)，并维持这样的水准；以及加快发展疟疾监测系统(在2015年底前，所有地区都能报告来自所有公共健康设施的每月疑似疟疾病例数、接受诊断检测的病例数和确诊的疟疾病例数，或报告这些病例前后一致的采样结果)。", "二. 控制疟疾的政策和战略", "5. 两个最有力也是应用最广泛的疟疾预防干预措施就是利用长效驱虫蚊帐和室内滞留喷洒来控制蚊虫。要使蚊帐或喷洒的潜力得到充分释放就需要实现高覆盖率，因此世卫组织建议在疟疾预防目标地区“全面覆盖”所有高危人群。就长效驱虫蚊帐而言，这就意味着，在疟疾预防目标地区的所有高危人群，不论年龄或性别，都应得到蚊帐。", "6. 世卫组织建议，长效驱虫蚊帐应免费或按高额补贴价格提供。蚊帐费用不应成为向所有疟疾高危人群提供蚊帐的障碍，尤其对那些最受疟疾带来的不利后果威胁的人群来说更是如此，例如幼儿和孕妇。", "7. 最有效实现并维持长效驱虫蚊帐全面覆盖的方法是，将初期快速覆盖时分发蚊帐与定期开展群众运动相结合，再辅之以通过产前服务向孕妇和在免疫诊所向婴儿定期发放蚊帐。", "8. 国家疟疾控制方案和疟疾控制合作伙伴应只采购世卫组织杀虫剂评估计划推荐的蚊帐。这类蚊帐的设计保证，若按照建议的使用条件其驱赶病媒蚊虫的生物效力在现场可至少维持3年，从而无需经常做杀虫剂处理。迫切需要不再以每頂蚊帐的最低单位费用作为采购决定的基础，而改为以每頂蚊帐每个使用寿命年的最低费用作为基础，同时要考虑到蚊帐的耐用性。采用这个方法可得到的结果是，干预措施的效率得到提高，并因降低交付费用而改善效率和节省成本。要做这样的改变就需要对现场条件下的蚊帐耐用性进行例行监测，这也是世卫组织所建议的(世界卫生组织，2011年：监测作业条件下长效驱虫蚊帐耐用性的导则)。此外，正在为疟疾流行国家和捐助机构编写用于指导采购决定和提高成本效益的暂用导则，预计将于2012年初完成。", "9. 世卫组织杀虫剂评估计划目前推荐了12种分属4个化学门类的杀虫剂用于室内滞留喷洒。滴滴涕对疟疾病媒有较长的滞留效力(超过6个月)。根据《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》，各国可继续将滴滴涕用于室内滞留喷洒，但需遵循世卫组织的导则和建议。", "10. 当前控制疟疾的方法高度依赖一种单一的杀虫剂，即菊酯类农药，这是最普遍用于室内滞留喷洒的化合物和用于驱虫蚊帐的唯一杀虫剂门类。广泛使用单一门类的杀虫剂将增加蚊虫产生抗药性的风险，很可能会迅速导致重大公共健康问题，特别是在非洲，因为在那里化学病媒控制的覆盖达到了史无前例的水平，而疟疾的肆虐程度也是最大的。要确保使用疟疾病媒控制干预措施的适当组合，就必须监测和管理长效驱虫蚊帐和室内滞留喷洒所用杀虫剂的抗药性。世卫组织最近的建议呼吁室内滞留喷洒方案避免采用年复一年地反复喷洒同样的杀虫剂(或同门类杀虫剂)的做法，而应采用不同行动模式交替、轮流喷洒杀虫剂。这一建议和其他建议载于：《为防止产生杀虫剂抗药性而采取协调行动的技术基础：维持现代疟疾病媒控制的效力》(世卫组织，2011年)。世界卫生大会吁请世卫组织拟订疟疾病媒的杀虫剂抗药性管理全球计划，预计该计划将于2012年初公布。", "11. 疟疾的早期有效治疗可降低死亡率、预防死亡并减少受感染人口，从而实现防治疟疾的目标。《世卫组织疟疾治疗导则》更新版已于2010年发行。", "12. 在进行治疗之前，建议用显微镜或快速诊断检测对所有疑似疟疾患者作快速寄生虫学确认。只有在不具备寄生虫学诊断条件的情况下才可考虑仅根据临床怀疑就进行治疗。在治疗前进行疟疾的寄生虫学确认显得越来越重要，因为随着传播率的下降，疟疾引起的发烧病人比例也会下降。把所有发烧病例都当成疟疾来治疗，不仅会造成过度使用青蒿素综合疗法，而且还会使因其他疾病引起发烧的病人得不到适当照顾。扩大快速诊断检测的使用范围将有助于减少疟疾的过度诊断和抗疟疾药物的滥用。在塞内加尔，2007年启用快速诊断检测后，疟疾诊断检测率从4%迅速上升至86%(截至2009年)；在整个期间内青蒿素综合疗法处方的使用率从占疑似疟疾的发热疾病的73%降至32%，几乎等于已确诊的疟疾病例(占58.5万个疑似发热病例中的30%)，避免了采用50多万个不适合利用青蒿素综合疗法处方的疗程。", "13. 应采用青蒿素综合疗法来治疗无并发症恶性疟原虫疟疾的确诊病例，在氯喹有效的地区用氯喹来治疗间日疟病例，在间日疟对氯喹产生抗药性的地区可采用适当的青蒿素综合疗法。在确定病人无葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶缺乏症时可结合使用伯氨喹14天来治疗间日疟，以防止复发。在考虑到患有葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶缺乏症的病人存在溶血风险的情况下，特别是作为消灭疟疾前或消灭疟疾方案的一个组成部分，可在治疗恶性疟原虫疟疾的青蒿素综合疗法中添加一个剂量的伯氨喹作为抗配子体药物。", "14. 青蒿素综合疗法不仅有效，而且还有助于防止抗药性疟原虫的出现和传播。根据安全性和有效性，目前推荐5种这类疗法：蒿甲醚-本芴醇、青蒿琥酯-阿莫地喹、青蒿琥酯-甲氟喹、青蒿琥酯-磺胺乙胺嘧啶和双氢青蒿素-哌喹(该疗法最近获得了欧洲药品局的管控批准)。应根据此项组合在所在国或打算使用的地区的疗效来选择不同的疗法。强烈建议采用固定剂量的青蒿素类复方疗法，而不是联合包装或联合配制的各种散装药物。", "15. 2010年11月，一个被称为AQUAMAT的测试结果证明，包括对于生活在非洲疟疾传播猖獗地区的儿童，注射青蒿琥酯对于治疗重症疟疾比奎宁更有效。基于这些结果，世卫组织更新了疟疾治疗导则，现在建议将注射青蒿琥酯(静脉注射或肌肉注射)作为治疗所有疟疾流行区重症疟疾的首选疗法。必须在国家一级加快采取行动，确保对国家政策作出相应更新。2010年11月，中国桂林南药股份有限公司生产的青蒿琥酯注射剂4通过了世卫组织的资格预审。因此，包括全球基金在内的多个国际供资机构现在可以采购该药，从而可实现采购量大幅上升，让更多的人能够得到这一挽救生命的重要药物。", "16. 建议用磺胺乙胺嘧啶为高传播地区的孕妇提供间歇预防性治疗，在妊娠中期和晚期的产前保健检查中进行2至3次治疗。在磺胺乙胺嘧啶仍然具有预防药物疗效的高传播地区，建议婴儿间歇预防性治疗是在婴儿出生后第一年里的扩大免疫方案常规问诊中，注射3次单剂量磺胺乙胺嘧啶。", "17. 寄生虫的抗药性使以前在世界上大部分地区使用的抗疟疾药物失效，对疟疾控制工作构成了威胁。高效青蒿素衍生药物及其同类药物面临同样风险。世卫组织建议停止将口服青蒿素单一疗法用于治疗无并发症的疟疾，应将其撤出市场，换成青蒿素综合疗法。", "三. 为疟疾控制工作筹资", "18. 过去10年来在全球、区域和国家一级作出的宣传努力促使对疟疾控制工作的政治和财政承诺大幅增加。", "19. 外部机构对疟疾控制工作的财政承诺从2003年的每年大约3亿美元大幅增至2010年的18亿美元。但是2009年和2010年的承付额似乎停滞不前，维持在18亿美元。尽管作出承诺非常重要，但要取得进展还得依赖国际社会向疟疾流行国家支付防治疟疾的费用。这类支付款从2000年的3 500万美元增至2004年的2亿美元，又增至2009年的15亿多美元，增长了40倍。", "20. 在2000年至2009年期间，全球抗击艾滋病、结核病和疟疾基金支付的金额为28亿美元，占向疟疾流行国家支付的所有控制疟疾外部资金的60%以上。美国国际开发署，包括美国总统的减少疟疾倡议，在2000年至2009年期间是继全球基金之后的第二大资金来源，其用于防治疟疾的供资从2000年的1 000万美元增至2008年的3亿美元，增长了30倍；世界银行拨款5 420万美元，双边捐助国(不包括美国)和其他多边捐助方共计拨款约1.2亿美元。", "21. 接受外部援助防治疟疾的国家数从2000年的29个增加到2008年的77个(2010年疟疾流行国家的总数为106个)。受威胁人口较少的国家的人均支出仍最高。撒哈拉以南非洲国家之间每个受威胁人口平均供资水平存在约90倍的差异；从2003至2009年这七年间，科特迪瓦受威胁人口每人得到0.57美元，而圣多美和普林西比则每人得到 50.93美元。外部供资似乎集中在方案活动，特别是采购驱虫蚊帐、抗疟药品和室内滞留喷剂。政府资金更多地用于人力资源，但也有大量资金用于抗疟药品和喷剂。", "22. 对Mopani铜矿、孔科拉铜矿和赞比亚糖业这三家私营部门公司的疟疾预防和控制方案的分析表明，从2000年至2009年期间有157 000人(包括33 000名员工、其家属和周边社区成员)得到保护，每年疟疾病例减少了94%，每年因疟疾导致的工作日损失减少94%，公司诊所与疟疾有关的支出减少了76%。共计108 000个疟疾病例得以避免，300多人的生命得到挽救。加纳AngloGold Ashanti公司、赤道几内亚马拉松石油公司和莫桑比克必和必拓公司等其他公私伙伴关系因疟疾导致的公司保健费用和工作天数损失全都减少了。这些结果表明控制疟疾投资的最低回报率为28%，以前所未有的证据说明，企业可以而且应该参与疟疾防治努力。", "23. 关于用于疟疾防治的国内资金信息不太完整，可能是由于总体上对于可用于疟疾防治的财政资源总额估计过低。尽管如此，在世卫组织所有区域中，报告财政数据的国家似乎都增加了用于疟疾防治的国内支出。虽然减少本国支出的国家得到的外部供资比那些增加了本国支出的国家多，但捐助国供资大量增加似乎并没有导致国内供资总体减少。", "24. 政府资金经常用于支付开展疟疾方案所需的固定费用，包括与人力资源和方案管理(包括信息系统、规划讲习班和监管等)相关的费用。类似全球基金及美国总统减少疟疾倡议这些外部机构的支出则更多地为可变费用供资，如提供和分发商品的费用。", "25. 尽管可用于疟疾控制工作的资金总量已增加到前所未有的水平，但仍低于《全球疟疾行动计划》中提出的要成功控制疟疾2009年至2015年期间每年需提供50亿至62亿美元的年度估计数。", "四. 方案执行情况：控制病媒", "26. 2009年，非洲区域23个国家和该区域以外的42个国家采用了世卫组织关于不仅向妇女和儿童而且还要向受疟疾威胁的所有年龄组的人提供蚊帐的建议，比2008年多了13个国家。共计83个国家(其中39个在非洲区域)免费发放驱虫蚊帐。", "27. 根据减疟伙伴关系预防疟疾联盟提供的数据，向撒哈拉以南非洲国家发放的长效驱虫蚊帐从2004年的560万顶增加到了2009年的8 850万顶。2010年又发放了1.41亿顶驱虫蚊帐。因此，从2008年至2010年，在不足三年的时间内，累计共向撒哈拉以南非洲国家供应并发放2.89亿顶驱虫蚊帐，足以覆盖7.65亿受威胁人口中的76%(假定每个蚊帐睡两人)。", "28. 2008年至2010年之间提供的驱虫蚊帐50%以上发放给下列7个国家：刚果民主共和国、埃塞俄比亚、肯尼亚、尼日利亚、苏丹、乌干达和坦桑尼亚联合共和国，这些国家占了撒哈拉以南非洲受威胁人口的56%。", "29. 使用驱虫蚊帐的儿童比例仍低于世界卫生大会规定的80%的目标，这部分是由于截至2009年底，在非洲最大的国家的一些地区，拥有驱虫蚊帐的比例仍较低。此后提供了用于进一步扩大规模的资源，2010年发放1.4亿多顶蚊帐，其中至少有5 200万顶发放给非洲人口最多的三个国家(刚果民主共和国、埃塞俄比亚和尼日利亚)。", "30. 2007至2009年的住户调查数据表明，10个国家(赤道几内亚、埃塞俄比亚、加蓬、马里、卢旺达、塞内加尔、圣多美和普林西比、塞拉利昂、多哥和赞比亚)的住户驱虫蚊帐拥有率已超过50%。2010年睡在蚊帐里的儿童比例估计为35%，2007年则为17%。一些调查报告驱虫蚊帐使用率较低，主要是由于缺乏足够的蚊帐来覆盖所有家庭成员，但是，已有的驱虫蚊帐利用比例极高(80%)。", "31. 一个基于模型的估计表明，42%的非洲家庭至少拥有一顶驱虫蚊帐，2010年35%的5岁以下儿童睡在一顶这种蚊帐里。据此模型估计，2010年19个非洲国家家庭驱虫蚊帐拥有率已达到50%或更高。", "32. 国家之间出现的一个一致模式显示， 与那些更年轻和更年长的年龄组相比，5岁至19岁年龄组的人使用驱虫蚊帐的比例最低，这一现象应引起关注，因为这一年龄组的人存在重大疟疾风险，在疟疾传播率下降的时候尤其如此。妇女睡在驱虫蚊帐里比例略高于男子(女性和男性=1.1比1.0)，部分原因是孕妇更有可能睡在驱虫蚊帐里。5岁以下男女儿童的蚊帐使用率没有差异。", "33. 近年来，室内滞留喷洒方案显著扩大。2009年，包括32个非洲区域国家在内的71个国家报告建议采用室内滞留喷洒措施。在2009年，共有1.68亿人受到室内滞留喷洒措施的保护；在非洲区域，得到室内滞留喷洒措施保护的人数从2005年的1 000万增加到2009年的7 300万，占受威胁人口的10%。12个国家在2009年保护了10%以上受威胁人口：圣多美和普林西比(83%)、南非(80%)、赤道几内亚(79%)、埃塞俄比亚(50%)、冈比亚(47%)、赞比亚(43%)、津巴布韦(41%)、马达加斯加(34%)、莫桑比克(36%)、纳米比亚(31%)、博茨瓦纳(18%)和卢旺达(14%)。", "五． 方案执行情况：诊断", "34. 2005年至2009年期间，疑似疟疾病例接受寄生虫学检测的比例提高了，非洲区域(从26%提高到35%)、地中海东部区域(从47%提高到68%)和除印度外的东南亚地区(从58%提高到95%)尤其如此。大多数非洲国家的比例仍然较低：报告检测情况的42个国家中有21个国家的病例检测百分比低于20%。不过，在2010年世卫组织建议普及疑似疟疾病例诊断检测后，目前正在为扩大规模作出重大努力。", "35. 2009年发放的快速诊断检测包数量迅速增加，从2005年的不到20万迅速上升到2009年的约3 000万，其中大多数用于非洲地区(44%)，其次是东南亚地区(41%)和地中海东部区域(11%)。不过，这些总数很可能低估了发放的快速诊断检测包的数量，因为2009年非洲地区的43个疟疾流行国家中仅有21个国家报告了这一数据。", "36. 市场上有各种牌子的快速诊断检测包，产品性能不一。此外，快速诊断检测包的性能亦受高温高湿的影响，而在疟疾流行的地方这类天气居多。为确保能采购高质量的快速诊断检测包，建议各国购买那些经世卫组织快速诊断检测包评价方案证实性能不错的产品。该方案是2006年在创新诊断基金会和美国疾病防控中心的协作下启动的，专门评估快速诊断检测包产品的性能并提出报告，以帮助指导各国和采购机构挑选优质快速诊断检测包。目前可提供第三轮性能测试结果。已提交的产品测试请求数量之多前所未有，在限制每个制造商提交3个产品后，共对50个产品进行了测试；这些产品中有23个是前两轮测试后重新提交的。这些重新提交的产品被发现质量大有改进，低寄生虫密度下恶性疟原虫寄生虫检出率中位数从63%提高至84%，间日疟原虫从30%提高至63%，表明制造商正以测试程序为指导，提高其产品质量。因为不同时间生产的不同批量产品的效能也会出现差异，因此建议在向实地大规模部署之前采用批号检测法对所有采购产品的生产批量进行检查，并在实地建立监测快速诊断检测包性能的程序。快速诊断检测包评价方案在几个区域中心提供快速诊断检测包批量测试服务。", "六. 方案执行情况：治疗", "37. 截至2009年，在86个恶性疟原虫疟疾流行的国家和领土中已有77个在其境内药物政策中采用了青蒿素综合疗法。", "38. 使用口服青蒿素单一疗法药物导致产生寄生虫抗药性，威胁到了青蒿素综合疗法的治疗有效期。尽管世卫组织呼吁停止使用这类药物(世卫组织全体成员国于2007年5月核准的世界卫生大会第60.18号决议)，但生产仍在继续，许多国家也没有将这类药物撤出市场。自世卫组织发出呼吁以来，35个国家已撤销了口服青蒿素单一疗法药物销售许可证。在80个从事生产和销售此类药物的制药公司中，共计46个公司将口服青蒿素单一疗法药物从其产品目录中除名。但是，仍有更多工作需要做，因为34家主要以疟疾流行国家私营部门市场为目标的公司仍在积极销售单一疗法药物。需要向国家药物监管当局提供更多的援助，以逐步使口服青蒿素单一疗法药物退出市场。", "39. 公共部门采购青蒿素综合疗法的数量在继续增加，从2006年的7 600多万个疗程增加到2009年的1.58亿个疗程。", "40. 2007年至2009年期间，国家疟疾防治方案分发的青蒿素综合疗法药剂数量似乎在增加，但是按国家分类提供的报告并不完整。尽管如此，国家报告显示，非洲11个国家已分发了足够的青蒿素综合疗法药剂，足以治疗公共部门接报的100%以上的疟疾病例；还有8个国家已分发足够量的青蒿素综合疗法药剂，足以治疗50%-80%的病例。这些数字比2005年有了显著增长，当时只有5个国家分发了足够的青蒿素综合疗法药剂，用以治疗公共部门接收的疟疾病例中50%以上的病例。但是，2009年非洲区域的国家疟疾防治方案分发的青蒿素综合疗法疗程数量超过了所进行诊断检测总数(显微镜和快速诊断检测方法)的2.4倍，表明许多患者仍未经确证诊断便接受了青蒿素综合疗法。", "41. 通过将住户调查数据与保健设施数据相结合，可以估算出在公共保健设施就诊的病人平均65%的治疗需要得到满足。私营部门中发热病人得到抗疟药物的可能性比在公共部门设施就诊的病人低25%，而那些留在家里的病人则低60%。", "42. 医治疟疾低廉药品机制是一个创新性融资机制，目的是增加获取最有效疟疾治疗的机会，该机制目前开展了一个试点项目，以增加私营部门获取青蒿素综合疗法的机会，取代廉价但无效的药物以及助长抗药性的单一疗法。在全球基金的管理下，这个方案正在8个国家里试行，并将在运行约24个月后通过一个独立评价进行审查，以决定是否扩大、加快、修改或暂停该机制。全球基金理事会预期将在2012年作出这一决定。", "43. 2008年公布了在柬埔寨西部发现的第一例恶性疟原虫疟疾对青蒿素抗药性的证据。2009年1月在泰柬边界地区展开了一个抑制青蒿素抗药性扩散的多方面项目，该项目仍在继续进行。但是，有关数据表明，湄公河次区域的其他地点可能已出现对青蒿素具有抗药性的恶性疟原虫疟疾疫源地，这令人关切。为应对这一对全球疟疾防治努力构成的严重威胁，世卫组织与减疟伙伴关系的100多个利益攸关方合作制订了《抑制青蒿素抗药性全球计划》。该计划由世卫组织总干事于2011年1月推出，呼吁所有伙伴进行合作，以期阻止有抗药性寄生虫的传播；增加对青蒿素抗药性的监测；提高获得疟疾诊断检测和青蒿素综合疗法合理治疗的机会；投资于青蒿素抗药性相关的研究工作；并激励采取行动和调集资源。", "七. 预防性治疗", "44. 截至2009年底，非洲区域43个疟疾流行国家中的33个、地中海东部区域的2个国家(索马里和苏丹)以及一个西太平洋区域国家(巴布亚新几内亚)作为一项国家政策对孕妇采取了间歇预防性治疗。通过2007-2008年期间的调查可提供在8个非洲国家(共计人口2.7亿人)收集到的孕妇间歇预防性疗法的数据。在2007-2008年期间，在怀孕时接受两次治疗的孕妇的百分比从安哥拉的2.4%至赞比亚的62%，由于那些最大国家的覆盖率较低，加权平均数仍较低，为12%。非洲区域22个高负担国家的国家疟疾防治方案报告的数据显示，在产前检查诊所就诊的妇女接受第二次间歇预防性治疗的百分比为55%。", "八. 防治方案在世界卫生组织非洲区域的影响", "45. 非洲区域共有11个国家和一个地区(阿尔及利亚、博茨瓦纳、佛得角、厄立特里亚、马达加斯加、纳米比亚、卢旺达、圣多美和普林西比、南非、斯威士兰、赞比亚和桑给巴尔、坦桑尼亚联合共和国)显示最近几年的疟疾确诊病例或疟疾住院和死亡人数下降了50%以上。在所有国家，相关数字的下降都与密集扩大疟疾防治干预措施的规模有关。由于与疟疾有关的疾病负担大幅减轻，在实现将5岁以下儿童死亡率减半(千年发展目标4)的目标方面，已加快取得进展。", "46. 疟疾肆虐的其他非洲国家可能也产生了同样的效应，但由于疾病监测系统的发展不够完善，很难对发病率和死亡率的各种变化进行常规侦查。由于过去十年34个非洲国家的疟疾预防工作规模扩大(孕妇间歇预防性治疗、驱虫蚊帐、室内滞留喷洒)，估计2000年至2010年期间共挽救了73.5万多条生命，其中大多数生命是在2006年以后得到挽救的。", "47. 证据表明，原先接报疟疾病例已减少的3个非洲国家(卢旺达、圣多美和普林西比、赞比亚)2009年病例数回升。回升的原因无法确定，但却凸显了疟疾防治工作进展的脆弱性，以及即使病例大幅减少，也需要继续严格实施防治方案。", "48. 在南部非洲5个低传播国家中，有4个国家(博茨瓦纳、纳米比亚、南非和斯威士兰)显示2000至2009年期间疟疾确诊病例下降了50%以上。据报，其中4个国家(博茨瓦纳、纳米比亚、南非和斯威士兰)的疟疾死亡人数也在减少。佛得角从2000年至2008年持续减少，使该国得以进入疟疾防治工作的消灭前阶段。记录显示2009年病例有所上升，可能是因为加强了病例查检工作。所有这些国家都有证据表明开展了大规模的疟疾方案活动。", "九. 防治方案在世界卫生组织其他区域的影响", "49. 在世卫组织其他区域，2000年至2009年期间，在56个疟疾流行国家中，32个报告的疟疾确诊病例数下降了50%以上，还有8个国家也呈下降趋势，降幅为25%至30%。2009年，欧洲区域首次报告未发现一例当地感染的恶性疟原虫疟疾病例。发病率最高的国家，病例数减少得也最少，说明应更加重视非洲以外的疟疾高发国家。", "50. 在美洲区域，接报的病例数从2000年的118万例减少到2009年的52.6万例。4个国家(巴西、哥伦比亚、海地和秘鲁)占2009年病例的90%。11个国家(阿根廷、伯利兹、多民族玻利维亚国、厄瓜多尔、萨尔瓦多、危地马拉、洪都拉斯、墨西哥、尼加拉瓜、巴拉圭和苏里南)报告病例减少了50%以上。其中4个国家(阿根廷、萨尔瓦多、墨西哥和巴拉圭)处于消灭或消灭前阶段，并对疑似病例采取积极的后续行动，另有4个国家(厄瓜多尔、危地马拉、尼加拉瓜和苏里南)的证据显示正在面临感染疟疾风险的人口中广泛开展防治活动。巴西通过一个由4万多名提供上门服务的保健工作者组成的网络，大大扩展了可获得诊断和治疗的机会。3个国家(多米尼加共和国、海地和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国)报告2000年至2009年期间病例增加，其中海地的增幅最大(2009年比2000年增加了二倍以上)。", "51. 东南亚区域2000年至2009年期间有5个国家(不丹、朝鲜民主主义人民共和国、尼泊尔、斯里兰卡和泰国)报告的病例数减少了50%以上。印度2009年的确诊病例比2000年降低23%。证据显示，病例数减少的3个国家(不丹、斯里兰卡和泰国)开展了大范围的抗疟干预活动，不过最近几年斯里兰卡和泰国干预活动的覆盖面不足50%。两个处于消灭前阶段的国家(朝鲜民主主义人民共和国和斯里兰卡)对所有疑似病例采取了积极的后续行动。印度和尼泊尔预防性干预活动的规模似乎不大，覆盖的高危人口不到30%。其余的疟疾流行国家(孟加拉国、印度尼西亚、缅甸和东帝汶)报告的病例数无变化或有所增加，与面临感染风险的总人口相比，防治活动的规模似乎太小。", "52. 欧洲区域报告的疟疾病例已大幅度减少，从2000年的32 385例减少到2009年的285例。整个区域都在开展密集型防治活动。室内滞留喷洒是病媒控制的主要手段，再辅之以在水稻产区利用食幼蚊虫鱼、被动和主动病例查检，以及在受影响的边界地区进行国家间协作。2005年欧洲区域所有9个受疟疾影响国家核可了《塔什干宣言》，该宣言的目标是在2015年底前阻断疟疾传播源并在该区域内消灭此疾病。自1990年代初再次发现疟疾病例以来，2009年首次未报告有在当地染上恶性疟原虫疟疾的病例。东地中海区域4个国家(阿富汗、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、伊拉克和沙特阿拉伯)2000至2009年期间的疟疾病例减少了50%以上，其中后3个国家的证据显示在大规模开展疟疾防治活动后，病例持续减少，正被列入消灭或消灭前阶段类别。该区域其他国家(吉布提、巴基斯坦、索马里、苏丹和也门)的病例仍未稳步减少，不过苏丹已将疟疾预防活动的覆盖范围扩展到50%以上的受疟疾威胁人口。", "53. 在西太平洋区域，5个国家(中国、老挝人民民主共和国、大韩民国、所罗门群岛和越南)报告2000年至2009年期间确诊病例数下降了50%以上。有证据显示，所有这些国家通过病媒控制或加强病例管理广泛开展疟疾防治活动。3个国家(马来西亚、菲律宾和瓦努阿图)报告的降幅达25%至50%；马来西亚和瓦努阿图病媒控制干预活动的覆盖面很广。柬埔寨和巴布亚新几内亚的确诊病例数变化不大，不过柬埔寨报告的疟疾死亡人数已从2000年的608例减至2009年的279例(降幅为54%)。", "十. 消灭疟疾", "54. 世卫组织鼓励位于传染率低且传播不稳定地区的国家向消灭疟疾阶段迈进(阻断传播源)。[1] 要在上述情况下实现和维持消灭疟疾目标，其先决条件包括存在一个能够在全国范围提供质量控制服务，包括监测的卫生系统。在传播率高、在具有高强病媒能力的传播率高和传播状况稳定的地区，如热带非洲的许多地区，依靠现有的疟疾防治工具很难实现和维持“无疟疾”状态。", "55. 2009年，有8个国家(阿根廷、萨尔瓦多、巴拉圭、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、马来西亚、墨西哥、朝鲜民主主义人民共和国和斯里兰卡)进入了防治疟疾的消灭前阶段。2010年佛得角成为第9个国家。有10个国家(阿尔及利亚、阿塞拜疆、格鲁吉亚、伊拉克、吉尔吉斯斯坦、大韩民国、沙特阿拉伯、塔吉克斯坦、土耳其和乌兹别克斯坦)正在全国范围开展消灭疟疾方案。另有7个国家(亚美尼亚、巴哈马、埃及、牙买加、阿曼、俄罗斯联邦、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国)处于防止疟疾再流行阶段。", "56. 2010年5月、摩洛哥成为近年来第二个被世卫组织认证为消灭疟疾的国家(2007年1月阿拉伯联合酋长国被世卫组织认证为无疟疾国家)。摩洛哥报告的最后一例本地传播的间日疟原虫性疟疾病例是在2004年。2010年10月，土库曼斯坦在世卫组织《官方登记册》中被列为实现消灭疟疾目标地区。最后一例病例的登记时间也是2004年。亚美尼亚启动了对消灭疟疾进行认证的进程。", "十一. 总结和建议", "57. 在努力实现世界卫生大会、减疟伙伴关系和千年发展目标中确定的防治疟疾目标方面正在取得进展。", "58. 近十年来，国际社会为防治疟疾注入的资金大幅提升。2009年，支付款项为15亿美元，达历史最高水平，但是，2009和2010年对疟疾防治工作的新承付款似乎停滞在18亿美元的水平上。用于高危人口较少国家的每个受疟疾威胁者的人均费用继续高于人口更多的国家。防治疟疾的承付款尽管数额庞大，却仍未达到疟疾防治工作所需资源，2010年估计需要60多亿美元。", "59. 过去3年由于资金扩充，在提供更多的驱虫蚊帐方面取得了重大进展。2008至2010年底，共向撒哈拉以南非洲提供了约2.89亿顶长效驱虫蚊帐，足以覆盖7.65亿受疟疾威胁人口的76%。据估计，2010年中期，非洲42%的家庭至少拥有一顶驱虫蚊帐，35%的儿童睡在蚊帐内。使用驱虫蚊帐的儿童的百分比仍低于世界卫生大会规定的80%的目标，部分原因是，截至2009年底，非洲一些最大国家的蚊帐拥有率仍然偏低。根据某些调查报告，使用率低的主要原因是没有足够的蚊帐供所有家庭成员使用；户口调查结果显示，已得到的大多数蚊帐(80%)都在使用之中。", "60. 在非洲迅速扩大驱虫蚊帐分发范围是公共卫生方面的一项重大成就，但也说明今后在确保维持高覆盖率方面任务艰巨。目前一顶长效驱虫蚊帐的使用寿命估计是3年。因此，2006和2007年交付的蚊帐已需更换，2008至2010年的蚊帐很快也需要更换。从公共卫生的角度迫切需要将更换这批蚊帐作为一项拯救生命的干预措施来落实；做不到这一点，将导致疟疾病例死灰复燃，死亡人数再度上升。必须采取进一步措施，以长效蚊帐所包含的每一个寿命年的最低价格，而不是最低单位价格来进行采购。", "61. 近年来还大大扩充了室内滞留喷洒方案，撒哈拉以南非洲得到保护的民众数目从2005年的1 300万人增加到2009年的7 500万人，2009年约等于10%的高危人口受到保护。", "62. 世卫组织现建议，所有疑似疟疾病例应在治疗前通过诊断检测予以确诊。随着撒哈拉以南非洲多数地区的疟疾发病率减少，更迫切需要对疟疾和非疟疾引起的发热加以区别。非洲通过诊断检测确诊的接报病例大幅上扬，从这十年刚开始时的不到5%上升到2009年的约35%，不过大多数非洲国家和其他区域的少数国家仍保持较低比例。少数国家表明可以在全国范围内迅速扩大疟疾诊断检测使用规模，但须关注适当的准备工作、培训、监督、监测和质量控制。这方面的经验与使用青蒿素综合疗法产生的大量经费结余和改进疟疾监测有关。", "63. 从制造商获得的资料表明，自2005年以来每年采购的青蒿素综合疗法药剂的数量都在增加。截至2009年底，11个非洲国家提供的青蒿素综合疗法疗程足以覆盖公共部门接收的100%以上的虐疾病例；另有8个国家提供了足以治疗50%至100%病例的疗程。这些数字显示自2005年以来有了显著增加，那一年只有5个国家提供的青蒿素综合疗法疗程足以覆盖在公共部门接受治疗的50%以上的虐疾病人。但是关于获得治疗机会的信息普遍不完整，特别是关于在私营部门接受治疗的很大比例的病人的信息。", "64. 世卫组织非洲区域共有11个国家和地区显示最近几年的疟疾确诊病例或疟疾住院和死亡人数下降了50%以上。2000年至2009年期间，在56个非洲以外疟疾流行国家中，32个国家的疟疾确诊病例数下降了50%以上，还有8个国家也呈下降趋势，降幅为25%-50%。2009年，摩洛哥和土库曼斯坦被世卫组织总干事认证为消灭疟疾国家。2009年欧洲区域首次报告未发现恶性疟原虫疟疾病例。", "65. 据估计，疟疾病例数从2000年的2.33亿例上升到2005年的2.44亿例，但是在2009年又回落到2.25亿例。估计死于疟疾的人数从2000年的98.5万人减至2009年的78.1万人。世卫组织各个区域的疟疾负担都已减轻，其中相应减轻最多的是欧洲区域，其次是美洲区域。绝对死亡人数减少最多的则是非洲。", "66. 展望未来，所有国家和发展伙伴迫切需要作出努力，继续把防治疟疾放在政治和发展议程的重要位置，竭力主张为防治疟疾长期提供实足和可预测的资金，以加速执行世卫组织建议实施的政策和战略，从而实现世界卫生大会的防治疟疾目标、与卫生有关的千年发展目标，以及减疟伙伴关系制定的雄心勃勃的目标，特别是到2015年将疟疾死亡人数降至近乎零的目标。", "67. 各国务必对疟疾方案进行定期和全面审查，将其作为制定战略和业务计划，以实现和维持全面利用和普及疟疾干预措施的一个基本步骤。", "68. 应向所有高危民众提供和持续实施获推荐的病媒控制干预措施，特别是通过下列方法：(a) 更换和继续提供长效驱虫蚊帐并有针对性地宣传其使用方法；和/或(b) 定期使用室内滞留喷洒杀虫剂。", "69. 除了对公共和私营部门，包括社区一级确诊的恶性疟原虫疟疾病人进行有效的青蒿素类复方疗法治疗外，还应对所有疑似疟疾病例进行快速诊断检测。可将扩大诊断服务作为加强疟疾监测的机会。", "70. 为了维持疟疾防治工作的进展，务必要立即采取行动抑制青蒿素类药物的抗药性，由此而需要落实《抑制青蒿素抗药性全球计划》的建议，包括加强公私营部门的监管服务，设法停止使用口服青蒿素单一疗法和不符合世卫组织预审标准或国家监管当局严格标准的劣质药品，引进质量保证机制，以及改进所有疟疾防治商品和服务的供应链管理。", "71. 应对杀虫剂的抗药性也至关重要，可采取的最佳做法有：轮换使用不同的杀虫剂进行室内滞留喷洒；在驱虫蚊帐使用率高的地区，使用除虫菊脂(和与除虫菊脂共有交叉抗药性的化合物)以外各类杀虫剂中核准用于室内滞留喷洒的杀虫剂。这些建议将作为目前正在拟定的《疟疾病媒中的杀虫剂抗药性管理全球计划》的一部分得到更详细的阐述。", "72. 可将扩大疟疾预防和控制干预措施作为加强卫生系统的一个切入点，其中包括外围卫生设施中的化验服务和妇幼保健服务，社区一级的疾病综合防治以及及时准确的监测。", "73. 所有疟疾防治方案都应以人为本。为了维持国家防治疟疾的核心能力，必须在各级保健系统保留一批具有实力的防治疟疾专家，包括昆虫学家。疟疾仍然是造成五岁以下儿童死亡的头号杀手。此项战斗的成败至关重要，关系到能否改善全世界，特别是非洲妇女和儿童的健康，能否在实现与卫生有关的千年发展目标和《全球妇女和儿童健康战略》目标方面取得进展。", "[1] 消灭疟疾：阻断地方性蚊虫传播疟疾的渠道；在一个确定的地理区域作出针对性努力，将人类疟原虫引发的感染病率降至为零；需要采取持续措施以防传播渠道的重新建立。消灭疟疾证书：可由世卫组织颁发，但须在排除一切合理怀疑之后证明，在全国范围内至少连续3年完全阻断了按蚊虫对当地人类疟疾的传播链。根除疟疾：将世界范围内因某一特定媒介造成的感染发病率永久降至为零；适用于某一特定疟原虫种类。在实现根除后不必再采取干预措施。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程项目12 [1]", "2001-2010:在发展中国家特别是非洲减少疟疾十年", "2001-2010:在发展中国家特别是非洲减少疟疾十年", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会转递世界卫生组织根据大会第65/273号决议编写的报告。", "世界卫生组织题为“在发展中国家,特别是非洲巩固成果并加紧努力到2015年控制和消灭疟疾”的报告", "内容提要", "本报告重点介绍目前根据大会第65/273号决议实现疟疾控制目标的进展情况。 报告借鉴了以下最近的进度报告: 2010年世界疟疾报告(2010年)和疟疾预防和控制: 世界卫生组织(世卫组织)编写的《维持收益并减少传播》(提交世界卫生大会的报告)和《用疟疾控制拯救生命: 《倒数千年发展目标》(2010年)和由减疟伙伴关系编写的《投资于疟疾控制:非洲的经济回报和健康劳动力》(2011年)。 还使用了疟疾流行国家和其他减少疟疾伙伴,包括预防疟疾联盟提供的数据。 报告最后提出建议供大会审议。", "过去十年来,疟疾防治工作在国际、区域和国家各级吸引了相当大的政治关注和财政支助。 在2000年于阿布贾举行的非洲减疟首脑会议上,非洲国家元首承诺“通过实施减疟战略和行动,到2010年使非洲人民的疟疾死亡率降低”。 世界各国领导人提出了“到2015年已停止并开始扭转疟疾发病率”的挑战,作为八项千年发展目标之一的组成部分。 2008年初,潘基文秘书长任命了一名疟疾问题特使,以动员全球支持针对该疾病采取行动。 根据秘书长关于普及防治的呼吁,并响应国际社会日益推动对疟疾防治作出长期承诺,减疟伙伴关系共同制定了《全球疟疾行动计划》。 该计划的目标是加快并维持疟疾控制工作,并尽可能地消灭这一疾病,并确保投资研究新的工具,以便长期根除这一疾病。", "大会第六十五届会议通过了题为“到2015年在发展中国家特别是非洲巩固成果并加紧努力控制和消灭疟疾”的全面决议。 2011年5月,世界卫生大会还通过了一项关于疟疾的决议,呼吁会员国、国际伙伴和世卫组织总干事采取一整套全面行动,以确保到2015年实现雄心勃勃的全球目标。", "2011年6月,经过协商,发布了《全球疟疾行动计划》的订正目标、具体目标和优先事项。 主要目标是到2015年使疟疾死亡人数接近于零,这就需要特别加紧努力。 在减疟伙伴关系、包括世卫组织和联合国儿童基金会等专门机构在内的联合国以及秘书长疟疾问题特使办公室、双边发展伙伴和非洲领导人疟疾联盟(39个非洲国家元首小组,致力于结束与疟疾有关的死亡并用季度计分卡跟踪进展情况)的继续支持下,疟疾控制仍然是2011年全球发展议程的高度优先事项,加快采用当今工具实现普遍覆盖的努力继续产生令人印象深刻的成果。", "为了响应全球宣传努力,防治疟疾的国际供资承诺从2000年的不到2亿美元增加到2010年的18亿美元,这主要是由于设立了全球防治艾滋病、结核病和疟疾基金,以及美国政府通过总统疟疾倡议、世界银行和其他机构作出了重大承诺。 资金的增加导致疟疾控制干预措施在很多情况下急剧扩大,并导致疟疾负担得到可衡量减轻。 然而,2009年和2010年,防治疟疾的新承诺似乎停滞不前,达到18亿美元(约占估计需求的30%)。 然而,大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国政府最近作出了新的承诺,制定了题为“打破周期:拯救生命和保护未来”的疟疾成果框架,并于2010年底发布。 联合王国政府承诺到2014年每年提供5亿英镑,用于防治疟疾,比目前每年1.5亿英镑的资金水平有所增加。", "在许多非洲国家,驱虫蚊帐的覆盖率继续迅速增加;到2010年年中,至少有一顶驱虫蚊帐的家庭所有权估计已增至42%,而2008年为31%。 此外,2010年使用这种蚊帐的儿童比往年多(35%)。 据估计,2010年19个负担沉重的非洲国家的家庭拥有驱虫蚊帐的比例已超过50%,比2009年的13个国家有所增加。 尽管取得了这些成功,但使用蚊帐的儿童百分比低于世界卫生大会80%的目标,主要原因是几个大非洲国家的蚊帐拥有率低,而且所有家庭成员都缺乏足够的蚊帐。 正在提供进一步扩大的资源;在不到三年的时间里,在2008至2010年期间,累计向撒哈拉以南非洲提供了2.89亿顶驱虫蚊帐,足以覆盖7.65亿风险人群中的76%。", "疟疾快速诊断检测和青蒿素类复方疗法的采购继续增加。 报告的疑似病例接受寄生虫学测试的比例从2005年的67%上升到2009年的73%。 到2009年底,11个非洲国家正在提供足够的青蒿素类复方疗法课程,以涵盖公共部门100%以上的疟疾病例;另有8个非洲国家提供了足够课程来治疗50%-100%的病例。 这些数字显示,自2005年以来有大幅增长。 然而,有证据表明,许多患者仍在接受青蒿素类复方疗法,而无需确诊。", "在通过驱虫蚊帐和治疗方案使人口覆盖率较高的高负担非洲国家,记录的疟疾病例和因疟疾而死亡的人数已减少了50%,这表明,如果关键干预措施能够充分覆盖,千年发展目标6关于扭转疟疾发病率的具体目标就能够实现。 这些成果见于一些岛屿环境(佛得角和坦桑尼亚联合共和国桑给巴尔)以及非洲大陆国家(包括厄立特里亚、卢旺达和赞比亚)。 在所有国家,减少额与密集的疟疾防治措施有关。 然而,2009年,有证据表明,三个国家(卢旺达、圣多美和普林西比和赞比亚)的次地区疟疾病例有所增加,这些国家以前曾报告疟疾病例减少,这表明疟疾防治工作进展脆弱,即使在病例大幅减少的情况下,仍需要严格维持控制方案。", "最近的一项分析表明,从2001年至2010年,通过病媒控制(经杀虫剂处理的蚊帐和室内滞留喷洒)和怀孕期间的间歇性预防治疗,挽救了34个疟疾流行非洲国家近四分之三的儿童(占非洲高危人口的98%)的生命。 这些生命中的绝大多数(85%)是从2006年获得大量资金以来得到拯救的。 分析结果表明,如果目前的扩大努力能持续到2015年,2011至2015年期间将再拯救114万非洲儿童的生命。 总体而言,2010年,106个恶性国家中有三分之一以上记录显示,与2000年(11个非洲国家和32个非洲以外的国家)相比,确诊疟疾病例减少了50%以上。 有10个国家正在实施全国消灭疟疾方案,有8个国家处于消灭前阶段。 另有9个国家中断了疟疾的传播,并正在防止疟疾再发。 2010年,摩洛哥和土库曼斯坦被世卫组织认证为无疟疾.", "寄生虫抗疟药物和蚊子抗杀虫剂仍然是实现全球疟疾控制的一个主要威胁。 2008年在柬埔寨西部报告了疟原虫疟疾对青蒿素的抗药性的第一个证据. 2009年1月开始的多管齐下的遏制反应仍在继续,但令人担忧的数据表明,湄公河次区域其他地方出现了更多的青蒿素抗药性。 2011年初,世卫组织与减疟伙伴关系一起发布了《控制青蒿素抗药性全球计划》,该计划由100多个利益攸关方参与制定。 《全球计划》申明的目标是保留青蒿素类复方疗法,以有效治疗疟原虫疟疾。", "向疟疾流行国家支付的款项(2010年将近18亿美元)仍然低于《全球疟疾行动计划》中确保全球覆盖面高并产生最大影响的估计需求;2010至2015年期间,每年需求将超过50亿美元,2020至2025年期间,每年需求将超过47.5亿美元。 实现千年发展目标不仅需要充足的财政资源,还需要加强能够提供病媒控制干预措施的保健系统,在治疗青蒿素类复方疗法的同时提供疟疾寄生虫确诊诊断,并发展疟疾以及寄生虫抗疟药物和蚊子抗杀虫剂的常规监测系统。", "一. 背景和背景", "1. 联合国 2009年,全球估计有2.25亿个疟疾病例(第5至95分之一,1.69亿至2.94亿)。 绝大多数病例(78%)发生在卫生组织非洲区域,其次是东南亚区域(15%)和东地中海区域(5%)。 2009年,估计有78.1万人死亡(第5至第95分,6.28亿至9.68亿),其中91%发生在非洲区域,其次是东南亚区域(6%)和东地中海区域(2%)。", "2. 尽管取得了进展,但疟疾仍然是非洲儿童的一个主要杀手,因此疟疾控制将直接有助于实现千年发展目标4(到2015年将5岁以下儿童的死亡率减少三分之二)。 控制疟疾还将有助于实现千年发展目标5,降低孕产妇死亡率。 2008年,疟疾占全球5岁以下儿童死亡人数的8%,非洲5岁以下儿童死亡人数的16%,如果不在控制疟疾方面取得实质性进展,千年发展目标4将无法实现。", "3个 截至2007年,联合国(通过千年发展目标)、世界卫生大会和减疟伙伴关系为2010年和2015年的干预覆盖面和影响制定了一致的目标。 近年来,随着2008年《全球疟疾行动计划》的制定,这些目标有所发展,变得日益雄心勃勃,反映了在疟疾控制方面取得的重大进展。 最近通过协商进程进一步修订了《全球疟疾行动计划》的目标。 第一个目标是到2015年将全球疟疾死亡人数减少到接近于零,这比以前提出的到2015年将疟疾死亡人数减少75%的目标(世界卫生大会,2007年)和到2015年将全球可预防疟疾死亡人数减少到接近于零的目标(减少疟疾伙伴关系,2008年)更加雄心勃勃。 第二个目标是到2015年全球疟疾病例减少75%(与2000年相比)。 三是到2015年,又有10个国家(自2008年起)和世卫组织欧洲区域应消除疟疾。", " 4.四. 2007年的干预覆盖目标旨在到2010年达到80%以上,有四项关键干预措施:针对高危人群的驱虫蚊帐、针对可能或确诊疟疾患者的适当抗疟药物、针对高危家庭的室内滞留喷洒以及怀孕期间的间歇性预防治疗(在中度到高传播环境下)。 根据《全球疟疾行动计划》的最新修订,这些目标更加雄心勃勃,反映了世卫组织关于对疑似疟疾进行普遍诊断检测的建议的修改和持续进展,现在包括:普及病例管理(到2015年,100%的疑似病例接受疟疾诊断检测,100%的确诊病例在公共和私营部门或通过社区病例管理接受适当而有效的抗疟药物治疗);普及和利用预防措施(目前的定义是,每个有在优质驱虫蚊帐下入睡风险的人或在室内滞留喷洒保护的空间内睡觉,每个有风险的孕妇在适当情况下在第二和第三个季度至少接受一剂间歇性预防治疗)并维持这些水平;加快发展疟疾监测系统(到2015年底,所有地区都有能力每月报告疑似疟疾病例、接受诊断检测的病例数以及所有公共卫生设施提供的确认疟疾病例数,或一致样本)。", "二. 疟疾防治政策和战略", "5 (韩语). 通过控制蚊子来预防疟疾的两项最有力和最广泛的干预措施是长效驱虫蚊帐和室内滞留喷洒。 由于为了充分发挥蚊帐或喷洒的潜力,需要高覆盖率,卫生组织建议在预防疟疾地区“普遍覆盖”所有有风险的人。 就长效驱虫蚊帐而言,这意味着在预防疟疾地区,所有面临风险的人,不论年龄或性别,都应得到蚊帐。", "6. 国家 世卫组织建议,长效驱虫蚊帐要么免费提供,要么以高补贴价格提供。 费用不应成为向所有面临疟疾风险的人,尤其是那些最有可能造成不良后果的人,例如幼儿和孕妇提供费用的障碍。", "7. 联合国 实现和维持长效驱虫蚊帐的全民覆盖的最佳途径是,将初期快速覆盖的分发与定期的大众运动结合起来,辅之以通过产前服务向孕妇和免疫诊所的婴儿提供例行服务。", "8. 联合国 国家疟疾防治方案和疟疾防治伙伴应只采购卫生组织农药评价计划建议的蚊帐。 设计这种蚊帐是为了在所建议的使用条件下,在田地至少保持对病媒蚊子的生物功效三年,从而避免了定期进行杀虫剂治疗的需要。 迫切需要着手作出采购决定,而不是根据每个净额的最低单位成本,而是根据一个长效驱虫蚊帐覆盖的每个寿命年的最低成本,同时考虑到蚊帐的持久性。 这种做法可提高干预措施的效力,并因交付费用降低而提高效率并节省费用。 这种转变需要按照世卫组织的建议(世界卫生组织,2011年),对实地条件下的蚊帐耐用性进行例行监测。 在操作条件下监测长效驱虫蚊帐耐用性的准则。 此外,正在为地方病流行国家和捐助机构编写临时指南,为采购决策提供信息,并增加资金效益,预计将于2012年初完成。", "9. 国家 目前,该计划建议采用属于四个化学品类别的12种杀虫剂进行室内滞留喷洒。 二氯二苯三氯乙烷对疟疾病媒的残留效力相对较长(六个月多)。 根据《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》,各国可以继续使用滴滴涕来进行室内滞留喷洒,前提是遵守世卫组织的准则和建议。", "10个 目前的疟疾控制方法高度依赖单一种类的杀虫剂 -- -- 除虫菊 -- -- 是室内滞留喷洒最常用的化合物,也是被处理过的蚊帐中使用的唯一杀虫剂类别。 广泛使用单一种类的杀虫剂会增加蚊子产生抗药性的风险,这可能会迅速导致一个重大的公共卫生问题,特别是在非洲,在非洲,化学病媒控制正在以前所未有的覆盖率部署,疟疾负担最大。 监测和管理对长效驱虫蚊帐和室内滞留喷洒中使用的杀虫剂的抗药性,对于确保使用适当的混合疟疾病媒控制干预措施至关重要。 卫生组织最近的建议呼吁制定方案来避免年复一年地喷洒同一种杀虫剂(或同一类杀虫剂)的做法;相反,不同行动方式的杀虫剂应轮流喷洒。 此项建议和其他建议可见于《采取协调行动来防治杀虫剂抗药性的技术基础:维护现代疟疾病媒控制的有效性》(世卫组织,2011年)。 世界卫生大会已呼吁世卫组织制定疟疾病媒杀虫剂抗药性管理全球计划,预计将于2012年初发布。", "11个 疟疾的早期有效治疗能减少发病,防止死亡并减少感染的蓄积,从而成功控制了疟疾. 2010年发布了世卫组织最新疟疾治疗准则。", "12个 对所有疑似疟疾患者,建议在开始治疗前通过显微镜或快速诊断检测迅速进行寄生虫学确认. 只有在无法进行寄生虫学诊断时,才应考虑仅仅基于临床怀疑的治疗。 治疗前对疟疾的寄生虫学确认越来越重要,因为随着传播的减少,可归因于疟疾的发热比例也下降。 通过将所有发烧病例作为疟疾处理,不仅青蒿素类复方疗法被过度使用,而且没有为有其他发烧原因的人提供适当的护理。 扩大使用快速诊断检测将有助于减少对疟疾的过度诊断和抗疟药物的过度使用。 在塞内加尔,在2007年采用快速诊断检测后,疟疾诊断检测率从4%迅速上升至86%(到2009年);青蒿素类复方疗法的处方在此期间从73%的类似疟疾的胎儿疾病降至32%,接近于已确认的疟疾(585 000个疑似发热病例的30%)。 避免了50多万门不适当的青蒿素类复方疗法处方。", "13个 经确认无并发症的疟原虫疟疾病例,应当用青蒿素类复方疗法进行治疗,在有效地区用氯五烯类复方疗法进行治疗,或者在已有记载的疟原虫对氯五烯的抗药性地区用适当的青蒿素类复方疗法进行治疗. 在确认患者没有葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶缺乏后,对活性肽的治疗应当与14天的活性肽结合来防止复发. 在青蒿素类复方疗法中可添加一剂初五,用于将疟原虫疟疾作为抗游戏细胞药来治疗,特别是作为消除前或消除方案的组成部分,条件是已考虑到葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶缺乏症患者的出血风险。", "14个 青蒿素类复方疗法不仅有效,而且有助于防止抗药性肽的出现和扩散。 由于安全性和疗效,目前建议使用5种此类疗法:青蒿素-发光素、青蒿素-阿莫迪阿奎、青蒿素-甲状腺素-甲状腺素-甲状腺素-苯丙胺和二氢蒿素-管状腺素(它最近获得了欧洲药品署的管制批准)。 选择治疗方法时,应当以拟使用的国家或地区的结合效果为依据. 以青蒿素为原料的固定剂量结合剂较同用或同用散药的松散个别药物更可取.", "15个 2010年11月,一项被称为Aquamat的试验的结果证明,在治疗严重疟疾方面,包括在非洲疟疾高传播地区的儿童中,父母角膜酸盐优于奎宁。 根据这些结果,卫生组织已更新了疟疾治疗准则,现建议将腹部动脉炎(内出血或肌肉内出血)作为所有流行地区严重疟疾的首选治疗方法。 需要在国家一级加快行动,以确保相应更新国家政策。 2010年11月,由中国桂林制药制造的WHO预选合格阿尔特苏纳特IV. 因此,这种药品现在可以由包括全球基金在内的多个国际供资机构采购,从而能够大量增加采购和获得这一重要和救命药品。", "16号. 建议孕妇在怀孕期间使用磺胺丙胺进行间歇性预防治疗,在产前检查期间,在怀孕的第二和第三个三个月期间,为高传染地区的孕妇提供两到三次。 在婴儿间歇性预防治疗方面,建议在免疫访问常规扩大方案下,在婴儿出生后第一年使用三次单一剂量的磺胺丙胺进行预防治疗,在高传染地区,磺胺丙胺作为预防药物仍然有效。", "17岁。 辅助抗药性使以前抗疟药物在世界大多数地区无效,威胁到疟疾的防治。 高效的青蒿素衍生物及其伴侣药物也容易受到同种风险. 世卫组织建议,口服青蒿素单一疗法不用于治疗不复杂的疟疾,并退出市场取而代之的是青蒿素综合疗法。", "三. 防治疟疾的资金筹措", "18岁。 过去十年来,全球、区域和国家各级的宣传努力促使对疟疾防治工作的政治和财政承诺激增。", " 19. 19. 外部机构对控制疟疾的财政承诺从2003年的每年约3亿美元大幅增加到2010年的18亿美元。 然而,2009年和2010年的承付款似乎停滞了18亿美元。 虽然承诺至关重要,但决定进展的是向疟疾流行国家支付疟疾费用。 这些付款从2000年的3 500万美元增加到2004年的2亿美元,到2009年增加到15多亿美元,增加了40倍。", "20号. 全球抗击艾滋病、结核病和疟疾基金在2000年至2009年期间向疟疾流行国家支付的所有外部疟疾控制基金中占28亿美元,即60%以上。 美国国际开发署,包括总统疟疾倡议,在2000年至2009年作为资金来源的全球基金中名列后列后列后列后列;其疟疾供资增加了30倍,从2000年的1 000万美元增至2008年的3亿美元;世界银行支付了5 420万美元,双边捐助国(不包括美国)和其他多边捐助者总共支付了约1.2亿美元。", "21岁 接受疟疾外部援助的国家数目从2000年的29个增至2008年的77个(2010年共有106个疟疾流行国家)。 在风险人口较少的国家,人均支出仍然最高。 2003至2009年7年期间,在撒哈拉以南非洲,人均风险供资水平相差近90倍;科特迪瓦每名风险人获得0.57美元,圣多美和普林西比每名风险人获得50.93美元。 外部供资似乎集中于方案活动,特别是采购驱虫蚊帐、抗疟药品和室内滞留喷洒。 国家政府资金的较大比例是用于人力资源,尽管也有相当一部分用于抗疟药品和喷洒。", "22号. 对赞比亚三家公司(Mopani铜矿、Konkola铜矿和赞比亚糖业)私营部门疟疾防治方案的分析显示,在2000年至2009年期间受保护的157 000人中(包括33 000名雇员、家属和周围社区成员),每年疟疾病例减少94%,与疟疾有关的年度工作日损失减少94%,公司诊所与疟疾有关的支出减少76%。 共避免了108 000起疟疾,挽救了300多人的生命。 其他公私伙伴关系——加纳的AngloGold Asanti、赤道几内亚的Marathon Oil和莫桑比克的BHP Billiton——都减少了公司保健费用和因疟疾而损失的工作日。 这些结果表明,疟疾控制投资的回报率最低为28%,这提供了前所未有的证据,表明企业能够而且应当参与疟疾控制工作。", "23. 联合国 关于国内为疟疾筹资的信息比较不全面,有可能导致全面低估可用于疟疾防治的资金总额。 尽管如此,在报告财务数据的国家,世卫组织所有区域的疟疾防治国内支出似乎都有所增加。 捐助者资金的大幅增加似乎并未导致国内资金总额减少,尽管减少支出的国家得到的外部资金多于增加国内支出的国家。", "24 (韩语). 政府供资经常支付疟疾防治方案的固定费用,包括人力资源和方案管理(包括信息系统、规划讲习班、监督等)。 这些外部机构的支出,如全球基金和总统疟疾倡议,往往用于资助可变费用,如提供和分配商品。", "25岁 虽然可用于控制疟疾的资金总额已增加到前所未有的水平,但仍然低于《全球疟疾行动计划》中为成功控制疟疾每年估计的数额——2009至2015年期间每年在50亿至62亿美元之间。", "四、结 论 方案执行情况:病媒控制", "26. 联合国 2009年,非洲区域23个国家和42个其他国家采纳了世卫组织的建议,即向所有面临疟疾风险的年龄组提供蚊帐,而不仅仅是妇女和儿童;这意味着自2008年以来增加了13个国家。 共有83个国家免费分发驱虫蚊帐,其中39个在非洲地区。", "27个 根据减疟伙伴关系防止疟疾联盟提供的数据,向撒哈拉以南非洲国家提供的长效驱虫蚊帐从2004年的每年560万顶增加到2009年的每年8 850万顶。 2010年,又交付了1.41亿顶驱虫蚊帐。 因此,在2008至2010年不到三年的时间里,累计向撒哈拉以南非洲地区提供了2.89亿顶驱虫蚊帐,足以覆盖7.65亿风险人群中的76%(假设每顶蚊帐下有两人睡觉)。", "28岁 2008至2010年期间提供的驱虫蚊帐有50%以上交付给7个国家:刚果民主共和国、埃塞俄比亚、肯尼亚、尼日利亚、苏丹、乌干达和坦桑尼亚联合共和国,这些国家占撒哈拉以南非洲风险人口的56%。", "29. 国家 使用驱虫蚊帐的儿童比例仍然低于世界健康大会80%的目标,部分原因是截至2009年底,驱虫蚊帐在一些最大的非洲国家的拥有率仍然很低。 随后提供了进一步扩大资源,2010年提供了1.4亿多顶蚊帐,其中至少5 200万顶蚊帐提供给非洲三个人口最多的国家(刚果民主共和国、埃塞俄比亚和尼日利亚)。", "30岁。 2007-2009年住户调查数据表明,10个国家(赤道几内亚、埃塞俄比亚、加蓬、马里、卢旺达、圣多美和普林西比、塞内加尔、塞拉利昂、多哥和赞比亚)的驱虫蚊帐拥有率已达50%以上。 2010年睡在蚊帐下的儿童比例估计为35%,2007年为17%。 在一些调查中报告的低使用率主要是由于缺乏覆盖所有家庭成员的足够蚊帐;但是,可用驱虫蚊帐的比例很高(80%)。", "31岁 基于模型的估计显示,2010年,42%的非洲家庭拥有至少一个驱虫蚊帐,35%的5岁以下儿童睡在这种蚊帐下。 该模型估计,2010年,19个非洲国家的家庭拥有驱虫蚊帐的比例已达50%或以上。", "32. 联合国 各国呈现出一种一贯的模式,表明5-19岁的人使用驱虫蚊帐的可能性同较年轻和较年长的年龄组的人相比最小,这令人担忧,因为这些人面临严重的疟疾风险,特别是随着疟疾传播的减少。 妇女睡在驱虫蚊帐中的可能性略高于男子(比率:男子=1.1),部分原因是孕妇睡在蚊帐下的可能性较大。 5岁以下男女儿童的使用率没有差别。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 近年来,室内滞留喷洒方案大大扩展。 2009年,71个国家,其中32个在非洲,报告建议进行室内滞留喷洒。 2009年,共有1.68亿人受到室内滞留喷洒的保护;非洲地区受喷洒保护的人数从2005年的1 000万人增加到2009年的7 300万人,相当于保护10%的高危人口。 2009年,12个国家保护了10%以上处于危险中的人口: 圣多美和普林西比(83%)、南非(80%)、赤道几内亚(79%)、埃塞俄比亚(50%)、冈比亚(47%)、赞比亚(43%)、津巴布韦(41%)、马达加斯加(34%)、莫桑比克(36%)、纳米比亚(31%)、博茨瓦纳(18%)和卢旺达(14%)。", " V. 方案执行情况:诊断", "34. 国家 在2005至2009年期间,接受寄生虫学测试的疑似疟疾病例百分比有所增加,特别是在非洲区域(从26%增至35%)、东地中海区域(从47%增至68%)和东南亚区域(不包括印度)(从58%增至95%)。 多数非洲国家的检测率仍然很低:42个国家中有21个国家报告了检测情况,但检测率不到20%。 然而,根据世卫组织2010年关于普及疑似疟疾病例诊断检测的建议,目前正在大力推广。", "35. 联合国 2009年提供的快速诊断检测数量迅速增加,从2005年的不到200 000个增加到2009年的大约3 000万个,非洲区域使用的快速诊断检测最多(44%),其次是东南亚区域(41%)和东地中海区域(11%)。 然而,这些总数很可能低估了分发的快速诊断检测数量,因为非洲地区43个流行性疾病的国家中只有21个国家在2009年报告了此类数据。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 市场可提供多种品牌的快速诊断检测,产品性能不同. 此外,测试性能受到发热和湿度的极端影响,在疟疾流行的环境中,这种情况往往普遍存在。 为了确保高质量快速诊断测试,建议各国采购在世卫组织快速诊断测试评价方案中表现良好的产品。 该方案于2006年同创新新诊断基金会和美国疾病控制和预防中心合作启动,评估和报告快速诊断测试产品的业绩,并指导各国和采购机构选择高质量测试。 现在已有第三轮性能测试结果。 收到了数量空前的产品提交申请,50个产品在将提交数量限制为每个制造商3个之后进行了测试;其中23个产品是前几轮重新提交的。 在重新提交的产品中,质量大有改善,低寄生虫密度的中位寄生虫检测分从恶性疟原虫的63%增至84%,活性疟原虫的中位寄生虫检测分从30%增至63%,这表明制造商正以测试过程为指针来提高产品质量。 由于不同生产批次的个别产品的性能往往随时间而变化,因此建议通过批次测试对所有采购的产品进行质量检查,然后在外地大规模部署,并在外地建立快速诊断测试性能监测程序。 快速诊断测试评价方案在若干区域中心提供快速诊断测试批量测试服务。", "六、结 论 方案执行情况:治疗", "37. 联合国 到2009年,在86个恶性疟原虫疟疾流行国家和地区中,有77个采用了青蒿素类复方疗法,作为其国家药物政策的一部分。", "38. 国家 口服青蒿素类单一疗法的使用会助长抗药性传播,从而威胁青蒿素类复方疗法的治疗生活. 尽管世卫组织呼吁停止使用这些药品(世卫组织所有成员国于2007年5月核准的世界卫生大会第60.18号决议),但生产仍在继续,许多国家尚未将其撤出市场。 自世卫组织呼吁以来,有35个国家取消了口服青蒿素单一疗法的营销授权。 在参与生产和销售这些药品的80个公司中,共有46个将口服青蒿素单一疗法从产品目录中除名。 然而,还有更多的工作要做,因为34家公司,主要是针对疟疾流行国家私营部门市场的公司,仍在积极推销单一疗法。 需要加大对国家药品监管部门的援助力度,从市场中逐步淘汰口服青蒿素单一疗法。", "39. 联合国 公共部门青蒿素类复方疗法的采购继续增加,从2006年的7 600多万个治疗课程增加到2009年的1.58亿个。", " 40. 40. 2007至2009年期间,国家疟疾控制方案分发的青蒿素类复方疗法似乎有所增加,但各国的报告不完整。 尽管如此,国家报告表明,截至2009年底,11个非洲国家正在提供足够的青蒿素类复方疗法课程,以涵盖公共部门100%以上的疟疾病例;另有8个非洲国家为50-100%的病例提供了足够的课程。 自2005年以来,这些数字大幅增加,当时只有5个国家提供了足够的青蒿素类复方疗法课程,覆盖在公共部门接受治疗的50%以上的病人。 然而,2009年非洲区域国家疟疾控制方案分发的青蒿素类复方疗法课程数量比开展的诊断测试(显微镜和快速诊断测试)总数多出2.4倍,表明许多患者仍在接受青蒿素类复方疗法,但没有确诊。", "41. 国家 通过将家庭调查数据与保健设施数据结合起来,可以估计,平均65%的治疗需求能够满足在公共保健设施就诊的病人。 在私营部门,与到公共部门设施就诊的病人相比,胎儿感染抗疟药物的几率要低25%,而留在家中的病人的几率要低60%。", "42. 国家 负担得起的疟疾药物融资机制是一个创新的筹资机制,旨在扩大获得最有效的疟疾治疗的机会。 该机制发起了一个试点,以增加私营部门获得青蒿素类复方疗法的机会,并取代较便宜但无效的药物和促进抗药性的单一疗法。 该方案由全球基金管理,在8个国家试行,将运作约24个月,然后通过独立评价进行审查,以确定是否扩大、加快、修改或暂停该基金。 全球基金理事会预计将于2012年作出这一决定。", "43. 东帝汶 2008年公布了柬埔寨西部疟原虫抗青蒿素最早的证据. 2009年1月在柬埔寨-泰国边境开始实施的多管齐下的遏制青蒿素抗药性扩散项目仍在继续。 然而,有数据表明,在湄公河次区域的其他地点可能出现了抗青蒿素疟原虫的浓度。 为应对对全球疟疾防治努力的严重威胁,世卫组织同减疟伙伴关系的100多个利益攸关方合作,制定了《控制青蒿素抗药性全球计划》。 该计划由世卫组织总干事于2011年1月启动,呼吁所有合作伙伴开展合作,以阻止抗药性寄生虫的传播;加强对青蒿素抗药性的监测和监视;改善疟疾诊断检测和青蒿素综合疗法的合理治疗;投资于青蒿素抗药性相关研究;并激励采取行动并调动资源。", "页:1 预防性治疗", "44. 国家 非洲区域43个流行性疾病的国家中共有33个,东地中海区域(索马里和苏丹)有2个,西太平洋区域有1个(巴布亚新几内亚),到2009年底,已将孕妇间歇性预防治疗作为一项国家政策。 非洲有八个国家提供了2007-2008年调查中关于孕妇间歇性预防性治疗的数据,合计2.7亿人口。 2007-2008年,在怀孕期间接受两剂治疗的妇女比例从安哥拉的2.4%到赞比亚的62%不等;加权平均数仍然较低,为12%,因为最大的国家的覆盖率较低。 非洲区域22个高负担国家的国家疟疾控制方案报告的数据表明,接受第二剂间歇性预防治疗的产前诊所的妇女比例为55%。", "第八编. 世界卫生组织非洲区域控制方案的影响", "45. 国家 近年来,非洲区域共有11个国家和地区(阿尔及利亚、博茨瓦纳、佛得角、厄立特里亚、马达加斯加、纳米比亚、卢旺达、圣多美和普林西比、南非、斯威士兰、赞比亚和坦桑尼亚联合共和国桑给巴尔)的疟疾确诊病例或疟疾入院和死亡人数减少了50%以上。 所有国家的减少都与大力扩大疟疾防治措施有关。 由于与疟疾有关的疾病负担显著减轻,将5岁以下儿童死亡率减半(千年发展目标4)的工作已加快。", "46. 经常预算: 类似的影响可能发生在其他负担沉重的非洲国家,但发病率和死亡率的变化很难例行检测,因为疾病监测系统不够发达。 根据过去十年在34个非洲国家扩大疟疾预防工作(对孕妇的间歇性预防治疗、驱虫蚊帐、室内滞留喷洒),估计2000至2010年期间已挽救了735 000多人的生命,其中大多数是自2006年以来所挽救的。", "47. 国家 2009年,有证据表明,有3个国家(卢旺达、圣多美和普林西比和赞比亚)的疟疾病例有所增加。 这些死灰复燃的原因尚不能肯定,但它们突出了疟疾控制进展的脆弱性,以及即使在病例已大幅减少的情况下仍需要严格维持控制方案。", " 48. 48. 南部非洲5个低传染国家中有4个(博茨瓦纳、纳米比亚、南非和斯威士兰)显示,2000至2009年期间,确诊疟疾病例减少50%以上。 其中四个国家(博茨瓦纳、纳米比亚、南非和斯威士兰)也报告死于疟疾的人数减少。 开普 佛得角从2000年到2008年持续减少,从而进入了疟疾防治前阶段。 2009年,案件数量增加,这可能是由于加大了案件侦破力度。 这些国家都有大规模疟疾方案活动的证据。", "第九编. 控制方案对其他世界卫生组织区域的影响", "49. (中文(简体) ). 在世卫组织其他区域,2000至2009年期间,在56个疟疾流行国家中,有32个国家的疟疾确诊病例减少了50%以上,另有8个国家的病例呈下行趋势,下降了25%至30%。 2009年,欧洲地区首次报告没有当地获得的疟原虫疟疾病例。 在发病率最高的国家,病例数量下降得最少,这表明应更注意这些国家,因为这些国家在非洲以外承担了大部分疟疾负担。", " 50. 50. 美洲地区报告的病例从2000年的118万起减少到2009年的526 000起。 4个国家(巴西、哥伦比亚、海地和秘鲁)占2009年病例的90%。 据报告,11个国家(阿根廷、伯利兹、多民族玻利维亚国、厄瓜多尔、萨尔瓦多、危地马拉、洪都拉斯、墨西哥、尼加拉瓜、巴拉圭和苏里南)减少了50%以上。 其中四个国家处于消灭或消灭前阶段,并积极跟踪可疑病例(阿根廷、萨尔瓦多、墨西哥和巴拉圭),而另外四个国家则显示出在面临疟疾危险的人群中广泛开展控制活动的证据(厄瓜多尔、危地马拉、尼加拉瓜和苏里南)。 巴西通过由40 000多名保健工作者组成的网络,大大扩大了诊断和治疗的提供范围,这些保健工作者已到达各个家庭。 3个国家(多米尼加共和国、海地和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国)报告说,2000至2009年期间,病例增加,增幅最高的是海地(比2000年增加了三倍)。", "51. 联合国 2000至2009年间,东南亚区域有5个国家(不丹、朝鲜民主主义人民共和国、尼泊尔、斯里兰卡和泰国)报告的病例数量减少了50%以上。 2009年印度确诊病例比2000年减少23%. 有证据表明,在三个国家(不丹、斯里兰卡和泰国)大规模实施了抗疟干预措施,病例数量有所减少,尽管近年来斯里兰卡和泰国的干预措施覆盖率还不到50%。 处于消除前阶段的两个国家(朝鲜民主主义人民共和国和斯里兰卡)积极跟踪所有可疑案件。 在印度和尼泊尔,预防性干预的规模似乎很小,只有不到30%的高危人群得到预防。 其余疟疾流行国家(孟加拉国、印度尼西亚、缅甸和东帝汶)报告病例没有变化或增加,对照风险人口总数,控制活动的规模似乎很小。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 欧洲地区报告的疟疾病例数量已大大减少,从2000年的32 385起减少到2009年的285起。 整个区域开展了密集的管制活动。 室内残留喷洒是病媒控制的主要手段,辅之以在稻米种植地使用幼虫甘布西亚鱼、被动和主动的病例检测以及受影响国家边境地区的国家间协作。 2005年,欧洲区域所有9个受疟疾影响的国家都批准了《塔什干宣言》,其目标是到2015年制止疟疾的传播并在该区域内消除这一疾病。 自1990年代初期疟疾再发以来,2009年首次没有土著疟原虫病例报告。 2000至2009年期间,东地中海区域有四个国家(阿富汗、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、伊拉克和沙特阿拉伯)的疟疾病例减少了50%以上,其中后三个国家有证据表明,与广泛开展疟疾控制活动有关的病例数量持续减少,被归类为正在消除或消除前阶段。 该区域其他国家(吉布提、巴基斯坦、索马里、苏丹和也门)的疟疾病例没有持续减少,尽管苏丹已将疟疾预防活动的覆盖面扩大到50%以上的高危人口。", "53. 联合国 在西太平洋区域,有五个国家报告2000至2009年期间确诊病例数量减少了50%以上(中国、老挝人民民主共和国、大韩民国、所罗门群岛和越南)。 有证据表明,通过病媒控制或加强病例管理,所有这些国家都广泛开展疟疾防治活动。 3个国家(马来西亚、菲律宾和瓦努阿图)报告说减少了25%-50%;马来西亚和瓦努阿图的病媒控制干预措施范围很广。 在柬埔寨和巴布亚新几内亚,确诊病例变化不大,尽管柬埔寨报告疟疾死亡人数从2000年的608人减少到了2009年的279人(下降了54%)。", " . 删除", "54. 联合国 卫生组织鼓励低度和不稳定传播地区的国家着手消灭疟疾(中断传播)。 [2] 在这些环境下实现并持续消除疟疾的先决条件包括存在一个卫生系统,提供全国范围的质量控制服务,包括监测。 在高、稳定的传播能力强的地区,如热带非洲许多地区,鉴于目前可用的疟疾控制工具,实现和维持无疟疾状态是不可能的。", "55. 国家 2009年,有8个国家(阿根廷、萨尔瓦多、巴拉圭、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、马来西亚、墨西哥、朝鲜民主主义人民共和国和斯里兰卡)处于疟疾防治前阶段。 2010年增加了第九个国家佛得角。 有10个国家(阿尔及利亚、阿塞拜疆、格鲁吉亚、伊拉克、吉尔吉斯斯坦、大韩民国、沙特阿拉伯、塔吉克斯坦、土耳其和乌兹别克斯坦)正在全国实施消除方案。 另有七个国家(亚美尼亚、巴哈马、埃及、牙买加、阿曼、俄罗斯联邦和阿拉伯叙利亚共和国)正处在预防引进疟疾的阶段。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 2010年5月,摩洛哥成为最近历史上第二个经世卫组织认证已消灭疟疾的国家(2007年1月被世卫组织认证为无疟疾国家)。 摩洛哥于2004年报告了最后一例本地活性疟病毒传播病例。 2010年10月,土库曼斯坦被列入世卫组织消除疟疾地区官方登记册。 最后一起案件也在2004年登记。 亚美尼亚启动了消灭疟疾的认证进程。", "十一会. 摘要和建议", "57. 萨尔瓦多 在实现世界卫生大会、减疟伙伴关系和千年发展目标所制定的疟疾控制目标方面正在取得进展。", "58. 联合国 在过去十年里,用于控制疟疾的国际资金急剧增加。 2009年的付款达到15亿美元的最高水平,但2009年和2010年控制疟疾的新承诺似乎停滞不前,达到18亿美元。 风险人口较少的国家继续比人口较多的国家获得更多的资金。 承诺用于防治疟疾的数额虽然数额巨大,但仍然不足疟疾防治所需资源,2010年估计超过60亿美元。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 过去三年来,由于资金的增加,在增加获得驱虫蚊帐方面取得了巨大进展。 2008至2010年底,向撒哈拉以南非洲地区提供了约2.89亿顶长效驱虫蚊帐,足以覆盖7.65亿面临疟疾风险的人中的76%。 据估计,2010年年中,非洲42%的家庭至少拥有一个驱虫蚊帐,35%的儿童睡在这种蚊帐下。 使用驱虫蚊帐的儿童比例仍然低于世界卫生大会80%的目标,部分原因是截至2009年底,一些最大的非洲国家的蚊帐所有权仍然很低。 一些调查中报告的低使用率主要是由于缺乏覆盖所有家庭成员的足够蚊帐;家庭调查结果表明,大多数现有蚊帐(80%)正在使用。", "60. 联合国 虽然在非洲迅速扩大长效驱虫蚊帐的分发规模是一项巨大的公共卫生成就,但它也是今后在确保维持高覆盖率方面面临的一项巨大挑战。 长效蚊帐的寿命目前估计为三年。 因此,2006年和2007年交付的蚊帐已经需要更换,2008年至2010年交付的蚊帐不久将更换。 当务之急是更换这些蚊帐,作为拯救生命的干预措施;如果不这样做,疟疾病例和死亡就会死灰复燃。 必须着手采购长效蚊帐,其基础是覆盖的年人均成本最低,而不是单位成本最低。", "61. 国家 近年来,室内滞留喷洒方案也大幅扩展,撒哈拉以南非洲的保护人数从2005年的1 300万增至2009年的7 500万,相当于2009年保护约10%的高危人口。", "62. 联合国 世卫组织现在建议,在治疗之前,对所有疑似疟疾病例进行诊断检测。 随着撒哈拉以南非洲大部分地区的疟疾发病率下降,将疟疾同非疟疾热区分开来的必要性变得更加迫切。 非洲经诊断检测确认的已报告病例比例从本十年初的不到5%大幅上升至2009年的约35%,但在大多数非洲国家和其他区域的少数国家,这一比例仍然很低。 少数国家表明,只要重视充分的准备、培训、监测、监督和质量控制,就有可能在全国范围迅速扩大疟疾诊断检测。 这种经验与大量节省青蒿素类复方疗法的使用和改善疟疾监测有关。", "63. 国家 制造商提供的资料表明,自2005年以来,采购青蒿素类复方疗法的数量每年都在增加。 截至2009年底,11个非洲国家正在提供足够的青蒿素类复方疗法课程,以涵盖公共部门100%以上的疟疾病例;另有8个非洲国家提供了足够课程来治疗50%至100%的病例。 自2005年以来,这些数字大幅增加,当时只有5个国家提供了足够的青蒿素类复方疗法课程,覆盖在公共部门接受治疗的50%以上的病人。 然而,关于获得治疗的信息普遍不完整,特别是在私营部门接受治疗的病人中占很大比例。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 近年来,世卫组织非洲区域共有11个国家和地区的疟疾确诊病例或疟疾入院和死亡病例减少50%以上。 非洲以外56个疟疾流行国家中有32个在2000至2009年期间疟疾确诊病例减少50%以上,而其他8个国家则出现25%至50%的下降趋势。 2009年,摩洛哥和土库曼斯坦被世卫组织总干事认证为已消灭了疟疾。 2009年,欧洲地区首次报告无疟原虫疟疾病例.", "65. 国家 据估计,疟疾病例从2000年的2.33亿起增加到2005年的2.44亿起,但到2009年又减少到2.25亿起。 据估计,死于疟疾的人数从2000年的985 000人减少到2009年的781 000人。 卫生组织所有区域的疟疾负担都有所下降,欧洲区域的比例下降幅度最大,其次是美洲区域。 非洲的死亡率绝对下降幅度最大。", "66. (中文(简体) ). 展望未来,当务之急是所有国家和发展伙伴努力将疟疾问题保持在政治和发展议程的重要位置,大力倡导为疟疾防治提供充足和可预测的长期资金,并维持国家对疟疾防治的财政承诺,以加快落实世卫组织建议的政策和战略,从而实现世界卫生大会的疟疾目标、与健康有关的千年发展目标以及减少疟疾伙伴关系的宏伟目标,特别是到2015年底使疟疾死亡人数接近零的目标。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 各国必须对疟疾方案进行定期和全面审查,作为制定实现和维持普及和普及疟疾干预措施的战略和行动计划的重要步骤。", "68. (中文(简体) ). 应当为所有面临风险的人提供并维持建议的病媒控制干预措施,特别是通过:(a) 更换和持续提供长效驱虫蚊帐并有针对性地宣传其使用情况;和(或) 定期使用室内滞留喷洒杀虫剂。", "69. (中文(简体) ). 应迅速对所有疑似疟疾病例进行诊断检测,同时在公共和私营部门,包括社区一级,为确诊恶性疟原虫疟疾患者提供青蒿素类复方疗法的有效治疗。 可以利用扩大诊断服务的机会加强疟疾监测。", "70. 联合国 为了保持疟疾控制方面的进展,必须立即采取行动,通过执行《青蒿素抗药性全球计划》中的建议,包括加强公共和私营部门的监管服务,努力停止使用口服青蒿素单一疗法和不符合世卫组织资格预审标准或严格国家监管当局标准的药品,引入质量保证机制,并改进所有疟疾商品和服务的供应链管理。", "71. 联合国 还必须通过采用最佳做法,例如:旋转用于室内滞留喷洒的杀虫剂;在使用高驱虫蚊帐的地区使用除除除虫菊花外的杀虫剂类别(和与除虫菊花有交叉抗药性的化合物)核准的用于室内滞留喷洒的杀虫剂。 这些建议将作为疟疾病媒杀虫剂抗药性管理全球计划的一部分进行更详尽的阐述,该计划目前正在制订之中。", "72. 联合国 扩大疟疾预防和控制干预措施可用作加强卫生系统的切入点,包括实验室服务、外围保健设施的妇幼保健服务、社区一级疾病综合管理以及及时和准确的监测。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 所有疟疾防治方案的核心都是人。 为了保持国家防治疟疾的核心能力,需要在各级保健系统保持一支强大的疟疾专家队伍,包括昆虫学家。", "74. 国家 疟疾仍然是5岁以下儿童的主要杀手。 这场斗争的成功对于改善世界各地,特别是非洲妇女和儿童的健康,对于推动实现与健康有关的千年发展目标和《全球妇女和儿童健康战略》所阐明的目标至关重要。", "[1] (中文(简体) ).", "[2] 消灭疟疾:当地蚊子传播疟疾的中断;由于蓄意努力,在一定地理区域将人类疟疾寄生虫造成的感染率降至零;需要继续采取措施来防止再传播。 消灭疟疾的证明:卫生组织在证明阿诺菲勒斯蚊子在当地的人类疟疾传播链至少连续三年被完全中断之后,可以给予证明。 消灭疟疾:永久地将某种特定药剂所引起全球感染的发生率降至零;适用于某一种疟疾寄生虫。 一旦消除,就不再需要干预措施。" ]

[ "Seventeenth session", "Kingston, Jamaica", "11-22 July 2011", "Draft decision of the Assembly of the International Seabed Authority relating to the commemoration of the thirtieth anniversary of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea", "Proposed by the Group of 77 and China", "The Assembly of the International Seabed Authority,", "Recognizing that 10 December 2012 will mark the thirtieth anniversary of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, opened for signature in Montego Bay, Jamaica, which entered into force on 16 November 1994,", "Recalling the historic significance of the Convention as one of the most comprehensive legal instruments negotiated under the auspices of the United Nations, and emphasizing its importance as the legal framework within which all activities in the oceans and seas must be carried out,", "Reaffirming the importance of the codification and designation by the Convention of the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, as well as the resources of the Area, as the common heritage of mankind,", "Reaffirming also the work of the International Seabed Authority as the organization through which States parties shall organize and control activities in the Area, particularly with a view to administering the resources of the Area in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Convention and the 1994 Agreement relating to the implementation of Part XI of the Convention, on behalf of mankind as a whole,", "Expressing support for the convening of a commemorative meeting of the United Nations General Assembly on Monday, 10 December 2012, to mark the thirtieth anniversary of the Convention,", "1. Agrees to convene a special meeting during its eighteenth session to commemorate the thirtieth anniversary of the opening for signature of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea;", "2. Requests the Secretary-General of the International Seabed Authority to undertake activities in observance of the anniversary;", "3. Encourages members of the International Seabed Authority and the wider international community to commemorate this important milestone." ]

[ "第十七届会议", "牙买加金斯敦", "2011年7月11日至22日", "国际海底管理局大会关于纪念1982年《联合国海洋法公约》三十周年的决定草案", "由77国集团加中国提出", "国际海底管理局大会，", "确认2012年12月10日将是在牙买加蒙特哥湾开放供签署并于1994年11月16日生效的1982年《联合国海洋法公约》三十周年，", "回顾《公约》作为联合国主持议定的最全面法律文书之一的历史意义，并强调其作为所有海洋活动必须遵照执行的法律框架的重要性，", "重申《公约》将国家管辖范围以外的海床洋底和底土以及“区域”内的资源立法确定为人类共同遗产的重要性，", "又重申管理局是缔约国安排和管制“区域”内活动的组织，其宗旨尤其是为了根据《公约》及1994年《关于执行<公约>第十一部分的协定》的有关规定，代表全人类管理“区域”内的资源，", "表示支持联合国大会在2012年12月10日星期一召开一次会议，纪念《公约》三十周年，", "1. 同意在第十八届会议期间召开一次特别会议，纪念1982年《联合国海洋法公约》开放供签署三十周年；", "2. 请国际海底管理局秘书长开展周年纪念活动；", "3. 鼓励国际海底管理局成员和广大国际社会纪念这一重要的里程碑。" ]

[ "第十七届会议", "牙买加金斯敦", "2011年7月11日至22日,日内瓦", "国际海底管理局大会关于纪念1982年《联合国海洋法公约》三十周年的决定草案", "77国集团和中国的提议", "国际海底管理局大会,", "认识到2012年12月10日将是牙买加蒙特哥湾开放供签署的1982年《联合国海洋法公约》 三十周年,该公约于1994年11月16日生效,", "回顾《公约》作为联合国主持谈判的最全面的法律文书之一所具有的历史意义,并强调指出它作为开展所有海洋活动所必须遵循的法律框架的重要性,", "重申《公约》将国家管辖范围以外的海床、洋底和底土以及 \" 区域 \" 资源编纂和指定为人类共同遗产的重要性,", "又重申国际海底管理局的工作,它作为缔约国代表全人类组织和控制 \" 区域 \" 内活动的组织,特别是为了根据《公约》和1994年《关于执行公约第十一部分的协定》的有关规定管理 \" 区域 \" 的资源,", "表示支持于2012年12月10日星期一举行联合国大会纪念会,以纪念《公约》三十周年,", "1. 联合国 1. 同意在其第十八届会议期间召开一次特别会议来纪念1982年《联合国海洋法公约》开放供签署三十周年;", "2. 联合国 4. 请国际海底管理局秘书长为纪念该周年而开展活动;", "3个 鼓励国际海底管理局和广大国际社会成员纪念这一重要里程碑。" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council Tenth emergency special session Sixty-sixth year Agenda item 5 \nIllegal Israeli actions in OccupiedEast Jerusalem and the rest of theOccupied Palestinian Territory", "Identical letters dated 20 July 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "In follow-up to my letter dated 19 July 2011, regarding the intensification of illegal Israeli practices in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, I am compelled to draw your attention to the critical situation of Palestinian prisoners being held by Israel, the occupying Power.", "The plight of Palestinian prisoners continues to deteriorate due to escalating violations, most notably following the recent declaration by the Israeli Prime Minister of plans to further “toughen” their conditions, in grave violation of international humanitarian and human rights law. It must be recalled that more than 6,000 Palestinian civilians, including at least 245 children and 37 women, as well as 19 elected officials, continue to be imprisoned or arbitrarily detained by Israel. The majority of Palestinian families continue to be affected by the occupying Power’s imprisonment of their family members, particularly men who represent the head of their households, and the attendant social, economic and psychological consequences are vast and continue to cause great suffering and hardship to these families.", "The overwhelming majority of the Palestinian prisoners and detainees continue to suffer from deplorable and inhumane conditions and treatment in violation of their most basic human rights and the relevant provisions of international humanitarian law. It is a well known fact that Palestinians being held in Israeli prisons and detention centres are routinely subjected to psychological and physical maltreatment, harassment and intimidation, unsanitary and unhygienic conditions, inadequate health care, forced interrogations, denial of due process, restrictions of family visits, solitary confinement, and, in many cases, torture. Moreover, in direct contravention of the Fourth Geneva Convention, thousands of Palestinian prisoners and detainees have been transferred by Israel, the occupying Power, outside of the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, to prison facilities inside Israel.", "In this regard, I must draw your immediate attention in particular to the dire health conditions of three Palestinian prisoners, Yousef Skafi, Atef Wreidat and Maisara Abu Hamdiyye, who have been on a hunger strike for more than 30 days, since 12 June 2011, in the Israeli prison of Asqalan as a result of the occupying forces’ rejection of their humanitarian requests to be moved to another prison so that they may receive proper health care for the conditions from which they are suffering, including diabetes, hypertension and heart and kidney problems. These prisoners have also been subjected to a ban on family visits and monetary fines. Today, Skafi and Wreidat were transferred to the Al-Ramleh prison hospital due to health deterioration that threatens their lives. They remain in critical condition, and a medical examination has revealed that Skafi’s body is beginning to rot. In this connection, we believe it must be noted that Skafi’s 11-year-old daughter, Abeer, died two months ago after suffering a severe nervous breakdown and coma following the obstruction of her visit to her father in prison. We urge the international community to give the necessary attention to this grave issue.", "It must be underscored that Israel has not for one moment ceased its military arrest campaign throughout the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, with arrests and detentions being carried out on a near daily basis. In addition to continuously adding to the ranks of imprisoned and detained Palestinian civilians, these arrests are often carried out in the context of violent military raids that cause death and injury to civilians, including children, damage to homes and properties, and cause widespread fear among the Palestinian population. Moreover, the Israeli occupying forces continue to use Palestinian civilians as human shields during these arrest raids.", "In recent days, the Israeli occupying forces arrested 11 Palestinian youths in the Silwan neighbourhood of East Jerusalem. In this connection, we are compelled to highlight the extremely troubling situation of Palestinian children who continue to be arrested and detained by Israel, the occupying Power. A recent report by the Israeli human rights organization B’Tselem, entitled “No Minor Matter”, reveals extensive Israeli violations of the rights of Palestinian children accused of stone throwing and their physical and psychological mistreatment during arrest.", "In this regard, the report found that the children are often arrested by the Israeli occupying forces in the middle of the night, violently seized from their homes and taken alone to interrogations, without being able to consult an attorney or even their parents. Moreover, it was found that the occupying forces typically coerce the children to plead guilty to supposedly avoid a lengthy pre-trial detention, with the children subsequently actually sentenced to prison terms. Out of the hundreds upon hundreds of Palestinian children arrested (aged 17 or younger) for stone throwing between 2005 and 2010, only one was acquitted and the rest all sentenced to prison. We urgently call on the international community to compel Israel to release all Palestinian children detained and imprisoned and to accord all Palestinian prisoners their full rights under international law.", "The grave situation of Palestinian civilians in Israeli jails and detention centres remains an issue of great concern and of priority for the Palestinian people and their leadership. Illegal Israeli actions in this regard and the poor health conditions of several prisoners in particular warrant serious attention by the international community. The occupying Power must be held to the same standard of international law to which all countries are held and it must therefore be demanded that Israel comply with all of its legal obligations under international humanitarian and human rights law vis-à-vis the Palestinian prisoners it continues to imprison and detain.", "This letter is in follow-up to our previous 395 letters regarding the ongoing crisis in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, since 28 September 2000. These letters, dated from 29 September 2000 (A/55/432-S/2000/921) to 19 July 2011 (A/ES-10/524-S/2011/439) constitute a basic record of the crimes being committed by Israel, the occupying Power, against the Palestinian people since September 2000. For all of these war crimes, acts of State terrorism and systematic human rights violations committed against the Palestinian people, Israel, the occupying Power, must be held accountable and the perpetrators must be brought to justice.", "I should be grateful if you would arrange to have the text of the present letter distributed as a document of the tenth emergency special session of the General Assembly, under agenda item 5, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Feda Abdelhady-Nasser Chargé d’affaires a.i." ]

[ "大 会 安全理事会", "第十届紧急特别会议 第六十六年", "议程项目5", "以色列在被占领东耶路撒冷和其余 巴勒斯坦被占领土的非法行动", "2011年7月20日巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员代表团临时代办给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信", "继我于2011年7月19日就以色列加剧在巴勒斯坦被占领土的非法行径写信给你之后，我还必须提请注意遭占领国以色列关押的巴勒斯坦囚犯的危急处境。", "由于违反行为升级，特别是在以色列总理最近严重违反国际人道主义法和人权法，宣布打算进一步“强硬处理”囚犯的境况问题之后，巴勒斯坦囚犯的困境继续恶化。我们必须回顾，以色列继续监禁和任意拘禁6 000多名巴勒斯坦平民，包括至少245名儿童和37名妇女以及19名民选官员。由于占领国监禁其家庭成员、特别是那些身为一家之主的男子，大多数巴勒斯坦家庭受到影响；由此造成的社会、经济和心理影响十分巨大，并继续给他们的家庭造成极大的痛苦和困难。", "绝大多数巴勒斯坦囚犯和被拘禁者继续遭受悲惨和不人道的条件和待遇，他们的基本人权遭到侵犯，国际人道主义法的相关规定遭到违反。众所周知，被关押在以色列监狱和拘留中心的巴勒斯坦人通常受到心理和身体虐待、骚扰和恐吓，处于没有环境卫生和个人卫生条件的环境，没有适当的保健，遭到强迫审问，被剥夺适当程序，家人访问受到限制，被单独关押，而且在许多情况下遭受酷刑。此外，占领国以色列将数千名巴勒斯坦囚犯和被拘禁者转移到包括东耶路撒冷在内巴勒斯坦被占领土以外、位于以色列境内的监狱设施，这直接违反了《日内瓦第四公约》。", "在这方面，我必须提请你立即特别关注Yousef Skafi、Atef Wreidat和Maisara Abu Hamdiyye等巴勒斯坦囚犯的严重健康状况。由于占领军拒绝接受其关于移送到另外一个监狱、以便自己所患的病症(包括糖尿病、高血压以及心脏和肾脏问题)获得适当医疗的要求，这几个人自2011年6月12日以来一直在以色列的Asqalan监狱绝食，时间已超过30天。这些囚犯还遭受禁止家人探视和罚款的处罚。今天，由于健康恶化并危及其生命，Skafi和Wreidat已被移送到Al-Ramleh监狱医院。他们的病情仍然十分危急；体检发现，Skafi的身体已开始腐烂。在这方面，我们认为必须指出，Skafi的11岁的女儿Abeer在她到监狱探视父亲受阻之后，发生严重精神崩溃和昏迷，已于两个月前去世。我们敦促国际社会对这一严重问题给予必要关注。", "必须强调，以色列一刻都没有停止其在包括东耶路撒冷在内巴勒斯坦被占领土的军事逮捕活动，几乎每天都进行逮捕和拘留。这些逮捕不仅让受到监禁和拘留的巴勒斯坦平民人数不断扩大，而且常常是发生在暴力军事突袭期间，造成平民(包括儿童)死伤，破坏了家园和财产，在巴勒斯坦人口中引起普遍恐惧。此外，以色列占领军在进行这些逮捕突袭中，继续把巴勒斯坦平民当做人肉盾牌。", "近日来，以色列占领军在东耶路撒冷的Silwan居民区逮捕11名巴勒斯坦青年。在这方面，我们必须强调，巴勒斯坦儿童处于极为令人不安的境况，他们继续遭到占领国以色列的逮捕和拘留。以色列人权组织以色列维护占领区人权信息中心最近印发一份题为“未成年人问题非小事”的报告，揭露了以色列大肆侵犯被控投掷石块的巴勒斯坦儿童的权利，在逮捕期间对其进行身心虐待。", "在这方面，该报告发现，这些儿童往往是在半夜被以色列占领军逮捕的，他们被从家里强行抓走，遭到单独审问，无法咨询律师、甚至是父母。报告还发现，占领军据称是为了避免在庭审前遭到长期拘禁，通常还强迫儿童认罪，但又随后实际将儿童处以监禁。2005至2010年期间，在因投掷石块被逮捕的数百名巴勒斯坦儿童(17岁或以下)中，只有一人被宣布无罪，其余全部被处以监禁。我们紧急呼吁国际社会迫使以色列释放所有被拘禁和监禁的巴勒斯坦儿童，让所有巴勒斯坦囚犯享有国际法规定的所有权利。", "以色列监狱和拘留中心巴勒斯坦平民的严峻处境依然是一个令人严重关切的问题，也是巴勒斯坦人民及其领导层的优先事项。国际社会应严重关注以色列在这方面的非法行动，特别是数名巴勒斯坦囚犯的较差健康状况。必须用衡量所有国家的同样国际法标准衡量占领国，因此必须要求以色列对其继续监禁和拘禁的巴勒斯坦囚犯履行其根据国际人道主义法和人权法承担的全部法律义务。", "自2000年9月28日以来，我们已就包括东耶路撒冷在内被占巴勒斯坦领土的持续危机向你发出395封信，本函是上述信函的后续。这些信函的日期是从2000年9月29日(A/55/432-S/2000/921)至2011年7月19日(A/ES-10/524- S/2011/439)。它们基本记录了占领国以色列自2000年9月以来对巴勒斯坦人民实施的犯罪行为。占领国以色列必须为其对巴勒斯坦人民犯下的所有战争罪行、国家恐怖主义行为和系统的侵犯人权行为负责，必须将犯罪人绳之以法。", "请将本函作为大会第十届紧急特别会议议程项目5的文件和安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "临时代办", "费达·阿卜杜勒哈迪-纳赛尔(签名)" ]

[ "大会 安全理事会第十届紧急特别会议\n以色列在被占领的东耶路撒冷和其余", "2011年7月20日巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员代表团临时代办给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信", "继我2011年7月19日关于以色列在包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土上加紧非法行径的信后,我不得不提请你注意占领国以色列关押的巴勒斯坦囚犯的危急情况。", "由于侵犯行为不断升级,特别是以色列总理最近宣布计划进一步“缓解”巴勒斯坦囚犯的处境继续恶化,这严重违反了国际人道主义法和人权法。 必须回顾,6 000多名巴勒斯坦平民,包括至少245名儿童和37名妇女以及19名当选官员继续被以色列监禁或被任意拘留。 大多数巴勒斯坦家庭继续受到占领国监禁其家庭成员,特别是代表其户主的男子的影响,随之而来的社会、经济和心理后果是巨大的,继续给这些家庭造成巨大的痛苦和困难。", "绝大多数巴勒斯坦囚犯和被拘留者继续遭受悲惨和不人道的条件和待遇,这侵犯了他们最基本的人权和国际人道主义法的有关规定。 众所周知,被关押在以色列监狱和拘留中心的巴勒斯坦人经常遭受身心虐待、骚扰和恐吓、不卫生和不卫生的条件、保健不足、强迫审讯、剥夺正当程序、限制家人探视、单独监禁,以及在许多情况下遭受酷刑。 此外,占领国以色列直接违反《日内瓦第四公约》,将数千名巴勒斯坦囚犯和被拘留者转移到包括东耶路撒冷在内巴勒斯坦被占领土以外的以色列监狱设施。", "在这方面,我必须立即提请你注意三名巴勒斯坦囚犯Yousef Skafi、Atef Wreidat和Maisara Abu Hamdiyye的恶劣健康状况,他们自2011年6月12日以来在以色列Asqalan监狱绝食了30多天,原因是占领军拒绝了他们提出的被转移到另一所监狱的人道主义要求,以便他们能够获得适当的保健,治疗他们所遭受的疾病,包括糖尿病、高血压和心脏及肾脏问题。 这些囚犯还被禁止探亲和罚款。 今天,Skafi和Wreidat因健康状况恶化而被转移到Al-Ramleh监狱医院,危及他们的生命。 他们仍然处于危急状态,体检表明斯卡菲的身体正开始腐烂. 在这方面,我们认为必须指出,斯卡菲11岁的女儿阿贝耶两个月前因在狱中探望父亲受阻而严重神经崩溃和昏迷而死亡。 我们敦促国际社会对这一严重问题给予必要的关注。", "必须强调,以色列从未停止过在包括东耶路撒冷在内的整个巴勒斯坦被占领土的军事逮捕行动,几乎每天都在进行逮捕和拘留。 除了不断增加被囚禁和被拘押的巴勒斯坦平民的队伍外,这些逮捕往往是在暴力军事袭击的背景下进行的,这些袭击造成包括儿童在内的平民伤亡、房屋和财产被破坏,并引起巴勒斯坦民众的普遍恐惧。 此外,以色列占领军在这些逮捕袭击中继续将巴勒斯坦平民用作人盾。", "最近几天,以色列占领军在东耶路撒冷Silwan居民区逮捕了11名巴勒斯坦青年。 在这方面,我们不得不强调继续被占领国以色列逮捕和拘留的巴勒斯坦儿童极其令人不安的状况。 以色列人权组织B-Tselem最近题为 \" 无小事 \" 的报告揭示了以色列广泛侵犯被控在逮捕期间投掷石块的巴勒斯坦儿童的权利并虐待他们的身体和心理。", "在这方面,报告发现,这些儿童常常被以色列占领军在半夜逮捕,从家中被暴力抓走并单独带去审问,无法与律师甚至其父母协商。 此外,还发现,占领军通常强迫儿童认罪,以避免审前拘留时间过长,儿童随后实际上被判处了徒刑。 在2005年至2010年期间因投掷石块而被捕的数百名巴勒斯坦儿童(17岁或更年幼)中,只有一人被宣告无罪,其余都被判处监禁。 我们紧急呼吁国际社会迫使以色列释放所有被拘押和监禁的巴勒斯坦儿童,并给予所有巴勒斯坦囚犯国际法规定的全部权利。", "以色列监狱和拘留中心中巴勒斯坦平民的严重处境仍然是巴勒斯坦人民及其领导人所严重关切和优先考虑的问题。 以色列在这方面的非法行动,特别是一些囚犯的恶劣健康状况,值得国际社会认真注意。 占领国必须遵循与所有国家相同的国际法标准,因此,必须要求以色列遵守国际人道主义法和人权法对其继续监禁和拘留的巴勒斯坦囚犯规定的所有法律义务。", "自2000年9月28日以来,我们已就包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土上的持续危机发出395封信,本函是上述信件的后续。 这些信函的日期从2000年9月29日(A/55/432-S/2000/921)起至2011年7月19日(A/ES-10/524-S/2011/439)止,是占领国以色列自2000年9月以来对巴勒斯坦人民所犯罪行的基本记录。 占领国以色列必须为其对巴勒斯坦人民犯下的所有这些战争罪行、国家恐怖主义行为和系统侵犯人权行为负责,必须将肇事者绳之以法。", "请将本函作为大会第十届紧急特别会议议程项目5和安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "费达·阿卜杜勒-哈迪-纳赛尔(签名)" ]

[ "Seventeenth session", "Kingston, Jamaica", "11-22 July 2011", "* Reissued for technical reasons on 25 July 2011.", "Statement of the President of the Council of the International Seabed Authority on the work of the Council during the seventeenth session", "1. The seventeenth session of the International Seabed Authority was held in Kingston from 11 to 22 July 2011.", "I. Adoption of the agenda", "2. At its 162nd meeting, on 12 July 2011, the Council adopted its agenda for the seventeenth session, as contained in document ISBA/17/C/1.", "II. Election of the President and Vice-Presidents of the Council", "3. At its 162nd meeting, the Council elected Andrzej Przybycin (Poland) as President of the Council for 2011. Subsequently, following consultations in the regional groups, the Council elected as Vice-Presidents the representatives of Côte d’Ivoire (Group of African States), Bangladesh (Group of Asian States), Jamaica (Group of Latin American and Caribbean States) and Australia (Group of Western European and other States).", "III. Report of the Secretary-General concerning the credentials of members of the Council", "4. At the 169th meeting of the Council, on 20 July 2011, the Secretary-General informed the Council that, as of 19 July 2011, credentials had been received from 36 members of the Council. It was noted that, in accordance with the system agreed for the allocation of seats among the regional groups at the first election of the Council, Angola, on behalf of the Group of African States, would participate in the meetings of the Council in 2011 without the right to vote. In 2012 it would be the turn of the Group of Asian States to nominate a member of the Council to participate in the meetings of the Council without the right to vote.", "IV. Election to fill a vacancy on the Legal and Technical Commission", "5. At its 162nd meeting, on 12 July 2011, the Council elected Russell Howorth (Fiji) to fill the vacancy on the Legal and Technical Commission caused by the resignation of Isikeli Mataitoga (Fiji).", "V. Draft regulations on prospecting and exploration for cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts in the Area", "6. The Council resumed its consideration of outstanding issues with respect to the draft regulations on prospecting and exploration for cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts in the Area. The Council conducted its deliberations on the basis of the text of the draft regulations contained in document ISBA/17/CRP.1/Rev.1, in which the text of the draft regulations as proposed by the Legal and Technical Commission in 2009 (ISBA/16/C/WP.2) had been aligned with the Regulations on Prospecting and Exploration for Polymetallic Sulphides in the Area, adopted by the Council in 2010 (ISBA/16/A/12/Rev.1). The Council also considered a proposal made by the delegation of China relating to the size of areas for exploration and relinquishment. At the 166th meeting, two Chinese scientists, Dr. Jiang Kaixi and Dr. He Gaowen, made presentations for the information of members of the Council on “Technical and economic evaluation of cobalt crust mining and processing” and “Determination of the size of areas for exploitation of and exploration for cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts”.", "7. The Council carried out a detailed reading of the entire text of the draft regulations. Agreement was reached on all regulations, with the exception of draft regulations 11, 12, 21 and 27. It was agreed to continue discussion of these outstanding issues at the next session in 2012 and that the adoption of the draft regulations would be the priority for the work of the Council. It was also noted that it would be necessary in due course to adopt a decision of the Council to deal with the possibility of overlapping claims, as had been done in the case of polymetallic sulphides.", "VI. Advisory opinion of the Seabed Disputes Chamber on matters relating to the responsibility and liability of sponsoring States", "8. On 14 July, the Secretary-General submitted to the Council a report on the advisory opinion of the Seabed Disputes Chamber, adopted on 1 February 2011 (ISBA/17/C/6-ISBA/17/LTC/5). The Council took note with appreciation of the advisory opinion, and recommended that the Assembly also take note of the opinion during the seventeenth session.", "VII. Consideration and approval of the recommendations of the Legal and Technical Commission relating to the approval of two plans of work for exploration for polymetallic nodules", "A. Application submitted by Nauru Ocean Resources Inc.", "9. At its 167th and 168th meetings, on 19 July 2011, the Council considered the report and recommendations of the Legal and Technical Commission relating to an application for the approval of a plan of work for exploration for polymetallic nodules in reserved areas by Nauru Ocean Resources Inc. (NORI), sponsored by Nauru (ISBA/17/C/9). Following deliberations, the Council approved the plan of work and requested the Secretary-General to issue the plan of work for exploration for polymetallic nodules in the form of a contract between the Authority and NORI. The decision of the Council in this respect is contained in document ISBA/17/C/14.", "B. Application submitted by Tonga Offshore Mining Limited", "10. Also at its 167th and 168th meetings, the Council considered the report and recommendations of the Legal and Technical Commission relating to an application for the approval of a plan of work for exploration for polymetallic nodules in reserved areas by Tonga Offshore Mining Limited (TOML), sponsored by Tonga (ISBA/17/C/10). Following deliberations, the Council approved the plan of work and requested the Secretary-General to issue the plan of work for exploration for polymetallic nodules in the form of a contract between the Authority and TOML. The delegations of Germany and the Netherlands noted that paragraph 15 of the Commission’s report left room for interpretation on the issue of sponsorship and effective control as it related to regulation 11 (2) of the Regulations on Prospecting and Exploration for Polymetallic Nodules in the Area. Germany stated its view that the issue required further clarification and that, for such reason, it was unable to support the decision to approve the plan of work for exploration of TOML. The decision of the Council with respect to the application by TOML is contained in document ISBA/17/C/15.", "VIII. Consideration and approval of the recommendations of the Legal and Technical Commission relating to the approval of two plans of work for exploration for polymetallic sulphides", "A. Application submitted by China Ocean Mineral Resources Research and Development Association", "11. At its 168th meeting, on 19 July 2011, the Council considered the report and recommendations of the Legal and Technical Commission relating to an application for the approval of a plan of work for exploration for polymetallic sulphides by China Ocean Mineral Resources Research and Development Association (COMRA) (ISBA/17/C/11). Following deliberations, the Council approved the plan of work and requested the Secretary-General to issue the plan of work for exploration for polymetallic sulphides in the form of a contract between the Authority and COMRA. The decision of the Council in this respect is contained in document ISBA/17/C/16.", "B. Application submitted by the Government of the Russian Federation", "12. Also at its 168th meeting, the Council considered the report and recommendations of the Legal and Technical Commission relating to an application for the approval of a plan of work for exploration for polymetallic sulphides by the Government of the Russian Federation (ISBA/17/C/12). Following deliberations, the Council approved the plan of work and requested the Secretary-General to issue the plan of work for exploration for polymetallic sulphides in the form of a contract between the Authority and the Government of the Russian Federation. The decision of the Council in this respect is contained in document ISBA/17/C/17.", "IX. Report of the Legal and Technical Commission", "13. At its 165th meeting, on 15 July 2011, the Council received the summary report of the Chairman of the Legal and Technical Commission on the work of the Commission during the seventeenth session (ISBA/17/C/13), as presented by David Billet, Chairman of the Commission. The Council acknowledged with appreciation the work carried out by the Commission and took note of the report. In particular, the Council expressed its concern over the lack of raw data and the reporting of actual and direct exploration expenditures by the contractors. It reaffirmed the obligations of contractors to comply fully with the terms and conditions of the contract, including the reporting of environmental data and actual and direct exploration expenditures in accordance with the applicable Regulations and the standard terms of contracts. The Council also welcomed the proposal of the Commission to recommend standards and guidelines that could assist sponsoring States in adopting laws, regulations and administrative measures to fulfil their obligations and responsibilities. It endorsed the proposal of the Commission to recommend criteria to provide guidance on the implementation of regulation 23, paragraph 7, of the Sulphides Regulations relating to monopolization of activities in the Area. The Council also welcomed the proposal of the Commission to recommend revisions to Nodules Regulations in order to bring them in line with the Sulphides Regulations, in particular with respect to best environmental practices and the protection of the biodiversity of the Area.", "14. Several Council members welcomed suggestions by the Commission that consideration should be given to its holding two sessions a year in view of its anticipated future workload. Some delegations suggested that it would be useful for the members of the Commission to remain for the full two-week session so that the Council could call upon their expertise if necessary. Several delegations agreed with the need for the Commission to be aware of the work of the United Nations General Assembly Ad Hoc Open-ended Informal Working Group, as noted in the Chairman’s report. It was also suggested that the Chairman or another member of the Commission should attend the meetings of the Working Group.", "15. The Council also considered a draft decision of the Council prepared by the Commission relating to an environmental management plan for the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (annex II to the report of the Chairman of the Commission). Following extensive deliberation, the Council adopted a decision relating to the environmental management plan, as contained in document ISBA/17/C/19.", "X. Report of the Finance Committee", "16. At its 8th meeting, on 20 July 2011, the Council received the report of the Finance Committee (ISBA/17/A/3-ISBA/17/C/3). The Council took note of the report and expressed its satisfaction to members of the Authority who had announced contributions to the Endowment Fund and to the Voluntary Trust Fund at the seventeenth session. The Council also expressed its satisfaction to the Secretary-General for the efforts on the implementation of the budget and efforts being made to achieve savings to the extent that they were not made at the expense of the quality of services. The decision of the Council with respect to the recommendations of the Finance Committee is contained in document ISBA/17/C/18. The President of the Council, on behalf of the Council, extended appreciation to Ambassador Hasjim Djalal (Indonesia), the outgoing Chairman of the Finance Committee, for his immense contribution to the establishment and work of the Authority over many years.", "XI. Election of members of the Legal and Technical Commission", "17. The Council took up the issue of the election of members of the Legal and Technical Commission for the period 2012 to 2016. Recalling its decision relating to the procedures for election (ISBA/13/C/6), members of the Council expressed regret that some nominations had been received after the closing date agreed upon by the Council. Nevertheless, the Council noted that, owing to the flexibility shown by members of the Council and regional groups, the total number of candidates for election did not exceed 25, as agreed by the Council in its previous decisions. The Council therefore decided, without prejudice to future elections, and having due regard to economy and efficiency, to increase the number of members of the Commission to 25.", "18. At the 172nd meeting, on 21 July 2011, the Council elected the following candidates as members of the Legal and Technical Commission: Adesina Thompson Abdegbie (Nigeria), Farhan M. S. Al-Farhan (Saudi Arabia), David Billet (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), Harald Brekke (Norway), Winifred M. Broadbelt (Netherlands), Aleksander Čičerov (Slovenia), Domenico Da Empoli (Italy), Laleta Davis-Mattis (Jamaica), Kaiser De Souza (Brazil), Elva Escobar (Mexico), Russell Howorth (Fiji), Kiseong Hyeong (Republic of Korea), Élie Jarmache (France), Emmanuel Kalngui (Cameroon), Denis Gennadyevich Khramov (Russian Federation), Eusebio Lopera (Spain), Pedro Madureira (Portugal), Hussein Mubarak (Egypt), Nobuyuki Okamoto (Japan), Mario Oyarzábal (Argentina), Andrzej Przybycin (Poland), Christian Reichert (Germany), Cristian Rodrigo (Chile), Maruthadu Sudhakar (India) and Haiqi Zhang (China).", "19. The Council emphasized the importance of following strictly the agreed procedures for future elections. Members of the Council also emphasized that it was imperative that members of the Commission make every effort to attend and participate in all meetings of the Commission in full.", "XII. Other matters", "20. The representative of Fiji made a statement (ISBA/17/C/22), supported by other delegations, requesting the Council to take up the formulation of the regulations for mining of deep-sea minerals in the Area. The Council requested the secretariat to prepare a strategic workplan to this effect for consideration at the next session.", "XIII. Next meeting of the Council", "21. The next meeting of the Council will be held in Kingston from 9 to 27 July 2012. It will be the turn of the Group of Latin American and Caribbean States to nominate a candidate for the Presidency of the Council in 2012." ]

[ "第十七届会议", "^(*) 由于技术原因于2011年7月25日重新印发。", "牙买加金斯敦 2011年7月11日至22日", "国际海底管理局理事会主席关于第十七届会议期间理事会工作的说明", "1. 国际海底管理局第十七届会议于2011年7月11日至22日在金斯敦举行。", "一. 通过议程", "2. 在2011年7月12日第162次会议上，理事会通过了ISBA/17/C/1号文件所载的第十七届会议议程。", "二. 选举理事会主席和副主席", "3. 在第162次会议上，理事会选举Andrzej Przybycin(波兰)为2011年理事会主席。随后，经过各区域集团磋商，理事会选举科特迪瓦(非洲国家集团)、孟加拉国(亚洲国家集团)、牙买加(拉丁美洲和加勒比国家集团)和澳大利亚(西欧和其他国家集团)的代表为理事会副主席。", "三. 秘书长关于理事会成员全权证书的报告", "4. 在2011年7月20日理事会第169次会议上，秘书长通知理事会，截至2011年7月19日已收到理事会36名成员的全权证书。他并指出，根据理事会第一次选举时商定的区域集团之间席位分配制度，安哥拉将代表非洲国家集团出席2011年理事会会议，但无表决权。2012年，将由亚洲国家集团提名一名理事会成员出席理事会会议，但无表决权。", "四. 举行选举，以填补法律和技术委员会一个空缺", "5. 在2011年7月12日第162次会议上，理事会选举Russel Howorth(斐济)来填补法律和技术委员会因Isikeli Mataitoga辞职而出现的空缺。", "五. “区域”内富钴铁锰结壳探矿和勘探规章草案", "6. 理事会继续审议有关“区域”内富钴铁锰结壳探矿和勘探规章草案的未决问题。理事会根据ISBA/17/CRP.1/Rev.1号文件载列的规章草案案文进行了审议。在该文件中，法律和技术委员会于2009年提出的规章草案已经做过调整，与理事会在2010年通过的“区域”内多金属硫化物探矿和勘探规章案文(ISBA/16/A/12/Rev.1)保持一致。理事会还审议了中国代表团就勘探和放弃区域的面积提出的提案。在第166次会议上，两名中国科学家(江凯西博士和何高文博士(音译))就“钴结壳开采和处理的技术经济评估”和“富钴铁锰结壳开采和勘探区域面积的确定”做了讲座，供理事会成员参考。", "7. 理事会详细宣读了规章草案全部案文。就所有规章达成了协议，但规章草案第11、12、21和27条除外。理事会商定在2012年下一届会议上将继续讨论这些未决问题，通过规章草案将是理事会的工作重点。理事会还指出，和处理多金属硫化物的问题一样，需要在适当时候通过一项理事会决定，处理所提要求可能重叠的问题。", "六. 海底争端分庭就担保国的责任和赔偿责任相关事项提供的咨询意见", "8. 7月14日，秘书长向理事会提交2011年2月1日通过的关于海底争端分庭咨询意见的报告(ISBA/17/C/6-ISBA/17/LTC/5)。理事会赞赏地注意到咨询意见，并建议管理局大会第十七届会议也注意到该咨询意见。", "七. 审议及核准法律和技术委员会关于核准两份多金属结核勘探工作计划的建议", "A. 瑙鲁海洋资源公司提交的申请", "9. 在2011年7月19日第167次和第168次会议上，理事会审议了法律和技术委员会的报告和建议，其中涉及瑙鲁担保的瑙鲁海洋资源公司请求核准在保留区域内勘探多金属结核的工作计划的申请(ISBA/17/C/9)。经过审议，理事会核准该工作计划，并请秘书长以管理局与瑙鲁海洋资源公司之间合同的形式发布该多金属结核勘探工作计划。理事会有关该事项的决定载于文件ISBA/17/C/14。", "B. 汤加近海采矿有限公司提交的申请", "10. 在第167次和第168次会议上，理事会还审议了法律和技术委员会的报告和建议，其中涉及汤加担保的汤加近海采矿有限公司请求核准在保留区域内勘探多金属结核的工作计划的申请(ISBA/17/C/10)。经过审议，理事会核准该工作计划，并请秘书长以管理局与汤加近海采矿有限公司之间合同的形式发布该多金属结核勘探工作计划。德国和荷兰代表团指出，委员会报告第15段为解释同“区域”内多金属结核探矿和勘探规章第11条第2款有关的担保和有效控制问题留下了空间。德国认为，这个问题需要进一步澄清，因此，德国无法支持核准汤加近海采矿有限公司勘探工作计划的决定。理事会有关汤加近海采矿有限公司的申请的决定载于文件ISBA/17/C/15。", "八. 审议及核准法律和技术委员会关于核准两份多金属硫化物勘探工作计划的建议", "A. 中国大洋矿产资源研究开发协会提交的申请", "11. 在2011年7月19日第168次会议上，理事会审议了法律和技术委员会的报告和建议，其中涉及中国大洋矿产资源研究开发协会(大洋协会)提出的请求核准多金属硫化物勘探工作计划的申请(ISBA/17/C/11)。经过审议，理事会核准该工作计划，并请秘书长以管理局和大洋协会之间合同的形式发布该多金属硫化物勘探工作计划。理事会关于这一事项的决定载于文件ISBA/17/C/16。", "B. 俄罗斯联邦政府提交的申请", "12. 在第168次会议上，理事会还审议了法律和技术委员会的报告和建议，其中涉及俄罗斯联邦政府提出的请求核准多金属硫化物勘探工作计划的申请 (ISBA/17/C/12)。经过审议，理事会核准该工作计划，并请秘书长以管理局和俄罗斯联邦政府之间合同的形式发布该多金属硫化物勘探工作计划。理事会关于这一事项的决定载于文件ISBA/17/C/17。", "九. 法律和技术委员会的报告", "13. 在2011年7月15日第165次会议上，理事会收到了法律和技术委员会主席关于该委员会在第十七届会议期间工作的总结报告（ISBA/17/C/13），该报告由委员会主席David Billett介绍。理事会赞赏地确认该委员会的工作，并注意到该报告。理事会对缺少承包者提供的原始数据以及关于实际、直接勘探支出的报告表示特别关切。理事会重申，承包者有义务完全遵守合同的条款和条件，包括按照适用的《规章》和合同标准条款报告环境数据及实际、直接勘探支出。理事会还欢迎委员会关于提出标准和指导方针，协助担保国通过一些法律、条例和行政措施，以履行其义务和职责的建议。理事会核可委员会关于提出一些标准，就《硫化物规章》关于垄断“区域”内活动的第23条第7款的执行提供指导的建议。理事会还欢迎委员会关于建议对《结核规章》进行修订，使其在最佳环境实践和保护“区域”内生物多样性等方面与《硫化物规章》保持一致的提议。", "14. 一些理事会成员欢迎委员会的建议，即：鉴于委员会未来的预期工作量，应考虑每年举行两届会议。一些代表团建议，委员会成员最好能在为期两周的整个会议期间一直出席，以便理事会在必要时可以借助他们的知识专长。一些代表团同意，如主席报告所述，委员会有必要了解联合国大会不限成员名额非正式特设工作组的工作情况。有人还建议，委员会主席或其他成员应出席该工作组的会议。", "15. 理事会还审议了委员会拟订的一项理事会决定草案，涉及克拉里昂-克利珀顿区环境管理计划（委员会主席的报告附件二）。经过广泛审议，理事会就文件ISBA/17/C/19载列的环境管理计划通过一项决定。", "十. 财务委员会的报告", "16. 在2011年7月20日第168次会议上，理事会收到了财务委员会的报告（ISBA/17/A/3-ISBA/17/C/3）。理事会注意到该报告，并对在第十七届会议期间宣布向捐赠基金和自愿信托基金捐款的管理局成员表示满意。理事会还对秘书长为执行预算和节省费用但又不损害服务质量而做出的努力表示满意。理事会关于财务委员会各项建议的决定载于ISBA/17/C/18号文件。理事会主席代表理事会，向即将离任的财务委员会主席哈希姆·贾拉尔(印度尼西亚)表示赞赏，感谢他多年来为管理局的成立和工作做出的巨大贡献。", "十一. 选举法律和技术委员会成员", "17. 理事会处理了选举法律和技术委员会2012-2016年期间成员的问题。理事会成员回顾理事会关于选举程序的决定（ISBA/13/C/6）,对一些提名在理事会商定的截至日期之后才收到表示遗憾。尽管如此，理事会指出，由于理事会成员和区域集团表现出灵活性，参加选举的候选人总人数没有超过理事会以前决定商定的25人。因此理事会决定，在不损害以后选举的情况下，并适当顾及节俭和效率，将委员会成员的人数增加到25人。", "18. 在2011年7月21日第172次会议上，理事会选举以下候选人担任法律和技术委员会成员：", "Adesina Thompson Abdegbie(尼日利亚)、Farhan M.S.Al-Farhan(沙特阿拉伯)、David Billet(大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国)、Harald Brekke(挪威)、Winifred M. Broadbelt(荷兰)、Aleksander ČiČerov(斯洛文尼亚)、Domenico Da empoli(意大利)、Laleta Davis-Mattis(牙买加)、Kaiser De Souza(巴西)、Elva Escobar(墨西哥)、Russell Howorth(斐济)、Kiseong Hyeong(大韩民国)、Elie Jarmache(法国)、Emmanuel Kalngui(喀麦隆)、Denis Gennadyevich Khramov (俄罗斯联邦)、Eusebio Lopera(西班牙)、Pedro Madureira(葡萄牙)、Hussein Mubarak(埃及)、Nobuyuki Okamoto(日本)、Mario Oyarzábal(阿根廷)、Andrzej Przybycin(波兰)、Christian Reichert(德国)、Cristian Rodrigo(智利)、Maruthadu Sudhakar(印度)和张海啟(中国)。", "19. 理事会强调，以后选举必须严格遵循商定程序。理事会成员还强调，委员会成员必须尽力全员出席和参加委员会的所有会议。", "十二. 其它事项", "20. 斐济代表在其他代表团支持下发表一份声明(ISBA/17/C/22)，请理事会着手拟订“区域”内深海矿物采矿规章。理事会请秘书处拟订一份这方面的战略工作计划，供理事会下一届会议审议。", "十三. 理事会下一届会议", "21. 理事会下一届会议将于2012年7月9日至27日在金斯敦举行。届时将由拉丁美洲和加勒比国家集团提出理事会2012年主席人选。" ]

[ "第十七届会议", "牙买加金斯敦", "2011年7月11日至22日,日内瓦", "* 由于技术原因于2011年7月25日重新印发。", "国际海底管理局理事会主席关于理事会第十七届会议期间工作的说明", "1. 联合国 国际海底管理局第十七届会议于2011年7月11日至22日在金斯敦举行。", "一. 通过议程", "2. 联合国 在2011年7月12日第162次会议上,理事会通过了ISBA/17/C/1号文件所载的第十七届会议议程。", "二. 选举理事会主席和副主席", "3个 在第162次会议上,理事会选举安杰伊·普尔日比钦(波兰)为理事会2011年主席。 随后,在各区域集团协商后,理事会选举科特迪瓦(非洲国家集团)、孟加拉国(亚洲国家集团)、牙买加(拉丁美洲和加勒比国家集团)和澳大利亚(西欧和其他国家集团)的代表为副主席。", "三. 秘书长关于理事会成员全权证书的报告", " 4.四. 在2011年7月20日理事会第169次会议上,秘书长通知理事会,截至2011年7月19日,已收到36个理事会成员的全权证书。 有人指出,根据安理会第一次选举时商定的区域集团间席位分配制度,安哥拉将代表非洲国家集团参加2011年安理会会议,但无表决权。 2012年轮到亚洲国家集团提名一名理事会成员参加理事会会议,但无表决权。", "四、结 论 选举法律和技术委员会成员以补空缺", "5 (韩语). 2011年7月12日,理事会第162次会议选举罗素·霍沃斯(斐济)填补法律和技术委员会因伊西凯利·马泰托加(斐济)辞职而出现的空缺。", " V. \" 区域 \" 内富钴铁锰结壳探矿和勘探规章草案", "6. 国家 理事会继续审议与 \" 区域 \" 内富钴铁锰结壳探矿和勘探规章草案有关的未决问题。 理事会根据ISBA/17/CRP.1/Rev.1号文件所载的规章草案案文进行了审议,其中法律和技术委员会2009年提出的规章草案案文(ISBA/16/C/WP.2)已与理事会2010年通过的《 \" 区域 \" 内多金属硫化物探矿和勘探规章》(ISBA/16/A/12/Rev.1)相统一。 理事会还审议了中国代表团就勘探和放弃区域面积提出的建议。 在第166次会议上,两名中国科学家江开西博士和贺高文博士作了关于“钴地壳开采和加工技术和经济评价”和“确定富钴铁锰地壳开采和勘探面积”的发言,供理事会成员参考。", "7. 联合国 理事会详细阅读了规章草案全文。 除条例草案11、12、21和27外,就所有条例达成了协议。 会议商定在2012年下一届会议上继续讨论这些未决问题,并商定通过条例草案将是理事会工作的优先事项。 还有人指出,有必要在适当时候通过一项理事会决定,处理重叠索赔的可能性,就像多金属硫化物的情况那样。", "六、结 论 海底争端分庭关于担保国的责任和赔偿责任事项的咨询意见", "8. 7月14日,秘书长就2011年2月1日通过的海底争端分庭的咨询意见向理事会提交了一份报告(ISBA/17/C/6-ISBA/17/LTC/5)。 理事会赞赏地注意到该咨询意见并建议大会在第十七届会议上也注意到该咨询意见。", "页:1 审议并核准法律和技术委员会关于核准两个多金属结核勘探工作计划的建议", "A. 瑙鲁海洋资源公司提交的申请", "9. 国家 2011年7月19日,理事会第167和168次会议审议了法律和技术委员会关于瑙鲁海洋资源公司(瑙鲁海洋资源公司)提出的申请核准保留地多金属结核勘探工作计划的申请的报告和建议(ISBA/17/C/9)。 经审议后,理事会核准了该工作计划并要求秘书长以管理局同挪威大洋协会之间的合同形式印发多金属结核勘探工作计划。 理事会在这方面的决定载于ISBA/17/C/14号文件。", "B. 汤加近海采矿有限公司提交的申请", "10个 16. 在第167和168次会议上,理事会还审议了法律和技术委员会关于汤加海外采矿有限公司(汤加)提出的申请核准在保留地勘探多金属结核工作计划的报告和建议(ISBA/17/C/10)。 经审议后,理事会核准了该工作计划并要求秘书长以管理局同TOML之间的合同形式发布多金属结核勘探工作计划。 德国和荷兰代表团指出,委员会报告第15段在担保和有效控制问题上留下了解释的余地,因为它涉及《 \" 区域 \" 内多金属结核探矿和勘探规章》第11(2)条。 德国表示认为,这一问题需要进一步澄清,因此,德国不能支持核准通运工作计划的决定。 理事会关于TOML申请的决定载于ISBA/17/C/15号文件。", "第八编. 审议并核准法律和技术委员会关于核准两个多金属硫化物勘探工作计划的建议", "A. 中国大洋矿产资源研究开发协会提交的申请", "11个 2011年7月19日,理事会第168次会议审议了法律和技术委员会关于中国大洋矿产资源研究开发协会(大洋协会)申请核准多金属硫化物勘探工作计划的报告和建议(ISBA/17/C/11)。 理事会经审议后核准了该工作计划并要求秘书长以管理局同大洋协会之间的合同形式印发多金属硫化物勘探工作计划。 理事会在这方面的决定载于ISBA/17/C/16号文件。", "B. 俄罗斯联邦政府提交的申请", "12个 理事会第168次会议审议了法律和技术委员会关于俄罗斯联邦政府请求核准多金属硫化物勘探工作计划的申请书的报告和建议(ISBA/17/C/12)。 经审议后,理事会核准了该工作计划并要求秘书长以管理局和俄罗斯联邦政府之间的合同形式印发多金属硫化物勘探工作计划。 理事会在这方面的决定载于ISBA/17/C/17号文件。", "第九编. 法律和技术委员会的报告", "13个 在2011年7月15日第165次会议上,理事会收到了由委员会主席David Billet提交的法律和技术委员会主席关于委员会第十七届会议期间工作的总结报告(ISBA/17/C/13)。 理事会赞赏地确认委员会所做的工作并表示注意到该报告。 理事会尤其对承包者缺乏原始数据并报告实际和直接勘探支出表示关切。 委员会重申承包者有义务充分遵守合同的条款和条件,包括按照适用的《规章》和标准合同条款报告环境数据以及实际和直接勘探支出。 理事会还欢迎委员会的建议,即提出可协助担保国通过法律、规章和行政措施以履行其义务和责任的标准和准则。 委员会赞同委员会的建议,即提出标准,就《硫化物规章》关于垄断 \" 区域 \" 内活动的第23条第7款的执行提供指导。 理事会还欢迎委员会提议建议修订《结核规章》,使其符合《硫化物规章》,特别是在最佳环境做法和保护 \" 区域 \" 生物多样性方面。", "14个 一些安理会成员欢迎委员会的建议,即鉴于委员会预期今后的工作量,应考虑每年举行两届会议。 一些代表团建议,委员会成员在为期两周的整届会议期间继续留任是有益的,以便理事会在必要时利用他们的专门知识。 一些代表团同意,正如主席的报告所指出,委员会需要了解联合国大会不限成员名额非正式特设工作组的工作。 还有人建议由委员会主席或另一名成员出席工作组会议。", "15个 理事会还审议了由委员会编写的关于克拉里昂-克利珀顿区环境管理计划的决定草案(委员会主席报告附件二)。 经广泛审议后,理事会通过了ISBA/17/C/19号文件所载关于环境管理计划的决定。", " . 财务委员会的报告", "16号. 在2011年7月20日第8次会议上,理事会收到了财务委员会的报告(ISBA/17/A/3-ISBA/17/C/3)。 理事会注意到该报告并表示满意管理局成员在第十七届会议上宣布向捐赠基金和自愿信托基金捐款。 理事会还对秘书长为执行预算而作的努力和为节省费用而作的努力表示满意,因为节省费用并不以牺牲服务质量为代价。 理事会关于财务委员会建议的决定载于ISBA/17/C/18号文件。 理事会主席代表理事会感谢财务委员会主席哈斯吉姆·贾拉尔大使(印度尼西亚)多年来为管理局的建立和工作所做出的重大贡献。", "十一会. 选举法律和技术委员会成员", "17岁。 理事会讨论了2012至2016年期间法律和技术委员会成员的选举问题。 理事会成员回顾关于选举程序的决定(ISBA/13/C/6),对理事会商定的闭幕日期后收到一些提名表示遗憾。 然而,理事会注意到,由于安理会成员和区域集团表现出灵活性,如理事会以往决定所商定,候选人总数不超过25人。 因此,在不妨碍今后选举的情况下,并适当考虑到经济和效率,决定将委员会成员增加到25名。", "18岁。 5. 在2011年7月21日第172次会议上,理事会选举下列候选人为法律和技术委员会成员:阿德西娜·汤普森·阿卜德格比(尼日利亚)、法汉·S·法尔汉(沙特阿拉伯)、戴维·比莱特(大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国)、哈拉尔德·布雷克(挪威)、威尼弗雷德·布罗德贝尔特(荷兰)、阿莱克桑德·契切罗夫(斯洛文尼亚)、多梅尼科·达·恩波利(意大利)、拉莱塔·戴维斯-马蒂斯(牙买加)、凯泽·德苏扎(巴西)、埃尔瓦·埃斯科瓦尔(墨西哥)、罗素·霍沃斯(斐济)、克宋·洪克(大韩民国)、埃利·贾马切(法国)、埃马纽埃尔·卡尔恩吉(喀麦隆)、德尼·根纳季耶维奇·赫拉莫夫(俄罗斯联邦)、尤西比奥·洛佩拉(西班牙)、佩德罗·马杜雷拉(葡萄牙)、侯赛因·穆巴拉克(埃及)、野买基·奥卡本(日本)、马里奥亚尔扎巴尔(阿根廷)、安德烈泽日·普尔比辛(波兰)、克里斯蒂安·赖瑟特(德国)、克里斯蒂安·", " 19. 19. 安理会强调必须为今后的选举严格遵守商定的程序。 安理会成员还强调指出,委员会成员必须尽一切努力,充分出席和参加委员会的所有会议。", "第十二编. 其他事项", "20号. 斐济代表发言(ISBA/17/C/22),得到其他代表团的支持,请理事会着手拟订 \" 区域 \" 内深海矿物采矿规章。 理事会请秘书处为此编写一份战略工作计划,供下届会议审议。", "第十三编 理事会下次会议", "21岁 理事会下次会议将于2012年7月9日至27日在金斯敦举行。 轮到拉丁美洲和加勒比国家集团提名2012年安理会主席候选人。" ]

[ "Provisional agenda for the 6588th (closed) meeting of the Security Council", "To be held in private on Thursday, 21 July 2011, at 3 p.m.", "1. Adoption of the agenda.", "2. The situation in the Great Lakes region." ]

[ "安全理事会第6588次(闭门)会议临时议程", "定于2011年7月21日星期四下午3时非公开举行", "1. 通过议程。", "2. 大湖区局势。" ]

[ "安全理事会第6588次(闭门)会议临时议程", "定于2011年7月21日星期四下午3时非公开举行", "1. 联合国 1. 通过议程。", "2. 联合国 2. 大湖区局势。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* Reissued for technical reasons on 20 October 2011.", "** A/66/150.", "Item 134 of the provisional agenda**", "Proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013", "Request for a subvention to the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research resulting from the recommendations of the Board of Trustees of the Institute on the work programme of the Institute for 2012‑2013", "Note by the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The General Assembly in part IV, paragraph 2, of its resolution 60/248, endorsed the proposal that the request for a subvention to the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) be submitted for review and approval by the Assembly on a biennial basis in the context of its consideration of the proposed programme budget for the related biennium.", "In that context, and in accordance with the provisions of the statute (see resolution 39/148 H, annex, article VIII, para. 3) and the recommendations of the Board of Trustees of the Institute, the General Assembly is requested to approve a subvention in the amount of $577,800 for UNIDIR from the regular budget of the United Nations for the biennium 2012-2013. The related provision is included under section 4, Disarmament, of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012‑2013 (A/66/6 (Sect. 4)).", "1. At its fifty-sixth session, the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters, in its capacity as the Board of Trustees of the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), approved, for submission to the General Assembly, the report of the Director of the Institute on its activities for the period from August 2010 to July 2011 and the proposed programme of work and estimated resource requirements for 2011 and 2012 (see A/66/123). The present report is submitted to the Assembly in the context of its consideration of a subvention to UNIDIR for 2012-2013 from the regular budget of the United Nations. As a result of the timing of the preparation of the two reports, the financial information contained in the annexes to the present report is similar to the information included in the annexes to the report of the Director of the Institute. Updated financial information of the Institute will be provided to the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions at the time of its review of the two reports.", "2. In the aforementioned report of the Director of UNIDIR, the Board of Trustees recommended continuation of a subvention from the United Nations regular budget. Such a subvention is important for ensuring the independence of the Institute.", "3. The proposed programme budget of the United Nations for the biennium 2012‑2013, under section 4, Disarmament (A/66/6 (Sect. 4)), contains a provision of $577,800, representing the United Nations subvention to UNIDIR for the biennium. This amount will be subject to subsequent recosting in accordance with the established procedures.", "4. Under section IV of General Assembly resolution 44/201 B, entitled “Subvention from the regular budget to the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research”, the Secretary-General is required to report annually to the Assembly on the situation of the Institute. In this context, the financial situation of the Institute (details of which are included in annexes I through III of the present note) may be summarized as follows:", "(a) Funds available at the beginning of 2011 amounted to $1,634,000. This figure includes an amount of $322,700 required as an operating cash reserve;", "(b) Total income for 2011 is estimated at $3,115,600 from the following sources: voluntary contributions and public donations ($2,747,000); interest income ($30,000); interorganization contributions ($26,300); and the subvention from the United Nations regular budget ($312,300). It is also estimated that of the total voluntary contributions and public donations, approximately 83 per cent will be used for special projects and 17 per cent for other purposes, including administrative costs;", "(c) Total estimated expenditure for 2011 is $3,423,000, including a provision of $148,100 for programme support costs. Requirements for 2012 are estimated at $2,613,700 inclusive of $110,700 for programme support costs;", "(d) Available funds at the beginning of 2012 are estimated at $1,229,300, inclusive of an amount of $330,600 as an operating cash reserve.", "5. It would be recalled that the General Assembly, in its resolution 60/248, endorsed the proposal that the request for a subvention to the Institute be submitted for review and approval by the Assembly on a biennial basis in the context of its consideration of the proposed programme budget for the related biennium.", "6. Accordingly, the General Assembly is requested to approve a subvention to UNIDIR of $577,800 (before recosting) from the regular budget of the United Nations for the biennium 2012-2013, the provision for which has been included under section 4, Disarmament, of the proposed programme budget for the biennium.", "Annex I", "Income and expenditure estimates for 2011-2012", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Item 2011 2012 (estimates) (estimates)", "A. Funds available at the beginning of the 1 634.0^(a) 1 229.3^(b) year", "B. Income:", "Voluntary contributions and public 2 747.0^(c) 1 355.9^(d) donations", "Subvention from the United Nations regular 312.3 288.9^(e) budget", "Other inter-organizational contributions 26.3^(c) 27.5^(d)", "Interest income 30.0 10.0", "Total income 3 115.6 1 682.3", "C. Total funds available 4 749.6 2 911.6", "D. Refunds to donors 97.3^(f)", "E. Expenditure 3 423.0 2 613.7", "F. Fund balance at end of year 1 229.3 297.9", "^(a) Includes $322,700 required as an operating cash reserve for 2010.", "^(b) Includes $330,600 required as an operating cash reserve for 2011.", "^(c) See annex III for details of UNIDIR estimated income from voluntary sources for 2011.", "^(d) See annex III for details of UNIDIR estimated income from voluntary sources for 2012. The estimates for 2012 are conservative. Experience shows that they will be much higher but this cannot, of course, be guaranteed at the present stage.", "^(e) To be technically adjusted prior to the approval of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012‑2013.", "^(f) Refund to the European Commission for the project entitled “Support for European Union activities in order to promote among third countries the process leading towards an arms trade treaty”.", "Annex II", "Estimated resource requirements, 2011-2012", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Resource requirements 2011^(a 2012^(a Increase/ )(estimates) )(estimates) decrease (1) (2) (2-1)", "A. Direct administrative costs", "Salaries and related costs 823.6 823.6 —", "General temporary assistance — — —", "Temporary assistance for meetings 22.7 20.5 (2.2)", "Consultants’ fees and travel 101.6 112.2 10.6", "Ad hoc expert groups 521.0 166.0 (355.0)", "Other personnel-related costs 1 317.4 1 180.5 (136.9)", "Official travel of staff 126.2 62.5 (63.7)", "Other external printing 3.1 1.7 (1.4)", "Other specialized training 4.0 4.0 —", "Contractual services 295.2 80.3 (214.9)", "Hospitality 17.4 12.7 (4.7)", "Premises: rental and maintenance 9.9 6.2 (3.7)", "Operating expenses 7.4 7.4 —", "Communications 17.1 17.1 —", "Supplies and materials and furniture and 8.3 8.3 — equipment", "Total A 3 274.9 2 503.0 (771.9)", "B. Programme support costs 148.1 110.7 (37.4) (5 per cent of total A, less United Nations subvention)", "Total expenditure (A + B) 3 423.0 2 613.7 (809.3)", "C. Operating cash reserve 330.6 291.8 (38.8) (15 per cent of expenditure on contributions other than from the European Union, less United Nations subvention and 5 per cent on contributions from the European Union)", "Grand total (A + B + C) 3 753.6 2 905.5 (848.1)", "^(a) These figures may be increased upon the confirmation of current funding proposals.", "Annex III", "Income from voluntary sources, 2011-2012", "(United States dollars)", "Voluntary contributions 2011^(a) 2012^(a)", "A. Governmental contributions", "Australia 130 000 252 000", "Austria 10 000 —", "Canada 9 969 10 000", "China 19 985 20 000", "Finland 52 562 50 000", "France 320 000 160 000", "Germany 173 620 —", "Hungary 19 711 20 000", "India 10 000 10 000", "Iraq 5 000 5 000", "Ireland 13 089 15 000", "Israel 10 000 10 000", "Luxembourg 10 000 10 000", "Mexico 3 000 3 000", "New Zealand 10 000 —", "Norway 560 000 300 000", "Pakistan 5 000 5 000", "Republic of Korea 30 000 30 000", "Russian Federation 100 000 100 000", "Switzerland 119 176 70 000", "Turkey 3 000 3 000", "United States of America 20 000 20 000", "Subtotal A 1 634 112 1 093 000", "B. Public donations", "European Commission 961 118 183 381", "Foundation for International Relations and 16 269 — Development Studies", "Fondation pour la recherche stratégique 742 —", "Marie Curie Foundation 40 286 —", "Northeastern University 3 500 3 500", "Secure World Foundation 30 000 30 000", "Simons Foundation 20 000 45 000", "University for Peace 1 000 1 000", "Other 40 000 —", "Subtotal B 1 112 915 262 881", "Total voluntary contributions (A + B) 2 747 027 1 355 881", "C. Interorganization", "Office for Disarmament Affairs 26 250 27 500", "Subtotal C 26 250 27 500", "Total (A + B + C) 2 773 277 1 383 381", "^(a) These figures will be increased upon confirmation of current funding proposals." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程[1] 项目134", "2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算", "要求按照联合国裁军研究所董事会对该所2012-2013年工作方案的建议向研究所提供补助金", "秘书长的说明", "摘要", "大会第60/248号决议第四部分第2段认可关于每两年一次将联合国裁军研究所(裁研所)补助金请求在大会审议相关两年期的拟议方案预算时提交大会审查与核准的提议。", "在这方面，并根据裁研所章程的规定(见第39/148 H号决议，附件，第八条第3款)和裁研所董事会的建议，请大会核准，从联合国2012-2013两年期经常预算中，为裁研所提供577 800美元补助金。相关经费在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算第4款(裁军)(A/66/6(Sect.4))项下编列。", "1. 裁军事项咨询委员会在其第五十六届会议上，以联合国裁军研究所(裁研所)董事会的身份，核准了裁研所主任提交大会的报告，内容涉及该所2010年8月至2011年7月期间的活动以及2011和2012年的拟议工作方案和所需资源估计数(见A/66/123)。向大会提交本报告，供大会审议从联合国经常预算中向裁研所提供2012-2013年补助金。由于两个报告的编写时间接近，本报告附件载列的财务信息同裁研所主任报告附件列入的信息相似。在行政和预算问题咨询委员会审议这两份报告时，将向其提供裁研所的最新财务信息。", "2. 在裁研所主任上述报告中，董事会建议继续由联合国经常预算提供补助金。这样的补助金对确保裁研所的独立性十分重要。", "3. 在联合国2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算第4款(裁军)(A/66/6 (Sect. 4))项下，编列经费577 800美元，这是联合国向裁研所提供的该两年期的补助金。这一数额随后将按照既定程序重计费用。", "4. 大会第44/201 B号决议题为“由经常预算补助联合国裁军研究所”的第四节，请秘书长每年向大会报告裁研所的情况。在这方面，裁研所的财务状况可简述如下(详情载于本说明附件一至三)：", "(a) 2011年初可动用资金为1 634 000美元。该数字包括必须作为业务现金储备的322 700 美元；", "(b) 2011年总收入估计为3 115 600 美元，来源如下：自愿捐助和公共捐款(2 747 000美元)；利息收入(30 000美元)；组织间捐款(26 300美元)；联合国经常预算提供的补助金(312 300美元)。又估计在自愿捐助和公众捐款总额中，约83%将用于特别项目，17％用于包括行政费用在内的其他用途；", "(c) 2011年支出总额估计为3 423 000美元，包括方案支助费用148 100美元。2012年所需经费估计为2 613 700美元，包括方案支助费用110 700美元；", "(d) 2012年初可动用资金估计为1 229 300美元，包括作为业务现金储备的330 600 美元。", "5. 回顾大会第60/248号决议认可关于每两年一次将裁研所补助金请求在大会审议相关两年期的拟议方案预算时提交大会审查与核准的提议。", "6. 因此，请大会核准，从联合国2012-2013两年期经常预算中，为裁研所提供577 800美元补助金(重计费用前)，补助金经费已编列在该两年期拟议方案预算第4款(裁军)项下。", "附件一", "2011-2012年收入和支出估计数", "(千美元)", "项目 2011年(估计数) 2012年(估计数)", "A. 年初可动用的资金 1 634.0 ^(a) 1 229.3 ^(b)", "B. 收入：", "自愿捐助和公众捐款 2 747.0 ^(c) 1 355.9 ^(d)", "联合国经常预算的补助金 312.3 288.9 ^(e)", "其他组织间捐款 26.3 ^(c) 27.5 ^(d)", "利息收入 30.0 10.0", "收入共计 3 115.6 1 682.3", "C. 可动用资金共计 4 749.6 2 911.6", "D. 向捐款者退款 97.3 ^(f)", "E. 支出 3 423.0 2 613.7", "F. 年底资金结余 1 229.3 297.9", "^(a) 包括2010年业务现金储备所需322 700美元。", "^(b) 包括2011年业务现金储备所需330 600美元。", "^(c) 裁研所2011年自愿捐助收入估计数详情见附件三。", "^(d) 裁研所2012年自愿捐助收入估计数详情见附件三。2012年捐助估计数比较保守。经验表明，捐助将远远高于目前的数额，当然，在现阶段尚不能保证。", "^(e) 将在核准2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算之前，进行技术调整。", "^(f) 在题为“支持欧洲联盟活动以便在第三国中推动达成武器贸易条约的进程”的项目下，给欧洲联盟委员会的退款。", "附件二", "2011-2012年所需资源估计数", "(千美元)", "2011年(估计数)^(a)\t2012年(估计数)^(a)\t增加/减少\n 所需资源 (1) (2) (2-1) \n A. 直接行政费用 \n 薪金及有关费用 823.6 823.6 — \n 一般临时人员 — — — \n 会议临时人员 22.7 20.5 (2.2) \n 顾问费和旅费 101.6 112.2 10.6 \n 特设专家组 521.0 166.0 (355.0) \n 其他人事费 1 317.4 1 180.5 (136.9) \n 工作人员公务差旅费 126.2 62.5 (63.7) \n 其他外部印刷 3.1 1.7 (1.4) \n 其他专门训练 4.0 4.0 — \n 订约承办事务 295.2 80.3 (214.9) \n 招待费 17.4 12.7 (4.7) \n 房地：租金和维持费 9.9 6.2 (3.7) \n 业务费用 7.4 7.4 — \n 通信 17.1 17.1 — \n 用品、材料、家具及设备 8.3 8.3 — \n A共计 3 274.9 2 503.0 (771.9) \n B. 方案支助费用 \n(A项总额的5%，减去联合国补助金)\t148.1\t110.7\t(37.4)\n 支出(A+B)共计 3 423.0 2 613.7 (809.3) \n C.. 业务现金储备 \n(非欧洲联盟捐款支出的15%，减去联合国补助金，以及欧洲联盟捐款支出的5%)\t330.6\t291.8\t(38.8)\n (A+B+C)总计 3 753.6 2 905.5 (848.1)", "^(a) 在目前的筹资提案确定后，这些数字可能增加。", "附件三", "2011-2012年自愿捐收入", "(千美元)", "自愿捐助 2011年^(a) 2012年^(a) \n A. 政府捐款 \n 澳大利亚 130 000 252 000 \n 奥地利 10 000 — \n 加拿大 9 969 10 000 \n 中国 19 985 20 000 \n 芬兰 52 562 50 000 \n 法国 320 000 160 000 \n 德国 173 620 — \n 匈牙利 19 711 20 000 \n 印度 10 000 10 000 \n 伊拉克 5 000 5 000 \n 爱尔兰 13 089 15 000 \n 以色列 10 000 10 000 \n 卢森堡 10 000 10 000 \n 墨西哥 3 000 3 000 \n 新西兰 10 000 — \n 挪威 560 000 300 000 \n 巴基斯坦 5 000 5 000 \n 大韩民国 30 000 30 000 \n 俄罗斯联邦 100 000 100 000 \n 瑞士 119 176 70 000 \n 土耳其 3 000 3 000 \n 美利坚合众国 20 000 20 000 \n A小计 1 634 112 1 093 000 \n B. 公众捐款 \n 欧洲联盟委员会 961 118 183 381 \n国际关系与发展研究基金会\t16 269\t—\n 战略研究基金会 742 — \n 玛丽·居里基金会 40 286 — \n 东北大学 3 500 3 500 \n 安全世界基金会 30 000 30 000 \n 西蒙斯基金会 20 000 45 000 \n 和平大学 1 000 1 000 \n 其他 40 000 — \n B小计 1 112 915 262 881 \n 自愿捐助(A+B)共计 2 747 027 1 355 881 \n C. 组织间捐款 \n 裁军事务厅 26 250 27 500 \n C小计 26 250 27 500 \n (A+B+C)共计 2 773 277 1 383 381", "^(a) 在目前的筹资提案确定后，这些数字可能增加。", "[1] ^(*) 由于技术原因于2011年10月20日重新印发。", "^(**) A/66/150。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "* 由于技术原因于2011年10月20日重新印发。", "页:1", "临时议程** 项目134", "2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算", "要求按照联合国裁军研究所董事会对该所2012-2013年工作方案的建议向研究所提供补助金", "秘书长的说明", "内容提要", "大会在其第60/248号决议第四部分第2段中核可了关于每两年一次将联合国裁军研究所(裁研所)补助金申请提交大会审议相关两年期拟议方案预算时审查和核准的提议。", "在这方面,并依照《规约》的规定(见第39/148 H号决议,附件,第八条第2款)。 请大会核准从2012-2013两年期联合国经常预算为裁研所提供补助金577 800美元。 有关经费列于2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算第4款(裁军)(A/66/6(Sect.4))。", "1. 联合国 裁军事项咨询委员会第五十六届会议以联合国裁军研究所(裁研所)董事会的身份,核准了研究所主任关于2010年8月至2011年7月期间活动以及2011年和2012年拟议工作方案和所需资源估计数的报告并提交大会(见A/66/123)。 本报告是在大会审议由联合国经常预算为裁研所提供2012-2013年补助金时提交大会的。 由于这两份报告的编写时间,本报告附件所载财务资料与研究所所长报告附件所载资料相类似。 训研所的最新财务资料将在行政和预算问题咨询委员会审查这两份报告时提供给该委员会。", "2. 联合国 在上述裁研所主任的报告中,董事会建议继续由联合国经常预算提供补助金。 这种补助金对于确保研究所的独立性十分重要。", "3个 联合国2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算第4款(裁军)(A/66/6(Sect.4))下编列了577 800美元的经费,作为联合国对裁研所的两年期补助金。 这一数额以后将按照既定程序重计费用。", " 4.四. 1. 大会题为“从经常预算中拨款给联合国裁军研究所”的第44/201 B号决议第四节请秘书长每年就研究所的情况向大会提出报告。 在这方面,研训所的财务状况(详情载于本说明附件一至附件三)可概述如下:", "(a) 2011年初可用资金为1 634 000美元。 这一数字包括业务现金储备所需的322 700美元;", "(b) 2011年收入总额估计为3 115 600美元,来源如下:自愿捐款和公众捐款(2 747 000美元);利息收入(30 000美元);组织间捐款(26 300美元);联合国经常预算补助金(312 300美元)。 据估计,在自愿捐款和公共捐款总额中,约有83%将用于特别项目,17%用于其他用途,包括行政费用;", "(c) 2011年估计支出总额为3 423 000美元,包括用于方案支助费用的148 100美元。 2012年所需经费估计数为2 613 700美元,其中包括110 700美元的方案支助费用;", "(d) 2012年初的可动用资金估计为1 229 300美元,包括业务现金储备330 600美元。", "5 (韩语). 不妨回顾,大会第60/248号决议赞同一项建议,即每两年一次在大会审议有关两年期拟议方案预算时将研究所补助金申请提交大会审查并核准。", "6. 国家 因此,请大会核准从2012-2013两年期联合国经常预算中为裁研所提供补助金577 800美元(重计费用前),这笔经费已编入两年期拟议方案预算第4款(裁军)。", "页:1", "2011-2012年收入和支出估计数", "(单位:千美元)", "项目2011-2012年(估计数)(估计数)", "A类. 1 634.0 ^(a) 1 229.3 ^(b)年年初可用资金", "B. 收入:", "自愿捐款和公众捐款", "312.3 288.9^(e) 联合国经常预算的补助", "其他组织间捐款", "利息收入", "收入共计", "C. 可用资金总额 4 749.6 2 911.6", "D. 退还捐助者的款项 97.3(f)", "E. 支出 3 423.0 2 613.7", "F. 年终基金结余 1-229.3 297.9", "^(a) 包括2010年业务现金储备需要的322 700美元。", "^(b) 包括2011年业务现金储备所需330 600美元。", "^(c) 裁研所2011年自愿来源收入估计数详情见附件三。", "•(d) 裁研所2012年自愿捐款收入估计数详情见附件三。 2012年的估计数是保守的。 经验表明,它们将高得多,但当然在现阶段无法保证。", "^(e) 将在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算核准前作技术调整。", "^(f) 向欧洲联盟委员会偿还题为“支持欧洲联盟的活动,以在第三国之间推动拟订一项武器贸易条约的进程”的项目。", "页:1", "2011-2012年所需资源估计数", "(单位:千美元)", "2011^(a 2012^ (a) 增加/ (估计数) (估计数) 减少(1)(2) (2-1)", "A类. 直接行政费用", "薪金和有关费用", "一般临时助理人员——————", "会议临时助理人员", "顾问费和旅费", "特设专家组 521.0 166.0(355.0)", "其他与人事有关的费用", "工作人员公务旅行", "其他外部印刷 3.1 1.7 (1.4)", "其他专门培训 4.0 4.0 -", "订约承办事务", "招待费 17.4 12.7 (4.7)", "房地:租金和维修", "业务费用 7.4 7.4 -", "来文 17.1 17.1 -", "用品和材料及家具和8.3 8.3-设备", "A共计 3 274.9 2 503.0 (771.9)", "B. 方案支助费用 148.1 110.7 (37.4) (A总额的5%,减去联合国补助金)", "支出总额(A+B)", "C. 业务现金储备 330.6 291.8 (38.8) (占欧洲联盟以外捐款支出的15%,减去联合国补助金和5%欧洲联盟捐款)", "总计(A+B+C)", "^(a) 这些数字在确认目前的筹资提案后可能会增加。", "联合国", "2011-2012年自愿捐款收入", "(单位:美元)", "2011^(a) 2012^(a) 自愿捐款", "A. 政府捐款", "澳大利亚 130 000 252 000", "奥地利", "加拿大", "中国", "芬兰 52 562 50 000", "法国 320 000 160 000", "德国 173 620 -", "匈牙利 19 711 20 000", "印度", "伊拉克 5 000 5 000", "爱尔兰", "以色列", "卢森堡", "墨西哥 3 000 3 000", "新西兰", "挪威", "巴基斯坦", "大韩民国", "俄罗斯联邦", "瑞士 119 176 70 000", "土耳其 3 000 300 000", "美利坚合众国", "A小计 1 634 112 1 093 000", "B. 公众捐款", "欧洲联盟委员会 961 118 183 381", "国际关系基金会和16 269-发展研究", "战略研究基金会 742 -", "玛丽·居里基金会 40 286 -", "东北大学 3 500 3 500", "安全世界基金会", "西蒙斯基金会", "和平大学", "其他40 000 -", "B小计 1 112 915 262 881", "自愿捐款总额(A + B)", "C. 组织间", "裁军事务厅", "C小计 26 250 27 500", "共计(A+B+C)", "^(a) 这些数字将在确认目前的筹资建议后增加。" ]

[ "Seventeenth session", "Kingston, Jamaica", "11-22 July 2011", "Decision of the Council of the International Seabed Authority relating to an environmental management plan for the Clarion-Clipperton Zone", "The Council of the International Seabed Authority,", "Taking into account the recommendations of the Legal and Technical Commission pursuant to article 165, paragraph 2 (e), of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982,[1]", "Recalling article 145 of the Convention, which requires that necessary measures shall be taken in accordance with the Convention with respect to activities in the Area to ensure effective protection for the marine environment from harmful effects which may arise from such activities,", "Recalling also that, pursuant to article 162 of the Convention, the Council has the power to establish the specific policies to be pursued by the Authority on any question or matter within the competence of the Authority,", "Recalling further that the General Assembly of the United Nations, in its resolution 63/111, reaffirmed the need for States and relevant international organizations at all levels to urgently consider ways to integrate and improve, on a scientific basis, including the precautionary approach as set out in principle 15 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development,[2] in accordance with the Convention and related agreements and instruments, the management of risks to the vulnerable marine biodiversity,", "Mindful of the work of the United Nations General Assembly Ad Hoc Open-ended Informal Working Group to study issues relating to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction,", "Considering that the implementation of a comprehensive environmental management plan at the regional level is one of the measures appropriate and necessary to ensure effective protection of the marine environment of that part of the Area known as the Clarion-Clipperton Zone from harmful effects that may arise from activities in the Area and that such a plan should include provision for the establishment of a representative network of areas of particular environmental interest,", "Recognizing the rights of those entities which presently hold contracts with the International Seabed Authority for exploration for polymetallic nodules in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone pursuant to the Convention, the Agreement relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982[3] and the Regulations on Prospecting and Exploration for Polymetallic Nodules in the Area,[4] in particular their security of tenure over areas allocated for exploration, in accordance with their contracts,", "1. Notes the recommendation by the Legal and Technical Commission relating to an environmental management plan for the Clarion-Clipperton Zone, as contained in document ISBA/17/LTC/7, which proposed the designation, on a provisional basis, of a network of areas of particular environmental interest and is designed to give effect to the precautionary approach, as called for by the Regulations;", "2. Requests the Secretary-General to hold, at the earliest possible date before the next session of the Legal and Technical Commission, the workshop referred to in paragraph 42 of document ISBA/17/LTC/7, with particular attention to the issues indicated in its subparagraphs (a) to (d);", "3. Requests the Legal and Technical Commission to further examine the proposal of an environment management plan on the basis of document ISBA/17/LTC/7 and the results of the workshop referred to in paragraph 2 above, and bearing in mind the discussions and proposals presented in this regard during the seventeenth session of the Authority, with a view to presenting a revised version of such a plan for adoption by the Authority at its eighteenth session;", "4. Recommends that such a plan be drafted in a flexible and transparent manner so that it could be improved as more scientific, technical and environment baseline and resource assessment data are supplied by contractors and other interested bodies;", "5. Encourages further dialogue with all stakeholders to ensure complementarity with regard to the proposed areas of particular environmental interest, the precise location of which may be reviewed;", "6. Decides that, until an environment management plan is adopted, any application for the approval of a plan of work for exploration or exploitation in the areas of particular environmental interest referred to in paragraph 1 will be examined by the Legal and Technical Commission and the Council, taking into consideration the deliberations of the environmental management plan;", "7. Also decides to apply this decision in accordance with the Convention, the Agreement, the Regulations and the terms of the contracts on exploration for polymetallic nodules issued in respect of the Clarion-Clipperton Zone;", "8. Encourages the conduct of marine scientific research in the areas of particular environmental interest referred to in paragraph 1, in accordance with article 143 of the Convention, and the full and effective dissemination of the results of such research through the Authority;", "9. Requests the Secretary-General of the International Seabed Authority to take steps to encourage the development of programmes for marine scientific research in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone, including in the areas of particular environmental interest referred to in paragraph 1, for the benefit of developing States and technologically less developed States, including through the Endowment Fund for Marine Scientific Research in the Area of the Authority;", "10. Also requests the Secretary-General to communicate this decision to members of the Authority, observers to the Authority and relevant international organizations.", "[1] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1833, No. 31363.", "[2] Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, 3-14 June 1992, vol. I, Resolutions Adopted by the Conference (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.93.I.8 and corrigendum), resolution 1, annex 1.", "[3] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1836, No. 31364.", "[4] See ISBA/6/A/18 (decision of the Assembly of the International Seabed Authority relating to the Regulations on Prospecting and Exploration for Polymetallic Nodules in the Area)." ]

[ "第十七届会议", "牙买加金斯敦", "2011年7月11日至22日", "国际海底管理局理事会有关克拉里昂-克利珀顿区环境管理计划的决定", "国际海底管理局理事会，", "考虑到法律和技术委员会根据1982年12月10日《联合国海洋法公约》(《公约》)第一六五条第2款e项提出的建议，[1]", "回顾《公约》第一四五条，其中规定应按照《公约》对“区域”内活动采取必要措施，以确保切实保护海洋环境不受这种活动可能产生的有害影响，", "又回顾，根据《公约》第一六二条，理事会有权制订管理局对于其权限范围以内的任何问题或事项所应遵循的具体政策，", "还回顾联合国大会第63/111号决议重申各国和各级有关国际组织必须迅速考虑如何根据科学资料，包括采用《关于环境与发展的里约宣言》[2] 原则15规定的预防性方法，根据《公约》及有关协定和文书，统一并改进对脆弱的海洋生物多样性所面临危险的管理，", "注意到联合国大会研究国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性的养护和可持续利用问题不限成员名额非正式特设工作组的工作，", "认为在区域一级执行全面的环境管理计划是适当和必要的措施之一，以确保有效保护称为克拉里昂-克利珀顿区的区域的海洋环境，使其免遭该区域的活动可能造成的有害影响，并认为该计划中应列入建立特别环境利益区域代表性网络的规定，", "确认目前持有国际海底管理局在克拉里昂-克利珀顿区勘探多金属结核合同的实体，根据《公约》、《关于执行1982年12月10日<联合国海洋法公约>第十一部分的协定》[3] 和《“区域”内多金属结核探矿和勘探规章》[4] 享有的权利，尤其是他们根据合同对分配勘探区域的权利保障，", "1. 注意到文件ISBA/17/LTC/7所载法律和技术委员会有关克拉里昂-克利珀顿区环境管理计划的建议，其中提议临时指定有特别环境利益的区域网络，其用意在于落实《规章》要求的预防方法；", "2. 请秘书长在法律和技术委员会下一届会议之前尽早召开ISBA/17/LTC/7号文件第42段提到的研讨会，并特别关注该段(a)至(d)分段提及的议题；", "3. 请法律和技术委员会根据第ISBA/17/LTC/7号文件及上文第2段所述研讨会的成果，并铭记管理局第十七届会议期间有关此事的讨论情况和提案，进一步审查环境管理计划提案，以期提出这一计划的修订版，供管理局第十八届会议通过；", "4. 建议这一计划以灵活、透明的方式拟订，以便在承包者和其他有关机构提供更多科学、技术和环境基线及资源评估数据时可加以改进；", "5. 鼓励与所有利益攸关方进一步开展对话，以确保有特别环境利益的拟议区域的互补性，对这些拟议区域的确切位置可加以审查；", "6. 决定，在环境管理计划通过前，任何请求核准在第1段所述有特别环境利益的区域进行勘探或开采的工作计划申请，均将由法律和技术委员会及理事会审查，同时须考虑到有关环境管理计划的审议情况；", "7. 又决定，根据《公约》、《协定》、《规章》和发放的克拉里昂-克利珀顿区多金属结核勘探合同的条款来适用本决定；", "8. 鼓励按照《公约》第一四三条的规定，在第1段所述有特别环境利益的区域开展海洋科学研究，并通过管理局充分、有效地传播此类研究的成果；", "9. 请国际海底管理局秘书长采取措施，鼓励制定有利于发展中国家和技术欠发达国家的在克拉里昂-克利珀顿区，包括在第1段所述有特别环境利益的区域开展海洋科学研究的方案，包括通过管理局“区域”内海洋科学研究捐赠基金制定此类方案；", "10. 又请秘书长向管理局成员、管理局观察员和有关国际组织通报本决定。", "[1] 联合国《条约汇编》，第1833卷，第31363号。", "[2] 《联合国环境与发展会议的报告，1992年6月3日至14日，里约热内卢》，第一卷，《环发会议通过的决议》(联合国出版物，出售品编号：C.93.I.8和更正)，决议1，附件一。", "[3] 联合国《条约汇编》，第1838卷，第31364号。", "[4] 见ISBA/6/A/18(国际海底管理局大会关于《“区域”内多金属结核探矿和勘探规章》的决定)。" ]

[ "第十七届会议", "牙买加金斯敦", "2011年7月11日至22日,日内瓦", "国际海底管理局理事会关于克拉里昂-克利珀顿区环境管理计划的决定", "国际海底管理局理事会,", "考虑到法律和技术委员会根据1982年12月10日《联合国海洋法公约》第一六五条第2(e)款提出的建议,[1]", "回顾《公约》第一四五条,其中规定就 \" 区域 \" 内的活动应依照《公约》采取必要措施,以确保有效保护海洋环境,使其免受这些活动可能产生的有害影响,", "又回顾根据《公约》第一六二条,理事会有权就管理局职权范围内的任何问题或事项制定管理局将奉行的具体政策,", "还回顾联合国大会在其第63/111号决议中重申各国和各级有关国际组织需要紧急考虑如何根据《公约》及相关协定和文书,在科学基础上,包括《关于环境与发展的里约宣言》[2]原则15所阐明的预防办法,统筹和改进脆弱海洋生物多样性所面临风险的管理,", "铭记联合国大会研究国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性的养护和可持续利用问题的不限成员名额非正式特设工作组的工作,", "认为在区域一级执行全面环境管理计划是确保有效保护称为 \" 克拉里昂-克利珀顿区 \" 的 \" 区域 \" 内海洋环境免受 \" 区域 \" 内活动可能产生的有害影响所适当而必要的措施之一,而且这一计划应包括建立一个具有代表性的具有特别环境利益的区域网络的规定,", "确认目前根据《公约》、《关于执行1982年12月10日〈联合国海洋法公约〉第十一部分的协定》[3] 和《 \" 区域 \" 内多金属结核探矿和勘探规章》[4] 与国际海底管理局有合同在克拉里昂-克利珀顿区勘探多金属结核的实体的权利,特别是它们根据合同对被分配勘探区域的保有权的保障,", "1. 联合国 1. 注意到ISBA/17/LTC/7号文件所载法律和技术委员会就克拉里昂-克利珀顿区环境管理计划所提出的建议,其中提议临时指定一个环境方面特别关心的区域网络,其目的是按照《规章》的要求实行预防办法;", "2. 联合国 4. 请秘书长在法律和技术委员会下届会议之前尽早举行ISBA/17/LTC/7号文件第42段所述讲习班,并特别注意其(a)至(d)分段所述问题;", "3个 6. 请法律和技术委员会以ISBA/17/LTC/7号文件和上文第2段所述讲习班的成果为基础,并铭记管理局第十七届会议期间就此进行的讨论和提出的建议,进一步审查环境管理计划提案,以期提出这一计划的订正本,供管理局第十八届会议通过;", " 4.四. 3. 建议以灵活而透明的方式起草这一计划,以便随着承包者和其他有关机构提供更多的科学、技术和环境基线和资源评估数据而加以改进;", "5 (韩语). 鼓励 与所有利益攸关方进一步对话,以确保在拟议特别环境关注领域方面的互补性,其确切位置可以审查;", "6. 国家 1. 决定在环境管理计划通过之前,任何请求核准第1段所述特别环境利益区域的勘探或开发工作计划的申请由法律和技术委员会和理事会审查,同时考虑到环境管理计划的审议情况;", "7. 联合国 2. 又决定根据《公约》、《协定》、《规章》和为克拉里昂-克利珀顿区所发多金属结核勘探合同的条款适用本决定;", "8. 联合国 26. 鼓励根据《公约》第一四三条,在第1款所述特别有环境利益的地区进行海洋科学研究,并通过管理局充分而有效地传播这种研究的结果;", "9. 国家 11. 请国际海底管理局秘书长采取步骤,包括通过管理局 \" 区域 \" 海洋科学研究捐赠基金,鼓励在克拉里昂-克利珀顿区,包括在第1段所述环境特别感兴趣的地区,为发展中国家和技术欠发达国家制订海洋科学研究方案;", "10个 4. 又请秘书长将本决定通知管理局成员、管理局观察员和有关国际组织。", "[1] 联合国,《条约汇编》,第1833卷,第31363号。", "[2] 《联合国环境与发展会议的报告,1992年6月3日至14日,里约热内卢》,第一卷。 《会议通过的决议》(联合国出版物,出售品编号:C.93.I.8和更正),决议1,附件一。", "[3] 联合国,《条约汇编》,第1836卷,第31364号。", "[4] 见ISBA/6/A/18(国际海底管理局大会关于《 \" 区域 \" 内多金属结核探矿和勘探规章》的决定)。" ]

[ "Seventeenth session", "Kingston, Jamaica", "11-22 July 2011", "Decision of the Council of the International Seabed Authority", "The Council of the International Seabed Authority,", "Taking note of the summary report of the Chair of the Legal and Technical Commission on the work of the Commission at its seventeenth session (ISBA/17/C/13), in particular the evaluation of the annual reports of the contractors submitted pursuant to the Regulations on Prospecting and Exploration for Polymetallic Nodules in the Area (Nodules Regulations) and the information on the periodic review of implementation of plans of work for exploration for polymetallic nodules,", "Noting the concern of the Commission that there is still a lack of raw data associated with resource assessment and environmental baseline studies,", "Emphasizing the need for recommendations for the guidance of the contractors for the assessment of possible environmental impacts arising from exploration for polymetallic sulphides in the Area,", "1. Calls upon all contractors to provide raw data in digital format for inclusion in the database of the International Seabed Authority, in accordance with regulation 31, paragraphs 4 and 5, of the Nodules Regulations and with regulation 34 of the Regulations on Prospecting and Exploration for Polymetallic Sulphides in the Area (Sulphides Regulations);", "2. Stresses the importance of the role of the Commission, as provided for in regulation 21, paragraph 3 (d), of the Nodules Regulations and in regulation 23, paragraph 3 (d), of the Sulphides Regulations, to ensure that an applicant for a new plan of work for exploration has satisfactorily discharged its obligations in relation to any previous contract with the Authority, including in relation to environmental reporting, and supports the Commission in continuing to fulfil its role in this regard;", "3. Requests the Secretary-General to prepare a report on the laws, regulations and administrative measures adopted by sponsoring States and other members of the Authority with respect to the activities in the Area, and invites, for this purpose, sponsoring States and other members of the Authority, as appropriate, to provide information on, or texts of, relevant national laws, regulations and administrative measures to the secretariat;", "4. Requests the Commission to analyse regulation 11.2 of the Nodules Regulations and regulation 11.2 of the Sulphides Regulations, and to report thereon to the Council for its consideration." ]

[ "第十七届会议", "牙买加金斯敦", "2011年7月11日至22日", "国际海底管理局理事会的决定", "国际海底管理局理事会，", "注意到法律和技术委员会主席关于委员会在第十七届会议期间工作的总结报告(ISBA/17/C/13)，特别是对承包者依照《“区域”内多金属结核探矿和勘探规章》(《结核规章》)提交的年度报告的评价，以及关于多金属结核勘探工作计划执行情况定期审查的信息，", "注意到委员会对仍然缺少关于资源评估和环境基线研究的原始数据表示关切，", "强调需要提出建议，用于指导承包者对勘探“区域”内多金属硫化物可能产生的环境影响进行评估，", "1. 呼吁所有承包者根据《结核规章》第31条第4和第5款以及《”区域”内多金属硫化物探矿和勘探规章》(《硫化物规章》)第34条，以数字格式提供原始数据，以供纳入国际海底管理局的数据库；", "2. 强调委员会必须按照《结核规章》第21条第3(d)款和《硫化物规章》第23条第3(d)款的规定发挥作用，确保新勘探工作计划的申请者已令人满意地履行以前同管理局所订立合同的有关义务，包括环境报告方面的义务，并支持委员会继续发挥这方面的作用；", "3. 请秘书长编写一份报告，说明各担保国及管理局其他成员通过的与“区域”内活动有关的法律、条例和行政措施，并为此邀请担保国及管理局其他成员酌情向秘书处提供相关国家级法律、条例和行政措施的信息或文本；", "4. 请委员会对《结核规章》第11.2条和《硫化物规章》第11.2条进行分析，并就此向理事会提交报告，供理事会审议。" ]

[ "第十七届会议", "牙买加金斯敦", "2011年7月11日至22日,日内瓦", "国际海底管理局理事会决定", "国际海底管理局理事会,", "表示注意到法律和技术委员会主席关于委员会第十七届会议工作的总结报告(ISBA/17/C/13),特别是评价承包者根据《 \" 区域 \" 内多金属结核探矿和勘探规章》(《结核规章》)所提交的年度报告, 以及关于定期审查多金属结核勘探工作计划执行情况的资料,", "注意到 委员会关切资源评估和环境基线研究仍然缺乏原始数据,", "强调需要提出建议,以指导承包者评估 \" 区域 \" 内多金属硫化物勘探活动可能对环境造成的影响,", "1. 联合国 4. 吁请所有承包者按照《结核规章》 第31条第4和第5款以及《 \" 区域 \" 内多金属硫化物探矿和勘探规章》(《硫化物规章》) 第34条,以数字格式提供原始数据,以列入国际海底管理局数据库;", "2. 联合国 9. 着重指出,根据《结核规章》第21条第3款(d)项和《硫化物规章》第23条第3款(d)项的规定,委员会必须发挥作用,确保新勘探工作计划的申请者令人满意地履行与管理局以往任何合同有关的义务,包括环境报告义务,并支持委员会继续在这方面发挥作用;", "3个 9. 请秘书长编写一份报告,说明担保国和管理局其他成员就 \" 区域 \" 内活动采取的法律、规章和行政措施,并为此目的邀请担保国和管理局其他成员酌情向秘书处提供有关国家法律、规章和行政措施的资料或案文;", " 4.四. 请委员会分析《结核规章》第11.2条和《硫化物规章》第11.2条,并向理事会报告有关情况,供其审议。" ]

[ "Letter dated 18 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Cambodia to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "Upon instructions from my Government, I have the honour to forward herewith the Summary of the Order of 18 July 2011 of the International Court of Justice regarding Cambodia’s request for the indication of provisional measures pending the Court’s ruling on the request for interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (see annex).", "I would be grateful if the present letter and the attached Summary of the Order of the International Court of Justice could be circulated as a document of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Kosal Sea Ambassador Permanent Representative of the Kingdom of Cambodia to the United Nations", "Annex to the letter dated 18 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Cambodia to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council[1]", "Request for interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand)", "Request for the indication of provisional measures", "Summary of the Order of 18 July 2011", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[1] * The annex is being issued in the language of submission only." ]

[ "2011年7月18日柬埔寨常驻联合国代表给安全理事会主席的信", "奉我国政府指示，谨转交国际法院2011年7月18日的命令摘要，其中涉及在法院就要求解释1962年6月15日对隆瑞古寺案的判决的请求作出裁定之前，柬埔寨提出的要求明示应采取何种临时措施的请求(见附件)。", "请将本函及所附的国际法院的命令摘要作为安全理事会文件分发为荷。", "柬埔寨王国常驻联合国代表", "大使", "谢戈萨(签名)", "2011年7月18日柬埔寨常驻联合国代表给安全理事会主席的信的附件", "Request for interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand)", "Request for the indication of provisional measures", "Summary of the Order of 18 July 2011", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[]" ]

[ "2011年7月18日柬埔寨常驻联合国代表给安全理事会主席的信", "奉我国政府指示,谨随函转递2011年7月18日国际法院关于柬埔寨请求指示临时措施的命令摘要(见附件),以待法院就1962年6月15日对柏威夏寺案判决的解释请求作出裁决。", "请将本函及所附《国际法院命令摘要》作为安全理事会文件分发为荷。", "柬埔寨王国常驻联合国代表", "2011年7月18日柬埔寨常驻联合国代表给安全理事会主席的信的附件[1]", "请求解释1962年6月15日对柏威夏寺案(柬埔寨诉泰国)的判决(柬埔寨诉泰国)", "请求指明临时措施", "2011年7月18日法令摘要", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[]", "[1] * 附件仅以原文印发。" ]

[ "Official communiqué of the 6588th (closed) meeting of the Security Council", "Held in private at Headquarters, New York, on Thursday, 21 July 2011, at 3 p.m.", "In accordance with rule 55 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council, the following communiqué was issued through the Secretary-General in place of a verbatim record:", "“At its 6588th meeting, held in private on 21 July 2011, the Security Council considered the item entitled ‘the situation in the Great Lakes region’.", "“The President, with the consent of the Council, invited the representatives of Australia, Belgium, the Central African Republic, Croatia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Finland, Greece, Ireland, Japan, the Netherlands, Poland, Serbia, Slovenia, South Sudan, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, Uganda and Zimbabwe, at their request, to participate in the consideration without the right to vote, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Charter and rule 37 of the Council’s provisional rules of procedure.", "“The Security Council heard a briefing under rule 39 of its provisional rules of procedure by Mr. Tayé-Brook Zerihoun, Assistant Secretary-General for Political Affairs.", "“The Security Council heard a briefing under rule 39 of its provisional rules of procedure by His Excellency Mr. Tete Antonio, Permanent Observer of the African Union to the United Nations.", "“The members of the Council, the representatives of the Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mr. Zerihoun and His Excellency Mr. Antonio had an exchange of views.”" ]

[ "安全理事会第6588次(闭门)会议正式公报", "2011年7月21日星期四下午3时在纽约总部非公开举行", "根据安全理事会暂行议事规则第55条的规定，谨通过秘书长发表以下公报以代替逐字记录：", "“2011年7月21日，安全理事会非公开举行第6588次会议，审议题为‘大湖区局势’的项目。", "“主席征得安理会同意，根据《宪章》的相关规定和安理会暂行议事规则第37条，应澳大利亚、比利时、中非共和国、克罗地亚、刚果民主共和国、丹麦、芬兰、希腊、爱尔兰、日本、荷兰、波兰、塞尔维亚、斯洛文尼亚、南苏丹、西班牙、瑞典、土耳其、乌干达和津巴布韦等国代表的请求，邀请他们参加关于这个项目的讨论，但无表决权。", "“根据安全理事会暂行议事规则第39条，安理会听取了主管政治事务助理秘书长塔耶-布鲁克·泽里洪先生所作的通报。", "“根据安全理事会暂行议事规则第39条，安理会听取了非洲联盟常驻联合国观察员泰特·安东尼奥先生阁下所作的通报。", "“安理会成员、中非共和国和刚果民主共和国两国代表、泽里洪先生和安东尼奥先生阁下交换了意见。”" ]

[ "安全理事会第6588次(闭门)会议正式公报", "2011年7月21日星期四下午3时在纽约总部非公开举行", "根据安全理事会暂行议事规则第55条的规定,谨通过秘书长发表下列公报以代替逐字记录:", "\" 安全理事会在2011年7月21日非公开举行的第6588次会议上审议了题为`大湖区局势 ' 的项目。", "\" 主席征得安理会同意,应澳大利亚、比利时、中非共和国、克罗地亚、刚果民主共和国、丹麦、芬兰、希腊、爱尔兰、日本、荷兰、波兰、塞尔维亚、斯洛文尼亚、南苏丹、西班牙、瑞典、土耳其、乌干达和津巴布韦代表的请求,根据《宪章》的有关规定和安理会暂行议事规则第37条,邀请他们参加审议,但无表决权。", "“安全理事会根据其暂行议事规则第39条,听取了主管政治事务助理秘书长塔耶-布鲁克·泽里洪先生的简报。", "“安全理事会根据其暂行议事规则第39条,听取了非洲联盟常驻联合国观察员泰特·安东尼奥先生阁下的简报。", "“安理会成员、中非共和国和刚果民主共和国的代表、泽里洪先生和安东尼奥先生阁下交换了意见。 “" ]

[ "Seventeenth session", "Kingston, Jamaica", "11-22 July 2011", "Statement to the Council by the delegation of Fiji", "Mr. President,", "Following on from informal consultations with many of this body’s members, the Fiji delegation has chosen this moment in the seventeenth session to make a proposal to the Council. As signalled in our words to the Council last week, a new phase in the life of the International Seabed Authority is steadily approaching. That new phase is the reality of deep-sea mining and the prescribed role the Authority will have in organizing and monitoring these activities where they pertain to the Area.", "Since its establishment in 1994, the Authority has achieved some great milestones. It has cemented its place in the world as the central authority for organization and control of the Area. It has diligently established the regulations for exploration for both polymetallic nodules and polymetallic sulphides, and is now on the doorstep of approving the regulations for cobalt-rich crusts. As of this week, it has approved entry into a dozen contracts for exploration for deep-sea minerals in the Area, two of which are being issued to contractors who will prospect in areas reserved for developing countries.", "All these milestones have been achieved because of the foresight and fortitude of those who took us into, and through, the establishment phase of the Authority’s life: in the Secretariat, the Legal and Technical Commission, and here in this Council. Once again, we express our admiration and gratitude to all concerned.", "It is with these solid achievements in mind and in the knowledge of the foreseeable commencement of deep-sea mining that it has now become a matter of timeliness and prudence for the Council to accept that the days are upon us when work on the sea-bed mining code should begin.", "There is of course much work we will have to do before we can frame the first sentence of the mining code. And before we launch ourselves into the full weight of that historic task, there is much the Secretariat and the Legal and Technical Commission can do to prepare themselves and our Council for the work of producing the mining code.", "It is with a progressive eye towards this next phase in the Authority’s life that we propose that the Council decide today to request the Secretariat to turn its attention to preparations for formulating the sea-bed mining code. The results of such attention will obviously be preparatory in nature, but by giving it notice of our request before the Council completes its meeting today, we are confident it will be in a position, when the Council meets again in 2012, to advise us on first steps towards the formulation of the mining code.", "In summary, Mr. President, it is proposed that you include in the Council report that it is the wish of this Council that preparations begin for the formulation of the regulations for mining of deep-sea minerals in the Area, and that the Secretariat be requested to prepare a strategic workplan to this effect for consideration by the Authority at its eighteenth session.", "I thank you." ]

[ "第十七届会议", "2011年7月11日至22日", "牙买加金斯敦", "斐济代表团对理事会的发言", "主席先生：", "在与本机构许多成员进行非正式协商之后，斐济代表团决定选择第十七届会议这一时机向理事会提出一项建议。正如我们上周对理事会的发言中所表示的，国际海底管理局的工作正逐步进入一个新的阶段。这个新阶段的问题是深海采矿这一现实情况以及管理局在组织和监测在“区域”内进行的这些采矿活动方面的法定作用。", "管理局自1994年成立以来已取得了一些重大成就。它已巩固了其在世界上作为组织和控制“区域”内活动的中央机构的地位。管理局勤恳工作，制定了多金属结核和多金属硫化物勘探规章，目前即将批准富钴结壳规章。到本周为止，管理局已批准订立十几项“区域”内深海矿物勘探合同，其中两项合同正在向将在为发展中国家保留的“区域”进行勘探的承包者签发。", "之所以能够取得这些成就，都是因为那些带领我们进入并经历管理局创建阶段的人们的远见卓识和坚忍不拔的精神，包括在秘书处、法律和技术委员会以及本理事会工作的人们。我们再次向所有有关人员表示敬佩和感谢。", "考虑到这些可观的成就，并认识到深海采矿即将开始，理事会现在应当着手进行海底采矿法规的制定工作，这关系到理事会的工作是否及时和谨慎。", "当然我们在下笔起草采矿法规之前，还有许多工作要做。在我们全力投入这项历史性工作之前，秘书处及法律和技术委员会有很多工作要做，以便使它们自己和理事会为编写采矿法规做好准备。", "我们建议理事会今天决定请秘书处把注意力转向为拟定海底采矿法规作准备，正是为了对管理局下一阶段工作采取前瞻性做法。这种注意力转向显然只是着手进行准备，但通过在今天理事会的会议结束之前让秘书处注意到我们的请求，我们相信，在理事会于2012年再次开会时，秘书处将能够就拟定采矿法规应采取的初步步骤向我们提出建议。", "主席先生，总之，建议你在理事会的报告中述及，理事会希望着手准备拟定“区域”内深海采矿法规，并请秘书处为此编写一份战略工作计划，供管理局第十八届会议审议。", "谢谢。" ]

[ "第十七届会议", "牙买加金斯敦", "2011年7月11日至22日,日内瓦", "斐济代表团在理事会的发言", "主席先生,", "在与本机构许多成员进行非正式磋商后,斐济代表团在第十七届会议上选择了这一时刻向安理会提出一项建议。 正如我们上周对安理会所说的话所指出,国际海底管理局生活的一个新阶段正在稳步地临近。 这一新阶段是深海采矿的现实,也是管理局在组织和监测与 \" 区域 \" 有关的这些活动方面的规定作用。", "自1994年成立以来,管理局取得了一些重大的里程碑。 它巩固了它在世界上作为组织和控制 \" 区域 \" 的中心当局的地位。 它认真制定了多金属结核和多金属硫化物勘探规章,目前正在批准富钴结壳规章。 截至本周,它已批准签订十多份在 \" 区域 \" 内勘探深海矿物的合同,其中两份合同正在发给将在留给发展中国家的区域进行勘探的承包者。", "所有这些里程碑之所以能够实现,是因为那些带领我们进入并贯穿管理局成立阶段的人的远见和毅力:即秘书处、法律和技术委员会,以及安理会。 我们再次向有关各方表示钦佩和感谢。", "正是考虑到这些扎实的成就并意识到深海采矿的可预见开始,安理会现在必须及时和谨慎地接受,海床采矿守则工作即将开始。", "当然,我们必须做很多工作,才能制定采矿守则的第一句。 在我们开始充分承担这一历史性任务之前,秘书处和法律和技术委员会可以做很多工作来为自己和我们的理事会制定采矿守则的工作做好准备。", "我们正以对管理局生活的下一阶段的渐进眼光,建议安理会今天决定请秘书处将其注意力转向拟订海床采矿守则的筹备工作上。 显然,这种关注的结果将是筹备性的,但是,在安理会今天结束会议之前通知它我们的请求,我们相信,当安理会2012年再次开会时,它将能够就制定采矿守则的第一步向我们提供建议。", "主席先生,总而言之,建议你在安理会报告中说明,安理会希望开始筹备拟订 \" 区域 \" 内深海矿物开采规章,并请秘书处为此拟订一份战略工作计划,供管理局第十八届会议审议。", "谢谢" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1718 (2006)", "Note verbale dated 18 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Andorra to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of the Principality of Andorra to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1718 (2006) and has the honour to transmit the response of the Government of the Principality of Andorra to Security Council resolution 1985 (2011) (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 18 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Andorra to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "Report of the Principality of Andorra on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1985 (2011)", "The Principality of Andorra, a country with a long tradition of peace, has always expressed its support for the defence and promotion of international peace and security.", "An advocate of peace, the country has lived without war or conflict for more than seven centuries. Andorra has never allowed any activity that could endanger the stability of the region to take place in its territory.", "By its resolution 1985 (2011), paragraph 4, the Security Council urges all States, relevant United Nations bodies, and other interested parties to cooperate fully with the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1718 (2006) and with the Panel of Experts, in particular by supplying any information at their disposal on the implementation of the measures imposed by resolution 1718 (2006) and resolution 1874 (2009).", "On 6 August 2009, the Permanent Mission of the Principality of Andorra sent a note verbale to the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1718 (2006) with information on the measures taken to implement Security Council resolution 1874 (2009).", "The Principality of Andorra has no further information on the implementation of the measures imposed by resolution 1718 (2006) and resolution 1874 (2009)." ]

[ "安全理事会第1718(2006)号决议 所设委员会", "2011年7月18日安道尔常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "安道尔公国常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会第1718(2006)号决议所设委员会主席致意，谨转递安道尔公国政府对安全理事会第1985(2011)号决议的答复(见附件)。", "2011年7月18日安道尔常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "安道尔公国关于安全理事会第1985(2011)号决议执行情况的报告", "安道尔公国具有悠久的和平传统，一贯支持维护和促进国际和平与安全。", "安道尔是维护和平的国家，七百多年来没有发生战争或冲突，从不允许在其境内发展任何可能危害区域稳定的活动。", "安全理事会第1985(2011)号决议第4段敦促所有国家、联合国相关机构和其他有关各方与第1718(2006)号决议所设委员会和专家小组充分合作，尤其是提供它们所掌握的任何有关第1718(2006)号和第1874(2009)号决议规定措施执行情况的信息。", "2009年8月6日，安道尔常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会第1718(2006)号决议所设委员会主席发出普通照会，提交为执行安全理事会第1874(2009)号决议而采取的措施的信息。", "此后，安道尔公国没有关于第1718(2006)号和第1874(2009)号决议规定措施执行情况的补充信息。" ]

[ "安全理事会第1718(2006)号决议 所设委员会", "2011年7月18日安道尔常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "安道尔公国常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会第1718(2006)号决议所设委员会主席致意并谨转递安道尔公国政府对安全理事会第1985(2011)号决议的答复(见附件)。", "2011年7月18日安道尔常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "安道尔公国关于安全理事会第1985(2011)号决议执行情况的报告", "安道尔公国具有悠久的和平传统,一贯表示支持捍卫和促进国际和平与安全。", "作为和平的倡导者,这个国家七个多世纪没有战争或冲突。 安道尔从未允许任何可能危及该区域稳定的活动在其领土上发生。", "安全理事会第1985(2011)号决议第4段敦促所有国家、联合国相关机构和其他有关各方同第1718(2006)号决议所设委员会和专家小组充分合作,特别是提供它们所掌握的关于第1718(2006)号和第1874(2009)号决议所采取措施执行情况的任何信息。", "2009年8月6日,安道尔公国常驻代表团向安全理事会第1718(2006)号决议所设委员会主席发出一份普通照会,提供为执行安全理事会第1874(2009)号决议所采取措施的资料。", "安道尔公国没有关于第1718(2006)号和第1874(2009)号决议规定的措施执行情况的进一步资料。" ]

[ "President:\tMr. Wittig\t(Germany) \nMembers:\tBosnia and Herzegovina\tMs. Čolaković\n Brazil Mrs. Viotti \n China Mr. Wang Min \n Colombia Mr. Osorio \n France Mr. Bonne \n Gabon Mr. Messone \n India Mr. Kumar \n Lebanon Mr. Salam \n Nigeria Mrs. Ogwu \n Portugal Mr. Vaz Patto \n Russian Federation Mr. Pankin \n South Africa Mr. Sangqu \n\tUnited Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland\tSir Mark LyallGrant\n United States of America Mr. Dunn", "Agenda", "Reports of the Secretary-General on the Sudan", "Report of the Secretary-General on the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (S/2011/422)", "The meeting was called to order at 10.10 a.m.", "Adoption of the agenda", "The agenda was adopted.", "Reports of the Secretary-General on the Sudan", "Report of the Secretary-General on the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (S/2011/422)", "The President: In accordance with rule 39 of the Council’s provisional rules of procedure, I invite Mr. Ibrahim Gambari, Joint African Union-United Nations Special Representative for Darfur, to participate in this meeting.", "The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on its agenda.", "I wish to draw the attention of Council members to document S/2011/422, which contains the report of the Secretary-General on the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur.", "I now give the floor to Mr. Ibrahim Gambari.", "Mr. Gambari: I wish to thank you, Mr. President, and the other members of the Security Council for this opportunity to brief the Council on the situation in Darfur.", "The Council has before it the Secretary-General’s most recent report on the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), which includes a summary of developments in Darfur, including updates on the Doha negotiations, the Darfur-based political process, and the operations and deployments of UNAMID.", "Considerable progress has been made in the Doha negotiations since I last briefed the Council at its meeting in Khartoum on 21 May. As all present are aware, the All Darfur Stakeholders Conference took place in Doha, Qatar, from 27 to 31 May. The Conference brought together more than 500 delegates representing a cross-section of Darfur stakeholders, including internally displaced persons, refugees, representatives of civil society, the Government of the Sudan, elected officials, tribal leaders and the Darfuri diaspora.", "UNAMID supported the event by facilitating the selection and transportation within Darfur of 245 representatives of civil society and by deploying UNAMID personnel to Doha to serve as committee chairpersons, presenters and rapporteurs.", "The main outcome of the Conference was the endorsement by the stakeholders of the draft Doha document for peace in Darfur as the basis for reaching a permanent ceasefire and a comprehensive and inclusive peace settlement in Darfur. On 14 July, as the Representative of the Secretary-General, I participated, and signed as a witness, in a ceremony in Doha at which the Liberation and Justice Movement (LJM) and the Government of the Sudan signed the Doha document for peace in Darfur. The ceremony, which was presided over by the Emir of Qatar, was witnessed by the Presidents of Chad, Eritrea, Burkina Faso and the Sudan, as well as by senior representatives of the African Union, the League of Arab States and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, among other dignitaries.", "Allow me to use this occasion to express my gratitude to the Emir, His Highness Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani, and to the State of Qatar for their enormous generosity and steadfast commitment to the Darfur peace process. Let me also acknowledge the personal commitment of Minister Ahmed bin Abdullah Al-Mahmoud of Qatar and Djibrill Bassolé, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Burkina Faso, for their tireless efforts to assist the parties to reach an inclusive and comprehensive agreement for peace in Darfur.", "On 6 July, I was requested by the United Nations, in consultation with the African Union, to assume the role of Joint Chief Mediator ad interim. In this capacity, I wish to inform the Council that while the signing of the Doha document for peace in Darfur by the two parties represents an important step forward in the quest for sustainable peace and stability in Darfur, it is my view that many daunting challenges remain. Among these are: first, how to continue engagement of the holdout armed movements the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM), SLA-Abdul Wahid and SLA-Minni Minawi, and obtain the agreement of the Government of the Sudan with respect to a cessation of hostilities, followed by a commitment to discuss in good faith how to achieve an inclusive and comprehensive peace agreement; secondly, to ensure local ownership of the peace process by Darfurians at the grass-roots level through a credible, transparent and free internal political process; and thirdly, the important need for an enabling environment to make possible a Darfur-based process.", "With regard to the enabling environment, I agree with the statement made by the Council in its presidential statement of 21 April (S/PRST/2011/8) that the Darfur-based peace process must take place in an environment that will guarantee its credibility and legitimacy by ensuring that all the essential basic civil and political freedoms of participants are guaranteed, including, and especially, freedom of speech, movement and assembly, as well as freedom from harassment, arbitrary arrest, intimidation and freedom from interference by the Government and the armed movements. In this connection, the lifting of the emergency laws by the Government, which it committed publicly to doing in February, will go a long way towards fulfilling most of these key conditions. This is essential if the outcomes of the Darfur-based peace process are to be recognized and accepted by the people of Darfur, thus putting a definitive end to the conflict.", "These are by no means simple challenges, but work on them is already in progress. UNAMID will use the intervening period to assist the stakeholders in the dissemination of the Doha document for peace in Darfur to the population of Darfur in order to broaden popular support for it as well as to prepare them for the Darfur-based peace process. UNAMID, in conjunction with the African Union High-level Implementation Panel and concerned international stakeholders, will also continue to engage with the Government of the Sudan on the urgent need to establish an enabling environment to facilitate the Darfur peace process.", "Since I last briefed the Council in Khartoum in May, the Government of the Sudan and rebel forces fought in the areas of Kutum, Kabkabiya and Shangil Tobaya, in Northern Darfur; El Daein, Labado, Gulobei and Feina, in Southern Darfur; and Golo, Jebel Marra area, in Western Darfur. In Shangil Tobaya, the SLA-Minni Minawi, supported by a breakaway faction of the LJM, has engaged Government of the Sudan forces in an effort to retake the area. Meanwhile, the alliance of factions of SLA-Abdul Wahid, SLA-Minni Minawi and JEM maintain a presence in Labado, Muhajeria and Shaeria. JEM has persisted in its attempts to move northwards towards Mellit, in Northern Darfur, from Southern Darfur, while SLA-Abdul Wahid still maintains a strong presence in Rockero and other areas of Eastern-Western Darfur, in Jebel Marra. Government of the Sudan forces continue to conduct air surveillance missions as well as to position military forces and equipment throughout Northern and Southern Darfur.", "On 14 May and 26 June, the leaders of SLA-Minni Minawi and SLA-Abdul Wahid declared joint actions against the Government of the Sudan, thereby posing a further challenge to the security environment in Darfur. Our Mission will continue to monitor these developments closely in view of their likely impact on the civilian population, and to intensify the implementation of its robust strategy for the protection of civilians.", "Meanwhile, tribal clashes, a contributing factor in fatality and civilian displacement in Darfur, is now on the decrease due mainly to UNAMID-assisted efforts on the part of all sides to address their causes. Two recorded cases, however, were the 5-6 June fighting between the Zaghawa and Tunjur/Berti/Birgid in areas near Shangil Tobaya, in North Darfur, and the 19 June fighting between the Salamat and Habbaniyah in Nadhif near Buram, in South Darfur. The implementation of the June 2010 truce agreement between the Nawaiba and Misseriya in the Zalingei area of West Darfur is being closely monitored.", "With mitigation measures and robust responses consistently pursued by UNAMID, coupled with the security and patrol mechanisms jointly operated by UNAMID and the Government of the Sudan, incidents of attacks and carjacking against United Nations and associated personnel in Darfur have been drastically reduced. I regret to note, however, that while in numerical terms and frequency there has been a considerable reduction in attacks on peacekeepers and humanitarian actors since my last briefing to the Council, occasional and fatal attacks still occur. For example, on 30 June, a UNAMID minibus transporting five peacekeepers was attacked by unknown gunmen in El Geneina, West Darfur. One Ethiopian peacekeeper was killed and another injured. Such acts, which constitute war crimes, should not go unpunished. In this regard, the Mission is working with the Government of the Sudan to ensure a full investigation, followed by timely prosecution of the perpetrators, and their punishment if they are found guilty.", "After continued engagement with the Government of the Sudan, progress was made regarding the two UNAMID national staff members arrested and detained by Government authorities, despite the provisions of the status-of-forces agreement. The first national staff member, Ms. Hawa Abdulla Saleh, was released on 12 July after 68 days of detention; the second, Mr. Idriss Abdelrahman Yusuf, arrested on 27 April, was released two days ago, on 20 July, after 85 days in custody.", "Meanwhile, impunity continues to be a factor of criminality directed against international personnel in Darfur. However, positive achievements on this issue include the 5 May Special Court sentencing of two individuals to 10 years imprisonment for their involvement in the 2010 kidnapping of foreign aid workers and the carjacking of two vehicles belonging to international non-governmental organizations in South Darfur. We would like to see more such arrests, prosecutions and punishment, as appropriate.", "UNAMID carried out 23,999 patrols between 1 April and 30 June, during which the Mission’s movements by land were restricted on 68 occasions. Most of the restricted patrols were either in or seeking to enter areas believed by the Government to harbour forces of the armed movements. UNAMID military and police have increased the number of patrols per day from an average of 130 to 160. My target, and my instructions to the military and police, is to increase that number to about 200 patrols a day. Additionally, a number of long- and medium-range patrols are being conducted to new locations, including Jebel Marra, the border between South Darfur and the Republic of South Sudan, and the northern parts of West Darfur. We will continue to address the issue of access with Sudanese authorities and other interlocutors, and to refuse to take “no” for answer when we are stopped.", "As noted in the Secretary-General’s report, ongoing intermittent clashes between Government and movement forces continue to adversely affect the humanitarian situation, with displacements of civilians reaching an estimate of between 60,000 and 70,000 since the beginning of the year. Despite this, UNAMID has made good progress in improving the humanitarian situation and facilitating humanitarian access in Darfur. Restrictions of movement in Sector South, imposed by the Government of the Sudan due to the alleged presence of armed movements, were officially lifted on 11 June, and the work of the humanitarian agencies has resumed. Similarly, access for staff and humanitarian relief to the Kalma camp for internally displaced persons (IDPs) resumed without further restrictions.", "As I briefed the Council in May, UNAMID’s Operation Spring Basket continues, in collaboration with humanitarian agencies, to expand access and help humanitarian agencies to deliver aid to parts of Darfur that have long been inaccessible. Launched on 1 May, the initiative involves aid workers conducting needs assessments and delivering aid.", "Operation Spring Basket is now operating in North, South and West Darfur. Nine communities have been visited; many of them are in the Jebel Marra area. The third phase of this operation, taking place in July and August, continues with assessments, but with a focus on revisiting previously visited communities to deliver much-needed humanitarian relief. The impact of Operation Spring Basket is best visible through the opening of humanitarian space, the implementation of humanitarian and protection assessments, enhanced coordination, communication and collaboration among the various stakeholders, relationship-building with the Government of the Sudan and the armed movements, and improved communication with areas previously affected by restricted access.", "Voluntary returns to areas where conditions are favourable have been observed over the past few months. In fact, UNAMID, in cooperation with local authorities, the Sudan’s Humanitarian Aid Commission and United Nations agencies, is facilitating the return of 1,150 IDPs from the Kabkabiya area to Saihjanna, 14 kilometres north-west of Kutum. A United Nations Mine Action team completed clearance, and unexploded ordinance disposal activities in the area and return commenced on 10 July. UNAMID is assisting in transporting the most vulnerable members of the community and providing security and water to the returnees.", "I think the members of the Council, having heard me speak many times, have noted my absolute dedication and commitment to facilitating the voluntary return of IDPS to their homes. As members know, we have 1.8 million people, out of a total population of 7 million in Darfur, who are in IDP camps. In my view, this is an unnatural and abnormal situation, and we must never agree to normalize it.", "On 27 and 28 June, the Darfur International Conference on Water for Sustainable Peace was co‑chaired by the Government of the Sudan, UNAMID and the United Nations country team. Government figures and representatives of the United Nations and other international organizations and donors attended the event. Donors pledged a total of $500 million in support of 65 approved projects to develop a stable and equitable water service system for Darfur. It should be noted that the Government of the Sudan pledged $210 million in support of this initiative. Once again, we of UNAMID, working with the United Nations country team, believe that water is one of the root causes of the conflict in Darfur, and addressing it could very well contribute to sustainable peace in that region.", "UNAMID and the Government of the Sudan continue to consult closely on all issues of concern to peace and stability in Darfur. In this regard, I am happy to report progress on the bridging solution that has been found for the issue of UNAMID radio. On, 26 June UNAMID finalized the radio bridging solution with the National Public Radio Corporation for the broadcast of UNAMID radio programmes on Al Salaam radio and Darfur state radio stations. This agreement is an interim arrangement until the Government acts on our application for a radio broadcasting license. UNAMID radio is broadcasting two hours daily on Al Salaam radio, with repeat broadcasts at appropriate times on Darfur state radio stations. Broadcasting began on 3 July.", "Let me conclude by reassuring the Council that UNAMID will continue to do everything within its mandate to facilitate the return of peace and stability to Darfur. Robust and increased patrols will remain the rule of the Mission, as will continued collaboration with the United Nations country team and humanitarian actors, to facilitate the delivery of humanitarian assistance, especially to vulnerable communities.", "With regards to the peace process itself, the challenge for the international community, led essentially by this body and the African Union Peace and Security Council, is to determine how best to impress on all sides involved in the conflict that a military solution is not the way to go, because if the military path were the way to a solution, we would have found one a long time ago, and we have not. As the Council stressed in its statement of 23 June (SC/10291), every effort should be made to reach a permanent ceasefire and a comprehensive peace agreement as soon as possible on the basis of the Doha document for peace in Darfur.", "Finally, that is where we are at the moment from the perspective of UNAMID. It is my sincere hope that, after its deliberations, the Council will provide strong support and guidance to UNAMID during this critical phase of the implementation of its mandate, so that the Mission can consolidate the recent gains made, particularly on the protection of civilians and access and delivery of humanitarian assistance. We also hope that the Council will be able to endorse the Doha document for peace in Darfur. It is not perfect, but at least provides a framework for bringing about a comprehensive and inclusive peace. The imperative of peace is now, as the people of Darfur have suffered for far too long and far too deeply.", "The President: I thank Mr. Gambari for his briefing.", "There are no further speakers inscribed on my list. I now invite Council members to informal consultations to continue our discussion of the subject.", "The meeting rose at 10.30 a.m." ]

[ "主席： 维蒂希先生 (德国) \n 成员： 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 乔拉科维奇女士 \n 巴西 维奥蒂夫人 \n 中国 王民先生 \n 哥伦比亚 奥索里奥先生 \n 法国 博内先生 \n 加蓬 梅索尼先生 \n 印度 库马尔先生 \n 黎巴嫩 萨拉姆先生 \n 尼日利亚 奥格武夫人 \n 葡萄牙 瓦斯·帕托先生 \n 俄罗斯联邦 潘金先生 \n 南非 桑库先生 \n\t大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国\t马克·莱尔·格兰特爵士\n 美利坚合众国 邓恩先生", "议程项目", "秘书长关于苏丹的报告", "秘书长关于非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动的报告(S/2011/422)", "上午10时10分开会。", "通过议程", "议程通过。", "秘书长关于苏丹的报告", "秘书长关于非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动的报告(S/2011/422)", "主席(以英语发言)：根据安理会暂行议事规则第39条，我邀请非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔问题联合特别代表易卜拉欣·甘巴里先生参加本次会议。", "安全理事会现在开始审议其议程上的项目。", "我谨提请安理会成员注意文件S/2011/422，其中载有秘书长关于非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动的报告。", "我现在请易卜拉欣·甘巴里先生发言。", "甘巴里先生(以英语发言)：主席先生，我要感谢你及安全理事会其他成员给我这个机会，向安理会通报达尔富尔局势。", "安理会面前摆着秘书长关于非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)的最新报告，报告中概述了达尔富尔的事态发展，包括关于多哈谈判、达尔富尔的政治进程以及达尔富尔混合行动运作与部署的最新情况。", "自５月21日我上一次在喀土穆举行的会议上向安理会通报情况以来，多哈谈判取得了显著进展。如在座各位知道的那样，5月27日至31日在卡塔尔的多哈召开了达尔富尔问题全体利益攸关方会议。500多位代表达尔富尔广泛各界利益攸关方的代表出席了会议，其中包括境内流离失所者、难民、民间社会代表、苏丹政府、民选官员、部落领袖以及散居国外的达尔富尔人。", "达尔富尔混合行动为该活动提供了支助，协助在达尔富尔挑选了245位民间社会的代表并为他们提供交通便利，此外还向多哈派出达尔富尔混合行动人员担任委员会主席、发言者和报告员。", "会议的主要成果是，各利益攸关方均认同，“多哈达尔富尔和平文件”草案是达成达尔富尔永久停火并实现以全面及包容各方的办法和平解决冲突的基础。", "7月14日，我作为秘书长代表参加了在多哈举行的一个仪式，在该仪式上，解放与正义运动(解放运动)与苏丹政府签署了“多哈达尔富尔和平文件”，我也作为见证人签了字。该仪式由卡塔尔的埃米尔主持，乍得、厄立特里亚、布基纳法索和苏丹总统以及非洲联盟、阿拉伯国家联盟和伊斯兰合作组织的高级代表还有其他政要都见证了该仪式。", "请允许我借此机会感谢埃米尔谢赫哈马德·本·哈利法·阿勒萨尼陛下和卡塔尔国非常慷慨地给予支持并坚定不移地致力于达尔富尔和平进程。也请允许我感谢卡塔尔的艾哈迈德·本·阿卜杜拉·马哈穆德部长和布基纳法索外交部长贾布里勒·巴索莱不懈努力，协助有关各方达成能促进达尔富尔和平的包容各方和全面的协议。", "７月６日，联合国经与非洲联盟磋商，请我担任临时联合首席调解人。我愿以此身份通知安理会，尽管双方签署“多哈达尔富尔和平文件”是在寻求达尔富尔可持续和平与稳定方面迈出的重要一步，但是我认为仍存在许多严峻挑战。这些挑战包括：第一，如何继续与拒不参与的武装运动如正义与平等运动(正义运动)、苏丹解放军-阿卜杜勒·瓦希德派以及苏丹解放军-明尼·米纳维派进行接触，并使苏丹政府同意停止敌对行动，然后承诺本着诚意讨论如何达成一项包容各方和全面的和平协议；第二，通过一个有公信力、透明和自由的内部政治进程，确保达尔富尔人在基层拥有对和平进程的本地自主权；第三，非常需要营造一个有利环境以实现基于达尔富尔的进程。", "关于营造有利的环境，我同意安理会在４月21日主席声明(S/PRST/2011/8)中所作的阐述，即基于达尔富尔的和平进程必须在一种将确保其公信力与合法性的环境中举行，为此必须确保参与者的各项重要基本公民自由和政治自由得到保障，其中尤其包括言论自由、行动自由和集会自由，不受骚扰、任意逮捕和恐吓，并且不受政府或武装运动的干涉。在这方面，政府像2月份公开承诺的那样取消紧急状态法，将对满足这些关键条件中的大多数条件起很大的作用。要想基于达尔富尔和平进程的成果被认可并得到达尔富尔人民的接受，从而彻底结束冲突，这一点是至关重要的。", "这些挑战绝非轻易可以克服，但是目前已在开展工作以克服这些挑战。达尔富尔混合行动将利用这段时间来协助各利益攸关方向达尔富尔民众分发“多哈达尔富尔和平文件”，以扩大公众对它的支持，并使他们为达尔富尔和平进程做好准备。达尔富尔混合行动还将与非洲联盟高级别执行小组以及有关国际利益攸关方一道，继续就急需营造一个有利环境以推动达尔富尔和平进程问题与苏丹政府开展协作。", "自我上一次即5月份在喀土穆向安理会通报情况以来，苏丹政府及反叛力量在北达尔富尔的库图姆、卡布卡比亚和尚吉尔托巴伊；南达尔富尔的埃代因、拉巴多、Gulobei和费因纳；以及西达尔富尔的格洛和杰贝勒马拉赫地区发生了交战。在尚吉尔托巴伊，苏丹解放军-明尼·米纳维派得到从解放运动中脱离出来的一个派别的支持，它与苏丹政府军发生交战，企图重新控制该地区。与此同时，苏丹解放军-阿卜杜勒·瓦希德派、苏丹解放军-明尼·米纳维派以及正义运动等派别组成的联盟在拉巴多、穆哈吉里耶以及谢里耶保持了存在。正义运动一直试图从南达尔富尔向北朝着位于北达尔富尔的Mellit发展，而苏丹解放军-阿卜杜勒·瓦希德派仍在Rockero和东西达尔富尔其他地区，在杰贝勒马拉赫保持了强大存在。苏丹政府军继续执行空中侦察任务，并在南达尔富尔和北达尔富尔各地部署军事力量及装备。", "5月14日和6月26日，苏丹解放军-明尼·米纳维派和苏丹解放军-阿卜杜勒·瓦希德派领导人宣布对苏丹政府采取联合行动，由此构成对达尔富尔安全局势的又一个挑战。我们特派团将继续密切监测这些事态发展，因为它们有可能影响平民百姓，并将加强执行特派团强有力的保护平民战略。", "与此同时，作为在达尔富尔造成人员伤亡和平民流离失所的一个因素，部族冲突正在减少，主要是由于在达尔富尔混合行动协助下各方作出努力来解决冲突起因。不过记录到了两起事件：6月5日和6日，扎格哈瓦部落与通朱尔/贝尔蒂/比尔吉德部落在北达尔富尔邻近尚吉尔托巴伊的地区发生了战斗；6月19日，萨拉马特部落与哈巴尼亚部落在南达尔富尔布拉姆附近的Nadhif发生了战斗。我们目前正在密切监测2010年6月10日Nawaiba部落与米塞里亚部落之间停战协定在西达尔富尔扎林盖地区的执行情况。", "由于达尔富尔混合行动一贯采取的缓解措施和有力应对，加上达尔富尔混合行动与苏丹政府共同运作的保安与巡逻机制，针对联合国及其相关人员的袭击和劫持车辆事件在达尔富尔已经显著减少。不过，我遗憾地指出，尽管从数量和频率上看，袭击维和人员和人道主义行为者的事件自我上一次对安理会作通报以来已大大减少，但仍偶有致命袭击出现。例如，6月30日，达尔富尔混合行动一辆运送5名维和人员的车辆在西达尔富尔的杰奈纳受到身份不明枪手的袭击。一名埃塞俄比亚维和人员丧生，另有一人受伤。此类构成战争罪的行径当以严惩。在这方面，特派图正在与苏丹政府合作，以确保全面调查，在此之后及时起诉犯罪人，并且在裁定这些人有罪的情况下予以惩处。", "在与苏丹政府持续接触之后，在尽管存在《部队地位协定》但有两名达尔富尔混合行动本国工作人员被苏丹当局逮捕和拘禁一事上已取得进展。第一名本国工作人员哈瓦·阿卜杜拉·萨利赫女士在被拘禁68天后，于7月12日获释，第二名人员伊德里斯·阿卜杜拉赫曼·优素福先生于4月27日被捕，她在两天前于7月20日，在被拘禁85天后获释。", "与此同时，有罪不罚现象仍是在达尔富尔对国际人员犯罪行为的一个因素。不过，在这个问题上取得了积极成就，包括5月5日特别法院判处两人因2010年在南达尔富尔参与绑架外国援助工作人员和劫持两辆属于国际非政府组织的车辆服刑10年。我们希望看到在适当时候进行更多此类逮捕、起诉和惩处活动。", "达尔富尔混合行动在4月1日和6月30日之间开展了23 999次巡逻，在此期间，特派团的陆上行动受到了68次限制。大多数受到限制的巡逻活动要么发生在苏丹政府认为藏匿有武装运动部队的地区，要么是在试图进入这些地区时发生的。达尔富尔混合行动的军事和警察人员已经把每天巡逻的次数从平均130次增加到160次。我的目标和我对军事警察部门的指示是把巡逻次数增加到每天约200次。此外，正在对新的地点进行中长距离巡逻，其中包括吉贝勒马拉、南达尔富尔与南苏丹共和国之间的边界以及西达尔富尔北部地区。我们将继续与苏丹当局和其它对话方探讨准入问题，而且，我们在受到阻止时不接受“不行”这个答案。", "正如秘书长报告所指出的那样，目前苏丹政府与各运动部队之间时断时续的冲突继续给人道主义局势造成不利影响，自今年年初以来，流离失所平民人数达到约6万到7万人。虽然如此，达尔富尔混合行动还是在改善达尔富尔人道主义局势和便利人道主义准入方面取得了良好进展。苏丹政府以武装运动存在为由而在南区施加的行动限制已于6月11日正式解除，人道主义机构的工作已经恢复。同样，工作人员和人道主义救济物资已重新进入卡尔马境内流离失所者营地，没有受到更多限制。", "正如我5月份在安理会通报的那样，达尔富尔混合行动的“春篮行动”继续通过与人道主义机构协作扩大准入，并且帮助人道主义机构为达尔富尔长期无法进入的地区提供援助。这项举措于5月1日启动，涉及由援助工作者开展需求评估和提供援助。", "“春篮行动”目前正在达尔富尔北部、南部和西部开展行动。已经访问了9个社区，其中许多位于吉贝勒马拉地区。行动的第三阶段在7月和8月进行，将继续进行评估，但侧重点将是重新访问以前去过的社区，以便提供急需的人道主义救济物资。通过开放人道主义空间、开展人道主义评估和保护评估、不同利益攸关方之间加强协调、沟通和协作、与苏丹政府和武装运动建立关系以及改善与过去受限制准入影响的地区的通讯最能看出“春篮行动”的成效。", "过去几个月来，我们看到人们自愿返回条件有利的地区。事实上，达尔富尔混合行动通过与地方当局、苏丹人道主义援助委员会以及联合国各机构合作，正在帮助来自卡布卡比亚的1150名境内流离失所者返回距库图姆西北14公里的Saihjanna。联合国的一个扫雷行动小组已经完成清除地雷工作，该地区的未爆弹药处置活动和人员返回已于7月10日开始。达尔富尔混合行动正在帮助运送该社区的老弱病残人员，并且为返回者提供安全和水。", "我认为，听过我多次通报的安理会成员已经注意到我对促进境内流离失所者自愿返回家园的坚定决心和承诺。各位成员知道，在达尔富尔的总共700万人口中，有180万人目前身处境内流离失所者营地。我认为，这是一种违反常理和不正常的情况，我们绝不允许使之常态化。", "6月27日和28日，苏丹政府、达尔富尔混合行动和联合国国家工作队共同主办了达尔富尔水资源促进可持续和平国际会议。苏丹政府官员以及联合国和其它国际组织和捐助方的代表参加了会议。捐助方总共认捐5亿美元支持65个获得批准的项目，为达尔富尔发展稳定和公平的水服务系统。应当指出，苏丹政府承诺捐资2.1亿美元支持这一倡议。同样，达尔富尔混合行动正在与联合国国家工作队合作努力，我们认为水是达尔富尔冲突的根源之一，解决这个问题非常有助于在该区域实现可持续和平。", "达尔富尔混合行动与苏丹政府继续就与达尔富尔和平与稳定相关的所有问题紧密协商。在这方面，我高兴地报告，在为达尔富尔混合行动电台问题找到桥接办法上取得了进展。6月26日，达尔富尔混合行动与苏丹国家公共广播公司敲定了在萨拉姆和达尔富尔州电台播放达尔富尔混合行动电台节目的桥接办法。这项协议是在苏丹政府对我们申请电台广播牌照采取行动之前的一项临时安排。目前，达尔富尔混合行动电台每天两小时在萨拉姆电台播放节目，并且在适当时段在达尔富尔州电台重复播放。节目广播已于7月3日开始。", "最后，请允许我向安理会保证，达尔富尔混合行动将继续在其授权范围内，竭尽全力帮助恢复达尔富尔的和平与稳定。特派团将坚持进行强有力的、更多的巡逻，并将继续同联合国国家工作队和人道主义行为者进行协作，帮助提供人道主义援助，特别是对脆弱社区的援助。", "至于和平进程本身，主要由本机构和非洲联盟和平与安全理事会领导的国际社会所面临的挑战是，确定如何以最佳方法使冲突各方铭记，军事解决是行不通的，因为如果走军事道路是解决途径，我们本来早就找到它了，但我们并没有找到。正如安理会在6月23日的声明(SC/10291)中强调的那样，应当竭尽全力在有关达尔富尔和平的多哈文件基础上，尽快达成永久停火和全面和平协议。", "最后，从达尔富尔混合行动的角度来看，这就是我们目前的状况。我真诚希望，安理会在审议之后，将在达尔富尔混合行动执行其任务的这一关键阶段，向它提供有力的支持和指导，以便特派团能够巩固最近取得的成果，特别是在保护平民以及人道主义援助的准入和提供方面的成果。我们也希望，安理会将能够核可有关实现达尔富尔和平的多哈文件。该文件并不完美，但至少为实现全面、包容性的和平提供了一个框架。和平是当务之急，因为达尔富尔人民遭受了太久和太深的苦难。", "主席(以英语发言)：我感谢甘巴里先生的通报。", "我的名单上没有其他发言者了。我现在邀请安理会成员进行非正式磋商，继续讨论这一议题。", "上午10时30分散会。" ]

[ "主席: 维蒂希先生 (德国)\n成员:波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那\n巴西 维奥蒂夫人\n中国 王敏先生\n哥伦比亚 奥索里奥先生\n法国 博内先生\n加蓬 梅索尼先生\n印度 Kumar先生\n黎巴嫩 萨拉姆先生\n尼日利亚 奥格武女士\n葡萄牙 瓦斯·帕托先生\n俄罗斯联邦 潘金先生\n南非 桑库先生\n大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国\n美利坚合众国 邓恩先生", "议程项目", "秘书长关于苏丹的报告", "秘书长关于非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动的报告(S/2011/422)", "上午10时10分宣布开会", "通过议程", "议程通过。", "秘书长关于苏丹的报告", "秘书长关于非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动的报告(S/2011/422)", "主席(以英语发言):根据安理会暂行议事规则第39条,我邀请非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔问题联合特别代表易卜拉欣·甘巴里先生参加本次会议。", "安全理事会现在开始审议其议程上的项目。", "我谨提请安理会成员注意文件S/2011/422,其中载有秘书长关于非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动的报告。", "我现在请易卜拉欣·甘巴里先生发言。", "甘巴里先生: 主席先生,我要感谢你和安全理事会其他成员给我这次机会向安理会通报达尔富尔局势。", "安理会面前有秘书长关于非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)的最新报告,其中载有达尔富尔事态发展摘要,包括多哈谈判、达尔富尔政治进程以及达尔富尔混合行动行动和部署的最新情况。", "自从我上次5月21日在喀土穆向安理会通报情况以来,多哈谈判已取得重大进展。 众所周知,5月27日至31日在卡塔尔多哈举行了达尔富尔所有利益攸关方会议。 会议聚集了500多名代表,代表达尔富尔各界利益攸关方,包括境内流离失所者、难民、民间社会代表、苏丹政府、民选官员、部落领袖和达尔富尔侨民。", "达尔富尔混合行动支持这次活动,协助245名民间社会代表在达尔富尔的甄选和运送,并将达尔富尔混合行动人员部署到多哈,担任委员会主席、介绍人和报告员。", "会议的主要成果是利益攸关方认可多哈达尔富尔和平文件草案,作为在达尔富尔实现永久停火和全面、包容各方的和平解决的基础。 7月14日,作为秘书长代表,我参加了在多哈举行的解放与正义运动(解放运动)和苏丹政府签署《多哈达尔富尔和平文件》的仪式,并作为证人签名。 仪式由卡塔尔埃米尔主持,乍得、厄立特里亚、布基纳法索和苏丹总统以及非洲联盟、阿拉伯国家联盟和伊斯兰合作组织的高级代表和其他要人见证了仪式。", "请允许我借此机会感谢埃米尔谢赫·哈马德·本·哈利法·阿勒萨尼殿下和卡塔尔国对达尔富尔和平进程的慷慨和坚定承诺。 我还要感谢卡塔尔的艾哈迈德·本·阿卜杜拉·马哈穆德部长和布基纳法索外交部长贾布里勒·巴索莱作出个人承诺,他们不懈地努力协助各方就达尔富尔和平达成一项包容各方的全面协定。", "7月6日,联合国与非洲联盟协商,请我担任临时联合首席调解人。 我谨以此身份通知安理会,尽管双方签署促进达尔富尔和平的多哈文件是朝向寻求达尔富尔可持续和平与稳定迈出的重要一步,但我认为,仍然存在许多严峻挑战。 其中包括:第一,如何继续与正义与平等运动(正义运动)、苏丹解放军阿卜杜勒·瓦希德派和苏丹解放军明尼·米纳维派的武装运动进行接触,并获得苏丹政府关于停止敌对行动的协议,随后承诺诚意地讨论如何达成包容各方的全面和平协定;第二,通过可信、透明和自由的内部政治进程,确保达尔富尔人民在基层一级对和平进程拥有自主权;第三,亟需创造有利环境,使达尔富尔进程成为可能。", "关于有利环境,我同意安理会在4月21日主席声明(S/PRST/2011/8)中的声明,即以达尔富尔为基地的和平进程必须在一个能够保障其公信力和合法性的环境中进行,确保参与者的所有基本公民和政治自由,包括特别是言论、行动和集会自由,以及不受骚扰、任意逮捕、恐吓和不受政府和武装运动干涉的自由。 在这方面,政府在2月份公开承诺解除紧急状态法,这将大大有助于满足大多数这些关键条件。 如果达尔富尔人民要承认并接受以达尔富尔为基地的和平进程的成果,从而最终结束冲突,这一点至关重要。", "这些挑战绝非简单挑战,但有关这些问题的工作已在进行之中。 达尔富尔混合行动将利用这段时期协助利益攸关方向达尔富尔民众传播《多哈达尔富尔和平文件》,以扩大民众对该文件的支持并让他们为达尔富尔和平进程做好准备。 达尔富尔混合行动还将同非洲联盟高级别执行小组和有关的国际利益攸关方一道,继续与苏丹政府接触,说明迫切需要创造有利环境来推动达尔富尔和平进程。", "自兹 我上次于5月在喀土穆向安理会通报情况,苏丹政府和反叛部队在北达尔富尔的Kutum、Kabkabiya和Shangil Tobaya等地、南达尔富尔的El Daein、Labado、Gulboei和Feina等地以及西达尔富尔的Golo、Jebel Marra等地作战。 在Shangil Tobaya,苏丹解放军-明尼·米纳维派在解放运动一个分裂派别的支持下,与苏丹政府部队接触,试图收复该地区。 与此同时,苏丹解放军-阿卜杜勒·瓦希德派、苏丹解放军-明尼·米纳维派和正义与平等运动的派别联盟在拉巴多、穆哈吉里耶和沙埃里亚继续驻留。 正义与平等运动一直试图从南达尔富尔州向北向北向北向北向北向Mellit移动,而苏丹解放军-阿卜杜勒·瓦希德派仍然在Rockero和东-西达尔富尔州杰贝勒马拉其他地区保持强有力的存在。 苏丹政府部队继续在北达尔富尔州和南达尔富尔州全境执行空中监视任务并部署军队和装备。", "5月14日和6月26日,苏丹解放军明尼·米纳维派和苏丹解放军阿卜杜勒·瓦希德派领导人宣布对苏丹政府采取联合行动,从而对达尔富尔的安全环境构成进一步挑战。 鉴于这些事态发展可能对平民产生影响,我国代表团将继续密切监测这些事态发展,并加紧执行其强有力的保护平民战略。", "与此同时,部落冲突是造成达尔富尔人死亡和平民流离失所的一个因素,目前这种冲突正在减少,这主要是由于达尔富尔混合行动协助各方努力消除其根源。 然而,有记录的两起事件是:6月5日至6日,扎格哈瓦人同Tunjur/Berti/Birgid人在北达尔富尔的Shangil Tobaya附近地区发生战斗;6月19日,萨拉马特人同Habbaniyah人在南达尔富尔的Buram附近的Nadhif发生战斗。 2010年6月纳瓦伊巴族和米塞里亚族在西达尔富尔扎林盖地区的停战协定的执行情况正得到密切监测。", "由于达尔富尔混合行动一贯采取缓解措施并作出有力反应,加上达尔富尔混合行动和苏丹政府共同运作的安全和巡逻机制,袭击和劫持达尔富尔联合国人员和有关人员的事件已大幅减少。 然而,我遗憾地指出,自我上次向安理会作通报以来,从数量和频率来看,对维和人员和人道主义行为体的袭击已大大减少,但偶尔发生的致命袭击仍时有发生。 例如,6月30日,一辆运送5名维和人员的达尔富尔混合行动小巴在西达尔富尔的杰奈纳被身份不明的枪手袭击。 一名埃塞俄比亚维和人员被炸死,另一名受伤。 这种行为构成战争罪,不应不受惩罚。 在这方面,特派团正同苏丹政府合作,确保进行充分调查,随后及时起诉肇事者,并在他们被判有罪时予以惩罚。", "在与苏丹政府继续接触后,尽管《部队地位协定》有规定,但达尔富尔混合行动被政府当局逮捕和拘留的两名本国工作人员却取得了进展。 第一名本国工作人员Hawa Abdulla Saleh女士在被拘留68天后于7月12日获释;第二名Idriss Abdelrahman Yusuf先生于4月27日被捕,在被拘留85天后于两天前于7月20日获释。", "同时,有罪不罚仍然是达尔富尔国际人员犯罪的一个因素。 然而,在这一问题上取得的积极成果包括5月5日特别法庭判处两人10年监禁,因为他们参与了2010年在南达尔富尔州绑架外国援助工作者和劫持属于国际非政府组织的两辆车。 我们希望酌情看到更多的此类逮捕、起诉和惩罚。", "达尔富尔混合行动在4月1日至6月30日期间进行了23 999次巡逻,其中68次限制了特派团的陆地行动。 大部分限制巡逻是在政府认为窝藏武装运动部队的地区或试图进入这些地区。 达尔富尔混合行动的军事和警察部队每天巡逻次数从平均130次增加到160次。 我的目标,以及我对军队和警察的指示,是把巡逻人数增加到每天约200次。 此外,正在向新的地点,包括杰贝勒马拉、南达尔富尔州和南苏丹共和国之间的边界以及西达尔富尔州北部进行多起中长程巡逻。 我们将继续同苏丹当局和其他对话者讨论接触问题,并拒绝在我们被阻止时回答“不”。", "如秘书长报告所指出,政府与运动部队之间不断发生的间歇性冲突继续对人道主义局势产生不利影响,自年初以来,平民流离失所人数估计已达60 000至70 000人。 尽管如此,达尔富尔混合行动在改善达尔富尔人道主义局势和为人道主义准入提供便利方面取得了良好进展。 6月11日,苏丹政府因据称存在武装运动而在南区实施的行动限制被正式解除,人道主义机构的工作已恢复。 同样,工作人员和人道主义救济人员可以不受进一步限制地进入卡尔马境内流离失所者营地。", "我在5月向安理会通报时,达尔富尔混合行动的 \" 春季篮子 \" 行动继续与人道主义机构合作,扩大准入,帮助人道主义机构向达尔富尔长期无法进入的地区提供援助。 该倡议于5月1日启动,涉及开展需求评估和提供援助的援助人员。", "春季篮子行动目前在北达尔富尔、南达尔富尔和西达尔富尔开展。 访问了9个社区,其中许多位于杰贝勒马拉地区。 这一行动的第三阶段在7月和8月继续进行评估,但重点是重新审视以前访问的社区,以提供急需的人道主义救济。 通过开放人道主义空间、开展人道主义和保护评估、加强各利益攸关方之间的协调、沟通和协作、同苏丹政府和各武装运动建立关系以及改善同以前受限制出入影响的地区的沟通, \" 春季篮子 \" 行动的影响最为明显。", "在过去几个月中,人们看到自愿返回条件良好的地区。 事实上,达尔富尔混合行动与地方当局、苏丹人道主义援助委员会和联合国各机构合作,正在帮助1 150名境内流离失所者从卡布卡比亚地区返回库图姆西北14公里处的Saihjanna。 一个联合国地雷行动小组完成了排雷工作,该地区的未爆弹药处置活动于7月10日开始。 达尔富尔混合行动正在协助运送社区中最脆弱的成员,并为回返者提供安全和水。", "我认为安理会成员多次听到我的发言,注意到我绝对致力于促进国内流离失所者自愿返回家园。 各位成员知道,在达尔富尔700万总人口中,我们有180万人生活在境内流离失所者营地。 我认为,这是一种不正常和不正常的情况,我们决不能同意使其正常化。", "6月27日和28日,由苏丹政府、达尔富尔混合行动和联合国国家工作队共同主持了以水促进可持续和平达尔富尔国际会议。 政府人物以及联合国和其他国际组织及捐助者的代表出席了这次活动。 捐助者总共认捐了5亿美元,以支持65个核准的项目,为达尔富尔建立一个稳定和公平的供水系统。 应该指出,苏丹政府认捐了2.10亿美元支持这一倡议。 我们达尔富尔混合行动再次与联合国国家工作队合作,认为水是达尔富尔冲突的根源之一,解决水问题非常能为该区域的可持续和平作出贡献。", "达尔富尔混合行动和苏丹政府继续就与达尔富尔和平与稳定有关的所有问题进行密切协商。 在这方面,我高兴地报告为达尔富尔混合行动电台问题找到的过渡性解决办法的进展情况。 6月26日,达尔富尔混合行动与国家公共广播公司敲定了无线电连接解决方案,以便在萨拉姆广播电台和达尔富尔各州广播电台播放达尔富尔混合行动的广播节目。 这项协议是一项临时安排,直到政府就我们的无线电广播许可证申请采取行动。 达尔富尔混合行动电台每天通过萨拉姆电台广播两小时,并在达尔富尔各州广播电台适当时进行重复广播。 广播于7月3日开始.", "最后,我要向安理会保证,达尔富尔混合行动将继续在其授权范围内尽一切努力,为达尔富尔恢复和平与稳定提供便利。 强力和增加巡逻仍将是特派团的规则,与联合国国家工作队和人道主义行为体继续合作,为提供人道主义援助提供便利,特别是向脆弱社区提供人道主义援助。", "关于和平进程本身,主要由本机构和非洲联盟和平与安全理事会领导的国际社会面临的挑战是,如何最好地使冲突各方认识到,军事解决办法不是出路,因为如果军事途径是解决问题的途径,我们早就能找到一条道路,而我们没有这样做。 正如安理会6月23日的声明(SC/10291)所强调,应尽一切努力以多哈达尔富尔和平文件为基础,尽快达成永久停火和全面和平协定。", "最后,从达尔富尔混合行动的角度来看,这就是我们现在所处的位置。 我真诚希望,安理会在审议之后,将在达尔富尔混合行动执行任务的这一关键阶段向其提供有力支持和指导,使特派团能够巩固最近取得的成果,特别是在保护平民以及人道主义援助准入和运送方面。 我们还希望,安理会将能够核可促进达尔富尔和平的多哈文件。 它并非完美无缺,但至少为实现全面和包容性和平提供了一个框架。 现在必须实现和平,因为达尔富尔人民遭受了太长和太深的痛苦。", "主席(以英语发言):我感谢甘巴里先生的通报。", "我的名单上没有其他发言者了。 我现在请安理会成员进行非正式磋商,继续讨论这个问题。", "上午10时30分散会。" ]

[ "Sixty-fifth session", "Fifth Committee", "Agenda item 143", "Administrative and budgetary aspects of the financing", "of the United Nations peacekeeping operations", "Approved resources for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012", "Note by the Secretary-General", "Pursuant to section I, paragraph 8, of General Assembly resolution 49/233 A, the Secretary-General hereby submits to the General Assembly for information purposes a summary of approved resources for peacekeeping operations, the United Nations Logistics Base at Brindisi, Italy, and the support account for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 (see annex).", "Annex", "Approved resources for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012", "(United States dollars)", "Category\tMINURSO\tMINUSTAH\tMONUSCO\tUNAMID\tUNDOF\tUNFICYP\tUNIFIL\tUNMIK \n1. Military andpolice personnelcosts\t6667100\t377977900\t531061100\t780740800\t24862800\t24636800\t312578400\t731300\n2. Civilianpersonnel costs\t22559000\t170348400\t314205200\t288261000\t11679400\t14786300\t98655600\t35189000\n3. Operationalrequirements \nGovernment-providedpersonnel\t39400\t4635000\t4776800\t266300\t—\t—\t—\t—\nCivilianelectoralobservers\t—\t—\t—\t—\t—\t—\t—\t—\nConsultants\t15000\t626400\t236800\t184500\t20500\t19100\t136200\t283300\nOfficialtravel\t704500\t7745300\t10408400\t4684900\t458800\t388700\t1291800\t627600\nFacilities andinfrastructure\t4467800\t121037600\t130939700\t177140700\t6198000\t8616900\t51753500\t4083800\nGroundtransportation\t3609300\t12796500\t37493900\t24371900\t3798100\t3583200\t8422000\t706200\nAirtransportation\t17046700\t26767200\t276703200\t263105600\t—\t1960100\t8487900\t—\nNavaltransportation\t—\t964500\t1868600\t—\t—\t—\t31905800\t—\nCommunications\t1411500\t30185100\t42488200\t50134700\t1347800\t823900\t15154100\t1572000\nInformationtechnology\t1096400\t6336400\t12997200\t20447700\t841800\t783700\t3499900\t1205400\nMedical\t157800\t8641500\t15003500\t21280000\t460800\t357100\t4318600\t131000\nSpecialequipment\t—\t4909400\t6145800\t8119200\t258600\t21800\t5027600\t—\nOthersupplies,services andequipment\t3624900\t13045900\t31097600\t46568200\t599500\t534400\t3739200\t385200\nQuick-impactprojects\t50000\t7500000\t1500000\t4000000\t—\t—\t500000\t—\nGrossrequirements\t61449400\t793517100\t1416926000\t1689305500\t50526100\t56512000\t545470600\t44914800\n4. Staffassessmentincome\t2761300\t18070000\t31980500\t28161800\t1526700\t2404200\t12287400\t4381300\nNet requirements\t58688100\t775447100\t1384945500\t1661143700\t48999400\t54107800\t533183200\t40533500\n5. Voluntarycontributions inkind (budgeted)\t1769900\t—\t2964400\t—\t—\t1692247\t—\t—\nTotalrequirements\t63219300\t793517100\t1419890400\t1689305500\t50526100\t58204247\t545470600\t44914800", "(United States dollars)", "[TABLE]", "(Footnotes on following page)", "(Footnotes to table)", "^(a) Appropriation for period 1 July 2011 to 31 December 2011 pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/257 B.", "^(b) Includes proposed amount of $47,185,200 for enterprise resource planning for the 2011/12 period as per General Assembly resolution 65/259.", "Abbreviations:", "MINURSO: United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara", "MINUSTAH: United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti", "MONUSCO: United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo", "UNAMID: African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur", "UNDOF: United Nations Disengagement Observer Force", "UNFICYP: United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus", "UNIFIL: United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon", "UNLB: United Nations Logistics Base at Brindisi, Italy", "UNMIK: United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo", "UNMIL: United Nations Mission in Liberia", "UNMIS: United Nations Mission in the Sudan", "UNMIT: United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste", "UNOCI: United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire", "UNSOA: United Nations Support Office for the African Union Mission in Somalia" ]

[ "第六十五届会议", "第五委员会", "议程项目143", "联合国维持和平行动经费 筹措的行政和预算问题", "维持和平行动2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间核定资源", "秘书长的说明", "1. 根据大会第49/233号决议第一节第8段，秘书长兹向大会提交维持和平行动、意大利布林迪西联合国后勤基地和维持和平行动支助账户2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间的核定资源简况，以供参考(见附件)。", "附件", "维持和平行动2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间核定资源", "(单位：美元)", "类别\t西撒特派团\t联海稳定团\t联刚特派团\t达尔富尔混合行动\t观察员部队\t联塞部队\t联黎部队\t科索沃特派团 \n1. 1.军事和警务人员费用\t6667100\t377977900\t531061100\t780740800\t24862800\t24636800\t312578400\t731300\n2. 2.文职人员费用\t22559000\t170348400\t314205200\t288261000\t11679400\t14786300\t98655600\t35189000\n3. 3.所需业务费用 \n政府提供的人员\t39400\t4635000\t4776800\t266300\t—\t—\t—\t—\n文职选举观察员\t—\t—\t—\t—\t—\t—\t—\t—\n咨询人\t15000\t626400\t236800\t184500\t20500\t19100\t136200\t283300\n公务差旅\t704500\t7745300\t10408400\t4684900\t458800\t388700\t1291800\t627600\n设施和基础设施\t4467800\t121037600\t130939700\t177140700\t6198000\t8616900\t51753500\t4083800\n陆运\t3609300\t12796500\t37493900\t24371900\t3798100\t3583200\t8422000\t706200\n空运\t17046700\t26767200\t276703200\t263105600\t—\t1960100\t8487900\t—\n海运\t—\t964500\t1868600\t—\t—\t—\t31905800\t—\n通信\t1411500\t30185100\t42488200\t50134700\t1347800\t823900\t15154100\t1572000\n信息技术\t1096400\t6336400\t12997200\t20447700\t841800\t783700\t3499900\t1205400\n医务\t157800\t8641500\t15003500\t21280000\t460800\t357100\t4318600\t131000\n特种装备\t—\t4909400\t6145800\t8119200\t258600\t21800\t5027600\t—\n其他用品、服务和设备\t3624900\t13045900\t31097600\t46568200\t599500\t534400\t3739200\t385200\n速效项目\t50000\t7500000\t1500000\t4000000\t—\t—\t500000\t—\n所需资源毛额\t61449400\t793517100\t1416926000\t1689305500\t50526100\t56512000\t545470600\t44914800\n4. 4.工作人员薪金税收入\t2761300\t18070000\t31980500\t28161800\t1526700\t2404200\t12287400\t4381300\n所需资源净额\t58688100\t775447100\t1384945500\t1661143700\t48999400\t54107800\t533183200\t40533500\n5. 5.自愿实物捐助(编入预算的)\t1769900\t—\t2964400\t—\t—\t1692247\t—\t—\n所需资源共计\t63219300\t793517100\t1419890400\t1689305500\t50526100\t58204247\t545470600\t44914800", "简称：西撒特派团：联合国西撒哈拉全民投票特派团；联海稳定团：联合国海地稳定特派团；联刚稳定团：联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团；达尔富尔混合行动：非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动；观察员部队：联合国脱离接触观察员部队；联塞部队：联合国驻塞浦路斯维持和平部队；联黎部队：联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队；后勤基地：意大利布林迪西联合国后勤基地；科索沃特派团：联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团；联利特派团：联合国利比里亚特派团；联苏特派团：联合国苏丹特派团；东帝汶综合团：联合国东帝汶综合特派团；联科行动：联合国科特迪瓦行动；非索特派团支助办：联合国非索特派团支助办事处；后勤基地：意大利布林迪西联合国后勤基地。", "[TABLE]", "^(a) 根据大会第65/275 B号决议，批款从2011年7月1日至2011年12月31日。", "^(b) 根据大会第65/259号决议，拟议编列47 185 200美元，用于2011/12年期间企业资源规划项目。" ]

[ "第六十五届会议", "第五委员会", "议程项目143", "联合国维持和平行动经费筹措的行政和预算问题", "联合国维持和平行动经费筹措的", "维持和平行动2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间核定资源", "秘书长的说明", "根据大会第49/233 A号决议第一节第8段,秘书长特此向大会提交2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间维持和平行动、意大利布林迪西联合国后勤基地和维持和平行动支助账户的核定资源摘要,以供参考(见附件)。", "页:1", "维持和平行动2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间核定资源", "(单位:美元)", "类别 联海稳定团\n1. 军事和警务人员费用 6667100 377977900 531061100 780740800 24862800 24636800 312578400 731300\n2. 文职人员费用22559000 17034800 314205200 288261000 11679400 14786300 9865600 35189000\n3个 业务要求\n政府提供的人员\n文职选举观察员——————————.\n顾问 15000 626400 236800 184500 20500 19100 136200 283300\n公务旅费 704500 7745300 10408400 4684900 458800 388700 1291800 627600\n设施和基础设施 4467800 121037600 130939700 177140700 6198000 8616900 51753504083800\n地面运输 3609300 12796500 37493900 24371900 3798100 3583200 8422000 706200\n空运 17046700 26767200 276703200 263105600 - 1960100 8487900 -\n海军运输——964501868600——31905800——\n来文 141500 30185100 42488200 50134700 1347800 823900 15154100 1572000\n信息技术 1096400 6336400 12997200 20447700 841800 783700 3499900 1205400\n医疗 157800 864150 1503500 21280000 460800 357100 4318600 131000\n专用设备 - 4909400 6145800 8119200 258600 21800 5027600 -\n其他用品、服务和设备 3624900 13045900 31097600 46568200 599500 534400 3739200 385200\n速效项目\n毛额 61449400 793517100 1416926000 1689305500 50526100 56512000 545470600 44914800\n4. 工作人员薪金税收入\n所需经费净额 58688100 775447100 1384945500 16611437048999400 54107800 533183200 40533500\n5 (韩语). (编入预算的)自愿实物捐助1769900 -- -- 2964400 -- -- 1692247 -- --\n所需经费共计 63219300 793517100 1419890400 1689305500 50526100 58204247 545470600 44914800", "(单位:美元)", "[表", "(下页脚注)", "(表上注出)", "^(a) 根据大会第65/257 B号决议为2011年7月1日至2011年12月31日期间批款。", "^(b) 包括根据大会第65/259号决议为2011/12年期间企业资源规划拟议的47 185 200美元。", "简称:", "西撒特派团:联合国西撒哈拉全民投票特派团", "联海稳定团:联合国海地稳定特派团", "联刚稳定团:联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团", "达尔富尔混合行动:非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动", "观察员部队:联合国脱离接触观察员部队", "联塞部队:联合国驻塞浦路斯维持和平部队", "联黎部队:联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队", "后勤基地:意大利布林迪西联合国后勤基地", "科索沃特派团:联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团", "联利特派团:联合国利比里亚特派团", "联苏特派团:联合国苏丹特派团", "联东综合团:联合国东帝汶综合特派团", "联科行动:联合国科特迪瓦行动", "非索特派团支助办:联合国非洲联盟驻索马里特派团支助办事处" ]

[ "Provisional agenda for the 6589th meeting of the Security Council", "To be held on Friday, 22 July 2011, at 10 a.m.", "1. Adoption of the agenda.", "2. Reports of the Secretary-General on the Sudan", "Report of the Secretary-General on the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (S/2011/422)." ]

[ "安全理事会第6589次会议临时议程", "定于2011年7月22日星期五上午10时举行", "1. 通过议程。", "2. 秘书长关于苏丹的报告", "秘书长关于非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动的报告(S/2011/422)。" ]

[ "安全理事会第6589次会议临时议程", "定于2011年7月22日星期五上午10时举行", "1. 联合国 1. 通过议程。", "2. 秘书长关于苏丹的报告", "秘书长关于非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动的报告(S/2011/422)。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* Reissued for technical reasons on 14 September 2011.", "Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session", "Observer status for the United Cities and Local Governments in the General Assembly", "Letter dated 19 July 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Turkey to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "In accordance with rule 14 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, I have the honour to request the inclusion in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly of a supplementary item entitled “Observer status for the United Cities and Local Governments in the General Assembly”.", "In accordance with rule 20 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, an explanatory memorandum (annex I) in support of the above-mentioned request and a draft resolution (annex II) are attached herewith.", "We would highly appreciate it if the present letter and its annexes could be circulated as a document of the General Assembly.", "(Signed) Fazlı Çorman Deputy Permanent Representative Chargé d’affaires a.i.", "Annex I", "Explanatory memorandum", "The status of local governments before the United Nations: steps towards observer status in the General Assembly", "Note by the World Secretariat of United Cities and Local Governments 2011", "1. Chaired by the Mayor of Istanbul, United Cities and Local Governments (UCLG) is the world organization of local and regional authorities. With members in 140 countries, it represents the interests of this group before the international community and promotes exchange and innovation among its members at the same time as fostering solidarity and development cooperation (see www.cities-localgovernments.org).", "General situation", "2. Local governments have a long history of cooperation with the United Nations, and United Cities and Local Governments and its founding organizations have been in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council since 1947.", "3. Although this has ensured local government participation in United Nations meetings and summits, it is insufficient in two respects:", "(a) Locally elected representatives are classified as non-governmental organizations, which is clearly not the case;", "(b) It does not provide a direct link with the elected representatives of the General Assembly, the principal policymaking body of the United Nations.", "Specific achievements", "4. Through years of advocacy and lobbying, local governments and their associations have also achieved special status within specific United Nations agencies and processes:", "(a) Local authorities are identified as one of nine “major groups” in Agenda 21;", "(b) Local government representatives have a special relationship with the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) and, through rule 64 of the Rules of Procedure of the Governing Council, have distinct rights to participate as observers in the UN-Habitat Governing Council;", "(c) In 2000, the United Nations Advisory Committee of Local Authorities was established, advising the UN-Habitat Executive Director;", "(d) United Cities and Local Governments is a member of the Group of Friends of the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations;", "(e) United Cities and Local Governments represents local authorities in the Advisory Group of the Development Cooperation Forum led by the Under-Secretary-General of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the Secretariat;", "(f) United Cities and Local Governments is an observer of the Working Party on Aid Effectiveness of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, which is in charge of the follow-up to the Paris Agenda;", "(g) Local governments have been explicitly acknowledged in the following Summit processes: Beijing +10, the Millennium +5 Summit and the World Water Forum;", "(h) Subnational governments (including local authorities) are recognized as specific stakeholders in international climate change negotiations since the 16th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change held in Cancun, Mexico.", "5. United Cities and Local Governments has reached agreements or memorandums of understanding with most of the United Nations agencies throughout the years.", "United Cities and Local Governments ambitions: observer status in the General Assembly of the United Nations", "6. United Cities and Local Governments and its members would like to be acknowledged by the United Nations system in its totality as representing a sphere of government and as clearly differentiated from other stakeholders such as civil society, the private sector or non-governmental organizations.", "7. Permanent observers have the right to speak at General Assembly meetings, participate in procedural votes and sponsor and sign resolutions, but not to vote on resolutions and other substantive matters.", "8. There is a distinction between State and non-State observers. The non-State observers are the international organizations and other entities.", "9. Non-State entities that enjoy observer status are the International Committee of the Red Cross, the Inter-Parliamentary Union, the International Criminal Court, the International Olympic Committee, and the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.", "The precedent for United Cities and Local Governments: case of the Inter‑Parliamentary Union", "10. The Inter-Parliamentary Union has observer status in the General Assembly as a representative of elected authorities since 19 November 2002.", "11. United Cities and Local Governments is asserting that, as with the Inter-Parliamentary Union in General Assembly resolution 57/32, United Cities and Local Governments also enjoys a “unique status” as a world organization of local authorities, and the organization is convinced that it is in the interest of the United Nations to promote cooperation between the United Nations and local authorities in the era of urbanization. Proof of that is the list of relations already established, as mentioned above.", "Annex II", "Draft resolution", "Observer status for United Cities and Local Governments in the General Assembly", "The General Assembly,", "Wishing to promote cooperation between the United Nations and United Cities and Local Governments,", "1. Decides to invite United Cities and Local Governments to participate in the sessions and the work of the General Assembly in the capacity of observer;", "2. Requests the Secretary-General to take the necessary action to implement the present resolution." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "请求在第六十六届会议议程内列入一个补充项目", "给予世界城市和地方政府联合组织大会观察员地位", "2011年7月19日土耳其常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信", "谨依照大会议事规则第14条，请求在第六十六届会议议程内列入一个补充项目，题为“给予世界城市和地方政府联合组织大会观察员地位”。", "依照大会议事规则第20条，随信附上一份支持上述请求的解释性备忘录(附件一)和一项决议草案(附件二)。", "请将此信及其附件作为大会文件分发为荷。", "副常驻代表", "临时代办", "法兹勒·乔尔曼(签名)", "附件一", "解释性备忘录", "地方政府在联合国的地位：地方政府取得大会观察员地位的步骤", "世界城市和地方政府联合组织全球秘书处的说明，2011年", "1. 由伊斯坦布尔市市长任主席的世界城市和地方政府联合组织是一个地方和区域当局的世界组织，其成员分布于140个国家，在国际社会中代表这一集团的利益，在其成员之间推动交流和创新，并促进团结和发展合作(可上网查阅：www.cities-localgovernments.org)。", "概况", "2. 地方政府与联合国有着长期合作的历史，而世界城市和地方政府联合组织及其创始组织自1947年以来就具有在经济及社会理事会的咨商地位。", "3. 虽然这种地位已可确保地方政府参加联合国的会议和首脑会议，但有两方面的不足：", "(a) 地方选举产生的代表被归类为非政府组织，这显然不符合实际情况；", "(b) 这种地位不提供与大会选举产生的代表的直接联系，而大会是联合国的主要决策机构。", "具体成绩", "4. 经过多年倡导和游说，地方政府及其各种协会也在联合国一些具体机构和进程中取得了特定地位：", "(a) 地方当局在《二十一世纪议程》中被确定为九大“集团”之一；", "(b) 地方政府代表与联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)有特殊关系，而且通过理事会议事规则第64条有明确权利作为观察员参加人居署理事会；", "(c) 2000年，联合国地方当局咨询委员会成立，负责为人居署执行主任提供咨询；", "(d) 世界城市和地方政府联合组织是联合国不同文明联盟之友小组的成员；", "(e) 世界城市和地方政府联合组织在秘书处主管经济和社会事务副秘书长领导下的发展合作论坛咨询小组中代表地方当局；", "(f) 世界城市和地方政府联合组织是负责贯彻落实《巴黎议程》的经济合作与发展组织援助实效问题工作组的观察员；", "(g) 地方政府在以下首脑会议进程中得到明确承认：北京+10、千年+5峰会和世界水论坛；", "(h) 自在墨西哥坎昆举行的联合国气候变化框架公约缔约方第16次会议以来，国以下各级政府(包括地方当局)就被承认为国际气候变化谈判中的特定利益攸关方；", "5. 多年来，世界城市和地方政府联合组织与联合国大部分机构都进一步达成了协议或谅解备忘录。", "世界城市和地方政府联合组织的愿望：联合国大会观察员地位", "6. 世界城市和地方政府联合组织及其成员希望被整个联合国系统承认为代表一级政府，且明显有别于民间社会、私营部门或非政府组织等其他利益攸关方。", "7. 常驻观察员有权在联合国大会的会议上发言，参加程序性投票，提出和签署决议，但无权就决议和其他实质性事项进行表决。", "8. 国家观察员和非国家观察员之间有区别。非国家观察员是国际组织和其他实体。", "9. 享有观察员地位的非国家实体是：红十字国际委员会、各国议会联盟、国际刑事法院、国际奥林匹克委员会和马耳他骑士团。", "世界城市和地方政府联合组织可援引的先例：各国议会联盟的案例", "10. 自2002年11月19日起，各国议会联盟在大会就具有观察员地位，代表选举产生的当局。", "11. 世界城市和地方政府联合组织认为，如同大会第57/32号决议中的各国议会联盟一样，世界城市和地方政府联合组织作为地方当局的世界组织也具有“独特地位”，而且我们坚信，在这个城市化的时代，促进联合国与地方当局的合作符合联合国的利益，上文开列的那些已建立的关系就是这方面的证明。", "附件二", "决议草案", "世界城市和地方政府联合组织在大会的观察员地位", "大会，", "希望促进联合国与世界城市和地方政府联合组织之间的合作，", "1. 决定邀请世界城市和地方政府联合组织以观察员身份参加大会的届会和工作；", "2. 请秘书长采取必要行动执行本决议。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "* 由于技术原因于2011年9月14日重新印发。", "请求在第六十六届会议议程内列入一个补充项目", "给予世界城市和地方政府联合会大会观察员地位", "2011年7月19日土耳其常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信", "谨根据大会议事规则第14条,请求将题为“给予世界城市和地方政府联合会大会观察员地位”的补充项目列入大会第六十六届会议议程。", "根据大会议事规则第20条,随函附上支持上述请求的解释性备忘录(附件一)和一项决议草案(附件二)。", "请将本信及其附件作为大会文件分发为荷。 常驻代表", "法兹勒·乔尔曼(签名)", "页:1", "解释性备忘录", "地方政府在联合国的地位:争取大会观察员地位的步骤", "2011年世界城市和地方政府联合会秘书处的说明", "1. 联合国 由伊斯坦布尔市长,城市和地方政府联合组织(UCLG)担任主席,是地方和区域当局的世界组织. 它有140个国家的成员,在国际社会中代表该集团的利益,促进其成员之间的交流和创新,同时促进团结和发展合作(见www.cities-localgovernments.org)。", "一般情况", "2. 联合国 地方政府与联合国合作的历史悠久,自1947年以来,城市和地方政府联合会及其创始组织一直具有经济及社会理事会咨商地位。", "3个 虽然这确保了地方政府参加联合国会议和首脑会议,但有两个方面是不够的:", "(a) 地方选举产生的代表被归类为非政府组织,但情况显然并非如此;", "(b) 国家 它没有提供与联合国主要决策机构大会当选代表的直接联系。", "具体成就", " 4.四. 通过多年的宣传和游说,地方政府及其协会在具体的联合国机构和进程中也取得了特殊地位:", "(a) 地方当局被确定为《21世纪议程》中的九个“主要群体”之一;", "(b) 地方政府代表与联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)有特殊关系,并通过理事会议事规则第64条,享有作为观察员参加人居署理事会的独特权利;", "(c) 2000年,联合国地方当局咨询委员会成立,向人居署执行主任提供建议;", "(d) 城市和地方政府联合会是联合国不同文明联盟之友小组的成员;", "(e) 城市和地方政府联合会代表地方当局参加由秘书处主管经济和社会事务部副秘书长领导的发展合作论坛咨询小组;", "(f) 城市和地方政府联合会是经济合作与发展组织援助实效问题工作组的观察员,该工作组负责《巴黎议程》的后续行动;", "(g) 下列首脑会议进程明确承认地方政府: 北京会议十周年、千年五周年首脑会议和世界水论坛;", "(h) 自在墨西哥坎昆举行的联合国气候变化框架公约缔约方第十六届会议以来,次国家政府(包括地方当局)被确认为国际气候变化谈判的具体利益攸关方。", "5 (韩语). 多年来,城市和地方政府联合会与大多数联合国机构达成了协议或谅解备忘录。", "城市和地方政府联合会的抱负:在联合国大会的观察员地位", "6. 城市和地方政府联合会及其成员希望得到整个联合国系统的承认,认为它代表了政府的一个领域,显然有别于民间社会、私营部门或非政府组织等其他利益攸关方。", "7. 联合国 常驻观察员有权在大会会议上发言,参加程序性表决并发起和签署决议,但无权就决议和其他实质性事项进行表决。", "8. 联合国 国家和非国家观察员之间是有区别的。 非国家观察员是国际组织和其他实体。", "9. 国家 享有观察员地位的非国家实体有红十字国际委员会、各国议会联盟、国际刑事法院、国际奥林匹克委员会和马耳他主权军事教团。", "城市和地方政府联合会的先例:各国议会联盟的案例", "10个 自2002年11月19日以来,各国议会联盟作为民选当局的代表在大会具有观察员地位。", "11个 城市和地方政府联合会主张,同各国议会联盟大会第57/32号决议一样,城市和地方政府联合会作为地方当局的世界组织也享有“独特地位”,该组织深信,在城市化时代促进联合国与地方当局之间的合作符合联合国的利益。 如上所述,证明这一点的是已经建立的关系清单。", "页:1", "决议草案", "给予世界城市和地方政府联合会大会观察员地位", "大会,", "希望促进联合国与城市和地方政府联合会之间的合作,", "1. 联合国 决定邀请城市和地方政府联合会以观察员身份参加大会的届会和工作;", "2. 联合国 4. 请秘书长采取必要行动执行本决议。" ]

[ "United Nations Children’s Fund", "Executive Board", "Second regular session 2011", "12-15 September 2011", "Item 4 (f) of the provisional agenda[1]", "Extensions of ongoing country programmes", "Note by the secretariat", "Summary", "In accordance with Executive Board decision 2009/11, this note informs the Executive Board of the one-year extensions of the following country programmes approved by the Executive Director: Egypt and the Syrian Arab Republic.", "Draft decision", "The Executive Board", "Takes note of the one-year extensions of the country programmes approved by the Executive Director, as indicated in the table to document E/ICEF/2011/P/L.48, for Egypt and the Syrian Arab Republic.", "Table One-year extensions of country programmes for Egypt and the Syrian Arab Republic approved by the Executive Director", "Country\tOriginalprogrammeperiod\tYearproposedforextension\tReason for extension \nEgypt\t2007-2011\t2012\tThe new United Nations DevelopmentAssistance Framework (UNDAF) for Egypt,covering the period 2012-2016, wasfinalized and officially submitted to theGovernment in February, and work on theUNICEF new country programme ofcooperation was drafted. Given thepolitical changes in the country, thetransitional nature of the currentGovernment and the upcoming elections,the United Nations Country Team and theGovernment of Egypt have agreed to extendtheir current programmes for one year, to31 December 2012. The extension willallow United Nations agencies, includingUNICEF, to continue supporting theGovernment of Egypt effectively duringthe transition period while also allowingthe newly elected Government to reviewthe new programmes prior to thesubmission to the agencies’ respectiveExecutive Boards in 2012.\nSyrianArabRepublic\t2007-2011\t2012\tThe extension by one year of currentUnited Nations programmes in the SyrianArab Republic (UNDAF, UNICEF, UnitedNations Development Programme and UnitedNations Population Fund) is requested inorder to ensure that reforms initiated bythe Government of the Syrian ArabRepublic in 2011 are reflected in the newprogrammes of cooperation of the UnitedNations agencies.", "[1] * E/ICEF/2011/13." ]

[ "联合国儿童基金会", "执行局", "2011年第二届常会", "2011年9月12日至15日", "^(*) E/ICEF/2011/13。", "临时议程^(*) 项目4(f)", "延长执行中的国家方案", "秘书处的说明", "摘要 根据执行局第2009/11号决定，本说明通知执行局：执行主任核准将下列国家方案延长一年：埃及和阿拉伯叙利亚共和国。 决定草案 执行局 \n注意到执行主任核准将下列国家方案延长一年(见文件E/ICEF/2011/P/L.48的表)：埃及和阿拉伯叙利亚共和国。", "表 执行主任核准延长埃及和阿拉伯叙利亚共和国国家方案一年", "国家\t初始方案期限\t拟议延期的年份\t延期原因\n埃及\t2007-2011年\t2012年\t2月份，最终完成并正式向埃及政府提交埃及2012－2016期间的新的联合国发展援助框架(联发援框架)，并起草了有关儿基会新的国家合作方案文件。鉴于该国的政治变化，现行政府的过渡性质和即将举行选举，联合国国家工作队和埃及政府已同意，将目前的方案延长一年，至2012年12月31日。这一延长，将使得联合国各机构，包括儿基会，能够继续在过渡期内有效支持埃及政府，同时也让新当选的政府能够在2012年将新方案提交各机构的执行局之前审查新方案。\n阿拉伯叙利亚共和国\t2007-2011年\t2012年\t需要将联合国目前在阿拉伯叙利亚共和国的各方案(联发援框架、儿基会、联合国开发计划署和联合国人口基金)延长一年，以便确保阿拉伯叙利亚共和国政府2011年发起的各项改革能够在联合国各机构的各项新合作方案中得到反映。" ]

[ "联合国儿童基金会", "执行局", "2011年第二届常会", "2011年9月12日至15日,纽约", "临时议程项目4(f) [1]", "延长正在执行的国家方案", "秘书处的说明", "内容提要", "根据执行局第2009/11号决定,本说明向执行局通报执行主任核准的下列国家方案延长一年的情况:埃及和阿拉伯叙利亚共和国。", "决定草案", "执行局,", "注意到如E/ICEF/2011/P/L.48号文件表所示,执行主任核准将埃及和阿拉伯叙利亚共和国的国家方案延长一年。", "表1. 执行主任核准的埃及和阿拉伯叙利亚共和国国家方案延长一年", "拟议展期年份 延期理由\n埃及 2007-2011年 涵盖2012-2016年期间的新的埃及联合国发展援助框架(联发援框架)于2月定稿并正式提交政府,并起草了儿基会新的国家合作方案。 鉴于该国的政治变化、现政府的过渡性质和即将举行的选举,联合国国家工作队和埃及政府已同意将其现有方案延长一年,至2012年12月31日。 延长期限将使包括儿基会在内的联合国机构在过渡期间继续有效支持埃及政府,同时让新当选的政府能够在2012年向各机构的执行局提交新方案之前进行审查。\n阿拉伯叙利亚共和国 2007-2011年 请求将目前在阿拉伯叙利亚共和国的联合国方案(联发援框架、儿童基金会、联合国开发署和联合国人口基金)延长一年,以确保阿拉伯叙利亚共和国政府于2011年发起的改革反映在联合国各机构的新合作方案中。", "[1] (中文(简体) )." ]

[ "Substantive session of 2011", "Geneva, 4-29 July 2011", "Agenda item 11", "Economic and social repercussions of the Israeli occupation on the living conditions of the Palestinian people in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and the Arab population in the occupied Syrian Golan", "Argentina[1] and Palestine[2]: draft resolution", "Economic and social repercussions of the Israeli occupation on the living conditions of the Palestinian people in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and the Arab population in the occupied Syrian Golan", "The Economic and Social Council,", "Recalling General Assembly resolution 65/179 of 20 December 2010,", "Recalling also its resolution 2010/31 of 23 July 2010,", "Guided by the principles of the Charter of the United Nations affirming the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by force, and recalling relevant Security Council resolutions, including resolutions 242 (1967) of 22 November 1967, 252 (1968) of 21 May 1968, 338 (1973) of 22 October 1973, 465 (1980) of 1 March 1980 and 497 (1981) of 17 December 1981,", "Recalling the resolutions of the tenth emergency special session of the General Assembly, including ES-10/13 of 21 October 2003, ES-10/14 of 8 December 2003, ES-10/15 of 20 July 2004 and ES-10/17 of 15 December 2006,", "Reaffirming the applicability of the Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, of 12 August 1949,[3] to the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and other Arab territories occupied by Israel since 1967,", "Recalling the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,[4] the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights² and the Convention on the Rights of the Child,[5] and affirming that those human rights instruments must be respected in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, as well as in the occupied Syrian Golan,", "Stressing the importance of the revival and acceleration of serious and credible negotiations within the Middle East peace process on the basis of Security Council resolutions 242 (1967), 338 (1973), 425 (1978), 1397 (2002), 1515 (2003), 1544 (2004) and 1850 (2008), the principle of land for peace, the Arab Peace Initiative,[6] and the Quartet road map,[7] as well as compliance with the agreements reached between the Government of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization, the representative of the Palestinian people,", "Reaffirming the principle of the permanent sovereignty of peoples under foreign occupation over their natural resources, and expressing concern in that regard about the exploitation of natural resources by Israel, the occupying Power, in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and in the occupied Syrian Golan,", "Convinced that the Israeli occupation has gravely impeded the efforts to achieve sustainable development and a sound economic environment in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and in the occupied Syrian Golan, and expressing grave concern about the consequent deterioration of economic and living conditions,", "Commending, in that regard, the efforts by the Palestinian Authority to improve the economic and social situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, especially in the areas of governance, the rule of law and human rights; livelihoods and productive sectors; education and culture; health; social protection; infrastructure; and water,", "Gravely concerned in that regard about the accelerated construction of settlements and implementation of other related measures by Israel in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, particularly in and around occupied East Jerusalem, as well as in the occupied Syrian Golan, in violation of international humanitarian law and relevant United Nations resolutions,", "Expressing deep concern about the rising incidence of violence, harassment, provocation and incitement by illegal armed Israeli settlers in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, against Palestinian civilians, including children, and their properties, including historic and religious sites, and agricultural lands,", "Gravely concerned by the serious repercussions on the economic and social conditions of the Palestinian people caused by the construction by Israel of the wall and its associated regime inside the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including in and around East Jerusalem, and the resulting violation of their economic and social rights, including the right to work, to health, to education, to property, to an adequate standard of living and to freedom of access and movement,", "Recalling in that regard the advisory opinion rendered on 9 July 2004 by the International Court of Justice on the Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory,[8] and General Assembly resolution ES‑10/15, and stressing the need to comply with the obligations mentioned therein,", "Expressing grave concern at the extensive destruction by Israel, the occupying Power, of properties, including the increased demolition of homes, economic institutions, agricultural lands and orchards, in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, in particular in connection with its construction of the wall, contrary to international law, in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including in and around East Jerusalem,", "Expressing grave concern also over the continuing and intensifying policy of home demolitions, evictions and revocation of residency rights, which have caused the further displacement of the Palestinian population in and around occupied East Jerusalem, as well as measures to further isolate the city from its natural Palestinian environs, including through the accelerated construction of settlements, the construction of the wall, the confiscation of land and the continued imposition of checkpoints, which have seriously exacerbated the already critical socio-economic situation being faced by the Palestinian population,", "Expressing grave concern further about Israeli military operations and the continuing Israeli policy of closures and severe restrictions on the movement of persons and goods, including humanitarian personnel and food, medical, fuel, construction material and other essential supplies, via the imposition of crossing closures, checkpoints and a permit regime throughout the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and the consequent negative impact on the socio-economic situation of the Palestinian people, in particular the Palestinian refugee population, which remains that of a humanitarian crisis,", "Taking note of recent developments regarding the situation of access to the Gaza Strip, although grave hardships continue to prevail as a result of the prolonged Israeli closures and severe economic and movement restrictions that in effect amount to a blockade, and calling in that regard for the full implementation of Security Council resolution 1860 (2009) of 8 January 2009 with a view to ensuring the full opening of the border crossings for the sustained and regular movement of persons and goods, including humanitarian aid, commercial flows and construction materials,", "Deploring the heavy casualties among civilians, including hundreds of children and women, the internal displacement of thousands of civilians and widespread damage to homes, vital civilian infrastructure, hospitals, schools, food supply installations, economic, industrial and agricultural properties, and several United Nations facilities in the Gaza Strip, which have a grave impact on the provision of vital health and social services to Palestinian women and their families, and on their socio-economic living conditions, all caused by the military operations in December 2008 and January 2009,", "Recalling, in that regard, the relevant United Nations reports, including those of the Economic and Social Council, the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia and the Human Rights Council,", "Expressing deep concern about the short- and long-term detrimental impact of such widespread destruction and the hampering of the reconstruction process by Israel, the occupying Power, on the socio-economic and humanitarian conditions of the Palestinian civilian population in the Gaza Strip, and calling in that regard for the immediate acceleration of the reconstruction process in the Gaza Strip with the assistance of the donor countries, including the disbursement of funds pledged at the International Conference in Support of the Palestinian Economy for the Reconstruction of Gaza, held in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, in March 2009,", "Gravely concerned at various reports by the United Nations and specialized agencies regarding the substantial aid dependency caused by prolonged border closures, inordinate rates of unemployment, widespread poverty and severe humanitarian hardships, including food insecurity and rising health-related problems, including high levels of malnutrition, among the Palestinian people, especially children, in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem,", "Expressing grave concern at the deaths and injuries caused to civilians, including children, women and peaceful demonstrators, and emphasizing that the Palestinian civilian population must be protected in accordance with international humanitarian law,", "Emphasizing the importance of the safety and well-being of all civilians, and calling for the cessation of all acts of violence, including all acts of terror, provocation, incitement and destruction, and all firing of rockets,", "Expressing deep concern that thousands of Palestinians, including hundreds of children and women, continue to be held in Israeli prisons or detention centres under harsh conditions,", "Conscious of the urgent need for the reconstruction and development of the economic and social infrastructure of the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, as well as the urgent need to address the humanitarian crisis facing the Palestinian people, including by ensuring the unimpeded provision of humanitarian assistance and the sustained and regular flow of persons and goods into and out of the Gaza Strip,", "Commending the important work being done by the United Nations, the specialized agencies and the donor community in support of the economic and social development of the Palestinian people in line with their national development and State-building plan, which is to be completed by the end of August 2011, as well as the assistance being provided in the humanitarian field,", "Recognizing the efforts being undertaken by the Palestinian Authority, with international support, to rebuild, reform and strengthen its damaged institutions and promote good governance, and emphasizing the need to preserve the Palestinian national institutions and infrastructure and to ameliorate economic and social conditions,", "Welcoming in that regard, and calling upon the international community to continue its strong support for, the plan of the Palestinian Authority, “Palestine: ending the occupation, establishing the State”, for constructing the institutions of a Palestinian State by September 2011,", "Stressing the importance of national unity among the Palestinian people, and emphasizing the need for the respect and preservation of the territorial integrity and unity of the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem,", "Calling upon both parties to fulfil their obligations under the road map⁵ in cooperation with the Quartet,", "1. Calls for the full opening of the border crossings of the Gaza Strip, in line with Security Council resolution 1860 (2009) of 8 January 2009, to ensure humanitarian access as well as the sustained and regular flow of persons and goods and the lifting of all movement restrictions imposed on the Palestinian people, including those restrictions arising from ongoing Israeli military operations and the multilayered closures system, and for other urgent measures to be taken to alleviate the serious humanitarian situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, which is critical in the Gaza Strip, and calls for compliance by Israel, the occupying Power, with all of its legal obligations under international humanitarian law and United Nations resolutions in that regard;", "2. Stresses the need to preserve the territorial contiguity, unity and integrity of the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and to guarantee the freedom of movement of persons and goods throughout the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, as well as to and from the outside world;", "3. Also stresses the need to preserve and develop Palestinian national institutions and infrastructure for the provision of vital public services to the Palestinian civilian population and to contribute to the promotion and protection of human rights, including economic and social rights;", "4. Demands that Israel comply with the Protocol on Economic Relations between the Government of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization, signed in Paris on 29 April 1994;[9]", "5. Calls upon Israel to restore and replace civilian properties, vital infrastructure, agricultural lands and governmental institutions that have been damaged or destroyed as a result of its military operations in the Occupied Palestinian Territory;", "6. Reiterates the call for the full implementation of the Agreement on Movement and Access of 15 November 2005, particularly the urgent and uninterrupted reopening of all crossings into the Gaza Strip, which is crucial to ensuring the passage of foodstuffs and essential supplies, including construction materials and adequate fuel supplies, as well as to ensuring the unhindered access of the United Nations and related agencies and regular commercial flows necessary for economic recovery to and within the Occupied Palestinian Territory;", "7. Calls upon all parties to respect the rules of international humanitarian law and to refrain from violence against the civilian population, in accordance with the Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, of 12 August 1949;¹", "8. Reaffirms the inalienable right of the Palestinian people and the Arab population of the occupied Syrian Golan to all their natural and economic resources, and calls upon Israel, the occupying Power, not to exploit, endanger or cause loss or depletion of those resources;", "9. Calls upon Israel, the occupying Power, to cease its destruction of homes and properties, economic institutions and agricultural lands and orchards in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, as well as in the occupied Syrian Golan;", "10. Also calls upon Israel, the occupying Power, to end immediately its exploitation of natural resources, including water and mining resources, and to cease the dumping of all kinds of waste materials in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and in the occupied Syrian Golan, which gravely threaten their natural resources, namely, the water, land and energy resources, and present a serious environmental hazard and health threat to the civilian populations, and also calls upon Israel, the occupying Power, to remove all obstacles that obstruct implementation of critical environmental projects, including the sewage treatment plants in the Gaza Strip;", "11. Reaffirms that the construction and expansion of Israeli settlements and related infrastructure in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and the occupied Syrian Golan, are illegal and constitute a major obstacle to economic and social development and to the achievement of peace, and calls for the full cessation of all settlement and settlement-related activity, including full cessation of all measures aimed at altering the demographic composition, legal status and character of the occupied territories, including, in particular, in and around Occupied East Jerusalem, in compliance with relevant Security Council resolutions and international law, including the Geneva Convention on the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War;", "12. Also reaffirms that the ongoing construction by Israel of the wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including in and around East Jerusalem, is contrary to international law and is isolating East Jerusalem, fragmenting the West Bank and seriously debilitating the economic and social development of the Palestinian people, and calls in that regard for full compliance with the legal obligations mentioned in the 9 July 2004 advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice⁶ and in General Assembly resolution ES-10/15 and subsequent relevant resolutions;", "13. Calls upon Israel to comply with the provisions of the Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War and to facilitate visits of the Syrian citizens of the occupied Syrian Golan whose family members reside in their mother homeland, the Syrian Arab Republic, via the Qunaitra entrance;", "14. Emphasizes the importance of the work of United Nations organizations and agencies in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and of the United Nations Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process and Personal Representative of the Secretary-General to the Palestine Liberation Organization and the Palestinian Authority;", "15. Reiterates the importance of the revival and accelerated advancement of negotiations of the peace process on the basis of relevant United Nations resolutions, including Security Council resolutions 242 (1967), 338 (1973), 425 (1978), 1397 (2002), 1515 (2003), 1544 (2004) and 1850 (2008), and the Madrid Conference, the principle of land for peace, the Arab Peace Initiative,⁴ and the Quartet road map,⁵ as well as compliance with the agreements reached between the Government of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization, the representative of the Palestinian people, in order to pave the way for the establishment of the independent Palestinian State and the achievement of a just, lasting and comprehensive peace settlement;", "16. Requests the Secretary-General to submit to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session, through the Economic and Social Council, a report on the implementation of the present resolution and to continue to include in the report of the United Nations Special Coordinator an update on the living conditions of the Palestinian people, in collaboration with relevant United Nations agencies;", "17. Decides to include the item entitled “Economic and social repercussions of the Israeli occupation on the living conditions of the Palestinian people in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and the Arab population in the occupied Syrian Golan” on the agenda of its substantive session of 2012.", "[1] * On behalf of the States members of the United Nations that are members of the Group of 77 and China.", "[2] ** In accordance with General Assembly resolution 52/250.", "[3] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 75, No. 973.", "[4] See General Assembly resolution 2200 A (XXI), annex.", "[5] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1577, No. 27531.", "[6] A/56/1026-S/2002/932, annex II, resolution 14/221.", "[7] S/2003/529, annex.", "[8] See A/ES-10/273 and Corr.1; see also Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 136.", "[9] See A/49/180-S/1994/727, annex, entitled “Agreement on the Gaza Strip and the Jericho Area”." ]

[ "2011年实质性会议", "2011年7月4日至29日，日内瓦", "议程项目11", "以色列占领对包括东耶路撒冷在内 巴勒斯坦被占领土的巴勒斯坦人民 和被占领叙利亚戈兰的阿拉伯居民 生活条件造成的经济和社会影响", "阿根廷^(*) 和巴勒斯坦：^(**) 决议草案", "以色列占领对包括东耶路撒冷在内巴勒斯坦被占领土的巴勒斯坦人民和被占领叙利亚戈兰的阿拉伯居民生活条件造成的经济和社会影响", "经济及社会理事会，", "回顾2010年12月20日大会第65/179号决议，", "还回顾其2010年7月23日经济及社会理事会第2010/31号决议，", "遵循《联合国宪章》申明不容许以武力获取领土的各项原则，并回顾安全理事会相关决议，包括1967年11月22日第242(1967)号、1968年5月21日第252(1968)号、1973年10月22日第338(1973)号、1980年3月1日第465(1980)号和1981年12月17日第497(1981)号决议,", "回顾大会第十届紧急特别会议各项决议，包括2003年10月21日ES-10/13号、2003年12月8日ES-10/14号、2004年7月20日ES-10/15号和2006年12月15日ES-10/17号决议，", "^(*) 代表属于77国集团的联合国会员国和中国。", "^(**) 根据大会第52/250号决议。", "重申1949年8月12日《关于战时保护平民之日内瓦公约》[1] 适用于包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土和以色列自1967年以来占领的其他阿拉伯领土，", "回顾《公民及政治权利国际公约》、[2] 《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》²和《儿童权利公约》，[3] 并申明在包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土和被占领叙利亚戈兰内必须遵守这些人权文书，", "强调必须根据安全理事会第242(1967)号、第338(1973)号、第425(1978)号、第1397(2002)号、第1515(2003)号、第1544(2004)号和第1850(2008)号决议、土地换和平的原则、《阿拉伯和平倡议》[4] 以及《四方路线图》，[5] 并在遵守以色列政府与巴勒斯坦人民的代表巴勒斯坦解放组织达成的协定的基础上，重启和加快认真和可信的中东和平进程的谈判，", "重申外国占领下的人民对其自然资源拥有永久主权的原则，在这方面表示关注占领国以色列开发包括东耶路撒冷在内巴勒斯坦被占领土和被占领叙利亚戈兰的自然资源，", "确信以色列的占领严重阻碍了在包括东耶路撒冷在内巴勒斯坦被占领土和被占领叙利亚戈兰实现可持续发展和创造良好经济环境的努力，并表示严重关注由此造成的经济和生活条件恶化，", "在这方面赞扬巴勒斯坦权力机构为了改善巴勒斯坦被占领土的经济及社会状况所作的努力，特别是在治理、法治和人权；生计和生产部门；教育和文化；医疗；社会保护；基础设施和供水方面的努力，", "在这方面严重关切以色列违反国际人道主义法和相关的联合国决议在巴勒斯坦被占领土特别在东耶路撒冷及其周边地区和被占领叙利亚戈兰加速建造定居点和采取其他相关的措施，", "深为关切在包括东耶路撒冷在内巴勒斯坦被占领土以色列非法武装定居者针对巴勒斯坦平民(包括儿童)以及他们的财产(包括历史和宗教场所)和农田的暴力，骚扰，挑衅和煽动事件不断增加，", "严重关切以色列在巴勒斯坦被占领土内，包括在东耶路撒冷及其四周构筑隔离墙及实行相关制度对巴勒斯坦人民的经济和社会状况造成严重影响，从而侵犯了他们的经济和社会权利，包括工作、保健、教育、财产、适当生活水准和出入及流动自由等权利，", "在这方面回顾2004年7月9日国际法院就“在巴勒斯坦被占领土构筑隔离墙的法律后果”发表的咨询意见[6] 以及大会ES-10/15号决议，并强调应遵守其中规定的各项义务，", "表示严重关切占领国以色列大规模破坏包括东耶路撒冷在内巴勒斯坦被占领土的财产，包括越来越多地毁坏住房、经济机构、农田和果园，特别是在巴勒斯坦被占领土，包括东耶路撒冷及其周边地区违反国际法构筑隔离墙所造成的广泛破坏，", "又表示严重关切以色列在被占领的东耶路撒冷及其周边地区继续和强化推行现行政策，拆毁住房、驱赶居民、取消居住权及造成更多的居民流离失所，以及采取各种措施，包括通过加速构筑定居点，构筑隔离墙、没收土地和连续设立检查点，进一步将该城市同其自然的巴勒斯坦环境隔开，使巴勒斯坦人民面对的危急社会经济情况更加严重恶化，", "还表示严重关切以色列通过强行关闭过境点,设置检查站及实行许可制度，继续在包括东耶路撒冷在内的整个巴勒斯坦被占领土上不断开展军事行动和奉行封闭和严格限制人员和货物包括人道主义人员和粮食、医疗用品、燃料、建筑材料及其他必需品的流动的政策，严重关切这样做对巴勒斯坦人民、特别是对仍处于人道主义危机的巴勒斯坦难民的社会经济状况产生的不利影响，", "注意到最近在加沙地带准入方面的事态发展，不过由于以色列长期设置路障，对经济和行动加以各种苛刻的限制，实际上等于封锁，因此，该地区总的来说依然极为艰苦，在这方面，呼吁全面执行2009年1月8日安全理事会第1860(2009)号决议，以确保全面开放各过境点，使包括人道主义援助、商业流动和建筑材料在内的人员和货物得以持续、正常地通行,", "痛惜大量平民、包括数百名儿童和妇女伤亡，成千上万平民成为境内流离失所者，家园、重要民用基础设施、医院、学校、食品供应设施、经济、工业及农业财产和加沙地带的一些联合国设施遭到普遍破坏，严重影响到向巴勒斯坦妇女及其家庭提供重要的保健和社会服务以及他们的社会经济生活状况，这一切都是2008年12月至2009年1月期间的军事行动造成的，", "在这方面回顾联合国的有关报告，包括经济及社会理事会、西亚经济社会委员会以及人权理事会的报告，", "深为关切占领国以色列这种普遍的破坏和妨碍重建进程的行径对加沙地带巴勒斯坦平民的社会经济和人道主义状况的短期和长期不利影响，并在这方面，要求在捐助国的协助下，立即在加沙地带加快重建进程，包括支付2009年3月在埃及沙姆沙伊赫举行的支持巴勒斯坦经济重建加沙国际会议上认捐的资金，", "严重关切据联合国和各专门机构的各种报告，在包括东耶路撒冷在内巴勒斯坦被占领土，长期关闭边界造成大量依赖援助，巴勒斯坦人失业率极高，普遍贫穷，并面临严重的人道主义困难，包括粮食没有保障和与健康有关的问题增加，以及巴勒斯坦人特别是儿童营养不良比例高，", "严重关切包括儿童、妇女及和平示威者在内的平民伤亡情况，强调必须依照国际人道主义法保护巴勒斯坦平民人口，", "强调所有平民的安全和福祉的重要性，并呼吁停止所有暴力行为，包括所有恐怖、挑衅、煽动和破坏以及所有发射火箭的行为，", "深为关切包括数百名儿童和妇女在内的成千上万巴勒斯坦人继续被关押在条件艰苦的以色列监狱或拘留中心内，", "意识到迫切需要重建和发展包括东耶路撒冷在内巴勒斯坦被占领土的经济和社会基础设施，并迫切需要处理巴勒斯坦人民面临的人道主义危机，包括确保不受阻碍地提供人道主义援助，人员和货物持续、正常地进出加沙地带，", "赞扬联合国、各专门机构和捐助界为按照预定在2011年8月底完成的巴勒斯坦本国发展和建国计划支持巴勒斯坦人民的经济和社会发展正在进行的重要工作以及目前在人道主义领域提供的援助，", "确认巴勒斯坦权力机构在国际支持下为重建、改革和加强其遭到破坏的机构以及促进善治正在进行的努力，强调需要维护巴勒斯坦的国家机构和基础设施以及改善经济和社会条件，", "在这方面欢迎并呼吁国际社会继续大力支持巴勒斯坦权力机构的计划，“巴勒斯坦：结束占领，建立国家”，至迟在2011年9月前，建立巴勒斯坦国的国家机构，", "强调巴勒斯坦人民的民族团结的重要性，并着重指出需要尊重和维护包括东耶路撒冷在内巴勒斯坦被占领土的领土完整和统一，", "呼吁双方与四方合作履行其根据路线图⁵ 承担的义务，", "1. 要求根据2009年1月8日安全理事会第1860(2009)号决议，全面开放加沙地带各过境点，确保人道主义准入以及人员和货物的持续、正常的流动,并取消对巴勒斯坦人民的一切活动限制，包括因以色列正在采取军事行动和多层关闭制度而实施的限制，并采取其它紧急措施来缓解巴勒斯坦被占领土特别是加沙地带内严重的人道主义状况，要求占领国以色列遵守其根据国际人道主义法和联合国决议在这方面承担的所有法律义务；", "2. 强调必须维护包括东耶路撒冷在内巴勒斯坦被占领土的领土毗连、统一和完整，保证整个领土内人员和货物的流动自由，并保证出入外部世界的行动自由；", "3. 还强调必须保持和发展巴勒斯坦国家机构和基础设施，以便为巴勒斯坦民众提供重要的公共服务，为促进和保护包括经济和社会权利在内的各项人权作出贡献；", "4. 要求以色列遵守1994年4月29日在巴黎签署的《以色列政府和巴勒斯坦解放组织间经济关系议定书》；[7]", "5. 要求以色列恢复和赔还在巴勒斯坦被占领土的军事行动破坏或摧毁的平民财产、关键的基础设施、农田和政府机构；", "6. 再次呼吁全面执行2005年11月15日的《通行进出协定》，特别是紧急和不间断地重新开放进入加沙地带的所有过境点，这对于确保运送食品和必需品，包括建筑材料和充分的燃料供应，以及对于确保联合国和有关机构以及经济复苏所需正常的商业流动无阻地进入巴勒斯坦被占领土和在该领土内活动都至关重要；", "7. 呼吁所有各方尊重国际人道主义法的规则，按照1949年8月12日《关于战时保护平民之日内瓦公约》，¹ 不对平民采取暴力行动；", "8. 重申巴勒斯坦人民和被占领叙利亚戈兰的阿拉伯人民对其所有自然资源和经济资源享有不可剥夺的权利，要求占领国以色列不要开采、危害、浪费或耗尽这些资源；", "9. 要求占领国以色列停止毁坏在包括东耶路撒冷在内巴勒斯坦被占领土和被占领叙利亚戈兰内的家园和财产、经济设施、农田和果园；", "10. 又要求占领国以色列立即停止开发自然资源，包括水和矿物资源，并停止向包括东耶路撒冷在内巴勒斯坦被占领土和被占领叙利亚戈兰倾弃各种废料，因为这严重威胁到其自然资源，即水、土地和能源，对环境造成严重危害和对平民健康构成严重威胁，并呼吁占领国以色列撤除一切妨碍执行关键的环境项目，包括在加沙地带的污水处理厂的障碍；", "11. 重申以色列在包括东耶路撒冷在内巴勒斯坦被占领土和被占领的叙利亚戈兰构筑和扩大定居点和有关基础设施均为非法，是阻碍经济和社会发展及实现和平的重大障碍，并要求以色列遵守安全理事会各项有关决议和国际法，包括《关于战时保护平民之日内瓦公约》，全面停止所有定居点和与定居点有关的活动，包括全面停止旨在改变被占领土，特别是被占领的东耶路撒冷及周边地区的人口构成、法律地位和特征的所有措施；", "12. 又重申以色列在包括东耶路撒冷及其周边地区在内巴勒斯坦被占领土持续构筑隔离墙有悖国际法，而且正在孤立东耶路撒冷，分割西岸，严重削弱巴勒斯坦人民的经济和社会发展；在这方面要求充分遵守2004年7月9日国际法院的咨询意见、⁶ 大会ES-10/15号决议及后来的相关决议中提到的法律义务；", "13. 要求以色列遵守《关于战时保护平民之日内瓦公约》的条款，并为被占领叙利亚戈兰的叙利亚公民通过库奈特拉入境点访问住在阿拉伯叙利亚共和国家园的家属提供便利；", "14. 强调在包括东耶路撒冷在内巴勒斯坦被占领土的联合国各组织和机构的工作以及联合国中东和平进程特别协调员兼秘书长派驻巴勒斯坦解放组织和巴勒斯坦权力机构个人代表的工作十分重要；", "15. 重申必须根据联合国相关决议，包括安全理事会第242(1967)号、第338(1973)号、第425(1978)号、第1397(2002)号、第1515(2003)号、第1544(2004)号和第1850(2008)号决议和马德里会议、土地换和平的原则、《阿拉伯和平倡议》⁴ 以及《四方路线图》，⁵ 在遵守以色列政府与巴勒斯坦人民的代表巴勒斯坦解放组织达成的协定的基础上，重启和加快关于中东和平进程的谈判，以便为建立独立的巴勒斯坦国和实现公正，持久和全面的和平解决铺平道路；", "16. 请秘书长与联合国相关机构协作，通过经济及社会理事会，就本决议执行情况向大会第六十六届会议提交报告，并继续在联合国特别协调员报告中列入有关巴勒斯坦人民生活条件的最新资料；", "17. 决定将题为“以色列占领对包括东耶路撒冷在内巴勒斯坦被占领土的巴勒斯坦人民和被占领叙利亚戈兰的阿拉伯居民生活条件造成的经济和社会影响”的项目列入其2012年实质性会议议程。", "[1] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第75卷，第973号。", "[2] 见大会第2200 A(XXI)号决议，附件。", "[3] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第1577卷，第27531号。", "[4] A/56/1026-S/2002/932，附件二，第14/221号决议。", "[5] S/2003/529，附件。", "[6] A/ES-10/273和Corr.1；另见 “在巴勒斯坦被占领土构筑隔离墙的法律后果的咨询意见”，2004年国际法院报告，第136页。", "[7] 见A/49/180-S/1994/727，题为“关于加沙地带和杰里科地区的协定”的附件。" ]

[ "2011年实质性会议", "2011年7月4日至29日,日内瓦", "议程项目11", "以色列的占领对包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土上的巴勒斯坦人民和被占领叙利亚戈兰的阿拉伯居民的生活条件的经济和社会影响", "阿根廷[1]和巴勒斯坦[2]:决议草案", "以色列的占领对包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土上的巴勒斯坦人民和被占领叙利亚戈兰的阿拉伯居民的生活条件的经济和社会影响", "经济及社会理事会,", "回顾大会2010年12月20日第65/179号决议,", "又回顾其2010年7月23日第2010/31号决议,", "遵循《联合国宪章》申明不容许以武力获取领土的原则,并回顾安全理事会各项有关决议,包括1967年11月22日第242(1967)号、1968年5月21日第252(1968)号、1973年10月22日第338(1973)号、1980年3月1日第465(1980)号和1981年12月17日第497(1981)号决议,", "回顾大会第十届紧急特别会议各项决议,包括2003年10月21日ES-10/13号、2003年12月8日ES-10/14号、2004年7月20日ES-10/15号和2006年12月15日ES-10/17号决议,", "重申1949年8月12日《关于战时保护平民之日内瓦公约》[3] 适用于包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土和自1967年以来被以色列占领的其他阿拉伯领土,", "回顾《公民及政治权利国际盟约》,[4]《经济、社会、文化权利国际盟约》2 和《儿童权利公约》,[5]并申明这些人权文书必须在包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土和被占领叙利亚戈兰内得到尊重,", "强调必须根据安全理事会第242(1967)号、第338(1973)号、第425(1978)号、第1397(2002)号、第1515(2003)号、第1544(2004)号和第1850(2008)号决议、以土地换和平原则、《阿拉伯和平倡议》[6]和四方路线图[7]并遵守以色列政府同巴勒斯坦人民的代表巴勒斯坦解放组织达成的协定,在中东和平进程内恢复并加速进行认真和可信的谈判,", "重申外国占领下的人民对其自然资源享有永久主权的原则,并在此方面表示关切占领国以色列开采包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土和被占领的叙利亚戈兰的自然资源,", "深信以色列的占领严重阻碍了在包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土和被占领叙利亚戈兰实现可持续发展和创造良好经济环境的努力,并表示严重关切由此造成的经济和生活条件恶化,", "在这方面赞扬巴勒斯坦权力机构努力改善巴勒斯坦被占领土上的经济和社会状况,特别是在治理、法治和人权、生计和生产部门、教育和文化、保健、社会保护、基础设施和水等领域,", "在这方面严重关切以色列违反国际人道主义法和联合国有关决议,在巴勒斯坦被占领土上,特别是在被占领的东耶路撒冷及其周围和被占领叙利亚戈兰加快建造定居点并采取其他有关措施,", "深为关切包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土上以色列非法武装定居者针对巴勒斯坦平民(包括儿童)及其财产(包括历史和宗教场所)和农田的暴力、骚扰、挑衅和煽动事件不断增加,", "严重关切以色列在包括东耶路撒冷及其周围在内巴勒斯坦被占领土内修建隔离墙及其相关制度对巴勒斯坦人民的经济和社会状况造成严重影响,并由此侵犯他们的经济和社会权利,包括工作、保健、教育、财产、适足生活水准以及出入和行动自由等权利,", "在这方面回顾国际法院2004年7月9日就 \" 在被占领巴勒斯坦领土修建隔离墙的法律后果 \" 发表的咨询意见[8] 和大会第ES-10/15号决议,并强调需要遵守其中提及的义务,", "表示严重关切占领国以色列在包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土上大规模毁坏财产,包括越来越多地拆毁住房、经济机构、农田和果园,特别是违反国际法在巴勒斯坦被占领土,包括东耶路撒冷及其周围修建隔离墙,", "又表示严重关切继续加紧推行拆毁房屋、驱逐和取消居住权等政策,使被占领的东耶路撒冷及其周围的巴勒斯坦居民进一步流离失所,并采取措施使该市进一步与其自然的巴勒斯坦周围地区相隔绝,包括加速建造定居点、修建隔离墙、没收土地和继续设置检查站等,使巴勒斯坦居民已面临的严峻社会经济状况更趋恶化,", "还严重关切以色列在整个包括东耶路撒冷在内巴勒斯坦被占领土上采取军事行动和继续采取关闭和严格限制人员和货物,包括人道主义人员和粮食、医疗、燃料、建筑材料和其他必需品流动的政策,实施过境点关闭、检查站和许可证制度,并严重关切由此对巴勒斯坦人民,特别是巴勒斯坦难民的社会经济状况产生不利影响,而这种状况仍属于人道主义危机状态,", "注意到在进入加沙地带方面最近的事态发展,尽管由于以色列长期实施封锁以及实际上相当于封锁的严厉的经济和出行限制,加沙地带仍然普遍存在严重困难,为此呼吁全面执行安全理事会2009年1月8日第1860(2009)号决议,以确保全面开放过境点,使人员和货物,包括人道主义援助、商业流动和建筑材料能够持续和正常地流动,", "痛惜包括数百名儿童和妇女在内的平民伤亡惨重,数千名平民在境内流离失所,住房、重要民用基础设施、医院、学校、食品供应设施、经济、工业和农业财产以及联合国在加沙地带的若干设施普遍受损,这些都对2008年12月和2009年1月的军事行动给巴勒斯坦妇女及其家人提供至关重要的保健和社会服务以及她们的社会经济生活条件造成严重影响,", "在这方面回顾联合国的相关报告,包括经济及社会理事会、西亚经济社会委员会和人权理事会的报告,", "深为关切占领国以色列这种大规模破坏和阻碍重建进程的行径对加沙地带巴勒斯坦平民的社会经济和人道主义状况造成的短期和长期有害影响,在这方面呼吁在捐助国的协助下,立即加快加沙地带的重建进程,包括支付2009年3月在埃及沙姆沙伊赫举行的支持巴勒斯坦经济重建加沙国际会议所认捐的资金,", "严重关切联合国和各专门机构有各种报告表明,在包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土上,长期关闭边界、失业率过高、普遍贫穷和严重的人道主义困难,包括粮食无保障和与健康有关的问题增加,包括巴勒斯坦人民特别是儿童营养不良比例高等,造成大量依赖援助,", "表示严重关切包括儿童、妇女及和平示威者在内的平民伤亡,强调必须依照国际人道主义法保护巴勒斯坦平民,", "强调所有平民的安全和福祉的重要性,呼吁停止一切暴力行为,包括一切恐怖、挑衅、煽动和破坏行为以及所有发射火箭的行为,", "深为关切数以千计的巴勒斯坦人,包括数百名儿童和妇女,继续被关押在以色列监狱或拘留中心,条件恶劣,", "意识到迫切需要重建和发展包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土的经济和社会基础设施,并迫切需要解决巴勒斯坦人民面临的人道主义危机,包括确保不受阻碍地提供人道主义援助,人员和货物能持续和正常地进出加沙地带,", "赞扬联合国、各专门机构和捐助界根据将于2011年8月底前完成的巴勒斯坦人民国家发展和建国计划为支持其经济和社会发展而正在做的重要工作,以及目前在人道主义领域提供的援助,", "确认巴勒斯坦权力机构正在国际支助下为重建、改革和加强其被破坏的机构及促进善政而作的努力,并强调需要维护巴勒斯坦国家机构和基础设施并改进经济和社会条件,", "在这方面欢迎并呼吁国际社会继续大力支持巴勒斯坦权力机构关于在2011年9月前建立巴勒斯坦国机构的计划“巴勒斯坦:结束占领,建立国家”,", "强调巴勒斯坦人民的民族团结的重要性,并强调需要尊重和维护包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土的领土完整和统一,", "吁请双方同四方合作,履行路线图5 规定的义务,", "1. 联合国 8. 要求按照安全理事会2009年1月8日第1860(2009)号决议,全面开放加沙地带的过境点,确保人道主义准入以及人员和货物的持续和正常流动,并取消对巴勒斯坦人民的一切行动限制,包括以色列进行中的军事行动和多层次封锁制度所施加的限制,并采取其他紧急措施来缓解巴勒斯坦被占领土上对加沙地带至关重要的严重人道主义局势,呼吁占领国以色列遵守国际人道主义法和联合国决议在这方面规定的所有法律义务;", "2. 联合国 3. 强调必须维护包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土的领土毗连、统一和完整,并保证人员和货物在包括东耶路撒冷在内的整个巴勒斯坦被占领土上自由通行,以及出入外部世界的自由;", "3个 3. 又强调需要维护和发展巴勒斯坦国家机构和基础设施,向巴勒斯坦平民提供重要的公共服务,并需要为促进和保护人权,包括经济和社会权利作出贡献;", " 4.四. 要求以色列遵守1994年4月29日在巴黎签署的《以色列政府同巴勒斯坦解放组织间经济关系议定书》;[9]", "5 (韩语). 2. 吁请以色列恢复并取代因其在巴勒斯坦被占领土上的军事行动而遭到破坏或毁坏的平民财产、重要基础设施、农田和政府机构;", "6. 国家 2. 再次呼吁全面执行2005年11月15日《通行进出协定》,特别是紧急和不间断地重新开放进入加沙地带的所有过境点,这对于确保食品和基本用品,包括建筑材料和充足的燃料供应的通过,以及对于确保联合国和有关机构畅通无阻地进入巴勒斯坦被占领土和在该领土内实现经济复苏所必要的正常商业流动至关重要;", "7. 联合国 1. 吁请所有各方遵守国际人道主义法规则,并依照1949年8月12日《关于战时保护平民之日内瓦公约》,1 不对平民施加暴力;", "8. 联合国 1. 重申巴勒斯坦人民和被占领叙利亚戈兰的阿拉伯人民对其所有自然资源和经济资源享有不可剥夺的权利,并吁请占领国以色列不要开采、危害、损耗或用尽这些资源;", "9. 国家 4. 吁请占领国以色列停止毁坏在包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土和被占领叙利亚戈兰内的家园和财产、经济机构、农田和果园;", "10个 5. 又吁请占领国以色列立即停止开采自然资源,包括水和采矿资源,并停止将各种废料倾弃在包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土和被占领叙利亚戈兰,因为这严重威胁到其自然资源,即水、土地和能源,并给平民造成严重环境危害和健康威胁;又吁请占领国以色列消除一切妨碍执行包括加沙地带污水处理厂在内的重大环境项目的障碍;", "11个 1. 重申以色列在包括东耶路撒冷在内巴勒斯坦被占领土和被占领的叙利亚戈兰建造和扩大定居点和相关基础设施是非法的,是经济和社会发展及实现和平的主要障碍,要求按照安全理事会相关决议和国际法,包括《关于战时保护平民之日内瓦公约》,全面停止所有定居点和定居点相关活动,包括全面停止旨在改变被占领土的人口组成、法律地位和特征的一切措施,特别是在被占领的东耶路撒冷及其周围;", "12个 2. 又重申以色列在包括东耶路撒冷及其周围在内巴勒斯坦被占领土上持续修建隔离墙,违反国际法并孤立东耶路撒冷,分割西岸,严重削弱巴勒斯坦人民的经济和社会发展,在这方面要求充分遵守国际法院2004年7月9日的咨询意见6 和大会ES-10/15号决议及以后各项有关决议所述的法律义务;", "13个 4. 吁请以色列遵守《关于战时保护平民之日内瓦公约》的规定,并便利被占领叙利亚戈兰的叙利亚公民通过库奈特拉出入口探访其家人居住在祖国阿拉伯叙利亚共和国;", "14个 2. 强调在包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土上工作的联合国各组织和机构以及联合国中东和平进程特别协调员兼秘书长派驻巴勒斯坦解放组织和巴勒斯坦权力机构个人代表的工作十分重要;", "15个 1. 重申必须在联合国有关决议,包括安全理事会第242(1967)号、第338(1973)号、第425(1978)号、第1397(2002)号、第1515(2003)号、第1544(2004)号和第1850(2008)号决议以及马德里会议、土地换和平原则、阿拉伯和平倡议4 和四方路线图5 的基础上,并依照以色列政府同巴勒斯坦人民的代表巴勒斯坦解放组织达成的协定,恢复并加速推进和平进程的谈判,为建立独立的巴勒斯坦国和实现公正、持久和全面的和平解决铺平道路;", "16号. 9. 请秘书长同联合国有关机构协作,通过经济及社会理事会向大会第六十六届会议提交关于本决议执行情况的报告,并继续在联合国特别协调员的报告中列入关于巴勒斯坦人民生活条件的最新资料;", "17岁。 9. 决定将题为“以色列的占领对包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土上的巴勒斯坦人民和被占领叙利亚戈兰的阿拉伯居民生活条件的经济和社会影响”的项目列入大会2012年实质性会议议程。", "[1] * 代表属于77国集团的联合国会员国和中国。", "[2] ** 根据大会第52/250号决议。", "[3] 联合国,《条约汇编》,第75卷,第973号。", "[4] 见大会第2200 A(XXI)号决议,附件。", "[5] 联合国,《条约汇编》,第1577卷,第27531号。", "[6] A/56/1026-S/2002/932,附件二,第14/221号决议。", "[7] S/2003/529,附件。", "[8] 见A/ES-10/273和Corr.1;又见《在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建隔离墙的法律后果,咨询意见,2004年国际法院案例汇编》,第136页。", "[9] 见A/49/180-S/1994/727,题为“关于加沙地带和杰里科地区的协定”。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 98 (p) of the provisional agenda*", "General and complete disarmament", "Implementation of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction", "Note by the Secretary-General", "1. The report of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons on the implementation of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction for 2009 is hereby transmitted to the General Assembly pursuant to the provisions of article IV, paragraph 1, of the Agreement concerning the Relationship between the United Nations and the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (General Assembly resolution 55/283, annex). At the request of the Organization, its 2010 draft report is also transmitted hereby in order to provide Member States with the most up-to-date information.", "2. As only a limited number of copies of the reports are available, it has not been possible to make a full distribution. Delegations are therefore requested to utilize the copies transmitted to them at the time of the discussion of the agenda item." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目9(p)", "全面彻底裁军", "《关于禁止发展、生产、储存和使用化学武器及销毁此种武器的公约》的执行情况", "^(*) A/66/150。", "秘书长的说明", "1. 兹按照《联合国同禁止化学武器组织间关系的协定》(大会第55/283号决议，附件)第四条第1款的规定，向大会提交禁止化学武器组织2009年执行《关于禁止发展、生产、储存和使用化学武器及销毁此种武器的公约》情况的报告。应该组织的请求，其2010年报告草稿也一并提交，以便向会员国提供最新资料。", "2. 由于报告印本份数有限，无法全面分发。 因此请各代表团在讨论此一项目时自带已发给他们的印本。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目98(p)", "全面彻底裁军", "《关于禁止发展、生产、储存和使用化学武器及销毁此种武器的公约》的执行情况", "秘书长的说明", "1. 联合国 1. 兹依照《联合国同禁止化学武器组织间关系的协定》(大会第55/283号决议,附件)第四条第1款的规定,向大会转递禁止化学武器组织关于《关于禁止发展、生产、储存和使用化学武器及销毁此种武器的公约》2009年执行情况的报告。 应本组织的请求,还在此转递其2010年报告草稿,以向会员国提供最新资料。", "2. 联合国 由于报告印本数量有限,无法全面分发。 因此,请各代表团使用在讨论该议程项目时发给它们的印本。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 68 of the provisional agenda*", "Right of peoples to self-determination", "Right of peoples to self-determination", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "In its resolution 65/201, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on the question of the universal realization of the right of peoples to self-determination. The present report is submitted in accordance with this request.", "The report outlines the relevant jurisprudence of the Human Rights Committee and the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights on the treaty-based human rights norms relating to the realization of the right of peoples to self-determination, and provides a summary of the developments relating to the consideration by the Human Rights Council of the subject matter, the referendum on the right of self-determination of the people of South Sudan, and the situation concerning Western Sahara.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3II. Human 3 Rights Committee and Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural \nRights A.Concluding 4 observations by the Human Rights \nCommittee B.Concluding 5 observations by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural \nRights III. Consideration 6 by the Human Rights Council of the question of realization of the right of peoples to \nself-determination IV. Referendum 7 on the right of self-determination of the people of South \nSudan V. Situation 7 of Western \nSahara \nVI. Conclusion 8", "I. Introduction", "1. The General Assembly, in its resolution 65/201, reaffirmed that the universal realization of the right of all peoples, including those under colonial, foreign and alien domination, to self-determination is a fundamental condition for the effective guarantee and observance of human rights and for the preservation and promotion of such rights. The Assembly requested the Human Rights Council to continue to give special attention to the violation of human rights, especially the right to self-determination, resulting from foreign military intervention, aggression or occupation, and requested the Secretary-General to report on this question to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session. The present report is submitted in accordance with paragraph 6 of the resolution.", "2. The report provides a summary of the main developments relating to the realization of the right to self-determination within the framework of the activities of the United Nations human rights mechanisms during the period under review. This includes recent concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee, and the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights based on their consideration of the periodic reports submitted by States parties to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, in respect of the implementation of the right to self-determination guaranteed in article 1 of the two Covenants. The report also summarizes recent developments relating to the consideration by the Human Rights Council at its sixteenth session of the question of the realization of the right to self-determination, as well as those related to the referendum on the right of self-determination of the people of South Sudan and the situation concerning Western Sahara.", "II. Human Rights Committee and Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights", "3. The principle of self-determination is enshrined in Article 1, paragraph 2, of the Charter of the United Nations. Article 1, paragraph 1, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and article 1, paragraph 1, of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights affirm the right of all peoples to self-determination. Article 1, paragraph 3, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and article 1, paragraph 3, of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights impose upon States parties, including those having responsibility for the administration of Non-Self-Governing and Trust Territories, the obligation to promote the realization of that right and respect it, in conformity with the provisions of the Charter.", "4. The right to self-determination has been addressed by the Human Rights Committee and the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in their consideration of States parties’ periodic reports submitted, respectively, under article 40 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and articles 16 and 17 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, with a focus on paragraph 2 of article 1 of the two Covenants, which affirms a particular aspect of the economic content of this right, namely the right of peoples, for their own ends, to “freely dispose of their natural wealth and resources without prejudice to any obligations arising out of international economic cooperation, based upon the principle of mutual benefit, and international law. In no case may a people be deprived of its own means of subsistence”. The relevant concluding observations are summarized below.", "A. Concluding observations by the Human Rights Committee", "5. During the reporting period, the Human Rights Committee addressed several issues related to the right to self-determination in its concluding observations on Israel with respect to the Occupied Palestinian Territories and on Colombia, El Salvador and Togo with respect to the rights of the indigenous peoples.", "6. In its concluding observations on Israel adopted in July 2010, the Committee noted with concern the State party’s military blockade of the Gaza Strip, in force since June 2007. While recognizing the State party’s recent easing of the blockade with regard to the entry of civilian goods by land, the Committee stated that it was nevertheless concerned at the effects of the blockade on the civilian population in the Gaza Strip, including restrictions to their freedom of movement, some of which have led to deaths of patients in need of urgent medical care, and restrictions on the access to sufficient drinking water and adequate sanitation. The State party was requested to lift its military blockade of the Gaza Strip, insofar as it adversely affects the civilian population (CCPR/C/ISR/CO/3, para. 8).", "7. Referring to paragraph 19 of the Committee’s previous concluding observations (CCPR/CO/78/ISR), the Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice, and the State party’s Supreme Court ruling of 2005, the Committee also expressed concern at the restrictions to freedom of movement imposed on Palestinians, in particular persons residing in the “Seam Zone” between the wall and Israel, the frequent refusal to grant agricultural permits to access the land on the other side of the wall or to visit relatives, and the irregular opening hours of the agricultural gates. Moreover, the Committee was concerned that despite the State party’s temporary freeze on the construction of settlements in the West Bank, East Jerusalem and the occupied Syrian Golan Heights, the settler population continued to increase.", "8. The Committee called on the State party to comply with its previous concluding observations and take into account the Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice and stop the construction of a “Seam Zone” by means of a wall, seriously impeding the right to freedom of movement, and to family life. It should cease all construction of settlements in the occupied territories (CCPR/C/ISR/CO/3, para. 16).", "9. In its concluding observations on Colombia adopted in August 2010, the Committee expressed concern that the Afro-Colombian and indigenous population groups continue to be discriminated against and to be particularly exposed to the violence of armed conflict. Despite legal recognition of their right to collective land ownership, in practice those population groups face enormous obstacles in exercising control over their lands and territories. The Committee regretted that no progress has been made on the adoption of legislation to criminalize racial discrimination or on the adoption of legislation for holding prior consultations and guaranteeing the free, prior and informed consent of the members of the relevant community.", "10. The Committee called on the State party to strengthen special measures in favour of Afro-Colombian and indigenous people in order to guarantee the enjoyment of their rights and, in particular, to ensure that they exercise control over their land and that it is restituted to them, as appropriate. The State party was requested to adopt legislation criminalizing racial discrimination and adopt the pertinent legislation for holding prior consultations with a view to guaranteeing the free, prior and informed consent of community members (CCPR/C/COL/CO/6, para. 25).", "11. In its concluding observations on El Salvador adopted in July 2010, the Committee expressed concern at the marginalization of the various indigenous peoples in the State party, the lack of full recognition of indigenous peoples, the lack of statistics on indigenous peoples in the 2007 census, the absence of special measures to promote the realization of their rights as peoples, and the absence of measures to protect indigenous languages.", "12. The Committee recommended to the State party to promote the full recognition of all indigenous peoples and consider ratifying the International Labour Organization Convention concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries, 1989 (No. 169). Following consultations with all indigenous peoples and with their free and informed consent, the State party was also called upon to include in the next population census questions relating to the identification of indigenous peoples; design and implement public policies to move towards the full realization of their rights; and adopt special measures to address their marginalization. The Committee also recommended that the State party, after consultation with all indigenous peoples, adopt measures to revive their languages and cultures (CCPR/C/SLV/CO/6, para. 18).", "13. In its concluding observations on Togo adopted in April 2011, the Committee noted with concern that neither the existence of indigenous peoples in Togo nor their right to free, prior and informed consent is recognized. The State party was called upon to take the necessary steps to guarantee the recognition of minorities and indigenous peoples and to ensure that indigenous peoples are able to exercise their right to free, prior and informed consent (CCPR/C/TGO/CO/4, para. 21).", "B. Concluding observations by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights", "14. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights addressed relevant aspects of the right to self-determination in its concluding observations on the Russian Federation and Sri Lanka with respect to the rights of indigenous peoples.", "15. In its concluding observations on the Russian Federation adopted in May 2011, the Committee expressed concern at the lack of concrete outcomes of the new policy adopted in February 2009 for the sustainable development of the indigenous peoples in the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation and the corresponding action plan for 2009-2011. The Committee was also concerned that changes to federal legislation regulating the use of land, forests and water bodies, in particular the revised Land (2001) and Forest (2006) Codes and the new Water Code, deprive indigenous peoples of the right to their ancestral lands, fauna and biological as well as aquatic resources, on which they rely for their traditional economic activities, through granting of licences to private companies for development of projects such as the extraction of subsoil resources.", "16. The Committee recommended to the State party to:", "(a) Incorporate into the revised Land Code and the new revised draft Law on Territories of Traditional Nature Use the right of indigenous peoples to their ancestral lands and the right to free access to natural resources on which indigenous communities rely for their subsistence into the Forest and Water Codes;", "(b) Seek the free informed consent of indigenous communities and give primary consideration to their special needs prior to granting licences to private companies for economic activities on territories traditionally occupied or used by those communities;", "(c) Ensure that licensing agreements with private entities provide for adequate compensation of the affected communities;", "(d) Intensify its efforts to effectively implement the federal target programme for the economic and social development of the indigenous peoples, extend it to all peoples that self-identify as “indigenous”;", "(e) Adopt and implement by the next periodic report the new revised draft Law on Territories of Traditional Nature Use of Indigenous Numerically Small Peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation.", "17. The Committee also urged the State party to consider ratifying ILO Convention No. 169 concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries (E/C.12/RUS/CO/5, para. 7).", "18. In its concluding observations on Sri Lanka adopted in December 2010, the Committee expressed concern that the conversion of the Veddahs’s traditional land into a national park has led to their socio-economic marginalization and impoverishment, Veddahs having been prohibited access to their traditional hunting grounds and honey sites. The Committee was also concerned that Veddahs were highly stigmatized in the State party, in particular Veddah children, who are the victims of ostracism in the school system and often employed in hazardous occupations.", "19. The Committee urged the State party to ensure that the Veddahs can return to and remain undisturbed on the lands from which they were evicted, in particular in the Maduru Oya reserve, to establish a State authority for the representation of Veddahs, which should be consulted and should give consent prior to the implementation of any project or public policy affecting their lives. The Committee also recommended that the State party consider ratifying ILO Convention No. 169 (1989) concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries (E/C.12/LKA/CO/2-4, para. 11).", "III. Consideration by the Human Rights Council of the question of realization of the right of peoples to self-determination", "20. At its sixteenth session, held from 28 February to 25 March 2011, the Human Rights Council considered the question of the realization of the right of peoples to self-determination under agenda item 7 and adopted resolution 16/30 on the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination. The Council reaffirmed the inalienable, permanent and unqualified right of the Palestinian people to self-determination and urged all Member States and relevant bodies of the United Nations system to support and assist the Palestinian people in the early realization of their right to self-determination.", "IV. Referendum on the right of self-determination of the people of South Sudan", "21. On 9 January 2011, the people of South Sudan voted in a referendum to secede from the rest of the Sudan. A total of 98.83 per cent of all voters chose independence. The results were immediately accepted by the ruling National Congress Party and later endorsed by the national legislature. The national Government of the Sudan and the autonomous Government of South Sudan have since been preparing for the transition to the post-Comprehensive Peace Agreement period and the independence of South Sudan. The parties to the peace agreement have reiterated their commitment to resolving the remaining issues pertaining to the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, including border arrangements, border demarcation, citizenship, wealth- and asset-sharing, and security arrangements.", "22. At the announcement of the results of the referendum on the right of self-determination of the people of South Sudan on 7 February 2011, the Secretary-General of the United Nations commended the partners of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, the Government of the Sudan, and the Government of South Sudan for keeping their commitment to maintain peace and stability throughout the process, and urged them to build on the momentum generated by the successful conduct of the referendum to reach an agreement on post-referendum arrangements, including Abyei, expeditiously and in the same spirit of cooperation.", "V. Situation concerning Western Sahara", "23. In his latest report to the Security Council on the situation concerning Western Sahara, the Secretary-General noted (see S/2011/249, para. 21) that while the two parties to the conflict, Morocco and the Frente Polisario, continued to meet at regular intervals to discuss factors affecting the negotiating atmosphere and specific subjects of mutual interest, no progress was registered on the core issues of the future status of Western Sahara and the means by which the self-determination of the people of Western Sahara was to occur. In recognition of the fact that, arrival at a final status on which the population of Western Sahara, both inside and outside the Territory, has not clearly and convincingly expressed its view is likely to engender new tensions in Western Sahara and in the region, the Secretary-General recommended three initiatives to the parties, with respect to the representation and the issues to be discussed during their future talks (ibid., para. 120).", "24. In its resolution 1979 (2011) extending the mandate of United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara until 30 April 2012, the Security Council reaffirmed its commitment to assist the parties to achieve a just, lasting, and mutually acceptable political solution, which will provide for the self-determination of the people of Western Sahara in the context of arrangements consistent with the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations, and called on the parties to continue to show political will and work in an atmosphere propitious for dialogue in order to enter into a more intensive and substantive negotiating phase by, inter alia, devoting attention to the above-mentioned initiatives proposed by the Secretary-General in paragraph 120 of his report (S/2011/249).", "VI. Conclusion", "25. The right of self-determination is enshrined in article 1 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and article 1 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. During the reporting period, the Human Rights Council as well as the human rights treaty bodies have continued to address issues related to the realization of the right." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目68", "人民自决的权利", "人民自决的权利", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "大会第65/201号决议请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议提出关于普遍实现人民自决权利问题的报告。本报告是根据该要求提交的。", "报告概述了人权事务委员会和经济、社会和文化权利委员会对以条约为依据的关于实现人民自决权利的人权准则提出的相关意见，并简述了人权理事会审议这一事项、南苏丹人民自决权利公民投票以及西撒哈拉局势的情况。", "^(*) A/66/150。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 3\n2.人权事务委员会和经济、社会和文化权利委员会 3\nA.人权事务委员会的结论意见 3\nB.经济、社会和文化权利委员会的结论意见 5\n3.人权理事会审议实现人民自决权利问题的情况 6\n4.关于南苏丹人民自决权利的公民投票 6\n5.西撒哈拉局势 6\n6.结论 7", "一. 导言", "1. 大会第65/201号决议重申普遍实现所有人民，包括处于殖民、外国或外来统治下的人民的自决权利，是切实保障和尊重人权以及维护和促进这种权利的基本条件。大会请人权理事会继续对外国军事干预、侵略或占领导致人权，特别是自决权利被侵犯的情况给予特别注意，并请秘书长就此问题向大会第六十六届会议提出报告。本报告是根据该决议第6段提交的。", "2. 本报告概述了所述期间联合国人权机制活动框架实现自决权方面的主要事态发展。这包括人权事务委员会和经济、社会和文化权利委员会最近的结论意见。这些意见是在审议公民及政治权利国际公约和经济、社会、文化权利国际公约缔约国就受这两项公约第一条保障的自决权利的执行情况提交的定期报告的基础上提出的。报告还概述了人权理事会第十六届会议审议实现自决权问题的近况，以及南苏丹人民自决权利公民投票情况和西撒哈拉局势。", "二. 人权事务委员会和经济、社会和文化权利委员会", "3. 《联合国宪章》第一条第二项载有自决权利。《公民及政治权利国际公约》第一条第一款和《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第一条第一款申明所有人民都有自决权利。《公民及政治权利国际公约》第一条第三款和《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第一条第三款规定缔约国，包括负责管理非自治及托管领土的国家，均应遵照《联合国宪章》规定，促进自决权的实现并尊重这种权利。", "4. 人权事务委员会和经济、社会和文化权利委员会在审议缔约国分别根据《公民及政治权利国际公约》第四十条和《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第十六和第十七条提交的报告的过程中，讨论了自决权问题，重点谈到两项公约的第一条第二款。该款申明自决权所含经济内容的一个特定方面，即人民有权为自己的目的“自由处置他们的天然财富和资源，而不损害根据基於互利原则的国际经济合作和国际法而产生的任何义务。在任何情况下不得剥夺一个人民自己的生存手段”。相关结论意见概述如下。", "A. 人权事务委员会的结论意见", "5. 在报告所述期间，人权事务委员会在关于以色列对巴勒斯坦被占领土的做法、以及在关于哥伦比亚、萨尔瓦多和多哥对待土著人民的权利的结论意见中论及自决权问题。", "6. 在2010年7月通过的关于以色列的结论意见中，委员会关切地注意到缔约国自2007年6月以来对加沙地带的军事封锁。委员会承认缔约国最近放宽了对民用商品陆地通行的封锁，但委员会指出，它仍关切封锁对加沙地带平民的影响，包括限制他们的通行自由(某些限制已导致需要急诊的病人死亡)、以及限制他们获得充足的饮用水和适当的卫生设施。请缔约国取消对加沙地带妨碍平民的军事封锁(CCPR/C/ISR/CO/3，第8段)。", "7. 委员会援引其上一次结论性意见(CCPR/CO/78/ISR)第19段、国际法院的咨询意见以及缔约国最高法院2005年的裁决，表示关注以色列限制巴勒斯坦人，特别是隔离墙和以色列之间“夹缝区”居民的行动自由，经常拒绝颁发农业许可证以允许进入隔离墙另一边土地或访问亲属，以及农场门的开放时间不定。另外，委员会关切的是，尽管缔约国暂停在西岸、东耶路撒冷和被占领叙利亚戈兰高地建筑定居点，但定居人数依然在增长。", "8. 委员会呼吁缔约国遵守委员会以往的结论意见并参照国际法院的咨询意见，停止以筑墙的手段制造“夹缝区”、严重防碍行动自由和家庭生活权。它应停止在被占领土上的一切建造定居点活动(CCPR/C/ISR/CO/3，第16段)。", "9. 在2010年8月通过的关于哥伦比亚的结论意见中，委员会关切的是，非洲裔哥伦比亚人和土著人群体继续受到歧视，并且特别容易受到武装冲突的暴力。尽管在法律上承认他们对集体土地的所有权，但实际上，这些群体在对他们的土地和领土行使控制权时面对巨大障碍。委员会感到遗憾的是，在通过关于惩罚种族歧视的立法和举行事先协商以保证获得有关社区成员的自由、事先知情的同意的立法方面毫无进展。", "10. 委员会呼吁缔约国加强有利于非裔哥伦比亚人和土著人民的特别措施，以保证他们能享受自己的权利，特别是，保证他们能适当控制归还给他们的土地。缔约国应通过立法，惩罚种族歧视并通过有关举行事先协商的立法，以保障有关社区成员的自由、事先知情的同意(CCPR/C/COL/CO/6，第25段)。", "11. 在2010年7月通过的关于萨尔瓦多的结论意见中，委员会关切地注意到，缔约国内各土著民族处于社会边缘化，土著人民未得到充分承认，在2007年人口普查中缺乏有关土著人民的统计数字，缺少促进实现其人民权利的特别措施，以及缺少保护土著语言的措施。", "12. 委员会建议缔约国促进充分承认所有土著人民，并考虑批准国际劳工组织1989年《独立国家土著和部落民族公约》(第169号公约)。呼吁缔约国在与各土著民族磋商后，在其自由和知情同意的情况下，在下次人口普查中列入与土著人民身份确认有关的问题；制定和执行促进充分实现土著人民权利的公共政策；并采取特别措施解决土著人民边缘化问题。委员会还建议缔约国与所有土著人民协商，采取措施弘扬土著人民的语言和文化(CCPR/C/SLV/CO/6，第18段)。", "13. 在2011年4月通过的结论意见中，委员会表示关切，多哥不承认本国存在土著人民，也不承认土著人民的自由、事先和知情同意的权利。呼吁缔约国采取必要措施，保证承认少数族裔和土著人民，并且还应确保土著人民能够行使自由、事先和知情同意的权利(CCPR/C/TGO/CO/4，第21段)。", "B. 经济、社会和文化权利委员会的结论意见", "14. 经济、社会和文化权利委员会在关于俄罗斯联邦、斯里兰卡的结论意见中论及土著人民的自决权问题。", "15. 在2011年5月通过的关于俄罗斯联邦的结论意见中，委员会表示关切的是，2009年2月通过的俄罗斯联邦北方、西伯利亚和远东地区土著人民可持续发展框架以及相应的2009-2011年行动计划缺乏具体的政策成果。委员会还关切，对规约土地、森林和水域使用的联邦立法的更改，尤其是经修订的(2001年)《土地法》和(2006年)《森林法》及新制定的《水法》，通过准许私营公司实施诸如开采底土资源之类的开发项目方式，剥夺了土著人民享有世代赖以从事其传统经济活动的祖传土地、动物和生物及水资源的权利。", "16. 委员会建议缔约国：", "(a) 将土著人民享有其祖传土地的权利列入经修订的《土地法》和新的《领地传统性质使用法》草案以及将土著社区自由获取赖以生存的自然资源的权利列入《森林法》和《水法》；", "(b) 征得各土著社区知情的自由同意，并首先要照顾到土著社区的特殊需要，然后，才准许私营公司在土著社区传统占用的土地上实施经济活动；", "(c) 确保与私营实体签订的特许协议给予受影响社区充足的补偿；", "(d) 加紧努力切实实施“土著人民经济和社会发展联邦指标方案”，将该方案推向各个自我认定为“土著人”的族群；", "(e) 在下次定期报告中，通过并实施为俄罗斯联邦北方、西伯利亚和远东地区属数量上少数的民族编纂的新修订《领地传统性质使用法》草案；", "17. 委员会还敦促缔约国考虑批准劳工组织《关于独立国家境内土著和部族人民的第169号公约》(E/C.12/RUS/CO/5，第7段)。", "18. 在2010年12月通过的关于斯里兰卡的结论意见中，委员会关切的是，将历来属于维达族人的土地变为国家公园的做法使维达族人陷入社会经济边缘化和贫困境地，因为国家禁止他们进入他们传统的狩猎区域和采蜜地点。委员会还关切的是，维达族儿童受到学校系统的排斥，而且往往受雇从事危险职业。", "19. 委员会敦促缔约国确保维达族人能够返回并不受干扰地留在被逐出的土地上，特别是留在Maduru Oya保护区；设立一个代表维达族人利益的国家机构，在任何影响到他们生活的项目和公共政策实施之前，都应当征求该机构的意见并获得该机构的同意。委员会还建议缔约国考虑批准劳工组织1989年《关于独立国家境内土著和部族人民的第169号公约》(E/C.12/LKA/CO/2-4，第11段)。", "三. 人权理事会审议实现人民自决权利问题的情况", "20. 在2011年2月28日至3月25日期间举行的第十六届会议上，人权理事会审议了议程项目7下的人民自决权问题，通过了关于巴勒斯坦人民自决权利的第16/30号决议。理事会重申巴勒斯坦人民享有不可剥夺的、永久的和无条件的自决权利，敦促全体会员国和联合国系统各有关机构支持和协助巴勒斯坦人民早日实现其自决权利。", "四. 关于南苏丹人民自决权利的公民投票", "21. 2011年1月9日，南苏丹人民在全民公决中投票赞成脱离苏丹。总共98.83%的选民选择独立。投票结果立即被执政的全国大会党接受，并得到国家立法机关认可。苏丹政府和南苏丹自治政府自此着手向《全面和平协议》后时期和南苏丹独立过渡。和平协议各方都重申致力于解决与《全面和平协议》相关的遗留问题，包括边境安排、边界划界、公民身份、财富和资产分享以及安全安排。", "22. 在2011年2月7日公布南苏丹人民自决权利公民投票的结果时，联合国秘书长赞扬《全面和平协议》的伙伴、苏丹政府、南苏丹政府坚守承诺，在整个过程中维护和平与稳定，并敦促他们借全民公投顺利进行的势头，本着同样的合作精神，尽快就全民公投后的安排，包括阿卜耶伊的安排达成一致。", "五. 西撒哈拉局势", "23. 在最近提交给安全理事会的关于西撒哈拉局势的报告中，秘书长指出(见S/2011/249，第21段)，冲突双方，摩洛哥与波利萨里奥阵线继续定期会晤，继续讨论影响谈判气氛的因素和双方感兴趣的具体议题。然而，在西撒哈拉未来地位和西撒哈拉人民实现自决方式等核心问题上，双方没有取得任何进展。秘书长认识到这一事实，即在居住在该领土内外的西撒哈拉人民尚未明确和令人信服地表达其观点的情况下达成一个最终地位，有可能会给西撒哈拉和该地区带来新的紧张局势。因此，秘书长就代表性问题以及在未来谈判中讨论的其他问题，建议双方采取三项举措(同上，第120段)。", "24. 在其关于将西撒特派团任务期限延长至2012年4月30日的第1979(2011)号决议中，安全理事会重申致力于协助双方达成公正、持久和彼此均能接受的政治解决，规定西撒哈拉人民在符合《联合国宪章》原则和宗旨的安排下实行自决；吁请双方继续展示政治意愿，在有利于对话的氛围内作出努力，以进行更深入、更实质性的谈判，包括注意秘书长报告(S/2011/249)第120段提出的上述构想。", "六. 结论", "25.《公民及政治权利国际公约》第一条和《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第一条载有自决权利。在报告所述期间，人权理事会以及人权条约机构继续讨论实现这项权利的相关问题。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "* A/66/150。", "临时议程* 项目68", "人民自决的权利", "人民自决的权利", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "1. 大会第56/101号决议请秘书长就普遍实现人民自决权问题向大会第六十六届会议提出报告。 本报告就是根据这一要求提交的。", "报告概述了人权事务委员会和经济、社会、文化权利委员会关于基于条约的人权规范的有关判例,这些规范涉及实现人民自决权,并概述了与人权理事会审议这一事项、关于苏丹南部人民自决权的全民投票以及有关西撒哈拉局势有关的发展。", "目录", "页 次\nI.Introduction 3II. Human 3 Rights Committee and Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural\nA. 人权考虑4项意见\nB. 经济、社会和文化权利委员会的5项意见\n权利三。 人权理事会审议实现人民权利问题\n自决 四、结 论 关于南方人民自决权的第7号全民投票\n五. 西部局势7\n撒哈拉\n六、结 论 结论8", "一. 导言", "页: 1 1. 大会第56/101号决议重申,普遍实现所有人民,包括在殖民、外国和外国统治下的人民自决的权利,是切实保障和尊重人权以及维护和促进这种权利的一个基本条件。 大会请人权理事会继续特别注意外国军事干预、侵略或占领导致的侵犯人权行为,特别是自决权,并请秘书长就此问题向大会第六十六届会议提出报告。 1. 本报告是根据该决议第6段提交的。", "2. 结 论 报告概述了本报告所述期间联合国人权机制活动框架内实现自决权的主要发展。 这包括人权事务委员会和经济、社会和文化权利委员会最近根据对《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》和《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》缔约国提交的关于落实两项《公约》第一条所保障的自决权的定期报告的审议提出的结论性意见。 报告还概述了与人权理事会第十六届会议审议实现自决权问题有关的最近事态发展,以及与关于苏丹南部人民的自决权和有关西撒哈拉局势的全民投票有关的发展。", "II. 人权事务委员会和经济、社会和文化权利委员会", "3. 。 自决原则载于《联合国宪章》第一条第二项。 《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第一条第一款和《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第一条第一款确认所有人民都有自决权。 《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第一条第三款和《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第一条第三款规定,各缔约国,包括负责管理非自治领土和托管领土的缔约国,有义务按照《宪章》的规定,促进这一权利的实现和尊重。", "4. 第四届会议 1. 人权事务委员会和经济、社会、文化权利委员会在审议缔约国分别根据《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第四十条和《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第十六条和第十七条提交的定期报告时,分别讨论了自决权问题,重点是两项公约第一条第2款,该款确认这项权利的经济内容的一个特殊方面,即人民有权“自由处置其自然资源和资源,但不得损害根据互利原则以及国际法规定的国际经济合作所产生的任何义务。 在任何情况下不得剥夺人民自己的生存手段”。 相关结论性意见摘要如下。", "A. 导 言 人权事务委员会的结论性意见", "5. 4. 在本报告所述期间,人权事务委员会在关于以色列关于巴勒斯坦被占领土和关于哥伦比亚、萨尔瓦多和多哥关于土著人民权利的结论性意见中,讨论了与自决权有关的若干问题。", "6. 任务 在2010年7月通过的关于以色列的结论性意见中,委员会关切地注意到,缔约国自2007年6月起对加沙地带实行军事封锁。 委员会承认缔约国最近放松了对民用物品入境的封锁,但指出,委员会仍然关注封锁对加沙地带平民的影响,包括限制他们的行动自由,其中一些限制导致需要紧急医疗的病人死亡,限制他们获得足够的饮用水和适当的卫生设施。 缔约国被要求解除对加沙地带的军事封锁,因为这对平民人口产生不利影响(CCPR/C/ISR/CO/3,第12段)。 页: 1", "7. 基本考虑 参照委员会以往结论性意见(CCPR/CO/78/ISR)第19段、国际法院的咨询意见和缔约国最高法院2005年的裁决,委员会还对限制巴勒斯坦人,特别是隔离墙与以色列之间的“Seam区”居民的行动自由、经常拒绝给予农业许可进入隔离墙另一边的土地或探访亲属,以及不定期开放农业门口表示关切。 此外,委员会关切的是,尽管缔约国暂时冻结了在西岸、东耶路撒冷和被占领的叙利亚戈兰高地修建定居点,但定居者人口继续增加。", "8.8 委员会吁请缔约国遵守先前的结论意见,考虑到国际法院的咨询意见,停止修建隔离墙,严重阻碍行动自由和家庭生活的权利。 它应停止在被占领土修建所有定居点(CCPR/C/ISR/CO/3, 第16段)。", "9 September 2005 在2010年8月通过的关于哥伦比亚的结论性意见中,委员会表示关切非洲裔哥伦比亚人和土著居民继续受到歧视,特别容易遭受武装冲突的暴力。 尽管法律承认他们集体拥有土地的权利,但实际上这些人口群体在控制其土地和领土方面面临巨大障碍。 委员会感到遗憾的是,在通过将种族歧视定为犯罪的立法或通过立法以举行事先磋商和保证相关社区成员自由、事先和知情同意方面没有取得任何进展。", "10.10 委员会吁请缔约国加强有利于非裔哥伦比亚人和土著人的特别措施,以保证他们享有其权利,特别是确保他们控制自己的土地,并酌情归还他们。 请缔约国通过将种族歧视定为犯罪的立法,并通过有关立法,以便事先进行磋商,以保证社区成员的自由、事先和知情同意(CCPR/C/COL/CO/6, 第25段)。", "注 在2010年7月通过的关于萨尔瓦多的结论性意见中,委员会对缔约国内各种土著人民被边缘化、土著人民得不到充分承认、2007年人口普查中缺乏关于土著人民的统计数据、没有采取特别措施促进实现他们作为民族的权利以及缺乏保护土著语言的措施表示关切。", "12. 第12段。 委员会建议缔约国促进充分承认所有土著人民,考虑批准国际劳工组织1989年《关于独立国家土著和部落人民的公约》(第169号)。 在与所有土著人民协商后,经他们自由和知情的同意,委员会还呼吁缔约国在下一次人口普查中列入与土著人民身份有关的问题;制定和执行公共政策,争取充分实现他们的权利;并采取特别措施解决他们被边缘化的问题。 委员会还建议,缔约国在与所有土著人民协商后,采取措施恢复其语言和文化(CCPR/C/SLV/CO/6, 第18段)。", "13 August 2001 在2011年4月通过的关于多哥的结论性意见中,委员会关切地指出,在多哥,土著人民的存在及其自由、事先和知情同意的权利没有得到承认。 呼吁缔约国采取必要步骤,保证承认少数群体和土著人民,并确保土著人民能够行使自由、事先和知情同意的权利(CCPR/C/TGO/CO/4,第21段)。", "B. 经济、社会和文化权利委员会的结论性意见", "十四、任 务 1. 经济、社会和文化权利委员会在关于俄罗斯联邦和斯里兰卡关于土著人民权利的结论性意见中讨论了自决权的相关方面。", "15 在2011年5月通过的关于俄罗斯联邦的结论性意见中,委员会对2009年2月通过的俄罗斯联邦北方、西伯利亚和远东土著人民可持续发展新政策以及相应的2009-2011年行动计划缺乏具体结果表示关切。 委员会还关切的是,关于土地使用、森林和水域的联邦立法,特别是经修订的《土地法》(2001年)和《森林法》(2006年)以及新的《水法》的修改,剥夺了土著人民对其祖传土地、动物和生物以及水生资源的权利,他们依靠这些土地从事传统经济活动,向私营公司发放许可证,开发诸如开采底土资源等项目。", "161 委员会建议缔约国:", "(a) 纳入经修订的《土地法》和新的《传统性质领土法》修订草案 1. 利用土著人民对祖传土地的权利,以及自由获得土著社区赖以生存的自然资源的权利,纳入《森林和水法》;", "(b) 争取土著社区自由知情的同意,在向私营公司发放在传统上由土著社区占有或使用的领土上从事经济活动的许可证之前,首先考虑他们的特别需要;", "(c) 确保与私营实体签订的许可协议规定受影响社区得到适当的赔偿;", "(d) 加紧努力,有效执行关于土著人民经济和社会发展的联邦目标方案,将其扩大到所有自称为“土著”的人民;", "(e) 通过并在下一次定期报告中执行新的《俄罗斯联邦北方、西伯利亚和远东土著原住民传统使用法》修订草案。", "17. 第17条。 委员会还敦促缔约国考虑批准劳工组织《关于独立国家土著和部落人民的第169号公约》(E/C.12/RUS/CO/5,第12段)。 7)", "第18条 在2010年12月通过的关于斯里兰卡的结论性意见中,委员会表示关注,将吉达人的传统土地转为国家公园,导致他们的社会经济边缘化和贫困,瓦达人被禁止进入其传统的狩猎场和蜂蜜场所。 委员会还关切的是,在缔约国,Veddahs人受到高度的污名化,特别是Veddah儿童,他们是学校制度中的排斥行为的受害者,经常从事危险职业。", "191 委员会敦促该缔约国确保维达人能够返回被逐出的土地上,特别是在马杜鲁奥亚保留地,并不受干扰,建立一个负责维达代表事务的国家当局,在执行任何影响其生活的项目或公共政策之前,应征求并表示同意。 委员会还建议缔约国考虑批准劳工组织《关于独立国家土著和部落人民的第169号公约》(1989年)(E/C.12/LKA/CO/2-4,第11段)。", "页: 1 人权理事会审议实现人民自决权问题", "20.20 1. 人权理事会在2011年2月28日至3月25日举行的第十六届会议上,在议程项目7下审议了实现人民自决的权利的问题,并通过了关于巴勒斯坦人民自决权的第16/30号决议。 安理会重申巴勒斯坦人民不可剥夺的、永久的和无条件的自决权,并敦促所有会员国和联合国系统相关机构支持和协助巴勒斯坦人民早日实现其自决权。", "四、结 论 关于苏丹南部人民自决权的全民投票", "21.21。 苏丹南部人民于2011年1月9日投票,与苏丹其他地区分离。 共有98.83%的选民选择独立。 这些结果立即得到执政的国民议会党的接受,随后得到国家立法机构的认可。 自那时以来,苏丹政府和苏丹南部自治政府一直在筹备向《全面和平协定》后时期的过渡和苏丹南部的独立。 和平协定各方重申致力于解决与《全面和平协议》有关的其余问题,包括边界安排、划界、公民身份、财富和资产分享以及安全安排。", "第22章 在宣布2011年2月7日有关苏丹南部人民自决权的全民投票结果时,联合国秘书长赞扬《全面和平协议》的伙伴、苏丹政府和苏丹南部政府始终承诺在整个进程中维持和平与稳定,并敦促它们本着合作精神,以成功举行全民投票所产生的势头为基础,迅速就包括阿卜耶伊在内的全民投票后安排达成协议。", "页: 1 西撒哈拉局势", "23. 会议报告。 秘书长在其提交安全理事会的关于西撒哈拉局势的最新报告(见S/ 229,第21段)中指出,虽然冲突双方——摩洛哥和波利萨里奥阵线——继续定期举行会议,讨论影响谈判气氛的因素和共同关心的具体问题,但在西撒哈拉未来地位的核心问题和西撒哈拉人民实现自决的手段方面却没有取得进展。 秘书长认识到,在该领土内外的西撒哈拉人民最终地位尚未明确和令人信服地表达其观点,有可能在西撒哈拉和该区域造成新的紧张局势,因此建议双方就今后会谈期间将讨论的代表权和问题提出三项倡议(同上,第120段)。", "24. 第24段。 1. 安全理事会第1979(2011)号决议将联合国西撒哈拉全民投票特派团的任务期限延长至2012年4月30日,重申安理会承诺协助双方达成公正、持久和彼此接受的政治解决办法,其中将规定西撒哈拉人民在符合《联合国宪章》原则和宗旨的安排下实现自决,并吁请双方继续表现出政治意愿,在有利于对话的气氛中开展工作,以便除其他外,通过注意秘书长在其报告(S/ 249)第120段中提出的上述举措,进入更密集和更具实质性的谈判阶段。", "六、结 论 结论", "258. 自决权载于《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第一条和《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第一条。 在本报告所述期间,人权理事会和人权条约机构继续处理与实现这项权利有关的问题。" ]

[ "Substantive session of 2011", "Geneva, 4-29 July 2011", "Agenda item 13 (d)", "Economic and environmental questions: human settlements", "Draft resolution submitted by the Vice-President of the Council, Miloš Koterec (Slovakia), on the basis of informal consultations on draft resolution E/2011/L.20", "Human settlements", "The Economic and Social Council,", "Recalling its relevant resolutions and decisions on the coordinated implementation of the Habitat Agenda,[1]", "Acknowledging the work of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme towards attaining the goal of sustainable urban development and the implementation of the Habitat Agenda:", "1. Takes note of the report of the Secretary-General on the coordinated implementation of the Habitat Agenda;[2]", "2. Encourages the inclusion, where appropriate, of sustainable urbanization, including urban poverty reduction, slum upgrading, the role of local authorities, as well as urban resilience to natural disasters and the impact of climate change, as a cross-cutting issue in the preparations for and follow-up to the outcome of relevant summits and major international conferences, including the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, to be convened in 2012;", "3. Takes note of the report of the Executive Director of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) on a third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development,[3] prepared in accordance with General Assembly resolutions 64/207 of 21 December 2009 and 65/165 of 20 December 2010, requesting the Secretary-General to prepare a report on the question of convening in 2016 a third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development (Habitat III), in collaboration with the Governing Council of UN-Habitat, for consideration by the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session, and welcomes UN-Habitat Governing Council resolution 23/8[4] inviting the General Assembly to deliberate at its sixty-sixth session on the question of convening, in 2016, a third United Nations Conference on housing and sustainable urban development (Habitat III);", "4. Invites Governments and regional and local authorities, in accordance with national legislation, to enumerate the population living in slums in their countries, regions and urban areas and, on that basis, to set, with the support of the international community, voluntary and realistic national, regional and local targets, to be attained by 2020, with regard to improving significantly the lives of slum-dwellers, in line with resolution 23/9, entitled “Global and national strategies and frameworks for improving the lives of slum dwellers beyond the Millennium Development Goals target”,[5] adopted by the Governing Council of UN-Habitat at its twenty-third session;", "5. Decides to transmit the report of the Secretary-General on the coordinated implementation of the Habitat Agenda² to the General Assembly for consideration at its sixty-sixth session;", "6. Invites countries in a position to do so and relevant organizations to provide voluntary funding for promoting the participation of developing countries in the meetings of the Governing Council of UN-Habitat and the World Urban Forum, as well as other relevant conferences on sustainable urbanization;", "7. Requests the Secretary-General to submit a report on the coordinated implementation of the Habitat Agenda for consideration by the Economic and Social Council at its substantive session of 2012.", "[1] Report of the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II), Istanbul, 3-14 June 1996 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.97.IV.6), chap. I, resolution 1, annex II.", "[2] E/2011/106.", "[3] HSP/CTC/23/2/Add.4.", "[4] See A/66/8, annex.", "[5] Ibid." ]

[ "2011年实质性会议", "2011年7月4日至29日，日内瓦", "议程项目13(d)", "经济和环境问题：人类住区", "理事会副主席米洛什·科捷雷奇(斯洛伐克)根据有关决议草案E/2011/L.20的非正式协商提交的决议草案", "人类住区", "经济及社会理事会，", "回顾其关于协调执行《人居议程》的相关决议和决定，[1]", "承认联合国人类住区规划署在实现城市可持续发展的目标和执行《人居议程》方面所做的工作，", "1. 注意到秘书长关于协调执行《人居议程》的报告；[2]", "2. 鼓励酌情将可持续城市化、城市减贫、贫民窟改造地方当局的作用以及城市的自然灾害复原力和气候变化的影响列为包括即将于2012年举行的联合国可持续发展大会等有关首脑会议和主要国际会议成果后续行动筹备工作中的交叉问题；", "3. 注意到联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)执行主任根据大会2009年12月21日第64/207号决议和2010年12月20日第65/165号决议编写的关于第三次联合国住房与可持续城市发展问题会议的报告，[3] 请秘书长就2016年召开第三次联合国住房与可持续城市发展问题会议(人居三)的问题与人居署理事会合作编写一份报告，供大会第六十六届会议审议，并欣见人居署理事会第23/8号决议，[4] 邀请大会第六十六届会议审议2016年召开第三次联合国住房与可持续城市发展问题会议(人居三)的问题；", "4. 按照人居署理事会第二十三届会议通过的题为“旨在超越千年发展目标中具体目标、改善贫民窟居民生活的全球和国家战略与框架”的第23/9号决议，[5] 邀请各国政府以及区域和地方政府根据国家立法精确计算本国、本区域和城区地区的贫民窟人口，并以此为依据，在国际社会的支持下，针对显著改善贫民窟居民生活制定自愿和切实的、有待在2020年前实现的国家区域和地方目标；", "5. 决定将秘书长关于协调执行《人居议程》情况的报告² 转递大会第六十六届会议，以供审议；", "6. 邀请能够这样做的国家以及有关组织自愿提供资金，以促进发展中国家参加人居署理事会和世界城市论坛的会议以及其他有关可持续城市化问题的相关会议；", "7. 请秘书长提交关于协调执行《人居议程》情况的报告，供经济及社会理事会2012年实质性会议审议。", "[1] 《联合国人类住区会议(人居二)的报告，1996年6月3日至14日，伊斯坦布尔》(联合国出版物，出售品编号：C.97.IV.6)，第一章，决议1，附件二。", "[2] E/2011/106。", "[3] HSP/GC/23/2/Add.4。", "[4] 见A/66/8，附件。", "[5] 同上。" ]

[ "2011年实质性会议", "2011年7月4日至29日,日内瓦", "议程项目13(d)", "经济和环境问题:人类住区", "理事会副主席米洛舍·科特茨(斯洛伐克)在就决议草案E/L.20进行的非正式协商基础上提出的决议草案", "人类住区", "经济及社会理事会,", "回顾其关于协调执行《人居议程》的相关决议和决定,", "确认联合国人类住区规划署为实现可持续城市发展的目标和执行《人居议程》而开展的工作:", "页: 1 1. 注意到秘书长关于协调执行《人居议程》的报告;2", "2. 结 论 3. 鼓励酌情将可持续城市化,包括城市减贫、贫民窟改造、地方当局的作用、城市对自然灾害的复原能力以及气候变化的影响,作为包括2012年召开的联合国可持续发展会议在内的相关首脑会议和主要国际会议成果的筹备和后续行动中的一个跨领域问题;", "3. 。 1. 注意到联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)执行主任根据大会2009年12月21日第64/207号决议和2010年12月20日第16565号决议编写的关于第三次联合国住房与可持续城市发展会议[3]的报告,其中请秘书长与人居署理事会合作,编写一份关于在2016年召开第三次联合国住房与可持续城市发展会议(人居三)的报告,供大会第六十六届会议审议,并欢迎人居署理事会第23/8号决议[4]邀请大会在其第六十六届会议上审议关于可持续住房问题的第三次联合国会议(人居三),", "4. 请各国政府和区域及地方当局根据国家立法,列举本国、区域和城市贫民窟居民的情况,并在此基础上在国际社会的支持下,根据人居署理事会第二十三届会议通过的题为“全球和国家战略及框架,改善贫民窟居民的生活,使其超过千年发展目标”的第23/9号决议,确定在2020年之前实现的自愿、现实的国家、区域和地方目标;", "5. 1. 决定将秘书长关于协调执行《人居议程》2 的报告转递给大会第六十六届会议审议;", "6. 任务 3. 邀请有能力的国家和相关组织提供自愿资金,促进发展中国家参加人居署理事会和世界城市论坛的会议,以及可持续城市化问题其他相关会议;", "7. 基本考虑 8. 请秘书长提交关于协调执行《人居议程》的报告,供经济及社会理事会2012年实质性会议审议。", "*** 《联合国人类住区会议(人居二)的报告,1996年6月3日至14日,伊斯坦布尔》(联合国出版物,出售品编号:C.97.IV.6),第一章,决议1,附件。 页: 1", "页: 1", "[3] HSP/CTC/23/2/Add.4。", "[4] 见A/66/8,附件。", "[5] 同上。" ]

[ "Substantive session of 2011", "Geneva, 4-29 July 2011", "Agenda item 7 (d)", "Coordination, programme and other questions: long-term programme of support for Haiti", "Canada: draft decision", "Ad Hoc Advisory Group on Haiti", "The Economic and Social Council, recalling its resolution 2010/28 of 23 July 2010, welcomes the report of the Ad Hoc Advisory Group on Haiti[1] and its recommendations, and requests the Group to report on its activities in support of the recovery, reconstruction and development of the country with recommendations, as appropriate, to the Economic and Social Council for its consideration at its substantive session of 2012.", "[1] E/2011/..." ]

[ "2010年实质性会议", "2011年7月4日至29日，日内瓦", "议程项目7(d)", "协调、方案和其他问题： 支助海地的长期方案", "加拿大：决定草案", "海地问题特设咨询小组", "经济及社会理事会回顾其2010年7月23日第2010/28号决议，欢迎海地问题特设咨询小组的报告及其建议，并请小组向经济及社会理事会2012年实质性会议提交关于其支助该国复原、重建及发展的活动的报告供审议，并酌情提出建议。" ]

[ "2011年实质性会议", "2011年7月4日至29日,日内瓦", "议程项目7(d)", "协调、方案和其他问题:支助海地的长期方案", "加拿大:决定草案", "海地问题特设咨询小组", "经济及社会理事会,回顾其2010年7月23日第2010/28号决议,欢迎海地问题特设咨询小组的报告 及其建议,并请该小组酌情向经济及社会理事会报告其支持该国复原、重建和发展的活动,并提出建议,供其2012年实质性会议审议。", "页: 1" ]

[ "Substantive session of 2011", "Geneva, 4-29 July 2011", "Item 7 (f) of the agenda", "Coordination, programme and other questions: African countries emerging from conflict", "Draft resolution submitted by the Vice-President of the Council, Miloš Koterec (Slovakia), on the basis of informal consultations", "Support to the Republic of South Sudan", "The Economic and Social Council,", "Recalling its resolution 2009/32 of 31 July 2009,", "Welcoming General Assembly resolution 65/308 of 14 July 2011 on the admission of the Republic of South Sudan to membership in the United Nations,", "Recognizing that development, peace, security and human rights are interlinked and mutually reinforcing,", "Recalling the informal joint event of the Economic and Social Council and the Peacebuilding Commission on the theme “Promoting durable peace and sustainable development in the Sudan and South Sudan”, held in New York on 13 June 2011,", "Recalling also Security Council resolution 1996 (2011) of 8 July 2011 establishing the United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan,", "1. Welcomes the independence of South Sudan, which took place on 9 July 2011;", "2. Acknowledges the enormous humanitarian, peacebuilding and development challenges facing the country;", "3. Reaffirms the need to strengthen the synergy between the economic and social development programmes of South Sudan and its peace and security agenda;", "4. Expresses its appreciation to the Chair of the Peacebuilding Commission for providing insights and information on best practices, particularly on lessons learned from its experiences, that are relevant for addressing the economic and social challenges of peacebuilding in other African countries emerging from conflict;", "5. Encourages all Member States to contribute to the socio-economic development of South Sudan;", "6. Requests the Secretary-General and all relevant organs and bodies of the United Nations system, as well as the international financial institutions and development agencies, to assist South Sudan, whenever possible, through continued effective humanitarian, peacebuilding and predictable development assistance, in conformity with national priorities, including the promotion of capacity-building in order to lay a solid foundation for long-term development;", "7. Invites, in particular, the governing bodies of the United Nations funds and programmes to pay particular attention to the situation in South Sudan and to the coordination of their activities in the country;", "8. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the Economic and Social Council, at its substantive session of 2012, on how the United Nations development system is implementing integrated, coherent and coordinated support to South Sudan, consistent with national priorities while ensuring clarity of roles and responsibilities in the implementation of United Nations operational activities;", "9. Decides to consider this matter at its substantive session of 2012 under the agenda sub-item entitled “African countries emerging from conflict”." ]

[ "2011年实质性会议", "2011年7月4日至29日，日内瓦", "议程项目7(f)", "协调、方案和其他问题：冲突后非洲国家", "理事会副主席米洛什·科捷雷奇(斯洛伐克)根据非正式协商提交的决议草案", "支持南苏丹共和国", "经济及社会理事会，", "回顾其2009年7月31日第2009/32号决议，", "欢迎大会2011年7月14日关于接纳南苏丹共和国为联合国会员国的第65/308号决议，", "确认发展、和平、安全及人权彼此关联并相互加强，", "回顾经济及社会理事会与建设和平委员会2011年6月13日在纽约举行的关于“促进苏丹和南苏丹持久和平与可持续发展”主题的非正式联合活动，", "又回顾设立联合国南苏丹共和国特派团(南苏丹特派团)的安全理事会2011年7月8日第1996(2011)号决议，", "1. 欢迎南苏丹于2011年7月9日独立，", "2. 知悉南苏丹面临巨大的人道主义、建设和平及发展挑战，", "3. 重申需要增强南苏丹经济和社会发展方案与和平与安全工作计划之间的协同作用，", "4. 表示赞赏建设和平委员会主席提供看法并介绍其他冲突后非洲国家为解决经济和社会挑战所采取的有关最佳做法，尤其是从该委员会经验中汲取的教训，", "5. 鼓励所有会员国为南苏丹的社会经济发展作出贡献，", "6. 请秘书长和联合国系统所有相关机关和机构以及国际金融机构和发展机构在可能的情况下协助南苏丹，持续提供符合国家优先事项的有效的人道主义和建设和平援助以及可预测的发展援助，包括促进能力建设，以便为该国的长期发展奠定坚实基础，", "7. 邀请尤其是联合国各基金和方案机构的理事机构特别注意南苏丹局势以及协调各基金和方案在该国的活动，", "8. 请秘书长向经济及社会理事会2012年实质性会议报告联合国发展系统如何统一、协调一致地向南苏丹提供符合其国家优先事项的支持，同时确保明确区分各机构在执行联合国业务活动中的作用和职责，", "9. 决定在其2012年实质性会议上在题为“冲突后非洲国家”的议程项目分项下审议这一问题。" ]

[ "2011年实质性会议", "2011年7月4日至29日,日内瓦", "议程项目7(f)", "协调、方案和其他问题: 冲突后非洲国家", "理事会副主席米洛舍·科特茨(斯洛伐克)在非正式协商基础上提出的决议草案", "支持苏丹南部共和国", "经济及社会理事会,", "回顾其2009年7月31日第2009/32号决议,", "欢迎大会2011年7月14日关于接纳苏丹南部共和国为联合国会员国的第65/308号决议,", "认识到发展、和平、安全和人权相互关联,相辅相成,", "回顾经济及社会理事会和建设和平委员会于2011年6月13日在纽约举行的主题为“促进苏丹和苏丹南部的持久和平与可持续发展”的非正式联合活动,", "又回顾安全理事会设立联合国苏丹特派团的2011年7月8日第1996(2011)号决议,", "页: 1 1. 欢迎苏丹南部于2011年7月9日独立;", "2. 结 论 2. 确认该国面临的巨大的人道主义、建设和平和发展挑战;", "3. 。 1. 重申需要加强苏丹南部经济和社会发展方案与其和平与安全议程之间的协同作用;", "4. 第四届会议 3. 感谢建设和平委员会主席就最佳做法,特别是从经验中汲取的教训,提供见解和信息,这些最佳做法有助于应对其他刚摆脱冲突的非洲国家建设和平的经济和社会挑战;", "5. 3. 鼓励所有会员国为苏丹南部的社会经济发展作出贡献;", "6. 任务 8. 请秘书长和联合国系统所有相关机构以及国际金融机构和发展机构,根据国家优先事项,包括促进能力建设,尽可能通过持续有效的人道主义、建设和平和可预测的发展援助,协助苏丹南部实现长期发展奠定坚实的基础;", "7. 基本考虑 6. 特别请联合国各基金和方案的理事机构特别注意苏丹南部的局势,并注意协调它们在该国的活动;", "8.8 8. 请秘书长向经济及社会理事会2012年实质性会议报告联合国发展系统如何按照国家优先事项,向苏丹南部提供统筹、一致和协调的支助,同时确保联合国业务活动执行方面的作用和责任明确;", "9 September 2005 5. 决定在2012年实质性会议上在题为“冲突后非洲国家”的议程项目下审议这一问题。" ]

[ "Sixty-fifth session", "Agenda item 75", "Responsibility of States for internationally wrongful acts", "Letter dated 18 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Germany to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary‑General", "Allow me to transmit herewith the conclusions of the Chair of the International Conference on Arctic Science, International Law and Climate Protection (see annex). The Conference was held in Berlin on 17 and 18 March 2011, and was organized by the Foreign Ministries of the Federal Republic of Germany and Finland. A number of prestigious academic institutions from Finland, Germany, the Russian Federation and the United States of America supported the Conference.", "Since, in the view of my Government, the dramatic changes in the Arctic matter globally, concerted monitoring and research is pivotal to understanding and hopefully mitigating the effects of climate change.", "I therefore would be grateful if you could circulate the present letter and its annex as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda item 75.", "(Signed) Peter Wittig Ambassador Permanent Representative of Germany to the United Nations", "Annex to the letter dated 18 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Germany to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "* The Conference was organized by the German Federal Foreign Office in cooperation with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Finland. Support was provided by the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany; the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; the Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, Rovaniemi, Finland; the International Arctic Research Centre, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States; and the Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, Heidelberg, Germany.", "Conclusions of the Chair of the International Conference on Arctic Science, International Law and Climate Protection: Legal Aspects of Marine Science in the Arctic Ocean*", "Berlin, 17 and 18 March 2011", "1. The Arctic is of pivotal importance for the world’s climate. The effects of climate change can be seen globally and in the Arctic itself. There are fundamental changes in the Arctic ice level with regard to quality, extent and thickness due to global warming and other environmental developments. These include carbon pollution and ocean acidification. The causes of climate change do not originate in the Arctic but mainly from outside the Arctic area and, accordingly, non-Arctic actors are major targets affected by climate change. However, this may change if and when economic activities in the Arctic increase.", "2. The freedom of marine scientific research as enshrined in the international law of the sea is a core requirement. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea provides the basic legal regime for marine scientific research in the Arctic Ocean and the legal balance between national interests and common interests in this regard. International scientific cooperation could be considered a common Arctic issue.", "3. Balancing the interests of Arctic coastal States and the international community needs to take place within the framework of the Convention. Discussions about a special regime for scientific cooperation in the Arctic have not yet led to conclusive results. At the same time, the regime of the Convention may be open to further development in the future.", "4. International cooperation is vital for Arctic governance. Exchange of data would amplify the beneficial aspects of marine scientific research in the Arctic.", "5. The exploitation of the newly accessible Arctic must be conducted in a sustainable way. Economic prospects must be balanced against environmental needs.", "6. Large areas of the Arctic Ocean will continue to be areas of high seas, where freedom of marine scientific research applies.", "7. All relevant actors proceed on the basis of the international law of the sea, in particular the Convention. The international rules are supplemented by various domestic laws and regulations. Domestic procedures should be simplified and best practices identified in order to support marine scientific research. Harmonization of existing permission procedures would be welcome. In particular, one-stop procedures would be helpful.", "8. It is recommended that guidelines be developed to help coastal States apply the rules of the Convention more homogeneously. Such guidelines should privilege marine scientific research undertaken in cooperation, including cooperation without discrimination between scientists from coastal States and States not bordering the Arctic, and marine scientific research enhancing knowledge about environmental matters. In this respect, one could borrow from the provisions of and practice under the Antarctic Treaty.", "9. Research undertaken in the Arctic needs to take into account the legitimate interests of a multitude of stakeholders: indigenous peoples, States, international organizations, researchers and economic actors alike.", "10. Climate change affects the foundations of entire indigenous cultural systems. The international community should, therefore, improve cooperation with indigenous peoples in order to reflect more fully their unique attachment to the Arctic.", "11. The pertinent provisions of the Convention concerning marine scientific research, in particular article 246, grant coastal States considerable leeway to interpret and establish whether a research project is resource-oriented or not. Apart from that different legal regimes apply to research on the continental shelf and the high seas above it. Formally, the scientific research regime for the outer continental shelf differs from that for the continental shelf.", "12. The Convention uses scientific terms in a legal context. The legal usage of those terms may differ from accepted scientific terminology. “Nature does not accept legal boundaries and distinctions.” This highlights the need for interdisciplinary cooperation between natural scientists and lawyers in forums such as the Berlin Arctic conferences.", "13. International scientific cooperation in the Arctic Ocean is a reality. Cooperation also extends to the context of claims of extended continental shelves. This cooperation benefits the sharing of logistics and resources. Joint evaluation of data helps all actors to understand the Arctic Ocean better.", "14. The freedom of marine scientific research should be upheld and maintained. There are different views as to the concrete extent of the application of the principle of the common heritage of mankind. Common interests are an evolving body of international law. International scientific cooperation could be considered a common Arctic issue.", "15. There is a need to address the interaction between the Convention and other international agreements. Further research and discussion is required to understand the legal interrelationship between different regimes.", "16. A degree of uncertainty will remain about the exact extent of continental shelves beyond 200 nautical miles, as the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf will still need considerable time to complete its work. Different views exist about the exercise of coastal State jurisdiction prior to recommendations on the outer limits of the continental shelf by the Commission. However, this question should not burden future marine scientific research.", "17. In the “area”, the International Seabed Authority is a vehicle for the dissemination of results of marine scientific research. The Authority is a forum for exchange of scientific results and thus demonstrates the general thrust of the Convention towards international cooperation.", "18. There is an ongoing discussion about the feasibility of complementing the binding universally agreed rules of the Convention with non-binding precepts. A combination of both would be beneficial for coastal States as well as scientists.", "19. Difficulties in application processes for research in the Arctic hinder the development of research-related technology. The industry is cooperating with indigenous peoples, taking into account their unique position in the Arctic.", "20. Understanding the Arctic climate system requires fully integrated atmospheric and solar radiation, sea ice and ocean science, including observations and modelling activities.", "21. The fundamental issue for the improvement of conditions for marine scientific research is access. Access depends upon mutual trust. The Arctic Ocean should remain an area of excellent international scientific collaboration and cooperation." ]

[ "第六十五届会议", "议程项目75", "国家对国际不法行为的责任", "2011年7月18日德国常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信", "请允许我随函转递北极学、国际法与气候保护国际会议主席的结论(见附件)。此次会议于2011年3月17日和18日在柏林举行，是由德意志联邦共和国和芬兰两国外交部组织的。来自芬兰、德国、俄罗斯联邦和美利坚合众国的一些权威学术机构支持了此次会议。", "我国政府认为，北极发生的戏剧性变化事关全球，因此，必须协调一致地进行监测和研究，这对了解和可望减缓气候变化的影响至关重要。", "谨请将本函及其附件作为大会议程项目75的文件分发为荷。", "常驻代表", "大使", "彼得·蒂维希(签名)", "2011年7月18日德国常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信的附件", "北极学、国际法与气候保护国际会议：北冰洋海洋科学的法律方面^(*)", "主席的结论", "2011年3月17日和18日，柏林", "^(*) 本次会议由德国联邦外交部与芬兰外交部合作组织。会议得到下列单位的支持：德国不来梅港阿尔弗雷德·维格纳极地和海洋研究所；俄罗斯联邦圣彼得堡北极和南极研究所；芬兰罗瓦涅米拉普兰大学北极中心；美国阿拉斯加费尔班克斯北极国际研究中心；德国海德堡马克斯·普朗克公法和国际法研究所。", "1. 北极对世界气候至关重要。气候变化的影响可从全球以及北极自身看到。由于全球变暖和其他环境发展，北极冰在质量、覆盖面和厚度等方面都发生了根本变化，其中包括碳污染和海洋酸化。引起气候变化的原因并非源于北极，而主要源于北极以外地区，因此，非北极行为体是受气候变化影响的主要目标群体。但是，如果以及一旦北极的经济活动增加，这种情况可能会改变。", "2. 国际海洋法载明的海洋科学研究自由是一项核心规定。《联合国海洋法公约》规定了在北冰洋开展海洋科学研究的基本法律制度以及这方面的国家利益和共同利益之间的法律平衡。国际科学合作可视为一个共同的北极问题。", "3. 北冰洋沿岸国和国际社会利益之间平衡需要在《公约》框架下实行。关于北极地区科学合作特别制度的讨论尚待产生结论性结果。与此同时，《公约》制度将来可能会进一步发展。", "4. 国际合作对北极的治理很重要。交换数据可扩大北极海洋科学研究的有益方面。", "5. 对新的可出入北极地区的开发要以可持续方式进行。经济前景与环境需求之间必须取得平衡。", "6. 北冰洋的广大地区仍将是公海区域，在这些地区适用海洋科学研究自由。", "7. 所有相关的行为体根据国际海洋法，特别是《公约》行事。各国国内法规和条例补充国际规则。应简化各国国内程序，确认最佳做法，以便支持海洋科学研究。统一现有的准许程序是值得欢迎的。特别是“一站式”程序将是有用的。", "8. 建议制定准则，帮助沿海国更加统一地应用《公约》规则。此类准则应给予下列活动特权：合作开展的海洋科学研究，包括对来自沿海国和来自与北极不接壤的国家的科学家不加区分地开展合作；提高对环境事务的了解的海洋科学研究。在这方面，可借鉴《南极条约》的条款和做法。", "9. 在北极开展的研究需要考虑到多重利益攸关方的合法利益：土著人民、国家、国际组织、研究人员，还有经济行为体。", "10. 气候变化影响整个土著文化系统的基础。因此，国际社会应该改进与土著人民的合作，以便更加充分地反映他们与北极独特的情感。", "11. 《公约》有关海洋科学研究的相关条款，特别是第二四六条给予沿海国在解释和确定一个研究项目是否面向资源方面相当的余地。除此之外，对大陆架研究和上面的公海的研究适用不同的法律制度。在形式上，外大陆架的科学研究制度与大陆架科学研究制度不同。", "12. 《公约》从法律角度使用科学用语。从法律角度使用的这些用语可能与通常接受的科学术语不同。“大自然不接受法律边界和区别。”这就突出显示，自然科学家和律师需要在柏林北极会议等论坛上进行跨学科合作。", "13. 在北冰洋的国际科学合作已成为现实。合作还延伸到扩展大陆架的主张方面。这一合作有利于共享后勤和资源。联合评估数据有助于所有行为体更好地了解北冰洋。", "14. 应捍卫和维持海洋科学研究的自由。在适用人类共同遗产原则的具体程度上有不同观点。共同利益是一个不断演化的国际法体系。国际科学合作可视为一个共同的北极问题。", "15. 需要解决《公约》与其他国际协定之间的互动问题。需要进一步研究和讨论，以了解不同制度间法律上的相互关系。", "16. 关于200海里以外大陆架的确切范围，仍将存在一定程度的不确定性，因为大陆架界限委员会仍需相当长的时间来完成有关工作。对沿海国在该委员会就大陆架的外部界限提出建议之前行使管辖权问题，存在不同观点。但是，这一问题不应影响未来的海洋科学研究。", "17. 在“区域”内，国际海底管理局是传播海洋科学研究成果的载体。管理局是一个交流科学成果的论坛，因此，展示了《公约》对国际合作的总体推动作用。", "18. 目前正在讨论是否可以制订不具约束力的规则，以补充具有约束力的公认《公约》规则。两者合在一起对沿海国和科学家均有益。", "19. 申请在北极开展研究的程序存在困难，这妨碍与研究有关的技术的发展。业界正在与土著人民合作，并在这个过程中考虑到他们在北极的独特地位。", "20. 了解北极的气候系统需要充分一体化的大气和太阳辐射、海冰和海洋科学，包括观测和模拟活动。", "21. 改进海洋科学研究条件的根本问题是准入。准入取决于相互信任。北冰洋应仍然是开展良好国际科学协作和合作的区域。" ]

[ "第六十五届会议", "议程项目75", "国家对国际不法行为的责任", "2011年7月18日德国常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信", "请允许我在此转递北极科学、国际法和气候保护问题国际会议主席的结论(见附件)。 会议于2011年3月17日和18日在柏林举行,由德意志联邦共和国和芬兰外交部组织。 芬兰、德国、俄罗斯联邦和美利坚合众国的一些著名的学术机构支持了这次会议。", "鉴于我国政府认为,北极问题在全球的急剧变化,协调一致的监测和研究对于理解和希望减轻气候变化的影响至关重要。", "请将本函及其附件作为大会议程项目75的文件分发为荷。", "德国常驻联合国代表", "德国常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信的附件", "* 会议由德国联邦外交部与芬兰外交部合作组织。 北极研究中心、美国阿拉斯加州博览会和德国海德堡马克斯普朗克比较公法和国际法研究所提供了支助。", "北极科学、国际法和气候保护国际会议主席的结论*", "2011年3月17日和18日,柏林", "页: 1 北极对世界气候至关重要。 气候变化的影响可以从全球和北极本身看出。 由于全球变暖和其他环境发展,北极冰层在质量、范围和厚度方面发生了根本性变化。 其中包括碳污染和海洋酸化。 气候变化的根源不是北极,而是主要来自北极地区以外的地区,因此,非北极行为者是受气候变化影响的主要目标。 然而,如果北极地区的经济活动增加,这种情况可能会改变。", "2. 结 论 国际法规定的海洋科学研究自由是一项核心要求。 《联合国海洋法公约》为北冰洋海洋科学研究提供了基本法律制度,并规定了国家利益与共同利益之间的法律平衡。 国际科学合作可被视为北极共同问题。", "3. 。 需要在《公约》的框架内平衡北极沿岸国和国际社会的利益。 关于北极地区科学合作特别制度的讨论尚未取得最终结果。 同时,《公约》制度今后可以进一步发展。", "4. 国际合作对北极治理至关重要。 交换数据将扩大北极地区海洋科学研究的有利方面。", "5. 对新进入的北极地区的开采必须以可持续的方式进行。 经济前景必须与环境需要平衡。", "6. 任务 北冰洋的大片地区将继续是公海地区,海洋科学研究自由在其中适用。", "7. 基本考虑 所有相关行为体都根据国际海洋法,特别是《公约》行事。 各种国内法律和条例补充了国际规则。 应简化国内程序并确定最佳做法,以支持海洋科学研究。 欢迎统一现有的许可程序。 尤其是,一站式程序是有益的。", "8.8 建议制定准则,帮助沿海国更加一致地适用《公约》规则。 这些准则应当赋予合作开展的海洋科学研究以特权,包括沿海国和未与北极接壤的国家的科学家之间不加歧视的合作,以及增强对环境问题的认识的海洋科学研究。 在这方面,我们可以借鉴《南极条约》的规定和做法。", "9 September 2005 在北极进行的研究必须考虑到众多利益攸关方的合法利益:土著人民、国家、国际组织、研究人员和经济行为者。", "10.10 气候变化影响到整个土著文化体系的基础。 因此,国际社会应改善与土著人民的合作,以便更充分地反映他们对北极的独特重视。", "注 《公约》有关海洋科学研究的有关规定,特别是第246条,使沿海国在解释和确定研究项目是否以资源为导向方面有很大的余地。 除了这些不同的法律制度也适用于大陆架及其上空公海的研究。 形式上,大陆架的科学研究制度不同于大陆架的科研制度。", "12. 第12段。 《公约》在法律方面使用科学术语。 这些术语的法律使用可能不同于公认的科学术语。 “国籍不接受法律界限和区别。” 这突出表明,在柏林北极会议等论坛,自然科学家和律师之间需要开展跨学科合作。", "13. 在北冰洋的国际科学合作是现实。 合作还涉及扩展大陆架的主张。 这种合作有利于分享后勤和资源。 对数据的联合评价有助于所有行为者更好地了解北冰洋。", "十四、任 务 应当维护和维护海洋科学研究的自由。 对人类共同遗产原则的具体适用程度有不同的看法。 共同利益是国际法的不断发展的机构。 国际科学合作可被视为北极共同问题。", "15 有必要处理《公约》与其他国际协定之间的相互作用。 需要进一步研究和讨论,以了解不同制度之间的法律相互关系。", "161 对200海里以外大陆架的确切范围仍有一定程度的不确定性,因为大陆架界限委员会仍然需要大量时间来完成其工作。 在委员会就大陆架外部界限提出建议之前,对沿海国行使管辖权有不同的看法。 然而,这一问题不应给未来的海洋科学研究造成负担。", "17. 第17条。 在“区域”中,国际海底管理局是传播海洋科学研究成果的工具。 管理局是交流科学成果的论坛,从而表明《公约》对国际合作的主旨。", "第18条 正在讨论以不具约束力的法规补充《公约》具有约束力的普遍商定规则的可行性。 两者结合对沿海国和科学家都是有益的。", "191 北极地区研究应用过程的困难阻碍了与研究有关的技术的发展。 该行业正在与土著人民合作,同时考虑到他们在北极的独特地位。", "20.20 了解北极气候系统需要完全整合大气和太阳辐射、海洋冰和海洋科学,包括观测和建模活动。", "21.21。 改善海洋科学研究条件的根本问题是获取。 准入取决于相互信任。 北冰洋仍是一个良好的国际科学协作与合作领域。" ]

[ "Letter dated 21 July 2011 from the Ombudsperson addressed to the President of the Security Council", "I have the honour to submit herewith the second report of the Office of the Ombudsperson, pursuant to paragraph 16 (c) of annex II to Security Council resolution 1989 (2011), according to which the Ombudsperson shall submit biannual reports to the Council summarizing her activities. The report describes the activities of the Office of the Ombudsperson in the six months since the previous report, between 21 January 2011 and 21 July 2011.", "I would appreciate it if the present letter and the report were brought to the attention of members of the Security Council and issued as a document of the Council.", "(Signed) Kimberly Prost Ombudsperson", "Report of the Office of the Ombudsperson pursuant to Security Council resolution 1989 (2011)", "I. Background", "1. The Office of the Ombudsperson was established by the Security Council in its resolution 1904 (2009) of 17 December 2009 for an initial period of 18 months, inter alia, to assist the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1267 (1999) concerning Al-Qaida and the Taliban and associated individuals and entities (also known as the Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee), when considering de-listing requests.", "2. On 17 June 2011, by the adoption of its resolutions 1988 (2011) and 1989 (2011), the Security Council decided that the individuals and entities associated with Al-Qaida on the list established pursuant to resolutions 1267 (1999) and 1333 (2000) (the Consolidated List) would be placed on another list, hereafter referred to as the Al-Qaida Sanctions List, which would fall under the purview of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 1267 (1999) and 1989 (2011) concerning Al-Qaida and associated individuals and entities (the Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee). The list of individuals and entities associated with the Taliban would fall under the purview of a separate committee, the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1988 (2011). Pursuant to Council resolution 1989 (2011), the scope of the mandate of the Ombudsperson extends only to the Al-Qaida Sanctions List. The mandate of the Office of the Ombudsperson was extended by a further 18 months, until December 2012.", "3. In a letter dated 30 June 2011, the Secretary-General reappointed Kimberly Prost (Canada) to serve as Ombudsperson (S/2011/404).", "4. The present report provides an update on the activities of the Office of the Ombudsperson since the first report of the Office, which was transmitted to the Security Council in a letter dated 21 January 2011 from the Ombudsperson addressed to the Secretary-General (S/2011/29).", "II. Summary of activities: development of the Office of the Ombudsperson", "General", "5. Since January 2011, the Ombudsperson has continued to work to build up the Office on the basis of the principles of independence and accessibility.", "Outreach and publicizing the work of the Office of the Ombudsperson", "6. There continues to be a need to publicize and make known the work of the Office of the Ombudsperson. To this end, and to the extent possible within existing resources, the Ombudsperson has continued to carry out outreach activities over the past six months. The Ombudsperson delivered remarks on the work of her Office in an intergovernmental context at the forty-first meeting of the Council of Europe Committee of Legal Advisers on Public International Law in Strasbourg, France, on 18 March 2011 and at an open briefing to Member States in New York on 14 July 2011. Also on 14 July, a press conference was held to provide the public with an update on the activities of the Office. In addition, the Ombudsperson gave presentations to the Human Rights Lawyers Association in London on 8 June 2011 and at a conference at the National Autonomous University of Mexico in Mexico City on 24 June 2011. She has also delivered lectures to law students from Canada, Colombia and Slovenia.", "7. In an effort to reach more directly individuals and entities who might wish to bring a de-listing petition, material describing the role of the Ombudsperson and the de-listing application process has been provided to the Analytical Support and Sanctions Monitoring Team established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1526 (2004), the mandate of which was subsequently extended by the Security Council in its resolution 1989 (2011), and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) for distribution, as appropriate, during the course of field missions. In addition, to the extent possible given resource constraints, letters describing the role of the Office are being transmitted on an ongoing basis to individuals and entities with known addresses who were listed prior to the establishment of the Office. This is consistent with the intent expressed by the Security Council in paragraph 15 (b) of annex II to resolution 1904 (2009) and paragraph 16 (b) of annex II to resolution 1989 (2011), pursuant to which listed individuals and entities shall be notified about the status of their listing.", "Interaction with the Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee and the Analytical Support and Sanctions Monitoring Team", "8. The Ombudsperson has appeared before the precursor to the Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee, the Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee, on three occasions since January 2011: on 1 March, to provide an informal introduction to case 1; on 10 May, to present the comprehensive report in case 1, pursuant to paragraph 9 of annex II to Security Council resolution 1904 (2009), and to informally introduce cases 2 and 5; and on 31 May, to formally present the comprehensive reports in cases 2 and 5 pursuant to resolution 1904 (2009). In addition, the Ombudsperson has met bilaterally with individual Committee members on numerous occasions, primarily on case-related issues. The Ombudsperson has submitted comprehensive reports to the Committee on the first six cases, four pursuant to resolution 1904 (2009) and two pursuant to resolution 1989 (2011), and has provided a number of written updates to the Committee in relation to various cases.", "9. The Ombudsperson has met with the coordinator and the members of the Analytical Support and Sanctions Monitoring Team on several occasions. On an operational level, there is ongoing communication with various experts in the Monitoring Team, as appropriate to particular cases. The Monitoring Team continues to provide the Ombudsperson with relevant information on individual cases, in accordance with paragraph 3 of annex II to Security Council resolution 1904 (2009).", "Liaison with States, intergovernmental organizations, United Nations bodies and non-governmental organizations", "10. The Ombudsperson has continued to interact with States over the past six months, in particular with States involved in the de-listing petitions that have been presented. She has met representatives of over 20 States in that context, some on multiple occasions. She has also continued to meet with the informal group of like-minded States on targeted sanctions[1] and with representatives of the European Union.", "11. Similarly, the Ombudsperson has liaised with representatives of UNODC, the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force and the Executive Directorate of the Counter-Terrorism Committee. She has met with the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Somalia and Head of the United Nations Political Office for Somalia and with the Coordinator of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea.", "12. The Ombudsperson has made a sustained effort to build relationships and work with civil society and non-governmental organizations, particularly those working on human rights and sanctions issues. To that end, the Ombudsperson has met with academics and representatives of non-governmental organizations[2] and participated in and presented at civil society seminars and meetings.[3]", "Procedures and research", "13. The Ombudsperson continues to follow legal and other developments in relevant jurisprudence, articles and reports. She has also taken advantage of available opportunities to discuss the broad range of issues related to the de-listing process with judges of national, regional and international courts, prosecutors and private lawyers, including representatives of the American Bar Association and the International Bar Association. She has discussed general legal issues of relevance with staff in the Office of Legal Affairs of the Secretariat and with experts from the Executive Directorate of the Counter-Terrorism Committee and the Analytical Support and Sanctions Monitoring Team, among others.", "Website", "14. The website of the Office of the Ombudsperson has been further developed to include a section tracking the status of each de-listing request as it moves through the de-listing process. As described below, information about the Ombudsperson’s approach and standards for the preparation of a comprehensive report has been included, along with selected presentations made by the Ombudsperson. In addition, to ensure that potential petitioners have a clear understanding of the process, material on the Ombudsperson’s website has been updated to reflect the procedural changes brought about by Security Council resolution 1989 (2011). Copies of that material can be found in annex I to the present report.", "III. Summary of activities: de-listing cases", "General", "15. The activities of the Office of the Ombudsperson during the past six months related primarily to the de-listing requests submitted by individuals and entities. More cases were submitted during the reporting period than during the first six months of the Office’s operations, and the case-related work has increased substantially over time.", "De-listing cases and case inquiries", "16. As at 21 July 2011, 14 requests for de-listing had been submitted to the Ombudsperson. All of them were accepted and are currently at various stages of the process set out in annex II to Security Council resolution 1904 (2009) or resolution 1989 (2011), as appropriate. One petitioner, Abu Sufian Al-Salamabi Muhammed Ahmed Abd Al-Razziq (Abousfian Abdelrazik), has made his application for de‑listing public. The rest of the applications have remained confidential while under consideration.", "17. Comprehensive reports have been circulated to the Committee in six cases. In accordance with the revised regime set out in Security Council resolution 1989 (2011), two of the reports included recommendations. As noted above, the Ombudsperson has appeared before the Committee to formally present the comprehensive reports in three cases. Two of the cases resulted in de-listing and the third case remains under the consideration of the Committee.[4] A description of the status of all of the cases, as at the date of the present report, is contained in annex II.", "18. Ten of the 14 cases have been brought by individuals alone, 2 by an individual together with one or more entities, and 2 by entities alone. In 7 of the 14 cases, the petitioner is assisted by legal counsel. All of the cases involve individuals and entities that have been listed by the Committee on the basis of an association with Al-Qaida.", "19. The Ombudsperson has communicated with potential petitioners and/or their legal counsel, which may result in the formal submission of de-listing requests.", "Working methods and standards", "20. During the reporting period, and in dealing with the increased number of petitions, the Ombudsperson had the opportunity to consistently apply the working methods developed with the aim of enhancing the fairness and transparency of the process. In the six cases for which comprehensive reports were submitted, the information-gathering and dialogue periods were used to collect the information relied upon to list the relevant individual and/or entity and to transmit that information to the petitioner. In all six cases, the petitioners were apprised of the case against them and had the opportunity to provide a response, which was then incorporated into the comprehensive report submitted to the Committee.[5]", "21. In the six cases for which comprehensive reports were submitted to the Committee, the Ombudsperson asked questions of relevant States and presented specific questions to the petitioner, including, in some cases, questions raised by States and the Analytical Support and Sanctions Monitoring Team.", "22. As stated in the first report of the Office of the Ombudsperson, fair process requires that the information gathered by the Ombudsperson be assessed in relation to a defined standard in order to ensure consistency and objectivity of analysis. With that goal in mind, on 28 February 2010 the Ombudsperson sent a separate document to the Chair of the Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee entitled “Approach to and standard for analysis, observations and principal arguments” to be applied in the preparation of comprehensive reports, in which the Ombudsperson addressed the issue of whether it is justifiable for an individual or entity to continue to be listed on the basis of the information made available to the Ombudsperson. In other words, is there sufficient information to provide a reasonable and credible basis for the listing? To enhance the transparency of the de-listing process, the document has been made available, in the six official languages of the United Nations, on the website of the Office of the Ombudsperson and in annex III to the present report.", "23. In practice, in the course of the dialogue phase and in the preparation of the comprehensive report, the Ombudsperson has had the opportunity to review the information presented by States and the petitioner. In the four cases for which a comprehensive report was submitted, in line with Security Council resolution 1904 (2009), the Ombudsperson provided observations on the sufficiency of the information reviewed, in accordance with the standards and approach described above. In the two cases submitted in accordance with Council resolution 1989 (2011), recommendations were made using that same assessment.", "State cooperation", "24. It remains evident that the ombudsperson process is heavily dependent upon the full cooperation of relevant States in each case. During the reporting period, State cooperation continued to be strong. In the 14 cases submitted to the Ombudsperson, including the 2 cases that were concluded, 51 requests for information were sent to 26 States. In the 6 cases for which a comprehensive report was submitted to the Committee, responses were received to 25 of the 28 requests made in relation to those de-listing requests. In the 6 cases for which a comprehensive report was submitted, the designating States and the States of residence or location/incorporation all provided responses. In many instances, more than one response was received, often as a result of follow-up questions posed by the Ombudsperson to the relevant State. Some States provided additional material on their own initiative.", "Dialogue with the petitioner", "25. The Ombudsperson asked questions of the petitioner in every case that reached or advanced through the dialogue phase. The petitioner responded in all cases where the dialogue phase was completed. The exchange between the Ombudsperson and the petitioner took different forms depending on the nature of the case. The Ombudsperson met with the petitioner in one case. Exchanges with the petitioner during the dialogue phase proved to be important, as they provided an opportunity to fully explore the case with the petitioner and to pose questions that helped to define better the case-related information for consideration by the Committee.", "Access to classified or confidential information", "26. Gaining access to classified or confidential information continues to be one of the key challenges faced by the Ombudsperson.", "27. In the 6 cases for which comprehensive reports were submitted, the issue was addressed in different ways, on a case-by-case basis, depending on the circumstances. In some cases, classified or confidential information was not used in the listing process. In other cases, such information was provided after it had been declassified. On one occasion, a sufficiently detailed summary of information was submitted. In another case, pursuant to an arrangement entered into with the State concerned (Switzerland), confidential information was provided to the Ombudsperson.", "28. As the issue of access to classified or confidential information remains a serious concern, the Ombudsperson has begun a dialogue with several States, including States considered relevant in several de-listing cases presented to her, with a view to entering into arrangements or agreements that will allow the Ombudsperson to access classified or confidential information. To date, Belgium and Switzerland have entered into arrangements to that effect. Discussions are under way with other States and the matter is being given urgent attention.", "IV. Other activities", "Notifications of listing", "29. In accordance with paragraph 16 (b) of annex II of Security Council resolution 1989 (2011) (and, prior to 17 June 2011, paragraph 15 (b) of annex II to resolution 1904 (2009)), where an address is known the Ombudsperson shall notify individuals or entities about the status of their listing.", "30. In the six months since the first report of the Office, six entries were added to the Consolidated List. For each entry, consideration was given to the question of notification, but in five of the six cases no address was available or the information provided was insufficiently detailed for any reasonable prospect that the notification would reach the addressee. In the case of Khalil Ahmed Haqqani (TI.H.150.11.), notification letters were sent on 14 February 2011 to possible addresses identified on the basis of the information on his location that was available.[6]", "31. Interpreting the provision on notification broadly, and consistent with the intent of the Security Council, on 3 June 2011 eight individuals whose addresses had recently been added to the Consolidated List through amendments were sent notification letters.", "Miscellaneous matters", "32. The Ombudsperson responded to various requests for information about the Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee and provided material in answer to such requests, as appropriate. In addition, the Ombudsperson provided assistance to States seeking information or clarifications and responded to requests made by individuals who had already been de-listed.", "V. Future work", "33. The priorities of the Ombudsperson under the new mandate provided by Security Council resolution 1989 (2011) will remain the same. The paramount activity will continue to be that related to the de-listing requests, especially in light of the rapidly increasing caseload. Since its establishment, the Office of the Ombudsperson has received a total of 14 de-listing petitions, of which 8 were received during the reporting period. In addition, all six of the comprehensive reports completed to date were submitted during the same time frame. As forecast in the initial report, 12 of the 14 cases remain open as at 21 July 2011.", "34. While it is difficult to anticipate with any certainty what the future caseload will be, it is reasonable to assume that the Office of the Ombudsperson will continue to receive requests at approximately the same rate in the next six-month period, which means that it is likely that between 15 and 20 cases will be open at the end of 2011.", "35. As mentioned above, one of the continuing priority matters will be the development of arrangements or agreements for gaining access to classified or confidential information.", "36. The Ombudsperson will continue to focus on outreach, in particular by developing additional methods to reach individuals and entities in isolated locations and/or who do not have ready access to communications facilities and technology.", "37. The Ombudsperson will continue her liaison work with States, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations and United Nations bodies, and will provide periodic briefings to Member States and the press. Opportunities for reaching out to civil society and the general public will also be pursued, as appropriate.", "VI. Observations and conclusions", "38. With six comprehensive reports submitted, it is possible to make some substantive observations about the effectiveness of the ombudsperson process and the challenges encountered. However, given that only two cases have been considered fully, this remains a preliminary assessment. In addition, the Security Council, through its resolution 1989 (2011), has introduced significant changes, particularly to the decision phase, and any overall evaluation of the process will need to await implementation of and experience with those amendments.", "Cooperation of States", "39. The work carried out over the past six months has only served to highlight more clearly the critical importance of cooperation by States with the Office of the Ombudsperson. The overall effectiveness of the process is dependent upon States providing the Ombudsperson with all the relevant information used to list an individual or entity in a timely manner.", "40. As noted, the Ombudsperson is, almost without exception, receiving replies and in all cases the States with the most relevant information for carrying out an analysis of a given case (usually the designating States and States of residence or location/incorporation) are providing responses. Nonetheless, there have been some key challenges in the information-gathering process with respect to the initial de‑listing petitions. Most markedly, in certain cases it has been difficult to obtain the necessary level of detailed information for a proper analysis. In particular instances, there has also been an issue as to the timeliness of the disclosure of information.", "41. Generally, these challenges are not due to a lack of willingness to cooperate but rather to the overarching problem concerning the disclosure of confidential or classified information. For example, in one case the declassification of material took an extended period of time, resulting in delays in presenting the information to the Ombudsperson. In another case, the information provided lacked essential details that could not be disclosed because of the classified nature of the underlying material. In those particular cases, solutions were proposed[7] and ways to address the situation were found, but the underlying issue remains a concern. The Security Council, in paragraph 25 of its resolution 1989 (2011), strongly urged Member States to provide all relevant information to the Ombudsperson, including confidential information, which should prove helpful in encouraging States to continue cooperating, including with respect to confidential information. In that same paragraph, the Council confirmed that the Ombudsperson must comply with any confidentiality restrictions placed on such information by the Member States providing it, which should be useful in advancing the negotiation of agreements and arrangements for the disclosure of classified or confidential information.", "Achieving key elements of fair process", "42. The cases mentioned above have illustrated clearly the potential for the Office of the Ombudsperson to carry out a fair process. With cooperation from States and through the information-gathering process, the dialogue phase and the comprehensive report, key components of fairness (“knowing the case against you” and “having an opportunity to respond and be heard”) are being met. Moreover, the overall procedure allows the Ombudsperson to review the underlying information on a case and provide the Committee with an independent and objective assessment of whether the information is sufficient to warrant the continued listing of a given individual or entity. Since the adoption of Security Council resolution 1989 (2011), this aspect is now recognized more formally, as the Council mandated the Ombudsperson to provide a recommendation in addition to analysis, observations and an outline of principal arguments.", "43. As to the fairness and transparency of the process in terms of deliberation and decision-making, the experience to date is too limited to provide a basis for any significant comment. The one point that can be made, at this early stage, is that Committee members have been carefully considering the comprehensive reports presented and engaging with the Ombudsperson with respect to their contents, a practice that hopefully will continue. In addition, with reference to this final phase of the process, consideration will need to be given to the changes resulting from Security Council resolution 1989 (2011), in particular paragraph 23, which deals with the decision-making process. Ultimately, any assessment will have to await practical implementation of that aspect of the resolution. However, in principle, the fact that a recommendation by the Ombudsperson in favour of de-listing can be disregarded by the Committee only through a consensus determination or by a decision of the Council represents a significant step forward in terms of enhancing the fairness and transparency of the process.", "Reasons for the decision", "44. A further issue regarding the decision-making process is the question of reasons for the decision. As formal notifications on the cases that have been decided are still pending, no comment on practice is possible at this early stage. However, this principle has been recognized by the Security Council: in its resolution 1989 (2011), the Council requires the Committee to provide reasons for rejecting a de‑listing petition.[8] Obviously, this is of critical importance in the case of a refusal to de-list.", "45. As outlined in the first report of the Office of the Ombudsperson, providing such reasons is also important in the case of a decision to de-list. In addition to evidencing the reasonableness of the decision-making process, the information is valuable to the Ombudsperson in assessing other cases and ensuring consistency of analysis. Also, in the context of using sanctions to change conduct, the reasons can be used by the Ombudsperson in the course of her dialogue with other petitioners. While appreciating the changes brought about by Security Council resolution 1989 (2011), for the reasons expressed in the first and in the present report, it would be helpful if consideration were given to the possibility of requiring the Committee to provide reasons to the de-listed person or entity, through the Ombudsperson or another channel.", "Non-disclosure of the identity of designating States", "46. The issue of disclosing the identity of designating States to petitioners remained a concern during the reporting period. Of the initial cases where consent for disclosure was sought, results were mixed with regard to whether the relevant State agreed to the disclosure of the information. In its resolution 1989 (2011), the Security Council addressed the issue by strongly urging States to consent to disclosure (para. 29). The effect of that provision on practice will be assessed in the coming months.", "Mandate for following up on de-listing", "47. The practice to date has demonstrated that the Office of the Ombudsperson has the potential to play a role in following up on cases of de-listed persons or entities that continue to encounter difficulties with respect to financial or travel restrictions. Moreover, individuals and entities with names similar to those of listed individuals and entities continue to face financial and travel restrictions. The fairness concerns for individuals and entities facing unjustified restrictions are obvious. While other possible solutions could be found through the Committee or bilaterally, the Ombudsperson is well placed to facilitate a satisfactory resolution in such situations in an expeditious manner.", "48. On a related point, recently there have been instances in which individuals have approached the Ombudsperson seeking assistance in receiving humanitarian or travel exemptions from the Committee. Given the limits of the mandate, only basic information can be provided currently in response to such requests. However, particularly for individuals residing in States with limited resources and capacity, it is unlikely that such exemptions will be granted. It would seem appropriate, therefore, to provide the Ombudsperson with the mandate to bring such cases to the attention of the Committee. Doing so would be consistent with the Security Council’s intention, expressed most recently in its resolution 1989 (2011), that appropriate use be made of the provisions regarding exemptions and that the exemptions be granted in an expeditious and transparent manner.", "49. For the reasons set out above and in the first report of the Office, it would be helpful if consideration were given to extending the mandate of the Office of the Ombudsperson so that it could follow up on cases to ensure that sanctions measures are not improperly applied and to assist with the process of exemptions by bringing relevant cases to the attention of the Committee.", "Resources", "50. As the mandate of the Office of the Ombudsperson has been renewed for an additional 18-month period and the caseload has increased, the need for the resources identified in the first report of the Office has become more pressing. While the Department of Political Affairs continues to skilfully assist the Office, dedicated resources are needed for the Ombudsperson to be able to fulfil the mandate accorded by the Security Council. This need has clearly been recognized by the Council in its resolution 1989 (2011) (para. 24).", "51. To sustain the work of the Office, a dedicated administrative officer and a senior legal professional are essential. In addition, resources sufficient to support travel, particularly for operational matters such as examining sensitive information or meeting with a petitioner, are necessary. It is to be noted, in this regard, that in its resolution 1989 (2011) the Security Council indicated that the Ombudsperson should meet with the petitioner, to the extent possible (annex II, para. 6 (c)).", "52. Furthermore, practice in the first cases has demonstrated very noticeably the imperative need for translation services, which have proved critical to ensuring that petitioners understand the case and that any response provided is properly and clearly presented to the Committee. Thus, it is apparent that adequate resources for translation are also necessary for the proper functioning of the Office of the Ombudsperson.", "Annex I", "Procedure for requests for de-listing submitted to the Office of the Ombudsperson", "1. An application for de-listing will be considered in accordance with the detailed process outlined in annex II to Security Council resolution 1989 (2011).", "I. Preliminary determinations", "2. The procedure for de-listing begins with a preliminary determination by the Ombudsperson that the request properly addresses the designation criteria applicable to the Al-Qaida Sanctions List.[9] Specifically, the request should set out the reasons/justification for de-listing, taking into account the acts or activities indicating that an individual or entity is associated with Al-Qaida. These include the following:", "(a) Participating in the financing, planning, facilitating, preparing or perpetrating of acts or activities by, in conjunction with, under the name of, on behalf of or in support of;", "(b) Supplying, selling or transferring arms and related material to;", "(c) Recruiting for;", "(d) Otherwise supporting acts or activities of Al-Qaida or any cell, affiliate, splinter group or derivative thereof.", "3. The Ombudsperson must also determine initially whether the request constitutes a new or a repeat request. In the latter case, the Ombudsperson must be satisfied that additional material is being provided on this occasion. This requirement is only applicable to repeat requests to the Ombudsperson. Where a previous request has been made through the focal point or another channel, the request to the Office of the Ombudsperson will be considered to be the initial one.", "II. Process for consideration of the request", "4. Unless the request is rejected on the grounds that it does not fulfil the requirements set out above, it will be assessed in a three-phase process.", "Information-gathering phase", "5. The information-gathering phase is designed to allow the Ombudsperson to collect as much detailed information of relevance to the de-listing request as possible. This is essential to ensure that the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 1267 (1999) and 1989 (2011) concerning Al-Qaida and associated individuals and entities[10] has before it all the pertinent material for making a decision on the request.", "6. The Ombudsperson will distribute the request to the Committee, the designating State, the State(s) of nationality/residence (or incorporation/operation, for entities), the Analytical Support and Sanctions Monitoring Team (a group of experts that assists the Committee) and other relevant States or United Nations bodies, and follow up by engaging with these States and bodies in an effort to assemble all relevant information about the request. The initial information-gathering phase lasts four months starting from the date on which the request is transmitted to the Committee.", "7. While the aim is to collect the information as expeditiously as possible and within the four-month period, the Ombudsperson can extend the period by up to two additional months. This will be done when the Ombudsperson determines it is necessary in order to ensure that all germane information is gathered.", "Dialogue and report phase", "8. The information-gathering phase is followed by a two-month period during which the Ombudsperson will facilitate engagement and dialogue with the petitioner by relaying questions and responses between the petitioner, relevant States, the Committee and the Monitoring Team.", "9. This critical phase provides the Ombudsperson with an opportunity to explore in detail with the petitioner the various aspects of the case. It gives the petitioner an opportunity to be heard, address issues and answer questions with the goal of ensuring that his or her position is fully explained and understood.", "10. In addition to making his or her own queries or requests for clarification and additional information, the Ombudsperson will pose any questions and convey any requests from the Committee, relevant States and the Monitoring Team and coordinate with them with respect to replies, in order to be satisfied that the salient issues are thoroughly canvassed and examined.", "11. The dialogue phase can be extended for up to two months. Again, the decision to extend depends on whether the Ombudsperson determines that further time is needed to ensure a comprehensive dialogue and exchange on the relevant issues of the case.", "12. During this phase, the Ombudsperson will prepare a report on the de-listing request. While, in accordance with Security Council resolution 1989 (2011), the Ombudsperson can seek the help of the Monitoring Team in preparing the report, by policy decision the report will be prepared independently by the Ombudsperson.", "13. The report will provide a comprehensive review of the case and the Ombudsperson’s recommendation on the de-listing of the individual or entity for the Committee’s consideration. The Ombudsperson will either recommend that the individual or entity remain on the list or that the Committee consider removing the individual or entity from the list. The report will summarize the information gathered, specifying the sources of it, as appropriate, and describe the interaction and activity undertaken by the Ombudsperson with respect to the request. It will include a description of any interaction with the petitioner. The report will set out the principal arguments concerning the de-listing request, based on an analysis of all the available information and the Ombudsperson’s observations. In addition, it will contain a recommendation.", "Committee discussion and decision phase", "14. After the Committee has had 15 days to review the Ombudsperson’s report in the six official languages of the United Nations, the report will be placed on the Committee’s agenda for consideration. The Committee’s review of the report will be completed no later than 30 days after it was made available to the Committee in all the official languages of the United Nations. The Ombudsperson will present the report in person to the Committee and answer questions on it. After consideration, the Committee will decide on the de-listing request.", "15. If the Ombudsperson recommends that the individual or entity should remain on the list, the individual or entity will continue to be subject to the sanctions measures unless a Committee member submits a de-listing request that the Committee will consider under its normal consensus procedures for de-listing requests from States.", "16. If the Ombudsperson recommends that the Committee consider de-listing, the individual or entity will be removed from the list unless the Committee decides by consensus, within 60 days, that the individual or entity should continue to be subject to the sanctions. Where consensus does not exist, the Chair of the Committee, upon request of a Committee member, can refer the question of de-listing to the Security Council. The Council then has a further 60 days to make its decision. While the Committee and the Council are considering the de-listing question, the sanctions measures remain in place.", "III. Communication of decision", "17. If the Committee grants the de-listing request, the decision will be communicated to the Ombudsperson, who will inform the petitioner. The petitioner’s name will be removed from the Al-Qaida Sanctions List.", "18. If the Committee rejects the de-listing request, that decision, including the Committee’s reasons for rejecting the request, any further relevant information about the Committee’s decision and an updated narrative summary of reasons for listing, will be conveyed to the Ombudsperson. Within 15 days of the notification, the Ombudsperson will send the petitioner a letter communicating the Committee’s decision and describing, to the extent possible and drawing upon the Ombudsperson’s report, the process and publicly releasable information gathered by the Ombudsperson. In addition, the Ombudsperson will forward to the petitioner all the information provided by the Committee to the Ombudsperson.", "IV. Confidentiality", "19. In accordance with the procedure established in annex II to Security Council resolution 1989 (2011), a de-listing request submitted to the Ombudsperson will be shared with the Committee, relevant States and other United Nations bodies. In addition, it may be necessary to disclose information on the request to others as part of the information-gathering process. Furthermore, the Ombudsperson will provide information on the existence or status of a particular request where there is pending litigation and information is sought for the purpose of apprising a relevant court. Otherwise, the Ombudsperson will treat the requests submitted as confidential.", "20. Petitioners are obviously not bound by any confidentiality restrictions with regard to their applications and may therefore choose to disclose information to the public and discuss a de-listing request. Should a petitioner choose to make his or her request public, the Ombudsperson will thereafter treat the existence and status of the request as a public matter. However, the Ombudsperson will not publicly comment on or discuss the details of any pending case. Once a case has been completed and if the decision is taken to de-list, the name of the relevant individual or entity will be disclosed. In the case of a decision not to de-list, the name of the individual or entity will not be disclosed and will remain subject to the same confidentiality restrictions outlined above.", "Annex II", "Status of cases", "Case 1 (Status: Committee discussion and decision phase)", "Date Description \n28 July 2010\tTransmission of case 1 to the Al-Qaida andTaliban Sanctions Committee^(a)\n28 September 2010\tWritten update on the information-gatheringperiod submitted to the Committee;information-gathering period extended to 28October 2010\n28 October 2010\tWritten update at the end of the extendedinformation-gathering period submitted to theCommittee\n13 December 2010\tWritten update on the dialogue periodsubmitted to the Committee; dialogue periodextended to 28 February 2011\n28 February 2011\tComprehensive report submitted to theCommittee\n10 May 2011\tPresentation of the comprehensive report bythe Ombudsperson to the Committee", "^(a) On 17 June 2011, pursuant to Security Council resolutions 1988 (2011) and 1989 (2011), the Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee was succeeded by the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 1267 (1999) and 1989 (2011) concerning Al-Qaida and associated individuals and entities and the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1988 (2011).", "Case 2, Safet Ekrem Durguti (Status: de-listed)", "Date Description \n 30 September 2010 Transmission of case 2 to the Committee \n30 November 2010\tWritten update on the information-gatheringperiod submitted to the Committee;information-gathering period extended to 11January 2011\n14 January 2011\tWritten update at the end of the extendedinformation-gathering period submitted to theCommittee\n2 March 2011\tWritten update on the dialogue periodsubmitted to the Committee; dialogue periodextended to 16 May 2011\n26 April 2011\tComprehensive report submitted to theCommittee\n31 May 2011\tPresentation of the comprehensive report bythe Ombudsperson to the Committee\n 14 June 2011 Committee decision to de-list", "Case 3 (Status: Committee discussion and decision phase)", "Date Description \n 3 November 2010 Transmission of case 3 to the Committee \n6 January 2011\tWritten update on the information-gatheringperiod submitted to the Committee;information-gathering period extended to 14February 2011\n14 February 2011\tWritten update at the end of the extendedinformation-gathering period submitted to theCommittee\n11 April 2011\tWritten update on the dialogue periodsubmitted to the Committee; dialogue periodextended to 14 June 2011\n14 June 2011\tComprehensive report submitted to theCommittee", "Case 4 (Status: Committee discussion and decision phase)", "Date Description \n 6 December 2010 Transmission of case 4 to the Committee \n7 February 2011\tWritten update on the information-gatheringperiod submitted to the Committee;information-gathering period extended to 21March 2011\n22 March 2011\tWritten update at the end of the extendedinformation-gathering period submitted to theCommittee\n19 May 2011\tWritten update on the dialogue periodsubmitted to the Committee; dialogue periodextended to 5 July 2011\n29 June 2011\tComprehensive report submitted to theCommittee", "Case 5, Tarek Ben Al-Bechir Ben Amara Al-Charaabi (Status: de-listed)", "Date Description \n 30 December 2010 Transmission of case 5 to the Committee \n3 March 2011\tWritten update on the information-gatheringperiod submitted to the Committee;information-gathering period extended to 18April 2011\n19 April 2011\tWritten update at the end of the extendedinformation-gathering period submitted to theCommittee\n26 April 2011\tComprehensive report submitted to theCommittee\n31 May 2011\tPresentation of the comprehensive report bythe Ombudsperson to the Committee\n 14 June 2011 Committee decision to de-list", "Case 6 (Status: Committee discussion and decision phase)", "Date Description \n 14 January 2011 Transmission of case 6 to the Committee \n14 March 2011\tWritten update on the information-gatheringperiod submitted to the Committee;information-gathering period extended to 25April 2011\n26 April 2011\tWritten update at the end of the extendedinformation-gathering period submitted to theCommittee\n17 June 2011\tComprehensive report submitted to theCommittee", "Case 7, Abu Sufian Al-Salamabi Muhammed Ahmed Abd Al-Razziq (Abousfian Abdelrazik), QI.A.220.06. (Status: dialogue phase)", "Date Description \n 28 January 2011 Transmission of case 7 to the Committee \n29 March 2011\tWritten update on the information-gatheringperiod submitted to the Committee;information-gathering period extended to 30May 2011\n1 June 2011\tWritten update at the end of the extendedinformation-gathering period submitted to theCommittee; dialogue phase due to end 1 August2011", "Case 8 (Status: dialogue phase)", "Date Description \n 17 March 2011 Transmission of case 8 to the Committee \n18 May 2011\tWritten update on the information-gatheringperiod submitted to the Committee;information-gathering period extended to 28June 2011\n28 June 2011\tWritten update at the end of the extendedinformation-gathering period submitted to theCommittee; dialogue phase due to end 29 August2011", "Case 9 (Status: information-gathering phase)", "Date Description \n 19 April 2011 Transmission of case 9 to the Committee", "Case 10 (Status: information-gathering phase)", "Date Description \n 6 May 2011 Transmission of case 10 to the Committee", "Case 11 (Status: information-gathering phase)", "Date Description \n 1 June 2011 Transmission of case 11 to the Committee", "Case 12 (Status: information-gathering phase)", "Date Description \n 30 June 2011 Transmission of case 12 to the Committee", "Case 13 (Status: information-gathering phase)", "Date Description \n 7 July 2011 Transmission of case 13 to the Committee", "Case 14 (Status: information-gathering phase)", "Date Description \n 20 July 2011 Transmission of case 14 to the Committee", "Annex III", "Approach to and standard for analysis, observations and principal arguments*", "I. Context", "* The Ombudsperson transmitted the present document to the Chair of the Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee on 28 February 2010.", "1. Decisions regarding the Al-Qaida and Taliban sanctions regime of the Security Council rest exclusively with the Council. With respect to the list created pursuant to Council resolutions 1267 (1999) and 1333 (2000) (the Consolidated List), the Council mandated its Committee established pursuant to resolution 1267 (1999) concerning Al-Qaida and the Taliban and associated individuals and entities with making determinations regarding listing and de-listing in accordance with the overarching criteria set out by the Council. The creation of the Office of the Ombudsperson has not altered that decision-making structure. As a corollary, it is clearly for the Council and the Committee to determine what standards it will apply in taking decisions in this context.", "2. The Ombudsperson has been assigned the important role of assisting the Committee in its determinations on de-listing. In that role, to ensure that the analysis and observations of the Ombudsperson are provided in a fair and consistent manner from case to case, it is necessary to clearly articulate the approach being employed and the standard by which the information is to be assessed.", "3. Both the approach and the standard must be informed by the unique context in which decisions are being taken by a body of the Security Council and the particular role of the Ombudsperson. Furthermore, the method and test employed must take into consideration the threat to international peace and security underlying the sanctions, as well as the serious nature of the sanctions measures when applied to individuals and entities.", "II. Approach", "4. The Security Council has mandated the Ombudsperson to assist the Committee with de-listing requests by, inter alia, providing an analysis of and observations on all information available to the Ombudsperson relevant to the de-listing request.", "5. The present document provides clear guidance as to the nature of the analysis and observations expected. As the role of the Ombudsperson is to assist with de‑listing decisions, any comments provided should obviously relate to the question that the Committee must answer in deciding on a de-listing request.", "6. The Security Council has not defined separate criteria that must be met for de‑listing to occur. While in paragraph 14 of its resolution 1735 (2006) the Council sets out steps that the Committee may consider taking in determining whether to remove names from the Consolidated List, these cannot be categorized as mandatory.", "7. Rather, the relevant Security Council resolutions indicate that the Committee will, in reviewing a de-listing request, consider all the relevant circumstances with a view to determining whether an individual or entity continues to meet the criteria for listing set forth by the Council. In essence, the test for de-listing is the opposite of the test for listing. Therefore, the analysis and observations of the Ombudsperson should also focus on that question.", "8. In addition, the Security Council has unmistakably signalled that a de-listing decision will be a de novo one that looks at the circumstances as they stand at the time of the de-listing request to determine the appropriateness of a continued listing. In that regard, the Council’s inclusion in its resolution 1735 (2006) of disassociation as a factor that may be considered with reference to de-listing, evidences this approach. Similarly, the Council, in paragraph 22 of its resolution 1904 (2009), directed the Committee to continue to work to consider the removal from the Consolidated List of members and/or associates of Al-Qaida, Osama bin Laden, or the Taliban who no longer met the criteria, thus supporting the consideration of circumstances that have changed since the original listing. Furthermore, in that same resolution the Council plainly directed the Ombudsperson to analyse all the available information (see para. 7 (c) of annex II). The absence of restrictions, particularly temporal ones, makes it evident that the assessment should address all the pertinent material, whether relied on in the context of the original decision or not.", "9. At the same time, any assessment of all the information presently available will include information on the historical context of the listing and, in particular, the circumstances surrounding the original designation. It is also evident that, in the context of a comprehensive analysis, the absence of recent information is in no way determinative. It is simply one factor that needs to be weighed and assessed on the basis of the particular circumstances of each case.", "10. In conclusion, since the role of the Ombudsperson is to assist the Committee in its decision-making process, the analysis conducted and observations provided should relate substantively to the question to be determined by the Committee: does an individual or entity continue to meet the criteria for being included on the Consolidated List? To accomplish this, the analysis and observations of the Ombudsperson, as well as the principal arguments set out, should address, to the defined standard, whether today the continued listing of the individual or entity is justified based on all of the information now available.", "III. Standard", "11. In order to support the Ombudsperson in submitting coherent analyses and observations, the information gathered and the reasoning applied to it must be assessed to a consistent standard. This standard must be one that is appropriate to the unique context of decisions by a Committee acting under the express direction of the Security Council. It must take into account the purely international framework, where the benchmark used cannot be premised on the precepts of one particular legal system or tradition. It must instead focus on concepts generally accepted as fundamental across legal systems. In order to arrive at an appropriate standard for the Ombudsperson to apply, national and regional law and jurisprudence has been examined, particularly in the context of the freezing of assets and other restrictions placed in counter-terrorism regimes.[11] This research has helped to inform the development of an appropriate test in the context of the Al-Qaida and Taliban sanctions regime.", "12. The standard must also reflect the express intent of the Security Council with regard to the purpose of the sanctions, namely that they be preventative in nature and not reliant upon criminal standards set out under national law (see Council resolution 1735 (2006)). At the same time, they must be of sufficiently adequate substance to sustain the serious restrictions imposed on individuals and entities through their application.", "13. In this regard, it is evident that the standard applicable in criminal proceedings, nationally, regionally or internationally, is not appropriate for assessing the information and circumstances related to a listing by the Committee. The sanctions are not intended to punish criminal conduct. Rather, relevant Security Council resolutions demonstrate that the aim is twofold: to hamper access to resources in order to impede, impair, isolate and incapacitate the terrorist threat from Al-Qaida, Osama bin Laden and the Taliban, and to encourage a change of conduct on the part of those who are members of Al-Qaida or the Taliban or who are associated with Osama bin Laden or either group. In these circumstances, the standards applicable to a determination of criminal guilt or innocence are obviously of a different nature and serve a distinct purpose from that of the sanctions.", "14. At the same time, the sanctions resulting from inclusion on the Consolidated List are of a significant nature. When implemented on an international scale they have a direct and considerable impact on the rights and freedoms of individuals and entities. They are also of an indeterminate length, as they have no specified end date. Therefore, there must be some substance and reliability to the information upon which such sanctions are applied to listed individuals and entities. Mere suspicion or the reliance upon unverified statements are not enough in this context.", "15. Finally, the standard must be take into account the wide variety of circumstances and types of information relevant to these cases, particularly given the international nature of the listing process.", "16. Taking into account the need to balance these factors, the standard for the Ombudsperson’s analysis and observations should be whether there is sufficient information to provide a reasonable and credible basis for the listing.", "17. Sufficiency provides the necessary flexibility in terms of assessing different types of information from distinct sources, quantitatively, qualitatively and in substance. The criteria of reasonableness and credibility ensure that the combined circumstances provide a rational base for the listing, which is reliable enough to justify the imposition of sanctions. Sufficiency, reasonableness and credibility also offer appropriate benchmarks for analysing, as far as is possible, underlying information and the reasoning that is applied to it in relation to the listing. It is a standard that recognizes a lower threshold appropriate to preventative measures while setting a level of protection that is sufficient for safeguarding the rights of individuals and entities in this context.", "[1] Comprising Austria (as of January 2011), Belgium, Costa Rica, Denmark, Germany, Finland, Liechtenstein, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland.", "[2] Including representatives of the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame, the Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research at Harvard University, the Netherlands Institute of International Relations and Amnesty International.", "[3] Including the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung seminar on strengthening the United Nations sanctions tools and a meeting of the NGO Working Group on the Security Council.", "[4] The petitioners in case 2 (Safet Ekrem Durgti, formerly listed with reference number QI.D.153.03) and case 5 (Tarek Ben Al-Bechir Ben Amara Al-Charaabi, formerly listed with reference number QI.A.61.02) were de-listed by the Committee on 14 June 2011. While the fact of the de-listings has been made known to the Ombudsperson and the public, the formal notification to the Ombudsperson pursuant to paragraph 11 of annex II of Security Council resolution 1904 (2009) has yet to be made. No information regarding case 1, which is with the Committee for a decision, has been transmitted to the Ombudsperson as at the date of the present report.", "[5] In one case, some information was provided by a State at a later stage of the process where no additional time extensions were possible. In that instance, the petitioner had less time to respond to the additional information. This fact has been brought to the Committee’s attention in the comprehensive report submitted.", "[6] Four of the entries were related to Al-Qaida. Two of the entries, including the one for which notification letters were sent, were related to the Taliban.", "[7] The case involving the delay has not been completed.", "[8] See paragraph 13 of annex II. A similar requirement is set out in paragraph 33 of the resolution, by which the Security Council directs Committee members to provide their reasons for objecting to de-listing requests.", "[9] Pursuant to the adoption of Security Council resolution 1989 (2011) on 17 June 2011, individuals and entities associated with Al-Qaida on the list established pursuant to resolutions 1267 (1999) and 1333 (2000) (the Consolidated List) were placed on the Al-Qaida Sanctions List.", "[10] The Committee carries on the work with respect to Al-Qaida and associated individuals and entities previously undertaken by the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1267 (1999) concerning Al-Qaida and the Taliban and associated individuals and entities.", "[11] Several States use their normal criminal or other judicial procedure to freeze terrorists’ assets and so rely on standards applicable to the initiation of a criminal investigation or prosecution or application for a judicial warrant for freezing by, for example, assessing whether there is sufficient evidence or a strong suspicion of wrongdoing. In a number of common law jurisdictions, the designation of entities as terrorist is based on the existence of reasonable grounds or a basis to believe, suspect or be satisfied of involvement in or commission of terrorist acts or activities. The Financial Action Task Force also recommends making use of the alternatives of reasonable grounds or a basis to suspect or believe, as does the Commonwealth’s Model Legislative Provisions on Measures to Combat Terrorism (reasonable grounds to suspect or believe). In one interesting common law deviation the legislation used to designate terrorist groups requires demonstration of “sufficient cause” to uphold an unlawful association listing. The European Union uses different language again: the European Council lists a person where there is precise information or material indicating that a decision has been taken by a competent authority of a member State based on serious and credible evidence or clues. In a different context, article 1, subparagraph (f), of the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees states that the provisions of the Convention shall not apply to individuals with respect to whom there are serious reasons for considering that they have committed an international crime." ]

[ "2011年7月21日监察员给安全理事会主席的信", "谨依照安全理事会第1989(2011)号决议附件二第16(c)段，其中要求监察员一年两次向安理会提交概述监察员活动的报告，随函转递监察员办公室的第二次报告。本报告介绍了监察员办公室自提交上一次报告以来在2011年1月21日至2011年7月21日六个月运作期内开展的活动。", "请将本函及报告提请安全理事会成员注意，并作为安理会文件印发为荷。", "监察员", "金伯利·普罗斯特(签名)", "监察员办公室依照安全理事会第1989(2011)号决议提交的报告", "一. 背景", "1. 监察员办公室是依照2009年12月17日安全理事会第1904(2009)号决议设立的，最初为期18个月，负责协助安全理事会关于基地组织和塔利班及有关人员和实体的第1267(1999)号决议所设委员会(又称基地组织和塔利班制裁委员会)审议除名请求等事宜。", "2. 2011年6月17日，安全理事会通过第1988(2011)号和第1989(2011)号决议，其中决定把依照第1267(1999)号和第1333(2000)号决议编制的名单(综合名单)上与基地组织有关的人员和实体列入另一份名单(下称“基地组织制裁名单”)，由安全理事会关于基地组织及有关人员和实体的第1267(1999)号决议和第1989(2011)号决议所设委员会负责。与塔利班有关的人员和实体的名单由另一个委员会——安全理事会第1988号决议所设委员会负责。根据安理会第1989(2011)号决议，监察员的任务范围只限于基地组织制裁名单；监察员办公室的任务期限再延长18个月，到2012年12月为止。", "3. 秘书长在2011年6月30日的信中再次任命金伯利·普罗斯特(加拿大)担任监察员(S/2011/404)。", "4. 监察员在2011年1月21日给秘书长的信(S/2011/29)中，随函转递了监察员办公室向安全理事会提交的第一次报告。本报告介绍了监察员办公室此后所开展活动的最新情况。", "二. 活动综述——监察员办公室的发展", "总体情况", "5. 自2011年1月以来，监察员在独立通畅原则的基础上，继续努力建设监察员办公室。", "监察员办公室的外联和宣传工作", "6. 依然需要宣传和介绍监察员办公室的工作。为此，监察员在过去六个月里，在现有资源范围内尽可能继续开展外联活动。在2011年3月18日在法国斯特拉斯堡举行的欧洲委员会国际公法法律顾问委员会第41次会议这一政府间场合，以及在2011年7月14日在纽约为会员国举行的公开情况通报会上，监察员分别作了发言，介绍监察员办公室工作。还在7月14日举行记者招待会，向公众介绍监察员办公室活动的最新情况。此外，监察员于2011年6月8日在伦敦人权律师协会发表讲话，并于2011年6月24日在墨西哥城墨西哥国家自治大学举行的一次会议上讲话。她还为加拿大、哥伦比亚、斯洛文尼亚等国法律专业学生开办讲座。", "7. 为了更直接地接触有意提出除名申请的个人和实体，向安全理事会第1526(2004)号决议所设分析支助和制裁监察组(安全理事会第1989(2011)号决议随后延长了其任务期限)和联合国毒品与犯罪问题与办公室(禁毒办)提供了介绍监察员的作用和除名申请过程的资料，供其酌情在执行出访任务时分发。此外，对于在监察员办公室成立前已被列名并已知道其地址的个人和实体，在资源范围内尽可能向其不断寄送介绍监察员办公室作用的信件。这符合安全理事会在第1904(2009)号决议附件二第15(b)段和第1989(2011)号决议附件二第16(b)段表述的意图，其中规定应将列名现状通知被列名个人和实体。", "与基地组织和塔利班制裁委员会及分析支助和制裁监察组的互动", "8. 自2011年1月以来，监察员三次前往基地组织和塔利班制裁委员会(即基地组织制裁委员会的前身)：3月1日，对案件1作出非正式说明；5月10日，依照安全理事会第1904(2009)号决议附件二第9段，介绍关于案件1的综合报告，并对案件2和案件5作出非正式说明；5月31日，依照第1904(2009)号决议，正式介绍关于案件2和案件5的综合报告。此外，监察员多次与委员会成员个人进行双边会晤，主要谈及与案件有关的问题。监察员向委员会提交了关于最初6个案件的综合报告，其中4份报告是依照第1904(2009)号决议提交的，2份报告是根据第1989(2011)号决议提交的。监察员数次向委员会书面通报了各案件的最新情况。", "9. 监察员多次同协调员及分析支助和制裁监察组成员会晤。在业务一级，酌情就具体案件与监察组各位专家保持沟通。监察组继续依照安全理事会第1904(2009)号决议附件二第3段的规定，向监察员提供关于具体案件的相关资料。", "与各国、政府间组织、联合国机构和非政府组织的联络", "10. 在过去六个月里，监察员继续与各国保持互动，特别是与提出的除名申请有关的国家。监察员为此与20多个国家的代表多次会晤。监察员还与对定向制裁问题持同样看法的非正式小组[1] 以及欧洲联盟代表继续会晤。", "11. 同样，监察员还与禁毒办、反恐执行工作队和反恐委员会执行局的代表进行联络。监察员还同负责索马里问题的秘书长特别代表、联合国索马里政治事务处主任和索马里及厄立特里亚问题监察组协调员会晤。", "12. 监察员不断努力与民间社会和非政府组织建立关系和合作，特别是那些处理人权和制裁问题的组织。为此，监察员与学者和非政府组织代表会晤，[2] 出席了民间社会举办的研讨会和会议并作了发言。[3]", "程序和研究", "13. 监察员继续跟踪相关法律制度的法律及其他动态、文章和报告。她还利用各种机会，与国家、区域和国际法院的法官以及美国律师协会和国际律师协会的代表等私营律师讨论与除名程序有关的广泛问题。她与秘书处法律事务厅工作人员、反恐委员会执行局和分析支助和制裁监察组的专家等讨论相关的一般性法律问题。", "网站", "14. 进一步发展了监察员办公室网站，增加了一个随着除名程序的进展，跟踪每个除名申请的现状的栏目。如下文所述，网站载有关于监察员编写综合报告的做法和标准的资料，以及监察员所做的全部发言。此外，为了确保今后的申请人明确了解程序，对监察员网站上的资料作出更新，以反映安全理事会第1989(2011)号决议为程序作出的修改。本报告附件一载有该资料的副本。", "三. 活动综述——除名案件", "总体情况", "15. 监察员办公室在过去六个月的活动主要涉及个人或实体提交的除名请求。本报告所述期间提出的案件多于办公室进入运作后的前六个月提出的案件，与案件有关的工作也逐渐大量增加。", "除名案件/案件查询", "16. 截至2011年7月21日，监察员共收到14项除名请求。所有请求准予受理，目前处在安全理事会第1904(2009)号决议附件二或第1989(2011)号决议所规定程序的不同阶段。其中一名申请人——Abu Sufian Al-Salamabi Muhammed Ahmed Abd Al-Razziq(Abousfian Abdelrazik)——已将其除名申请公开。其余申请仍在审议期间，处于保密状态。", "17. 已向委员会分发6个案件的综合报告。依照安全理事会第1989(2011)号决议规定的经修订办法，其中两份报告载有各项建议。如上文所述，监察员前往委员会，对3个案件的综合报告作出正式说明。其中2个案件的处理结果是除名，第3个案件仍由委员会审议。[4] 截至提交本报告之日，关于所有案件现状的说明载于附件二。", "18. 在14个案件中，10个案件是个人单独提出的，2个案件是个人与一个或更多实体共同提出的，2个案件是由实体单独提出的。在14个案件中，7个案件的申请人获得法律顾问的协助。所有案件涉及的个人和实体都是委员会依照与基地组织的关联予以列名的。", "19. 监察员已同可能的申请人和(或)其法律顾问联络，可能因此正式提出除名请求。", "工作方法和标准", "20. 在本报告所述期间，监察员在处理更多申请的过程中，有机会前后一贯地采用已制订的工作方法，以使程序更加公平和透明。关于已提交综合报告的6个案件，收集资料和对话期间被用来收集将相关个人和(实体)列名所依赖的资料，并将该资料送达申请人。在所有6个案件中，把对其提出指控的案件通知申请人，并有机会作出答复，然后将答复列入向委员会提交的综合报告。[5]", "21. 在已向委员会提交综合报告的6个案件中，监察员向相关国家提出问题，并向申请人提出具体问题，其中包括各国以及分析支助和制裁监察组就某些案件提出的问题。", "22. 如监察员办公室第一次报告所述，若要做到程序公平，就必须根据既定标准对监察员收集的资料作出评估，以确保分析的一贯性和客观性。监察员铭记这一目标，于2010年2月28日就综合报告编写过程中将采用的做法和标准，向基地组织和塔利班制裁委员会主席单独提交一份题为“提出分析、意见和主要论据所采用的做法和标准”的文件。监察员在该文件中述及根据向监察员提供的资料将个人或实体继续列名是否合理这一问题。换言之，是否有充足的资料为列名提供合理、可信的依据？为了提高除名程序的透明度，用联合国六种正式语文将该文件登载在监察员办公室网站上，并列于本报告附件三中。", "23. 实际上，监察员在对话阶段以及在编写综合报告过程中，均有机会审查各国和申请人提交的资料。在依照安全理事会第1904(2009)号决议提交综合报告的4个案件中，监察员根据上文所述的标准和做法，对所审查的资料是否充分发表意见。在依照安全理事会第1989(2011)号决议提交的2个案件中，在作出同样评估后提出了建议。", "国家合作", "24. 显然，监察员程序严重依赖相关国家对每个案件提供全面合作。在本报告所述期间，继续提供了强有力的国家合作。在向监察员提交的14个案件(其中2个案件已经结案)中，向26个国家发出51项索取资料请求。在已向委员会提交综合报告的6个案件中，在就除名申请提出的28份请求中，已收到对其中25份请求作出的答复。在已提交综合报告的6个案件中，指认国、居住国或所在国/公司注册国均作出答复。在许多情况下，往往由于监察员向相关国家提出后续问题，收到了一份以上的答复。一些国家还主动提供补充资料。", "与申请人对话", "25. 在每个已进入或即将完成对话阶段的案件中，监察员向申请人提出问题，在对话阶段已经结束的所有案件中，申请人均作出答复。监察员与申请人之间的交流视案件的性质采用了不同形式。监察员与一个案件的申请人见面。对话期间与申请人的交流证明十分重要，因为可以利用交流提供的机会，与申请人全面探讨案件问题，并提出有助于更好地说明与案件有关资料的问题，供委员会审议。", "获取机密或保密资料", "26. 监察员工作中的一个主要挑战依然是获取机密或保密资料。", "27. 在已提交综合报告的6个案件中，根据具体情况，在个案基础上对这一问题作出不同处理。在某些案件中，在列名过程中未使用机密或保密资料。在其他案件中，此类资料是在解密后提供的。对其中一个案件提出了足够详细的情况简介。在另一个案件中，则根据与相关国家(瑞士)作出的安排，向监察员提供了保密资料。", "28. 由于获取机密或保密资料问题依然令人严重关切，监察员开始与若干国家对话，包括被认为与向监察员提交的若干除名案件有关的国家，以便为监察员获取机密或保密资料作出安排或达成协议。迄今，比利时和瑞士已就此作出安排。正在与其他国家开展讨论，并对本事项给予紧急关注。", "四. 其他活动", "列名通知", "29. 根据安全理事会第1989(2011)号决议附件二第16(b)段的规定(在2011年6月17日前，依照第1904(2009)号决议附件二第15(b)段的规定，监察员应向个人或实体告知其列名情况。", "30. 在监察员办公室提交第一次报告后的六个月里，综合名单增加了6项列名。审议了就每项列名发出通知的问题，但6个案件中的5个案件没有地址，或提供的资料不够详细，无法合理预期通知将送达收件人。在Khalil Ahmed Haqqani (TI.H.150.11.)一案中，根据关于其所在地点的已有资料，于2011年2月14日向若干可能的地址发出通知函。[6]", "31. 经对关于通知的规定作出广义解释并根据安全理事会的意图，于2011年6月3日向经修正的综合名单上最近增加其地址的8个人发出通知函。", "其他事项", "32. 监察员对索取关于基地组织和塔利班制裁委员会的资料的各种请求作出回复，并在答复中提供酌情提供资料。此外，监察员向要求提供资料或作出说明的各国提供协助，并对已除名的个人提出的请求作出答复。", "五. 今后的工作", "33. 根据安全理事会第1989(2011)号决议规定的新任务，监察员的优先事项保持不变。最重要的活动仍然与除名请求有关，特别是考虑到工作量迅速增加这一情况。监察员办公室自成立后共收到14项除名请求，其中8项请求是在报告所述期间收到的。此外，迄今已完成的所有6项综合报告也是在这一期间提交的。根据第一次报告的预测，14个案件中的12个案件到2011年7月21日不会结案。", "34. 尽管难以确切预测今后工作量的情况，可以合理假定，监察员在今后六个月期间将继续以大致相同的速度收到请求。这意味着到2011年底可能有15至20个案件仍未结案。", "35. 如上文所述，优先事项之一依然是为获取机密或保密资料拟定安排或协议。", "36. 监察员将继续集中力量开展外联工作，特别是通过提出更多办法，与地处边远地点和(或)无法随时利用通信设施及技术的个人和实体取得联系。", "37. 监察员将继续与各国、政府间组织、非政府组织和联合国机构联络，并定期向会员国和新闻界通报情况。还将酌情利用各种机会，与民间社会和公众开展外联。", "六. 意见和结论", "38. 在提交6份综合报告后，现在可以对监察员程序的实效和遇到的挑战发表一些实质性意见。然而，鉴于仅已全面审议2个案件，这只是一个初步评估。此外，安全理事会已通过其第1989(2011)号决议作出一些重大修改，特别是对决定阶段作出修改，因此要等到这些修改已经执行并取得经验后，才能对这一程序作出任何全面评价。", "各国的合作", "39. 在过去六个月开展的工作更加明确地显示，各国与监察员办公室的合作至关重要。这一程序的总体实效取决于各国及时向监察员提供用于将个人或实体列名的所有相关资料。", "40. 如前所述，监察员正在几乎毫无例外地收到各种答复，而且在所有案件中，在对特定案件作出分析方面拥有最相关资料的国家(通常是指认国和居住国或所在国/公司注册国)均在提供答复。不过，在首批除名申请的资料收集方面遇到一些主要挑战。显然，在处理某些案件时难以获取作出适当分析所必需的详细资料。在一些特殊情况下，披露资料的及时性也存在争议。", "41. 总体而言，造成这些挑战的原因是缺乏合作意愿，而不是涉及披露保密或机密资料的整体性问题。例如，一个案件的资料解密花了很长一段时间，造成向监察员提交资料出现拖延。在另一个案件中，所提供的资料缺乏重要细节，从而由于基本资料涉密而无法披露。在这些具体案件中，提出了解决方案，[7] 并找到了解决问题的方式，但根本争议依然令人关切。安全理事会第1989(2011)号决议第25段强烈敦促会员国向监察员提供所有相关资料，包括酌情提供保密资料，这应有助于鼓励各国继续提供合作，包括提供保密资料。安理会在同一段中确认，监察员必须遵守提供资料的会员国对该资料规定的任何保密限制，这应有益于推动就披露机密或保密资料协议和安排进行谈判。", "实现公平程序的要素", "42. 上文提到的案件明确说明，监察员办公室拥有执行公平程序的潜力。由于各国提供合作并通过收集资料、对话阶段和综合报告，公平的关键组成部分(“了解对你提出指控的案件”和“有机会作出答复并获得受理”)正在到位。此外，总体程序允许监察员审查关于某个案件的根本性资料，并对资料是否足以构成继续将某个个人或实体继续列名的充分理由，向委员会提出独立客观的评估。自安全理事会通过第1989(2011)号决议以来，这一方面现已得到更加正式的承认，因为安理会授权监察员除提出分析、意见和主要论据的概要外，并提出建议。", "43. 关于审议和决策程序的公平和透明，迄今已取得的经验十分有限，不足以为作出任何重要评论提供依据。在目前的早期阶段，可以指出的一点是，委员会成员一直在认真审议提交的综合报告，并就报告内容与监察员进行接触。希望这一做法将会继续下去。此外，关于这一程序的最后阶段，应考虑到根据安全理事会第1989(2011)号决议、特别是关于决策程序的第23段作出的修改。最后，必须等到决议的这一内容得到实际执行后才能作出任何评估。然而，原则上只能通过委员会的协商一致裁定或通过安理会的决定，才能推翻监察员提出的赞成除名建议，这本身就是在增强程序的公平和透明方面向前迈出的重要一步。", "作出决定的理由", "44. 作出决定的理由问题是关于决策进程的另一个争议。鉴于仍然没有对已作出决定的案件发出正式通知，在目前的早期阶段无法对这一做法作出评论。然而，这一原则获得安全理事会的承认：安理会第1989(2011)号决议要求委员会提供驳回除名申请的理由。[8] 在拒绝予以除名的情况下，这显然是至关重要的。", "45. 如监察员办公室第一次报告所述，在作出除名决定时，提供这种理由也是十分重要的。这一资料不仅证明决策过程的合理性，而且对于监察员评估其他案件并确保分析的一贯性也很有价值。此外，在利用制裁改变行为方面，监察员在与其他申请人对话的过程中也可以利用这些理由。第一次报告和本报告对安全理事会第1989(2011)号决议作出的修改表示赞赏，但基于第一次报告和本报告提出的理由，如果对能否要求委员会通过监察员或另一渠道向被除名个人或实体提供理由进行审议，也将是十分有益的。", "不披露指认国身份", "46. 在本报告所述期间，向申请人披露指认国身份这一问题依然令人关切。在征求同意披露的首批案件中，在相关国家是否同意披露资料这一问题上取得参差不齐的结果。安全理事会在其第1989(2011)号决议中论及这一问题，强烈敦促各国同意披露(第29段)。在今后几个月中，将评估这一规定产生的实际影响。", "关于后续落实除名的任务规定", "47. 迄今的实践显示，监察员办公室在后续处理已除名个人或实体在金融或旅行限制方面继续遭遇困难的情况方面可以发挥作用。此外，姓名或名称与列名个人和实体类似的个人和实体继续面临金融和旅行限制。对于面临无理限制的个人和实体而言，显然存在公平问题。尽管可以通过委员会或双边渠道找到其他可能的解决办法，但监察员处于有利位置，可以为令人满意地迅速解决这些问题提供便利。", "48. 与此相关的一点是，最近出现个人为了获得委员会的人道主义或旅行豁免向监察员寻求协助的情况。由于任务规定作出限制，目前在对这种请求作出答复时，只能提供基本资料。然而，不可能给予这种豁免，特别是对于居住在资源和能力有限的国家的个人而言。因此，似乎宜授权监察员将这些案件提请委员会注意。这一做法符合安全理事会最近在第1989(2011)号决议中表达的意图，即应适当利用豁免规定，并以迅速透明的方式给予豁免。", "49. 基于上文以及监察员办公室第一次报告述及的理由，如审议延长监察员办公室的任务期限，以便其后续跟踪案件，确保制裁措施不会遭到不当执行，并通过提请委员会注意相关案件来协助落实豁免程序，那将是十分有益的。", "资源", "50. 鉴于监察员办公室的任务授权再延长18个月，而且工作量已经加大，因此，更加迫切需要监察员办公室第一次报告确定的资源。尽管政治事务部继续向监察员办公室提供得力协助，监察员需要专项资源，才能执行安全理事会赋予的任务。安理会在其第1989(2011)号决议中明确承认这一需求(第24段)。", "51. 为了维持监察员办公室的工作，必须要有一个专职行政干事和一个高级法律专业人员。此外，必须为差旅、特别是与审查敏感资料或与申请人会面等业务事项有关的差旅提供充足资源。在这方面应该指出，安全理事会在其第1989(2011)号决议中表示，监察员应尽可能与申请人会面(附件二，第6(c)段)。", "52. 此外，处理首批案件的实践显然表明，对翻译服务的需求不可或缺；对于确保申请人了解案件以及向委员会妥善清晰地介绍已作出的任何答复而言，翻译服务证明是至关重要的。因此，为提供充足的翻译资源，显然对于监察员办公室的顺利运作也是必要的。", "附件一", "向监察员办公室提交除名请求的程序", "1. 将依照安全理事会第1989(2011)号决议附件二规定的详细程序审议除名申请。", "一. 初步裁定", "2. 除名程序的第一步是，由监察员初步断定，请求是否充分满足适用于基地组织制裁名单的列名标准。[9] 具体而言，请求中应当列明除名原因/理由，同时考虑到表明个人或实体与基地组织有关联的行为和活动，其中包括：", "(a) 参与资助、筹划、协助、筹备或实施基地组织或其任何基层组织、下属机构、从中分裂或衍生出来的团体所从事、伙同他们实施、以他们的名义实施、代表他们实施或支持他们从事的行为或活动；", "(b) 为其供应、销售或转让军火和有关物资；", "(c) 为其招募人员；", "(d) 以其他方式支持其行为或活动。", "3. 监察员还必须首先断定该请求为新请求还是重复请求。如属后一种情况，监察员必须确信，这一次提交了补充材料。这一规定仅适用于向监察员提出的重复请求。如上一次请求是通过协调人或其他渠道提出的，向监察员办公室提出的请求则被视为初次请求。", "二. 审议请求的程序", "4. 除非请求以不符合上述要求为由遭到驳回，否则将通过三阶段程序对请求作出评估。", "收集资料阶段", "5. 收集资料阶段旨在让监察员尽可能多地收集与除名请求有关的详细资料。这对于确保安全理事会关于基地组织及相关人员和实体的第1267(1999)号和第1989(2011)号决议所设委员会[10] 在对请求作出决定时收到所有相关资料是至关重要的。", "6. 监察员将向委员会、指认国、国籍国/居住国(或实体的公司注册/开展活动国)、分析支助和制裁监察组(协助委员会工作的专家组)及其他相关国家或联合国机构分发该项请求，并采取后续落实行动，与这些国家和机构接触，以收集关于该项请求的所有相关资料。最初的收集资料阶段为期四个月，这一期间自向委员会转递请求之日算起。", "7. 目的是在四个月期间内尽快收集资料，但监察员可将这一期间至多延长两个月。如监察员认定，为确保收集到所有相关资料而有必要延长，则可予以延长。", "对话和报告阶段", "8. 在收集资料阶段结束后的两个月期间，监察员将协助与申请人进行接触和对话，在申请人、相关国家、委员会和监察组之间传递问题和答复。", "9. 这一关键阶段让监察员有机会与申请人详细探讨案件的各个方面，也让申请人有机会陈述意见、提出争议点和回答问题，以确保其立场得到充分解释和理解。", "10. 监察员不仅可提出其本人的质询或要求提供说明和补充资料，还可提出从委员会、相关国家和监察组收到的任何问题或转达其要求，或就答复与其协调，以确保透彻地讨论和审议突出问题。", "11. 对话阶段可至多延长两个月。延长决定依然取决于监察员是否认定需要更多时间，以确保就案件的相关问题进行全面对话和交流。", "12. 在这个阶段，监察员将编写一份关于除名请求的报告。根据安全理事会第1989(2011)号决议，监察员在编写报告时可寻求监察组协助，但依照政策规定，报告将由监察员独立编写。", "13. 该报告将对案件作出全面回顾，并提出监察员关于将个人或实体除名的建议，供委员会审议。监察员或建议将个人或实体继续列名，或建议委员会审议将个人或实体从名单上除名。报告将概述已收集的资料，并酌情说明资料来源，介绍监察员就这项请求开展的互动和活动。这包括介绍与申请人进行的任何互动。该报告将根据对所掌握全部资料的分析和监察员的意见，阐述与除名请求有关的主要论点。报告还应载有一项建议。", "委员会讨论和决定阶段", "14. 委员会将在15天内审查以六种联合国正式语文提交的报告，随后将除名请求列入委员会议程。在以六种联合国正式语文向委员会提交报告后，委员会将在30天内完成报告审查。监察员将亲自向委员会介绍报告，并回答对报告提出的问题。审议结束后，委员会将就除名请求作出决定。", "15. 如监察员建议继续将个人或实体在名单上列名，该个人或实体将继续接受制裁措施，除非一名委员会成员提出除名请求，由委员会根据关于国家提出除名请求的正常协商一致程序予以审议。", "16. 如监察员建议委员会审议予以除名，该个人或实体将被从名单上除名，除非委员会在60天内通过协商一致决定，该人或实体应继续受到制裁。如未达成协商一致，委员会主席可根据一名委员会成员的请求，将除名问题提交安全理事会。安理会然后有60天的时间作出决定。在委员会和安理会审议除名问题期间，制裁措施依然有效。", "三. 决定的转达", "17. 如委员会批准除名请求，则应将此决定转达监察员。监察员随后将这一决定告知申请人。申请人将被从综合名单中除名。", "18. 如委员会决定驳回除名请求，则应向监察员转达这一决定(包括委员会驳回请求的理由)、关于委员会决定的任何其他相关资料以及最新列名理由简述。监察员在接获通知15日内，应发函给申请人，转达委员会的决定，并尽可能利用委员会报告的内容说明这一程序，并寄送监察员收集的可公开发布的资料。此外，监察员应向申请人转送委员会向监察员提供的所有资料。", "四. 保密", "19. 根据安全理事会第1989(2011)号决议附件二规定的程序，向监察员提交的除名请求应与委员会、相关国家及其他联合国机构共享。此外，作为资料收集过程的一部分，或许有必要向其他方面披露该请求。在已提起诉讼并且为了通知相关法庭的目的索取资料的情况下，监察员可提供资料，说明某项请求是否存在或其现状。否则，监察员应对提出的请求保密。", "20. 申请人在处理其申请方面显然不受任何保密限制的约束，因此可以选择公开披露资料和讨论除名请求。如申请人选择将其请求公开，监察员此后可将请求的存在和现状作为公开事项处理。然而，监察员不应公开评论或讨论任何未决案件的细节。如果案件已经结案而且已经作出除名决定，则可公开相关个人或实体的姓名/名称。如决定不予除名，个人或实体的姓名/名称不得披露，并应继续受到上述保密限制。", "附件二", "案件现状", "案件1(现状：委员会讨论和决定阶段)", "日期 说明", "2010年7月28日 将案件1转送制裁委员会[11]", "2010年9月28日 向委员会书面通报关于资料收集期的最新情况；资料收集期延长至2010年10月28日", "2010年10月28日 向委员会书面通报在资料收集延长期结束时的最新情况", "2010年12月13日 向委员会书面通报关于对话期的最新情况；对话期延长至2011年2月28日", "2011年2月28日 向委员会提交综合报告", "2011年5月10日 监察员向委员会说明综合报告", "案件2，Safet Ekrem Durguti(现状：已除名)", "日期 说明", "2010年9月30日 将案件2转送委员会", "2010年11月30日 向委员会书面通报关于资料收集期的最新情况；资料收集期延长至2011年1月11日", "2011年1月14日 向委员会书面通报在资料收集延长期结束时的最新情况", "2011年3月2日 向委员会书面通报关于对话期的最新情况；对话期延长至2011年5月16日", "2011年4月26日 向委员会提交综合报告", "2011年5月31日 监察员向委员会说明综合报告", "2011年6月14日 委员会除名决定", "案件3(现状：委员会讨论和决定阶段)", "日期 说明", "2010年11月3日 将案件3转送委员会", "2011年1月6日 向委员会书面通报关于资料收集期的最新情况；资料收集期延长至2011年2月14日", "2011年2月14日 向委员会书面通报在资料收集延长期结束时的最新情况", "2011年4月11日 向委员会书面通报关于对话期的最新情况；对话期延长至2011年6月14日", "2011年6月14日 向委员会提交综合报告", "案件4(现状：委员会讨论和决定阶段)", "日期 说明", "2010年12月6日 将案件4转送委员会", "2011年2月7日 向委员会书面通报关于资料收集期的最新情况；资料收集期延长至2011年3月21日", "2011年3月22日 向委员会书面通报在资料收集延长期结束时的最新情况", "2011年5月19日 向委员会书面通报关于资料收集期的最新情况；资料收集期延长至2011年7月5日", "2011年6月29日 向委员会提交综合报告", "案件5，Tarek Ben Al-Bechir Ben Amara Al-Charaabi(现状：已除名)", "日期 说明", "2010年12月30日 将案件5转送委员会", "2011年3月3日 向委员会书面通报关于资料收集期的最新情况；资料收集期延长至2011年4月18日", "2011年4月19日 向委员会书面通报在资料收集延长期结束时的最新情况", "2011年4月26日 向委员会提交综合报告", "2011年5月31日 监察员向委员会说明综合报告", "2011年6月14日 委员会除名决定", "案件6(现状：委员会讨论和决定阶段)", "日期 说明", "2011年1月14日 将案件6转送委员会", "2011年3月14日 向委员会书面通报关于资料收集期的最新情况；资料收集期延长至2011年4月25日", "2011年6月26日 向委员会书面通报在资料收集延长期结束时的最新情况", "2011年6月17日 向委员会提交综合报告", "案件7，Abu Sufian Al-Salamabi Muhammed Ahmed Abd Al-Razziq(Abousfian Abdelrazik)，QI.A.220.06.(现状：对话阶段)", "日期 说明", "2011年1月28日 将案件7转送委员会", "2011年3月29日 向委员会书面通报关于资料收集期的最新情况；资料收集期延长至2011年5月30日", "2011年6月1日 向委员会书面通报在资料收集延长期结束时的最新情况; 对话阶段定于2011年8月1日结束", "案件8(现状：对话阶段)", "日期 说明", "2011年3月17日 将案件8转送委员会", "2011年3月18日 向委员会书面通报关于资料收集期的最新情况；资料收集期延长至2011年6月28日", "2011年6月28日 向委员会书面通报在资料收集延长期结束时的最新情况; 对话阶段定于2011年8月29日结束", "案件9(现状：资料收集阶段)", "日期 说明", "2011年4月19日 将案件9转送委员会", "案件10(现状：资料收集阶段)", "日期 说明", "2011年5月6日 将案件10转送委员会", "案件11(现状：资料收集阶段)", "日期 说明", "2011年6月1日 将案件11转送委员会", "案件12(现状：资料收集阶段)", "日期 说明", "2011年6月30日 将案件12转送委员会", "案件13(现状：资料收集阶段)", "日期 说明", "2011年7月7日 将案件13转送委员会", "案件14(现状：资料收集阶段)", "日期 说明", "2011年7月20日 将案件14转送委员会", "附件三", "提出分析、意见和主要论据所采用的做法和标准[12]", "一. 背景", "1. 安全理事会关于基地组织和塔利班制裁制度的决定只能由安理会作出。关于安理会根据其第1267(1999)号和第1333(2000)号决议所建立的名单(综合名单)，安理会授权其关于基地组织和塔利班及有关人员和实体的第1267(1999)号决议所设委员会根据安理会制定的总体标准对列名和除名作出裁定。监察员办公室的设立并没有改变决策架构。因此，显然要由安理会和委员会决定为此作出决定时所适用的标准。", "2. 已赋予监察员协助委员会作出除名裁定这一重要作用。在发挥这一作用时，为了确保以公平一贯的方式为每个案件提出监察员的分析和意见，必须明确阐述所采用的做法以及评估资料时所适用的标准。", "3. 做法和标准必须顾及到一个安理会机构作出决定的独特背景及监察员的特殊作用。此外，所采用的办法和检验必须考虑到制裁是对国际和平与安全的威胁所致，以及对个人和实体所采取制裁措施的严肃性。", "二. 做法", "4. 安全理事会已授权监察员协助委员会处理除名请求，对向监察员提供的有关除名请求的所有资料作出分析并发表意见。", "5. 本文件就将要提出的分析和意见的性质提供明确指导。鉴于监察员的作用是协助作出除名决定，所做的任何评论应与委员会在对除名请求作出决定时必须回答的问题明确相关。", "6. 安全理事会尚未另行规定必须达到的除名标准。安理会在其第1735(2006)号决议第14段中阐明了委员会在裁定是否从综合名单中除名时不妨考虑的步骤，但不能将其视为强制性步骤。", "7. 相反，安全理事会相关决议指出，委员会在审查除名请求时，应考虑到所有相关情况，以裁定个人或实体是否仍然符合安理会提出的列名标准。实质上，除名的检验标准与列名的检验标准相反。因此，监察员的分析和意见也应注重这一问题。", "8. 此外，安全理事会明确无误地表示，除名决定是从新作出的决定，应审视提出除名请求时的具体情况，以裁定继续列名是否适当。为此，安理会在其第1735(2006)号决议中将脱离关系列为可以考虑的除名因素，就是采取这一做法的佐证。同样，安理会在其第1904(2009)号决议第22段中指示委员会继续开展工作，审议将不再符合标准的基地组织、乌萨马·本·拉丹或塔利班的成员和(或)相关人员从综合名单上除名，从而支持考虑自最初列名以来已经发生变化的具体情况。此外，安理会在同一决议中明确指示监察员分析全部现有资料(见附件二第7(c)段)。鉴于没有作出限制、特别是时间限制，这表明评估应考虑到所有相关资料，无论在作出最初决定时是否依赖这些资料。", "9. 同时，对全部现有资料作出的任何评估，应包括关于列名历史背景的资料，特别是最初指认的具体情况。此外，在作出全面分析时，没有最近资料显然绝不具有决定作用。这只是根据每个案件的特殊情况，应予以权衡和评估的一个因素。", "10. 最后，鉴于监察员的作用是在决策过程中向委员会提供协助，所做的分析和发表的意见应与将由委员会裁定的问题存在实质性关系：即个人和实体仍然符合列入综合名单的标准吗？为了做到这一点，监察员的分析和意见以及提出的主要论据应根据既定标准，述及而今是否有理由根据所有现有资料将个人或实体继续列名。", "三. 标准", "11. 为了支持监察员提出一致的分析和意见，必须根据前后一贯的标准对所收集的资料及收集资料所适用的推理作出评估。这个标准必须适合一个根据安全理事会的明确指示采取行动的委员会所作决定的独特背景。标准必须考虑到不折不扣的国际框架，在这一框架范围内，所使用的基准不得以某一特定法律制度或传统为前提条件。这一标准而是必须注重为所有法律制度所公认的基本理念。为了制定供监察员采用的适当标准，检视了国内和区域法律和判例，特别是在反恐机制中作出的冻结资产及其他限制。[13] 这一研究有助于将制定适当检验标准贯穿于对基地组织和塔利班的制裁制度。", "12. 标准还必须反映安全理事会在制裁目的方面的明确意图，即制裁应具有防范性质，不依赖国内法规定的刑事标准(见安理会第1735(2006)号决议)。同时，它们必须具有充分的实质意义，以通过适用标准维持对个人和实体作出的严格限制。", "13. 在这方面，在国内、区域或国际的刑事诉讼中适用的标准，显然不宜用来评估与委员会提出的名单有关的资料和具体情况。制裁不是为了惩罚犯罪行为。相反，安全理事会相关决议表明，其目的只有双重性：阻碍获取资源，以阻遏、削弱、孤立和消弥基地组织、乌萨马·本·拉丹和塔利班构成的恐怖主义威胁；鼓励基地组织或塔利班成员或与乌萨马·本·拉丹或这两个组织有关联的人员改变行为。在这些情况下，适用于裁定在刑事上有罪或无罪的标准，显然具有不同性质，其所要达到的目的与制裁的目的明显不同。", "14. 同时，因列入综合名单而受到的制裁具有重要性。当在国际范围内加以实施时，制裁对个人和实体的权利和自由造成直接的重大影响。由于制裁没有明确的结束日期，制裁的持续时间也不确定。因此，对列名个人和实体实施这种制裁所依据的资料必须具有某种实质性和可靠性。在这一背景下，仅凭怀疑或未经证实的陈述是不够的。", "15. 最后，标准必须考虑到与这些案件有关的各种不同情况和各类资料，特别是有鉴于列名程序具有国际性。", "16. 考虑到需要平衡这些因素，监察员提出分析和意见所采用的标准应该是，是否有足够的资料可以为列名提供合理、具有公信力的依据。", "17. 在对从不同来源获得的不同类别的资料作出定量、定性和实质评估时，充足性提供了必要的灵活度。合理性和公信力标准可以确保通过综合考虑各种具体情况为列名提供合理依据，并使依据具有足够可靠性，为实施制裁提供合理理由。充足性、合理性和公信力还尽可能为分析基本资料和列名的理由提供适当基准。这样一个标准承认与预防措施相适合的较低门槛，同时规定了足以在这方面保障个人和实体的权利的保护力度。", "[1] 由奥地利(自2011年1月起)、比利时、哥斯达黎加、丹麦、德国、芬兰、列支敦士登、荷兰、挪威、瑞典和瑞士组成。", "[2] 包括圣母大学柯洛克国际和平研究所、哈佛大学人道主义政策和冲突研究计划、荷兰国际关系学院和大赦国际组织的代表。", "[3] 包括关于加强联合国制裁工具的Friedrich Ebert Stiftung研讨会和关于安全理事会的非政府组织工作组会议。", "[4] 2011年6月14日，委员会将案件2申请人(Safet Ekrem Durgti，过去的列名编号为QI.D.153.03)和案件5申请人(Tarek Ben Al-Bechir Ben Amara Al-Charaabi，过去的列名编号为QI.A.61.02)除名。尽管已将除名一事通知监察员并予以公布，尚未根据安全理事会第1904(2009)号决议附件二第19段的规定向监察员发出正式通知。截至提交本报告之日，尚未向监察员转送关于案件1的任何资料，但已将该案件提交委员会作出决定。", "[5] 在一个案件中，一国在程序的后期提供一些资料，但到那时已无法作出任何更多延期。在这一情况下，申请人有较少的时间对补充材料作出答复。在所提交的综合报告中，已提请委员会关注这一事实。", "[6] 其中4项列名涉及基地组织。其中2项列名涉及塔利班，包括已发出通知函的1个案件。", "[7] 出现拖延的案件尚未结案。", "[8] 见附件二第13段。该决议第33段作出一项类似要求，其中安全理事会指示委员会成员提供反对除名请求的理由。", "[9] 依照2011年1月17日安全理事会第1989(2011)号决议，根据第1267(1999）和第1333(2000)号决议建立的名单(综合名单)上与塔利班有关联的个人和实体被列入基地组织制裁名单。", "[10] 委员会继续开展以前由安全理事会关于基地组织和塔利班及有关人员和实体的第1267(1999)号决议所设委员会负责的有关基地组织及相关人员和实体的工作。", "[11] ^(a) 2011年6月17日，依照安全理事会第1988(2011)号和第1989(2011)号决议，由安全理事会关于基地组织及有关人员和实体的第1267(1999)号和第1989/2011号决议所设委员会和安全理事会第1988(2011)号决议所设委员会取代基地组织和塔利班制裁委员会。", "[12] ^(∗) 2010年2月28日，监察员向基地组织和塔利班制裁委员会转递本文件。", "[13] 若干国家利用其正常刑事或其他司法程序来冻结恐怖分子的资产，因此所依赖的是适用于启动刑事调查或刑事起诉或申请司法冻结令的标准，例如，评估是否存在不法行为的足够证据和强烈怀疑。在一些实行普通法的司法管辖范围内，恐怖实体的指认是基于是否存在认定、怀疑或确信参与或实施恐怖行为或活动的合理理由或依据。金融行动工作队也建议，应利用认定或怀疑的合理理由或依据的替代办法，就像英联邦关于打击恐怖主义的措施的示范立法规定(怀疑或认定的合理理由)那样。一种偏离普通法的有趣情况是，用于指认恐怖团体的立法规定，必须提出维持将非法组织列名的“充分理由”。欧洲联盟也使用了不同的措辞：在有确切资料或材料显示，一成员国主管部门已根据严肃和可信的证据或线索作出一项决定时，欧洲委员会将一个人列名。在另一种情况下，《难民地位公约》第一条(f)分款指出，《公约》的规定不适用于有正当理由认为已犯下国际罪行的个人。" ]

[ "2011年7月21日监察员给安全理事会主席的信", "谨根据安全理事会第1989(2011)号决议附件二第16(c)段提交监察员办公室的第二次报告,根据该报告,监察员应向安理会提交两年期报告,总结她的活动。 报告介绍了监察员办公室自上一次报告以来在2011年1月21日至2011年7月21日期间六个月的活动。", "请将本函及报告提请安全理事会成员注意并作为安理会文件分发为荷。", "金伯里·普罗斯特(签名)", "监察员办公室根据安全理事会第1989(2011)号决议提交的报告", "一. 背景", "页: 1 监察员办公室是根据安全理事会2009年12月17日第1904(2009)号决议设立的,最初为期18个月,除其他外,协助安全理事会关于基地组织和塔利班及有关个人和实体的第1267(1999)号决议所设委员会(又称基地组织和塔利班制裁委员会)审议除名请求。", "2. 安全理事会于2011年6月17日通过第1988(2011)号和第1989(2011)号决议,决定将第1267(1999)号和第1333(2000)号决议所设名单上与基地组织有关的个人和实体(综合名单)列入另一个名单,以下简称“基地组织制裁名单”,该名单将属于安全理事会关于基地组织及有关个人和实体的第1267(1999)号和第1989(2011)号决议所设委员会(基地组织制裁委员会)的职权范围。 与塔利班有关联的个人和实体名单将属于一个单独的委员会,即安全理事会第1988(2011)号决议所设委员会的职权范围。 根据理事会第1989(2011)号决议,监察员的任务范围只涵盖基地组织制裁名单。 监察员办公室的任务期限又延长了18个月,至2012年12月。", "3. 。 在2011年6月30日的信中,秘书长再次任命Kimberly Prost(加拿大)担任监察员(S/2011/404)。", "4. 第四届会议 1. 本报告介绍了自监察员办公室第一次报告以来监察员办公室活动的最新情况。 监察员办公室在2011年1月21日监察员给秘书长的信(S/ 2001/29)中向安全理事会转交了该报告。", "II. 活动摘要:监察员办公室的发展", "A. 概况", "5. 自2011年1月以来,监察员继续努力根据独立和无障碍原则建立监察员办公室。", "外联和宣传监察员办公室的工作", "6. 任务 仍然需要宣传和宣传监察员办公室的工作。 为此,在现有资源的范围内,监察员在过去六个月中继续开展外联活动。 监察员在2011年3月18日在法国斯特拉斯堡举行的欧洲委员会国际公法法律顾问委员会第四十一届会议上,以及在2011年7月14日在纽约向会员国举行的公开简报会上,就她的办公室在政府间方面的工作作了发言。 7月14日还举行了一次新闻发布会,向公众介绍办事处活动的最新情况。 此外,监察员于2011年6月8日在伦敦向人权律师协会作了陈述,并于2011年6月24日在墨西哥城墨西哥国立自治大学举行了一次会议。 她还向来自加拿大、哥伦比亚和斯洛文尼亚的法律学生讲课。", "7. 基本考虑 为了更直接地接触可能希望提出除名申请的个人和实体,已向安全理事会第1526(2004)号决议所设分析支助和制裁监察组提供了说明监察员作用和除名申请程序的材料,安全理事会第1989(2011)号决议随后延长了监察组的任务期限,联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室(毒品和犯罪问题办公室)在实地考察期间酌情予以分发。 此外,在可能范围内,根据资源限制,正在不断向在办事处设立之前列名的已知地址的个人和实体发送描述办事处作用的信函。 这符合安全理事会第1904(2009)号决议附件二第15(b)段和第1989(2011)号决议附件二第16(b)段表达的意图,根据该意向,应通知名单所列个人和实体列名的状况。", "与基地组织和塔利班制裁委员会以及分析支助和制裁监察组的互动", "8.8 监察员自2011年1月以来三次出席制裁基地组织委员会、基地组织和塔利班委员会的前言:3月1日,对案件1作非正式介绍;5月10日,根据安全理事会第1904(2009)号决议附件二第9段,就案件1提交全面报告;非正式介绍案件2和5;5月31日,根据第1904(2009)号决议正式提交案件2和5的全面报告。 此外,监察员还多次与委员会成员进行双边会晤,主要讨论与案件有关的问题。 监察员就前6起案件向委员会提交了全面报告,其中4起根据第1904(2009)号决议提交,2起根据第1989(2011)号决议提交,并就各种案件向委员会提供若干书面最新情况。", "9 September 2005 监察员多次会见了分析支助和制裁监察组协调员和成员。 在业务一级,酌情与监察组的各种专家保持沟通。 监察组继续根据安全理事会第1904(2009)号决议附件二第3段的规定,向监察员提供有关个案的信息。", "与各国、政府间组织、联合国机构和非政府组织的联系", "10.10 监察员在过去六个月中继续与各国,特别是与参与除名申请的国家进行互动。 在这方面,她会晤了20多个国家的代表,有些是多次会晤。 她还继续与志同道合的国家的非正式小组就定向制裁问题举行会晤,并会晤了欧洲联盟的代表。", "注 同样,监察员还与毒品和犯罪问题办公室、反恐执行工作队和反恐怖主义委员会执行局的代表进行了联络。 她会晤了负责索马里问题的秘书长特别代表兼联合国索马里政治办公室主任以及索马里和厄立特里亚问题监察组协调员。", "12. 第12段。 监察员一直努力与民间社会和非政府组织,特别是从事人权和制裁工作的组织建立关系和工作。 为此,监察员会见了学者和非政府组织的代表,并参加了民间社会研讨会和会议。 [3]", "程序和研究", "13 August 2001 监察员继续关注相关判例、条款和报告方面的法律和其他发展。 她还利用现有机会,与国家、区域和国际法院的法官、检察官和包括美国律师协会和国际律师协会代表在内的私人律师讨论与除名程序有关的广泛问题。 她与秘书处法律事务厅的工作人员以及反恐怖主义委员会执行局和分析支助和制裁监察组的专家讨论了与一般法律问题。", "网站", "十四、任 务 监察员办公室的网站得到进一步开发,以包括一个部分,跟踪通过除名程序提出的每一项除名申请的状况。 如下文所述,监察员编写全面报告的做法和标准以及监察员选定的陈述已经列入。 此外,为了确保潜在的请愿者明确了解这一进程,更新了监察员网站上的材料,以反映安全理事会第1989(2011)号决议引起的程序变化。 这些材料的副本见本报告附件一。", "页: 1 活动摘要:除名案件", "A. 概况", "15 监察员办公室过去六个月的活动主要涉及个人和实体提出的除名请求。 在本报告所述期间,提交的案件比办事处头六个月多,与案件有关的工作随着时间的推移大幅度增加。", "除名案件和案件调查", "161 截至2011年7月21日,向监察员提交了14项除名请求。 所有这些都得到了接受,目前正处于安全理事会第1904(2009)号决议附件二或第1989(2011)号决议所述进程的不同阶段。 一名请愿人Abu Sufian Al-Salamabi Muhammed Ahmed Abd Al-Razziq(Abousfian Abdelrazik)公开提出除名申请。 其余申请在审议中仍然保密。", "17. 第17条。 全面报告已分发给委员会6起案件。 根据安全理事会第1989(2011)号决议规定的订正制度,其中两份报告包括建议。 如上文所述,监察员已出席委员会正式提出三个案件的综合报告。 其中2起案件导致除名,第3起案件仍在委员会审议之中。 [4] 附件二载有截至本报告之日所有案件的状况说明。", "第18条 在这14起案件中,有10起是个人提出的,2起是个人与一个或多个实体一起提出的,2起是实体提出的。 在这14起案件中,有7起得到法律顾问的协助。 所有这些案件都涉及委员会根据与基地组织的联系而列入名单的个人和实体。", "191 监察员与潜在的请愿者和(或)其法律顾问进行了联系,这可能会导致正式提出除名申请。", "工作方法和标准", "20.20 在本报告所述期间,在处理越来越多的请愿书时,监察员有机会始终采用为增进程序的公平性和透明度而制定的工作方法。 在提交全面报告的6起案件中,信息收集和对话的时间被用来收集所依赖的信息,以列出相关的个人和/或实体,并将这些信息转交申请人。 在所有6起案件中,请愿者都了解了对他们的案件,并有机会作出答复,随后将答复纳入提交委员会的全面报告。 [5]", "21.21。 在向委员会提交全面报告的6起案件中,监察员询问了有关国家的问题,并向请愿人提出了具体问题,在某些情况下包括各国和分析支助和制裁监察组提出的问题。", "第22章 如监察员办公室第一次报告所述,公平程序要求根据确定的标准评估监察员收集的信息,以确保分析的一致性和客观性。 本着这一目标,监察员于2010年2月28日向制裁基地组织和塔利班委员会主席发出了一份单独的文件,题为“分析、意见和主要论点的指南和标准”,供编写全面报告时使用,监察员在该文件中讨论了根据监察员获得的信息继续列入名单是否有理由的问题。 换言之,是否有足够的信息为列名提供合理和可信的依据? 为了提高除名程序的透明度,本文件以联合国六种正式语文在监察员办公室网站上和本报告附件三中提供。", "23. 会议报告。 实际上,在对话阶段和编写全面报告的过程中,监察员有机会审查各国和请愿人提供的资料。 根据安全理事会第1904(2009)号决议提交了全面报告的4起案件中,监察员根据上述标准和办法,就所审查的信息是否充分提出意见。 在根据理事会第1989(2011)号决议提交的2起案件中,利用这一评估提出了建议。", "国家合作", "24. 第24段。 显然,监察员进程在很大程度上取决于有关国家在每一案件中的充分合作。 在本报告所述期间,国家合作依然强劲。 在向监察员提交的14起案件中,包括2起案件,向26个国家发出了51份索取资料的请求。 在向委员会提交全面报告的6起案件中,收到了对28项除名请求中25项请求的答复。 在提交全面报告的6起案件中,指定国和居住国或居住国/组成国均提供了答复。 在许多情况下,收到不止一份答复,往往是监察员向有关国家提出后续问题的结果。 一些国家主动提供了更多的材料。", "与请愿人对话", "258. 监察员在对话阶段达成或推进的每一个案件中都向申请人提出问题。 在对话阶段完成的所有案件中,申请人都作了答复。 监察员与申请人之间的交流形式不同,取决于案件的性质。 监察员在一个案件中会见了申请人。 在对话阶段与申请人进行交流证明很重要,因为这些交流提供了与申请人充分探讨案件的机会,并提出有助于更好地确定案件相关信息的问题,供委员会审议。", "查阅机密或机密信息", "262. 报 告 获取机密或机密信息仍然是监察员面临的主要挑战之一。", "。 在提交全面报告的6起案件中,根据具体情况,以不同的方式处理该问题。 在某些情况下,在列名过程中没有使用分类或机密信息。 在其他情况下,这些资料是在分类后提供的。 一次提交了足够详细的资料摘要。 在另一起案件中,根据与有关国家(瑞士)达成的安排,向监察员提供了机密信息。", "第28次会议 由于获得机密或机密信息的问题仍然令人严重关切,监察员已开始与若干国家进行对话,其中包括在提交给她的若干除名案件中被认为具有相关性的国家,以期达成安排或协议,使监察员能够查阅机密或机密信息。 迄今为止,比利时和瑞士已为此作出安排。 正在与其它国家进行讨论,这个问题正在得到紧急关注。", "四、结 论 其他活动", "列名通知", "29. 。 根据安全理事会第1989(2011)号决议附件二第16(b)段(以及在2011年6月17日之前,第1904(2009)号决议附件二第15(b)段),如果有人知道有地址,监察员应将列名情况通知个人或实体。", "30. 。 在办事处第一次报告以来的六个月中,综合名单增加了6个条目。 对于每个条目,都考虑了通知问题,但在6个案例中,有5个没有地址,或者所提供的信息对于通知送达收件人的任何合理前景不够详细。 在Khalil Ahmed Haqqani一案(TI.H.150.11)中,于2011年2月14日发出通知函,以根据有关其所在地的信息确定可能的地址。 [6]", "313. 根据安全理事会的意图,于2011年6月3日广泛解释有关通知的规定,最近通过修正案在综合名单上增加了8名个人,他们发出了通知函。", "其他事项", "323 监察员答复了关于基地组织和塔利班制裁委员会的各种信息要求,并酌情提供材料答复这些要求。 此外,监察员还协助寻求信息或澄清的国家,并答复已经除名的个人提出的要求。", "页: 1 今后的工作", "336. 根据安全理事会第1989(2011)号决议规定的新任务,监察员的优先事项保持不变。 最主要的活动仍然是与除名请求相关的活动,特别是鉴于工作量迅速增加。 自监察员办公室成立以来,共收到14份除名申请,其中8份在本报告所述期间收到。 此外,迄今为止完成的所有6份全面报告都是在同一时间框架内提交的。 如初次报告所预测,截至2011年7月21日,14起案件中有12起仍然未决。", "343. 事实和争论 虽然很难确定今后的工作量,但可以合理地假设,监察员办公室今后六个月内将继续收到大约相同比例的请求,这意味着在2011年底可能会有15至20起案件。", "353. 如上所述,继续优先的事项之一是制定获取机密或机密信息的安排或协定。", "363. 。 监察员将继续注重外联工作,特别是制定更多方法,以接触孤立地点和/或无法随时利用通信设施和技术的个人和实体。", "378 监察员将继续与各国、政府间组织和非政府组织以及联合国各机构联络,并定期向会员国和新闻界通报情况。 还将酌情寻求与民间社会和公众联系的机会。", "六、结 论 意见和结论", "页: 1 在提交了6份全面报告之后,有可能就监察员进程的有效性和遇到的挑战提出一些实质性意见。 然而,鉴于只有2起案件得到充分考虑,这仍然是初步评估。 此外,安全理事会通过第1989(2011)号决议,进行了重大改革,特别是对决定阶段,对进程的任何总体评价都需要等待这些修正的执行和经历。", "国家合作", "39 过去六个月开展的工作只是更明确地强调各国与监察员办公室合作的重要性。 进程的总体效力取决于向监察员提供及时列出个人或实体的所有相关信息的国家。", "404 如前所述,监察员几乎无一例外地接受答复,而且在所有情况下,掌握分析某一案件最相关信息的国家(通常是指定国和居住国或居住国/组成国)都作出答复。 然而,在最初的除名申请信息收集过程中遇到了一些关键的挑战。 很显然,在某些情况下,很难获得必要的详细信息,以便进行适当的分析。 在某些情况下,还存在着信息披露的及时性问题。", "41 总的来说,这些挑战并非因为缺乏合作的意愿,而是由于披露机密或机密信息这一总体问题。 例如,在1起案件中,材料解密的时间很长,导致向监察员提交信息的工作出现拖延。 在另一起案件中,所提供的资料缺乏基本细节,由于基本材料的分类性质而无法披露。 在这些特定情况下,提出了解决办法,并找到了处理这种情况的办法,但根本问题仍令人关切。 安全理事会在第1989(2011)号决议第25段中强烈敦促会员国向监察员提供所有相关信息,包括机密信息,这将有助于鼓励各国继续合作,包括在机密信息方面进行合作。 在同一段中,理事会确认,监察员必须遵守提供此种资料的会员国对此种资料的任何保密限制,这些限制应有助于推动关于披露机密或机密信息的协定或安排的谈判。", "A. 实现公平进程的关键要素", "42 上述案件清楚表明监察员办公室有可能开展公平进程。 在各国的合作下,通过信息收集进程、对话阶段和全面报告,正在实现公平的关键组成部分(“了解对你的案件”和“有机会作出回应和听取意见”)。 此外,总体程序允许监察员审查案件的基本信息,并向委员会提供独立和客观的评估,评估信息是否足以保证某一个人或实体继续被列入名单。 自安全理事会第1989(2011)号决议通过以来,这一方面现在得到更正式承认,因为安理会授权监察员除了分析、观察和主要论点概要之外,还提出建议。", "434 关于审议和决策程序的公平性和透明度,迄今为止的经验太有限,无法为任何重要评论提供依据。 早期阶段可以提出的一个问题是,委员会成员一直在认真审议所提交的全面报告,并就报告内容与监察员接触,希望这种做法将继续下去。 此外,关于这一进程的最后阶段,需要考虑安全理事会第1989(2011)号决议引起的变化,特别是涉及决策过程的第23段。 归根结底,任何评估都必须等待决议这一方面的实际执行。 然而,原则上,只有经协商一致确定或经安理会决定,委员会才能无视监察员提出的赞成除名的建议,这是在提高进程公平性和透明度方面向前迈出的重要一步。", "决定理由", "444 关于决策过程的另一个问题是决定的理由问题。 由于尚未就已裁定的案件发出正式通知,目前尚无法在早期阶段对做法作出评论。 然而,这一原则已经得到安全理事会的承认:安理会在第1989(2011)号决议中要求委员会说明拒绝除名申请的理由。 *** 显然,在拒绝除名的情况下,这一点至关重要。", "454 如监察员办公室第一次报告所述,如果决定除名,提供这种理由也非常重要。 除了证明决策过程的合理性外,信息对于监察员评估其他案件和确保分析的一致性具有价值。 此外,在利用制裁改变行为方面,监察员可以在与其他请愿者对话过程中利用这些理由。 虽然赞赏安全理事会第1989(2011)号决议所作的修改,但鉴于本报告第一部分和所述原因,如果考虑要求委员会通过监察员或其他渠道向被除名的人或实体说明理由的可能性,将是有益的。", "不披露指定国的身份", "46 在本报告所述期间,向请愿者披露指定国身份的问题仍然令人关切。 在要求同意披露的最初案件中,有关国家是否同意披露信息的结果参差不齐。 安全理事会在第1989(2011)号决议中大力敦促各国同意披露问题(第29段)。 这一规定对实践的影响将在今后几个月内进行评估。", "除名后续行动的任务", "474. 147 迄今为止的做法表明,监察员办公室有可能发挥作用,追踪在财务或旅行限制方面继续遇到困难的被除名人员或实体的案件。 此外,姓名与名单所列个人和实体相似的个人和实体继续面临财政和旅行限制。 对面临无理限制的个人和实体的公平关切是显而易见的。 虽然可以通过委员会或双边途径找到其他可能的解决办法,但监察员完全能够迅速促进在这些局势中找到令人满意的解决办法。", "488. 住房 在相关问题上,最近有人与监察员接触,寻求协助,接受委员会的人道主义或旅行豁免。 鉴于任务有限,目前只能根据这些请求提供基本信息。 然而,特别是对那些居住在资源有限和能力有限的国家的个人来说,不可能给予这种豁免。 因此,向监察员授权提请委员会注意这类案件似乎是适当的。 这样做符合安全理事会最近在第1989(2011)号决议中表达的意图,即适当使用豁免规定,并以迅速和透明的方式给予豁免。", "494. 人口 由于上述理由和监督厅第一次报告所述的理由,如果考虑延长监察员办公室的任务期限,使其能够跟踪案件,确保制裁措施不会被不当适用,并通过提请委员会注意相关案件,协助豁免进程。", "资源", "50 。 由于监察员办公室的任务期限又延长了18个月,工作量也有所增加,因此,对监察员办公室第一次报告中确定的资源的需求变得更加紧迫。 虽然政治事务部继续干练地协助该办公室,但监察员需要专用资源,才能完成安全理事会赋予的任务。 理事会第1989(2011)号决议明确承认这一需要(第24段)。", "51 为了维持该办公室的工作,必须有一名专职行政干事和一名高级法律专业人员。 此外,必须提供充足的资源,用于支持旅行,特别是用于审查敏感信息或会见申请人等业务事项。 在这方面应当指出,安全理事会第1989(2011)号决议表示,监察员应尽可能与请愿人会晤(附件二,第6(c)段)。", "52 此外,在第一批案件中的做法非常明显地表明,必须提供翻译服务,这证明对于确保请愿者了解案件以及适当和明确地向委员会提出任何答复至关重要。 因此,显然,为了监察员办公室的适当运作,还必须有适当的翻译资源。", "附件一", "向监察员办公室提出的除名请求的程序", "页: 1 除名申请将按照安全理事会第1989(2011)号决议附件二所列详细程序审议。", "一、初步决定", "2. 结 论 除名程序首先由监察员初步确定,要求适当处理适用于基地组织制裁名单的指定标准。 [9] 具体来说,请求应当说明除名的理由/理由,同时考虑到表明个人或实体与基地组织有关的行为或活动。 其中包括:", "(a) 参与资助、规划、便利、筹备或实施行动或活动,同时代表或支持这些行动或活动;", "(b) 供应、出售或转让军火和有关物资;", "(c) 征聘;", "(d) 不支持基地组织或任何单位、附属公司、分裂集团或衍生工具的行为或活动。", "3. 。 监察员还必须首先确定该请求是否构成新的或重复的请求。 在后一种情况下,监察员必须确信,当时正在提供更多材料。 这项要求只适用于重复向监察员提出的要求。 如果以前通过协调人或另一渠道提出请求,向监察员办公室提出的请求将被视为初步请求。", "II. 审议请求的程序", "4. 第四届会议 除非请求因不符合上述要求而被否决,否则将分三阶段评估。", "信息收集阶段", "5. 信息收集阶段的目的是让监察员尽可能收集与除名请求相关的详细信息。 这对于确保安全理事会关于基地组织及有关个人和实体的第1267(1999)号和第1989(2011)号决议[10]所设委员会拥有就请求作出决定的所有相关材料至关重要。", "6. 任务 监察员将向委员会、指定国、国籍国/居住国(或为实体组建/合作)、分析支助和制裁监察组(协助委员会的一个专家组)和其他有关国家或联合国机构分发该请求,并采取后续行动,与这些国家和机构接触,努力收集与请求有关的所有相关信息。 初步信息收集阶段从向委员会提交请求之日起为期4个月。", "7. 基本考虑 虽然目的是尽可能迅速地收集资料,并在4个月内,监察员可延长期限,最多可延长两个月。 监察员认为有必要这样做,以确保收集所有可疑信息。", "对话和报告阶段", "8.8 在信息收集阶段之后,为期两个月,监察员将通过转达申请人、有关国家、委员会和监察组之间的问题和答复,促进与申请人的接触和对话。", "9 September 2005 这一关键阶段使监察员有机会与申请人详细探讨案件的各个方面。 它使请愿人有机会陈述意见、处理问题和回答问题,以确保其立场得到充分解释和理解。", "10.10 除了提出自己的询问或要求澄清和补充资料外,监察员还将提出任何问题,转达委员会、有关国家和监察组提出的任何要求,并就答复与他们进行协调,以便满意地看到,突出的问题得到了彻底的探讨和审查。", "注 对话阶段可延长至两个月。 同样,延期决定取决于监察员是否确定还需要进一步的时间,以确保就案件相关问题进行全面对话和交流。", "12. 第12段。 在此期间,监察员将编写一份关于除名请求的报告。 虽然根据安全理事会第1989(2011)号决议,监察员可以寻求监察组协助编写报告,但根据政策决定,报告将由监察员独立编写。", "13 August 2001 报告将对案件和监察员关于除名的建议进行全面审查,供委员会审议。 监察员要么建议名单上的个人或实体,要么建议委员会考虑从名单上删除个人或实体。 报告将总结所收集的信息,酌情具体说明资料来源,并介绍监察员就请求进行的交流和活动。 报告将介绍与请愿人的任何互动。 报告将根据对所有现有资料的分析以及监察员的意见,提出除名请求的主要论点。 此外,它将包含一项建议。", "委员会的讨论和决策阶段", "十四、任 务 在委员会用联合国六种正式语文审查监察员报告15天之后,该报告将列入委员会议程,供其审议。 委员会审查报告将在以联合国所有正式语文提交委员会后30天内完成。 监察员将亲自向委员会提交报告并回答问题。 审议后,委员会将就除名请求作出决定。", "15 如果监察员建议,该个人或实体应留在名单上,则该个人或实体将继续接受制裁措施,除非委员会某一成员提出除名请求,要求委员会根据各国除名请求的正常协商一致程序进行审议。", "161 如果监察员建议委员会考虑除名,除非委员会在60天内以协商一致方式决定该个人或实体应继续受到制裁,否则该个人或实体将被除名。 如果没有共识,委员会主席可应委员会一名成员的请求,将除名问题提交安全理事会处理。 安理会再有60天时间作出决定。 委员会和安理会正在审议除名问题,但制裁措施仍然有效。", "页: 1 决定的告知", "17. 第17条。 如果委员会批准除名请求,将决定将通知监察员,由监察员告知申请人。 申请人的名字将从基地组织制裁名单上删除。", "第18条 如果委员会拒绝除名请求,该决定,包括委员会驳回该请求的理由,将转交监察员关于委员会决定的任何进一步有关资料和列名理由的最新说明摘要。 在通知发出后15天内,监察员将致函申请人,通报委员会的决定,并尽可能参考监察员的报告,介绍监察员收集的进程和公开信息。 此外,监察员还将向申请人转交委员会向监察员提供的所有资料。", "四、结 论 保密", "191 根据安全理事会第1989(2011)号决议附件二规定的程序,将向委员会、有关国家和联合国其他机构提出除名请求。 此外,作为信息收集过程的一部分,可能有必要向他人披露有关请求的信息。 此外,监察员还将提供资料,说明在诉讼未决的情况下某项请求的存在或状况,并提供资料,以便告知相关法院。 否则,监察员将把所提交的请求作为机密处理。", "20.20 申请人显然不受对其申请的任何保密限制,因此可以选择向公众披露信息并讨论除名请求。 如果申请人选择公开其请求,监察员随后将把请求的存在和地位作为公开事项处理。 但是,监察员不会公开评论或讨论任何未决案件的细节。 一旦案件完成,如果决定除名,将披露有关个人或实体的名称。 在决定不除名的情况下,个人或实体的名称将不予披露,并将受上述同样的保密限制。", "附件二", "案件情况", "第1号案件(现状:委员会的讨论和决策阶段)", "日期:\n2010年7月28日将案件1转交基地组织和塔利班制裁委员会\n2010年9月28日 向委员会提交的关于信息收集周期的书面最新情况;信息收集期延长至2010年10月28日\n2010年10月28日 提交给委员会的延长信息收集期结束时的书面最新情况\n2010年12月13日 提交给委员会的对话期书面最新情况;对话期延长至2011年2月28日\n2011年2月28日 提交委员会的综合报告\n2011年5月10日 监察员向委员会提交全面报告", "^(a) 2011年6月17日,根据安全理事会第1988(2011)号和第1989(2011)号决议,制裁基地组织和塔利班委员会由安全理事会关于基地组织及有关个人和实体的第1267(1999)号和第1989(2011)号决议委员会以及安全理事会第1988(2011)号决议所设委员会接替。", "第2号案件:安全特·埃克姆·杜古蒂(现状:除名)", "日期:\n将案件2转交委员会\n2010年11月30日 向委员会提交的关于信息收集周期的书面最新情况;信息收集期延长至2011年1月11日\n2011年1月14日提交委员会的信息收集延长期结束时的书面最新情况\n2011年3月2日 提交给委员会的对话期书面最新情况; 对话期延长至2011年5月16日\n2011年4月26日 提交委员会的综合报告\n2011年5月31日 监察员向委员会提交全面报告\n2011年6月14日委员会决定除名", "第3号案件(现状:委员会的讨论和决策阶段)", "日期:\n2010年11月3日将案件3转交委员会\n2011年1月6日 向委员会提交的关于信息收集周期的书面最新情况;信息收集期延长至2011年2月14日\n2011年2月14日提交委员会的信息收集延长期结束时的书面最新情况\n2011年4月11日 提交给委员会的对话期书面最新情况;对话期延长至2011年6月14日\n2011年6月14日 提交委员会的综合报告", "第4号案件(现状:委员会的讨论和决策阶段)", "日期:\n将案件4转交委员会\n2011年2月7日 向委员会提交的关于信息收集周期的书面最新情况;信息收集期延长至2011年3月21日\n2011年3月22日 提交给委员会的信息收集延长期结束时的书面最新情况\n2011年5月19日 提交给委员会的对话期书面最新情况;对话期延长至2011年7月5日\n2011年6月29日 提交委员会的综合报告", "第5号案件:Tarek Ben Al-Bechir Ben Amara Al-Charaabi(现状:除名)", "日期:\n将案件5转交委员会\n2011年3月3日 向委员会提交的信息收集周期的书面最新情况; 资料收集期延长至2011年4月18日\n2011年4月19日 提交给委员会的信息收集延长期结束时的书面最新情况\n2011年4月26日 提交委员会的综合报告\n2011年5月31日 监察员向委员会提交全面报告\n2011年6月14日委员会决定除名", "第6号案件(现状:委员会的讨论和决策阶段)", "日期:\n2011年1月14日将案件6转送委员会\n2011年3月14日 向委员会提交的信息收集周期的书面最新情况; 资料收集期延长至2011年4月25日\n2011年4月26日 提交给委员会的信息收集延长期结束时的书面最新情况\n2011年6月17日 提交委员会的综合报告", "Case 7, Abu Sufian Al-Salamabi Muhammed Ahmed Abd Al-Razziq (Abousfian Abdelrazik), QI.A.220.06. (现状:对话阶段)", "日期:\n2011年1月28日 将案件7转交委员会\n2011年3月29日 向委员会提交的信息收集周期的书面最新情况; 资料收集期延长至2011年5月30日\n2011年6月1日 提交给委员会的信息收集期延长结束时的书面最新情况;对话阶段定于2011年8月1日结束", "第8号案件(现状:对话阶段)", "日期:\n2011年3月17日 将案件8转交委员会\n2011年5月18日 向委员会提交的关于信息收集周期的书面最新情况;信息收集期延长至2011年6月28日\n2011年6月28日 提交给委员会的信息收集期延长结束时的书面最新情况;对话阶段定于2011年8月29日结束", "第9号案件(现状:信息收集阶段)", "日期:\n2011年4月19日将案件9转交委员会", "第10号案件(现状:信息收集阶段)", "日期:\n2011年5月6日 将案件10转交委员会", "第11条 (现状:信息收集阶段)", "日期:\n2011年6月1日 将案件11转交委员会", "第12条 (现状:信息收集阶段)", "日期:\n2011年6月30日 将案件12转送委员会", "第13条 (现状:信息收集阶段)", "日期:\n2011年7月7日 将案件13转交委员会", "第14条 (现状:信息收集阶段)", "日期:\n2011年7月20日 将案件14转送委员会", "附件三", "分析、意见和主要论点的方法和标准*", "一、背景", "* 监察员于2010年2月28日将本文件转交基地组织和塔利班制裁委员会主席。", "页: 1 关于安全理事会制裁基地组织和塔利班制度的决定完全由安理会作出。 关于根据安理会第1267(1999)号和第1333(2000)号决议制定的名单(综合名单),安理会授权关于基地组织和塔利班及有关个人和实体的第1267(1999)号决议所设委员会根据安理会规定的总体标准,就列名和除名作出决定。 监察员办公室的设立没有改变这一决策结构。 作为必然结果,显然应由安理会和委员会确定它在这方面作出决定时将适用哪些标准。", "2. 结 论 监察员被赋予协助委员会确定除名工作的重要作用。 在这种作用中,为了确保监察员的分析和意见能够以公平、一致的方式提供,有必要明确阐述所采用的做法以及评估信息的标准。", "3. 。 这种做法和标准都必须以安全理事会某一机构作出决定的独特背景以及监察员的特殊作用为依据。 此外,所采用的方法和试验必须考虑到制裁对国际和平与安全的威胁,以及在适用于个人和实体时制裁措施的严肃性。", "II. 方法", "4. 第四届会议 安全理事会授权监察员协助委员会处理除名请求,除其他外,对监察员收到的与除名请求有关的所有资料进行分析并提出意见。", "5. 本文件对预期的分析和意见的性质提供了明确指导。 由于监察员的作用是协助除名决定,所提供的任何意见显然都涉及委员会在决定除名请求时必须回答的问题。", "6. 任务 安全理事会没有确定单独的标准,必须满足这些标准才能除名。 虽然理事会第1735(2006)号决议第14段规定了委员会可考虑采取的步骤,以确定从综合名单上删除名字,但不能将这些名字归类为强制性的。", "7. 基本考虑 相反,安全理事会相关决议指出,委员会在审查除名请求时,将考虑所有相关情况,以确定某一个人或实体是否继续达到安理会规定的列名标准。 实质上,除名的检验与列入名单的测试相反。 因此,监察员的分析和意见也应侧重于这一问题。", "8.8 此外,安全理事会无可辩驳地表示,除名决定将是一个明确的决定,它审视除名请求时的情况,以确定继续列名的适当性。 在这方面,安理会在第1735(2006)号决议中将脱离关系列为可考虑除名的一个因素,这表明这种做法。 同样,安理会在第1904(2009)号决议第22段中指示委员会继续努力,考虑将不再符合标准的基地组织、乌萨马·本·拉丹或塔利班成员和(或)同伙从综合名单上除名,从而支持审议自最初列名以来已发生变化的情况。 此外,安理会在同一决议中明确指示监察员分析所有现有资料(见附件二第7(c)段)。 由于没有限制,特别是时间限制,评估显然应当涉及所有相关材料,无论是在原决定中还是非根据。", "9 September 2005 与此同时,对目前掌握的所有资料的任何评估都将包括关于列名的历史背景,尤其是与原指定有关的情况的信息。 同样明显的是,在全面分析中,缺乏最新信息绝不是决定性的。 这只是一个需要根据每个案件的具体情况加以权衡和评估的因素。", "10.10 最后,由于监察员的作用是协助委员会进行决策,所进行的分析和提出的意见应实质性地涉及委员会确定的问题:一个个人或实体是否继续达到列入综合名单的标准? 为此,监察员的分析和意见以及提出的主要论点,应当按照既定标准处理,目前是否根据目前掌握的所有资料,继续列名个人或实体。", "页: 1 标准", "注 为了支持监察员提出一致的分析和意见,所收集的信息和对其适用的理由必须评估为一致的标准。 这一标准必须适合安全理事会明确指示下行事的委员会所作决定的独特背景。 它必须考虑到纯粹的国际框架,因为所使用的基准不能以某一特定法律制度或传统的概念为前提。 相反,它必须侧重于被普遍接受的概念,作为整个法律制度的基础。 为了达到监察员适用的适当标准,已经审查了国家和区域的法律和判例,特别是在冻结资产和在反恐制度中实行其他限制的情况下。 [11] 这一研究有助于在基地组织和塔利班制裁制度方面开展适当试验。", "12. 第12段。 该标准还必须反映安全理事会在制裁目的方面的明确意图,即制裁具有预防性质,而不是依赖国内法规定的刑法标准(见安理会第1735(2006)号决议)。 与此同时,它们必须具有足够的实质内容,以维持对个人和实体实施的严格限制。", "13 August 2001 在这方面,很显然,在国家、区域或国际刑事诉讼中适用的标准不适合评估与委员会列名有关的信息和情况。 制裁的目的不是惩罚犯罪行为。 相反,安全理事会的有关决议表明,目的有两个方面:阻碍获得资源,以阻止、损害、孤立和放弃基地组织、乌萨马·本·拉丹和塔利班的恐怖主义威胁,鼓励基地组织或塔利班成员或与乌萨马·本·拉丹或两个团体有联系的人改变行为。 在这种情况下,适用于确定有罪或无罪的标准显然具有不同的性质,其宗旨不同于制裁的目的。", "十四、任 务 与此同时,列入综合名单所产生的制裁具有重大性质。 在国际范围内执行,对个人和实体的权利和自由具有直接和重大的影响。 他们的任期也不定,因为他们没有具体规定的结束日期。 因此,对列入名单的个人和实体适用此类制裁的信息必须具有某些实质内容和可靠性。 在这方面,怀疑或依赖未经核实的陈述是不够的。", "15 最后,该标准必须考虑到与这些案件有关的各种情况和类型,特别是考虑到列名过程的国际性质。", "161 考虑到必须平衡这些因素,监察员分析和意见的标准应当是,是否有足够的信息为列名提供合理和可信的依据。", "17. 第17条。 在从数量、质量和实质内容上评估不同来源的不同类型的信息方面,充足性提供了必要的灵活性。 合理性和可信性的标准确保合并情况为列名提供合理基础,这足以说明实施制裁的理由。 充分性、合理性和可信度也为尽可能分析与列名相关的基本信息和理由提供了适当的基准。 这是一项标准,它承认在设定足以保障个人和实体在这方面的权利的保护水平的同时,采取预防措施的门槛较低。", "*** 包括奥地利(截至2011年1月)、比利时、哥斯达黎加、丹麦、德国、芬兰、列支敦士登、荷兰、挪威、瑞典和瑞士。", "*** 包括Notre Dame大学克罗茨国际和平研究所、哈佛大学人道主义政策和冲突研究方案、荷兰国际关系研究所和大赦国际的代表。", "[3] 包括弗里德里希·埃伯特基金会关于加强联合国制裁工具的研讨会和非政府组织安全理事会工作组的会议。", "[4] 第2号案件(Safet Ekrem Durgti, 以前列为参考编号QI.D.153.03)和第5号案件(Tarek Ben Al-Bechir Ben Amara Al-Charaabi, 以前列为编号QI.A.61.02)的请愿者于2011年6月14日被委员会除名。 虽然已向监察员和公众公布除名的事实,但尚未根据安全理事会第1904(2009)号决议附件二第11段向监察员发出正式通知。 截至本报告提交之日,尚未向监察员转交有关案件1的资料,而案件1是由委员会决定的。", "[5] 一国在程序稍后阶段提供了一些资料,但不可能再延期。 在这种情况下,申请人没有时间对补充资料作出答复。 这一事实在提交的综合报告中提请委员会注意。", "[6] 其中4项涉及基地组织。 其中两个条目,包括发出通知函的条目,都与塔利班有关。", "[7] 涉及拖延的案件尚未结案。", "见附件二第13段。 该决议第33段也提出了类似的要求,其中安全理事会指示委员会成员说明反对除名请求的理由。", "[9] 根据安全理事会于2011年6月17日通过的第1989(2011)号决议,第1267(1999)号和第1333(2000)号决议所设名单上与基地组织有关联的个人和实体(综合名单)被列入基地组织制裁名单。", "[10] 委员会继续以前由安全理事会关于基地组织和塔利班及有关个人和实体的第1267(1999)号决议所设委员会开展的工作。", "[11] 若干国家利用其正常的刑事程序或其他司法程序冻结恐怖分子的资产,因此依赖适用于启动刑事调查或起诉或申请司法逮捕令以冻结的标准,例如评估是否有充分证据或对不当行为的强烈怀疑。 在一些普通法法域中,将实体指定为恐怖分子是基于有合理的理由或依据相信、怀疑或满足参与或实施恐怖主义行为或活动。 金融行动工作队还建议利用合理理由的替代办法或依据来怀疑或相信,英联邦《打击恐怖主义措施示范立法条文》(有理由怀疑或相信)。 在一个有趣的普通法上偏离了用于指定恐怖主义团体的立法,要求表明“充分的原因”,以维护非法结社的列名。 欧洲联盟再次使用不同语言:欧洲理事会列出了有准确信息或材料显示某一成员国主管当局根据严肃和可信的证据或lu作出决定的人。 《关于难民地位的公约》第一条(f)项规定,《公约》的规定不适用于有充分理由认为犯有国际罪行的人。" ]

[ "Substantive session of 2011", "Geneva, 4-29 July 2011", "Agenda item 14 (c) and (d)", "Social and human rights questions: crime prevention and criminal justice; narcotic drugs", "Draft decision submitted by the Vice-President of the Council, Miloš Koterec (Slovakia), on the basis of informal consultations", "Joint meetings of the reconvened sessions of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice", "The Economic and Social Council takes note of Commission of Narcotic Drugs resolution 54/10 of 25 March 2011[1] and Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice resolution 20/1 of 13 April 2011,[2] and decides that:", "(a) Starting in 2011, the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice shall hold joint meetings during their reconvened sessions for the sole purpose of considering agenda items included in the operational segment of the agendas of both Commissions, with a view to providing integrated policy directives to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime on administrative, budgetary and strategic management issues;", "(b) The practice of holding back-to-back reconvened sessions of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice shall be continued to enable each Commission to consider, in separate meetings, agenda items included in the normative segment of its agenda.", "[1] See Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, 2011, Supplement No. 8 (E/2011/28), chap. I, sect. C.", "[2] See Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, 2011, Supplement No. 10 (E/2011/30), chap. I, sect. D." ]

[ "2011年实质性会议", "2011年7月4日至29日，日内瓦", "议程项目14(c)和(d)", "社会和人权问题：预防犯罪和刑事司法；麻醉药品", "理事会副主席米洛什·科捷雷奇(斯洛伐克)在非正式协商基础上提出的决定草案", "麻醉药品委员会和预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会重新召开会议期间的联席会议", "经济及社会理事会表示注意到麻醉药品委员会2011年3月25日第54/10号决议[1] 和预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会2011年4月13日第20/1号决议，[2] 并决定：", "(a) 自2011年起，麻醉药品委员会和预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会将在重新召开会议期间举行联席会议，其唯一目的是审议同时列入两个委员会业务部分议程的议程项目，以期向联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室提供关于行政、预算和战略管理问题的统一政策指示；", "(b) 应延续麻醉药品委员会和预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会连续重新召开会议的做法，以便两个委员会在各自会议中审议列入其议程规范职能部分的议程项目。", "[1] 见《经济及社会理事会正式记录，2011年，补编第8号》(E/2011/28)，第一章，C节。", "[2] 见《经济及社会理事会正式记录，2011年，补编第10号》(E/2011/30)，第一章，D节。" ]

[ "2011年实质性会议", "2011年7月4日至29日,日内瓦", "议程项目14(c)和(d)", "社会与人权问题:预防犯罪和刑事司法;麻醉药品", "理事会副主席米洛舍·科特茨(斯洛伐克)在非正式协商基础上提出的决定草案", "麻醉药品委员会和预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会续会联席会议", "经济及社会理事会注意到麻醉药品委员会2011年3月25日第54/10号决议 和预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会2011年4月13日第20/1号决议, 并决定:", "(a) 从2011年开始,麻醉药品委员会和预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会应在续会期间举行联席会议,唯一目的是审议两个委员会业务部分所列议程项目,以期就行政、预算和战略管理问题向联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室提供综合政策指示;", "(b) 麻醉药品委员会和预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会背靠背举行续会的做法应继续下去,使每个委员会能够在单独的会议上审议其议程规范部分所列的议程项目。", "页: 1 页: 1 C. 出席情况", "页: 1 页: 1 D. 出席情况" ]

[ "Substantive session of 2011", "Geneva, 4-29 July 2011", "Item 13 (a) of the agenda", "Economic and environmental questions: sustainable development", "Fiji,* Maldives,* Marshall Islands,* Micronesia (Federated States of),* Nauru,* Palau,* Papua New Guinea,* Samoa,* Seychelles,* Solomon Islands,* Tonga,* Tuvalu,* Vanuatu* and Palestine**: draft resolution", "Review of United Nations support for small island developing States", "The Economic and Social Council,", "Recalling the Declaration of Barbados,[1] the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States[2] and the Mauritius Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States,[3]", "Recalling also its resolutions 2009/17 of 29 July 2009 and 2010/34 of 23 July 2010 on the review of United Nations support for small island developing States,", "Recalling further General Assembly resolution 65/2 of 25 September 2010 on the outcome document of the High-level Review Meeting on the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States,", "Recalling the report of the Committee for Development Policy on its twelfth session[4] containing the Committee’s independent views and perspectives on United Nations support for small island developing States,", "Recalling also that the unique and particular vulnerabilities and development needs of small island developing States have been acknowledged by the international community,", "Acknowledging that small island developing States have demonstrated their commitment to promoting sustainable development and will continue to do so, as well as the long-standing support provided by the international community,", "Noting that the High-level Review meeting on the Implementation of the Mauritius Strategy highlighted some shortcomings in the institutional support for small island developing States, as well as other constraints to the full and effective implementation of the Mauritius Strategy and the Barbados Programme of Action,", "1. Requests the Committee for Development Policy, within existing resources, to submit to the Council, prior to its substantive session of 2013, a report providing the independent views and perspectives of the Committee on how to further the full and effective implementation of the Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy, including through refocusing efforts towards a result-orientated approach and considering what improved and additional measures might be needed to more effectively address the unique and particular vulnerabilities and development needs of small island developing States;", "2. Recommends that the report requested in paragraph 1 may be considered a contribution to the ongoing review process initiated under paragraph 33 of General Assembly resolution 65/2;", "3. Invites the Secretary-General to facilitate the work of the Committee for Development Policy as requested in paragraph 1, upon the request of the Committee;", "4. Notes the recommendations contained in the report of the Secretary-General[5] to the Economic and Social Council.", "[1] * In accordance with rule 72 of the rules of procedure of the Economic and Social Council.", "** In accordance with General Assembly resolution 52/250.", "Report of the Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States, Bridgetown, Barbados, 25 April-6 May 1994 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.94.I.18 and corrigenda), chap. I, resolution 1, annex I.", "[2] Ibid., annex II.", "[3] Report of the International Meeting to Review the Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States, Port Louis, Mauritius, 10-14 January 2005 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.05.II.A.4 and corrigendum), chap. I, resolution 1, annex II.", "[4] Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, 2010, Supplement No. 13 (E/2010/33).", "[5] E/2011/110." ]

[ "2011年实质性会议", "2011年7月4日至29日，日内瓦", "议程项目13(a)", "经济和环境问题：可持续发展", "斐济、^(*) 马尔代夫、^(*) 马绍尔群岛、^(*) 密克罗尼西亚联邦、^(*) 瑙鲁、^(*) 帕劳、^(*) 巴布亚新几内亚、^(*) 萨摩亚、^(*) 塞舌尔、^(*) 所罗门群岛、^(*) 汤加、^(*) 图瓦卢、^(*) 瓦努阿图^(*) 和巴勒斯坦：^(**) 决议草案", "审查联合国对小岛屿发展中国家的支助", "经济及社会理事会，", "回顾《巴巴多斯宣言》、[1] 《小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展行动纲领》[2] 和《关于进一步执行小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展行动纲领的毛里求斯战略》，[3]", "又回顾其关于审查联合国对小岛屿发展中国家支助的2009年7月29日第2009/17号和2010年7月23日第2010/34号决议，", "还回顾关于进一步执行小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展行动纲领的毛里求斯战略执行情况高级别审查会议成果文件的大会2010年9月25日第65/2号决议，", "回顾发展政策委员会第十二届会议的报告，[4] 内载委员会关于联合国对小岛屿发展中国家支助的独立意见和观点，", "又回顾小岛屿发展中国家特有和特别的脆弱性和发展需要已得到国际社会的承认，", "承认小岛屿发展中国家已表明致力于并将继续致力于促进可持续发展，并承认国际社会提供的长期支持，", "注意到关于执行《毛里求斯战略》的高级别会议着重指出了对小岛屿发展中国家机构性支助的一些弱点，以及全面有效地执行《毛里求斯执行战略》和《巴巴多斯行动纲领》面临的其他制约，", "1. 请发展政策委员会于其2013年实质性会议之前在现有资源范围内向理事会提交一份报告，提供委员会关于如何充分有效执行《巴巴多斯行动纲领》和《毛里求斯战略》的独立意见和观点，其中包括把努力的重点重新放在注重成果的方式上，并审议可能需要改进和补充何种措施才能更有效地应对小岛屿发展中国家特有和特别的脆弱性和发展需要；", "2. 建议将第1段所要求提供的报告视为对大会第65/2号决议第33段所启动的现行审查进程的贡献；", "3. 请秘书长应发展政策委员会请求按照第1段要求为发展政策委员会的工作提供便利；", "4. 注意到秘书长给经济及社会理事会的E/2011/110号报告[5] 所载建议。", "[1] ^(*) 根据经济及社会理事会议事规则第72条。", "^(**) 根据大会第52/250号决议。", "《小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展全球会议的报告，1994年4月25日至5月6日，巴巴多斯布里奇敦》(联合国出版物，出售品编号：C.94.I.18和更正)，第一章，决议1，附件一。", "[2] 同上，附件二。", "[3] 《审查小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展行动纲领执行情况国际会议的报告，2005年1月10日至14日，毛里求斯路易港》(联合国出版物，出售品编号：C.05.II.A.4和更正)，第一章，决议1，附件二。", "[4] 《经济及社会理事会正式记录，2010年，补编第13号》(E/2010/33)。", "[5] E/2011/110。" ]

[ "2011年实质性会议", "2011年7月4日至29日,日内瓦", "议程项目13(a)", "经济和环境问题:可持续发展", "斐济、* 马尔代夫、* 马绍尔群岛、* 密克罗尼西亚联邦、* 瑙鲁、* 帕劳、* 巴布亚新几内亚、* 萨摩亚、* 塞舌尔、* 所罗门群岛、* 汤加、* 图瓦卢、* 瓦努阿图* 和巴勒斯坦**:决议草案", "审查联合国对小岛屿发展中国家的支助", "经济及社会理事会,", "回顾《巴巴多斯宣言》 和《小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展行动纲领毛里求斯战略》,[3]", "又回顾其关于审查联合国对小岛屿发展中国家的支助的2009年7月29日第2009/17号和2010年7月23日第2010/34号决议,", "还回顾大会2010年9月25日关于《关于进一步执行小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展行动纲领的毛里求斯战略》执行情况高级别审查会议成果文件的第59/1号决议,", "回顾发展政策委员会第十二届会议的报告[4],其中载有委员会关于联合国支持小岛屿发展中国家的独立意见和观点,", "又回顾国际社会承认小岛屿发展中国家独特的、特别的脆弱性和发展需要,", "承认小岛屿发展中国家 各国已经表明它们致力于促进可持续发展,并将继续这样做,以及国际社会提供的长期支持,", "注意到《毛里求斯战略》执行情况高级别审查会议着重指出了对小岛屿发展中国家的体制支助存在一些不足,以及充分和有效执行《毛里求斯战略》和《巴巴多斯行动纲领》的其他制约因素,", "页: 1 5. 请发展政策委员会在现有资源范围内,在理事会2013年实质性会议之前,向理事会提交一份报告,就委员会如何进一步充分和有效地执行《巴巴多斯行动纲领》和《毛里求斯战略》提出独立的看法和看法,包括重新把工作重点放在注重结果的办法上,并考虑可能需要采取哪些改进和补充措施,更有效地满足小岛屿发展中国家独特的特别脆弱性和发展需要;", "2. 结 论 3. 建议第1段要求提交的报告可视为对根据大会第5/1号决议第33段启动的现行审查进程的贡献;", "3. 。 5. 请秘书长应发展政策委员会的要求,为发展政策委员会的工作提供便利;", "4. 第四届会议 1. 注意到秘书长提交经济及社会理事会的报告[5] 所载建议。", "页: 1 根据经济及社会理事会议事规则第72条。", "** 本文件迟交。 根据大会第52/250号决议。", "《小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展全球会议的报告,1994年4月25日至5月6日,巴巴多斯布里奇敦》(联合国出版物,出售品编号:C.94.I.18和更正),第一章,决议1,附件。 页: 1", "同上,附件二。", "[3] 《审查小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展行动纲领执行情况国际会议的报告,2005年1月10日至14日,毛里求斯路易港》(联合国出版物,出售品编号:C.05.II.A.4和更正),第一章,决议1,附件。 页: 1", "[4] 《经济及社会理事会正式记录,2010年,补编第13号》(E/ 2008/3)。", "[5] E/2008/110。" ]

[ "President:\tMr. Deiss\t(Switzerland)", "The meeting was called to order at 10.05 a.m.", "Expression of sympathy with Norway", "The President (spoke in French): It is my sad duty to convey, on behalf of the General Assembly, our deepest condolences to the Government and people of Norway in connection with the recent tragedy that has affected the country.", "I give the floor to the representative of Norway.", "Mr. Saether (Norway): This youth conference ought to be about the rights and values that were attacked last Friday. It should be about the right and opportunity of young people to participate in public life, to shape and express their own opinions, to organize freely and to speak out against their own country’s leadership or political system if they so deem necessary.", "On Friday, around 700 young people were gathered on the island of Utøya exercising exactly those inherent and, in our view, inviolable rights. They were driven by their belief in democracy, diversity and inclusiveness. They were convinced that they had a right and a duty to take part in political life; that only through active participation could they help to develop Norway further; and that, through active participation, they would help to ensure that Norway continued to play a positive role in international affairs as a partner in solidarity with other peoples and countries. Those were the sentiments and convictions that prevailed on that island in the afternoon of last Friday. Those were the values that evil set out to destroy.", "The terrorist attack seems to have been the act of a single Norwegian man, who defined himself as deeply conservative and a Christian. Through that heinous act, he hoped to reverse Norway’s policy of tolerance and inclusion, not least towards Islam. The attacks were the deadliest in Norway since the Second World War. The bombing of the Government complex and the massacre of young people gathered for the annual Labour Party summer youth camp struck at the very heart of Norwegian democracy.", "More than 80 young people were shot and killed one by one. Those killed were part of Norway’s political future. Their surviving friends have pledged not to be intimidated by the atrocity. They will not be terrorized into silence. By staying engaged, they will demonstrate that violence against opinion is ineffective. Thus, they will also honour their dead friends.", "In fact, over the years, the Labour youth of Norway has sent many youth representatives to the United Nations. We trust that they will do so again. As Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg, himself once a youth representative to the United Nations, said, we will respond to the attack with even more democracy, more openness, more participation and more humanity.", "At this time of national tragedy, Norway stands united in grief and in our determination to uphold the values of our democracy: openness, trust and participation regardless of background. We are grateful for and heartened by all the warm words and expressions of condolence and sympathy to the families and friends of the victims and to the people of Norway.", "I would like to conclude by quoting a young female survivor from the island. She said the following: “If one man can show so much hate, imagine how much love we all can show each other.”", "Agenda item 27 (continued)", "High-level Meeting on Youth", "Social development", "(b) Social development, including questions relating to the world social situation and to youth, ageing, disabled persons and the family", "Draft resolution (A/65/L.87)", "The President (spoke in French): I now declare open the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on Youth. This meeting is held in accordance with resolution 65/267 of 15 March 2011.", "It is a pleasure for me to welcome participants to New York today for the opening of our High-level Meeting on Youth. More than 500 young people have joined us from the entire world for this event. I am very pleased about that, and thank them for taking part in this meeting, which would not have the same vibrancy without them. I also most particularly thank Alek Wek, a symbolic figure of commitment for young people, and the other representatives of youth organizations whom we will have the opportunity to hear shortly.", "Today, the body of young people aged 15 to 24 numbers more than 1 billion girls and boys, the vast majority of whom live in developing countries. Despite the progress made in achieving internationally agreed development goals, in particular the Millennium Development Goals, many young people live in areas where poverty still remains a major challenge. Their lives are sometimes threatened by extreme physical conditions, such as the ongoing drought and famine in Somalia, in particular. It is often difficult for young people to access basic social services, education, vocational training and quality health care. That is especially true for girls and young women. Their job opportunities and prospects for socio-economic development are limited.", "In order to draw the international community’s attention to the position of young people, in December 2009, the General Assembly adopted resolution 64/134 proclaiming the year commencing on 12 August 2010 the International Year of Youth. The theme for the Year was dialogue and mutual understanding. We thereby sought to promote the ideals of peace, respect for human rights and solidarity among generations, cultures, religions and civilizations. We sought to promote a culture of dialogue and understanding among and with young people as key stakeholders and actors in today’s world.", "The events that have marked these past months in the Arab world, in particular, have indeed shown us the extent to which young people are major actors in our societies and how they are a force for change when they mobilize. Young people are moved by ideals of peace, friendship and openness to others and to their differences. They are often more tolerant than their elders. They are more creative and very often more disposed to innovation.", "Young people are enthusiastic supporters of new technologies and novelty in general, such as mobile telephones and social networks as elements of inclusion and social integration. Young people are ready to adopt greener and more sustainable alternative lifestyles. Experience has also shown us how young people participate in the fight against AIDS and how they can help to make a difference in combating hunger and poverty.", "We should draw more on the energy and enthusiasm of young people. Our societies need them. We should create the conditions to enable young people to fully exercise their rights, to flourish and to fulfil their aspirations. We should work for and with young people.", "The Meeting opening today offers us a unique opportunity to strengthen international cooperation in order to meet the challenges facing young people in their daily lives, to create opportunities for them to flourish and to help, with them, to build societies that are more respectful of people and their environment. We need to ensure the full participation of young people in society, give them access to basic services, education and quality health care, and offer them prospects for decent and productive employment.", "If the Year of Youth is to be effective, it needs to leave us, through the outcome document to be adopted at the end of this meeting (A/65/L.87), a legacy commensurate with the goals that I have just outlined. I thank Ambassadors Jean-Francis Zinsou of Benin and Thomas Mayr-Harting of Austria for their efficient handling of the negotiation process and for their commitment. I am delighted that the views of nearly 100 youth organizations have so far been taken into account in the negotiations.", "In general, the importance of a close dialogue with young people and organizations led by young people has been evident throughout the International Year of Youth.", "We must strengthen partnerships and continue to set up channels for cooperation, dialogue and information-sharing between Governments and organizations led by young people and other partners in civil society and the private sector. I call on Member States to make a firm commitment to implementing policies and programmes at the national, regional and international levels, in accordance with the goals set forth in our declaration. It is also important that United Nations entities continue to strengthen their coordination and increase their efforts towards a more coherent and integrated approach in order to maximize their impact on the development of young people.", "I am confident that we will seize every opportunity for dialogue and interaction in order to make this High-level Meeting and the International Year of Youth a success. I wish representatives constructive deliberations on the basis of mutual respect, understanding, openness and a spirit of inquiry.", "I now give the floor to the Secretary-General, His Excellency Mr. Ban Ki-moon.", "The Secretary-General: Let me first share my shock over the terror attack in Norway on Friday. I condemn such violence in the strongest possible terms. I am particularly saddened that the murderer singled out young people keen to engage meaningfully in the future of their country. That atrocity stands in stark contrast to the theme of this meeting, which is “Youth: dialogue and mutual understanding”. I called Prime Minister Stoltenberg on Saturday and told him that I was moved by his consoling and principled message to his fellow citizens, which underlined Norway’s values of tolerance, respect and commitment to international cooperation. My condolences go to the families of the bereaved and to the Government of Norway.", "Let me now turn to today’s event. I am pleased to be here today as we conclude the International Year of Youth. I am grateful to the many Heads of State and Government and ministers who have joined us, and I particularly welcome the large contingent of young people here today. Their energy always gives me a lift, as does their sense of style. Ms. Wek is, of course, an icon of style, but more importantly, she is an example of an inspiring ending to what could have been one more of many, many tragic stories. Earlier this month, I had the enormous pleasure of attending the independence ceremonies of the country of Ms. Wek’s birth — South Sudan, the newest member of the community of nations. Ms. Wek and I will both work in our own ways to help the 193rd State Member of the United Nations achieve the peace and prosperity it seeks. South Sudan will need the full support of the international community, and the country’s young people can and must play a central role.", "I have visited Mr. Dantas’s country twice in the past two years, though regrettably not his home city of São Paulo. I met with young people in Rio’s Babilônia favela, and talked with them and young people from other favelas. Not all have had Mr. Dantas’s good fortune to escape violence and drugs, receive an education and find work. Meeting them made me think of the more than 1 billion young people in today’s world, the vast majority of whom live in developing countries. Some receive a good education and can look forward to decent jobs and rewarding lives, but too often young people lack the education, freedom and opportunities they deserve. Unemployment rates for young people are three to six times those for adults, and informal, low-wage and insecure work is the norm. This is especially true for young women, the disabled and indigenous youth. Increasingly, young people are saying to their elders and to their Governments: “This is not the world we want.”", "That clear conviction is part of what has made the past year a momentous one for youth. In Tunisia, which initiated resolution 64/134 proclaiming the International Year of Youth, young people have been at the centre of a movement for change that is sweeping North Africa and the Middle East. We all know the story of Mohamed Bouazizi, the Tunisian street vendor who set himself on fire last December. He was a young man, 27 years old, tired and frustrated with the privations and indignities of life. He saw so little future for himself and his countrymen and women that he sacrificed himself. His death was tragic, but the fire he lit led to the downfall of two autocrats, first in Tunisia, then in Egypt. The fires have travelled far since then.", "The Facebook generation is showing a growing resolve to change our world and a capacity to make things happen. They are bringing their energy and courage to some of the most difficult issues we face. Young people are standing up for the rights of those who suffer discrimination based on gender, race or sexual orientation. They are confronting sensitive issues, talking to their peers and working to stop the spread of HIV and AIDS. And they are leading the charge to adopt a green model for development. Young people often understand better than older generations that we can and must transcend our religious and cultural differences in order to reach our shared goals.", "Our job is to work for and with them to make sure they can inherit the world they want — the world promised by the United Nations Charter, built on dialogue and mutual understanding. The international community must work to expand the horizons of opportunity for young women and men and answer their legitimate demands for dignity and decent work. The global economic crisis and austerity measures in many countries are constraining those opportunities. When young people lack opportunity, they are more easily led to crime and violence, drugs and risky sex, and the slippery slope down to the bottom of the social scale. Failing to invest in our youth is a false economy. Conversely, investing in young people will pay great dividends for all.", "The United Nations is doing a considerable amount to invest in youth. We are acquiring knowledge and best practices about the issues affecting young people today, and we are making greater efforts to engage youth in our negotiating and decision-making processes. Still, I do not think we have gone nearly far enough.", "I should like to go over the heads of the members of the General Assembly and ask the youth representatives one or two questions: “Are we doing enough for you? Can we do more?” I think we can and must do more for our young people. They are the leaders of tomorrow. My peers and I may be the leaders of today, but it will be the young who will stand here and lead the world tomorrow.", "Next June, the United Nations will gather in Rio for one of the most important meetings in the Organization’s history. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) will help to determine our collective future. That is why it is such a priority for me, and I hope and expect that it will be a top priority for the Heads of State and Government of all Member States.", "I have called climate change the defining issue of our time. Indeed, we must go even further. We must make sustainable development for all the defining issue of our time, because it is only in that broader framework that we can address climate change and the needs of our citizens.", "Young people can and must play a central role in bringing dynamic new ideas, fresher thinking and energy to the Rio+20 process. We should all work to engage them and ensure that their voices are heard. One way we may consider doing this is through the United Nations youth delegate programme. I welcome the programme delegates who are here today. By including young people in national delegations to United Nations meetings, Governments not only help young people to gain a better understanding of the complexities of the negotiations, but they also gain an insight into the needs and views of youth. The role and responsibility of leaders is to listen and respond to the legitimate aspirations of their people, including young people.", "The youth delegate programme is an important opportunity for young people to represent themselves meaningfully on the international stage. I therefore recommend that all States Members of the United Nations review their participation in that important programme and that all parties — youth, United Nations entities and Government — to evaluate how their programmes related to youth can link with it.", "The International Year of Youth may be coming to a close, but our obligations to young people remain. That means promoting a culture of dialogue and mutual understanding, and it means tackling the pressing issues of our times: climate change, nuclear disarmament, women’s and children’s health, strengthening democracy, achieving the Millennium Development Goals and ensuring sustainable development that benefits all people while protecting the planet. It also means strengthening global solidarity.", "The famine in parts of Somalia is only the latest test. We live in a changing and volatile world. Only by working together can we meet our challenges. To do so, we need youth on our side — indeed, in the vanguard. Young people are willing and able to take ownership of their own future and the common ideas we cherish. Let us embrace this energy, creativity and idealism for the benefit of all, in particular for young people.", "The President (spoke in French): I thank the Secretary-General for his statement.", "Pursuant to resolution 65/267 on the organization of this High-level Meeting on Youth, I now give the floor to Ms. Alek Wek, international supermodel, humanitarian, author and, above all, young person.", "Ms. Wek: I am very honoured to be here. I will introduce myself. My name is Alek Wek. Representatives here may not recognize me as I work in fashion as a runway model. I left my homeland of Southern Sudan, where I grew up in the very small town of Wau, at the age of 12. I do not sound like I am from Southern Sudan because I left for London. My family and I had to flee and I had to live in London as a refugee. I did not see my mother for two years, which was very emotional.", "However, growing up in the south of Sudan was wonderful. I really enjoyed it very much — playing with my mother and learning from her every day in life. And, of course, I was a daddy’s girl. My mother always told me, “Stop being naughty!”, because I was a tomboy, but daddy was wonderful. I enjoyed my childhood very much. However, I have always felt very sensitive about what other people were going through, even though I was blessed to have left the country, having lost my father. He really embedded in me something that he always said: “If you believe in something, you have to follow it all the way through.” I truly believe in that and would not otherwise have grown into the woman I am, still learning and drawing inspiration from others. I have now come to a place where I can truly appreciate that inspiration comes from the people around us. I am very touched by that.", "On that note, to be brief, I truly believe that children are not only our future; they are the here and now. Looking at how we grow as people, I believe that if we can help young people, it will be they who determine who we are as a nation. I am so touched at the fact that the United Nations has come on board and said, “This is it”. The people have spoken in South Sudan; they did not just vote 50, 60 or 70 per cent, or whatever number it is; people have really united, and I think that this is a start. So I created “Working to educate kids” — not to promote that right now, but truly it is to be able to come together and help.", "Let me tell you a little story. When I went back in 2005 with my mother to do a documentary with BBC One, I saw an 18-year-old girl teaching kids under a tree, and not just little stories. The 18-year-old could not further her education, but she wanted to teach the younger ones, and that was really touching for me. Just small things that at times we may take for granted, but for me it was very touching. Doctors without Borders, the United States Committee for Refugees, down there when the war was really worse, were helping to save lives, and that for me was very touching.", "I do not know what else to say; I do not want to take a lot of the Assembly’s time. But I think that it is very important to stress the importance of not just educating our young ones but truly taking them on board, because if we do not do so, there is no hope, and I think the hope is right now. It’s very exciting. What can I say — woo-hoo for South Sudan. Independence — now we can start to rebuild.", "I am just really touched. I am thankful. I truly appreciate it. I am very shy as a person, and not just on the runways. It’s easy; I do my thing. What else can I say? I don’t want to ramble on, so I guess I will have to wrap it up. I hope that we can do something for the young people, not just in South Sudan but in general, and I very much appreciate this moment.", "The President (spoke in French): I congratulate Ms. Alek Wek and wish to convey to her the Assembly’s satisfaction at the fact that her country, South Sudan, has been admitted to membership in the United Nations.", "I now give the floor to Mr. Romulo Dantas of Brazil, Secretary for Youth Empowerment of the World Alliance of YMCAs.", "Mr. Dantas (World Alliance of YMCAs): I wish all present here today a very good High-level Meeting. It is not every day that I have the opportunity to invite Mr. Ban Ki-moon, Mr. Joseph Deiss, Mr. Shaaban and Ms. Alek Wek to come and visit my old street.", "I come from São Paulo, Brazil, from one of the most violent and poorest areas of São Paulo City in the 1990s. Even with a wonderful family, it would have been very easy for me to go along with some of my friends and, like some of them, become a gang member or a drug addict, or end up in jail or even dead. But it did not happen, and I will explain why in a moment.", "We have come together in the framework of the International Year of Youth in order to recognize an important chapter of our historical challenge to make visible the importance of young people and all of the issues that affect their lives. They are from different cultures and backgrounds: boys and girls, young men and women, poor and rich, from faith-based backgrounds and not. They are from my street, they are from the streets where you live, and they might not be celebrating this day with us.", "Some of them who can understand the existence of forums such as this one are asking themselves right now: “What are those people doing? They talk, talk, talk, and absolutely nothing changes in my life. I am still knocking on doors to look for a job, and I cannot find one.” This is a friend of mine from the fifth grade speaking. But along the way, my street has become much bigger, and I had the opportunity to meet a lot of young people. Another voice said to me: “I cannot say the things that I would like to, or properly express myself about my sexual orientation.” Another friend walks only during daylight hours, to ensure that he will be alive at the end of the day. Others say: “I cannot tell people from my community that I have the right to decide when it comes to my own body, and that I should decide when to have sex or to get pregnant.” “I would love to go to school, if I could find one, or even teachers, to help me grow.”", "More voices say: “I would stay in my country if I was not forced to leave because of incomprehensible wars, or even because I need to find ways to feed my family.” “I would not be suffering from HIV/AIDS if someone had told me to use condoms, to have only one sexual partner, or maybe to wait longer for this step; even worse, I cannot even treat myself because of the price of the medicines.”", "Those are voices that I have heard in many, many streets. Here is one more: “I would have my legs to do some sports and to run if someone had not planted bombs because of conflicts that I do not understand, and that, to be honest, do not mean much to me or to my buddies, at least not enough to exchange for a life.”", "Could you imagine a world without young people? We cannot imagine that. When we look at unemployment rates, young people are at the top of the list. They are the most affected. When we look at the number of HIV infections, guess what? Young people — women especially — are also at the top of the list. When we watch news about the victims of violence, there they are again — young people. In all countries and regions of our common world, we find young people with fewer opportunities, marginalized young people, youth living with illiteracy, or even fatal diseases.", "I could continue to describe many things: how we have been competent and efficient in creating a very hostile world for young people. The International Year of Youth will soon be coming to an end, but a great deal remains to be done. It is time to celebrate, but it also time for us to call on Governments, civil society, the private sector and the United Nations to seriously tackle the challenges faced by billions of young people in our world.", "We all must understand that it is impossible to build solutions for a diverse world in the absence of a true partnership among all the important players in the youth field in many areas and at all levels. If we want to have a minimum chance of guaranteeing dignity, freedom, peace and a decent life for young people and for the population in general, a real and effective dialogue is absolutely crucial. It is time for us to build a strong commitment to improving the situation of young people around the world, especially for the marginalized young men and women who are suffering in various areas of the world and are oppressed in their thoughts, in their feelings and in their opportunities to act.", "I am not saying that things have not changed or improved. They have. From my perspective, things have gotten better. The world is more prosperous for my generation than it was for previous ones. Some of the people here in this Hall are responsible for some of the changes we have seen. But we cannot sleep until we get things done; we cannot rest until we are sure that we are not going to listen to this kind of testimonial again, and we shall fulfil our responsibilities and commitments.", "We are here to propose a deal: let us be partners. Let us move in the direction of more mutual trust and respect than we have now. We are here to say that youth-led organizations can help and are key to changing the situation, because we are rooted where the young people are. We know what they are feeling. We know how to use resources more efficiently. We build solutions with young people at the grass-roots level through our everyday work, in both formal and non-formal education. Believe in us.", "Youth civil society is inclusive in its nature, democratic in its processes and effective in its approaches. We are practicing those principles by empowering young people to be decision-makers and agents of change every single day.", "We cooperate, and a good example of this is the International Coordination Meeting of Youth Organisations, a network of international youth non‑governmental organizations and regional platforms that we are very proud to belong to. Let us work together towards the full implementation of the World Programme of Action on Youth. We do not need to recreate things. What we need is to see this ambitious Programme reflected in the policies and youth programmes of participants’ countries. They must partner with us to strengthen the channels that allow their people to have their voices heard. They must take the chance of sharing responsibility and decision-making with us. They must make our structures more friendly for more young people to participate. We invite participants to implement programmes together at the global level.", "However, to do so, we need resources — yes, resources. Some of those here are thinking, “There they are, asking for money again.” Yes, we are. We do ask them to invest in young people and in their development. Investments for the full implementation of the World Programme of Action on Youth, youth-oriented organizations and programmes are needed at the national and international levels.", "I urge participants to take note that, as a civil society we are very busy doing what we exist for, so we ask them to please make things less bureaucratic for us and let us spend the extra time by thinking of better ways to serve young people. After listening to all of this, they are probably asking themselves, “Do they not know that we are already informed about everything he just mentioned?” Yes, again, I know. We know. But it is so obvious that we should be asking ourselves why it is not happening.", "I am about to conclude, and that is why I am going to synthesize some of the ideas. First, attention must be paid to marginalized young people. Secondly, responsibility must be shared with us. Thirdly, money must be invested in the World Programme of Action on Youth and in youth organizations. Fourthly, new policies and programmes must be designed and implemented to elevate the conditions of the younger population.", "Before I end my speech, because I must, I will do what I have promised, I will tell participants why my story is different than those of some of my friends. It is because of an organization; it is because of the YMCA. The YMCA helped me to find something that I did not have when I was a teenager: self-esteem, self-confidence and friends to prove to me that I was capable of doing incredible things. With the YMCA, I have learned how to be a leader. I decided on the profession I wanted to have. I learned that I could dream anything, just because I am allowed to do so. I learned how to serve my community, and serving makes me very happy. I had the opportunity to be in good health by practicing sports, and to feel good by helping people as a volunteer, to sing, to dance and to understand that I am not a subject. I am a citizen. I can participate. I can make change.", "I am one of 45 million served by the organization I come from, but this figure is much higher than 100 million if we take into consideration all the youth organizations represented here in this Hall today. We empower young people because we believe in youth and we exist for them. And because of the positive transformations I have experienced, I have decided to dedicate my life to this cause, as many of those in this Hall have done.", "There is nothing about us without us. Nothing about young people should be without the participation of young people. If we act accordingly, the lights of hope and love will illuminate my own street and our streets in every corner of this world.", "I am a youth with a dream so I will rise up, stand up and fight for my rights. Take me as a part of you. Do not see me as a subject, but as a citizen, and together we will rise. Let us sing.", "The President (spoke in French): As members are aware, pursuant to resolution 65/267, this High-level Meeting will include plenary meetings and two thematic panel discussions.", "The first panel discussion will take place this morning, immediately after the adjournment of this opening meeting, and is entitled “Strengthening international cooperation regarding youth and enhancing dialogue, mutual understanding and active youth participation as indispensable elements towards achieving social integration, full employment and the eradication of poverty”.", "The second panel discussion, which will begin promptly at 3 p.m. in this Hall, is entitled “Challenges to youth development and opportunities for poverty eradication, employment and sustainable development”.", "The formal plenary meetings will take place tomorrow starting at 10 a.m. To enable maximum participation within the limited time available, I would ask speakers to respect their statement limits for formal", "plenary meetings, which are three minutes for statements made in a national capacity and five minutes when speaking on behalf of a group. In view of the long list of speakers and the limited time available, I propose that the outcome document (A/65/L.87) be adopted at the beginning of the first plenary meeting tomorrow morning, before statements by Member States are made.", "Also, in the event that the Assembly does not finish the list of speakers by 6 p.m. tomorrow, we will hear summaries from the co-chairs of the thematic panel discussions at the end of the afternoon plenary and will then continue with the list of speakers at a later date to be announced.", "The meeting rose at 11 a.m." ]

[ "主席： 约瑟夫·戴斯先生 (瑞士)", "上午10时05分开会。", "向挪威表示同情", "主席(以法语发言)：我沉痛地代表大会，就挪威最近遭受的悲剧向该国政府和人民表示我们最深切的慰问。", "主席(以法语发言)：我请挪威代表发言。", "塞特尔先生(挪威)(以英语发言)：本次青年问题大会应当与上周五受到攻击的权利和价值观有关。大会应当讨论青年人参与公共生活、形成和表达他们自己的意见、自由结社以及在他们认为必要时直言反对本国领导层或政治制度的权利和机会。", "上周五，约700名青年人齐聚在于特岛，他们行使的正是这些固有的、而且在我们看来不可侵犯的权利。推动他们的是他们对民主、多样性和包容性的信念。他们坚信，他们有权且有责任参加政治生活；只有通过积极参与，他们才能够帮助实现挪威的进一步发展；通过积极参与，他们将帮助确保挪威继续作为与其他各国和各国人民休戚与共的伙伴在国际事务中发挥积极作用。这些是上周五下午聚集在于特岛的青年人普遍抱有的想法和信念。这些正是邪恶势力企图摧毁的价值观。", "那起恐怖袭击似乎是一名挪威男子的个人行为。该名男子自称自己是极端保守主义者和基督徒。他指望通过这一令人发指的行为扭转挪威的容忍和包容政策，特别是对伊斯兰教的容忍和包容政策。这些袭击是自第二次世界大战以来挪威国内发生过的最致命事件。政府大楼发生的爆炸事件以及屠杀参加一年一度工党青年夏令营聚会的青年的行为，是对挪威民主核心的攻击。", "80多名青年一个接一个地被射杀。遇难者是挪威政治未来的一部分。他们幸存的朋友誓言不会被暴行吓倒。他们不会因为恐怖威胁而陷入沉默。他们将通过继续参与来表明，以暴力手段压制人们发表意见行不通。他们这样做也是对死去朋友的悼念。", "事实上，多年来，挪威工党青年已派出许多青年代表前来联合国。我们相信，他们将再次这样做。延斯·斯托尔滕贝格首相自己就曾是来过联合国的青年代表。正如他所言，我们将以更多的民主、更多的开放、更多的参与和更多的人道回应这一袭击。", "值此国殇之时，挪威举国在哀痛中团结一致，决心捍卫我们的民主价值观：开放、信任和参与，而不论背景如何。我们感谢各方对遇难者亲友和挪威人民所说的温心话以及所表示的慰问和同情。我们为此感到欣慰。", "我要援引于特岛一名幸存年轻女子所说的话来结束我的发言。她说：“如果一个人会有这么大的仇恨，那么试想一下，我们大家合在一起能够彼此显示多少关爱。”", "议程项目27(续)", "青年问题高级别会议", "社会发展", "(b) 社会发展，包括与世界社会状况以及与青年、老龄、残疾人和家庭有关的问题", "决议草案(A/65/L.87)", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在宣布大会关于青年问题的高级别会议开幕。本次会议是根据2011年3月15日第65/267号决议举行的。", "我高兴地欢迎与会者今天来纽约参加我们关于青年问题的高级别会议的开幕式。500多名青年从世界各地来到这里，同我们一道参加这次活动。我对此感到非常高兴，并感谢他们参加本次会议。若无他们的参加，本次会议不会如此富有活力。我还要特别感谢矢志为青年人努力奋斗的代表人阿列克·威克以及其他青年组织的代表。我们稍后将有机会听取他们的发言。", "今天，全世界15岁至24岁的男女青年有10亿多人，其中绝大多数生活在发展中国家。尽管在实现国际商定的发展目标——特别是千年发展目标——方面取得了进展，但许多青年仍然生活在贫困依然是一项主要挑战的地区。他们的生活有时受到极端物质条件的威胁，例如索马里境内的持续干旱和饥荒。青年往往难以获得基本社会服务、教育、职业培训和优质保健服务。女孩和年轻妇女尤其如此。她们的就业机会和在社会经济方面得到发展的前景受到限制。", "为提请国际社会关注青年的处境，大会在2009年12月通过了第64/134号决议，宣布自2010年8月22日起的一年为“国际青年年”。“国际青年年”的主题是对话和相互了解。我们力求以此促进和平、对人权的尊重以及各代人及不同文化、宗教和文明之间团结互助的理想。我们寻求促进作为当今世界主要利益攸关方和行为者的青年彼此之间以及与青年的对话和理解文化。", "特别是，阿拉伯世界过去几个月发生的事件确实向我们显示，青年在多大程度上是我们各国社会的主角，当他们动员起来时，他们如何成为一支推动变革的力量。和平、友谊以及广纳他人及其不同差异等理想激励着青年。他们往往比其长辈更加宽容。他们更具创造性，而且往往更热衷于创新。", "青年是新技术和广泛新生事物——例如作为促进包容和社会融合的因素的移动电话和社会网络——的热情支持者。青年愿意采取更环保和更可持续的替代生活方式。经验还向我们显示，青年如何参加防治艾滋病的斗争，如何能够帮助在消除饥饿和贫困方面取得成效。", "我们应当更多借助青年的活力和热忱。我们的社会需要这种活力和热诚。我们应当创造条件使青年能够充分行使其权利，茁壮成长，实现心愿。我们应当为青年努力，并与青年合作。", "今天开幕的本次会议为我们提供了一次独特机会，借以加强国际合作，以应对青年在其日常生活中所面临的种种挑战，为青年茁壮成长创造机会，并与他们一道帮助建设更尊重人及其生活环境的社会。我们必须确保青年能够充分参与社会，使他们有机会获得基本服务、教育和优质保健服务，并为他们提供获得体面和生产性就业的前景。", "“青年年”若要产生效果，就必须借助将在本次会议结束时通过的成果文件(A/65/L.87)，为我们留下与我刚才所述各项目标相称的遗产。我感谢贝宁的让-弗朗西斯·津苏大使和奥地利的托马斯·迈尔-哈廷大使高效协调谈判进程，并感谢他们的承诺。我感到高兴的是，迄今已有近100个青年组织的见解在谈判过程中得到了考虑。", "总体而言，同青年和由青年领导的组织进行密切对话的重要性在整个“国际青年年”期间得到了清楚体现。", "我们必须加强伙伴合作关系，继续在政府和青年领导的组织与民间社会和私营部门其他合作伙伴之间建立合作、对话和分享信息的渠道。我呼吁会员国坚决承诺按照我们的宣言中提出的目标，在国家、区域和国际各级实施政策和方案。同样重要的是，联合国各实体必须继续加强协调，进一步努力提高其工作的连贯一致性，最大程度地促进青年的发展。", "我确信，我们将抓住每一次对话和互动的机会，使本次高级别会议和“国际青年年”取得成功。希望代表们在相互尊重、理解、开放和探究精神的基础上展开建设性讨论。", "我现在请秘书长潘基文先生阁下发言。", "秘书长(以英语发言)：首先，我谨对挪威周五发生的恐怖袭击事件表示震惊，并对这种暴力行为表示最强烈的谴责。我特别悲伤的是，凶手把希望切实参与国家未来发展的青年人作为目标。这种暴行与本次会议的主题——即“青年：对话和相互了解”——形成了鲜明的比照。上周六我与斯托尔滕贝格首相通话并告诉他，他对挪威公民发表的既安慰人又有原则性的讲话令我感动，他在讲话中强调挪威宽容、尊重和致力于国际合作的价值观。我向死者家属和挪威政府表示慰问。", "现在我谈谈今天的活动。今天，我很高兴在“国际青年年”即将结束时出席本次会议。我感谢许多国家元首、政府首脑和部长们参加会议，尤其欢迎大批青年人今天到会。他们的活力和时尚品味总令我振作。威克女士当然是一个时尚偶像，但更重要的是，她是一个励志的榜样，鼓励人们制止事态演变成许许多多悲惨结局中的又一个惨剧。本月早些时候，我非常高兴地参加了威克女士的出生国、国际社会最新成员南苏丹的独立庆典。威克女士和我都将以我们自己的方式帮助联合国第193个会员国实现其所追求的和平与繁荣。南苏丹将需要国际社会的全力支持，该国的青年人能够而且也必须发挥中心作用。", "在过去两年里，我曾两次访问丹塔斯先生的国家，虽然很遗憾没有到过他的家乡圣保罗市。我曾经在里约热内卢巴比伦贫民区会见当地以及来自其他贫民区的青年人。并非所有人都能像丹塔斯先生那样有幸摆脱暴力和毒品，接受教育并找到工作。见到他们让我想到当今世界上10多亿青年人，他们绝大多数生活在发展中国家。有的接受良好教育，有望找到体面的工作，过上有益的生活；但青年人往往缺乏应有的教育、自由和机会。青年失业率是成年人的3至6倍，而且他们的工作通常不正规、工资低而且无保障。青年妇女、残疾人和土著青年更是如此。现在，越来越多的青年人对他们的长辈和政府说：“这不是我们想要的世界。”", "这一明确的看法是使去年成为青年的一个重要年头的原因之一。突尼斯是宣布“国际青年年”的第64/134号决议的发起国。在突尼斯，青年人已成为一场变革运动的核心，这场运动现在正席卷北非和中东。我们都知道去年12月自焚的突尼斯街道小贩穆罕默德·博阿齐齐的故事。这名青年年仅27岁，但生活的贫困和屈辱已经使他倍感疲惫和沮丧。他看不到自己和本国男女同胞有何前途，因此自焚。他死得悲惨，但他点燃的火却导致两个独裁者垮台，首先是在突尼斯，然后在埃及。这场运动的烽火其后传播到了更多的国家。", "“脸书”一代正表现出日益强烈的改变世界的决心，以及促成改变的能力。他们正在用自己的精力和勇气解决我们面临的一些最棘手问题。青年人站起来捍卫基于性别、种族或性取向的歧视的受害者。他们直面敏感问题，与同龄人交流，努力制止艾滋病毒和艾滋病的传播。他们引领采用绿色发展模式的运动。青年人往往比老一代人更加清楚地认识到，我们能够而且必须超越宗教和文化差异，以实现我们的共同目标。", "我们的任务就是为他们工作，与他们合作，确保他们能够继承一个他们想要的世界，即《联合国宪章》承诺的建立在对话和相互理解之上的世界。国际社会必须努力拓展青年男女的人生机遇，满足他们想获得有尊严与体面工作的正当诉求。全球经济危机和许多国家采取的紧缩措施正在制约这些机会。当青年人缺乏机会时，他们更容易被引向犯罪、暴力、毒品和危险的性行为，滑向社会最底层。不投资于我们的青年不是真正的节约；相反，投资于青年对所有人而言，回报最大。", "联合国正在对青年进行大量投资。我们正在积累有关影响当今青年问题的知识和最佳做法，我们将在谈判和决策过程中加大与青年沟通的力度。我仍然觉得我们做得还不够。", "我想越过大会成员，问青年代表一、两个问题：“我们为你们做的事情是否足够？我们能够再做些什么？”我认为，我们能够并必须为青年做更多的事。他们是明天的领导人。我的同事和我也许是今天的领导人，但在明天，年轻人将站在这里领导世界。", "明年6月，联合国将在里约聚会，举行本组织历史上最重要的会议之一。联合国可持续发展大会(里约+20)将帮助决定我们的共同未来。这就是为什么我认为它是如此重要的优先事项，而且我希望并期盼它会成为所有会员国的国家元首和政府首脑的最高优先事项。", "我把气候变化称作我们时代的决定性问题。实际上，我们必须更进一步。我们必须把所有国家的可持续发展作为我们时代的决定性问题，因为只有在这个更广的范畴内，我们才能解决气候变化问题并满足我们公民的需求。", "年轻人能够而且必须发挥核心作用，为里约+20进程带来活跃的新思想、更新的思维以及精力。我们大家应当努力同他们交往，确保听取他们的声音。联合国青年代表方案就是我们可以考虑这样做的一种途径。我欢迎今天在座的参加该方案的代表。各国政府邀请年轻人参加出席联合国会议的国家代表团，不仅帮助青年更好地了解谈判的复杂性，而且政府本身也能深入了解青年的需求和观点。领导人的作用和责任是听取人民、包括青年的合理愿望并作出反应。", "青年代表方案是年轻人在国际舞台上有意义地代表自己的一个重要机会。因此，我建议联合国全体会员国审查它们参加该重要方案的情况，并且所有各方——青年、联合国实体和政府——要对他们的青年方案如何能够同该方案联系起来，进行评估。", "“国际青年年”固然会结束，但我们对青年的义务仍将延续。这意味着提倡对话和相互了解文化，并且意味着处理我们时代的紧迫问题：气候变化、核裁军、妇女和儿童健康、加强民主、实现千年发展目标，以及确保可持续的发展，在保护地球的同时为所有人造福。这也意味着加强全球团结。", "索马里部分地区的饥荒只是最近的一次考验。我们生活在变化和动荡的世界上。我们只有共同努力，才能够应对挑战。为此，我们需要青年站在我们一边——成为先锋。青年愿意并能够主导自己的未来，倡导我们所珍视的共同理想。让我们为了所有人特别是青年的利益，欢迎这种活力、创造性和理想主义。", "主席(以法语发言)：我感谢秘书长的发言。", "根据关于本次青年问题高级别会议工作安排的决议，我现在请阿列克·威克女士发言。她是一位国际超级名模、人道主义者、作家，但最重要的是，她是一位青年人。", "威克女士(以英语发言)：来到这里我感到非常荣幸。我将作自我介绍。我名叫阿列克·威克。在座各位代表也许不认识我。我在时装业工作，是一名T台模特。我12岁离开南苏丹的故乡，我在那里非常小的Wau镇长大。我的口音不像来自南苏丹的人，因为我去了伦敦。我的家人和我不得不逃离，我不得不作为难民住在伦敦。我已经有两年时间没有见到我的母亲，这令我非常难过。", "但是，在南苏丹生长的经历是美妙的。我确实非常喜欢那段经历——同母亲一起玩乐，每天向她学习生活经验。当然，我是爸爸的掌上明珠。我母亲总是说：“不要调皮！”，因为我是个捣蛋鬼，但父亲非常慈爱。我享尽了童年的乐趣。但是，我始终对其他人的遭遇非常敏感，尽管我在丧父之后有幸离开我国。他总是挂在嘴边的一句话确实在我脑中留了下烙印：“如果你认准了一件事，就必须坚持到底。”我确实相信这句话，不然我就不会成为我今天这个样子，我仍然在从别人那里学习，从别人那里吸取灵感。我现在来到的地方使我能够真正体验到，灵感来自我们周围的人。我对此深受感触。", "关于这一点，简单地说，我确实认为儿童不仅是我们的未来，他们就是现在，就是眼前。想到我们是如何长大成人的，我认为，如果我们能够帮助青年，那么他们便会塑造我们的国度。令我非常感动的是，联合国参加了进来并且说：“到此为止。”南苏丹人民发出了声音；并不只是50%、60%或70%或其他什么比例的人投了票。人们确实团结一心，我认为这是一个开始。所以我成立了“为孩子受教育而努力”基金，它并非为了立刻促进该项权利，而是为了能够真正同心协力，提供帮助。", "请让我给你们讲一个小故事。2005年我与母亲回国为BBC一台制作一个纪录片时，我看到一个18岁的女孩正在树下为一群孩子授课，而不仅仅只是在讲小故事。这名18岁的女孩无法继续接受教育，但她却想教更小的孩子，这实在令我感动。这只是我们有时可能会认为理所当然的小事情，但是对我来说却很让人感动。在战争局势确实很糟糕时，无国界医生组织和美国难民委员会却在那里帮助挽救生命，这令我非常感动。", "我不知道还要说什么；我不想占用大会太多时间。但是，我认为，非常重要的是要强调不仅要教育我们的年轻人，而且要真正地让他们参与进来，这一点非常重要，因为如果我们不这样做，就不会有希望，而我认为，此刻正是大有希望的时候。这非常激动人心。我能说些什么呢——南苏丹加油！我们独立了——现在我们可以开始重建了。", "我确实非常感动。我充满感激。我真的非常感激。我是一个很害羞的人，不仅是在T台上。那很简单；我做我的事情。我还能说些什么？我不想喋喋不休，所以我想就此打住。我希望我们能不仅是为南苏丹而且是为所有年轻人做些什么，我非常感激这个时刻。", "主席(以法语发言)：我祝贺阿列克·威克女士，并愿向她转达大会对她的国家南苏丹加入联合国感到非常高兴。", "我现在请巴西世界基督教青年会联盟青年赋权增能事务秘书罗慕洛·丹塔斯先生发言。", "丹塔斯先生(世界基督教青年会联盟)(以英语发言)：我祝今天在座各位圆满成功地开完本次高级别会议。我不是每天都有机会邀请潘基文先生、约瑟夫·戴斯先生、沙班先生以及阿列克·威克女士去走访我生活的老街道。", "我来自巴西圣保罗，来自1990年代圣保罗市中最暴力和最贫穷的地区之一。即便家庭环境很好，但是要想跟我的一些朋友同流合污非常容易，他们中的一些人成了帮派成员或吸毒者，或被关进监狱甚至死去。但是这种情况没有发生，过一会儿我会解释原因。", "我们在“国际青年年”的框架内汇聚一堂，以确认我们的历史性挑战翻开了重要的一章，揭示青年的重要性以及影响其生活的所有各种问题。他们来自不同的文化和背景：男孩和女孩，年轻男子和女子，穷人和富人，信仰宗教者和无宗教信仰者。他们来自我居住过的街道，来自你居住的街道，他们今天未必与我们共同庆祝这一天。", "他们中的一些人能够理解为何会存在像本论坛这样的论坛，他们此刻正在问自己：“这些人在干什么？他们说啊，说啊，说啊，但是我的生活却丝毫没有改变。我还在拼命地找工作，但是却找不到。”这是我一个上五年级的朋友说的话。但是渐渐地，我的街道变得宽敞多了，我也有机会见到很多的年轻人。另一个声音对我说：“我不能说我想说的话，也不能适当表达我的性取向。”另一个朋友只在白天才活动，以确保夜晚到来时他还活着。其他人说：“我不能告诉我社区的人，我有权决定我自己的身体，应该由我来决定什么时候发生性关系或什么时候怀孕。”“如果我能找到一间学校或者老师的话，我真想上学，来帮助我成长。”", "还有一些人在说：“如果不是因为不可理喻的战争或者因为我需要想办法养家糊口而被迫离开，我倒愿意留在我的祖国。”“如果有人告诉我要使用避孕套、只拥有一个性伴侣或者也许等等再走这一步的话，我本来是不会感染艾滋病毒/艾滋病的。更糟糕的是，我甚至都无法接受治疗，因为药价太高了。”", "这是我在许多街道上听到的声音。还有一个声音在说：“如果不是有人因为我并不明白的冲突而埋设了炸弹的话，我本可以有腿做运动、去跑步，老实说，这些冲突对我和我的伙伴们来说也没有什么意义，至少不值得为其改变命运。”", "你可以想象得到一个没有年轻人的世界会是怎样吗？我们可以想象得到。看一看失业率，年轻人高居榜首。他们受到的影响最严重。看一看艾滋病毒感染人数，你猜怎么样？年轻人——特别是妇女——也高居榜首。当我们看到暴力行为受害者的新闻时，又是他们——年轻人——首当其冲。在我们这个共同世界上的所有国家和区域，我们都看到年轻人的机会更少，他们被边缘化，他们不识字，甚至染上致命的疾病。", "我还可以接着描述许多事情：我们是如何能干而有效地为年轻人营造了一个充满敌意的世界。“国际青年年”即将结束，但是还有大量工作有待完成。这是欢庆的时候，但是也是我们呼吁各国政府、民间社会、私营部门以及联合国严肃认真地处理世界上数十亿年轻人面临的挑战的时候。", "我们都必须明白，如果不在众多方面，不在所有层面建立青年问题领域所有重要行为体之间的真正伙伴关系，就不可能为一个多样性世界提供各种解决方案。如果我们想有起码的机会来保障青年和所有人的尊严、自由、和平以及体面生活，开展真正和有效的对话就是绝对至关重要的。现在是我们坚定致力于改善全世界青年特别是在世界各地经受痛苦折磨、思想、情感和行动机会受到压制的被边缘化青年男女处境的时候。", "我并不是说，情况未发生变化或没有改善。情况已经有了变化和改善。从我的角度来说，情况已变得更好。我们这一代人的世界比前几代人的世界更加繁荣。在本会堂就座的一些人为我们看到的一些变化做出了贡献。但是在事情做完之前，我们还不能停息；在我们确信我们再也不会听到此类控诉之前，我们还不能停息，我们必须履行我们的职责和承诺。", "我们来到这里是要建议采取一种做法：让我们成为伙伴。让我们朝着比现在更加相互信任和尊重的方向前进。我们共聚在此就是要指出，由青年人领导的组织能够帮助改变这一局面，并且是其关键所在，因为我们的根就在青年人那里。我们了解他们的感受。我们知道如何更加高效地利用资源。我们通过我们的日常工作，通过正规和非正规教育，在基层与青年人一起制定解决办法。请相信我们。", "青年民间组织具有包容性、民主进程和有效办法。我们每天都在通过增强青年人的权能，使他们成为决策者和变革力量来践行这些原则。", "我们彼此合作，一个很好的例子就是青年组织国际协调会议，这是一个由国际青年非政府组织和区域平台组成的网络，我们为作为这个网络的一分子感到自豪。让我们朝着全面执行《世界青年行动纲领》的方向共同努力。我们不需要重新创造什么东西。我们现在需要的是确保在与会各国的政策和青年方案中体现这一雄心勃勃的纲领。与会各国必须与我们合作努力，以加强渠道，使它们的人民发出的声音能够被听到。它们必须利用这个机会，与我们一起共担责任，共同决策。它们必须使我们的组织结构更有利于更多青年人参与。我们请与会者在全球一级共同执行各项方案。", "不过，要做到这一点，我们就需要资源——是的，资源。在座一些人会想：“他们又来了，又是要钱。”是的，我们是在要钱。我们确实是在请他们投资于青年人和青年人的发展。必须在国家和国际层面投资于全面执行《世界青年行动纲领》工作以及面向青年人的组织和方案。", "我敦促与会各位注意，作为民间社会，我们正在非常忙碌地为我们为之存在的事业而工作，因为，我们请求他们为我们减少官僚主义作风，使我们有更多时间来考虑如何更好地为青年人服务。在听了这一席话之后，他们或许在问自己：“难道他们不知道，我们已经了解他刚才提到的所有内容了？”同样，我也知道这一点。但很显然，我们应当扪心自问，为什么现在我们的要求没有得到满足。", "我即将结束发言，而正因为如此，我要归纳几点想法。第一，必须关注被边缘化的青年；第二，必须与我们共担责任；第三，必须投资于《世界青年行动纲领》和青年组织；第四，必须设计和执行新的政策和方案，以改善青年一代的处境。", "在结束发言之前——因为我必须这样做——我将兑现我的诺言，我将告诉与会各位，为什么我的经历与我的许多朋友不一样。这是因为一个组织，这是因为基督教男青年会。基督教男青年会帮助我找到了我青少年时期没有的东西：自尊、自信和朋友，从而向我证明了我能够作出非凡之举。在基督教男青年会的帮助下，我学会了如何做一名领导者。我已经决定我想要从事的职业。我了解到我可以有任何梦想，恰恰是因为我有权这样做。我学会如何为我的社区服务，这样做使我非常快乐。我有幸通过体育锻炼保持良好体魄；有幸作为志愿者帮助他人感受快乐；有幸唱歌、跳舞，并且意识到我不是一个俯首听命者。我是一名公民。我能够参与其中。我能够带来改变。", "我是我所属的这个组织的4 500万服务对象的一员，但是，如果把今天大会堂在座的所有青年组织算在内，这个数字远远高于1亿人。我们赋予青年人权能，因为我们对青年人有信心，我们是为他们而存在的。而且，因为我所经历的积极转变，我决定终生投身于这一事业，大会堂中在座的许多人也是这样。", "如果我们不参与，那么任何事情都与我们无关。与青年有关的所有事情都必须有青年的参与。如果我们照此行动，希望和爱的光芒将照亮我住的街道和世界各个角落的所有街道。", "我是一个有梦想的青年人，因此，我将站出来、站起来，为我的权利而战。把我视作你们的一部分。不要把我视作一个俯首听命者，而是应当把我当作公民来看待。携手努力，我们将崛起。让我们放声歌唱。", "主席(以法语发言)：各位成员知道，根据第65/267号决议，本次高级别会议将包括全体会议和两次专题小组讨论。", "第一次小组讨论将在本次开幕会议结束后立即举行，其主题是“加强关于青年问题的国际合作，增进青年对话、相互了解和积极参与，这是实现社会融合、充分就业和消除贫穷所不可或缺的要素”。", "第二次小组讨论将于下午3时在本大会堂准时开始，主题为“青年发展的挑战以及消除贫穷、就业和可持续发展的机会”。", "正式全体会议将于明天从上午10时开始。为了在有限的时间内让尽可能多的人参与，我请发言者遵守正式全体会议的发言时限，即，以国家名义发言时以3分钟为限，以集团名义发言时则以5分钟为限。考虑到发言者名单很长，而且时间有限，我提议在明天上午第一次全体会议一开始，在会员国开始发言之前，通过成果文件(A/65/L.87)。", "另外，假如到明天下午6时发言名单上的人还未全部在大会发言，我们将在下午的全体会议结束时听取专题小组讨论共同主席的总结发言，然后在日后再请发言者继续发言，具体日期待宣布。", "上午11时散会。" ]

[ "主席: 德西先生 (瑞士)", "上午10时05分开会。", "向挪威表示同情", "主席(以法语发言): 我沉痛地代表大会向挪威政府和人民表示我们最深切的慰问,因为最近发生的悲剧影响到该国。", "我请挪威代表发言。", "Saether先生(挪威): 这次青年会议应该讨论上周五受到攻击的权利和价值观。 青年人参与公共生活、形成和表达自己意见、自由组织起来,如果认为有必要,反对本国领导或政治制度的权利和机会。", "星期五,大约700名年轻人聚集在乌特约亚岛,行使这些固有的权利,我们认为,这些权利是不可侵犯的。 他们的信仰是民主、多样性和包容性。 他们深信,他们有参与政治生活的权利和义务;只有通过积极参与,他们才能帮助挪威进一步发展;他们通过积极参与,将有助于确保挪威作为与其他民族和国家团结的伙伴在国际事务中继续发挥积极作用。 这些是上周五下午该岛盛行的情感和信念。 这些是邪恶意图摧毁的价值观。", "恐怖袭击似乎是一位挪威男子的行为,他把自己界定为极保守的基督徒。 他希望通过这一令人发指的行为,扭转挪威的容忍和包容政策,特别是针对伊斯兰教的政策。 这些袭击是挪威自第二次世界大战以来最致命的。 对政府建筑群的轰炸和每年为劳动党夏令青年营地聚集的年轻人的屠杀,袭击了挪威民主的核心。", "80多名年轻人被枪杀。 遇害者是挪威政治前途的一部分。 他们幸存的朋友保证不会受到暴行的恐吓。 他们不会被恐吓为沉默。 通过保持接触,它们将显示,对舆论的暴力没有效果。 因此,他们还将纪念其死去的朋友。", "事实上,多年来,挪威的劳动青年向联合国派出了许多青年代表。 我们相信,他们将再次这样做。 正如延斯·斯托尔滕贝格总理本人曾经是一位青年驻联合国代表所说的那样,我们将以更加民主、更加开放、更多参与和更人道的方式应对这一袭击。", "在国家悲剧发生之际,挪威团结一致,决心维护我们的民主价值观:不论背景如何,开放、信任和参与。 我们感谢并向受害者家属和朋友以及挪威人民表示慰问和同情的所有热情言辞。", "最后,我要引述来自该岛的一名年轻女性幸存者。 她说: “如果一个人能够表现出如此多的仇恨,想象我们大家能相互展现多少爱。 ......", "议程项目27(续)", "青年问题高级别会议", "社会发展", "(b) 社会发展,包括有关世界社会状况和有关青年、老龄、残疾人和家庭的问题", "决议草案(A/65/L.87)", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在宣布大会青年问题高级别会议开幕。 本次会议是依照2011年3月15日第59/167号决议举行的。", "我很高兴地欢迎今天参加在纽约举行的我们青年问题高级别会议。 500多名年轻人参加了这次活动,来自全世界。 我对此感到非常高兴,并感谢他们参加本次会议,如果没有他们,那就不会有同样的活力。 我尤其要感谢阿尔克·韦克,这是对年轻人的象征性承诺,以及我们将有机会很快听到的青年组织的其他代表。", "今天,15至24岁的年轻人人数超过10亿女孩和男孩,其中绝大多数生活在发展中国家。 尽管在实现国际商定发展目标,特别是《千年发展目标》方面取得了进展,但许多年轻人生活在贫穷仍是一个重大挑战的领域。 他们的生活有时受到极端的身体条件的威胁,例如索马里正在发生的干旱和饥荒。 青年人往往难以获得基本社会服务、教育、职业培训和优质保健。 女童和年轻妇女尤其如此。 她们的就业机会和社会经济发展前景有限。", "为了提请国际社会注意年轻人的立场,大会于2009年12月通过了第64/134号决议,宣布从2010年8月12日起的一年为国际青年年。 国际年的主题是对话和相互了解。 因此,我们寻求促进和平、尊重人权和世代、文化、宗教和文明之间团结的理想。 我们力求促进青年之间的对话和理解文化,作为当今世界的主要利益攸关方和行动者。", "特别是在阿拉伯世界过去几个月来发生的事件确实向我们表明,年轻人是我们社会的主要行为者,他们在动员时如何成为变革的力量。 青年人被和平、友谊和向他人开放的理想以及他们的分歧所驱赶出去。 他们往往比他们的长辈更宽容。 它们更具创造性,而且往往更愿意创新。", "青年人是新技术和全新事物的热情支持者,如移动电话和社会网络,作为包容和社会融合的要素。 青年人愿意采用更绿色、更可持续的替代生活方式。 经验还向我们表明,青年人如何参与防治艾滋病的斗争,他们如何能够帮助在战胜饥饿和贫穷方面有所作为。", "我们应更多地依靠青年人的精力和热情。 我们的社会需要它们。 我们应创造条件,使年轻人能够充分行使权利、繁荣和实现其愿望。 我们应当为年轻人工作并与之合作。", "今天的会议为我们提供了一个独特的机会,可以加强国际合作,以迎接青年人在其日常生活中面临的挑战,为他们创造繁荣的机会,并与他们一道帮助建立更加尊重人民及其环境的社会。 我们需要确保年轻人充分参与社会,让他们获得基本服务、教育和优质保健,并为他们提供体面和生产性就业的机会。", "如果青年年要有效,就必须通过本次会议结束时通过的成果文件(A/65/L.87),留给我们一个与我刚才概述的目标相称的遗产。 我感谢贝宁的让-弗朗西斯·津苏大使和奥地利的托马斯·迈尔-哈廷大使高效地处理谈判进程并作出承诺。 我高兴地看到,迄今为止,在谈判中已经考虑到近100个青年组织的意见。", "总的说来,在国际青年年,与年轻人和青年领导的组织进行密切对话的重要性已经显现出来。", "我们必须加强伙伴关系,继续建立由青年人和民间社会及私营部门其他伙伴领导的政府和组织之间的合作、对话和信息共享渠道。 我呼吁各会员国根据我们宣言中确定的目标,坚决承诺在国家、区域和国际各级执行政策和方案。 同样重要的是,联合国各实体继续加强协调,加紧努力,采取更加一致和综合的办法,最大限度地发挥它们对青年发展的影响。", "我相信,我们将抓住一切对话和互动的机会,使本次高级别会议和国际青年年取得成功。 我祝愿各位代表在相互尊重、理解、公开和本着调查精神的基础上进行建设性审议。", "我现在请秘书长潘基文先生阁下发言。", "秘书长: 首先让我对星期五挪威发生的恐怖袭击表示震惊。 我最强烈地谴责这种暴力。 我尤其感到悲伤的是,凶手把热切希望有意义地参与本国未来的年轻人挑出来。 这一暴行与本次会议的主题,即“青年:对话和相互了解”。 我在星期六打电话给斯托尔滕贝格总理,并告诉他,我被他向同胞发出坚定和有原则的信息所驱使,这强调了挪威的宽容、尊重和致力于国际合作的价值观。 我向死者家属和挪威政府表示慰问。", "我现在谈谈今天的活动。 值此我们结束国际青年年之际,我今天高兴地来到这里。 我感谢许多国家元首和政府首脑以及部长加入我们,我特别欢迎今天与会的大批年轻人。 他们的精力总是给我带来一种动力,他们的风格也给我带来好处。 Wek女士当然是一种风格,但更重要的是,她是一个鼓舞人心的榜样,可以结束许多悲惨故事中可能不止一个。 本月早些时候,我非常愉快地参加了韦克女士出生国——苏丹南部——国际社会最新成员——的独立仪式。 Wek女士和我将以自己的方式努力,帮助联合国193个会员国实现它所寻求的和平与繁荣。 苏丹南部将需要国际社会的全力支持,该国的年轻人能够而且必须发挥中心作用。", "过去两年来,我两次访问了Dantas先生的国家,但遗憾的是,他没有自己的圣保罗市。 我在里约的Babilônia favela会见了年轻人,并与他们和其他爱好者的青年进行了交谈。 并非所有人都有Dantas先生的财富来逃避暴力和毒品,接受教育和寻找工作。 会见他们使我想到今天世界上超过10亿年轻人,其中绝大多数生活在发展中国家。 有些人接受良好教育,可以期待体面的工作和奖励生活,但年轻人往往缺乏应有的教育、自由和机会。 年轻人的失业率是成年人的三到六倍,非正规、低工资和无保障的工作是常规的。 年轻妇女、残疾人和土著青年尤其如此。 年轻人越来越多地向他们的长辈和政府说: “这不是我们想要的世界。 ......", "这一明确信念是去年对青年来说非常重要的一部分。 在突尼斯,发起第64/134号决议,宣布国际青年年。 青年人是横跨北非和中东的变革运动的核心。 我们都知道突尼斯街头供应商Mohamed Bouazizi的故事,他去年12月放火。 他是一位年轻的男子,27岁,充满生命的繁荣和 in。 他亲眼看到他牺牲的他本人及其同胞和妇女前途甚微。 他的死亡是悲惨的,但他的火力导致了两辆汽车的倒塌,先是在突尼斯,然后是在埃及。 从那时起,火力已经走得很远。", "“Facebook”的生成表明,我们日益决心改变我们的世界,有能力做事。 他们把精力和勇气带给我们面临的一些最困难的问题。 青年人享有基于性别、种族或性取向而遭受歧视者的权利。 他们正面临敏感问题,与他们的同行交谈,并努力制止艾滋病毒和艾滋病的传播。 他们领导采取绿色发展模式。 年轻人往往比老一代更了解,我们能够而且必须超越我们的宗教和文化差异,以实现我们的共同目标。", "我们的工作是同他们一道努力,确保他们能够继承他们想要的世界——《联合国宪章》承诺的世界——以对话和相互谅解为基础。 国际社会必须努力扩大男女青年的机会范围,满足他们对尊严和体面工作的合理要求。 许多国家的全球经济危机和紧缩措施制约着这些机会。 当年轻人缺乏机会时,他们更容易犯罪和暴力、毒品和风险性,滑坡到社会规模的底层。 未能对我们的青年进行投资是一种虚假的经济。 反之,投资于年轻人将为所有人带来巨大红利。", "联合国正在大量投资于青年。 我们正在获得有关今天影响年轻人的问题的知识和最佳做法,我们正在作出更大努力,让青年参与我们的谈判和决策进程。 然而,我认为我们做得还不够。", "我要接手大会成员的各位负责人,并向青年代表提出一两个问题: “我们是否为你做了足够的工作? 我们能够做得更多吗? 我认为,我们能够而且必须为我们的年轻人做更多的工作。 他们是明天的领导人。 我的同侪和我可能是今天的领袖,但这将是年轻人站在这里,领导明天的世界。", "明年6月,联合国将在里约举行本组织历史上最重要的会议之一。 联合国可持续发展会议(里约会议20周年)将有助于确定我们的集体未来。 因此,这是我的一个优先事项,我希望并期待它成为所有会员国国家元首和政府首脑的最高优先事项。", "我把气候变化称为我们时代的决定性问题。 事实上,我们必须走得更远。 我们必须使可持续发展成为我们时代的决定性问题,因为只有在这个更广泛的框架内,我们才能应对气候变化和我们公民的需要。", "青年人能够而且必须在为里约会议20周年进程带来充满活力的新思想、新思维和能源方面发挥中心作用。 我们大家都应努力与他们接触,并确保听取他们的声音。 我们可以考虑这样做的一种方式是通过联合国青年代表方案。 我欢迎今天与会的方案代表。 通过让年轻人参加出席联合国会议的国家代表团,各国政府不仅帮助年轻人更好地了解谈判的复杂性,而且使他们了解青年的需要和看法。 领导人的作用和责任是倾听和回应包括年轻人在内的人民的合法愿望。", "青年代表方案是年轻人在国际舞台上有意义地代表自己的一个重要机会。 因此,我建议联合国所有会员国审查参与这一重要方案的情况,并建议所有各方——青年、联合国实体和政府——评估其与青年有关的方案如何与该方案挂钩。", "国际青年年可能即将结束,但我们对年轻人的义务依然存在。 这意味着促进对话和相互了解的文化,这意味着解决我们时代的紧迫问题:气候变化、核裁军、妇女和儿童的健康、加强民主、实现千年发展目标和确保惠及所有人的可持续发展,同时保护地球。 这也意味着加强全球团结。", "索马里部分地区的饥荒只是最新的考验。 我们生活在不断变化和动荡的世界中。 只有共同努力,我们才能迎接我们的挑战。 为此,我们需要我们方面的青年——实际上,在先锋中。 青年人愿意并能够掌握自己的未来和我们所珍视的共同想法。 让我们支持这一能源、创造力和理想主义,以造福所有人,特别是年轻人。", "主席(以法语发言): 我感谢秘书长的发言。", "根据关于组织本次青年问题高级别会议的第59/67号决议,我现在请国际超级模范、人道主义、作者、尤其是年轻人Alek Wek女士发言。", "Wek女士: 我非常荣幸地来到这里。 我将发言。 我的名字是Alek Wek。 这里的代表可能不承认我是作为双向工作模式。 我离开了苏丹南部的家园,我在那里长于12岁的小镇瓦乌。 我不喜欢苏丹南部,因为我离开伦敦。 我的家人和我不得不逃离,我不得不作为难民在伦敦生活。 我看不到我的母亲两年,这非常情感。", "然而,苏丹南部的增长是令人 wonder的。 我确实享有这一机会——与我的母亲一起玩.,每天从她那里学习。 当然,我是一位成熟的女孩。 我的母亲总是告诉我,“不要aught!”,因为我是一席之地,但dad不见。 我享有我的童年。 然而,我一直对其他人正在经历什么感到非常敏感,尽管我有幸离开了我国,失去了我的父亲。 他确实在我身边说: “如果你相信某种情况,你必须遵循一切方式。” 我确实相信这一点,否则不会发展到我正在学习和从其他人那里汲取灵感的妇女身上。 我现在来到一个能够真正理解来自我们周围人民的这一启发的地方。 我对此非常感动。", "简言之,我确实认为,儿童不仅是我们的未来;他们现在也在这里。 看看我们如何作为人成长,我认为,如果我们能够帮助年轻人,那么,他们就是谁决定我们是一个民族。 我非常感动的是,联合国已经上台,并且说,“这是”。 人民在苏丹南部说话;他们不仅投票50、60%或70%,也无论投票人数多少;人民真正团结在一起,我认为这是一个开端。 因此,我创立了“努力教育女婴”——现在不是促进这一权利,而是能够汇聚在一起和帮助。", "让我告诉大家一点故事。 2005年我回来时,我的母亲与英国广播公司做过纪录片。 首先,我看到一名18岁的女孩在一个树下学习,而不只是很少故事。 18岁的孩子不能继续接受教育,但她想教授年轻人,这对我来说确实有影响。 有时我们可能同意的只是小事,但对我来说,这非常触动。 无国界医生组织,美国难民委员会,在战争真正恶化的时候,正在帮助拯救生命,对我来说,这非常触动。", "我不知道还有什么话;我不想占用大会的许多时间。 但我认为,必须强调,不仅要教育我们的年轻人,而且要真正接纳他们,因为如果我们不这样做,就不会有希望,我认为现在的希望是正确的。 它令人非常激动。 我可以说的是,对苏丹南部来说, w。 独立——我们现在可以开始重建。", "我真的感动。 我非常感谢。 我确实赞赏它。 我是人,而不仅仅是在跑道上。 这是轻而易举的;我是做的。 我怎么说? 我不想ram,因此我猜想我必须总结一下。 我希望我们能够为年轻人做一些事情,不仅在苏丹南部,而且在总体上,我非常赞赏这一时刻。", "主席(以法语发言): 我祝贺阿莱克·韦克女士,并愿向大会转达对苏丹、苏丹南部被接纳为联合国会员的满意。", "我现在请巴西的Romulo Dantas先生、世界青年运动联盟青年赋权秘书发言。", "Dantas先生(世界基督教青年会联盟): 今天,我祝愿在座各位举行非常好的高级别会议。 我并非每天都有机会邀请潘基文先生、约瑟夫·德西先生、沙班先生和阿列克·韦克女士来到并访问我的旧街道。", "我来自巴西圣保罗,来自1990年代圣保罗市最暴力和最贫穷的地区之一。 即便是一个 wonder的家庭,我也非常容易与我的一些朋友一起,并且像其中一些朋友一样,成为帮派成员或吸毒成瘾者,或者最后关在监狱甚至死去。 但这种情况没有发生,我将解释为什么在某个时候发生。", "我们在国际青年年的框架内走到一起,以便认识到我们历史挑战的一个重要篇章,以突出年轻人的重要性以及影响他们生活的所有问题。 他们来自不同的文化和背景:男孩和女孩、青年男女、穷人和富人,来自信仰背景,而不是信仰背景。 他们来自我的街道,他们来自你们生活的街道,他们可能今天不与我们一起庆祝。", "其中一些能够理解诸如这样的论坛的存在的人现在要求自己: “这些人做了什么? 他们说话、说话、说话,我的生活绝对没有任何变化。 我仍然 door忙寻找工作,我找不到工作。” 这是从五年级开始的地雷之友。 但从此,我的街道已变得更加大,我有机会会见许多年轻人。 另一名发言者对我说:“我不能说我想要的东西,或者说自己对我的性取向有适当的表达。” 另一名朋友只是在白天晚上才行走,以确保他能活着。 其他人说:“我不能告诉我们社区的人,我有权在我自己的身体上决定,我应该决定何时有性或怀孕。” “如果我能找到一个甚至教师帮助我成长的话,我会爱上学。 ......", "更不用说:“如果我不是因为难以理解的战争而被迫离开,或者甚至因为我需要找到养家糊口的办法,我将留在我国。” “如果有人告诉我使用保险套、只有一个性伴侣或可能更长时间等待这一步骤,我不会感染艾滋病毒/艾滋病;更糟糕的是,由于药品的价格,我甚至不能治疗自己。 ......", "这些是我在许多街道听到的声音。 这里还有一点:“如果有人因为我不理解的冲突而没有埋设炸弹,那么我有做某些运动和进行手术的亲子,而且,坦率地说,对我或我的 b来说,至少不意味着要交换生命。 ......", "你们能否想象一个没有年轻人的世界? 我们不能想象这一点。 当我们看看失业率时,年轻人是名单上的首位。 他们受影响最大。 当我们看看艾滋病毒的感染人数时,会想什么? 年轻人——特别是妇女——也是名单上的首位。 当我们看着暴力受害者的消息时,他们再次——年轻人。 在我们共同世界的所有国家和地区,我们发现年轻人的机会较少,被边缘化的青年,文盲青年,甚至致命疾病。", "我可以继续描述许多事情:我们如何有能力和高效率地为年轻人创造一个非常敌对的世界。 国际青年年不久将结束,但还有大量工作要做。 现在是庆祝的时候了,但我们也应当呼吁各国政府、民间社会、私营部门和联合国认真应对我们世界上数十亿年轻人面临的挑战。", "我们大家都必须理解,在青年领域所有重要角色在许多领域和所有各级缺乏真正的伙伴关系的情况下,不可能为多样化的世界找到解决办法。 如果我们想要获得最起码的机会,保障年轻人和一般民众的尊严、自由、和平和体面的生活,真正和有效的对话是绝对必要的。 我们现在应当作出坚定承诺,改善世界各地年轻人的状况,特别是改善世界各地边缘化的男女青年的状况,他们正在遭受世界不同地区的痛苦,在思想、情感和采取行动的机会方面受到压制。", "我并不是说事情没有改变或改善。 他们有。 从我的观点看,情况更糟。 世界比前一代更加繁荣。 大会堂这里的一些人对我们看到的一些变化负有责任。 但是,我们不能睡觉,直到我们做事;除非我们确信我们不会再听听这种证言,我们将履行我们的责任和承诺。", "我们在此提议一项交易:让我们成为伙伴。 让我们朝着比现在更加相互信任和尊重的方向迈进。 我们在这里要说,由青年领导的组织能够帮助,并且是改变局势的关键,因为我们的根基是年轻人。 我们知道他们感到什么。 我们知道如何更有效地利用资源。 我们通过在正规和非正规教育方面的日常工作,在基层与年轻人建立解决办法。 相信我们。", "青年民间社会的性质是包容性的,其进程是民主的,其方式是有效的。 我们正在执行这些原则,使年轻人能够成为决策者和变革推动者。", "我们合作,这方面的一个良好例子是青年组织国际协调会议、国际青年非政府组织网络以及我们非常自豪地加入的区域平台。 让我们共同努力,全面执行《世界青年行动纲领》。 我们不需要重新做事。 我们需要看到这一雄心勃勃的方案反映在参与者国家的政策和青年方案中。 他们必须同我们合作,加强让人民听到他们的声音的渠道。 他们必须有机会与我们分享责任和决策。 它们必须使我们的结构更加有利于更多的年轻人参与。 我们邀请与会者在全球一级共同执行方案。", "然而,为了做到这一点,我们需要资源——是资源。 这里的一些人认为,“他们正在要求钱。” 是的,我们就是这样。 我们确实要求他们投资于年轻人及其发展。 需要在国家和国际两级对全面执行《世界青年行动纲领》、面向青年的组织和方案进行投资。", "我敦促与会者注意到,作为一个民间社会,我们非常忙.地做我们所存在的事情,因此,我们请他们减少对我们的官僚作风,让我们花更多的时间来思考如何为年轻人服务。 在聆听了所有这一切之后,他们可能会自问,“他们不知道我们已经知道他刚才提到的一切吗?” 是的,我再次知道。 我们知道。 但显而易见的是,我们应当自问为什么不发生这种情况。", "我即将结束,因此我将综合一些想法。 首先,必须关注边缘化的年轻人。 第二,必须分担我们的责任。 第三,必须将资金投入《世界青年行动纲领》和青年组织。 第四,必须制定和执行新的政策和方案,以改善年轻人的状况。", "在结束我的发言之前,由于我必须履行我的承诺,我将告诉与会者,我的故事与我的一些朋友的故事不同。 这是因为一个组织,是因为青年文化协会。 基督教青年会帮助我找到我当我是青少年时没有的东西:自我尊重、自信和朋友向我证明我能够做令人难以置信的事情。 我与青年委员会一道学会了如何发挥领导作用。 我决定了我想要从事的职业。 我得知,我可以梦想任何东西,因为允许我这样做。 我学会了如何为我社区服务,为我服务感到非常高兴。 我有机会通过体育锻炼身体健康,并通过帮助人们作为志愿人员、唱歌、跳舞和理解我不是一个主题而感到美好。 我是公民。 我可以参加。 我可以作出改变。", "我是我所服务的4 500万组织之一,但如果考虑到今天在本大会堂这里所代表的所有青年组织,这一数字大大高于1亿。 我们赋予年轻人权力,因为我们相信青年,而且我们为他们而存在。 由于我经历的积极转变,我决定把我的生活奉献给这一事业,因为大会堂里的许多人已经这样做。", "没有我们,我们就没有任何东西。 青年人不应参与。 如果我们采取相应行动,希望和爱的灯光将给我们自己的街道和我们的街道造成震.。", "我是一个充满梦想的青年,因此我将站起来,站起来,为我的权利而斗争。 作为你们的一部分。 不要把我视为一个主题,而是作为一个公民,我们一起将崛起。 让我们ing。", "主席(以法语发言): 正如各位成员所知,根据第68/67号决议,本次高级别会议将包括全体会议和两次专题讨论。", "第一次小组讨论将于今天上午在本次开幕会议休会后立即举行,题为“加强国际合作,促进青年对话、相互理解和青年积极参与,作为实现社会融合、充分就业和消除贫穷的不可或缺的因素”。", "第二次小组讨论将于下午3时准时在本大会堂开始,题为“对青年发展和消除贫穷、就业和可持续发展机会的挑战”。", "正式全体会议将于明天上午10时举行。 为了在有限的时间内最大限度地参与,我请发言者遵守其正式发言限制。", "全体会议:以本国代表身份发言3分钟,以集团名义发言5分钟。 鉴于发言名单很长,时间有限,我提议在明天上午第一次全体会议开始之前通过成果文件(A/65/L.87)。", "此外,如果大会不于明天下午6时结束发言名单,我们将在下午全会结束时听取专题小组讨论共同主席的摘要,然后在稍后日期继续发言。", "上午11时散会。" ]

[ "Seventeenth session", "Kingston, Jamaica", "11-22 July 2011", "Decision of the Assembly of the International Seabed Authority relating to the commemoration of the thirtieth anniversary of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea", "The Assembly of the International Seabed Authority,", "Recognizing that 10 December 2012 will mark the thirtieth anniversary of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, opened for signature in Montego Bay, Jamaica, which entered into force on 16 November 1994,", "Recalling the historic significance of the Convention as one of the most comprehensive legal instruments negotiated under the auspices of the United Nations, and emphasizing its importance as the legal framework within which all activities in the oceans and seas must be carried out,", "Reaffirming the importance of the codification and designation by the Convention of the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, as well as the resources of the Area, as the common heritage of mankind,", "Reaffirming also the importance of the work of the International Seabed Authority as the organization through which States parties shall organize and control activities in the Area, particularly with a view to administering the resources of the Area in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Convention and the 1994 Agreement relating to the implementation of Part XI of the Convention, on behalf of mankind as a whole,", "Expressing support for the convening of a commemorative meeting of the United Nations General Assembly on Monday, 10 December 2012, to mark the thirtieth anniversary of the Convention,", "1. Agrees to convene a special meeting during its eighteenth session to commemorate the thirtieth anniversary of the opening for signature of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea;", "2. Requests the Secretary-General of the International Seabed Authority to undertake activities in observance of the anniversary;", "3. Encourages members of the International Seabed Authority and the wider international community to commemorate this important milestone." ]

[ "第十七届会议", "牙买加金斯敦", "2011年7月11日至22日", "国际海底管理局大会关于纪念1982年《联合国海洋法公约》三十周年的决定", "国际海底管理局大会，", "确认2012年12月10日将是在牙买加蒙特哥湾开放供签署并于1994年11月16日生效的1982年《联合国海洋法公约》三十周年，", "回顾《公约》作为联合国主持议定的最全面法律文书之一的历史意义，并强调其作为所有海洋活动必须遵照执行的法律框架的重要性，", "重申《公约》将国家管辖范围以外的海床洋底和底土以及“区域”内的资源立法确定为人类共同遗产的重要性，", "又重申国际海底管理局工作的重要性，缔约国通过该组织安排和管制“区域”内的活动，其宗旨尤其是为了根据《公约》及1994年《关于执行<公约>第十一部分的协定》的有关规定，代表全人类管理“区域”内的资源，", "表示支持联合国大会在2012年12月10日星期一召开一次会议，纪念《公约》三十周年，", "1. 同意在第十八届会议期间召开一次特别会议，纪念1982年《联合国海洋法公约》开放供签署三十周年；", "2. 请国际海底管理局秘书长开展周年纪念活动；", "3. 鼓励国际海底管理局成员和广大国际社会纪念这一重要的里程碑。" ]

[ "第十七届会议", "牙买加金斯敦", "2011年7月11日至22日", "国际海底管理局大会关于纪念1982年《联合国海洋法公约》三十周年的决定", "国际海底管理局大会,", "认识到2012年12月10日将是1982年《联合国海洋法公约》30周年,该公约于1994年11月16日在牙买加蒙特哥湾开放供签署,", "回顾《公约》作为在联合国主持下谈判达成的最全面法律文书之一具有历史意义,并强调其作为开展所有海洋活动都必须遵循的法律框架的重要性,", "重申《公约》编纂和指定国家管辖范围以外海床和洋底及底土以及“区域”资源为人类共同遗产的重要性,", "又重申国际海底管理局作为缔约国据以组织和控制“区域”内活动,特别是为了按照《公约》和1994年关于代表全人类执行《公约》第十一部分的协定的相关规定管理“区域”资源,其工作的重要性,", "表示支持于2012年12月10日星期一召开联合国大会纪念会议,纪念《公约》通过三十周年,", "页: 1 1. 同意在第十八届会议期间举行一次特别会议,纪念1982年《联合国海洋法公约》开放供签署三十周年;", "2. 结 论 2. 请国际海底管理局秘书长开展活动纪念周年;", "3. 。 5. 鼓励国际海底管理局成员和广大国际社会纪念这一重要里程碑。" ]

[ "Seventeenth session", "Kingston, Jamaica", "11-22 July 2011", "Decision of the Assembly of the International Seabed Authority relating to the advisory opinion of the Seabed Disputes Chamber of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea on matters relating to the responsibilities and obligations of States sponsoring persons and entities with respect to activities in the Area", "The Assembly of the International Seabed Authority,", "1. Welcomes the decision of the Seabed Disputes Chamber of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea to respond to the request made on 6 May 2010 by the Council of the International Seabed Authority for the Chamber to render an advisory opinion;[1]", "2. Takes note with appreciation of the advisory opinion on the responsibilities and obligations of States sponsoring persons and entities with respect to activities in the Area delivered by the Chamber on 1 February 2011.[2]", "[1] ISBA/16/C/13.", "[2] Case No. 17, “Responsibilities and obligations of States sponsoring persons and entities with respect to activities in the Area”, concerning the request for an advisory opinion of the Seabed Disputes Chamber." ]

[ "第十七届会议", "2011年7月11日至22日", "牙买加金斯敦", "国际海底管理局大会关于国际海洋法法庭海底争端分庭关于担保个人和实体从事“区域”内活动的国家所负责任和义务的咨询意见的决定", "国际海底管理局大会，", "1. 欣见国际海洋法法庭海底争端分庭决定回应国际海底管理局理事会2010年5月6日提出的由该分庭发表咨询意见的请求；[1]", "2. 赞赏地注意到该分庭于2011年2月1日就担保个人和实体从事“区域”内活动的国家所负责任和义务发表的咨询意见。[2]", "[1] ISBA/16/C/13。", "[2] 第17号案，“担保个人和实体从事‘区域’内活动的国家所负责任和义务”，关于由海底争端分庭发表咨询意见的请求。" ]

[ "第十七届会议", "牙买加金斯敦", "2011年7月11日至22日,日内瓦", "国际海底管理局大会关于国际海洋法法庭海底争端分庭关于担保个人和实体从事 \" 区域 \" 内活动的国家所负责任和义务等事项的咨询意见的决定", "国际海底管理局大会,", "1. 联合国 欢迎国际海洋法法庭海底争端分庭决定回应国际海底管理局理事会2010年5月6日要求该分庭发表咨询意见的请求;[1]", "2. 联合国 赞赏地注意到2011年2月1日分庭就担保个人和实体从事 \" 区域 \" 内活动的国家所负责任和义务发表的咨询意见。 [2]", "[1] ISBA/16/C/13 (中文(简体) ).", "[2] 第17号案件,“担保个人和实体从事 \" 区域 \" 内活动的国家的责任和义务”,涉及请求海底争端分庭提供咨询意见。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 27 (c) of the provisional agenda*", "Social development: follow-up to the International Year of Older Persons: Second World Assembly on Ageing", "Follow-up to the Second World Assembly on Ageing", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report focuses on the situation of the human rights of older persons in all regions of the world. It offers an overview of some challenges faced by older women and men in the enjoyment of their rights and outlines examples of Government responses to those challenges. It also offers an illustrative collection of legislation, policies and programmes and describes key human rights issues, including, but not limited to, discrimination, violence and abuse, social protection, long-term care, age-specific services, participation, access to justice and life-long pensions.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3II.Current 3 situation and \nchallenges III. International 6 norms and standards related to the rights of older \npersons IV.National 11 responses to specific human rights \nissues V.Conclusions 18 and \nrecommendations", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/182 entitled “Follow-up to the Second World Assembly on Ageing”. In paragraph 31 of that resolution, the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to prepare a report on the implementation of the resolution, including on the situation of the rights of older persons in all regions of the world. On 3 February 2011, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) sent a note verbale to Member States, relevant bodies and organizations of the United Nations system, as well as intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations and national human rights institutions to inform them about the report. The note verbale included a questionnaire of nine points, soliciting observations and information on existing legislation, policies and programmes related to various human rights issues related to older persons. Written contributions were received from 41 States, 8 United Nations entities, 20 national human rights institutions and 10 non‑governmental organizations, coalitions and other groups. A full list of respondents and all submissions to the report may be viewed on the OHCHR website.[1] In this regard, it should be noted that the submissions cover a wide diversity of national, legal, social and economic situations and that, while acknowledging that older persons are clearly a heterogeneous group, the situation of older persons between and within Member States varies widely.", "2. The report is organized into three sections. Section II below outlines the current situation and the challenges faced by older persons in all regions of the world. Section III presents an overview of the existing international framework, including binding international human rights instruments, and discusses some of the principles, standards and obligations of States parties that are applicable to older persons. Section IV offers a collection of examples from the submissions to the report, covering several specific issues and areas of relevance to older persons. In addition, conclusions and recommendations are presented in section V.", "II. Current situation and challenges", "3. The composition of the world population has changed dramatically in recent decades. Between 1950 and 2010 life expectancy worldwide rose from 46 to 68 years, and it is projected to increase to 81 by the end of the century.[2] It should be noted that at present women outnumber men by an estimated 66 million among those aged 60 years or over. Among those aged 80 years or over, women are nearly twice as numerous as men, and among centenarians women are between four and five times as numerous as men. For the first time in human history, in 2050, there will be more persons over 60 than children in the world.", "4. Almost 700 million people are now over the age of 60. By 2050, 2 billion people, over 20 per cent of the world’s population, will be 60 or older. The increase in the number of older people will be the greatest and the most rapid in the developing world, with Asia as the region with the largest number of older persons, and Africa facing the largest proportionate growth. With this in mind, enhanced attention to the particular needs and challenges faced by many older people is clearly required. Just as important, however, is the essential contribution the majority of older men and women can continue to make to the functioning of society if adequate guarantees are in place. Human rights lie at the core of all efforts in this regard.", "5. During the last decade, population ageing has led to the introduction of new policies and programmes, in which the social sector has taken centre stage, as shown by the majority of contributions to the present report. Many Governments in developed and developing economies have designed or piloted innovative policies in the health, social security or welfare systems. In addition, several policy framework documents, including national plans of action on ageing have been enacted. Specific age-related legislative measures in areas as varied as building codes, licensing and monitoring of care centres and vocational training have also begun to emerge. All levels of government, from local to national, have taken a share in this responsibility, and have either created new institutions or renewed existing ones to seek ways of gradually responding to the challenges faced by older persons.", "6. Government institutions have chosen diverse approaches in setting priorities. These choices highlight different perceptions of the role that older people play in the family and in society at large. In some cases, measures aim to capture the rapidly evolving dynamics of communities and societies, inviting a second look at current perceptions about older persons and work, elder-care mechanisms, intergenerational support systems and financial constraints. Some Governments have designed policies founded on the principle of active ageing and autonomy, aimed at facilitating the continuation of independent lives at home, with services and facilities that cater for various types of needs. Others emphasize family ties and support for the family unit as the primary source of care for older persons. In all cases, a network of private actors, including various volunteer organizations and community-based centres, are essential to the smooth functioning of the entire system.", "7. Of special resonance is the situation of older women[3] who face inequalities as a result of their gender-based roles in society. Gender relations structure the entire life cycle, influencing access to resources and opportunities, with an impact that is both ongoing and cumulative. The different circumstances that shape the lives of women and men in old age are the outcome of a lifetime of experience. Good health, economic security, adequate housing, an enabling environment, access to land or other productive resources, these are the fundamentals of ageing with dignity, yet achieving them depends on decisions and choices only partly determined by each individual. The impact of gender inequalities in education and employment becomes most pronounced in old age. As a result, older women are more likely than older men to be poor. Furthermore, older women often take on greater responsibilities for family care while managing inflexible working conditions, mandatory retirement ages and inadequate pensions and other social security benefits, which leave them, and those in their care, extremely vulnerable. Without doubt, ageing, its human rights challenges and its feminization constitute an unprecedented shift in the social fabric of all societies, with far-reaching consequences.", "8. Although numerous challenges were identified in the submissions for the report, the following four appeared repeatedly and consistently around the world: (a) poverty and inadequate living conditions; (b) age-related discrimination; (c) violence and abuse; and (d) lack of special measures, mechanisms and services.", "Poverty and living conditions", "9. The single most pressing challenge to the welfare of older persons is poverty, including the often inadequate living conditions of older persons. Homelessness, malnutrition, unattended chronic diseases, lack of access to safe drinking water and sanitation, unaffordable medicines and treatments and income insecurity are just a few of the most critical human rights issues that a large number of older persons confront on a daily basis.", "10. Several States have recognized the relatively low standard of living among older persons as compared to other segments of the population, including the prevalence of poverty, and even extreme poverty. Oftentimes, despite lower income levels, older persons may be the main providers for the household and the primary caregivers, including for the care of grandchildren and other members of the family.", "11. Submissions to the report also point to gaps in the provision of services between urban and rural settings, and also within cities, in suburban and slum areas. Access, affordability and quality of services constitute a critical concern in those areas. Social and medical services, for example, particularly in remote and sparsely populated villages, pose additional challenges to the system, despite the existence in some countries of mobile services teams that provide home-based social services.", "12. This subject is also linked with living arrangements. Rapidly changing social and economic patterns and the nuclearization of families have frequently been cited as a reason for a perceived decline in family support for older persons. In some cases, this change has created an unmet need for more residential homes and shelters. Some societies are coping with large migratory movements, where the elderly are left behind, or responsible for the care of orphaned grandchildren as a result of HIV/AIDS. Their contributions as caregivers are often unrecognized, their remittances unpredictable and care for themselves and others is expected to carry on without sources of income.", "Discrimination", "13. Another persistent challenge in both developed and developing countries is stigma and discrimination. While the essential role older persons can play as custodians of culture and history is recognized, paradoxically, many contributions to the report acknowledged that prejudice against and stigmatization of older persons (“ageism”) are broadly tolerated in societies across the world. Ageism is widespread in recruitment, and legislation by itself has not eliminated age-related employment discrimination. A common complaint brought to national human rights institutions by ageing and older persons was being declined employment, interviews or other opportunities to find work as a consequence of age.", "14. When age is shaped by other dimensions that define identity in different societies, including sex, race and ethnicity, religion, disability, nationality, health or socio-economic conditions, multiple discrimination occurs, with a consequent impact on the enjoyment of all human rights. Submissions to the report underscored the situation of older persons who are poor, living in rural areas, suffering from chronic diseases or other health conditions or living with disabilities, as well as that of divorced, widowed or single older women.", "Violence and abuse of older persons", "15. Contributions also point to the incidence and impact of violence and abuse on the quality of life and health of older persons. Elder abuse, generally defined as physical, emotional or sexual abuse by someone in a position of trust, occurs worldwide. Its numerous forms include forced guardianship, as well as physical and sexual violence in care centres, hospitals or within the family. There are also specific threats related to traditional beliefs, including violence as a result of accusations of sorcery and violence against particularly vulnerable older persons such as migrants, older persons with disabilities, older persons in conflict situations and older persons living in poverty, particularly the homeless.", "Lack of specific measures and services for older persons", "16. There can be no question that the provision of services and the design of special measures have a bearing on the enjoyment of a broad spectrum of human rights. In this context, there is a lack of resources and facilities to cope with increasing demands, particularly for specialized services such as residential centres, home-care programmes or geriatric services. While this phenomenon can manifest itself differently in various contexts, it is not confined to any one region. In some cases, Member States recognize the lack of sufficient residential centres, particularly outside capitals. In other cases, there is chronic overcrowding or an insufficient supply of adequately trained medical and nursing personnel. Some submissions to the report emphasized the importance of budget allocations for the provision of such services in order to respond to the ever increasing demand.", "III. International norms and standards related to the rights of older persons", "International political instruments", "17. The international community started to highlight the situation of older persons in the Vienna International Plan of Action on Ageing, adopted at the World Assembly on Ageing in 1982. The 1991 United Nations Principles for Older Persons, the 1992 Global Targets on Ageing for the Year 2001 and the 1992 Proclamation on Ageing further advanced international understanding of essential requirements for the well-being of older persons.", "18. The Political Declaration and the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, 2002, adopted at the Second World Assembly on Ageing, and endorsed by the General Assembly in its resolution 57/167, reinvigorated the political consensus on an agenda on ageing, emphasizing development and international cooperation and assistance in this area. Since its adoption, the Madrid International Plan has guided the drafting of policies and programmes at the national level, inspired the development of national and regional plans and provided an international framework for dialogue.", "19. In the Political Declaration adopted in Madrid, Member States reaffirmed their commitment to the promotion and protection of human rights, and called for the elimination of age discrimination, neglect, abuse and violence. More specifically, the Madrid International Plan contained guidance on the right to work, the right to health, participation and equality of opportunity throughout life, stressing the importance of the participation of older persons in decision-making processes at all levels.", "20. The priorities set out in the Madrid International Plan of Action include a wide range of issues: equal employment opportunities for all older persons; programmes that enable all workers to acquire social protection and social security, including, where applicable, pensions, disability insurance and health benefits; and sufficient minimum income for all older persons, with particular attention to socially and economically disadvantaged groups. The importance of continuous education, vocational guidance and placement services are also stressed, including for the purpose of maintaining a maximum functional capacity and enhancing public recognition of the productivity and the contributions of older persons. Health is also a key feature of the Madrid Plan of Action. The provisions encompass notions of prevention, equal access to health care, active participation, the impact of HIV/AIDS in respect to older persons and the full functionality of supportive and care-giving environments.", "Binding international instruments", "21. There are numerous obligations vis-à-vis older persons implicit in most core human rights treaties[4] despite the lack of specific provisions focusing on them. Such instruments apply to older persons in the same way as to all other people, providing protection for essential human rights, including the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, freedom from torture, inhuman or degrading treatment and equality before the law as well as for an adequate standard of living without discrimination on any grounds.", "22. Nevertheless, explicit references to age in core international human rights treaties are scarce. While universal human rights instruments have been dedicated to several categories of persons, for example, women or persons with disabilities, there is no such instrument for older persons, and only a few instruments contain explicit references to age: (a) the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families includes “age” in the list of grounds for discrimination (article 7); (b) the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities includes references to older persons in article 25 (b) on health, and in article 28 (2) (b) on an adequate standard of living and social protection, and there are additional references to age-appropriate access to justice in article 13 and to age-sensitive measures of protection in article 16; and (c) the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women includes a reference to old age in relation to the elimination of discrimination against women in the enjoyment of the right to social security in article 11.1 (e).", "23. Since the prohibition of discrimination is one of the pillars of international human rights law, de jure and de facto discrimination against any individual must be at the centre of any human rights analysis. Discrimination is defined as any distinction, exclusion or restriction that has the purpose or the effect of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal basis with others, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field.[5]", "24. At the international level, while “age” is not explicitly listed as a prohibited ground of discrimination in most human rights treaties, the lists are illustrative and non-exhaustive, and usually include an open-ended category (“other status”) under which treaty bodies consider age-related discrimination.", "25. The explicit inclusion of age as a form of discrimination by the International Labour Organization (ILO) had to await the adoption of the Older Workers Recommendation No. 162 in 1980,[6] which called for measures to prevent discrimination in employment and occupation within the framework of a national policy to promote equality of opportunity and treatment of workers, whatever their age. Additionally, the ILO Termination of Employment Recommendation No. 166 of 1982⁶ stated that age should not constitute a valid reason for termination, subject to national law and practice regarding retirement.", "26. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights has consistently taken a similar approach, holding that age is “a prohibited ground of discrimination in several contexts”.[7] The Committee has also highlighted the need to address discrimination against unemployed older persons and against older persons living in poverty with unequal access to universal old-age pensions owing to their place of residence.[8]", "27. Significantly, article 26 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights provides for the protection of equality before the law, including a guarantee for effective protection against discrimination on any other ground. The Human Rights Committee has voiced the opinion that “a distinction related to age which is not based on reasonable and objective criteria may amount to discrimination on the ground of ‘other status’” under article 26, and has confirmed this approach in a number of individual communications.[9]", "28. The Human Rights Committee has further clarified that article 26 encompasses the prohibition of discrimination in law or in practice in any field regulated and protected by public authorities, whether the legislation related to an article in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights or any other area, including a right under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.[10]", "29. Beyond the prohibition of discrimination on the ground of age, human rights mechanisms have also identified older persons as being a vulnerable group requiring special measures of protection. Specifically, article 16 (2) of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities requires “age-sensitive” assistance and support for persons with disabilities and their families to prevent exploitation, violence and abuse, thereby recognizing the particular situations where older persons are vulnerable.", "30. Some treaty body monitoring mechanisms have applied existing provisions to protect the rights of older persons, notably the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, by providing interpretative guidance on existing norms. In 1995, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights adopted general comment No. 6⁸ offering the first detailed interpretation of the specific obligations of States parties to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights regarding older persons and their rights. More recently, in 2010, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women adopted general recommendation No. 27³ on older women and the protection of their human rights under the Convention.", "31. In relation to specific rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights provides for several specific rights relevant to the challenges older persons face, such as the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health (article 12), the right to social security (article 9), the right to adequate standard of living, including food, clothing and housing (article 11), the right to work (articles 6 and 7) and the right to education (article 13). The content of these rights is briefly outlined in the next paragraphs.", "32. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights sets forth the most comprehensive provision on the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health — the right to health — in an international human rights treaty. Equally relevant are the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, article 12, concerning the obligation of States to eliminate discrimination against women in health care; the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, article 25 (b), which requires that health services be “designed to minimize and prevent further disabilities, including among children and older persons”; and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, article 7, which prohibits torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment and includes the prohibition of medical or scientific experimentation without free consent.", "33. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights has reaffirmed the importance of an integrated approach, combining elements of preventive, curative and rehabilitative health treatment, based on periodical check-ups for both sexes; physical as well as psychological rehabilitative measures aimed at maintaining the functionality and autonomy of older persons; and attention and care for chronically and terminally ill persons, sparing them avoidable pain and enabling them to die with dignity.[11]", "34. The right to an adequate standard of living, including adequate food and housing, and the continuous improvement of living conditions is provided for in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, article 11.1, and there is similar language in article 28 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. With regard to the right to housing, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights has endorsed some of the recommendations contained in the Vienna International Plan of Action on Ageing,[12] noting that national policies should help older persons to continue to live at home and ensure their social integration, facilitating mobility and communication through the provision of adequate means of transport.[13]", "35. The right to social security, including social insurance, is enshrined in various instruments, notably in: article 9 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, in general terms; in article 11.1 (d) and (e) of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, which provides for equality and non-discrimination of women, particularly in cases of retirement, unemployment, sickness, invalidity and old age; and in article 28.2 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which provides for the enjoyment of social protection on an equal basis with others, and also for older persons with disabilities to have access to social protection and poverty reduction programmes.", "36. In 2010, the independent expert on the question of human rights and extreme poverty addressed the issue of non-contributory or social pensions of older persons as an important dimension of social security systems. Her report stressed the low coverage of contributory pension schemes and provided recommendations to ensure that non-contributory pensions comply with core human rights standards.[14]", "37. Regarding the right to work, articles 6 and 7 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights spell out the scope and content of the right and state that everyone is entitled to opportunity to gain his/her living by freely chosen work, under just and favourable working conditions and with fair wages and equal remuneration for equal work. In its general comment No. 6, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights urged States to take measures to prevent discrimination on the grounds of age in employment and occupation and to develop retirement programmes (paras. 22-25). General comment No. 19 (para. 15) stressed the need for appropriate retirement ages, which should be established by States, and general recommendation No. 27 of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women highlighted the importance of paid work for older women.", "38. Regarding the right to education, as underlined by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, in relation to article 13 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights[15] in the case of older persons, States should follow two complementary lines: (a) ensuring the right of older persons to benefit from educational programmes; and (b) making the know-how and experience of older persons available to younger generations. The Committee recalled the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) concept of life-long education, which includes informal, community-based and recreation-oriented programmes for older persons in order to develop their sense of self-reliance and the community’s sense of responsibility.", "39. Other relevant provisions that can potentially benefit older persons, even if they do not specifically address their concerns, are to be found in the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, including: article 9 on accessibility; article 12 on equal recognition before the law, including in relation to appropriate measures to support the enjoyment and exercise of legal capacity; article 19 on living independently and being included in the community, including choice of place of residence on equal basis with others and access to a range of in-home, residential and other community support services; article 20 on personal mobility, including access to mobility aids, devices, assistive technologies and specialist staff; and article 26 on habilitation and rehabilitation to maintain maximum independence.", "IV. National responses to specific human rights issues", "40. Older persons are not a homogenous group and should not be treated as such. The experience of old age is different for men and women, and it also differs significantly between someone in his or her 60s or 80s. Health conditions, security of income, opportunities for work, leisure and participation, social and environmental adaptations and autonomy and freedom to decide on matters central to their well-being can greatly determine the way in which each individual leads a life with dignity regardless of age.", "41. Nevertheless, what older persons share, as a group, is the experience of living within societies in which stereotyping, the attribution of lesser value, political disempowerment and economic and social disadvantage often accompany ageing. In this context, laws and policies to enhance the respect, protection and fulfilment of all human rights, regardless of age, are as essential as specific measures and mechanisms to accommodate their needs and tailor services, goods and facilities to all ages.", "A. National laws and policies", "42. In general terms, a number of constitutions expressly recognize the principles of equality and non-discrimination vis-à-vis older persons, albeit in various terms and to different degrees. Some include an explicit reference to “age” as a forbidden ground of discrimination, while others guarantee protection under the general non-discrimination clause of “any other grounds”. A few constitutions also contain explicit references to older persons and specific rights, including recently drafted constitutions which include provisions for the protection of older persons against violence and abuse, life-long pensions and care, cultural rights and participation.", "43. Submissions to the present report also list and discuss numerous laws containing specific provisions for the protection of the human rights of older persons. In some cases, national legislation has been enacted based on regional directives addressing non-discrimination.[16]", "44. In several countries, the provision of services and the implementation of specific policies are decentralized and reside with local governments. In part the rationale behind decentralization presumes a better understanding of the needs and constraints at the local level, as well as closer links to the beneficiaries. In such cases, local governments define a list of services and bear legal responsibility for ensuring assistance for the early detection of violence or abuse and for reporting and responding to such situations. In addition, there are specific community decrees and regulations to combat discrimination based on age.", "45. Nevertheless, decentralization without sufficient funding or effective powers does not always ensure a better outcome. For instance, the delay in the delegation of powers to provinces to implement dedicated legislation or programmes is underlined as one of the main reasons for critical delays in implementation. Other prerequisites to effective implementation include: substantial increases in funding; training of social workers to meet the critical shortage of such workers; cooperation among government departments and service providers; and the state of readiness of provinces to implement specific policies and programmes.", "46. In various submissions, it is made clear that new legislation and policies jointly address the situations of older persons and persons with disabilities. Some States have created special offices for both older persons and persons with disabilities, applying a similar approach and joint initiatives to those groups. Those bodies have also carried out awareness-raising media campaigns for both population groups on television and radio, aiming at countering stigma.", "47. The link between older persons and persons with disabilities merits consideration. While not all older persons will experience a disability, and ageing cannot be equated with disability, some older persons also have disabilities. There is no doubt that ageing can be accompanied by physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairment and that some measures that address issues such as mobility, supported decision-making, legal capacity or home-based care can respond to various human rights issues affecting both older persons and persons with disabilities. However, failure to establish and address issues specific to each group or to enact policies for older persons and to devote adequate financial and human resources to their needs creates the risk of neglect. Some challenges confronted by older persons who do not have disabilities may also leave them without access to policies or measures to ensure them the enjoyment of all their rights on an equal basis with others.", "48. A small number of States have designed comprehensive and multisectoral mechanisms in their response to ageing populations since the 1990s, investing considerable resources and incorporating lessons learned and pilot projects. In such cases, a series of laws, regulations and policies intended to safeguard social security, health, culture, education, sports and community involvement for older persons has been set.", "49. Finally, for the purpose of designing and assessing laws and policies, the collection and systematic analysis of information disaggregated by age is crucial. Without accurate, regularly updated data, the integration of all human rights obligations, including the monitoring of discrimination, may be ineffective or obsolete. Quantitative data, such as socio-economic statistics, offer an overview of the situation, but may also at times mask inequality. Unfortunately, age-disaggregated information is not widely available.", "50. The need to improve national systems of statistics/data collection, particularly statistics on persons aged 60 and above, is pressing. A handful of Governments have taken steps in response to this challenge, including the creation of a statistical indicator system for ageing workers, which provides basic data for formulating plans and assessment mechanisms. In the same vein, some Governments have commissioned studies to assess the living conditions of older persons, while others have added a module on older persons in periodic multi-purpose household surveys. Others have created specific databases on older persons living in care facilities.", "B. Discrimination", "51. Contributions to the report covered a range of initiatives and measures put in place to eliminate discrimination against older persons, particularly as it relates to employment, retirement, vocational training and membership in professional or community organizations. Some States have developed legislation to combat age‑related discrimination when a distinction is not objectively justified for a legitimate purpose. Interestingly, some anti-discrimination laws also address indirect discrimination, or the existence of a criteria, practice or provision that is apparently neutral but which disadvantages a person of a specific age. Creative initiatives to combat stigma, discrimination and violence against older persons have included a documentary portraying a positive and holistic image of ageing and the publication and wide distribution of leaflets to increase awareness about abuse and dementia-related stigma and discrimination. Also, in a few countries, courts have upheld the principle of age discrimination as prohibited.", "C. Violence and abuse", "52. Many older men and women experience threats to their rights to life, health, liberty and security of person in the form of violence and abuse in their homes, in care facilities or in their communities, including violent attacks resulting from traditional beliefs. Violence against women, more specifically, has been understood to encompass, but is not limited to, physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring in private or public settings, or perpetrated or condoned by the State, wherever it occurs.[17] Closely linked with discrimination and disempowerment, violence often goes unreported and under-documented as older persons are reluctant or unable to report incidents.", "53. In general terms, State contributions from all regions in the world acknowledge the complexity and multilayered nature of this phenomenon. Some underlying factors include increasing dependence, isolation and vulnerability, as well as arbitrary seclusion, restraint, lack of financial means or abandonment. There is also recognition of the intrinsic link between age, some forms of cognitive impairment and mental disabilities and neglect. Oftentimes public services available to aid victims of violence, domestic violence or gender-based violence are also mandated to provide services to older victims, including social and psychological support. However, adequate skills and capacities to address specific kinds of elder abuse or to provide alternative arrangements may be lacking.", "54. Some Governments, ranging from low to high income levels, have created specific entities and policies to combat elder abuse. Examples include national and community-based organizations specifically created to cater for older persons, offering a variety of services, including hotlines, emergency medical assistance, temporary shelters and legal aid. These also include referral systems, access to information and counselling, on-site inspections at care facilities, home-based professional aid and the submission of anonymous claims. Some Governments have launched large campaigns to combat abuse against older persons. Current programmes also include initiatives such as the compulsory certification of good conduct for paid carers and guidelines for carers, including the introduction of a duty to report elder abuse.", "55. Allegations of practicing witchcraft must be placed in the context of gross incidents of abuse and neglect by family and community members. With regard to violence as a result of such allegations, some Governments have established welcome centres around the country for older women who have been abandoned or excommunicated by their families or communities. However, there are no special measures to combat the phenomenon of old, widowed women becoming targets of their own families or communities.", "D. Financial exploitation", "56. The Madrid Plan of Action on Ageing, 2002, notes that neglect, abuse and violence against older persons takes many forms, physical, psychological, emotional and financial, and that it occurs in every social, economic, ethnic and geographic sphere. As noted in several submissions, older persons continue to face multiple threats to their property, income or goods, which include fraud, arbitrary deprivation of their property, theft, expropriation of their land, property or goods and fraudulent loss of the enjoyment and exercise of their legal capacity, with the purpose of taking control of their financial affairs.", "57. Some initiatives to protect the right of older persons to exercise their legal capacity have been reported. Examples include reforms of the juridical protection of older persons considered vulnerable, including new laws about legal guardianship and guarantees for the provision of their consent for decisions concerning their lives and their property. In some cases, older persons can decide in advance who will be in charge of their guardianship and be responsible for their property and well-being.", "E. Health", "58. The health sector is central to the situation of older persons. Government responses have focused on various issues, including subsidies for medicines, user fee exemptions, health insurance schemes, special services, including geriatric-specific departments, focused attention on certain chronic diseases, training of personnel and research and policies to address mental health issues, notably dementia and, specifically, Alzheimer’s disease.", "59. Some national health policies have been adjusted to address the increasing level of chronic diseases that often affect older persons. A few countries have taken steps to ensure that every person older than 65 is entitled to a free medical check-up on a regular basis, including diagnosis of and treatment of chronic diseases. In-house services as well as itinerant services are reportedly available in urban and rural centres. A few Governments have also established national health funds, handing out health cards to claim reduced costs for medication, while others have developed mechanisms to ensure adequate consent for services and treatment by older patients.", "60. In spite of the array of examples, many concerns have been expressed. Non‑governmental organizations stress that older persons continue to be overlooked and deprioritized in health policies, programmes and resource allocation. Currently the discourse on health care in low- and middle-income countries remains strongly focused on maternal and child health, and for that reason health issues throughout the course of life, including those of older persons, are absent from the debate. There is also limited attention to non-communicable diseases, despite the fact that ageing is a key driver of such diseases and that they mainly occur in older age. Additionally, the cost of accessing health care and medicines still remains prohibitive for many of the most marginalized older women and men.", "61. The challenges to Member States, particularly low- and middle-income countries, include: lack of comprehensive health policies, including prevention, rehabilitation and care of the terminally ill; the fact that few national plans or strategies on healthy and active ageing guarantee shelter, essential food, sanitation, potable water and essential medicines; lack of legal frameworks to monitor human rights violations in long-term care facilities; and lack of specific measures to avoid pain and provide palliative care that allow the terminally ill to die with dignity.", "62. Older persons tend to approach health-care centres at advanced stages of an illness. This is often the result of lack of access to health care, including the distance and cost of travelling to a facility, especially in rural areas where infrastructure is underdeveloped, distances are vast and transportation is problematic; overcrowding of primary health centres; inadequate public health education, including delays in seeking health care when older persons or their families attribute symptoms of a disease to ageing; understaffing and inadequate skills of health professionals; and shortage of medication.", "F. Long-term care and home care", "63. In the context of reforming the health-care and social services sectors, long-term care represents a key area for intervention where much remains to be developed. In some States measures have been implemented with the aim of widening the range of options available to potential users of long-term care services and supporting the deinstitutionalization of the long-term care sector by promoting home care and improving end-of-life care. However, long-term care is still inadequate, and it suffers from labour shortages and low quality services.", "64. In some submissions it was noted that certain States have created long-term care insurance systems that provide benefits for health and medical services, public welfare and care for long-term diseases or other impediments caused by ageing, including the maintenance of independent daily living. Other submissions noted that the provision of long-term care (for example, treatment, assistance with everyday tasks, home nursing for older persons with chronic illnesses) is divided between the health-care and welfare systems. These services may be organized and financed by local governments, although there is also a large portion of such services provided by the private sector (non-profit associations, foundations and businesses), which are not always subject to central planning or monitoring, and hence neither structural nor sustainable.", "65. Home care and home support programmes are essential for individuals whose daily functioning is compromised. These services contribute to the exercise of numerous rights, such as the right to health and freedom of movement. They enhance independence and quality of life. However, some programmes available to persons with disabilities and to older persons offer varying ranges of support options. In some cases eligibility criteria for home support services may differ: some criteria exclude persons with disabilities while others exclude older persons, even though the same services might be required for both groups. In some jurisdictions, when individuals are registered as disabled within the health sector, they may lose that status (along with financial benefits) when they become older.", "G. Social security and social protection", "66. The full spectrum of examples provided on retirement age, conditions and criteria is wide and would require a country-by-country analysis. It is worth noting, however, that there are two important factors: first, differences based on gender continue to exist; for example in cases where the retirement age for women is lower than that for men. Gradual increases in the retirement age of women to equalize it with that of men are currently under way in a few countries. Secondly, retirement age is at the centre of ongoing reforms, particularly in the European region.", "67. Similarly, reforms of social security and reforms to cope with poverty among older persons are reportedly varied. There are examples of substantial increases in coverage and universal access to pensions by older persons, with a positive impact in the reduction of poverty. There are more modest examples, including: tax exemptions; subsidies for specific medicines; compensation for sanatorium expenses; the provision of aid devices and prosthetics; and the introduction of special measures to ensure soft loans for housing as part of basic social protection. Old-age cash transfers have also been introduced, and in some cases coverage has doubled in a few years. Life-long pensions for older persons, benefiting a large majority of persons who were not previously eligible for a retirement pension, are also on the agenda. The impact of some of these measures on the lives of the beneficiaries and other members of their households is reportedly positive, particularly in ensuring the supply of regular meals and increased levels of self-subsistence.", "68. Several States, particularly in the European region, have introduced pension reforms in recent years owing, at least partly, to the financial and economic crises. These reforms consider the future sustainability and adequacy of the pension system and they introduce an increase in the national retirement age, aiming at ensuring intergenerational solidarity and redistribution, and also at improving the old age protections guaranteed by the public system, including an adequate income after retirement.", "H. Work", "69. Some countries are enacting age discrimination legislation that explicitly forbids, prohibits or makes unlawful forms of direct and indirect age discrimination in employment. Examples include anti-discrimination acts covering workers aged 40 and above, with no upper age limit, which are aimed at promoting employment based on ability rather than age. Other countries have enacted affirmative action legislation under which businesses are required to ensure that a percentage of their workers are aged 55 or older, and identifying types of jobs for which hiring priority should be given to older persons.", "70. At the regional level, the European Council directive establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation (2000/78/EC), which includes age among other grounds for discrimination, has been adopted as part of many national laws. The directive requires that all Member States introduce legislation prohibiting direct and indirect discrimination at work based, inter alia, on age. It covers employment, self-employment and occupation, as well as vocational training and guidance. It will be an important matter, however, to follow up on how the directive is enforced.", "I. Adult and continuous education", "71. A number of continuous education initiatives, including cultural activity centres, computer and Internet programmes and vocational training, have been presented. Some illustrative examples include: specific policies that address access to life-long learning as part of learning for personal, social and occupational reasons and involve funding for research in that field; financial support to non-governmental organizations that provide access to information and education; and training in adult education. Pilot projects on active ageing in new social networks rely on volunteers willing to offer education on professional infrastructure and on cooperation across generations. In another example, a Government’s response to the need for education led to the creation of “universities of the third age”, with departments of law, health care, political and economic studies, psychology and agriculture.", "J. Participation in policymaking, political and cultural life", "72. From a human rights perspective, the direct and informed participation of older persons in the design of public policy is central to their integration as rights-holders. Participation also constitutes a guarantee against social exclusion and isolation. Several Member States have emphasized the concept of “policies with older persons” in their multisectoral programming. They have created advisory councils to act as the official representative bodies for older people, taking up issues with public and private actors and taking part in policy debates in areas related to pension reform, social insurance, health care and long-term care. In some cases, States have developed national plans of action with the active participation of associations of retired persons.", "73. The political participation of older persons is not only a right in and of itself, but also an important way of ensuring that they play an active role in society and that age-sensitive considerations in law and policy are included in national laws. Effectively, beyond setting a minimum age of majority, the right to vote and to be elected is not limited by age in most countries. In a number of States, many representatives on local and public councils are above 60 years of age, and older citizens traditionally participate actively in elections, are members of political parties and organize their own political movements and associations. Older men and women still play active roles in traditional chieftaincy systems, most notably in rural areas.", "K. Access to justice and judicial remedies", "74. Protection of human rights requires the effective functioning of a justice system, timely remedies for violations and specific guarantees that all persons are equal before the law and before courts.[18]", "75. Some submissions note that specific measures have been developed to ensure access to justice for older persons, including: the provision of legal aid or dedicated bodies to assist them; deferral, reduction or exemption of litigation fees; special courts and jury systems to handle disputes involving older persons; human rights counselling services for older persons in welfare facilities; and grant loans to cover the expenses of trials.", "76. In many countries, the role of national human rights institutions is of paramount importance. Increasingly, national human rights institutions are playing a critical role on the part of this population group owing, not least, to the fact that more claims from older persons are brought to their attention. Often, national human rights institutions have a broad mandate that includes the protection of older persons, the promotion of their rights and the elimination of any form of discrimination, including in several cases explicit references to age-related discrimination.", "V. Conclusions and recommendations", "77. There is global recognition of the particular human rights challenges older persons face. As the population continues to age and larger numbers of older persons are found in low- and middle-income countries, some of these challenges are bound to become more acute. Violence, abuse and neglect of older persons are a matter of concern around the world. Age discrimination in relation to the enjoyment of all rights is compounded by other forms of discrimination, specifically discrimination based on health conditions, sex, disabilities or ethnic origin.", "78. Measures identified at the national level and submitted for the compilation of the present report were multiple and diverse, and included some good practices. Some national Governments, particularly in recent years, have paid attention to normative gaps and to the need to afford special protection to older persons. However, these policies are inconsistent across the globe and do not generally indicate the presence of comprehensive legal, policy and institutional frameworks for the protection of the human rights of older persons. Particularly lacking are mechanisms ensuring participation and accountability. To varying degrees, the contributions underlined deficits in the implementation of policies, when available, while other submissions noted that while measures may be effective, they are insufficient when confronted with large and growing demands. In situations where more structural measures are required, some Governments have chosen a welfare approach, which may not ensure sustainability or long-term impact on the enjoyment of human rights without discrimination.", "79. At the international level, there is still no dedicated international protection regime for the human rights of older persons. Existing human rights mechanisms have lacked a systematic and comprehensive approach to the specific circumstances of older men and women.", "Recommendations", "80. The mandate of the Open-ended Working Group on Ageing for the purpose of strengthening the protection of the human rights of older persons, established in December 2010 by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/182, is a crucial step towards exploring existing gaps at the international level in the protection of the human rights of older persons. The Assembly may wish to consider the continuation of the work of the Open-ended Working Group so that it may continue to address such gaps, and to further consider the feasibility of further instruments and measures, as a matter of priority.", "81. The General Assembly may wish to recommend that Member States enhance their capacity regarding more effective data collection, statistics and qualitative information in order to better assess the situation and rights of older persons and to set adequate monitoring mechanisms for programmes and policies geared towards ensuring the human rights of older persons. Data should be collected with particular attention to older persons in urban, suburban and rural areas, as well as older persons in situations of vulnerability, such as older women or older persons living in poverty.", "82. In addition, the General Assembly may wish to recommend that States parties to existing international instruments incorporate the situation of older persons more explicitly into their reporting. Dedicated attention by treaty body monitoring mechanisms and special procedure mandate holders to the situation of older persons in their dialogue with States, in their consideration of reports or in their country missions should also be placed higher on the agenda.", "83. The General Assembly may wish to recommend that Member States design and implement more effective multisectoral policies and programmes on the rights of older persons, in line with the principles of equality and non‑discrimination, with due consideration for existing instruments and national plans of action on ageing. Governments can benefit from the technical cooperation and support of other stakeholders in their endeavours, including national human rights institutions, non-governmental organizations, national statistical institutions, academic entities and the specialized agencies and entities of the United Nations.", "[1] For all submissions see http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/Submissions.aspx.", "[2] World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision, available from http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/ unpp/panel_indicators.htm.", "[3] See CEDAW/C/2010/47/GC.1, general recommendation No. 27 (unedited version).", "[4] The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI)), the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI)), the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (General Assembly resolution 34/180), the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 660, No. 9464) and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (General Assembly resolution 61/106).", "[5] See for example the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, article 1, and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, article 2.", "[6] Available from http://www.ilo.org/ilolex.", "[7] See Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 20, “Non‑discrimination in economic, social and cultural rights” (E/C.12/GC/20, para. 29).", "[8] See also Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 6, “The economic, social and cultural rights of older persons” (E/1996/22, annex IV, para. 22).", "[9] See Human Rights Committee, Love et al. v. Australia, Communication No. 983/2001, Schmitz-de-Jong v. The Netherlands, Communication No. 855/1999, Solís v. Peru, Communication No. 1016/2001 and Althammer et al. v. Austria, Communication No. 998/2001 (available from http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrc).", "[10] Human Rights Committee, FH Zwaan-de Vries v. The Netherlands, Communication No. 182/1984 (CCPR/C/29/D/182/1984).", "[11] See Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 14, “The right to the highest attainable standard of health” (E/C.12/2000/4, paras. 25, 34 and 35).", "[12] Similar references are also found in the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, see Report of the Second World Assembly on Ageing, Madrid, 8-12 April 2002 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.02.IV.4), chap. I, resolution 1, annex II, priority direction III.", "[13] See E/1996/22, annex IV, para. 33.", "[14] See A/HRC/14/31.", "[15] See E/1996/22, annex IV, paras. 36 and 37.", "[16] See for example the principle of equal treatment in relation to age as set out in the European Council directive establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation (Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000).", "[17] General Assembly resolution 48/104.", "[18] As provided for in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (General Assembly resolution 2200 A (XXI)), articles 2.3 and 26." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目27(c)", "社会发展：国际老年人年的后续 行动：第二次老龄问题世界大会", "第二次老龄问题世界大会的后续行动", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告重点介绍世界各个区域老年人的人权状况，全面阐述了老年人在享受权利方面所面临的一些挑战，通过事例概括介绍了政府为应对这些挑战所采取的对策，还列出了各种法律、政策和方案的汇编，阐述了关键的人权问题，包括但不限于歧视、暴力和虐待、社会保护、长期护理、特定年龄服务、参与情况、司法救助和终身养老金等。", "^(*) A/66/150。", "目录", "页次\n 1. 导言 3\n 2. 现状和挑战 3\n 3. 有关老年人权利的国际规范和标准 6\n4. 国家对具体人权问题的对策\t10\n5. 结论和建议\t16", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告是根据大会题为“第二次老龄问题世界大会的后续行动”的第65/182号决议的要求提交的。大会在该决议第31段请秘书长编写一份报告，说明该决议的执行情况，包括世界各个区域老年人权利的情况。2011年2月3日，联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)给各会员国、联合国系统有关机构和组织以及政府间和非政府组织和国家人权机构发了普通照会，知会了本报告的内容。在普通照会中有一份由九个问题组成的问题单，征求与老年人有关的现有法律、政策和相关人权方案的意见和信息。四十一个国家、8个联合国实体、20个国内人权机构和10个非政府组织、联盟和其他团体做了书面答复。答复者的完整名单和本报告的所有呈件可在人权高专办的网站上查询。[1] 在这一方面，应予指出的是，所收到的呈件涵盖了多种多样的国家、法律、社会和经济情况；并且还应指出，考虑到老年人显然是一个多样化群体，在会员国之间和会员国内部，老年人的状况都大不一样。", "2. 本报告分为三节。下文第二节概括介绍世界各区域老年人的现状和所面临的各种挑战。第三节全面介绍现有的国际框架，包括具有约束力的国际人权文书，讨论适用于老年人的一些原则、准则和缔约国的义务。第四节是本报告呈件所载的事例汇编，涵盖了与老年人有关的一些具体问题和领域。此外，结论和建议列于第五节。", "二. 现状和挑战", "3. 最近几十年来，世界人口的构成发生了剧烈变化。1950年至2010年，全球预期寿命从46岁延长到68岁，预计到本世纪末，预期寿命将提高到81岁。[2] 在60岁及以上的人口中，妇女人数比男子人数多出约6 600万人。在80岁及以上人口中，妇女人数约为男子的两倍；在百岁老人中，妇女人数为男子人数的4至5倍。2050年，世界60岁以上人口的人数将在人类历史上首次超过儿童人数。", "4. 目前，将近7亿人的年龄超过60岁。到2050年，20亿人，即世界总人口的20%以上，将超过60岁。发展中国家老年人人数将增加最多，也最为迅速，亚洲将成为老年人人口最多的区域，非洲老年人人口的增长比例将占世界首位。有鉴于此，显然需要更加重视许多老年人所面临的特殊需要和挑战，但同等重要的是，也需要更加重视在具有适当保障的条件下，大多数老年人可以为社会的运转所作出的重要贡献。在这方面的所有努力中，人权居于核心地位。", "5. 在过去十年中，已经针对人口老龄化制定了新的政策和方案。如为编写本报告所提供的多数资料显示，社会部门已经成为关注的焦点。许多发达和发展中经济体的政府已经在卫生、社会保障或福利制度方面制订或试行了创新政策。此外，多项政策框架文件，例如关于老龄问题的国家行动计划已经颁布。在建筑规范、护理中心许可证发放和监督及职业培训等多个领域与年龄有关的特定立法措施也已开始面世。从地方到国家等各级政府已经各尽其责，有的创建了新的机构，有的更新了现有机构，以便设法逐步应对老年人所面临的各种挑战。", "6. 政府机构在确定优先事项方面采取了多种作法。这些作法的选取凸现了对于老年人在家庭和整个社会中所发挥的作用的不同看法。在一些情况下，所采取的措施的目标是捕捉社区和社会迅速变化的动态，请人们重新认识老年人与工作的关系、老年护理机制、代际帮养制度和经济上的制约因素。一些政府制订了基于老年人积极人生和独立自主原则的政策，目的是帮助老年人继续在家里独立生活，附之以满足各种需要的服务和设施。还有的政府强调家庭关系并支持将家庭帮养作为照料老年人的主要手段。在所有情况下，由私人行为者组成的网络，包括各种志愿组织和社区中心对于整个系统的平稳运转至关重要。", "7. 特别引人注目的是老年妇女的境况。[3] 由于社会角色是由性别来决定的，因此她们面临着各种不平等的待遇。性别决定了人的一生，影响了获取资源和机会的能力，这一影响是持续存在的，也是日积月累的。老年人的生活境遇是他们毕生经历的结果。良好的健康状态、经济保障、适当的住房、有利的环境、有能力获取土地或其他生产性资源，所有这些都是有尊严地养老的基础条件；但是，所有这些所依赖的决策和选择仅部分由个人决定。在教育和就业方面存在的性别不平等现象的后果在老年人中更加突出。因此，老年妇女遭受贫穷的可能性要大于老年男子。此外，老龄妇女经常承担更大的家庭护理责任，同时必须设法应对缺乏弹性的工作条件、硬性规定的退休年龄及养老金和其他社会保障福利不足等问题，这使得她们和她们所照料的人极为脆弱。毋庸置疑，老龄问题、这一问题带来的人权挑战和该问题的女性化给所有社会的社会结构带来前所未有的变化，具有深远的影响。", "8. 尽管在本报告的呈件中所指出的问题众多，但是以下四个问题反复出现而且在世界各地持续存在：(a) 贫穷与生活条件不足；(b) 年龄歧视；(c) 暴力和虐待；(d) 缺乏特别措施、机制和服务。", "贫困和生活条件", "9. 老年人福祉面临的最迫切的一项挑战是贫困，包括老年人往往不充裕的生活条件。无家可归、营养不良、长期患病却无人照料、不能享用安全的饮用水和卫生条件、医药费无法承受和收入不稳定仅仅是大批老年人每天面临的一些最为严重的人权问题。", "10. 一些国家已经认识到老年人的生活水平低于其他人群，包括贫困、甚至赤贫现象普遍存在。尽管老年人收入较低，但是往往可能是家庭的主要供养者和主要照料者，包括供养和照料孙子女和其他家庭成员。", "11. 本报告的呈件还指出了在城乡之间和在城市内部、郊区和贫民区在服务提供方面的差距。服务的获取、可承受性和质量是这些地区面临的一个关键问题。例如，社会和医疗服务，尤其是在人口稀少的偏远村庄，对整个系统构成了额外的挑战，尽管在一些国家有流动服务队提供家庭社会服务。", "12. 这项主题还与生活安排相关。迅速变化的社会和经济模式及家庭的核心化经常被称为是老年人家庭帮养减少的一个原因。在一些情况下，由于这一变化，需要建造更多的养老院和庇护所，但这一需要得不到满足。还有一些社会面临着大规模人口迁移问题，老年人因此留守原地，或者负责照料因艾滋病毒/艾滋病而失去双亲的孙子女。老年人作为照料者所作出的贡献常常得不到承认，收到的汇款也时有时无，在没有收入来源的情况下还要继续照料自己和他人。", "歧视", "13. 发达国家和发展中国家持续存在的另一项挑战是丑化和歧视问题。虽然老年人作为文化和历史的守护者所发挥的重要作用得到承认，但是为本报告所提供的许多资料认为，对老年人存有偏见和进行丑化(‘老龄歧视’)在世界各地的社会中广泛存在。老龄歧视问题在招聘过程中广泛存在，但是立法本身还没有消除与年龄有关的就业歧视条款。老年人向一些国家人权机构提出的一个普遍性的投诉是，他们由于年龄的原因，被婉拒就业、面试或其他找工机会。", "14. 年龄问题，再加上决定社会身份地位的其他方面，包括性别、种族和民族、宗教、残疾、国籍、健康状况或社会经济状况，会导致发生多重歧视现象，并因此影响对各项人权的享受。本报告呈件重点介绍了贫穷、生活在农村地区、长期遭受疾病或其他健康问题之苦、残疾、离异、孤寡或单身老龄妇女等老年人的情况。", "暴力侵害和虐待老年人的行为", "15. 各国所提供的资料还指出了暴力和虐待行为的发生情况及其对老年人生活质量和健康状况的影响。虐待老年人的行为(一般定义为老年人所信赖的人施加的身体、感情或性虐待行为)世界各地都有。此类行为有多种形式，包括被迫监护以及在护理中心、医院或家庭发生的身体和性暴力行为。此外还存在与传统观念有关的具体威胁，包括由于巫术指控而实施的暴力行为，对特别脆弱的老年人，例如移民、残疾老年人、身处冲突局势下的老年人和生活在贫困状态的老年人，尤其是无家可归者实施的暴力行为。", "缺乏针对老年人的特定措施和服务", "16. 提供服务和制订特别措施对于享受广泛的人权具有影响，这是毫无疑问的。在这一背景下，缺乏充足的资源和设施来应对日益增长的需求，尤其是对于寄宿制服务中心、家庭护理计划或老年人服务等专门服务的需求。虽然这种现象在不同的背景下表现方式有所不同，但并不仅限于任何一个地区。在一些情况下，会员国承认寄宿制服务中心数量不足，尤其是在首都以外的地区。在另外一些情况下，存在着长期的人满为患问题或得到适当培训的医护人员人数不足问题。本报告的一些呈件强调指出，必须为提供这些服务进行预算拨款，以应对日益增加的需求。", "三. 有关老年人权利的国际规范和标准", "国际政治文书", "17. 随着1982年老龄问题世界大会通过了《维也纳老龄问题国际行动计划》，国际社会开始重点关注老年人的状况。1991年《联合国老年人原则》、1992年《2001年全球老龄目标》和1992年《老龄问题宣言》，进一步加深了国际社会对老年人基本福祉要求的了解。", "18. 第二次老龄问题世界大会通过并经联合国大会第57/167号决议认可的2002年《政治宣言》和《马德里老龄问题国际行动计划》，为一项老龄问题议程达成的政治共识注入了新的活力，强调发展以及这一领域的国际合作与援助。《马德里国际行动计划》通过后，一直指导着国家一级政策和方案的起草工作，启发国家和区域计划的拟订，并为开展对话提供了一个国际框架。", "19. 这项于马德里通过的《政治宣言》中，会员国重申促进和保护人权的承诺，并呼吁消除年龄歧视、忽视、虐待和暴力。更具体地说，《马德里国际行动计划》载有关于工作权、健康权、参与权和终生机会平等的指导意见，强调老年人参与各级决策过程的重要性。", "20. 《马德里国际行动计划》确定的优先事项包括范围广泛的各种问题：所有老年人享有平等就业机会；使所有工作者都能获得社会保护和社会保障包括适用的养恤金、伤残保险和保健福利的方案；所有老年人享有足够的最低收入保障，其中特别关注在社会和经济方面处于弱势的群体。继续教育、职业指导和职业介绍的重要性也得到了强调，其目的包括保持老年人最大限度的活动能力和加强公众对其生产力和其他贡献的认可。保健也是《马德里国际行动计划》的一个关键要素。其条文涵盖了预防、平等获得保健的机会、积极参与、艾滋病毒/艾滋病对老年人的影响以及充分发挥支持、护理环境的作用等观念。", "有约束力的国际文书", "21. 尽管缺少专门关于老年人的具体条文，但大多数核心人权条约[4] 都隐含了许多与老年人有关的义务。这些文书与适用于其他人一样也适用于老年人，并保护基本的人权，包括享有能达到的最高标准身心健康的权利、免受酷刑、不人道或有辱人格的待遇、法律面前平等以及不受任何理由歧视的适当生活标准。", "22. 然而，核心国际人权条约极少明确提及年龄。虽然有关于几类人群，如妇女或残疾人的专门的普遍人权文书，但却没有关于老年人的此类文书，而且只有少数几个文书明确提到了年龄：(a) 《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》开列的禁止歧视理由包括“年龄”(第7条)；(b) 《残疾人权利公约》关于健康的第25(b)条和关于适当生活水平和社会保护的第28(2)条(b)款也提到“老年人”。此外，第13条提到适合年龄的司法救助；第16条提到考虑年龄的保护措施；(c) 《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第11.1(e)条在谈到在享受社会保障权方面消除对妇女的歧视时也提到“老年”。", "23. 禁止歧视是国际人权法的支柱之一，因此法律上和事实上对任何个人的歧视必须是所有人权分析的焦点。歧视的定义是指任何区别、排斥或限制，其目的或其影响均足以妨碍或否认在与其他人平等的基础上认识、享有或行使政治、经济、社会、文化、公民或任何其他方面的人权和基本自由。[5]", "24. 在国际层面上，虽然大多数人权条约没有将“年龄”明确列入禁止歧视的理由，但这些清单是列举而非穷举，而且通常包括一个开放类别(“其他情况”)，条约机构可以据此审议与“年龄”有关的歧视。", "25. 国际劳工组织(劳工组织)一直到1980年《关于老年工作者的第162号建议书》[6] 通过后，才在相关文本中将年龄明确列为一种歧视形式，该建议书呼吁在国家政策框架内采取措施防止就业和职业上的歧视，以促进所有工作者的平等机会和待遇，无论其年龄如何。此外，劳工组织1982年《关于终止雇用的第16605号建议书》指出，除关于退休的国家法律和惯例外，年龄不应构成终止雇用的正当理由。", "26. 经济、社会和文化权利委员会一贯采取类似做法，认为“在几种情况下，年龄也属于禁止的歧视理由”。[7] 委员会还强调，有必要解决对老年失业者以及因居住地点而无法平等享受全民老年养恤金的贫困老年人的歧视问题。[8]", "27. 值得注意的是，《公民及政治权利国际公约》第26条规定保护法律面前人人平等，包括保证有效禁止任何其他理由的歧视。人权事务委员会认为，“基于年龄的区分，如缺乏合理和客观的依据，可能构成第26条规定的基于‘其他身份’的歧视”，委员会已在若干来文中确认此立场。[9]", "28. 人权事务委员会进一步澄清，第26条包括禁止在公共当局规管和保护的任何领域存在法律或事实上的歧视，无论立法是否涉及《公民及政治权利国际公约》的一个条款或任何其他方面，包括《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》规定的一项权利。[10]", "29. 除禁止基于年龄的歧视外，人权机制还将老年人定为需要特殊保护措施的弱势群体。具体而言，《残疾人权利公约》第16条第2款要求为残疾人及其家庭提供“考虑年龄的”援助和支持以防止剥削、暴力和虐待，从而确认了老年人易受伤害的独特处境。", "30. 一些条约机构监督机制已利用现有条文保护老年人的权利，特别是经济、社会和文化权利委员会及消除对妇女歧视委员会，它们对现行规范提出了解释性指导意见。1995年，经济、社会和文化权利委员会通过了第6号一般性意见，⁸ 其中首次详细解释了《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》缔约国在老年人方面的义务，以及老年人的权利。最近在2010年，消除对妇女歧视委员会通过了关于老年妇女和根据《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》保护其人权的第27号一般性建议。³", "31. 关于具体的权利，《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》规定了几个与老年人面临的挑战有关的具体权利，如享有能达到的最高标准身心健康的权利(第12条)、享受社会保障的权利(第9条)、享有适当生活水平包括食物、衣着和住房的权利(第11条)、工作权(第6和第7条)以及受教育的权利(第13条)。这些权利的内容将在以下几个段落中简要概述。", "32. 《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》在一项国际人权条约中规定了关于健康权——人人享有能达到的最高标准身心健康的权利的最全面的条款。同样有关的还有《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第12条，涉及缔约国消除保健方面对妇女歧视的义务；《残疾人权利公约》第25(b)条规定，医疗卫生应“提供旨在尽量减轻残疾和预防残疾恶化的服务，包括向儿童和老年人提供这些服务”；《公民及政治权利国际公约》第7条禁止酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚，其中包括禁止未经自由同意进行医疗或科学试验。", "33. 经济、社会和文化权利委员会重申必须采用综合性办法，将预防、治疗和康复结合在一起，这方面的基本措施包括：对男女老年人定期进行身体检查；采取身体和精神康复措施，旨在保持老年人的机能和自理能力；关注和照看患慢性病和不治之症的人，帮助他们免除可以避免的痛苦，并使他们能够体面的去世。[11]", "34. 《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第11.1条规定了享有适当生活水平包括住房和食品以及不断改善生活条件的权利，《残疾人权利公约》第28条也有类似的表述。关于住房权，经济、社会和文化权利委员会赞同《维也纳老龄问题国际行动计划》中所载的一些建议，[12] 指出，国家政策应帮助老年人继续住在家中，并确保老年人融入社会，通过提供适当的交通工具为老年人的活动和往来提供便利。[13]", "35. 享受社会保障包括社会保险的权利在各文书中作了明文规定，特别是：《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第9条概括性的说法；《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第11.1.(d)和(e)条规定妇女享有平等和不受歧视，特别是在退休、失业、疾病、伤残和年老的情况下；《残疾人权利公约》第28.2条规定与其他人平等享受社会保护，还规定老年残疾人也应可利用社会保护和减贫方案。[14]", "36. 2010年，人权与赤贫问题独立专家研究了老年人非缴款性养恤金或社会养恤金作为社会保障制度一个重要方面的问题。她的报告强调缴款性养恤金办法覆盖面太小，并提出了确保非缴款性养恤金符合核心人权标准的建议。", "37. 关于工作权，《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第6和第7条阐述了这项权利的范围和内容，并指出，人人都有权获得自由选择工作、在公正和有利的工作条件下谋生的机会，并且工资合理，同工同酬。经济、社会和文化权利委员会第6号一般性意见敦促各国采取措施，防止就业和职业方面基于年龄的歧视，并制定退休方案(第22至25段)。第19号一般性意见(第15段)强调有必要规定适当的退休年龄，由各国确定。消除对妇女歧视委员会的第27号一般性建议则强调老年妇女获得有报酬的工作的重要性。", "38. 关于受教育的权利，如经济、社会和文化权利委员会所强调的，就《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第13条而言，[15] 在有关老年人方面，各国应遵循两条互补的原则：(a) 确保老年人从教育方案中获益的权利；(b) 将老年人的知识和经验传递给年轻世代。委员会回顾联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)关于终身教育的概念，其中包括：为老年人提供基于社区和注重娱乐的非正式方案，以培养他们的自力更生意识和社区的责任感。", "39. 在《残疾人权利公约》中可找到其他即使未具体针对老年人但也可使他们获益的相关条款，包括：第9条，关于无障碍环境；第12条，关于在法律面前获得平等承认，包括采取适当措施支持他们享受和行使其法律权利；第19条，关于独立生活和融入社区，包括在与其他人平等的基础上选择居所，并获得各种居家、住所和其他社区支助服务；第20条，关于个人行动能力，包括获得助行器具、用品、帮助起居的技术和专门工作人员的协助；第26条，关于复健和康复，以保持最大程度的自立。", "四. 国家对具体人权问题的对策", "40. 老年人不是一个单一的群体，不应当作单一的群体对待。男女之间对年老的感受不同，一个人在60岁或80岁时的感受极为不同一样。健康状况、收入保障、工作机会、休闲和参与、社会和环境适应情况以及决定自身福祉核心问题的自主和自由的程度，可以在很大程度上决定一个人是否能过上有尊严的生活，而无论其年龄如何。", "41. 然而，老年人作为一个群体所共同感受的，是生活在这样的社会中：伴随着老龄的往往是陈规定型的看法，被认为不太重要，政治上丧失权能，经济和社会上处于弱势。因此，制定法律和政策，更加尊重、保护和实现所有人权而不管年龄如何，与实施具体措施和机制满足老年人的需要，并使服务、物品和设施适合所有年龄一样，至关重要。", "A. 国家法律和政策", "42. 总体而言，一些国家的《宪法》明确承认关于老年人的平等和不歧视原则，但具体说法和程度不同。有些宪法明确提到“年龄”是受到禁止的歧视理由，有些则根据笼统的不得基于“任何理由”歧视的条款实施保护。一些宪法还明确提到老年人和具体的权利，包括最近起草的一些宪法，这些宪法规定了保护老年人免遭暴力和虐待，终身养恤金和护理，以及文化权利和参与。", "43. 本报告收到的呈件还列出并讨论了很多包含保护老年人人权的具体条文的法律。在有些情况下，还根据关于不歧视的区域指示颁立了国家法律。[16]", "44. 在有些国家，提供服务和执行具体政策的能力下放到了地方政府。权力下放的部分理由是认为地方一级更了解相关需求和局限，也更接近受益人。在这些情况下，地方政府决定需要提供什么服务，并承担确保援助、及早发现暴力和虐待以及报告和应对有关情况的法律责任。还有一些具体的社区法令和规章打击基于年龄的歧视。", "45. 然而，没有足够的资金或有效的权力，权力下放并不总能确保获得更好的成果。例如，有人强调，向各省下放实施专门立法或方案权力时的延迟，是造成执行工作产生重大延误的主要原因。有效执行的其他先决条件包括：大幅增加资金；培训社会工作者以应付此类工作者极为短缺的局面；政府各部门和服务提供机构间合作；以及各省做好准备随时执行具体的政策和方案。", "46. 收到的各份呈件表明，一些新的立法和政策将老年人和残疾人处境放在一起处理。一些国家成立了一并处理老年人和残疾人问题的专门办公室，对这些群体采用类似的办法，实施联合举措。这些机构还在电视和电台上为这两个群体开展了媒体宣传活动，旨在消除污名。", "47. 老年人和残疾人之间的联系值得考虑。尽管并不是所有老年人都会经受残疾，而且年老并不能等同于残疾，但一些老年人确实也身患残疾。毫无疑问，年老可能会伴随着身体、心理、智力或感官上的衰退，一些针对外出活动、辅助决策、法律能力或居家护理的措施也可以应对对老年人和残疾人都具有影响的各种人权问题。然而，如不能确定和解决每个群体的具体问题，或不能制定关于老年人的政策并投入足够的财力和人力资源，有可能会使老年人受到忽视。没有身患残疾的老年人所面临的一些挑战，也有可能让他们无法得益于相关的政策和措施，确保与其他人平等享受所有的权利。", "48. 自1990年代以来，有少数国家制订了多部门综合机制来应对老龄人口问题，投入了大量的资源，结合了经验教训和试点项目。在这些情况下，制定了一系列法律、规章和政策，旨在维护老年人的社会保障、健康、文化、教育、体育和社区参与。", "49. 最后，收集和系统分析按年龄分类的资料，对于拟订和评估法律和政策至关重要。没有定期更新的准确数据，整合所有人权义务包括监测歧视情况的工作可能会效果不彰，或者与现实脱节。社会经济统计数据等数量资料可以说明整体情况，但有时也可能会掩盖不平等。不幸的是，按年龄分类的资料并不能广泛获得。", "50. 迫切需要改进国家统计资料/数据收集系统，特别是要重点关注60岁及以上的人。少数国家的政府已采取步骤应对这一挑战，包括建立一个老龄工人统计指标体系，为制订计划和评估机制提供基本数据。同样，一些国家的政府已委托开展研究，以评估老年人的生活条件，另一些则在定期多用途住户调查中增加了一个老年人模块。其他一些国家则创建了关于生活在护理机构中的老年人的专门数据库。", "B. 歧视", "51. 向报告提供的资料包括制订的一系列倡议和措施，以消除对老年人特别是在就业、退休、职业培训以及专业或社区组织成员资格方面的歧视。针对并非出于正当目的而合理客观区别对待的情况，一些国家制定了立法，打击与年龄有关的歧视。有意思的是，一些反歧视法还处理间接歧视问题，即存在似乎不偏不倚但对特定年龄者不利的标准、惯例或规定的问题。打击对老年人的污名、歧视和暴力行为的创新措施包括，制作了描绘老龄的积极、全面形象的纪录片，出版和广泛散发传单，以提高对虐老以及与老年痴呆症有关的耻辱和歧视的认识。此外，一些国家的法院奉行禁止年龄歧视原则。", "C. 暴力和虐待", "52. 许多老年人的生命权、健康权、自由权和人身安全权受到了暴力威胁其形式为在自己家中、医护设施或自己的社区中受到虐待，包括因传统信仰产生的暴力袭击。具体说来，暴力侵害妇女行为被理解为包括、但不限于发生在私人或公共场所的身体暴力、性暴力和心理暴力行为，或国家实施或纵容的暴力行为，而不论在何处发生。[17] 暴力与歧视和剥夺权利紧密相联，往往没有上报且记录不足，因为老年人不愿或无法报案。", "53. 总的说来，来自世界所有地区的国家提供的材料也承认这种现象复杂，有多层面性。一些潜在的因素包括老年人日益依赖、孤立和脆弱性增加，以及任意隔离、拘谨、贫穷或遭到遗弃。还得到确认的是，在年龄、某些形式的认知障碍以及精神残疾和遭受忽视之间有内在联系。通常情况下，为暴力、家庭暴力或基于性别的暴力受害者提供的公共服务也要向老年受害者提供服务，包括社会和心理支助。然而，可能缺乏足够的技能和能力，不能处理特定类型的虐老情况，或者是也不能提供其他安排。", "54. 从低收入到高收入水平不等的一些国家政府设立了具体的实体且制订了具体政策打击虐老行为。例证包括为满足老年人的需求专门设立了国家和社区组织，提供热线、紧急医疗援助、临时栖身之所和法律援助等各种服务，其中还包括转诊系统，获取信息和咨询，现场视察护理设施，以家庭为基础的专业救助和提交匿名索偿。一些国家政府开展了大型活动，打击虐老行为。目前的方案还包括的举措如，强制性认证有偿护老者的良好行为和提供护老者指南，包括有责任报告虐老行为。", "55. 对于宣称老人从事巫术的说法，必须结合家庭和社区成员虐待老人和忽视老人的严重情况加以审查。对于因这种指控产生的暴力行为，一些国家政府在全国各地设立了收留被家庭遗弃或被社区驱逐的老年妇女接待中心。但是，没有特别措施打击老年丧偶妇女成为自己家人或社区的攻击目标的现象。", "D. 经济剥削", "56. 《2002年马德里老龄问题行动计划》指出，对老人的忽视、虐待和暴力侵害行为有身体、心理、情感和经济等多种形式，每个社会、经济、种族和地理领域都存在这种情况。正如几个呈件所指出的那样，老年人的财产、收入或所有物继续面临多重威胁，其中包括欺诈、任意剥夺老人的财产、盗窃、侵占他们的土地、财产或所有物，以及用欺诈办法让老人丧失享有和行使法律行为能力，以便控制其财务。", "57. 已报道采取了一些举措，以保护老年人行使自己法律行为能力的权利。例如：对被认为脆弱的老年人的司法保护进行改革，包括制订有关法律监护和保障的新法律，确保老年人同意关于其生命和财产的决定。在某些情况下，老年人可以提前决定由谁负责自己的监护，并负责自己的财产和福祉。", "E. 保健", "58. 保健部门对老年人的处境至关重要。政府的应对措施注重各种问题，包括药品补贴、免除使用费、医疗保险计划、特殊服务，包括专门针对老人的部门，专注一些慢性疾病、人员培训以及研究和政策，以应对心理健康问题，特别是老年痴呆症，尤其是阿尔茨海默病。", "59. 一些国家的保健政策作了调整，以应对往往影响老年人的不断增加的慢性疾病。有几个国家已经采取步骤，以确保65岁以上的老人都可享受定期免费体检，包括慢性疾病的诊断和治疗。据报道，城市和农村中心都可提供定点服务以及流动服务。一些国家政府还设立了国家保健基金，发放医疗卡以领取降价药品；还有一些国家政府建立了机制，确保老年患者充分同意服务和治疗。", "60. 尽管有众多范例，但还是提出了许多关切事项。有些非政府组织强调，在保健政策、方案和资源分配方面，老年人继续受到忽视且没有被放在优先地位。目前，低收入和中等收入国家关于保健的言论仍然坚定地专注于妇幼保健，因此，辩论中没有讨论包括老年人在内的整个生命历程的保健问题。而且，对非传染性疾病的关注有限，尽管老龄化是这种疾病的一个主要驱动因素，且这种疾病主要发生在老年。此外，获取保健和药品的费用仍让许多最边缘化的老年妇女和男子望而却步。", "61. 会员国、尤其是低收入和中等收入国家的挑战包括：缺乏全面的保健政策，其中包括身患绝症者的防治、康复和护理；几乎没有制订关于有利于健康的老有所事、住房保障、基本食品、卫生、饮用水和必要药品的国家计划和战略；缺乏监测长期护理设施中侵犯人权情况的法律框架；没有具体措施消除身患绝症者的疼痛并提供安抚治疗让其死得有尊严。", "62. 老年人往往在病情很严重时才去保健中心就医。这往往是由于没有机会获取保健，具体因素包括距离医疗设施远，去就医有行程费用，尤其是农村地区的基础设施落后，距离遥远，有交通问题；初级保健中心人满为患；公共健康教育不足，包括老年人或其家人认为疾病症状是老龄化引起的而延误就医；专业保健人员人数不足和技能不足；药物短缺。", "F. 长期护理和家庭护理", "63. 在改革医疗保健和社会服务部门方面，长期护理是要进行干预的关键领域，其中仍有许多有待发展。一些国家实施了几项措施，旨在扩大向长期护理服务的潜在用户提供的各种选择，支持废除制度化的长期护理机构，推广家庭护理和改善临终关怀。但长期护理仍然不足，劳动力短缺且服务质量低下。", "64. 有些呈件指出，一些国家设立了长期护理保险制度，有益于保健和医疗服务,公共福利，照料长期疾病或因人体老化造成的其他障碍，包括维持独立的日常生活。还有些呈件指出，保健制度和福利制度两者分担提供长期护理(例如，患有慢性疾病的老年人的治疗、日常事务协助、家庭护理)。这些服务可由地方政府组织和供资，不过还有很大一部分此类服务由私营部门(非营利性协会、基金会和商业企业)提供，但这部分服务并不总是由中央规划或受中央监测，因此，没有组织性，也不能持久。", "65. 家庭护理和家庭支助方案对日常生活有困难者必不可少。这些服务有助于行使众多权利，如健康权和自由移动权。这些服务可促进独立性和提高生活质量。但是，针对残疾人和老年人的一些方案提供的支助办法范围不同。某些情况下，符合家庭支助服务的资格标准可能会有所不同：有些标准不包括残疾人，还有些则不包括老年人，即使两组人可能需要同样的服务。在某些管辖区，若个人在保健部门登记为残疾，则年纪大些后可能会失去这种地位(以及经济收益)。", "G. 社会保障和社会保护", "66. 关于退休年龄、退休条件和标准的例子范围很广，需要逐个国家进行分析。但值得注意的是，有两个重要因素：第一，基于性别的差别继续存在,例如，妇女的退休年龄低于男子。几个国家目前正在逐步提高妇女的退休年龄，以便与男子相同。其次，退休年龄是现行改革的重心，特别是在欧洲地区。", "67. 同样，据报道，社会保障改革和应对老年人贫困问题的改革多种多样。有例子表明，老年人养老金的覆盖面和普及性大幅增加，对减贫有积极影响。更普通的例子包括：免税；对特定药物的补贴；补偿疗养费用；提供护理装置和假肢；采取特别措施，确保住房软贷款，作为基本社会保护的一部分。还实施了老人现金转账，某些情况下，这一做法的覆盖面几年中增加了一倍。提上议事日程的还有老年人的终身养老金，受益的大部分人以前没有资格领取退休金。据报告，其中一些措施对受益者及其家庭其他成员的生活有积极影响，特别是在确保定期供应膳食和提高自给自足水平方面。", "68. 近年来，特别是欧洲地区的几个国家至少部分是由于金融和经济危机纷纷推出养老金改革。这些改革考虑了养老金制度的今后可持续性和充足性，提高了全国的退休年龄，旨在确保代际团结和再分配，还旨在改善公共制度所保障的老年保护，包括人们退休后有足够的收入。", "H. 工作", "69. 一些国家正在制定年龄歧视问题的立法，明确禁止、阻止就业方面的各种直接和间接年龄歧视，或把这种歧视视为非法。例子包括涉及40和40岁以上工人的没有年龄上限的反歧视法，旨在促进基于能力而非年龄的就业。还有一些国家制定了扶持行动立法，要求企业必须确保一定百分比的工人年龄在55岁或以上，还确定了优先考虑雇用老年人的工作类型。", "70. 在区域一级，欧洲理事会关于制订就业和工作平等待遇总框架的指令(2000/78/EC)已作为许多国家法律的一部分获得通过，其中包括因年龄等原因产生的歧视问题。该指令要求所有成员国采取立法，禁止工作中基于年龄等因素的直接和间接歧视，涵盖了就业、自营就业和职业，以及职业培训和指导领域。然而，重要的是随后跟踪该指令的施行情况。", "I. 成人和继续教育", "71. 提出了若干继续教育倡议，其中包括文化活动中心、计算机和互联网方案及职业培训。一些例证包括：涉及获取终身学习机会的具体政策，把这种学习作为出于个人、社会和职业原因进行学习的一部分，且为这一领域的研究供资；向提供获取信息和教育机会的非政府组织提供财政支持；成人教育培训。新的社会网络中的老有所事试点项目要依靠志愿者提供专业设施和跨代合作方面的教育。还有一个例子是，一国政府为应对教育需求，建立了“第三年纪(老年)大学”,内设法律、医疗保健、政治和经济研究、心理学和农业系科。", "J. 参与决策、政治和文化生活", "72. 从人权角度看，老年人直接和知情参与公共政策制订是其作为权利人享有平等待遇的核心。参与还可保障老年人不受到社会排斥和隔离。几个会员国在多部门方案拟订中强调了“老年人政策”概念，设立了顾问委员会，作为老年人的正式代表机构，与公私行为者探讨问题，还参与养老金改革、社会保险、医疗保健和长期护理相关领域的政策辩论。在有些情况下，一些国家在退休人士协会的积极参与下制定了国家行动计划。", "73. 老年人参与政治本身不仅是一种权利，还是确保老年人在社会中发挥积极作用的一个重要途径，还可确保将对年龄敏感的法律和政策考虑纳入国家法律。事实上，多数国家除了规定成年的最低年龄外，并没有在投票权和被选举权方面设定年龄限制。在若干国家，地方和公共理事会的许多代表是60岁以上的老人；老年公民一贯积极参与选举，是政党成员，还组织自己的政治活动和协会。老年男子和妇女特别是在农村地区仍然在传统的酋长制度中发挥积极作用。", "K. 司法救助和司法补救办法", "74. 对人权的保护要求司法系统的有效运作，对侵害行为采取及时补救措施，且明确保障在法律和法院面前人人平等。[18]", "75. 有些呈件指出，制订了具体措施确保老年人获取司法救助，包括：提供法律援助或专门机构协助老年人；推迟、减少或免除诉讼费；处理涉及老年人纠纷的特别法庭和陪审团制度；福利机构为老年人提供人权咨询服务；发放贷款，以支付审理费用。", "76. 在许多国家，国家人权机构的作用至关重要。国家人权机构在老年人这一人口群体一边越来越多地发挥关键作用，尤其是由于老年人提出的更多诉求引起了这些机构的注意。通常情况下，国家人权机构的任务宽泛，其中包括保护老年人，促进老年人的权利，消除任何形式的歧视，包括在一些案件中明确提到与年龄有关的歧视情况。", "五. 结论和建议", "77. 人们普遍认识到老年人面临特殊的人权挑战。由于人口继续老龄化，加之有更多的老年人在低收入和中等收入国家，其中的一些挑战必将更为尖锐。对老年人的暴力、虐待和忽视是世界各地关注的问题。关系到享有所有权利的年龄歧视因其他形式的歧视而复杂化，特别是基于健康状况、性别、残疾或人种的歧视。", "78. 国家一级确定的、为编制本报告提交的措施多种多样，有一些好的做法。特别是近年来，一些国家政府重视规范问题和给予老年人特殊保护的必要性。然而，这些政策在全球范围内不一致，一般没有说明是否存在保护老年人人权的法律、政策和体制全面框架。特别是，缺乏确保参与和问责的机制。提交的材料在不同程度上强调了执行政策中的缺陷，还有些呈件指出，尽管措施可能有效，但不足以应对庞大和不断增长的需求。在要求采取更有结构性的措施的情况下，一些国家政府决定采取福利方法，但这可能无法确保可持续性或对不受歧视地享有人权产生长期影响。", "79. 在国际层面，仍然没有专门针对老年人人权的国际保护制度。现有的人权机制对老年人的具体情况没有一个系统、全面的应对办法。", "建议", "80. 根据大会第65/182号决议于2010年12月成立的老龄问题不限成员名额工作组承担的加强保护老年人人权的任务规定是探索国际层面在保护老年人人权方面现有差距的一个关键步骤。大会不妨优先考虑让不限成员名额工作组继续开展工作，以便可以继续应对这种差距，并进一步审议其他手段和措施的可行性。", "81. 大会不妨建议会员国加强更有效的数据收集、统计和定性信息方面的能力，以便更好地评估老年人的状况和权利情况，并就着眼于确保老年人人权的方案和政策制订适当的监督机制。收集数据应特别注意城市、郊区和农村地区的老年人，以及境况不利的老年人，如生活贫困的老年妇女或老人。", "82. 此外，大会不妨建议现有国际文书缔约国在报告中更明确地纳入老年人状况。排入议事日程前列的还有，条约机构监督机制和特别程序任务执行人在审议有关报告期间与各国的对话中、或在国家访问中应专门注意老年人的状况。", "83. 大会不妨建议会员国依照平等和非歧视原则制订和实施关于老年人权利的更有效的多部门政策和方案，并适当考虑老龄问题的现有文书和国家行动计划。各国政府在其工作中可以受益于国家人权机构、非政府组织、国家统计机构、学术实体以及联合国各专门机构和实体等其他利益攸关方的技术合作和支持。", "[1] 关于所有这些呈件，见http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/Submissions. aspx。", "[2] 《世界人口前景：2010年订正本》，可查阅http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/panel_ indicators.htm。", "[3] 见CEDAW/C/2010/47/GC.1，第27号一般性建议(未经编辑)。", "[4] 《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》(大会第2200A(XXI)号决议)、《公民及政治权利国际公约》(大会第2200A(XXI)号决议)、《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》(大会第34/180号决议)、《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》(联合国，《条约汇编》，第660卷，第9464号)和《残疾人权利公约》(大会第61/106号决议)。", "[5] 例如，见《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第1条和《残疾人权利公约》第2条。", "[6] 可查阅http://www.ilo.org/ilolex。", "[7] 见经济、社会和文化权利委员会第20号一般性意见“在经济、社会和文化权利上不得存在歧视”(E/C.12/GC/20，第22段)。", "[8] 另见经济、社会和文化权利委员会第6号一般性意见“老年人的经济、社会和文化权利”(E/1996/22，附件四第22段)。", "[9] 见人权事务委员会，Love 等人诉澳大利亚，第983/2001号来文；Schmitz-de-Jong诉荷兰，第855/1999号来文；Solís诉秘鲁，第1016/2001号来文；Althammer等人诉奥地利，第998/2001号来文(可查阅http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrc/)。", "[10] 人权事务委员会，FH Zwaan-de Vries 诉荷兰，第182/1984号来文，(CCPR/C/29/D/182/1984)。", "[11] 见经济、社会和文化权利委员会第14号一般性意见，“享有能达到的最高健康标准的权利”，(E/C.12/2000/4，第25和第34和35段)。", "[12] 类似的提法另见《马德里老龄问题行动计划》，见《第二次老龄问题世界大会的报告，2002年4月8日至12日，马德里》(联合国出版物，出售品编号：C.02.IV.4)，第一章，决议1，附件二，优先方向三。", "[13] 见E/1996/22，附件四，第33段。", "[14] 见A/HRC/14/31。", "[15] 见E/1996/22，附件四，第36和37段。", "[16] 例如，见欧洲理事会关于确定就业和职业平等待遇总体框架的指令规定的涉及年龄的平等待遇原则(2000年11月27日理事会第2000/78/EC号指令)。", "[17] 大会第48/104号决议。", "[18] 根据《公民及政治权利国际公约》(大会第2200 A(XXI)号决议)第2.3条和第26条的规定。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目27(c)", "社会发展:国际老年人年的后续行动:第二次老龄问题世界大会", "第二次老龄问题世界大会的后续行动", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "本报告侧重于世界各区域老年人的人权状况。 报告概述了老年妇女和男子在享有权利方面面临的一些挑战,并概述了政府应对这些挑战的实例。 报告还举例说明了立法、政策和方案,并说明了关键的人权问题,包括但不限于歧视、暴力和虐待、社会保护、长期护理、针对具体年龄的服务、参与、诉诸司法和终身养恤金。", "目录", "页次\n一. 导言 3\n三. 挑战 与老年人权利有关的国际规范和标准\n四. 11个国家对具体人权的回应\n五、结论18和结论\n建议", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 本报告是根据大会题为“第二次老龄问题世界大会的后续行动”的第65/182号决议提交的。 大会在该决议第31段中请秘书长编写一份报告,说明该决议的执行情况,包括世界各区域老年人权利的状况。 2011年2月3日,联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)向各会员国、联合国系统相关机构和组织以及政府间组织和非政府组织及国家人权机构发出了一份普通照会,以通报这些报告。 普通照会包括一个9个要点的调查问卷,征求有关老年人各种人权问题的现有立法、政策和方案的意见和资料。 收到了41个国家、8个联合国实体、20个国家人权机构和10个非政府组织、联盟和其他团体的书面意见。 完整的答卷人名单和对报告的所有呈件可在人权高专办的网站上查阅。 [1] 在这方面,应当指出,所提交文件涉及的国家、法律、社会和经济情况多种多样,虽然承认老年人显然是一个千差万别的群体,但会员国之间和会员国内部的老年人情况大相径庭。", "2. 联合国 本报告分为三节。 下文第二节概述了世界各区域老年人的现状和面临的挑战。 第三节概述了现有国际框架,包括具有约束力的国际人权文书,并讨论了缔约国适用于老年人的一些原则、标准和义务。 第四节收集了提交给报告的一些实例,涉及与老年人有关的若干具体问题和领域。 此外,第五节载有结论和建议。", "二. 目前的局势和挑战", "3个 世界人口的组成在最近几十年中发生了巨大变化。 从1950年到2010年,全世界的预期寿命从46岁增加到68岁,预计到本世纪末将增加到81岁。 [2] 应当指出,目前,在60岁或以上的人口中,妇女人数估计比男子多出6 600万。 在80岁或80岁以上的人口中,妇女的人数几乎是男子的两倍,在百岁老人中,妇女的人数是男子的四至五倍。 人类历史上第一次,在2050年,60岁以上的人将超过世界上的儿童。", " 4.四. 近7亿人现已超过60岁。 到2050年,20亿人,即世界人口的20%以上,将达到60人或以上。 老年人人数的增加将是发展中世界中最大和最快的,亚洲是老年人人数最多的区域,而非洲则面临最大比例的增长。 有鉴于此,显然需要更加注意许多老年人的特殊需要和面临的挑战。 然而,同样重要的是,如果有适当的保障,大多数老年男子和妇女可以继续为社会的运作做出重要贡献。 人权是这方面所有努力的核心。", "5 (韩语). 在过去十年中,人口老化导致新的政策和方案的出台,社会部门在其中占据了中心地位,本报告的大部分来文都表明了这一点。 发达和发展中经济体的许多政府已制定或试行了保健、社会保障或福利制度方面的创新政策。 此外,还颁布了若干政策框架文件,包括老龄问题国家行动计划。 在建筑法规、护理中心的许可证发放和监督以及职业培训等领域,也开始出现与年龄有关的具体立法措施。 各级政府,从地方到国家,都承担了这一责任,或者建立新的机构,或者更新现有的机构,以寻求逐步应对老年人所面临挑战的方法。", "6. 国家 政府机构在确定优先事项方面选择了不同的做法。 这些选择突出了对老年人在家庭和整个社会所起作用的不同看法。 在某些情况下,措施旨在了解社区和社会迅速变化的动态,请人们第二次审视当前对老年人和工作、老年人护理机制、代际支助系统和财政制约因素的看法。 一些政府制定了基于积极老龄化和自主原则的政策,旨在便利在家中继续独立生活,提供满足各种需要的服务和便利。 其他人强调家庭联系和支持家庭单位是照顾老年人的主要来源。 无论如何,包括各种志愿组织和社区中心在内的私营行动者网络,对于整个系统的顺利运作至关重要。", "7. 联合国 特别引起共鸣的是老年妇女的处境[3],因为她们在社会中的性别角色而面临不平等。 性别关系是整个生命周期的结构,影响获得资源和机会的机会,其影响是持续和累积的。 影响老年男女生活的不同情况是一生经历的结果。 良好的健康、经济安全、适当的住房、有利的环境、获得土地或其他生产资源的机会,这些都是有尊严地老龄化的基本因素,而实现这些基本因素取决于每个人仅部分决定的决定和选择。 教育和就业方面的两性不平等的影响在老年人中最为突出。 因此,老年妇女比老年男子更可能贫穷。 此外,老年妇女往往承担更大的家庭护理责任,同时管理不灵活的工作条件、强制性退休年龄、养老金和其他社会保障福利不足,这使得她们和那些在她们照料下的人极为脆弱。 毫无疑问,老龄化、其人权挑战及其女性化是所有社会社会结构前所未有的转变,产生了深远的后果。", "8. 联合国 虽然在为报告提交的报告中查明了许多挑战,但以下四个挑战在世界各地一再出现,而且始终如一:(a) 贫穷和生活条件不足;(b) 与年龄有关的歧视;(c) 暴力和虐待;(d) 缺乏特别措施、机制和服务。", "贫穷和生活条件", "9. 国家 老年人福利面临的最紧迫挑战是贫穷,包括老年人生活条件往往不足。 无家可归、营养不良、慢性病得不到治疗、缺乏安全饮用水和卫生设施、无法负担的药品和治疗以及收入无保障,只是许多老年人每天面临的最关键的人权问题中的几个。", "10个 一些国家认识到,与其他人口群体相比,老年人的生活水平相对较低,包括普遍贫穷,甚至赤贫。 尽管收入水平较低,但老年人往往是家庭的主要供养者和主要照顾者,包括照顾孙子女和家庭成员。", "11个 对报告提交的材料也指出,在城市和农村以及城市内部、郊区和贫民窟地区提供服务方面存在差距。 服务的获得、可负担性和质量是这些领域所关切的一个关键问题。 例如,社会和医疗服务,特别是在偏远和人口稀少的村庄,对该系统构成更多的挑战,尽管有些国家设有提供家庭社会服务的移动服务小组。", "12个 这个问题也与生活安排有关。 迅速变化的社会和经济模式以及家庭核心化经常被指为对老年人的家庭支助减少的原因。 在某些情况下,这一变化造成了对更多住宅和住所的需求得不到满足。 一些社会正在应付大规模移徙,老年人留在那里,或负责照顾因艾滋病毒/艾滋病而成为孤儿的孙辈。 他们作为照顾者的贡献往往得不到承认,他们的汇款无法预测,而且他们自己和其他人的照顾可望在没有收入来源的情况下继续下去。", "歧视", "13个 发达国家和发展中国家面临的另一项长期挑战是耻辱和歧视。 虽然人们承认老年人作为文化和历史的守护者可以发挥至关重要的作用,但矛盾的是,对报告的许多贡献都承认,世界各地社会广泛容忍对老年人的偏见和污名化(“老年人主义”)。 年龄歧视在招聘中普遍存在,立法本身并没有消除与年龄有关的就业歧视。 老年人和老年人向国家人权机构提出的共同申诉由于年龄原因,就业、面谈或其他寻找工作的机会遭到拒绝。", "14个 如果年龄是由界定不同社会身份的其他方面决定的,包括性别、种族和族裔、宗教、残疾、国籍、健康或社会经济条件,就会发生多重歧视,从而影响到所有人权的享受。 对报告提交的材料强调了贫穷、生活在农村地区、患有慢性疾病或其他健康状况或残疾的老年人以及离婚、丧偶或单身老年妇女的情况。", "对老年人的暴力和虐待", "15个 所提供的资料还表明暴力和虐待对老年人生活质量和健康的影响。 老年人虐待,一般被定义为处于信任地位的人的身体、情感或性虐待,在世界各地发生。 其多种形式包括强迫监护,以及在护理中心、医院或家庭中的人身和性暴力。 也存在与传统信仰有关的具体威胁,包括针对特别脆弱的老年人,如移民、残疾老年人、冲突局势中的老年人和生活贫困的老年人,特别是无家可归者的巫术和暴力指控所引发的暴力。", "缺乏针对老年人的具体措施和服务", "16号. 毫无疑问,提供服务和制定特别措施会影响到广泛的人权的享受。 在这方面,缺乏资源和设施来满足日益增长的需求,特别是对诸如寄宿中心、家庭护理方案或老年服务等专门服务的需求。 虽然这种现象在不同背景下表现得不同,但并不限于任何一个区域。 在某些情况下,会员国认识到缺乏足够的居住中心,特别是在首都以外。 在其他情况下,长期过度拥挤或没有足够的受过适当培训的医疗和护理人员。 一些提交报告的国家强调,为满足不断增加的需求,必须拨出预算拨款提供这些服务。", "三. 关于老年人权利的国际规范和标准", "国际政治文书", "17岁。 国际社会开始在1982年老龄问题世界大会通过的《维也纳老龄问题国际行动计划》中强调老年人的状况。 1991年《联合国老年人原则》、1992年《2001年老龄问题全球指标》和1992年《老龄问题宣言》进一步增进了国际社会对老年人福祉的基本要求的认识。", "18岁。 《政治宣言》和2002年《马德里老龄问题国际行动计划》得到第二次老龄问题世界大会的通过并获得大会第57/167号决议的认可,从而重振了就老龄问题议程达成的政治共识,强调发展和这方面的国际合作和援助。 自通过以来,《马德里国际计划》指导了国家一级政策和方案的起草工作,激励了国家和区域计划的制定,并为对话提供了国际框架。", " 19. 19. 在马德里通过的《政治宣言》中,会员国重申致力于促进和保护人权,并呼吁消除年龄歧视、忽视、虐待和暴力。 更具体地说,《马德里计划》载有关于工作权、健康权、终生参与和机会平等的指导,强调老年人参与各级决策进程的重要性。", "20号. 《马德里国际行动计划》确定的优先事项包括一系列广泛的问题:所有老年人享有平等就业机会;使所有工人能够获得社会保护和社会保障的方案,包括酌情获得养恤金、残疾保险和保健福利;以及所有老年人获得足够最低收入,并特别关注社会和经济弱势群体。 还强调继续教育、职业指导和安置服务的重要性,包括为了保持最大功能能力和提高公众对老年人生产力和贡献的认识。 卫生也是《马德里行动计划》的一个关键特征。 这些规定包括预防、平等获得保健、积极参与、艾滋病毒/艾滋病对老年人的影响以及支助和护理环境的充分功能等概念。", "具有约束力的国际文书", "21岁 大多数核心人权条约都隐含着对老年人的许多义务[4],尽管没有针对老年人的具体规定。 这些文书以与所有其他人同样的方式适用于老年人,为基本人权提供保护,包括享有能达到的最高标准身心健康的权利、免受酷刑、不人道或有辱人格的待遇、法律面前平等以及享有适足生活水准而不受任何歧视的权利。", "22号. 然而,核心国际人权条约中很少明确提到年龄问题。 虽然普遍人权文书专门涉及若干类人,例如妇女或残疾人,但没有针对老年人的此类文书,只有少数文书明确提到年龄:(a) 《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》将“年龄”列入歧视理由清单(第7条);(b) 《残疾人权利公约》在第二十五条(乙)项(健康)和第二十八条第二款(乙)项(适当生活水准和社会保护)中提及老年人,第13条还提及适龄司法救助,第16条提及对年龄有敏感认识的保护措施;(c) 《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》在第11条第1款(e)项(d)中提及了在享受社会保障权利方面对妇女的歧视。", "23. 联合国 由于禁止歧视是国际人权法的支柱之一,任何人权分析都必须以在法律上和事实上歧视任何人为中心。 歧视的定义是,任何区别、排斥或限制,其目的或效果为妨碍或否认在与其他人平等的基础上承认、享有或行使政治、经济、社会、文化、公民或任何其他方面的人权和基本自由。 [5]", "24 (韩语). 在国际一级,虽然大多数人权条约没有明确将“年龄”列为受禁止的歧视理由,但这些清单是说明性的,并非详尽无遗的,而且通常包括一个不限名额的类别(“其他地位”),条约机构据此审议与年龄有关的歧视。", "25岁 国际劳工组织(劳工组织)将年龄明确列为一种歧视形式,这必须等待1980年第162号老年工人建议获得通过。 该建议要求采取措施,在国家政策框架内防止就业和职业歧视,促进工人无论年龄如何,机会和待遇平等。 此外,劳工组织1982年第166号《终止就业建议》6 规定,年龄不应构成终止就业的有效理由,但须遵守有关退休的国家法律和惯例。", "26. 联合国 经济、社会和文化权利委员会一贯采取类似做法,认为年龄是“在若干情况下禁止歧视的理由”。 [7] 委员会还强调,需要解决对失业老年人和生活贫困的老年人的歧视,他们因居住地而不能平等地获得普遍养老金。 [8]", "27个 重要的是,《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第二十六条规定保护法律面前的平等,包括保障有效保护免遭基于任何其他理由的歧视。 人权事务委员会认为, \" 不以合理和客观标准为依据的与年龄有关的区别,可能构成第二十六条下基于`其他身份 ' 的歧视 \" ,并在一些个人来文中确认了这种做法。 [9]", "28岁 人权事务委员会还澄清说,第二十六条包括在公共当局管理和保护的任何领域在法律上或实践中禁止歧视,无论立法与《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》某一条款有关,还是与任何其他领域有关,包括《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》规定的权利。 [10]", "29. 国家 除了禁止基于年龄的歧视外,人权机制还确定老年人是需要特别保护措施的弱势群体。 具体而言,《残疾人权利公约》第16条第2款要求向残疾人及其家庭提供“对年龄敏感的”援助和支持,以防止剥削、暴力和虐待,从而承认老年人易受伤害的特殊情况。", "30岁。 一些条约机构监测机制通过对现有规范提供解释性指导,适用了保护老年人权利的现有规定,特别是经济、社会和文化权利委员会和消除对妇女歧视委员会。 1995年,经济、社会、文化权利委员会通过了第68号一般性意见,首次详细解释《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》缔约国在老年人及其权利方面的具体义务。 最近,消除对妇女歧视委员会于2010年通过了关于老年妇女和根据《公约》保护其人权的第273号一般性建议。", "31岁 关于具体权利,《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》规定了与老年人所面临挑战有关的若干具体权利,如享有能达到的最高标准身心健康的权利(第十二条)、社会保障权(第九条)、适足生活水准权,包括食物、衣着和住房(第十一条)、工作权(第六条和第七条)和受教育权(第十三条)。 下几段概述了这些权利的内容。", "32. 联合国 《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》在一项国际人权条约中就享有能达到的最高标准身心健康的权利——健康权——作出了最全面的规定。 同样相关的还有《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》关于各国有义务消除保健方面对妇女的歧视的第12条;《残疾人权利公约》第25(b)条,该条要求保健服务“设计以尽量减少和防止进一步残疾,包括儿童和老年人残疾”;以及《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第7条,该条禁止酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚,并包括禁止在未经自由同意的情况下进行医学或科学试验。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 经济、社会、文化权利委员会重申,必须采取综合方法,结合预防、治疗和康复等内容,对两性进行定期检查;采取身体和心理康复措施,以维持老年人的功能和自主;关注和照料慢性和绝症患者,使他们免于可避免的痛苦并使他们能够有尊严地死去。 [11]", "34. 国家 《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第11条第1款规定了适足生活水准权,包括适足的食物和住房,以及不断改善生活条件,《残疾人权利公约》第28条也有类似规定。 关于住房权利,经济、社会、文化权利委员会赞同《维也纳老龄问题国际行动计划》中的一些建议,[12] 指出国家政策应帮助老年人继续生活在家中,确保他们融入社会,通过提供适当的交通工具促进行动和交流。 [13]", "35. 联合国 包括社会保险在内的社会保障权利载于各种文书,特别是:《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第九条,一般规定;《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第十一条第1款(d)和(e)项,其中规定妇女享有平等和不歧视,特别是在退休、失业、疾病、残疾和老年的情况下;以及《残疾人权利公约》第二十八条第2款,其中规定在与其他人平等的基础上享受社会保护,以及残疾老年人享有社会保护和减贫方案。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 2010年,人权与赤贫问题独立专家将老年人非缴费性或社会养恤金问题作为社会保障制度的一个重要方面来讨论。 她的报告强调了缴费养恤金计划的低覆盖率,并为确保非缴费养恤金符合核心人权标准提出了建议。 [14]", "37. 联合国 关于工作权,《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第六条和第七条规定了这项权利的范围和内容,并阐明人人有权通过自由选择的工作、在公正和有利的工作条件下,以公平的工资和同工同酬来谋生。 经济、社会、文化权利委员会在其第6号一般性意见中敦促各国采取措施,防止在就业和职业方面基于年龄的歧视,并制订退休方案(第22-25段)。 第19号一般性意见(第15段)强调国家应规定适当的退休年龄,消除对妇女歧视委员会第27号一般性建议也强调有酬工作对老年妇女的重要性。", "38. 国家 关于教育权利,正如经济、社会、文化权利委员会所强调,就《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》[15]第13条而言,对于老年人,各国应遵循两个相辅相成的思路:(a) 确保老年人从教育方案中受益的权利;(b) 向年轻一代提供老年人的知识和经验。 委员会回顾了联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)关于终身教育的概念,其中包括面向老年人的非正式、基于社区的和以娱乐为主的方案,以培养他们的自力更生感和社区的责任感。", "39. 联合国 在《残疾人权利公约》中可以找到可能使老年人受益的其他有关规定,即使这些规定没有具体解决他们关切的问题,包括:关于无障碍问题的第9条;关于在法律面前获得平等承认的第12条,包括支持享有和行使法律行为能力的适当措施;关于独立生活和融入社区的第19条,包括在与其他人平等的基础上选择居住地和获得一系列家庭、住宅和其他社区支助服务的第20条;关于个人行动能力的第20条,包括获得行动辅助器具、装置、辅助技术和专业人员的第26条;关于适应训练和康复以保持最大程度的独立性的第26条。", "四、结 论 国家对具体人权问题的回应", " 40. 40. 老年人不是一个同质群体,不应被作为群体对待。 老年经历对男女来说是不同的,在60多岁或80多岁的人之间也有很大的不同. 健康条件、收入保障、工作机会、休闲和参与、适应社会和环境以及自主和自由决定对其福祉至关重要的事项,可以大大决定每个人如何过上有尊严的生活,不论年龄如何。", "41. 国家 尽管如此,老年人作为一个群体所共有的是在社会中生活的经历,在这种社会中,定型观念、较低价值的归属、政治权力丧失以及经济和社会劣势往往伴随着老龄化。 在这方面,加强尊重、保护和实现所有人权的法律和政策,不论年龄大小,与满足其需要和使服务、货物和设施适合所有年龄的具体措施和机制同样重要。", "A类. 国家法律和政策", "42. 国家 一般而言,一些宪法明确承认对老年人的平等和不歧视原则,尽管其措辞和程度各不相同。 有些国家明确提到“年龄”是禁止歧视的理由,另一些国家则保证“任何其他理由”的一般性不歧视条款的保护。 一些宪法还明确提及老年人和具体权利,包括最近起草的宪法,其中包括保护老年人免遭暴力和虐待、终身养恤金和护理、文化权利和参与的规定。", "43. 东帝汶 提交本报告的材料还列出并讨论了载有保护老年人人权的具体规定的许多法律。 在某些情况下,国家立法是根据关于不歧视的区域指令颁布的。 [16]", "44. 国家 在一些国家,提供服务和执行具体政策的权力分散,属于地方政府。 权力下放的部分理由要求更好地了解地方一级的需要和制约因素,并与受益者建立更紧密的联系。 在这种情况下,地方政府确定一份服务清单,并承担法律责任,确保协助及早发现暴力或虐待,报告和应对这种情况。 此外,还有打击基于年龄的歧视的具体社区法令和条例。", "45. 国家 然而,没有足够资金或有效权力的权力下放并不总是能确保取得更好的结果。 例如,向各省下放执行专门立法或方案的权力出现拖延,是造成执行严重延误的主要原因之一。 有效执行的其他先决条件包括:大量增加资金;培训社会工作者,以解决这些工人严重短缺的问题;政府部门和服务提供者之间的合作;各省执行具体政策和方案的准备状态。", "46. 经常预算: 在各种提交的材料中,明确表明新的立法和政策共同处理老年人和残疾人的情况。 一些国家为老年人和残疾人设立了特别办事处,对这些群体采取了类似做法并采取了联合举措。 这些机构还在电视和电台为两个人口群体开展了提高认识的媒体运动,目的是消除耻辱。", "47. 国家 老年人与残疾人之间的联系值得考虑。 虽然并非所有老年人都患有残疾,而且老龄化不能等同于残疾,但有些老年人也有残疾。 毫无疑问,老龄化可能伴随着身体、精神、智力或感官上的缺陷,一些解决行动能力、辅助决策、法律能力或家庭护理等问题的措施能够应对影响老年人和残疾人的各种人权问题。 然而,未能制定和解决每个群体特有的问题,或未能颁布老年人政策,以及未能为老年人的需要提供充足的财政和人力资源,都造成了被忽视的风险。 没有残疾的老年人面临的一些挑战还可能使他们无法获得旨在确保他们在与其他人平等的基础上享有所有权利的政策和措施。", " 48. 48. 少数国家自1990年代以来在应对老龄人口方面设计了全面的多部门机制,投入了相当多的资源并吸收了经验教训和试点项目。 在这种情况下,制定了一系列旨在保障老年人社会保障、健康、文化、教育、体育和社区参与的法律、条例和政策。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 最后,为了制定和评估法律和政策,必须收集和系统地分析按年龄分列的信息。 如果没有准确、定期更新的数据,包括监测歧视在内的所有人权义务的整合可能无效或过时。 诸如社会经济统计等定量数据提供了对形势的概述,但有时也可能掩盖不平等。 遗憾的是,没有广泛提供按年龄分列的信息。", " 50. 50. 迫切需要改进国家统计/数据收集系统,特别是关于60岁及以上者的统计数据。 少数政府已采取步骤来应对这一挑战,包括建立老龄工人统计指标系统,为制定计划和评估机制提供基本数据。 同样,一些政府已委托进行一些研究,以评估老年人的生活条件,而另一些政府则在定期的多用途家庭调查中增加了一个关于老年人的单元。 其他国家则建立了关于生活在照料设施的老年人的具体数据库。", "B. 歧视", "51. 联合国 对报告的贡献涉及为消除对老年人的歧视而实施的一系列举措和措施,特别是在就业、退休、职业培训和加入专业或社区组织方面。 一些国家制定了立法,打击与年龄有关的歧视,如果出于合法目的的区别客观上没有正当理由。 有趣的是,一些反歧视法律也涉及间接歧视,或存在显然中立但不利于特定年龄的人的标准、做法或规定。 打击对老年人的污名化、歧视和暴力的创造性举措包括制作一部记录片,描绘老龄的积极和整体形象,并出版和广泛分发传单,以提高人们对虐待和痴呆相关污名和歧视的认识。 此外,在一些国家,法院坚持禁止年龄歧视的原则。", "C. 暴力和虐待", "52. (中文(简体) ). 许多老年男子和妇女的生命权、健康权、人身自由和安全权受到威胁,在家庭、护理设施或社区受到暴力和虐待,包括传统信仰造成的暴力攻击。 更具体地说,暴力侵害妇女行为被理解为包括但不仅限于发生在私人或公共环境中,或由国家实施或纵容的身心暴力,而不论发生在何处。 [17] 与歧视和丧失权力密切相关的是,由于老年人不愿意或无法报告事件,暴力往往得不到报告和记录不足。", "53. 联合国 一般而言,世界所有区域的国家贡献都承认这一现象的复杂性和多层次性。 一些根本因素包括日益依赖、孤立和脆弱,以及任意隔离、限制、缺乏财政手段或遗弃。 人们还认识到年龄、某些形式的认知障碍与精神残疾和忽视之间的内在联系。 援助暴力、家庭暴力或性别暴力受害者的公共服务也往往被授权为老年受害者提供服务,包括社会和心理支助。 然而,可能缺乏足够的技能和能力来解决具体类型的虐待老年人问题或提供替代安排。", "54. 联合国 一些政府从低收入到高收入,都设立了具体实体和政策来打击虐待老年人行为。 这方面的例子包括专门为照顾老年人而设立的国家和社区组织,提供各种服务,包括热线、紧急医疗援助、临时收容所和法律援助。 这些措施还包括转诊系统、获得信息和咨询、在护理设施进行现场视察、提供家庭专业援助和提交匿名索赔。 一些国家政府发起了大规模运动来打击虐待老年人的行为。 现行方案还包括一些举措,如强制性认证有偿照料者的良好行为,以及照料者准则,包括规定报告虐待老年人行为的义务。", "55. 国家 关于施用巫术的指控必须放在家庭和社区成员虐待和忽视的严重事件中。 关于由于这种指控而发生的暴力,一些国家政府在全国各地为被其家庭或社区遗弃或驱逐的老年妇女建立了欢迎中心。 但是,没有特别措施来打击年老、丧偶妇女成为自己家庭或社区的目标的现象。", "D. 金融开采", "56. (中文(简体) ). 2002年《马德里老龄问题行动计划》指出,对老年人的忽视、虐待和暴力有多种形式,包括身体、心理、情感和财政形式,并且发生在每一个社会、经济、族裔和地理领域。 正如几份呈文所指出,老年人的财产、收入或货物继续面临多重威胁,包括欺诈、任意剥夺其财产、盗窃、征用其土地、财产或货物以及欺诈性地丧失享有和行使法律行为能力,以控制其财务。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 据报告,已采取一些举措保护老年人行使法律行为能力的权利。 这方面的例子包括改革对弱势老年人的司法保护,包括关于法律监护的新法律,以及保障在决定其生活和财产时征得其同意。 在某些情况下,老年人可以事先决定由谁负责监护,并负责其财产和福祉。", "E. 卫生", "58. 联合国 卫生部门是老年人处境的核心。 政府的反应侧重于各种问题,包括药品补贴、用户费用减免、医疗保险计划、特殊服务,包括针对老年的医学部门,重点关注某些慢性疾病、人员培训和研究以及解决心理健康问题的政策,特别是痴呆症,特别是老年痴呆症。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 一些国家的卫生政策已作调整,以解决经常影响老年人的慢性疾病日益增加的问题。 一些国家已采取步骤,确保每个65岁以上的人有权定期接受免费医疗检查,包括慢性疾病的诊断和治疗。 据报告,城市和农村中心提供内部服务和巡回服务。 一些政府还设立了国家保健基金,发放保健卡,要求降低医药费用,而另一些政府则建立了机制,确保老年人对服务和治疗有充分的同意。", "60. 联合国 尽管有许多例子,但人们仍表达了许多关切。 非政府组织强调,在保健政策、方案和资源分配方面,老年人继续受到忽视并处于非优先地位。 目前,关于中低收入国家的保健问题,讨论的重点仍然是妇幼保健,因此,整个生命周期的保健问题,包括老年人的保健问题,没有列入辩论。 对非传染性疾病的关注也有限,尽管老龄化是非传染性疾病的主要驱动因素,而且主要发生在老年。 此外,获得保健和药品的费用对于许多处于最边缘地位的老年妇女和男子来说仍然令人望而却步。", "61. 国家 会员国,特别是中低收入国家面临的挑战包括:缺乏全面的保健政策,包括预防、康复和护理晚期病人;很少有关于健康和积极老龄化的国家计划或战略保障住房、基本食物、卫生、饮用水和基本药品;缺乏法律框架来监测长期护理设施中侵犯人权的情况;缺乏具体措施来避免疼痛和提供缓和护理,使晚期病人有尊严地死亡。", "62. 联合国 老年人往往在疾病晚期就前往保健中心。 造成这种情况的原因往往是缺乏获得保健的机会,包括前往设施所需的距离和费用,特别是在基础设施不发达、距离遥远、交通不便的农村地区;初级保健中心过分拥挤;公共卫生教育不足,包括老年人或其家人将疾病症状归因于老龄化时在寻求保健方面的延误;保健专业人员人员不足和技能不足;以及药品短缺。", "F. 长期护理和家庭护理", "63. 国家 在改革保健和社会服务部门方面,长期护理是一个关键的干预领域,这方面还有许多工作要做。 一些国家已采取措施扩大长期护理服务潜在使用者的可选选择范围,并通过促进家庭护理和改善报废护理,支持长期护理部门的非机构化。 然而,长期护理仍然不足,而且劳动力短缺,服务质量低下。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 一些来文指出,某些国家建立了长期护理保险制度,为保健和医疗服务、公共福利和长期疾病护理或由老龄化引起的其他障碍提供福利,包括维持独立的日常生活。 其他来文指出,提供长期护理(如治疗、协助日常工作、为患有慢性病的老年人提供家庭护理)的工作由保健和福利系统分担。 这些服务可以由地方政府组织和资助,尽管私营部门(非营利协会、基金会和企业)也提供大部分服务,但这些服务并不总是受到中央规划或监督,因此既不是结构性的也不是可持续的。", "65. 国家 家庭护理和家庭支助方案对于日常运作受到影响的个人至关重要。 这些服务有助于行使许多权利,例如健康权和行动自由。 它们提高了独立性和生活质量。 然而,向残疾人和老年人提供的一些方案提供了各种不同的支助选择。 在某些情况下,获得家庭支助服务的资格标准可能不同:一些标准将残疾人排除在外,而另一些标准则将老年人排除在外,尽管可能需要为这两个群体提供同样的服务。 在一些司法管辖区,如果个人在卫生部门登记为残疾,他们长大后可能失去这种地位(还有经济福利)。", "G. 社会保障和社会保护", "66. (中文(简体) ). 所提供的关于退休年龄、条件和标准的全部实例范围很广,需要逐一分析。 但值得注意的是,有两个重要因素:第一,基于性别的差别依然存在;例如,妇女的退休年龄低于男子。 一些国家正在逐步提高妇女的退休年龄,使其与男子相同。 第二,退休年龄是正在进行的改革的核心,特别是在欧洲区域。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 同样,据报告,社会保障改革和解决老年人贫穷问题的改革也各不相同。 有一些例子表明,老年人的养老金覆盖面和普遍获得率大幅提高,对减贫产生了积极影响。 有一些较小的例子,包括:免税;特定药品补贴;疗养费用补偿;提供援助装置和假肢;以及采取特别措施确保住房软贷款作为基本社会保护的一部分。 此外,还实行了老年现金转移办法,有些情况下,在几年内,其覆盖面翻了一番。 老年人终身养恤金也列入议程,使以前没有资格领取退休金的大多数人受益。 据报告,其中一些措施对受益者和家庭成员的生活产生了积极影响,特别是在确保定期提供膳食和提高自给程度方面。", "68. (中文(简体) ). 若干国家,特别是欧洲区域的国家,近年来实行了养恤金改革,至少部分原因是金融和经济危机。 这些改革考虑到养恤金制度的未来可持续性和适当性,并增加了国家退休年龄,目的是确保代际团结和再分配,并改进公共制度保障的老年保护,包括退休后的适当收入。", "H. 工 作", "69. (中文(简体) ). 一些国家正在颁布年龄歧视立法,明确禁止、禁止或规定就业中的直接和间接年龄歧视的非法形式。 例如,针对40岁及以上工人的反歧视法没有最高年龄限制,其目的是促进基于能力而不是年龄的就业。 其他国家已颁布平权行动立法,要求企业确保一定比例的工人年龄在55岁或55岁以上,并查明应优先雇用老年人的工作类型。", "70. 联合国 在区域一级,欧洲理事会关于制定就业和职业平等待遇总框架的指令(2000/78/EC)作为许多国家法律的一部分获得通过,该指令将年龄列为歧视的理由之一。 该指令要求所有会员国制定立法,禁止工作中的直接和间接歧视,特别是基于年龄的歧视。 它涵盖就业、自营职业和职业以及职业培训和指导。 然而,跟踪如何执行该指令将是一个重要问题。", "I. 成人教育和继续教育", "71. 联合国 已经提出一些持续教育倡议,包括文化活动中心、计算机和因特网方案以及职业培训。 一些说明性的例子包括:制定具体政策,解决终身学习作为因个人、社会和职业原因学习的一部分,并为这一领域的研究提供资金;向提供信息和教育的非政府组织提供财政支助;以及成人教育培训。 在新的社会网络中开展关于积极老龄化的试点项目,依靠愿意提供专业基础设施和跨代合作教育的志愿人员。 另一个例子是,政府对教育需求的反应导致创建了 \" 三年级大学 \" ,设有法律、保健、政治和经济研究、心理学和农业等部门。", "J. 参与决策、政治和文化生活", "72. 联合国 从人权角度看,老年人直接和知情地参与公共政策的制定,是他们融入权利持有者的核心。 参与也是防止社会排斥和孤立的保障。 一些会员国在多部门方案拟订中强调了“老年人政策”的概念。 他们设立了咨询理事会,作为老年人的正式代表机构,与公共和私人行为者讨论问题,并参加与养恤金改革、社会保险、保健和长期护理有关的政策辩论。 在某些情况下,国家制定了有退休人员协会积极参与的国家行动计划。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 老年人的政治参与不仅本身就是一项权利,而且也是确保老年人在社会中发挥积极作用并在国内法律中考虑到年龄因素的重要途径。 实际上,在大多数国家,除了规定最低成年年龄之外,选举权和被选举权不受年龄的限制。 在一些国家,许多地方和公共委员会的代表年龄已超过60岁,老年公民传统上积极参与选举,是政党成员并组织自己的政治运动和协会. 老年男女仍然在传统的酋长制度中发挥积极的作用,特别是在农村地区。", "凯. 诉诸司法和司法补救", "74. 国家 保护人权需要司法系统的有效运作、对侵权行为的及时补救和在法律和法庭面前人人平等的具体保障。 [18]", "75. 国家 一些来文指出,为确保老年人获得司法救助,已经制定了具体措施,包括:提供法律援助或专门协助他们的机构;推迟、减少或免除诉讼费;处理涉及老年人的争端的特别法院和陪审团制度;在福利设施为老年人提供人权咨询服务;以及提供贷款支付审判费用。", "76. 联合国 在许多国家,国家人权机构的作用至关重要。 国家人权机构日益在这一人口群体中发挥关键作用,这尤其是因为老年人提出的更多要求引起了他们的注意。 国家人权机构的任务往往很广泛,包括保护老年人、促进其权利并消除一切形式的歧视,包括在某些情况下明确提及与年龄有关的歧视。", " V. 结论和建议", "77. 国家 全球都认识到老年人面临的特殊人权挑战。 随着人口继续老化,中低收入国家的老年人数量也更多,其中一些挑战势必会变得更加严峻。 对老年人的暴力、虐待和忽视是全世界所关切的问题。 与享有所有权利有关的年龄歧视因其他形式的歧视而更形严重,特别是基于健康状况、性别、残疾或族裔的歧视。", "78. 国家 在国家一级确定并提交本报告汇编的措施多种多样,包括一些良好做法。 一些国家政府,特别是近年来,已注意到规范方面的差距和向老年人提供特别保护的必要性。 然而,这些政策在全球范围不一致,一般没有表明存在保护老年人人权的全面法律、政策和体制框架。 尤其缺乏确保参与和问责制的机制。 捐款在不同程度上强调了执行现有政策方面的不足,而其他提交材料则指出,虽然措施可能有效,但在面临大量和日益增加的需求时,这些措施是不够的。 在需要采取更结构性措施的情况下,一些政府选择了福利办法,这可能无法确保可持续性或对不受歧视地享有人权的长期影响。", "79. 联合国 在国际一级,仍然没有专门的老年人人权国际保护制度。 现有的人权机制对老年男子和妇女的具体情况缺乏系统和全面的方法。", "建议", "80个 大会第65/182号决议于2010年12月设立了老龄问题不限成员名额工作组,以加强对老年人人权的保护。 该工作组的任务是探讨国际一级在保护老年人人权方面存在的差距。 大会不妨审议不限成员名额工作组继续开展工作的问题,以便它能继续弥补这些差距,并作为优先事项进一步审议进一步的文书和措施的可行性。", "81个 大会不妨建议会员国加强更有效的数据收集、统计和定性信息的能力,以更好地评估老年人的状况和权利,并为确保老年人人权的方案和政策建立适当的监测机制。 数据收集应特别注意城市、郊区和农村地区的老年人以及弱势老年人,如老年妇女或生活贫困的老年人。", "82. 此外,大会不妨建议现有国际文书的缔约国更明确地将老年人的情况纳入其报告。 条约机构监测机制和特别程序任务执行人在与各国对话、审议报告或进行国别访问时,对老年人状况的专注关注也应放在议程的首位。", "83个 大会不妨建议各会员国按照平等和不歧视原则,并适当考虑到关于老龄问题的现有文书和国家行动计划,就老年人的权利制定和执行更有效的多部门政策和方案。 各国政府在它们的努力中,包括国家人权机构、非政府组织、国家统计机构、学术实体以及专门机构和联合国实体的努力中,可受益于其他利益攸关方的技术合作和支持。", "[1] 所有提交材料见http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/OlderPersons/Pages/Submissions.aspx。", "[2] 世界人口 《前景:2010年订正本》,可查阅http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/ unpp/panel_indicators.htm. (原始内容存档于2017-09-29).", "[3] 见CEDAW/C/2010/47/GC.1, 第27号一般性建议(未编辑本)。", "[4] 《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》(大会第2200A(XXI)号决议)、《公民及政治权利国际公约》(大会第2200A(XXI)号决议)、《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》(大会第34/180号决议)、《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》(联合国,《条约汇编》,第660卷,第9464号)和《残疾人权利公约》(大会第61/106号决议)。", "[5] 例如,见《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第一条和《残疾人权利公约》第二条。", "[6] 可查阅http://www.ilo.org/ilolex。", "[7] 见经济、社会和文化权利委员会,第20号一般性意见,“经济、社会和文化权利方面的不歧视”(E/C.12/GC/20, 第29段)。", "[8] 另见经济、社会、文化权利委员会第6号一般性意见 \" 老年人的经济、社会和文化权利 \" (E/1996/22,附件四,第22段)。", "[9] 见人权事务委员会, Love等人诉澳大利亚,第983/2001号来文;Schmitz-de-Jong诉荷兰,第855/1999号来文;Solís诉秘鲁,第1016/2001号来文;Althammer等诉奥地利,第998/2001号来文(见《E.S.诉澳大利亚》,第7段)。 http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrc. 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2013-12-22.", "[10] 人权事务委员会,FH Zwaan-de Vries诉荷兰, 第182/1984号来文(CCPR/C/29/D/182/1984)。", "[11] 见经济、社会和文化权利委员会,第14号一般性意见,“享有能达到的最高标准健康的权利”(E/C.12/2000/4, 第25、34和35段)。", "[12] 《马德里老龄问题国际行动计划》也载有类似的参考资料,见《第二次老龄问题世界大会的报告,2002年4月8日至12日,马德里》(联合国出版物,出售品编号:C.02.IV.4),第一章。 页:1", "[13] 见E/1996/22,附件四,第33段。", "[14] 见A/HRC/14/31。", "[15] 见E/1996/22,附件四,第36和37段。", "[16] 例如,见欧洲理事会关于建立就业和职业平等待遇总框架的指示(2000年11月27日第2000/78/EC号理事会指示)所阐明的年龄平等待遇原则。", "[17] 大会第48/104号决议。", "[18] 根据《公民及政治权利国际盟约》(大会第2200 A(XXI)号决议)第2.3和26条的规定。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 78 of the provisional agenda*", "Criminal accountability of United Nations officials and experts on mission", "Criminal accountability of United Nations officials and experts on mission", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report has been prepared pursuant to paragraphs 16 and 17 of General Assembly resolution 65/20. Sections II and III contain information received from Governments on the extent to which their national laws establish jurisdiction, in particular over crimes of a serious nature committed by their nationals while serving as United Nations officials or experts on mission, as well as information on cooperation among States and with the United Nations in the exchange of information and the facilitation of investigations and prosecution of such individuals. Sections IV and V contain information concerning activities within the Secretariat in relation to the resolution.", "* A/66/150.", "I. Introduction", "1. In its resolution 65/20, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report on the implementation of the resolution, in particular with respect to paragraphs 3, 5 and 9, as well as any practical problems in its implementation, on the basis of information received from Governments and the Secretariat.", "2. The present report provides information on efforts undertaken in that regard. Sections II and III concern activities and information received relating to the criminal accountability of United Nations officials and experts on mission, as required by paragraphs 3, 4, 5 and 9. By a note verbale dated 1 March 2011, the Secretary-General drew the attention of all States to resolution 65/20 and requested them to submit relevant information.", "3. Sections IV and V of the report relate to activities undertaken within the Secretariat in the implementation of paragraphs 9 to 14 of the resolution, focusing in particular on information regarding the bringing of credible allegations that reveal that a crime may have been committed by United Nations officials to the attention of States against whose nationals such allegations are made, as well as assistance and training.", "4. The present report should be read together with the 2008, 2009 and 2010 reports of the Secretary-General on the same subject (A/63/260 and Add.1, A/64/183 and Add.1 and A/65/185).", "II. Establishment of jurisdiction over crimes of a serious nature", "Bulgaria", "5. Further to the information available in paragraphs 12 and 13 of document A/65/185, Bulgaria stated that its Penal Code applied to all Bulgarian citizens, including for crimes committed abroad (art. 4 (1)), regardless of whether the perpetrated acts represented a crime according to the legislation of the State within whose territory the offence had been committed. Crimes committed abroad by Bulgarian citizens in their capacity as national officials (“civil servants’ crimes”) or foreign officials, including United Nations officials and experts on mission, also fall within the scope of the criminal jurisdiction of the Bulgarian State (according to arts. 301 (5) and 304 (3) of the Penal Code, foreign officials are held responsible for passive and active bribery).", "Canada", "6. Further to information found in paragraphs 11 and 12 of document A/63/260, Canada noted that its National Defence Act provided jurisdiction based on nationality to prosecute the actions of Canadians serving abroad. Moreover, under its Criminal Code, its public servants employed abroad were subject to prosecution in Canada if the conduct was an offence both in Canada and in the place where it was committed. Its courts also had territorial jurisdiction over any offence established in Canadian law if there was a real and substantial connection to Canada. Canada also had jurisdiction over a number of offences based on other exceptions to customary international law or pursuant to international legal instruments to which Canada was a party. These would permit the prosecution in Canada of a range of criminal offences that might be committed in the context of service with the United Nations whether the offender was a Canadian national or not. Canada would continue to consider the desirability of amending its legislation to establish offences appropriate to United Nations service and jurisdiction to prosecute conduct outside of Canada that would be an offence in Canada if it was committed by a national or permanent resident of Canada while serving with the United Nations.", "Guyana", "7. In Guyana, criminal law is generally limited to conduct or acts occurring within its territorial jurisdiction, unless the contrary is expressly provided for (for previous comments of Guyana, see A/64/183, para. 14). Such is the case with section 35 of the Sexual Offences Act (Act No. 7 of 2010), which is applicable irrespective of how the conduct or act is described as an offence in the law of the country or territory outside of Guyana. The section provides that any conduct or act done by a resident or citizen of Guyana in a country or territory outside Guyana shall be deemed to be a sexual offence under the law of Guyana if the conduct or act: (a) constituted an offence under the law in force in that country or territory; and (b) would constitute a sexual offence under this Act had it been committed in Guyana.", "Iraq", "8. Further to the information provided in document A/63/260/Add.1 and document A/65/185, paragraph 26, Iraq stated that all diplomatic personnel and the staff of missions, including United Nations officials, enjoyed immunity in Iraq. Such immunity could serve to prevent the competent authorities from prosecuting offenders and to deny justice to injured parties. There were several possibilities: international organizations might choose to establish their own systems of justice in order to prosecute their officials who commit criminal acts; the State of which the accused official is a national might prosecute him or her at the request of the international organization; or the organization might waive the immunity of that official, thus enabling the host State to prosecute him or her. In order for States to be able to act on any of such possibilities, they should be explicitly stated in an international instrument concluded under the auspices of the United Nations or in the instrument establishing the relevant international organization.", "9. The special status of United Nations officials had led some Member States to call upon the Organization to establish clear standards and conditions for the waiving of the immunity of its officials, thereby removing such immunity as an obstacle to the exercise by the host State of its jurisdiction and the application of its laws. Iraq supported a zero-tolerance policy in respect of criminal acts committed by United Nations officials or experts on mission, including sexual exploitation and abuse, and financial misconduct. In addition to the harm caused, such acts damage the reputation of the United Nations and hinder the effectiveness of the Organization. States, both individually and in the General Assembly, should therefore take the measures required to ensure that the special status enjoyed by United Nations officials does not allow them to escape prosecution.", "10. This could be accomplished either by establishing mechanisms that would allow States to exercise jurisdiction over their nationals who commit serious crimes while serving in United Nations operations outside their territories or by allowing the judicial authorities of the State in the territory of which the criminal act was committed to exercise jurisdiction. The Iraqi authorities favoured the latter approach.", "Kuwait", "11. Kuwait reiterated the information concerning its Penal Code found in paragraph 15 of document A/64/183.", "Panama", "12. Further to paragraph 30 of document A/65/185, Panama noted the need to clarify several important concepts and terms like “criminal accountability”, “United Nations officials” and “experts on mission” and stated that its law criminalized sex trafficking, sex tourism and pornography with minors; misconduct by public servants; crimes against the juridical personality of the State; and crimes against humanity.", "Paraguay", "13. Paraguay reiterated the information available in paragraph 31 of A/65/185 and stated further that under its Penal Code, Paraguayan criminal law applied to acts committed in a foreign country, including punishable acts that the Republic, in accordance with an international treaty in force, was obliged to prosecute, even if they had been committed in a foreign country. Paraguayan criminal law applied only when the person who had committed such an act entered the national territory.", "14. Paraguay stated further that in view of international law relating to immunities and privileges, the courts of the receiving State would not have jurisdiction in respect of acts committed by diplomats in the exercise of their functions; however, they would have jurisdiction in respect of ordinary punishable acts performed by diplomats outside their functions. When an act was committed, the receiving State was required to request the sending State to waive the immunities and privileges enjoyed by such persons in order to investigate the matter.", "Portugal", "15. Portugal reiterated its position as reflected in paragraphs 19 to 22 of document A/64/183, together with paragraph 34 of document A/65/185. It noted, in particular, consistent with its obligations under the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations and article 322 of its Criminal Code, that should a United Nations official or an expert on mission commit a crime falling under the jurisdictional competence of the Portuguese criminal law, the competent judge could request the Secretary-General of the United Nations, through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, to waive the immunity of such an official or expert on mission.", "Qatar", "16. Qatar stated that it strongly supported General Assembly resolution 65/20, stressing that the implementation of its provisions was an essential step towards achieving justice and guarding against impunity. It reiterated the information found in paragraph 35 of document A/65/185, confirming in particular the participation of Qatar in the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon and that no violations nor crimes by its nationals had been reported.", "Slovenia", "17. In Slovenia, under article 11 of the Criminal Code, the criminal legislation is applicable to: (a) criminal offences that must be prosecuted in accordance with an applicable binding international treaty, irrespective of the location in which the offence is committed; (b) criminal offences committed against the sovereignty of Slovenia and its democratic constitutional order and/or the crime of terrorism (committed against Slovenia and/or any foreign State or international organization). The general principles in its article, together with articles 12 (Application of the Criminal Code to Slovenian citizens who commit a criminal offence abroad), 13 (Application of the Criminal Code to foreign citizens who commit a criminal offence abroad) and 14 (Special conditions for prosecution), apply to Slovenian nationals who commit a criminal offence in their capacity as officials of the United Nations or as experts on mission.", "Sweden", "18. Sweden reiterated the information contained in paragraph 24 of document A/64/183.", "Switzerland", "19. Switzerland reiterated the information contained in paragraph 33 of document A/63/260, stressing that in order for Switzerland to prosecute its nationals serving as United Nations officials or experts on mission, the United Nations would first have to lift the immunity they enjoy under international treaties.", "20. It was also stated that as part of the measures taken to implement the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court in Switzerland, legislative amendments to the Swiss Criminal Code and the Military Criminal Code were adopted by Parliament and entered into force on 1 January 2011. Principally, the amendments incorporate crimes against humanity into Swiss law (Criminal Code, art. 264 (a)); provide a detailed definition of war crimes and remove the condition requiring the existence of a close link to Switzerland, so that anyone suspected of war crimes who is in Swiss territory and cannot be extradited to another jurisdiction may be prosecuted in Switzerland (Criminal Code, art. 264 (m)); and adapt the definition of genocide (Criminal Code, art. 264), adding the notions of social and political groups to the notions of national, racial, religious and ethnic groups. In addition, members of the Swiss executive and judicial branches no longer enjoy functional immunity for genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes (Criminal Code, art. 264 (n), in connection with art. 7, para. 2 (b) of the Criminal Procedure Code).", "21. The amendments also redefine the distribution of responsibilities between civilian and military authorities. In peacetime, the Office of the Public Prosecutor of the Confederation conducts prosecutions for genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes, except in cases where the perpetrator or victim of the crime is a member of the Swiss military. In wartime, all cases of such crimes come under military jurisdiction.", "Turkmenistan", "22. In Turkmenistan, in accordance with articles 522 (7), 523 (1) and 523 (3) of the 2009 Criminal Procedure Code, heads, members and staff of foreign missions to international organizations who are in its territory enjoy the right to personal immunity on the basis of international treaties and universally acknowledged international custom. Such persons may not be detained or remanded in custody, except when necessary for the execution of a sentence imposed upon them which has entered into legal force. Cases of detention or custody are reported without delay by a preliminary investigation body, prosecutor or court to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkmenistan by telephone, telegraph or other rapid communication method.", "23. In other cases, the legislation does not provide guarantees against or immunity from criminal prosecution for officials and experts on United Nations missions unless an international treaty to which Turkmenistan is a party stipulates otherwise. In that connection, if the persons in question commit a crime covered by the Criminal Code, the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code may be applied to them, whether they are Turkmen nationals, foreign nationals or stateless persons.", "24. In accordance with article 8 of the 2008 Constitution of Turkmenistan, foreign nationals and stateless persons enjoy the same rights and freedoms and have the same obligations, including in the context of criminal prosecution, as Turkmen nationals, in accordance with the legislation of Turkmenistan and the international treaties to which it is a party.", "25. Foreign nationals and stateless persons who are not permanently residing in Turkmenistan are liable to prosecution under the criminal law of Turkmenistan for a crime committed outside Turkmenistan if the crime was directed against Turkmenistan or its nationals. They are also liable in the cases provided for under the international treaties to which Turkmenistan is a party if they have neither been sentenced in a foreign State nor prosecuted in the territory of Turkmenistan.", "26. Foreign nationals and stateless persons who have committed a crime outside Turkmenistan and who are in its territory may be extradited to a foreign State for criminal prosecution or to serve a sentence, in accordance with the international treaties and agreements to which Turkmenistan is a party.", "27. The law enforcement agencies of Turkmenistan have no evidence of crimes having been committed by United Nations officials and experts on mission during the period from 2006 to 2011.", "III. Cooperation between States and with the United Nations in the exchange of information and the facilitation of investigations and prosecutions", "Bulgaria", "28. In Bulgaria, international cooperation in the field of criminal prosecution was carried out in accordance with the national legislation and the international treaties to which Bulgaria is a party, the latter having precedence over the norms of the national law, which contradict them. Bulgaria is a party to numerous conventions of the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and the European Union in the field of legal assistance in criminal matters.", "29. Moreover, legal assistance is carried out on the basis of bilateral treaties for mutual legal assistance and extradition with more than 30 United Nations Member States.", "30. Chapter 36 of the Penal Procedure Code on international cooperation in criminal matters contains detailed regulation of the transfer of convicted persons, the recognition and enforcement of sentences issued by a foreign court, international legal assistance in criminal matters, including during the investigation phase, the collection of evidence, presentation of information and other forms of legal assistance, and the transfer of criminal proceedings. International legal assistance in criminal cases is provided in accordance with an international treaty or the principle of reciprocity. Assistance can also be provided to an international court whose jurisdiction is recognized by Bulgaria.", "31. The conditions and the rules on extradition are defined in the law on extradition and the European arrest warrant. The special branches within the Ministry of Justice and the Supreme Prosecutor’s Office of Cassation are entrusted with guaranteeing timely legal assistance and extradition under the conditions of international treaties or on the basis of reciprocity.", "32. Chapter 17 of the Penal Procedure Code concerning investigation allows for information received from the United Nations to serve as a basis for the commencement of pretrial proceedings against Bulgarian citizens serving as officials or experts on mission for crimes they commit abroad.", "33. Witness protection is regulated in article 123 of the Penal Procedure Code, as well as the law on the protection of persons in criminal proceedings, which establishes the conditions for providing special protection to persons endangered as a result of pending criminal proceedings and persons directly connected to them, where the measures provided in the Penal Procedure Code are insufficient to guarantee their protection. A special programme has been set up in accordance with the law, providing for the following measures: personal physical protection; protection of property; temporary relocation; change of domicile, employment or place of study; and change of identity. A protection council of the Minister of Justice oversees the implementation of the programme, while the measures for protection are applied by the Bureau of Protection, which is a specialized department within the Chief Directorate “Protection” of the Ministry of Justice. The Bureau may request the relocation of a person to another State or grant assistance for the temporary residence in Bulgaria of a foreign citizen under protection and personal guard, upon the request of another State and in accordance with an international treaty or on the basis of reciprocity.", "Canada", "34. Further to information found in paragraph 41 of document A/63/260, Canada noted that in order to generate and share evidence it could investigate within its territory. However, it could not conduct any enforcement action (arrest, detention, search or seizure, etc.) or any investigative operations in another State without the State’s consent.", "35. It also noted that in the case of a prosecution in Canada, there were often practical problems associated with the importation of foreign-source evidence into its legal proceedings. For example, evidence sent by the United Nations would probably have to be supported by viva voce testimony, raising practical questions of travel costs and immunities and privileges (e.g. from perjury offences) when in Canada. While some forms of evidence might be obtained under mutual legal assistance processes and laws, and in some cases video-link evidence might be an option, in general, the costs and logistical obstacles to actually mount a successful prosecution posed as serious a challenge as legal obstacles. In the protection of victims and witnesses, for example, it would be difficult for Canada to protect a witness who appeared locally via video link or through documentary means, and for one who came to Canada to testify, the chances that such a witness might claim refugee status might in some cases reduce the value of the testimony itself.", "Guyana", "36. Guyana noted that cooperation and exchange of information fell under the ambit of the Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters Act (Act No. 38 of 2009), while the investigation and prosecution of crimes of a serious nature were covered by numerous pieces of legislation, including the Criminal Law (Offences) Act, chapter 8:01 (for previous comments of Guyana, see A/64/183, paras. 46-48). Any requests for assistance to conduct effective investigations are regulated by the former act; if accepted, they must be expedited in accordance with its provisions.", "37. Due process requirements for any person charged or tried for a criminal offence in the courts of Guyana are protected by article 144 of the revised 1980 Constitution of Guyana, which deals with provisions to secure the protection of the law.", "38. The prosecution of United Nations officials and experts on mission would be subject to the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations of 1946, the substantive articles of which are incorporated into the laws of Guyana by virtue of the Privileges and Immunities (Diplomatic, consular and international organizations) Act, chapter 18:01.", "39. The provision of legal assistance in criminal matters in Guyana is also regulated by the 2009 Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters Act, which establishes the Minister of Home Affairs as the central authority for receiving and transmitting requests for assistance in such areas as obtaining evidence, locating or identifying persons or things, obtaining things by search and seizure, arranging the attendance of persons, transferring prisoners, serving documents, tracing property, registering or enforcing a forfeiture, pecuniary penalty or restraining order, and obtaining a restraining order.", "40. The Act is applicable to requests received from the central authority of a Commonwealth country (designated as such under article 47 (3) of the 1980 Constitution and the revised 2003 Constitution); of a country that is a party to the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances; or of any country that has a bilateral or multilateral treaty with Guyana in respect of mutual assistance in criminal matters (e.g. the Inter‑American Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters).", "41. There is no law as such that regulates the receipt of information and material from the United Nations but rather regulates evidence received from the central authorities of countries covered under the 2009 Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters Act.", "42. In addition, the Evidence (Proceedings in foreign tribunals) Act (Act No. 32 of 1991) allows the High Court to assist in obtaining evidence requested for the purposes of proceedings in foreign tribunals.", "43. Matters relating to extradition are governed by the Fugitive Offenders Act (Act No. 15 of 1988) and the amendment of 2009, which allow extradition requests from Commonwealth countries and treaty territories, as well as from non-Commonwealth countries which are also non-treaty territories (this is allowed in special cases). An extraditable offence is described as such according to section 5 (1): where the act or omission constituting the offence, however described, constitutes an offence, and is punishable with death or imprisonment for life or for a term of not less than two years under both the laws of Guyana and those of the country making the extradition request.", "44. In addition, a person is liable to be extradited from Guyana, in accordance with section 7, if that person is found in Guyana and is accused of an extraditable offence or alleged to be unlawfully at large, after his or her conviction of an extraditable offence in the requesting country.", "45. Generally, witness protection is available for eligible persons who may be witnesses or potential witnesses to a crime of a serious nature if it is determined that such persons may become victims of an offence involving a crime of violence. Such witness protection is specifically provided in section 14 of the Combating of Trafficking in Persons Act (Act No. 2 of 2005). The programme may include relocation, new documents establishing identity, new residence, employment work permits and protection of confidentiality of identity and location.", "Kuwait", "46. Kuwait reiterated the information on cooperation in paragraph 51 of document A/64/183.", "Panama", "47. Panama is making tremendous efforts to protect the interests of its citizens while according due respect to the rights of non-citizens. It complies with the standards of due process set by its Political Constitution and in international conventions to which it is a party. Its Judicial Code establishes the procedural rules governing extradition.", "48. Victims of crime are guaranteed their right to legal recourse under Act No. 31 of 28 May 1998, which also establishes protection for victims. Panama is a party to the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and, through Act No. 48 of 30 August 2004, and the addition of article 2121-A on the protection of witness identity to the Judicial Code, has incorporated it into domestic law.", "Portugal", "49. Portugal reiterated its position as reflected in document A/64/183, paragraph 54 (see also A/65/185, para. 75).", "Paraguay", "50. Paraguay stated that, bearing in mind international law relating to immunities and privileges, the receiving State or the State in whose territory the punishable act was committed, in matters of mutual assistance, should as a first step request the sending State to waive the privileges and immunities of its diplomats in order to initiate a criminal investigation. As a second step, and with a view to cooperation between States for the purpose of investigations, due account should be taken of conventions and/or agreements concluded between the two States concerned or of multilateral agreements providing for the relevant mutual assistance in obtaining the statements or information that States may require.", "Qatar", "51. Qatar reiterated the information contained in paragraph 76 of document A/65/185.", "Slovenia", "52. Slovenia reiterated the information contained in paragraphs 80 and 81 of document A/65/185.", "Sweden", "53. Sweden reiterated the information contained in paragraph 55 of document A/64/183, emphasizing that there were no obstacles to close cooperation of the nature suggested in resolution 65/20 with the relevant authorities in the country where the crimes in question are committed.", "Turkmenistan", "54. In Turkmenistan, articles 542 to 557 of the Criminal Procedure Code cover procedures for international cooperation, including extradition and legal assistance, which are provided on the basis of international agreements or reciprocal arrangements.", "55. At the request of a State making an application, the procedural rules of a foreign State may be applied; its representative may be present, if this is provided for under an international treaty. Witnesses, victims, civil plaintiffs, civil defendants and their representatives and experts who are foreign nationals may, with their consent, also be called to appear in investigations or judicial proceedings in Turkmenistan.", "56. Under articles 107 to 109 of the Criminal Procedure Code, the law enforcement agencies are responsible for ensuring the safety of participants in criminal proceedings.", "57. If an initial inquiry body, investigator, prosecutor or judge has sufficient information in connection with a criminal case to fear that the victims, suspects, accused persons, defendants, witnesses, experts, specialists or other participants in the proceedings and their close relatives risk being killed or being subjected to force, violence or cruelty, having property destroyed or damaged, or other acts prohibited by criminal law, the former must take all measures to protect the lives, honour, dignity and property of the latter, ensure their safety, identify the perpetrators and bring such persons to justice.", "58. To ensure the safety of participants in court proceedings and their close relatives, the judge or presiding officer may hold a closed session or may issue a ruling or determination to interview a witness in response to a motion by the witness or the prosecution or of their own initiative, without releasing information identifying the witness and through the use of a pseudonym; in a manner excluding the possibility of the witness being identified; and without visual observation by others during the court proceedings.", "IV. Bringing credible allegations that reveal that a crime may have been committed by United Nations officials to the attention of States against whose nationals such allegations are made and matters related thereto", "59. In paragraphs 9 to 14, 16 and 17 of its resolution 65/20, the General Assembly urged Member States to provide information to the Secretary-General, requested the Secretary-General to provide certain information to the Assembly and requested the United Nations to take certain measures concerning the issue of criminal accountability of officials and experts on mission.", "Referrals in relation to officials", "60. The request in paragraph 9 of the resolution is similar to those made by the Assembly in paragraph 9 of its resolutions 64/110 (see A/65/185, covering the period from 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2010), 63/119 (see A/64/183, covering the 2008/09 period) and 62/63 (see A/63/260, covering the 2007/08 period).", "61. The information provided in the present report relates to the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011. During the said period, the Office of Legal Affairs referred to States of nationality the cases of six United Nations officials and two experts on mission for investigation and possible prosecution. Of the cases involving United Nations officials, one concerned allegations of sexual abuse of a minor; the second, allegations of a fraudulent wire transfer; the third, allegations of assault and inappropriate use of a firearm; the fourth, allegations of fraud and blackmail; and the fifth and sixth, allegations of fraudulent medical insurance claims. With regard to the cases of the experts on mission, the first case involved allegations of sexual exploitation and abuse of a minor and the second case involved allegations of fuel theft.", "Requests for indication of status and assistance that may be provided by the Secretariat", "62. The Office of Legal Affairs requested the States to which cases were referred during the reporting period to keep the United Nations informed of any action taken by national authorities in relation to such cases. As at the date of preparation of the present report, two States to which referrals were made had contacted the Office of Legal Affairs in order to seek certain clarifications on the referred cases. The Office had responded to the States in both instances and remains ready to assist on all referrals made.", "63. Details of earlier requests by the Secretariat for information from States of nationality on how they were handling previously referred cases are contained in paragraph 63 of document A/64/183 and paragraphs 85 and 86 of document A/65/185.", "Possible use by States exercising jurisdiction of information from United Nations investigations", "64. In paragraph 11 of its resolution 65/20, the General Assembly requests the United Nations, when its investigations into allegations suggest that crimes of a serious nature may have been committed by United Nations officials or experts on mission, to consider any appropriate measures that may facilitate the possible use of information and material for purposes of criminal proceedings initiated by States, bearing in mind due process considerations. In the same vein, in paragraph 13 of that resolution, the Assembly urges the United Nations to continue cooperating with States exercising jurisdiction in order to provide them, within the framework of the relevant rules of international law and agreements governing activities of the United Nations, with information and material for purposes of criminal proceedings initiated by States.", "65. In this regard, it is important to recall that the legal framework within which the referrals are made by the United Nations and the role of the Secretary-General have been outlined in section IV of document A/63/260.", "66. The United Nations cooperates with law enforcement and judicial authorities of relevant Member States in accordance with its rights and obligations under the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, adopted by the General Assembly on 13 February 1946, as well as other relevant international agreements and applicable legal principles. Accordingly, the Organization will disclose documents and/or information and waive immunity on a case-by-case basis where, in the opinion of the Secretary-General, immunity would impede the course of justice and can be waived without prejudice to the interests of the United Nations. Consequently, information obtained by the United Nations may be provided to the relevant authorities, and documents may be shared, subject to consideration of confidentiality and privileges and immunities. Documents may be redacted where necessary. It should be noted that, since the United Nations does not have any criminal investigative or prosecutorial jurisdiction, the use of any United Nations-provided documents or information, including their admissibility in any legal proceedings, is a matter for determination by the relevant judicial authorities to whom such documents or information have been provided.", "Protection of United Nations officials and experts on mission from retaliation", "67. In paragraph 12 of its resolution 65/20, the General Assembly encouraged the United Nations, should allegations against United Nations officials or experts on mission be determined by a United Nations administrative investigation to be unfounded, to take appropriate measures, in the interests of the Organization, to restore the credibility and reputation of such officials and experts on mission.", "68. Moreover, the General Assembly, in paragraph 14 of the same resolution, emphasized that the United Nations, in accordance with the applicable rules of the Organization, should take no action that would retaliate against or intimidate United Nations officials and experts on mission who report allegations concerning crimes of a serious nature committed by United Nations officials and experts on mission.", "69. In this regard, United Nations officials who report misconduct by other United Nations officials or experts on mission are protected against retaliation under the staff regulations, rules and relevant administrative issuances. In particular, the Secretary-General issued bulletin ST/SGB/2005/21, entitled “Protection against retaliation for reporting misconduct and for cooperating with duly authorized audits or investigations”, with the objective of enhancing protection for individuals who report misconduct or cooperate with duly authorized audits or investigations. In addition, it should be noted that staff members may appeal against any retaliatory measure through the internal justice system.", "V. Taking other practical measures to strengthen existing training on United Nations standards of conduct, including through predeployment and in-mission induction training", "70. The Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Department of Field Support continued to pursue efforts within the three-pronged comprehensive strategy to address sexual exploitation and abuse: prevention, enforcement and remedial action. Training and awareness-raising on United Nations standards of conduct remain at the centre of the preventive measures adopted by the various peacekeeping operations and special political missions.", "71. Presently, there are 13 conduct and discipline teams covering 19 peacekeeping and special political missions. The Conduct and Discipline Unit at Headquarters and conduct and discipline teams in the field deliver or facilitate training for all categories of personnel.", "Training at Headquarters and in peacekeeping missions", "72. An induction training programme on conduct and discipline was developed and a regional workshop was held in November 2010 in Entebbe, Uganda, followed by a repeat session for the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti in the Dominican Republic in June 2011. The four-day programme served to inform the members of conduct and discipline teams and conduct and discipline focal points about their roles in implementing the three-pronged strategy, as a means to address conduct and discipline issues among United Nations personnel in peacekeeping and special political missions.", "73. A comprehensive survey of the activities of conduct and discipline teams on the preventive measures put in place in the various missions was conducted at the end of 2010. The results of that survey were included in the report of the Secretary-General on special measures for protection from sexual exploitation and sexual abuse (A/65/742).", "74. In 16 missions that responded to the survey, training on the prevention of sexual exploitation and abuse was conducted either as part of the induction of new personnel or in a separate, targeted training session. In 5 of those missions, training on the prevention of sexual exploitation and abuse was provided both as part of induction and in targeted training sessions. In 15 missions, the Conduct and Discipline Team or focal points conducted the training, while in 1 mission, the training was carried out by the military focal points.", "75. Conduct and discipline teams reported carrying out communications activities related to the prevention of sexual exploitation and abuse that targeted mission personnel and the larger community. Nine missions conducted external communications activities, examples of which included print and radio material, targeted campaigns, exhibitions, symposiums and information posted on mission websites. Eight missions reported activities which included holding meetings with local government officials, liaising with educational centres and schools and carrying out information sessions with the local population. In all but one mission, intramission communications activities were carried out, for example through e-mail broadcasts, administrative instructions, information circulars and handouts to mission personnel." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目78", "追究联合国官员和特派专家的刑事责任", "追究联合国官员和特派专家的刑事责任", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告根据大会第65/20号决议第16和17段编写。第二和第三节载有各国政府提供的资料，说明其国家法律确立管辖权的程度，特别是针对其国民在担任联合国官员或特派专家期间实施的性质严重的罪行，并说明各国彼此合作并与联合国合作以交换信息和便利对这类人员进行调查和起诉的情况。第四和第五节说明秘书处内部就该决议开展活动的情况。", "一 导言", "1. 大会在第65/20号决议中请秘书长根据各国政府和秘书处提交的资料，报告该决议的执行情况，特别是第3、5和9段的执行情况，以及执行中的任何实际问题。", "2. 本报告提供资料说明在这方面开展的工作。第二和第三节说明各国按决议第3、4、5和9段的要求在追究联合国官员和特派专家刑事责任方面进行的活动和提供的资料。秘书长于2011年3月1日向各国发出普通照会提请注意第65/20号决议，并要求各国提交有关资料。", "3. 本报告第四和第五节说明秘书处内为执行该决议第9至14段所开展的活动，尤其注重以下方面的信息：提请被指控人国籍国注意显示联合国官员可能实施了犯罪的可信指控；援助和培训。", "4. 本报告应结合2008、2009和2010年秘书长关于同一主题的报告(A/63/260和Add.1、A/64/183和Add.1及A/65/185)一起阅读。", "二. 确定对严重性质罪行的管辖权", "保加利亚", "5. 除了文件A/65/185第12和13段中提供的资料以外，保加利亚表示，其《刑法》适用于所有保加利亚公民，包括在国外实施的罪行(第4(1)条)，无论该行为根据犯罪所在国的法律是否构成犯罪。保加利亚公民以其国家官员(“公务员犯罪”)或外国官员的身份(包括联合国官员和特派专家)在国外所犯的罪行也属保加利亚国的刑事管辖权范围(《刑法》第301(5)和304(3)条规定追究外国官员的被动贿赂和主动贿赂责任)。", "加拿大", "6. 除A/63/260号文件第11和12段中的资料外，加拿大指出，其《国防法》规定根据国籍管辖在境外服务的加拿大人行为的起诉事宜。此外，根据加拿大《刑法》，如果在境外受雇的公务员其行为在加拿大和行为所在地都构成犯罪，则可在加拿大受到起诉。此外，如果与加拿大有真正和实质性的联系，则加拿大法院对加拿大法律规定的任何罪行也有属地管辖权。根据习惯国际法的其他例外或根据加拿大加入的国际法律文书，加拿大还对若干罪行具有管辖权。这些将使加拿大可在其境内起诉为联合国服务时实施的各种罪行，无论犯罪者是否为加拿大公民。加拿大将继续考虑是否应该修正立法，以确立为联合国服务方面的适当罪行，并规定如果加拿大国民或常住居民在为联合国服务期间在加拿大境外的行为在加拿大构成犯罪，则加拿大对此行为具有起诉管辖权。", "圭亚那", "7. 在圭亚那，除非另有明确规定，刑法通常限于在圭亚那有属地管辖权的范围内发生的行为或行动(圭亚那先前的评论意见见A/64/183，第14段)。《性犯罪法案》(2010年第7号法案)第35款就是这种情况。无论该行为或行动在圭亚那以外的国家或领土是否被称为犯罪，该款都一律适用。该款规定：圭亚那居民或公民在圭亚那以外的国家或领土实施的行为或行动如果符合下列条件，则应根据圭亚那法律，视其为性犯罪：(a) 根据该国或该领土的现行法律构成犯罪；(b) 如果该行为或行动发生在圭亚那境内，则会根据本法案构成性犯罪。", "伊拉克", "8. 除了A/63/260/Add.1号文件和A/65/185号文件第26段提供的资料以外，伊拉克表示，所有外交人员和特派团工作人员，包括联合国官员，均在伊拉克享有豁免权。这种豁免权可使犯罪者免于受到主管当局的起诉，也使受害方无法得到正义。这方面存在几种可能：国际组织可选择建立自己的司法制度，起诉其犯有刑事罪行的官员；被指控官员的国籍国可应国际组织的请求起诉此人；该组织可能放弃该官员的豁免权，从而使东道国可以对此人进行起诉。为了使国家能够对这几种可能性中的任何一种采取行动，应该在联合国主持下缔结的国际文书或有关国际组织的成立文书中予以明确说明。", "9. 联合国官员的特殊地位使一些会员国呼吁联合国为放弃其官员的豁免权规定明确的标准和条件，从而排除这种豁免权给东道国行使管辖权和适用法律造成的障碍。伊拉克支持对联合国官员或特派专家实施的罪行，包括性剥削和性虐待以及金融不当行为，采取零容忍政策。这些行为除了造成伤害外，还损害联合国的声誉，影响本组织的效率。因此，各国应独自和在大会中采取必要措施，确保联合国官员享有的特殊地位不使其逃脱起诉。", "10. 可以通过两个办法实现这一目标：一是建立机制，使会员国能够对在境外参加联合国行动时犯有严重罪行的国民行使管辖权；二是允许罪行发生地的国家司法当局行使管辖权。伊拉克当局赞成后一个办法。", "科威特", "11. 科威特重申A/64/183号文件第15段中关于其《刑法》的资料。", "巴拿马", "12. 除了A/65/185号文件第30段以外，巴拿马指出，需要澄清一些重要的概念和术语，诸如“追究刑事责任”、“联合国官员”和“特派专家”；并表示，巴拿马法律将性贩卖、性旅游和涉及未成年人的色情制品，公务员的不当行为，侵害国家司法人员的罪行和危害人类罪，均定为犯罪。", "巴拉圭", "13. 巴拉圭重申A/65/185第31段中的资料，并且还表示，根据巴拉圭《刑法》，在国外实施的行为也适用巴拉圭刑法，包括巴拉圭根据现行国际条约必须起诉的应予惩处行为，即便这些行为在国外实施。巴拉圭刑法只有在行为人进入巴拉圭境内时才适用。", "14. 巴拉圭进一步指出，根据有关豁免和特权的国际法律，接受国法院对外交官在行使职务时实施的行为没有管辖权；但接受国对外交官从事的与职务无关的普通应予惩处行为具有管辖权。行为发生时，接受国有必要请派遣国放弃此人享有的豁免和特权，以便能够对事情进行调查。", "葡萄牙", "15. 葡萄牙重申其在A/64/183号文件第19至22段以及A/65/185号文件第34段中表示的立场。葡萄牙特别指出，根据其对《联合国特权和豁免公约》承担的义务以及葡萄牙《刑法》第322条，如联合国官员或特派专家实施了属于葡萄牙刑法管辖范围的罪行，主管法官可通过外交部要求联合国秘书长放弃相关官员和特派专家的豁免权。", "卡塔尔", "16. 卡塔尔指出，该国大力支持大会第65/20号决议，强调执行该决议的规定是实现正义和防止有罪不罚的必要步骤。卡塔尔重申A/65/185号文件第35段中的资料，特别确认卡塔尔参加了联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队，且没有报告称卡塔尔国民违规或犯罪。", "斯洛文尼亚", "17. 根据斯洛文尼亚《刑法》第11条，刑事法规适用于：(a) 根据有约束力的适用国际条约必须惩罚的刑事罪，无论犯罪地点在何处：(b) 侵害斯洛文尼亚主权及其宪法民主秩序的刑事罪和(或)恐怖罪行(针对斯洛文尼亚和(或)任何外国或国际组织)。该条的一般原则，还有第12条(对在境外犯有刑事罪的斯洛文尼亚公民适用《刑法》)第13条(对在境外犯有刑事罪的外国公民适用《刑法》)和第14条(起诉的特殊条件)适用于以联合国官员或特派专家身份犯下刑事罪的斯洛文尼亚国民。", "瑞典", "18. 瑞典重申A/64/183 号文件第24段中的资料。", "瑞士", "19. 瑞士重申A/63/260号文件第33段中的资料，强调为了使瑞士能够起诉其担任联合国官员或特派专家的国民，联合国必须首先取消他们根据国际条约享有的豁免权。", "20. 瑞士还表示，议会通过了《瑞士刑法》和《军事刑法》的立法修正案，并于2011年1月1日生效，作为在瑞士执行《国际刑事法院罗马规约》措施的部分。修正案主要是将危害人类罪纳入瑞士法律(《刑法》第264(a)条)；规定战争罪的详细定义，取消要求具备与瑞士有密切联系这一条件，从而使瑞士境内无法引渡到另一管辖区的战争罪嫌疑犯可在瑞士受到起诉(《刑法》第264(m)条)；变通灭绝种族罪的定义(《刑法》第264条)，在国家、民族、宗教和族裔群体说法之外增加社会和政治群体的说法。此外，瑞士的行政和司法分支成员不再享有灭绝种族罪、危害人类罪和战争罪的职能豁免权(《刑法》第264(n)条，联系《刑事诉讼法)第7条第2(b)款)。", "21. 修正案还重新界定了民政当局和军事当局之间的责任分工。在和平时期，联邦检察院负责对灭绝种族罪、危害人类罪和战争罪进行起诉，除非该罪行的行为人或受害者是瑞士军队中的一员。在战争时期，所有这类犯罪案件都归属军事管辖。", "土库曼斯坦", "22. 根据2009年《刑事诉讼法》第522(7)、523(1)和523(3)条，土库曼斯坦境内的外国驻国际组织代表团的领导、成员和工作人员享有国际条约和公认国际习惯赋予的属人豁免权。这些人不能被拘留或还押，除非必须对其执行具有法律效力的判决。初步调查机构、检察官或法院均立即用电话、电报或其他快速通信方式，向土库曼斯坦外交部报告拘留或羁押案件。", "23. 对其他情况，立法没有规定联合国特派团的官员和专家保证不受刑事起诉或免于刑事起诉，除非土库曼斯坦加入的国际条约另有规定。在这方面，如果当事人实施《刑法》所涉的罪行，则无论此人是土库曼斯坦国民、外国人还是无国籍人，都可对其适用《刑事诉讼法》。", "24. 根据2008年《土库曼斯坦宪法》第8条，外国人和无国籍人享有与土库曼斯坦国民相同的权利和自由，并承担相同义务，包括在刑事诉讼中也是如此，这些都符合土库曼斯坦立法及其参加的国际条约。", "25. 根据土库曼斯坦刑法，土库曼斯坦境内的非常住外国人和无国籍人如果在境外对土库曼斯坦或其国民犯罪，则应受到起诉。他们也对土库曼斯坦加入的国际条约规定的罪行负责，倘若他们既未在外国受到判决也未在土库曼斯坦境内受到起诉。", "26. 目前在土库曼斯坦境内但曾在其境外犯罪的外国人和无国籍人可被引渡到国外接受刑事诉讼，或根据土库曼斯坦加入的国际条约和协定服刑。", "27. 土库曼斯坦的执法机构没有联合国官员和特派专家在2006年至2011年期间的犯罪证据。", "三. 各国彼此合作并与联合国合作以交换信息和便利进行调查和起诉", "保加利亚", "28． 在保加利亚，刑事诉讼领域中的国际合作根据国家立法和保加利亚为缔约方的国际条约进行，后者优先于与之相抵触的国家法律规范。保加利亚是联合国、欧洲委员会、经济合作与发展组织和欧洲联盟在刑事事项法律援助领域中诸多公约的缔约国。", "29. 此外，还根据法律互助和引渡的双边条约对联合国30多个会员国进行了法律援助。", "30． 关于刑事事项国际合作的《刑事诉讼法典》第36章详细规定了以下方面的规则：被定罪者的移交、对外国法院所作宣判的承认和执行、刑事事项中(包括调查阶段期间)的国际法律援助、证据的收集、资料的提出和其他形式的法律援助以及刑事诉讼的移交。刑事案件中的法律援助根据国际条约或对等原则提供。还可向保加利亚承认其管辖权的国际法庭提供援助。", "31． 关于引渡和欧洲逮捕令的法律规定了引渡的条件和规则。司法部和最高检察官上诉办公室内设有专职部门负责保证根据国际条约的条件或在对等基础上及时提供法律援助。", "32. 关于调查的《刑事诉讼法典》第17章允许把从联合国收到的资料作为依据，启动针对担任官员和特派专家的保加利亚公民在国外所犯罪行的审前程序。", "33. 《刑事诉讼法典》第123条以及刑事诉讼中人员保护法对证人保护作出了规定。而当《刑事诉讼法典》中规定的措施不足以保证对他们的保护时，后者规定了为因悬而未决刑事诉讼而处于险境人员及其直接关联者提供特别保护的条件。根据这一法律，已设立了一项特别方案提供以下措施：人身保护；财产保护；临时搬迁；更改户籍、就业或学习地点；改变身份。司法部长的一个保护理事会负责监督该方案的实施，而运用保护措施的是保护局，这是司法部“保护”总局内的一个专职部门。该局可请求将某人迁往另一国家，或在受到另一国请求时，根据国际条约或在对等基础上，为受保护的外国公民在保加利亚临时居住提供援助和个人警卫。", "加拿大", "34. 继在A/63/260号文件第41段中提供资料后，加拿大指出，为起获和分享证据，它可在本国领土内展开调查。不过，它不能在未获另一国同意的情况下在该国境内实施任何执行行动(逮捕、拘留、搜查或没收等)或任何调查作业。", "35. 它还指出，在加拿大进行起诉的案件中，通常会遇到与把源自外国的证据引入本国法律程序有关的实际问题。例如，联合国递送的证据可能还须得到口头证词的支持，从而产生差旅费以及在加拿大期间的豁免和特权(例如免于伪证罪)等实际问题。虽然通过法律互助程序和法律也许能够取得某种形式的证据，而且在某些案件中视频连接证据也许是一种选项，但一般而言，费用和后勤障碍对实际上成功进行起诉所构成的严峻挑战并不亚于法律障碍。例如，在受害人和证人保护方面，加拿大很难保护一名通过视频连接在本地出面或通过文件手段作证的证人，而对于前往加拿大作证的人而言，这种证人申请难民身份的可能性在某些案件中可能会降低证词本身的价值。", "圭亚那", "36. 圭亚那指出，开展合作和交流资料属于《刑事事项互助法》(2009年第38号法)的范畴，而对性质严重罪行的调查和起诉则有多项立法作出规定，其中包括《刑法》(《犯罪法》)第8:01章(关于圭亚那先前的评论意见，见A/64/183,第46至第48段)。任何关于协助进行有效调查的请求都按《刑事事项互助法》办理，如请求被接受，就须依该法的规定从速落实。", "37． 在圭亚那法院对任何人进行刑事罪起诉或审判都须遵循适当程序，这一要求受到修订后1980年《圭亚那宪法》中对确保法律保护作出了规定的第144条的保障。", "38. 对联合国官员和特派专家的起诉将根据1946年《联合国特权和豁免公约》进行。该条约的实质性条款已通过《(外交、领事和国际组织)特权和豁免法》第18:01章被纳入了圭亚那法律。", "39. 在圭亚那提供刑事事项法律援助也按2009年《刑事事项互助法》办理。该法确定内政部长为接受和转递援助请求的中央主管，这种援助请求所涉领域包括：取证、寻找或辨识人员或物品、通过搜查和没收取得物品、安排人员到场、转移囚犯、送达文件、追查财产、登记或执行没收、罚款或禁止令和取得禁止令。", "40. 该法适用于从英联邦国家(按照1980年《宪法》和修订后的2003年《宪法》第47(3)条的认定)、《联合国禁止非法贩运麻醉药品和精神药物公约》缔约国或与圭亚那签订了刑事事项互助双边或多边条约(例如《美洲刑事事项互助公约》)的国家的中央主管当局收到的请求。", "41. 目前没有任何法律对从联合国收到的信息和材料作出规定，而是对2009年《刑事事项互助法》所涵盖国家的中央主管当局收到的证据作出了规定。", "42． 此外，《证据(外国法庭诉讼程序)法》(1991年第32号法)允许高等法院协助取得为在国外法庭诉讼目的而要求的证据。", "43. 与引渡有关的事项根据《逃犯法》(1988年第15号法)和2009年修正案处理，其中允许英联邦国家和条约领土以及非英联邦国家而且也是非条约领土(在特别案件中允许)提出引渡要求。如第5(1)节所述，可引渡的罪行是：根据圭亚那和提出引渡请求的国家双方的法律，构成犯罪的行为或不行为无论如何描述都构成了可处以死刑或终身监禁或不少于两年监禁的一种罪行。", "44. 此外，根据第7节，如果一个人在圭亚那被发现并被控犯有可引渡的罪行或被指在请求引渡国被定犯有可引渡之罪后非法在逃，则此人可被从圭亚那引渡。", "45． 一般而言，合格者可获得证人保护，这种人可以是一起性质严重罪行的证人或潜在证人，而这些人被确定可能成为涉及暴力犯罪的犯罪行为的受害者。《打击贩运人口法》(2005年第2号法)第14节专门规定了对这种证人的保护。方案可能包括搬迁、建立新身份的新证件、新住所、就业工作许可证和身份及所处地点的保密。", "科威特", "46. 科威特重申A/64/183号文件第51段中关于合作的资料。", "巴拿马", "47. 巴拿马为保护其公民的利益正在作出巨大努力，同时对于非公民的权利也给予适当尊重。它遵守其《政治宪法》和它是缔约国的国际公约中规定的适当程序标准。它的《司法法典》规定了引渡程序规则。", "48． 1998年5月28日第31号法保障了犯罪受害人诉诸法律的权利并规定了对受害人的保护。巴拿马是《打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》的缔约国，并通过2004年8月30日第48号法和《司法法典》中关于保护证人身份的第2121-A条增补规定，将其纳入了国内法。", "葡萄牙", "49． 葡萄牙重申其反映在A/64/183号文件第54段中的立场(另见A/65/185，第75段)。", "巴拉圭", "50． 巴拉圭表示，在铭记与豁免和特权有关的国际法的同时，接受国或在其领土上犯下应受惩罚行为的国家，在互助事项中，作为第一步，应请求派出国放弃其外交人员的特权和豁免，以便启动刑事调查。作为第二步，而且出于国家间合作调查的目的，应适当考虑两个当事国之间缔结的规定了在获取国家可能需要的陈述或资料过程中相关互助的公约和(或)协定，或多边协定。", "卡塔尔", "51. 卡塔尔重申A/65/185号文件第76段所载资料。", "斯洛文尼亚", "52. 斯洛文尼亚重申A/65/185号文件第80和第81段所载资料。", "瑞典", "53． 瑞典重申A/64/183号文件第55段所载资料，同时强调指出，在与有关罪行的发生地国家相关当局进行第65/20号决议所述性质的密切合作方面，不存在任何障碍。", "土库曼斯坦", "54． 在土库曼斯坦，《刑事诉讼法典》第542至第557条对包括引渡和法律援助在内的国际合作程序作出了规定，依国际协定或对等安排进行。", "55． 根据提出申请国家的请求，有可能采用某个外国的程序规则；如一项国际条约中有规定，则其代表亦可到场。外籍证人、受害人、民事原告、民事被告和他们的代表及专家也可在他们同意的情况下被传唤在土库曼斯坦境内的调查或司法程序中出面。", "56. 根据《刑事诉讼法典》第107至第109条，执法机构负责确保刑事诉讼参与者的安全。", "57. 如果一个初步调查机构、调查员、检察官或法官掌握了关于某宗刑事案件的足够资料，有理由担心受害人、犯罪嫌疑人、被告人、辩护人、证人、鉴定人、专家或其他参与诉讼的人以及他们的近亲面临着危险，有可能被杀害或遭遇武力、暴力或虐待，财产被毁或受损，或遭遇到刑法所禁止的其他行为，则前者须采取一切措施保护后者的生命、荣誉、尊严和财产，确保他们的安全，并找出肇事者和将其绳之以法。", "58. 为确保法院诉讼程序参与人及其近亲的安全，法官或主持官员可举行闭门会议，或应证人或检方的请求或自己主动作出裁决或裁断，以不公布证人身份资料和使用化名的方式约见一名证人，约见方式须排除证人被认出的可能性，且在法院审理过程中不得有他人观看。", "四. 提请被指控人国籍国注意显示联合国官员可能实施了犯罪的可信指控以及相关事项", "59. 大会第65/20号决议第9至14段、第16和第17段就官员和特派专家的刑责问题敦促会员国向秘书长提供资料，请秘书长向大会提供某些资料，并请联合国采取某些措施。", "移送涉及官员的案件", "60． 该决议第9段中的要求与大会第64/110号(见涵盖2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间的A/65/185)、第63/119号(见涵盖2008/09年期间的A/64/183)和第62/63号(见涵盖2007/08年期间的A/63/260)这三项决议中第9段所提要求类似。", "61. 本报告中提供的资料所涉期间为2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日。在此期间，法律事务厅向国籍国移送了六名联合国官员和两名特派专家的案件，供其调查和进行可能的起诉。在关系到联合国官员的上述案件中，一宗涉及到性虐待一名未成年人的指控，第二宗涉及到电汇欺诈的指控，第三宗涉及到攻击和不当使用火器的指控，第四宗涉及到欺诈和敲诈的指控，第五和第六宗涉及到欺骗性医疗保险索赔的指控。关于两名特派专家的案件，第一宗涉及到性剥削和虐待一名未成年人的指控，第二宗涉及到盗窃燃料的指控。", "要求说明现状和秘书处可提供的援助", "62. 法律事务厅请在本报告所述期间收到移送案件的国家随时向联合国通报国家主管部门就这些案件采取的任何行动。截至本报告编写之日，已有两个收到移送案件的国家与法律事务厅进行了接洽，以寻求对所移送案件作出某种说明。该厅已对这两个国家给予了答复，并准备就所有移送的案件随时提供协助。", "63. 秘书处以前要求国籍国提供资料说明它们如何处理先前所移送案件的详情载于A/64/183号文件第63段和A/65/185号文件第85和第86段。", "行使管辖权国家可能利用联合国调查所得信息", "64. 大会第65/20号决议第11段请联合国在对有关指控的调查显示联合国官员或特派专家可能实施了性质严重的罪行时，考虑采取任何适当措施，为各国所启动的刑事程序的需要，便利可能利用有关信息和材料，同时牢记适当程序的各种考虑。同样，该决议第13段敦促联合国继续与行使管辖权的各国合作，在关于联合国活动的相关国际法规则和协定的框架内，为各国所启动的刑事程序的需要，向其提供信息和材料。", "65. 在这方面，必须提请注意，A/63/260号文件第四节概述了联合国赖以移送案件的法律框架和秘书长作用。", "66. 联合国根据有关联合国在大会1946年2月13日通过的《联合国特权和豁免公约》以及在其他相关国际协定和适用法律原则下所享有的权利和承担的义务与会员国执法和司法部门合作。因此，本组织将在逐案基础上披露文件和(或)资料及放弃豁免，前提是秘书长认为豁免将妨碍司法进程，而放弃豁免不会损害联合国的利益。因此，联合国获得的资料可提供给有关当局，文件也可共享，但要考虑到保密以及特权和豁免。必要时文件可以节录。应当指出，由于联合国没有任何刑事调查或起诉的管辖权，是否使用联合国提供的任何文件或资料，包括它们在任何法律程序中的可采性，是需要由收到这些文件或资料的司法当局加以确定的事项。", "保护联合国官员和特派专家免遭报复", "67． 大会第65/20号决议第12段鼓励联合国在联合国行政调查确定针对联合国官员或特派专家的指控没有根据时，为了本组织的利益，采取适当措施，恢复这些官员和特派专家的信誉和声望。", "68． 此外，大会同一决议第14段强调联合国依照本组织的适用规则，对举报指控联合国官员和特派专家实施性质严重的罪行的联合国官员和特派专家，不得进行报复或威胁。", "69. 在这方面，举报其他联合国官员或特派专家不当行为的联合国官员根据工作人员条例、细则和相关行政通知受到免于打击报复的保护。特别是，秘书长发布了题为“保护举报不当行为和配合适当授权审计或调查工作的工作人员免遭报复”的ST/SGB/2005/21号公告，目的是加强保护那些举报不当行为或配合适当授权的审计或调查的个人。此外，应当指出的是，工作人员可通过内部司法系统对任何报复性措施提出上诉。", "五. 采取其他实际措施加强现有的关于联合国行为标准的培训，包括进行部署前培训和随团上岗培训", "70． 维持和平行动部和外勤支助部继续实施三管齐下全面战略(预防、执行和补救行动)，努力解决性剥削和性虐待问题。各维持和平行动特派团和政治特派团采取的预防措施核心仍是关于联合国行为标准的培训和宣传。", "71. 目前，有13个行为和纪律小组覆盖了19个维持和平特派团和政治特派团。在总部的行为和纪律股以及在外地的行为和纪律小组为各类人员提供或协助开展培训。", "在总部及在维持和平特派团的培训", "72. 已就行为和纪律问题拟订了一个上岗培训方案，并于2010年11月在乌干达恩德培举办了一个区域讲习班，此后是2011年6月在多米尼加共和国为联合国海地稳定特派团举行的一期强化讲习班。为期四天的方案向行为和纪律小组成员以及行为和纪律协调人介绍了他们在执行三管齐下战略方面的作用，作为解决维持和平特派团和政治特派团人员当中行为和纪律问题的一种手段。", "73. 2010年底就在各特派团实施的预防措施对各行为和纪律小组的活动进行了一次全面调查。调查结果已列入秘书长关于防止性剥削和性虐待的特别保护措施的报告(A/65/742)。", "74. 在对调查作出了答复的16个特派团中，防止性剥削和性虐待的培训要么是作为新进人员上岗培训的一部分，要么是作为一个有针对性的单独培训课程进行。这些特派团中有5个把防止性剥削和性虐待的培训既作为上岗培训的一部分，又作为有针对性的培训课程。在15个特派团中，行为和纪律小组或协调人实施了这种培训，而在一个特派团中，培训由军事协调人进行。", "75. 各行为和纪律小组报告说，开展了有关防止性剥削和性虐待的宣传活动，对象是特派团人员和周围社区。九个特派团开展了对外宣传活动，其中包括打印材料和广播材料、有针对性的运动、展览、专题讨论会和特派团网站上公布的资料。八个特派团报告的活动包括与当地政府官员举行会议、与教育中心和学校联系并为当地民众举办情况介绍会。除一个特派团外，所有特派团都开展了内部宣传活动，方式包括电子邮件传播、行政指示、情况通报和向特派团工作人员分发阅读材料。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程* 项目78", "追究联合国官员和特派专家的刑事责任", "追究联合国官员和特派专家的刑事责任", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "本报告是根据大会第65/20号决议第16和17段编写的。 第二节和第三节载有从各国政府收到的关于本国法律确立管辖权的程度的资料,特别是对本国国民在担任联合国官员或特派专家期间所犯性质严重的犯罪的管辖权,以及关于各国之间和与联合国合作交流信息和为调查和起诉这类个人提供便利的资料。 第四和第五节载有关于秘书处内与决议有关的活动的资料。", "页:1", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 大会第65/20号决议请秘书长根据从各国政府和秘书处收到的资料,报告决议的执行情况,特别是第3、第5和第9段的执行情况,以及执行中的任何实际问题。", "2. 联合国 本报告介绍了在这方面所作的努力。 第二节和第三节涉及根据第3、4、5和9段的要求收到的有关追究联合国官员和特派专家刑事责任的活动和资料。 秘书长在2011年3月1日的普通照会中提请所有国家注意第65/20号决议,并要求各国提供有关资料。", "3个 报告第四节和第五节涉及秘书处内为执行该决议第9至14段而开展的活动,特别侧重于关于将显示联合国官员可能犯下罪行的可信指控提请被指控国国民注意的信息,以及援助和培训。", " 4.四. 本报告应与2008年、2009年和2010年秘书长关于同一主题的报告(A/63/260和Add.1、A/64/183和Add.1和A/65/185)一并阅读。", "二. 对性质严重的犯罪确立管辖权.", "保加利亚", "5 (韩语). 除了A/65/185号文件第12和13段提供的信息之外,保加利亚指出,其《刑法》适用于所有保加利亚公民,包括在国外犯下的罪行(第4(1)条),而不论所犯罪行是否根据犯罪发生地国的立法构成犯罪。 保加利亚公民以国家官员身份( \" 公务员罪行 \" )或外国官员(包括联合国官员和特派专家)在国外犯下的罪行也属于保加利亚国家刑事管辖权的范围(根据《刑法》第301(5)和304(3)条,外国官员应对受贿和主动受贿负责)。", "加拿大", "6. 国家 除了A/63/260号文件第11和12段提供的资料外,加拿大指出,其《国防法》根据国籍规定了起诉在国外服务的加拿大人行为的管辖权。 此外,根据其《刑法》,如果其在国外工作的公务员在加拿大和犯罪地点均构成犯罪,则在加拿大将受到起诉。 如果与加拿大有真正和实质性的联系,其法院对加拿大法律规定的任何罪行也拥有属地管辖权。 加拿大还根据习惯国际法的其他例外或加拿大所加入的国际法律文书对若干罪行拥有管辖权。 这将使加拿大能够起诉在为联合国服务时可能犯下的一系列刑事犯罪,无论罪犯是否加拿大国民。 加拿大将继续考虑修订其立法是否可取,以确立适合联合国服务和管辖权的罪行,以起诉在加拿大境外、如果是加拿大国民或永久居民在为联合国服务时所犯而在加拿大境外构成犯罪的行为。", "圭亚那", "7. 联合国 在圭亚那,刑法一般限于在其领土内发生的行为,除非有相反的规定(关于圭亚那以前的评论,见A/64/183, 第14段)。 《性犯罪法》(2010年第7号法)第35条就是如此,无论圭亚那境外国家或领土的法律如何将这种行为或行为描述为犯罪,该法都适用。 该条规定,圭亚那居民或公民在圭亚那境外国家或领土实施的任何行为或行为,如符合下列条件,根据圭亚那法律应视为性犯罪:(a) 根据该国或领土现行法律构成犯罪;(b) 如果发生在圭亚那,则根据本法构成性犯罪。", "伊拉克", "8. 联合国 除A/63/260/Add.1号文件和A/65/185号文件第26段提供的信息外,伊拉克表示,所有外交人员和使团工作人员,包括联合国官员,在伊拉克享有豁免权。 这种豁免可防止主管当局起诉罪犯并拒绝为受害方伸张正义。 有几种可能性:国际组织可以选择建立自己的司法制度,以便起诉其实施犯罪行为的官员;被告官员为其国民的国家可以应国际组织的请求起诉该人;或者该组织可以放弃该官员的豁免,从而使东道国能够起诉该人。 为了使各国能够就任何这种可能性采取行动,应在在联合国主持下缔结的国际文书或建立有关国际组织的文书中明确说明。", "9. 国家 联合国官员的特殊地位导致一些会员国呼吁本组织为放弃其官员的豁免制定明确的标准和条件,从而消除东道国行使管辖权和适用法律的障碍。 伊拉克支持联合国官员或特派专家的犯罪行为,包括性剥削和性虐待以及财务不当行为,采取零容忍政策。 除了所造成的损害外,这些行为还损害联合国的声誉并妨碍联合国的效力。 因此,各国无论是单独还是在大会,都应采取必要措施,确保联合国官员享有的特殊地位不会使他们逃脱起诉。", "10个 要做到这一点,可以建立机制,使各国能够对在境外联合国行动中犯下严重罪行的本国国民行使管辖权,或者允许犯罪行为发生地国的司法当局行使管辖权。 伊拉克当局赞成后一种办法。", "科威特", "11个 科威特重申A/64/183号文件第15段有关其《刑法》的资料。", "巴拿马", "12. 根据A/65/185号文件第30段,巴拿马指出需要澄清 \" 刑事责任 \" 、 \" 联合国官员 \" 和 \" 特派专家 \" 等若干重要概念和术语,并称其法律将性贩运、性旅游和与未成年人的色情制品、公务员的不当行为、危害国家法人地位的罪行和危害人类罪定为刑事犯罪。", "巴拉圭", "13个 巴拉圭重申A/65/185号文件第31段提供的信息,并进一步指出,根据其《刑法》,巴拉圭刑法适用于在外国实施的行为,包括共和国根据现行国际条约有义务起诉的应受惩罚的行为,即使这些行为发生在外国。 巴拉圭刑法只适用于犯下这种行为的人进入巴拉圭领土的情况。", "14个 巴拉圭进一步指出,鉴于有关豁免和特权的国际法,接受国法院对外交人员在行使其职能时所实施的行为没有管辖权;然而,它们对外交人员在其职能之外所实施的普通应受惩罚的行为拥有管辖权。 当发生行为时,接受国必须请求派遣国放弃这些人所享有的豁免和特权,以便调查此事。", "葡萄牙", "15个 葡萄牙重申其在A/64/183号文件第19至22段以及A/65/185号文件第34段中的立场。 它特别指出,根据《联合国特权和豁免公约》及其《刑法》第322条规定的义务,如果联合国官员或特派专家犯下了属于葡萄牙刑法管辖范围的罪行,主管法官可请求联合国秘书长通过外交部放弃该官员或特派专家的豁免。", "卡塔尔", "16号. 卡塔尔指出,它坚决支持大会第65/20号决议,强调执行其规定是实现正义和防范有罪不罚现象的必要步骤。 它重申A/65/185号文件第35段中的信息,其中特别确认卡塔尔参加了联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队,而且没有报告其国民违反规定或犯罪。", "斯洛文尼亚", "17岁。 在斯洛文尼亚,根据《刑法》第11条,刑事立法适用于:(a) 根据适用的具有约束力的国际条约必须起诉的刑事犯罪,而不论犯罪地点为何;(b) 侵犯斯洛文尼亚主权及其民主宪法秩序和(或)恐怖主义罪(对斯洛文尼亚和(或)任何外国或国际组织所犯)。 该条的一般原则以及第12条(《刑法》适用于在国外犯下刑事罪的斯洛文尼亚公民)、第13条(《刑法》适用于在国外犯下刑事罪的外国公民)和第14条(起诉的特别条件)适用于以联合国官员或特派专家身份犯下刑事罪的斯洛文尼亚国民。", "瑞典", "18岁。 瑞典重申A/64/183号文件第24段所载的信息。", "瑞士", " 19. 19. 瑞士重申A/63/260号文件第33段所载的信息,并强调指出,为了起诉担任联合国官员或特派专家的瑞士国民,联合国首先必须取消其根据国际条约所享有的豁免。", "20号. 还有人指出,作为为执行《国际刑事法院罗马规约》在瑞士采取的措施的一部分,议会通过了《瑞士刑法》和《军事刑法》的立法修正案,并于2011年1月1日生效。 主要是,修正案将危害人类罪纳入瑞士法律(《刑法》第264(a)条);详细界定了战争罪,并取消了与瑞士有密切联系的条件,以便任何在瑞士境内且不能被引渡到另一管辖区的战争罪嫌疑人均可在瑞士被起诉(《刑法》第264(m)条);并修改了灭绝种族罪的定义(《刑法》第264条),在民族、种族、宗教和族裔群体的概念中增加了社会和政治团体的概念。 此外,瑞士行政和司法部门的成员不再享有灭绝种族罪、危害人类罪和战争罪的职能豁免(《刑法》第264(n)条,与第2条有关)。 《刑事诉讼法》第7条第2(b)款。", "21岁 修正案还重新界定了文职和军事当局之间的责任分配。 在和平时期,联邦检察官办公室对灭绝种族罪、危害人类罪和战争罪进行起诉,但犯罪者或受害人是瑞士军人的情况除外。 在战时,所有此类罪行都由军事管辖。", "土库曼斯坦", "22. 在土库曼斯坦,根据2009年《刑事诉讼法》第522条第7款、第523条第1款和第523条第3款,驻土库曼斯坦境内国际组织的外交使团团长、成员和工作人员根据国际条约和公认的国际惯例享有个人豁免权。 不得拘留或还押这类人,除非是执行已生效的判决所必需的。 初步调查机构、检察官或法院通过电话、电报或其他快速通信方式毫不拖延地向土库曼斯坦外交部报告拘留或羁押案件。", "23. 联合国 在其他情况下,除非土库曼斯坦加入的国际条约另有规定,立法没有规定对执行联合国任务的官员和专家不予刑事起诉或豁免。 在这方面,如果有关人员犯下了《刑法》所涵盖罪行,《刑事诉讼法》的规定可以适用于他们,无论他们是土库曼斯坦国民、外国国民或无国籍人。", "24 (韩语). 根据土库曼斯坦2008年《宪法》第8条,根据土库曼斯坦立法和土库曼斯坦加入的国际条约,外国国民和无国籍人享有与土库曼斯坦国民相同的权利和自由并承担同样的义务,包括在刑事起诉方面。", "25岁 非永久居住在土库曼斯坦的外国人和无国籍人士如在土库曼斯坦境外所犯罪行是针对土库曼斯坦或其国民的,可根据土库曼斯坦刑法予以起诉。 在土库曼斯坦加入的国际条约规定的情况下,如果他们既未在外国被判刑,也未在土库曼斯坦境内被起诉,他们也应承担责任。", "26. 联合国 根据土库曼斯坦加入的国际条约和协定,在土库曼斯坦境外犯罪的外国国民和无国籍人士可被引渡到外国进行刑事起诉或服刑。", "27个 土库曼斯坦执法机构没有证据表明2006至2011年期间联合国官员和特派专家犯下了罪行。", "三. 各国之间以及与联合国在交流信息和促进调查和起诉方面的合作", "保加利亚", "28岁 在保加利亚,刑事诉讼领域的国际合作是根据国家立法和保加利亚加入的国际条约进行的,后者优先于与国内法相矛盾的准则。 保加利亚是联合国、欧洲委员会、经济合作与发展组织和欧洲联盟在刑事事项法律援助领域的许多公约的缔约国。", "29. 国家 此外,法律援助是根据与30个以上联合国会员国的司法协助和引渡双边条约进行的。", "30岁。 《刑事诉讼法》关于刑事事项国际合作的第36章载有关于移交被定罪人、承认和执行外国法院判决、刑事事项国际法律援助(包括在调查阶段)、收集证据、提供信息和其他形式的法律援助以及刑事诉讼移交的详细条例。 刑事案件中的国际法律援助是根据国际条约或互惠原则提供的。 也可以向保加利亚承认其管辖权的国际法院提供援助。", "31岁 引渡条件和规则由引渡法和欧洲逮捕令界定。 司法部和最高检察院的特别部门负责保证根据国际条约的条件或在互惠基础上及时提供法律援助和引渡。", "32. 关于调查的《刑事诉讼法》第17章允许联合国提供情报,作为开始对在国外犯下罪行的担任官员或特派专家的保加利亚公民进行预审程序的依据。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 《刑事诉讼法》第123条以及《刑事诉讼中人员保护法》对证人保护作了规定,其中规定了在《刑事诉讼法》规定的措施不足以保障对其保护的情况下,为因未决刑事诉讼而濒危的人及其直接关系人提供特别保护的条件。 依法制定了专项方案,规定了以下措施:人身保护;财产保护;临时搬迁;变更住所、就业或学习地点;以及改变身份。 司法部的保护委员会负责监督该方案的执行,保护局则实行保护措施,该局是司法部“保护”总局的一个专门部门。 该局可应另一国家的请求,根据国际条约或互惠原则,要求将某人重新安置到另一国,或给予援助,帮助其临时居住在保加利亚境内,并为其提供保护和个人警卫。", "加拿大", "34. 国家 除了A/63/260号文件第41段中的信息外,加拿大指出,为了生成和分享证据,加拿大可以在其境内进行调查。 但是,未经另一国同意,它不能在另一国进行任何执法行动(逮捕、拘留、搜查或扣押等)或任何调查行动。", "35. 联合国 它还指出,在加拿大的起诉案件中,往往存在与将外国来源的证据输入其法律诉讼有关的实际问题。 例如,联合国送交的证据可能必须得到口头证词的支持,从而提出了在加拿大旅行费用、豁免和特权(例如伪证罪)的实际问题。 虽然根据司法协助程序和法律可能获得某些形式的证据,在某些情况下,视频连接证据可能是一种选择,但一般来说,实际成功起诉的费用和后勤障碍与法律障碍一样构成严重挑战。 例如,在保护受害人和证人方面,加拿大很难保护通过视频链接或文件方式在当地出庭的证人,而前来加拿大作证的证人,这种证人可能申请难民地位的机会在某些情况下可能降低证词本身的价值。", "圭亚那", "36. (中文(简体) ). 圭亚那指出,合作和信息交流属于《刑事事项互助法》(2009年第38号法)的范畴,而调查和起诉性质严重的犯罪则由包括《刑法(罪行)法》第8:01章在内的众多立法管辖(关于圭亚那以前的评论,见A/64/183,第46-48段)。 任何协助进行有效调查的请求都受前一项法令的管制;如果接受,必须依照其规定予以加速。", "37. 联合国 圭亚那法院对因刑事犯罪而被起诉或审判的任何人的适当程序要求受1980年修订的《圭亚那宪法》第144条的保护,该条涉及确保法律保护的规定。", "38. 国家 起诉联合国官员和特派专家必须遵守1946年《联合国特权和豁免公约》,该公约的实质性条款已根据特权和豁免纳入圭亚那法律(外交、领事和国际组织)。 行动, 第18:01章.", "39. 联合国 2009年《刑事事项互助法》也规范了圭亚那刑事事项法律援助的提供,该法规定,内政部长是接收和传递以下领域援助请求的中央当局:获取证据、查找或识别人员或物品、通过搜查和扣押获取物品、安排人员出勤、移交囚犯、送达证件、追踪财产、登记或执行没收、罚款或限制令以及获得限制令。", " 40. 40. 该法适用于英联邦国家(根据1980年《宪法》第47(3)条和2003年《宪法》修订本指定为此类国家)、《联合国禁止非法贩运麻醉药品和精神药物公约》缔约国或与圭亚那订有刑事事项互助双边或多边条约的任何国家(如《美洲刑事事项互助公约》)的中央当局提出的请求。", "41. 国家 没有任何法律规范从联合国收到信息和材料,而是规范2009年《刑事事项互助法》所涵盖国家中央当局提供的证据。", "42. 国家 此外,《证据(外国法庭诉讼所得)法》(1991年第32号法)允许高等法院协助为外国法庭诉讼目的获取所要求的证据。", "43. 东帝汶 引渡事项受《逃犯法》(1988年第15号法)和2009年修正案的管辖,该法允许英联邦国家和条约领土以及非英联邦国家提出的引渡请求,这些国家也是非条约领土(在特殊情况下允许引渡)。 第5(1)节将可引渡罪行描述为此类罪行:无论所述构成犯罪的行为或不行为均构成犯罪,根据圭亚那和引渡请求国的法律,可处以死刑或无期徒刑或不少于两年的监禁。", "44. 国家 此外,如果某人在圭亚那被发现并被指控犯有可引渡罪行或被指控在请求国被判定犯有可引渡罪行后在逃,则根据第7节,该人应被从圭亚那引渡。", "45. 国家 一般说来,如果确定某一严重犯罪的证人或潜在证人可能成为涉及暴力犯罪的犯罪的受害人,可以向有资格的人提供证人保护。 《打击贩运人口法》(2005年第2号法)第14条具体规定了这种证人保护。 该方案可包括搬迁、确定身份的新文件、新住所、就业工作许可证以及身份和地点保密。", "科威特", "46. 科威特重申A/64/183号文件第51段中关于合作的信息。", "巴拿马", "47. 国家 巴拿马正在作出巨大努力,保护本国公民的利益,同时充分尊重非公民的权利。 它符合《政治宪法》和它所加入的国际公约规定的正当程序标准。 其《司法法典》规定了引渡的程序规则。", " 48. 48. 根据1998年5月28日第31号法,犯罪受害者享有诉诸法律的权利,该法还规定了对受害者的保护。 巴拿马是《打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》的缔约国,并通过2004年8月30日第48号法,在《司法法典》中增加了关于保护证人身份的第2121-A条,将其纳入国内法。", "葡萄牙", "49. (中文(简体) ). 葡萄牙重申其载于A/64/183号文件第54段的立场(又见A/65/185,第75段)。", "巴拉圭", " 50. 50. 巴拉圭指出,考虑到有关豁免和特权的国际法,接受国或在其领土上犯下可惩罚行为的国家,在互助问题上,第一步应请求派遣国放弃其外交官的特权和豁免,以启动刑事调查。 作为第二步,为了各国为调查目的进行合作,应适当考虑两个有关国家之间缔结的公约和(或)协定,或规定在获取各国可能需要的声明或资料方面提供相关互助的多边协定。", "卡塔尔", "51. 联合国 卡塔尔重申A/65/185号文件第76段所载信息。", "斯洛文尼亚", "52. 斯洛文尼亚重申A/65/185号文件第80和81段所载信息。", "瑞典", "53. 联合国 瑞典重申A/64/183号文件第55段所载信息,并强调指出,第65/20号决议建议与犯罪发生地国有关当局密切合作不存在任何障碍。", "土库曼斯坦", "54. 联合国 在土库曼斯坦,《刑事诉讼法》第542至557条涉及国际合作程序,包括根据国际协定或互惠安排提供的引渡和法律援助。", "55. 国家 应提出申请的国家的请求,可适用外国的程序规则;如果国际条约有此规定,该国代表可以出席。 证人、受害人、民事原告、民事被告及其代表和外国专家经其同意,也可在土库曼斯坦的调查或司法程序中出庭。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 根据《刑事诉讼法》第107至109条,执法机构负责确保刑事诉讼参与者的安全。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 如果初步调查机构、调查员、检察官或法官掌握与刑事案件有关的充分资料,担心受害人、嫌疑人、被告、被告、证人、专家、专家或其他诉讼参与者及其近亲有可能被杀死或被用武力、暴力或残酷对待,财产被摧毁或损坏,或受到刑法所禁止的其他行为,则前者必须采取一切措施保护后者的生命、荣誉、尊严和财产,确保他们的安全,查明肇事者并将他们绳之以法。", "58. 联合国 为确保法庭诉讼程序参与者及其近亲属的安全,法官或主持人员可举行非公开会议,或可针对证人或检方的动议或主动作出约谈证人的裁决或决定,但不公布证人身份信息并使用假名;在法庭诉讼程序中排除辨认证人的可能性;不得由他人进行目视观察。", "四、结 论 将显示联合国官员可能犯下罪行的可信指控及有关事项提请其国民受到指控的国家注意", "59. (中文(简体) ). 大会第65/20号决议第9至14、16和17段敦促会员国向秘书长提供资料,请秘书长向大会提供某些资料,并请求联合国就追究官员和特派专家刑事责任问题采取某些措施。", "与官员有关的移交", "60. 联合国 该决议第9段的要求同大会第64/110号决议第9段(见A/65/185,涵盖2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日)、63/119号决议(见A/64/183,涵盖2008/09年期间)和62/63号决议(见A/63/260,涵盖2007/08年期间)提出的要求相似。", "61. 国家 本报告所提供的资料涉及2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间。 在此期间,法律事务厅向国籍国移交了6名联合国官员和2名特派专家的案件,以便进行调查和可能提出起诉。 在涉及联合国官员的案件中,有一起涉及对未成年人性虐待的指控;第二起涉及欺诈性电汇的指控;第三起涉及攻击和不当使用火器的指控;第四起涉及欺诈和勒索指控;第五和第六起涉及欺诈性医疗保险索赔指控。 关于特派专家的案件,第一个案件涉及对未成年人的性剥削和性虐待指控,第二个案件涉及燃料盗窃指控。", "要求说明现状和秘书处可能提供的援助", "62. 联合国 法律事务厅请本报告所述期间收到案件的国家随时向联合国通报国家当局就这些案件采取的任何行动。 截至本报告编写之日,有两个被移交的国家已同法律事务厅联系,要求就移交的案件作出某些澄清。 办事处在这两种情况下都对有关国家作出了反应,并随时准备协助所有移交案件。", "63. 国家 秘书处以前要求国籍国提供关于它们如何处理先前移交的案件的资料的详细情况载于A/64/183号文件第63段和A/65/185号文件第85和86段。", "行使管辖权的国家可能利用联合国调查所提供的信息", "64. (中文(简体) ). 大会第65/20号决议第11段请联合国在对指控的调查表明联合国官员或特派专家可能实施了性质严重的犯罪时,考虑可便利为各国提起的刑事诉讼利用信息和材料的任何适当措施,并铭记适当程序的考虑。 同样,在该决议第13段中,大会敦促联合国继续与行使管辖权的国家合作,以便在有关国际法规则和关于联合国活动的协定的框架内,为各国提起的刑事诉讼提供资料和材料。", "65. 国家 在这方面,必须回顾,文件A/63/260第四节概述了联合国移交案件的法律框架和秘书长的作用。", "66. (中文(简体) ). 联合国根据大会1946年2月13日通过的《联合国特权和豁免公约》以及其他有关国际协定和适用的法律原则,与有关会员国的执法和司法当局合作。 因此,在秘书长认为豁免会妨碍司法进程并且可以在不影响联合国利益的情况下放弃豁免的情况下,本组织将逐案披露文件和(或)信息并放弃豁免。 因此,联合国获得的信息可以提供给有关当局,文件可以共享,但须顾及保密以及特权和豁免。 必要时可修改文件。 应当指出,由于联合国没有任何刑事调查或起诉管辖权,使用联合国提供的任何文件或资料,包括这些文件或资料在任何法律诉讼中的可采性,均由相关司法当局决定。", "保护联合国官员和特派专家免遭报复", "67. (中文(简体) ). 大会第65/20号决议第12段鼓励联合国如果经联合国行政调查认定对联合国官员或特派专家的指控毫无根据,就采取适当措施,以恢复这些官员和特派专家的信誉和声誉。", "68. (中文(简体) ). 此外,大会同一项决议第14段强调,联合国根据本组织的可适用规则,不应对举报联合国官员和特派专家所实施性质严重罪行指控的联合国官员和特派专家采取报复或恐吓行动。", "69. (中文(简体) ). 在这方面,根据工作人员条例、细则和有关行政通知,报告联合国其他官员或特派专家不当行为的联合国官员受到保护,免遭报复。 特别是,秘书长发布了题为“防止因举报不当行为和配合经正式授权的审计或调查而遭到报复”的ST/SGB/2005/21号公报,目的是加强对举报不当行为或配合经正式授权的审计或调查的个人的保护。 此外,应当指出,工作人员可通过内部司法系统对任何报复措施提出上诉。", " V. 采取其他实际措施,加强关于联合国行为标准的现有培训,包括进行部署前培训和随团上岗培训", "70. 联合国 维持和平行动部和外勤支助部继续在三管齐下的综合战略范围内努力处理性剥削和性虐待问题:预防、执法和补救行动。 关于联合国行为标准的培训和提高认识仍然是各维持和平行动和政治特派团采取的预防措施的核心。", "71. 联合国 目前,共有13个行为和纪律小组,涵盖19个维持和平特派团和政治特派团。 总部行为和纪律股和外地行为和纪律小组为各类人员提供培训或便利培训。", "总部和维持和平特派团的培训", "72. 联合国 制定了行为和纪律上岗培训方案,2010年11月在乌干达恩德培举办了一个区域讲习班,随后于2011年6月在多米尼加共和国为联合国海地稳定特派团举办了复习班。 为期四天的方案旨在向行为和纪律小组的成员以及行为和纪律协调人通报他们在执行三管齐下战略方面的作用,以此解决联合国维持和平特派团和政治特派团人员中的行为和纪律问题。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 2010年底,对行为和纪律小组在各特派团采取的预防措施的活动进行了全面调查。 调查结果已载入秘书长关于防止性剥削和性虐待特别措施的报告(A/65/742)。", "74. 国家 在对调查作出答复的16个特派团中,作为新人员上岗培训的一部分,或者在单独、有针对性的培训中,开展了防止性剥削和性虐待的培训。 在这些特派团中,有5个特派团在上岗培训中和在有针对性的培训班中都提供了关于防止性剥削和性虐待的培训。 在15个特派团,行为和纪律小组或协调人进行了培训,而在1个特派团,培训由军事协调人进行。", "75. 国家 行为和纪律小组报告说,开展了针对特派团人员和广大社区的与防止性剥削和性虐待有关的宣传活动。 有9个特派团开展了外部宣传活动,例如印刷和广播材料、有针对性的宣传活动、展览、专题讨论会和在特派团网站上张贴的信息。 8个特派团报告了活动情况,包括与地方政府官员举行会议,与教育中心和学校联络,并与当地居民举行情况介绍会。 除一个特派团外,所有特派团都开展了特派团内部的通信活动,例如通过电子邮件广播、行政指示、情况通报和向特派团人员发放的传单。" ]

[ "Report of the Executive Board of the United Nations Children’s Fund on the work of its 2011 annual session*", "(20-23 June 2011)", "Contents", "PageI.Organization 2 of the \nsession A.Opening 2 statements by the President and the Executive \nDirector B.Adoption 4 of the \nagenda II. Deliberations 4 of the Executive \nBoard A.Annual 4 report of the Executive Director: progress and achievements against the medium-term strategic plan, \n2006-2013 B.Report 6 on progress of gender equality work in \nUNICEF C.Report 7 of the Office of \nEthics D. Proposals 8 for UNICEF programme \ncooperation E.Reports 15 of the field visits of the Executive \nBoard F.Address 16 by the Chairperson of the UNICEF Global Staff \nAssociation G. Other 17 \nmatters H.Adoption 18 of draft \ndecisions I.Closing 18 statements by the Executive Director and the \nPresident \nAnnex Decisions 20 adoptedby theExecutiveBoardat its 2011annual \nsession", "* The present document is an advance version of the report of the Executive Board of the United Nations Children’s Fund on its annual session (20-23 June 2011). The report on the first regular session (8-11 February 2011) was issued as E/2011/34 (Part I), and the report on the second regular session (12-15 September 2011) will be combined with E/2011/34 (Parts I and II) and issued in final form as Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, 2011, Supplement No. 14 (E/2011/34/Rev.1-E/ICEF/2011/7/Rev.1).", "I. Organization of the session", "A. Opening statements by the President and the Executive Director", "1. The President said that in an increasingly insecure world it was more urgent than ever to make children a priority in international and national goals, plans and budgets. Highlighting several agenda items to be discussed at the session, including the draft country programme documents, the President noted how they reflect the equity approach championed by UNICEF. This approach, she said, focuses on the needs and rights of the poor, marginalized and disadvantaged populations and is critical to achieving the targets of the Millennium Declaration and Millennium Development Goals as well as national goals.", "2. She noted that other key agenda items, in particular the annual report of the Executive Director: progress and achievements against the medium-term strategic plan, underlined the efforts of UNICEF to become more lean, efficient, effective and results-oriented and to work more closely with its partners, including those in the United Nations system.", "3. The President added that in-depth thematic discussions of the MTSP focus areas, such as the discussion for this session on child protection from violence, protection and abuse, were helping to lay important groundwork for the preparation of the next medium-term strategic plan, 2014-2017. Commending UNICEF for its continued reporting on gender, including through the report on gender quality work in UNICEF, she said that a focus on gender issues must remain at the core of development.", "4. In his opening remarks, the Executive Director commended the excellent and dedicated work of Mr. Saad Houry and Ms. Hilde Frafjord Johnson, the outgoing Deputy Executive Directors, and gave a warm welcome to Ms. Geeta Rao Gupta, the Deputy Executive Director, Programmes.", "5. The Executive Director described the key priorities of UNICEF over the next few years, including the next biennium 2012-2013. One overarching area will be deepening the focus on equity — not just its formulation but its implementation in the field at country and community levels. This will involve working with partners to identify bottlenecks to reaching the hardest-to-reach populations.", "6. Reaching such children, he said, has been made more difficult by the global financial crisis, as donors have cut funding and many governments have cut social spending. He said UNICEF must move forward to reflect these difficult realities, one of them being the continued decline in the core resources of UNICEF. To address the new realities, UNICEF had undertaken a budget review. It was recommended that for 2012-2013, UNICEF make a 4.2 per cent decrease in the budget covering management and a 5.3 per cent decrease in the institutional budget, compared with the budget for 2010-2011. Such cuts, he emphasized, will come mainly from headquarters areas and will not affect levels of resources for programmes.", "7. In the years leading up to the quadrennial comprehensive policy review of operational activities for development of the United Nations system, the new MTSP and the 2015 Millennium Development Goals deadline of 2015, he said UNICEF and its partners have a chance to make greater progress for children and to further strengthen the organization. More progress is possible, for example, in the eradication of polio and in the battle against pneumonia and diarrhoea, two leading killers of children, as well as in helping countries to vaccinate their children. These efforts, he emphasized, need to be complemented by community-based initiatives that teach families how to recognize and treat these diseases and improve hygiene practices. By 2013, UNICEF and its partners aim to have made substantial progress in achieving a generation free of HIV/AIDS, including through prevention of mother-to-child transmission and reaching hard-to-reach women with antiretroviral therapy.", "8. Efforts to prevent stunting and nutritional deficiencies, he said will aim to halt the damage inflicted on the physical and cognitive abilities of young children. Also emphasized will be quality education, including through such measures as expanding access to preschools, reducing school costs for families, providing children with safer places of learning, and teacher training. These measures, he emphasized, are an effective way to fight poverty, especially for girls. UNICEF will also work with partners to protect children from exploitation, violence and abuse, including by using innovative means to support birth registration and to protect children from trafficking, early marriage and other forms of exploitation. Along with these endeavours, he said, it is essential to promote universal ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and its two Optional Protocols.", "9. Building a better future for the world’s most vulnerable children will also involve improving the quality, quantity and timeliness of data, especially through the conducting of UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys of households. UNICEF, he noted, had been working on a new concept built around Strategic Result Areas through which progress in crucial issues that need addressing — such as vaccination, reducing stunting or improving teacher training — is assessed with partners and key bottlenecks are removed. He said that more reporting on this innovation would be shared with the Executive Board at the second regular session of 2011.", "10. A better UNICEF, he said, needs to be even more rapidly responsive to emergencies, strengthening its role as cluster lead in its areas of responsibility. Efforts have been made to improve newly created Rapid Response Teams.", "11. He cited several initiatives under way to make UNICEF more efficient. These include the adoption of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS), which will enable UNICEF to make better decisions on how to allocate resources and to realize greater efficiencies and savings. UNICEF is also committed to becoming even more transparent. The organization will, for example, publicize the prices it pays for vaccines.", "12. A better UNICEF, he said, is also committed to strengthening partnerships — with its sister agencies in the United Nations, with entities such as the World Bank and with the private sector. UNICEF strives to be a leader in United Nations system-wide coherence.", "13. The Executive Director ended his statement with a call for donors to support the organization’s efforts to obtain additional core resources, which he said are fundamental to securing results for children. UNICEF will continue to work closely with National Committees for UNICEF on this important goal.", "B. Adoption of the agenda", "14. The Executive Board adopted the agenda, timetable and organization of work (E/ICEF/2011/8) of the session.", "15. In accordance with rule 50.2 of the rules of procedure, the Secretary of the Executive Board announced that credentials had been submitted by 51 observer delegations, 1 United Nations body, 3 intergovernmental organizations, the Standing Group of National Committees for UNICEF and 3 non-governmental organizations (NGOs).", "II. Deliberations of the Executive Board", "A. Annual report of the Executive Director: progress and achievements against the medium-term strategic plan, 2006-2013", "16. The Director of the Division of Policy and Practice introduced the report (E/ICEF/2011/9). He noted that the data companion to the annual report had been expanded to contain indicators against the organizational targets and cross-cutting strategies, as well as information on key performance indicators of efficiency in UNICEF.", "17. Delegations welcomed the annual report as being comprehensive and results-based. Several recommended that future reports better demonstrate the contribution of UNICEF to results achieved at the national level. Future reports, it was said, should focus more on lessons learned and correlating results more closely to the medium-term strategic plan (MTSP), including reporting on the baseline data of the MTSP. It was also recommended that the next MTSP (for 2014-2017) have a more robust results framework. Delegations noted that reporting needs to be based on up-to-date evidence, with some emphasizing the need for closer cooperation with national statistical offices.", "18. Delegations made specific comments praising the work of UNICEF in all five focus areas, cross-cutting areas and humanitarian work, with many delegations requesting more information on specific areas of concern to them.", "19. Delegations that intervened expressed unanimous approval for the equity approach promoted by UNICEF. This focus, it was noted, was closely linked to the human rights-based approach to programming and will make a strong contribution to achievement of the Millennium Development Goals targeted for achievement in 2015. UNICEF was requested by one speaker to provide more information on the results of the equity focus and how it would be applied in the United Nations system.", "20. Also welcomed was the commitment of UNICEF to United Nations system-wide coherence, including Delivering as One. In this regard, it was suggested by some that the harmonization process be accelerated and strengthened.", "21. A number of delegations encouraged UNICEF to increase its efforts in key areas, including humanitarian work. On cluster work, several speakers recommended that UNICEF look more closely into challenges in coordination of clusters, cluster leadership and the division of labour among agencies, in pursuit of stronger coordination and accountability. Improved efforts, they said, would involve deploying the best-qualified staff in a more timely fashion. UNICEF was encouraged to work more closely with the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and other partners to implement the decision of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee to improve coordination and results.", "22. The delegation of Japan thanked UNICEF, the National Committees for UNICEF and others for their support in the aftermath of the earthquake that hit that country on 11 March 2011. UNICEF was praised for its work in providing humanitarian aid to children and women affected by political change and was encouraged to share information on lessons learned in Haiti and Pakistan. One delegation said it would be useful for the Executive Board to have a more thorough discussion on humanitarian work, including system-wide coordination.", "23. Another key area of discussion was gender. Delegations applauded the increasing efforts of UNICEF to promote gender equality throughout the organization and in country programmes. It was recommended that UNICEF redouble its efforts to increase the percentage of new country programmes that meet the standards for gender mainstreaming to a level above the reported 57 per cent. In addition, UNICEF was requested to mainstream gender equality results under each focus area in the next annual report and to further cooperate with the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women).", "24. UNICEF was praised for its efforts to improve organizational efficiency and impact. Delegations asked for more information on Enterprise Risk Management and commended UNICEF for the increased efforts in ensuring the transparency of vaccine supply. Delegations also welcomed the Executive Director’s support for reducing the organization’s costs without reducing the level of programme funding. UNICEF was requested to ensure an adequate representation of programme countries in the hiring of staff.", "25. Delegations welcomed the stronger emphasis placed by UNICEF on evaluation and audit. Some speakers suggested that evaluation receive additional human resources and other support. It was also suggested that a more systematic use of evaluation be made to analyse results. Regarding internal audit, some delegations requested UNICEF to allow wider access to internal audit reports.", "26. UNICEF was commended for its focus on middle-income countries and least developed countries, particularly in the area of investment in nutrition. Some delegations recommended that UNICEF incorporate provisions of the Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2011-2020, which had been adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/280 of 17 June 2011, into UNICEF results frameworks and the MTSP for 2014-2017, as appropriate. It was also important, delegations noted, to continue to support South-South cooperation and to focus more intently on adolescents and youths, children with disabilities and the implications of climate change for children.", "27. UNICEF was encouraged to work more closely with partners, including those in the United Nations system and the private sector, the World Bank and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.", "28. Delegations underscored the need to reverse the trend of decreasing levels of regular resources income, the core funding of UNICEF. A number of speakers urged donors to increase their regular resources contributions to UNICEF and requested UNICEF to look for new sources of funding, including from domestic resource mobilization and from emerging economies.", "29. Delegations expressed their strong appreciation for the work of outgoing Deputy Executive Directors Mr. Saad Houry and Ms. Hilde Frafjord Johnson. They welcomed Ms. Geeta Rao Gupta, as the new Deputy Executive Director, Programmes.", "30. The Executive Director thanked the delegations for their comments and their statements of support for increasing the core resources of UNICEF. He expressed his appreciation to the Standing Group of National Committees for their excellent work and the renewed cooperation with UNICEF.", "31. The Deputy Director, Policy and Practice, responding to questions and comments, thanked delegations for their valuable feedback, noting how it would improve the achievement of and reporting on results for children.", "32. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/12.", "B. Report on progress of gender equality work in UNICEF", "33. The Executive Board had before it document E/ICEF/2011/10. The Director of the Division of Policy and Practice introduced the agenda item.", "34. Delegations expressed their support of the systematic efforts of UNICEF to improve gender equality, within the organization and in its work, welcomed mainstreaming efforts to enhance the synergy between its gender equality policy and the refocused equity approach. Delegations praised the UNICEF strategic priority action plan for gender equality, the establishment of the high-level gender equality task force, the development of the Gender Equality Marker (GEM) as a resource-monitoring tool, increased collection of sex-disaggregated data and strengthened partnerships and cooperation with United Nations system agencies, notably UN-Women. Delegations noted that gender equality was an essential human right and a key cross-cutting issue of development cooperation. Many welcomed that it was gaining greater attention within the United Nations development activities, expressing hope that enhanced coordination and sharing of experiences would increase synergies and efficiency in utilization of resources. Some delegations reiterated their request that the Executive Board discuss progress in UNICEF gender equality work every year at the annual session.", "35. Delegations urged UNICEF to continue efforts to enhance quality assurance and monitoring, especially in the field; add a gender component as a mandatory training requirement for all staff; address the representation of women in senior positions with UNICEF; and include in future gender equality reports project outcomes and impact in the field. They noted that future reports would benefit from a clearer description of how implemented measures have led to results in the field and of how senior management made sure that disaggregated data are used to contribute to gender equality. Some stressed the importance of engaging men and boys in attaining gender equality as well as empowerment of woman, particularly mainstreaming girls’ access to education, and inquired whether a mechanism had been established to address it systematically in the policy dialogue at country level. Others noted that large numbers of girls were involved in armed conflict and urged UNICEF to continue to take gender into account in its disarmament and reintegration programmes.", "36. Delegations urged UNICEF to continue to address persistent gaps in the analysis and use of sex-disaggregated data, particularly at country level, to learn more about intersections between gender and other forms of discrimination. Others, noting with concern that the percentage of country programme documents that met organizational standards for gender mainstreaming had decreased over the past year and that reporting on sex-disaggregated data was uneven across the MTSP focus areas, asked to learn more about UNICEF plans to strengthen analysis and use of such data and whether the GEM would be applied to monitor progress and results. Some delegations, noting the importance of integrating gender mainstreaming into performance management processes, inquired about accountability mechanisms and staffing levels with regard to gender expertise at regional and country levels. Others noted that it would be useful to develop more indicators that measured change rather than activities and inquired about UNICEF strategies for supporting government and civil-society partners in gender mainstreaming.", "37. The Executive Director, in response, noted that gender equality was a key priority for UNICEF. However, while the organization was showing leadership within the United Nations family, the progress was not nearly fast enough and there were a number of areas to improve performance. The Director, Policy and Practice, noted that UNICEF would strive to report the impact of its gender equality work in the annual report of the Executive Director and put additional effort into disaggregating targets and indicators in the updated results framework of the MTSP and other reporting mechanisms. He explained that the GEM did not track development result but would help to identify key results that focused particularly on gender equality; he reported that the UNICEF GEM was being considered as a starting model for an inter-agency gender marker, within a process led by UN-Women.", "38. The Director acknowledged that UNICEF had identified as critical issues in strengthening its work in advancing gender equality the engagement of men and boys, particularly at country level, and the use of disaggregated data. He reported that UNICEF would soon release a detailed analysis undertaken on a number of indicators of the ChildInfo database, which would be used to promote a more systematic use of gender-equality data by programme countries through UNICEF-assisted country programmes. He took note of other comments made by delegations, including joint work and coordination within the United Nations system, gender issues in post-conflict situations, and advocating with national partners and supporting policy development processes from a gender perspective. He concluded that UNICEF would continue to accelerate implementation of its gender policy and strategic priority action plan, with expected commensurate results and impact in the field.", "39. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/13 (see annex).", "C. Report of the Office of Ethics", "40. The Executive Board had before it document E/ICEF/2011/11. The Principal Adviser, Ethics, introduced the agenda item.", "41. Delegations expressed their support for the Ethics Office and welcomed its efforts, including through training and outreach, to contribute to a culture of integrity and accountability at UNICEF. Stressing financial disclosure as a vital tool for avoiding conflicts of interest among staff, delegations welcomed the high compliance with the programme and urged the Ethics Office to ensure its continued success.", "42. Noting that thorough reporting on financial disclosures would help build confidence in its capacity to identify and address conflicts of interest, delegations requested to see more detailed reporting on the actual number of cases requiring investigation or remedial action in future reports. Several delegations encouraged UNICEF to publicly disclose the financial and outside interests of senior staff to the extent possible under United Nations regulations.", "43. Delegations welcomed the commitment of UNICEF to credible whistle-blower protections, emphasizing maximum transparency and impartiality in handling complaints of retaliation, and encouraged the organization to strengthen implementation of the policy. Some inquired how protection requests were handled when not covered by the whistle-blower policy. Others expressed concern about the lack of confidence in the protection against retaliation as observed in a recent internal audit on promoting ethics and UNICEF values in country offices, and inquired whether there was a follow-up to the audit report. Some asked whether the current capacity of the Ethics Office was sufficient to address ethics issues within UNICEF.", "44. In response, the Executive Director confirmed the financial disclosure programme was extremely important for public confidence in UNICEF, and noted that the Ethics Office was revising disclosure policies to ensure greater transparency. He stressed his support for the whistle-blower policy and said he would make sure protections are in place. Acknowledging the remark about whether the Ethics Office is sufficiently staffed, he confirmed that he would consider requests for additional staff.", "45. The Principal Adviser, Ethics, referring to the audit results, noted that it was unclear whether there was a lack of confidence or lack of awareness of the protection policy, and stated that her office would be increasing publicity of the programme in the future. Stressing that good protection and disclosure systems were in place at UNICEF, she noted that the Ethics Office was now moving to better analysis of the issues reported and their resolution. She reported that her staff was small but received tremendous support in their work from other parts of the organization, including the Office of Internal Audit and the Division of Human Resources.", "46. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/7 (see annex).", "D. Proposals for UNICEF programme cooperation", "(a) Approval of the revised common country programme document for the United Republic of Tanzania", "47. The Executive Board had discussed the draft common country programme document for the United Republic of Tanzania (DP/FPA-ICEF-WFP/DCCP/ 2011/TZA/1) at its 2011 first regular session. As there were no requests from Executive Board delegations informing the Secretariat in writing that they wished to further discuss the document, the Executive Board approved the UNICEF component on a no-objection basis.", "48. The representative of the United Republic of Tanzania thanked all partners who had supported the finalization of the common country programme document (CCPD), making it a dynamic document that reflected a change in direction by the United Nations in doing business in his country. He said that the process had demonstrated that the reforms under Delivering as One had provided lessons in enhancing the effectiveness of development assistance that were worth putting into practice elsewhere.", "49. One speaker, intervening on behalf of 15 delegations, emphasized the importance of developing a lessons learned exercise regarding the CCPD for the United Republic of Tanzania and future CCPD. The delegation asked to hear about how this process can be streamlined and how it can strengthen partnerships within the United Nations. The delegation requested information on progress on Delivering as One to date, saying that this would be particularly useful for the consideration of the CCPD for Albania and other countries in future sessions.", "(b) Draft country and common country programme documents", "50. The President announced that the Executive Board would consider 26 draft country and common country programme documents. She said that in accordance with Executive Board decision 2008/17, the Executive Board was also being informed of the reasons for deferment of the presentation of 15 other draft country programme documents (CPDs) from the annual session to the second regular session, as contained in document E/ICEF/2011/CRP.11.", "51. The Director, Programmes, gave an overview of the proposed country programmes, presenting them within the context of accelerating achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and the UNICEF equity strategy. He noted that the country programme documents promoted national and subnational policies that forged pro-equity strategies to overcome disparities and, depending on the context, articulated a combination of approaches for achieving equity-focused results.", "Americas and the Caribbean", "52. The Regional Director provided an overview of the four draft country programme documents and one multi-country programme document before the Executive Board: Chile (E/ICEF/2011/P/L.15), Eastern Caribbean multi-country programme (E/ICEF/2011/P/L.16), El Salvador, Honduras and Jamaica (E/ICEF/2011/P/L.17, E/ICEF/2011/P/L.19 and E/ICEF/2011/P/L.20).", "53. Representatives of Antigua and Barbuda (speaking on behalf of the participants in the Eastern Caribbean multi-country programme), Chile, El Salvador, Honduras and Jamaica welcomed the strong partnership with UNICEF. UNICEF was acknowledged for assisting Governments to achieve equity, inclusion and poverty reduction, especially for those who are poor, marginalized, or vulnerable, including indigenous people of African descent, and persons with disabilities. Speakers pointed to significant progress achieved in their countries in several areas, notably child and adolescent health, protection and education, capacity-building, the rights of children and social policies. In addition, they highlighted major challenges with regard to poverty and inequality, monitoring of effective policies and programmes that would address the needs of all children, including the most disadvantaged, malnutrition, low levels of school attendance in rural areas, child labour and the worrying rate of new infections of HIV among adolescents and young people.", "54. One representative emphasized the work planned to mainstream gender into all programme components. Praise was also given for the work of UNICEF and its partners to respond to natural disasters, including the 2010 earthquake and tsunami that hit Chile and the drought in Guatemala.", "55. Several representatives welcomed the importance the draft CPDs being aligned with local realities, priorities, and country ownership, and stressed the importance of South-South cooperation. Three representatives commended the work of UNICEF in middle-income countries and emphasized the need to allocate enough resources to allow these countries to sustain and build on progress made, including in achieving the Millennium Development Goals.", "56. One delegation spoke on the draft CPD for Honduras, encouraging UNICEF to strengthen implementation of the rights of indigenous and Afro-Honduran children and children with disabilities. The delegation cautioned that the expected results may be ambitious, given the resources, especially in education. UNICEF was encouraged to cooperate more closely with United Nations agencies and other partners.", "57. In responding to comments, the Regional Director emphasized that UNICEF was committed to working with partners in a range of countries, from poor to middle-income, focusing in particular on marginalized populations. All CPDs, he said, were emphasizing national ownership and capacity-building, including capacity for disaster response. He noted that in Honduras UNICEF was supporting the Government’s goals in education, and that UNICEF counted on the support of all partners to make firm progress.", "Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States", "58. The Regional Director provided an overview of the documents before the Executive Board: one draft common country programme document for Albania (DP/FPA/OPS-ICEF/DCCP/2011/ALB/1 and Corr.1); three draft country programme documents: Kyrgyzstan, Montenegro and Ukraine (E/ICEF/2011/P/L.2 through E/ICEF/2011/P/L.4); and a recommendation for funding from other resources only, for Croatia (E/ICEF/2011/P/L.1).", "59. The representatives of Albania, Croatia, Kyrgyzstan, Montenegro, Ukraine and other delegations from the region expressed their appreciation to UNICEF for its high level of cooperation. The representatives of the countries presenting new proposals to the Executive Board emphasized the importance of work being done to promote equality, inclusion and protection of vulnerable boys and girls, including the provision of quality health and basic social services. UNICEF was thanked for its support in implementing the Convention on the Rights of the Child and in achieving the Millennium Development Goals. UNICEF was also commended for the alignment of the country programmes with national priorities and the United Nations development assistance or partnership frameworks.", "60. The representative of Albania said that the draft CCPD for 2012-2014 represented the second cycle of cooperation of the Government with One United Nations agencies. Outlining the aims of the proposed programme, the representative underlined the importance of Delivering as One, noting that it had brought increased coherence in programming, in close coordination with the Government, which gladly claimed ownership over United Nations assistance.", "61. The representative of Croatia noted that its programme for 2012-2016 would concentrate foremost on fulfilling the rights of children, especially through child protection and young child development, with a focus on children who are Roma, have disabilities, are in contact with the justice system or are victims of violence, abuse and neglect.", "62. The representative of Kyrgyzstan thanked UNICEF for its humanitarian assistance during the conflict of 2010 and noted that the proposed programme for 2012-2016 would support government and civil society efforts to increase equity and social inclusion for children who live in poverty, need protection and are at risk of ethnic violence, so that children can exercise their rights.", "63. The representative of Montenegro noted that the main components of the proposed programme for 2012-2016 were child protection and social inclusion, as well as children’s rights, and policy and planning with a focus on equity, inclusion and the protection of vulnerable girls and boys.", "64. The representative of Ukraine said that the prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS was a top priority, on which Ukraine had already achieved positive results. With the assistance of UNICEF, progress had been made towards the goal of universal access to treatment, care and support of HIV-affected children, and in prevention of mother-to-child transmission.", "65. Two delegations commended UNICEF for its rapid humanitarian support during the 2010 conflict in Kyrgyzstan. They praised the draft CPDs for Kyrgyzstan and Ukraine and the work being done by UNICEF to support the priorities of those countries, including in children’s and women’s health, food security, preschool education, strengthening social programmes and combating HIV/AIDS. One of the delegations recommended that conflict-sensitive programme management be integrated throughout the programme in Kyrgyzstan and that UNICEF provide more information on planned synergies with the United Nations Population Fund in reproductive health.", "66. The Regional Director thanked the delegations for their substantive and comprehensive comments. He said he agreed about the importance of addressing HIV/AIDS in Ukraine. It was one area in which achievement of the Millennium Development Goal needed priority attention.", "East Asia and the Pacific", "67. The Regional Director provided an overview of three draft country programme documents before the Executive Board: the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Mongolia and the Philippines (E/ICEF/2011/P/L.5 through E/ICEF/2011/P/L.7).", "68. The representatives of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic and Mongolia expressed their appreciation for the cooperation with UNICEF and for the support of donors and other partners. They emphasized that the draft CPDs had been prepared in a consultative manner and were aligned with the Millennium Development Goals, the United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF) and national priorities.", "69. The representative of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic said that the programme for 2012-2015 will address priority areas such as health and nutrition, water, sanitation, hygiene, education, child protection and social policy. It was crucial, the representative said, to receive continued support to achieve Goals 4 and 5.", "70. The representative of Mongolia said that the proposed programme for 2012-2016 centred on the two components of social policy: (a) investment in and advocacy for children’s rights; and (b) integrated and inclusive interventions aiming to reach children most affected by disparities with cost-effective social services. The programme aimed to ensure that vulnerable children in particular benefited from the allocation of adequate resources.", "71. The Regional Director emphasized the commitment of the Governments to an equity-focused development agenda and to a strong partnership with UNICEF. She added that the Governments had a strong sense of national ownership of the programmes.", "Eastern and Southern Africa", "72. The Regional Director provided an overview of two draft country programme documents before the Executive Board: Ethiopia and Zimbabwe (E/ICEF/2011/P/L.8 and E/ICEF/2011/P/L.9 and Corr.1).", "73. The representatives of Ethiopia and Zimbabwe expressed appreciation for the good relationship with the organization and emphasized the commitment of their respective countries to their programmes of cooperation with UNICEF. The representative of Ethiopia noted that his country, as a “self-starter” Delivering as One country, was establishing structures and mechanisms to enhance United Nations reform in support of national priorities.", "74. Delegations noted with approval that both programmes were aligned with the national priorities and strategies of the Governments. One delegation encouraged UNICEF to include gender-based violence and corporal punishment within an education context in the summary results matrices of the draft CPDs for Ethiopia and for Zimbabwe.", "75. On Ethiopia, one delegation enquired about the lessons learned in decentralized planning and capacity-building for emergency response. Another delegation noted the low primary school net enrolment and low birth registration rates. The delegation welcomed the interventions to address these and other challenges, particularly for girls, such as female genital cutting, sexual violence and early marriage. One speaker recommended that the UNICEF results framework more closely follow the logic of the UNDAF. Another speaker said that environmental sustainability considerations should be integrated into UNICEF programmes.", "76. On Zimbabwe, delegations recognized the good work being done in education and gender mainstreaming, despite a dearth of resources. UNICEF was urged to continue to address discrimination, particularly through the renewed focus on equity. One delegation expressed appreciation for the organization’s work in HIV/AIDS, particularly in the procurement of drugs, and urged UNICEF to increase its focus on the strengthening of the health system, nutrition and HIV interventions.", "77. In response, the Regional Director noted that delegations had raised important issues. He said that, as delegations had recommended, UNICEF would continue to build on lessons learned, focusing on capacity-building, establishing an evidence base and addressing bottlenecks, as well as integrating a gender dimension and risk analysis into all aspects of programme work. He noted that in Ethiopia UNICEF had aligned its results framework with that of the UNDAF and would continue to align its interventions with national priorities and major development programmes and strategies.", "Middle East and North Africa", "78. The Regional Director provided an overview of one draft country programme document before the Executive Board: Morocco (E/ICEF/2011/P/L.10). In addition, there was a recommendation for funding from other resources only, for Oman (E/ICEF/2011/P/L.11).", "79. The representative of Morocco expressed appreciation for the good relationship of his country with UNICEF, particularly in achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, and for the increase in resources for the proposed country programme compared to those allocated to the previous one. The representative described the priorities of the new programme and asked UNICEF several questions about the draft CPD: whether the budget should be broken down by geographic areas rather than by issues; about the wording regarding community development plans; and about the involvement of vulnerable groups in emergency preparedness plans and whether UNICEF had undertaken such plans and projects in cooperation with the Government.", "80. One delegation praised the participatory process that had led to the development of the UNDAF and draft CPD for Morocco in close cooperation with the Government. As a result, the delegation said, Moroccan partners had taken ownership of the programme, which aimed to create a protective environment conducive to equity for all children in the country. The delegation expressed the hope that United Nations partners would take advantage of the new initiatives of the UNDAF to enhance coordination and synergy.", "81. In response, the Regional Director expressed appreciation for the support received from partners at the country level and said she would confer with the representative of Morocco on the questions regarding programme budgeting and the preparation for humanitarian assistance.", "South Asia", "82. The Regional Director provided an overview of one draft country programme document before the Executive Board: Bangladesh (E/ICEF/2011/P/L.14).", "83. The representative of Bangladesh said that the draft CPD had been prepared through a consultative process under the leadership of the Government and was designed to achieve results for the poorest children and their families and communities. The document reflects the areas in which UNICEF has a distinct advantage in the United Nations system and aims to achieve the Millennium Development Goals as reflected in the UNDAF. The representative recommended that UNICEF work with the Government and stakeholders to ensure that the revised CPD contributes towards the aspirations of the people of Bangladesh, is aligned with the principles of the joint cooperation strategy with the Government, and incorporates close cooperation with UN-Women.", "84. One delegation praised UNICEF and the Government for the consultative process behind the draft CPD and for its reflection of the equity approach. The delegation noted that there could be a clearer linkage to the MTSP and its key result areas and asked whether a gender review had been carried out. In addition, the delegation inquired whether there were sufficient resources to carry out the goals of the programme.", "85. The Regional Director, responding to what he said were valuable comments, noted that UNICEF would work with government and other partners in Bangladesh to ensure clear linkages of the draft CPD result areas with those of the MTSP. Responding to the question on how such excellent results were achieved in birth registration and how they could be replicated, he said the initiative was a joint initiative of the United Nations led by the Government, which showed strong commitment. This commitment, he said, was also evident in the development of an action plan to address the recommendations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child. Regarding the budget, he said that the funding ceiling, though ambitious, was realistic, given the needs of the country and the possibility of enhanced funding.", "West and Central Africa", "86. The Regional Director provided an overview of eight draft country programme documents before the Executive Board: Central African Republic, Chad, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Mauritania, Sao Tome and Principe, and Senegal (E/ICEF/2011/ P/L.21 through E/ICEF/2011/P/L.28).", "87. The representatives of Chad, Gabon, Ghana, Mauritania and Senegal expressed their appreciation for the good relationship they have with UNICEF. The representative of Chad reported that his Government had adopted national policies favourable to promoting and protecting the rights of children and women and had made significant efforts to establish appropriate mechanisms and structures in health and education. The representative of Gabon reported that his Government intended to establish, with the assistance of UNICEF, a national framework for social protection for the most vulnerable children and their mothers, including in emergencies. The representative of Ghana expressed appreciation for the field visit made to Ghana by delegations of the Executive Board from 9 to 14 May 2011. She noted that the assistance of UNICEF in strengthening national capacities in health care, nutrition, water and sanitation, education and protection had contributed to the ability of Ghana to achieve a number of Millennium Development Goals. The representative of Mauritania noted that his country was prepared to consolidate its cooperation with UNICEF.", "88. One delegation favourably assessed the draft CPDs for Gambia, Mauritania and Senegal but raised the issue of sustainability of some activities and the division of labour among the various stakeholders. Emphasizing the importance of breastfeeding to child survival, the delegation suggested including child survival and development in the country programme for Mauritania.", "89. In response, the Regional Director thanked the delegations for their comments, including those on importance of focusing on disparities, poverty and exclusion, child survival and development, health and nutrition, and the demobilization of children. He said that the questions and concerns of the delegations demonstrated a high level of cooperation and understanding.", "90. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/8 (see annex).", "(c) Extensions of ongoing country programmes", "91. In accordance with decision 2009/11, the Executive Board was informed of the one-year extensions of seven ongoing country programmes that were approved by the Executive Director. Those countries are the following: Belize, Bhutan, Guinea, Haiti, Madagascar, Republic of Moldova and Tunisia. The Executive Board was requested to approve the second consecutive one-year extension of the country programme for South Africa and the two-year extension of the country programme for Paraguay.", "92. The Executive Board adopted decision 2011/19 (see annex).", "E. Reports of the field visits of the Executive Board", "(a) Report of the field visit to the Plurinational State of Bolivia by members of the Bureau of the Executive Board, 11-15 April 2011", "93. The report (E/ICEF/2011/CRP.12) was introduced by Ms. Gillian Joseph, Vice-President of the Executive Board representing the Group of Latin American and Caribbean States. The Vice-President noted that the field visit, which concentrated on field trips to programme sites in and around La Paz and the province of Cochabamba, showed the progress made in promoting the equity approach in accordance with Government priorities, policies and plans. UNICEF was working with a range of partners, including government and community groups at the local level and members of the United Nations system, to address inequities and widen access to quality social services. These endeavours were benefiting the poorest and most vulnerable in society. Progress was also evident in strengthening the formulation and implementation of public policies in favour of children and women and in strengthening the evidence base for successful programming. It was recommended that UNICEF further systematise its work, strengthen the evidence base, and cooperate more strategically with partners.", "(b) Report of the joint field visit to the Republic of the Philippines by members of the Executive Boards of UNDP, UNFPA, UNICEF and the World Food Programme, 26 March to 2 April 2011", "94. Following introductory remarks by Ms. Janet Karim on behalf of H.E. Mr. Brian G. Bowler, Permanent Representative of Malawi to the United Nations, who led the delegation to the Philippines, the Chief Rapporteur of the field visit, Mr. Noel Gonzalez-Segura, Second Secretary of the Permanent Mission of Mexico to the United Nations, introduced the report (E/ICEF/2011/CRP.13 and Corr.1).", "95. Ms. Janet Karim noted that the joint field visit allowed the delegation to gain a first-hand understanding of the programmes of the United Nations agencies at the country level and that the delegation was highly impressed by the work UNICEF was accomplishing in the Philippines. It was noted that the delegation expressed its gratitude to the Government of the Philippines for opportunities of substantial dialogue with senior officials and to the United Nations country team for the carefully prepared visit.", "96. Mr. Gonzalez-Segura reported that the delegation had learned about the social-economic complexity of the situation and that averages of developmental indicators often concealed great disparities within the country. He said the report concluded that continued United Nations support in development was needed in the Philippines.", "97. The representative of the Republic of Korea, who participated in the visit, noted that tens of thousands of children were still unable to receive a basic level of care and protection in the country. Such children included those who were displaced because of conflict. The security situation remained tense, he said, noting that the operational environment of the United Nations agencies was fluid, with UNICEF providing nutrition packages to seriously malnourished children, operating child-friendly spaces, and providing safe drinking water and sanitation units.", "(c) Report of the field visit to Ghana by members of the Executive Board, 9 to 13 May 2011", "98. The report (E/ICEF/2011/CRP.14) was introduced by Ms. Gail Farngalo, Counsellor of the Permanent Mission of Liberia to the United Nations. She expressed gratitude to the Government of Ghana and the UNICEF country office for organizing the field visit and noted that the programme of visit, prepared at relatively short notice, allowed the delegation to hold discussions with many stakeholders at national, regional and local levels. The delegation members were thus able to gain an impression of the situation of children and women in urban and rural areas, she said.", "99. Witnessing the reality of UNICEF development activities at country level, the delegation observed significant pockets of poverty with considerable disparities in health care, nutrition, education and child protection. She concluded that the delegation believed the UNICEF country programme, in focusing on disparities, would assist Ghana, which has become a middle-income country, to tackle the most important challenges for the children and women of Ghana.", "F. Address by the Chairperson of the UNICEF Global Staff Association", "100. The new chairperson of the UNICEF Global Staff Association underlined the commitment of UNICEF staff to the organization’s mandate. He noted some key concerns and challenges, such as staff safety and security, hazard pay in high-risk areas and rest and recuperation in hardship duty areas, as well as issues related to staff recruitment and job insecurity due to the funding situation of UNICEF. The chairperson underlined the fact that disparities existed within the organization, particularly between national and international staff. He said that the disparities relating to salaries, working conditions and education grants needed to be addressed. He concluded by saying that UNICEF staff members were looking to the Executive Director to champion their cause.", "101. In response, the Executive Director welcomed the new chairperson to the post, noting he was the second to be elected from the field. He said UNICEF would, operating within the rules of the United Nations system, seek to find a practical way to reduce the disparities between national and international staff.", "G. Other matters", "102. The Secretary of the Executive Board introduced the provisional list of agenda items for the 2011 second regular session of the Executive Board, scheduled to take place from 12 to 15 September.", "Thematic discussion on results and lessons learned in focus area 4 of the medium-term strategic plan: child protection from violence, exploitation and abuse", "103. Following an introduction by the Director, Programmes, the Chief of the Child Protection Section in Programme Division presented the background document prepared for the discussion.", "104. Delegations expressed their gratitude for the in-depth discussion, noting that child protection was central to the mandate of UNICEF and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. Acknowledging the complexity of the issue, which affected developing and developed countries alike, delegations noted that child protection should be considered holistically and within the context of the organization’s renewed focus on equity. Many noted that child protection required addressing root causes and social norms that were harmful for children. These included corporal punishment and issues particularly affecting girls, such as female genital cutting.", "105. Many delegations stressed the need to develop robust protection systems, particularly in humanitarian situations and armed conflict, and to strengthen protection mechanisms, including psychosocial counselling. Some stressed the need to encourage and support social protection legislation, including for adolescents and for migrant and refugee children in a range of areas including juvenile justice, health and education. The emphasis, they said, needed to be placed on prevention and on promoting a protective environment for children. Many delegations emphasized that the importance of birth registration in that regard.", "106. Delegations praised UNICEF efforts in achieving universal ratification of the Optional Protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child. They noted with appreciation the leadership of UNICEF in child protection within the United Nations system, including in relation to Security Council resolutions 1612 (2005), 1882 (2009), 1888 (2009) and 1960 (2010), as well as the initiative of UNICEF to establish a common system for the Monitoring and Reporting Mechanism in the field. Many commended the collaboration of UNICEF with the Secretary-General’s Special Representatives for children in armed conflict and for violence against children.", "107. Noting the limited data available on child protection, many delegations called for more research in various areas, such as gender-specific vulnerabilities of girls and boys, particularly related to sexual violence, and the impact of organized crime on children. One delegation enquired about lessons drawn from the 2010 UNICEF analysis of key child protection issues in 53 countries. Delegations also enquired about monitoring, gender mainstreaming, collecting and reporting sex-disaggregated data, and updating indicators and key result areas in child protection. Also stressed was the importance of partnerships, including with UN-Women, as well as multisectoral cooperation and sharing of good practices in child protection.", "108. Another delegation noted with concern that child protection had seen a decrease in the amount of resources allocated to it in the budget of UNICEF. Others enquired about UNICEF plans for increasing human resources and about the field capacity of the organization in humanitarian situations.", "109. In response, the Executive Director noted that protection was integral to the equity agenda worldwide. He stressed that the most effective UNICEF work in child protection was in terms of systems and legal frameworks rather than specific projects on the ground, and highlighted the importance of birth registration, which had an enormous implication in many areas. Noting the growing UNICEF involvement in the Monitoring and Reporting Mechanism, he said the question of resources was increasingly an issue.", "110. The Chief, Child Protection, said that the holistic approach involved systemic, upstream work on legal frameworks. She noted the important and growing role of partnerships, including with civil society actors, to address many of the child protection issues around the world. Acknowledging the widespread interest in protecting children affected by emergencies and armed conflict, she highlighted the organization’s role within the Child Protection Working Group and noted that child protection was a significant part of the UNICEF Core Commitments for Children in Humanitarian Action.", "Launch of the “Safe and Friendly Cities for All” joint programme initiative", "111. The session was briefly suspended for the launch of the joint programme initiative of UN-Women, UN-Habitat and UNICEF. Panellists included Ms. Michele Bachelet, Executive Director of UN-Women, Ms. Cecilia Martinez, Director of the UN-Habitat New York Office, and Mr. Anthony Lake, Executive Director of UNICEF.", "H. Adoption of draft decisions", "112. The Executive Board adopted decisions 2011/7 through 2011/13 (see annex). The delegation of Bangladesh expressed appreciation for all the support given for the formulation and adoption of the decision on implementation of the Istanbul Programme of Action on Least Developed Countries.", "I. Closing statements by the Executive Director and the President", "113. The Executive Director thanked the Executive Board members for their constructive comments on the work of UNICEF. He noted that the organization was implementing the equity agenda with a focus on results, and stressed that such an approach included an increased emphasis on monitoring and analysis, in order to improve the performance of UNICEF. It was clear, he said, that the equity agenda was woven into all aspects of the organization’s work, including gender equality and child protection, and that support for the equity agenda from partner Governments was also evident in the discussions on the country programme documents and the field visit reports.", "114. He thanked the delegations for their supportive statements on the organization’s efforts to secure a critical mass of core resources, reiterating that UNICEF needed sufficient regular resources to achieve results for children. He reaffirmed the continuing commitment of senior management to support the Office of Ethics, and stressed that transparency would deepen the public’s confidence in UNICEF. In conclusion, he thanked the members for their work in the informal meetings and noted that the vigorous informal debates had led to the adoption of decisions that preserved the sense of unity and common purpose that had characterized the formal meetings throughout the session.", "115. The President expressed her appreciation to participants for their positive engagement and acknowledged the successful results of the session. She noted that a key dimension in the annual report and indeed in all aspects of the work of UNICEF was the focus on equity. The efforts of UNICEF on behalf of the most vulnerable children were all the more important, she said, because the gulf between the rich and the poor remained, particularly in the face of the continuing financial crisis and proliferating humanitarian emergencies.", "116. Another important area she underscored was child protection, noting that the thematic discussion on that issue had revealed how important it was to promote the rights of the child, not only for the sake of the children but also for the sake of the societies they lived in. She stressed that it was the duty of all Member States to achieve universal ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and its Optional Protocols. She concluded by urging Member States to increase their contributions to the core resources of UNICEF so that the organization could continue to fulfil its core commitments in protecting and promoting the rights of children.", "Annex", "Decisions adopted by the Executive Board at its 2011 annual session", "2011/7 Report of the Office of Ethics", "The Executive Board", "1. Takes note of the report of the Office of Ethics of UNICEF (E/ICEF/2011/11);", "2. Recognizes that the ethics office contributes to fostering a culture of ethics, integrity and accountability in the organization, and, in this regard, notes with appreciation the efforts of the ethics office in providing advice, guidance, protection from retaliation, review of financial disclosure statements, and training to the organization and staff;", "3. Encourages the management of UNICEF to further strengthen the functions of its ethics office in its organization, and to provide sufficient resources for the ethics office to carry out its programme of work;", "4. Looks forward to the consideration of future annual reports of the ethics office of UNICEF, pursuant to Executive Board decision 2010/18, particularly recommendations to management that will strengthen the organizational culture of integrity and compliance.", "Annual session 23 June 2011", "2011/8 Draft country and common country programme documents", "The Executive Board", "Approves the aggregate indicative budget for the following country and common country programmes of cooperation:", "Region/country\tPeriod\tRegularresources\tOtherresources\tDocumentE/ICEF/2011/ \nCentral and EasternEurope and theCommonwealth ofIndependent States \nAlbania\t2012-2016\t3 750000\t27 000000\tDCCP-ALB/1\nCroatia\t2012-2016\t—\t13 436000\tP/L.1\nKyrgyzstan\t2012-2016\t4 600000\t25 000000\tP/L.2\nMontenegro\t2012-2016\t3 750000\t8 000000\tP/L.3 andCorr.1\nUkraine\t2012-2016\t4 075000\t18 000000\tP/L.4\nEast Asia and thePacific \nLao People’s DemocraticRepublic\t2012-2015\t7 860000\t51 688000\tP/L.5\nMongolia\t2012-2016\t3 750000\t15 250000\tP/L.6\nPhilippines\t2012-2016\t15 495000\t70 000000\tP/L.7\nEastern and SouthernAfrica \nEthiopia\t2012-2015\t160 212000\t286 985000\tP/L.8\nZimbabwe\t2012-2015\t19 004000\t320 724000\tP/L.9 andCorr.1\nMiddle East and NorthAfrica \nMorocco\t2012-2016\t6 045000\t26 000000\tP/L.10\nOman\t2012-2015\t—\t4 400000\tP/L.11\n South Asia \nBangladesh\t2012-2016\t112 410000\t333 000000\tP/L.14\nThe Americas and theCaribbean \nChile\t2012-2016\t3 750000\t8 000000\tP/L.15\nEastern Caribbean —multi-country programme \n(Anguilla, Antigua andBarbuda, Barbados,British Virgin Islands,Dominica, Grenada,Montserrat, Saint Kittsand Nevis, Saint Lucia,Saint Vincent and theGrenadines, Trinidadand Tobago, Turks andCaicos Islands)\t2012-2016\t16 000000\t15 000000\tP/L.16\nEl Salvador\t2012-2015\t3 000000\t8 500000\tP/L.17\nHonduras\t2012-2016\t3 750000\t10 000000\tP/L.19\nJamaica\t2012-2016\t3 750000\t10 100000\tP/L.20\n West and Central Africa \nCentral AfricanRepublic\t2012-2016\t19 315000\t60 000000\tP/L.21\nChad\t2012-2016\t56 585000\t95 000000\tP/L.22\nGabon\t2012-2016\t3 750000\t8 000000\tP/L.23\nGambia\t2012-2016\t5 355000\t15 000000\tP/L.24\nGhana\t2012-2016\t43 055000\t140 000000\tP/L.25\nMauritania\t2012-2016\t9 020000\t53 475000\tP/L.26\nSao Tome and Principe\t2012-2016\t3 750000\t2 500000\tP/L.27\nSenegal\t2012-2016\t26 730000\t50 000000\tP/L.28", "Annual session 23 June 2011", "2011/9 Extensions of ongoing country programmes", "The Executive Board", "1. Takes note of the one-year extensions of the country programmes approved by the Executive Director, as indicated in table 1 to document E/ICEF/2011/P/L.29, for Belize, Bhutan, Guinea, Haiti, Madagascar, Republic of Moldova and Tunisia;", "2. Approves the two-year extension for Paraguay and the second one-year extension for South Africa, as presented in table 2 to document E/ICEF/2011/P/L.29.", "Annual session 23 June 2011", "2011/10 Least developed countries", "The Executive Board", "1. Welcomes the endorsement of the Istanbul Declaration (A/CONF.219/L.1) and the Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2011-2020 (A/CONF.219/3/Rev.1), hereinafter referred to as the Istanbul Programme of Action, by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/280 of 17 June 2011;", "2. Recalls the fundamental characteristics of the operational activities of the United Nations as contained in General Assembly resolution 62/208 of 19 December 2007;", "3. Notes the strong support given by UNICEF to the least developed countries;", "4. Stresses the need for UNICEF to give special attention to the implementation of the Istanbul Programme of Action in its support of the least developed countries and in accordance with its mandate;", "5. Invites the Executive Director to integrate, in close cooperation with the chair of the United Nations Development Group, the implementation of the Istanbul Programme of Action in the programme of UNICEF, as called for in the Istanbul Programme of Action, paragraph 153, and in General Assembly resolution 65/280, paragraph 2, and to report on its implementation as part of the annual report of the Executive Director.", "Annual session 23 June 2011", "2011/11 Election of the Bureau of the Executive Board", "The Executive Board", "Recalling its Rules of Procedure and underlining the importance of their observance,", "1. Encourages regional groups to recommend candidates for the Bureau of the Executive Board during the second regular session of 2011;", "2. Encourages the Bureau to invite the recommended candidates mentioned in paragraph 1, above, to participate as observers in the monthly meetings of the Bureau in order to become better informed about the ongoing work and better prepared to execute their future functions in the Bureau;", "3. Decides to convene in early January of each year, starting in 2012, the first meeting of its subsequent first regular session for the sole purpose of electing a new President and other members of the Bureau, in accordance with rule 11 of the Rules of Procedure;", "4. Requests the Secretariat to ensure that the scheduling and organization of this additional meeting is done in consultation with the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management to ensure that conference services are provided within the existing entitlement of the Executive Board of UNICEF.", "Annual session 23 June 2011", "2011/12 Annual report of the Executive Director: progress and achievements against the medium-term strategic plan, 2006-2013", "The Executive Board", "1. Takes note of the annual report of the Executive Director of UNICEF on progress and achievements against the medium-term strategic plan, 2006-2013 (E/ICEF/2011/9), and its companion document, and acknowledges the significant results achieved in 2010;", "2. Reiterates the need for UNICEF to continue to improve its results-oriented reporting to the Executive Board, including better, more systematic results reporting at an organizational level, demonstrating the contributions to national results, as set out in national priorities, and in this regard takes note, with appreciation, of the refocus on the equity approach, which could contribute to this end;", "3. Welcomes the ongoing efforts to enhance results-based management, and in this regard, requests UNICEF, when preparing the medium-term strategic plan for 2014-2017, to continue to develop a robust results framework that demonstrate a complete results chain, with expected results at all levels, and looks forward to regular consultations with the members of the Executive Board on methodology, including on measurable indicators, the format and results management and reporting on the UNICEF medium-term strategic plan for 2014-2017;", "4. Requests UNICEF to present, at the first regular session of 2012, for approval by the Executive Board, a “road map” towards the medium-term strategic plan for 2014-2017, including the results-based management framework and indications of how this work relates to the integrated budget of UNICEF;", "5. Encourages the Executive Director of UNICEF to continue to seek efficiencies by exercising budgetary discipline in the elaboration of the organization’s draft biennial institutional budget for 2012-2013, while recognizing the need for adequate resources to implement the strategic plan;", "6. Requests UNICEF, in future annual reports of the Executive Director, to introduce lessons learned and recommendations for future strategies of the organization, and to include descriptions of challenges and concrete steps taken to address them;", "7. Urges UNICEF to continue to support the efforts of the Governments and other national partners to protect children from violence, abuse and exploitation, and encourages the sharing of information in this regard;", "8. Acknowledges the importance of reporting on gender equality results in all focus areas, as well as, with reference to Executive Board decision 2010/21, on human resources management, including recruitment that takes into consideration the necessity of securing the highest standards of efficiency, competence and integrity, while paying due regard to recruiting on as wide a geographical basis as possible in accordance with Article 101, paragraph 3, of the Charter of the United Nations, and reiterates the request to comprehensively integrate the results in these issues in the annual report of the Executive Director.", "Annual session 23 June 2011", "2011/13 Report on the progress of gender equality work in UNICEF", "The Executive Board", "1. Reaffirms gender equality as one of the cross-cutting strategies of the medium-term strategic plan of UNICEF;", "2. Takes note with appreciation of the report on the progress of gender equality work in UNICEF (E/ICEF/2011/10) and the steps taken to improve work on gender equality;", "3. Takes note of the internal monitoring framework of UNICEF to measure progress in implementation of the gender equality policy in the work of UNICEF, and encourages UNICEF to integrate gender equality into programme processes, and emphasizes the need to ensure adequate financial and human resources for gender equality and empowerment of women, and requests UNICEF to present to the Executive Board information on the initial use of the gender equality marker in the report on the progress of gender equality work in UNICEF;", "4. Urges UNICEF to make further improvements towards contributing to the achievement of gender equality results, and to report on the results of the contributions of UNICEF to improved gender equality in the context of the medium-term strategic plan;", "5. Takes note of the independent review of the attention given to gender equality analysis and results of the work of UNICEF in country programme documents, and in this regard, requests UNICEF to continue to make improvements, including through, inter alia, appropriate quality assurance processes and gender equality expertise;", "6. Recommends the strengthening of institutional accountability mechanisms, including, inter alia, management accountability for gender equality results, quality assurance throughout the planning and programming cycle, allocation of human and financial resources, access to appropriate gender equality expertise, including the use of local experts, and sex-disaggregated reporting on results;", "7. Urges UNICEF to continue the improvement in staff capacity for gender analysis and the development of gender equality results and indicators across the programming areas of UNICEF, including the deployment of qualified specialists to provide leadership, guidance and expertise at country and regional levels;", "8. Urges UNICEF to continue efforts by senior management to improve the integration of gender equality analysis and results in programming and policy at headquarters, regional and country levels, and also to improve targeted action;", "9. Requests UNICEF to work closely with the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), working as part of the United Nations country team, to advance gender equality and the empowerment of women on the basis of complementary and synergetic relationships in order to help to achieve national priorities and targets in the field of gender equality and the empowerment of women;", "10. Requests UNICEF to continue to report on the progress of its gender equality work, in line with the strategic priority action plan for gender equality, during the annual session of the Executive Board, while taking into account the provisions of Executive Board decisions.", "Annual session 23 June 2011" ]

[ "联合国儿童基金会执行局2011年年度会议工作报告^(*)", "^(*) 本文件是联合国儿童基金会执行局年度会议(2011年6月20日至23日)工作报告的预发本。第一届常会(2011年2月8日至11日)的报告作为E/2011/34(Part I)号文件印发，第二届常会(2011年9月12日至15日)的报告将与E/2011/34(Part I和II)号文件合并，最后作为《经济及社会理事会正式记录，2011年，补编第14号》(E/2011/34/Rev.1-E/ICEF/2011/7/Rev.1)印发。", "(2011年6月20日至23日)", "目录", "页次\n1.会议安排 2\nA.主席和执行主任致开幕词 2\nB.通过议程 3\n2.执行局的审议 4\nA.执行主任的年度报告：执行2006-2013年中期战略计划的进展与成果 4\nB.关于儿童基金会两性平等工作的进展情况报告 6\nC.道德操守办公室的报告 7\nD.儿童基金会方案合作提议 8\nE.执行局实地访问的报告 13\nF.儿童基金会全球工作人员协会主席的发言 15\nG.其他事项 15\nH.通过决定草案 16\nI.执行主任和主席致闭幕词 16 \n 附件 \n执行局2011年年度会议通过的决定 18", "一. 会议安排", "A. 主席和执行主任致开幕词", "1. 主席说，在日益不安全的世界上，比以往任何时候都更急需将儿童作为国际和国家目标、计划和预算的优先事项。主席重点指出会议讨论的几个议程项目，包括国家方案文件草案，注意到这些项目反映出儿童基金会倡导的公平做法。她说，该做法注重贫困、边缘化和处境不利的群体，对于实现《千年宣言》指标和千年发展目标以及国家目标至关重要。", "2. 主席注意到其他关键议程项目，尤其是执行主任关于执行中期战略计划的进展与成果的年度报告，着重指出儿童基金会努力精简机构，提高效率，增强实效，更注重成果，并与包括联合国系统内伙伴在内的各伙伴开展更密切的合作。", "3. 主席还说，关于中期战略计划重点领域的深入专题讨论，例如本届会议关于防止儿童遭受暴力、保护和虐待问题的讨论，有助于为编制下个中期战略计划(2014-2017年)奠定重要基础。主席赞扬儿童基金会以关于儿童基金会内男女平等工作的报告等方式不断报告男女平等状况，并说必须始终将重视男女平等问题放在发展工作的核心位置。", "4. 执行主任在开幕词中赞扬即将卸任的副执行主任萨阿德·乌里先生和茜尔德·弗拉菲尤·约翰逊女士的出色和勤奋工作，并热烈欢迎负责方案的副执行主任吉塔·拉奥·古普塔女士。", "5. 执行主任说明了儿童基金会今后几年的关键优先事项，包括下个两年期(2012-2013年)的关键优先事项。一项总体工作将是更重视公平问题，不仅在方案拟定方面，而且在国家和社区的实地执行方面，都重视这个问题。要做到这一点，就需要与伙伴共同找出瓶颈，克力帮助最难获得帮助的群体。", "6. 执行主任说，全球金融危机使帮助这些儿童的工作变得更加困难，因为捐助者削减了提供的资金，而且许多国家的政府减少了社会支出。他说，儿童基金会必须与时俱进，以应对这些艰难的现实情况，其中包括儿童基金会核心资源不断下降的情况。为解决这些新现实问题，儿童基金会已进行预算审查。现已建议儿童基金会削减2012-2013年预算，与2010-2011年预算相比，将管理预算减少4.2%，将机构预算减少5.3%。执行主任强调，此类削减将主要针对总部的工作领域，而不会影响方案资源的数量。", "7. 执行主任说，在联合国系统发展业务活动四年期全面政策审查、新中期战略计划以及千年发展目标的最后期限2015年之前的几年里，儿童基金会及其伙伴将有机会在帮助儿童方面取得更大进展并进一步增强本机构。例如，有可能取得更大进展的方面包括消灭小儿麻痹症以及防治儿童的两个头号杀手肺炎和腹泻，还包括协助各国进行儿童免疫接种。执行主任强调，在进行这些努力的同时，还要补充以立足社区的举措，教给家庭如何辨认和治疗此类疾病以及改善卫生习惯。儿童基金会及其伙伴的目标是到2013年在实现一代人无艾滋病毒/艾滋病方面取得重大进展，途径包括预防母婴传播和为不易获得抗反转录病毒治疗的妇女提供治疗。", "8. 执行主任说，将致力于通过预防发育不全和营养缺乏症的努力，结束损害幼儿体能和智能的情况。提供高质量教育的工作也将得到重视，相关措施包括增加获得学前教育的机会，减少家庭的子女上学费用，为儿童提供更安全的学习场所，以及开展教师培训。他强调，这些措施是消除贫穷、尤其是消除女童贫穷的一种有效途径。儿童基金会还将与伙伴共同防止儿童遭受剥削、暴力和虐待，包括使用创新方法支持出生登记和防止儿童遭受贩运、早婚等形式的剥削。执行主任说，除这些努力外，至关重要的是促进普遍批准《儿童权利公约》及其两项任择议定书。", "9. 要为世界上最易受害儿童营造更好的未来，还应改进数据的质量，更及时地收集更多的数据，特别是通过对家庭进行儿童基金会多指标类集调查来实现这一目标。执行主任注意到，儿童基金会在制定一个围绕“战略成果领域”的新构想，据此与伙伴一起评估疫苗接种、减少发育不全现象或改进教师培训等需要解决的重要问题，消除关键瓶颈。执行主任说，此创新方法的更多情况将向执行局2011年第二届常会报告。", "10. 执行主任说，改进儿童基金会工作的一个方面是，需要加快对紧急情况的反应速度，增强儿童基金会在其负责领域的小组牵头机构作用。现已为改进新设立的快速反应小组做出努力。", "11. 执行主任提到为提高儿童基金会效率的几项举措，包括采用国际公共部门会计准则(公共部门会计准则)。该举措将使儿童基金会能更好地就如何分配资源和提高效率以及节省费用做出决定。儿童基金会还致力于提高透明度。例如，儿童基金会将公布购买疫苗所支付的价格。", "12. 执行主任说，改进儿童基金会工作的另一个方面是致力于加强伙伴合作，包括加强与联合国姐妹机构的合作，也包括加强与世界银行等实体和私人部门的合作。儿童基金会努力成为联合国全系统一致性方面的带头机构。", "13. 执行主任在发言的最后呼吁捐助者支持该机构获得更多核心资源的努力，并说此举对于为儿童获取更多成果具有根本的重要意义。儿童基金会将继续为实现这一重要目标与各国儿童基金会委员会密切合作。", "B. 通过议程", "14. 执行局通过了本届会议的议程、时间表和工作安排(E/ICEF/2011/8)。", "15. 根据议事规则第50.2条，执行局秘书宣布，51个观察员代表团、1个联合国机构、3个政府间组织、各国儿童基金会委员会常设小组和3个非政府组织提交了全权证书。", "二. 执行局的审议", "A. 执行主任的年度报告：执行2006-2013年中期战略计划的进展与成果", "16. 政策和实践司司长介绍了报告(E/ICEF/2011/9)。他指出，年度报告的数据附录已予扩充，现包含对照机构目标和跨领域战略的指标，并包含关于儿童基金会效率主要业绩指标的信息。", "17. 各代表团对年度报告表示欢迎，认为报告内容全面，注重成果。几个代表团建议今后的报告更好地说明儿童基金会为国家一级取得的成果所做的贡献。有代表团说，今后的报告应更注重总结经验，并将成果与中期战略计划更紧密地联系起来，包括报告中期战略计划的基线数据。还有代表团建议下个中期战略计划(2014-2017年)采用更健全的成果框架。各代表团指出报告工作需以最新情况为依据，有些代表团强调有必要与各国统计局开展更密切的合作。", "18. 各代表团具体表扬了儿童基金会在全部五个重点领域和各交叉领域的工作及其人道主义工作，许多代表团要求收到关于其关心的具体领域的更多信息。", "19. 就此点发言的代表团一致表示赞成儿童基金会倡导的公平方式。有代表团指出，该重点与注重人权的方案编制方式密切相关，并将为实现定于2015年实现的千年发展目标做出重大贡献。一位发言者请儿童基金会就公平重点领域的成果以及该领域如何应用于联合国系统提供更多信息。", "20. 各代表团还欢迎儿童基金会致力于实现联合国全系统一致性，包括致力于“一体行动”。在这方面，有些代表团建议加快和增强统一化进程。", "21. 一些代表团鼓励儿童基金会增强在人道主义工作等关键领域的努力。关于群集工作，几位发言者建议儿童基金会更深入地研究群集协调、群集领导和机构间分工方面的挑战，以求增进协调和问责。这些代表团说，应改进的方面包括更及时地部署最合格的工作人员。有代表团鼓励儿童基金会与联合国人道主义事务协调厅和其他伙伴加强合作，以执行机构间常设委员会关于增进协调和成果的决定。", "22. 日本代表团感谢儿童基金会、各国儿童基金会委员会和其他方在2011年3月11日该国遭受地震后所给予的支持。有些代表团赞扬儿童基金会向受政治变化影响的儿童和妇女提供人道主义援助的工作，并鼓励儿童基金会分享在海地和巴基斯坦获得的经验。一个代表团说，执行局若能更深入地讨论包括全系统协调在内的人道主义工作，将是有益的。", "23. 讨论的另一个关键领域是性别平等。各代表团欢迎儿童基金会加紧努力在整个机构和各国家方案中促进性别平等。有代表团建议儿童基金会加倍努力将符合性别平等主流化标准的新国家方案的百分比提高到超过目前报告的57%。此外，有代表团请儿童基金会在下个年度报告中按每个重点领域将性别平等成果主流化，并与联合国促进两性平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)加强协调。", "24. 各代表团称赞儿童基金会努力增强本机构的效率和影响。各代表团要求收到关于企业风险管理的更多信息，并赞扬儿童基金会加紧努力确保疫苗供应的透明度。各代表团还欢迎执行主任支持在不减少方案资金的情况下减少本机构的费用。有代表团请儿童基金会在招聘工作人员方面确保方案国有足够的代表。", "25. 各代表团欢迎儿童基金会更加强调评估和审计。一些发言者建议为评估工作提供更多人力资源和其他支持。还有代表团建议更系统地采用评估来分析成果。关于内部审计，一些代表团请儿童基金会扩大内部审计报告的使用者范围。", "26. 各代表团赞扬儿童基金会将重点置于中等收入国家和最不发达国家，在营养投资领域尤其如此。一些代表团建议将2011年6月17日大会第65/280号决议通过的《2011-2020十年期支援最不发达国家行动纲领》的规定酌情纳入儿童基金会的成果框架和2014-2017年中期战略计划。各国代表团指出，同样具有重要意义的是，应继续支持南南合作，并更加重视青少年、残疾儿童和气候变化对儿童的影响。", "27. 各代表团鼓励儿童基金会与包括联合国系统和私人部门伙伴、世界银行以及全球抗击艾滋病、结核病和疟疾基金大会在内的伙伴开展更密切的合作。", "28. 各代表团强调有必要逆转经常资源收入即儿童基金会核心资金数量减少的趋势。几位发言者促请捐助者增加对儿童基金会的资源捐助，并请儿童基金会寻找新资金来源，包括通过国内资源调动和从新兴经济体获得资金。", "29. 各代表团表示十分赞赏即将卸任的副执行主任萨阿德·乌里先生和茜尔德·弗拉菲尤·约翰逊所做的工作。各代表团欢迎吉塔·拉奥·古普塔女士担任新的负责方案的副执行主任。", "30. 执行主任感谢各代表团的评论和关于支持增加儿童基金会核心资源的声明。他表示赞赏各国儿童基金会委员会常设小组进行出色的工作并与儿童基金会加强合作。", "31. 政策和实践司副司长在回答问题和回应评论时，感谢各代表团提出宝贵意见，并指出这些意见有利于更好地为儿童取得成果和报告成果。", "32. 执行局通过了第2011/12号决定。", "B. 关于儿童基金会两性平等工作的进展情况报告", "33. 执行局收到了E/ICEF/2011/10号文件。政策和实践司司长介绍了议程项目。", "34. 各代表团表示支持儿童基金会有系统地努力在组织内和在工作中改善性别平等，欢迎增进性别平等政策和重新调整平等工作重点之间的协同作用，并把这一努力纳入主流。各代表团赞扬儿童基金会实施性别平等战略优先行动计划，建立高级别性别平等工作队，拟订性别平等标志，作为资源监测工具，更多收集按性别分列的数据，加强伙伴关系和与联合国系统各机构的合作，特别是与妇女署的合作。各代表团指出，性别平等是一个基本人权，是发展合作的一个关键交叉问题。这在联合国发展活动获得更大的关注，许多人对此表示欢迎，并希望加强协调和交流经验将提高资源利用率和协同作用。一些代表团再次要求执行局每年在年度会议上讨论儿童基金会性别平等工作进展。", "35. 各代表团敦促儿童基金会继续努力，加强质量保证和监测，在外地特别需要这样做；添加性别平等的内容，作为所有工作人员法定培训的一环；增加儿童基金会高级职位的妇女任职人数；在今后关于性别平等问题的报告中介绍项目成果和实地影响。他们指出，今后的报告要更清晰介绍如何通过实施措施在实地取得成果，高级管理人员如何确保将按性别分列的数据用于促进性别平等。有代表强调，必须让男子和男孩参与实现性别平等，必须赋予妇女权力，尤其是必须将普及女童教育的工作主流化。他们询问是否为在国家一级政策对话中系统地处理这一问题建立机制。其他代表注意到许多女孩卷入武装冲突，敦促儿童基金会继续在解除武装和重返社会方案中考虑到性别问题。", "36. 各代表团敦促儿童基金会继续弥补按性别分列的数据的分析和使用方面持续存在的差距，特别是在国家一级存在的差距，了解更多的性别歧视与其他形式歧视之间的关联。其他代表关切地注意到在过去一年符合性别平等主流化的组织标准的国家方案文件的百分比下降，在中期战略计划各个重点领域按性别分列数据的报告很不平衡，因此要求更多了解儿童基金会加强分析和利用这些数据的计划，并询问性别平等标志是否会用于监测进展和成果。一些代表团注意到将性别平等主流化工作纳入业绩管理进程的重要性，问及区域和国家各级与性别专门知识有关的问责机制和人员配备。还有代表指出，最好拟订更多的指标，衡量变化，而不是活动，并问及有关儿童基金会支持政府和民间社会合作伙伴把性别平等纳入主流的战略。", "37. 执行主任答复指出，性别平等是儿童基金会的关键优先事项。然而，儿童基金会虽然在联合国大家庭中发挥领导作用，但进展还不够快，一些领域尚需改进。政策和实践司司长指出，儿童基金会将努力在执行主任年度报告中报告性别平等工作的影响，并投入额外的努力，在最新的中期战略计划和其他报告机制成果框架内提出按性别分列的目标和指标。他解释说，性别平等标志没有跟踪发展的结果，但将有助于确定关键成果，特别侧重性别平等；他报告说，目前正在审议儿童基金会性别平等标志，将其作为由妇女署领导的进程内跨机构性别平等标记的初始模型。", "38. 司长承认，儿童基金会已经确定，加强推进性别平等工作的关键问题是让男子和男孩参与这一工作，特别是在国家一级这样做，并使用分类数据。他报告说，儿童基金会将很快公布儿童信息数据库若干指标的详细分析结果，用于通过儿童基金会援助的国家方案，更系统地推动方案国家使用性别平等数据。他注意到各代表团提出的其他意见，包括联合国系统内的联合工作和协调、冲突后局势中的性别问题、从性别平等角度与国家合作伙伴一起宣传和支持政策拟订进程的问题。他最后说，儿童基金会将继续加快实施预期在实地产生相应成果和影响的性别平等政策和战略优先行动计划。", "39. 执行局通过了第2011/13号决定(见附件)。", "C. 道德操守办公室的报告", "40. 执行局收到了E/ICEF/2011/11号文件。道德操守办公室首席顾问介绍了这一议程项目。", "41. 各代表团表示支持道德操守办公室的工作，欢迎该办公室努力通过培训、宣传等途径弘扬儿童基金会的廉正和问责文化。各代表团强调，为避免工作人员利益冲突，财务信息披露是一个关键手段，因此对高度遵守方案的规定表示欢迎，敦促道德操守办公室确保其持续成功。", "42. 各代表团注意到，充分报告财务披露情况，将有助于增进对找出并解决利益冲突的能力的信任，希望在今后报告中更详细地汇报需要调查或采取补救行动的个案的实际数目。一些代表团鼓励儿童基金会尽可能根据联合国的条例，公开披露高级工作人员的财务和外部利益。", "43. 各代表团欢迎儿童基金会承诺保护可信的举报人员，强调要以最大的透明度和公正性处理关于打击报复的投诉，并鼓励该组织加强政策的执行工作。有代表问，在保护举报人的政策不涉及的方面，如何处理保护要求。最近有关在国家办事处倡导道德操守和儿童基金会价值观的内部审计报告指出，人们对防止打击报复的工作信任不够。一些代表团对此表示关切并询问有无就该审计报告采取后续行动。有代表问，道德操守办公室现有人员是否足以应付儿童基金会内部的道德操守问题。", "44. 对此，执行主任确认，财务披露方案对公众信任联合国儿童基金会极为重要，并指出，道德操守办公室正在修订披露政策，以确保有更大的透明度。他强调，他支持保护举报人政策，并表示他将确保各项保护工作到位。关于道德操守办公室人员是否足够的这问题，他证实他会考虑增加人员的请求。", "45. 道德操守首席顾问提到审计结果时指出，人们对保护政策是否信任不够，或认识不足，尚不清楚。她表示，道德操守办公室今后将更多宣传该方案。她强调，良好的保护和披露制度在联合国儿童基金会已经落实，并指出道德操守办公室正在努力更好地分析报告的问题，解决这些问题。她报告说，她属下工作人员很少，但其工作得到其他部门的巨大支持，包括内部审计办公室和人力资源司的支持。", "46. 执行局通过了第2011/7号决定(见附件)。", "D. 儿童基金会方案合作提议", "(a) 批准经修订的坦桑尼亚联合共和国共同国家方案文件", "47. 执行局2011年第一届常会讨论了坦桑尼亚联合共和国共同国家方案文件(DP/FPA-ICEF-WFP/DCCP/2011/TZA/1)。由于执行局各代表团没有提出请求，将其希望进一步讨论该文件的意向书面通知秘书处，执行局在无异议基础上，批准了该文件中与儿童基金会有关的内容。", "48. 坦桑尼亚联合共和国代表感谢所有支持共同国家方案文件定稿的合作伙伴，使该文件成为一份有力的文件，反映出联合国在坦桑尼亚联合共和国工作方向的转变。他说，这个过程表明，“一体行动”下的改革，提供了经验，有助于提高发展援助的效益，值得到其他地方推广。", "49. 一位发言者代表15个代表团发言，强调应总结坦桑尼亚联合共和国共同国家方案文件和今后共同国家方案文件的经验教训。该代表要求了解这个过程如何简化，如何加强联合国范围内的伙伴关系。该代表要求了解迄今为止“一体行动”的进展情况，并说，这对今后会议审议阿尔巴尼亚和其他国家的共同国家方案文件特别有用。", "(b) 国家和共同国家方案文件草案", "50. 主席宣布，执行局将审议26份国家和共同国家方案文件草案。她说，按照执行局第2008/17号决定，执行局也获悉E/ICEF/2011/CRP.11号文件所载的其他15份国家方案文件草稿从年度会议推延到第二届常会介绍的理由。", "51. 方案主任概述了拟议的国家方案，在加快实现千年发展目标和儿童基金会平等战略背景下做了介绍。他指出，国家方案文件促进订立国家和地方政策，制定平等战略，消除差距，而且视情况所需，制定实现重视平等的结果的各种办法。", "美洲和加勒比", "52. 区域主任在执行局概述了四个国家方案文件草案和一个多国方案文件：智利(E/ICEF/2011/P/L.15)、东加勒比多国方案(E/ICEF/2011/P/L.16)、萨尔瓦多、洪都拉斯和牙买加(E/ICEF/2011/P/L.17，E/ICEF/2011/P/L.19和E/ICEF/2011/P/L.20)。", "53. 安提瓜和巴布达代表(以东加勒比多国方案参与国的名义发言)、智利代表、萨尔瓦多代表、洪都拉斯代表和牙买加代表欢迎与儿童基金会建立强有力的伙伴关系，赞扬儿童基金会协助政府实现平等，落实包容理念，开展扶贫工作，尤其是为穷人、边缘化的人或包括土著人民、非洲裔和残疾人在内的弱势群体提供帮助。发言代表指出，其本国在一些领域取得重大进展，尤其是在儿童和青少年健康，保护和教育、能力建设、儿童权利和社会政策等领域取得重大进展。此外，他们还强调以下方面的重大挑战：贫困和不平等、满足包括处境最不利的儿童在内的所有儿童的需要的有效政策和方案的监测、营养不良、农村地区入学率低、童工及青少年令人担忧的艾滋病毒新感染率。", "54. 一位代表强调应将性别平等工作纳入所有方案组成部分的主流。有人还赞扬儿童基金会及其合作伙伴应对自然灾害的活动，包括应对2010年智利地震和海啸及危地马拉干旱的活动。", "55. 国家方案文件须重视当地实际情况、优先事项和国家掌管权，若干代表对此表示欢迎，并强调南南合作的重要性。三名代表赞扬儿童基金会在中等收入国家的工作，并强调需要分配足够的资源，使这些国家能够保持所取得的进展，再接再厉，实现千年发展目标。", "56. 一个代表团提到洪都拉斯国家方案文件草案，鼓励儿童基金会加大力度落实土著儿童、洪都拉斯籍非洲裔儿童和残疾儿童的权利。该代表团提醒大家说，考虑到资源有限，特别是教育资源有限，预期结果可能相当雄心勃勃，因此鼓励儿童基金会与联合国各机构和其他伙伴更加紧密地合作。", "57. 区域主任答复时强调，儿童基金会致力于在一系列低收入和中等收入国家与各伙伴合作，特别重视边缘化人群。他说，所有国家方案文件都强调国家掌管权和能力建设，包括救灾能力建设。他指出，在洪都拉斯，儿童基金会在支持政府实现教育目标，儿童基金会指望所有合作伙伴的支持，以求稳固的进展。", "中欧、东欧和独立国家联合体", "58. 区域主任向执行局概述了阿尔巴尼亚共同国家方案文件草案(DP/FPA/OPS-ICEF/DCCP/2011/ALB/1和Corr.1)；吉尔吉斯斯坦、黑山和乌克兰三个国家方案文件草案(E/ICEF/2011/P/L.2至E/ICEF/2011/P/L.4)；克罗地亚的仅来自其他资源的经费建议(E/ICEF/2011/P/L.1)。", "59. 阿尔巴尼亚、克罗地亚、吉尔吉斯斯坦、黑山、乌克兰代表和该区域其他代表团的代表感谢儿童基金会的大力合作。向执行局提出新建议的国家的代表强调，促进平等、包容和保护弱势男女儿童的工作十分重要，提供高质量的保健服务和基本社会服务的工作也十分重要。他们感谢儿童基金会支持实施《儿童权利公约》和实现千年发展目标，赞扬儿童基金会将国家方案与国家优先事项和联合国发展援助框架或合作伙伴关系框架保持一致。", "60. 阿尔巴尼亚代表说，2012-2014年共同国家方案文件草案是政府与联合国机构合作的第二个周期。该代表概述了拟议方案的目的，强调“一体行动”的重要性，并指出，经与政府密切协调，方案编制更具有连贯性，政府也欣然拥有对联合国援助的掌管权。", "61. 克罗地亚代表指出，其2012-2016年方案将特别通过保护儿童和幼儿发展等途径，优先重视落实儿童权利，重点关注罗姆儿童、残疾儿童、犯法儿童或受害于暴力、虐待和忽视的儿童。", "62. 吉尔吉斯斯坦代表感谢儿童基金会在2010年冲突期间给予人道主义援助，并指出，2012-2016年拟议方案将支持政府和民间社会的努力让贫困儿童、需要保护的儿童和可能遭受种族暴力的儿童获得更公平待遇，让他们能融入社会，让儿童可以行使自己的权利。", "63. 黑山代表指出，2012-2016年拟议方案主要组成部分是儿童保护和社会包容性，以及儿童权利，还有注重平等、包容和保护脆弱男女儿童的政策和规划。", "64. 乌克兰代表说，防治艾滋病毒/艾滋病是重中之重，乌克兰已经为此取得积极成果。在儿童基金会协助下，普及感染艾滋病毒的儿童的治疗、护理和辅助的工作，及预防儿童经母体感染艾滋病的工作，均取得进展。", "65. 两个代表团赞扬儿童基金会在2010年吉尔吉斯斯坦冲突期间迅速提供人道主义支持。他们称赞吉尔吉斯斯坦和乌克兰的国家方案文件草案，以及儿童基金会正在开展的、支持这些国家优先事项的工作，包括妇幼健康、食品安全、学龄前教育、加强社会方案和防治艾滋病毒/艾滋病工作。一个代表团建议把注意冲突问题的方案管理纳入吉尔吉斯斯坦整个方案，并建议儿童基金会更多介绍与人口基金在生殖健康方面的协同作用。", "66. 区域主任感谢各代表团给予实质性和全面的评论。他说，他同意应重视乌克兰的艾滋病毒/艾滋病防治工作。这是在实现千年发展目标需要优先关注的一个领域。", "东亚和太平洋地区", "67. 区域主任向执行局概述了三个国家的共同方案文件草案：老挝人民民主共和国，蒙古和菲律宾(E/ICEF/2011/P/L.5至E/ICEF/2011/P/L.7)。", "68. 老挝人民民主共和国和蒙古代表表示赞赏与儿童基金会的合作，赞赏捐助者和其他合作伙伴的支持。他们强调说，国家方案文件草案是以协商方式编制的，与千年发展目标、联合国发展援助框架和国家重点相一致。", "69. 老挝人民民主共和国代表表示，2012-2015年方案将关注诸如健康和营养、水、卫生设施、个人卫生、教育、儿童保护、社会政策等优先领域。该代表说，如要实现目标4和5，就必须继续得到支持。", "70．蒙古代表说，2012-2016年拟议方案侧重社会政策的两个组成部分：(a) 着力落实儿童权利，宣传儿童权利；(b) 采取有各方参与的综合措施，提供具有成本效益的社会服务，帮助受不平等之害最深的儿童。方案旨在确保分配足够的资源，让弱势儿童受益。", "71. 区域主任强调各国政府承诺实施重视平等的发展议程，承诺与儿童基金会建立有力的伙伴关系。她补充说，各国政府对国家掌管方案有着深刻的认识。", "东部和南部非洲", "72. 区域主任向执行局概述了两个国家方案文件草案：埃塞俄比亚和津巴布韦(E/ICEF/2011/P/L.8和E/ICEF/2011/P/L.9及Corr.1)。", "73. 埃塞俄比亚和津巴布韦代表赞赏与组织的良好关系，强调各自国家对儿童基金会合作方案的承诺。埃塞俄比亚代表指出，埃塞俄比亚作为“一体行动”的“自我启动国”，正在建立结构和机制，促进联合国的改革，更好地支持国家优先事项。", "74. 各代表团赞赏地指出，这两项方案都与国家优先事项和政府战略相一致。一个代表团鼓励儿童基金会在埃塞俄比亚和津巴布韦国家方案文件草稿成果汇总表内列入教育方面防止基于性别的暴力和体罚的内容。", "75. 关于埃塞俄比亚，一个代表团问及权力下放的应急反应规划和能力建设方面的经验教训。另一个代表团注意到小学净入学率低，出生登记率低。该代表团欢迎采取干预措施，应对这些挑战及其他挑战，特别是女孩面临的问题，如切割女性生殖器官、性暴力和早婚。一位发言者建议儿童基金会成果框架更紧密地遵循联合国发展援助框架的模式。另一位发言者说，环境可持续性考虑应纳入儿童基金会方案。", "76. 关于津巴布韦，各代表团认识到，尽管资源匮乏，但教育和性别平等主流化工作开展得很好。各代表团敦促儿童基金会继续解决歧视问题，特别是重新关注平等问题。一个代表团表示赞赏儿童基金会在艾滋病毒/艾滋病防治方面的工作，特别是采购药品的工作，并敦促儿童基金会更加重视加强卫生系统、营养和艾滋病毒防治措施。", "77. 区域主任回答时指出，各代表团提出了重要问题。他说，如各代表团所建议，儿童基金会将继续总结经验教训，注重能力建设，建立证据基础，解决瓶颈问题，将性别平等的内容和风险分析纳入方案工作的所有方面。他指出，在埃塞俄比亚，儿童基金会把成果框架与联合国发展援助框架相配合，并会继续使其工作配合国家的优先事项和重大发展计划和战略。", "中东和北非", "78. 区域主任向执行局概述了一个国家方案文件草稿：摩洛哥(E/ICEF/2011/P/L.10)。此外还有关于仅来自其他资源用于安曼的经费建议(E/ICEF/2011/P/L.11)。", "79. 摩洛哥代表赞赏摩洛哥与儿童基金会的良好关系，特别是在实现千年发展目标方面的良好关系，赞赏拟议国家方案资源与前期相比有增加。该代表介绍了新方案的优先事项，向儿童基金会提出有关文件草案的几个问题：预算是否应按地理区域而不是问题细分的问题、社区发展计划的措辞问题、弱势群体参与应急准备计划的问题、儿童基金会是否已与政府合作执行这种计划和项目的问题。", "80. 一个代表团对参与性过程表示赞扬，因为在此过程中通过与政府密切合作编制了联合国发展援助框架和摩洛哥共同方案文件。因此，该代表团说，摩洛哥的合作伙伴已掌管了该方案，方案的目标是在全国营造有利于所有儿童平等的保护性环境。该代表团希望联合国合作伙伴将利用联合国发展援助框架的新举措，加强协调和协同作用。", "81. 区域主任在回答上述问题时对国家一级的合作伙伴的支持表示感谢，并表示将与摩洛哥代表就有关方案预算编制和筹备人道主义援助的问题进行讨论。", "南亚", "82. 区域主任概述了执行局收到的一份国家方案文件草案：孟加拉国(E/ICEF/ 2011/P/L.14)。", "83. 孟加拉国代表指出，该国家方案文件草案是通过一个由政府领导的协商过程编写的，目的是为最贫穷的儿童及其家庭和社区实现成果。该文件反映了儿童基金会在联合国系统中具有明显优势的领域，并旨在实现体现在联合国发展援助框架的千年发展目标。这位代表建议儿童基金会与政府和利益攸关方合作，确保修订后的国家方案文件有助于实现孟加拉国人民的愿望，符合与政府共同合作战略的原则，并结合与联合国妇女署的密切合作。", "84. 有代表团赞扬儿童基金会和该国政府为该文件草案开展的协商以及该文件所反映的性别平等观念。该代表团指出，中期战略计划及其关键成果领域可以有一个更清晰的联系，并询问是否已进行了性别平等领域的审查。此外，该代表团想知道是否有足够资源来实现该计划的目标。", "85. 区域主任说，有些意见很宝贵，对此他指出，儿童基金会将与政府和其他合作伙伴在孟加拉国合作确保国家方案文件的成果领域与中期战略计划草案的成果领域有明确联系。关于出生登记方面如何能取得如此优异成果，以及如何能够取得相同成果的问题，他表示，该举措是联合国与该国政府的一个联合举措，起主导作用的是政府，政府做出了坚定的承诺。他说，该国政府在制订落实儿童权利委员会的建议的行动计划时也表现出这种承诺。关于预算问题，他指出，虽然拨款上限相当高，但是切合实际的，因为考虑到该国的需要和增加资金的可能性。", "西部和中部非洲", "86. 区域主任概述了执行局收到的8份国家方案文件草案，这些国家包括中非共和国、乍得、加蓬、冈比亚、加纳、毛里塔尼亚、圣多美和普林西比以及塞内加尔(E/ICEF/2011/P/L.21至E/ICEF/2011/P/L.28)。", "87. 乍得、加蓬、加纳、毛里塔尼亚和塞内加尔的代表对它们与儿童基金会的良好关系表示赞赏。乍得代表汇报说，乍得政府已采取了有利于促进和保护妇女及儿童权利的国家政策，并大力努力在健康和教育领域建立适当的机制和机构。加蓬代表报告说，加蓬政府打算在儿童基金会协助下建立一个全国框架，用以向最脆弱儿童及其母亲提供社会保护，包括在紧急情况下提供这种保护。加纳代表对执行局代表团2011年5月9日至14日到加纳进行实地访问表示赞赏。她指出，儿童基金会协助加强加纳在卫生保健、营养、供水及公共卫生、教育和保护方面的国家能力，有助于该国实现千年发展目标。毛里塔尼亚代表指出，该国打算巩固与儿童基金会的合作。", "88. 有一个代表团对冈比亚、毛里塔尼亚和塞内加尔的国家方案文件草案给予积极评价，但提出关于一些活动的可持续性问题，以及各种利益攸关方之间的分工问题。该代表团强调母乳喂养对儿童生存的重要性，建议将儿童的生存和发展纳入毛里塔尼亚的国家方案。", "89. 对此，区域主任感谢各代表团的意见，包括那些关于应将重点放在差距、贫困和排斥、儿童生存和发展、健康和营养以及儿童兵复员等方面的意见。他指出，各代表团提出的问题和关切，表现出它们之间合作水平很高，而且相互谅解。", "90. 执行局通过了第2011/8号决定(见附件)。", "(c) 延长正在实施的国家方案", "91. 按照第2009/11号决定，执行局获悉，执行主任批准将正在实施的七个国家方案延长一年。这些国家是：伯利兹、不丹、几内亚、海地、马达加斯加、摩尔多瓦共和国和突尼斯。南非要求执行局批准将其国家方案连续第二次延长一年，巴拉圭要求将其国家方案延长两年。", "92. 执行局通过了第2011/8号决定(见附件)。", "E. 执行局实地访问的报告", "(a) 执行局主席团成员2011年4月11日至15日前往多民族玻利维亚国实地访问的报告", "93. 执行局副主席Gillian Joseph女士代表拉丁美洲和加勒比国家集团介绍了该报告(E/ICEF/2011/CRP.12)。副主席指出，实地访问主要在拉巴斯和科恰班巴省及周围的方案现场，观察到根据政府的优先事项、政策和计划在促进性别平等方面取得的进展。儿童基金会正与一系列合作伙伴合作，包括政府和地方一级的社会团体，以及联合国系统的机构，共同解决男女不平等和扩大优质社会服务等问题。这些努力有助于社会最贫穷和最脆弱的群体。加强有利于儿童和妇女的公共政策的制定和实施工作以及加强成功制订方案的证据基础的工作也取得进展。有代表团建议儿童基金会工作进一步系统化，加强证据基础，并与合作伙伴开展更具有战略意义的合作。", "(b) 2011年3月26日至4月2日开发署、人口基金、儿童基金会和世界粮食计划署执行局成员对菲律宾共和国联合实地访问的报告", "94. 珍内特·卡里姆女士代表到菲律宾访问的代表团团长马拉维常驻联合国代表布赖恩·鲍勒先生致开场白之后，这次实地访问的首席报告员墨西哥常驻联合国代表团二秘Noel Gonzalez-Segura先生介绍了该报告(E/ICEF/2011/CRP.13和Corr.1)。", "95. 珍内特·卡里姆女士指出，联合实地访问使得代表团能亲自了解联合国各机构在国家一级的方案情况，并表示代表团对儿童基金会在菲律宾完成的工作留下深刻印象。她指出，代表团感谢菲律宾政府提供与其高级官员进行实质性对话的机会，并感谢联合国国家工作队为这次访问所做的精心准备。", "96. Gonzalez-Segura先生报告说，代表团知道该国复杂的经济社会形势，而且发展指标的平均值往往掩盖了该国国内的巨大差距。他说，报告的结论是，联合国应在发展领域继续帮助菲律宾。", "97. 大韩民国代表参加了这次访问。他指出，成千上万的儿童在菲律宾仍然无法得到基本的照顾和保护。这些儿童包括那些因冲突而流离失所的儿童。他说，安全局势仍然紧张，并指出联合国各机构的作业环境不稳定。儿童基金会向严重营养不良的儿童提供营养包，经营儿童友好中心，并提供安全饮用水和公共厕所。", "(c) 2011年5月9日至13日执行局成员对加纳的实地访问", "98. 利比里亚常驻联合国代表团参赞Gail Farngalo女士介绍了该报告(E/ICEF/2011/CRP.14)。她感谢加纳政府和儿童基金会国家办事处组织了这次实地访问，并指出，这次访问安排是在较短时间内制订，这些安排使得代表团能与在国家、区域和地方各级的许多利益攸关方进行讨论。因此，代表团成员了解到在城市和农村地区的儿童和妇女的情况。", "99. 代表团亲眼看到儿童基金会在国家一级发展活动的实际情况，并注意到在许多贫困区，保健、营养、教育儿童保护等方面差距很大。她总结说，代表团认为，儿童基金会的国家方案将重点放在这些差距上，能协助已成为中等收入国家的加纳应对该国儿童和妇女面临的最大挑战。", "F. 儿童基金会全球工作人员协会主席的发言", "100.　儿童基金会全球工作人员协会新主席强调儿童基金会工作人员对该组织任务的承诺。他指出一些关键问题和挑战，如工作人员的安全和安保、高风险地区危险津贴、艰苦工作地点的休息和康复，以及儿童基金会的筹资状况造成工作人员招聘和工作不稳定的相关问题。主席强调，该组织内存在不平等的问题，特别是国家工作人员与国际工作人员之间的差距。他说，需要解决薪酬、工作条件和教育补助金的差距问题。最后，他指出，儿童基金会的工作人员期待执行主任能支持他们在这方面的努力。", "101.　执行主任在答复上述问题时表示欢迎新任主席到任，指出他是从实地当选的第二位主席。他说，儿童基金会将在联合国系统的规则范围内，力求找到一条切实可行的途径，减少国家工作人员与国际工作人员的差距。", "G. 其他事项", "102.　执行局秘书介绍了预定于9月12日至15日举行的执行局2011年第二届常会的临时议程项目清单。", "关于中期战略计划重点领域4(防止儿童遭受暴力、剥削和虐待)的成果和经验教训的专题讨论", "103.　在方案司司长的开场白之后，由该司儿童保护科科长介绍为该讨论准备的背景文件。", "104.　各代表团对该文件的深入讨论表示感激，并指出，保护儿童对于儿童基金会的任务和千年发展目标的实现至关重要。各代表团承认这个问题的复杂性，它既影响发展中国家，也影响发达国家，因此，应从整体的角度，并在本组织重新注重公平的背景下考虑保护儿童的问题。许多代表指出，儿童保护需要处理该问题的根源以及对儿童有害的社会习俗。这些习俗包括体罚和特别是影响女孩的问题，如切割女性生殖器官。", "105.　许多代表团强调需要发展强有力的保护系统，在人道主义局势和武装冲突中特别如此，并加强保护机制，包括社会心理辅导。有些代表团强调，需要鼓励和支持社会保障立法，包括在少年司法、卫生和教育等领域的青少年立法，以及移民和难民儿童的立法。他们认为，需要将重点放在预防，放在促进创造保护儿童的环境。在这方面，许多代表团强调出生登记的重要性。", "106.　各代表团赞扬儿童基金会努力争取《儿童权利公约任择议定书》的普遍批准。他们赞赏地注意到儿童基金会在联合国系统内发挥保护儿童的领导作用，包括在执行安全理事会第1612(2005)号、第1882(2009)号、第1888(2009)号和第1960(2010)号决议方面的作用，并注意到儿童基金会提倡在该领域建立监测和报告机制的共同制度。许多代表赞扬儿童基金会与秘书长儿童与武装冲突的特别代表和暴力侵害儿童问题的特别代表合作。", "107.　许多代表团注意到关于儿童保护的数据有限，呼吁更多地研究各个领域的问题，如男孩和女孩因性别而特有的脆弱性，尤其是与性暴力有关的问题，以及有组织犯罪对儿童的影响。有代表团想知道从2010年儿童基金会对53个国家关键的儿童保护问题所做的分析得出哪些经验教训。有几个代表团还想知道监测、性别平等主流化、性别分类数据的收集和报告以及更新保护儿童方面的指标和关键成果领域的情况。代表团还强调伙伴关系的重要性，包括与联合国妇女署的伙伴关系，以及在保护儿童方面的多部门合作和交流良好做法。", "108.　另一个代表团关切地注意到，儿童基金会的预算分配给保护儿童的资源减少。其他代表团想知道儿童基金会增加人力资源的计划以及该组织在人道主义局势领域的实地能力。", "109.　执行主任在回答上述问题时指出，保护儿童是全球性别平等议程的组成部分。他强调，儿童基金会在保护儿童方面最有效的工作在于建立制度和法律框架，而不是实地具体项目，并强调出生登记的重要性，这已在许多领域产生重大影响。他指出儿童基金会越来越多地参与监测和报告机制，但资源日益成问题。", "110.　儿童保护科科长说，如要采取综合办法，就需要对法律框架开展系统性的上游工作。她指出，为了应对世界各地的许多儿童保护问题，伙伴关系，包括与民间社会行为体的伙伴关系，发挥越来越大的重要作用。她承认大家都普遍重视保护受突发事件和武装冲突影响的儿童的问题，强调儿童基金会在儿童保护工作组中的作用，并指出，保护儿童是儿童基金会“人道主义行动中造福儿童的核心承诺”一个重要组成部分。", "启动“安全友好城市造福万众”的联合方案倡议", "111.　为了正式启动妇女署、人居署与儿童基金会的联合方案倡议，会议简短暂停。专题小组成员包括妇女署执行主任Michele Bachelet女士、人居署纽约办事处主任Cecilia Martinez女士和儿童基金会执行主任Anthony Lake先生。", "H. 通过决定草案", "112.　执行局通过了第2011/7号至第2011/13号决定(见附件)。孟加拉国代表团对关于执行《伊斯坦布尔最不发达国家行动纲领》的决定的拟订和通过所获得的一切支持表示感谢。", "I. 执行主任和主席致闭幕词", "113.　执行主任感谢执行局成员对儿童基金会工作所提的建设性意见。他指出，本组织正在实施一个注重成果的性别平等议程，并强调，这种做法包括加强监测和分析，以便提高儿童基金会的绩效。他说，性别平等议程显然已纳入本组织工作的各个方面，包括性别平等和儿童保护。他还指出，合作伙伴政府对性别平等议程的支持也表现在关于国家方案文件和实地访问的报告讨论中。", "114.　他感谢各代表团在发言中表示对本组织努力确保有足够数额核心资源的支持，并重申，儿童基金会需要足够的经常资源，来为儿童实现各领域的成果。他重申高级管理人员继续承诺支持道德操守办公室的工作，并强调，透明度会加深公众对儿童基金会的信任。最后，他感谢执行局成员在非正式会议中所做的工作，并指出，经过充满活力的非正式辩论，各项决定已获通过，保持了本届常会正式会议所体现的团结一致的精神和共同目的。", "115.　主席感谢与会者的积极参与，并确认本届常会的成功结果。她指出，年度报告和儿童基金会各个方面工作的一个关键方面是注重平等。她说，儿童基金会为最脆弱儿童所做的努力更为重要，因为贫富之间的鸿沟依然存在，在持续金融危机和不断增加的人道主义紧急情况下尤其如此。", "116.　她强调指出，另一个重要方面是保护儿童，并指出，对这一问题进行专题讨论已表明，增进儿童权利是多么重要，不仅是为了孩子，也为了他们所生活的社会。她强调，所有会员国都有责任力求《儿童权利公约》及其《任择议定书》获得普遍批准。最后，她敦促会员国增加对儿童基金会核心资源的捐款，使该组织能够继续履行其保护和增进儿童权利的核心承诺。", "附件", "执行局2011年年度会议通过的决定", "2011/7 道德操守办公室的报告", "执行局", "1. 注意到儿童基金会道德操守办公室的报告(E/ICEF/2011/11)；", "2. 确认道德操守办公室有助于弘扬本组织的道德、廉正和问责文化，在这方面，赞赏地注意到道德操守办公室努力提供咨询和指导，防止报复，审查财务披露报表，为本组织和工作人员举行培训；", "3. 鼓励儿童基金会管理当局进一步强化道德操守办公室在本组织的职能，为道德操守办公室提供足够资源，以执行其工作方案；", "4. 期待按照执行局第2010/18号决定，特别是关于请管理当局强化本组织廉正和守规文化的建议，审议未来关于儿童基金会道德操守办公室的年度报告。", "年度会议 2011年6月23日", "2011/8 国家方案文件和共同国家方案文件草案", "执行局", "核准下列国家和共同国家合作方案的汇总指示性预算：", "区域/国家\t期间\t经常资源\t其他资源\t文件E/ICEF/2011/ \n中欧、东欧和独立国家联合体 \n阿尔巴尼亚\t2012-2016\t3 750000\t27 000000\tDCCP-ALB/1\n克罗地亚\t2012-2016\t—\t13 436000\tP/L.1\n吉尔吉斯斯坦\t2012-2016\t4 600000\t25 000000\tP/L.2\n黑山\t2012-2016\t3 750000\t8 000000\tP/L.3和Corr.1\n乌克兰\t2012-2016\t4 075000\t18 000000\tP/L.4\n 东亚和太平洋 \n老挝人民民主共和国\t2012-2015\t7 860000\t51 688000\tP/L.5\n蒙古\t2012-2016\t3 750000\t15 250000\tP/L.6\n菲律宾\t2012-2016\t15 495000\t70 000000\tP/L.7\n 东非和南部非洲 \n埃塞俄比亚\t2012-2015\t160 212000\t286 985000\tP/L.8\n津巴布韦\t2012-2015\t19 004000\t320 724000\tP/L.9和Corr.1\n 中东和北非 \n摩洛哥\t2012-2016\t6 045000\t26 000000\tP/L.10\n阿曼\t2012-2015\t—\t4 400000\tP/L.11\n 南亚 \n孟加拉国\t2012-2016\t112 410000\t333 000000\tP/L.14\n 美洲和加勒比 \n智利\t2012-2016\t3 750000\t8 000000\tP/L.15\n东加勒比-多国方案(安圭拉、安提瓜和巴布达、巴巴多斯、英属维尔京群岛、多米尼克、格林纳达、蒙特塞拉特、圣基茨和尼维斯、圣卢西亚、圣文森特和格林纳丁斯、特立尼达和多巴哥、特克斯和凯科斯群岛)\t2012-2016\t16 000000\t15 000000\tP/L.16\n萨尔瓦多\t2012-2015\t3 000000\t8 500000\tP/L.17\n洪都拉斯\t2012-2016\t3 750000\t10 000000\tP/L.19\n牙买加\t2012-2016\t3 750000\t10 100000\tP/L.20\n 西非和中非 \n中非共和国\t2012-2016\t19 315000\t60 000000\tP/L.21\n乍得\t2012-2016\t56 585000\t95 000000\tP/L.22\n加蓬\t2012-2016\t3 750000\t8 000000\tP/L.23\n冈比亚\t2012-2016\t5 355000\t15 000000\tP/L.24\n加纳\t2012-2016\t43 055000\t140 000000\tP/L.25\n毛里塔尼亚\t2012-2016\t9 020000\t53 475000\tP/L.26\n圣多美和普林西比\t2012-2016\t3 750000\t2 500000\tP/L.27\n塞内加尔\t2012-2016\t26 730000\t50 000000\tP/L.28", "年度会议 2011年6月23日", "2011/9 延长执行中的国家方案", "执行局", "1. 注意到如E/ICEF/2011/P/L.29号文件表1所示，执行主任核准将伯利兹、不丹、几内亚、海地、马达加斯加、摩尔多瓦共和国和突尼斯的国家方案延长一年；", "2. 核准如E/ICEF/2011/P/L.29号文件表2所示，巴拉圭国家方案延长两年，南非国家方案第二次延长一年。", "年度会议 2011年6月23日", "2011/10 最不发达国家", "执行局", "1. 欣见大会2011年6月17日第65/280号决议认可《伊斯坦布尔宣言》(A/CONF.219/L.1)和《2001-2010十年期支援最不发达国家行动纲领》(A/CONF.219/3/Rev.1)(下称《伊斯坦布尔行动纲领》)；", "2. 回顾大会2007年12月19日第62/208号决议所载联合国业务活动的基本特点；", "3. 注意到儿童基金会给予最不发达国家的大力支持；", "4. 强调儿童基金会在支持最不发达国家的工作中，按照其任务规定，需要特别注意执行《伊斯坦布尔行动纲领》；", "5. 请执行主任与联合国发展集团主席密切合作，按照《伊斯坦布尔行动纲领》第153段和大会第65/280号决议第2段的要求，将执行《伊斯坦布尔行动纲领》的工作纳入儿童基金会的方案，并在执行主任的年度报告中报告执行情况。", "年度会议 2011年6月23日", "2011/11 选举执行局主席团", "执行局", "回顾其议事规则，并强调遵守议事规则的重要性，", "1. 鼓励各区域集团在2011年第二届常会期间提出执行局主席团的候选人；", "2. 鼓励主席团邀请上文第1段所述推荐的候选人作为观察员参加主席团的每月会议，以便更多了解正在进行的工作，更好地准备今后履行主席团的职能；", "3. 决定从2012年开始，每年1月初召开下一次第一届常会的第一次会议，目的只为按照议事规则第1条，选举新的主席和主席团其他成员；", "4. 请秘书处与大会和会议管理部协商，安排和组织此一额外会议，确保在儿童基金会执行局现有权利范围内提供会议服务。", "年度会议 2011年6月23日", "2011/12 执行主任的年度报告：执行2006-2013年中期战略计划的进展和成绩", "执行局", "1. 注意到执行主任关于执行2006-2013年中期战略计划的进展和成绩的年度报告(E/ICEF/2011/9)及其随附文件，确认2010年取得的重大成果；", "2. 重申儿童基金会有必要继续改进其提交执行局的注重成果的报告，包括改进在组织层面更有系统的报告，显示根据国家优先事项对国家成果做出的贡献，并在这一方面赞赏地注意到公平观念又重新获得重视，因为这可能有助于实现上述目的；", "3. 欢迎不断努力加强成果管理制，在这方面请儿童基金会在编写2014-2017年中期战略计划时继续建立一个有力的成果框架，显示完整的成果链，设定各级的预期成果，并期待与执行局成员经常协商方法问题，包括可衡量的指标、管理的格式和成果，提出儿童基金会2014-2017年中期战略计划的报告；", "4. 请儿童基金会向2012年第一届常会提出2014-2017年中期战略计划的“行进图”，供执行局核准，内容包括注重成果的管理框架，以及这一工作与儿童基金会综合预算的关系；", "5. 鼓励儿童基金会执行主任继续设法提高效率，在编制本组织2012-2013两年期机构概算时要自律，同时确认执行战略计划需要有充足的资源；", "6. 请儿童基金会在今后的执行主任年度报告中为本组织制定未来战略的需要总结经验，提出建议，包括说明挑战和应对挑战的具体步骤；", "7. 敦促儿童基金会继续支持各国政府和其他国家合作伙伴努力保护儿童，使儿童免于暴力、虐待和剥削，并鼓励各方分享这方面的信息；", "8. 确认有必要报告所有重点领域的性别平等成果，并根据执行局第2010/21号决定，报告人力资源管理情况，包括按照《联合国宪章》第一百零一条第三项，在征聘时以求达效率、才干及忠诚之最高标准为首要考虑，同时适当注意地域上之普及，并再次请执行主任在其年度报告中全面介绍与这些事项有关的成果。", "年度会议 2011年6月23日", "2011/13 儿童基金会性别平等工作进度报告", "执行局", "1. 重申性别平等是儿童基金会中期战略计划中贯穿各领域的战略之一；", "2. 赞赏地注意到儿童基金会性别平等工作进度报告(E/ICEF/2011/10)以及为改进性别平等工作而采取的步骤；", "3. 注意到儿童基金会衡量在其工作中执行性别平等政策进度的内部监测框架，鼓励儿童基金会把性别平等纳入方案过程，强调需要确保为性别平等和增强妇女权能工作划拨足够的财政资源和人力资源，请儿童基金会在其性别平等工作进度报告中向执行局提供初步使用性别平等标记的信息；", "4. 敦促儿童基金会，为取得性别平等成果进一步改进工作，并在中期战略计划中报告儿童基金会为改善性别平等所作贡献的成果；", "5. 注意到对性别平等分析所受关注的独立审查和国家方案文件中儿童基金会的工作成果，在这方面，请儿童基金会通过适当的质量保证过程和利用性别平等领域的专门知识等手段继续改进工作；", "6. 建议通过性别平等成果管理问责制、整个规划和方案制订周期的质量保证、人力资源和财政资源分配、包括利用当地专家在内的获得适当的性别平等专门知识的机会、按性别分列数据的成果报告等途径，加强机构问责机制；", "7. 敦促儿童基金会继续改进工作人员的性别分析能力，在儿童基金会所有方案领域确立性别平等成果和指标，包括在国家和区域各级部署合格专家，以发挥领导作用，提供指导和专门知识；", "8. 敦促儿童基金会高级管理层继续努力在总部、区域和国家各级的方案制订和政策工作中进一步整合两性平等分析和成果，并改进有针对性的行动；", "9. 请儿童基金会与联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)密切合作，作为联合国国家工作队的一部分，在相辅相成、协同作用的基础上，推进性别平等，增强妇女权能，帮助在性别平等和增强妇女权能领域实现国家优先目标和指标；", "10. 请儿童基金会在执行局年度会议期间，考虑到执行局各项决定的规定，继续按照性别平等的战略优先行动计划，报告其性别平等工作的进展情况。", "年度会议 2011年6月23日" ]

[ "联合国儿童基金会执行局2011年年度会议工作报告*", "(2011年6月20日至23日)**", "目录", "一、组织事项\nA. 主席和执行秘书致开幕词\n主任 B. 通过\n议程 行政部门的审议 4\n执行主任的A. 4年度报告:执行中期战略计划的进展和成就,\nB. 关于性别平等工作进展情况的报告6\nC. 儿童基金会\nD. 儿童基金会方案提案8\nE. 行政部门实地访问的报告 15\nF. 儿童基金会全球工作人员主席的发言\nG. 其他 17\n通过草案18\n执行主任发言和\n庭长\n执行理事会2011年通过的决定20\n第二届会议", "* 联合国 本文件是联合国儿童基金会执行局年度会议(2011年6月20日至23日)报告的预发本。 第一届常会(2011年2月8日至11日)的报告已作为E/2011/34 (Part I)印发,第二届常会(2011年9月12日至15日)的报告将同E/2011/34 (Part I和Part II)合并,以最后形式作为《经济及社会理事会正式记录,2011年,补编第14号》(E/2011/34/Rev.1-E/ICEF/2011/7/Rev.1)印发。", "我当然知道 I. 会议安排", "A类. 主席和执行主任致开幕词", "1. 联合国 主席说,在一个日益不安全的世界中,比以往任何时候都更迫切需要将儿童作为国际和国家目标、计划和预算的优先事项。 主席强调了本届会议将要讨论的几个议程项目,包括国家方案文件草案,并指出这些项目如何反映儿童基金会倡导的公平办法。 她说,这种方法侧重于穷人、被边际化和处境不利的人口的需要和权利,对于实现《千年宣言》和千年发展目标以及国家目标至关重要。", "2. 联合国 她指出,其他关键议程项目,特别是执行主任的年度报告:中期战略计划的进展和成就,都强调儿童基金会努力精简、高效、有实效和注重成果,并更密切地同其伙伴,包括同联合国系统内的伙伴协作。", "3个 主席又说,中期战略计划重点领域的深入专题讨论,如本届会议关于保护儿童免遭暴力、保护和虐待的讨论,有助于为编制2014-2017年中期战略计划奠定重要基础。 她赞扬儿童基金会继续就性别问题提出报告,包括通过关于儿童基金会的性别问题质量工作的报告提出报告。 她说,必须把性别问题作为发展的核心。", " 4.四. 执行主任在开幕词中赞扬即将离任的副执行主任Saad Houry先生和Hilde Frafjord Johnson女士所做的出色而有献身精神的工作,并热烈欢迎主管方案的副执行主任Geeta Rao Gupta女士。", "5 (韩语). 执行主任介绍了儿童基金会今后几年包括2012-2013两年期的主要优先事项。 一个最重要的领域是深化对公平的重视——不仅制订公平,而且在国家一级和社区一级执行公平。 这将涉及同伙伴合作,查明影响最难接触到的人口的瓶颈。", "6. 国家 他说,全球金融危机使接触这些儿童变得更加困难,因为捐助者削减了资金,许多政府削减了社会开支。 他说,儿童基金会必须向前迈进,以反映这些困难的现实,其中之一是儿童基金会核心资源持续减少。 为了应对新的现实,儿童基金会进行了一次预算审查。 建议儿基会2012-2013年管理预算比2010-2011年预算减少4.2%,机构预算减少5.3%。 他强调,这种削减将主要来自总部地区,不会影响方案的资源水平。", "7. 联合国 在联合国系统发展方面业务活动四年度全面政策审查、新的中期战略计划和2015年千年发展目标最后期限即2015年之前的几年里,他说,儿基会及其伙伴有机会为儿童取得更大进展并进一步加强本组织。 例如,在消灭小儿麻痹症和防治肺炎和腹泻这两个儿童主要杀手的斗争中,以及在帮助各国为其子女接种疫苗方面,有可能取得更多进展。 他强调,这些努力需要得到社区倡议的补充,这些倡议教育家庭如何认识和治疗这些疾病并改进卫生习惯。 到2013年,儿基会及其伙伴力求在实现一代人无艾滋病毒/艾滋病方面取得实质性进展,包括通过预防母婴传播和向难以接触到的妇女提供抗逆转录病毒疗法。", "8. 联合国 他说,为防止发育迟缓和营养不足而作的努力将旨在制止对幼儿身体和认知能力所造成的损害。 还将强调优质教育,包括采取扩大学前教育机会、降低家庭学费、为儿童提供更安全的学习场所和教师培训等措施。 他强调,这些措施是战胜贫穷,特别是女孩贫穷的有效途径。 儿童基金会还将同伙伴合作,保护儿童免受剥削、暴力和虐待,包括采用创新手段支持出生登记并保护儿童免遭贩运、早婚和其他形式的剥削。 他说,在这些努力的同时,必须促进普遍批准《儿童权利公约》及其两项任择议定书。", "9. 国家 为世界上最易受伤害的儿童建设一个更美好的未来,还需要提高数据的质量、数量和及时性,特别是通过儿童基金会对家庭进行多指标类集调查。 他指出,儿童基金会一直在围绕战略成果领域制定新概念,通过这个概念,与合作伙伴评估在需要解决的关键问题上取得的进展,如疫苗接种、减少发育迟缓或改进教师培训,并消除关键瓶颈。 他说,将在2011年第二届常会上同执行局分享更多关于这一创新的报告。", "10个 他说,一个更好的儿童基金会需要更迅速地应对紧急情况,加强其在责任领域作为分组牵头者的作用。 已努力改进新成立的快速反应小组。", "11个 他列举了正在采取的若干举措,以提高儿童基金会的效率。 其中包括采用国际公共部门会计准则(公共部门会计准则),这将使儿童基金会能够更好地就如何分配资源并提高效率和节省费用作出决定。 儿童基金会还致力于提高透明度。 例如,本组织将公布其支付疫苗的价格。", "12个 他说,一个更好的儿童基金会也致力于加强伙伴关系——与联合国的姐妹机构、世界银行等实体和私营部门的伙伴关系。 儿童基金会努力在联合国全系统一致性方面发挥领导作用。", "13个 执行主任最后呼吁捐助者支持该组织努力获得额外的核心资源,他说,这对确保为儿童取得成果至关重要。 儿童基金会将继续就这一重要目标同儿童基金会国家委员会密切合作。", "B. 通过议程", "14个 执行局通过了本届会议的议程、时间表和工作安排(E/ICEF/2011/8)。", "15个 根据议事规则第50.2条,执行局秘书宣布,51个观察员代表团、1个联合国机构、3个政府间组织、儿童基金会国家委员会常设小组和3个非政府组织提交了全权证书。", "二. 执行局的审议情况", "A. 执行主任的年度报告:2006-2013年中期战略计划的进展和成就", "16号. 政策和实践司司长介绍了该报告(E/ICEF/2011/9)。 他指出,年度报告的数据附录已经扩大,包含与组织目标和跨领域战略有关的指标,以及关于儿童基金会效率主要业绩指标的信息。", "17岁。 各代表团欢迎年度报告内容全面并注重成果。 若干代表建议今后的报告更好地显示儿童基金会对国家一级所取得成果的贡献。 有人说,今后的报告应更注重经验教训,使成果与中期战略计划更密切地联系起来,包括报告中期战略计划的基线数据。 还有人建议,下一个中期战略计划(2014-2017年)应有一个更强有力的成果框架。 各代表团指出,报告需要以最新证据为基础,有些代表团强调需要与国家统计局更密切合作。", "18岁。 代表团具体赞扬了儿童基金会在所有五个重点领域、交叉领域和人道主义工作方面的工作,许多代表团要求提供更多有关它们所关心的具体领域的资料。", " 19. 19. 发言的代表团一致赞同儿童基金会提倡的公平办法。 有人指出,这一重点与基于人权的方案拟订办法密切相关,并将为2015年实现千年发展目标作出有力贡献。 一名发言者请儿童基金会提供更多资料,说明注重公平的成果以及在联合国系统内如何应用。", "20号. 还欢迎儿基会致力于联合国全系统的一致性,包括 \" 一体行动 \" 。 在这方面,一些代表建议加快和加强统一进程。", "21岁 一些代表团鼓励儿童基金会在包括人道主义工作在内的关键领域加强努力。 关于分组工作,几位发言者建议儿童基金会更仔细地研究在协调分组、分组领导和各机构分工方面的挑战,以寻求更强有力的协调和问责制。 他们说,改进工作需要更及时地部署最合格的工作人员。 鼓励儿童基金会更密切地与联合国人道主义事务协调厅和其他伙伴协作,执行机构间常设委员会关于改进协调和成果的决定。", "22号. 日本代表团感谢儿基会、儿基会国家委员会和其他机构在2011年3月11日该国发生地震后提供的支持。 儿童基金会在向受政治变革影响的儿童和妇女提供人道主义援助方面所做的工作受到赞扬,并鼓励儿童基金会就海地和巴基斯坦的经验教训交流信息。 一个代表团说,执行局最好能更彻底地讨论人道主义工作,包括全系统的协调。", "23. 联合国 另一个关键的讨论领域是性别问题。 各代表团赞扬儿童基金会加紧努力,在整个组织和国家方案中促进两性平等。 有人建议儿童基金会加倍努力,将符合两性平等主流化标准的新国家方案的百分比提高到所报57%以上。 此外,还要求儿基会将性别平等成果纳入下一份年度报告的每个重点领域的主流,并与联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)进一步合作。", "24 (韩语). 有人赞扬儿童基金会努力提高组织效率和影响。 各代表团要求提供更多关于企业风险管理的信息,并称赞儿基会为确保疫苗供应的透明度而加强努力。 各代表团还欣见执行主任支持在不降低方案供资水平的情况下减少本组织的费用。 要求儿童基金会确保方案国在雇用工作人员方面有适当的代表性。", "25岁 各代表团欢迎儿童基金会更加重视评价和审计。 一些发言者建议,评价应得到更多的人力资源和其他支持。 还有人建议更系统地利用评价来分析结果。 关于内部审计,一些代表团请儿童基金会允许更广泛地查阅内部审计报告。", "26. 联合国 有人赞扬儿童基金会注重中等收入国家和最不发达国家,特别是在营养投资领域。 一些代表团建议儿基会酌情将大会2011年6月17日第65/280号决议通过的《2011-2020十年期支援最不发达国家行动纲领》的规定纳入儿基会成果框架和2014-2017年中期战略计划。 各代表团指出,还有必要继续支持南南合作,并更加注重青少年和青年、残疾儿童以及气候变化对儿童的影响。", "27个 鼓励儿童基金会同伙伴,包括同联合国系统和私营部门的伙伴、世界银行和全球防治艾滋病、结核病和疟疾基金更密切合作。", "28岁 各代表团强调必须扭转经常资源收入减少的趋势,经常资源收入是儿童基金会的核心供资。 一些发言者敦促捐助者增加对儿童基金会的经常资源捐款,并请儿童基金会寻找新的资金来源,包括从国内资源调动和从新兴经济体筹资。", "29. 国家 各代表团对即将卸任的副执行主任萨阿德·乌里先生和希尔德·弗拉菲约德·约翰逊女士的工作表示高度赞赏。 他们欢迎吉塔·拉奥·古普塔女士担任新任主管方案的副执行主任。", "30岁。 执行主任感谢各代表团的评论和支持增加儿童基金会核心资源的发言。 他感谢国家委员会常设小组的出色工作并再次同儿童基金会合作。", "31岁 负责政策和实践的副主任在回答问题和评论时感谢各代表团的宝贵反馈,指出这将如何改善儿童成果的实现和报告。", "32. 联合国 执行局通过了第2011/12号决定。", "B. 儿童基金会两性平等工作进展报告", "33. (中文(简体) ). 执行局面前有E/ICEF/2011/10号文件。 政策和实践司司长介绍了该议程项目。", "34. 国家 各代表团表示支持儿童基金会在本组织内部及其工作中为改进两性平等而作的系统努力,并欣见为加强其两性平等政策与重新确定重点的公平办法之间的协同作用而作的主流化努力。 各代表团赞扬儿基会的性别平等战略优先行动计划、高级别性别平等工作队的设立、作为资源监测工具的性别平等标志的开发、更多收集按性别分列的数据以及加强同联合国系统各机构特别是妇女署的伙伴关系与合作。 各代表团指出,两性平等是一项基本人权,也是发展合作的贯穿各领域的关键问题。 许多代表欢迎它在联合国发展活动中日益受到重视,并表示希望加强协调和分享经验会提高利用资源的协同作用和效率。 一些代表团再次要求执行局每年在年度会议上讨论儿童基金会两性平等工作的进展情况。", "35. 联合国 各代表团敦促儿童基金会继续努力加强质量保证和监测,特别是外地的质量保证和监测;增加一个性别部分,作为所有工作人员的强制性培训要求;处理妇女在儿童基金会高级职位上的代表性问题;并在今后的两性平等报告中列入外地的项目成果和影响。 他们指出,今后的报告最好能更清楚地说明执行的措施如何在实地取得成果,以及高级管理层如何确保分类数据被用来促进两性平等。 一些代表团强调,必须让男子和男孩参与实现两性平等并赋予妇女权力,特别是将女孩受教育的机会纳入主流,并询问是否建立了一种机制,在国家一级的政策对话中系统地解决这一问题。 其他代表团指出,大量女孩卷入了武装冲突,并敦促儿童基金会继续在其解除武装和重返社会方案中考虑到性别问题。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 各代表团敦促儿童基金会继续解决在分析和使用按性别分列的数据方面持续存在的差距,特别是在国家一级,以更多地了解性别与其他形式歧视之间的交叉关系。 另一些代表团关切地注意到,在过去一年中,达到两性平等主流化组织标准的国家国家方案文件的百分比有所下降,而且中期战略计划各重点领域按性别分列的数据报告情况不一,要求更多地了解儿童基金会加强分析和使用这些数据的计划,以及是否将采用两性平等模式来监测进展和成果。 一些代表团注意到将性别平等主流化纳入业绩管理进程的重要性,并询问了区域和国家一级性别平等专门知识方面的问责机制和人员配置水平。 其他代表团指出,制定更多衡量变化而不是衡量活动的指标是有益的,并询问儿童基金会支持政府和民间社会伙伴将性别观点纳入主流的战略。", "37. 联合国 执行主任在答复中指出,两性平等是儿童基金会的一个主要优先事项。 然而,虽然本组织正在联合国大家庭中发挥领导作用,但进展不够快,而且有一些领域需要改进业绩。 政策和实践司司长指出,儿童基金会将努力在执行主任的年度报告中报告其两性平等工作的影响,并作出更多努力,将中期战略计划最新成果框架和其他报告机制中的目标和指标分类。 他解释说,性别平等监测机制没有跟踪发展成果,但将有助于确定特别侧重于性别平等的关键成果;他报告说,儿基会性别平等监测机制正被视为在妇女署牵头的进程中建立一个机构间性别平等标码的起步模式。", "38. 国家 司长承认,儿童基金会在加强促进两性平等的工作、男子和男孩的参与(特别是在国家一级的参与)以及使用分类数据方面确定为关键问题。 他报告说,儿童基金会不久将公布对儿童信息数据库若干指标的详细分析,用于促进方案国家通过儿童基金会援助的国家方案更系统地利用两性平等数据。 他注意到各代表团提出的其他意见,包括联合国系统内的联合工作和协调、冲突后局势中的性别问题、同国家伙伴一起宣传以及从性别角度支持政策制定进程。 他最后说,儿童基金会将继续加速执行其性别政策和战略优先行动计划,并预期在实地取得相应的成果和影响。", "39. 联合国 执行局通过了第2011/13号决定(见附件)。", "C. 道德操守办公室的报告", " 40. 40. 执行局收到了E/ICEF/2011/11号文件。 道德操守问题首席顾问介绍了该议程项目。", "41. 国家 各代表团表示支持道德操守办公室,并欣见其努力,包括通过培训和外联,为儿基会的廉正和问责文化出力。 各代表团强调财务披露是避免工作人员利益冲突的重要工具,欢迎高度遵守该方案,并敦促道德操守办公室确保该方案继续取得成功。", "42. 国家 各代表团注意到,全面报告财务披露情况将有助于建立对其查明和处理利益冲突的能力的信心,要求在今后的报告中更详细地报告需要调查或采取补救行动的实际案件数量。 一些代表团鼓励儿童基金会根据联合国条例尽可能公开披露高级工作人员的财务利益和外部利益。", "43. 东帝汶 各代表团欢迎儿基会致力于对举报人进行可信的保护,强调在处理报复投诉方面应最大限度地做到透明和公正,并鼓励儿基会加强该政策的执行。 一些代表团询问在举报人政策未涵盖的情况下如何处理保护请求。 其他代表对最近在国家办事处促进道德操守和儿童基金会价值观的内部审计中发现的对防范报复缺乏信心表示关切,并询问是否对审计报告采取了后续行动。 一些代表团询问道德操守办公室目前的能力是否足以解决儿基会内部的道德操守问题。", "44. 国家 执行主任在答复时确认,财务披露方案对公众信任儿童基金会极为重要,并指出道德操守办公室正在修订披露政策,以确保提高透明度。 他强调他支持举报人政策,并说他会确保保护到位. 他承认关于道德操守办公室人员配备是否充足的意见,确认他将考虑增加工作人员的请求。", "45. 国家 道德操守首席顾问提到审计结果时指出,不清楚对保护政策是否缺乏信心或缺乏认识,并指出她的办公室今后将增加对该方案的宣传。 她强调,儿童基金会已经建立了良好的保护和披露制度,她指出,道德操守办公室目前正在着手更好地分析所报告的问题并解决这些问题。 她报告说,她的工作人员人数不多,但其工作得到该组织其他部门,包括内部审计办公室和人力资源司的大力支持。", "46. 经常预算: 执行局通过了第2011/7号决定(见附件)。", "D. 儿童基金会方案合作建议", "(a) 核准坦桑尼亚联合共和国订正共同国家方案文件", "47. 国家 执行局在2011年第一届常会上讨论了坦桑尼亚联合共和国共同国家方案文件草稿(DP/FPA-ICEF-WFP/DCCP/2011/TZA/1)。 由于执行局代表团没有要求书面通知秘书处它们想进一步讨论该文件,执行局在无异议的基础上核准了儿童基金会部分。", " 48. 48. 坦桑尼亚联合共和国代表感谢所有支持共同国家方案文件定稿的伙伴,使该文件成为一份动态文件,反映出联合国在坦桑尼亚开展业务的方向发生了变化。 他说,这一进程表明, \" 一体行动 \" 下的改革为加强发展援助的有效性提供了经验教训,值得在其他地方加以实施。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 一位发言者代表15个代表团发言,他强调必须为坦桑尼亚联合共和国和未来的共同国家方案文件开展总结经验教训的活动。 该代表团想了解如何精简这一进程以及如何加强联合国内部的伙伴关系。 该代表团要求提供关于 \" 一体行动,履行使命 \" 迄今所取得进展的资料,并说这将特别有助于在今后各届会议上审议阿尔巴尼亚和其他国家的共同国家方案文件。", "(b) 国家 国家方案文件和共同国家方案文件草稿", " 50. 50. 主席宣布,执行局将审议26份国家方案文件和共同国家方案文件草案。 她说,根据执行局第2008/17号决定,执行局还获悉E/ICEF/2011/CRP.11号文件所载将提交其他15份国家方案文件草案从年度会议推迟到第二届常会的理由。", "51. 联合国 方案主任概述了拟议的国家方案,并在加快实现千年发展目标和儿童基金会公平战略的背景下介绍了这些方案。 他指出,国家方案文件促进制定国家和国家以下各级政策,制定有利于公平的战略来克服差距,并根据具体情况,阐述实现以公平为重点的成果的各种办法。", "美洲和加勒比", "52. (中文(简体) ). 区域主任向执行局概述了四个国家方案文件草案和一份多国方案文件:智利(E/ICEF/2011/P/L.15)、东加勒比多国方案(E/ICEF/2011/P/L.16)、萨尔瓦多、洪都拉斯和牙买加(E/ICEF/2011/P/L.17、E/ICEF/2011/P/L.19和E/ICEF/2011/P/L.20)。", "53. 联合国 安提瓜和巴布达(代表东加勒比多国方案参与者)、智利、萨尔瓦多、洪都拉斯和牙买加的代表欢迎与儿童基金会建立强有力的伙伴关系。 儿童基金会协助各国政府实现公平、包容和减贫,特别是帮助那些贫穷、边缘化或易受伤害的人,包括非洲裔土著人和残疾人。 发言者指出本国在若干领域取得了重大进展,特别是儿童和青少年健康、保护和教育、能力建设、儿童权利和社会政策。 此外,他们还着重指出了贫穷和不平等方面的重大挑战,监测将满足所有儿童需要的有效政策和方案,包括处境最不利者、营养不良、农村地区入学率低、童工以及青少年和年轻人感染艾滋病毒的新发率令人担忧等。", "54. 联合国 一位代表强调了计划将性别平等纳入所有方案构成部分主流的工作。 还赞扬了儿基会及其伙伴应对自然灾害的工作,包括2010年智利地震和海啸以及危地马拉的旱灾。", "55. 国家 几位代表欢迎国家方案文件草案与当地现实、优先事项和国家自主权相一致的重要性,并强调了南南合作的重要性。 三名代表赞扬了儿童基金会在中等收入国家的工作,并强调需要分配足够的资源,使这些国家能够维持并巩固已取得的进展,包括实现千年发展目标。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 一个代表团就洪都拉斯国家方案文件草案作了发言,鼓励儿童基金会加强落实土著和非裔洪都拉斯儿童和残疾儿童的权利。 该代表团告诫说,鉴于资源,特别是在教育方面,预期的结果可能雄心勃勃。 鼓励儿童基金会同联合国各机构和其他伙伴更密切合作。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 区域主任在答复评论意见时强调,儿童基金会致力于同贫穷到中等收入等一系列国家的伙伴合作,尤其注重边缘化人口。 他说,所有国家方案文件都强调国家自主权和能力建设,包括救灾能力。 他指出,在洪都拉斯,儿童基金会正在支持政府的教育目标,儿童基金会指望所有伙伴的支持,以取得稳步进展。", "中欧和东欧及独立国家联合体", "58. 联合国 区域主任概述了执行局收到的文件:阿尔巴尼亚一份共同国家方案文件草稿(DP/FPA/OPS-ICEF/DCCP/2011/ALB/1和Corr.1);吉尔吉斯斯坦、黑山和乌克兰三份国家方案文件草稿(E/ICEF/2011/P/L.2至E/ICEF/2011/P/L.4);克罗地亚关于仅由其他资源供资的建议(E/ICEF/2011/P/L.1)。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 阿尔巴尼亚、克罗地亚、吉尔吉斯斯坦、黑山、乌克兰等区域代表团的代表对儿童基金会的高度合作表示赞赏。 向执行局提出新建议的国家的代表强调了为促进平等、包容和保护弱势男孩和女孩而正在开展的工作的重要性,包括提供高质量的保健和基本社会服务。 与会者感谢儿童基金会支持执行《儿童权利公约》并实现千年发展目标。 儿童基金会还因国家方案符合国家优先事项和联合国发展援助框架或伙伴关系框架而得到赞扬。", "60. 联合国 阿尔巴尼亚代表说,2012-2014年共同国家方案文件草案是政府与 \" 一个联合国机构 \" 的第二个合作周期。 该代表概述了拟议方案的目标,并着重指出了 \" 一体行动 \" 的重要性,指出它与政府密切协调,提高了方案拟订的一致性,政府高兴地声称对联合国援助拥有自主权。", "61. 国家 克罗地亚代表指出,其2012-2016年方案将主要侧重于实现儿童权利,特别是通过儿童保护和幼儿发展,重点是罗姆儿童、残疾儿童、与司法系统接触的儿童或受暴力、虐待和忽视的儿童。", "62. 联合国 吉尔吉斯斯坦代表感谢儿基会在2010年冲突期间的人道主义援助,并指出,2012-2016年拟议方案将支持政府和民间社会努力为生活贫困、需要保护并面临族裔暴力风险的儿童加强公平和社会包容,使儿童能够行使其权利。", "63. 国家 黑山代表指出,2012-2016年拟议方案的主要组成部分是儿童保护和社会包容以及儿童权利,以及注重公平、包容和保护弱势女童和男童的政策和规划。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 乌克兰代表说,预防和治疗艾滋病毒/艾滋病是最高优先事项,乌克兰已经在这方面取得了积极成果。 在儿童基金会的援助下,在普及受艾滋病毒影响儿童的治疗、护理和支助以及预防母婴传播的目标方面取得了进展。", "65. 国家 两个代表团赞扬儿基会在2010年吉尔吉斯斯坦冲突期间迅速提供人道主义支助。 他们赞扬吉尔吉斯斯坦和乌克兰的国家方案文件草案以及儿童基金会为支持这些国家的优先事项而正在做的工作,包括儿童和妇女的健康、粮食安全、学前教育、加强社会方案和防治艾滋病毒/艾滋病。 其中一个代表团建议在吉尔吉斯斯坦整个方案中纳入对冲突敏感的方案管理,并建议儿童基金会提供更多资料,说明在生殖健康方面与联合国人口基金的协同作用计划。", "66. (中文(简体) ). 区域主任感谢各代表团的实质性和全面的评论。 他说,他同意解决乌克兰艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题的重要性。 这是一个需要优先注意实现千年发展目标的领域。", "东亚和太平洋", "67. (中文(简体) ). 区域主任概述了提交执行局的三份国家方案文件草案:老挝人民民主共和国、蒙古和菲律宾(E/ICEF/2011/P/L.5至E/ICEF/2011/P/L.7)。", "68. (中文(简体) ). 老挝人民民主共和国和蒙古的代表表示赞赏同儿童基金会的合作以及捐助者和其他伙伴的支持。 他们强调,国家方案文件草案是以协商方式编写的,符合千年发展目标、联合国发展援助框架(联发援框架)和国家优先事项。", "69. (中文(简体) ). 老挝人民民主共和国代表说,2012-2015年的方案将涉及保健和营养、水、环境卫生、个人卫生、教育、儿童保护和社会政策等优先领域。 该代表说,获得持续支持以实现千年发展目标4和5至关重要。", "70. 联合国 蒙古代表说,2012-2016年拟议方案以社会政策的两个组成部分为中心:(a) 对儿童权利的投资和倡导;(b) 综合和包容性干预措施,旨在帮助受成本效益高的社会服务差距影响最大的儿童。 该方案旨在确保弱势儿童特别从分配的足够资源中受益。", "71. 联合国 区域主任强调各国政府致力于注重公平的发展议程并致力于同儿童基金会建立强有力的伙伴关系。 她还说,各国政府对方案有强烈的国家自主权感。", "东部和南部非洲", "72. 联合国 区域主任概述了提交执行局的两份国家方案文件草案:埃塞俄比亚和津巴布韦(E/ICEF/2011/P/L.8和E/ICEF/2011/P/L.9和Corr.1)。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 埃塞俄比亚和津巴布韦代表对与该组织的良好关系表示赞赏,并强调指出,各自国家致力于与儿童基金会的合作方案。 埃塞俄比亚代表指出,埃塞俄比亚作为一个“自我启动”的“一体行动”国家,正在建立结构和机制来加强联合国的改革,以支持国家优先事项。", "74. 国家 各代表团赞赏地注意到,这两个方案都符合各国政府的国家优先事项和战略。 一个代表团鼓励儿童基金会将基于性别的暴力和体罚纳入埃塞俄比亚和津巴布韦国家方案文件草案成果汇总表的教育范畴。", "75. 国家 关于埃塞俄比亚,一个代表团询问在应急的分散规划和能力建设方面的经验教训。 另一个代表团指出小学净入学率低和出生登记率低。 代表团欢迎为应对这些挑战和其他挑战,特别是对女童的挑战,如切割女性生殖器官、性暴力和早婚。 一位发言者建议儿童基金会成果框架更密切地遵循联发援框架的逻辑。 另一位发言者说,环境可持续性的考虑应纳入儿童基金会的方案。", "76. 联合国 关于津巴布韦,各代表团承认,尽管缺乏资源,但在教育和性别平等主流化方面正在开展好的工作。 敦促儿童基金会继续处理歧视问题,特别是通过重新注重公平。 一个代表团表示赞赏该组织在艾滋病毒/艾滋病方面的工作,特别是在采购药品方面的工作,并敦促儿童基金会更加注重加强保健系统、营养和艾滋病毒方面的干预措施。", "77. 国家 区域主任在答复时指出,各代表团提出了重要问题。 他说,正如各代表团所建议,儿童基金会将继续吸取经验教训,注重能力建设,建立证据基础并解决瓶颈问题,以及将性别层面和风险分析纳入方案工作的所有方面。 他指出,在埃塞俄比亚,儿童基金会使其成果框架与联发援框架的成果框架保持一致,并将继续使其干预措施与国家优先事项和主要发展方案和战略保持一致。", "中东和北非", "78. 国家 区域主任概述了提交执行局的一份国家方案文件草案:摩洛哥(E/ICEF/2011/P/L.10)。 此外,还建议仅由其他资源为阿曼供资(E/ICEF/2011/P/L.11)。", "79. 联合国 摩洛哥代表对摩洛哥与儿童基金会的良好关系表示赞赏,特别是在实现千年发展目标方面,并对拟议国家方案的资源与前一个国家方案的资源相比有所增加表示赞赏。 该代表介绍了新方案的优先事项并询问了儿童基金会关于国家方案文件草案的几个问题:预算是否应当按地理区域而不是按问题分列;关于社区发展计划的措辞;弱势群体参与应急准备计划的情况;儿童基金会是否与政府合作实施了此类计划和项目。", "80个 一个代表团赞扬参与进程,该进程导致与摩洛哥政府密切合作,为摩洛哥制定联发援框架和国家方案文件草案。 因此,该代表团说,摩洛哥伙伴对该方案拥有自主权,其目的是创造一个有利于该国所有儿童平等的保护性环境。 该代表团表示希望联合国伙伴利用联发援框架的新倡议来加强协调和协同作用。", "81个 区域主任在答复时表示感谢国家一级的伙伴提供的支持,并说她将与摩洛哥代表就方案预算和人道主义援助准备问题进行协商。", "南亚", "82. 区域主任概述了提交执行局的一份国家方案文件草案:孟加拉国(E/ICEF/2011/P/L.14)。", "83个 孟加拉国代表说,国家方案文件草案是在政府领导下通过协商进程拟订的,目的是为最贫穷的儿童及其家人和社区取得成果。 该文件反映了儿童基金会在联合国系统中具有明显优势并旨在实现联发援框架所反映千年发展目标的领域。 该代表建议儿基会与政府和利益攸关方合作,确保经修订的国家方案文件有助于实现孟加拉国人民的愿望,符合与政府的联合合作战略原则,并纳入与妇女署的密切合作。", "第八十四会. 一个代表团赞扬儿童基金会和该国政府在国家方案文件草案背后开展的协商进程,并赞扬它反映了公平办法。 该代表团指出,可以更明确地与中期战略计划及其关键成果领域挂钩,并询问是否进行了性别审查。 此外,该代表团还询问是否有足够的资源实现方案的目标。", "85. 区域主任在回答他所说的宝贵评论时指出,儿童基金会将同孟加拉国政府和其他伙伴合作,确保国家方案文件成果草案领域与中期战略计划领域明确挂钩。 在回答关于出生登记如何取得如此出色的成果以及如何加以推广的问题时,他说,这项倡议是联合国的一项联合倡议,由政府领导,政府表现出了坚定的承诺。 他说,这一承诺还体现在制定一项行动计划,以落实儿童权利委员会的建议上。 关于预算,他说,鉴于该国的需要和增加供资的可能性,供资上限虽然雄心勃勃,但现实可行。", "西非和中非", "86号. 区域主任概述了提交执行局的八份国家方案文件草案:中非共和国、乍得、加蓬、冈比亚、加纳、毛里塔尼亚、圣多美和普林西比和塞内加尔(E/ICEF/2011/P/L.21至E/ICEF/2011/P/L.28)。", "87个 乍得、加蓬、加纳、毛里塔尼亚和塞内加尔的代表对与儿童基金会的良好关系表示赞赏。 乍得代表报告说,乍得政府采取了有利于增进和保护儿童和妇女权利的国家政策,并作出了重大努力,以建立适当的卫生和教育机制和结构。 加蓬代表报告说,加蓬政府打算在儿童基金会的援助下,为最脆弱的儿童及其母亲建立社会保护国家框架,包括在紧急情况下。 加纳代表对执行局各代表团2011年5月9日至14日对加纳的实地访问表示赞赏。 她指出,儿童基金会在加强保健、营养、水和卫生、教育和保护方面的国家能力方面的援助已使加纳有能力实现若干千年发展目标。 毛里塔尼亚代表指出,毛里塔尼亚准备巩固同儿童基金会的合作。", "88个 一个代表团对冈比亚、毛里塔尼亚和塞内加尔的国家方案文件草案给予了积极评价,但提出了一些活动的可持续性和各利益攸关方之间的分工问题。 该代表团强调母乳喂养对儿童生存的重要性,建议将儿童生存与发展纳入毛里塔尼亚国家方案。", "89. 国家 区域主任在答复时感谢各代表团提出的意见,包括强调差异、贫穷和排斥、儿童生存与发展、保健和营养以及儿童复员的重要性。 他说,各代表团提出的问题和所关切的问题显示出高度的合作和理解。", "90. (中文(简体) ). 执行局通过了第2011/8号决定(见附件)。", "(c) 延长正在执行的国家方案", "91. 联合国 根据第2009/11号决定,执行局获悉,执行主任已核准将七个正在实施的国家方案延长一年。 这些国家如下:伯利兹、不丹、几内亚、海地、马达加斯加、摩尔多瓦共和国和突尼斯。 请执行局核准南非国家方案连续第二次延长一年和巴拉圭国家方案延长两年。", "92. (中文(简体) ). 执行局通过了第2011/19号决定(见附件)。", "页:1 执行局实地访问报告", "(a) 2011年4月11日至15日执行局主席团成员实地访问多民族玻利维亚国的报告", "93. 国家 代表拉丁美洲和加勒比国家集团的执行局副主席吉利安·约瑟夫女士介绍了该报告(E/ICEF/2011/CRP.12)。 副总统指出,这次实地访问集中在前往拉巴斯和科恰班巴省内外方案地点的实地考察,表明在根据政府优先事项、政策和计划促进公平办法方面取得了进展。 儿童基金会正在与一系列伙伴合作,包括地方政府和社区团体以及联合国系统成员,以解决不平等问题并拓宽获得优质社会服务的机会。 这些努力使社会中最贫穷和最脆弱的人受益。 在加强制定和执行有利于儿童和妇女的公共政策以及加强成功编制方案的证据基础方面也取得了明显进展。 建议儿童基金会进一步系统化其工作,加强证据基础,并更战略性地与合作伙伴合作。", "(b) 开发署、人口基金、儿基会和世界粮食计划署执行局成员联合实地访问菲律宾共和国的报告,2011年3月26日至4月2日", "94. 国家 在珍妮特·卡里姆女士代表马拉维常驻联合国代表布赖恩·鲍勒先生阁下率领代表团出访菲律宾后,实地访问首席报告员墨西哥常驻联合国代表团二等秘书诺埃尔·冈萨雷斯-塞古拉先生介绍了该报告(E/ICEF/2011/CRP.13和Corr.1)。", "95号. Janet Karim女士指出,联合实地访问使代表团能够直接了解联合国各机构在国家一级的方案,代表团对于儿童基金会在菲律宾正在开展的工作印象深刻。 有人指出,代表团感谢菲律宾政府有机会同高级官员进行实质性对话,并感谢联合国国家工作队精心筹备的访问。", "96. (中文(简体) ). Gonzalez-Segura先生报告说,代表团了解了这一状况的社会经济复杂性,发展指标的平均数往往掩盖了国内的巨大差距。 他说,报告的结论是,菲律宾需要联合国继续支持发展。", "97. 国家 参加访问的大韩民国代表指出,该国仍有数万名儿童得不到基本的照料和保护。 这些儿童包括因冲突而流离失所的儿童。 他说,安全局势依然紧张,指出联合国各机构的业务环境不稳定,儿童基金会向严重营养不良的儿童提供营养包,运营方便儿童的空间,以及提供安全饮水和卫生单位。", "(c) 2011年5月9日至13日执行局成员实地访问加纳的报告", "98 (英语). 利比里亚常驻联合国代表团参赞Gail Farngalo女士介绍了该报告(E/ICEF/2011/CRP.14)。 她对加纳政府和儿童基金会国家办事处组织实地访问表示感谢,并指出,访问方案是在较短时间内拟订的,使代表团能够在国家、区域和地方各级与许多利益攸关方进行讨论。 她说,代表团成员因此能够对城市和农村地区儿童和妇女的状况产生印象。", "99号. 代表团亲眼目睹了儿童基金会在国家一级开展的发展活动,看到许多贫穷地区在保健、营养、教育和儿童保护方面存在着相当大的差距。 她最后说,该代表团认为,儿童基金会的国家方案注重差异问题,将有助于加纳解决加纳儿童和妇女面临的最重大挑战。", "F. 儿童基金会全球工作人员协会主席的讲话", "一百个 儿童基金会全球工作人员协会新主席强调了儿童基金会工作人员对本组织任务的承诺。 他注意到一些主要关切和挑战,如工作人员的安全和安保、高风险地区的危险津贴和艰苦工作地点的休养,以及因儿童基金会供资情况造成的工作人员征聘和工作不安全等。 主席强调,本组织内部存在差距,特别是本国工作人员同国际工作人员之间的差距。 他说,需要解决工资、工作条件和教育补助金方面的差异。 他最后说,儿童基金会工作人员期待执行主任支持他们的事业。", "101. (中文(简体) ). 执行主任在答复中欢迎新任主席担任该职位,并指出他是第二名从外地选出的主席。 他说,儿童基金会将在联合国系统规则范围内开展工作,设法找到切实可行的办法来缩小本国和国际工作人员之间的差距。", " G. 其他事项", "102. 国家 执行局秘书介绍了定于9月12日至15日举行的执行局2011年第二届常会的暂定议程项目清单。", "关于中期战略计划重点领域4:保护儿童免受暴力、剥削和虐待的成果和经验教训的专题讨论", "第103页。 在方案司司长介绍之后,方案司司长介绍了为讨论编写的背景文件。", "104 (韩语). 各代表团对深入讨论表示感谢,指出儿童保护是儿童基金会任务和实现千年发展目标的核心。 各代表团认识到这个问题的复杂性,它既影响到发展中国家,也影响到发达国家,它们指出,应该从整体上并在本组织重新注重公平的背景下考虑儿童保护问题。 许多人指出,儿童保护需要解决对儿童有害的根源和社会规范。 其中包括体罚和特别影响到女孩的问题,例如切割女性生殖器官。", "105. (中文(简体) ). 许多代表团强调,需要建立强有力的保护制度,特别是在人道主义局势和武装冲突情况下,并加强保护机制,包括心理咨询。 一些代表团强调,需要鼓励和支持社会保护立法,包括在少年司法、保健和教育等一系列领域对青少年以及移民和难民儿童的社会保护立法。 他们说,需要强调预防和促进保护儿童的环境。 许多代表团强调出生登记在这方面的重要性。", "106. (中文(简体) ). 各代表团赞扬儿童基金会为普遍批准《儿童权利公约任择议定书》而作的努力。 他们赞赏地注意到儿童基金会在联合国系统内在儿童保护方面的领导作用,包括安全理事会第1612(2005)号、第1882(2009)号、第1888(2009)号和第1960(2010)号决议方面的领导作用,以及儿童基金会关于在实地建立监测和报告机制共同制度的倡议。 许多人赞扬儿童基金会同负责武装冲突中儿童问题和对儿童的暴力问题的秘书长特别代表合作。", "107 (韩语). 许多代表团注意到关于儿童保护的现有数据有限,呼吁在各个领域开展更多的研究,如针对不同性别的女童和男童的脆弱性,特别是与性暴力有关的脆弱性,以及有组织犯罪对儿童的影响。 一个代表团询问2010年儿基会对53个国家关键儿童保护问题的分析中的经验教训。 各代表团还询问了监测、性别平等主流化、收集和报告按性别分列的数据以及更新儿童保护指标和关键成果领域的情况。 还强调了伙伴关系的重要性,包括与妇女署的伙伴关系,以及多部门合作和分享儿童保护良好做法的重要性。", "108. (中文(简体) ). 另一个代表团关切地注意到,儿童基金会预算中分配给儿童保护的资源减少。 其他代表询问儿童基金会增加人力资源的计划,以及该组织在人道主义局势中的实地能力。", "第109页. 执行主任在答复中指出,保护是全球公平议程的组成部分。 他强调,儿童基金会在儿童保护方面最有效的工作是在制度和法律框架方面,而不是在实地开展具体项目,并着重指出出生登记的重要性,因为出生登记在许多领域具有巨大影响。 他指出,儿童基金会越来越多地参与监测和报告机制,资源问题日益成为一个问题。", "110. 国家 儿童保护科科长说,综合办法涉及关于法律框架的系统、上游工作。 她指出,伙伴关系,包括与民间社会行为者的伙伴关系,在解决世界各地许多儿童保护问题方面起着重要和日益重要的作用。 她承认对保护受紧急情况和武装冲突影响的儿童的广泛兴趣,并强调了该组织在儿童保护工作组中的作用,并指出儿童保护是儿童基金会在人道主义行动中为儿童作出的核心承诺的重要组成部分。", "发起“人人享有安全和友好的城市”联合方案倡议", "111. 妇女署、人居署和儿基会的联合方案倡议启动后,会议被短暂暂停。 小组成员包括妇女署执行主任Michele Bachelet女士、人居署纽约办事处主任Cecilia Martinez女士和儿基会执行主任Anthony Lake先生。", "H. 通过决定草案", "112号. 执行局通过了第2011/7至2011/13号决定(见附件)。 孟加拉国代表团表示赞赏各方对制定和通过执行《关于最不发达国家的伊斯坦布尔行动纲领》的决定所给予的支持。", "I. 执行主任和主席的闭幕词", "113号. 执行主任感谢执行局成员对儿童基金会工作的建设性评论。 他指出,本组织正在执行以成果为重点的公平议程,并强调这种做法包括更加重视监测和分析,以改善儿童基金会的业绩。 他说,很显然,公平议程已被纳入本组织工作的所有方面,包括两性平等和儿童保护,伙伴国政府对公平议程的支持也体现在关于国家方案文件和实地访问报告的讨论中。", "114 (韩语). 他感谢各代表团发言支持儿童基金会争取足够多核心资源的努力,重申儿童基金会需要足够的经常资源来取得有利于儿童的成果。 他重申高级管理层继续致力于支持道德操守办公室,并强调指出,透明度将加深公众对儿童基金会的信任。 最后,他感谢各位成员在非正式会议上所做的工作,并指出,激烈的非正式辩论导致通过了一些决定,这些决定保持了整个届会期间正式会议的团结感和共同目标。", "115. (中文(简体) ). 主席对与会者的积极参与表示赞赏,并承认本届会议取得了圆满成果。 她指出,年度报告以及儿童基金会各方面工作的一个关键方面是注重公平。 她说,儿童基金会为最弱势儿童所做的努力更加重要,因为贫富差距依然存在,特别是在持续的财政危机和人道主义紧急情况蔓延的情况下。", "116 (英语). 她强调的另一个重要领域是儿童保护,并指出关于这一问题的专题讨论表明,不仅为了儿童,而且为了他们生活的社会,促进儿童权利是何等重要。 她强调,所有会员国都有责任使《儿童权利公约》及其任择议定书得到普遍批准。 她最后敦促会员国增加对儿童基金会核心资源的捐款,使儿童基金会能够继续履行其保护和促进儿童权利的核心承诺。", "页:1", "执行局2011年年度会议通过的决定", "2011/7 (中文(简体) ). 道德操守办公室的报告", "执行局,", "1. 联合国 1. 注意到儿童基金会道德操守办公室的报告(E/ICEF/2011/11);", "2. 联合国 11. 确认道德操守办公室有助于在本组织内培养道德操守、廉正和问责文化,并在此方面赞赏地注意到道德操守办公室努力为本组织和工作人员提供咨询、指导、保护免遭报复、审查财务披露报表并提供培训;", "3个 5. 鼓励儿童基金会管理层进一步加强其组织道德操守办公室的职能,为道德操守办公室执行其工作方案提供足够的资源;", " 4.四. 期待根据执行局第2010/18号决定,审议儿基会道德操守办公室今后的年度报告,特别是向管理层提出的建议,加强组织廉正和合规文化。", "年度会议 2011年6月23日", "2011/8 (英语). 国家方案文件和共同国家方案文件草稿", "执行局,", "核准下列国家和共同国家合作方案的指示性预算总额:", "区域/国家 经常资源 其他资源文件E/ICEF/2011/\n中欧和东欧及独立国家共同体\n阿尔巴尼亚 2012-2016 3 750 000 27 000 DCCP-ALB/1\n克罗地亚 2012-2016年 — 13 436 000 P/L.1\n吉尔吉斯斯坦 2012-2016年 4 600 000 25 000 P/L.2\n2012-2016年 黑山 3 750 000 8 000 P/L.3和Corr.1\n乌克兰 2012-2016年\n东亚和太平洋\n老挝人民民主共和国 2012-2015 7 860 000 51 688 000 P/L.5\n蒙古 2012-2016年 3 750 000 15 250 000 P/L.6\n菲律宾 2012-2016年\n东部和南部非洲\n埃塞俄比亚 2012-2015 160 212000 286 985000 P/L.8\n津巴布韦 2012-2015 19 004000 320 72400 P/L.9和Corr.1\n中东和北非\n摩洛哥 2012-2016年\n阿曼 2012-2015年——4 400 000 P/L.11\n南亚\n孟加拉国 2012-2016年\n美洲和加勒比\n智利 2012-2016年 3 750 000 8 000 000 P/L.15\n东加勒比——多国方案\n(安圭拉、安提瓜和巴布达、巴巴多斯、英属维尔京群岛、多米尼卡、格林纳达、蒙特塞拉特、圣基茨和尼维斯、圣卢西亚、圣文森特和格林纳达、特立尼达和多巴哥、土耳其和凯科斯群岛)\n萨尔瓦多 2012-2015年 3 000 000 8 500 000 P/L.17\n2012-2016年 洪都拉斯\n牙买加 2012-2016 3 750 000 10 100 000 P/L.20\n西非和中非\n中非共和国 2012-2016 19 315000 600000 P/L.21\n乍得 2012-2016 56 585000 950000 P/L.22\n加蓬 2012-2016年 3 750 000 8 000 P/L.23\n冈比亚 2012-2016年 5 355000 P/L.24\n加纳 2012-2016 43 055000 P/L.25\n毛里塔尼亚 2012-2016年 9 020 000 53 475 000 P/L.26\n圣多美和普林西比 2012-2016年\n塞内加尔 2012-2016 26 730000 500000 P/L.28", "年度会议 2011年6月23日", "2011/9 (中文(简体) ). 延长正在执行的国家方案", "执行局,", "1. 联合国 1. 注意到执行主任核准的伯利兹、不丹、几内亚、海地、马达加斯加、摩尔多瓦共和国和突尼斯国家方案延长一年,见E/ICEF/2011/P/L.29号文件表1;", "2. 联合国 核准如E/ICEF/2011/P/L.29号文件表2所示,将巴拉圭延长两年,将南非第二次延长一年。", "年度会议 2011年6月23日", "2011/10 (中文(简体) ). 最不发达国家", "执行局,", "1. 联合国 1. 欢迎大会2011年6月17日第65/280号决议核可《伊斯坦布尔宣言》(A/CONF.219/L.1)和《2011-2020十年期支援最不发达国家行动纲领》(A/CONF.219/3/Rev.1),后称《伊斯坦布尔行动纲领》;", "2. 联合国 1. 回顾大会2007年12月19日第62/208号决议所载联合国业务活动的基本特点;", "3个 4. 注意到儿童基金会对最不发达国家的大力支持;", " 4.四. 5. 强调儿童基金会需要根据其任务规定,在支助最不发达国家时,特别注意执行《伊斯坦布尔行动纲领》;", "5 (韩语). 邀请 执行主任与联合国发展集团主席密切合作,按照《伊斯坦布尔行动纲领》第153段和大会第65/280号决议第2段的要求,将《伊斯坦布尔行动纲领》的执行工作纳入儿基会方案,并作为执行主任年度报告的一部分报告执行情况。", "年度会议 2011年6月23日", "2011/11号 选举执行局主席团", "执行局,", "回顾其议事规则并着重指出遵守议事规则的重要性,", "1. 联合国 4. 鼓励各区域集团在2011年第二届常会期间推荐执行局主席团候选人;", "2. 联合国 4. 鼓励主席团邀请上文第1段所述的推荐候选人作为观察员参加主席团的月会,以更好地了解正在开展的工作并更好地准备履行主席团今后的职责;", "3个 1. 决定自2012年起,于每年1月初召开下一届常会的第一次会议,其唯一目的是根据议事规则第11条选举出新的主席和主席团其他成员;", " 4.四. 4. 请秘书处确保与大会和会议管理部协商安排和安排这次额外会议,以确保在儿童基金会执行局现有权利范围内提供会议服务。", "年度会议 2011年6月23日", "2011/12年度 执行主任的年度报告:2006-2013年中期战略计划的进展和成就", "执行局,", "1. 联合国 1. 注意到儿基会执行主任关于2006-2013年中期战略计划进展情况和成就的年度报告(E/ICEF/2011/9)及其所附文件,并承认2010年取得的重大成果;", "2. 联合国 2. 重申儿童基金会需要继续改进其向执行局提交的注重成果的报告,包括在组织一级更好地、更系统地报告成果,以显示国家优先事项为国家成果所作出的贡献,并在这方面赞赏地注意到重新注重公平办法,这将有助于实现这一目标;", "3个 3. 欢迎目前为加强成果管理制而作的努力,并在这方面请儿基会在编制2014-2017年中期战略计划时,继续制定强有力的成果框架,显示一个完整的成果链,包括所有各级的预期成果,并期待着与执行局成员就方法,包括可衡量的指标、格式和成果管理以及儿基会2014-2017年中期战略计划的报告等进行定期协商;", " 4.四. 5. 请儿基会在2012年第一届常会上提出2014-2017年中期战略计划的“路线图”,供执行局核准,其中包括成果管理制框架,并表明这项工作与儿基会综合预算的关系;", "5 (韩语). 4. 鼓励儿童基金会执行主任在制订儿童基金会2012-2013两年期机构预算草案时继续遵守预算纪律,以提高效率,同时确认需要为执行战略计划提供足够的资源;", "6. 国家 5. 请执行主任在今后的年度报告中介绍经验教训并提出关于本组织未来战略的建议,并列入对所面临挑战的说明和为应对这些挑战而采取的具体步骤;", "7. 联合国 4. 敦促儿童基金会继续支持各国政府和其他国家伙伴努力保护儿童免受暴力、虐待和剥削,并鼓励分享这方面的信息;", "8. 联合国 确认必须报告所有重点领域的性别平等成果,并参照执行局关于人力资源管理的第2010/21号决定,包括考虑到必须确保效率、才干和忠诚的最高标准的征聘,同时根据《联合国宪章》第一百零一条第3款,适当顾及尽可能广泛的地域征聘,并再次要求将这些成果全面纳入执行主任的年度报告。", "年度会议 2011年6月23日", "2011/13 (英语). 儿童基金会两性平等工作进展报告", "执行局,", "1. 联合国 1. 重申两性平等是儿童基金会中期战略计划贯穿各领域的战略之一;", "2. 联合国 1. 赞赏地注意到关于儿童基金会两性平等工作进展情况的报告(E/ICEF/2011/10)和为改进两性平等工作而采取的步骤;", "3个 4. 注意到儿童基金会的内部监测框架,以衡量儿童基金会工作中两性平等政策的执行进展情况,鼓励儿童基金会将两性平等纳入方案进程,并强调需要确保为两性平等和赋予妇女权力提供充足的财政和人力资源,请儿童基金会在儿童基金会两性平等工作进展报告中向执行局提供最初使用两性平等标志的资料;", " 4.四. 4. 敦促儿童基金会为促进实现性别平等成果而作进一步改进,并报告儿童基金会在中期战略计划中为改进性别平等所作贡献的成果;", "5 (韩语). 4. 注意到对国家方案文件中对性别平等分析和儿基会工作成果的重视情况进行的独立审查,并在这方面请儿基会继续作出改进,包括除其他外通过适当的质量保证程序和性别平等专门知识;", "6. 国家 4. 建议加强机构问责机制,除其他外,包括两性平等成果的管理问责制、整个规划和方案拟订周期的质量保证、人力和财政资源的分配、获得适当的两性平等专门知识(包括利用当地专家)的机会以及按性别分列的成果报告;", "7. 联合国 5. 敦促儿童基金会继续提高工作人员在儿童基金会所有方案拟订领域进行性别分析的能力并制订两性平等成果和指标,包括部署合格的专家,在国家和区域两级提供领导、指导和专门知识;", "8. 联合国 4. 敦促儿童基金会高级管理层继续努力,将两性平等分析和成果更好地纳入总部、区域和国家各级的方案拟订和政策,并改进有针对性的行动;", "9. 国家 请儿基会与联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)密切合作,作为联合国国家工作队的一部分,在互补和协同关系的基础上,推进性别平等和增强妇女权能,以帮助实现性别平等和增强妇女权能领域的国家优先事项和具体目标;", "10个 6. 请儿童基金会继续根据两性平等战略优先行动计划,在执行局年度会议上报告其两性平等工作的进展情况,同时考虑到执行局各项决定的规定。", "年度会议 2011年6月23日" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 98 of the provisional agenda*", "General and complete disarmament", "Information on confidence-building measures in the field of conventional arms", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report, submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/63, contains statistical information on submissions by States concerning confidence-building measures in the field of conventional arms, submitted to the Secretary-General by Governments since 2005, and a review of the information contained therein.", "* A/66/150.", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/63, entitled “Information on confidence-building measures in the field of conventional arms”, by which the Assembly welcomed all confidence-building measures in the field of conventional arms already undertaken by Member States, as well as the information on such measures voluntarily provided, and requested the Secretary-General to report to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on the implementation of the resolution, including the information provided by Member States.", "2. This is the first report by the Secretary-General since the adoption, in 2004, of the first General Assembly resolution on the subject (resolution 59/92). It covers the period from 2005 to 2011 and provides a statistical analysis of the information received from Member States in response to the relevant resolutions (Assembly resolutions 59/92, 60/82, 61/79, 63/57 and 65/63), reviews information on confidence-building measures provided in national submissions and identifies possible trends in their implementation.", "3. National submissions are available in their original language from: www.un.org/disarmament/convarms/infoCBM/html/infoCBM-Reports.shtml.", "II. Statistical information on submissions by States", "4. Since 2005, the Secretariat has received submissions from 36 Member States, with a number of them submitting multiple reports, bringing the total number received to 77 (see tables 1 and 2 below).", "Table 1 Submissions, by year and region", "Africa Asia Eastern Latin Western Total Europe America and Europe and the others Caribbean", "2005 — 1 2 4 1 8", "2006 — 4 1 2 — 7", "2007 — 2 5 5 3 15", "2008 — 2 3 1 3 9", "2009 — 3 2 2 4 11", "2010 1 1 4 1 3 10", "2011 1 2 5 3 6 17", "Total 2 15 22 18 20 77", "Table 2 Submissions, by State", "Regional group State Number and year \n Africa Senegal 1 (2011) \n Tunisia 1 (2010) Asia Bangladesh 1 (2007) Cambodia 1 (2006) Japan 6 (2005-2010) Lebanon 2 (2006, 2011) Oman 1 (2009) Pakistan 1 (2006) Qatar 1 (2008) Tajikistan 1 (2009) \n Turkmenistan 1 (2011) Eastern Europe Armenia 1 (2011) Azerbaijan 2 (2010, 2011) Bosnia andHerzegovina\t4 (2005, 2008,2009, 2011) Bulgaria 1 (2011) Czech Republic 1 (2007) Georgia 1 (2005) \n\tHungaryLatviaPolandSerbiaUkraine\t3 (2007, 2008,2010)2 (2007, 2008)2 (2006, 2007)2 (2007, 2010)3 (2009-2011)Latin America and theCaribbean\tArgentinaBolivia(Plurinational Stateof)\t4 (2007, 2009-2011)2 (2005, 2007)1 (2005) Chile 2 (2007, 2011) El Salvador 1 (2005) Guatemala 6 (2005-2009, 2011) Mexico 1 (2007) Nicaragua 1 (2006) \n Panama Western Europe andothers\tCyprusGermany\t1 (2011)5 (2007-2011) Greece 6 (2005, 2007-2011) Netherlands 3 (2009-2011) Portugal 1 (2011) \n Spain 4 (2007-2009, 2011)\n Total 36 States 77 submissions", "III. Overview of confidence-building measures in submissions of Member States", "5. The confidence-building measures included in Member States’ submissions can be divided into three main categories. These measures could be applied globally, at the regional or subregional levels, bilaterally and in some instances, unilaterally.", "Information exchange measures", "6. Confidence-building measures focusing on information exchange seek to enhance the mutual understanding of national military capabilities and activities and to facilitate regular communication to avoid surprise or unsought military confrontations. Examples include the reciprocal appointment of military points of contact, the establishment of a hotline between chiefs of the armed forces, the exchange of military information on national forces and armaments and advance notification of important military manoeuvres and activities.", "7. Also among the measures in the field of conventional arms, reported by Member States, is the unilateral notification of reduction and disposal of weapons and ammunition.", "Observation and verification measures", "8. Confidence-building measures focusing on observation and verification aim at generating trust by allowing participating States to monitor each other’s military facilities and activities. Observation measures assist in corroborating that a party’s military activities are of a non-aggressive nature and that they are organized only in the context of military activities, or of planning for such activities, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations. Examples include the invitation of observers to monitor major military exercises and missions to evaluate on site the information provided by a Government on its military units and equipment.", "9. Some Member States note that in their region, those military exercises that involve more than a specific number of troops are required to be open for observation, under an agreed confidence-building measure.", "10. Inspections modalities reported by Member States may include verification on the ground and photography from aerial observation flights.", "Military constraint measures", "11. Confidence-building measures focusing on military constraint are designed to limit the capacity of parties for offensive (and especially, surprise) military attacks. Examples include restrictions on the number and scope of major military exercises, limitations of troop movements, de-alerting and the establishment of demilitarized and weapon-free zones.", "12. States in different regions indicate that unilateral announcements of military constraint measures may also be considered a confidence-building measure.", "Other measures", "13. Some Member States reported that they regard information exchange on their existing export control regimes as a confidence-building measure in the field of conventional arms. In addition, a number of States have noted that participation in international arms control and disarmament treaties and agreements and the faithful implementation of or adherence to them have an effect equivalent to confidence-building measures.", "14. In several instances, Member States included information on the establishment of subregional centres for the training of personnel responsible for the implementation of confidence-building measures and for carrying out joint activities, such as preventing the trafficking of human beings, small arms and narcotics. The establishment of such training centres was reported by Member States in Central Asia, Latin America and South-Eastern Europe.", "15. Some Member States included proposals for developing new confidence-building measures and mechanisms, in particular in response to new security threats.", "IV. Conclusions and recommendations", "16. Information provided by Member States indicates that confidence-building measures in the field of conventional arms can contribute significantly to the strengthening of international peace, security and stability. Several States indicated support for the United Nations acting as a repository of such measures.", "17. Most confidence-building measures referred to in national reports by Member States have been agreed to in regional, subregional or bilateral contexts. The great variety of such measures underlines the importance of tailoring them to the particular security concerns of States within a region or subregion.", "18. Regions and subregions wishing to develop regional confidence-building measures in the field of conventional arms may build upon existing measures with a global reach, such as the Standardized Instrument for Reporting Military Expenditures or the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms. They could, for instance, conduct regular bilateral or regional discussions on information provided by Member States from their region to these global instruments and on the strategic considerations underpinning the policy decisions reported therein.", "19. Member States aspiring to further develop confidence- and security-building measures regarding armaments and military expenditures within their region or subregion may voluntarily draw upon an overview of such measures in the field of conventional arms, as provided by Member States, to identify potentially suitable measures. To assist in such endeavours, the Secretariat would provide an indicative list of confidence-building measures, based on the submissions by Member States within the categories mentioned in section III above. The list itself would remain a living document to which further additions, submitted by Member States, would be welcomed.", "20. Most confidence-building measures are of a regional nature and are thus relevant for more than one State in a given region. States may wish to consider consolidating their reporting, by one State of the region or subregion, on regional or subregional measures that are applicable to a group of countries, as opposed to submitting reports of multiple States of that region. In this regard, the Office for Disarmament Affairs stands ready to collaborate with regional or subregional organizations.", "21. The Office for Disarmament Affairs is also ready to assist Member States and regional or subregional organizations in organizing seminars and workshops aimed at enhancing awareness of existing confidence-building measures in the field of conventional arms and promoting the further development of tailored regional and subregional regimes for such measures, where appropriate." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程[1] 项目98", "全面彻底裁军", "关于常规武器领域建立信任措施的信息", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告依照大会第65/63号决议提交，内载2005年以来各国政府向秘书长提交的关于常规武器领域建立信任措施的报告的统计信息，以及对所载资料的审查。", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告是根据题为“关于常规武器领域建立信任措施的信息”的大会第65/63号决议提交的，其中大会欢迎会员国在常规武器领域已采取的一切建立信任措施以及自愿提供的关于这些措施的信息，并请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议报告决议执行情况，包括会员国提供的信息。", "2. 这是自2004年通过关于这个问题的第一份大会决议(第59/92号决议)以来秘书长关于这个问题的第一份报告。报告涵盖时期为2005年至2011年，报告对会员国根据相关决议(大会第59/92号、第60/82号、第61/79号、第63/57号和第65/63号决议)提交的信息进行了统计分析，审查了各国报告中提供的建立信任措施信息，并确定在实施这些措施方面的可能趋势。", "3. 各国的报告(原文)可查询网站：www.un.org/disarmament/convarms/infoCBM /HTML/infoCBM-Reports.shtml。", "二. 关于各国所提交报告的统计信息", "4. 自2005年以来，秘书处已收到36个会员国的报告。一些国家在上述期间提交了多份报告，使收到的报告总数达到77份(见下文表1和表2)。", "表1 按年份和区域分列的报告数量", "非洲 亚洲 东欧 拉丁美洲和加勒比 西欧和其他国家 共计", "2005年 — 1 2 4 1 8", "2006年 — 4 1 2 — 7", "2007年 — 2 5 5 3 15", "2008年 — 2 3 1 3 9", "2009年 — 3 2 2 4 11", "2010年 1 1 4 1 3 10", "2011年 1 2 5 3 6 17", "共计 2 15 22 18 20 77", "表2 按国家分列的报告", "区域集团 国家 数量和年份 \n 非洲 塞内加尔 1 (2011年) \n 突尼斯 1 (2010年) 亚洲 孟加拉国 1 (2007年) 柬埔寨 1 (2006年) 日本 6 (2005-2010年) 黎巴嫩 2 (2006年、2011年) 阿曼 1 (2009年) 巴基斯坦 1 (2006年) 卡塔尔 1 (2008年) 塔吉克斯坦 1 (2009年) \n 土库曼斯坦 1 (2011年) 东欧 亚美尼亚 1 (2011年) 阿塞拜疆 2 (2010年、2011年) 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那\t4(2005年、2008年、2009年、2011年) 保加利亚 1 (2011年) 捷克共和国 1 (2007年) 格鲁吉亚 1 (2005年) 匈牙利 3 (2007年、2008年、2010年) 拉脱维亚 2 (2007年、2008年) 波兰 2 (2006年、2007年) 塞尔维亚 2 (2007年、2010年) \n 乌克兰 3 (2009-2011年) 拉丁美洲和加勒比\t阿根廷多民族玻利维亚国\t4 (2007年、2009-2011年)2 (2005年、2007年) 智利 1 (2005年) 萨尔瓦多 2 (2007年、2011年) 危地马拉 1 (2005年) 墨西哥 6 (2005-2009年、2011年) 尼加拉瓜 1 (2007年) \n 巴拿马 1 (2006年) 西欧和其他国家\t塞浦路斯德国\t1 (2011年)5 (2007-2011年) 希腊 6 (2005年、2007-2011年) 荷兰 3 (2009-2011年) 葡萄牙 1 (2011年) \n 西班牙 4 (2007-2009年、2011年) \n 共计 36个国家 77份报告", "三. 会员国报告中提到的建立信任措施概述", "5. 会员国报告中所列建立信任措施可分为三大类。这些建立信任措施可在全球、区域或次区域各级适用，也可双边及在某些情况下单边适用。", "信息交流措施", "6. 注重信息交流的建立信任措施力求加强对国家军事能力和活动的相互了解，协助定期沟通，避免突然或意外的军事对抗。例子包括对等任命军事联络员，在部队首长之间设立“热线”电话，交流国防部队和装备方面的军事信息，对重要的军事演习和活动进行事先通知。", "7. 会员国报告的常规武器领域建立信任措施还包括单方面通知削减和处置弹药情况。", "观察和核查措施", "8. 注重观察和核查的建立信任措施目的是通过让参与国监测彼此的军事设施和活动，建立信任。观察措施协助确认一方的军事活动是非侵略性的，是根据《联合国宪章》组织或规划的军事活动。此类例子包括，邀请观察员监测重大军事演习和军事任务，现场评估一国政府提供的关于其军事单位和装备的信息。", "9. 一些会员国指出，根据商定的建立信任措施，它们所在区域的军事演习如果所涉部队超过某一特定数量，就必须开放供观察。", "10. 会员国报告的视察方式可包括现场核查和航拍观察。", "军事限制措施", "11. 注重军事限制的建立信任措施目的是限制各方的军事攻击(特别是突袭)能力。这些例子包括限制重大军事演习的数量和范围，限制部队调动，解除待命状态，建立非军事区和无武器区。", "12. 不同区域的国家表示，单方面宣布军事限制措施也可被视为一种建立信任措施。", "其他措施", "13． 一些会员国报告，它们认为交流有关现有出口管制制度方面的信息也是一项常规武器领域建立信任措施。此外，一些国家还指出，参加国际军控和裁军条约和协定并忠实执行或遵守这些条约和协定，具有与建立信任措施同等的效果。", "14． 在提交的一些报告中，会员国列入的信息包括设立次区域中心，培训相关人员负责执行建立信任措施并开展联合活动，例如防止人口拐卖，贩卖小武器和毒品。中亚、拉丁美洲和东南欧会员国均报告设立了这类培训中心。", "15． 尤其是为了应对新的安全威胁，一些会员国列入了发展新的建立信任措施和机制的提议。", "四. 结论和建议", "16. 会员国提供的资料表明，常规武器领域的建立信任措施可以大大促进加强国际和平、安全与稳定。一些国家表示支持联合国作为这些措施的资料存放处。", "17． 会员国国家报告中提到的大部分建立信任措施已在区域、次区域或双边范畴内商定。这些措施种类繁多，突出表明必须对其进行调整，以便符合区域和次区域各国的特殊安全关切。", "18． 希望在常规武器领域建立区域信任措施的区域和次区域可以借鉴现有的全球范围建立信任措施，例如联合国军事支出标准汇报表或联合国常规武器登记册。它们不妨定期举行双边或区域讨论会，讨论本区域会员国为这些全球文书提供的资料，以及其中报告的支持其政策决策的战略考量。", "19. 渴望在其所在区域或次区域内进一步发展关于武器和军事支出的建立信任和安全措施的会员国，可以自愿借鉴会员国提供的常规武器领域中的建立信任和安全措施概述，确定潜在的适当措施。为协助这方面的努力，秘书处将根据会员国提交的上文第三节所提类别的报告，提供一个建立信任措施指示性清单。清单将随时更新，并为此欢迎会员国提交补充资料。", "20. 大部分建立信任措施是区域性措施，因而对特定区域一个以上的国家具有相关性。各国不妨考虑合并其报告，由所在区域或次区域的一个国家报告适用于相关一组国家的区域或次区域措施，而不是让该区域的多个国家提出报告。在这方面，裁军事务厅随时准备与区域或次区域组织携手合作。", "21. 裁军事务厅还随时准备协助会员国及区域和次区域组织举办区域研讨会和讲习班，以提高对常规武器领域现有建立信任措施的认识，促进根据具体情况酌情制定区域和次区域建立信任措施机制。", "[1] ^(*) A/66/150。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程* 项目98", "全面彻底裁军", "关于常规武器领域建立信任措施的信息", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "本报告是根据大会第65/63号决议提交的,其中载有各国自2005年以来就常规武器领域建立信任措施向秘书长提交的文件的统计资料,并审查了其中所载的资料。", "页:1", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 1. 本报告是根据题为“关于常规武器领域建立信任措施的信息”的大会第65/63号决议提交的,大会在该决议中欢迎会员国在常规武器领域已经采取的所有建立信任措施,并欢迎自愿提供的关于这些措施的信息,并请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议报告该决议的执行情况,包括会员国提供的资料。", "2. 联合国 这是自2004年大会通过关于这个问题的第一项决议(第59/92号决议)以来秘书长提交的第一份报告。 本报告涵盖2005至2011年期间,对会员国根据相关决议(大会第59/92号、第60/82号、第61/79号、第63/57号和第65/63号决议)提交的资料进行了统计分析,审查了各国提交的建立信任措施资料并确定了执行这些措施的可能趋势。", "3个 各国提交的资料的原文可查阅:www.un.org/disarmament/convarms/infoCBM/html/infoCBM-Reports.shtml。", "二. 各国划界案的统计资料", " 4.四. 自2005年以来,秘书处收到了36个会员国提交的文件,其中一些会员国提交了多份报告,使收到的总数达到77个(见下文表1和表2)。", "表1 按年度和区域分列的提交的材料", "欧洲和欧洲及其他加勒比", "2005 — 1 2 4 1 8", "2006 — 4 1 2 — 7", "2007 — 2 5 5 3 15", "2008 — 2 3 1 3 9", "2009 — 3 2 2 4 11", "2010 1 1 4 1 3 10", "2011 1 2 5 3 6 17", "共计 2 15 22 18 20 77", "表2 按国家分列的提交材料", "区域集团 数目和年份\n非洲 塞内加尔 1 (2011)\n突尼斯 1(2010) 亚洲 孟加拉国 1(2007) 柬埔寨 1(2006) 日本 6(2005-2010) 黎巴嫩 2(2006,2011) 阿曼 1(2009) 巴基斯坦 1(2006) 卡塔尔 1(2008) 塔吉克斯坦 1(2009)\n土库曼斯坦 1(2011年) 东欧 亚美尼亚 1(2011年) 阿塞拜疆 2(2010年,2011年) 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维纳 4(2005年,2008年,2009年,2011年) 保加利亚 1(2011年) 捷克共和国 1(2007) 格鲁吉亚 1(2005)\n3(2007年、2008年、2010年)、2(2007年、2008年)、2(2006年、2007年)、2(2007年、2010年)、3(2009-2011年)、拉丁美洲和加勒比阿根廷多民族玻利维亚国4(2007年、2009-2011年)、2(2005年、2007-2011年)、1(2005) 智利2(2007年、2011年)、萨尔瓦多1(2005)、危地马拉6(2005-2009年、2011年)、墨西哥1(2007)、尼加拉瓜1(2006年)\n巴拿马 西欧及其他 塞浦路斯 德国 1(2011)5 (2007-2011年) 希腊6(2005年,2007-2011年) 荷兰 3(2009-2011) 葡萄牙 1(2011)\n西班牙 4(2007-2009年,2011年)\n共36个国家提交的划界案", "三. 会员国划界案中的建立信任措施概览", "5 (韩语). 各会员国提交的文件中包括的建立信任措施可分为三大类。 这些措施可在全球、区域或分区域一级以双边方式和在某些情况下单方面实施。", "信息交流措施", "6. 国家 以信息交流为重点的建立信任措施力求增进对国家军事能力和活动的相互了解,并便利定期沟通,以避免出人意料地或无意地进行军事对抗。 例如,相互任命军事联络点,在武装部队首长之间建立热线,交流关于国家部队和军备的军事情报,以及事先通知重要的军事演习和活动。", "7. 联合国 会员国所报告的常规武器领域的措施还包括单方面通知减少和处置武器和弹药。", "观察和核查措施", "8. 联合国 以观察和核查为重点的建立信任措施旨在通过允许参与国监测彼此的军事设施和活动来建立信任。 观察措施有助于证实一方的军事活动是非侵略性质的,而且只有在按照《联合国宪章》进行军事活动或规划这类活动时才进行。 例子包括邀请观察员监测重大军事演习和特派团现场评价一国政府提供的关于其军事单位和装备的资料。", "9. 国家 一些会员国指出,在其区域,需要根据商定的建立信任措施,开放那些涉及人数超过具体部队的军事演习供观察。", "10个 会员国报告的检查方式可包括地面核查和空中观察飞行摄影。", "军事限制措施", "11个 以军事限制为重点的建立信任措施旨在限制各方进行进攻(特别是出其不意地)军事攻击的能力。 这方面的例子包括限制重大军事演习的次数和范围、限制部队调动、解除待命状态和建立非军事化和无武器区。", "12个 不同区域的国家表示,单方面宣布军事限制措施也可视为一项建立信任措施。", "其他措施", "13个 一些会员国报告说,它们认为就其现有的出口管制制度交流信息是常规武器领域的一项建立信任措施。 此外,一些国家指出,参加国际军备控制和裁军条约和协定以及忠实地执行或遵守这些条约和协定具有相当于建立信任措施的效果。", "14个 在一些情况下,会员国介绍了设立次区域中心的情况,以培训负责执行建立信任措施的人员并开展联合活动,例如防止贩运人口、小武器和麻醉品。 中亚、拉丁美洲和东南欧的会员国报告了建立这种培训中心的情况。", "15个 一些会员国建议制定新的建立信任措施和机制,特别是应对新的安全威胁。", "四、结 论 结论和建议", "16. 会员国所提供的资料表明,常规武器领域的建立信任措施可大大有助于加强国际和平、安全与稳定。 一些国家表示支持联合国充当此类措施的存放地。", "17岁。 会员国国家报告中提到的大多数建立信任措施是在区域、次区域或双边背景下商定的。 这种措施种类繁多,突出了使这些措施适应一个区域或次区域内各国特殊安全关切的重要性。", "18岁。 希望制定常规武器领域区域建立信任措施的区域和次区域可以借鉴全球范围的现有措施,例如军事支出标准汇报表或联合国常规武器登记册。 例如,它们可以定期举行双边或区域讨论,讨论本区域会员国向这些全球文书提供的信息以及报告的政策决定所依据的战略考虑。", " 19. 19. 希望在其区域或次区域内就军备和军事支出进一步制定建立信任和安全措施的会员国可自愿利用会员国提供的对常规武器领域此类措施的概述,以确定可能适当的措施。 为协助这些努力,秘书处将根据会员国在上文第三节所述类别下提交的文件,提供一份建立信任措施指示性清单。 名单本身仍将是一份活的文件,欢迎会员国提出进一步增补。", "20号. 大多数建立信任措施都具有区域性质,因此对某一区域不止一个国家具有相关性。 各国不妨考虑合并区域或次区域一个国家关于适用于一组国家的区域或次区域措施的报告,而不是由该区域多个国家提交报告。 在这方面,裁军事务厅随时准备同区域或次区域组织合作。", "21岁 裁军事务厅还随时准备协助会员国和区域或次区域组织举办讨论会和讲习班,以提高人们对常规武器领域现有建立信任措施的认识,并在适当情况下促进为这些措施进一步发展有针对性的区域和次区域制度。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 69 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: implementation of human rights instruments", "Implementation of human rights instruments", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to submit to the General Assembly the report of the Chairs of the human rights treaty bodies on their twenty-third meeting, held in Geneva on 30 June and 1 July 2011, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 57/202.", "Report of the Chairs of the human rights treaty bodies on their twenty-third meeting", "Summary", "The General Assembly, in its resolution 57/202, requested the Secretary-General to submit to the Assembly the reports of the persons chairing the human rights treaty bodies on their periodic meetings. The present document contains the report on the twenty-third meeting of the Chairs of the human rights treaty bodies, which was held in Geneva on 30 June and 1 July 2011, pursuant to Assembly resolution 49/178. The Chairs considered the follow-up to the recommendations of the twenty-second meeting and reviewed developments relating to the work of the treaty bodies. They discussed the expertise and independence of treaty body members, as well as ways of enhancing the annual meeting of the Chairs. They held an informal meeting with States parties and adopted recommendations, which are contained in section V of the present report. The report of the twelfth inter‑committee meeting of the human rights treaty bodies, held in Geneva from 27 to 29 June 2011, was considered by the Chairs and is annexed to the present report. The full report of the inter-committee meeting working group on follow-up to concluding observations, decisions on individual complaints and inquiries is contained in a separate document (HRI/ICM/2011/3-HRI/MC/2011/2).", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 4II.Organization 4 of the \nmeeting III. Enhancing 4 the effectiveness of the treaty bodies: a coordinated \napproach A.Adoption 4 of the points of agreement of the inter-committee meeting working group on follow-up to concluding observations, decisions on individual complaints and \ninquiries B.Eligibility 5 and independence of \nmembers C. Enhancing 5 the meeting of the Chairs of the human rights treaty \nbodies IV.Informal 6 consultations with States \nparties V. Decisions 7 and \nrecommendations \nAnnexes I. Joint 10 statement of the Chairs of the human rights treaty bodies on the occasion of the twenty‑fifth anniversary of the Declaration on the Right to \nDevelopment II. Report 11 of the twelfth inter-committee meeting of the human rights treaty \nbodies", "I. Introduction", "1. The twenty-third meeting of the Chairs of the human rights treaty bodies, convened pursuant to General Assembly resolution 49/178, was held in Geneva on 30 June and 1 July 2011. The inter-committee meeting working group on follow-up to concluding observations, decisions on individual complaints and inquiries held a meeting in Geneva from 12 to 14 January 2011, and the twelfth inter-committee meeting of the human rights treaty bodies was held, also in Geneva, from 27 to 29 June 2011.", "II. Organization of the meeting", "2. The Chairs of the following bodies attended: the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Ariranga Pillay); the Human Rights Committee (Zonke Majodina); the Committee on the Rights of the Child (Jean Zermatten); the Committee on Migrant Workers (Abdelhamid El-Jamri); the Committee against Torture (Claudio Grossman); the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (Silvia Pimentel); the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (Anwar Kemal); the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (Ronald Clive McCallum); and the Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (Malcolm Evans).", "3. Mr. McCallum took the role of Chair/Rapporteur and Mr. El-Jamri was affirmed Vice-Chair. The Chairs adopted the provisional agenda and annotations (HRI/MC/2011/1) and proposed programme of work.", "III. Enhancing the effectiveness of the treaty bodies: a coordinated approach", "A. Adoption of the points of agreement of the inter-committee meeting working group on follow-up to concluding observations, decisions on individual complaints and inquiries", "4. The Chairs adopted, with a minor amendment, the points of agreement of the inter-committee meeting working group on follow-up. The amendment related to the insertion of the words “where appropriate” in paragraph 61.B (f) of the report of the inter-committee meeting working group on follow-up (HRI/ICM/2011/3-HRI/MC/2011/2). The paragraph as adopted reads: “The inter-committee meeting working group on follow-up recommended that all committees consider extending the deadline for responses from States parties from 90 to 180 days where appropriate, except in the event of an emergency.” The Chairs also adopted the points of agreement concluded at the twelfth inter-committee meeting, including the recommendations from the joint meeting with the holders of the special procedures mandates.", "B. Eligibility and independence of members", "5. The Chairs proceeded to address the question of further strengthening the eligibility, expertise and independence of treaty body members. A background note was prepared by the Secretariat to facilitate the discussion. Reference was made to paragraphs 19 and 20 of the Poznan Statement on the Reforms of the United Nations Human Rights Treaty Body System, and the Chairs reiterated the recommendation that guarantees for independence, availability and competence be strengthened in the context of the election and terms of appointment of treaty body members. In that respect, the Chairs supported the suggestion made in Poznan that a document providing guidance on the eligibility and independence of treaty body members be prepared and adopted. The Chairs discussed some of the elements to be included in such a document, including the possibility of limiting the tenure of treaty body members.", "6. The Chairs noted that some treaty bodies, including the Human Rights Committee, already had guidelines on the independence of their members or provisions to that effect in their rules of procedure, and decided that due account should be taken of the existing rules and regulations. The Chairs acknowledged that the election of treaty body members was the prerogative of States parties. However, they recommended that the nomination processes be improved and that guidance on the eligibility of candidates be provided to States parties.", "7. The Chairs decided to revisit the issue of eligibility, expertise and independence of treaty body members at their next meeting, in 2012, and requested the Secretariat to prepare a draft working paper, including initial draft proposals (see para. 20 below).", "C. Enhancing the meeting of the Chairs of the human rights treaty bodies", "8. The Chairs considered a consolidated implementation table with regard to all the recommendations adopted by the inter-committee meeting since its first session and, noting that a low number of recommendations had been implemented, discussed the future of both the inter-committee meeting and the meeting of the Chairs. The Chairs recommended that the inter-committee meeting be replaced by ad hoc thematic working groups that could be established by the Chairs when necessary. They agreed that at their next meeting, to be held at the regional level, in Africa, they would discuss substantive matters, such as the substantive cooperation among treaty bodies (joint statements and general comments/recommendations), the requested working paper on eligibility and independence, and aspects of the upcoming report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on strengthening the treaty body system compiling the various proposals that had been made previously. They also agreed to hold meetings with regional stakeholders working in the area of human rights.", "9. The principle whereby Chairs should be empowered to adopt decisions on working methods and procedural matters was discussed, resulting in the agreement to formally endorse paragraphs 16 and 17 of the Poznan Statement in that respect. The Chairs were of the view that the paragraphs had been carefully crafted and covered all relevant aspects in a balanced way. It was also agreed that the Chairs would consult with their respective committees on such matters in advance and that if a treaty body disagreed with the measures adopted by the Chairs, it could subsequently dissociate itself from them. The Chairs agreed to discuss the matter further in each committee to seek approval for a stronger statement.", "IV. Informal consultations with States parties", "10. The Chairs held informal consultations with representatives of 65 States parties on 30 June 2011. They outlined recent developments and the structural challenges that the treaty bodies were facing with regard to a lack of resources and the difficulty of obtaining translated documents on time. They referred to the new working methods in their respective committees, including those resulting from the decision of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights to only consider periodic reports at two meetings; the optional procedure adopted by the Committee against Torture, the Human Rights Committee and the Committee on Migrant Workers involving the making of lists of issues prior to reporting; and the list of themes adopted by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination.", "11. States welcomed the opportunity to engage in consultations with the Chairs but regretted that such informal meetings were not held more often. States voiced their appreciation for the organization of the informal technical consultations with States parties on the strengthening of treaty bodies held in Sion, Switzerland, in May 2011, and called for further discussions as a follow-up to that meeting. While expressing their support for the work of the treaty bodies, some States reiterated the concerns they had raised in Sion, in particular with regard to activities and issues that, in their opinion, were not called for under the treaties or did not fall within their scope.", "12. Several States referred to proposals made in the context of the treaty body strengthening process, mentioning, inter alia, the need for the treaty bodies to streamline and increase cooperation with relevant entities of the United Nations system and other stakeholders. For that purpose, the use of new information and communications technologies, as well as the establishment of a predictable reporting cycle synchronized with the universal periodic review were highlighted. A few States voiced their disappointment at the fact that the inter-committee meeting had ruled out the proposal made in Sion to limit the constructive dialogue to a three-hour meeting. It was suggested that in the future the reports of the States parties be reviewed by task forces composed of members of several treaty bodies. Questions with regard to the report of the High Commissioner on the strengthening of the treaty bodies were also posed, notably with regard to the possibility of States to comment on it. Some States expressed the view that the share of the overall budget of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights that was allocated to the treaty body system should be increased.", "13. Some States shared their positive experience under the new optional reporting procedure (list of issues prior to reporting). Several States reiterated that only reliable and accurate information should be taken into account and asked about measures aimed at ensuring the equality of treatment between the States parties that avail themselves of this optional reporting procedure and those that do not.", "14. Several States were of the view that the treaty body rules of procedures on individual complaints needed to be harmonized and adhered to strictly. Some States stressed that the concluding observations should reflect the constructive dialogue that had been held and take into consideration the views expressed by the State party. Several States noted that the States parties were responsible for implementing the recommendations and called for more specific and realistic recommendations falling strictly within the scope of the treaty to be drafted.", "15. Furthermore, some States stressed that the nomination and election of treaty body members was the prerogative of States parties, while others were of the view that the independence and expertise of members could be improved through an open selection process.", "V. Decisions and recommendations", "16. At their twenty-third meeting, the Chairs of the human rights treaty bodies adopted the decisions and recommendations below.", "Adoption of the points of agreement of the twelfth inter-committee meeting", "17. The Chairs adopted the points of agreement concluded at the twelfth inter‑committee meeting, held from 27 to 29 June 2011.", "Adoption of the points of agreement of the inter-committee meeting working group on follow-up to concluding observations, decisions on individual complaints and inquiries", "18. The Chairs also adopted, with a minor amendment (see para. 4 above), the points of agreement of the inter-committee meeting working group on follow-up (see HRI/ICM/2011/3-HRI/MC/2011/2).", "Expertise and independence of treaty body members", "19. The Chairs referred to articles 19 and 20 of the Poznan Statement and reiterated the recommendation that guarantees for independence, availability and competence be strengthened in the context of the election and terms of appointment of treaty body members. In that respect, the Chairs supported the suggestion to prepare and adopt a document providing guidance on the eligibility and independence of treaty body members. They noted that due account should be taken, inter alia, of the existing guidelines of the Human Rights Committee (see A/53/40, vol. I, annex III).", "20. In that respect, the Chairs requested the Secretariat to prepare a draft working paper, including initial draft proposals, on enhancing and strengthening the expertise and independence of treaty body members. They agreed that such a working paper could be discussed intersessionally by e-mail and be presented to them at their twenty-fourth meeting. They also agreed that the working paper should include:", "(a) A compilation of disaggregated data on the current composition of the treaty bodies, including on the professional background and current position of the various members;", "(b) The rules and regulations on enhancing and strengthening the expertise and independence of treaty body members existing in the respective committees;", "(c) Comparative information, including on the relevant rules and regulations in the context of the regional human rights systems.", "Enhancing the meetings of the Chairs of the human rights treaty bodies", "21. The Chairs reaffirmed paragraph 17 of the Poznan Statement. While noting that the autonomy and specificity of treaty bodies should be respected, the spearheading role of the Chairs during the intersessional period in facilitating coordination of common activities and representation, such as consideration and adoption of joint statements, was recognized. It was recommended that the Chairs adopt measures on those working methods and procedural matters which were common across the treaty body system and had previously been discussed within each committee. The Chairs also recommended that such measures would be implemented by all treaty bodies, unless a committee subsequently dissociated itself from it.", "Chairs of the twenty-fourth meeting", "22. The Chairs reiterated their recommendation that the meeting of the Chairs be held every other year, in different regions. The objective is to make the human rights treaty bodies more accessible to all stakeholders involved in the implementation process and to raise awareness of their work by strengthening linkages and synergies between international and regional human rights mechanisms and institutions. To that end, it was decided that the twenty-fourth meeting of the Chairs would be held in the African region in 2012.", "23. The Chairs decided that, in addition to holding meetings and carrying out activities with regional and other stakeholders, at their twenty-fourth meeting, to be held in the African region, they would focus on substantive issues, including:", "(a) Consideration of the draft working paper on enhancing and strengthening the expertise and independence of treaty body members, prepared by the Secretariat;", "(b) Joint activities that could be undertaken by treaty bodies, including joint statements and general comments/recommendations;", "(c) The report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights compiling the various proposals emerging from the treaty body consultation process.", "The inter-committee meeting", "24. In view of the above recommendation, the Chairs discussed the issue of the relevance of the current format of the inter-committee meeting. They considered a consolidated implementation table of the recommendations adopted by the inter‑committee meeting since its first session, as prepared by the Secretariat at the request of the Chairs at the eleventh inter-committee meeting. In that respect, the Chairs expressed concern about the low number of recommendations implemented, especially with regard to the recommendations pertaining to the harmonization of working methods. In addition, the Chairs discussed the challenges resulting from limited financial resources and expressed concern about the increasing overlap between their meetings and the inter-committee meeting.", "25. The Chairs agreed that the inter-committee meeting in its current format should be abolished and transformed, for instance, into ad hoc thematic working groups to be established at the request of the Chairs. Such working groups could discuss issues of common interest, including the harmonization of treaty body jurisprudence.", "Statements by the Chairs", "26. The Chairs decided to adopt a joint statement on the occasion of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Declaration on the Right to Development (see annex I). They noted that statements on the interaction of treaty bodies with national human rights institutions and non-governmental organizations should be considered for adoption at a later stage, in accordance with the points of agreement of the twelfth inter-committee meeting.", "Treaty body documentation", "27. The Chairs voiced concern about the memorandum of the Under-Secretary-General for General Assembly and Conference Management dated 13 June 2011 on the strict implementation of word limits for parliamentary documents[1] and requested the Chair of the twenty-third meeting to address, through the Secretariat, a letter to the Under-Secretary-General to seek clarification on the matter.", "Annex I", "Joint statement of the Chairs of the human rights treaty bodies on the occasion of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Declaration on the Right to Development", "The twenty-fifth anniversary of the adoption by the General Assembly of the Declaration on the Right to Development (Assembly resolution 41/128, annex) will be observed on 4 December 2011.", "In our capacity as Chairs of the human rights treaty bodies set up to monitor the implementation of the core human rights treaty obligations at the national level, we welcome the commemoration of the special anniversary of the Declaration. We believe that this anniversary provides a unique and timely opportunity to reiterate the principles and elements set out in the Declaration.", "It is significant that the Declaration, in its definition of the right to development (article 1), does not reduce development to purely economic aspirations or goals but articulates a broad, comprehensive understanding of development at the national and international levels. The right to development finds clear resonance in various human rights treaty provisions, which emphasize the multifaceted, multidimensional and complex nature of development processes and the need for development to be inclusive, equitable and sustainable.", "The Declaration proclaims that all human rights and fundamental freedoms are indivisible and interdependent and that equal attention must be paid to civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights (article 6 (2)). In fact, there are many similarities and striking complementarities between the Declaration and the human rights treaties. Many elements of the right to development are reflected in human rights treaty provisions and the jurisprudence of treaty bodies, including on self-determination; the fair distribution of resources; equality and non-discrimination, particularly on the grounds of sex, gender, age, race and disability; active, free and meaningful participation; accountability and transparency; substantive rights relating to an adequate standard of living, including food, water and sanitation, housing, health services, education, employment and the enjoyment of culture; freedom of expression, assembly and association; and international assistance and cooperation.", "For all the reasons given, we are resolved to make a concerted effort to promote a development-informed and interdependence-based reading of all human rights treaties so as to highlight and emphasize the relevance and importance of the right to development in interpreting and applying human rights treaty provisions and in monitoring compliance with these provisions. In this way, we shall contribute to furthering the realization of the right to development by ensuring that the necessary conditions are in place for achieving economic and social progress and development for all, including vulnerable individuals and groups.", "Annex II", "Report of the twelfth inter-committee meeting of the human rights treaty bodies", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 12II.Opening 12 of the meeting, election of officers and adoption of the \nagenda III. Enhancing 13 the effectiveness of the treaty bodies: a coordinated \napproach A.Discussion 13 on the structure of the constructive dialogue with States \nparties B.Discussion 14 on the structure and length of concluding \nobservations C.Discussion 14 on interaction with stakeholders, in particular national human rights institutions and non-governmental \norganizations D. Other 15 \nissues IV. Points 15 of agreement of the twelfth inter-committee \nmeeting V. Joint 22 meeting of participants of the eighteenth meeting of special rapporteurs/representatives, experts and Chairs of working groups of the special procedures with the Chairs and members of treaty \nbodies", "I. Introduction", "1. The twelfth inter-committee meeting of the human rights treaty bodies was held at the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) at Geneva from 27 to 29 June 2011.", "2. The following members of human rights treaty bodies attended: Alessio Bruni (Committee against Torture, member), Ana Elizabeth Cubias Medina (Committee on Migrant Workers, Vice-Chair), Ion Diaconu (Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, member/Rapporteur), Abdelhamid El-Jamri (Committee on Migrant Workers, Chair), Malcolm Evans (Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Chair), Claudio Grossman (Committee against Torture, Chair), Ruth Halperin-Kaddari (Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, member), Suzanne Jabbour (Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Vice-Chair), Anwar Kemal (Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Chair), Yanghee Lee (Committee on the Rights of the Child, Vice-Chair), Ronald Clive McCallum (Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Chair), Michael O’Flaherty (Human Rights Committee, Vice-Chair), Ariranga Pillay (Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Chair), Silvia Pimentel (Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Chair), Eibe Riedel (Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, member), Jia Yang (Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Vice-Chair) and Jean Zermatten (Committee on the Rights of the Child, Chair).", "II. Opening of the meeting, election of officers and adoption of the agenda", "3. The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Navanethem Pillay, opened the meeting. Recalling her call to all stakeholders in 2009 to reflect on the future of the treaty body system, she noted that 2011 was a decisive time in the treaty body strengthening process. The High Commissioner highlighted some proposals from recent consultations, particularly the technical consultations with States parties held in Sion, Switzerland, in May 2011, organized by OHCHR in cooperation with the treaty body Chairs and the International Institute for the Rights of the Child. She emphasized that the treaty body members, given their independence and mandate, had the capacity to bring about change. She noted that the treaty body system faced a twofold challenge: the harmonization of its methods of work and a lack of resources. The High Commissioner welcomed and engaged in a dialogue with the participants. She clarified that she had addressed States parties on several occasions on the matter of funding and noted that the work of the treaty bodies should be covered by the regular budget of the United Nations.", "4. Following the statement of the High Commissioner, Mr. McCallum was confirmed Chair/Rapporteur and Mr. El-Jamri was confirmed Vice-Chair. The participants adopted the agenda (HRI/ICM/2011/1) and the programme of work.", "III. Enhancing the effectiveness of the treaty bodies: a coordinated approach", "5. Under the agenda item on enhancing the effectiveness of the treaty bodies, participants discussed ways to improve and harmonize the working methods of the treaty bodies. Pursuant to a recommendation of the eleventh inter-committee meeting, the twelfth inter-committee meeting focused on three issues: the structure of the dialogue with States parties, the format and length of concluding observations and interactions with stakeholders, in particular non-governmental organizations and national human rights institutions. States parties, specialized agencies, funds and programmes, as well as non-governmental organizations and national human rights institutions present were provided with the opportunity to speak under each agenda item.", "A. Discussion on the structure of the constructive dialogue with States parties", "6. It was agreed that the dialogue with States parties should be as constructive as possible in order to encourage the parties to improve compliance with their legal obligations under the treaties they had ratified. Participants highlighted that the dialogue should be characterized by the principles of inclusiveness, openness and a focus on results.", "7. The participants agreed that opening statements by States parties’ delegations should be limited to 30 minutes (with flexibility in extraordinary situations) to allow for a dialogue through questions, answers and comments. Time management could be improved by presenting questions in a more strategic manner, for example by clustering them by theme or linking them to lists of issues. Participants encouraged the Chairs to steer the dialogue firmly so as to ensure adherence to the time frame, to encourage States parties to respond to the questions and to guide the experts to reduce rather than increase the length and number of questions. Participants also addressed the question of how to organize the work of the treaty bodies better by enhancing the role of rapporteurs or task forces.", "8. The example of the Human Rights Committee, which had provided a written procedural guideline for States parties, was discussed and commended for ensuring clarity in communications with States parties on what to expect and how to prepare for the dialogue. The participants agreed that such guidelines should be developed taking into account the specificity of each committee. The participants unanimously agreed that the proposal by some States parties to reduce the time for dialogue to three hours would not be feasible, given the detailed nature of the review. They also agreed that two meetings of six hours in total would remain appropriate for the consideration of second and subsequent reports. Participants expressed strong support for the webcasting of dialogues in order to enhance transparency and make such information more accessible to a wider range of stakeholders, including Government officials, young people, academic institutions and civil society. The value of the presence and participation of parliamentarians, national human rights institutions and civil society was also highlighted.", "B. Discussion on the structure and length of concluding observations", "9. From the outset, the participants agreed that in order to ensure a clear assessment of the progress made by a State party since the last review concluding observations should be based on previous concerns and recommendations.", "10. The need to produce focused recommendations was emphasized by a number of participants. That could be done by, for example, limiting the length of paragraphs and the number of subparagraphs and by focusing on the main areas of concern. However, the point was also made that when a committee could not agree, the language of the concluding observations was sometimes vague. Basing their opinion on the experience of several treaty bodies, the participants agreed that subject headings could be used if deemed appropriate. They also encouraged treaty bodies to draft their concluding observations using a clear format, following the example included in the points of agreement (see para. 26 below). With regard to including a section in the concluding observations on factors and difficulties, some participants said that their treaty bodies had had such a section but had abolished it because it had sometimes been used by States parties to provide an excuse for not implementing the recommendations.", "11. The participants discussed the possible prioritization of the content of concluding observations, including by following the suggestion of the High Commissioner to structure concluding observations around immediate, medium‑term and long-term deliverables to facilitate the implementation of the recommendations at the national level. Some participants were of the view that it might be possible to distinguish immediate measures from short- and long-term measures but questioned whether medium-term measures could be distinguished from long-term measures. In addition, some participants indicated that prioritization could generally be better assessed in the context of follow-up and implementation. Not all participants thought that individual committees should be encouraged to agree on a particular length for their concluding observations.", "C. Discussion on interaction with stakeholders, in particular national human rights institutions and non-governmental organizations", "12. The participants discussed ways to streamline and increase the interaction of the treaty body system with national human rights institutions and civil society actors, including grass-roots non-governmental organizations, and agreed that statements should be adopted in that respect. They emphasized the crucial role played by those stakeholders throughout the reporting process and agreed to prepare information notes on the modalities of the interactions. They also agreed that a common strategy should be developed to ensure the active participation of national human rights institutions and that greater use should be made of information and communications technologies to enable stakeholders to follow the process and engage with the system. Special attention was drawn to threats or reprisals against human rights defenders, individuals or organizations engaging with treaty bodies.", "13. Non-governmental organizations welcomed the efforts of treaty bodies to harmonize their interaction with stakeholders and made suggestions to facilitate further their participation in the process, including by improving the master calendar so as to provide timetables and clear deadlines for the submission of information. They also suggested that alternative reports submitted by non-governmental organizations be posted on the relevant country pages of the OHCHR website. With regard to the proposal to hold sessions at the regional level, participants expressed the view that doing so would raise the profile of treaty bodies and facilitate the participation of grass-roots non-governmental organizations.", "D. Other issues", "Report of the inter-committee meeting working group on follow-up to concluding observations, decisions on individual complaints and inquiries", "14. Under agenda item 5 (b), on the harmonization of working methods, the participants briefly considered the report of the inter-committee meeting working group on follow-up to concluding observations, decisions on individual complaints and inquiries (HRI/ICM/2011/3-HRI/MC/2011/2). Yanghee Lee, Chair of the working group, highlighted the main points of agreement. The participants in the inter-committee meeting decided to submit the report to the meeting of the Chairs for further discussion and endorsement.", "Statistical information and indicators relating to human rights", "15. The participants heard a briefing by a representative of the Secretariat on the work undertaken with regard to indicators for promoting and monitoring the implementation of international human rights instruments. That work included carrying out activities by stakeholders at the country level for the follow-up on concluding observations. Reference was made to a guide to help implement the framework and methodology outlined in a document being prepared by OHCHR in consultation with a panel of experts, due to be published towards the end of 2011.", "IV. Points of agreement of the twelfth inter-committee meeting", "16. The participants took note with interest of the proposals made in the context of the informal technical consultations with States parties held in Sion, Switzerland, in May 2011, the statements adopted in Dublin, Marrakesh, Morocco, and Poznan, Poland, and the statements resulting from the civil society consultations held in Seoul and Pretoria.", "17. The participants decided on the following points of agreement, to be transmitted to the Chairs of the human rights treaty bodies at their twenty-third meeting.", "Inter-committee meeting", "18. The participants welcomed the report of the inter-committee meeting working group on follow-up (HRI/ICM/2011/3-HRI/MC/2011/2) and decided to transmit the points of agreement adopted by the working group to the Chairs of the human rights treaty bodies at their twenty-third meeting for discussion and endorsement.", "Structure of the dialogue with States parties", "Written guidelines for States parties", "19. The participants recommended that each committee prepare written guidelines for its dialogue with States parties in the context of the reporting process, keeping in mind the practice of the Human Rights Committee. They also recommended that the guidelines be translated into the working languages of the respective committee and that they be transmitted to the State party in question in advance of the consideration of its report. The participants welcomed the fact that the Secretariat systematically provided technical briefings for the permanent missions of the States parties scheduled for review.", "Length of the dialogue", "20. The participants recommended that a dialogue with a State party should, as a general rule, be limited to two meetings (six hours in total), except in the case of initial reports. In addition, they did not support the suggestion made by some participants in the Sion consultations to allocate only one meeting (three hours in total) for the dialogue with a State party as that would leave insufficient time for a meaningful dialogue on and an in-depth analysis of the party’s implementation of the relevant treaty.", "Opening statements", "21. The participants recommended that each treaty body allocate no more than 30 minutes for the opening statements of States parties in order to maximize the use of time available and allow for a more interactive dialogue with the State party. However, they noted that flexibility could be applied in extraordinary circumstances.", "Time management", "22. The participants encouraged the Chairs of the treaty bodies to exercise their power to lead the dialogue effectively so as to ensure a balanced exchange between treaty body members and the State party delegation. In that respect, the participants encouraged the various treaty bodies to introduce a time limit for interventions by their members, based on the model applied in the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, as well as for State parties to reply to questions.", "Country task forces", "23. The participants reiterated their recommendation that each treaty body give due consideration to the idea of establishing country task forces, as well as a country rapporteur, for the consideration of State party reports.", "Role of the country rapporteurs", "24. Based on the experience of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women and the Committee on the Rights of the Child, the participants recommended that the country rapporteurs and/or country tasks forces, as relevant, increasingly contribute to the preparations for a dialogue with a State party. That could be done, for example, through the circulation of a rapporteur’s note prior to the session and prior consultation and coordination among members on issues they wish to raise.", "Concluding observations", "Follow-up to previous recommendations", "25. With regard to periodic reports, the participants highlighted that previous concerns and recommendations should be the point of departure for the new concluding observations so as to ensure a clear assessment of the progress made by the State party since the previous review. Concerns and recommendations that had not been addressed would therefore be reiterated, while new concerns relating to more recent developments should also be included.", "Suggested format", "26. The participants encouraged treaty bodies to produce focused recommendations, to limit the length of paragraphs and the number of subparagraphs by focusing on the main areas of concern and, if appropriate, to use subject headings. To that end, they encouraged treaty bodies to draft concluding observations using a clear format in which:", "(a) Each paragraph addressed no more than three issues;", "(b) The concern was expressed in a maximum of three sentences;", "(c) The recommendation consisted of an introductory sentence, if applicable, and up to three recommendations matching the order of the concerns, organized in sequentially lettered subparagraphs.", "27. The recommendation could refer to relevant provisions of the treaty as well as to general comments/recommendations.", "Standard paragraphs", "28. The participants invited individual treaty bodies to discuss whether all standard paragraphs should be maintained or whether their use should be restricted to a specific country context, in cases deemed to be relevant and applicable.", "Targeted recommendations", "29. The participants recommended that all treaty bodies carefully review the wording used when drafting recommendations so as to make their concluding observations more country-specific and targeted.", "Factors and difficulties", "30. The participants recommended that treaty bodies be cautious about including a section on factors and difficulties affecting the implementation of the convention/treaty in the reports of States parties. In that respect, they noted that some treaty bodies that had had such a section had subsequently abolished it.", "Cross-referencing", "31. The participants reiterated their previous recommendation that treaty bodies make cross-references to and repeat the recommendations of other treaty bodies and special procedures mandate holders, where appropriate.", "Interaction with stakeholders, in particular national human rights institutions and non-governmental organizations", "National human rights institutions", "32. The participants recalled the conclusions of the international round table on the role of national human rights institutions and treaty bodies held in Berlin in November 2006, as reiterated in the Marrakesh Statement, and adopted the points of agreement in that regard set out below.", "Reporting", "33. Treaty bodies were invited to develop a common strategy to ensure the active participation of national human rights institutions throughout the reporting process and to engage with such institutions through new technologies like Skype and videoconferencing. In order to contribute fully to the reporting process, national human rights institutions were encouraged:", "(a) To provide information to treaty bodies before the drafting of lists of issues/themes or lists of issues prior to reporting. To that effect, the participants called on individual treaty bodies to try to schedule the examination of States parties reports at least one year in advance and to provide clear deadlines for the submission of written information;", "(b) To make oral presentations more systematically in the pre-sessional working groups of treaty bodies and/or during a session, in addition to providing written information prior to the formal examination of a State party report.", "Follow-up", "34. Individual treaty bodies should invite national human rights institutions:", "(a) To encourage the dissemination of information by the State party to all relevant actors on the concluding observations and recommendations of treaty bodies and to support public awareness thereof;", "(b) To support and host follow-up meetings to the concluding observations and recommendations of treaty bodies with the participation of parliament, the judiciary, ministries and other public authorities, non-governmental organizations and other relevant members of civil society;", "(c) To advise States parties on action that could be taken to effectively implement the concluding observations and recommendations of treaty bodies;", "(d) To engage with members of parliament, ministries and other public authorities regarding the implementation of concluding observations and recommendations.", "Training", "35. Treaty bodies should encourage national human rights institutions to support the capacity-building of relevant State officials regarding reporting procedures, collection of data for reports and other issues pertinent to the reporting process.", "Statement on national human rights institutions", "36. The participants recommended that the Chairs of the human rights treaty bodies adopt a statement on interaction of treaty bodies with national human rights institutions, drawing upon the Marrakesh Statement, and that such a statement include a gender perspective.", "Non-governmental organizations", "37. The participants endorsed the recommendations made in the context of the civil society consultations whereby it is essential for the effective functioning of the treaty body system that civil society actors, including grass-roots non-governmental organizations, have access to and can participate in all stages of the treaty reporting cycle.", "38. The participants recommended that the Chairs of the human rights treaty bodies adopt a statement on the interaction of treaty bodies with non-governmental organizations, drawing upon the statements adopted in the context of the civil society consultations in Seoul and Pretoria.", "More focused reports and oral interventions", "39. As suggested by various stakeholders, the participants recommended that individual treaty bodies invite non-governmental organizations to provide coordinated and more focused submissions to the treaty bodies and to organize their interventions in a more coordinated manner. Although this is currently done by a number of non-governmental organizations, including through coalitions, the participants encouraged the training of civil society actors on how to brief treaty bodies in order to maximize the time made available to them.", "Duty to protect human rights defenders", "40. The participants recommended that treaty bodies address as a violation of obligations by States parties the issue of threats or reprisals against human rights defenders or any other person or organization engaging with treaty bodies throughout the reporting process, including in the context of individual communications, inquiries and visits. Treaty bodies should adhere to the special procedures and work closely with OHCHR and relevant bodies and agencies to monitor and take action in cases of reprisal or the threat of reprisal. They also recommended that the issue of reprisal or the threat of reprisal be revisited in due course and that the Chairs of the human rights treaty bodies adopt a statement on the matter.", "New technologies", "41. Recalling the proposals made in the context of the civil society consultations, the participants reiterated their recommendation on the webcasting of treaty body sessions. Webcasting the sessions would enable stakeholders, particularly at the national level, to follow the process. As an interim measure, audio recordings could be made available through the Internet. The participants also recommended that the treaty bodies engage with non-governmental organizations through new technologies like Skype and videoconferencing. Such use would be facilitated, where possible, by United Nations field offices, while ensuring that it does not create new barriers to access for persons with disabilities.", "Improved accessibility and availability of information", "42. The participants reiterated their recommendation that OHCHR continue to facilitate the participation of civil society in the work of the treaty bodies, including by making its master calendar more user friendly. It should also ensure that the calendar provides information well in advance on the timetable for all the treaty bodies and on deadlines for civil society contributions relating to all stages of the reporting cycle, including lists of issues/themes, country reviews and follow-up procedures.", "43. The participants recommended that information provided by non-governmental organizations to treaty bodies throughout the reporting cycle be posted on the relevant country pages of the OHCHR website, where appropriate.", "44. The participants encouraged OHCHR to update its handbook for civil society on a regular basis and to ensure its wide dissemination, including through the Civil Society Section of OHCHR.", "Information note for civil society actors", "45. The participants recommended that all treaty bodies prepare an information note to be posted on their respective web pages containing information on the modalities of interactions with various stakeholders, including deadlines for the submission of information at sessions and pre-session working group meetings.", "Compilation of good practices", "46. The participants requested the Secretariat to prepare a compilation of good practices regarding the cooperation of treaty bodies with United Nations entities, national human rights institutions and non-governmental organizations.", "Harmonized reporting guidelines and common core document", "47. The participants noted that a majority of treaty bodies had adopted revised guidelines for treaty-specific documents on reporting under the international human rights treaties and urged the remaining treaty bodies to complete the adoption of their revised guidelines as soon as possible. The meeting also noted that close to 50 States parties had submitted a common core document and strongly encouraged other States parties to do the same.", "Length of reports of States parties", "48. The participants reaffirmed their recommendation that the reports of States parties be written in a clear and precise manner, and reiterated the page limits for State party reports (60 pages for initial treaty-specific documents and 40 pages for subsequent periodic documents, where applicable) included in the harmonized guidelines for reporting and agreed upon by the fifth inter-committee meeting. The participants requested the Secretariat to ensure that such page limits were adhered to.", "Lists of issues prior to reporting and other methods of work", "49. The participants welcomed the update provided by the Committee against Torture on its new optional procedure (lists of issues prior to reporting), which allows for a more focused dialogue with the States parties, and it encouraged other treaty bodies to consider that and other methodologies to assist States in better complying with their reporting obligations.", "Regional treaty body sessions", "50. With the objective of making the treaty bodies more accessible to all stakeholders involved in the implementation process, the participants endorsed the recommendation contained in the Poznan Statement that due consideration be given to the organization, when appropriate, of treaty body sessions in different regions, with the support of OHCHR regional offices or the United Nations regional commissions.", "Statistical information and indicators relating to human rights", "51. The participants welcomed recent developments in the work on indicators to help promote and monitor the implementation of human rights, including the activities undertaken by stakeholders at the country level for the follow-up on concluding observations. The meeting looked forward to the publication of a guide to help implement the methodology set out in the document being prepared by OHCHR (see para. 15 above).", "Capacity-building and technical assistance", "52. The participants recommended that OHCHR expand and systematize its capacity-building and technical assistance activities in relation to the submission of reports, in particular when States face difficulties in complying with their reporting obligations. In that context, they recommended that greater use be made of the expertise of current and former treaty body members. In addition, the participants noted that those experts could help States parties in need of assistance in implementing concluding observations, decisions on individual communications and recommendations resulting from inquiries.", "V. Joint meeting of participants of the eighteenth meeting of special rapporteurs/representatives, experts and Chairs of working groups of the special procedures with the Chairs and members of treaty bodies", "53. The joint meeting held with the participants of the eighteenth annual meeting of special procedures mandate holders focused on good practices regarding cooperation between the treaty bodies and the special procedures mandate holders, and welcomed the compilation of good practices on cooperation between the two mechanisms prepared by OHCHR at the request of the participants in the joint meeting held in 2010. Discussion was informed by examples of cooperation identified in the report. Additional positive examples of cooperation were shared and further modalities were suggested to coordinate work on issues of common interest.", "54. The participants in the joint meeting noted that collaboration between treaty bodies and special procedures mandate holders was extensive and had contributed to the mutual reinforcement of each mechanism’s recommendations. It was also noted that collaboration and coordination were essential in order to avoid divergence in the interpretation of human rights norms by the two groups. Increased cross‑referencing of recommendations, joint meetings on thematic issues and country situations, joint activities on follow-up to recommendations and joint advocacy aimed, for example, at increasing the number of ratifications of human rights treaties, were advocated. It was noted that special procedures, in particular country mandates, could help treaty bodies to prepare for consideration of States parties’ reports through briefings and other input.", "55. Several participants referred to cases where special procedures had contributed or were still contributing to the development of general comments by treaty bodies and where treaty bodies had been engaged in the development of guiding principles supported by special procedures. The importance of strategic information-sharing, in particular in relation to thematic priorities, was noted. It was also noted that strategic information-sharing mechanisms required further strengthening and it was agreed that certain measures, including the exchange of workplans and the use of new technologies, should be adopted to facilitate cooperation. It was also suggested that examples should be collected of best practices in implementation relating to themes of common concern to treaty bodies and mandate holders. Systematic and more structured exchanges and interactions between the treaty bodies and the mandate holders were also regarded as crucial.", "56. Participants in the joint meeting recommended that additional and recent examples of good practices highlighted by treaty body members and special procedures mandate holders during the joint meeting or immediately afterwards be integrated in the compilation. They also recommended that the consolidated document be finalized in consultation with the Chairs of the joint meeting, kept updated and made publicly available.", "57. The provision by OHCHR over the past year of regular updates and newsletters on the outputs and activities of treaty bodies and special procedures were welcomed, and the joint meeting recommended further promotion of the Universal Human Rights Index website and use of other new technologies to increase the availability and accessibility of recommendations of the treaty bodies and special procedures, as well as the universal periodic review. OHCHR was urged to maintain the forecast of country visits of special procedures and make it available to treaty bodies and to inform treaty bodies at their sessions when mandate holders are available.", "58. Recalling that it is the primary responsibility of States to follow up and implement the recommendations of the human rights mechanisms, participants in the joint meeting noted that political bodies like the General Assembly and the Human Rights Council had a role to play in following up with States on the implementation of the recommendations.", "59. Participants reiterated the points of agreement adopted at the eleventh inter‑committee meeting and the seventeenth annual meeting of special procedures mandate holders (see A/65/190 and A/HRC/15/44) and agreed that the subsequent joint meeting should focus on substantive issues and specific themes to be agreed upon by the two Chairs prior to the meeting.", "Points of agreement of the joint meeting", "60. On the basis of the compilation, the participants in the joint meeting noted that many examples of good practices of cooperation between treaty bodies and special procedures were already taking place and encouraged pursuing such models of cooperation.", "61. In particular, the participants in the joint meeting highlighted the following examples of good practices with regard to cooperation:", "(a) The holding of regular joint meetings and the sharing well in advance of the workplans of the treaty bodies and the special procedures mandate holders, in particular with regard to the focus on thematic issues and country situations, was viewed as a good practice. In that regard, the participants commended the exchange between the Chair of the Special Procedures Coordination Committee and the inter‑committee meeting working group on follow-up and recommended that such interaction continue;", "(b) The joint meeting participants commended the fact that treaty bodies and special procedures mandate holders were increasingly making cross-references to and hence mutually reinforcing each other’s recommendations. In that regard, they highlighted that treaty bodies were referring to the requests for country visits made by special procedures and calling upon States parties to follow up on the recommendations formulated by mandate holders. Similarly, the special procedures mandate holders were recalling and following up on the concluding observations of treaty bodies as they related to countries that they visited and on recommendations and decisions on individual communications adopted by the treaty bodies, which was viewed as a good practice;", "(c) Special procedures mandate holders were inviting treaty bodies to provide comments on the guidelines and studies that they were developing and to participate in expert consultations. Such invitations were highlighted as good and mutually beneficial practices. Treaty bodies’ practice of consulting special procedures mandate holders on general comments was likewise considered a good practice;", "(d) Examples of joint advocacy in the ratification of international human rights instruments were commended. Particularly noteworthy were the joint letters addressed to States and the large-scale campaigns planned and undertaken jointly by treaty bodies and special procedures mandate holders;", "(e) When relevant, briefings by country-specific or thematic mandate holders to treaty bodies in the context of country reviews were deemed very useful;", "(f) Joint activities to follow up on recommendations, such as field visits, technical assistance and training workshops, were commended and encouraged;", "(g) The practice of issuing joint press statements on international developments or issues that have a bearing upon the implementation of their mandates and treaties was also highlighted as mutually beneficial.", "62. The participants in the joint meeting reiterated the points of agreement adopted at the eleventh inter-committee meeting and seventeenth annual meeting of special procedures mandate holders and agreed on the following points of agreement, to be transmitted to the Chairs of the human rights treaty bodies at their twenty-third meeting:", "(a) Recognizing the need to create a space for exchanging views, experiences and joint strategies on thematic issues of common interest to the treaty bodies and the special procedures, the participants recommended that the next joint meeting be more substantive and focus on specific themes, to be agreed upon by the two Chairs prior to the meeting;", "(b) The participants commended OHCHR for the compilation of good practices on cooperation between treaty bodies and special procedures mandate holders, and recommended that the document integrate additional and recent examples of good practices highlighted by treaty body members and special procedures mandate holders during the joint meeting or immediately afterwards. They also recommended that the consolidated document be finalized in consultation with the two Chairs of the joint meeting, be made available to the public and be updated on a regular basis;", "(c) The benefits of formal and informal interactions between the treaty bodies and special procedures mandate holders were highlighted by the participants, who recommended that: (i) such interaction be systematized and better structured; (ii) a mechanism be established to increase communication and information flow, as well as for the coordination of follow-up activities; (iii) treaty body members be informed of the presence in Geneva of special procedure experts during their session and, similarly, that special procedures mandate holders be made aware of the sessions scheduled by the treaty bodies, as well as of the countries under consideration and the thematic discussions to be held; and (iv) the use of communications technologies like Skype and videoconferencing be explored;", "(d) The participants in the joint meeting welcomed the additional steps taken by OHCHR over the previous year to provide regular updates and newsletters on the outputs and activities of treaty bodies and special procedures. In order to further increase the availability and accessibility of the collective information produced by the treaty bodies and special procedures mandate holders, the participants recommended that greater use of the Universal Human Rights Index or similar web‑based tools be promoted, notably by increasing the visibility of this tool on the OHCHR home page, and that all relevant documents be prepared in Word and systematically posted on the OHCHR website in order to ensure that persons with disabilities could access them;", "(e) The participants recalled that it is the primary responsibility of States to ensure the implementation of the recommendations of the human rights mechanisms. They also recalled that political organs, including the Human Rights Council and the General Assembly, were responsible for following up with States on the implementation of recommendations of the special procedures mandate holders and treaty bodies. In that respect, special procedures mandate holders and treaty bodies can facilitate the implementation of their recommendations by ensuring that their recommendations are specific, measurable, attainable, realistic and time‑bound. It might be helpful to collect examples of such recommendations.", "[1] The limits are 8,500 words for documents originating in the Secretariat and 10,700 words for documents not originating in the Secretariat." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目69(a)", "促进和保护人权：人权文书执行情况", "人权文书的执行情况", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长依照大会第57/202号决议规定，谨向大会提交各人权条约机构主席关于2011年6月30日和7月1日在日内瓦召开的第二十三次主席会议的报告。", "人权条约机构主席关于第二十三次主席会议的报告", "摘要", "大会第57/202号决议请秘书长向大会提交人权条约机构主席关于其定期会议的报告。本文件载有根据大会第49/178号决议于2011年6月30日和7月1日在日内瓦召开的人权条约机构主席第二十三次主席会议的报告。主席们审议了第二十二次会议各项建议的后续行动，并审查了与各条约机构工作有关的情况。他们还讨论了条约机构成员的知识专长和独立性以及改进主席年度会议的问题。他们与缔约国举行了非正式会议，并通过了载于本报告第五节的有关建议。本报告附件中有委员会间会议关于结论性意见、对个人投诉做出的决定、调查和访问的后续行动工作组的报告和经主席们审议的分别于2011年1月12日至14日和2011年6月27日至29日在日内瓦举行的人权条约机构第十二次委员会间会议的报告。工作组报告的全文见另一文件(HRI/ICM/2011/3-HRI/MC/2011/2)。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 4\n2.会议安排 4\n3.提高各条约机构的效率：采用协调一致方法开展条约机构的工作 4\nA.通过委员会间会议后续行动工作组的协议要点 4\nB.成员的资格和独立性 4\nC.加强人权条约机构主席会议 5\n4.与缔约国非正式协商 5\n5.决定和建议 6 \n 附件 \n1.人权条约机构主席在《发展权利宣言》通过二十五周年之际发表的联合声明 9\n2.人权条约机构第十二次委员会间会议报告 10", "一. 导言", "1. 根据大会第49/178号决议，人权条约机构主席第二十三次主席会议于2011年6月30日和7月1日在日内瓦召开。委员会间会议关于结论意见、对个人投诉做出的决定、调查和访问的后续行动工作组于2011年1月12日至14日在日内瓦召开会议，人权条约机构第十二次委员会间会议亦于2011年6月27日至29日在日内瓦举行。", "二. 会议安排", "2. 下列机构的主席出席了会议：经济、社会和文化权利委员会(Ariranga Pillay)；人权事务委员会(Zonke Majodina)；儿童权利委员会(Jean Zermatten)；移徙工人及其家人问题委员会(Abdelhamid el-Jamri)；禁止酷刑委员会(Claudio Grossman)；消除对妇女歧视委员会(Silvia Pimentel)；消除种族歧视委员会(Anwar Kemal)；残疾人权利委员会(Ronald Clive McCallum)以及防范酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇或处罚小组委员会(Malcolm Evans)。", "3. Ronald Clive McCallum先生担任主席兼报告员，Abdelhamid El-Jamri先生被确认为副主席。主席们根据临时议程和说明(HRI/MC/2011/1)以及拟议工作方案通过了议程。", "三. 提高各条约机构的效率：采用协调一致方法开展条约机构的工作", "A. 通过委员会间会议后续行动工作组的协议要点", "4. 在略作修正后，主席们通过了后续行动工作组的协议要点。有关修正是在后续行动工作组报告(HRI/ICM/2011/3-HRI/MC/2011/2)第61.B(f)段添加“酌情”一词。通过后的段落行文为：“后续行动工作组建议所有委员会酌情考虑将缔约国回复的最后期限从90天延至180天，有紧急状况者除外。”他们还认可了第十二次委员会间会议达成的协议要点，包括与特别程序任务执行人举行的联席会议的建议。", "B. 成员的资格和独立性", "5. 主席们接下来讨论了进一步加强条约机构成员的资格、知识专长和独立性的问题。秘书处编写了一份背景说明，为讨论提供便利。在讨论中提到关于联合国人权条约机构系统改革的《波兹南声明》第19和20段。主席们重申了先前的建议，即在选举条约机构成员时和在他们任用期间，要保证加强独立性、到职和胜任能力。在这方面，主席们支持在波兹南提出的建议，即应起草和通过一份文件，在条约机构成员的资格和独立性问题上提供指导。主席们初步讨论了要列入该文件的部分内容，包括可能限制条约机构成员的任期。", "6. 主席们注意到，包括人权事务委员会在内的一些条约机构已经有关于其成员独立性的准则，其他一些机构的议事规则已有相应的规定，并决定，应适当考虑到现有的规则和规章。主席们承认，选举条约机构成员是缔约国的特权。但他们建议改进提名过程，并就选举程序向缔约国提供关于候选人资格的准则。", "7. 主席们决定在2012年的下一次会议上重新审查条约机构成员的资格、知识专长和独立性问题，并请秘书处编写一份工作文件草案，包括初步提案草稿(见下文第20段)。", "C. 加强人权条约机构主席会议", "8. 主席们审议了自委员会间会议第一届会议以来通过的所有建议的合并执行情况表。主席们指出，已经落实的建议不多，讨论了委员会间会议和主席会议的未来。他们建议用主席们在必要时设立的特设专题工作组来取代委员会间会议。他们商定在非洲区域举行的下一次会议上讨论一些实质性问题，如条约机构之间的实质性合作(联合声明和一般性评论/建议)、要求提交的关于资格和独立性问题的工作文件以及联合国人权事务高级专员将要提交的内有以往提出的各项建议的关于加强条约机构系统的报告的相关内容。主席们还商定同在人权领域开展工作的区域利益攸关方举行会议。", "9. 会议还讨论了授权主席们就工作方法和程序事项作决定的原则，并为此商定正式认可《波兹南声明》的第16和第17条。主席们认为这两段经过认真斟酌，均衡考虑到所有相关事项。他们还商定提前就此类事项同各自的委员会协商，如果条约机构不同意主席采取的措施，它可在其后不予采用。主席们商定在各委员会进一步讨论这一事项，以期批准通过一份更强有力的声明。", "四. 与缔约国非正式协商", "10. 2011年6月30日，主席们与65个缔约国的代表举行了非正式协商。他们概述了各条约机构的近期情况和它们面临的缺乏资源和难以及时获得翻译好的文件的结构性挑战。主席们提到所在委员会的新工作方法，包括经济、社会和文化权利委员会决定采用的只在两次会议上审议定期报告的新工作方法；禁止酷刑委员会、人权事务委员会和移徙工人问题委员会通过的在编写报告前提出问题清单的任选程序；以及消除种族歧视委员会通过的主题清单。", "11. 各缔约国欢迎有机会同主席们进行协商，但对于未能更频繁地举行这种非正式会议表示遗憾。各国感谢2011年5月在瑞士锡永安排同缔约国进行关于加强条约机构的非正式技术协商，呼吁进一步进行讨论，作为次会议的后续行动。在对条约机构的工作表示支持的同时，一些缔约国重申了它们在锡永会议上提出的关切，特别是对它们认为条约未作要求或不在条约范围内的活动和事项的关切。", "12. 一些缔约国提到在加强条约机构的过程中提出的各项建议，尤其提到条约机构需要进行精简和加强与联合国系统有关实体和其他利益攸关方的合作。为此，各国强调采用新的信息和通信技术，建立一个可预测的与普遍定期审议同步的报告周期。一些缔约国对委员会间会议不采用锡永会议上提出的将建设性对话限制在三个小时以内的建议表示失望。有人建议未来由若干条约机构的成员组成的工作队审查缔约国的报告。一些缔约国还就高级专员关于加强条约机构的报告提出了问题，特别是关于各国可否对报告发表意见。一些缔约国认为，应增大联合国人权事务高级专员办事处整个预算分配给条约机构系统的资金数额。", "13. 一些缔约国介绍了它们采用新的任选报告编写程序(在编写报告前提出问题清单)的有益经验。一些缔约国重申，只应考虑可靠和准确的资料，并询问是否有确保选用和未选用任选报告程序的缔约国享有平等待遇的措施。", "14. 一些缔约国认为，需要统一条约机构关于个人投诉的程序规则，并需要严格遵守这些规则。一些缔约国强调，结论意见应体现建设性对话的成果，并考虑到缔约国提出的意见。一些缔约国指出，缔约国要负责执行建议，呼吁严格按有关条约的范围起草更加具体和现实的建议。", "15. 此外，一些缔约国还强调，条约机构成员的提名和选举是缔约国的特权。但其他一些缔约国则认为，可以通过一个公开的遴选程序来加强成员的独立性和知识专长。", "五. 决定和建议", "16. 人权条约机构主席们在第二十三次会议上通过了以下决定和建议。", "通过第十二次委员会间会议的协议要点", "17. 主席们通过了2011年6月27日至29日在人权条约机构第十二次委员会间会议上达成的协议要点。", "通过委员会间会议关于结论性意见、对个人投诉做出的决定、调查和访问的后续行动工作组的协议要点", "18. 在略作修正后(见上文第4段)，主席们还通过了委员会间会议后续行动工作组的协议要点(见HRI/ICM/2011/3-HRI/MC/2011/2)。", "条约机构成员的知识专长和独立性问题", "19. 主席们提及《波兹南声明》第19和20段，并重申先前的建议，即应结合条约机构成员选举和任用条件来进一步保证独立性、任职和胜任能力。在这方面，主席们支持起草和通过一份就条约机构成员的资格和独立性问题提供指导的文件的建议。他们指出，应充分考虑人权事务委员会现有的指导原则(见A/53/40，第一卷，附件三)。", "20. 在这方面，主席们要求秘书处编写一份工作文件草稿，包括关于加强条约机构成员的资格、知识专长和独立性的建议初步草稿。他们一致认为，应当在闭会期间通过电子邮件讨论这一工作文件，并提交第二十四次会议审议。他们还商定工作文件应有以下内容：", "(a) 条约机构现有成员的分类数据汇总，包括各个成员的专业背景和现有职位；", "(b) 各个委员会关于改进和加强条约机构成员知识专长和独立性的现有规则和规章；", "(c) 比较资料，包括区域人权体系的有关规则和规章。", "加强人权条约机构主席会议", "21. 主席们重申了《波兹南声明》第17段。在指出条约机构的自主性和特殊性应得到尊重的同时，主席们确认他们在休会期间发挥先锋作用，协助协调共同活动和行使代表职能，如审议和通过联合声明。建议主席们就整个条约机构系统共有的、先前在各委员会内部讨论过的工作方法和程序事项问题采取措施。主席们还建议所有条约机构均应采用这些措施，除非某个委员会后来决定不采用该措施。", "第二十四次会议主席", "22. 主席们重申了他们关于主席会议应每隔一年在不同区域举行一次的建议。这样做是为了加强国际和区域人权机制和机构之间的联系和协同作用，让人权条约机构更注重实施工作，提高人们对其工作的认识。为此，主席们决定2012年在非洲区域举行第二十四次主席会议。", "23. 主席们决定，在非洲区域举行的第二十四次会议上，除了与区域和其他利益攸关方举行会议和开展活动外，他们还将重点审议一些实质性问题，包括：", "(a) 审议秘书处编写的关于改进和加强条约机构成员知识专长和独立性的工作文件草稿；", "(b) 条约机构可以开展的联合活动，包括联合声明和一般性评论性意见/建议；", "(c) 内有条约机构协商进程中提出的各项提议的联合国人权事务高级专员的报告。", "委员会间会议", "24. 鉴于以上建议，主席们讨论了委员会间会议现有模式是否有效的问题。他们审议了委员会间会议第一届会议后通过的各项建议的合并执行情况表，该表是第十一次委员会间会议要求秘书处编写的。在这方面，主席们感到关注的是，已经执行的建议、尤其是关于统一工作方法的建议并不多。此外，主席们还讨论了资金有限带来的挑战，并对主席会议和委员会间会议之间的职能重叠日益严重表示关注。", "25. 主席们一致认为，应当废除委员会间会议的现有模式，二采用根据主席要求设立的特设专题工作组等模式。此类工作组可以讨论共同关心的问题，包括统一条约机构的判例。", "主席们的声明", "26. 主席们决定在《发展权利宣言》二十五周年之际通过一项联合声明(见附件一)。他们指出，应考虑根据第十二次委员会间会议的协议要点，在晚些时候通过一份关于条约机构与各国的人权机构和非政府组织之间开展互动的声明。", "条约机构文件", "27. 主席们对主管大会和会议管理事务副秘书长2011年6月13日关于严格执行会议文件字数限制的备忘录[1] 表示关注，并请第二十三次会议主席通过秘书处致函副秘书长，要求澄清此事。", "附件一", "人权条约机构主席在《发展权利宣言》通过二十五周年之际发表的联合声明", "2011年12月4日是大会通过《发展权利宣言》(大会第41/128号决议，附件)的二十五周年纪念日。", "设立人权条约机构是为了监测国家一级执行核心人权条约义务的情况，我们作为各人权条约机构的主席，欢迎纪念《宣言》的这一特殊周年。我们相信，这一周年是重申《宣言》原则和要素的一个独特及时机会。", "《宣言》有关发展权利的定义(第1条)并不完全从经济愿景或目标的角度来界定发展，而是表达了各国和国际上对发展的广泛全面理解。各项人权条约的条款显然呼应了发展权利，强调发展进程是多方面、多层面和复杂的，且发展需要做到包容各方、公平和可持续。", "《宣言》宣称，所有人权和基本自由都是不可分割和相互依存的，对公民、政治、经济、社会和文化权利应予以同等重视(第6条第2款)。事实上，《宣言》和各人权条约有许多相似之处和很大的互补性。发展权利的许多要素都反映在人权条约的规定和条约机构的判例中，其中涉及自决；资源的公平分配；平等和不歧视，特别是以性、性别、年龄、种族和残疾为由的不歧视；积极、自由和有意义的参与；问责制和透明度；享有适当生活水准的实质性权利，包括享有食物、水和卫生、住房、医疗卫生服务、教育、就业和享受文化；言论、集会和结社自由；国际援助和合作。", "鉴于上述原因，我们决心协调一致做出努力，促进从发展和相互依存的角度来理解所有人权条约，以便在解释和运用人权条约条款以及监督这些条款的遵守情况过程中，突出和强调发展权利的关联性和重要性。这样，我们将通过确保有必要条件帮助实现经济和社会进步，让包括弱势个人和群体在内的所有人都享有发展成果，来帮助进一步实现发展权利。", "附件二", "人权条约机构第十二次委员会间会议报告", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 11\n2.会议开幕、选举主席团成员和通过议程 11\n3.提高各条约机构的实效：采用协调一致的做法 11\nA.关于与缔约国进行建设性对话的结构的讨论 12\nB.关于结论性意见的结构和篇幅的讨论 12\nC.关于与利益攸关方、特别是国家人权机构和非政府组织的互动的讨论 13\nD.其他问题 13\n4.第十二次委员会间会议协议要点 13\n5.特别报告员/代表、专家和特别程序工作组主席第十八次会议与会者与条约机构主席和成员的联席会议 19", "一. 导言", "1. 人权条约机构第十二次委员会间会议于2011年6月27日至29日在日内瓦联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)举行。", "2. 下列人权条约机构成员出席了会议：Alessio Bruni(禁止酷刑委员会，成员)、Ana Elizabeth Cubias Medina(移徙工人问题委员会，副主席)、Ion Diaconu(消除种族歧视委员会，成员/报告员)、Abdelhamid el-Jamri(移徙工人问题委员会，主席)，Malcolm Evans(防止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚小组委员会，主席)、Claudio Grossman(禁止酷刑委员会，主席)、Ruth Halperin-Kaddari(消除对妇女歧视委员会，成员)、Suzanne Jabbour(防止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚小组委员会，副主席)、Anwar Kemal(消除种族歧视委员会，主席)，李亮喜(儿童权利委员会，副主席)、Ronald Clive McCallum(残疾人权利委员会，主席)、Michael O’Flaherty(人权事务委员会，副主席)、Ariranga Pillay(经济、社会和文化权利委员会，主席)、Silvia Pimentel(消除对妇女歧视委员会，主席)、Eibe Riedel(经济、社会和文化权利委员会，成员)、杨佳(残疾人权利委员会，副主席)和Jean Zermatten(儿童权利委员会，主席)。", "二． 会议开幕、选举主席团成员和通过议程", "3. 联合国人权事务高级专员纳瓦尼特姆·皮莱宣布会议开幕。她回顾她在2009年呼吁所有利益攸关方思考条约机构系统的未来，并指出，2011年对于加强条约机构工作具有决定意义。高级专员强调了在最近磋商过程中，特别是在人权高专办协同各条约机构主席以及国际儿童权利研究所2011年5月在瑞士锡永与缔约国之间进行的技术磋商过程中，提出的一些提案。她强调说，考虑到条约机构成员的独立性和任务，它们有能力促成变革。她指出，条约机构体系面临双重挑战：统一工作方法和解决资源缺乏问题。高级专员欢迎与会者到会并同其进行了对话。她指出，她多次向缔约国谈到筹资问题，并指出，条约机构的工作应当由联合国经常预算供资。", "4. 在高级专员发言后，会议认可McCallum先生为主席兼报告员，认可EL-Jamri先生为副主席。与会者通过了议程(HRI/ICM/2011/1)和工作方案。", "三. 提高各条约机构的实效：采用协调一致的做法", "5. 在题为提高条约机构实效的议程项目下，与会代表讨论了如何改进和统一条约机构的工作方法。根据第十一次委员会间会议的建议，第十二次委员会间会议重点讨论了以下三个议题：与缔约国对话的结构；结论性意见的格式和篇幅；与利益攸关方、特别是非政府组织和国家人权机构之间的互动。与会的缔约国、专门机构、基金和方案及非政府组织和国家人权机构都有机会就每一个议程项目发言。", "A. 关于与缔约国进行建设性对话的结构的讨论", "6. 与会者认为，与缔约国的对话应尽可能具有建设性，以鼓励缔约国更好地履行它们已经批准的条约规定的法律义务。他们强调，对话应遵循包容、开放和注重结果的原则。", "7. 与会者一致认为，缔约国代表团的开幕词不应超过30分钟(特殊情况灵活处理)，以便有时间开展对话，进行问答和评论。为更好地安排时间，问题的提出可以更有战略性，例如，把问题按主题分类，或将其与议题清单挂钩。与会者鼓励主席坚定引导对话，以遵守时限，鼓励缔约国回答问题，引导专家减少而不是增加问题的长度和数目。与会者还讨论了如何加强报告员或工作队的作用以便更好地安排各条约机构工作的问题。", "8. 人权事务委员会向缔约国提供了书面程序指南，与会者讨论并赞扬这种做法，认为这有助于确保缔约国在沟通时能明确知道对话会涉及哪些问题以及应如何做准备。与会者一致认为，各委员会应根据自身特点，制定类似指南。与会者一致认为，一些缔约国提出的关于把对话时间减至三个小时的提议不可行，因为审查涉及细节。他们还一致认为，开两次会，总共化六个小时来审议第二份及其后报告，仍然是合适的。与会者表示，大力支持在网上播出对话，以提高透明度，让范围更广的利益攸关方，包括政府官员、青少年、学术机构和民间社会更容易获得这些信息。与会者还强调了国会议员、国家人权机构和民间社会出席和参与的价值。", "B. 关于结论性意见的结构和篇幅的讨论", "9. 与会者从一开始就一致认为，为确保明确评估缔约国自上次审查以来所获进展，结论性意见应当以以往的关切和建议为依据。", "10. 一些与会者强调，必须提供有重点的建议。例如，可以限制段落长度和分段段数，重点阐述主要关切领域。然而，也有人提出，当委员会不能达成共识时，结论性意见的措辞有时含糊不清。与会者根据他们对一些条约机构情况的意见，认为可以酌情使用主题标题。他们还鼓励条约机构在起草结论性意见时，采用清晰的格式，采用协议要点中的范例(见下文第26段)。关于在结论性意见中列入一个关于因素和困难的章节，一些与会者说，他们的条约机构曾有这一章节，但后来删除了，因为缔约国有时以这一节为借口不落实建议。", "11. 与会者讨论了把结论性意见的内容按轻重缓急排列的可能性，包括采纳高级专员的建议，按当前、中期和长期交付成果依次编写结论性意见，以便于各国执行建议。一些与会者认为，或许可以把当前措施与短期和长期措施分开，但质疑是否可以把中期措施和长期措施分开。此外，一些与会者表示，一般可以根据后续行动和实施情况，更好地评估轻重缓急的排列顺序。并非所有与会者都认为应鼓励各委员会为结论性意见商定具体篇幅。", "C. 关于与利益攸关方、特别是国家人权机构和非政府组织的互动的讨论", "12. 与会者讨论了如何精简和加强条约机构系统与国家人权机构和民间社会行动者、包括基层非政府组织之间的互动，并一致认为应在这方面通过声明。他们强调这些利益攸关方在整个编写报告过程中发挥了重要的作用，并同意编制关于互动方式的情况说明。他们还一致认为，应制定一项共同战略，确保国家人权机构的积极参与，并应更多地利用信息和通信技术，使利益攸关方跟踪有关进程，与条约机构系统建立联系。特别提请注意威胁或打击报复与条约机构合作的人权维护者、个人或组织的行为。", "13. 非政府组织欢迎条约机构努力协调与利益攸关方的互动并提出建议，帮助他们参与有关进程，包括改进主日历，提出提交资料的时间表和明确期限。他们还建议将非政府组织提交的其他报告放在人权高专办网站上的有关国家网页上。关于在区域一级举行届会的建议，与会者认为，这样做将提高各条约机构的形象，促进基层非政府组织的参与。", "D. 其他问题", "委员会间会议工作组关于在结论性意见、个人投诉裁决和问询方面的后续行动的报告", "14. 在关于统一工作方法的议程项目5(b)下，与会者简要审议了委员会间会议工作组关于在结论性意见、个人投诉裁决和问询方面的后续行动的报告(HRI/ICM/ 2011/3-HRI/MC/2011/2)。工作组主席李亮喜强调了协议要点。委员会间会议的与会者决定将该报告提交主席会议，以供进一步讨论和批准。", "有关人权的统计资料和指标", "15. 秘书处一名代表向与会者简要介绍了在用于促进和监测国际人权文书执行情况的指标方面开展的工作。这些工作包括利益攸关方在国家一级为结论性意见后续行动而开展的活动。有人提到，人权高专办正与专家组协商编写的文件将于2011年底出版，需要编制一份指南，帮助执行该文件提出的框架和方法。", "四. 第十二次委员会间会议协议要点", "16. 与会者感兴趣地注意到：2011年5月在瑞士锡永与缔约国举行的非正式技术磋商会议提出的建议；在都柏林、摩洛哥的马拉喀什和波兰的波兹南通过的声明；在首尔和比勒陀利亚举行的民间社会协商发表的声明。", "17. 与会者决定将以下协议要点转交给人权条约机构第二十三次主席会议。", "委员会间会议", "18. 与会者欢迎委员会间会议后续行动工作组的报告(HRI/ICM/2011/3-HRI/MC/ 2011/2)，并决定将该工作组通过的协议要点转交给人权条约机构第二十三次主席会议，供其讨论和批准。", "与缔约国进行对话的结构", "为缔约国制定的书面指南", "19. 与会者建议，每个委员会应参照人权事务委员会的做法，编写书面指南，指导缔约国如何在编写报告过程中开展对话。他们还建议，将指南翻译成各委员会的工作语言，并在审议缔约国报告之前，将其发给该缔约国。秘书处向预定接受审查的缔约国常驻代表团做了系统的技术通报，与会者对此表示欢迎。", "对话时间长短", "20. 与会者建议，作为一般规则，与缔约国的对话不应超过两次会议(共六个小时)，初次报告除外。此外，他们不赞成一些与会者在锡永协商会议上提出的只用一次会议(共三个小时)与一个缔约国对话的建议，理由是一次会议时间不够，无法进行有意义的对话或深入分析该缔约国对有关条约的实施情况。", "开幕词", "21. 与会者建议每个条约机构分配给缔约国致开幕词的时间不超过30分钟，以便充分利用时间，与缔约国开展更加积极互动的对话。但是，他们指出，特殊情况可以灵活处理。", "时间掌握", "22. 与会者鼓励各条约机构主席行使权力，有效引导对话，确保条约机构成员和缔约国代表团之间的平衡交流。在这方面，与会者鼓励各条约机构根据消除对妇女歧视委员会采用的方式，规定成员发言时限，并规定缔约国回答问题的时限。", "国家工作队", "23. 与会者重申，建议各条约机构充分考虑为审议缔约国报告设立国家工作队和任命一个国家报告员的想法。", "国家报告员的作用", "24. 根据消除对妇女歧视委员会和儿童权利委员会的经验，与会者建议国家报告员和(或)国家工作队越来越多地参与为与缔约国对话而开展的筹备工作。例如，可以在会议、事先协商和协调之前，在成员之间分发报告员关于他们希望提及的问题的说明。", "结论性意见", "以往建议的后续行动", "25. 关于定期报告，与会者强调指出，以往的关切和建议应是新结论性意见的出发点，以明确评估缔约国在上次审查后所取得的进展。因此，将重申尚未解决的关切和建议，也应重申新近事态发展引起的新关切。", "提出的格式", "26. 与会者鼓励条约机构提出有重点的建议，限制段落长度和分段段数，重点关注主要关切领域，并酌情使用主题标题。为此，他们鼓励各条约机构在起草结论性意见时使用清晰格式，包括：", "(a) 每个段落论及的问题不超过三个；", "(b) 对有关关切的描述不超过三句话；", "(c) 建议有引导句，在适用时，可按有关关切顺序最多提出三个建议，一个建议为一个分段，分段起始按字母顺序排列。", "27. 建议可以提及条约的有关条款以及一般性意见/建议。", "标准段", "28. 与会者请各条约机构讨论是否应保持标准段以及是否应仅仅在相关和适用的情况下，用于特定国家。", "有针对性的建议", "29. 与会者建议所有条约机构在起草建议时仔细审查所用措辞，使其结论性意见更符合有关国家情况，更有针对性。", "因素和困难", "30. 关于在缔约国报告中列入一个关于影响公约/条约执行情况的因素和困难的章节的问题，与会者建议，各条约机构应谨慎行事。在这方面，他们指出，一些条约机构曾有过这样一节，但后来取消了。", "相互参照", "31. 与会者重申了其先前的建议，即各条约机构应酌情相互参照和重申其他条约机构和特别程序任务负责人的建议。", "与利益攸关方、特别是国家人权机构和非政府组织的互动", "国家人权机构", "32. 与会者回顾了马拉喀什声明中重申的2006年11月在柏林举行的关于国家人权机构和条约机构作用的国际圆桌会议的结论，并为此通过如下协议要点。", "编写报告", "33. 请条约机构制定一个共同战略，确保国家人权机构积极参与整个编写报告过程，并利用Skype和视频会议等新技术与这些机构进行沟通。为充分协助编写报告工作，鼓励国家人权机构：", "(a) 在起草议题/主题清单或编写报告前的议题清单之前，向条约机构提供信息。为此，与会者呼吁条约机构争取至少提前一年确定审查缔约国报告的时间，并提供明确的关于提交书面资料的期限；", "(b) 除了在正式审查缔约国报告前提供书面资料外，在各条约机构会前工作组内和(或)会议期间，更系统地口头介绍情况。", "后续行动", "34. 各条约机构应请国家人权机构：", "(a) 鼓励缔约国向所有有关行动体分发有关条约机构结论性意见和建议的信息，并协助提高公众对其的了解；", "(b) 在议会、司法机构、政府各部和其他公共机关、非政府组织和其他有关民间社会成员的参与下，协助和主持关于条约机构结论性意见和建议的后续会议；", "(c) 就可以采取哪些行动有效执行条约机构的结论性意见和建议，向缔约国提供咨询；", "(d) 就有关结论性意见和建议的执行，同国会、政府各部和其他公共机关的成员进行接触。", "培训", "35. 条约机构应该鼓励国家人权机构支持培养各国有关官员在报告程序、收集报告数据和报告程序其他相关问题方面的能力。", "关于国家人权机构的声明", "36. 与会者建议人权条约机构效仿《马拉喀什声明》，通过一项关于条约机构与国家人权机构互动的声明，并建议这一声明列入性别平等观点。", "非政府组织", "37. 与会者赞同与民间社会协商时提出的建议，即民间社会行为体，包括基层非政府组织，进入并参加条约报告周期的各个阶段对条约机构系统的正常运作至关重要。", "38. 与会者建议，主席人权条约机构效仿在首尔和比勒陀利亚进行民间社会协商时通过的声明，通过一项关于条约机构与非政府组织互动的声明。", "更有重点的报告和口头发言", "39. 与会者按照不同利益攸关者的提议，建议各条约机构请非政府组织向其提交协调一致和重点更突出的文件，并以更加协调的方式安排发言。虽然一些非政府组织目前通过联盟方式这样做，但与会者鼓励向民间社会行为体提供如何向条约机构通报情况的培训，以便最大限度地利用它们拥有的时间。", "保护人权维护者的责任", "40. 与会者建议，条约机构处理威胁或报复人权维护者或在整个编写报告过程中(包括个人来文、调查和探访时)与条约机构进行接触的其它任何人或组织的问题，将此作为缔约国违反义务的行为处理。条约机构应该遵守特别程序，与人权高专办以及有关组织和机构密切合作，监测报复或威胁进行报复的案件，并采取行动。与会者还建议在适当的时候重新审议报复或威胁进行报复的问题，并建议人权条约机构主席就此事通过一项声明。", "新技术", "41. 与会者回顾在与民间社会协商时提出的建议，重申先前提出的建议，即通过网络转播机构届会实况，使利益攸关者，特别是国家一级的利益攸关者，跟踪会议情况。这方面可临时采取的一项措施是通过因特网提供录音。与会者还建议条约机构通过Skype或视频会议等新技术，与非政府组织建立联系，联合国外地办事处可酌情为此提供方便，同时确保新技术不给残疾人了解会议情况制造新的障碍。", "更好地获取和提供信息", "42. 与会者重申先前提出的建议，即人权高专办继续为民间社会参加条约机构的工作提供方便，包括改进其主日历，进一步方便用户使用。人权高专办还应该确保提前提供关于所有条约机构时间表的信息和关于民间社会在编写报告各个阶段提交意见建议的截止日期信息，包括问题/专题清单、在编写报告前起草问题/专题清单、国家审查和追查程序。", "43. 与会者建议酌情将政府组织在报告期间向条约机构提供的资料刊登在人权高专办的相关国家网页上。", "44. 与会者还鼓励人权高专办定期更新其为民间社会撰写的手册，并通过人权高专办民间社会科等渠道广泛分发。", "给民间社会行为体的情况说明", "45. 与会者建议所有条约机构撰写一份情况说明，刊登在各自的网页上，提供与各利益攸关方进行互动方式的信息，包括向届会和会前工作组会议提交资料的截止日期。", "良好做法汇编", "46. 与会者请秘书处汇编条约机构与联合国实体、国家人权机构和非政府组织合作的良好做法。", "统一报告准则和共同核心文件", "47. 与会者注意到，大多数条约机构已经通过了关于根据国际人权条约规定编写报告的具体条约文件的修订准则，并敦促其余条约机构尽快通过修订准则。会议还注意到，已有近50个缔约国提交共同核心文件，并大力鼓励其他缔约国也这样做。", "缔约国报告的篇幅", "48. 与会者重申先前提出的建议，即缔约国应以明白准确的方式编写报告，重申编写报告统一准则中规定并经第五次委员会间会议同意的缔约国报告限定页数(视具体情况，有关条约的初次文件为60页，此后的定期文件为40页)。与会者请秘书处确保限定页数的规定切实得到遵守。", "编写报告前提交问题清单和其它工作方法", "49. 与会者欢迎禁止酷刑委员会介绍新的任择程序(在编写报告前提交问题清单),以便突出委员会与缔约国的对话的重点。会议鼓励其他条约机构考虑这一做法和其他方式，帮助缔约国更好地履行其报告义务。", "区域条约机构届会", "50. 为了使参与执行工作的所有利益攸关方都可以接触到条约机构，与会者赞同波兹南声明中的建议，即条约机构酌情适当考虑在人权高专办和联合国区域委员会的支持下，在不同区域举行会议。", "人权方面的统计资料和指标", "51. 与会者欣见指标工作近期取得进展，以便促进和监测落实人权的情况，包括利益攸关方在国家一级为落实结论性意见开展的活动。会议期待出版一份指南，帮助采用人权高专办起草文件中提出的方法(见上文第15段)。", "能力建设和技术援助", "52. 与会者建议人权高专办扩大与提交报告有关的能力建设和技术援助活动，并使之系统化，当缔约国履行编写报告义务有困难时，尤其要这样做。为此，会议建议更好地利用条约机构现任和前任成员的专业人员。此外，与会者指出，这些专家可帮助需要援助的缔约国落实结论性意见、关于个人来文的决定和调查后提出的建议。", "五. 特别报告员/代表、专家和特别程序工作组主席第十八次会议与会者与条约机构主席和成员的联席会议", "53. 与特别程序任务执行人第十八次年会与会者举行的联席会议重点讨论条约机构与特别程序任务执行人开展合作的良好做法，欢迎人权高专办应2010年联席会议与会者的要求，汇编关于两个机制合作的良好做法。报告中的合作范例为讨论提供了资料。与会者交流了其他成功的合作事例，并提出在共同关注问题上协调工作的其它方法。", "54. 联席会议与会者指出，条约机构和特别程序任务执行人之间的合作很广泛，有助于相互加强对方提出的建议。与会者还指出，要避免它们对人权规范作出不同的解释，就要开展合作与协调。与会者主张进一步相互参照对方的建议，更多举行联席会议讨论专题问题和国家情况，联合开展落实建议的活动，联合开展宣传，例如为促使更多国家批准人权条约进行宣传。与会者指出，特别程序，特别是国别任务，有助于条约机构通过情况通报和其他参与方式，为审议缔约国的报告做准备。", "55. 一些与会者提到特别程序过去和现在积极帮助条约机构拟定一般性评论的案例以及条约机构参与制定得到特别程序支持的指导原则的案例。与会者指出，交流战略信息、特别是与专题优先事项有关的战略信息至关重要，需要进一步加强，并商定应通过交流工作计划和使用新技术来促进合作。与会者还提议收集落实条约机构和任务执行人共同关注议题的最佳做法范例。与会者还认为，条约机构和任务执行人之间进行系统和更有条理的交流与互动十分重要。", "56. 联席会议与会者建议汇编列入条约机构成员和特别程序任务执行人在联席会议期间或在会后不久后重点介绍的良好做法新范例。他们还建议与联席会议主席协商，最后拟定综合文件，定期更新，并公布于众。", "57. 会议欢迎人权高专办在过去的一年里定期提供最新通报和通讯，介绍条约机构和特别程序产出与活动。联席会议建议进一步宣传世界人权索引网站，并使用其他新技术，更多提供条约机构和特别程序的建议以及《普遍定期审查》和进行查阅的机会。与会者还敦促人权高专办继续预告特别程序将要进行的国家访问，将这一信息提供给条约机构，并通知条约机构任务执行人何时在条约机构开会时可以参加。", "58. 联席会议回顾，各国负有落实和执行人权机制建议的首要责任，指出大会和人权理事会等政治机构也要发挥作用，与缔约国一起落实这些建议的执行工作。", "59. 与会者重申第十一次委员会间会议和第十七次特别程序任务执行人年会通过的协议要点(见A/65/190和A/HRC/15/44)，并商定，今后的联席会议应该重点注意两主席在会前商定的实质性问题和具体专题。", "联席会议的协议要点", "60. 联席会议根据有关汇编注意到，已经出现许多条约机构和特别程序开展合作的良好做法范例，鼓励继续进行这种合作。", "61. 联席会议与会者特别指出以下合作良好做法范例：", "(a) 会议认为，定期举行联席会议和提前交流条约机构和特别程序任务执行人的工作计划，特别交流它们对专题问题和各国情况的重点关注，是一个良好做法。与会者为此赞扬特别程序协调委员会主席和委员会间会议后续行动工作组进行交流，建议继续进行这种互动；", "(b) 联席会议与会者赞扬条约机构和特别程序执行人更多地相互参照和加强彼此的建议。在这方面，他们尤其提到条约机构提及特别程序提出的国家访问要求并呼吁缔约国落实任务执行人提出的做法。同样的，特别程序任务执行人回顾并落实条约机构就其访问国家提出的结论性意见，并落实条约机构通过的关于个人来文的建议和决定，也是一个良好做法；", "(c) 特别程序任务执行人请条约机构就其撰写的准则和研究发表意见，并请其参加专家协商，是一个对双方都有利的良好做法。条约机构就一般性评论同特别程序任务执行人进行协商，是一个良好做法；", "(d) 与会者赞扬联合推动各国批准国际人权文书。特别值得一提的是，条约机构和特别程序任务执行人联合写信给各国或联合规划和开展大规模宣传运动；", "(e) 与会者认为，有关国家或专题任务执行人在进行国家审查时酌情向条约机构通报情况也很有用；", "(f) 与会者建议并鼓励联合开展落实建议的活动，诸如进行实地访问、提供技术援助和开办培训班；", "(g) 与会者还指出，对执行其任务和条约有影响的国际动态或问题向新闻界发表联合声明对双方都有利。", "62. 联席会议与会者重申第十一次委员会间会议和第十七次特别程序任务执行人年会通过的协议要点(A/65/190)，并同意向第二十三次人权条约机构主席会议递交以下协议要点：", "(a) 与会者确认需要为条约机构和特别程序对共同感兴趣的专题问题交流意见、经验和联合战略创建一个空间，建议下次联席会议更具实质内容，重点关注两主席在会前商定的具体专题；", "(b) 与会者赞扬人权高专办汇编条约机构和特别程序任务执行人开展合作的良好做法，建议将条约机构成员和特别程序任务执行人在联席会议期间或之后不久提出的其它最新良好做法范例列入文件。他们还建议与联席会议两主席协商，最后拟定综合文件，公布于众，并定期更新；", "(c) 与会者强调条约机构和特别程序任务执行人之间进行正式和非正式互动的好处，并建议：㈠ 有系统和更有条理地开展这些互动；㈡ 建立机制，增加沟通和信息流通，并协调后续行动；㈢ 向条约机构成员通报机构开会时在日内瓦的特别程序专家，同样，也向特别程序任务执行人通报条约机构的届会时间，包括会议将审议的国家和举行的专题讨论；㈣ 探讨可否使用Skype和视频会议等通信技术；", "(d) 联席会议与会者欣见人权高专办在去年采取其他步骤，定期提供最新情况通报和通讯，介绍条约机构和特别程序的产出和活动。为了更多地提供条约机构和特别程序任务执行人联合撰写的资料和提供进行查阅的机会，会议建议通过增加人权高专办主页上这一工具的能见度，推动使用世界人权索引或网上的类似工具，并且用微软文档编写所有相关文件，系统刊登在人权高专办的网站上，以确保残疾人能够查阅；", "(e) 与会者回顾，确保人权机制的建议得到执行是缔约国的首要责任。会议还回顾，人权理事会和大会等政治机构有责任与缔约国一起落实特别程序任务执行人和条约机构建议的执行工作。在这方面，特别程序任务执行人和条约机构可通过做到建议是具体、可衡量、可实现、符合实际情况和有时间限制的，为建议执行工作提供便利；不妨收集这些建议的良好做法。", "[1] 秘书处提出的文件最多不超过8 500字，不是秘书处提出的文件最多10 700字。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目69(a)", "促进和保护人权:人权文书的执行情况", "人权文书的执行情况", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨根据大会第57/202号决议向大会提交各人权条约机构主席2011年6月30日和7月1日在日内瓦举行的第二十三次会议的报告。", "人权条约机构主席第二十三次会议报告", "内容提要", "大会第57/202号决议请秘书长向大会提交人权条约机构主持人关于其定期会议的报告。 本文件载有根据大会第49/178号决议于2011年6月30日和7月1日在日内瓦举行的第二十三次人权条约机构主席会议的报告。 主席们审议了第二十二次会议各项建议的后续行动并审查了与条约机构工作有关的事态发展。 他们讨论了条约机构成员的专门知识和独立性以及加强主席年度会议的方法。 他们与缔约国举行了一次非正式会议并采纳了本报告第五节中所载的建议。 主席们审议了2011年6月27日至29日在日内瓦举行的人权条约机构第十二次委员会间会议的报告并载于本报告附件。 委员会间会议结论性意见后续行动工作组关于个人申诉和调查的决定的报告全文载于另一份文件(HRI/ICM/2011/3-HRI/MC/2011/2)。", "目录", "页次\n一、导言. 4\n第三次会议。 提高条约机构的效力:\nA. 采纳委员会间会议结论性意见后续行动、个人申诉决定和\nB. 资格 5 和独立性\nC. 加强人权条约主席会议\n页:1 与各国进行6次非正式协商\n五、决 定. 7\n建议\n人权条约机构主席在《世界人权宣言》二十五周年之际发表的联合声明\n发展二. 人权条约第十二次委员会间会议报告11\n机构", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 根据大会第49/178号决议召开的第二十三次人权条约机构主席会议于2011年6月30日和7月1日在日内瓦举行。 2011年1月12日至14日在日内瓦举行了结论性意见后续行动、个人申诉决定和调查委员会间会议工作组会议,2011年6月27日至29日在日内瓦举行了人权条约机构第十二次委员会间会议。", "二. 会议安排", "2. 联合国 下列机构的主席出席了会议:经济、社会和文化权利委员会(Ariranga Pillay);人权事务委员会(Zonke Majodina);儿童权利委员会(Jean Zermatten);移徙工人委员会(Abdelhamid El-Jamri);禁止酷刑委员会(克洛迪奥·格罗斯曼);消除对妇女歧视委员会(Silvia Pimentel);消除种族歧视委员会(Anwar Kemal);残疾人权利委员会(Ronald Clive McCallum);和防范酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇或处罚小组委员会(Malcolm Evans)。", "3个 McCallum先生担任了主席兼报告员,El-Jamri先生被确认为副主席。 主席们通过了临时议程和说明(HRI/MC/2011/1)和拟议工作方案。", "三. 提高条约机构的效力:协调办法", "A类. 通过委员会间会议结论性意见后续行动工作组的协议要点、关于个人申诉和调查的决定", " 4.四. 主席们经略作修正后通过了委员会间会议后续行动工作组的协议要点。 修正案涉及在委员会间会议后续行动工作组的报告(HRI/ICM/2011/3-HRI/MC/2011/2)第61.B(f)段中插入“酌情”等字样。 通过的该段内容如下:“委员会间会议后续行动工作组建议所有委员会考虑酌情将缔约国答复的截止日期从90天延长至180天,但紧急情况除外。” 主席们还通过了第十二次委员会间会议达成的协议要点,包括与特别程序任务负责人举行的联席会议所提出的建议。", "B. 成员的资格和独立性", "5 (韩语). 主席们接着讨论了进一步加强条约机构成员的资格、专门知识和独立性的问题。 秘书处为便利讨论编写了一份背景说明。 有人提到《关于联合国人权条约机构体系改革的波兹南声明》第19和20段,主席们重申建议在条约机构成员选举和任命条件方面加强独立性、可用性和能力的保障。 在这方面,主席们支持波兹南会议提出的建议,即编写并通过一项文件,就条约机构成员的资格和独立性提供指导。 主席们讨论了拟列入这一文件的一些要素,包括限制条约机构成员任期的可能性。", "6. 国家 主席们指出,包括人权事务委员会在内的一些条约机构已经制定了关于其成员独立性的准则或议事规则中这方面的规定,并决定应适当考虑现有的规则和条例。 主席们承认,选举条约机构成员是缔约国的特权。 然而,他们建议改进提名程序,并就候选人的资格向缔约国提供指导意见。", "7. 联合国 主席们决定在2012年的下次会议上重新审议条约机构成员的资格、专门知识和独立性问题,并请秘书处编写一份工作文件草案,包括初步建议草案(见下文第20段)。", " C C. 加强人权条约机构主席会议", "8. 联合国 主席们审议了委员会间会议自第一届会议以来通过的所有建议的综合执行表,并注意到执行建议的数量很少,讨论了委员会间会议和主席会议的未来。 主席们建议,委员会间会议取而代之的是主席们必要时可以设立的特设专题工作组。 他们同意,在将在区域一级举行的下次会议上,他们将讨论实质性问题,例如条约机构之间的实质性合作(联合声明和一般性意见/建议)、所要求的关于资格和独立性的工作文件以及联合国人权事务高级专员即将提出的关于加强条约机构系统的报告的各个方面,其中汇编了以前提出的各种建议。 他们还同意与在人权领域开展工作的区域利益攸关方举行会议。", "9. 国家 会上讨论了应授权主席就工作方法和程序事项作出决定的原则,从而商定在这方面正式核可波兹南声明第16和17段。 主席们认为,这些段落经过了认真的拟订,均衡地涵盖了所有相关方面。 会议还商定,主席们将事先同各自的委员会就这些事项进行协商,如果条约机构不同意主席们采取的措施,它随后可能会脱离委员会。 主席们同意在各委员会进一步讨论这一事项,以争取核准一份更强有力的声明。", "四、结 论 与缔约国的非正式协商", "10个 主席们于2011年6月30日同65个缔约国的代表举行了非正式磋商。 他们概述了最近的事态发展和条约机构在缺乏资源和难以及时获得翻译文件方面所面临的结构性挑战。 他们提到各自委员会的新工作方法,包括经济、社会和文化权利委员会决定只在两次会议上审议定期报告所产生的新工作方法;禁止酷刑委员会、人权事务委员会和移徙工人问题委员会通过的涉及在提交报告前提出问题清单的任择程序;以及消除种族歧视委员会通过的主题清单。", "11个 各国欢迎有机会与主席进行协商,但遗憾的是,此类非正式会议没有更频繁地举行。 各国表示赞赏2011年5月在瑞士锡永与缔约国就加强条约机构问题举行了非正式技术协商,并呼吁进一步讨论,作为该会议的后续行动。 一些国家在表示支持条约机构的工作的同时,还重申了它们在锡永提出的关切,特别是它们认为条约没有要求或不属于其范围的活动和问题。", "12. 一些国家提到在加强条约机构进程中提出的建议,除其他外,提到条约机构需要精简并增加同联合国系统有关实体和其他利益攸关方的合作。 为此,强调了使用新的信息和通信技术以及建立一个与普遍定期审议同步的可预测的报告周期。 一些国家表示失望的是,委员会间会议排除了在锡永提出的将建设性对话限制在三小时会议的建议。 有人建议,今后由若干条约机构成员组成的工作队审查缔约国报告。 还就高级专员关于加强条约机构的报告提出了问题,特别是各国对报告发表评论的可能性。 一些国家认为,联合国人权事务高级专员办事处总预算中分配给条约机构系统的份额应当增加。", "13个 一些国家介绍了它们在新的任择报告程序(报告前问题清单)下的积极经验。 一些国家重申,只应考虑可靠和准确的信息,并询问采取了哪些措施,以确保利用这一任择报告程序的缔约国与未利用程序的缔约国之间待遇平等。", "14个 一些国家认为,条约机构关于个人申诉的议事规则需要统一并严格遵守。 一些国家强调,结论性意见应反映已举行的建设性对话,并顾及缔约国表达的意见。 一些国家指出,缔约国有责任实施这些建议,并呼吁起草严格属于条约范围的更具体和现实的建议。", "15个 此外,一些国家强调,提名和选举条约机构成员是缔约国的特权,而另一些国家则认为,可以通过公开的甄选程序提高成员的独立性和专门知识。", " V. 决定和建议", "16号. 人权条约机构主席在第二十三次会议上通过了以下决定和建议。", "通过第十二次委员会间会议的协议要点", "17岁。 主席们通过了2011年6月27日至29日举行的第十二次委员会间会议达成的协议要点。", "通过委员会间会议结论性意见后续行动工作组的协议要点、关于个人申诉和调查的决定", "18岁。 主席们还通过了委员会间会议后续行动工作组的协议要点(见HRI/ICM/2011/3-HRI/MC/2011/2)。", "条约机构成员的专门知识和独立性", " 19. 19. 主席们提到了《波兹南声明》第19和20条,并再次建议在条约机构成员选举和任命条件方面加强保障独立性、可用性和能力。 在这方面,主席们支持编写并通过一项文件,就条约机构成员的资格和独立性提供指导的建议。 他们指出,除其他外,应适当注意人权事务委员会的现行准则(见A/53/40, 第5卷)。 页:1", "20号. 在这方面,主席们请秘书处编写一份关于增进和加强条约机构成员的专门知识和独立性的工作文件草案,包括初步建议草案。 他们一致认为,可在闭会期间通过电子邮件讨论这一工作文件并提交给第二十四次会议。 他们还商定,工作文件应包括:", "(a) 汇编条约机构目前组成情况的分类数据,包括各成员的专业背景和目前职位;", "(b) 国家 关于增进和加强各委员会条约机构成员的专门知识和独立性的规则和条例;", "(c) 比较资料,包括关于区域人权系统相关规则和条例的资料。", "加强人权条约机构主席会议", "21岁 主席们重申了《波兹南声明》第17段。 在指出条约机构的自主性和特殊性应得到尊重的同时,与会者还确认主席在闭会期间发挥带头作用,促进共同活动和代表性的协调,例如审议和通过联合声明。 会议建议各位主席就条约机构系统通用的工作方法和程序事项采取措施,这些方法和程序事项以前已在各委员会内讨论过。 主席们还建议所有条约机构执行这些措施,除非随后有一个委员会不参与。", "第二十四次会议主席", "22号. 主席们再次建议每隔一年在不同区域举行主席会议。 目标是通过加强国际和区域人权机制和机构之间的联系和协同作用,使参与执行进程的所有利益攸关方更容易接触人权条约机构,并提高对这些机构工作的认识。 为此,决定2012年在非洲区域举行第二十四次主席会议。", "23. 联合国 主席们决定,除了在非洲区域举行的第二十四次会议上与区域和其他利益攸关方举行会议并开展活动外,他们还将侧重于实质性问题,包括:", "(a) 审议秘书处编写的关于增进和加强条约机构成员的专门知识和独立性的工作文件草稿;", "(b) 条约机构可以开展的联合活动,包括联合声明和一般性意见/建议;", "(c) 联合国人权事务高级专员的报告,其中汇编了条约机构协商过程中提出的各种建议。", "委员会间会议", "24 (韩语). 鉴于上述建议,各位主席讨论了委员会间会议目前形式的相关性问题。 他们审议了秘书处应主席们在第十一次委员会间会议上提出的要求编写的委员会间会议自第一届会议以来所通过建议的综合执行表。 在这方面,各位主席对执行的建议数量很少表示关切,特别是关于统一工作方法的建议。 此外,各位主席还讨论了财政资源有限所带来的挑战,并对他们的会议与委员会间会议之间日益重叠表示关切。", "25岁 主席们一致认为,应取消目前形式的委员会间会议,并改编为特设专题工作组等,由主席们要求设立。 这些工作组可以讨论共同关心的问题,包括统一条约机构的判例。", "主席发言", "26. 联合国 主席们决定在《发展权利宣言》发表二十五周年之际通过一项联合声明(见附件一)。 他们指出,根据第十二次委员会间会议的协议要点,关于条约机构与国家人权机构和非政府组织互动问题的声明应审议,以在稍后阶段通过。", "条约机构文件", "27个 主席们对2011年6月13日主管大会和会议管理事务副秘书长关于严格执行会议文件字数限制的备忘录表示关切,并请第二十三次会议主席通过秘书处致函副秘书长,请他澄清此事。", "页:1", "人权条约机构主席在《发展权利宣言》二十五周年之际发表的联合声明", "2011年12月4日将是大会通过《发展权利宣言》(大会第41/128号决议,附件)二十五周年。", "作为为监测核心人权条约义务在国家一级得到履行而设立的人权条约机构的主席,我们欢迎纪念《宣言》特别周年。 我们认为,这一周年纪念提供了一个独特和及时的机会来重申《宣言》所阐明的原则和要素。", "重要的是,《宣言》在对发展权的定义(第1条)中并没有将发展降低到纯粹的经济愿望或目标,而是阐明了国家和国际两级对发展的广泛而全面的理解。 发展权在各种人权条约条款中得到明确响应,这些条款强调发展进程的多面性、多面性和复杂性以及发展必须具有包容性、公平性和可持续性。", "《宣言》宣布,所有人权和基本自由都是不可分割和相互依存的,必须同样重视公民、政治、经济、社会和文化权利(第六条第二款)。 事实上,《宣言》与人权条约之间有许多相似之处和显著的互补性。 发展权利的许多要素反映在人权条约的规定和条约机构的判例中,包括自决;资源的公平分配;平等和不歧视,特别是基于性别、性别、年龄、种族和残疾的歧视;积极、自由和有意义的参与;问责制和透明度;与适足生活水准有关的实质性权利,包括食物、水和卫生、住房、保健服务、教育、就业和享受文化;言论、集会和结社自由;国际援助与合作。", "出于上述种种原因,我们决心作出一致努力,促进对所有人权条约进行以发展为基础、以相互依存为基础的解读,以突出和强调发展权在解释和适用人权条约条款和监测这些条款的遵守情况方面的相关性和重要性。 这样,我们将通过确保为所有人,包括弱势个人和群体实现经济和社会进步与发展创造必要条件,为进一步实现发展权作出贡献。", "页:1", "人权条约机构第十二次委员会间会议的报告", "目录", "页次\n一、导 言. 12 会议开幕、选举主席团成员和通过\n议程 增强13个条约机构的有效性:\nA. 关于与各国进行建设性对话的结构的讨论 13\nB. 关于结论的结构和长度的讨论 14\nC. 关于与利益攸关方,特别是国家人权机构和非政府\nD. 其他 15\n问题四 第12个委员会的协议要点15\n五. 第十八次特别报告员/代表、专家和特别程序工作组主席会议与会者与条约主席和成员举行的联合22次会议\n机构", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 人权条约机构第十二次委员会间会议于2011年6月27日至29日在日内瓦联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)举行。", "2. 联合国 人权条约机构的下列成员出席了会议: 阿莱西奥·布鲁尼(禁止酷刑委员会成员、成员)、安娜·伊丽莎白·库维亚斯·梅迪纳(移徙工人问题委员会、副主席)、伊万·迪亚科努(消除种族歧视委员会、成员/报告员)、阿卜杜勒哈米德·贾姆里(移徙工人问题委员会、主席)、马尔科姆·埃文斯(防范酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇或处罚小组委员会、主席)、克罗迪奥·格罗斯曼(禁止酷刑委员会、主席)、鲁斯·哈尔佩林-卡达里(消除对妇女歧视委员会、成员)、苏珊娜·贾布尔(防范酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇或处罚小组委员会、副主席)、安瓦尔·凯马尔(消除种族歧视委员会、主席)、李阳熙(儿童权利委员会、副主席)、罗纳德·克莱夫·麦卡勒姆(残疾人权利委员会、主席)、迈克尔·奥弗莱厄蒂(人权委员会、副主席)、阿里兰加·皮莱(经济、社会和文化权利委员会、主席)、西尔维奥皮尔多(消除对妇女歧视委员会、主席)、让·皮尔特尔(经济权利委员会副主席、杨布尔(儿童权利委员会、杨布尔)。", "二. 会议开幕、选举主席团成员和通过议程", "3个 联合国人权事务高级专员纳瓦尼特姆·皮莱宣布会议开幕。 回顾她在2009年呼吁所有利益攸关方思考条约机构系统的未来,她指出,2011年是加强条约机构进程的决定性时刻。 高级专员强调了最近磋商提出的一些建议,特别是人权高专办与条约机构主席和国际儿童权利研究所合作于2011年5月在瑞士锡永与缔约国举行的技术磋商。 她强调,条约机构成员由于其独立性和任务,有能力带来变化。 她指出,条约机构系统面临双重挑战:协调其工作方法和缺乏资源。 高级专员对与会者表示欢迎并与其进行对话。 她澄清说,她曾多次就供资问题向缔约国发言,并指出条约机构的工作应由联合国经常预算支付。", " 4.四. 高级专员发言后,确认了McCallum先生为主席兼报告员,El-Jamri先生为副主席。 与会者通过了议程(HRI/ICM/2011/1)和工作方案。", "三. 提高条约机构的效力:协调办法", "5 (韩语). 在关于加强条约机构有效性的议程项目下,与会者讨论了改进和协调条约机构工作方法的方法。 根据第十一次委员会间会议的一项建议,第十二次委员会间会议集中讨论了三个问题:与缔约国对话的结构、结论性意见的形式和长度以及与利益攸关方,特别是非政府组织和国家人权机构的互动。 出席会议的缔约国、专门机构、基金和方案以及非政府组织和国家人权机构有机会在每个议程项目下发言。", "A类. 讨论同缔约国进行建设性对话的结构", "6. 国家 与会者一致认为,与缔约国的对话应尽量具有建设性,以鼓励缔约国更好地遵守它们所批准的条约所规定的法律义务。 与会者强调,对话的特点应当是包容、开放和注重结果的原则。", "7. 联合国 与会者一致认为,缔约国代表团的开幕发言应限于30分钟(在特殊情况下具有灵活性),以便通过提问、答复和评论进行对话。 可以通过以更具战略性的方式提出问题来改进时间管理,例如,将问题按主题分组或将它们与问题清单联系起来。 与会者鼓励主席坚定地指导对话,以确保遵守时限,鼓励缔约国回答问题并指导专家减少而不是增加提问的长度和数量。 与会者还讨论了如何通过增强报告员或工作队的作用更好地组织条约机构工作的问题。", "8. 联合国 讨论和赞扬了人权事务委员会的例子,该委员会为缔约国提供了书面程序准则,确保了与缔约国就期待什么以及如何为对话作准备进行沟通的明确性。 与会者一致认为,制定这些准则时应考虑到每个委员会的具体情况。 与会者一致认为,鉴于审议的详细性质,一些缔约国提出的将对话时间缩短为三个小时的建议是不可行的。 他们还商定,两次共6小时的会议仍适合审议第二次报告和以后的报告。 与会者表示坚决支持网播对话,以提高透明度并让更广泛的利益攸关方,包括政府官员、青年人、学术机构和民间社会,更容易获得此类信息。 会议还强调了议员、国家人权机构和民间社会的存在和参与的价值。", "B. 讨论结论性意见的结构和篇幅", "9. 国家 从一开始,与会者就同意,为了确保明确评估缔约国自上次审议后提出的结论性意见以来所取得的进展,应当以以前所关注的问题和建议为基础。", "10个 一些与会者强调需要提出重点突出的建议。 例如,可以限制段落的长度和分段的数目,并将重点放在所关注的主要领域。 然而,也有人指出,当委员会不能达成一致意见时,结论性意见的措辞有时含糊不清。 与会者根据若干条约机构的经验,同意在认为适当时可以使用主题标题。 他们还鼓励条约机构按照协议要点(见下文第26段)中的例子,以明确的格式起草其结论性意见。 关于在结论性意见中列入关于各种因素和困难的一节,一些与会者说,其条约机构有这样的一节,但已废除了这一节,因为缔约国有时利用这一节为不执行建议提供借口。", "11个 与会者讨论了结论性意见内容的可能优先顺序,包括按照高级专员的建议,围绕近期、中期和长期可达到的目标安排结论性意见,以在国家一级促进建议的执行。 一些与会者认为,也许可以将直接措施与短期和长期措施区分开来,但质疑中期措施是否可以与长期措施区分开来。 此外,一些与会者表示,一般可以在后续行动和执行的范围内更好地评估优先顺序。 并非所有与会者都认为,应鼓励各个委员会商定其结论性意见的具体篇幅。", "C. 讨论与利益攸关方的互动,特别是与国家人权机构和非政府组织的互动", "12个 与会者讨论了如何精简和加强条约机构系统与国家人权机构和民间社会行为者,包括基层非政府组织的互动,并一致认为应通过这方面的声明。 他们强调这些利益攸关方在整个报告过程中所发挥的重要作用,并商定编写关于互动方式的信息说明。 他们还一致认为,应制定共同战略,确保国家人权机构的积极参与,并更多地利用信息和通信技术,使利益攸关方能够跟踪这一进程并参与该系统。 特别提请注意对人权维护者、个人或与条约机构打交道的组织的威胁或报复。", "13个 非政府组织欢迎条约机构努力协调它们与利益攸关方的互动,并提出建议,以进一步促进它们参与这一进程,包括改进总日历,为提交资料提供时间表和明确的最后期限。 他们还建议将非政府组织提交的替代报告张贴在人权高专办网站有关国家网页上。 关于在区域一级举行会议的建议,与会者认为,这样做会提高条约机构的能见度并便利基层非政府组织的参与。", "D类. 其他问题", "委员会间会议结论性意见后续行动工作组的报告、关于个人申诉和调查的决定", "14个 在关于统一工作方法的议程项目5(b)下,与会者简要地审议了委员会间会议结论性意见后续行动工作组的报告、关于个人申诉和调查的决定(HRI/ICM/2011/3-HRI/MC/2011/2)。 李阳熙 工作组主席强调了协议要点。 委员会间会议与会者决定将报告提交主席会议作进一步讨论并核准。", "与人权有关的统计资料和指标", "15个 与会者听取了秘书处代表介绍在促进和监测国际人权文书执行情况的指标方面所开展工作的情况。 这项工作包括利益攸关方在国家一级开展活动,就结论性意见采取后续行动。 有人提到人权高专办与专家小组协商编写的一份文件中概述的框架和方法的执行指南,该文件将于2011年底出版。", "四、结 论 第十二次委员会间会议的协议要点", "16号. 与会者感兴趣地注意到2011年5月在瑞士锡永与缔约国举行非正式技术协商时提出的建议,在都柏林、摩洛哥马拉喀什和波兰波兹南通过的声明,以及在首尔和比勒陀利亚举行的民间社会协商所形成的声明。", "17岁。 与会者决定了以下协议要点,将转交人权条约机构第二十三次会议主席。", "委员会间会议", "18岁。 与会者欢迎委员会间会议后续行动工作组的报告(HRI/ICM/2011/3-HRI/MC/2011/2),并决定将工作组通过的协议要点转交人权条约机构主席第二十三次会议讨论和核准。", "与缔约国对话的结构", "缔约国的书面准则", " 19. 19. 与会者建议每个委员会在报告过程中为与缔约国的对话编写书面准则,同时铭记人权事务委员会的做法。 他们还建议将准则翻译成有关委员会的工作语文,并在审议缔约国报告之前将准则转交有关缔约国。 与会者欢迎秘书处系统地向预定审查的缔约国常驻代表团提供技术简报。", "对话的长度", "20号. 与会者建议,与缔约国的对话一般应限于两次会议(总共6小时),初次报告除外。 此外,他们不支持西安磋商会议的一些与会者提出的建议,即只拨出一次会议(总共3小时)用于同缔约国进行对话,因为这样就没有足够的时间就缔约国执行有关条约的情况进行有意义的对话和深入分析。", "开幕发言", "21岁 与会者建议每个条约机构为缔约国的开幕发言安排不超过30分钟的时间,以最大限度地利用可用的时间,并允许与缔约国进行更交互式的对话。 然而,他们指出,在特殊情况下可以适用灵活性。", "时间管理", "22号. 与会者鼓励条约机构主席行使有效领导对话的权力,以确保条约机构成员和缔约国代表团之间进行平衡的交流。 在这方面,与会者鼓励各条约机构根据消除对妇女歧视委员会采用的模式,规定其成员发言的时限,以及缔约国回答问题的时限。", "国家工作队", "23. 联合国 与会者再次建议每个条约机构适当考虑设立国家工作队和国别报告员的想法,以审议缔约国的报告。", "国家报告员的作用", "24 (韩语). 根据消除对妇女歧视委员会和儿童权利委员会的经验,与会者建议国家报告员和(或)国家工作队酌情为筹备同缔约国的对话作出更大贡献。 例如,可以通过在届会之前分发报告员的说明和在成员之间就他们想提出的问题事先进行协商和协调来做到这一点。", "结论性意见", "以往建议的后续行动", "25岁 关于定期报告,与会者强调,以前的关切和建议应当成为新的结论性意见的出发点,以确保对缔约国自上次审议以来取得的进展作出明确的评估。 因此,将重申尚未处理的关切和建议,并列入与最近事态发展有关的新关切。", "建议的格式", "26. 联合国 与会者鼓励条约机构提出重点突出的建议,限制段落长度和分段数目,把重点放在主要关切领域,并酌情使用主题标题。 为此,他们鼓励条约机构以明确的形式起草结论性意见,其格式如下:", "(a) 每个段落只涉及三个问题;", "(b) 国家 最多有三句表达了关切;", "(c)) 该建议包括一个导言句(如适用)和最多三项与关切的顺序相匹配的建议,按顺序排列,以字母顺序排列。", "27个 该建议可以提及条约的有关规定以及一般性意见/建议。", "标准段落", "28岁 与会者请各条约机构讨论是否应当保留所有标准段落,或在认为相关和适用的情况下,是否应将其使用限于特定国家。", "目标明确的建议", "29. 国家 与会者建议所有条约机构仔细审查起草建议时使用的措辞,使其结论性意见更加针对具体国家,更有针对性。", "因素和困难", "30岁。 与会者建议条约机构谨慎行事,在缔约国报告中列入一节,说明影响公约/条约执行的因素和困难。 在这方面,他们指出,一些有这一节的条约机构后来废除了这一节。", "相互参照", "31岁 与会者重申了他们先前的建议,即条约机构应酌情参照并重复其他条约机构和特别程序任务负责人的建议。", "与利益攸关方,特别是国家人权机构和非政府组织的互动", "国家人权机构", "32. 联合国 与会者回顾了2006年11月在柏林举行的关于国家人权机构和条约机构作用的国际圆桌会议的结论,《马拉喀什声明》重申了这些结论,并通过了关于这方面的协议要点如下。", "报告", "33. (中文(简体) ). 条约机构应邀制定一项共同战略,以确保国家人权机构在整个报告进程中的积极参与,并通过诸如Skype和视像会议等新技术与这些机构进行接触。 为了充分促进报告进程,鼓励国家人权机构:", "(a) 国家 在起草报告前的问题清单/主题或问题清单之前向条约机构提供资料。 为此,与会者呼吁各条约机构设法至少提前一年审查缔约国报告,并为提交书面资料规定明确的期限;", "(b) 国家 除了在正式审查缔约国报告之前提供书面资料之外,在条约机构会前工作组和/或届会期间更系统地作口头陈述。", "后续行动", "34. 国家 各条约机构应邀请国家人权机构:", "(a) 国家 鼓励缔约国就条约机构的结论性意见和建议向所有相关行为者传播信息,并提高公众对这些意见和建议的认识;", "(b) 国家 支持和主办由议会、司法机构、各部委和其他公共当局、非政府组织和民间社会其他相关成员参加的后续会议,以落实条约机构的结论性意见和建议;", "(c) 就为有效执行条约机构的结论性意见和建议可采取的行动向缔约国提供意见;", "(d) 国家 与议会成员、各部委和其他公共当局就结论性意见和建议的执行问题进行接触。", "培训", "35. 联合国 条约机构应鼓励国家人权机构支持有关国家官员在报告程序、为报告收集数据以及与报告程序有关的其他问题上的能力建设。", "关于国家人权机构的声明", "36. (中文(简体) ). 与会者建议人权条约机构主席参照《马拉喀什声明》,通过一项关于条约机构与国家人权机构互动的声明,并纳入性别观点。", "非政府组织", "37. 联合国 与会者赞同在民间社会协商中提出的建议,即民间社会行为者,包括基层非政府组织,能够进入并参加条约报告周期的所有阶段,对于条约机构系统的有效运作至关重要。", "38. 国家 与会者建议人权条约机构主席参照在首尔和比勒陀利亚举行的民间社会磋商中通过的声明,通过一项关于条约机构与非政府组织互动的声明。", "重点更突出的报告和口头发言", "39. 联合国 正如各利益攸关方所建议,与会者建议各条约机构邀请非政府组织向条约机构提供协调和重点更突出的呈文,并以更协调的方式安排发言。 虽然目前是由一些非政府组织,包括通过联盟这样做的,但与会者鼓励培训民间社会行为者如何向条约机构介绍情况,以最大限度地利用提供给它们的时间。", "保护人权维护者的责任", " 40. 40. 与会者建议,条约机构在报告整个过程中,包括在个人来文、查询和访问过程中,将威胁或报复人权维护者或与条约机构接触的任何其他个人或组织视为缔约国违反义务的问题。 条约机构应当遵守特别程序,并与人权高专办和有关机关和机构密切合作,监测报复或威胁报复的情况并采取行动。 他们还建议在适当时候重新审查报复或报复威胁问题,由人权条约机构主席就此问题通过一项声明。", "新技术", "41. 国家 与会者回顾在民间社会磋商中提出的建议,重申关于对条约机构会议进行网播的建议。 网播会议将使利益攸关方,特别是国家一级的利益攸关方能够跟踪这一进程。 作为一项临时措施,可通过因特网提供录音。 与会者还建议条约机构通过诸如Skype和视频会议等新技术与非政府组织接触。 在可能的情况下,联合国外地办事处将便利这种使用,同时确保这种使用不会给残疾人的进出设置新的障碍。", "改善信息的获取和提供", "42. 国家 与会者再次建议人权高专办继续促进民间社会参与条约机构的工作,包括使其主日历更方便用户。 它还应确保日历及早提前提供资料,说明所有条约机构的时间表以及民间社会在报告周期所有阶段作出贡献的最后期限,包括议题/主题清单、国别审议和后续程序。", "43. 东帝汶 与会者建议,非政府组织在整个报告周期内向条约机构提供的信息应酌情张贴在人权高专办网站的有关国家网页上。", "44. 国家 与会者鼓励人权高专办定期更新其民间社会手册,并确保其广泛传播,包括通过人权高专办民间社会科传播。", "民间社会行为者的情况说明", "45. 国家 与会者建议所有条约机构编写一份情况说明,张贴在各自的网页上,说明与各利益攸关方互动的方式,包括在届会和会前工作组会议上提交资料的截止日期。", "良好做法汇编", "46. 经常预算: 与会者请秘书处编写一份条约机构与联合国各实体、国家人权机构和非政府组织合作的良好做法汇编。", "统一报告准则和共同核心文件", "47. 国家 与会者注意到,大多数条约机构已经通过了关于根据国际人权条约提交报告的条约专要文件的订正准则,并敦促其余条约机构尽快通过订正准则。 会议还指出,近50个缔约国提交了共同核心文件并大力鼓励其他缔约国也这样做。", "缔约国报告的篇幅", " 48. 48. 与会者重申,他们建议以明确和准确的方式编写缔约国报告,并重申第五次委员会间会议商定的统一报告准则所载缔约国报告的页数限制(初次条约专要文件60页,其后的定期报告40页)。 与会者请秘书处确保遵守这种页数限制。", "报告前问题清单和其他工作方法", "49. (中文(简体) ). 与会者欢迎禁止酷刑委员会就其新的任择程序(报告前问题清单)提供的最新情况,这有助于与缔约国进行重点更突出的对话,并鼓励其他条约机构考虑这一方法和其他方法来协助各国更好地履行其报告义务。", "区域条约机构会议", " 50. 50. 为使参与执行进程的所有利益攸关方更容易接触条约机构,与会者赞同波兹南声明所载的建议,即在人权高专办区域办事处或联合国区域委员会的支持下,酌情适当考虑在不同区域举办条约机构会议。", "与人权有关的统计资料和指标", "51. 联合国 与会者欢迎关于帮助促进和监测人权执行情况的指标工作的最新进展,包括利益攸关方在国家一级为结论性意见的后续行动而开展的活动。 会议期待出版一份指南来帮助落实人权高专办正在编写的文件中阐述的方法(见上文第15段)。", "能力建设和技术援助", "52. (中文(简体) ). 与会者建议人权高专办扩大与提交报告有关的能力建设和技术援助活动并使之系统化,特别是在各国难以履行其报告义务的情况下。 在这方面,他们建议更多地利用条约机构现任和前任成员的专门知识。 此外,与会者指出,这些专家可以帮助需要协助的缔约国执行结论性意见、关于个人来文的决定和调查后提出的建议。", " V. 第十八次特别报告员/代表、专家和特别程序工作组主席与条约机构主席和成员的联席会议", "53. 联合国 与特别程序任务执行人第十八次年度会议与会者举行的联席会议重点讨论了条约机构与特别程序任务执行人之间合作的良好做法,并欢迎人权高专办应2010年联席会议与会者的要求编写的两个机制之间合作良好做法汇编。 讨论参考了报告所列举的合作实例。 与会者交流了其他合作的积极例子,并提出了协调共同关心的问题工作的其他方式。", "54. 联合国 联席会议的与会者注意到,条约机构与特别程序任务执行人之间的合作范围很广,有助于相互加强每个机制的建议。 还有人指出,为了避免两个小组在解释人权准则方面出现分歧,合作与协调至关重要。 有人主张更多地相互参照建议、就专题问题和国家情况举行联席会议、就建议采取后续行动开展联合活动以及联合宣传,例如增加人权条约的批准数目。 有人指出,特别程序,特别是国别任务,可以帮助条约机构通过情况介绍和其他投入为审议缔约国的报告作准备。", "55. 国家 几位与会者提到特别程序已经或仍在帮助条约机构编写一般性意见,以及条约机构参与制定得到特别程序支持的指导原则。 有人指出战略信息共享的重要性,特别是在专题优先事项方面。 还有人指出,战略信息共享机制需要进一步加强,并商定应采取某些措施,包括交换工作计划和使用新技术,以促进合作。 还有人建议,应收集与条约机构和任务负责人共同关注的主题有关的执行最佳做法实例。 条约机构和任务负责人之间系统和更有条理地进行交流和互动也被视为至关重要。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 联席会议与会者建议,将条约机构成员和特别程序任务负责人在联席会议期间或随后立即强调的其他和最近的良好做法范例纳入汇编。 他们还建议与联席会议主席协商,最后确定综合文件,不断更新并公布。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 欢迎人权高专办在过去一年中定期提供关于条约机构和特别程序的产出和活动的最新情况和通讯,联席会议建议进一步推广世界人权指数网站,并使用其他新技术来增加条约机构和特别程序的建议以及普遍定期审议的提供和获取。 与会者敦促人权高专办维持特别程序国别访问的预测,向条约机构提供,并在有任务负责人出席时通知条约机构。", "58. 联合国 联席会议与会者回顾,落实和落实人权机制的建议是各国的首要责任,并指出,大会和人权理事会等政治机构可发挥作用,就落实建议采取后续行动。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 与会者重申了第十一次委员会间会议和第十七次特别程序任务负责人年度会议通过的一致意见要点(见A/65/190和A/HRC/15/44),并一致认为,随后的联席会议应重点讨论实质性问题和由两位主席在会前商定的具体主题。", "联席会议的协议要点", "60. 联合国 在汇编的基础上,联席会议的与会者注意到,条约机构与特别程序之间合作的许多良好做法实例已经出现,并鼓励采用这种合作模式。", "61. 国家 联席会议与会者特别强调了合作方面良好做法的下列实例:", "(a) 国家 定期举行联席会议并早在条约机构和特别程序任务负责人工作计划之前就共享工作计划,特别是在注重专题问题和国家情况方面,被认为是一种良好做法。 在这方面,与会者赞扬特别程序协调委员会主席与委员会间会议后续行动工作组之间的交流,并建议继续这种互动;", "(b) 国家 联席会议与会者赞扬条约机构和特别程序任务执行人越来越多地相互参照,从而相互加强彼此的建议。 在这方面,他们强调指出,条约机构提到特别程序提出的国别访问请求,并呼吁缔约国就任务负责人所提出的建议采取后续行动。 同样,特别程序任务执行人也回顾条约机构关于它们所访问的国家的结论性意见,以及条约机构通过的关于个人来文的建议和决定并采取后续行动,这被视为一种良好做法;", "(c) 特别程序任务执行人请条约机构就它们正在拟订的准则和研究提出意见并参加专家协商。 这些邀请被强调为良好和互利的做法。 条约机构就一般性意见与特别程序任务执行人协商的做法也被认为是一种良好做法;", "(d) 联合倡导批准国际人权文书的实例得到赞扬。 特别值得注意的是,向各国发出了联合信函,条约机构和特别程序任务负责人计划并联合开展了大规模运动;", "(e) 在相关的情况下,国别任务或专题任务负责人在国别审议中向条约机构作简报被认为非常有用;", "(f) 会议赞扬和鼓励就各项建议开展联合后续活动,例如实地访问、技术援助和培训讲习班;", "(g) 还着重指出,就影响执行其任务和条约的国际事态发展或问题发表新闻联合声明的做法是互利的。", "62. 联合国 联席会议与会者重申了第十一次委员会间会议和第十七次特别程序任务负责人年度会议通过的协议要点,并商定了以下协议要点,将转交人权条约机构第二十三次会议主席:", "(a) 认识到有必要为条约机构和特别程序共同关心的专题问题交换意见、经验和联合战略创造空间,与会者建议下一次联席会议应更具实质性并侧重于由两位主席在会前商定的具体主题;", "(b) 国家 与会者赞扬人权高专办汇编了条约机构与特别程序任务执行人之间合作的良好做法,并建议该文件纳入条约机构成员和特别程序任务执行人在联席会议上或在会后立即强调的其他和最近的良好做法实例。 他们还建议与联席会议的两位主席协商,最后确定综合文件,向公众提供并定期更新;", "(c)) 与会者强调了条约机构与特别程序任务执行人之间正式和非正式互动的好处,他们建议:(一) 使这种互动系统化并有更好的结构;(二) 建立一个机制来增加通信和信息流动,并协调后续活动;(三) 向条约机构成员通报届会期间特别程序专家在日内瓦的情况,同样,也使特别程序任务执行人了解条约机构所安排的会议以及审议中的国家和将要举行的专题讨论;(四) 探索使用Skype和视频会议等通信技术;", "(d) 国家 联席会议的与会者欢迎人权高专办在上一年采取额外步骤,就条约机构和特别程序的产出和活动提供定期更新和通讯。 为了进一步增加条约机构和特别程序任务执行人编制的集体资料的提供和取用,与会者建议促进更多地使用《世界人权指数》或类似的网上工具,特别是增加这一工具在人权高专办主页上的能见度,并以文字编写并有系统地在人权高专办网站上公布所有相关文件,以确保残疾人能够查阅;", "(e) 协助 与会者回顾,确保落实人权机制的建议是国家的首要责任。 他们还回顾,包括人权理事会和大会在内的政治机构负责就特别程序任务负责人和条约机构建议的执行情况同各国一起采取后续行动。 在这方面,特别程序任务执行人和条约机构可以通过确保其建议具体、可衡量、可实现、现实和有时限,来推动其建议的落实。 收集这类建议的例子可能是有益的。", "[1] 限制为:秘书处文件为8 500字;非秘书处文件为10 700字。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 98 (k) and (t) of the provisional agenda*", "General and complete disarmament", "* A/66/150.", "Assistance to States for curbing the illicit traffic in small arms and light weapons and collecting them", "The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report provides an overview of the activities undertaken by Member States, the United Nations system and other intergovernmental organizations regarding the implementation of General Assembly resolutions 65/50 and 65/64, which cover the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons and the assistance to States provided in that context.", "During the reporting period, from August 2010 to July 2011, particular emphasis was placed on strengthening the proper marking, record keeping and tracing capacities of States as vital steps to hold accountable those who engage in illicit transfers and the diversion of small arms.", "The coordination of small arms-related activities within the United Nations has been further strengthened. Moreover, with the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, which is now being broadly used for reporting small arms transfers, along with the strengthening of implementation of the Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (Firearms Protocol), the possible adoption of an arms trade treaty and the forthcoming Review Conference on the Programme of Action, there is an opportunity for Member States to discuss further the relationship among these instruments in order to maximize their complementarity.", "I. Introduction", "1. By its resolution 65/50, entitled “Assistance to States for Curbing the Illicit Traffic in Small Arms and Light Weapons and Collecting Them”, the General Assembly invited the Secretary-General and those States and organizations that are in a position to do so to continue to provide assistance to States for curbing the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons and collecting them, and encouraged cooperation among State organs, international organizations and civil society in supporting programmes and projects to this end. The General Assembly also requested the Secretary-General to continue to consider the matter and to report thereon to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session.", "2. By its resolution 65/64, entitled “The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects”, the General Assembly called upon all Member States to contribute to the continued implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects at the national, regional and global levels. It also called upon all States to implement the International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace, in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons (International Tracing Instrument) and requested the Secretary-General to report to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on the implementation of the resolution.", "3. The present report is submitted pursuant to the requests made by the General Assembly in the above-mentioned resolutions. Similar to the practice of previous years, the two resolutions are addressed together in this report to enable a coherent approach to these overlapping and interconnected issues.", "II. Assistance to States for curbing the illicit traffic in small arms and light weapons and collecting them, and implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects", "A. United Nations system", "1. Security Council and Peacebuilding Commission", "Security Council", "4. Small arms and light weapons are the main weapons used in most of the conflicts that occupy the agenda of the Security Council. During the reporting period, the Security Council addressed the issue of small arms in different contexts, in particular with regard to continuing violations of arms embargoes,[1] children in armed conflict, and the protection of civilians in armed conflict.[2]", "5. The Council held a meeting on the issue of small arms on 25 April 2011. The meeting took up a report of the Secretary-General (S/2011/255), which emphasized the importance of marking weapons and ammunition and their proper recording to ensure effective accounting and tracing in the event of diversion; the destruction of surplus arms and ammunition as a cost-effective way to prevent diversion; integrating traditional arms control measures into interventions that target the demand for weapons; and the importance of identifying ways to increase compliance by non-State armed groups with international norms relating to the use and stockpiling of weapons and ammunition in time of conflict. The report, including its recommendations, was received positively by the members of the Council.", "6. As one of the measures stipulated under Article 41 of the Charter of the United Nations, the Security Council maintains several arms embargoes that prohibit all States from supplying arms and related materiel, and from providing related technical training or assistance, to the target State, region, individual or entity. In particular, six arms embargoes are currently in place in order to address specific conflicts that are fuelled, to a great extent, by the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons, or to help ensure stability in post-conflict situations.[3]", "7. During the period under review, the mandates of the expert groups[4] that monitor the implementation on the ground of arms embargoes in respective States have been extended by the Security Council. In their reports,[5] each of the expert groups recommended ways to strengthen the effectiveness of the arms embargo measure. Recent positive developments include the introduction of an electronic data management system that brings together information collected by the various monitoring groups, and regular and systematic sharing of information between sanction Committees and peacekeeping missions where they are co-located, such as in Liberia and Côte d’Ivoire.", "8. Field missions mandated by the Security Council have also continued their work on small arms issues, in close cooperation with the United Nations country teams.", "9. As a subsidiary body of the Security Council, the Counter-Terrorism Committee is mandated to monitor the implementation of Security Council resolution 1373 (2001), in which it is specified that all States shall eliminate the supply of weapons to terrorists. The Committee is assisted in its work by the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate. As part of its technical assistance strategy, the Directorate continued its assessment visits to identify the needs of Member States and facilitate delivery of technical assistance. An important dimension of these activities is the prevention of arms smuggling in the countries in question.", "Peacebuilding Commission", "10. The issue of small arms is directly relevant to the work of the Peacebuilding Commission, especially since levels of small arms circulating in post-conflict areas can be greater than during the conflict; e.g., because of the implosion of functional government controls. Disarming ex-combatants and civilians, enacting laws and regulations pertaining to arms possession by a State’s forces and civilians, and effective stockpile management of weapons and ammunition will contribute directly to longer term stability and development. The Peacebuilding Commission, meeting in its country-specific configurations, has made recommendations related to arms control measures, so as to increase efforts to disarm the civilian population and control arms held by security and defence forces.", "2. General Assembly", "Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects", "Open-ended Meeting of Governmental Experts of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects", "11. In the General Assembly, the issue of small arms and light weapons is centrally discussed in meetings on the 2001 Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects. By General Assembly resolution 63/72, entitled “The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects”, States decided to convene an open-ended meeting of governmental experts to address key implementation challenges and opportunities relating to particular issues and themes, including international cooperation and assistance. Following broad-based consultations, marking, record keeping and cooperation in tracing in accordance with the International Tracing Instrument were identified as the core themes for discussions by the Open-ended Meeting of Governmental Experts, which met from 9 to 13 May 2011. Participants engaged in a focused discussion, and adopted by consensus a report that referred to the topics discussed and to a Chair’s summary containing a detailed account of each thematic session.[6]", "12. The Open-ended Meeting of Governmental Experts also served as an appropriate forum to explore opportunities for cooperation in technical, financial and other forms of assistance for donor and recipient countries as well as regional organizations.", "13. States will decide at the Second Review Conference of the Programme of Action on small arms and light weapons, scheduled to take place from 27 August to 7 September 2012, on the possibility of scheduling further Open-ended Meeting of Governmental Experts in the future.", "Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (Firearms Protocol)", "14. Pursuant to the mandate received by the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) has continued to raise awareness and to promote the ratification and the implementation of the Firearms Protocol, to develop technical assistance tools and to provide legislative and operational assistance to the Parties to the Protocol.", "15. Among the tools developed are a self-assessment checklist for implementation of the Firearms Protocol, technical guidelines to help States parties implement the Protocol provisions and establish effective firearms control measures, and a model law on firearms.[7]", "16. From 18 to 22 October 2010, the fifth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime was held in Vienna, which included sessions on the Firearms Protocol. The Conference requested UNODC to continue to develop technical assistance tools and to conduct a study on the transnational nature of and routes used in trafficking in firearms. It also decided to establish an open-ended intergovernmental working group on firearms, and to advise and assist the Conference in the implementation of its mandate with regard to the Firearms Protocol.[8] The Conference further decided to establish an open-ended intergovernmental working group on the review of the implementation of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols thereto. Pursuant to this mandate, UNODC launched a programme to assist Member States in their endeavour to adhere to and implement the Firearms Protocol. The programme aims at strengthening Member States’ legal and institutional regimes on firearms and capacities to investigate and prosecute illicit trafficking cases. So far, the project includes selected countries in West Africa, South America and the Caribbean.", "17. Given the interrelated and complementary nature of the Firearms Protocol and the Programme of Action on small arms and light weapons, States may wish to consider ways and means to facilitate greater interaction and information exchange between the respective governing bodies, with a view to encouraging the development of synergies between the activities carried out under both processes.", "Broader initiatives related to the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons", "Arms trade treaty", "18. Important areas of world trade are covered by rules that bind countries into agreed conduct. But countries are not bound by global rules when transferring weapons. An eclectic set of national and regional control measures on arms transfers exists, but the absence of a global framework has obscured transparency and trust. Attempts within the United Nations to address issues associated with transfers of conventional arms and ammunition have focused essentially on transparency measures and measures to counter the illicit trade in small arms. Of these instruments, only the Firearms Protocol is legally binding.", "19. In 2009, the General Assembly decided to convene the United Nations Conference on an Arms Trade Treaty in 2012. The first, second and third sessions of the Preparatory Committee for the Conference were held in July 2010, and March and July 2011, respectively. Despite the wide support for the need to negotiate an arms trade treaty, States remain divided on a number of topics, including what categories of weapons it should cover. The question of whether small arms should fall within the scope of the treaty, and, if so, whether only military style small arms or other types should also be included, remains a central one. The inclusion of ammunition in the scope of an arms trade treaty has also proven to be a contentious issue.[9]", "20. A fourth meeting of the Preparatory Committee is scheduled to be held from 13 to 17 February 2012, followed by a four-week Conference on the Arms Trade Treaty in July 2012.", "Armed violence and development", "21. Many victims of small arms are outside of immediate conflict zones. The rate of firearms-related homicides in post-conflict societies often outnumbers battlefield deaths. Also, in numerous societies where armed conflict has not occurred for decades, hundreds of thousands of people die each year from endemic crime and armed violence perpetrated with illegal weapons. Countries affected by armed violence experience particular difficulties in achieving the Millennium Development Goals.", "22. In 2006, a large group of countries committed themselves to the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development, a diplomatic initiative aimed at addressing the interrelations between armed violence and development, which has been endorsed by over 100 States. Stemming from this initiative, the Secretary-General was requested by the General Assembly in its resolution 63/23 (see A/64/228). As a follow-up, in May 2010, representatives of interested States adopted the Oslo Commitments on Armed Violence: Achieving the Millennium Development Goals. In this document, participating States reaffirmed the commitments of the Geneva Declaration and committed themselves to operationalizing the recommendations made by the Secretary-General in the report. They focused on promoting the inclusion, where appropriate, of armed violence reduction and prevention in the outcome document of the 2010 General Assembly High-Level Plenary Meeting on the Millennium Development Goals and in subsequent Millennium Development Goals achievement strategies through 2015, to measure and monitor the incidence and impact of armed violence at national and subnational levels in a transparent way, and to develop a set of targets and indicators to assess progress in efforts to achieve measurable reductions in armed violence. As a result, at the General Assembly High-Level Plenary Meeting of September 2010 more than 60 States addressed the issue of armed violence and its link to the Millennium Development Goals.", "23. During the reporting period, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), in partnership with the Geneva Declaration secretariat and various supportive Governments, organized “promising practices” regional seminars in Guatemala, Kenya, Nepal and Nigeria, which collaborated with regional and civil society organizations to record armed violence reduction practices that appear to be yielding dividends. The resulting report will be presented to the Second Ministerial Review Conference of the Geneva Declaration in October 2011, at which it is expected that ministers will endorse a series of evidence-based practices that will serve to operationalize the Geneva Declaration and the Oslo Commitments on Armed Violence.", "24. The Armed Violence Prevention Programme, an inter-agency programme within the United Nations system aimed at promoting effective multisectoral responses to armed violence, is now entering its implementation phase. In late 2010, the Programme identified six focus countries as potential recipients of integrated armed violence prevention assistance on the ground and work is currently under way to operationalize that assistance.", "United Nations Register of Conventional Arms", "25. The United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, in operation since 1991, is a primary transparency instrument of the United Nations, through which States exchange information on trade, as well as procurement and national holdings of conventional weapons in seven pre-defined categories. Since 2003, States have reported on a voluntary basis on their small arms transfers.", "26. To date, 72 Member States have reported on their exports and imports of small arms to the Register — or the absence of such transfers — at least once. The trend of States including small arms transfers in their reports on conventional arms transfers to the Register is rising sharply. In 2010, almost two thirds of the States that reported to the Register included small arms, up from less than 10 per cent when optional reporting on small arms was first introduced in 2003.", "3. United Nations Coordinating Action on Small Arms", "27. The United Nations Coordinating Action on Small Arms mechanism (CASA) was created in 1998 to foster a coherent multidisciplinary approach within the United Nations system regarding small arms policy and programming. CASA partners — now 23 entities — have contributed to the implementation of the Programme of Action on small arms and light weapons, in particular through analyses of national reports, capacity-building, disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programmes, weapons collection and destruction, research on the impact of small arms on children and adolescents, and ensuring the integration of gender mainstreaming concerns in national policies.", "International Small Arms Control Standards", "28. In 2010, under the auspices of CASA, work continued on the development of the International Small Arms Control Standards (ISACS). The objective of this project is to enhance the effectiveness of policymaking and programming across the United Nations system by providing clear and comprehensive guidance to practitioners and policymakers on a wide range of small arms-related issues. The first set of the ISACS modules were presented to the biennial meeting of States to consider the implementation of the Programme of Action on small arms and light weapons that was held in July 2010. Furthermore, CASA has started to conduct a wide range of broad-based consultations on all modules, involving Member States, regional organizations, industry representatives, academia and non-governmental organizations. The objective of these consultations is to fine tune and finalize ISACS; the consultation phase is expected to continue through 2011.", "Programme of Action Implementation Support System", "29. Since the launch of the Programme of Action Implementation Support System in July 2008, this key web-based tool has continued to evolve as the one-stop-shop for information on all elements relevant to the implementation of the Programme of Action. The Support System was further upgraded and enhanced during the reporting period. An electronic combined reporting template for the Programme of Action and the International Tracing Instrument has been added. Also, the System has become a platform for matching needs in the area of capacity-building for small arms-related activities with available resources.", "30. The Programme of Action Implementation Support System is funded from extrabudgetary resources; its operation is therefore dependent on available funding. For the period 2011-2012 such resources have been secured. The continuous operation of the Programme of Action Implementation Support System beyond 2012 remains dependent upon availability of voluntary contributions.", "International ammunition technical guidelines", "31. Member States have acknowledged the dangers posed by the excessive accumulation of conventional ammunition, and have requested the United Nations to develop guidelines for their proper stockpiling.[10] Hence, in 2009 the United Nations started developing the international ammunition technical guidelines. These guidelines would contribute to reducing the risk of accidental stockpile explosions, enhance peace and security by minimizing the risk of diversion of ammunition, provide technical information that could be readily accessed by practitioners in the area of stockpile management, and facilitate the work of the United Nations in handling stockpiles of ammunition in the context of its peacekeeping operations and peacebuilding activities. A technical review panel consisting of experts from several States and the United Nations Mine Action Service was established to provide expert knowledge on existing national and regional good practices with a view to rendering the technical guidelines as comprehensive and globally applicable as possible. The development of the international ammunition technical guidelines is expected to be completed in 2011.", "4. Group of Interested States", "32. The Group of Interested States in Practical Disarmament Measures was established in 1996 as an informal open forum in New York to consider measures to deal with conflict and post-conflict situations through the control of small arms and light weapons, demining, and demobilization and reintegration of former combatants.[11] Over the past year, the Group of Interested States discussed issues such as the preparations for the Meeting of Governmental Experts, the matching of needs and resources in the implementation of the Programme of Action, gender considerations regarding small arms, and the role of small arms control measures in conflict prevention.", "33. The Group of Interested States successfully facilitated in a number of cases the matching of small arms-related assistance needs formulated by affected countries, with donor States interested in funding such needs. This was facilitated by a compilation of assistance proposals prepared by the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs on the basis of information provided in national reports submitted by Member States on the implementation of the Programme of Action.[12] This new role for the Group of Interested States was taken up on the basis of the report of the Fourth Biennial Meeting of States to Consider the Implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, which stipulates that “in order to identify, prioritize and communicate needs and match them with resources, States are encouraged to build on existing mechanisms … and to consider other ways in which needs and resources can be matched effectively and assistance and cooperation can be more effectively coordinated, including by exploring opportunities for increasing dialogue between States; … in order to better identify donors for … proposals and to increase the visibility of available assistance, States encouraged intensified efforts among all States, international and regional organizations and civil society” (A/CONF.192/BMS/2010/3).", "B. Activities undertaken at the regional and subregional levels", "Africa", "34. During the reporting period, the Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Africa assisted African Member States and the African Union in drafting an African strategy to address the threats posed by the proliferation of small arms and light weapons. The Regional Centre provided key support to the drafting and conclusion of the Central African Convention for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Their Ammunition and All Parts and Components that Can Be Used for Their Manufacture, Repair and Assembly (Kinshasa Convention).", "35. The Regional Centre also provided Member States with legal and political support in their review and update of national legislation on small arms. Furthermore, the Centre assisted in building the capacities of Member States to control brokering activities through electronic licensing systems, and it engaged in capacity-building activities in support of African subregional organizations in implementing subregional legal instruments to control illicit small arms and subregional action plans.[13]", "36. Regional organizations in Africa, including the African Union, the Economic Community for Central African States, the Economic Community of West African States, the Regional Centre on Small Arms for the Great Lakes Region, the Horn of Africa and Bordering States, and the Southern African Development Community, which mainly deals with small arms issues through the Southern African Regional Police Chiefs Cooperation Organization, have continued to provide assistance to States on the issue of small arms and light weapons.", "Americas", "37. During the reporting period, the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace, Disarmament and Development in Latin America and the Caribbean increased its assistance to Member States in the region. The assistance included an inter-institutional training course to help build or enhance the capacity of law enforcement and judicial personnel, to better control small arms and to combat more effectively illicit small arms trafficking. The Regional Centre provided assistance to States in the Caribbean to improve stockpile management and small arms destruction. The Regional Centre also provided legal assistance to States in the region in aligning national legislation with global and regional instruments on small arms, and carried out activities to assist States in reducing and preventing armed violence in the region.[14]", "38. Regional organizations in the Americas, including the Organization of American States, the Andean Community, the Caribbean Community, and the Central American Integration System, have continued to provide assistance to States in the region on the issue of small arms and light weapons.", "Asia and the Pacific", "39. During the reporting period, the Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Asia and the Pacific focused on fostering and supporting regional discussions and cooperation on combating illicit small arms and light weapons. It also promoted national and regional actions on armed violence reduction and prevention, as well as on the arms trade treaty.[15]", "40. Regional organizations in Asia and the Pacific, including the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the Pacific Islands Forum, have continued to provide assistance to States in their region on the issue of small arms and light weapons.", "III. Observations and conclusions", "41. Following the outcome of the Fourth Biennial Meeting of States on the implementation of the Programme of Action in 2010, renewed emphasis was placed on strengthening the capacity of States regarding the proper marking, record keeping and tracing of small arms and light weapons. These issues were central discussion points at the Open-ended Meeting of Governmental Experts held in May 2011, and figured prominently in the recommendations contained in the 2011 report of the Secretary-General on small arms to the Security Council (S/2011/255). At the 2012 Review Conference on the Programme of Action, which will include a review of the implementation of the International Tracing Instrument, Member States will be able to further assess the state of implementation on marking, record keeping and tracing of small arms. At that conference, they may also wish to “consider recommending convening a further open-ended meeting of governmental experts”.[16]", "42. The multifaceted nature of the small arms issue implies that discussions on it are not limited to traditional arms control and disarmament forums. The topic may also come up in other contexts, including, e.g., counter-terrorism, social and economic development, transnational organized crime, child soldiers or human rights issues. This requires increased coordination within and outside of the United Nations.", "43. Moreover, with the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, which is now being broadly used for reporting small arms transfers, along with the strengthening of implementation of the Firearms Protocol, the possible adoption of an arms trade treaty and the forthcoming Review Conference on the Programme of Action, there is an opportunity for Member States to discuss further the relationship among these instruments in order to maximize their complementarity.", "[1] For example, regarding the Democratic Republic of the Congo, see S/2010/596 and S/2011/345; the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, see S/2010/571; Somalia, see S/2010/91; Côte d’Ivoire, see S/2011/271 and S/2011/272; Guinea-Bissau, see S/2010/550; and Liberia, see S/2010/609 and S/2011/367.", "[2] See S/PRST/2010/25.", "[3] The six arms embargo regimes in Africa relate to Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Somalia and the Sudan. In addition, the Council has imposed targeted arms embargoes on Al-Qaeda (see Security Council resolution 1989 (2011)) and the Taliban (see Security Council resolution 1988 (2011)) and associated individuals and entities, an arms embargo in connection with the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (with the exception of the supply by States to the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea of small arms and light weapons, on which these States must notify the relevant sanctions Committee in advance), and an export ban on arms and related materiel from the Islamic Republic of Iran.", "[4] Monitoring Group on Somalia, Panel of Experts on Liberia, Panel of Experts on Iran, Panel of Experts on the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Panel of Experts on the Sudan, Group of Experts on the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Group of Experts on Côte d’Ivoire.", "[5] See www.un.org/sc/committees.", "[6] See www.poa-iss.org/MGE/Documents/Index/2011-05-Chair’s-Summary-Final.pdf.", "[7] See CTOC/COP/2010/8, available from www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/ctoc-cop-session-5.html.", "[8] See CTOC/COP/2010/17, available from www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/ctoc-cop-session-5.html.", "[9] See www.un.org/disarmament/convarms/ATTPrepCom for details on the arms trade treaty.", "[10] General Assembly resolution 63/61.", "[11] See General Assembly resolution 51/45 N.", "[12] See www.poa-iss.org/InternationalAssistance/InternationalAssistance.aspx.", "[13] See A/66/159.", "[14] See A/66/140.", "[15] See A/66/113.", "[16] General Assembly resolution 65/64." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程[1] 项目98(k)和(t)", "全面彻底裁军", "协助各国制止小武器和轻武器非法贩运并加以收集", "小武器和轻武器非法贸易的各方面问题", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告综述了会员国、联合国系统和其他政府间组织为执行大会第65/50和第65/64号决议所采取的行动，这两项决议涵盖了小武器和轻武器非法贸易以及在此背景下向各国提供的协助等内容。", "在本报告所述期间，即从2010年8月至2011年7月，特别强调加强各国适当标识、保存记录和追查能力，以作为追究非法转让和转用小武器者的责任的重要步骤。", "联合国内有关小武器活动的协调工作得到进一步加强。此外，有了现在被广泛用来报告小武器转让的联合国常规武器登记册，同时也在加强《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于打击非法制造和贩运枪支及其零部件和弹药的补充议定书》(《枪支议定书》)的执行工作，并可能通过一项武器贸易条约，《行动纲领》审查大会即将召开，所以，会员国有机会进一步讨论这些文书之间的关系，以使其互补性最大化。", "一. 导言", "1. 大会通过题为“协助各国制止小武器和轻武器非法贩运并加以收集”的第65/50号决议，邀请秘书长和有能力的国家和组织继续向各国提供援助，帮助制止小武器和轻武器的非法贩运并加以收集，并为此目的鼓励国家机关、国际组织和民间社会合作，支持相关方案和项目。大会还请秘书长继续审议该事项，并就决议的执行情况向大会第六十六届会议提出报告。", "2. 大会通过题为“小武器和轻武器非法贸易的各方面问题”的第65/64号决议，吁请所有会员国为继续在国家、区域和全球各级执行《从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领》作出贡献。大会还吁请所有国家执行《使各国能够及时和可靠地识别和追查非法小武器和轻武器的国际文书》(《国际追查文书》)，并请秘书长就决议的执行情况向大会第六十六届会议提出报告。", "3. 本报告是根据大会上述决议中的请求提交的。与以往各年的做法相似，为协调解决这些相互重叠又相互关联的问题，本报告对上述两项决议一并阐述。", "二. 协助各国制止小武器和轻武器的非法贩运并加以收集，以及《从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领》的执行情况", "A. 联合国系统", "1. 安全理事会和建设和平委员会", "安全理事会", "4. 小武器和轻武器是占据了安全理事会议程的大多数冲突中使用的主要武器。在本报告所述期间，安全理事会谈及在不背景下的小武器问题，特别是关于继续违反武器禁运、[2] 武装冲突中的儿童以及在武装冲突中保护平民等背景下的小武器问题。[3]", "5. 2011年4月25日，安理会举行了一场关于小武器问题的会议。会议讨论了秘书长的报告(S/2011/255)，该报告强调必须标识武器和弹药以及对它们进行适当的记录，以确保万一被转用，可进行有效的核查和追查；销毁过剩的武器和弹药，以作为防止被转用的一个具有成本效益的途径；将传统的武器控制措施融入以控制武器需求为目标的干预措施；必须查明各种途径，以改善非国家武装团体遵守有关在冲突时使用和储存武器及弹药的国际准则情况。该报告，包括其建议，得到安理会成员的积极评价。", "6. 作为《联合国宪章》第四十一条规定的措施之一，安全理事会维持几项武器禁运，禁止所有会员国向目标国家、地区、个人或实体提供武器和相关物资，以及提供相关的技术训练或援助。目前特别设有6项武器禁运，以解决在很大程度上由小武器和轻武器非法贸易而加剧的具体冲突，或帮助确保冲突后局势的稳定。[4]", "7. 在本报告所述期间，安全理事会延长了实地监测有关国家武器禁运执行情况的专家小组[5] 的任务期限。每个专家小组在报告[6] 中都建议如何加强武器禁运措施的效力。最近出现的积极情况发展包括采用了电子数据管理系统，将各监测组收集到的信息汇集在一起，在合署办公的制裁委员会和维和特派团之间定期和系统地共享信息，如在利比里亚和科特迪瓦。", "8. 安全理事会授权的外地特派团，与联合国国家工作队密切合作，继续关于小武器问题的工作。", "9. 作为安全理事会附属机构，反恐怖主义委员会的任务是监督执行安全理事会第1373(2001)号决议，决议中明确指出，所有国家应杜绝对恐怖分子的武器供应。反恐怖主义委员会工作得到反恐委员会执行局(反恐执行局)协助。作为其技术援助战略的一环，反恐执行局继续进行评估考察，确定会员国的需求，并促进提供技术援助。这些活动的一个重要方面是，防止有关国家军火走私。", "建设和平委员会", "10. 小武器问题直接关系到建设和平委员会的工作，特别因为在冲突后地区小武器的流散情况可能比冲突期间更为严重；例如，有效的政府控制的减少造成了这种情况。解除前战斗人员和平民的武装、制定有关一个国家的部队和平民拥有武器的法律法规以及有效管理武器和弹药库存，将直接促进较长期的稳定和发展。建设和平委员会，以其国家组合的形式开会，提出了有关武器控制措施方面的建议，以期加大力度，解除平民武装和控制安全和国防部队拥有的武器。", "2. 大会", "《从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领》", "执行《从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领》不限成员名额政府专家会议", "11. 在联合国大会内，有关2001年《从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领》的多次会议着重讨论了小武器和轻武器问题。各国在大会题为“小武器和轻武器非法贸易的各方面问题”的第63/72号决议中决定召开一次不限成员名额政府专家会议，针对特定的议题和主题，包括国际合作和援助问题，讨论实施方面的重大挑战和机会。在广泛协商之后，标识、保存记录和按照国际追查文书合作追查等被确定为2011年5月9日至13日举行的不限成员名额政府专家会议讨论的核心主题。与会者进行重点讨论，并协商一致通过了一份提及上述专题以及载有每一专题讨论会详情的主席摘要的报告。[7]", "12. 不限成员名额政府专家会议，还充当了一个适当的论坛，探讨捐助国和受援国以及区域组织开展技术、资金和其他形式援助的合作机会。", "13. 各国将在排定于2012年8月27日至9月7日召开的小武器和轻武器行动纲领第二次审查大会上决定，未来是否可能排定再召开一次不限成员名额政府专家会议。", "《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于打击非法制造和贩运枪支及其零部件和弹药的补充议定书》(《枪支议定书》)", "14. 按照《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》缔约国会议接到的任务规定，联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室(禁毒办)继续提高人们的认识，促进《枪支议定书》的批准和实施，开发技术援助工具，并向《议定书》缔约方提供立法和业务援助。", "15. 开发的工具包括一个《枪支议定书》执行情况自评清单、帮助各国执行议定书条款和建立有效的枪支控制措施的技术准则以及关于枪支的一部示范法。[8]", "16. 2010年10月18日至22日，在维也纳召开了联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约缔约国大会第五次会议，其中包括关于《枪支议定书》的会议。会议请禁毒办继续开发技术援助工具，并研究贩运枪支的跨国性质和使用的路线。会议还决定设立一个不限成员名额的政府间枪支工作组，并就缔约国大会执行有关《枪支议定书》方面的任务规定提供意见和协助。[9] 会议还决定设立一个不限成员名额的政府间工作组，审查《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》及其相关《议定书》的执行情况。根据这一任务，禁毒办推出了一项方案，协助会员国努力遵守和实施《枪支议定书》。该方案旨在加强会员国关于枪支的法律和体制机制以及调查和起诉非法贩运案件的能力。到目前为止，该项目纳入了西非、南美和加勒比地区的选定国家。", "17. 鉴于《枪支议定书》与小武器和轻武器《行动纲领》之间的相互关联性和互补性，各国不妨考虑有哪些方法和途径可方便各自的理事机构间有更多的互动和信息交流，从而鼓励发展这两个进程下开展的活动之间的协同作用。", "有关小武器和轻武器非法贸易的更广泛的举措", "武器贸易条约", "18. 世界贸易的重要领域是由国家必须遵守商定行为的规则管辖着的。但在转让武器时，国家不受全球规则的约束。有关武器转让方面存在一套五花八门的国家和地区控制措施，但缺乏一个全球框架，这掩盖了透明度和信任。联合国内解决与转让常规武器和弹药相关的问题的尝试都基本上重点关注透明度措施和打击小武器非法贸易的措施。这些文书中，只有《枪支议定书》具有法律约束力。", "19. 2009年，大会决定在2012年召开联合国武器贸易条约大会。分别于2010年7月、2011年3月和7月举行了该会的筹备委员会第一、第二和第三次会议。尽管广泛支持需要谈判达成一项武器贸易条约，但各国在一些议题上仍有分歧，包括该条约应涵盖哪些类别的武器。小武器是否应属于该条约的范围，如果是这样，是否应只有军事类小武器属于这一范围，还是其他类型小武器也应包括在内，这一问题仍然是一个中心问题。将弹药列入武器贸易条约的范围内，也被证明是一个有争议的问题。[10]", "20. 排定于2012年2月13日至17日召开筹备委员会第四次会议，然后于2012年7月召开为期四周的武器贸易条约会议。", "武装暴力与发展", "21. 许多小武器的受害者位于直接冲突区之外。在冲突后社会与枪支有关的他杀率往往超过战场死亡的数字。而且，在几十年没有发生武装冲突的许多社会中，每年数十万人死于使用非法武器进行的地方犯罪和武装暴力。受武装冲突影响的国家在实现千年发展目标方面经历着特别困难。", "22. 2006年，一大批国家承诺遵守《武装暴力与发展问题日内瓦宣言》，该宣言是一个旨在解决武装暴力与发展间的相互关系的外交倡议，它得到100多个国家的认可。源于这一倡议，大会第63/23号决议向秘书长发出了请求(见A/64/228)。作为后续行动，2010年5月，关心这一问题的国家的代表通过了《关于武装暴力问题的奥斯陆承诺：实现千年发展目标》。在这份文件中，与会各国重申《日内瓦宣言》的承诺，并承诺对秘书长在报告中提出的建议进行落实。他们重点推动酌情将减少和预防武装暴力列入2010年大会千年发展目标高级别全体会议成果文件以及随后直至2015年的实现千年发展目标的战略中，以透明的方式衡量和监测武装暴力在国家和国家以下各级的发生率和影响，并制定一套目标和指标来评估努力实现武装暴力可衡量的减少方面取得的进展。结果，在2010年9月大会高级别全体会议上，60多个国家谈及武装暴力问题及其与千年发展目标的联系。", "23. 在本报告所述期间，联合国发展计划署(开发署)与日内瓦宣言秘书处和诸多对此予以支持的政府合作，在危地马拉、肯尼亚、尼泊尔和尼日利亚举办了“有前途的做法”区域研讨会，这些研讨会与区域和民间社会组织合作，记录那些似乎正在带来红利的减少武装暴力做法。由此得到的报告将提交给于2011年10月召开的日内瓦宣言第二次部长级审查会议，预计部长们将在会上通过一系列的基于证据的做法，这些做法有助于实现《日内瓦宣言》和《关于武装暴力问题的奥斯陆承诺》的可操作化。", "24. 武装暴力预防方案，是联合国系统内的一个机构间方案，旨在促进有效的多部门应对武装暴力，目前正进入实施阶段。在2010年年底，该方案确定了六个重点国家作为实地的武装暴力预防综合援助潜在接受国，目前正在进行让这一援助可操作化的工作。", "联合国常规武器登记册", "25. 联合国常规武器登记册，自1991年以来一直在运作，是联合国一个主要的透明工具，各国通过该登记册交流有关预先定义的7类常规武器的贸易和采购及国家存量的信息。自2003年以来，国家在自愿的基础上报告有关小武器转让的情况。", "26. 迄今，已有72个会员国向登记册报告了它们的小武器进出口情况——或没有此类转让的情况——至少报告了一次。国家在其向登记册提交的关于常规武器的转让报告中列入小武器转让情况的趋势急剧上升。2010年，几乎三分之二的向登记册提交报告的国家在报告中列入了小武器，比2003年首次推出任择报告小武器情况时不到10％的国家报告小武器的比例提高了。", "3. 联合国小武器问题协调行动机制", "27. 联合国小武器问题协调行动机制(小武器问题协调行动机制)创立于1998年，目的是促进联合国系统内有关小武器政策和方案拟订的连贯和多学科方法。小武器问题协调行动机制伙伴——现在有23个实体——特别通过对国家报告的分析、能力建设、解除武装、复员和重返社会方案、收缴和销毁武器、研究小武器对儿童和青少年的影响以及确保将性别观点主流化方面的关切纳入国家政策，促进《小武器和轻武器行动纲领》的执行。", "国际小武器管制标准", "28. 2010年，在小武器问题协调行动机制的主持下，继续开展制定国际小武器管制标准的工作。这个项目的目的是就广泛的有关小武器问题向从业者和决策者提供明确和全面的指导，从而加强整个联合国系统的决策和方案拟订的有效性。向2010年7月举行的审议关于小武器和轻武器行动纲领执行情况的各国双年度会议提交了第一套国际小武器管制标准模块。此外，小武器问题协调行动机制已就所有模块开始进行基础广泛的协商，协商对象涉及会员国、区域组织、产业界代表、学术界和非政府组织。这些协商的目的是进行微调，并最终确定国际小武器管制标准；预期协商阶段将持续到整个2011年。", "行动纲领执行支助系统", "29. 自从2008年7月推出行动纲领执行支助系统以来，这一主要基于网络的工具，作为有关行动纲领实施情况所有元素的信息的一站式服务站继续演变。在本报告所述期间，支助系统进一步升级和增强。已添加了行动纲领和国际追查文书电子联合报告模板。此外，该系统已成为一个平台，对有关小武器活动方面的能力建设需要与现有的资源进行匹配。", "30. 行动纲领执行支助系统的经费来自预算外资源；因此，其运作要取决于是否有可用资金。对2011-2012年期间而言，此类资源已经已落实。行动纲领执行支助系统在2012年以后的继续运作仍然依赖于是否有自愿捐款可供使用。", "国际弹药技术准则", "31. 会员国已确认常规弹药的过多积累所带来的危险，并请联合国制定恰当储存准则。因此，2009年，联合国开始制定国际弹药技术准则。[11] 这些准则将有助于减少储存意外爆炸的危险，通过最大限度地减少弹药转用的风险来加强和平与安全，提供库存管理领域的从业人员可随时查阅的技术信息，并促进联合国处理其维持和平行动和建设和平活动背景下的弹药储存工作。已设立一个由几个国家和联合国地雷行动处专家组成的一个技术审查小组，以提供有关现有的国家和区域良好做法的专家知识，以期使技术准则尽可能全面和全球适用。预计拟订国际弹药技术准则的工作将在2011年完成。", "4. 关心国家小组", "32. 关心实际裁军措施国家小组是作为一个纽约的非正式公开论坛于1996年设立的，其目的是审议有关措施，通过控制小武器和轻武器、排雷以及前战斗人员的复员和重返社会来处理冲突和冲突后局势。[12] 在过去一年里，关心国家小组讨论了诸如筹备政府专家会议、对实施行动纲领的需求与现有资源进行匹配、有关小武器方面的性别考虑以及小武器在预防冲突中的作用等问题。", "33. 关心国家小组在一些案例中成功促进对受影响国家起草的有关小武器的援助需求与有兴趣向此类需求提供资金的捐助国进行匹配。联合国裁军事务厅根据会员国提交的关于行动纲领执行情况的国家报告中提供的信息汇编了援助提案，对此起到了协助作用。[13] 关心国家小组的这一新的角色是根据《各国审议从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领执行情况的第四次双年度会议报告》承担的，该报告规定“为了查明援助需求，安排轻重缓急和传递需求相关信息并使需要与和资源相匹配，鼓励各国利用现有机制……并考虑采取其他办法有效匹配需求和资源并更有效地协调援助与合作，包括探索加强国家间对话的机会；……为了更好查明这些提案的捐助方和提高可用援助的能见度，各国鼓励所有国家、国际和区域组织和民间社会加强努力”(A/CONF.192/BMS/2010/3)。", "B. 在区域和次区域各级开展的活动", "非洲", "34. 在本报告所述期间，非洲和平与裁军区域中心协助非洲成员国和非洲联盟起草解决小武器和轻武器扩散带来的威胁的非洲战略。区域中心提供重要支助，协助起草和缔结《中部非洲管制小武器和轻武器及其弹药和一切制造、维修、装配零部件公约》(《金沙萨公约》)。", "35. 区域中心还向会员国审查和更新关于小武器问题的国家立法提供法律和政治支持。此外，中心通过电子许可证制度协助会员国建立控制中介活动的能力，并参与支持非洲次区域组织执行控制非法小武器的次区域法律文书和次区域行动计划的能力建设活动。[14]", "36. 非洲区域组织，包括非洲联盟、中非国家经济共同体、西非国家经济共同体、大湖区、非洲之角及周边国家小武器和轻武器问题区域中心以及主要通过南部非洲警察局长区域合作组织来处理小武器问题的南部非洲发展共同体，继续就小武器和轻武器问题向有关国家提供援助。", "美洲", "37. 在本报告所述期间，联合国和平、裁军与发展拉丁美洲和加勒比区域中心增加了其给该区域会员国的援助。这些援助包括一个机构间培训班，帮助执法和司法人员建立或加强更好地控制小武器和更有效打击非法贩运小武器的能力。区域中心向加勒比国家提供援助，以改善库存管理和销毁小武器。区域中心还向该区域国家提供法律援助，以便让国家立法与关于小武器的全球和区域文书一致，并开展活动，协助该区域国家减少和防止武装暴力。[15]", "38. 美洲的区域组织，包括美洲国家组织、安第斯共同体、加勒比共同体和中美洲一体化体系，继续就小武器和轻武器问题向该区域国家提供援助。", "亚洲和太平洋", "39. 在本报告所述期间，亚洲及太平洋和平与裁军区域中心重点培育和支持关于打击非法小武器和轻武器的区域讨论和合作。它还促进关于减少和预防武装暴力以及关于武器贸易条约的国家和区域行动。[16]", "40. 亚洲和太平洋区域组织，包括东南亚国家联盟和太平洋岛屿论坛，继续就小武器和轻武器问题向该区域国家提供援助。", "三. 意见和结论", "41. 继2010年行动纲领执行情况的第四次双年度会议成果之后，再次强调加强小武器和轻武器的适当标识、记录保存和追查的国家能力。这些问题是2011年5月举行的不限成员名额的政府专家会议集中讨论的要点，并在2011年秘书长就小武器问题向安全理事会提交的报告(S/2011/255)所载建议中占据突出地位。2012年行动纲领审议大会，将包括对国际追查文书的执行情况进行审查，各会员国将能够进一步评估小武器的标识、记录保存和追查的实施状况。在这一会议上，各国不妨“考虑建议再召开一个不限成员名额政府专家会议”。[17]", "42. 小武器问题的多面性意味着，关于这一问题的讨论不要局限于传统的军备控制与裁军论坛。这一主题也可能在诸如反恐怖主义、经济和社会发展、跨国有组织犯罪、儿童兵或人权问题等其他背景中出现。这就要求加强联合国内外的协调。", "43. 而且，有了现在被广泛用来报告小武器转让的联合国常规武器登记册，同时也在加强《枪支议定书》的执行工作，并可能通过一项武器贸易条约，《行动纲领》审查大会即将召开，所以，会员国有机会进一步讨论这些文书之间的关系，以使其互补性最大化。", "[1] ^(*) A/66/150。", "[2] 例如，有关刚果民主共和国，见S/2010/596和S/2011/345；朝鲜民主主义人民共和国，见S/2010/571；索马里，见S/2010/91；科特迪瓦，见S/2011/271和S/2011/272；几内亚比绍，见S/2010/550；利比里亚，见S/2010/609和S/2011/367。", "[3] 见S/PRST/2010/25。", "[4] 对非洲的6项武器禁运涉及科特迪瓦、刚果民主共和国、利比里亚、塞拉利昂、索马里和苏丹。安理会还针对基地组织(见安全理事会第1989(2011)号决议)和塔利班(见安全理事会第1988(2011)号决议)以及有关个人和实体实施武器禁运，对朝鲜民主主义人民共和国实施武器禁运(各国向其提供小武器和轻武器除外，但必须事先通知有关制裁委员会)，还有关于伊朗伊斯兰共和国出口武器和有关材料的禁令。", "[5] 索马里问题监测组、利比里亚问题专家小组、苏丹问题专家小组、刚果民主共和国问题专家小组和科特迪瓦问题专家小组。", "[6] 见www.un.org/sc/committees。", "[7] 见www.poa-iss.org/MGE/Documents/Index/2011-05-Chair’s-Summary-Final.pdf。", "[8] 见CTOC/COP/2010/8，可查阅www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/ctoc-cop-session-5.html。", "[9] 见CTOC/COP/2010/17，可查阅www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/ctoc-cop-session-5.html。", "[10] 有关武器贸易条约的详情，可查阅www.un.org/disarmament/convarms/ATTPrepCom。", "[11] 大会第63/61号决议。", "[12] 见大会第51/45 N号决议。", "[13] 见www.poa-iss.org/InternationalAssistance/InternationalAssistance.aspx。", "[14] 见A/66/159。", "[15] 见A/66/140。", "[16] 见A/66/113。", "[17] 大会第65/64号决议。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程* 项目98(k)和(t)", "全面彻底裁军", "页:1", "协助各国制止小武器和轻武器非法贩运并加以收集", "小武器和轻武器非法贸易的各方面问题", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "本报告概述了会员国、联合国系统和其他政府间组织为执行大会第65/50和65/64号决议而开展的活动,这些决议涉及小武器和轻武器非法贸易以及在这方面向各国提供的援助。", "在本报告所述期间,即从2010年8月至2011年7月,特别强调加强各国的适当标识、记录保存和追踪能力,作为追究从事非法转让和转移小武器者责任的重要步骤。", "进一步加强了联合国内部小武器相关活动的协调。 此外,《联合国常规武器登记册》现在被广泛用于报告小武器转让,同时加强执行《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于打击非法制造和贩运枪支及其零部件和弹药的补充议定书》(《火器议定书》),可能通过一项武器贸易条约,以及即将举行的《行动纲领》审查会议,会员国有机会进一步讨论这些文书之间的关系,以最大限度地发挥互补作用。", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 1. 大会在其题为“协助各国制止小武器和轻武器非法贩运并收集这些武器”的第65/50号决议中,请秘书长以及有能力的国家和组织继续向各国提供援助,帮助制止小武器和轻武器的非法贸易并收集这些武器,并鼓励国家机关、国际组织和民间社会合作,支持为此目的而制订的方案和项目。 大会又请秘书长继续审议这个问题,并就此向大会第六十六届会议提出报告。", "2. 联合国 大会题为“小武器和轻武器非法贸易的各方面问题”的第65/64号决议吁请所有会员国为在国家、区域和全球各级继续执行《从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领》作出贡献。 大会还吁请所有国家执行《使各国能及时可靠地识别和追查非法小武器和轻武器的国际文书》(《国际追查文书》),并请秘书长就该决议的执行情况向大会第六十六届会议提出报告。", "3个 1. 本报告是根据大会在上述决议中提出的要求提交的。 与往年的做法相类似,本报告一并讨论这两项决议,以便对这些相互重叠和相互关联的问题采取一致的做法。", "二. 协助各国制止小武器和轻武器非法贩运并加以收集以及执行《从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领》", "A. 联合国系统", "1. 联合国 安全理事会和建设和平委员会", "安全理事会", " 4.四. 小武器和轻武器是安全理事会议程上大多数冲突中使用的主要武器。 在本报告所述期间,安全理事会在不同背景下处理了小武器问题,特别是在继续违反武器禁运方面,[1] 武装冲突中的儿童,以及武装冲突中保护平民。 [2]", "5 (韩语). 安理会于2011年4月25日举行了关于小武器问题的会议。 会议讨论了秘书长的报告(S/2011/255),其中强调必须给武器和弹药作标记并适当记录,以确保在出现转用时进行有效的核算和追查;销毁剩余武器和弹药,以此作为防止转用的成本效益高的方式;将传统的军备控制措施纳入针对武器需求的干预措施;必须确定如何使非国家武装团体更好地遵守有关在冲突期间使用和储存武器和弹药的国际准则。 报告,包括其建议,受到安理会成员的好评。", "6. 国家 作为《联合国宪章》第四十一条规定的措施之一,安全理事会维持了若干武器禁运,禁止所有国家向目标国家、区域、个人或实体提供军火和有关物资并提供有关技术培训或援助。 特别是,目前正在实施六项武器禁运,以解决在很大程度上由小武器和轻武器非法贸易所助长的具体冲突,或帮助确保冲突后局势的稳定。 [3]", "7. 联合国 在本报告所述期间,安全理事会延长了在各国实地监测武器禁运执行情况的专家组[4]的任务期限。 每一个专家组都在其报告中建议加强武器禁运措施效力的方法。 最近取得的积极进展包括采用了电子数据管理系统,把各监测小组所收集的信息汇集在一起,以及制裁委员会和维持和平特派团之间定期和系统地交流信息,例如在利比里亚和科特迪瓦。", "8. 联合国 安全理事会授权的外地特派团也同联合国国家工作队密切合作,继续就小武器问题开展工作。", "9. 国家 作为安全理事会的一个附属机构,反恐怖主义委员会的任务是监测安全理事会第1373(2001)号决议的执行情况。 该决议规定,所有国家应消除向恐怖分子提供武器的行为。 反恐怖主义委员会执行局协助委员会的工作。 作为其技术援助战略的一部分,执行局继续进行评估访问,以确定会员国的需求并便利提供技术援助。 这些活动的一个重要方面是在有关国家防止武器走私。", "建设和平委员会", "10个 小武器问题与建设和平委员会的工作直接相关,特别是因为在冲突后地区流通的小武器数量可能大于冲突期间;例如,由于政府职能管制的崩溃。 解除前战斗人员和平民的武装,颁布关于国家部队和平民拥有武器的法律和条例,有效管理武器和弹药的储存,将直接有助于较长期的稳定和发展。 建设和平委员会在其国别组合会议上就军备控制措施提出了建议,以加强努力解除平民武装并控制由安全和防卫部队持有的武器。", "2. 大会", "《从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领》", "《从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领》不限成员名额政府专家会议", "11个 在大会,在2001年《从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领》的会议上集中讨论了小武器和轻武器问题。 1. 在题为“小武器和轻武器非法贸易的各方面问题”的大会第63/72号决议中,各国决定召开一次不限成员名额的政府专家会议,讨论与具体问题和主题有关的主要执行挑战和机遇,包括国际合作和援助。 在进行了基础广泛的磋商后,根据《国际追查文书》进行标识、记录保存与合作被确定为2011年5月9日至13日举行的不限成员名额政府专家会议讨论的核心主题。 与会者进行了有重点的讨论并以协商一致方式通过了一份报告,其中提到所讨论的专题并提到主席的总结,其中详细介绍了每届专题会议的情况。 [6]", "12个 不限成员名额政府专家会议还作为一个适当的论坛,探讨向捐助国和受援国以及区域组织提供技术、财政和其他形式的援助的合作机会。", "13个 各国将在定于2012年8月27日至9月7日举行的《小武器和轻武器行动纲领》第二次审查会议上,就今后安排进一步不限成员名额政府专家会议的可能性作出决定。", "联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于打击非法制造和贩运枪支及其零部件和弹药的补充议定书(枪支议定书)", "14个 1. 根据联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约缔约方会议所接受的任务授权,联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室(毒品和犯罪问题办公室)继续提高认识并推进《枪支议定书》的批准和执行,开发技术援助工具,向《议定书》缔约方提供立法和业务援助。", "15个 所开发的工具包括执行《枪支议定书》的自评清单、帮助缔约国执行《议定书》条款并建立有效的枪支管制措施的技术准则和枪支示范法。 [7]", "16. 2010年10月18日至22日,在维也纳举行了联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约缔约方会议第五届会议,其中包括关于《枪支议定书》的届会。 会议请毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续开发技术援助工具并就枪支贩运的跨国性质和所用路线进行研究。 会议还决定设立一个不限成员名额的枪支问题政府间工作组,为缔约方会议履行其在《枪支议定书》方面的任务授权提供建议和协助。 [8] 缔约方会议还决定设立一个审查《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》及其各项议定书执行情况的不限成员名额政府间工作组。 根据这项任务,毒品和犯罪问题办公室启动了一个方案来协助会员国努力遵守和执行《枪支议定书》。 该方案旨在加强会员国关于火器的法律和机构制度以及调查和起诉非法贩运案件的能力。 迄今为止,该项目包括西非、南美洲和加勒比的选定国家。", "17岁。 鉴于《枪支议定书》和《小武器和轻武器行动纲领》的相互关联性和互补性,各国似宜考虑促进各自理事机构之间加强互动和信息交流的方式方法,以鼓励在这两个进程下所开展活动之间形成协同作用。", "与小武器和轻武器非法贸易有关的更广泛的倡议", "武器贸易条约", "18岁。 将各国约束在商定行为的规则涵盖了世界贸易的重要领域。 但是,各国在转让武器时不受全球规则的约束。 存在着一套关于武器转让的国家和区域管制措施,但缺乏全球框架掩盖了透明度和信任。 联合国内部处理与常规武器和弹药转让有关的问题的努力主要侧重于打击小武器非法贸易的透明度措施和措施。 在这些文书中,只有《枪支议定书》具有法律约束力。", " 19. 19. 2009年,大会决定于2012年召开联合国武器贸易条约会议。 会议筹备委员会第一、第二和第三届会议分别于2010年7月和2011年3月和7月举行。 尽管各方广泛支持需要谈判一项武器贸易条约,但各国在一些议题上仍然存在分歧,其中包括条约应涵盖哪些类别的武器。 小武器是否属于条约范围,如果属于条约范围,是否还应包括军用小武器或其他类型,这个问题仍然是一个核心问题。 将弹药纳入武器贸易条约范围也是一个有争议的问题。 [9]", "20号. 筹备委员会第四次会议定于2012年2月13日至17日举行,随后于2012年7月举行为期四周的武器贸易条约会议。", "武装暴力与发展", "21岁 小武器的许多受害者不在冲突区。 冲突后社会中与火器有关的杀人事件往往超过战场死亡人数。 此外,在数十年来没有发生武装冲突的许多社会中,每年有数十万人死于地方性犯罪和用非法武器实施的武装暴力。 受武装暴力影响的国家在实现千年发展目标方面特别困难。", "22号. 2006年,一大批国家承诺遵守《武装暴力与发展问题日内瓦宣言》,这是一项旨在解决武装暴力与发展之间的相互关系的外交倡议,100多个国家已经予以认可。 根据大会第63/23号决议(见A/64/228),在这一倡议的基础上,秘书长被请求。 作为后续行动,2010年5月,有关国家代表通过了《关于武装暴力的奥斯陆承诺》: 实现千年发展目标。 在这份文件中,与会国重申了《日内瓦宣言》的承诺,并承诺落实秘书长在报告中提出的建议。 他们着重促进酌情将减少和预防武装暴力纳入2010年大会关于千年发展目标的高级别全体会议成果文件以及随后到2015年的千年发展目标实现战略,以透明的方式衡量和监测国家和国家以下各级武装暴力的发生率和影响,并制订一套目标和指标来评估在努力以可衡量方式减少武装暴力方面取得的进展。 因此,在2010年9月大会高级别全体会议上,有60多个国家讨论了武装暴力问题及其同千年发展目标的联系。", "23. 联合国 在本报告所述期间,联合国开发计划署(开发计划署)同日内瓦宣言秘书处和各支助国政府合作,在危地马拉、肯尼亚、尼泊尔和尼日利亚举办了“有希望的做法”区域研讨会,同区域和民间社会组织合作,记录似乎产生红利的减少武装暴力的做法。 由此产生的报告将提交给2011年10月的《日内瓦宣言》第二次部长级审查会议,预计部长们将在会上认可一系列循证做法,以落实《日内瓦宣言》和《关于武装暴力的奥斯陆承诺》。", "24 (韩语). 防止武装暴力方案是联合国系统内的一个机构间方案,旨在促进对武装暴力采取有效的多部门对策,现已进入执行阶段。 2010年末,该方案确定六个重点国家为实地预防武装暴力综合援助的潜在受援国,目前正在着手落实这种援助。", "联合国常规武器登记册", "25岁 自1991年开始运作的《联合国常规武器登记册》是联合国的一项主要透明度文书,各国通过它交换关于贸易以及采购和本国拥有的七个预先界定的类别常规武器的信息。 自2003年以来,各国自愿报告了其小武器转让情况。", "26. 联合国 迄今为止,72个会员国至少向登记册报告了一次其小武器的进出口情况,或者说没有这种转让。 各国将小武器转让列入其向登记册提交的常规武器转让报告的趋势正在急剧上升。 2010年,在向登记册提交报告的国家中,几乎有三分之二的国家包括了小武器,比2003年首次提出小武器非强制性报告时的不到10%有所增加。", "3. 联合国小武器问题协调行动", "27个 联合国小武器问题协调行动机制于1998年设立,目的是在联合国系统内就小武器政策和方案制订采取协调一致的多学科办法。 小武器问题协调行动的合作伙伴——现在有23个实体——为执行《小武器和轻武器行动纲领》作出了贡献,特别是通过分析国家报告、能力建设、解除武装、复员和重返社会方案、收缴和销毁武器、研究小武器对儿童和青少年的影响以及确保将性别平等主流化问题纳入国家政策。", "国际小武器管制标准", "28岁 2010年,在小武器问题协调行动的支持下,继续开展了制定国际小武器管制标准的工作。 该项目的目标是就与小武器有关的广泛问题向从业人员和决策者提供明确而全面的指导,从而提高整个联合国系统决策和方案拟订的有效性。 向2010年7月举行的各国审议小武器和轻武器行动纲领执行情况的两年期会议提交了第一套国际小武器协调战略模块。 此外,小武器问题协调行动中心已开始就所有单元进行广泛的广泛协商,涉及会员国、区域组织、业界代表、学术界和非政府组织。 这些协商的目的是精细地调整和最后确定ISACS;协商阶段预计将持续到2011年。", "《行动纲领》执行情况 支助系统", "29. 国家 自2008年7月启动《行动纲领》执行支助系统以来,这一关键的网络工具继续演变,成为与执行《行动纲领》有关的所有内容的一站式信息。 在本报告所述期间,支助系统得到进一步升级和加强。 为《行动纲领》和《国际追查文书》增加了电子合并报告模板。 此外,该系统已成为将小武器相关活动能力建设方面的需要与现有资源相匹配的平台。", "30岁。 行动纲领执行支助系统由预算外资源供资;因此,其运作取决于现有资金。 在2011-2012年期间,这些资源已经到位。 《行动纲领》执行支助系统在2012年以后的持续运作仍取决于自愿捐款的提供情况。", "国际弹药技术准则", "31岁 会员国已认识到常规弹药的过度积累所构成的危险,并请求联合国制定适当储存这些弹药的准则。 [10] 因此,2009年联合国开始制定国际弹药技术准则。 这些准则将有助于减少意外储存爆炸的风险,通过尽量减少弹药被转用的风险来增进和平与安全,提供储存管理领域从业人员可随时获取的技术信息,并便利联合国在维持和平行动和建设和平活动中处理弹药储存的工作。 设立了一个技术审查小组,由来自若干国家和联合国地雷行动处的专家组成,提供关于现有国家和区域良好做法的专家知识,使技术准则尽可能全面并在全球范围内适用。 国际弹药技术准则的制定工作预计将于2011年完成。", "4. 有关国家小组", "32. 联合国 1996年在纽约设立了一个关心实际裁军措施的国家小组,作为一个非正式的公开论坛,审议通过控制小武器和轻武器、排雷以及前战斗人员复员和重返社会处理冲突和冲突后局势的措施。 [11] 在过去一年中,有关国家小组讨论了一些问题,如政府专家会议的筹备工作、在执行《行动纲领》方面的需要和资源的匹配、小武器方面的性别考虑以及小武器控制措施在预防冲突中的作用等。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 有关国家小组在一些案件中成功地促进了受影响国家提出的与小武器有关的援助需要与愿意为这种需要提供资金的捐助国之间的匹配。 联合国裁军事务厅根据会员国提交的关于《行动纲领》执行情况的国家报告所提供的资料编写了援助提案汇编,为这项工作提供了便利。 [12] 有关国家小组的这一新作用是根据第四次各国审议从各方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领执行情况双年度会议的报告提出的,该报告规定,“为了确定、优先考虑和交流需要,并使它们与资源相匹配,鼓励各国以现有机制为基础.并考虑采取其他方式来有效地匹配需要和资源并更有效地协调援助与合作,包括探讨增加国家间对话的机会;......为了更好地确定捐助者,提出.建议并增加现有援助的能见度,各国鼓励所有国家、国际和区域组织及民间社会加紧努力”(A/CONF.192/BMS/2010/3)。", "B. 在区域和次区域两级开展的活动", "非洲", "34. 国家 在本报告所述期间,非洲和平与裁军区域中心协助非洲会员国和非洲联盟起草非洲战略来应对小武器和轻武器扩散所构成的威胁。 区域中心为起草和缔结《中部非洲管制小武器和轻武器及其弹药以及可用于制造、维修和组装此类武器的所有零部件公约》(《金沙萨公约》)提供了关键支助。", "35. 联合国 区域中心还为会员国审查和更新关于小武器的国家立法提供法律和政治支持。 此外,中心还协助建设会员国通过电子许可证制度控制中介活动的能力,并参与能力建设活动,以支持非洲次区域组织执行次区域法律文书来控制非法小武器并制订次区域行动计划。", "36. 非洲区域组织,包括非洲联盟、中部非洲国家经济共同体、西非国家经济共同体、大湖区、非洲之角和相邻国家小武器问题区域中心以及主要通过南部非洲警察局长区域合作组织处理小武器问题的南部非洲发展共同体,继续就小武器和轻武器问题向各国提供援助。", "美洲", "37. 联合国 在本报告所述期间,联合国和平、裁军与发展拉丁美洲和加勒比区域中心增加了对该区域会员国的援助。 援助包括一个机构间培训班,以帮助建设或加强执法和司法人员的能力,更好地控制小武器并更有效地打击非法小武器贩运。 区域中心向加勒比国家提供援助,以改善库存管理和小武器销毁。 区域中心还向该区域各国提供法律援助,使国家立法与全球和区域小武器文书保持一致,并开展活动协助各国减少和防止该区域的武装暴力。 [14]", "38. 国家 美洲的区域组织,包括美洲国家组织、安第斯共同体、加勒比共同体和中美洲一体化体系,继续在小武器和轻武器问题上向该区域各国提供援助。", "亚洲和太平洋", "39. 联合国 在本报告所述期间,亚洲及太平洋和平与裁军区域中心的重点是促进和支持关于打击非法小武器和轻武器的区域讨论与合作。 它还促进在减少和预防武装暴力以及武器贸易条约方面采取国家和区域行动。 [15]", "40. 亚洲及太平洋区域组织,包括东南亚国家联盟和太平洋岛屿论坛,继续就小武器和轻武器问题向其区域各国提供援助。", "三. 意见和结论", "41. 国家 继2010年第四次各国执行《行动纲领》双年度会议取得成果后,再次强调加强各国适当标识、记录和追查小武器和轻武器的能力。 这些问题是2011年5月举行的不限成员名额政府专家会议的中心讨论要点,在2011年秘书长给安全理事会的关于小武器的报告(S/2011/255)中占有突出地位。 在2012年《行动纲领》审查会议上,会员国将审查《国际追查文书》的执行情况,进一步评估小武器标识、记录保存和追查的执行情况。 在该次会议上,它们还不妨“考虑建议再召开一次不限成员名额的政府专家会议”。", "42. 国家 小武器问题的多面性意味着,有关这个问题的讨论不限于传统的军备控制和裁军论坛。 这一专题也可能在其他情况下出现,如反恐、社会和经济发展、跨国有组织犯罪、儿童兵或人权问题等。 这需要在联合国内外加强协调。", "43. 东帝汶 此外,由于《联合国常规武器登记册》现在被广泛用于报告小武器转让,同时加强《火器议定书》的执行,可能通过一项武器贸易条约,以及即将举行的《行动纲领》审查会议,会员国有机会进一步讨论这些文书之间的关系,以最大限度地发挥它们之间的互补性。", "[1] 例如,关于刚果民主共和国,见S/2010/596和S/2011/345;朝鲜民主主义人民共和国,见S/2010/571;索马里,见S/2010/91;科特迪瓦,见S/2011/271和S/2011/272;几内亚比绍,见S/2010/550;利比里亚,见S/2010/609和S/2011/367。", "[2] 见S/PRST/2010/25。", "[3] 非洲六个武器禁运制度涉及科特迪瓦、刚果民主共和国、利比里亚、阿拉伯利比亚民众国、索马里和苏丹。 此外,安理会还对基地组织(见安全理事会第1989(2011)号决议)和塔利班(见安全理事会第1988(2011)号决议)及相关个人和实体实施定向武器禁运,对朝鲜民主主义人民共和国实施武器禁运(各国向朝鲜民主主义人民共和国提供小武器和轻武器除外,这些国家必须事先通知有关制裁委员会),并禁止从伊朗伊斯兰共和国出口武器和相关物资。", "[4] 索马里问题监察组、利比里亚问题专家小组、伊朗问题专家小组、阿拉伯利比亚民众国问题专家小组、苏丹问题专家小组、刚果民主共和国问题专家小组和科特迪瓦问题专家组。", "[5] 见www.un.org/sc/committees。", "[6] 见www.poa-iss.org/MGE/Documents/Index/2011-05-主席的总结-Final.pdf。", "[7] 见CTOC/COP/2010/8,可查阅www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/ctoc-cop-session-5.html。", "[8] 见CTOC/COP/2010/17,可查阅www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/ctoc-cop-session-5.html。", "[9] 关于武器贸易条约的详细情况,见www.un.org/disarmament/convarms/ATTPrepCom。", "[10] 大会第63/61号决议。", "[11] 见大会第51/45 N号决议。", "[12] 见www.poa-iss.org/国际援助/国际援助.aspx。", "[13] 见A/66/159。", "[14] 见A/66/140。", "[15] 见A/66/113。", "[16] 大会第65/64号决议。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 77 of the provisional agenda[1]", "Nationality of natural persons in relation to the succession of States", "Nationality of natural persons in relation to the succession of States", "Note by the Secretariat", "Summary", "The present note contains the comments of 15 Governments regarding nationality of natural persons in relation to the succession of States, submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 63/118.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 5II.Comments 6 received from \nGovernments A.General 6 \ncomments 1.General 6 \nremarks \nBelarus 6\nKenya 6\nKuwait 7\nPhilippines 9\nPortugal 9\nSlovenia 10\nUruguay 10Venezuela 10 (Bolivarian Republic \n of) 2. Scope 12 of the \narticles \nKuwait 12\nPhilippines 123. Clarification 12 of \nterminology \nPhilippines 12Venezuela 13 (Bolivarian Republic \n of) B.Comments 13 on the preamble and on specific \narticles \n1.Preamble 13Venezuela 13 (Bolivarian Republic \n of) 2.Article 1. 13 Right to a \nnationality \nBelarus 13\nIraq 133.Article 2. 13 Use of \nterms \nIraq 13\nKenya 14\nKuwait 144.Article 6. 14 Legislation on nationality and other connected \nissues \nIraq 14\nKenya 145.Article 8. 14 Persons concerned having their habitual residence in another \nState \nBelarus 146.Article 9. 15 Renunciation of the nationality of another State as a condition for attribution of \nnationality \nKenya 157.Article11. 15 Respect for the will of persons \nconcerned \nIraq 15\nKuwait 158.Article13. 15 Child born after the succession of \nStates \nIraq 15\nKuwait 15Venezuela 16 (Bolivarian Republic \n of) 9.Article15. 16 \nNon-discrimination \nKenya 16Venezuela 16 (Bolivarian Republic \n of) 10.Article16. 16 Prohibition of arbitrary decisions concerning nationality \nissues \nIraq 1611.Article17. 17 Procedures relating to nationality \nissues \nKenya 17\nUruguay 1712.Article18. 17 Exchange of information, consultation and \nnegotiation \nKenya 1713.Article19. 17 Other \nStates \nBelarus 1714.Article20. 17 Attribution of the nationality of the successor State and withdrawal of the nationality of the predecessor \nState \nIraq 17\nKuwait 1815.Article21. 18 Attribution of the nationality of the successor \nState \nBelarus 1816.Article25. 18 Withdrawal of the nationality of the predecessor \nState \nKenya 18Venezuela 18 (Bolivarian Republic \n of) C.Advisability 19 of elaborating a legal instrument on the question of nationality of natural persons in relation to the succession of States, and the possible form of an \ninstrument \nAustria 19\nBelarus 19\nBulgaria 20Czech 20 \nRepublic \nKenya 20\nKuwait 21\nMexico 21\nPortugal 21\nSlovenia 22\nSuriname 22Venezuela 22 (Bolivarian Republic \n of) \nYemen 23", "I. Introduction", "1. At its fifty-first session in 1999, the International Law Commission adopted draft articles on nationality of natural persons in relation to the succession of States, and recommended their adoption by the General Assembly in the form of a declaration.", "2. In paragraph 3 of its resolution 54/112, the General Assembly invited Governments to submit comments and observations on the question of a convention on nationality of natural persons in relation to the succession of States, with a view to the Assembly considering the elaboration of such a convention at a future session. The text of the articles of the convention was annexed to Assembly resolution 55/153 and, in paragraphs 3 of that resolution, the Assembly invited Governments to take into account the provisions contained in the articles in dealing with issues of nationality of natural persons in relation to the succession of States. Comments and observations received from Governments in response to that invitation are contained in documents A/59/180 and Add.1 and 2.", "3. In paragraph 3 of its resolution 59/34, the General Assembly invited Governments to submit comments concerning the advisability of elaborating a legal instrument on the question of nationality of natural persons in relation to the succession of States, including the avoidance of statelessness as a result of a succession of States. Comments and observations received from Governments in response to that invitation are contained in document A/63/113.", "4. The invitation contained in paragraph 3 of resolution 59/34 was reiterated in paragraph 3 of General Assembly resolution 63/118. Furthermore, in paragraph 4 of the latter resolution, the General Assembly decided to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-sixth session the item entitled “Nationality of natural persons in relation to the succession of States”, with the aim of examining the subject, including the question of the form that might be given to the draft articles.", "5. As of 25 July 2011, replies to the invitation contained in resolution 63/118 had been received from the following States: Suriname (dated 9 February 2009); Kuwait (dated 29 April 2009 and 31 July 2009); Belarus (dated 8 June 2009); Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (dated 23 June 2009); Yemen (dated 25 June 2009); Philippines (dated 24 February 2010); Uruguay (dated 13 January 2011); Czech Republic (dated 28 January 2011); Austria (dated 16 February 2011); Portugal (dated 22 February 2011); Mexico (dated 25 February 2011); Slovenia (dated 25 February 2011); Bulgaria (dated 21 March 2011); Kenya (dated 29 March 2011); and Iraq (dated 20 April 2011). These replies are contained in section II below, organized by topic.", "II. Comments received from Governments", "A. General comments", "1. General remarks", "Belarus", "[Original: Russian]", "In regard to the wording of the draft articles, we note the following. Since the conclusion, in 1930, of the Hague Convention on Certain Questions relating to the Conflict of Nationality Laws,[2] the number of international instruments containing provisions on nationality has increased significantly and there is now an array of disparate regulations with varying legal force and composition of the parties thereto.", "…", "[…] we believe that in regulating issues of nationality of natural persons in relation to the succession of States, international treaties concluded between States concerned by the process of succession should take priority. In that connection, we propose adding articles to the draft establishing that, in cases of succession of States, issues of the nationality of persons concerned may be governed by international treaties concluded between the States concerned. At the same time, such international treaties may establish other rules than those provided for in the draft articles.", "Kenya", "[Original: English]", "Succession of States is a theory in international law regarding the recognition and acceptance of newly created States by other States based on a perceived historical relationship the new State has with a prior State.", "The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights was approved on 10 December 1948. Of significance, the Declaration, in article 15, provided that:", "(1) Everyone has the right to a nationality;", "(2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality.", "The Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, of 28 September 1954,[3] entered into force on 6 June 1960 and States parties to the Convention undertake to accord to stateless persons the same treatment as is accorded to aliens generally. Stateless persons are to be treated no less favourably than nationals with respect to housing, public education, public relief and participation in wages and employment, among others.", "The Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness of 30 August 1961[4] entered into force on 13 December 1975 and works to create norms and to codify and confirm certain presumptions and principles of customary international law such as:", "– States have absolute sovereignty to confer their nationality on any person for any reason;", "– Otherwise stateless persons may take the nationality of the place of their birth or the place where they were found.", "States parties to the Convention confirmed that they shall grant their nationalities to persons otherwise stateless that are born in their territories. For the purpose of assigning nationality, a person found within the territory of a State party to the Convention shall be considered to have been born in the said State and the parents shall also be presumed to have been nationals of that State.", "As of 11 December 2010, only 37 States had signed and ratified the Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness. As of 1 October 2008, only 63 States parties had signed and ratified the convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons. The conventions have not received universal support.", "…", "Kenya is not a signatory to the Conventions relating to statelessness, these being the Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons and the Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness. Kenya is desirous of ratifying these two Conventions and will do so in due time, considering the changes in the requirements for ratification under the new Constitution of Kenya.", "Kuwait", "[Original: Arabic]", "Having considered General Assembly resolution 52/156, entitled “Report of the International Law Commission on the work of its forty-ninth session”, General Assembly resolution 55/153 on nationality of natural persons in relation to the succession of States, and document A/CN.4/493, containing comments and observations of Governments on nationality in relation to the succession of States, and having studied the memorandum by the Secretariat dated 8 March 1999 (A/CN.4/497) which contains the general observations submitted by States on that matter as well as the provisions of the declaration that was recommended for adoption by the Assembly in the form of an international declaration, and having considered the report and recommendations of the committee of experts and representatives of the Arab States to coordinate the Arab points of view in that connection, which were issued on 15 November 2006, and having reviewed the memorandums prepared by the ministry on that matter, the comments of the State of Kuwait are as follows:", "1. In relation to General Assembly resolution 55/153 on nationality of natural persons in relation to the succession of States", "The resolution sets forth the provisions of the declaration in 26 articles, divided into two parts, part I, dealing with general provisions, and part II, divided into four sections, with specific categories of succession of States.", "The resolution seeks to establish a general principle, namely the taking of appropriate measures to try to ensure that persons having the nationality of the predecessor State do not become stateless as a consequence of succession.", "The resolution recommends that persons habitually resident in the successor territory should be presumed to acquire the nationality of the successor State.", "The resolution requires every State to enact legislation on nationality, the provisions of which would deal with the acquisition of nationality in relation to the succession of States.", "The resolution affirms that persons concerned are not entitled to the nationality of the successor State if they have their habitual residence in another State and have the nationality of that State.", "The resolution also specifies the right of the successor State not to attribute its nationality to persons concerned if they have the nationality of another State until such time as they have renounced such nationality.", "The resolution also entitles the predecessor State to make it a condition that persons concerned shall lose its nationality if they voluntarily acquire the nationality of a successor State.", "The resolution encourages respect for the will of persons concerned and their freedom to opt for the nationality they wish to acquire.", "The resolution also provides for the right of children born after the date of succession to acquire the nationality of the State in whose territory they were born.", "The resolution allows the return of persons concerned to their place of residence if they have left it because of compelling circumstances outside their control.", "The resolution prohibits a number of actions, including discrimination against persons concerned and the taking of arbitrary decisions concerning them.", "The resolution deals with the obligation of the successor State to attribute its nationality to persons concerned who are resident in a part of one State (the predecessor State) which is annexed to the territory of another State (the successor State).", "The resolution refers to the federation or unification of States, making it a right of the successor State (a unit of two States that have merged) to attribute its nationality to all persons who had the nationality of the predecessor State.", "The resolution contains provisions regulating nationality in the case where a State is dissolved or ceases to exist and forms two or more successor States. It also regulates the right of option of persons concerned who are qualified to acquire the nationality of two or more successor States that have had their origin in a predecessor State.", "The resolution considers a case in which a part of the territory of a State is separated and becomes independent, forming one or two successor States, and indicates that, in such a case, it is for both the States, the predecessor State and the successor State, to grant the right of option to all persons concerned to acquire the nationality of either or both those States.", "2. Recommendations and observations of the committee of experts and representatives of the Arab States to coordinate positions for study of the declaration on the nationality of natural persons in relation to the succession of States", "The declaration was referred for study to a committee of experts and representatives of the Arab States to coordinate Arab positions on the international conferences and conventions emanating from the Council of Arab Ministers of Justice on the basis of resolution No. 6641, adopted on 4 March 2006 by the League of Arab States at the ministerial level at its one hundred and twenty-fifth session, for the purpose of coordinating the positions of the Arab States and producing an Arab approach on this matter.", "The committee met and was attended by the representatives of a number of Arab States, including the State of Kuwait, and reviewed the draft declaration. After exhaustive study, the committee concluded its work and made a number of observations and recommendations. […]", "Philippines", "[Original: English]", "The Philippines interposes no objection to the provisions of the draft articles on nationality of natural persons in relation to the succession of States.", "See also sections II.A.2 and II.A.3 below.", "Portugal", "[Original: English]", "Portugal commends the International Law Commission for its work in preparing a set of draft articles regulating such a complex subject matter. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights embodies the fundamental principle that everyone has the right to a nationality. Bearing this in mind, the draft articles pursue the important objective of avoiding statelessness in case of State succession.", "Nowadays, there is a greater balance between the relevance of the interests of States and those of individuals. Consequently, the practical interests of States regarding the succession process have to be soundly balanced with the rights and expectations of individuals regarding their nationality.", "It is widely acknowledged that the attribution of nationality belongs to the realm of sovereign prerogatives of States. However, such prerogative must be exercised within the limits imposed by international law. Hence, without denying the primary competence of States to attribute nationality, it is important to identify those limits, especially in the complex situation of succession of States. Portugal is of the opinion that the draft articles do so in an adequate manner.", "Slovenia", "[Original: English]", "Settling the issue of nationality of natural persons in the event of succession of States became highly relevant after the dissolution of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the former Czechoslovakia and the former Soviet Union. After the fall of the Berlin wall, the States were searching for a proper solution to these questions within their domestic legislation, as there were no legally binding international instruments providing for concrete standards.", "In the case of Slovenia, which became a sovereign and independent State in 1991, the internal legislation provided for the legal protection of natural persons, who — as a consequence of the dissolution of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia — resided on the Slovenian territory, thus preventing statelessness. This is in accordance with the basic principle of the European Convention on Nationality[5] adopted six years later.", "The right to citizenship is a fundamental human right, one recognized in many international legal instruments (e.g. in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 16 December 1966[6] and the Convention on the Rights of the Child of 20 November 1989[7]).", "Uruguay", "[Original: Spanish]", "Uruguay, having taken note of the annex [to resolution 55/153] containing draft articles on the nationality of natural persons in relation to the succession of States, has no further comments to submit thereon, as it considers it advisable to retain that text, which compiles the relevant existing standards.", "The provisions contained in the annexed text cover all the potential scenarios, including the possibility of an option where applicable and respect for the will of persons concerned.", "In addition, the text seeks to protect nationality so as to prevent statelessness in all situations.", "All in all, we welcome the annexed text as a document that governs the difficult situations affecting persons when States of which they are nationals dissolve and form new States or when they unite with others, thereby necessitating a change in the nationalities of their original nationals.", "The only comment we would like to submit is in reference to article 17 on procedures relating to nationality issues. [… see comments below in section II.B.II]", "Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)", "[Original: Spanish]", "The aforementioned draft articles strike the correct balance between the right of States to regulate the acquisition and loss of nationality by their citizens in accordance with internal law, and the human right to a nationality that has been repeatedly enshrined in international law, starting with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights itself.", "Both public international law and case law recognize that nationality is governed by internal law. Therefore, it is for each State to determine under its own law who are its nationals, within the limits set by international law. This is expressly acknowledged in the second preambular paragraph of the draft articles prepared by the International Law Commission and is developed in the operative paragraphs thereof.", "For these reasons, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela has no substantive objections to the draft articles in question because they take into account the right of States to self-determination while respecting every individual’s human right to a nationality. It notes that the draft articles limit State action only insofar as it would result in statelessness.", "The legal treatment of nationality and citizenship is established in title III, chapter II, of the Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, which covers both the acquisition and the loss of either link between the individual and the State. Nationality and citizenship are further described in the Nationality and Citizenship Act of July 2004. Thus, the broad treatment (jus solis and jus sanguinis) of this issue in the Constitution and the human rights guarantees contained in that instrument make it highly unlikely under Venezuelan law that a loss of nationality could lead to statelessness and legally impossible that discrimination of any kind could result in the revocation of nationality.", "Indeed, article 35 of the Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela establishes that Venezuelans by birth may not be deprived of their nationality under any circumstances.", "There is only one case in which naturalized Venezuelans can lose their citizenship, making statelessness a possibility because it is not conditional (either through revocation or renunciation) on the acquisition of another nationality; this case is covered by article 35 of the Constitution, which, like article 36 of the Nationality and Citizenship Act, establishes that Venezuelan nationality acquired by naturalization may be revoked only through a final judicial decision.", "However, this legal provision is only applied in exceptional circumstances: the Nationality and Citizenship Act states that it may be applied only in respect of individuals who have been convicted of offences against security, sovereignty or the Constitution, or who have acquired nationality fraudulently or with intent to evade enforcement of the laws of another State. It should be noted that these provisions are consistent with the international law currently in force, and particularly with article 8 of the Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness of 30 August 1961,³ which allows revocation of nationality to cause statelessness if certain conditions are met and if the State formulates a declaration upon accession to the Convention.", "2. Scope of the articles", "Kuwait", "[Original: Arabic]", "Some views were expressed [in the Committee of experts and representatives of the Arab States to coordinate positions for study of the declaration on the nationality of natural persons in relation to the succession of States] recommending the inclusion in the convention of provisions dealing with the annexation or absorption of an existing State by another existing State.", "…", "International succession is defined — doctrinally and internationally — as the designation of an international successor which may be partial, as in the case of the loss of only part of the territory of a State while the rest of the predecessor State remains, and may be total and take the form of the total disappearance of the legal personality of the predecessor State.", "It is to be noted that the declaration does not deal with instances of total succession which occurs in cases where the territory of an existing State is annexed or absorbed by another existing State, a situation in which the legal and international personality of the first State is terminated. Consequently, the provisions of the declaration lack any legal regulation of the problems of nationality in such instances.", "The effects of international succession are numerous and include the continued implementation of previously concluded treaties and conventions, and matters connected with aspects of the payment of public debts, and the legal regime applied in that connection to the region that has become the successor. However, the declaration under discussion addresses the effects of international succession on persons who previously had the nationality of the predecessor State.", "Philippines", "[Original: English]", "The draft articles do not cover persons who are in the territory of the predecessor or successor State but are stateless at the time of succession. Inclusion of these stateless persons in the purview of the draft articles may reinforce the “right of everyone to a nationality”, as embodied in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.", "3. Clarification of terminology", "Philippines", "[Original: English]", "Clarification of the term “habitual residence”, which is repeatedly used in the draft articles, may be useful since there is no definition of this term, or any standard of reference that could be used to avoid ambiguity or misinterpretation.", "Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)", "[Original: Spanish]", "Unclear language in the draft, such as “appropriate legal connection” or “effective link” between the State and the person, must be clarified. Similarly, the term “habitual residence” should be explained.", "B. Comments on the preamble and on specific articles", "1. Preamble", "Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)", "[Original: Spanish]", "It is suggested that the preamble should make mention of other instruments and conventions that deal with the topic of nationality and statelessness, such as the Declaration of the Rights of the Child of 20 November 1959,[8] the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination of 7 March 1966[9] and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women of 18 December 1979.[10]", "2. Article 1. Right to a nationality", "Belarus", "[Original: Russian]", "In [the Russian text of] article 1 of the draft articles of the International Law Commission on nationality of natural persons in relation to the succession of States, for the purpose of terminological consistency we suggest replacing the words “on the date of” with the words “at the moment of”, since the term “moment of the succession of States” is introduced in article 2 and is subsequently used throughout the [Russian] text of the draft articles.", "Iraq", "[Original: Arabic]", "It is necessary to define and clarify what is meant by the phrase “the States concerned”, as used in article 1.", "3. Article 2. Use of terms", "Iraq", "[Original: Arabic]", "It is necessary to clarify what is meant by the phrase “responsibility for the international relations of territory” in draft article 2 (a). International relations are between States.", "Kenya", "[Original: English]", "Kenya proposed that the term “statelessness” be clearly defined under article 2.[11]", "Kuwait", "[Original: Arabic]", "Kuwait was in favour of approving the retention of the definition of “succession of States” in article 2 of the declaration on the grounds that it reflected the understanding of the term in international law. However, the committee [of experts and representatives of the Arab States] proposed an amendment to the article to read as follows: “‘Succession of States’ means the replacement of one State by another in the responsibility for the nationality of natural persons in the international relations of territory”.[12]", "4. Article 6. Legislation on nationality and other connected issues", "Iraq", "[Original: Arabic]", "Draft article 6 on legislation on nationality and other connected issues seems to entail intervention in the internal affairs of States with regard to the granting of nationality. Draft article 6 should be redrafted in a way that ensures non-interference in the internal affairs of States with regard to the granting of nationality, given the importance of that issue.", "Kenya", "[Original: English]", "Kenya proposed that […] article 6 on legislation on nationality and other connected issues provide that its provisions shall not prejudice the internal laws of the contracting States that offer more favourable rights to stateless persons.[13]", "5. Article 8. Persons concerned having their habitual residence in another State", "Belarus", "[Original: Russian]", "Paragraph 1 of article 8 might appropriately be phrased as follows: “A successor State does not have the obligation to attribute its nationality to persons concerned who have the nationality of any other State.” We believe that, as it now stands, the language of that paragraph permits attribution by the successor State of its nationality to persons who have their permanent residence in the territory of the successor State and who have the nationality of another State. Questions of dual nationality in international law remain somewhat debatable (and the Republic of Belarus, in particular, views dual nationality as generally undesirable), despite gradual acceptance of that legal situation. In this connection, it would seem that, for the purposes of the draft articles (minimization of cases of statelessness resulting from the succession of States), the language proposed by Belarus is adequate.", "6. Article 9. Renunciation of the nationality of another State as a condition for attribution of nationality", "Kenya", "[Original: English]", "[…] Kenya was also of the position that article 9 […] would render it impossible for natural persons to acquire dual nationality.[14] This is opposed to the provisions of article 16 of the Constitution of Kenya that provide for dual nationality.", "7. Article 11. Respect for the will of persons concerned", "Iraq", "[Original: Arabic]", "What is meant by the term “qualified” person in draft article 11 must also be specified. The term is not defined, nor are the qualifications that such a person is required to possess.", "Kuwait", "[Original: Arabic]", "The State of Kuwait proposes adding the following sentence to paragraph 1 of article 11: “However, respect for the will of such persons shall be conditional upon their meeting any requirements determined by the States concerned.”", "8. Article 13. Child born after the succession of States", "Iraq", "[Original: Arabic]", "Draft article 13 provides that children born after the date of the succession of States have the right to the nationality of the States concerned on whose territory they were born. However, most States do not grant nationality solely on the basis of birth, but take into consideration certain other factors, such as residence or marriage.", "Kuwait", "[Original: Arabic]", "With respect to article 13, Kuwait requested the addition of the following: “... in the framework of the national law of the successor State”.", "Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)", "[Original: Spanish]", "It is not clear why jus solis was given precedence over jus sanguinis in article 13. If the intention is to eliminate or reduce the incidence of statelessness, both criteria, without distinction, should apply to the children of persons affected by the succession of States.", "9. Article 15. Non-discrimination", "Kenya", "[Original: English]", "Kenya recalled that it had previously commented on this article.[15]", "Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)", "[Original: Spanish]", "It is recommended that the concept of non-discrimination in article 15 should be broadened by including the potential grounds for discrimination, as is done in many international human rights treaties (discrimination on grounds of race, sex, colour, language, social status, religion, political opinion or any other condition or circumstance). It should be noted that although non-exhaustive, specific mention of certain conditions or circumstances, such as those listed above, would strengthen the wording of the article.", "10. Article 16. Prohibition of arbitrary decisions concerning nationality issues", "Iraq", "[Original: Arabic]", "Draft article 16 provides that persons concerned shall not be arbitrarily deprived of the nationality of the predecessor State, or arbitrarily denied the right to acquire the nationality of the successor State or any right of option, to which they are entitled in relation to the succession of States. This provision contradicts other provisions in the draft articles which stipulate that, in relation to the succession of States, the person concerned has the nationality of the successor State. The predecessor State therefore cannot not be compelled to maintain the nationality of the person concerned, who would have become resident in the successor State. The successor State must grant him nationality as quickly as possible.", "…", "There is a contradiction between draft articles 16 and 20 with regard to withdrawal of nationality by the predecessor State. The texts should be harmonized, so that nationality cannot be withdrawn by the predecessor State until the person concerned has been granted nationality by the successor State.", "11. Article 17. Procedures relating to nationality issues", "Kenya", "[Original: English]", "Kenya recalled that it had previously commented on this article.[16]", "Uruguay", "[Original: Spanish]", "This article does not make clear before which entity such procedures must be carried out, nor does it describe the procedure to follow in cases where States are still discussing the modalities of succession and individuals have no entity to which to submit applications. In addition, the annexed text does not address situations in which the succession of States does not occur by mutual agreement and cases are therefore delayed: in such cases, individuals become hostages of the situation and are left stateless during the process in which State A may have ceased to exist, but State B has yet to be recognized.", "12. Article 18. Exchange of information, consultation and negotiation", "Kenya", "[Original: English]", "Kenya recalled that it had previously commented on this article.[17]", "13. Article 19. Other States", "Belarus", "[Original: Russian]", "We believe that paragraph 2 of article 19 also requires some refinement. Since the issue of attribution of nationality is exclusively within the domestic jurisdiction of the State concerned, an unconstrained right on the part of any other State “... [to treat] persons concerned ... as nationals of the State concerned” may cause a certain disquiet on the part of the latter. Accordingly, we suggest replacing the words “if such treatment is beneficial to those persons” with the more concrete language “if proper protection of the rights and freedoms of such persons cannot otherwise be guaranteed”.", "14. Article 20. Attribution of the nationality of the successor State and withdrawal of the nationality of the predecessor State", "Iraq", "[Original: Arabic]", "Draft article 20 contains the phrase “[w]hen part of the territory of a State is transferred ...”. The word “transferred” should not be used in the provisions of these draft articles. For the sake of consistency, the terms “separation” or “annexation” could be used instead, as in draft article 24 (“[w]hen part or parts of the territory of a State separate ...”).", "There is a contradiction between draft articles 16 and 20 with regard to withdrawal of nationality by the predecessor State. The texts should be harmonized, so that nationality cannot be withdrawn by the predecessor State until the person concerned has been granted nationality by the successor State.", "Kuwait", "[Original: Arabic]", "On the subject of article 20, dealing with attribution of the nationality of the successor State and withdrawal of the nationality of the predecessor State, the committee [of experts and representatives of the Arab States to coordinate positions for study of the declaration on the nationality of natural persons in relation to the succession of States] considered that the article did not take account of the laws of States that do not prohibit dual nationality or do not permit the withdrawal of their nationality from their nationals.", "15. Article 21. Attribution of the nationality of the successor State", "Belarus", "[Original: Russian]", "In article 21, we propose that, following the words “had the nationality of”, the word “a” should be replaced by “at least one”. This will, in our opinion, make the article applicable to all possible forms of succession of States in connection with the uniting of States.", "16. Article 25. Withdrawal of the nationality of the predecessor State", "Kenya", "[Original: English]", "Kenya recalled that it had previously commented on this article.[18]", "Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)", "[Original: Spanish]", "In article 25, language along the lines of “the predecessor State may withdraw its nationality” would be preferable to “the predecessor State shall withdraw its nationality”, because the current wording arbitrarily limits the possibility that the person concerned might acquire two nationalities.", "C. Advisability of elaborating a legal instrument on the question of nationality of natural persons in relation to the succession of States, and the possible form of an instrument", "Austria", "[Original: English]", "Austria would prefer, as already indicated in 2007[19] […], to take into account the developments of State practice before making a decision on the elaboration of a convention. In this regard, Austria would like to suggest that a study might be undertaken by the secretariat of the Commission on current State practice on the topic in order to assist States in reaching a conclusion on the form that might be given to the draft articles.", "Belarus", "[Original: Russian]", "The preamble to the draft articles notes that the General Assembly is convinced of the need for the codification and progressive development of the rules of international law concerning nationality in relation to the succession of States. In that regard, the Republic of Belarus is of the understanding that the purpose of codification in any field is to adopt the corresponding international treaty whose legally binding nature is universally acknowledged.", "We believe that the final outcome of the work of the International Law Commission on succession of States in regard to nationality should be a multilateral international treaty which comprehensively regulates questions of nationality, including questions of the nationality of natural persons in relation to the succession of States. The conclusion of such a universal international treaty would, in our opinion, serve as the legal basis for establishing effective mechanisms to protect the right of each person to a nationality. As an interim measure, it would be fitting to adopt the draft articles as a practical guide, approved by the General Assembly in a corresponding resolution. When there is consistent practice by States, guided by the provisions of such an instrument, that will serve as an indication that the relevant rules of international customary law are taking shape, which in turn will allow for consideration of the question of codifying the said rules through the conclusion of an international treaty.", "It should be noted that, in the succession of States, the rights of interested persons will not be appropriately protected unless both the predecessor State and the successor State are parties to the international treaty that includes the provisions of the draft articles, or unless the legislation of the States in question properly covers issues of the nationality of natural persons in relation to the succession of States, including the right of option.", "Moreover, we believe that in regulating issues of nationality of natural persons in relation to the succession of States, international treaties concluded between States concerned by the process of succession should take priority. In that connection, we propose adding articles to the draft establishing that, in cases of succession of States, issues of the nationality of persons concerned may be governed by international treaties concluded between the States concerned. At the same time, such international treaties may establish other rules than those provided for in the draft articles.", "Bulgaria", "[Original: English]", "The Government of the Republic of Bulgaria is of the view that the codification and progressive development of international law relating to the nationality of natural persons in relation to the succession of States could be regarded as a means towards ensuring greater legal certainty for the States as well as for the individuals. The Bulgarian Government considers in this regard that the elaboration of a legal instrument on the question of nationality of natural persons in relation to the succession of States, including the avoidance of statelessness as a result of a succession of States, is advisable.", "Czech Republic", "[Original: English]", "The Government of the Czech Republic is of the opinion that the intended purpose of the articles is to provide States with useful and practical guidance, namely in drafting domestic laws and regulations in this area. Therefore, the form of a non‑binding declaration seems to be fully sufficient and more practical in comparison with a legally binding instrument. Furthermore, a non-binding document provides the opportunity for addressing a broader range of issues than a convention which sets forth international obligations.", "Moreover, the Government of the Czech Republic believes that, in comparison with a convention ratified by a small number of States, a generally acceptable declaration may enjoy greater authority and exert more positive influence on the legislation and practice of the individual Member States.", "The Government of the Czech Republic is convinced that the purpose of the draft articles was achieved already by the adoption of General Assembly resolution 55/153 of 12 December 2000.", "Kenya", "[Original: English]", "In addition, there was the issue of whether it would be prudent to have the codification of a legal instrument on the question of nationality of natural persons in relation to the succession of States and the avoidance of statelessness as a result of the succession of States. The International Law Commission’s recommendation, recalled in the preamble of General Assembly resolution 55/133, was that the draft articles on this matter should be adopted as a declaration. Some States are in favour of these being adopted as a legal instrument. Opinion is divided on this matter. Furthermore, the adoption of the draft articles on the above-captioned matter would reflect stronger support for the protection of the rights of natural persons and nationality, as they are consistent with the general legal guidelines for the defence and protection of human rights.", "Kuwait", "[Original: Arabic and English]", "As for the recommendation by the General Assembly to adopt the draft resolution in the form of a declaration, the State of Kuwait supports this recommendation.", "In its provisions as a whole the declaration endeavours to regulate, on a legal and international basis, the problem of statelessness arising from some of the phenomena of international succession. Although the international precedents indicate that the problem only rarely arises, and that it has so far not become a significant factor, the international legislator has decided that in fact it is of importance to the international community as a whole.", "It is internationally established that international instruments in the form of a declaration are regarded as being tantamount to guiding or advisory precepts; the same does not apply to international conventions, which are mandatory in nature, as has already been stated.", "On reviewing the articles of the declaration under consideration we find that the general context of its provisions focuses on the exercise of options and the affirmation of the internal sovereignty of the State in all matters related to nationality, as well as on the strengthening of, and respect for, the will of persons concerned and their freedom to opt for their nationality whenever possible. Hence, there is no harm in regarding these principles, as long as they occur in the text of an international declaration that has been adopted with respect for its principles, as entailing only a moral rather than a legal obligation, inasmuch as it ultimately implies no international obligation on the part of the State of Kuwait.", "Mexico", "[Original: Spanish]", "The draft articles prepared by the International Law Commission are considered acceptable insofar as they provide effective protection of the right of persons to a nationality. Accordingly, Mexico has no difficulty supporting the planned development of a legal instrument on this matter. However, it will continue to consider the question of the form that this international instrument should take.", "Portugal", "[Original: English]", "[…] the question of ensuring compliance with th[e] limits [imposed by international law on the sovereign prerogatives of States in relation to the attribution of nationality] also relates to the final form and legal strength to be assumed by the draft articles. There appear to be three options: to leave the draft articles as an annex to General Assembly resolution 55/153; to adopt the draft articles as a declaration of the Assembly, as recommended by the International Law Commission; and to elaborate an international convention on the basis of the draft articles.", "Portugal believes that, for the moment, the adoption of the draft articles as a declaration would be the most reasonable option, allowing the immediate and authoritative stabilization of a diffuse set of norms and practices, combining codification with the progressive development of international law. However, the adoption of the draft articles as a declaration should only happen when broad support by States can be expected.", "Slovenia", "[Original: English]", "The Republic of Slovenia is of the opinion that the rules regarding the nationality of natural persons in the case of succession of States should be in the form of a non-binding document. Such a document should also reflect modern practice and contemporary international standards. Bearing in mind that the issue of regulating the citizenship of natural persons in the case of succession presents one of the most challenging succession issues, the Republic of Slovenia advocates a progressive approach towards settling this issue that might also result in a legally binding document at a later stage. It furthermore believes that it is important, at present, to formulate a soft law document, containing clear and authoritative guidelines as a useful tool in dealing with this issue in practice.", "Suriname", "[Original: English]", "It is of the utmost importance that in the formulation of any legal instrument, the right of every individual to a nationality is recognized and that States should take all appropriate measures to prevent persons from becoming stateless as a result of succession. In the case of succession, States should exert all efforts to provide persons with a nationality or they should take all measures so that persons do not lose their nationality. Furthermore, the legal instrument should include the possibility to change one’s nationality. In conclusion, it is suggested that any legal instrument address the issues of family reunification, measures for family members and the avoidance of expulsion as a result of succession.", "Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)", "[Original: Spanish]", "As regards the form that the draft articles should take, the opinions expressed in the observations made to date by States range widely; some have argued for a declaration, while others would prefer for them to be adopted in a binding international instrument (a treaty). The Venezuelan delegation could support the adoption of a treaty, as two other Latin American countries, Brazil and Ecuador, have done.", "Lastly, it must be borne in mind that the international community has already adopted legally binding instruments on nationality, such as the Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons of 28 September 1954² and the Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness of 30 August 1961.³ It would therefore be inappropriate to issue a declaration (soft law) on this topic.", "Yemen", "[Original: Arabic]", "The Republic of Yemen believes that it would be appropriate to adopt principles and provisions to regulate the nationality of natural persons in relation to the succession of States, once their final version has been agreed, in the form of an international declaration adopted by the General Assembly.", "[1] * A/66/150.", "[2] See League of Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 179.", "[3] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 360.", "[4] Ibid., vol. 989.", "[5] Council of Europe Treaty Series No. 166. Signed on 6 November 1997.", "[6] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 999.", "[7] Ibid., vol. 1577.", "[8] General Assembly resolution 1386 (XIV) of 20 November 1959.", "[9] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 660.", "[10] Ibid., vol. 1249.", "[11] See the comments of Kenya in document A/63/113, section II.B.2.", "[12] See the general comments of Kuwait in section II.A.1 above.", "[13] See the comments of Kenya in document A/63/113, section II.B.4.", "[14] See the comments of Kenya in document A/63/113, section II.B.5.", "[15] See the comments of Kenya in document A/63/113, section II.B.8.", "[16] See the comments of Kenya in document A/63/113, section II.B.9.", "[17] See the comments of Kenya in document A/63/113, section II.B.10.", "[18] See the comments of Kenya in document A/63/113, section II.B.15.", "[19] See the comments of Austria in document A/63/113, section II.C." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目77", "国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题", "国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题", "秘书处的说明", "摘要", "本说明载有15个国家政府根据大会第63/118号决议就有关国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题提出的评论意见。", "^(*) A/66/150。", "目录", "页次\n 1. 导言 5\n 2. 各国政府提交的评论意见 5\n A. 一般性评论 5\n 1. 一般意见 5\n 白俄罗斯 5\n 肯尼亚 6\n 科威特 7\n 菲律宾 8\n 葡萄牙 8\n 斯洛文尼亚 9\n 乌拉圭 9\n委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国\t10\n2. 条款的范围\t11\n科威特\t11\n菲律宾\t11\n3. 对术语的澄清\t11\n菲律宾\t11\n委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国\t11\nB. 对序言和各项具体条款的评论\t12\n1. 序言\t12\n委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国\t12\n2. 第1条. 享有国籍的权利\t12\n白俄罗斯\t12\n伊拉克\t12\n3. 第2条.术语的使用\t12\n伊拉克\t12\n肯尼亚\t12\n科威特\t13\n4. 第6条. 国籍和其他相关问题的立法\t13\n伊拉克\t13\n肯尼亚\t13\n5. 第8条. 惯常居所在另一个的有关的人\t13\n白俄罗斯\t13\n6. 第9条. 以放弃另一国国籍作为赋予国籍的条件\t14\n肯尼亚\t14\n7. 第11条. 尊重有关的人的意愿\t14\n伊拉克\t14\n科威特\t14\n8. 第13条. 国家继承以后出生的子女\t14\n伊拉克\t14\n科威特\t14\n委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国\t14\n9. 第15条. 不歧视\t15\n肯尼亚\t15\n委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国\t15\n10. 第16条. 禁止在国籍问题上任意作决定\t15\n伊拉克\t13\n11. 第17条. 处理国籍问题的程序\t15\n肯尼亚\t15\n乌拉圭\t15\n12. 第18条. 交换资料、协商和谈判\t16\n肯尼亚\t16\n13. 第19条. 其他国家\t16\n白俄罗斯\t16\n14. 第20条. 赋予继承国国籍和取消被继承国国籍\t16\n伊拉克\t16\n科威特\t16\n15. 第21条. 赋予继承国国籍\t17\n白俄罗斯\t17\n16. 第25条. 取消被继承国国籍\t17\n肯尼亚\t17\n委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国\t17\nC. 拟订一项关于国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题的法律文书的可取性及文书可能采取的形式\t17\n奥地利\t17\n白俄罗斯\t18\n保加利亚\t18\n捷克共和国\t18\n肯尼亚\t19\n科威特\t19\n墨西哥\t19\n葡萄牙\t20\n斯洛文尼亚\t20\n苏里南\t20\n委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国\t20\n也门\t21", "一. 导言", "1. 国际法委员会在1999年第五十一届会议上通过了国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题条款草案，并建议大会以宣言的形式通过该条款草案。", "2. 大会第54/112号决议第3段请各国政府就拟订一项国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题公约的问题提出评论和意见,供大会未来一届会议考虑拟订这样一项公约。公约条款的案文附于大会第55/153号决议之后，在该决议的第3段，大会邀请各国政府考虑处理国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题的条款所载规定。A/59/180号和Add.1和2号文件载有各国政府根据此项邀请提交的评论和意见。", "3. 大会第59/34号决议第3段邀请各国政府提交意见，评论是否应当拟订关于国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题，包括避免因国家继承而出现无国籍状态的法律文书。A/63/113号文件载有各国政府根据此项邀请提交的评论和意见。", "4. 第63/118号决议第3段重申了第59/34号决议提出的邀请。此外，在第63/118号决议的第4段中，大会决定将题为“国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题”的项目列入大会第六十六届会议的临时议程，以期审查该主题，包括可能以何种形式拟订条款草案的问题。", "5. 截至2011年7月25日，收到了下列国家对第63/118号决议邀请的回复：苏里南(2009年2月9日)、科威特(2009年4月29日和2009年7月31日)、白俄罗斯(2009年6月8日)、委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国(2009年6月23日)、也门(2009年6月25日)、菲律宾(2010年2月24日)、乌拉圭(2011年1月13日)、捷克共和国(2011年1月28日)、奥地利(2011年2月16日)、葡萄牙(2011年2月22日)、墨西哥(2011年2月25日)、斯洛文尼亚(2011年2月25日)、保加利亚(2011年3月21日)、肯尼亚(2011年3月29日)和伊拉克(2011年4月20日)。这些回复按主题载于下文第二节。", "二. 各国政府提交的评论意见", "A. 一般性评论", "1. 一般意见", "白俄罗斯", "[原件：俄文]", "我们就条款草案的措辞指出：", "1930年订立《关于国籍法冲突的若干问题的海牙公约》[1] 以来，载有国籍规定的国际文书的数量大幅增加，目前有多个法律效力不同、缔结方组成各异的不同种类的规则。", "……", "[……]我们认为，在规范国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题时，继承过程所涉及的国家之间缔结的国际条约应该优先。 就此，我们提议在草案中加入一些条款，规定在国家继承情况下，有关人员的国籍问题可遵循有关国家之间缔结的国际条约。", "肯尼亚", "[原件：英文]", "国家继承是国际法中关于其他国家根据据信新成立国家同前国家之间拥有的历史性关系而承认和接受新国家的一种理论。", "联合国《世界人权宣言》于1948年12月10日获得批准。重要的是，该宣言第十五条规定：", "(1) 人人有权享有国籍；", "(2) 任何人的国籍不得任意剥夺，也不得否认其改变国籍的权利。", "1954年9月28日的《关于无国籍人地位的公约》[2] 于1960年6月6日生效，该公约的缔约国承诺给予无国籍人以一般外国人所获得的待遇。给予无国籍人在住房、公共教育、公共救济和参与薪金和就业等方面的待遇，不得低于给予国民的待遇。", "1961年8月30日的《减少无国籍状态公约》[3] 于1975年12月13日生效，该公约致力于创建规范以及编撰和确认国籍习惯法的某些假定和原则，例如：", "– 国家拥有出于任何原因给予其国民国籍的绝对主权；", "– 除此之外，无国籍人可采用其出生地或其被发现地的国籍。", "《公约》的缔约国确认它们将把国籍给予在其领土上出生的没有其他国籍的人。为了给予国籍的目的，在《公约》缔约国领土上被发现的人应被视为在该国出生，其父母亦应被推定是该国的国民。", "截至2010年12月11日，只有37个国家签署并批准了《减少无国籍状态公约》。截至2008年10月1日，只有63个缔约国签署并批准了《关于无国籍人地位的公约》。这两项公约还没有得到普遍的支持。", "……", "肯尼亚不是无国籍人方面的公约的签字国，这些公约是：《关于无国籍人地位的公约》和《减少无国籍状态公约》。肯尼亚希望批准这两项公约，并将在考虑了肯尼亚新宪法的批准要求的变化后，在适当时候这样做。", "科威特", "[原件：阿拉伯文]", "审议了题为“国际法委员会第四十九届会议工作报告”的大会第52/156号决议、关于国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题的大会第55/153号决议以及载有各国政府就国家继承涉及的国籍问题所提评论和意见的A/CN.4/493号文件，并研究了秘书处1999年3月8日的备忘录(A/CN.4/497)，该备忘录载有各国就该事项以及建议联合国大会通过的国际宣言形式的宣言的条款提交的一般性意见，并审议了2006年11月15日印发的阿拉伯国家专家和代表委员会就此协调阿拉伯立场的报告和建议，并审查了部就该事项编写的备忘录，科威特国的评论如下：", "1. 关于大会关于国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题的第55/153号决议", "决议在第二十六条中规定了宣言的条款，分成两个部分，第一部分涉及一般性条款，第二部分分成四节，述及国家继承的具体类别。", "决议寻求规定一项总原则，即采取适当措施力求确保具有被继承国国籍的人不会因继承而成为无国籍。", "决议建议，应假定惯常居住于继承领土上的人已取得继承国的国籍。", "决议要求每个国家制定国籍立法，其条款应处理在国家继承中取得的国籍的问题。", "决议申明，如果有关的人惯常居所在另一国，并拥有该国的国籍，则无权享有继承国的国籍。", "决议还规定，如果有关的人拥有另一国的国籍，在其放弃该国籍之前，继承国有权不赋予其国籍。", "决议让使继承国有权提出，如果有关的人自愿取得继承国的国籍，应以丧失其原有国籍为条件。", "决议鼓励尊重有关的人的意愿以及他们选择希望取得的国籍的自由。", "决议还规定于继承之日之后出生的儿童有权取得其出生领土的国家的国籍。", "决议允许因本人无法控制的迫切情况而离开其出生地的有关的人返回出生地。", "决议禁止采取若干的行动，包括歧视有关的人以及就这些人作出武断的决定。", "决议阐述了继承国赋予属于已并入另一国(继承国)领土的国家(被继承国)的一部分的居民的有关的人国籍的义务。", "决议提及国家结成联邦或统一的问题，将赋予具有被继承国国籍的所有人其国籍作为继承国(两个合并国家的一个单元)的一项权利。", "决议载有就一个国家解体或不复存在、并形成两个或多于两个继承国的情况作出国籍规定的条款。 决议还规定了有资格取得原为一个被继承国的两个或多于两个继承国国籍的有关的人的选择权。", "决议研究了一个国家领土的一部分分离并独立，组成两个或多于两个继承国的情况，并指出，在这种情况下，这些国家，即被继承国和继承国，应当赋予有关的人取得任一国家或这些国家的国籍的选择权。", "2. 就研究关于国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题的宣言协调立场的阿拉伯国家专家和代表委员会所提建议和意见", "宣言交由为协调阿拉伯在国际会议和公约问题上的立场而成立的阿拉伯国家专家和代表委员会进行了研究，成立该委员会系根据阿拉伯国家司法部长理事会根据阿拉伯国家联盟2006年3月4日的第一百二十五届会议上在部长一级通过的第6641号决议所作决定，目的是协调阿拉伯国家的立场和就这一事项制定阿拉伯的办法。", "委员会举行了会议，一些阿拉伯国家的代表出席，包括科威特国，并审查了宣言草案。经全面研究后，委员会完成了工作并提出了一些意见和建议。[……]", "菲律宾", "[原件：英文]", "菲律宾不反对国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题条款草案中的规定。", "另见下文第二节A.2和第二节A.3。", "葡萄牙", "[原件：英文]", "葡萄牙赞扬国际法委员会在针对如此复杂的主题拟订一套条款草案方面所做的工作。《世界人权宣言》体现了人人有权享有国籍的根本原则。在牢记这一点的同时，条款草案努力实现避免在国家继承时出现无国籍状态问题这一重要目标。", "如今，已经在国家利益和个人利益之间实现更多平衡。因此，国家在继承过程中的实际利益必须与个人有关其国籍的权利和期望实现合理平衡。", "目前普遍认为，赋予国籍问题属于国家主权专有权利领域内的问题。但是，必须在国际法允许的界限范围内行使此类专有权利。因此，在不否认国家在赋予国籍方面负有主要职权的同时，有必要确定上述界限，尤其是在国家继承的复杂情况下。葡萄牙认为，条款草案充分考虑了这些问题。", "斯洛文尼亚", "[原件：英文]", "前南斯拉夫社会主义联邦共和国、前捷克斯洛伐克和前苏联解体后，解决国家继承涉及的自然人的国籍问题变得非常重要。自柏林墙倒塌以来，各国都在国家立法范围内寻求适当办法解决这些问题，原因是有国际法律约束力的文书没有就具体的标准作出过规定。", "斯洛文尼亚于1991年成为主权和独立国家。就斯洛文尼亚的情况而言，国内立法对那些由于前南斯拉夫社会主义联邦共和国的解体而居住于斯洛文尼亚领土上的自然人给予法律上的保护，因而避免了出现无国籍现象。这种情况符合六年后通过的《欧洲国籍公约》[4] 的基本原则。", "获得公民身份的权利是一项基本人权(例如，《世界人权宣言》、1966年12月16日的《公民及政治权利国际公约》[5] 和1989年11月20日的《儿童权利公约》[6])。", "乌拉圭", "[原件：西班牙文]", "乌拉圭注意到[第55/153号决议]附件所载国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题条款草案，对该草案没有进一步的评论，因为乌拉圭认为，该案文汇编了现有的相关标准，予以保留是可取的。", "所附案文条款包括了所有可能的情景，包括可行的选择办法的可能性和尊重有关的人的意愿。", "此外，案文寻求通过保护国籍防止各种情况下出现无国籍状态。", "总之，我们欢迎所附案文，这一文件适用于影响其国民身份所属国家解体并形成新的国家或该国家与其他国家合并，因而需要改变其原有国民的国籍的那些人所处的困难情况。", "我们要作的唯一评论涉及关于同国籍问题有关的程序的第17条。[……见下文第二节B.11中的评论。]", "委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国", "[原件：西班牙文]", "上述条款草案既考虑到国家依照国内法管理公民获得和丧失国籍的问题，又考虑到《人权宣言》等国际法反复确认的人人享有国籍的权利，力求在两者之间做到兼顾平衡。", "在这方面，国际公法和判例都承认，国籍是国内法管辖的问题，应由各国在国际法限定的范围内，按本国法律确定何人为其国民。条款草案宣言第二段明确承认了这一点，国际法委员会所拟草案后面的执行部分又进一步做出规定。", "鉴于上述，委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国对审议的草案没有实质性反对意见，因为草案考虑到国家自行决定的权利，同时兼顾到人人享有国籍的人权。在这方面，应指出，草案对国家行为确定的限制范围，仅限于国家行为可能造成无国籍的情况。", "委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国宪法第二章第三节对国籍和公民身份问题作了法律规定，包括个人获得和丧失与国家的两种联系问题；2004年7月《国籍和公民身份法》进一步阐述了这些问题。由于我国宪法对这一事项采取广义理解(出生地主义和血统主义)，并以保障人权为使命，因此在委内瑞拉法律中很难出现因丧失国籍导致无国籍的情况，而且在法律上不能以任何歧视理由取消国籍。", "实际上，委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国宪法第35条规定：生为委内瑞拉国民者，在任何情况下不得被剥夺国籍。", "对于归化取得的委内瑞拉国籍，只有一种情况准许丧失国籍，如果(无论是取消国籍还是放弃国籍)不附带获得其他国籍，就会产生无国籍人；宪法第35条和《国籍和公民身份法》共同对此做出规定，即经过司法判决可取消归化取得的委内瑞拉国籍。", "但这条法规不得滥用，《国籍和公民身份法》确定了出于哪些原因可以施加这项限制，并指明被指控者实施的行为包括：危害完整、主权和宪法；取得国籍是通过违法行为或为逃避外国司法效力。应指出，上述条款符合现行国际法，特别是1961年8月30日的《减少无国籍状态公约》³ 第8条的规定，即如果国家在加入公约时提出声明，在某些允许情况下可以取消国籍，造成无国籍状态。", "2. 条款的范围", "科威特", "[原件：阿拉伯文]", "有人表示意见[在研究关于国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题的宣言协调立场的阿拉伯国家专家和代表委员会上]，建议在公约中列入处理一现有国家被另一现有国家吞并或吸收的条款。", "……", "从理论和国际上说，国际继承的定义是指定一个有可能是局部的国际继承者，正如一个国家仅有一部分领土丧失，而被继承国的其余部分亦然存在，且可能是全部的，并采取被继承国的法人地位完全消失的形式。", "应指出的是，宣言没有涉及一现有国家的领土被另一现有国家合并或吸收时发生的完全继承的情况，在这种情况下，第一国的法律人格和国际人格被终止。因此，宣言的条款缺乏对此种情况下国籍问题的法律规定。", "国际继承的影响非常多，包括继续执行过去缔结的条约和公约，与偿还公共债务所涉问题相关的事项，以及对变为继承者的地区就此适用的法律制度。但讨论中的宣言处理的是国际继承对于过去拥有被继承国国籍的人的影响。", "菲律宾", "[原件：英文]", "条款草案没有涉及继承时身处被继承国或继承国领土但却没有国籍的那些人。将这些无国籍的人纳入条款草案的适用范围，可加强《世界人权宣言》所载“人人有权享有国籍”的规定。", "3. 对术语的澄清", "菲律宾", "[原件：英文]", "澄清在条款草案中反复使用的“惯常居所”一词是有意义的，因为对这个词没有定义或任何可用来避免含糊或误解的参考标准。", "委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国", "[原件：西班牙文]", "应明确草案中某些笼统的说法，如国家和个人之间的“适当法律联系”或“有效联系”。还应明确解释“惯常居所”一词。", "B. 对序言和各项具体条款的评论", "1. 序言", "委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国", "[原件：西班牙文]", "有人建议，序言应提及述及国家和无国籍状态这一议题的其他文书和公约，例如：1959年11月20日的《儿童权利宣言》[7] 1966年3月7日的《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》[8] 以及1979年12月18日的《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》。[9]", "2. 第1条. 享有国籍的权利", "白俄罗斯", "[原件：俄文]", "在国际法委员会关于国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题条款草案[俄文案文]的第1条中，为保持术语前后一致的目的，我们建议用“在……之时”取代“在……之日”等词，因为 “国家继承时”的说法在第2条中已经使用，嗣后在条款草案的[俄文]案文中一直使用。", "伊拉克", "[原件：阿拉伯文]", "有必要确定并澄清第1条中使用的“有关国家”的短语。", "3. 第2条.术语的使用", "伊拉克", "[原件：阿拉伯文]", "需要澄清草案第2条(a)款中“对领土的国际关系所负责任”短语的涵义。国际关系是国家之间的关系。", "肯尼亚", "[原件：英文]", "肯尼亚提议明确界定第2条[10] 中“无国籍状态”的术语。", "科威特", "[原件：阿拉伯文]", "科威特赞成同意保留宣言第2条中“国家继承”的定义，理由是，这一定义反映了对国际法中这一术语的理解。但是，[阿拉伯国家专家和代表]委员会[11] 提议对该条进行修正，内容应为：“‘国家继承’是指一国对领土的国际关系中的自然人的国籍所负的责任由另一国取代”。", "4． 第6条. 国籍和其他相关问题的立法", "伊拉克", "[原件：阿拉伯文]", "关于国籍其他相关问题的立法的第6条草案看来意味着干涉国家赋予国籍的内部事务。鉴于这一问题的重要性，应重新草拟第6条草案，以确保不干涉国家赋予国籍的内部事务。", "肯尼亚", "[原件：英文]", "肯尼亚提议[……]关于国籍立法和其他相关问题的第6条规定，该条的规定不妨碍缔约国赋予无国籍人更优惠权利的国内法律。[12]", "5． 第8条. 惯常居所在另一个的有关的人", "白俄罗斯", "[原件：俄文]", "第8条第1段可适当表述如下：“如果有关的人有任何其他国家的国籍，继承国没有义务赋予其本国国籍。” 我们认为，按照该段现在的行文，允许继承国对在继承国境内拥有永久居所并拥有另一国家国籍的人赋予本国国籍。双重国籍问题在国际法中仍存争议(白俄罗斯共和国尤其认为双重国籍总体上是不可取的)，尽管这一法律状况正逐渐被接受。在此方面，为条款草案目的(即尽可能减少因国家继承而出现的无国籍问题)，白俄罗斯提出的措辞似乎是合适的。", "6. 第9条. 以放弃另一国国籍作为赋予国籍的条件", "肯尼亚", "[原件：英文]", "[……]肯尼亚还认为，第9条[……]将使自然人无法获得双重国籍。[13] 这与《肯尼亚宪法》对双重国籍作出规定的第16条相违背。", "7. 第11条. 尊重有关的人的意愿", "伊拉克", "[原件：阿拉伯文]", "还必须明确第11条草案中“有资格”这一术语的涵义。没有提出该术语的定义，也没有提出要求此人应具备的资格的定义。", "科威特", "[原件：阿拉伯文]", "科威特国提议在第11条第1款后增加以下一句：“但是，尊重此种人的意愿须以他们满足有关国家确定的要求为条件。”", "8. 第13条. 国家继承以后出生的子女", "伊拉克", "[原件：阿拉伯文]", "第13条草案规定，子女在国家继承之日以后出生的，有权取得这些子女在其领土内出生的有关国家的国籍。但是，大多数国家并不完全根据血统赋予国籍，而是考虑居住地或婚姻等某些其他因素。", "科威特", "[原件：阿拉伯文]", "关于第13条，科威特请求增列：“……在被继承国国家法律的框架内”。", "委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国", "[原件：西班牙文]", "不清楚为何第13条优先采用出生地主义，而不是血统主义。从为消除或减少无国籍情况出发，两种标准应无区别地用于国家继承涉及个人的子女。", "9. 第15条. 不歧视", "肯尼亚", "[原件：英文]", "肯尼亚重申，肯尼亚过去就本条作过评论。[14]", "委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国", "[原件：西班牙文]", "建议充实第15条不歧视的概念，如同有关这一问题(基于种族、性别、肤色、语言、社会地位、宗教、政见或其他任何条件或情况的歧视)的许多国际人权条约一样，加入可能引起歧视的原因。为此应指出，虽然列举不一定很严格，但具体提及类似上述的某些条件或情况，会使该条款的起草大大增加力度。", "10. 第16条. 禁止在国籍问题上任意作决定", "伊拉克", "[原件：阿拉伯文]", "第16条草案规定，不得任意剥夺有关的人的被继承国国籍，也不得任意拒绝给予其在国家继承中享有的权利，即取得继承国国籍的权利或任何选择权。这一规定与条款草案的其他规定相矛盾，后者规定，国家继承所涉有关的人拥有继承国的国籍。因此，不能迫使被继承国保留已成为继承国居民的有关的人保留的国籍。继承国必须尽快赋予有关的人国籍。", "……", "在国籍被继承国撤销方面，第16条和第20条之间相矛盾。应将案文加以统一，使在继承国赋予有关的人国籍之前，其国籍不会被被继承国撤销。", "11. 第17条. 处理国籍问题的程序", "肯尼亚", "[原件：英文]", "肯尼亚重申，肯尼亚过去就本条作过评论。[15]", "乌拉圭", "[原件：西班牙文]", "本条没有明确说明这些程序对哪些实体适用，也没有说明当国家仍在讨论继承的方式以及个人没有可以提交申请的实体时应该遵守的程序。此外，所附案文没有述及国家继承并非在共同协议下发上的情况：在这些情况下，个人成为这种局势的人质，并在国家A可能不复存在、但国家B尚未得到承认期间沦为无国籍人。", "12. 第18条. 交换资料、协商和谈判", "肯尼亚", "[原件：英文]", "肯尼亚重申，肯尼亚过去就本条作过评论。[16]", "13. 第19条. 其他国家", "白俄罗斯", "[原件：俄文]", "我们认为第19条第2段也需要做些改进。由于赋予国籍问题纯属有关国家国内管辖权范围，任何其他国家拥有“……将有关的人[视为]……有关国家的国民”的不受约束的权利，这可能会给后者带来一定的不安。因此，我们建议用“如果不能通过其他方法保证适当保护有关的人的权利和自由”这一具体用词取代“这种做法须有利于有关的人”。", "14. 第20条. 赋予继承国国籍和取消被继承国国籍", "伊拉克", "[原件：阿拉伯文]", "第20条载有“如果一国将其部分领土转让给……”的词句。“转让”一词不应用在这些条款草案的规定中。为了保持前后一致，可像第24条草案(“如果一个国家的领土的一个或多个部分从……分离”)中那样，使用“分离”或“合并”的术语来代替。", "在国籍被继承国撤销方面，第16条和第20条之间相矛盾。应将案文加以统一，使在继承国赋予有关的人国籍之前，其国籍不会被被继承国撤销。", "科威特", "[原件：阿拉伯文]", "关于涉及赋予继承国国籍和取消被继承国国籍的第20条的问题，[就研究关于国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题的宣言协调立场的阿拉伯国家专家和代表]委员会认为，该条并未考虑到并不禁止双重国籍或不允许撤销本国国民国籍的国家的法律。", "15. 第21条. 赋予继承国国籍", "白俄罗斯", "[原件：俄文]", "在第21条中，我们建议用“具有至少一个被继承国国籍的人”取代“具有一被继承国国籍的人”。 我们认为这样会使该条款适用于与国家合并有关的各种可能的国家继承形式。", "16. 第25条. 取消被继承国国籍", "肯尼亚", "[原件：英文]", "肯尼亚重申，肯尼亚过去就本条作过评论。[17]", "委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国", "[原件：西班牙文]", "第25条最好起草为“被继承国可取消国籍”，而不是“被继承国应取消国籍”，因为这种起草方式无端限制了当事人获得两种国籍的可能。", "C. 拟订一项关于国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题的法律文书的可取性及文书可能采取的形式", "奥地利", "［原件：英文］", "奥地利一如2007年表明的那样，[18] [……]希望考虑到国家实际做法的发展，然后再就公约的拟定作出决定。在这方面，奥地利建议，委员会秘书处似可就各国在这一议题上的现行做法开展研究，以便协助各国就条款草案可能采取的形式得出结论。", "白俄罗斯", "[原件：俄文]", "条款草案的序言指出，大会深信需要编纂和逐渐发展关于国家继承涉及的国籍问题的国际法规则。在这方面，白俄罗斯共和国的理解是，在任何领土编纂规则的目的都是通过其法律约束力得到普遍承认的相应的国际条约。", "我们认为，国际法委员会在国家继承涉及的国籍问题方面的工作最终成果应该是一项多边国际条约，全面规范国籍问题，包括国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题。我们认为，订立这样一项普遍性的国际条约可以成为建立各种有效机制以保护每个人享有国籍权利的法律基础。作为临时措施，宜通过条款草案，作为一个实用指南，并经大会相应决议核准。当各国依照此种文书的规定采取一致作法时，将表明国际习惯法的相关规则正在形成，从而可考虑通过订立国际条约编纂这些规则。", "应当指出，在国家继承中，除非被继承国和继承国都是包含条款草案规定的国际条约的缔约国，或者所涉国家的立法适当规定了国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题，包括选择权问题，否则在继承国里有关人员的权利不会得到适当保护。", "此外，我们认为，在规范国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题时，继承过程所涉及的国家之间缔结的国际条约应该优先。就此，我们提议在草案中加入一些条款，规定在国家继承情况下，有关人员的国籍问题可遵循有关国家之间缔结的国际条约。同时，这样的国际条约可拟定与条款草案规定不同的规则。", "保加利亚", "[原件：英文]", "保加利亚政府认为，编纂和逐渐发展关于国家继承涉及的自然人的国籍问题的国际法，可被视为确保为国家和个人增强法律确定性的一种手段。在这方面，保加利亚政府认为，拟定一项关于国家继承涉及的自然人的国籍问题的法律文书，包括避免由于国家继承出现无国籍状态，是可取的。", "捷克共和国", "[原件：英文]", "捷克共和国政府认为，条款的预定目的是为各国提供有益而实际的指导，即：草拟这方面的国内法律和条例。因此，不具约束力的宣言的形式看来即已足够，而且，同具有法律约束力的文书相比也更加实际。此外，不具约束力的文件为解决比规定国际义务的公约范围更广的问题提供了机会。", "此外，捷克共和国政府认为，同少数国家批准的公约相比，普遍接受的宣言有可能享有更高的权威，对各会员国的立法和实践发挥更积极的影响。", "捷克共和国政府确信，大会2000年12月12日第55/153号决议的通过已然实现了条款草案的目的 。", "肯尼亚", "[原件：英文]", "此外，还存在编撰一项关于国家继承涉及的自然人的国籍和避免由于国家继承出现无国籍状态问题的法律文书是否审慎的问题。大会第55/133号决议的序言中所重申的国际法委员会的建议是，应作为一项声明通过关于这一问题的条款草案。一些国家赞成作为一项法律文书通过这些条款草案。在这一问题上意见分歧。此外，上述标题的条款草案能够反映对保护自然人和国籍的有力的支持，因为条款草案符合捍卫和保护人权的总体法律指导原则。", "科威特", "[原件：阿拉伯文]", "关于大会通过一项宣言形式的决议草案的建议，科威特政府支持这一建议。", "在其各项规定中，宣言力求在法律和国际的基础上为某些国家继承现象所导致的无国籍状态问题制订规章。尽管国际上的先例表明，这种情况很少发生，而且迄今尚未成为一种重要的因素，但国际立法者决定，这一问题在实际上对于整个国际社会十分重要。", "国际上公认，宣言的形式被视为等同于指导或咨询性的准则；正如已经指出过的，对具有强制性的国际公约而言，情况并非如此。", "我们审查审议中的宣言条款时发现，条款规定的总体背景侧重于作出选择和确认国家在所有与国籍相关事项上的内部主权，并侧重于加强并尊重有关的人的意愿以及他们尽其可能作出选择的自由。因此，只要是发生在原则已获通过的国际宣言的情况下，将这些原则视为意味着只有名义上而不是法律上的义务并无大碍，如果这样做最终并不意味着科威特国具有任何国际义务的话。", "墨西哥", "[原件：西班牙文]", "国际法委员会起草的条款草案，如果对个人拥有国籍的权利给予有效的保护，便被视为可以接受。因此，支持按计划拟订关于这一问题的一项法律文书，对于墨西哥来说毫无困难。但是，墨西哥将继续考虑此项国际文书应该采用的形式问题。", "葡萄牙", "[原件：英文]", "[……]确保遵守[国际法对国家在赋予国籍方面的主权特权]施加的限制的问题，还与条款草案的最终形式和将具有的法律效力有关。似乎有三种选择：将条款草案作为大会第55/153号决议的附件；按照国际法委员会的建议，将条款草案作为大会宣言通过；以条款草案为基础拟订一项国际公约。", "葡萄牙认为，目前最合理的选择是将条款草案作为宣言通过，从而使一套松散的准则和惯例立即固定成型并具有权威性，将国际法的编纂与逐步发展结合起来。不过，只有在预计能得到各国普遍支持的情况下，方能将条款草案作为宣言予以通过。", "斯洛文尼亚", "[原件：英文]", "斯洛文尼亚共和国认为，关于国家继承涉及自然人的国籍问题的规则应采取不具约束力文件的形式。文件还应反映现代做法和当代国际标准。铭记制定有关继承所涉自然人公民身份方面的法规是最难处理的继承问题之一，斯洛文尼亚共和国主张采取循序渐进的方式处理这一问题，最后结果可能也是一项具有法律约束力的文件。斯洛文尼亚共和国还认为，在现阶段应拟定一项软性的法律文件，其中载有明确的、有权威性的指导方针，为在实践中处理这一问题提供有用的指导。", "苏里南", "[原件：英文]", "在制订任何法律文书时，必须承认所有个人都拥有享有国籍的权利，各国必须采取一切适当措施防止这些人因继承而变成无国籍。在继承时，各国应尽一切努力赋予个人国籍，或采取各项措施确保个人不丧失国籍。此外，法律文书还应包括改变国籍的可能性。最后，谨建议法律文书应涉及家庭团聚问题、对家庭成员的措施以及避免因继承造成驱逐。", "委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国", "[原件：西班牙文]", "关于条款草案应采取的形式，迄今各国所表达意见中提出的看法五花八门；一些国家主张采取宣言的形式，另一些国家希望以具有约束力的国际文书(条约)的形式通过。委内瑞拉代表团可以支持通过一项条约，巴西和厄瓜多尔等两个拉丁美洲国家已经这样做了。", "最后，必须铭记，国际社会业已通过关于国籍问题的具有法律约束力的文书，例如1954年9月28日的《关于无国籍人地位的公约》² 以及1961年8月30日的《减少无国籍状态公约》。³ 因此，就这一问题发表一项宣言(软性法律)将是不适当的。", "也门", "[原件：阿拉伯文]", "也门共和国认为，一俟最后版本通过后，以大会通过国际宣言的形式，通过规定国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题的规章的各项原则和规定，将是适当的。", "[1] 见国联，《条约汇编》，第179卷。", "[2] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第360卷。", "[3] 同上，第989卷。", "[4] 《欧洲委员会条约汇编》第166号。1997年11月6日签署。", "[5] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第999卷。", "[6] 同上，第1577卷。", "[7] 1959年11月20日大会第1386(XIV)号决议。", "[8] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第660卷。", "[9] 同上，第1249卷。", "[10] 见A/63/113号文件中肯尼亚的评论，第二节，B.2。", "[11] 见上文第二节，A.1中科威特的一般性评论。", "[12] 见A/63/113号文件中肯尼亚的评论，第二节，B.4。", "[13] 见A/63/113号文件中肯尼亚的评论，第二节，B.5。", "[14] 见A/63/113号文件中肯尼亚的评论，第二节，B.8。", "[15] 见A/63/113号文件中肯尼亚的评论，第二节，B.9。", "[16] 见A/63/113号文件中肯尼亚的评论，第二节，B.10。", "[17] 见A/63/113号文件中肯尼亚的评论，第二节，B.15。", "[18] 见A/63/113号文件中奥地利的评论，第二节，C。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程项目77 [1]", "国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题", "国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题", "秘书处的说明", "内容提要", "本说明载有15个政府根据大会第63/118号决议就国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题所提出的意见。", "目录", "页次\n一、导 言. 5\nA. 概况. 6\n1. 一般意见 6\n备注\n白俄罗斯\n肯尼亚\n科威特 7\n菲律宾\n页:1\n斯洛文尼亚\n委内瑞拉 10 (玻利瓦尔共和国)\n2. 《公约》的范围 12\n条款\n科威特. 13\n菲律宾 123. 说明12\n术语\n菲律宾 12 委内瑞拉 13 (玻利瓦尔共和国)\nB. 关于序言和具体条款的评论13\n条款\n1. 序言 13\n2. 第1条. 13\n国籍\n白俄罗斯\n133. 第2条. 13\n术语\n伊拉克. 13\n肯尼亚\n144. 第144条 6. 14 关于国籍和其他相关国籍的立法\n问题\n伊拉克 14\n145. 肯尼亚 8. 惯常居所在另一国的有关的人\n状态\n146. 第14条 9. 15 放弃另一国国籍作为赋予另一国国籍的条件\n国籍\n157. 第11条。 15 尊重个人意愿\n有关\n伊拉克\n158. 第13条。 15 继承后出生的子女\n国家\n伊拉克\n委内瑞拉 16 (玻利瓦尔共和国)\n9. 第15条。 16个\n不歧视\n肯尼亚 委内瑞拉 16 (玻利瓦尔共和国)\n10. 第16条。 16 禁止关于国籍的任意决定\n问题\n伊拉克 1611. 第17条. 17 有关国籍的程序\n问题\n肯尼亚\n乌拉圭 1712. 第18条. 交换资料、协商和\n谈判\n肯尼亚 1713. 第19条. 17\n国家\n白俄罗斯 1714. 第20条。 17 给予继承国国籍和取消被继承国国籍\n状态\n伊拉克\n科威特 1815. 第21条。 18 继承人的国籍归属\n状态\n白俄罗斯 1816. 第25条。 18 撤销被继承国的国籍\n状态\n肯尼亚 18 委内瑞拉 18 (玻利瓦尔共和国)\n拟订关于国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题的法律文书以及\n文书\n奥地利\n白俄罗斯\n保加利亚 20\n共和国\n肯尼亚\n科威特. 21\n墨西哥. 21\n联合国\n斯洛文尼亚 22\n苏里南 22 委内瑞拉 22 (玻利瓦尔共和国)\n页:1\n也 门", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 国际法委员会1999年第五十一届会议通过了关于国家继承涉及的自然人国籍的条款草案并建议大会以宣言的形式予以通过。", "2. 联合国 大会第54/112号决议第3段请各国政府就拟订一项国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题公约的问题提出评论和意见,以便大会在今后一届会议上审议拟订这样一项公约的问题。 公约条款案文已作为附件列入大会第55/153号决议,大会在该决议第3段中请各国政府在处理国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题时,考虑到这些条款中的规定。 各国政府应该邀请提出的评论和意见载于A/59/180和Add.1和2号文件。", "3个 1. 大会第59/34号决议第3段请各国政府就是否应就国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题,包括避免因国家继承而出现无国籍状态问题,拟订一项法律文书提出意见。 各国政府应该邀请提出的评论和意见载于A/63/113号文件。", " 4.四. 大会第63/118号决议第3段重申了第59/34号决议第3段所载邀请。 此外,大会在后一项决议第4段中决定将题为“国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题”的项目列入大会第六十六届会议临时议程,以审查这一主题,包括条款草案可能采用的形式问题。", "5 (韩语). 截至2011年7月25日,收到了下列国家对第63/118号决议所载邀请的答复:苏里南(2009年2月9日)、科威特(2009年4月29日和2009年7月31日)、白俄罗斯(2009年6月8日)、委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国(2009年6月23日)、也门(2009年6月25日)、菲律宾(2010年2月24日)、乌拉圭(2011年1月13日)、捷克共和国(2011年1月28日)、奥地利(2011年2月16日)、葡萄牙(2011年2月22日)、墨西哥(2011年2月25日)、斯洛文尼亚(2011年2月25日)、保加利亚(2011年3月21日)、肯尼亚(2011年3月29日)和伊拉克(2011年4月20日)。 这些答复载于下文第二节,按专题分列。", "二. 从各国政府收到的评论", "A. 一般评论", "1. 联合国 总论", "白俄罗斯", "[原件:俄", "关于条款草案的措辞,我们注意到以下几点。 自1930年缔结《关于国籍法冲突的若干问题的海牙公约》以来,[2] 载有国籍条款的国际文书数量大幅增加,现在有一系列不同的条例,其法律效力和缔约方的组成各不相同。", "…", "[.]我们认为,在管理国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题时,继承过程所涉国家间所缔结的国际条约应优先。 在这方面,我们提议在草案中增加条款,规定在国家继承的情况下,有关个人的国籍问题可受有关国家之间缔结的国际条约管辖。 与此同时,这些国际条约可以制定条款草案所没有规定的其他规则。", "肯尼亚", "[原件:英", "国家的继承是国际法关于其他国家根据新国家与先前国家的历史关系承认和接受新建立的国家的理论。", "《联合国世界人权宣言》于1948年12月10日得到批准。 《宣言》第15条规定:", "(1) 人人有权取得国籍;", "(2) 不得任意剥夺任何人的国籍,也不得剥夺其改变国籍的权利。", "1954年9月28日《关于无国籍人地位的公约》[3]于1960年6月6日生效,《公约》缔约国承诺给予无国籍人与一般给予外国人的待遇相同。 在住房、公共教育、公共救济以及参与工资和就业等方面,无国籍人应受到不低于国民的待遇。", "1961年8月30日的《减少无国籍状态公约》[4]于1975年12月13日生效,该公约致力于制定规范并编纂和确认习惯国际法的某些推定和原则,例如:", "- 国家拥有绝对主权,可基于任何理由将其国籍授予任何人;", "- 否则,无国籍人可取得其出生地或发现地的国籍。", "《公约》缔约国确认,它们应将国籍给予在其领土上出生的无国籍者。 为给予国籍的目的,在《公约》一缔约国境内发现的人应视为在该国出生,父母也应被推定为该国国民。", "截至2010年12月11日,只有37个国家签署和批准了《减少无国籍状态公约》。 截至2008年10月1日,只有63个缔约国签署和批准了《关于无国籍人地位的公约》。 这些公约没有得到普遍支持。", "…", "肯尼亚没有签署关于无国籍状态的公约,即《关于无国籍人地位的公约》和《减少无国籍状态公约》。 肯尼亚希望批准这两项公约,并将在适当的时候予以批准,考虑到肯尼亚新宪法对批准要求的修改。", "科威特", "[原件:阿拉伯", "审议了大会题为“国际法委员会第四十九届会议工作报告”的第52/156号决议、大会关于国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题的第55/153号决议,以及载有各国政府就国家继承涉及的国籍问题提出的评论和意见的A/CN.4/493号文件,并研究了秘书处1999年3月8日的备忘录(A/CN.4/497),其中载有各国就此事提出的一般性意见以及以国际宣言形式建议大会通过的宣言条款,并审议了2006年11月15日印发的阿拉伯国家专家和代表委员会关于协调阿拉伯在这方面的观点的报告和建议并审查了该部就此所编写的备忘录,科威特国的评论如下:", "1. 联合国 关于大会关于国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题的第55/153号决议", "决议在26个条款中规定了声明的规定,分为两部分,第一部分涉及一般规定;第二部分涉及四节,涉及国家继承的具体类别。", "该决议力求确立一项一般原则,即采取适当措施,努力确保具有被继承国国籍的人不会因继承而成为无国籍人。", "该决议建议推定惯常居住在继承国领土上的人获得继承国国籍。", "该决议要求每个国家颁布关于国籍的立法,其条款将涉及国家继承中取得国籍的问题。", "该决议申明,有关的人如在另一国有惯常居所并拥有该国的国籍,则无权取得继承国的国籍。", "该决议还具体规定,如果有关的人拥有另一国的国籍,继承国有权在其放弃国籍之前不给予其国籍。", "该决议还赋予被继承国一项条件,即有关的人如果自愿取得继承国国籍,则应丧失其国籍。", "决议鼓励尊重有关人员的意愿和他们选择他们希望获得的国籍的自由。", "该决议还规定,在继承之日后出生的儿童有权获得其出生地国的国籍。", "该决议允许有关人员返回其居住地,如果他们离开居住地是由于他们无法控制的紧迫情况。", "该决议禁止采取若干行动,包括歧视有关人员并对他们作出任意决定。", "该决议涉及继承国将其国籍给予在一国(被继承国)领土所兼并的一部分国家(继承国)居民的义务。", "该决议提到国家的联邦或统一,规定继承国(合并后的两个国家的单位)有权将其国籍赋予所有具有被继承国国籍的人。", "该决议载有在一国被解散或不复存在并组成两个或两个以上继承国的情况下规范国籍的规定。 该条还规定了有资格取得两个或两个以上继承国国籍的有关人士的选择权。", "该决议审议了一国部分领土分离并独立、组成一两个继承国的情况,并指出,在这种情况下,应由国家、被继承国和继承国给予所有有关的人取得其中一国或两国国籍的选择权。", "2. 联合国 协调研究国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题宣言的立场的阿拉伯国家专家和代表委员会的建议和意见", "该宣言被提交一个阿拉伯国家专家和代表委员会研究,以便根据阿拉伯国家联盟部长级第125届会议2006年3月4日通过的第6641号决议,协调阿拉伯国家对阿拉伯司法部长理事会产生的国际会议和公约的立场,目的是协调阿拉伯国家的立场并在这个问题上形成阿拉伯方针。", "包括科威特国在内的一些阿拉伯国家的代表出席了会议并审查了宣言草案。 经过详尽的研究,委员会结束了工作并提出了一些意见和建议。 [...]", "菲律宾", "[原件:英", "菲律宾不反对关于国家继承涉及的自然人国籍的条款草案的规定。", "另见第二节A.2和第二节。 下文A.3节。", "葡萄牙", "[原件:英", "葡萄牙赞扬国际法委员会为规范如此复杂的主题事项而拟订一套条款草案的工作。 《世界人权宣言》体现了人人享有国籍权的基本原则。 考虑到这一点,条款草案追求在国家继承情况下避免无国籍状态这一重要目标。", "现在,国家利益和个人利益的相关性之间有了更大的平衡。 因此,国家在继承过程中的实际利益必须与个人对其国籍的权利和期望保持合理的平衡。", "人们普遍承认,给予国籍属于国家主权特权的范围。 然而,这种特权必须在国际法规定的限度内行使。 因此,在不否认国家赋予国籍的主要权力的情况下,必须确定这些限制,特别是在国家继承的复杂情况下。 葡萄牙认为,条款草案这样做是适当的。", "斯洛文尼亚", "[原件:英", "在前南斯拉夫社会主义联邦共和国、前捷克斯洛伐克和前苏联解体后,解决国家继承情况下的自然人国籍问题变得十分重要。 在柏林墙倒塌后,各国正在其国内立法范围内寻求这些问题的适当解决办法,因为没有规定具体标准的具有法律约束力的国际文书。", "斯洛文尼亚于1991年成为一个主权和独立国家,国内立法规定对自然人提供法律保护,这些人由于前南斯拉夫社会主义联邦共和国解体而居住在斯洛文尼亚境内,从而防止无国籍状态。 这符合六年后通过的《欧洲国籍公约》的基本原则。", "公民权是一项基本人权,在许多国际法律文书(如《世界人权宣言》、1966年12月16日的《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》[6]和1989年11月20日的《儿童权利公约》[7])中都承认这项权利。", "乌拉圭", "[原件:西班牙", "乌拉圭注意到[第55/153号决议]载有国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题条款草案的附件,因此没有进一步的评论可提出,因为它认为应该保留该案文,该案文汇编了现有的有关标准。", "所附案文中的规定涵盖所有可能的情况,包括在适用情况下作出选择的可能性和尊重有关人员的意愿。", "此外,案文力求保护国籍,以防止出现任何无国籍状态。", "总而言之,我们欢迎所附案文,因为它是一份文件,在其国民所属国家解散和组成新国家或与他国联合时,对影响到个人的困难局势作出规定,从而必须改变其原国民的国籍。", "我们想提出的唯一意见是关于国籍问题的程序的第17条。 [.见下文第二节中的评论。 B. 二", "委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国", "[原件:西班牙", "上述条款草案在各国根据国内法规范其公民获得和丧失国籍的权利与从《世界人权宣言》本身开始一再载入国际法的获得国籍的人权之间达成了正确的平衡。", "国际公法和判例法都承认国籍受国内法管辖。 因此,应由每个国家在国际法规定的限度内,根据本国法律确定谁是其国民。 国际法委员会拟订的条款草案序言部分第二段明确承认这一点,并在该段的执行段落中加以阐述。", "由于这些原因,委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国对有关条款草案没有实质性反对意见,因为它们考虑到国家的自决权,同时尊重每个人的国籍人权。 它指出,条款草案对国家行动的限制仅限于会导致无国籍状态。", "《委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国宪法》第三章第二章规定了对国籍和公民身份的法律处理,涵盖个人与国家之间取得或失去任何联系。 2004年7月的《国籍和公民身份法》进一步阐述了国籍和公民身份。 因此,《宪法》对这一问题的广泛处理(solis和jus singuinis)以及该文书所载的人权保障,使得委内瑞拉法律极不可能规定丧失国籍会导致无国籍状态,在法律上不可能规定任何歧视都会导致国籍被取消。", "事实上,委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国《宪法》第35条规定,在任何情况下,不得剥夺出生委内瑞拉人的国籍。", "入籍的委内瑞拉人可能丧失其公民身份的情况只有一个,使无国籍状态成为可能,因为它不以获得另一国籍为条件(无论是通过撤销还是放弃);《宪法》第35条涉及这种情况,该条同《国籍和公民身份法》第36条一样,规定只有通过最后司法裁决才能取消通过入籍获得的委内瑞拉国籍。", "然而,这一法律规定只在特殊情况下适用:《国籍和公民法》规定,它只能适用于被判定犯有危害安全、主权或《宪法》罪行,或以欺诈手段或意图逃避执行另一国法律而取得国籍的个人。 应该指出,这些规定符合现行国际法,特别是1961年8月30日《减少无国籍状态公约》 第8条,该条规定,如果符合某些条件,而且该国在加入《公约》时作出声明,则可以取消国籍,造成无国籍状态。", "2. 联合国 条款的范围", "科威特", "[原件:阿拉伯", "有人[在阿拉伯国家专家和代表委员会中协调研究国家继承涉及的自然人国籍宣言的立场],建议在公约中列入关于另一现有国家兼并或吸收现有国家的规定。", "…", "在理论和国际方面,国际继承的定义是,指定一个可能是局部性的国际继承人,例如,在先前国其余部分仍然保留的情况下,丧失了一国的部分领土,并且可能是完全的,其形式可以是被继承国的法律人格完全消失。", "应当指出的是,声明并不涉及一个现有国家的领土被另一个现有国家吞并或吸收时发生的完全继承的情况,这种情况是第一个国家的法律和国际人格被终止。 因此,在这种情况下,声明的条款对国籍问题没有任何法律规定。", "国际继承的影响是多方面的,包括继续执行以前缔结的条约和公约,以及与支付公共债务有关的问题,以及在这方面适用于成为继承者的区域的法律制度。 然而,正在讨论的声明涉及国际继承对先前拥有被继承国国籍的人的影响。", "菲律宾", "[原件:英", "条款草案不包括在先前国或继承国境内但在继承时无国籍的人。 将这些无国籍人纳入条款草案范围,可加强《世界人权宣言》所体现“人人享有国籍的权利”。", "3个 术语澄清", "菲律宾", "[原件:英", "对条款草案中反复使用的“惯常居所”一词加以澄清可能是有益的,因为该词没有定义,也没有可用于避免含糊或误解的任何参考标准。", "委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国", "[原件:西班牙", "必须澄清草案中不明确的措辞,例如国家与个人之间的“适当法律联系”或“有效联系”。 同样,应解释“惯常居所”一词。", "B. 对序言和具体条款的评论", "1. 联合国 序言", "委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国", "[原件:西班牙", "建议序言应提及涉及国籍和无国籍问题的其他文书和公约,例如1959年11月20日《儿童权利宣言》,[8] 1966年3月7日《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》[9] 和1979年12月18日《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》。", "2. 第2条 1. 国籍权", "白俄罗斯", "[原件:俄", "在国际法委员会关于国家继承涉及的自然人国籍的条款草案第1条[俄文本]中,为了用语的一致性,我们建议将“在......之日”改为“在......之时”,因为“国家继承的时刻”一词已引入第2条,随后在整个条款草案[俄 案文中使用。", "伊拉克", "[原件:阿拉伯", "有必要界定并澄清第1条中使用的“有关国家”一词的含义。", "3个 条款 2. 用语", "伊拉克", "[原件:阿拉伯", "必须澄清第2(a)条草案中“对领土国际关系的责任”一语的含义。 国际关系是国家之间的关系。", "肯尼亚", "[原件:英", "肯尼亚提议在第2条中明确界定“无国籍”一词。", "科威特", "[原件:阿拉伯", "科威特赞成保留声明第2条中“国家继承”的定义,理由是该定义反映了国际法对该术语的理解。 然而,[阿拉伯国家专家和代表]委员会提议对该条作如下修正: \" `国家继承 ' 指一国以另一国取代另一国承担在领土国际关系中自然人国籍的责任 \" 。 [12]", "4. 第4条 6. 关于国籍和其他相关问题的立法", "伊拉克", "[原件:阿拉伯", "关于国籍和其他相关问题的立法的第6条草案似乎涉及在给予国籍方面干预国家内政。 鉴于这个问题的重要性,第6条草案应重新起草,以确保在给予国籍方面不干涉各国内政。", "肯尼亚", "[原件:英", "肯尼亚提议,[.]关于国籍和其他相关问题立法的第6条规定,其规定不得损害给予无国籍人更有利权利的缔约国国内法。", "5 (韩语). 条款 8. 在另一国有惯常居所的有关的人", "白俄罗斯", "[原件:俄", "第8条第1款不妨措辞如下:“继承国没有义务将其国籍赋予具有任何其他国籍的有关的人。” 我们认为,目前该款的措辞允许继承国将其国籍赋予在继承国领土上拥有永久居所并具有另一国国籍的人。 国际法中的双重国籍问题仍然有些争议(白俄罗斯共和国尤其认为双重国籍一般不可取),尽管这种法律情况逐渐得到接受。 在这方面,就条款草案(尽量减少国家继承造成的无国籍情况)而言,白俄罗斯提出的语言似乎足够了。", "6. 国家 条款 9. 放弃另一国国籍作为给予国籍的条件", "肯尼亚", "[原件:英", "[...] 肯尼亚还认为,第9条[.]将使自然人无法获得双重国籍。 [14] 这与《肯尼亚宪法》第16条规定双重国籍的规定相悖。", "7. 第11条。 尊重有关人员的意愿", "伊拉克", "[原件:阿拉伯", "第11条草案中“合格”一词的含义也必须具体说明。 该词没有定义,也没有要求该人具备的资格。", "科威特", "[原件:阿拉伯", "科威特国建议在第11条第1款中增加以下一句:“然而,尊重这些人的意愿应以他们符合有关国家确定的任何要求为条件。 “", "8. 第13条。 国家继承后所生子女", "伊拉克", "[原件:阿拉伯", "第13条草案规定,在国家继承之日后出生的子女有权获得其出生地所在国家国籍。 然而,大多数国家不只根据出生给予国籍,而是考虑到某些其他因素,例如居住或婚姻。", "科威特", "[原件:阿拉伯", "关于第13条,科威特请求增加以下内容:“......在继承国国内法的框架内”。", "委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国", "[原件:西班牙", "不清楚为什么第13条将出生地法优先于血统法。 如果意图是消除或减少无国籍状态的发生,那么,这两项标准应不加区别地适用于受国家继承影响的人的子女。", "9. 国家 第15条。 不歧视", "肯尼亚", "[原件:英", "肯尼亚回顾说,它以前曾对该条进行过评论。 [15]", "委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国", "[原件:西班牙", "建议扩大第15条中的不歧视概念,如许多国际人权条约(基于种族、性别、肤色、语言、社会地位、宗教、政治见解或任何其他条件或情况的歧视)那样,列入可能的歧视理由。 应当指出,虽然并非详尽无遗,但具体提及某些条件或情况,如上文所列条件或情况,将加强该条的措词。", "10个 条款 16. 禁止关于国籍问题的任意决定", "伊拉克", "[原件:阿拉伯", "第16条草案规定,有关的人不得被任意剥夺先前国的国籍,也不得被任意剥夺取得继承国国籍的权利或他们在国家继承中有权享有的任何选择权。 这一规定与条款草案中规定在国家继承方面有关的人具有继承国国籍的其他规定相矛盾。 因此,不能强迫被继承国维持当事人的国籍,因为当事人本来会居住在继承国。 继承国必须尽快给予他国籍。", "…", "关于被继承国取消国籍的第16和20条草案之间有矛盾。 案文应加以统一,以便在继承国给予有关的人国籍之前,先前国不得撤回国籍。", "11个 第17条。 与国籍问题有关的程序", "肯尼亚", "[原件:英", "肯尼亚回顾说,它以前曾对该条进行过评论。 [16]", "乌拉圭", "[原件:西班牙", "该条没有明确说明在哪个实体必须执行这种程序,也没有说明在国家仍在讨论继承方式以及个人没有向哪个实体提出申请的情况下应遵循的程序。 此外,附件案文没有述及国家继承不是通过相互协议发生的,因此案件被拖延的情况:在这种情况下,个人成为这种情况的人质,在A国可能已不存在的过程中成为无国籍者,但B国尚未得到承认。", "12. 第18条。 交流信息、协商和谈判", "肯尼亚", "[原件:英", "肯尼亚回顾说,它以前曾对该条进行过评论。 [17]", "13个 第19条. 其他国家", "白俄罗斯", "[原件:俄", "我们认为,第19条第2款也需要作一些改进。 由于给予国籍的问题完全属于有关国家的国内管辖范围,任何其他国家“......[将]有关的人作为有关国家的国民对待”不受限制的权利可能会引起有关国家的某种不安。 因此,我们建议将“如果这种待遇有利于这些人”改为“如果不能以其他方式保证适当保护这些人的权利和自由”。", "14. 第20条。 赋予继承国国籍和取消被继承国国籍", "伊拉克", "[原件:阿拉伯", "第20条草案载有“一国领土的任何部分被转让......”一语。 这些条款草案的规定不应使用“转让”一词。 为了一致起见,可以使用“分离”或“兼并”等用语,如第24条草案(“一国领土的一个或多个部分分开......”)。", "关于被继承国取消国籍的第16和20条草案之间有矛盾。 案文应加以统一,以便在继承国给予有关的人国籍之前,先前国不得撤回国籍。", "科威特", "[原件:阿拉伯", "关于涉及赋予继承国国籍和取消被继承国国籍的第20条,[阿拉伯国家专家和代表协调研究国家继承涉及的自然人国籍宣言的立场]委员会认为,该条没有考虑到不禁止双重国籍或不允许从其国民中取消其国籍的国家的法律。", "15. 第21条。 继承国国籍的归属", "白俄罗斯", "[原件:俄", "在第21条中,我们提议在“具有国籍”后将“a”改为“至少一个”。 我们认为,这将使该条适用于国家合并方面所有可能的国家继承形式。", "16. 第25条。 撤销被继承国的国籍", "肯尼亚", "[原件:英", "肯尼亚回顾说,它以前曾对该条进行过评论。 [18]", "委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国", "[原件:西班牙", "在第25条中,“被继承国可取消国籍”的措词比“被继承国应取消国籍”更为可取,因为目前的措词任意限制了有关的人获得两个国籍的可能性。", "C. 拟订关于国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题的法律文书的可取性和文书的可能形式", "奥地利", "[原件:英", "如2007年[19] [.]已指出,奥地利希望在就拟订一项公约作出决定之前考虑国家实践的发展情况。 在这方面,奥地利想建议委员会秘书处就本专题的现行国家实践进行研究,以协助各国就条款草案可能采取的形式作出结论。", "白俄罗斯", "[原件:俄", "条款草案序言指出,大会深信需要编纂并逐渐发展关于国家继承涉及的国籍问题的国际法规则。 在这方面,白俄罗斯共和国的理解是,任何领域的编纂目的是通过具有普遍承认的法律约束力的相应国际条约。", "我们认为,国际法委员会关于国家继承有关国籍问题的工作的最后结果应该是一项多边国际条约,全面规范国籍问题,包括国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题。 我们认为,缔结这样一个普遍性国际条约将成为建立有效机制以保护每个人的国籍权利的法律基础。 作为一项临时措施,应该通过经大会相应决议核准的条款草案作为实用指南。 如果各国遵循这一文书的规定采取一贯做法,这将表明国际习惯法的有关规则正在形成,从而可以审议通过缔结国际条约来编纂上述规则的问题。", "应当指出,在国家继承中,有关的人的权利不会得到适当的保护,除非被继承国和继承国都是包括条款草案条款在内的国际条约的缔约国,或除非有关国家的立法适当涵盖国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题,包括选择权。", "此外,我们认为,在管理国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题时,继承过程所涉国家间所缔结的国际条约应优先。 在这方面,我们提议在草案中增加条款,规定在国家继承的情况下,有关个人的国籍问题可受有关国家之间缔结的国际条约管辖。 与此同时,这些国际条约可以制定条款草案所没有规定的其他规则。", "保加利亚", "[原件:英", "保加利亚共和国政府认为,有关国家继承涉及的自然人国籍的国际法的编纂和逐渐发展可视为确保国家和个人有更大的法律确定性的一种手段。 在这方面,保加利亚政府认为,宜就国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题拟订一项法律文书,包括避免因国家继承而出现无国籍状态。", "捷克共和国", "[原件:英", "捷克共和国政府认为,条款的用意是为各国提供有用而实际的指导,即起草这一领域的国内法律和条例。 因此,与具有法律约束力的文书相比,非约束性宣言的形式似乎充分而且更为实际。 此外,一份不具约束力的文件为处理比规定国际义务的公约更广泛的问题提供了机会。", "此外,捷克共和国政府认为,与少数国家所批准的公约相比,普遍接受的声明可能享有更大的权威,并对个别会员国的立法和实践产生更积极的影响。", "捷克共和国政府深信,条款草案的目的已经由2000年12月12日大会第55/153号决议所实现。", "肯尼亚", "[原件:英", "此外,还存在一个问题,即是否谨慎的做法是编纂一项关于国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题的法律文书,并避免因国家继承而出现无国籍状态。 大会第55/133号决议序言部分所回顾的国际法委员会的建议是,关于这个问题的条款草案应作为宣言来通过。 一些国家赞成通过这些文书,将其作为法律文书。 在这个问题上存在意见分歧。 此外,关于上述事项的条款草案的通过将反映出对保护自然人和国籍权利的更有力支持,因为它们符合关于捍卫和保护人权的一般法律准则。", "科威特", "[原件:阿拉伯文和英", "至于大会以宣言形式通过该决议草案的建议,科威特国支持这项建议。", "宣言的整个条款力求在法律和国际基础上规范一些国际继承现象引起的无国籍问题。 虽然国际先例表明,这个问题很少出现,而且迄今还没有成为一个重要的因素,但国际立法者决定,事实上,这个问题对整个国际社会都很重要。", "国际上已经确定,以宣言形式制定的国际文书被视为等同于指导或咨询规则;正如已经指出的那样,这不适用于具有强制性的国际公约。", "在审查正在审议的宣言条款时,我们发现,其条款的总体背景侧重于在与国籍有关的所有事项上行使各种选择和确认国家的内部主权,并侧重于加强和尊重有关个人的意愿以及他们尽可能选择国籍的自由。 因此,只要这些原则在尊重其原则而通过的一项国际宣言案文中出现,只要它只涉及一项道义义务而不是一项法律义务,就没有任何损害,因为它最终意味着科威特国不承担任何国际义务。", "墨西哥", "[原件:西班牙", "国际法委员会拟订的条款草案,只要能有效保护个人的国籍权,就被认为可以接受。 因此,墨西哥不反对计划就此事拟订一项法律文书。 然而,它将继续审议这项国际文书应采取的形式问题。", "葡萄牙", "[原件:英", "[...] 确保遵守[国际法对国家在给予国籍方面的主权特权所规定的限制]的问题,也涉及条款草案所要承担的最后形式和法律力量。 似乎有三种选择:将条款草案作为大会第55/153号决议附件;按照国际法委员会的建议,作为大会宣言通过条款草案;以条款草案为基础拟订一项国际公约。", "葡萄牙认为,目前将条款草案作为宣言通过是最合理的选择,允许立即和权威地稳定一套分散的规范和惯例,将编纂与国际法的逐渐发展结合起来。 然而,条款草案作为宣言的通过,只有在可以期望得到各国广泛支持的情况下才能进行。", "斯洛文尼亚", "[原件:英", "斯洛文尼亚共和国认为,关于国家继承情况下自然人国籍的规则应采取不具约束力的文件的形式。 该文件还应反映现代实践和当代国际标准。 考虑到在继承情况下规范自然人公民身份的问题是一个最具挑战性的继承问题,斯洛文尼亚共和国主张采取渐进办法解决这一问题,这也可能在稍后阶段产生一份具有法律约束力的文件。 它还认为,目前必须拟订一份软法律文件,其中载有明确和权威的准则,作为在实践中处理这一问题的有用工具。", "苏里南", "[原件:英", "至关重要的是,在制定任何法律文书时,必须承认每个人的国籍权,国家应采取一切适当措施,防止个人因继承而成为无国籍人。 在继承的情况下,国家应尽一切努力为个人提供国籍,或采取一切措施,使个人不丧失国籍。 此外,法律文书应包括改变国籍的可能性。 最后,建议任何法律文书都处理家庭团聚、家庭成员措施和避免因继承而被驱逐的问题。", "委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国", "[原件:西班牙", "关于条款草案应采取何种形式,各国迄今在意见中表达的意见相去甚远;有些国家主张发表一项声明,而另一些国家则倾向于在具有约束力的国际文书(条约)中予以通过。 委内瑞拉代表团可以支持通过一项条约,正如其他两个拉丁美洲国家巴西和厄瓜多尔所做的那样。", "最后,必须铭记,国际社会已经通过了关于国籍的有法律约束力的文书,例如1954年9月28日《关于无国籍人地位的公约》2 和1961年8月30日《减少无国籍状态公约》。 因此,就这一专题发表一项声明(软法律)是不适当的。", "也门", "[原件:阿拉伯", "也门共和国认为,适当的做法是,一旦就国家继承涉及的自然人国籍问题达成最后文本,即以大会通过的国际宣言的形式通过有关原则和规定。", "[1] (中文(简体) ).", "[2] 见国际联盟,《条约汇编》,第179卷。", "[3] 联合国,《条约汇编》,第360卷。", "[4] 同上,第989卷。", "[5] 欧洲委员会条约汇编第166号,1997年11月6日签署。", "[6] 联合国,《条约汇编》,第999卷。", "[7] 同上,第1577卷。", "[8] 大会1959年11月20日第1386(XIV)号决议。", "[9] 联合国,《条约汇编》,第660卷。", "[10] 同上,第1249卷。", "[11] 见A/63/113号文件第二节B.2中肯尼亚的评论。", "[12] 见第二节科威特的一般性意见。 上文A.1节。", "[13] 见A/63/113号文件第二节中肯尼亚的评论。 第B.4.节。", "[14] 见A/63/113号文件第二节肯尼亚的评论。 B.5. 软件", "[15] 见A/63/113号文件第二节中肯尼亚的评论。 B.8. (中文(简体) ).", "[16] 见A/63/113号文件第二节中肯尼亚的评论。 B.9. (中文(简体) ).", "[17] 见A/63/113号文件第二节B.10中肯尼亚的评论。", "[18] 见A/63/113号文件第二节B.15中肯尼亚的评论。", "[19] 见A/63/113号文件第二.C节中奥地利的评论。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Items 133 and 142 of the provisional agenda*", "Programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011", "Report on the activities of the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "Audit of capital master plan procurement and contract management, including change orders", "Report of the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "* A/66/150.", "“Internal controls over the signing of guaranteed maximum price contracts were effective, but there is a need to improve controls related to the procurement of trade contracts”", "Summary", "In resolution 63/270, the General Assembly requested the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) to report to the Assembly on all aspects of the procurement process related to the capital master plan. As part of its workplan and in compliance with resolution 63/270, OIOS conducted an audit of capital master plan procurement and contract management, including change orders. The overall objective of the audit was to assess the adequacy and effectiveness of the key controls over the capital master plan activities relating to procurement and contract management.", "The Office of the Capital Master Plan has established an appropriate internal control structure, with segregation of duties, to review and evaluate guaranteed maximum price proposals, in order to promote the attainment of best value. However, the controls over the procurement of trade contracts by the construction manager, Skanska, need improvement to ensure the transparency and fairness of the procurement process.", "The Post-Award Review Committee was established by the Assistant Secretary-General, Office of Central Support Services to conduct the technical review of change orders and compliance review of contract amendments. However, the delay in setting up the Committee and the slow review process have contributed to a large backlog of cases for the Committee to review and a need to reconsider the current working arrangements to ensure the Committee’s relevance to ex post facto control.", "It took the Office of the Capital Master Plan between 29 and 174 days to approve the change orders under review. Change orders cannot be paid before they are approved and long approval times may negatively affect trade contractors’ cash flows and, consequently, may give rise to claims and disputes between the trade contractors and the construction manager.", "The reasons for initiating change orders were not adequately explained. Although the change orders were correctly approved, the fundamental question of why change occurs and who is accountable could not be answered. There are high numbers of change orders on some contracts.", "The Office of the Capital Master Plan has established rigorous arrangements for achieving the required level of quality.", "OIOS issued two critical recommendations to the Office of the Capital Master Plan and the Office of Central Support Services for further strengthening internal controls. All the recommendations made by OIOS have been accepted by the offices concerned.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 4II. Audit 4 \nresults A.Contractual 4 \nframework B.Guaranteed 6 maximum price review \nprocess C.Procurement 9 of trade contracts by \nSkanska D.Efforts 12 to promote procurement from countries with developing economies and economies in \ntransition E.Change 14 orders and contract \namendments F.Allowances 18 and \ncontingencies G.Contract 19 risk management, monitoring and \ncontrol \nIII.Recommendations 21\nAnnex Recommendations 22 madeto mitigaterisksidentifiedin theauditof capitalmaster plan procurement and contract \nmanagement,includingchangeorders", "I. Introduction", "1. The capital master plan was established pursuant to General Assembly resolution 55/238. A budget of $1,876.7 million was approved by the Assembly in resolution 61/251 and work on the capital master plan has been proceeding in accordance with the accelerated strategy referred to in Assembly resolution 62/87.", "2. The Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) conducted an audit of capital master plan procurement and contract management, including change orders. The main objective of the audit was to assess the adequacy and effectiveness of key controls over capital master plan activities in those areas.", "3. The contracts selected for sample testing were two guaranteed maximum price contracts started in 2009 (for the Secretariat Building and for the curtain wall, with a combined value of $335 million) and trade contracts related to those guaranteed maximum price contracts. The audit also examined change orders exceeding $500,000 (increase in guaranteed maximum price) and negative change orders (decrease in guaranteed maximum price) exceeding $400,000.", "4. Interviews were conducted with personnel of the Office of the Capital Master Plan, the consultant programme manager, Skanska and the Chair of the Post-Award Review Committee. The comments of the capital master plan management were taken into account in the preparation of the present report.", "II. Audit results", "A. Contractual framework", "5. On 18 May 2009, the United Nations entered into a coordination agreement with Skanska for $28,500,000. That agreement addresses the overall coordination of and responsibility for the services to be performed by Skanska with respect to the capital master plan. The Coordination Agreement covers the roles and responsibilities of Skanska as construction manager, the process to be followed for the management of construction and the fees to be paid. The United Nations has since signed amendments to the Coordination Agreement in the amount of $27,533,260 for early contract works related to packages for which guaranteed maximum price contracts had not yet been signed.", "6. The United Nations has entered into 16 out of an approximate total of 21 guaranteed maximum price contracts with Skanska for the various projects that comprise the entire capital master plan (see table 1).", "Table 1 List of guaranteed maximum price contracts signed as of 31 December 2010", "Description Contract date Contract amount (US dollars)", "Basement bid package 2 — Prepurchase 27 March 2009 25 106 883", "Basement bid package 2 — Installation 15 June 2009 141 786 436", "Fire alarm system 8 March 2010 9 551 280", "Subtotal Basement Package 2 176 444 599", "North Lawn Conference Building 18 July 2008 29 009 179 (Package 1)", "North Lawn Conference Building 8 August 2008 6 495 536 (Package 2)", "North Lawn Conference Building 21 November 19 203 968 (Package 3) 2008", "North Lawn Conference Building 12 December 41 313 763 (Package 4 & 5) 2008", "North Lawn Conference Building 2 April 2009 37 527 990 (Package 6)", "Subtotal North Lawn Conference 133 550 436 Building", "305 E 46th Street 21 November 22 220 151 2008", "Contract B — 3B Swing space Package 1 9 October 2008 12 645 161", "United Nations Federal Credit Union 9 December 2008 8 588 900", "Curtain wall 19 March 2009 128 337 747", "380 Madison Avenue 9 April 2009 34 033 002", "Furniture for swing spaces 15 April 2009 13 744 754", "Hoist 22 September 20 934 300 2009", "Secretariat Building 1 February 2010 206 966 117", "Total 757 465 167", "7. Under the terms of guaranteed maximum price contracts, Skanska implements and oversees the approved construction and contracting plan, controls project costs, maintains site safety, ensures quality assurance and procures construction work. The guaranteed maximum price consists of trade costs, general conditions, fees, contingencies, allowances and insurance. As the work proceeds, Skanska is paid for the percentage of trade costs and general conditions costs of work completed, along with pre-agreed fees and insurance. The guaranteed maximum price is the ceiling price for each parcel of work, beyond which the United Nations is not obligated to compensate Skanska for the pre-determined scope of works. Any loss due to increase in market price must be absorbed by Skanska and any savings generated belong to the United Nations. However, changes made by the United Nations to the scope of works or to the schedule during a contract result in either an increase or a decrease in the guaranteed maximum price. Skanska follows a competitive bidding process to award contracts to trade contractors. Those contracts can be signed only after approval by the Office of the Capital Master Plan.", "8. The United Nations employs firms of design consultants and other firms to act as integrity monitor, commissioning agent and consultant programme manager for the effective execution of the projects. The consultant programme manager, Gardiner and Theobald (G&T), advises the Office of the Capital Master Plan on the technical aspects of Skanska’s guaranteed maximum price proposals and the reasonableness of costs. The figure below shows the contractual framework for the capital master plan.", "Figure I Capital master plan contractual framework", "[]", "9. In the opinion of OIOS, the contractual framework is adequately designed and has been operating satisfactorily.", "B. Guaranteed maximum price review process", "1. Guaranteed maximum price submittal and review procedures", "10. The United Nations and Skanska have agreed to standard terms and conditions for guaranteed maximum price contracts, including the construction fee, insurance and contract security costs. Other components of a guaranteed maximum price contract, including trade contractor costs and general conditions costs (Skanska’s management costs), are negotiated for each guaranteed maximum price contract. According to the “Special procedures for the procurement of goods and services required to complete the capital master plan” issued by the Procurement Division on 31 October 2008, Skanska may seek competitive bidding for trade contracts before a guaranteed maximum price proposal is submitted or may include estimates for trade packages as part of its guaranteed maximum price proposal.", "11. Prior to the submission of a guaranteed maximum price proposal by Skanska, both Skanska and G&T independently prepare cost estimates for the guaranteed maximum price package on the basis of design documents. Both estimates are submitted to the Director of Construction, Office of the Capital Master Plan, who reviews them and requests Skanska and G&T to reconcile any differences. The Director of Construction also prepares his own estimates and oversees the reconciliation process. This adds to the level of oversight over both Skanska and G&T.", "12. Once the design and construction documents are completed, Skanska prepares a guaranteed maximum price proposal. As part of this process, Skanska may start the procurement of trade contracts to test market conditions and confirm that actual bids come within estimates. Skanska stated that before a guaranteed maximum price proposal is submitted at least 75 per cent of trade contracts are at various stages of the bidding process.", "13. Skanska submits the guaranteed maximum price proposal to the Office of the Capital Master Plan with breakdowns of: estimated trade costs, proposed staffing, the project schedule, exclusions and allowances. G&T reviews the guaranteed maximum price proposal in detail and, together with the Office of the Capital Master Plan, negotiates with Skanska the terms and cost of the proposal. Skanska submits a revised proposal after the negotiations.", "14. The Office of the Capital Master Plan has established a technical evaluation committee to review Skanska’s guaranteed maximum price proposals. This committee comprises the Director of Construction, the Chief of Design and the Chief of Administration and Communication. A G&T representative acts as a non‑voting adviser. G&T carries out a financial review of the proposal and issues recommendations to the Office of the Capital Master Plan and the Procurement Division. The committee issues a recommendation that the guaranteed maximum price proposal be submitted to the Headquarters Committee on Contracts for review.", "15. On the basis of the G&T financial review, the Procurement Division conducts further evaluation of a guaranteed maximum price proposal, checking it against the capital master plan budget and seeing if any benchmarks relating to the cost of comparative construction projects in New York City identified by G&T have been exceeded. The Procurement Division stated that its review focused on compliance with established procedures and otherwise relied on the work conducted by G&T.", "16. The Procurement Division and the Office of the Capital Master Plan prepare a presentation on a guaranteed maximum price proposal for the Headquarters Committee on Contracts. The role of the Headquarters Committee on Contracts is to review whether the technical and financial evaluations of the guaranteed maximum price proposal transparently show that Skanska’s proposal is technically acceptable and that the guaranteed maximum price is fair. The Procurement Division, in conjunction with the Office of Legal Affairs, reviews and signs the guaranteed maximum price contract with Skanska.", "17. In the opinion of OIOS, the Office of the Capital Master Plan has established an appropriate internal control structure, with segregation of duties, to review and evaluate the guaranteed maximum price in order to promote the attainment of best value. It was evident that the Office of the Capital Master Plan places reliance on G&T for local market expertise and cost estimates. OIOS concluded that it was a common practice in the construction industry in the United States and worldwide for the owner to rely on consultants for industry knowledge. However, the Office of the Capital Master Plan also maintains its own industry knowledge, through project managers, the Director of Construction and the Executive Director, to assess the reasonableness of cost estimates from Skanska and G&T. The results of the OIOS review of controls are described in the following section.", "2. OIOS review of the guaranteed maximum price proposal and approval process", "18. OIOS examined two guaranteed maximum price proposals, one for the curtain wall and the other for the Secretariat Building, with contract values of $128 million and $207 million, respectively. It reviewed Skanska’s proposals, the independent cost estimates of G&T, the cost estimate reconciliation, cost estimates conducted by the Director of Construction, reviews of cost estimates by the architects and engineers, bidding for trade contracts conducted at the time of the guaranteed maximum price proposal, technical evaluations by G&T and the Procurement Division and the deliberations of the Headquarters Committee on Contracts.", "(a) Curtain wall", "19. The reconciliation process for estimates prepared by Skanska, G&T and the Director of Construction was in compliance with the established procedures, as described in paragraph 11 above.", "20. The initial proposal from Skanska was submitted after 85 per cent of the bids from the trade contractors had been received and had been the subject of negotiation by Skanska. This provided assurance that the trade costs of the guaranteed maximum price proposal were aligned with market conditions and Skanska could guarantee the price of the guaranteed maximum price contract.", "21. After the review by G&T and the Office of the Capital Master Plan, Skanska reduced its proposal by $8.5 million as the result of an adjustment for market conditions. This reflected well on the effectiveness of the cost control roles of G&T and the Office of the Capital Master Plan.", "22. Based on the technical evaluation committee reports and financial reviews by both G&T and the Procurement Division, the guaranteed maximum price was within the benchmark of comparable renovation projects in New York City.", "23. The review by the Headquarters Committee on Contracts of the guaranteed maximum price proposal was satisfactory. The Committee recommended the proposed contract award for approval by the Assistant Secretary-General, Office of Central Support Services, in line with established procedures. The Procurement Division’s presentation adequately described the scope of the project and the procedures for the evaluation of Skanska’s proposal.", "24. OIOS concluded that the consideration of the proposal had been conducted with due diligence by the responsible members of the project team and the Headquarters Committee on Contracts.", "(b) Secretariat Building", "25. The reconciliation process for estimates prepared by Skanska, G&T and the Director of Construction was in compliance with established procedures, as described in paragraph 11 above.", "26. Architects reviewed the estimates and provided necessary clarifications.", "27. Three separate proposals were received from Skanska before the contract was signed. This was because the initial two proposals exceeded the budget. The final proposal was $30 million lower than the original proposal, as a result of negotiations on the basis of market conditions.", "28. Seventy-two per cent of the trade contracts were in various phases of the bidding process at the time the last proposal was received from Skanska.", "29. The Headquarters Committee on Contracts sought necessary clarifications before recommending the proposed contract award for approval by the Assistant Secretary-General, Office of Central Support Services, in line with established procedures. OIOS concluded that the review by the Headquarters Committee on Contracts of the guaranteed maximum price proposal was satisfactory.", "30. Based on the review of internal controls of the guaranteed maximum price proposal and approval process for the curtain wall and the Secretariat Building guaranteed maximum prices, OIOS concluded that the controls were adequate, effective and in accordance with the established procedures.", "C. Procurement of trade contracts by Skanska", "31. The process for the bidding and award of trade contracts is carried out by Skanska in consultation with the Procurement Division and the Office of the Capital Master Plan. Skanska is responsible for:", "(a) Advertising procurement opportunities and obtaining expressions of interest from potential trade contractors through Skanska’s project website;", "(b) Prequalifying trade contractors;", "(c) Establishing bid lists of between 5 and 10 trade contractors;", "(d) Receiving bids in sealed envelopes to be opened in the presence of representatives of G&T and the Procurement Division;", "(e) Conducting bid analysis and levelling, including scope verification, on the basis of individual meetings with trade contractors attended by representatives of G&T and the Procurement Division;", "(f) Negotiating with low bidders and recommending the award of the contract to the most suitable bidder. The Office of the Capital Master Plan approves the award by Skanska of a contract to the successful bidder after reviews by G&T, the integrity monitor and the Procurement Division.", "1. Integrity monitoring", "32. In April 2009, the United Nations entered into a contract, not to exceed $1,192,000, with a consultant for the provision of integrity monitoring services. The purpose of integrity monitoring is:", "(a) To prevent fraud, waste, abuse and corruption;", "(b) To alert the management of the capital master plan to potentially risky or weak areas by means of periodic reports and interim updates;", "(c) To report transgressions, if found;", "(d) To design and implement corruption prevention programmes;", "(e) To provide investigative services, as necessary.", "33. OIOS reviewed 111 of the 170 reports on trade contractors issued by the integrity monitor. The integrity monitor identified information on three companies that might warrant their being excluded from consideration for the award of contracts. Two of those companies were not on the list of trade contractors for the capital master plan project. The third company had been contracted by Skanska; however, the contract had been signed and completed satisfactorily prior to the review by the integrity monitor.", "34. OIOS considers the integrity monitor an important control for the project. It is a good practice to mitigate risk to the reputation of the United Nations by ensuring that trade contractors hired for the capital master plan have a good track record.", "2. Examination by OIOS of the procurement of trade contracts", "(a) Curtain wall", "35. The invitation for expressions of interest relating to the curtain wall entrances and louvres was posted on Skanska’s website for only three weeks, instead of the recommended four weeks. Skanska explained that that had been essential to maintain the schedule. The contract for entrances and louvres, with a value of $75.5 million, comprises 85 per cent of the trade costs for the curtain wall. Skanska stated that the curtain wall had been the first big procurement exercise, which had started at the end of 2007. It had taken time for the Office of the Capital Master Plan and the Procurement Division to review the screening criteria for trade contractors and the text of the invitation to submit an expression of interest. OIOS confirmed that Skanska had posted an invitation to submit an expression of interest immediately after it had received authorization from the Office of the Capital Master Plan. Furthermore, Skanska had contacted big manufacturers of curtain wall panels directly to ascertain their interest in bidding.", "36. OIOS concluded that the shortened period for inviting expressions of interest had not limited the number of potential bidders.", "37. OIOS examined the list of bidders for curtain wall entrances and louvres, abatement and demolition, and temporary protection which had been compiled by Skanska and reviewed by G&T, the architects and engineers, the Procurement Division and the Director of Construction before being approved by the Executive Director. The Office of the Capital Master Plan and G&T only rarely added or removed a trade contractor from the list of bidders, if the capacity or integrity of the trade contractor was questionable. The Office of the Capital Master Plan considered that Skanska was hired to manage trade contracts and that by dictating which trade contractors to include on the list of bidders, the Organization would be exposed to risk in the event of non-performance. OIOS concurred with that position.", "38. OIOS reviewed bid opening sheets, bid levelling summaries, and best and final offers for four trade packages with a value of $85.7 million that comprised 97 per cent of the trade contracts that had been signed at the time of the audit. Bids for one package were opened before the list of bidders had been approved by the Office of the Capital Master Plan. The request for approval was sent to the Office of the Capital Master Plan on 9 June 2010, but the approval was not given until 15 July 2010. The bid opening took place on 25 June 2010 in order to maintain the schedule. The second bid opening and bid levelling (scope verification) with trade contractors also took place prior to the approval of bidders by the Office of the Capital Master Plan. Timely approval of lists of bidders by the Office of the Capital Master Plan is important because this is one of the controls designed to exclude unsuitable trade contractors and to prevent bias towards any particular contractor.", "39. Skanska had not prepared formal minutes of the levelling meetings for entrance and louvres packages, which was contrary to the procurement procedures set out in the project manual. OIOS had made a previous recommendation in that regard in its audit report on Skanska’s procurement process (AC2009/514/02 of 27 August 2009).", "40. Skanska had not been required to keep copies of the transmission of invitations to bid. Although Skanska maintained that all bidders on the approved list had been invited to bid, OIOS could not assess when the trade contractors had been contacted or whether they all had had the same amount of time to prepare their bids.", "(b) Secretariat Building", "41. OIOS examined six trade packages with at total value of $80 million, which represented 78 per cent of the contracts that had been awarded at the time of the audit.", "42. The invitation to bid for the abatement package was issued by Skanska before the list of bidders was approved by the Office of the Capital Master Plan. It took 27 days to review and approve the list. Skanska did not wait for approval, in order to maintain the schedule, and would have had to adjust its strategy if some of the trade contractors had not been approved. OIOS observed that the invitation to bid had been sent to 13 trade contractors, four of which were not on the list of bidders. Skanska explained that it had added three contractors to the list from the demolition package that contained 10 contractors already approved by the Office of the Capital Master Plan under a separate request. However, it did not document why those contractors were selected. Skanska stated that the fourth contractor had been added subsequently, on the basis of new information.", "43. The bid-opening sheet for one package erroneously listed a contractor that did not submit a bid and was not on the approved list of bidders. Six out of 11 contractors who were invited to bid did not submit a bid and did not acknowledge receiving an invitation to bid. Skanska also could not provide any evidence that the invitation to bid was sent to all the contractors on the list of bidders. Keeping track of the transmission of invitations to bid with a summary indicating the name of the vendor and the date and means of transmission would assist Skanska to follow up on non-responsive contractors, as well as adding transparency to the bidding process.", "44. The OIOS review of one package indicated that a best and final offer was not solicited from a lower bidder. Skanska stated that the lower bidder was disqualified by Skanska’s corporate office. However, supporting evidence was not available. In another case, Skanska could not provide evidence of the Procurement Division’s approval to solicit the best and final offer.", "45. Records of another procurement action indicated that the lowest bidder was excluded from the next round of bidding because it was a part of the group that was disqualified by Skanska’s corporate office. However, that decision was not documented in the memorandum requesting approval. Moreover, because of that disqualification, another trade contractor was invited to the third round of the best and final offer negotiations. However, Skanska could not explain why that particular bidder was invited when other lower bidders in the initial bidding were not invited. Although there is no evidence of favouritism, since the bidder that was invited to the third round of bidding was not awarded the contract, OIOS was concerned that best and final offer negotiations were not extended to bidders that had offered competitive prices in the initial bidding.", "46. One bidder with a competitive quote was excluded from the next round of bidding because the initial strategy was to award contracts for both demolition and abatement to one contractor. Later, however, the biddings for demolition and abatement were continued separately and the contracts were also awarded separately. The exclusion of a lower bidder may have resulted in failure to obtain the best value.", "47. In conclusion, the OIOS review and testing of the procurement of trade contracts for the curtain wall and the Secretariat Building determined that bids had been subject to competition among contractors that had been pre-qualified by Skanska. Controls were exercised over Skanska by G&T, the architects and engineers, the Procurement Division and the Director of Construction, but areas were identified where the application of controls could be improved. The capital master plan is very much driven by the schedule, as delays present a threat to the budget, and some of the observations made in the present section of the report reflect a desire on the part of both Skanska and the Office of the Capital Master Plan to work expeditiously. OIOS holds the view that it is practical to apply established controls to improve transparency without adversely affecting timeliness. There was a need to improve record keeping in areas associated with Skanska’s procurement activities. The Office of Central Support Services stated that in response to the previous OIOS audit of the procurement process of the capital master plan construction manager (AC2009/514/02), the Procurement Division had addressed a letter to Skanska dated 24 November 2009 regarding levelling procedures for the appointment of trade contractors. The Procurement Division will remind Skanska to follow those procedures.", "D. Efforts to promote procurement from countries with developing economies and economies in transition", "48. In its resolution 63/270, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to entrust OIOS to report on factors that might restrict the diversification of the geographical origin of vendors, including the current subcontracting process, local regulations, labour laws and sustainability options, as well as on vendors’ compliance with existing rules and regulations of the United Nations and general conditions of contract.", "1. Host country regulations", "49. Article III, section 7, of the Agreement between the United Nations and the United States of America regarding the Headquarters of the United Nations states, inter alia: “Except as otherwise provided in this agreement or in the General Convention, the federal, state and local law of the United States shall apply within the headquarters district”. Thus, the Office of the Capital Master Plan applies all host country regulations regarding asbestos abatement and voluntarily applies the New York City Building Code. This requires the use of licensed contractors for asbestos removal and for electrical, mechanical and plumbing work, to ensure the safety of staff, delegates and visitors, as well as emergency response officers such as police and firefighters. Although the legal framework does not expressly forbid the United Nations from bringing overseas contractors to work on the project, there are practical difficulties that make that unlikely. They are amplified below.", "2. Initiatives by Skanska and United Nations departments", "50. Skanska, like all major construction management companies in New York, is a union-affiliated company and has to employ unionized labour on its projects. Skanska has negotiated a project labour agreement with the unions that prohibits their members from striking or organizing picket lines in front of the United Nations in the event that the United Nations directly employs non-unionized labour. According to Skanska, it would vacate the area if the United Nations elects to use directly contracted non-unionized workers, including workers from overseas.", "51. OIOS noted the following efforts to communicate procurement opportunities regarding the capital master plan:", "(a) The Office of the Capital Master Plan, in cooperation with the Procurement Division, has informed Member States through notes verbale of the forthcoming procurement exercises for large purchases;", "(b) The Office of the Capital Master Plan, the Procurement Division and Skanska have given presentations to permanent missions and consulates of countries that requested information on capital master plan procurement opportunities;", "(c) Skanska has made the procurement of trade contracts transparent by posting all expressions of interest on its project website, which is linked to the websites of the Procurement Division and the Office of the Capital Master Plan;", "(d) The Procurement Division undertakes outreach efforts in the form of business seminars to facilitate the registration of vendors from developing countries and countries with economies in transition. Since 2008, the Procurement Division has conducted around 36 such seminars, at which business opportunities and requirements specific to the capital master plan were highlighted;", "(e) Skanska’s website, in soliciting expressions of interest for the supply of bulk purchases, contains the statement that “International vendors, especially from developing countries and countries with economies in transition, are strongly encouraged to participate”.", "52. Under the Coordination Agreement with the United Nations, Skanska is required to create opportunities for procurement from countries with developing economies and countries with economies in transition. Skanska also requires the trade contractors to report bimonthly the country of origin of each product installed as part of the works. Skanska has reported that, as of December 2010, the total dollar value of purchases from Brazil, China, India, Mexico, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand and Viet Nam as countries of origin was $10.8 million, representing 4.5 per cent of total purchases.", "53. OIOS concluded that the Office of the Capital Master Plan, the Procurement Division and Skanska were making concerted efforts to bring in international vendors for bulk purchases.", "3. Environmentally friendly and sustainable procurement", "54. In its resolution 63/270, the General Assembly stressed that until a decision was taken by the Assembly on the issue of environmentally friendly and sustainable procurement, the Secretary-General should not use any criteria that unduly restricted the ability of vendors to participate in procurement processes owing to environmental friendliness or sustainability requirements.", "55. From its review of invitations to submit expressions of interest the Office of Internal Oversight Services concluded that there had been no restrictions in that regard.", "E. Change orders and contract amendments", "1. Delegation of authority to the Executive Director, Office of the Capital Master Plan", "56. As of January 2009, the Assistant Secretary-General, Office of Central Support Services granted a delegation of authority to the Executive Director to approve change orders, subject to limits. A key control specified by the Assistant Secretary-General was that all change orders over $200,000 approved by the Executive Director should also be reviewed by an ex post facto committee, the Post-Award Review Committee, established for that purpose.", "2. Post-Award Review Committee", "57. On 30 October 2009, the Assistant Secretary-General, Office of Central Support Services established the Post-Award Review Committee. The Committee was expected to commence operations in November 2009 and convene meetings each month to review change orders and contract amendments executed in the preceding month. However, the Committee did not convene with its current composition until April 2010, as the previously appointed chairperson had resigned.", "58. The terms of reference for the Post-Award Review Committee were prepared and submitted to the Assistant Secretary-General, Office of Central Support Services for approval in May 2010. According to those terms of reference, the Committee conducts a technical review of change orders and a compliance review of contract amendments to establish whether procurement actions were in accordance with procurement policies.", "59. The terms of reference for the Post-Award Review Committee established that all change orders and contract amendments greater than $500,000 would be reviewed. However, the delegation of authority for change orders from the Assistant Secretary-General, Office of Central Support Services to the Executive Director, Office of the Capital Master Plan required the review of all change orders and contract amendments exceeding $200,000. This inconsistency needs to be addressed. The Office of Central Support Services stated that the delegation of authority to the Executive Director would be revised to request that all change orders authorized by the Executive Director exceeding $500,000 should be reviewed by the Post-Award Review Committee.", "60. Since April 2010, the Post-Award Review Committee held meetings with the Office of the Capital Master Plan and the Procurement Division to gain an understanding of operations and procedures. The Committee held two meetings in 2010 and a further two up to May 2011.", "61. As of December 2010, there were 199 contract amendments, with a value of over $115 million, issued to Skanska that fell within the purview of the Post-Award Review Committee. Only 12 contract amendments, valued at $25.4 million, had been reviewed by the Committee. There were also 29 contract amendments over $500,000, with a total value of $48 million, issued to designers and engineers and other consultants. OIOS considers the ex post facto review of change orders and contract amendments to be an important control that has yet not been effective. The backlog of cases and their high value, as well as the limited staff resources of the Committee, may prevent it from clearing the backlog and keeping up with new cases. The Office of Central Support Services stated that the Post-Award Review Committee planned to increase the frequency of meetings to review change orders and contract amendments. The Office of Central Support Services would request the Office of the Capital Master Plan to provide funding to improve the Procurement Division’s ability to support the Committee.", "3. The need for effective change management and the procedures for reviewing change orders and contract amendments", "62. Change orders are an integral part of any construction project and represent changes to scope and contract price. Skanska has entered into over 300 separate contracts with trade contractors who undertake the construction work. Most of those contracts will be subject to change orders as a result of: (a) scope changes; (b) architects’ and engineers’ requirements; (c) field and unforeseen conditions; and (d) requests by Skanska. Change orders present risks for the United Nations if the associated controls are not adequate. Each change order requires the written approval of the United Nations and is funded from the controlled contingency reviewed by the Headquarters Committee on Contracts and approved by the Assistant Secretary-General, Office of Central Support Services.", "63. Change orders are confined to scope changes of the contract. Any changes in the general terms of the contract, such as a change in payment terms, insurance requirements, responsibilities or liabilities, require review and action by the Procurement Division through a contract amendment, using the established procedures. Contract amendments with a value of up to $5 million must be reviewed and authorized by the Director of the Procurement Division. If a contract amendment has a value exceeding $5 million, it is referred to the Headquarters Committee on Contracts.", "64. Once the need for change is identified, Skanska issues a written “change order request” when the cost of the change order can be determined, or a “change order value — value to be determined” when the work is urgent in nature and the cost cannot be determined at the early stage. After review of the change order value, the Executive Director signs it, authorizing Skanska to proceed with the work. However, at this point the review continues in order to confirm that the work identified in the change order value represents a real change and has not already been included in the original scope of the capital master plan contract.", "65. After Skanska has documentary support for the cost estimate, it submits the change order request to the Office of the Capital Master Plan. The change order request is subject to detailed checks and cost calculations by G&T, the project manager (the Office of the Capital Master Plan or G&T) and the architects and engineers. The Director of Construction also reviews the change order request before it is approved. Table 2 shows the percentage of change orders to the value of guaranteed maximum price contracts.", "Table 2 Percentage value of change orders compared to the value of guaranteed maximum price contracts", "Description Contract Change orders Percentage amount and contract value (US dollars) amendments of change (US dollars) orders compared to the value of guaranteed maximum price", "Basement Package 2 176 444 599 39 445 081 22", "North Lawn Conference 133 550 436 46 225 440 35 Building", "305 E 46 Street 22 220 151 3 253 361 15", "Contract B-3B Swing space 12 645 161 578 846 5 Package 1", "United Nations Federal Credit 8 588 900 816 040 10 Union", "Curtain wall 128 337 747 1 864 458 1", "380 Madison Avenue 34 033 002 15 691 763 46", "Furniture for swing spaces 13 744 754 5 316 139 39", "Hoist 20 934 300 769 344 4", "Secretariat Building 206 966 117 1 871 002 0.9", "Total 757 465 167 115 831 476 15", "66. The Office of the Capital Master Plan explained that the high percentage value of change orders for Basement Package 2 was due to scope reallocation from Basement Package 3 for scheduling reasons. Thus, change orders totalling $17,072,683 from Basement Package 3 were reallocated to Basement Package 2. Change orders pertaining to Basement Package 3 in the amount of $23,821,830 were reviewed and recommended for approval by the Headquarters Committee on Contracts.", "67. Additional furniture for swing spaces was needed because departments were moving more people than initially planned and users required more storage and seating. Past change orders related to furniture support the need to finalize a restacking plan at the earliest possible stage before the Secretariat Building is reoccupied. Further consideration of this is included in the 2011 internal audit workplan.", "68. OIOS analysed the reasons for the high percentage of change orders for the North Lawn Conference Building, 380 Madison Avenue and 305 East 46th Street in its audit report on capital master plan change orders and associated processes (AC2009/514/03 of 8 April 2010).", "4. OIOS examination of change orders", "69. OIOS reviewed all change orders over $500,000 that had not been previously covered by the OIOS audit report (AC2009/514/03). In addition, OIOS tested a sample of change orders over $200,000. The results of the OIOS review are as follows.", "70. It took the Office of the Capital Master Plan between 29 and 174 days to approve change orders. The average time taken was 70 days. This was because the change order was checked by multiple parties, including architects and engineers, estimators, cost managers and project managers. Long approval times may negatively affect trade contractors’ cash flow, as the change order cannot be paid before it is approved. OIOS, in its report on capital master plan change orders and associated processes (AC2009/514/03 of 8 April 2010) recommended that the Office of the Capital Master Plan set realistic targets for the review and approval of change orders and make every effort to reduce approval times. OIOS reiterates that recommendation.", "71. Over 70 per cent of change orders were due to owner-requested scope changes. The reasons for owner-requested change orders were not sufficiently explained. The change order request often cites design changes and detailed technical explanations but the originator of the change and the circumstances that led to it are not always made clear. OIOS requested the Office of the Capital Master Plan to provide the list of change orders initiated by user departments, with the costs of changes in design and construction, but it was not forthcoming. Although the change order review process has internal controls for the approval of individual change orders, the fundamental question of why change occurs and who is accountable could not be answered.", "72. Sample change orders examined by OIOS had been reviewed by architects and engineers, G&T and project managers before they were recommended for approval by the Director of Construction and subsequently approved by the Executive Director, in accordance with established procedures.", "73. OIOS observed that change orders were often contracted to the same trade contractors who were already employed on the guaranteed maximum price contract in question, for logistical reasons or because the unit price was stipulated in Exhibit C of the trade contract. The competitiveness of Exhibit C of the trade contract was not formally evaluated at the time of initial bidding as the trade contract was evaluated on a lump-sum basis. Therefore, there was limited assurance that unit prices stipulated under the trade contract were competitive. Skanska explained that it negotiated the rates to ensure competitiveness and that G&T reviewed them as well. However, that was not formally documented in the levelling summaries or in Skanska’s recommendation for the award of the trade contract. The Office of the Capital Master Plan commented that it had instigated a discipline of reviewing all unit rates and hourly rates at the time of award to ensure they were competitive. The rates were checked against competitive bids in the particular trade package and other similar trade packages on other projects of the capital master plan. OIOS is of the opinion that Exhibit C rates should be formally evaluated and documented to provide assurance that they were competitive at the time of bidding.", "74. In cases where no unit, or time and material prices were stipulated in the trade contract, G&T used comparable market rates from other projects to ensure that the prices quoted by a trade contractor were reasonable. Although OIOS obtained evidence that G&T conducted a review of the change order costs, the Office could not always establish the source of the information used in the review. However, the review of sampled change orders showed that the value of change orders submitted by Skanska and examined by OIOS was reduced by $1,066,875 after the review by G&T and the Office of the Capital Master Plan. Also, in cases when the quote for change orders from the trade contractor was deemed too high, they were opened to competitive bidding. The Office of the Capital Master Plan stated that when there were no applicable rates in the existing contract, G&T reviewed other similar contracts within the capital master plan project or relied on G&T estimators for applicable unit rates from other projects in New York City.", "75. During the review of change orders conducted on a time and materials basis, OIOS obtained breakdowns for labour rates which showed that, apart from wages, the United Nations pays benefits and insurance on the labour portion of change orders. OIOS was informed that federal and state unemployment insurance of 7.65 and 9.50 per cent is applied on the first $7,000 and $8,000 earned by trade contractors. This means that this cap can be fully utilized in a couple of months and insurance should be excluded from the calculation for the remaining part of the year. G&T estimated the potential financial savings at $3.8 million for the entire project. Skanska proposed to invite bids for labour rates competitively from trade contractors to ensure that the cap on federal unemployment insurance and state unemployment insurance is not exceeded. OIOS concurs with this proposal as long as Skanska can demonstrate that the competitive bid takes into account the reduction in federal and in state unemployment insurance.", "76. The change orders pertaining to swing space in Basement Package 2 were competitively bid. However, the “Special procedures for the procurement of goods and services required to complete the capital master plan” issued by the Procurement Division on 31 October 2008 were not fully observed during this process. The Procurement Division attended bid openings and bid levelling meetings, but did not have an opportunity to comment on the recommendation for the award of the change orders.", "77. In the opinion of OIOS, the Procurement Division should review recommendations for the award of any new trade contract, whether processed through a change order or an allowance usage request, and the “Special procedures for the procurement of goods and services required to complete the capital master plan” should be followed in all cases when the contract is awarded to a new trade contractor. The Office of Central Support Services and the Office of the Capital Master Plan will ensure that the process is modified to ensure that all trade contract awards are submitted to the Procurement Division for review.", "F. Allowances and contingencies", "78. OIOS reviewed $42.6 million of allowances out of $104 million of allowances approved. All allowances examined were correctly processed through the competitive bidding of trade contracts.", "79. OIOS examined contingency usage of $1,099,712 out of $1,983,442 approved and determined that established procedures were complied with in all the cases reviewed.", "G. Contract risk management, monitoring and control", "1. Weekly meetings", "80. Various meetings are conducted each week to enable the Office of the Capital Master Plan, Skanska and G&T to coordinate their work. These meetings are also attended by representatives of various stakeholders that are important to the success of the capital master plan, such as the Department of Safety and Security, the Office of Information and Communication Technology, the Office of Legal Affairs, the Procurement Division and the Facilities Management Service.", "81. OIOS reviewed the weekly schedule of meetings and concluded that all the decision makers and stakeholders meet regularly to discuss and coordinate issues. OIOS reviewed the minutes of construction coordination meetings for the curtain wall and the Secretariat Building and noted that issues had been assigned for action and had been followed up at the next meeting.", "2. Risk management", "82. G&T drafted an annual capital master plan risk assessment in October 2010, together with a risk register giving probabilities, values and impact assessments. The Chief, Administration and Communications of the Office of the Capital Master Plan facilitates regular reviews of the risks, and has assigned individual risks to risk owners. Risks are kept under review as the capital master plan progresses. Furthermore, a summary of risks and mitigation actions is provided by G&T as part of the monthly status reports.", "83. OIOS conducted a fraud risk assessment of the procurement process and concluded that the existing controls were adequate to prevent fraud, except in the event of collusion among the parties. No such cases were detected.", "3. Outside agencies", "84. According to the Office of the Capital Master Plan, it complies with the City of New York Building Code on a voluntary basis. All drawings are submitted to the New York City Department of Buildings for review. Officials from the Department of Buildings visit the site regularly. The Office of the Capital Master Plan also coordinates with the United States Environmental Protection Agency and with the New York City Fire Department, Police Department and Department of Transportation.", "4. Quality control by Skanska", "85. Skanska employs quality control/assurance staff on site who perform reviews in accordance with Skanska’s Quality Manual. Skanska maintains a log as a way of monitoring issues raised by project managers and architects. OIOS reviewed this log for the Secretariat Building and the curtain wall. Tasks listed in the log were dated and reference made to the source that raised the quality issue and the responsibility assigned. Implementation updates were provided and the status (open or closed) noted. Tasks are taken off the list after the architects and engineers confirm that they have been addressed.", "5. Quality control by the consultant architects/engineers and the Office of the Capital Master Plan", "86. Architects and engineers are contractually required to conduct weekly field observations to ensure that work on site is progressing in accordance with the construction documentation and specifications. OIOS examined reports of field observations conducted by two design firms for the curtain wall and the Secretariat Building. Instances of non-conformance with the design and specifications had been raised and photographed for action by Skanska. Issues identified by the architects and engineers were followed up through the quality assurance and control log maintained by Skanska. OIOS reviewed the log for the curtain wall and the Secretariat Building and confirmed that issues were logged in, actions described and assigned to responsible parties, and the status of implementation provided.", "87. The United Nations signed an additional contract for a value of $275,195 with architects and engineers for special inspections of the curtain wall. Those inspections included factory visits and additional site visits to inspect curtain wall installation and for field testing.", "88. In November 2008, the Office of the Capital Master Plan contracted with a commissioning agent to perform independent testing of heating, ventilation and air conditioning, building automation, plumbing and fire protection, electrical systems and vertical transportation on the United Nations campus. The contract was approved for an amount not to exceed $2,371,675 over the duration of the capital master plan. The project managers from the Office of the Capital Master Plan and G&T also visit the construction sites regularly to observe progress and assess the quality of work.", "89. On the basis of the review of documents and discussions with members of the project team, OIOS assessed that the processes for achieving the required level of quality were effective.", "6. External and internal audit", "90. In its resolution 57/292, the General Assembly stressed the importance of oversight with respect to the development and implementation of the capital master plan and requested the Board of Auditors and all other relevant oversight bodies to initiate immediate oversight activities and to report annually thereon to the General Assembly.", "91. OIOS has employed two professionally qualified auditors full time on the capital master plan since January 2008. The Office has issued 14 reports, including reports on the capital master plan construction manager’s procurement process (AC2009/514/02), capital master plan management of trade contracts (AC2008/514/07) and capital master plan change orders and associated processes (AC2009/514/03). The implementation rate of recommendations has been high and OIOS follows up on the status of outstanding recommendations on a semi-annual basis.", "92. The Board of Auditors issues annual reports on the capital master plan. The Board’s next audit report on the capital master plan and on the status of implementation of the Board’s recommendations is due in the summer of 2011.", "III. Recommendations", "93. OIOS issued eight recommendations to the Office of the Capital Master Plan and the Office of Central Support Services in order to further strengthen procedures pertaining to the procurement and contract management of trade contracts. All the recommendations were accepted by the offices concerned. The recommendations and the status of their implementation at the time of preparation of the present report is shown in the annex.", "(Signed) Carman Lapointe Under-Secretary-General for Internal Oversight Services", "Annex", "Recommendations made to mitigate risks identified in the audit of capital master plan procurement and contract management, including change orders", "Recommendation\tRiskrating\tImplementationstatus \nThe Office of the Capital Master Planshould review and approve lists of bidderswithout delay to prevent situations wherebidding has reached advanced stages beforethe lists are approved.\tModerate\tImplemented\nThe Procurement Division should instructSkanska: (i) to maintain proof oftransmission of invitations to bid; (ii)to document and maintain levellingsummaries; (iii) to document the reasonsfor dropping or adding a trade contractorin the next round of bidding; and (iv) tofile written approvals by the ProcurementDivision for soliciting best and finaloffers from a list of trade contractors,in order to promote transparency in thebidding process.\tModerate\tInprogress\nThe Procurement Division should improveoversight of the procurement process fortrade contracts and ensure that:(i) trade contractors confirm receipt ofinvitations to bid;(ii) all qualified bidders are invited tothe next rounds of bidding; and (iii) noqualified bidder is eliminated from thecompetition without a valid documentedreason.\tHigh\tInprogress\nThe Assistant Secretary-General, Office ofCentral Support Services should ensureconsistency between the terms of referenceof the Post-Award Review Committee, whichestablish that all change orders andcontract amendments greater than $500,000will be reviewed, and the delegation ofauthority to the Executive Director of theOffice of the Capital Master Plan, whichsets the financial threshold for review at$200,000.\tModerate\tInprogress\nThe Assistant Secretary-General, Office ofCentral Support Services should reviewcurrent arrangements pertaining to thePost-Award Review Committee and itsworkplan in the light of the large backlogof cases and the lack of adequateresources to support the Committee.\tModerate\tInprogress\nThe Office of the Capital Master Planshould ensure that change orders arejustified and their origins identifiedclearly before they are approved. TheOffice of the Capital Master Plan shouldalso keep a summary of all change ordersand the reasons for them, in order toprovide management information and toenable appropriate action in cases wherechanges are caused by user departments,delays in designs, mistakes by architectsand engineers, or field conditions.\tHigh\tInprogress\nThe Office of the Capital Master Planshould instruct Skanska to provide ananalysis of unit, and time and materialrates (Exhibit C of the trade contract) atthe time the recommendation for the awardof trade contracts is made, in order toensure the agreed rates for change ordersare competitive.\tModerate\tInprogress\nThe Procurement Division should reviewrecommendations for the award of all newtrade contracts in order to ensure bestvalue for money in accordance with the“Special procedures for the procurement ofgoods and services required to completethe capital master plan”, irrespective ofwhether they are processed as an allowanceor as a change order.\tModerate\tInprogress" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目133和142", "2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算", "关于内部监督事务厅活动的报告", "对基本建设总计划的采购和包括更改单在内的合同管理的审计", "内部监督事务厅的报告", "“对签订最高限价保证合同的内部控制是有效的，但需要改进与贸易合同采购有关的控制”", "摘要", "大会在其第63/270号决议中请内部监督事务厅(监督厅)就与基本建设总计划有关的采购流程的各方面向大会提交报告。作为其工作计划的组成部分并根据第63/270号决议，监督厅对基本建设总计划的采购和包括更改单在内的合同管理进行了审计。审计的总体目标是，评估对基本建设总计划与采购和合同管理相关活动的关键控制是否充分和有效。", "基本建设总计划办公室已成立了一个有职责分工的适当的内部控制结构，负责审查和评价最高限价保证提案，以促进实现最佳性价比。但是，斯堪斯卡公司作为施工管理方需要改善对贸易合同采购的控制，以确保采购流程的透明性和公平性。", "主管中央支助事务厅助理秘书长设立了授标后审查委员会，以对更改单进行技术审查，对合同修订条款进行合规审查。但是，在组建该委员会时的拖延和审查进程的缓慢造成委员会有大量需要审查的积压案件，同时需要重新考虑目前的工作安排，以确保委员会在事后控制方面是有用的。", "基本建设总计划办公室需要花费29天至174天才能批准提交审查的更改单。在获得批准之前，更改单是得不到付款的；而批准时间较长会对贸易承包商的现金流产生不利影响，从而可能造成贸易承包商和施工管理方之间的索赔和争议。", "发出更改单的理由未得到充分说明。虽然更改单的批准过程正确，但却无法回答为什么会出现更改这一基本问题和谁应对此负责。有些合同的更改单数很高。", "基本建设总计划办公室为达到所要求的质量水准作出了严格安排。", "监督厅向基本建设总计划办公室和中央支助事务厅提出了两项关键建议，以进一步加强内部控制。有关厅/办已接受了监督厅的所有建议。", "目录", "页次\n 1. 导言 4\n 2. 审计结果 4\n A. 合同框架 4\n B. 最高限价保证的审查流程 6\n C. 斯堪斯卡公司采购贸易合同的情况 9\nD. 为促进从发展中经济体和转型经济体国家进行采购所作的努力\t12\nE. 更改单和合同修订条款\t13\nF. 不可预见费和意外开支\t17\nG. 合同的风险管理、监测和控制\t18\n3. 建议\t19\n 附件 \n为减少在审计基本建设总计划采购和包括更改单在内的合同管理时所确认的风险而提出的建议\t20", "一. 导言", "1. 基本建设总计划是根据大会第55/238号决议设立的。大会在其第61/251号决议中批准了一笔18.767亿美元的预算，基本建设总计划的工作一直在按照大会第62/87号决议提及的加速战略向前推进。", "2. 内部监督事务厅(监督厅)对基本建设总计划的采购和包括更改单在内的合同管理进行了审计。审计的主要目的是，评估对基本建设总计划在这些领域里的活动的关键控制是否充分和有效。", "3. 选中用于抽样检测的合同是于2009年开始执行的两份最高限价保证合同(秘书处大楼和幕墙，合计金额为3.35亿美元)和与这些基本建设总计划合同相关的贸易合同。审计时还检查了金额超过50万美元的更改单(增加了基本建设总计划的费用)和金额超过40万美元的负更改单(减少了基本建设总计划的费用)。", "4. 与基本建设总计划办公室人员、咨询方案经理、斯堪斯卡公司和授标后审查委员会主席进行了面谈。在编写本报告时参考了基本建设总计划管理部门的意见。", "二. 审计结果", "A. 合同框架", "5. 联合国与斯堪斯卡公司于2009年5月18日签订了所涉金额为2 850万美元的《协调协议》。该协议规定斯堪斯卡公司全面协调和负责与基本建设总计划有关的服务事项。《协调协议》涵盖了斯堪斯卡公司作为施工管理方所要承担的作用和责任、在管理施工时需遵循的流程及需要支付的费用。自那时以来，联合国已为与尚未签订最高限价保证合同的一揽子合同有关的早期合同工程签订了所涉金额为27 533 260美元的《协调协议》修订条款。", "6. 联合国与斯堪斯卡公司签订了在构成整个基本建设总计划的各项目大约总共21个基本建设总计划合同中的16个合同(见表1)。", "表1 截至2010年12月31日为止签订的基本建设总计划合同清单", "说明 合同日期 合同金额 (美元)", "地下室招标包2-预采购 2009年3月27日 25 106 883", "地下室招标包2-安装 2009年6月15日 141 786 436", "火灾报警系统 2010年3月8日 9 551 280", "地下室招标包2小计 176 444 599", "北草坪会议楼(招标包1) 2008年7月18日 29 009 179", "北草坪会议楼(招标包2) 2008年8月8日 6 495 536", "北草坪会议楼(招标包3) 2008年11月21日 19 203 968", "北草坪会议楼(招标包4和5) 2008年12月12日 41 313 763", "北草坪会议楼 (招标包6) 2009年4月2日 37 527 990", "北草坪会议楼小计 133 550 436", "东46街305号 2008年11月21日 22 220 151", "B合同-3B周转空间招标包1 2008年10月9日 12 645 161", "联合国联合信用合作社 2008年12月9日 8 588 900", "幕墙 2009年3月19日 128 337 747", "麦迪逊大道380号 2009年4月9日 34 033 002", "供周转空间用的家具 2009年4月15日 13 744 754", "卷扬机 2009年9月22日 20 934 300", "秘书处大楼 2010年2月1日 206 966 117", "共计 757 465 167", "7. 根据最高限价保证合同的条款，斯堪斯卡公司执行和监督经批准的施工和承包计划、控制项目成本、维护现场安全、确保质量保证，以及采购施工工程。最高限价保证由贸易成本、一般条件、费用、意外开支、不可预见费和保险构成。随着工作的开展，斯堪斯卡公司按所完成工程的百分比得到报酬，同时还得到事先商定的费用和保险费。最高限价保证是为每一部分工程设定的最高价格，超过这个价格，联合国就没有义务为事先确定的工程范围向斯堪斯卡公司提供补偿。因市场价格上涨而造成的任何损失必须由斯堪斯卡公司自行吸收，产生的任何结余则归属联合国。但是，联合国在合同期间对工程范围或工期所作的任何更改都会对最高限价保证带来涨价或降价的后果。 斯堪斯卡公司遵循竞争性招标流程将合同授予贸易承包商。只有在得到基本建设总计划办公室的批准后才能签订这些合同。", "8. 联合国雇用了设计咨询公司和其他公司作为廉政监督员、委托代理人和咨询方案经理负责项目的有效实施。咨询方案经理，即Gardiner和Theobald公司(G&T)，负责就斯堪斯卡公司最高限价保证提案的技术方面问题和成本的合理性问题向基本建设总计划办公室提供咨询。下图显示了基本建设总计划的合同框架。", "图一 基本建设总计划合同框架", "9. 监督厅认为，合同框架的设计很周全，运作情况令人满意。", "B. 最高限价保证的审查流程", "1. 最高限价保证的提交和审查程序", "10. 联合国和斯堪斯卡公司商定了包括施工费用、保险和合同安保成本在内的最高限价保证的标准条款和条件。最高限价保证合同的其他部分，包括贸易承包商成本和一般条件成本(斯堪斯卡公司的管理成本)按每一个最高限价保证合同的情况经谈判达成。根据采购司于2008年10月31日发布的“采购完成基本建设总计划所需的商品和服务特别程序”，斯堪斯卡公司可在提交最高限价保证提案之前为贸易合同进行竞争性招标或为贸易招标包列入估计数作为最高限价保证提案的组成部分。", "11. 在斯堪斯卡公司提交最高限价保证提案之前，斯堪斯卡公司和G&T都会根据设计文件独立为最高限价保证招标包编制成本估计数。这两项估计数都会提交给基本建设总计划办公室的施工主任，施工主任会审查这些估计数并要求斯堪斯卡公司和G&T调节两者之间的任何差异。施工主任还会编制自己的估计数并监督调节流程。这就对斯堪斯卡公司和G&T又增加了一道监督。", "12. 设计和施工文件一旦完成，斯堪斯卡公司就会编制最高限价保证提案。作为这个流程的组成部分，斯堪斯卡公司可开始采购贸易合同，以测试市场条件并确认实际出价会在估计数的范围之内。斯堪斯卡公司指出，在提交最高限价保证提案之前，至少有75%的贸易合同已处于招标过程的各个阶段。", "13. 斯堪斯卡公司在向基本建设总计划办公室提交最高限价保证提案的同时会提供以下细目分类：贸易成本估计数、拟议人员配置、项目工期、除外责任条款和不可预见费。G&T详细审查最高限价保证提案，并与基本建设总计划办公室一起就提案的条款和费用同斯堪斯卡公司进行谈判。斯堪斯卡公司在谈判后提交经修订的提案。", "14. 基本建设总计划办公室成立了一个技术评价委员会，负责审查斯堪斯卡公司的最高限价保证提案。该委员会由施工主任、设计主管及行政和通信主管组成。G&T的一个代表担任无投票权的顾问。G&T对提案进行财务审查并向基本建设总计划办公室和采购司提出建议。委员会负责提出将最高限价保证提案提交总部合同委员会审查的建议。", "15. 采购司根据G&T的财务审查结果并参照基本建设总计划预算，对最高限价保证提案作进一步评价，以确定是否超出了经G&T确定的纽约市可比施工项目成本的任何基准。采购司指出，该司的审查重点是确认是否符合既定程序，其他方面则依赖G&T所做的工作。", "16. 采购司和基本建设总计划办公室为总部合同委员会编写一份关于最高限价保证提案的说明。总部合同委员会的作用是审查，对最高限价保证提案所作的技术和财务评价是否透明地显示，斯堪斯卡公司的提案在技术上是可接受的，最高限价保证是公平的。采购司与法律事务厅一起审查并签订与斯堪斯卡公司的最高限价保证合同。", "17. 监督厅认为，基本建设总计划办公室为审查和评价最高限价保证以促进实现最高性价比而设立的具有职责分工的内部控制结构是适当的。很明显，基本建设总计划办公室在当地市场专业知识和成本估计数方面依赖G&T。监督厅的结论是，在美国和全世界建筑行业中，业主依赖咨询师提供行业知识是很普遍的做法。但是，基本建设总计划办公室还通过项目经理、施工主任和执行主任维持自己的行业知识，以评估斯堪斯卡公司和G&T提供的成本估计数的合理性。下节述及监督厅对控制的审查结果。", "2. 监督厅对最高限价保证提案和批准流程的审查", "18. 监督厅检查了涉及幕墙和秘书处大楼的两个最高限价保证提案，合同金额分", "别为1.28亿美元和2.07亿美元。监督厅审查了斯堪斯卡公司的提案、G&T的独立成本估计数、成本估计数调节、施工主任进行的成本估计、建筑师和工程师对成本估计数的审查、提交最高限价保证提案时进行的贸易合同的招标情况、G&T和采购司所作的技术评价及总部合同委员会的审议情况。", "(a) 幕墙", "19. 如上文第11段所述，调节斯堪斯卡公司、G&T和施工主任所编制的估计数的流程符合既定程序。", "20. 斯堪斯卡公司在提交最初提案之前已收到贸易承包商85%投标，只待斯堪斯卡公司就此进行谈判。这种做法提供了如下保证：最高限价保证提案的贸易成本与市场条件保持一致，斯堪斯卡公司可担保最高限价保证合同的价格。", "21. 经过G&T和基本建设总计划办公室的审查之后，斯堪斯卡公司就市场条件作了调整，将其提案减少了850万美元。这充分反映了G&T和基本建设总计划办公室成本控制作用的有效性。", "22. 根据技术评价委员会的报告及G&T和采购司双方的财务审查，最高限价保证在纽约市可比翻新项目的基准范围之内。", "23. 总部合同委员会对最高限价保证提案的审查情况令人满意。该委员会建议主管中央支助事务厅助理秘书长按既定程序批准拟议合同的授予工作。采购司的说明充分阐述了可用于评价斯堪斯卡公司提案的项目范围和程序。", "24. 监督厅的结论是，项目小组负责成员和总部合同委员会尽职地审议了提案。", "(b) 秘书处大楼", "25. 如上文第11段所述，调节斯堪斯卡公司、G&T和施工主任所编制的估计数的流程符合既定程序。", "26. 建筑师审查了估计数并作了必要的澄清。", "27. 在签订合同之前分别收到了斯堪斯卡公司提交的3份提案。这是因为最初的两份提案超过了预算。在根据市场条件进行谈判之后，最后的提案比最初的提案减少了3 000万美元。", "28. 在收到斯堪斯卡公司的最后提案时，72%的贸易合同处于招标流程的各个阶段。", "29. 总部合同委员会在建议主管中央支助事务厅助理秘书长按照既定程序批准拟议合同的授予工作之前要求作出必要澄清。监督厅的结论是，总部合同委员会对最高限价保证提案的审查情况令人满意。", "30. 根据对最高限价保证提案的内部控制及对幕墙和秘书处大楼最高限价保证批准流程的审查，监督厅的结论是，控制是充分有效的，并且符合既定程序。", "C. 斯堪斯卡公司采购贸易合同的情况", "31. 斯堪斯卡公司与采购司和基本建设总计划办公室磋商展开贸易合同的招标和授标流程。斯堪斯卡公司负责：", "(a) 通过斯堪斯卡公司的项目网站登载有关采购机会的广告和获得潜在贸易承包商的意向书；", "(b) 对贸易承包商作资格预审；", "(c) 建立内有5至10个贸易承包商的招标名单；", "(d) 接收置于密封信封内的投标书，在有G&T和采购司代表在场的情况下开启信封；", "(e) 根据与贸易承包商举行的有G&T和采购司代表参加的个别会议，进行投标书分析和分级，包括范围核查；", "(f) 与最低出价人进行谈判并建议将合同授予最合适的投标人。在经G&T、廉政监督员和采购司审查后，基本建设总计划办公室批准斯堪斯卡公司将合同授予胜出的投标人。", "1. 廉政监督员", "32. 2009年4月，联合国与一家咨询公司签订了一个金额不超过119.2万美元的合同，以提供廉政监督服务。廉政监督的目的是：", "(a) 防止欺诈、浪费、滥权和腐败；", "(b) 通过定期报告和临时最新情况通报，提请基本建设总计划管理部门注意潜在的风险或薄弱领域；", "(c) 报告所发现的实际越轨行为；", "(d) 设计和实施防腐败方案；", "(e) 必要时提供调查服务。", "33. 监督厅审查了廉政监督员发布的关于贸易承包商的170份报告中的111份报告。廉政监督员确定了有关3家公司的信息，据此可将它们排除在授予合同的考虑之外。其中两家公司不在基本建设总计划项目的贸易承包商名单上。第三家公司与斯堪斯卡公司签订了合同，但合同是在廉政监督员审查之前签订和完成的，因此无可挑剔。", "34. 监督厅认为，廉政监督员是一个重要的项目控制机制。确保基本建设总计划雇用的贸易承包商具有良好的业绩记录对减少可损坏联合国声誉的风险有好处。", "2. 监督厅检查采购贸易合同的情况", "(a) 幕墙", "35. 邀请发送与幕墙入口和气窗有关的意向书的信息在斯堪斯卡公司网站上只刊登了3个星期，而建议的是4个星期。斯堪斯卡公司解释说，为维持工期只能这样做。入口和气窗的合同金额是7 550万美元，占幕墙贸易成本的85%。斯堪斯卡公司指出，幕墙是2007年年末开始的第一个大额采购工作。基本建设总计划办公室和采购司需要时间来审查贸易承包商的甄别标准和有关提交意向书的邀请信的措词。监督厅确认，斯堪斯卡公司在得到基本建设总计划办公室的授权后立即就刊登了征集意向书的邀请书。此外，斯堪斯卡公司直接联系了幕墙板的大制造商，以了解它们是否有兴趣投标。", "36. 监督厅的结论是，邀请提交意向书的时间尽管缩短了，但没有对潜在投标人的人数造成限制。", "37. 监督厅检查了幕墙入口和气窗、消除和拆除，以及临时保护工作的投标人名单；该名单由斯堪斯卡公司编制，经G&T、建筑师和工程师、采购司和施工主任审查后得到执行主任的批准。基本建设总计划办公室和G&T只有在对贸易承包商的能力或廉政情况有疑问时才难得地在投标人名单上增加或剔除某个贸易承包商。基本建设总计划办公室认为，斯堪斯卡公司被雇来管理贸易合同；本组织若指令将某个贸易承包商列入投标人名单，在发生不履约的情况时就会面临风险。监督厅赞同这一立场。", "38. 监督厅审查了4个贸易招标包的开标单、投标分级摘要，以及最佳和最后报价，涉及金额8 570万美元，占审计时所签订贸易合同的97%。有一个招标包的投标书在基本建设总计划办公室批准投标人名单之前就被打开了。批准名单的要求于2010年6月9日交送基本建设总计划办公室，但直到2010年7月15日尚未得到批准。为维持工期，于2010年6月25日开标。第二次开标和对贸易承包商的投标书分级(范围核查)也在基本建设总计划办公室批准投标人名单之前就进行了。基本建设总计划办公室必须及时批准投标人名单，因为这是设计用于排除不合适的贸易承包商和防止歧视特定承包商的控制机制之一。", "39. 斯堪斯卡公司未编写入口和气窗招标包分级会议的正式记录，这不符合项目手册内规定的采购程序。监督厅在关于斯堪斯卡公司采购流程的审计报告(AC2009/514/02，2009年8月27日)中曾就此提出过建议。", "40. 没有要求斯堪斯卡公司保留为邀请投标而发出的信函副本。虽然斯堪斯卡公司坚称邀请了已批准名单上的所有投标人，但监督厅无法评估何时联系了贸易承", "包商，或他们是否都有同样多的时间来准备投标书。", "(b) 秘书处大楼", "41. 监督厅检查了6个贸易招标包，所涉总金额为8 000万美元，占审计时已授予合同的78%。", "42. 斯堪斯卡公司在基本建设总计划办公室批准投标人名单之前就发出了消除石棉包的投标邀请。审查和批准该名单花了27天。斯堪斯卡公司为了维持工期而没有等候批准，若某些贸易承包商得不到批准就将不得不调整其战略。监督厅注意到，向13个贸易承包商发出了投标邀请，其中4个承包商不在投标人名单上。斯堪斯卡公司解释说，该公司在名单中增列了3个来自拆除工程包的承包商；而拆除工程包里的10个承包商早已在另一份要求中得到了基本建设总计划办公室的批准。但是，该公司没有关于为什么挑选这些承包商的理由的文字记录。斯堪斯卡公司指出，第四个承包商是后来根据新得到的信息才加上的。", "43. 有一个招标包的开标单上错误地列入了一个既未提交投标书也不在已批准投标人名单上的承包商。被邀请投标的11个承包商中有6个未提交投标书，也没有确认收到了投标邀请。斯堪斯卡公司同样无法提供任何证据来证明，向投标人名单上的所有承包商都发出了投标邀请。用摘要的方式记录发送投标邀请的过程，其中列明供应商的名称和发送邀请的日期和手段，将有助于使斯堪斯卡公司追踪无回音的承包商，并能增加招标流程的透明度。", "44. 监督厅对一个招标包的审查结果表明，有未从一个出价较低的投标人那里征求最佳和最后报价的情况。斯堪斯卡公司指出，斯堪斯卡公司总公司办公室取消了该出价较低投标人的资格。但是，没有提供旁证。在另一个案件中，斯堪斯卡公司无法提供经采购司批准征求最佳和最后报价的证据。", "45. 有关另一项采购行动的记录表明，出价最低的投标人被排除在下一轮投标之外，因为该投标人属于被斯堪斯卡公司总公司办公室取消资格的那个团体的一员。但是，在要求批准的备忘录中没有有关该决定的文字记录。此外，因出现了被取消资格的情事，另一个贸易承包商被邀请参与第三轮最佳和最后报价谈判。但是，斯堪斯卡公司无法解释为什么要邀请该特定投标人，而其他在最初投标时出价较低的投标人却没有得到邀请。虽然没有偏袒的证据，因为受邀参与第三轮投标的该投标人并未得到合同，但监督厅还是感到关切，因为最佳和最后报价谈判的参与范围没有扩及至在最初投标时报出具有竞争性价格的投标人。", "46. 一个报出具有竞争性报价的投标人被排除在下一轮投标之外，因为最初的战略是将拆除工程合同和消除工程合同授予同一个承包商。但是，后来对拆除工程和消除工程的招标分开进行了，这两份合同也分别授予了不同的承包商。排除一个出价较低投标人的做法可能造成不能实现最佳性价比的结果。", "47. 总之，监督厅对幕墙和秘书处大楼贸易合同采购情况的审查和检测结果确定，在通过了斯堪斯卡公司资格预审的承包商中间进行了招标。G&T、建筑师和工程师、采购司和施工主任对斯堪斯卡公司实行了控制，但也确认了可改进控制工作的领域。基本建设总计划在很大程度上被工期所驱动，因为延误会对预算造成威胁；本报告中本节的一些意见反映出，斯堪斯卡公司和基本建设总计划办公室都希望尽快工作。监督厅的看法是，应用既定控制机制来改善透明度同时又不会对及时完工造成不利影响的做法是可行的。需要改进与斯堪斯卡公司采购活动有关领域的记录保持工作。中央支助事务厅指出，为回应监督厅关于斯堪斯卡公司采购流程的前一次审计报告(AC2009/514/02)，采购司于2009年11月24日向斯堪斯卡公司发出一封有关任命贸易承包商的分级程序的信函。采购司将提醒斯堪斯卡公司遵循这些程序。", "D. 为促进从发展中经济体和转型经济体国家进行采购所作的努力", "48. 大会在其第63/270号决议中请秘书长责成监督厅，就可能限制供应商地域来源多样化的因素，其中包括当前的分包流程、地方性法规、劳工法和可持续性选项，以及关于供应商遵守联合国现行规章和合同总则的情况提出报告。", "1. 东道国的条例", "49. 联合国和美利坚合众国之间签署的《联合国总部协定》第7节第3条特别规定：“除本协定或《总公约》另有规定者外，在总部区域内应施行美国的联邦、州和地方法律”。因此，基本建设总计划办公室施行了东道国有关消除石棉的所有条例并自愿施行了纽约市的《建筑法规》。这就要求使用有执照的承包商来消除石棉、从事电气、机械和管道作业，以确保工作人员、外交代表和游客的安全，并需布置应急反应人员，如警察和消防队员。虽然法律框架未明确禁止联合国雇用海外承包商为本项目工作，但实际存在的困难使这种做法不可行。 下文充分说明了这一点。", "2. 斯堪斯卡公司和联合国部门的举措", "50. 斯堪斯卡公司像纽约所有大施工管理公司一样是一个与工会关联的公司，必须雇用工会工人来执行其项目。斯堪斯卡公司与工会谈判达成了一个项目劳工协议；该协议禁止工会在联合国直接雇用非工会工人时进行罢工或在联合国前组织纠察线。据斯堪斯卡公司的说法，如果联合国选择使用直接签约的非工会工人，包括从海外来的工人，该公司就撤出施工场地。", "51. 监督厅注意到为宣传有关基本建设总计划的采购机会做了以下努力：", "(a) 基本建设总计划办公室与采购司合作以普通照会的方式向会员国通报即将进行的大量采购活动；", "(b) 基本建设总计划办公室、采购司和斯堪斯卡公司向要求得到基本建设总计划采购机会信息的国家的常驻代表团和领事馆作了说明；", "(c) 斯堪斯卡公司通过在其项目网站上登载所有意向书的做法使贸易合同的采购过程透明化，而其项目网站与采购司和基本建设总计划办公室的网站相连；", "(d) 采购司以举办业务研讨会的方式开展外联活动，以便利来自发展中国家和转型经济体国家的供应商进行登记。自2008年以来，采购司举办了36场类似的研讨会，着重介绍了针对基本建设总计划的商业机会和要求；", "(e) 斯堪斯卡公司的网站在征求批量采购供应的意向书时会包含这样一句话：“强烈鼓励国际供应商特别是来自发展中国家和转型经济体国家的供应商参加”。", "52. 根据与联合国签订的《协调协议》，斯堪斯卡公司需创造从发展中经济体国家和转型经济体国家进行采购的机会。斯堪斯卡公司还要求贸易承包商每两个月报告一次作为工程组成部分安装的每一个产品的原产地国。斯堪斯卡公司报告说，截至2010年12月，从作为原产地国的巴西、中国、印度、墨西哥、马来西亚、菲律宾、泰国和越南采购的总价值为1 080万美元，占采购总额的4.5%。", "53. 监督厅的结论是，基本建设总计划办公室、采购司和斯堪斯卡公司正在作出协调努力，以吸引国际批量采购供应商。", "3. 无害环境和可持续采购", "54. 大会在其第63/270号决议中着重指出，在大会就无害环境和可持续采购问题作出决定前，秘书长不应使用会因无害环境或可持续性方面的要求而不适当地限制供应商参加采购流程的能力的任何标准。", "55. 在对邀请提交意向书的邀请函进行审查之后，监督厅得出的结论是，在这方面一直没有任何限制。", "E. 更改单和合同修订条款", "1. 将权力下放给基本建设总计划办公室执行主任", "56. 截至2009年1月，主管中央支助事务厅助理秘书长把批准更改单的权力下放给执行主任，但有限制。助理秘书长明示的一个关键控制做法是，执行主任批准的所有金额超过20万美元的更改单还应由一个为此目的设立的事后委员会，即授标后审查委员会审查。", "2. 授标后审查委员会", "57. 主管中央支助事务厅助理秘书长于2009年10月30日设立了授标后审查委", "员会。原希望该委员会于2009年11月开始运作，每月举行会议，以审查前一个月执行的更改单和合同修订条款。但是，该委员会直到2010年4月才以目前的组成结构开会，因为先前任命的主席辞职了。", "58. 授标后审查委员会的职权范围于2010年5月起草并提交主管中央支助事务厅助理秘书长批准。根据该职权范围的规定，委员会对更改单进行技术审查，对合同修订条款进行合规审查，以确定采购行动是否符合采购政策。", "59. 授标后审查委员会的职权范围规定，应审查所有金额超过50万美元的更改单和合同修订条款。但是，主管中央支助事务厅助理秘书长下放给执行主任的更改单批准权要求审查所有金额超过20万美元的更改单和合同修订条款。需要解决这个不一致问题。中央支助事务厅指出，将对下放给执行主任的权力进行修改，以要求由授标后审查委员会审查经执行主任授权的所有金额超过50万美元的更改单。", "60. 自2010年4月以来，授标后审查委员会与基本建设总计划办公室和采购司举行了几次会议，以了解运作情况和程序。委员会在2010年举行了两次会议，到2011年5月又举行了两次会议。", "61. 截至2010年12月，在授标后审查委员会职权范围内的发给斯堪斯卡公司的合同修订条款有199项，金额超过1.15亿美元。委员会只审查了12项合同修订条款，所涉金额为2 540万美元。另外还有发给设计师和工程师的单项金额超过50万美元的29项合同修订条款，总价值为4 800万美元。监督厅认为，对更改单和合同修订条款的事后审查是一个重要的控制机制，但其效力尚未发挥出来。案件积压、所涉金额巨大，以及委员会的人力资源有限等因素可能会使委员会无法清理积压的案件并及时处理新案件。中央支助事务厅指出，授标后审查委员会计划增加审查更改单和合同修订条款的会议次数。中央支助事务厅将要求基本建设总计划办公室提供资金，以改进采购司向委员会提供支助的能力。", "3. 需要有效的更改管理和审查更改单和合同修订条款的程序", "62. 更改单是所有建筑项目的一个固有组成部分，涉及对范围和合同价格的更改。斯堪斯卡公司与从事施工工作的贸易承包商分别签订了300多份合同。这些合同中的大部分合同都会有更改单，原因在于：(a) 范围更改；(b) 建筑师和工程师的要求；(c) 现场条件和未预见的条件；以及(d) 斯堪斯卡公司的要求。如果相关控制不充分，更改单会给联合国带来风险。每一份更改单都需要联合国书面批准，并经总部合同委员会审查和经主管中央支助事务助理秘书长批准后由受控制的意外支出基金出资。", "63. 更改单只限于对合同范围的更改。对合同一般条款的更改，如付款条件、保险要求、责任或赔偿责任，需由采购司按既定程序进行审查和采取行动，通过合同修订条款进行。所涉金额达到500万美元的合同修订条款必须经采购司司长审查和授权。若一项合同修订条款的金额超过500万美元，则需提交总部合同委员会处理。", "64. 一旦确定需要更改，斯堪斯卡公司就会在可确定更改单成本的情况下发出一个书面的“更改单请求”单，或在工程很紧迫而又无法在早期确定成本的情况下发出一个“更改单金额-金额尚待确定”单。在审查了“更改单金额”单后，执行主任会在单子上签字，授权斯堪斯卡公司展开工作。但此时，审查工作会继续下去，以确认“更改单金额”单所确定的工作是一项真实的更改，未曾被列入最高限价保证合同的最初范围内。", "65. 在得到成本估计数的文件证明后，斯堪斯卡公司将“更改单请求”单提交给基本建设总计划办公室。“更改单请求”单将由G&T、项目经理(基本建设总计划办公室或G&T)及建筑师和工程师进行详细检查和成本核算。在批准之前，施工主任也会审查“更改单请求”单。表2显示更改单在最高限价保证合同所涉金额中所占的百分比。", "表2 与最高限价保证合同金额相比更改单的百分比值", "说明 合同金额 更改单和合同 与最高限价保证合同金额相比更改单的百分比值 (美元) 修订条款 (美元)", "地下室招标包2 176 444 599 39 445 081 22", "北草坪会议楼 133 550 436 46 225 440 35", "东46街305号 22 220 151 3 253 361 15", "B合同-3B周转空间招标包1 12 645 161 578 846 5", "联合国联合信用合作社 8 588 900 816 040 10", "幕墙 128 337 747 1 864 458 1", "麦迪逊大道380号 34 033 002 15 691 763 46", "供周转空间用的家具 13 744 754 5 316 139 39", "卷扬机 20 934 300 769 344 4", "秘书处大楼 206 966 117 1 871 002 0.9", "共计 757 465 167 115 831 476 15", "66. 基本建设总计划办公室解释说，地下室招标包2的更改单百分比值偏高的原因在于，因工期原因对地下室招标包3做了合同范围的重新调整。因此，将地下室招标包3总额为17 072 683美元的更改单调整至地下室招标包2。与地下室招标包3有关的更改单(金额为23 821 830美元)经过审查并建议总部合同委员会批准。", "67. 周转空间需要添置新家具，因为各部门迁入的人员比最初计划的要多，用户们要求提供更多的储物柜和座位。以往与家具支助有关的更改单证明，需要在重新启用秘书处大楼之前尽早确定重新组合计划。2011年内部审计工作计划列入了对这一问题的进一步审议。", "68. 监督厅在其对基本建设总计划更改单及相关流程的审计报告(AC2009/514/03， 2010年4月8日)中分析了北草坪会议楼、麦迪逊大道380号和东46街305号更改单百分比偏高的原因。", "4. 监督厅对更改单的检查情况", "69. 监督厅审查了以前的监督厅审计报告(AC2009/514/03)未涉及的所有金额超过50万美元的更改单。此外，监督厅检测了一份金额超过20万美元的更改单样本。监督厅的审查结果如下。", "70. 基本建设总计划办公室要花费29天至174天才能批准更改单，平均花费时间为70天。这是因为，更改单需经多方检查并在他们中间传递，其中包括建筑师和工程师、估算师、成本经理和项目经理。批准时间过长可能对贸易承包商的现金流产生不利影响，因为在得到批准之前无法支付更改单所涉费用。监督厅在其关于基本建设总计划更改单及相关流程的报告(AC2009/514/03，2010年4月8日)中建议基本建设总计划办公室为审查和批准更改单设定现实的目标，并尽可能减少批准时间。监督厅重申这一建议。", "71. 70%以上的更改单是因为业主要求作范围更改。未对业主要求更改的原因作充分解释。“更改单请求”单经常引用设计更改和详细的技术性解释，但并不总是说明更改的原始原因和导致更改的情况。监督厅要求基本建设总计划办公室提供一个由用户部门启动的更改单的清单，同时列明设计和施工方面的更改成本，但至今尚未收到。虽然更改单审查流程设置了批准单个更改单的内部控制机制，但仍无法回答为什么会出现更改和谁应对此负责这样的基本问题。", "72. 监督厅检查的更改单样本已经过建筑师和工程师、G&T和项目经理的审查，然后按既定程序建议施工主任批准，再由执行主任批准。", "73. 监督厅注意到，更改单经常分包给早已经最高限价保证合同雇用的同一家贸易承包商，这样做或是出于物流方面的理由，或是因为在贸易合同的正表C中规定了单位价格。贸易合同正表C的竞争性并未在初次招标时得到正式评价，因为贸易合同是以一次总付为基础进行评价的。因此，只能对贸易合同规定的单位价格的竞争性提供有限保证。斯堪斯卡公司解释说，该公司就费率进行谈判，以确保具有竞争性，G&T对此也进行了审查。但是，在分级摘要或斯堪斯卡公司对贸易承包商的授标建议里对此均没有正式文字记录。基本建设总计划办公室说，该办公室推动实施了一个在授标时审查所有单位费率和小时费率的纪律，以确保这些费率具有竞争性。参照特定贸易招标包和基本建设总计划其他项目的其他类似贸易招标包里具有竞争性的投标检查了费率。监督厅认为，应正式评价并记录正表C的费率，以保证这些费率在招标时是有竞争性的。", "74. 在贸易合同未规定单位或时间价格和材料价格时，G&T就使用取自其他项目的可比性市场费率，以确保贸易承包商的报价是合理的。虽然监督厅获得证据，证明G&T对更改单成本进行了审查，但监督厅并不总能确定在审查时所采用的信息的来源。但是，对更改单样本的审查表明，在G&T和基本建设总计划办公室审查之后，斯堪斯卡公司提交的更改单的金额减少了1 066 875美元。同样，当贸易承包商报出的更改单报价太高时，就会对更改单进行竞争性招标。基本建设总计划办公室指出，当现有合同没有适用费率时，G&T就会审查基本建设总计划项目里的其他类似合同或依赖G&T的估算师提供取自纽约市其他项目的可适用单位费率。", "75. 在以时间和材料为基础对更改单进行审查的过程中，监督厅获得了人工费率的分类细目，从中看出，联合国除工资外还支付更改单人工部分的福利和保险。监督厅获悉，对贸易承包商赚取的第1个7 000美元和8 000美元施行了7.65%和9.50%的联邦和州失业保险费率。这就意味着，可在几个月内充分利用这个上限，在计算该年的剩余部分时可将保险排除在外。G&T估计，整个项目可有380万美元的潜在财务节余。斯堪斯卡公司提议，请贸易承包商就人工费率进行竞争性投标，以确保不超过联邦失业保险和州失业保险的上限。监督厅赞同这个提议，但斯堪斯卡公司要能显示，竞争性投标考虑到了联邦和州失业保险方面的减少。", "76. 对与地下室招标包2有关的更改单进行了竞争性招标。但在这个过程中，采购司于2008年10月31日发布的“采购完成基本建设总计划所需的商品和服务特别程序”未得到充分遵守。采购司确实出席了开标和投标分级会议，但没有机会就更改单的授标建议发表意见。", "77. 监督厅认为，采购司应审查任何新的贸易合同的授标建议，不管这些合同是以更改单还是以请求使用不可预见费的方式处理的；在将合同授予一个新的贸易承包商时，应在所有情况下都遵守“采购完成基本建设总计划所需的商品和服务特别程序”。中央支助事务厅和基本建设总计划办公室将确保修改流程，以确保将所有贸易合同的授予建议都提交采购司审查。", "F. 不可预见费和意外开支", "78. 监督厅审查了获批准的不可预见费使用额1.04亿美元中的4 260万美元的不可预见费。被检查的所有不可预见费都通过贸易承包商的竞争性投标得到正确处理。", "79. 监督厅检查了获批准的1 983 442 美元中1 099 712美元的意外开支使用情况并确定，在已审查的所有案件中既定程序都得到了遵守。", "G. 合同的风险管理、监测和控制", "1. 每周会议", "80. 基本建设总计划办公室、斯堪斯卡公司和G&T之间每周都召开各种会议，以协调他们的工作。来自对基本建设总计划的成功具有重要性的各利益攸关方的代表也参加这些会议，例如安全和安保部、信息和通信技术厅、法律事务厅、采购司和设施管理处等。", "81. 监督厅审查了每周的会议时间表，得出的结论是：所有决策者和利益攸关方都定期开会，讨论和协调问题。监督厅审查了幕墙和秘书处大楼施工协调会议的会议记录并注意到，分配了需采取行动的议题，而在下次会议上也有后续行动。", "2. 风险管理", "82. G&T于2010年10月起草了一份基本建设总计划年度风险评估报告， 以及一个列明概率、风险值和影响评估的风险登记册。基本建设总计划办公室行政和通信主管为对风险进行定期审查提供了便利，并将各种风险分派给风险业主。在开展基本建设总计划的过程中在不断审查各种风险。此外，G&T会提交有关风险和减少风险行动的摘要作为月度情况报告的组成部分。", "83. 监督厅对采购流程作了一次欺诈风险评估，得出的结论是：现有控制机制足以防止欺诈，除非各方进行勾结。尚未发现这类案件。", "3. 外部机构", "84. 根据基本建设总计划办公室的说法，该办公室在自愿的基础上遵守纽约市的《建筑法规》。所有图纸都提交纽约市建筑事务局审查。建筑事务局的官员定期查看现场。基本建设总计划办公室还与美国环境保护署、纽约市消防局、警察局和运输局进行协调。", "4. 斯堪斯卡公司的质量控制", "85. 斯堪斯卡公司雇用现场质量控制/保证人员，他们根据斯堪斯卡公司的《质量手册》履行审查工作。斯堪斯卡公司保持一本日志，以监测项目经理和建筑师提出的问题。监督厅审查了关于秘书处大楼和幕墙的日志。日志中列出的任务都标有日期，同时注明是谁提出了质量问题及责任方是谁。提供了最新执行情况，并注明状态(未结案或已结案)。在建筑师和工程师确认这些问题得到解决后，就从清单上剔除这些任务。", "5. 咨询建筑师/工程师和基本建设总计划办公室的质量控制", "86. 合同要求建筑师和工程师每周进行现场观察，以确保按照施工文件和规定推进现场工作。监督厅检查了两个设计公司就幕墙和秘书处大楼所写的观察报告。提到了不符合设计和规定的情况并拍照供斯堪斯卡公司采取行动。通过斯堪斯卡公司保持的质量保证和控制日志，对建筑师和工程师确认的问题采取了后续行动。监督厅审查了有关幕墙和秘书处大楼的日志并确认，日志记载了这些问题，阐述了所采取的行动和分派给负责任方的行动，并提供了执行工作的状态。", "87. 联合国与建筑师和工程师签订了一个价值275 195美元的新合同，以对幕墙进行特别检查。这些检查包括探访工厂和增加现场查访次数，以检查幕墙的安装情况并进行现场测试。", "88. 基本建设总计划办公室于2008年11月与一家委托代理公司签订合同，以对联合国大院内的供暖、通风和空调、大楼自动化系统、管道和防火、电气系统和垂直运输系统进行独立测试。该合同得到批准，但所涉金额在整个基本建设总计划期间不得超过2 371 675美元。来自基本建设总计划办公室和G&T的项目经理也定期查看施工现场，以观察工作进度和评估工作质量。", "89. 根据对文件的审查和与项目小组成员的讨论，监督厅的评估结论是，为实现所要求的质量水准而设置的各项流程是有效的。", "6. 外部审计和内部审计", "90. 大会在其第57/292号决议中强调必须监督基本建设总计划的拟订和执行，并请审计委员会和其他所有相关监督机构立即开始监督活动，并每年就此向大会提交报告。", "91. 自2008年1月以来，监督厅雇用了两个具有专业资格的审计员全职负责基本建设总计划的工作。监督厅发布了14份报告，包括关于基本建设总计划施工经理的采购流程的报告(AC2009/514/02)、关于基本建设总计划贸易合同管理的报告(AC2008/514/07)和关于基本建设总计划更改单及相关流程的报告(AC2009/ 514/03)。建议的执行率一直很高，监督厅每6个月会就尚未落实的建议采取后续行动。", "92. 审计委员会就基本建设总计划发布年度报告。委员会关于基本建设总计划和委员会建议的执行情况的下一次审计报告将于2011年夏季发布。", "三. 建议", "93. 监督厅向基本建设总计划办公室和中央支助事务厅提出了8项建议，目的是进一步加强与采购和贸易合同的合同管理有关的程序。有关厅/办接受了所有建议。附件显示了编写本报告时各项建议的执行情况。", "主管内部监督事务副秘书长", "卡门·拉普安特(签名)", "附件", "为减少在审计基本建设总计划采购和包括更改单在内的合同管理时所确认的风险而提出的建议", "建议 风险评级 执行情况", "基本建设总计划办公室应毫不拖延地审查和批准投标人名单，以防止出现招标已进入高级阶段而投标人名单尚未得到批准的情况。 中 已执行", "采购司应指示斯堪斯卡公司：㈠ 保留发送招标邀请信的证据；㈡ 记录并保留分级摘要；㈢ 记录在下一轮招标中排除或增列某贸易承包商的理由；以及㈣ 将采购司就从贸易承包商名单中征求最佳和最后报价的书面批准归档，以促进招标流程的透明性。 中 执行中", "采购司应改进对贸易合同采购流程的监督，并确保：㈠ 贸易承包商确认收到招标邀请信；㈡ 邀请所有合格投标人参加下一轮投标；以及㈢ 若无经记录的合理原因，不得将合格投标人排除在投标之外。 高 执行中", "主管中央支助事务厅助理秘书长应确保授标后审查委员会的职权范围(规定应审查金额超过50万美元的所有更改单和合同修订条款)和下放给基本建设总计划办公室执行主任的权力(规定应审查的金额门槛是20万美元)之间的一致性。 中 执行中", "主管中央支助事务厅助理秘书长应审查与授标后审查委员会及其工作计划有关的现行安排，考虑案件大量积压和缺乏足够资源来支助该委员会的问题。 中 执行中", "基本建设总计划办公室应确保更改单有正当理由，在获批准之前明确确定其出处。基本建设总计划办公室还应保持一份有关所有更改单及其理由的摘要，以便提供管理信息并在因用户部门要求、设计延误、建筑师和工程师出错或现场条件而造成更改时能采取适当行动。 高 执行中", "基本建设总计划办公室应指示斯堪斯卡公司，在提出授予贸易合同的建议时提供对单位、时间和材料费率的分析(贸易合同正表C)，以确保商定的更改单费率具有竞争性。 中 执行中", "采购司应审查关于所有新贸易合同的授予建议，以确保按照“采购完成基本建设总计划所需的商品和服务特别程序”实现最佳性价比，而不管这些合同是作为不可预见费还是作为更改单来处理的。 中 执行中" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程* 项目133和142", "2010-2011两年期方案预算", "关于内部监督事务厅活动的报告", "对基本建设总计划采购和合同管理,包括变更单的审计", "内部监督事务厅的报告", "页:1", "“对签署最高限价保证合同的内部控制是有效的,但需要改进与贸易合同采购有关的控制”", "内容提要", "大会第63/270号决议请内部监督事务厅(监督厅)就与基本建设总计划有关的采购过程的所有方面向大会提出报告。 作为其工作计划的一部分并遵照第63/270号决议,监督厅对基本建设总计划的采购和合同管理,包括变更单进行了审计。 审计的总体目标是评估对与采购和合同管理有关的基本建设总计划活动的关键控制是否充分和有效。", "基本建设总计划办公室已建立适当的内部管制结构,实行职责分工,以审查和评估最高限价保证提案,促进实现最高价值。 然而,对施工经理斯堪斯卡公司采购贸易合同的控制需要改进,以确保采购过程的透明度和公正性。", "授标后审查委员会由主管中央支助事务厅的助理秘书长设立,负责对变更单进行技术审查并审查合同修正案的遵守情况。 然而,设立委员会方面的拖延和审查过程的缓慢导致大量积压案件供委员会审查并需要重新考虑目前的工作安排,以确保委员会与事后控制的相关性。", "基本建设总计划办公室花了29至174天批准审查中的变更单。 变更单在获得批准前无法支付,而且审批时间长可能会对贸易承包商的现金流动产生不利影响,从而引起贸易承包商同施工经理之间的索赔和纠纷。", "提出变更单的理由没有得到充分解释。 虽然变更单得到正确批准,但为何发生变更和谁负责这一根本问题却无法回答。 一些合同的变更单数量很多。", "基本建设总计划办公室为实现所要求的质量作出了严格的安排。", "监督厅就进一步加强内部控制向基本建设总计划办公室和中央支助事务厅提出了两项重要建议。 监督厅提出的所有建议都得到有关办事处的接受。", "目录", "页次\n一、导言. 4\n合同4\nB. 保证 6次最高价格审查\nC. 贸易合同采购 9\nSkanska D. 努力12,促进从发展中经济体和经济体的\nE. Change 14份订单和合同\nF. 授权 18 和\nG. 合同19 风险管理、监测和\n控制\n三. 建议21\n为减少基本建设总计划采购和合同审计中发现的风险而提出的建议22\n包括变更单", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 基本建设总计划是根据大会第55/238号决议设立的。 大会第61/251号决议核准了18.767亿美元的预算,基本建设总计划的工作一直在按照大会第62/87号决议所述的加速战略进行。", "2. 内部监督事务厅(监督厅)对基本建设总计划采购和合同管理,包括变更单进行了审计。 审计的主要目的是评估在这些领域对基本建设总计划活动的关键控制是否充分和有效。", "3个 为抽样测试选定的合同是2009年开始的两项最高限价保证合同(秘书处大楼和幕墙,总值3.35亿美元)以及与这些最高限价保证合同有关的贸易合同。 审计还审查了超过50万美元的变更单(增加保证最高价)和超过40万美元的负变更单(减少保证最高价)。", " 4.四. 约谈了基本建设总计划办公室人员、咨询人方案主管斯堪斯卡和授标后审查委员会主席。 在编写本报告时考虑到了基本建设总计划管理部门的意见。", "二. 审计结果", "A类. 合同框架", "5 (韩语). 2009年5月18日,联合国与斯堪斯卡公司签订了28,500,000美元的协调协议. 该协定涉及斯堪斯卡公司在基本建设总计划方面服务的总体协调和责任。 协调协定涵盖斯堪斯卡公司作为施工经理的作用和责任、施工管理应遵循的程序以及应支付的费用。 此后,联合国签署了《协调协定》修正案27 533 260美元,用于尚未签署最高限价保证合同的包件的早期合同工程。", "6. 国家 联合国与斯堪斯卡公司就构成整个基本建设总计划的各个项目签订了约21项最高限价保证合同,其中16项合同(见表1)。", "表1 截至2010年12月31日签订的最高限价保证合同清单", "合同金额(美元)", "基础招标包 2 — 预购 2009年3月27日 25 106 883", "基础招标包 2 — 安装 2009年6月15日 141 786 436", "火警系统 2010年3月8日 9 551 280", "基底包小计 2 176 444 599", "北草坪会议大楼 2008年7月18日", "北草坪会议大楼 2008年8月8日", "北草坪会议楼 2008年11月21日", "北草坪会议楼 2008年12月12日 41 313 763 (包4和5)", "北草坪会议楼 2009年4月2日 37 527 990(第6包)", "北草坪会议小计", "305 E 46th Street 21 November 22 220 151 2008 (英语).", "合同B - 3B 周转空间包", "联合国联邦信用社 2008年12月9日 8 588 900", "幕墙 2009年3月19日 128 337 747", "2009年4月9日 34 033 002", "周转空间家具 2009年4月15日", "欢呼会 2009年9月22日", "秘书处大楼 2010年2月1日 206 966 117", "共计 757 465 167", "7. 联合国 根据最高限价保证合同的规定,斯堪斯卡公司执行和监督核准的建筑和承包计划,控制项目费用,维护场地安全,确保质量保证并采购建筑工程。 最高保证价格包括贸易费用、一般条件、费用、意外开支、津贴和保险。 随着工作的进展,斯堪斯卡公司将支付已完成的工作的贸易费用和一般条件费用的百分比,以及事先商定的费用和保险。 最高保证价是每件工程的上限,超过上限,联合国没有义务赔偿斯堪斯卡公司预先确定的工程范围。 市场价格上涨造成的任何损失都必须由斯堪斯卡公司承担,所产生的任何节余都属于联合国。 然而,联合国在合同期间对工程范围或时间表所作的改动,导致保证最高价的上下调。 斯堪斯卡公司遵循竞标程序,将合同授予贸易承包商。 这些合同须经基本建设总计划办公室核准后才能签署。", "8. 联合国 联合国雇用设计顾问公司和其他公司担任廉正监测员、委托代理人和顾问方案主管,以有效执行项目。 顾问方案主管Gardiner和Theobald(G&T)就斯堪斯卡公司最高限价保证提案的技术方面和费用的合理性向基本建设总计划办公室提供意见。 下图显示了基本建设总计划的合同框架。", "图一 基本建设总计划合同框架", "[]", "9. 国家 监督厅认为,合同框架设计得当,运作令人满意。", "B. 保证的最高价格审查程序", "1. 联合国 保证最高价格提交和审查程序", "10个 联合国和斯堪斯卡公司已同意最高限价保证合同的标准条款和条件,包括建筑费、保险和合同安保费用。 每项最高限价保证合同的其他部分,包括贸易承包商费用和一般条件费用(斯堪斯卡的管理费用),都要谈判。 根据采购司2008年10月31日发布的“完成基本建设总计划所需货物和服务采购特别程序”,斯堪斯卡公司在提交最高限价保证书之前,可寻求对贸易合同进行竞标,也可将贸易包的估计数作为其最高限价保证书的一部分。", "11个 在斯堪斯卡公司提交最高限价保证书之前,斯堪斯卡公司和G&T公司都根据设计文件独立编制最高限价保证书的成本估计. 这两项估计数都提交给基本建设总计划办公室建筑主任,由他进行审查,并请斯堪斯卡公司和G&T公司核对任何差异。 建筑主任还编写自己的估计数并监督和解进程。 这提高了斯堪斯卡公司和G&T公司的监督水平。", "12个 设计和施工文件完成后,斯堪斯卡公司编写保证最高价建议书. 作为这一进程的一部分,斯堪斯卡公司可开始采购贸易合同,以检验市场条件并证实实际出价不在估计之内。 斯堪斯卡公司说,在提交最高限价保证书之前,至少有75%的贸易合同处于招标过程的不同阶段。", "13个 斯堪斯卡公司向基本建设总计划办公室提交最高限价保证提案,详细列出:估计贸易费用、拟议人员配置、项目时间表、排除费用和津贴。 G&T详细审查了最高限价保证提案,并会同基本建设总计划办公室同斯堪斯卡公司谈判该提案的条件和费用。 斯堪斯卡公司在谈判后提交了一份订正提案。", "14个 基本建设总计划办公室已设立一个技术评价委员会来审查斯堪斯卡公司的最高限价保证提案。 该委员会由建筑主任、设计主任以及行政和通信主任组成。 一名G&T代表担任无表决权顾问。 G & T对提案进行财务审查,并向基本建设总计划办公室和采购司提出建议。 该委员会提出一项建议,要求将最高限价保证提案提交总部合同委员会审查。", "15个 根据G & T财务审查,采购司对最高限价保证提案作进一步评价,对照基本建设总计划预算加以核对,并检查是否超过G & T确定的与纽约市比较建筑项目费用有关的任何基准。 采购司表示,它的审查重点是遵守既定程序的情况,其他的则依靠G & T所做的工作。", "16号. 采购司和基本建设总计划办公室为总部合同委员会编写关于最高限价保证提案的说明。 总部合同委员会的作用是审查对最高限价保证提案的技术和财务评价是否透明地表明斯堪斯卡提案在技术上是可以接受的,最高限价保证是公平的。 采购司会同法律事务厅审查和签署与斯堪斯卡公司签订的最高限价保证合同。", "17岁。 监督厅认为,基本建设总计划办公室已建立适当的内部控制结构,并实行职责分工,以审查和评估最高保证价,促进实现最高价值。 显然,基本建设总计划办公室依靠G & T提供当地市场专门知识和费用估计数。 监督厅的结论是,在美国和全世界建筑业,业主依赖顾问掌握行业知识是司空见惯的做法。 但是,基本建设总计划办公室还通过项目经理、建筑主任和执行主任保持自己的行业知识,以评估斯堪斯卡公司和G&T公司费用估计数的合理性。 监督厅对控制措施的审查结果见下一节。", "2. 联合国 监督厅审查最高限价保证提案和核准程序", "18岁。 监督厅审查了两份最高限价保证提案,一份是幕墙,另一份是秘书处大楼,合同价值分别为1.28亿美元和2.07亿美元。 它审查了斯堪斯卡公司的建议、G & T公司的独立费用估计、费用估计调节、建筑主任进行的费用估计、建筑师和工程师对费用估计的审查、在提出最高限价保证提案时进行的贸易合同投标、G & T公司和采购司的技术评价和总部合同委员会的审议。", "(a) 帘墙", " 19. 19. 如上文第11段所述,斯堪斯卡公司、G & T公司和建筑主任编制的估计数调节程序符合既定程序。", "20号. 斯堪斯卡公司最初的投标书是在收到贸易承包商85%的出价之后提交的,斯堪斯卡公司对此进行了谈判。 这保证了最高限价保证提案的贸易成本符合市场条件,斯堪斯卡公司可以保证最高限价保证合同的价格。", "21岁 在G&T和基本建设总计划办公室审查后,斯堪斯卡公司因市场条件调整而将其提案减少了850万美元. 这很好地反映了G & T和基本建设总计划办公室成本控制作用的有效性。", "22号. 根据技术评价委员会的报告以及G&T和采购司的财务审查,保证最高价格在纽约市可比翻修项目的基准范围内。", "23. 联合国 总部合同委员会对最高限价保证提案的审查令人满意。 委员会建议按照既定程序,由主管中央支助事务厅助理秘书长核准拟议的合同授予。 采购司的介绍充分说明了该项目的范围和评价斯堪斯卡公司提案的程序。", "24 (韩语). 监督厅的结论是,项目小组和总部合同委员会的负责成员认真审议了该提案。", "(b) 秘书处大楼", "25岁 如上文第11段所述,斯堪斯卡公司、G & T公司和建筑主任编制的估计数调节程序符合既定程序。", "26. 联合国 建筑师审查了估计数并作了必要的澄清。", "27个 在签署合同之前,收到了斯堪斯卡公司分别提出的三项建议书。 这是因为最初的两项提案超出了预算。 由于根据市场条件进行谈判,最后提案比原提案少出3000万美元.", "28岁 在从斯堪斯卡公司收到最后一份建议书时,72%的贸易合同处于投标过程的不同阶段。", "29. 国家 总部合同委员会要求作出必要澄清,然后根据既定程序,建议拟议授予合同,由主管中央支助事务厅助理秘书长核准。 监督厅的结论是,总部合同委员会对最高限价保证提案的审查令人满意。", "30岁。 根据对幕墙和秘书处大楼最高限价保证提案的内部控制和批准程序的审查,监督厅得出结论认为,这些控制措施是充分、有效的,符合既定程序。", "C. 斯堪斯卡公司采购贸易合同", "31岁 贸易合同的投标和授予过程由斯堪斯卡公司同采购司和基本建设总计划办公室协商进行。 斯堪斯卡公司负责:", "(a) 通过斯堪斯卡公司的项目网站,宣传采购机会并征求潜在贸易承包商的意向;", "(b) 对贸易承包商进行资格预审;", "(c) 建立5至10个贸易承包商的投标名单;", "(d) 在G & T和采购司代表在场的情况下,以密封信封收标;", "(e) 根据与贸易承包商的个别会议,进行投标分析和评分,包括范围核查,由G & T和采购司代表参加;", "(f) 与低投标人谈判,并建议将合同授予最合适的投标人。 基本建设总计划办公室核准斯堪斯卡公司在G&T、诚信监测员和采购司审查后将合同授予中标人。", "1. 联合国 廉正监测", "32. 联合国 2009年4月,联合国与一名咨询人签订了一份不超过1 192 000美元的合同,以提供廉正监测服务。 廉政监测的目的是:", "(a) 国家 防止欺诈、浪费、滥用和腐败;", "(b) 国家 通过定期报告和临时更新,提醒基本建设总计划管理层注意潜在风险或薄弱领域;", "(c) 如果发现违法行为,应举报;", "(d) 国家 设计和执行预防腐败方案;", "(e) 必要时提供调查服务。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 监督厅审查了廉正监测员发布的170份贸易承包商报告中的111份。 廉政监督员查明了三家公司的资料,这些公司可能被排斥在授予合同的考虑之外。 其中两家公司没有列入基本建设总计划项目的贸易承包商名单。 第三家公司是由斯堪斯卡公司承包的;但是,合同是在廉正监测员审查之前签署并令人满意地完成的。", "34. 国家 监督厅认为,廉正监测是该项目的一项重要控制。 通过确保为基本建设总计划雇用的贸易承包商有良好的业绩记录,减轻对联合国声誉的风险,是一种良好做法。", "2. 监督厅对贸易合同采购的审查", "(a) 帘墙", "35. 联合国 在斯堪斯卡的网站上只张贴了三周,而不是建议的四周。 斯堪斯卡公司解释说,这对于维持时间表至关重要。 价值为7 550万美元的出入口合同占幕墙贸易费用的85%。 斯堪斯卡公司表示,幕墙是2007年底开始的第一次大型采购活动。 基本建设总计划办公室和采购司需要时间审查贸易承包商的筛选标准和提交意向书的邀请书。 监督厅证实,斯堪斯卡公司在得到基本建设总计划办公室授权后,立即发出邀请,请其提交意向书。 此外,斯堪斯卡公司还直接与幕墙面板的大型制造商联系,以确定他们对投标的兴趣。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 监督厅的结论是,征求意向书的期限缩短,并没有限制潜在投标人的数目。", "37. 联合国 监督厅审查了由斯堪斯卡公司汇编并由G&T、建筑师和工程师、采购司和建筑主任审查的幕墙出入口、排污和拆除以及临时保护的投标人名单,然后由执行主任核准。 如果贸易承包商的能力或完整性值得怀疑,基本建设总计划办公室和G&T只在投标人名单上很少增加或删除贸易承包商。 基本建设总计划办公室认为,斯堪斯卡公司是受聘来管理贸易合同的,如果指定哪些贸易承包商列入投标人名单,本组织将面临不履约的风险。 监督厅同意这一立场。", "38. 国家 监督厅审查了四个价值为8 570万美元的贸易包的开标单、标分汇总以及最佳和最后报价,这些包占审计时签署的贸易合同的97%。 在基本建设总计划办公室批准投标人名单之前,一个包的投标已经开通。 2010年6月9日向基本建设总计划办公室发出批准请求,但直到2010年7月15日才获得批准。 开标时间为2010年6月25日,以保持时间表. 在基本建设总计划办公室核准投标人之前,还同贸易承包商进行了第二次开标和标分(范围核查)。 基本建设总计划办公室及时核准投标人名单很重要,因为这是旨在排除不适当的贸易承包商和防止偏向任何特定承包商的控制措施之一。", "39. 联合国 斯堪斯卡公司没有为入口和Louvres包件准备平分会议的正式会议记录,这违反了项目手册中规定的采购程序。 监督厅在其关于斯堪斯卡采购过程的审计报告(2009年8月27日AC2009/514/02)中曾就此提出建议。", " 40. 40. 斯堪斯卡公司没有被要求保存招标书的发送副本。 虽然斯堪斯卡公司坚持认为,已邀请已核准的名单上的所有投标人投标,但监督厅无法评估何时与贸易承包商联系,或他们是否都有同样时间准备投标。", "(b) 秘书处大楼", "41. 国家 监督厅审查了总值为8 000万美元的6个交易包,占审计时授予的合同的78%。", "42. 国家 在基本建设总计划办公室核准投标人名单之前,斯堪斯卡公司发出了减污包招标书。 花了27天的时间审查和批准名单。 为了维持时间表,斯堪斯卡公司没有等待批准,如果一些贸易承包商没有得到批准,它的战略就不得不调整。 监督厅注意到,已向13个贸易承包商发出招标书,其中4个不在投标人名单上。 斯堪斯卡公司解释说,它从拆迁包中增加了三个承包商,其中有10个承包商,基本建设总计划办公室根据另一项请求已经核准。 但是,它没有记录为什么选择这些承包商。 斯堪斯卡公司说,后来根据新的资料增加了第四家承包商。", "43. 东帝汶 一包的开标表错误地列出一个未提交出价且未列入已核准的出价人名单的承包商。 在应邀投标的11个承包商中,有6个没有提交投标,也没有确认收到投标邀请书。 斯堪斯卡公司也无法提供任何证据证明招标书已发给投标人名单上的所有承包商。 跟踪招标书的发送情况,并简要说明供应商的名称以及发送日期和方式,将有助于斯堪斯卡公司跟踪没有响应的承包商,并增加投标过程的透明度。", "44. 国家 监督厅对一揽子计划的审查表明,没有向低投标人征求最佳和最后报价。 斯堪斯卡公司表示,斯堪斯卡公司办公室取消了低投标人的资格. 然而,没有佐证证据。 在另一个案例中,斯堪斯卡公司无法提供采购司同意征求最佳和最后报价的证据。", "45. 国家 另一项采购行动的记录表明,下一轮投标中不包括最低投标人,因为斯堪斯卡公司办事处取消了投标资格。 但是,请求批准的备忘录没有记录这一决定。 此外,由于取消资格,邀请了另一个贸易承包商参加第三轮最佳和最后报价谈判。 然而,斯堪斯卡公司无法解释为什么在最初投标的其他较低投标人没有被邀请时邀请了该特定投标人。 虽然没有偏袒的证据,因为被邀请参加第三轮投标的投标人没有获得合同,但监督厅感到关切的是,最佳和最后报价谈判没有扩大到在最初投标中提出竞争性价格的投标人。", "46. 经常预算: 一个有竞争性报价的投标人被排除在下一轮投标之外,因为最初的战略是将拆卸和减污合同授予一个承包商。 然而,后来,拆迁和减污的投标继续分别进行,合同也分别授予。 排除出价较低的投标人可能导致未能获得最佳价值。", "47. 国家 最后,监督厅审查和测试了幕墙和秘书处大楼的贸易合同采购情况,确定投标需经过斯堪斯卡公司预先合格的承包商之间的竞争。 G&T、建筑师和工程师、采购司和建筑主任对斯堪斯卡公司进行了控制,但确定了可以改进控制应用的领域。 基本建设总计划在很大程度上受时间表的驱动,因为拖延对预算构成威胁,本报告本节中的一些意见反映了斯堪斯卡公司和基本建设总计划办公室都希望迅速开展工作。 监督厅认为,采用既定的控制措施来提高透明度,而又不影响及时性,是切合实际的。 有必要改进与斯堪斯卡公司采购活动有关的领域的记录。 中央支助事务厅指出,针对监督厅上次对基本建设总计划施工经理采购过程的审计(AC2009/514/02),采购司于2009年11月24日就任命贸易承包商的平分程序致函斯堪斯卡。 采购司将提醒斯堪斯卡公司遵守这些程序。", "D. 促进从发展中国家和经济转型国家采购的努力", " 48. 48. 大会第63/270号决议请秘书长责成监督厅报告可能限制供应商地域来源多样化的因素,包括目前的分包程序、地方条例、劳工法和可持续性备选方案,并报告供应商遵守联合国现行规则和条例的情况以及合同的一般条件。", "1. 联合国 东道国条例", "49. (中文(简体) ). 《联合国和美利坚合众国间关于联合国总部的协定》第三条第7款除其他外规定:“除本协定或《总公约》另有规定外,美国联邦、州和地方法律应适用于总部辖区”。 因此,基本建设总计划办公室适用东道国关于消除石棉的所有条例并自愿适用《纽约市建筑规则》。 这就需要使用持照承包商来清除石棉并从事电气、机械和管道工程,以确保工作人员、代表和来访者以及警察和消防员等应急人员的安全。 虽然法律框架没有明确禁止联合国让海外承包商参与该项目的工作,但实际存在一些困难,使得这项工作不可能进行。 现将其扩大如下。", "2. 斯堪斯卡和联合国各部门的举措", " 50. 50. 斯堪斯卡公司同纽约的所有主要建筑管理公司一样,是一家工会附属公司,必须为其项目雇用工会劳工. 斯堪斯卡公司与工会谈判了一项劳工项目协议,禁止其成员在联合国直接雇用非工会劳工时,在联合国面前罢工或组织纠察线。 据斯堪斯卡公司说,如果联合国选择使用直接签约的非工会工人,包括来自海外的工人,它将撤出该地区。", "51. 联合国 监督厅注意到为宣传基本建设总计划的采购机会而作的下列努力:", "(a) 基本建设总计划办公室与采购司合作,通过普通照会向会员国通报了即将进行的大型采购采购活动;", "(b) 基本建设总计划办公室、采购司和斯堪斯卡公司向要求获得关于基本建设总计划采购机会的信息的国家的常驻代表团和领事馆作了介绍;", "(c) 斯堪斯卡公司通过在其项目网站上公布所有意向书,使贸易合同的采购具有透明度,该网站与采购司和基本建设总计划办公室的网站相连接;", "(d) 国家 采购司以商业讨论会的形式开展外联工作,为发展中国家和经济转型国家供应商的登记提供便利。 自2008年以来,采购司举办了约36次此类研讨会,其中重点介绍了基本建设总计划特有的商业机会和要求;", "(e) 斯堪斯卡公司的网站在征求对批量采购供应的兴趣时,载有如下声明: \" 大力鼓励国际供应商,特别是发展中国家和经济转型国家的供应商参加 \" 。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 根据《与联合国的协调协定》,斯堪斯卡公司必须为从发展中国家和经济转型国家采购创造机会。 斯堪斯卡公司还要求贸易承包商每两个月报告作为工程一部分所安装的每一产品的原产地国。 据斯堪斯卡公司报告,截至2010年12月,从巴西、中国、印度、墨西哥、马来西亚、菲律宾、泰国和越南作为来源国采购的美元总值为1 080万美元,占采购总额的4.5%。", "53. 联合国 监督厅的结论是,基本建设总计划办公室、采购司和斯堪斯卡公司正在协同努力,引进国际供应商进行大宗采购。", "3个 无害环境和可持续采购", "54. 联合国 大会在第63/270号决议中强调,在大会就无害环境和可持续采购问题作出决定之前,秘书长不应使用任何因无害环境或可持续要求而不当限制供应商参与采购进程的能力的标准。", "55. 国家 内部监督事务厅在审查提交意向书的邀请书后得出结论,在这方面没有任何限制。", "页:1 变更单和合同修正", "1. 联合国 向基本建设总计划办公室执行主任下放权力", "56. (中文(简体) ). 截至2009年1月,主管中央支助事务厅助理秘书长授权执行主任核准变更单,但有限度。 助理秘书长规定的一项关键控制措施是,执行主任批准的所有200 000美元以上的更改单也应由为此目的设立的事后审查委员会审查。", "2. 授标后审查委员会", "57. 2009年10月30日,主管中央支助事务厅的助理秘书长设立了授标后审查委员会。 委员会预计将于2009年11月开始运作,并每月举行会议,审查上个月执行的变更单和合同修正案。 然而,委员会直到2010年4月才召开目前的会议,因为先前任命的主席已经辞职。", "58. 联合国 2010年5月编写了授标后审查委员会的职权范围并提交主管中央支助事务厅助理秘书长核准。 根据这些职权范围,行预咨委会对变更单进行技术审查,并审查合同修改的遵守情况,以确定采购行动是否符合采购政策。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 授标后审查委员会的职权范围规定,50万美元以上的所有变更单和合同修正案都将得到审查。 然而,助理秘书长(中央支助事务厅)将变更单的授权下放给基本建设总计划办公室执行主任,要求审查超过200 000美元的所有变更单和合同修正案。 这种不一致的情况需要加以解决。 中央支助事务厅表示,将修订对执行主任的授权,要求授标后审查委员会审查执行主任批准的所有超过50万美元的更改单。", "60. 联合国 自2010年4月以来,授标后审查委员会同基本建设总计划办公室和采购司举行了会议,以了解业务和程序。 2010年,委员会举行了两次会议,到2011年5月又举行了两次会议。", "61. 国家 截至2010年12月,向斯堪斯卡公司签发了199份合同修正案,价值超过1.15亿美元,属于授标后审查委员会的职权范围。 委员会只审查了价值为2 540万美元的12项合同修正案。 还有29项合同修正案超过50万美元,总值为4 800万美元,发给设计师和工程师及其他顾问。 监督厅认为,事后审查变更单和合同修订是一个重要的控制措施,尚未有效。 积压案件及其高价值,以及委员会有限的人力资源,可能妨碍委员会清理积压案件并应付新案件。 中央支助事务厅表示,授标后审查委员会计划增加审查变更单和合同修正案的会议次数。 中央支助事务厅将请基本建设总计划办公室提供资金,以提高采购司支助该委员会的能力。", "3个 需要有效的变革管理和审查变更单和合同修订的程序", "62. 联合国 更改单是任何建筑项目的组成部分,是工程范围和合同价格的变化。 斯堪斯卡公司与从事建筑工程的贸易承包商签订了300多份单独的合同。 多数合同将须根据下列因素作出更改:(a) 范围变化;(b) 建筑师和工程师的要求;(c) 外地和意外条件;(d) 斯堪斯卡公司的要求。 如果相关控制不够充分,变更单就给联合国带来风险。 每个变更单都需要联合国书面核准,由总部合同委员会审查并经主管中央支助事务厅助理秘书长核准的控制下应急款供资。", "63. 国家 变更单仅限于合同范围的变更. 合同一般条款的任何改变,如付款条件、保险要求、责任或负债等的改变,都要求采购司利用既定程序,通过修改合同进行审查并采取行动。 价值最高为500万美元的合同修改必须经采购司司长审查和批准。 如果修改合同的价值超过500万美元,则提交总部合同委员会。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 一旦查明需要改变,斯堪斯卡公司在可以确定更改单的费用时发出书面的“更改单请求”,或者在工作性质紧急而费用不能在早期阶段确定时发出“更改单价值——待定价值”。 执行主任在审查变更单价值后签署,授权斯堪斯卡公司继续工作。 然而,目前审查仍在继续,以确认变更单价值中确定的工作是真正的变化,尚未列入基本建设总计划合同的原始范围。", "65. 国家 在斯堪斯卡获得费用估计数的文件支持后,它向基本建设总计划办公室提交变更单申请。 变更单申请须由G&T,项目经理(基本建设总计划办公室或G&T)以及建筑师和工程师进行详细检查和成本计算. 建筑主任还审查变更单申请,然后予以批准。 表2显示变更单与最高限价保证合同价值的百分比。", "表2 变更单价值与最高限价保证合同价值的百分比", "合同变更单 变更单的金额和合同价值(美元)与保证最高价格价值的百分比", "地下室包件 2 176 444 599 39 445 081 22", "北草坪会议 133 550 436 46 225 440 35 大楼", "305 E 46街 22 220 151 3 253 361 15", "合同B-3B 周转空间", "联合国联邦信贷", "幕墙 128 337 747 1 864 458 1", "麦迪逊大道380号 34 033 002 15 691 763 46", "周转空间家具 13 744 754 5 316 139 39", "欢呼 20 934 300 769 344 4", "秘书处大楼 206 966 117 1 871 002 0.9", "共计 757 465 167 115 831 476 15", "66. (中文(简体) ). 基本建设总计划办公室解释说,2号地下室包的变更单百分比高的原因是,出于时间安排原因,从3号地下室包中重新分配了工程。 因此,从3号地下室包改派到3号地下室包的变更单共计17 072 683美元 2. 对与地下室一揽子计划3有关的23 821 830美元的变更单进行了审查,并建议总部合同委员会核准。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 需要为周转空间增加家具,因为各部门调动的人员比最初计划多,用户需要更多的储存和座位。 过去与家具有关的更改单有助于在秘书处大楼重新启用前尽早完成重新包装计划。 2011年内部审计工作计划对此作了进一步审议。", "68. (中文(简体) ). 监督厅在其关于基本建设总计划变更单和相关流程的审计报告(2010年4月8日AC2009/514/03号文件)中分析了北草坪会议楼、麦迪逊大道380号和东46街305号变更单百分比高的原因。", " 4.四. 监督厅审查变更单", "69. (中文(简体) ). 监督厅审查了以前监督厅审计报告(AC2009/514/03)未涉及的所有超过50万美元的变更单。 此外,监督厅抽取了超过200 000美元的变更单。 监督厅的审查结果如下。", "70. 联合国 基本建设总计划办公室花了29至174天才批准变更单。 平均时间为70天。 这是因为变更单由包括建筑师和工程师、估算师、成本经理和项目经理在内的多个当事方检查。 审批时间长可能会对贸易承包商的现金流动产生不利影响,因为变更单在获得批准之前无法支付。 监督厅在其关于基本建设总计划变更单和相关流程的报告(2010年4月8日AC2009/514/03)中建议基本建设总计划办公室为审查和核准变更单设定现实的目标,并尽一切努力缩短核准时间。 监督厅重申这项建议。", "71. 联合国 70%以上的变更单是由于业主要求的变更范围。 业主要求变更单的原因没有得到充分解释。 变更单申请中经常提到设计变更和详细的技术解释,但变更的发起人和导致变更的情况并非总是明确。 监督厅请基本建设总计划办公室提供用户部门启动的变更单清单,并列出设计和施工变更的费用,但未能提供。 虽然变更单审查过程对批准个别变更单有内部控制,但为何发生变更和谁负责这一根本问题却无法回答.", "72. 联合国 建筑师和工程师、G & T和项目经理审查了监督厅审查的变更单样本,然后建议施工主任核准,随后执行主任按照既定程序核准。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 监督厅注意到,变更单常常是同一家贸易承包商签定的,这些承包商已在有关最高限价保证合同中被雇用,原因有后勤原因,或单价是在贸易合同的表C中规定的。 最初投标时没有正式评价贸易合同展览C的竞争力,因为贸易合同是一次性评估的。 因此,对贸易合同规定的单价具有竞争力的保证有限。 斯堪斯卡公司解释说,它就费率进行谈判,以确保竞争力,而且G & T公司也审查了这些费率。 然而,在平分摘要或斯堪斯卡公司关于授予贸易合同的建议中并没有正式记载这一点。 基本建设总计划办公室评论说,它已鼓励在授标时审查所有单位费率和小时费率,以确保这些费率具有竞争力。 参照基本建设总计划其他项目的特定一揽子贸易套案和其他类似一揽子贸易中的竞争性投标,对费率进行了检查。 监督厅认为,应正式评价和记录展览C费率,以确保在投标时这些费率具有竞争力。", "74. 国家 在贸易合同中没有规定单位或时间和材料价格的情况下,G&T使用其他项目的可比较的市场利率,以确保贸易承包商报价合理。 虽然监督厅获得证据表明,G&T对变更单费用进行了审查,但监督厅并不总是能够确定审查中使用的信息来源。 然而,抽样审查的变更单显示,在G & T和基本建设总计划办公室进行审查后,斯堪斯卡公司提交并由监督厅审查的变更单的价值减少了1 066 875美元。 此外,如果贸易承包商的变更单报价被认为过高,则公开竞标。 基本建设总计划办公室表示,在现行合同中没有适用费率时,G & T审查了基本建设总计划项目内的其他类似合同,或依靠G & T估算器来计算纽约市其他项目适用的单位费率。", "75. 国家 在对变更单进行时间和材料审查期间,监督厅获得的劳动费率细目显示,除工资外,联合国还支付变更单中劳动部分的福利和保险。 监督厅获悉,联邦和州失业保险为7.65%和9.50%,适用于贸易承包商挣得的前7 000美元和8 000美元。 这意味着在几个月内可以充分利用这一上限,并且应将保险排除在当年剩余时间的计算之外。 G&T估计整个项目可能节省了380万美元的资金。 斯堪斯卡公司提议通过竞争邀请贸易承包商投标,以确保联邦失业保险和州失业保险的上限不会被超过. 监督厅同意这项建议,只要斯堪斯卡公司能够证明竞争性投标考虑到了联邦和州失业保险的减少。", "76. 联合国 与地下室第2套房回旋空间有关的变更单是竞争性的。 但是,采购司2008年10月31日发布的“完成基本建设总计划所需货物和服务采购特别程序”在这一过程中没有得到充分遵守。 采购司出席了开标会和标分会,但没有机会就授予变更单的建议发表意见。", "77. 国家 监督厅认为,采购司应审查关于授予任何新的贸易合同的建议,无论是通过变更单还是通过津贴使用申请处理,在将合同授予新的贸易承包商时,在所有情况下都应遵循“完成基本建设总计划所需货物和服务采购的特别程序”。 中央支助事务厅和基本建设总计划办公室将确保修改程序,确保所有贸易合同授予都提交采购司审查。", "F. 津贴和意外开支", "78. 监督厅审查了核定津贴1.04亿美元中的4 260万美元。 所有审查的津贴都通过行业合同的竞标得到正确处理。", "79. 联合国 监督厅审查了1 099 712美元的应急使用情况,在核准的1 983 442美元中确定所有审查案件都遵守了既定程序。", "G. 合同风险管理、监测和控制", "1. 联合国 每周会议", "80个 每周举行各种会议,使基本建设总计划办公室、斯堪斯卡和G&T能够协调工作。 参加这些会议的还有对基本建设总计划的成功至关重要的各利益攸关方的代表,例如安全和安保部、信息和通信技术厅、法律事务厅、采购司和设施管理处。", "81个 监督厅审查了每周的会议时间表,并得出结论认为,所有决策者和利益攸关方定期开会讨论和协调问题。 监督厅审查了幕墙和秘书处大楼的施工协调会议记录,注意到已指定这些问题采取行动,并在下次会议上采取后续行动。", "2. 联合国 风险管理", "82. 2010年10月,G & T起草了基本建设总计划年度风险评估报告,以及风险登记册,其中给出了概率、价值和影响评估。 基本建设总计划办公室行政和通信主任协助定期审查风险,并将个人风险分配给风险所有人。 随着基本建设总计划的进展,正在不断审查各种风险。 此外,G&T还提供了风险和缓解行动概要,作为每月状况报告的一部分。", "83个 监督厅对采购过程进行了欺诈风险评估,并得出结论认为,现有的控制措施足以防止欺诈,但当事方之间串通舞弊的情况除外。 没有发现此类病例。", "3个 外部机构", "第八十四会. 根据基本建设总计划办公室,它自愿遵守纽约市建筑规范。 所有图纸均提交纽约市建筑局审查. 建筑部的官员定期访问该地。 基本建设总计划办公室还与美国环境保护局以及纽约市消防局、警察局和运输局相协调。", " 4.四. 斯堪斯卡公司的质量控制", "85. 斯堪斯卡公司在当地雇用质量控制/保证人员,根据斯堪斯卡公司《质量手册》进行审查。 斯堪斯卡公司维持一个日志,作为监测项目经理和建筑师提出的问题的一种方式。 监督厅审查了秘书处大楼和幕墙的这一记录。 日志中所列的任务日期已过并注明了提出质量问题和指定责任的来源。 提供了最新执行情况,并注意到(开放或关闭)状况。 任务在建筑师和工程师确认已解决后从清单中删除.", "5 (韩语). 由咨询人建筑师/工程师和基本建设总计划办公室进行质量控制", "86号. 建筑师和工程师按合同要求每周进行实地观察,以确保现场工作按照施工文件和规格进行。 监督厅审查了两家设计公司对幕墙和秘书处大楼进行的实地观察的报告。 已提出不符合设计和规格的事例并拍照,供斯堪斯卡公司采取行动。 通过斯堪斯卡公司维护的质量保证和控制日志,对建筑师和工程师查明的问题采取了后续行动。 监督厅审查了幕墙和秘书处大楼的日志,并证实记录了问题,描述了并向责任方说明了行动,并提供了执行情况。", "87个 联合国与建筑师和工程师签署了价值275 195美元的额外合同,对幕墙进行特别检查。 这些视察包括视察工厂和进行更多现场视察,以检查幕墙的安装和实地试验。", "88. 2008年11月,基本建设总计划办公室与一名委托代理订约,对联合国大院内的取暖、通风和空调、建筑物自动化、管道和防火、电力系统和垂直运输进行独立测试。 在基本建设总计划期间,核准合同金额不超过2 371 675美元。 基本建设总计划办公室和G&T的项目管理人员还定期访问施工地点,以观察进展情况并评估工程质量。", "89. 国家 根据对文件的审查以及与项目小组成员的讨论,监督厅评估认为,达到所需质量水平的程序是有效的。", "6. 外部和内部审计", "90. (中文(简体) ). 大会第57/292号决议强调对基本建设总计划的拟订和执行进行监督的重要性,并请审计委员会和所有其他有关监督机构立即开展监督活动并每年就此向大会提出报告。", "91. 联合国 自2008年1月以来,监督厅全时聘用了两名专业合格的审计员。 监督厅已印发了14份报告,包括关于基本建设总计划施工经理采购程序(AC2009/514/02)、基本建设总计划贸易合同管理(AC2008/514/07)和基本建设总计划变更单及相关流程(AC2009/514/03)的报告。 建议的执行率一直很高,监督厅每半年跟踪未执行建议的情况。", "92. (中文(简体) ). 审计委员会印发了基本建设总计划年度报告。 审计委员会定于2011年夏季就基本建设总计划和审计委员会建议执行情况提出下一次审计报告。", "三. 建议", "93. 国家 监督厅向基本建设总计划办公室和中央支助事务厅提出了8项建议,以进一步加强与贸易合同的采购和合同管理有关的程序。 所有建议都得到有关办事处的接受。 本报告编写时的建议及其执行情况见附件。", "卡曼·拉普安特(签名)", "页:1", "为减轻在审计基本建设总计划采购和合同管理,包括变更单时发现的风险而提出的建议", "建议风险实施状况\n基本建设总计划办公室应毫不拖延地审查并核准投标人名单,以防止投标在名单核准前已进入后期阶段的情况。 已执行\n采购司应指示斯堪斯卡公司:(一) 保存发送投标邀请书的证明;(二) 记录和保持平分汇总;(三) 记录下一轮投标中放弃或增加贸易承包商的理由;(四) 提交采购司的书面核准书,以便从贸易承包商名单中征求最佳和最后报价,以促进投标过程的透明度。 中度进展\n采购司应加强对贸易合同采购程序的监督,并确保:(一) 贸易承包商确认收到投标邀请书;(二) 所有合格投标人被邀请参加下几轮投标;(三) 没有有效证明理由,任何合格投标人不得被取消竞争资格。 高进度\n主管中央支助事务助理秘书长应确保授标后审查委员会的职权范围与基本建设总计划办公室执行主任的授权保持一致,后者规定审查所有超过50万美元的变更单和合同修正案,后者规定审查的财务门槛为20万美元。 中度进展\n主管中央支助事务厅的助理秘书长应审查与授标审查委员会及其工作计划有关的现有安排,因为案件积压很多,而且没有足够的资源支助该委员会。 中度进展\n基本建设总计划办公室应确保变更单在获得批准之前有正当理由,并明确指明其来源。 基本建设总计划办公室还应汇总所有更改单及其理由,以便在用户部门、设计延误、建筑师和工程师出错或外地条件导致变动时,提供管理信息和可采用的适当行动。 高进度\n基本建设总计划办公室应指示斯堪斯卡公司在提出授予贸易合同的建议时,对单位、时间和物力率(贸易合同的Exhibit C)进行分析,以确保商定的变更单费率具有竞争力。 中度进展\n采购司应审查关于授予所有新贸易合同的建议,以确保按照“完成基本建设总计划所需货物和服务采购特别程序”实现最高性价比,而不论这些合同是否作为调整单处理。 中度进展" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 142 of the provisional agenda*", "Report on the activities of the Office of Internal", "Oversight Services", "Review of the organizational framework of the public information function of the Secretariat", "Report of the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "“Public information activities were undertaken by 2,113 Secretariat-affiliated staff members”", "Summary", "Public information is a cross-cutting function Secretariat-wide, involving all activities that raise public awareness of the ideals, activities, goals and accomplishments of the United Nations. The function, which was undertaken from the funding of the United Nations by the Department of Public Information, has expanded over time to include other programmes, offices, departments and missions in the course of promoting their respective mandates and related activities.", "* A/66/150.", "The present review of the organizational framework of the publicinformation function of the Secretariat was mandated by the GeneralAssembly in its resolution 62/236. The Secretary-General ultimatelyrequested the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) toundertake the review. The objective of the review was to assess, assystematically and objectively as possible, the organizationalframework of the public information function of the Secretariat,including the resources dedicated to that sphere of work. The reviewprovides information for the Assembly and the Secretariat to considerwith regard to achieving increased coordination and efficiencies inthe allocation of resources as well as a descriptive analysis of thefunction, including main activities, coordination and dedicatedresources. The review included all departments of the Secretariat andall duty stations, field missions and entities subject to OIOSoversight.\nThe review was undertaken in accordance with the evaluation norms andstandards established by the United Nations Evaluation Group. OIOSutilized a mixture of qualitative and quantitative methods, and theresults of the review were derived from documentary, testimonial,observational and analytical evidence. In addition to the Departmentof Public Information, 64 focal points were assigned Secretariat-wideto the work of obtaining primary data.\nThe review revealed that there are a total of 2,113 posts, that is,the equivalent of 4 per cent of the total staff of the Secretariat,dedicated to the public information function Secretariat-wide. Themajority of these posts, 74 per cent or 1,571 posts, were located atoffices away from Headquarters, for example at field missions. Thelevel of posts varied, with 45 per cent of the total in the GeneralService category; 23 per cent in the Field Service, Local level,National Officer and United Nations Volunteers categories; almost 30per cent in the Professional category; almost 2 per cent at the levelof Director; and 1 post at the level of Under-Secretary-General forthe Head of the Department of Public Information. Entities reportedthat an additional 130 posts in both the General Service andProfessional categories are responsible for public informationactivities in addition to main job functions.\nPublic information posts are funded from different budgetary sources,with the majority of funding coming from the regular budget (48.3 percent), and the rest from the peacekeeping budget (38.9 per cent);extrabudgetary resources (12.4 per cent) and the peacekeeping supportaccount (0.4 per cent). In addition, non-post (financial) resourcesof approximately $50 million from all funding sourcesSecretariat-wide were utilized for public information activities fora variety of purposes such as television and video production,translation and website maintenance.\nThe capacity and dedicated size of public information officesdiffered throughout the Secretariat. Three types of arrangementsexist for the public information function within entities other thanthe Department of Public Information itself: 45 have a dedicatedoffice for the function; 8 have public information staff but nodedicated office; 11 have no dedicated office or public informationstaff and usually have other staff undertaking public informationactivities as part of other duties, with assistance from theDepartment of Public Information or related United NationsInformation Services or United Nations information centres whenclosely located. Most substantive entities have dedicated offices forpublic information while non-substantive entities do not unlessrequired for a specific project.\nA broad range of public information activities are undertakenSecretariat-wide using many different tools and approaches. Mostactivities fall within the strategic communications, news and mediaand outreach categories.\nThe focus of all coordination efforts was on preventing theduplication of work, saving time and ensuring a common message.Coordination was carried out in three ways:• Formally system-wide by the United Nations Communications Group,established in 2002 with 191 principal members from theSecretariat, the specialized agencies, programmes and funds; • Informally Secretariat-wide between entities and the Departmentof Public Information, including the Department’s regular supportto Secretariat “client” departments; although the Department is themain entity dedicated to public information it does not have amandated role for coordinating that function within theSecretariat; \n • Through other ad hoc informal networks. \nThe coordination provided by the United Nations Communications Group,and informally otherwise, was viewed as efficient by focal pointsthat it prevented the duplication of work, saved time and ensured acommon message. All focal points noted the importance of coordinatedpublic information in ensuring a unified presentation of the work ofthe United Nations. Focal points noted that there were two mainfactors that challenged the coordination of the public informationfunction in the Secretariat: (a) the lack of clarity regarding theroles and responsibilities of the function; and (b) the absence of astrategic plan that maps out the direction and priorities.\nThe review highlighted the fact that the organizational framework ofthe public information function is larger than the originalDepartment established for that role. Given the decentralizedstructure of public information activities Secretariat-wide,resources dedicated to the function and the challenges tocoordination, it was clearly time to review the approach to theframework in order to determine an overall vision, the roles of therespective entities involved and the amount of coordination desired.The present report contains the recommendation of OIOS to theDepartment of Public Information in that regard.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 5\nII. Background 5\nIII.Methodology 8\nIV.Results 9A. Secretariat-wide, 9 2,113 posts and nearly $50 million non-post resources were dedicated to public information \nactivities B.The 14 structure of the public information function varied Secretariat-wide, with most entities having a direct reporting relationship to senior \nmanagement C. A 15 broad range of public information activities were undertaken across the \nSecretariat D.The 17 United Nations Communications Group provides formal system-wide coordination of public information while Secretariat-wide coordination is \ninformal E.Coordination 20 of public information activities was challenged owing to the wide scope of work undertaken by the United Nations, unclear public information roles and the lack of a strategic \n plan \nV.Conclusion 21\nVI. Recommendation 22\nAnnexes I. Total 23 number of public information posts in the Secretariat and related entities by \nlevel II.Text 27 of the comments received from the Department of Public Information, the Executive Office of the Secretary-General and the Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts on the \nreview", "I. Introduction", "1. From September 2010 to February 2011 pursuant to a mandate from the General Assembly in its resolution 62/236, and at the request of the Secretary-General, the Inspection and Evaluation Division of the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) undertook a review of the organizational framework of the public information function of the Secretariat.", "2. The objective of the review was to assess, as systematically and objectively as possible, the organizational framework of the public information function of the Secretariat, including the resources dedicated to it. The present report provides information for the General Assembly and Secretariat to consider with regard to achieving increased coordination and efficiencies in resource allocation in this area. It also provides a descriptive analysis of the structure of the public information function, its main activities and the coordination efforts and resources dedicated to it within the Secretariat for the biennium 2010-2011. The review included all Secretariat departments, as well as duty stations, field missions and entities subject to OIOS oversight.", "3. Public information is a cross-cutting function. For the purpose of the present review, public information has been broadly defined in order to ensure the inclusion of all types of activities undertaken by the Secretariat, ranging from press releases to radio broadcasting. The definition, which was based on a synthesis of various statements of the General Assembly regarding its purpose, function and dissemination, encompasses any activity which raises public awareness of the ideals, issues, activities, aims and accomplishments of the United Nations and promotes an informed understanding of its work and purposes among the peoples of the world using both traditional and new media.[1]", "4. The report incorporates comments received from focal points assigned Secretariat-wide as well as from the Department of Public Information during the drafting process. Final comments from the Department of Public Information, the Executive Office of the Secretary-General and the Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts are appended, in full, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 64/263 (see annex II). OIOS expresses its appreciation for the cooperation extended by the Department of Public Information and the focal points assigned to work on the review.", "II. Background", "Role of public information at the United Nations", "5. Since the establishment of the United Nations, public information has played a vital role in communicating to the peoples of the world the broad goals of the United Nations, including the maintenance of international peace and security, the development of friendly relations among nations and the promotion of social progress, better living standards and human rights. At a basic level, it involves disseminating information about activities being undertaken towards these overall goals and supporting operational goals in terms of the specific mandates of field missions. It also includes promoting durable and sustainable goodwill and support for the work of the Organization. The only caveat placed on the role of the public information function has been the requirement to keep some information out of the public domain owing to concerns for security and diplomatic sensitivity. The Secretary-General’s bulletin, entitled, “Information sensitivity, classification and handling”, issued in 2007, acknowledges that the work of the United Nations should be open and transparent, except insofar as the nature of information concerned is deemed confidential in accordance with certain guidelines set out therein.[2]", "Department of Public Information", "6. The first United Nations entity with responsibility for public information, the Department of Public Information, was established by the General Assembly in its resolution 13 (I) in 1946 as one of the eight principal units of the Secretariat. In creating the Department, the Assembly noted that “the United Nations cannot achieve its purposes unless the peoples of the world are fully informed of its aims and activities”. The Department’s work is guided by Assembly priorities and by its subsidiary body, the Committee on Information, through resolutions relating to questions on information. The Secretary-General reports annually in three separate reports on the Department’s activities to that Committee.", "7. The mission of the Department of Public Information is to assist in fulfilling the substantive purposes of the United Nations by strategically communicating on its activities through the provision of accurate, impartial, comprehensive, balanced, timely and relevant information to the public, with the greatest transparency and public impact, in order to strengthen international support for the activities of the Organization.", "8. The Department of Public Information has three divisions: the Strategic Communications Division; the News and Media Division; and the Outreach Division. The Department is based at Headquarters in New York, but also works through a network of 63 bureaux worldwide, which are part of the Strategic Communications Division. These are comprised of: two United Nations Information Services at the United Nations Offices at Geneva and Vienna; 52 United Nations information centres in Africa, the Americas, the Arab States, Asia and the Pacific, Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States; the United Nations Regional Information Centre in Brussels; and eight United Nations offices in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Eritrea, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. The core functions of these bureaux are to promote public understanding and support for the United Nations by disseminating information and organizing activities and events in cooperation with local media, non-governmental organizations, educational institutions and other local partners. They also provide feedback to Headquarters on national, regional and local media coverage of United Nations activities of relevance to the Organization.", "9. For administrative purposes the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General is included within the budget of the Department of Public Information, including funding for staffing and travel to accompany the Secretary-General. This arrangement means that the post and non-post resources of that Office are part of budget section 27. The Spokesperson’s core functions include handling the Secretary-General’s relations with the news media, explaining the policies and the work of the United Nations to the global media through daily briefings, interviews and background discussions and travelling with the Secretary-General. The Spokesperson reports directly and works closely with the Executive Office of the Secretary-General and performs its functions in coordination with the Department.", "Other public information activities", "10. While the Department of Public Information has the primary mandate for public information, other departments, offices and field missions also undertake public information activities to promote their respective mandates and related programming. Public information is carried out both by substantive entities, which undertake the work mandated under the three main pillars of the United Nations system, security, development and human rights, and non-substantive entities, which undertake internal administrative work.", "11. These entities work independently from the Department of Public Information on public information activities and have in-house capacity either fully or partly dedicated to their respective public information functions. The Department does work with these entities, however, in providing ad hoc formal and informal guidance on various issues, including specific communications campaigns and priorities of the Secretary-General. At Headquarters, the Department works with substantive departments in a “client” relationship, with regular meetings at the senior and working levels to discuss public information and communications priorities. The priorities of the substantive department are incorporated into the annual communication priorities document and disseminated to the United Nations information centres, peacekeeping missions and resident coordinators. The Department works closely with entities in the United Nations system to deliver effective and targeted information programmes on key topics, including information on global conferences and observances.", "Formal system-wide coordination mechanism", "12. The main consultative and coordinating mechanism for public information of the United Nations system is the United Nations Communications Group, which was formed in January 2002 to replace the Joint United Nations Information Committee. The Communications Group was formed as a flexible and substance-driven mechanism for inter-agency coordination in public information, providing a common communications forum system-wide. It has 191 principal members from the Secretariat, the specialized agencies and the United Nations programmes and funds. The Department of Public Information acts as the secretariat of the Communications Group and the Under-Secretary-General of the Department of Public Information acts as its Chair.", "13. The role of the United Nations Communications Group is to: provide general policy advice on public information matters of common interest; carry out jointly planned public information operations, including the establishment of cooperative arrangements for special projects and events; facilitate practical experience sharing; and foster efficient information services, including the shared use of facilities and resources.", "14. The main activities of the United Nations Communications Group include: the organization of weekly meetings at Headquarters to discuss issues of importance to the entities of the United Nations system; the establishment of task forces to develop and implement communications strategies for priority issues, campaigns or upcoming conferences and other events; and the holding of annual sessions for broad-ranging discussions and policy formulation on general and specific communications and public information issues. All of the activities organized by the Communications Group serve to promote a common sense of purpose within the information community of the United Nations system.", "15. Since 2006, the United Nations Communications Group has operated 102 country-level groups at offices away from Headquarters, working with the communications focal points of all United Nations offices operating in those countries. In post-conflict countries and countries in crisis, this work also includes peacekeeping and peacebuilding missions and specific missions for humanitarian emergencies. The focus of such work at the country level is on strengthening inter‑agency cooperation in public information and communications and increasing the media profile of United Nations activities at the national and regional levels. Country-level communications groups are chaired by the Director of the local United Nations information centre or, in the absence of an information centre, by the senior Information Officer of another United Nations agency, oftentimes the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) or a peacekeeping mission.", "III. Methodology", "16. The review mandated by the General Assembly was undertaken in accordance with the evaluation norms and standards established by the United Nations Evaluation Group. The results of the review were derived from a combination of documentary, testimonial, observational and analytical evidence. In its work, OIOS utilized a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, obtaining data from the following seven sources:", "(a) A review of relevant mandates, strategic frameworks, the Integrated Monitoring and Documentation Information System (IMDIS) and related performance reports, parliamentary documentation, guidelines, policies, manuals, and relevant materials relating to the public information activities of the United Nations;", "(b) A structured analysis of data received from all focal points assigned to the review pertaining to the public information function at their respective entities, including post and non-post resources fully and partially allocated to it; the structural placement of the function within the entities; activities undertaken; and guidance received or issued on the function;", "(c) Semi-structured interviews with 141 assigned focal points,[3] key members of senior management of the Department of Public Information; substantive management staff; and public information staff in the field;", "(d) A web-based self-administered survey distributed to the 65 review focal points;[4]", "(e) Direct observation of the meetings of the United Nations Communications Group at Headquarters;", "(f) Field missions to the United Nations Regional Information Centre in Brussels, the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL), the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Guinea-Bissau (UNIOGBIS), the United Nations Office for West Africa (UNOWA), the Cameroon-Nigeria Mixed Commission and the United Nations Information Centre in Dakar;[5]", "(g) A review of public information functions and post resources at the World Bank, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and UNDP.", "17. The resources analysed for the review were taken from: the regular budget for the biennium 2010-2011; the peacekeeping and support account budget for the period from 1 July to 30 June 2011; and the special political mission budgets for the period from 1 January to 31 December 2010.", "18. The review had a limitation regarding data obtained on partially dedicated posts since such information was reported by the related entities themselves, with varying interpretations of who undertook partial activities and what constituted public information. This affected the comparability of the data. To address this limitation, OIOS triangulated data from multiple sources to support the results.", "IV. Results", "19. Data on posts and non-post resources, other than that provided for the Department of Public Information and for peacekeeping missions, for public information Secretariat-wide was unavailable and/or unclearly marked in budget fascicles. For that reason, OIOS collected data on relevant post and non-post resources through a formal document request.", "A. Secretariat-wide, 2,113 posts and nearly $50 million in non-post resources were dedicated to public information activities", "20. Public information activities were undertaken by 2,113 Secretariat-affiliated staff members, as shown in table 1 by location of posts. The number of posts comprised 4 per cent of the total number of staff Secretariat-wide.[6] Further information is contained in annex I, which presents a summary of all entities with overall number of posts and levels for each entity.", "Table 1 Total number of posts assigned to public information activities at the Secretariat and related entities by location", "Location Number of posts", "Headquarters, New York 542", "United Nations information centres and field offices^(a) 261", "United Nations offices^(b) 43", "Regional commissions 38", "Offices away from Headquarters 252", "International Tribunals 47", "Peacekeeping missions 823", "Special political missions 99", "Other related entities 17", "Total^(c) 2 113", "Source: Compiled by OIOS based on data provided by entities.", "^(a) These posts are part of the budget of the Department of Public Information; the Department commented that this includes 72 non-public information staff.", "^(b) These posts are part of the budget of the Department of Public Information for the United Nations Information Services and for visitor services at the United Nations Offices at Geneva and Vienna and the United Nations Information Centre in Nairobi.", "^(c) To avoid double counting the total reflects the subtraction of 6 posts that belong to the Department of Public Information at the United Nations Information Centre at the United Nations Office at Nairobi and 3 posts at the United Nations Information Centre in Beirut.", "21. The majority of all public information posts, 1,571 posts (74 per cent), were located away from Headquarters. The majority, 823 posts, were in peacekeeping missions, accounting for the largest number of public information posts in the Secretariat (38 per cent). The peacekeeping missions with the largest number of posts were:", "(a) United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO): 237 posts;", "(b) United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS): 167 posts;", "(c) United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH): 104 posts;", "(d) United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI): 121 posts.", "22. Special political missions had 99 posts, a substantially smaller number compared to peacekeeping missions. The special political missions with the largest number of posts were those administered by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations:", "(a) United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA): 44 posts;", "(b) United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI): 18 posts.", "23. Some special political missions had only one officer in charge of public information for the mission; these included UNOWA; the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Sierra Leone (UNIPSIL); and the Office of the United Nations Special Coordinator for Lebanon (UNSCOL).", "24. Other Secretariat offices based away from Headquarters accounted for 252 posts. The largest number of posts were at entities with wide networks of country offices and a greater reliance on extrabudgetary sources:", "(a) Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR): 112 posts;", "(b) United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP): 55 posts;", "(c) United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA): 29 posts;", "(d) Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR): 28 posts.", "25. Twenty-five per cent, or 542 posts, were located at Headquarters, most within the Department of Public Information (484). The other main departments/offices with a significant number of public information posts were:", "(a) Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs: 21 posts;", "(b) Department of Management: 11 posts;", "(c) Department of Peacekeeping Operations: 8 posts;", "(d) Executive Office of the Secretary-General, Communications and Speechwriting Unit: 7 posts.", "26. At Headquarters, five departments and offices (the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management, the Department of Political Affairs, OIOS, the Office of Legal Affairs and the Peacebuilding Support Office) did not have any fully dedicated public information posts, although they did have some posts that were partially dedicated to public information activities.", "Levels of public information posts varied, with the highest levels being located at Headquarters", "27. The level of public information posts varied between categories, with 45 per cent of all 2,113 posts in the General Service category. Almost 30 per cent of the total number of posts were in the Professional category (P-2 to P-5) and almost 2 per cent of the posts were at the level of Director (D-1 and D-2). For field missions, public information posts in the Field Service, Local level, National Officer and United Nations Volunteers categories accounted for 23 per cent of the total number of posts. Table 2 provides a detailed breakdown of the total number of public information posts by level.", "Table 2 Total number of public information posts at the Secretariat and related entities by level", "Category No. of posts Percentage of posts", "Director and above 38 1.8", "Professional 625 29.5", "General Service 963 45.6", "Field Service 65 3.1", "Local level 200 9.5", "National Officers 200 9.5", "United Nations Volunteers 22 1.0", "Total 2 113 100", "Source: Data compiled by OIOS based on data provided by entities.", "28. The Under-Secretary-General of the Department of Public Information held the highest level post fully dedicated to public information in the Secretariat. Most high-level posts were in the Department (3 posts at the D-2 level, 1 D-2 post in the Spokesperson’s Office and 20 posts at the D-1 level).[7] In the field, the highest ranking public information officers were at the D-2 level in the African Union/ United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), 7 D-1 posts at peacekeeping missions (UNAMA, UNAMI, UNMIL, UNMIS, the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT), MONUSCO and MINUSTAH), and P-5 or P-4 posts at the majority of the other missions.[8]", "The majority of public information posts were funded from the regular budget", "29. Public information posts were funded from different budgetary sources, with the regular budget providing the most funding followed by the peacekeeping budget, extrabudgetary funding and lastly the peacekeeping support account.", "Table 3 Total number of public information posts at the Secretariat and related entities by funding source", "Funding source Percentage", "Regular budget 48.3", "Peacekeeping budget 38.9", "Extrabudgetary 12.4", "Peacekeeping support account 0.4", "Total 100", "Source: Data compiled by OIOS based on data provided by entities.", "An additional 130 posts were reported as partially involved in public information activities Secretariat-wide", "30. Twenty-seven of the reporting entities stated that, in addition to fully dedicated public information posts, there were posts partially dedicated to that function; in total there were 130 such posts. These posts were filled by staff in different professional categories who had undertaken additional work in the area of public information. For example, high-level officials or directors would volunteer for public speaking events, in response to media inquiries or other requests. Furthermore, a review of senior management compacts for 2009-2011 revealed that there was a generic formulation regarding the commitment and the responsibility of senior managers to participate in advocating the policies and promoting the image of the Organization. On average, those in such partially dedicated posts spent 40 per cent of their time on public information.", "Non-post (financial) resources of nearly $50 million financed various public information activities", "31. In addition to post resources, there were also non-post (financial) resources from all funding sources for public information activities, including for consultants, travel, television and video production, translation, and website maintenance. Eight entities (the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management, the Department of Management, the Department of Safety and Security, the Office to the Special Adviser on Africa, the Peacebuilding Support Office, UNIPSIL, the United Nations Regional Centre for Preventive Diplomacy for Central Asia and the United Nations Compensation Commission) indicated no non-post (financial) resources, and over half of the entities provided monetary figures for the non-post resources amounting to nearly $50 million. The level of non-post resources varied from as little as $2,000 (OIOS) to approximately $40 million (Department of Public Information).[9] Half of the focal points indicated that there were no dedicated resources for website maintenance in their respective budgets. Most entities had received technical assistance from the Department of Public Information in developing websites, the cost for the maintenance of which comes from within existing resources for public information or other information technology staff at each entity.", "B. The structure of the public information function varied Secretariat-wide, with most entities having a direct reporting relationship to senior management", "32. Apart from the Department of Public Information, entities of the Secretariat had three types of structural arrangements for the public information function: 45 had a dedicated office for the function; 8 had public information staff but no dedicated office; and 11 had no dedicated office or public information staff. These 11 usually had non-public information staff undertaking public information activities as part of other duties and relied on the Department of Public Information or the nearest United Nations Information Service or United Nations Information Centre to meet their public information needs.", "33. Most substantive entities had dedicated offices and were staffed with public information staff members. Non-substantive entities did not have public information capacity or a dedicated office, unless required by a specific project, such as the capital master plan within the Department of Management. Otherwise, staff members located in the front office of the entity typically performed public information activities, as needed. These non-substantive offices also relied either on the Department of Public Information or on a United Nations information centre if located in close proximity.", "34. Field missions had dedicated public information offices, with peacekeeping missions having larger staffed offices than special political missions. The size of the office tended to vary according to the size of the mission, with larger peacekeeping missions tending to have more staff in their public information office. Special political missions had smaller offices, oftentimes with only one staff member; most with relatively larger offices were either administered by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (UNAMA and UNAMI) or had transitioned recently from being a peacekeeping mission (the United Nations Integrated Office in Burundi (BINUB) and the United Nations Operation in Burundi (BNUB)). In terms of Headquarters support for the field missions, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations/Department of Field Support had nine posts, including a Public Affairs Section in the Department of Peacekeeping Operations. The Department of Political Affairs, by contrast, had no dedicated office or regular budgeted post at Headquarters, despite public information-related responsibilities, including managing numerous special political missions and good office efforts.", "35. A review of Secretary-General bulletins and organizational charts showed a variety of titles, placement and roles of dedicated public information offices. The titles of the public information offices included reference to public information, advocacy, public affairs, external/media relations, outreach and information technology. For example, “public affairs” was referenced by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, “outreach” by the Office of Disarmament Affairs, “advocacy” by the Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States and “communications” by UNEP.[10] Other bodies, such as the Department of Management and the Department for Economic and Social Affairs, put more emphasis on the information technology aspect of the function. Notably, while the bulletin on the organization of the Department of Political Affairs places specific emphasis on managing media relations in coordination with the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General and the Department of Public Information, there was no corresponding coordination prescribed in the bulletins of other Secretariat entities. Peacekeeping and special political missions have designated public information offices that focus on public information regarding the mandate of the mission.", "36. Furthermore, of the various structural arrangements for public information, 50 had a direct reporting relationship with senior management, reporting to the Under-Secretary-General, a Special Representative of the Secretary-General or an Executive Secretary of one of the entities of the United Nations system.", "C. A broad range of public information activities were undertaken across the Secretariat", "Public information activities fell into four broad categories", "37. Public information is a broad function comprising many differing activities beyond the exclusive scope of dedicated public information offices. Official responses to the document request and interview data on the types of activities undertaken yielded a vast array of activities revealing that many different tools and approaches are used in this field of work. Both traditional and new forms of media dissemination were included in the four broad categories of public information:", "(a) Strategic communications: focuses on formulating communications strategies on priority issues and undertaking communications campaigns to support substantive goals of specific entities and the Organization;", "(b) News and media: focuses on providing accurate, balanced and, as feasible, customized news and information materials and services, including through radio, television, photography, print and the Internet, to media and other users globally;", "(c) Outreach: focuses on engaging various audiences such as civil society, Member States and non-governmental organizations to educate and encourage support for the ideals of the Organization;", "(d) Publications: focuses on providing varied types of publications such as magazines, journals and books on work done in support of the ideals of the Organization.", "38. In addition, the regional commissions and the special political and peacekeeping missions were also involved, to varying degrees, in strengthening the individual and institutional capacities of local journalists and media. The common element across all the entities was that the public information activities undertaken focused on the specialized mandate of each entity. In addition, the entities undertook other Secretariat-wide activities on broader communications priorities and campaigns, as feasible.", "Most activities fell within the categories of strategic communications, news and media, and outreach", "39. Entities undertook all public information activities to some extent, but those in the strategic communications, news and media, and outreach categories were the most common. According to the focal point survey, under the three categories, over 80 per cent reported the following activities:", "(a) Website content management;", "(b) Drafting of press releases;", "(c) Seminars, workshops and briefings for external audiences;", "(d) Planning and undertaking communications campaigns on specific issues;", "(e) Developing messages for public dissemination;", "(f) Daily handling of media inquiries.", "40. The next most common type of public information activities fell within the news and media, strategic communications and publications categories, with over 70 per cent of the entities reporting the following:", "(a) Drafting articles and op-ed pieces;", "(b) Website content development;", "(c) Media monitoring and internal news review;", "(d) Drafting fact sheets;", "(e) Brochures and newsletters.", "41. Lastly, mid-range frequency of activities, reported in the 50 to 60 per cent range by the entities, fell into the outreach category and involved relations with non‑governmental organizations, civil society and Member States.", "42. Focal point interview data also highlighted that the range of public information activities in substantive entities was broader than in non-substantive entities. Most substantive entities Secretariat-wide undertook all types of activities according to their respective workplans and mandates. The common focus in all cases was on devising strategic communications to explain the goals, related activities and outputs of their respective mandates to the public. Substantive entities with field operations and large extrabudgetary funding undertook the greatest scope of activities. Likewise, field-based entities usually had their own spokespersons who could call on the assistance of the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General, as needed.", "43. The more limited activities undertaken by non-substantive entities tended to be discrete tasks, such as media coverage or updating websites with ad hoc guidance from the Department of Public Information or a United Nations information centre, if located nearby, and consultation, as necessary, with senior management at the Secretariat, either the Executive Office of the Secretary-General and/or the Office of Spokesperson for the Secretary-General.", "44. Public information activities were mostly undertaken in English and French, the working languages of the Organization. Only official documents were produced in the six official languages. Translation of non-official documents into official languages was completed according to necessity owing to the absence of dedicated resources at each entity. Public information in local languages was also acknowledged by all focal points as taking priority when those languages were not among the six official languages, with the skills of staff members being utilized to carry out the translations.", "45. All focal points reported undertaking public information with a gender mainstreaming perspective. Field missions, in particular, were aware of, and active in, incorporating gender mainstreaming into activities, for example, outreach campaigns such as the 16-day campaign to end violence against women and seminar programmes on public information skills in field missions, which were developed in order to address both men and women. It was considered that the limited public information work carried out by administrative entities did not require a gender mainstreaming perspective, given the nature of their work.", "D. The United Nations Communications Group provides formal system-wide coordination of public information while Secretariat-wide coordination is informal", "Frequency of coordination between entities varied", "46. Coordination of public information occurred in three ways: formally system-wide through the United Nations Communications Group; informally Secretariat-wide; and through other ad hoc informal networks. The focus of all coordination efforts was to avoid duplication, achieve maximum synergy, ensure a common United Nations message and present “One United Nations”.", "47. The frequency of coordination among public information functions varied, as illustrated in table 4.", "Table 4 Frequency of coordination between Secretariat entities, the Department of Public Information and other entities of the United Nations system", "(Percentage)", "Secretariat entities Department of Other Other entities of coordinate with Public Secretariat the Information entities United Nations system", "Always 21 9 5", "Very often 21 26 22", "Often 26 17 24", "Not very often 31 43 39", "Never 0 0 5", "No basis for judgement 0 5 5", "Source: Focal point survey, OIOS public information review, 2010-2011.", "System-wide coordination by the United Nations Communications Group provided a common platform with varying degrees of participation", "48. All focal points, except one, recognized that the United Nations Communications Group was the system-wide coordinating mechanism for public information. Most focal points (69.7 per cent) reported being members of the Communications Group, while the remaining 30.3 per cent were not members according to the focal point survey. Levels of engagement differed at Headquarters and at the country level. At Headquarters, focal points noted attendance at weekly meetings was not regular but was rather contingent on the relevance of the agenda to an entity’s programme of work and available time. Three focal points reported that they had participated in Communications Group task forces for specific events, for example, the 20-year review of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development and the 2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Cancún, Mexico. At the country level, focal points reported regular attendance at meetings of the Communications Group, with increased engagement when working on common events, such as various international days. The Communications Group has also issued guidance on various public information topics for the purpose of discussing policy issues and agreeing on common responses, programmes of activity and procedures, including standard operating procedures for crisis communications and the ongoing effort on new media guidelines.", "Secretariat-wide coordination is informal owing to the fact that the Department of Public Information does not have a formal mandate for that role", "49. While the Department of Public Information is the main department dedicated to the public information function, providing overall guidance in that regard, it does not have a formal mandate to coordinate public information activities within the Secretariat. The entities of the Secretariat undertook public information activities in a discrete decentralized manner with a focus on their respective mandates. Coordination has been internal at each entity based on an overall strategy and guidance from senior management and substantive departments for specific topics or events.", "50. Coordination guidance from Headquarters offices of the various United Nations entities was sought when substantive input was needed. For example, the focal points of peacekeeping and special political missions noted that they sought guidance from the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Department of Political Affairs, respectively, as needed, on substantive matters rather than on issues specific to public information. The focal points also referred to the Public Affairs Section of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Peace and Security Section of the Department of Public Information as the bodies responsible for coordination on peace and security issues. The annual meeting organized by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and Peace and Security Section of the Department of Public Information for the chiefs of public information at field-based missions was also referenced by the focal points as being a good opportunity to network and coordinate on specific issues. The Department of Public Information and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations coordinated activities formally through the jointly chaired Public Information Working Group, which meets twice monthly for planning and trouble-shooting and in order to reach agreement on approaches to mid- and long-term peace and security issues, as well as the coordination of communications in the event of crisis.", "51. Focal points also indicated that coordination with the Department of Public Information and other Secretariat entities occurred on an “as needed” basis. Two main tools were used to facilitate Secretariat-wide public information coordination: the annual communications priorities and campaigns circulated by the Department of Public Information, which entities implemented, as feasible, given work demands and plans; and liaison with senior management offices, the Executive Office of the Secretary-General and the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General. In addition, daily morning meetings were held by the Communications and Speechwriting Unit of the Executive Office of the Secretary-General with various attendees, including substantive departments as necessary, the Spokesperson and staff of the Department of Public Information. These meetings were further enhanced by “network” meetings on various topical issues, as necessary, based on planned events, for example the referendum in the Sudan.", "Other ad hoc informal coordination provided a source for information sharing and lessons learned", "52. All focal point interviewees noted that additional informal coordination occurred based on personal relationships with other public information professionals both within the Secretariat and at other entities of the United Nations system. Focal points noted that this informal coordination and networking was utilized for sharing information and lessons learned. Almost half of focal point survey respondents (46.5 per cent) were also aware of other coordination mechanisms, including working groups on specific substantive issues and specialized public information techniques.", "The United Nations Communications Group and ongoing Secretariat-wide coordination is perceived as efficient", "53. The coordination of public information activities organized formally by the United Nations Communications Group and informally within the Secretariat were perceived by focal points as being efficient, overall, with focal points giving the highest efficiency rating to both the Communications Group and Secretariat entities for ensuring a common message.", "Table 5 Degree of satisfaction with communications coordination by the United Nations Communications Group and entities of the Secretariat*", "(Percentage)", "Purpose of coordination Efficiency of Efficiency of coordination coordination by the United by the Secretariat Nations Communications Group", "Coordination prevents duplication 60 61.9 of work", "Helps save time 63.3 62.8", "Ensures a common message 80 73.8", "Source: Focal point survey, OIOS public information review, 2010-2011.", "* Data indicates that respondents indicated “strongly agreed” and “somewhat agreed”.", "E. Coordination of public information activities was challenged owing to the wide scope of work undertaken by the United Nations, unclear public information roles and the lack of a strategic plan", "54. All focal points surveyed and interviewed noted the vital role that public information played in ensuring a unified presentation of the work of the United Nations. It was noted, however, that the wide scope of work created challenges to efficient coordination since entities tended to focus on their respective mandates, as a result of which they took part in coordinating only campaigns related to broad topics or discrete, reoccurring issues such as international days.", "55. Interviews with focal points and survey data also highlighted that the roles and responsibilities of the Department of Public Information vis-à-vis Secretariat entities were particularly unclear in terms of guidance and coordination. There was an assumption by focal points that the Department, as the main department that undertakes the public information function, had a coordinating role to play, but there was a lack of knowledge as to whether it in fact had such a mandate. As noted in section D above, a formal coordination authority has not been given to the Department of Public Information.", "56. As regards the roles of senior officials in the field of public information at the United Nations, namely the Under-Secretary-General of the Department of Public Information and the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General, it was unclear as to which position took the lead in this area. For example, the need to immediately connect to the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General in the event of crisis situations was well understood by all focal points, whereas there was no such urgent need in terms of contacting the Under-Secretary-General of the Department of Public Information. In addition, the placement of this Office within the Department of Public Information in terms of budgetary and administrative purposes did not help to clarify those roles. The Spokesperson is among those who engage closely with the Secretary-General.[11] The fact that the budget and the administration of the Office of the Spokesperson are under the Department of Public Information is not mirrored by the direction of priorities by the Under-Secretary-General of the Department, de facto control of operational work nor the Spokesperson’s performance assessment. Without a clear alignment between resources, responsibilities and results, the current arrangement created a risk of ambiguity regarding lines of authority and accountability associated with the Office of the Spokesperson and the Under-Secretary-General of the Department of Public Information. The Executive Office of the Secretary-General highlighted the difference between the role of the Under-Secretary-General of the Department and that of the Office of the Spokesperson, noting that the Under-Secretary-General, through the Department, takes the lead on broad public information policy covering the Organization as a whole, both in terms of its immediate and its longer-term focus, covering broader aspects of public information about global awareness and understanding of the work of the United Nations. The role of the Office of the Spokesperson is much more limited and more directly related to the needs of the Secretary-General, that is, to be able to respond and to be seen as responding to and anticipating news developments as they break each day. In that respect, the Spokesperson is an important part of the Executive Office. The Executive Office recognized that there are arguments for and against the hybrid administrative placement of the Office as it exists, but noted that ultimately it is for the Secretary-General to decide what works best and to ensure that the arrangement runs smoothly, with both transparency and a clear understanding of the current working relationship that has, until the present time, been working in a very pragmatic way.", "57. The lack of a strategic plan in the area of public information has also impeded the efficient coordination of overall activities. Focal points viewed the development of a strategic plan as a necessary coordination tool in determining the priorities and the vision of United Nations public information activities as well as in providing a framework for a common approach to the coordination of communications both at Headquarters and in the field. While the Department of Public Information noted that the Secretary-General’s Policy Committee decision No. 2008/23 on United Nations communication provided a broad framework, it lacked specificity regarding priorities and focal points were unaware of it. With regard to the need for a strategic plan, the Department doubted that such a plan would assist the Organization to better respond to current needs. The Department proposed that, as recommended by the United Nations Communications Group itself, it should be integrated at the principal level, into the preparation of the semi-annual meetings of the CEB High-level Committee on Programmes as a means to linking United Nations policy and communications more closely.", "V. Conclusion", "58. The public information function and its organizational framework have grown larger than the original department established for that role. At present there are 2,113 full-time posts (4 per cent of Secretariat staff) and nearly $50 million dollars in non-post resources directly devoted to the function. A vast array of activities have been undertaken by decentralized public information offices, providing key information on respective mandates and activities and constituting the critical link between the public and the United Nations, particularly at field-based missions where public support is critical.", "59. While the coordination of public information was rated as being efficient overall, and its benefits acknowledged in terms of presenting a common message and “One United Nations”, such coordination has remained largely informal within the Secretariat. Efficient coordination is challenged by differing mandates, the lack of clear direction and vision from senior leadership, and the unclear role and lack of coordination mandate of the Department of Public Information.", "60. Given the breadth of the function Secretariat-wide, its dedicated resources and its critical role in communicating the goals and work of the Organization, several issues must be addressed, including: the role of the Department of Public Information in terms of coordinating the function within the Secretariat; the role of other entities in the Secretariat; priorities for coordinated activities; and the need for a strategic plan for public information and communications. Addressing these issues would contribute to increased coordination and efficiency of the function and its related resources across the Secretariat.", "VI. Recommendation", "61. The Department of Public Information, taking into account the role of the Secretary-General in setting the vision and the priority issues of the Organization, should develop and present to the Committee on Information an action plan that considers the roles and responsibilities for coordination of the public information function in the Secretariat, including:", "(a) The role of the Department of Public Information;", "(b) The role of other Secretariat entities;", "(c) Priorities of any coordination activities;", "(d) The need for a strategic plan for public information and communications in the Secretariat that outlines a vision and broad priority issues of commonality and addresses the priorities and vision of the Secretary-General for the function;", "(e) The need to maintain data on post and non-post resources with levels and funding sources dedicated to public information as presented in the present report.", "Paragraphs 19 to 31 and 46 to 57", "62. The Department of Public Information does not agree that a strategic plan, as described in the OIOS recommendation, would allow the Organization to communicate more effectively. The current structure, which combines a long-term communications policy approved by the Secretary-General with shorter-term communications priorities and campaigns, presents a pragmatic, flexible approach. It allows the Organization to respond to both long-term mandates and breaking news. The Department also stated that, with regard to the need to maintain data on post and non-post resources, it is clearly beyond the purview of the Department to solicit information on public information resources from other Secretariat entities.", "63. The Executive Office of the Secretary-General stated that the Department of Public Information needs dedicated resources to support the Executive Office in developing a strategic communications plan for executing the priorities of the United Nations.", "(Signed) Carman L. Lapointe Under-Secretary-General for Internal Oversight Services 25 July 2011", "Annex I", "Total number of public information posts in the Secretariat and related entities by level", "The following table details post numbers and levels for public information at entities that follow United Nations rules and regulations and are subject to the oversight of the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS). There were no public information posts in the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management, the Department of Political Affairs, OIOS, the Office of Legal Affairs, the Peacebuilding Support Office, the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization, the Cameroon-Nigeria Mixed Commission, the United Nations Compensation Commission, the United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute and the United Nations Fund for International Partnerships. The resources analysed for the review were taken from: the regular budget for the biennium 2010-2011; the peacekeeping and support account budget for the period from 1 July to 30 June 2011; and the special political mission budgets for the period from 1 January to 31 December 2010.", "(table on next page)", "[TABLE]", "Source: Compiled by OIOS based on data provided by entities.", "Abbreviations: BINUCA, United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in the Central African Republic; BNUB, United Nations Office in Burundi; CAAC, Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict; ECA, Economic Commission for Africa; ECE, Economic Commission for Europe; ECLAC, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean; EOSG, Executive Office of the Secretary-General; ESCAP, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific; ESCWA, Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia; FS, Field Service; GS, General Service; ICTR, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda; ICTY, International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia; LL, Local level; MINURSO, United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara; MONUSCO, United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo; MINUSTAH, United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti; NO, National Officer; OCHA, Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs; ODA, Office for Disarmament Affairs; OHCHR, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights; OHRLLS, Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States; OICT, Office of Information and Communications Technology; OSAA, Office of the Special Adviser on Africa; UNAMA, United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan; UNAMI, United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq; UNAMID, African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur; UNCCD, (secretariat of) United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification; UNCTAD, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development; UNEP, United Nations Environment Programme; UNFCCC, (secretariat of) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; UNFICYP, United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus; UN-Habitat, United Nations Human Settlements Programme; UNHCR, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees; UNIFIL, United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon; UNIOGBIS, United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Guinea-Bissau; UNIPSIL, United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Sierra Leone; UNITAR, United Nations Institute for Training and Research; UNMIK, United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo; UNMIS, United Nations Mission in the Sudan; UNMIT, United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste; UNOCI, United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire; UNODC, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime; UNOWA, United Nations Office for West Africa; UNPOS, United Nations Political Office for Somalia; UNRCCA, United Nations Regional Centre for Preventive Diplomacy for Central Asia; UNRWA, United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East; UNSCO, Office of the United Nations Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process; UNSCOL, United Nations Special Coordinator for Emergency Relief Operations in Liberia; UNV, United Nations Volunteers; USG, Under-Secretary-General.", "^(a) To avoid double counting the total reflects subtracting the 3 posts at the United Nations Information Centre in Beirut that belong to the Department of Public Information.", "^(b) UNAMI and UNAMA are administered by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations.", "^(c) In addition to the 738 posts under the budget section for the Department of Public Information, it also provided an additional 44 posts from other budget sections that undertake public information functions, the Africa Section, Visitor Services and Income Sections at Headquarters and at the United Nations Offices at Geneva and Vienna. As a result of the additional 44 posts, the Office for Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts stated that it was not possible to reconcile the numbers of posts and resources with the number reflected in the revised appropriation.", "^(d) Including 7 posts from the Africa Section; 33 posts from the Visitor Services and Income Sections.", "^(e) Including 3 posts from the Visitor Service at the United Nations Office at Geneva.", "^(f) Including 1 post from the Visitor Service of the United Nations Office at Vienna.", "^(g) The Department of Public Information commented that this includes 72 non-public information staff. The posts from the United Nations Information Centre at the United Nations Office at Nairobi were removed from the overall count of information centres so that the United Nations Office posts could be represented separately.", "^(h) UNMOGIP did not provide a focal point.", "^(i) Three (3) posts at ESCWA are part of the budget of the Department of Public Information for the United Nations information centre in Beirut.", "Annex II", "Text of the comments received from the Department of Public Information, the Executive Office of the Secretary-General and the Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts on the review", "The Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) presents below the full text of comments received from the Department of Public Information, the Executive Office of the Secretary-General and the Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts on the review contained in the present report. This practice has been instituted in line with General Assembly resolution 64/263, following the recommendation of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee. The Department of Public Information and the Executive Office of the Secretary-General raised concerns regarding the recommendation on the strategic plan for public information and resources needed to undertake this effort. The Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts raised concerns regarding the number of public information posts in the Department of Public Information. The comments from all entities on the draft OIOS report have been incorporated, as appropriate, into the final report.", "A. Comments received from the Department of Public Information", "We would like to extend our appreciation to the staff of OIOS for their efforts in the course of preparing this review. The outcome of the review emphasizes the importance of public information as a key component of the Secretariat’s work. The Department of Public Information fully endorses the conclusion of the report that effective communication is critical to generating public support for the Organization. Accordingly, the Department feels that the resource level provided for public information should be commensurate with the central importance of communication to the work of the United Nations. Furthermore, the Department supports the current institutional arrangements for public information across Secretariat entities.", "As the work of the Organization has grown, especially at the local level and through its field operations, so too has the work of public information professionals. In order to raise support for the priority issues of the Organization, communications professionals across the Secretariat have to interact with many different audiences and stakeholders, in multiple languages.", "A rapidly changing communications and media environment and an explosion of new information and communication technologies provide enormous opportunities for the Secretariat to inform and engage new audiences. New, decentralized Internet and mobile-based platforms present challenges to old channels of communication, as well as to established ways of disseminating information. The information revolution, moreover, means that the demand for quality multimedia news products from the United Nations system is growing, and will continue to do so.", "In order to meet the many challenges facing the communications field today, the United Nations needs a robust team of communications professionals, well-equipped to take advantage of today’s media opportunities. The Department of Public Information has a unique set of resources and expertise in television, radio, online news, social media, thematic campaigns and outreach projects to promote the work of the United Nations worldwide.", "Please find below specific comments on the findings and recommendations contained in the report:", "Paragraph 57", "With regard to the decision of the Secretary-General’s Policy Committee on United Nations Communications cited in the report, this policy was circulated to all senior managers Secretariat-wide. The Department agrees that this decision should be made more widely available to all communications focal points in the Secretariat. In the view of the Department, an approach based on the United Nations Communications Group as a coordination mechanism and an information-sharing forum, a set of agreed-upon communications priorities and the Policy Committee decision is a more effective way to develop specific communications strategies on an ongoing basis than the attempt to draft a singular strategic plan. The Department has serious doubts that such a plan would assist the Organization to better respond to current needs. The Department proposes that the United Nations Communications Group, at the principal level, be integrated into the preparation of the semi-annual meetings of the High-Level Committee on Programmes of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB) as a means to linking United Nations policy and communications more closely, as recommended earlier by the Communications Group.", "Paragraph 61", "As noted above, the Department does not agree that a strategic plan, as described in the recommendation, would allow the Organization to communicate more effectively. The current structure, which combines a long-term, Secretary-General-approved communications policy with shorter-term communications priorities and campaigns, presents a pragmatic, flexible approach. It allows the Organization to respond both to long-term mandates and breaking news.", "With regard to the need to maintain data on post and non-post resources, it is clearly beyond the purview of the Department to solicit information on public information resources from other Secretariat entities.", "B. Comments received from the Executive Office of the Secretary-General", "1. Further to the initial comments of the Executive Office of the Secretary-General submitted on 15 July 2011, please find below (and as previously indicated) a further submission from the Executive Office of the Secretary-General with regard to the administrative concerns outlined in paragraph 56 of the review.", "2. With respect to paragraph 56 of the final draft report, it would seem there is a perception that the roles of the Department of Public Information and the Spokesperson’s Office are unclear. If this is the perception, then, irrespective of the facts, we need to do something to explain the difference.", "3. The Under-Secretary-General of the Department of Public Information, through the Department, takes the lead on broad public information policy covering the Organization as a whole, both in terms of its immediate and its longer-term focus. This covers the broader aspects of public information about global awareness and understanding of the work of the United Nations.", "4. The role of the Office of the Spokesperson is much more limited. It is directly related to the needs of the Secretary-General to be able to and to be seen as responding to and anticipating news developments as they break each day. The Spokesperson’s responsibility, thus, is:", "• To respond to and anticipate breaking news developments;", "• To brief the Secretary-General on news developments and how he should respond, and to secure the guidance necessary for that;", "• To handle media inquiries relating to the Secretary-General and the United Nations more broadly, either directly or by ensuring that the right entity within the United Nations responds.", "5. Given this requirement, it is of course natural that the Spokesperson and the Office of the Spokesperson should have a direct conduit to the Secretary-General and the Executive Office because of the real time and direct responsibility the Office has both in the management of the public responses of the Secretary-General to issues he faces each day, as well as their impact on the image of the Organization.", "6. In this respect, the Spokesperson is an important part of the Executive Office of the Secretary-General. It would, however, be inaccurate to speak of any “cabinet”. Indeed the Under-Secretary-General of the Department of Public Information is a member of the Senior Management Group and is a frequent commentator in that group as well as at the Secretary-General’s Senior Advisers’ meetings.", "7. However, the Spokesperson, due to the demands of his office, is required to be among the first persons to meet with the Secretary-General each day, both to brief him of the breaking news stories as well as to take directions on how he should respond to questions from the media.", "8. The question of where the Office of the Spokesperson should sit administratively is not new. His link with both the Department of Public Information and the Executive Office of the Secretary-General are critically necessary. There are arguments for and against the hybrid arrangement that exists, but ultimately it is for the Secretary-General to decide what works best in any given situation. The most important factor is to ensure that the arrangement works smoothly and that there is both transparency and a clear understanding of the working relationships between the two in real terms. With the new trio of directors in the Department of Public Information, this arrangement is working smoothly and in a very pragmatic way. The Under-Secretary-General of the Department has made a point of including the Office of the Spokesperson in all stages of the budget discussions that affect his functioning.", "9. Clearly, the role of the Department of Public Information goes far beyond the very targeted responsibilities of the Office of the Spokesperson, as outlined on its website page:", "“As the public voice of the United Nations, the Department of Public Information promotes global awareness and greater understanding of the work of the United Nations, using various communications tools including radio, television, print, the Internet, videoconferencing and, increasingly, other new information technologies. The United Nations website is one of the main sources of information about the activities of the Organization. The website is managed by the Department of Public Information. The United Nations News Centre features the latest news from the United Nations and the Secretary-General. Field reports, news and feature programmes on peacekeeping and humanitarian affairs are a staple of United Nations radio programmes. Unifeed enables news providers to cover important global issues by offering timely broadcast-quality video from throughout the United Nations system. United Nations publications is the source for titles produced by the United Nations and its key agencies. UN Works is an innovative multimedia platform that puts a human face on the work of the United Nations by exploring global issues through the personal stories of people and their communities. All these are managed by the DPI. Along with its global network of information centres, the Department of Public Information works with media, educational institutions and non-governmental organizations in bringing the core messages of the United Nations to people around the world.”", "10. For ease of reference, please also see below the comments of the Executive Office of the Secretary-General on the draft report, which were submitted on 15 July 2011:", "Paragraph 51", "The name of the unit in the Executive Office of the Secretary-General is Communications and Speechwriting Unit.", "Paragraph 56", "Reference to the Spokesperson being a member of the Secretary-General’s “cabinet” may be misleading. There is no official designation of or use of the word “cabinet”. It should be sufficient to delete the term and the sentence to read: “The Spokesperson is among those who engage closely with the Secretary-General.”", "Paragraph 61", "The fourth bullet disregards the role of the Secretary-General in setting “vision and broad priority issues” for the Organization. Outlining a vision and setting broad priority issues is the Secretary-General’s role. The Department of Public Information needs dedicated resources to support the Executive Office of the Secretary-General in developing a strategic communications plan for executing those priorities.", "11. I hope that OIOS will find these comments helpful. Please do not hesitate to contact me should you have any further clarifications or queries on this matter.", "(Signed) Parfait Onanga-Anyanga", "19 July 2011", "C. Comments received from the Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts", "I wish to reiterate the comments sent by the Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts to OIOS in an e-mail from Ms. Helene Thorup-Hayes, dated 24 May 2011, with regard to the concern that the Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts has about the number of public information posts in the Department of Public Information, as reflected in tables 1, 2, 3, and annex I, as well as non-post resources in paragraph 31, of the final OIOS report.", "It is of concern to the Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts that OIOS appears to be providing information in the final report based on its internal calculation of costs related to the posts as well as figures and numbers provided by the Department of Public Information. The Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts wishes to reiterate that it is not possible to reconcile these numbers of posts and resource levels with the number reflected in the revised appropriation.", "The Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts is pleased to note that its comments with regard to paragraphs 26 and 66 of the draft report have been taken into consideration.", "(Signed) Jun Yamazaki", "20 July 2011", "[1] See General Assembly resolutions, including 13 (I), and the most recent resolution on public information, 64/96, sects. A and B.", "[2] ST/SGB/2007/6.", "[3] Focal points assigned by the entities were generally public information professionals.", "[4] The survey was sent to 60 focal points (five focal points were assigned at a later stage during the review); 43 responded, yielding a 71.6 per cent response rate.", "[5] Sites were selected based on a mapping of the size, scope and function of offices and field missions undertaking public information activities as well as input from the Department of Public Information, the Department of Political Affairs and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations.", "[6] See A/65/350. The figures used for total number of staff, including the Secretariat and related entities (the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) and the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR)) as of 30 June 2010 is 51,433.", "[7] Of these D-1s, 10 are located at Headquarters, 1 at the United Nations information service in Geneva, 1 at the United Nations information service in Vienna and 8 in different United Nations information centres.", "[8] The Office of the United Nations Special Coordinator for Lebanon (UNSCOL) has one National Officer and the United Nations Regional Centre for Preventive Diplomacy for Central Asia has two General Service staff dedicated to public information.", "[9] The Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts commented that it could not reconcile the numbers of resource levels with the number reflected in the revised appropriation.", "[10] ST/SGB/2010/9, ST/SGB/2010/4, ST/SGB/2008/8, ST/SGB/2007/7, ST/SGB/2006/13 and ST/SGB/1997/9.", "[11] In the 2009 job listing for the post of Spokesperson the post is described as being affiliated with the Executive Office of the Secretary-General, with an express notation that the appointment of the Spokesperson is under the discretionary authority of the Secretary-General." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目142", "关于内部监督事务厅活动的报告", "对秘书处新闻职能组织框架的审查", "内部监督事务厅的报告", "^(*) A/66/150。", "“新闻活动由2 113名秘书处所属工作人员所开展”", "摘要 \n新闻是一个贯穿全秘书处各领域的职能，涉及提高公众对联合国的理想、活动、目标和成就认识的所有活动。这一职能从联合国成立之初就由新闻部承担，已经随时间的推移，逐渐扩大到包括促进其各自任务和相关活动的其他方案、办事处、部门和特派团。\n大会第62/236号决议授权对秘书处新闻职能组织框架进行这次审查。秘书长最终请内部监督事务厅(监督厅)进行这一审查。审查的目的是尽可能系统和客观地评估秘书处新闻职能的组织框架，包括专门用于这一工作领域的资源。本审查提供资料，供大会和秘书处审议如何加强资源分配方面的协调并提高资源分配效率，并对该职能，包括主要活动、协调工作和专用资源方面提供描述性分析。审查包括秘书处所有部门，以及受到监督厅监督的所有的工作地点、外地特派团和实体。\n这一审查依照联合国评价小组制订的评价准则和标准进行。监督厅同时采用了定性方法和定量方法，审查的结果来自文件、证词、观察和分析证据。除了新闻部，全秘书处派出64个协调人从事获取初步数据的工作。\n审查显示，专门从事全秘书处新闻工作的共有2113个员额(占秘书处工作人员总数的4%)。这些员额的大多数(74%，即1571个员额)位于总部以外的办事处，例如在外地特派团。员额的职等各异，占总数45%的是一般事务员额；23%是外勤事务/当地雇员、本国干事和联合国志愿人员职等；约30%是专业人员职等；约2%是主任职等；1个员额是主管新闻部的副秘书长职等。各实体报告说，另有130个一般事务人员和专业人员职等的员额在主要工作职能之外负责新闻活动。\n新闻员额的供资来自不同的预算来源，多数供资来自经常预算(48.3%)，其余来自维持和平预算(38.9%)、预算外资源(12.4%)和维持和平支助账户(0.4%)。此外，来自全秘书处各种供资来源的非员额(财政)资源约5000万美元用于各种目的的新闻活动，例如电视和录像的制作、翻译和网站维护。\n各新闻办公室的能力和专门规模在整个秘书处是不同的。除了新闻部本身，各实体内的新闻职能存在三种安排。45个实体有专门的新闻职能办公室；8个有新闻工作人员但没有专门的办公室；11个没有专门的办公室或新闻人员，但通常有其他工作人员从事新闻活动，作为其他责任的一部分，并得到联合国新闻部或距离较近的相关联合国新闻处或联合国新闻中心的协助。多数实务实体有专门的新闻办公室，而非实务实体则没有，除非具体项目有这种需要。整个秘书处利用许多不同的工具和做法，进行了范围广泛的新闻活动。多数活动属于战略传播、新闻和媒体以及外联类别。 \n所有协调工作的重点都是防止重复劳动、节余时间和确保提供共同的信息。以三种方式进行协调：\n•由联合国传播组在全系统正式进行。传播组成立于2002年，有来自秘书处、各专门机构、方案和基金的191个主要成员；\n•由各实体与新闻部在全秘书处非正式进行，包括新闻部对秘书处“客户”部门的定期支助；尽管新闻部是专门从事新闻工作的主要实体，它却没有在秘书处内协调这一职能的授权作用；\n • 通过其他特设非正式网络进行。 \n协调人认为联合国传播组提供的正式协调是有效的，因为它防止了重复劳动，节约了时间，确保提供共同信息。所有的协调人均指出，协调新闻工作对确保以一致口径介绍联合国工作至关重要。协调人指出，有两个主要因素对协调秘书处的新闻职能提出挑战：(a)该职能的作用和责任缺乏明确性；(b)没有一个详细制订方向和优先事项的战略计划。\n审查突出了以下事实，即新闻职能组织框架超出了最初为这个作用建立的部门。鉴于全秘书处新闻活动的分散结构、专门用于该职能的资源和对协调工作的挑战，现在显然应该审查对该框架的做法，以便确定整体远景、所涉各实体的作用以及所需的协调。本审查报告载有监督厅在这方面给新闻部的建议。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 4\n2.背景 4\n3.方法 6\n4.成果 7A.整个秘书处有2 7 113个员额和将近5 \n000万美元非员额资源从事新闻活动 \nB.整个秘书处的新闻职能结构差异很大，大多数实体直接向高级管理层报告 11\nC.秘书处开展范围广泛的新闻活动 12\nD.联合国传播组开展正式的全系统新闻协调，而全秘书处的协调是非正式的 14E.协调新闻活动面临挑战，原因是联合国开展的活动范围广泛，新闻的职 16 \n责不明，也没有一项战略计划 \n5.结论 17\n6.建议 17 \n 附件 \n1.秘书处及相关实体公共信息员额统计，按职等分列 19\n2.新闻部、秘书长办公厅及方案规划、预算和账户厅对本次审查的评论意见的全文 22", "一. 导言", "1. 从2010年9月到2011年2月，依据大会第62/236号决议的授权，并应秘书长的请求，内部监督事务厅的检查和评价司对秘书处新闻职能的组织框架进行了审查。", "2. 审查的目的是尽可能系统和客观地评价秘书处新闻职能的组织框架，包括其专项资源。本报告为大会和秘书处提供资料，供其审议如何加强这一领域资源分配的协调并提高资源分配效率。它还对新闻职能的结构、其主要活动和2010-2011两年期秘书处内部专用于此的协调努力和资源进行说明性分析。审查包括秘书处所有部门，以及受到监督厅监督的所有的工作地点、外地特派团和实体。", "3. 新闻是一个贯穿各领域的职能。为本审查的目的，对新闻进行了广泛的定义，以确保列入秘书处进行的从新闻发布到广播的所有种类的活动。这一定义依据的是大会关于其宗旨、职能和传播的各种声明的综合，包括利用传统媒体和新媒体提高公众对联合国理想、议题、活动、目标和成就的认识和促进全世界人民充分明了其工作和宗旨的所有活动。[1]", "4. 本报告列入了在起草过程中从全秘书处所派的协调人以及新闻部收到的评论。根据大会第64/263号决议，来自新闻部、秘书长办公厅和方案规划、预算、监测和评价厅的最后评论全文作为附件(见附件二)。监督厅对新闻部和为审查工作所派协调人提供的合作表示感谢。", "二. 背景", "新闻在联合国中的作用", "5. 自联合国成立以来，新闻在向世界人民传播联合国的广泛目标，包括维护国际和平与安全、发展各国间友好关系和促进社会进步、提高生活水平和人权方面发挥了至关重要的作用。在基层一级，它涉及传播为实现这些总体目标而进行活动的信息，以及支持在外地特派团具体任务方面的业务目标。它还包括促进对本组织工作的持久和持续的善意及支持。对新闻职能作用的唯一告诫是由于安全方面的考虑和外交敏感性，需要把某些信息保持在公共领域之外。2007年发布的题为“信息的敏感性、分类和处理”的秘书长公报确认，联合国的工作应公开和透明，除非按照文中规定的某些指导方针认为有关信息具有保密性质。[2]", "新闻部", "6. 新闻部是负责新闻事务的第一个联合国实体，由大会第13(I)号决议设立于1946年，是秘书处八个主要单位之一。大会在设立该部时指出，“联合国欲达其目的，非以其宗旨及工作充分使世界人民明了不可”。大会优先事项和大会附属机构新闻委员会通过与新闻问题有关的决议指导该部的工作。秘书长每年在三个单独的报告中向新闻委员会报告该部的活动。", "7. 新闻部的使命是向公众提供准确、公正、全面、平衡、及时和相关的信息，从战略角度宣传联合国的各项活动，实现最大的透明度和对公众产生最大的影响，以便加强对本组织活动的国际支持，从而协助达到联合国的实质目的。", "8. 新闻部设有三个司：战略传播司、新闻和媒体司、外联司。新闻部设在纽约总部，但也通过由设在全世界的63个分支组成的网络进行工作，这些分支是战略传播司的一部分。它们由以下部门组成：设在联合国日内瓦办事处和维也纳办事处的两个联合国新闻处；在非洲、南北美洲、阿拉伯国家、亚洲和太平洋、欧洲和独立国家联合体的52个联合国新闻中心；布鲁塞尔联合国区域新闻中心；在亚美尼亚、阿塞拜疆、白俄罗斯、厄立特里亚、格鲁吉亚、哈萨克斯坦、乌克兰和乌兹别克斯坦的八个联合国办事处。这些分支的核心职能是与当地媒体、非政府组织、教育机构和其他当地合作伙伴合作传播信息，组织各种活动，从而促进公众对联合国的了解和支持。它们还为总部提供反馈意见，说明国家、区域和地方媒体对联合国活动的与本组织相关的报道。", "9. 为行政管理的目的，秘书长发言人办公室列入新闻部的预算，包括工作人员和陪同秘书长旅行的供资。这一安排意味着，该办公室的员额和非员额资源是预算第27款的一部分。发言人的核心职能包括处理秘书长与新闻媒体的关系，通过每日简报、采访和背景讨论向全球媒体解释联合国的政策和工作，并陪同秘书长旅行。发言人直接向秘书长办公厅报告并与其密切合作，与新闻部协调履行其职责。", "其他新闻活动", "10. 尽管新闻部具有开展新闻工作的主要任务，但其他部门、办事处和外地特派团为促进其各自的任务和相关的方案制订，也开展新闻活动。实务实体和非实务实体均开展新闻活动，前者在联合国系统三大支柱(安全、发展和人权)下开展工作，后者进行内部行政工作。", "11. 这些实体在新闻活动方面的工作独立于新闻部，并有全部或部分专门用于新闻职能的内部能力。但是，新闻部与这些实体合作，就各种问题提供特设的正式和非正式指导，其中包括具体的传播活动和秘书长优先事项。在总部，新闻部与实务部门保持“客户”关系，定期举行高层和工作级别的会议，讨论公共信息和传播方面的优先事项。实务部门的优先事项被列入每年的传播优先事项文件，分发给各新闻中心、维持和平特派团和驻地协调员。该部与联合国系统各实体密切合作，就重要专题，包括关于全球会议和纪念活动的信息，提供切实的和有针对性的信息方案。", "正式的全系统协调机制", "12. 联合国系统新闻事务的主要协商和协调机制是联合国传播组，该组成立于2002年1月，取代了联合国新闻事务联合委员会。传播组是一个灵活和注重实质性问题的机制，用于促进新闻领域的机构间协调，提供一个全系统的传播问题共同论坛。它有来自秘书处、各专门机构、联合国各方案和基金的191个主要成员。新闻部担任传播组的秘书处，主管新闻部的副秘书长担任传播组的主席。", "13. 联合国传播组的作用是就共同感兴趣的新闻事项提供总的政策咨询；开展联合规划的新闻业务，包括就特别的项目和活动制订合作安排；为务实的经验分享提供便利；促进高效率的新闻服务，包括共享设施和资源。", "14. 联合国传播组的主要活动包括：在总部举办周会，讨论对联合国系统各实体具有重要性的问题；设立工作队，为优先问题、活动和即将举行的会议和其他活动制订和实施传播战略；举行年会，就总的和具体的传播和公共信息问题进行广泛的讨论并制订政策。传播组组织的所有活动均有助于促进联合国系统新闻界内部的共同目的感。", "15. 自2006年以来，联合国传播组在总部以外的各办事处运作了102个国家一级的小组，与在这些国家运作的所有联合国办事处的传播问题协调人合作。在冲突后国家和处于危机之中的国家，这一工作还包括维持和平和建设和平特派任务和应对人道主义紧急情况的具体特派任务。在国家一级的这些工作的侧重点是加强公共信息和传播领域的机构间合作，提高国家和区域两级联合国活动的媒体形象。国家一级传播小组由当地的联合国新闻中心主任主持，如果没有新闻中心，则由另一联合国机构的高级新闻干事主持，经常是由联合国开发计划署(开发署)或者维持和平特派团的高级新闻干事主持。", "三. 方法", "16. 大会授权的这一审查依照联合国评价组制订的评价准则和标准进行。审查的结果来自文件、证词、观察和分析证据的结合。监督厅在工作中利用了定性方法和定量方法的结合，从以下7个来源获取数据：", "(a) 审查相关的任务、战略框架、综合监测和文件信息系统(监文信息系统)以及相关的业绩报告、会议文件、导则、政策、手册，以及与联合国新闻活动有关的相关材料；", "(b) 对派去参与审查工作的所有协调人提供的与其各自实体新闻职能有关的数据进行结构性分析，包括全部和部分分配给这一职能的员额和非员额资源、各实体内部的职能结构安排、开展的活动以及收到和发布的关于该职能的指导；", "(c) 对141名指派的协调人、[3] 新闻部高级管理层重要成员、实务部门管理层工作人员和外地新闻工作人员进行半结构访谈；", "(d) 向65个参与审查的协调人分发自填式网上调查；[4]", "(e) 直接观察联合国传播组在总部举行的会议；", "(f) 对布鲁塞尔联合国区域新闻中心、联合国利比里亚特派团(联利特派团)、联合国几内亚比绍建设和平综合办事处(联几建和办)、联合国西非办事处(西非办)、喀麦隆-尼日利亚混合委员会和联合国达喀尔新闻中心进行实地访问；[5]", "(g) 对世界银行、联合国儿童基金会(儿基会)和开发署的新闻职能和员额资源进行审查。", "17. 本次审查分析的资料来源为：2010-2011两年期经常预算、2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间维持和平和支助账户预算、以及2010年1月1日至12月31日期间特别政治任务预算。员额和非员额资源不包括秘书处专门用于信息和通信技术服务的那些资源，认为这些资源不在本审查范围之内。", "18. 本次审查关于部分专用员额的数据是有局限性的，因为这种信息由相关实体本身报告，对哪些人从事了部分活动和什么构成新闻存在不同的解释。这影响到数据的可比性。为解决这一局限问题，监督厅从三方面补充从多种来源获取的数据，以便为结果提供证明。", "四. 成果", "19. 除新闻部和维和特派团的新闻员额和非员额资源之外，关于全秘书处的相关数据无从获取，并且或者没有在预算分册中明确标注。因此，监督厅通过一份正式的文件请求收集了新闻员额和非员额资源的相关数据。", "A. 整个秘书处有2 113个员额和将近5 000万美元非员额资源从事新闻活动", "20. 表1按地点分列了2 113个隶属于秘书处的从事新闻活动的员额，占全秘书处工作人员总数的4%。[6] 附件一载有更详细的资料，该附件汇总了所有实体的情况，并列出了每个实体的员额总数和级别。", "表1 秘书处和相关实体按地点分列的新闻员额数", "地点 员额数", "纽约总部 542", "联合国新闻中心和外地办事处^(a) 261", "联合国办事处^(b) 43", "区域委员会 38", "总部以外办事处 252", "国际法庭 47", "维和特派团 823", "政治特派团 99", "其他有关实体 17", "共计^(c) 2 113", "资料来源：监督厅根据各实体提供的数据编制。", "^(a) 这些员额纳入新闻部的预算；新闻部表示，其中包括72名非新闻工作人员。", "^(b) 这些员额纳入新闻部的预算，包括联合国日内瓦办事处和联合国维也纳办事处的新闻处和来访事务处以及联合国内罗毕办事处的联合国新闻中心。", "^(c) 为避免重复计算，共计数额中减去了联合国内罗毕办事处联合国新闻中心属于新闻部的6个员额以及贝鲁特联合国新闻中心的3个员额。", "21. 大多数新闻员额设在总部以外，共有1 571个(占总员额数的74%)。其中大多数员额(823个)设在维和特派团，占秘书处新闻员额的最大份额(38%)。新闻员额最多的维和特派团是：", "(a) 联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团(联刚稳定团)：237个员额；", "(b) 联合国苏丹特派团(联苏特派团)：167个员额；", "(c) 联合国海地稳定特派团(联海稳定团)：104个员额；", "(d) 联合国科特迪瓦行动(联科行动)：121个员额。", "22. 政治特派团共有99个新闻员额，与维和特派团相比要少得多。新闻员额最多的政治特派团是由维持和平行动部管理的特派团：", "(a) 联合国阿富汗援助团(联阿援助团)：44个员额；", "(b) 联合国伊拉克援助团(联伊援助团)：18个员额。", "23. 一些政治特派团只有1个负责新闻事务的干事，其中包括西非办、联合国塞拉利昂建设和平综合办事处(联塞建和办)和联合国黎巴嫩问题特别协调员办事处(联黎协调办)。", "24. 秘书处其他的总部以外办事处共有252个新闻员额，大都是国家办事处网络较广、更加依赖预算外资源的实体：", "(a) 联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)：112个员额；", "(b) 联合国环境规划署(环境署)：55个员额；", "(c) 联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处(近东救济工程处)：29个员额；", "(d) 人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)：28个员额。", "25. 542个员额(25%)位于总部，其中大多数是新闻部的员额(484个)。新闻员额较多的其他主要部厅是：", "(a) 人道主义事务协调厅(人道协调厅)：21个员额；", "(b) 管理事务部(管理部)：10个员额；", "(c) 维持和平行动部：8个员额；", "(d) 秘书长办公厅传播和演讲稿起草股：7个员额。", "26. 总部的5个部厅(大会和会议管理部、政治事务部、监督厅、法律事务厅和建设和平支助办公室)没有全职的新闻员额，但都设有一些员额履行部分新闻职能。", "新闻员额的级别差异很大，最高的级别位于总部", "27. 各个职类的新闻员额之间级别差异很大，在全部2 113个员额中，45%为一般事务类。全部员额中约有30%为专业工作人员职类(P-2至P-5)，约有2%的员额为主任及以上职等(D-1和D-2)。在外地特派团中，外勤人员、当地雇员、本国干事和联合国志愿人员职类占新闻员额总人数的23%。表2提供了按级别分列的新闻员额细目分类。", "表2 秘书处和各相关实体按级别分列的新闻员额总人数", "职类 员额数 员额百分比", "主任及以上 38 1.8", "专业人员 625 29.5", "一般事务 963 45.6", "外勤人员 65 3.1", "当地雇员 200 9.5", "本国干事 200 9.5", "联合国志愿人员 22 1.0", "共计 2 113 100", "资料来源：监督厅根据各实体提供的数据编制。", "28. 主管新闻部的副秘书长是秘书处全职处理新闻事务的最高级别员额。大多数高职等员额在新闻部(3个员额为D-2级，发言人办公室有1个员额为D-2级，还有20个员额为D-1级)。[7] 在外地特派团，最高级别的新闻干事为非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)的1个D-2级、在维和特派团(联阿援助团、联伊援助团、联利特派团、联苏特派团、联合国东帝汶综合特派团(联东综合团)、联刚稳定团和联海稳定团)的7个D-1级，其他特派团大多为P-5级或P-4级。[8]", "大多数新闻员额由经常预算供资", "29. 新闻员额由不同的预算来源供资，资金大多由经常预算提供，其次是维和预算和预算外资金，最后是维和支助账户。", "表3 秘书处和相关实体按供资来源分列的新闻员额总数", "供资来源 百分比", "经常预算 48.3", "维和预算 38.9", "预算外 12.4", "维和支助账户 0.4", "共计 100", "资料来源：监督厅根据各实体提供的数据编制。", "据报告，整个秘书处另有130个员额部分从事新闻活动", "30. 还有27个报告实体表示，除全职新闻员额之外，还有130个员额部分履行新闻职能。这些员额由不同专业人员职类的工作人员填补，他们在新闻领域开展补充工作。例如，高级官员或主任将应媒体的质询或其他请求主动开展公共演讲等活动。此外，2009-2011年度高级管理层契约审查表明，有一项通用职务说明要求高级管理人员承担起参与宣传各项政策和促进本组织形象的责任。这些部分从事新闻工作的员额平均花费40%的时间用于新闻工作。", "约有5 000万美元的非员额(财政)资源为各种新闻活动提供资助", "31. 除员额资源外，还有来自所有供资来源的非员额(财政)资源为新闻活动提供资助，包括咨询人、差旅费、电视和音像制作、翻译和网站维护等。有8个实体(大会和会议管理部、管理事务部、安全和安保部、非洲问题特别顾问办公室、建设和平支助办公室、联合国塞拉利昂建设和平综合办事处、联合国中亚地区预防性外交中心和联合国赔偿委员会) 表示没有任何非员额(财政)资源，而超过50%的实体都提供了非员额资源的具体金额数据，总值约5 000万美元。非员额资源从不到2 000美元(监督厅)到4 000万美元(新闻部)[9] 不等。有一半的协调人表示预算中没有为网站维护划拨专门资源。大多数实体在开发网站方面都获得了新闻部的技术援助，而网站的维护费用来自各个实体现有的新闻经费或其他的信息技术工作人员经费。", "B. 整个秘书处的新闻职能结构差异很大，大多数实体直接向高级管理层报告", "32. 除新闻部之外，秘书处各实体的新闻职能分为3种结构安排：45个实体设有专门的新闻办公室；8个实体有新闻工作人员但没有专门的新闻办公室；11个实体既没有新闻工作人员也没有专门的新闻办公室。这11个实体通常都安排非新闻工作人员开展新闻活动，作为其工作职责的一部分，并依赖新闻部、联合国新闻处和/或联合国新闻中心来满足其新闻方面的需求。", "33. 大多数实务实体都设有专门的新闻办事处，并为其配置了新闻工作人员。非实务实体不配置新闻职能或专门办公室，除非诸如基本建设总计划等管理事务部内部的具体项目要求这样做。否则的话，一般由该实体的前沿办公室工作人员按需要履行新闻职能。这些非实务部门要么同样依赖新闻部，要么依赖就近的联合国新闻中心。", "34. 外地特派团设有专门的新闻办公室，其中维和特派团要比政治特派团的新闻办公室人员配置更多。新闻办公室的规模往往因特派团的规模而异。较大的维和特派团一般也会配置更多的新闻办公室工作人员。政治特派团的新闻办公室规模较小，常常只有一名工作人员。拥有相对较大的新闻办公室的政治特派团或者由维持和平行动部负责管理(联阿援助团和联伊援助团)，或者最近刚刚从维和特派团过渡为政治特派团(联布综合办/联布办事处)。就外地特派团的总部支助而言，维持和平行动部/外勤支助部有9个新闻员额，维持和平行动部还设有公共事务科。相比之下，政治事务部既没有专门的新闻办公室，也没有总部的常规预算员额——尽管该部承担着新闻相关责任，包括管理众多的政治特派团和斡旋工作。", "35. 对秘书长公报和组织结构图的研究表明，新闻办公室的称谓、职位安排和角色多种多样。新闻办公室的称谓包括新闻、宣传、公共事务、外部联系/媒体关系、外联和信息技术等。例如，维持和平行动部使用的称谓是“公共事务”，最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处(最不发达等国家高代办)使用的是“外联”，环境署使用的是“传播”。[10] 诸如管理事务部与经济和社会事务部等其他机构则更加强调新闻职能的信息技术方面。值得一提的是，虽然政治事务部的公报特别强调与秘书长发言人和新闻部协调管理媒体关系，但秘书处其他实体的公报中并没有规定相应的协调努力。维和特派团和政治特派团都指定要求新闻办公室重点处理与特派团任务规定有关的新闻职能。", "36. 此外，在各种新闻结构安排中，有50个实体直接向高级管理层报告，即向副秘书长、秘书长特别代表或联合国系统各实体的执行秘书报告。", "C. 秘书处开展范围广泛的新闻活动", "新闻活动可以纳入四个广义的范畴", "37. 新闻是一个宽泛的职能，其涵盖的许多不同活动超出了专门的新闻办公室的专属职能范围。文件请求所获得的正式回应和有关新闻活动类型的访谈数据表明，该工作领域采用了多种不同的工具和方法来开展各式各样的活动。新闻活动的四个大类涵盖了传统和新型的媒体传播形式：", "(a) 战略沟通：侧重就优先事项制订传播战略，并开展大型传播活动为特定实体和本组织的实质性目标提供支持；", "(b) 新闻和媒体：侧重向媒体和其他全球用户提供准确、均衡和可行的定制新闻和信息材料与服务，包括通过广播、电视、摄影、印刷品和因特网等渠道；", "(c) 外联：侧重与各种受众开展接触，如民间社会、会员国和非政府组织等，以教育和鼓励各方支持本组织的理想；", "(d) 出版：侧重提供杂志、期刊和书籍等各类出版物，介绍业已实现的成就，以支持本组织的理想。", "38. 此外，区域委员会、政治特派团和维和特派团也都在不同程度上参与了加强当地记者和媒体的个人与机构能力的工作。所有实体都共有的一个特征是，它们开展的新闻活动均侧重各自的专门任务。此外，各实体还在可行的情况下就更为广泛的传播优先事项开展了全秘书处的活动和大型活动。", "大多数新闻活动都属于战略沟通、新闻和媒体以及外联类", "39. 各实体都在不同程度上开展所有的新闻活动，但战略沟通、新闻和媒体以及外联类的活动最为常见。根据各协调中心的调查，80%以上的实体报告说，它们在这三类新闻活动方面主要开展以下活动：", "(a) 网站内容管理；", "(b) 起草新闻稿；", "(c) 为外部受众举办研讨会、讲习班和情况通报；", "(d) 就特定问题规划和开展大型传播活动；", "(e) 拟订供公开传播的公告；", "(f) 日常处理媒体问询。", "40. 次常见的活动是新闻和媒体、战略沟通和出版类，70%以上的实体报告说，它们主要开展以下活动：", "(a) 起草文章和来论版文章；", "(b) 网站内容开发；", "(c) 媒体监测和内部新闻复核；", "(d) 起草概况介绍；", "(e) 小册子和通讯。", "41. 最后，各实体报告活动频率居于50%-60%之间的一般常见活动属于外联类，这些活动涉及到与非政府组织、民间社会和会员国政府发展联系。", "42. 协调人的访谈数据还突出说明，实务实体的新闻活动要比非实务实体更为宽泛。全秘书处的大多数实务实体都根据各自的计划和任务规定开展所有类型的活动。所有实体的共同侧重点是制定战略传播计划，向公众解释其目标、相关活动和各自任务的产出成果。有外地业务和大额预算外供资的实务实体开展的活动广度最大。同样，在外地开展业务的实体通常都设有自己的发言人，可以在需要时寻求秘书长发言人的帮助。", "43. 非实务实体开展的新闻活动更为有限，往往是一些零散的任务，如在新闻部或邻近的联合国新闻中心的临时指导下进行媒体报导或网站更新，并在必要时与秘书处的高级管理层(秘书长办公厅和/或秘书长发言人办公室)进行协商。", "44. 新闻活动多用本组织的工作语文英文或法文进行。仅需将正式文件译为六种正式语文。将非正式文件进一步译为正式语文要视需要而定，因为各实体缺少专门的资源。所有协调中心都把以不在六种正式语文之列的当地语文开展的新闻活动视为优先事项，并利用工作人员的技能完成翻译工作。", "45. 所有的协调人都报告说，它们以性别平等主流化的观点开展新闻活动。外地特派团特别注意和积极参与将性别平等主流化纳入大型宣传运动等新闻活动，例如为期16天的制止暴力侵害妇女行为的大型活动和针对男女工作人员制订的关于外地特派团新闻技能的研讨会方案。根据其工作的性质，过去认为各行政实体开展的有限新闻工作并不要求采用性别平等主流化的观点。", "D. 联合国传播组开展正式的全系统新闻协调，而全秘书处的协调是非正式的", "各实体之间的协调频率各不相同", "46. 新闻协调工作是以三种方式展开的：通过联合国传播组开展正式的全系统协调；全秘书处的非正式协调；以及通过其他临时的非正式网络协调。所有协调工作的重点都是避免重复、实现最大的协同增效作用、确保发出联合国的一致声音，并展现“一个联合国”的理念。", "47. 各种新闻职能之间的协调频率各不相同，如表4所示：", "表4 秘书处实体、新闻部和联合国系统其他实体之间的协调频率(百分比)", "秘书处实体进行协调的对象 新闻部 秘书处其他 联合国系统 实体 其他实体", "一直 21 9 5", "很经常 21 26 22", "经常 26 17 24", "不太多 31 43 39", "从不 0 0 5", "无从判断 0 5 5", "资料来源：协调人调查；监督厅2010-2011年新闻事务审查。", "联合国传播组开展的全系统协调提供了一个共同的平台，各方均有不同程度的参与", "48. 除一个协调人持不同意见之外，所有协调人都认为联合国传播组是全系统的协调机制。协调中心调查的结果表明，大多数协调人(69.7%)都报告说已加入联合国传播组，而其余的30.3%仍未加入。总部一级和国家一级的参与程度有所差别。在总部，协调人出席每周例会并没有规律性，而是取决于议程和该实体的工作方案的相关性以及可用的时间。有3个协调人报告说，它们参与了联合国传播组为具体活动成立的工作队，例如联合国环境与发展会议20周年审查会议或2010年联合国气候变化会议。在国家一级，各协调人报告说它们定期参加联合国传播组的会议，在各种国际日等共同活动时还会加大参与力度。联合国传播组还就各种新闻议题发布了指导方针，以便讨论政策议题，并就共同的回应、活动方案和程序达成一致，包括危机传播的标准业务程序和关于新媒体准则的现行工作。", "全秘书处协调之所以是非正式的，是因为新闻部没有履行这项职能的正式授权", "49. 虽然新闻部是专门处理新闻事务的主要部门，并在该领域提供总体指导，但是新闻部并没有获得协调秘书处内部新闻活动的正式授权。秘书处各实体以零散、分散的方式开展新闻活动，其工作重点放在各自的任务规定上。各个实体根据总体战略开展内部协调，并接受高级管理层和实务部门有关具体主题或活动的指导。", "50. 在需要获得实质性投入时，协调人会寻求联合国各实体总部办事处的协调指导。例如，维和特派团和政治特派团的协调人表示，必要时它们会分别从维持和平行动部和政治部寻求有关实质性事项的指导，而不是有关具体的新闻问题的指导。各协调人还认为，维持和平行动部公共事务科和新闻部和平与安全科是就和平与安全事项开展协调的负责机构。协调人还称赞维持和平行动部和新闻部和平与安全科为外地特派团首席新闻官主办的年度会议是就具体事项开展协调和建立联系的绝佳机会。新闻部与维持和平行动部通过由共同主席主持的新闻工作组正式协调新闻活动，该工作组每月举行两次规划和问题排查会议，以便就中长期和平与安全问题的应对办法达成一致，并在发生危机时开展传播协调工作。", "51. 各协调人还进一步表示，与新闻部和秘书处其他实体的协调是在应需而定的基础上开展的。主要有两项工具用于促进全秘书处的新闻协调：新闻部发布的年度传播优先事项和重大活动，各实体将其作为可行的、给定的工作要求和计划予以执行；与高级管理层办公室、秘书长办公厅和秘书长发言人办公室开展的联络。此外，秘书长办公厅文电和讲稿起草股每天还与包括实务部门(必要时)、发言人和新闻部工作人员在内的与会者举行早间会议。根据规划活动，有关部门还在必要时举行关于各种主题事项(例如关于苏丹的全民投票问题)的“网络”会议，这进一步提升了上述会议的效果。", "其他的临时非正式协调提供了共享信息和经验教训的来源", "52. 所有受访的协调人都表示，会基于与秘书处内部和联合国系统其他实体的新闻专业人员的个人关系开展补充的非正式协调。各协调人表示，此类非正式协调用于共享信息和经验教训。将近一半的协调人调查答卷人(46.5%)也清楚其他的协调机制，包括关于特定实质性事项和专业新闻技巧的工作组。", "联合国传播组和全秘书处目前开展的协调被认为是高效的", "53. 各协调人认为，联合国传播组正式开展的新闻活动协调和秘书处内部非正式开展的协调总体而言是高效的。在确保发出联合国的一致声音方面，各协调人给予了联合国传播组和秘书处各实体最高的效率评分。", "表5 对联合国传播组和秘书处各实体开展的协调的满意程度(百分比)^(*)", "协调目的 联合国传播组的协调效率 秘书处的协调效率", "协调能够防止重复现象 60 61.9", "有助于节省时间 63.3 62.8", "确保发出一致的声音 80 73.8", "资料来源：协调人调查，监督厅2010-2011年新闻事务审查。", "^(*) 数据表明答卷人表示“强烈赞同”和“较为赞同”。", "E. 协调新闻活动面临挑战，原因是联合国开展的活动范围广泛，新闻的职责不明，也没有一项战略计划", "54. 所有接受过调查和访谈的协调人均指出，新闻在确保统一介绍联合国工作方面发挥了至关重要的作用。然而，他们也指出，联合国工作的范围之大，为有效协调带来了挑战，因为各实体倾向于专心处理自己的任务，因而它们只参与协调有关宽泛主题或国际日等孤立、重复性问题的宣传活动。", "55. 对协调人的访谈以及调查数据还突出表明，相对于秘书处各实体，新闻部在指导和协调方面的作用和职责尤为不明。协调人一般猜想，新闻部作为承担公共信息职能的主要部门，需要发挥协调作用，但不了解新闻部是否真的有这样的任务规定。如上文D节所述，并没有授予新闻部正式的协调权力。", "56. 关于联合国新闻领域高级官员，亦即新闻部副秘书长和秘书长发言人的职责，不清楚哪一个职位在这一领域负首要责任。例如，各协调人都很了解，在发生危机的情况下需要立即联系秘书长发言人办公室，但在联络新闻部副秘书长方面却没有这样的迫切需要。此外，为预算和行政目的而将发言人办公室列入新闻部的做法，不利于澄清这些职责。发言人是与秘书长接触密切的人员之一。[11] 发言人办公室的预算和行政管理列入新闻部这一点，并未反映在该部副秘书长对优先事项的指导和实际业务工作管理中，也未反映在发言人的业绩评估中。在资源、职责和成果调配不清晰的情况下，目前的安排造成了发言人办公室和新闻部副秘书长权属不明、职责不清的危险。秘书长办公厅强调了新闻部副秘书长与发言人办公室职责的不同之处，并指出，副秘书长通过新闻部，从本组织当前以及长期关注事项两方面领导本组织总体的公共信息政策，负责有关全球认识和了解联合国工作的更宽泛的公共信息工作。发言人办公室的职责则有限得多，而且更直接关系到秘书长的需要，也就是说，应能对每天发生的新闻动态做出反应，或者给人以做出反应和胸有成竹的印象。就此而言，发言人是秘书长办公厅的重要组成部分。秘书长办公厅承认，对于发言人办公室目前的这种交叉行政安排既有赞成意见，也有反对意见，但办公厅表示，最终还是应该由秘书长决定哪种方式最有效，并确保这方面的安排能顺利运作，既公开透明，也清楚地了解当前的工作关系，而这一工作关系到目前为止一直非常实用。", "57. 缺少一项新闻领域战略计划，也阻碍了对整体活动的有效协调。各协调人认为，制订一项战略计划是一个必要的协调工具，可以确定联合国公共信息活动的优先事项和远景设想，并提供一个协调总部和外地传播活动的共同方法框架。虽然新闻部指出，秘书长政策委员会关于联合国传播工作的第2008/23号决定提供了一个宽泛的框架，但该框架对优先事项语焉不详，而且各协调人也并不知道这项决定。至于制订一项战略计划的必要性，新闻部怀疑这样的计划是否真的有助于本组织更好地应对当前的需求。新闻部提议，如联合国传播组自己建议的那样，应在负责人一级将其并入行政首长理事会方案问题高级别委员会半年度会议的筹备工作中去，作为将联合国的政策和传播工作更密切联系起来的一个手段。", "五. 结论", "58. 新闻职能及其组织框架的规模已经超过原先为此职责成立的部门。目前，有2 113个全职员额(占秘书处工作人员总数的4%)和近5 000万美元的非员额资源直接用于这一职能。分散在各部门的新闻办公室开展了各种各样的活动，提供关于各部门任务规定和活动的关键信息，构成公众和联合国之间的重要联系，特别是在公众支持至关重要的外地特派团。", "59. 虽然新闻的协调工作总体上被评为有效，并且在传递共同讯息和“一个联合国”方面的效果已经得到承认，但这种协调在秘书处内很大程度上是非正式的。任务规定各不相同，缺乏高级管理层的明确指导和远景规划，新闻部职责不明，也没有协调职能，这些都给有效协调带来了挑战。", "60. 鉴于这一职能在整个秘书处所涉范围的广泛性、其专用资源以及传播本组织宗旨和工作的重要作用，有几个问题必须予以解决，包括：新闻部对秘书处内这一职能进行协调的职责；秘书处其他实体的职责；协调活动的优先事项；以及公共信息和传播工作战略计划的必要性。解决这些问题，有助于对整个秘书处内的这一职能及其相关资源进行更好的协调并提高其效率。", "六. 建议", "61. 考虑到秘书长在设定本组织远景规划和优先问题方面的作用，新闻部应拟订并向新闻委员会提交一项行动计划，思考在协调秘书处公共信息职能方面的作用和职责，包括：", "(a) 新闻部的职责；", "(b) 秘书处其他实体的职责；", "(c) 协调活动的优先事项；", "(d) 是否有必要制订一项秘书处公共信息和传播工作战略计划，其中列出远景设想以及各种具有共性的大的优先问题，并探讨秘书长对这一职能的愿景和优先事项；", "(e) 是否有必要像本报告这样，继续提供其职等和供资来源专用于公共信息的员额和非员额资源的数据。", "第19至31和第46至57段", "62. 新闻部不同意这一意见，即监督厅建议中所述的战略计划可以使本组织更有效地开展传播。目前的结构将秘书长核准的远期传播政策同近期传播重点和活动结合在一起，提供了一个实用、灵活的办法。使本组织既能应对长期任务，也能应对突发的新闻。新闻部还表示，关于继续提供员额和非员额资源数据的必要性的问题，明显超出了该部征求秘书处其他实体关于公共信息资源的资料的职权范围。", "63. 秘书长办公厅表示，新闻部需要专门的资源来协助办公厅拟订一项战略传播计划，用于执行联合国的优先事项。", "主管内部监督事务副秘书长", "卡门·拉普安特(签名)", "2011年7月25日", "附件一", "秘书处及相关实体公共信息员额统计，按职等分列", "下表详细列出遵守联合国各项条例和细则并受内部监督事务厅(监督厅)监督的各个实体的公共信息员额的数量和职等。以下实体没有公共信息员额：大会和会议管理部、政治事务部、监督厅、法律事务厅、建设和平支助办公室、联合国停战监督组织、喀麦隆-尼日利亚混合委员会、联合国赔偿委员会、联合国区域间犯罪和司法研究所以及联合国国际伙伴关系基金。本次审查分析的资料来源为：2010-2011两年期经常预算；2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间维持和平和支助账户预算；2010年1月1日至12月31日期间各政治特派团预算。", "按职等分列的员额数量\n 共计 USG D-2 D-1 P-5 P-4 P-3 P-2 P-1 GS FS NO LL UNV", "2 113 1 6 31 73 191 248 112 1 963 65 200 200 22", "负责儿童与武装冲突问题的秘书长特别代表办公室 1 1", "经济和社会事务部 1 1", "外勤支助部 1 1", "管理事务部 11 1 10", "政治事务部 0", "特别政治任务 99", "联布办事处 17 1 1 1 1 9 1 1 2", "中非建和办 5 1 1 2 1", "联伊援助团^(b) 18 1 1 1 2 1 8 4", "联阿援助团 44 1 1 2 5 8 9 1 17", "联塞建和办 1 1", "联索政治处 3 1 1 1", "联几建和办 5 1 1 2 1", "中东和平进程特别协调员 2 1 1", "联利救济协调员 1 1", "西非办 1 1", "中亚预防外交中心 2 2", "新闻部^(c) 782 其中：", "总部^(d) 484 1 4 10 22 64 82 55 246", "联合国日内瓦办事处的联合国新闻处^(e) 26 1 2 3 3 3 14", "联合国维也纳办事处的联合国新闻处^(f) 11 1 1 2 2 5", "联合国内罗毕办事处的联合国新闻中心 6 1 1 1 3", "联合国各新闻中心^(g) 244 8 11 9 8 44 164", "外地办事处 11 3 1 7", "维持和平行动部 8 1 3 2 2", "维持和平特派团^(h) 823", "西撒特派团 1 1", "联海稳定团 104 1 1 2 11 2 60 8 11 8", "联刚稳定团 237 1 2 7 14 6 178 12 17", "达尔富尔混合行动 43 1 2 8 15 1 16", "联塞部队 7 1 1 5", "联黎部队 18 1 1 2 1 5 2 6", "科索沃特派团 12 1 1 9 1", "联利特派团 61 1 1 2 5 1 38 5 3 5", "联苏特派团 167 1 2 10 5 1 115 12 21", "联东综合团 52 1 1 3 8 1 18 4 13 3", "联科行动 121 3 9 78 3 25 3", "安全和安保部 2 1 1", "非洲经委会 12 1 2 4 5", "欧洲经委会 4 1 3", "秘书长办公厅 7 1 2 2 2", "亚太经社会 9 1 1 2 5", "拉加经委会 8 1 1 1 5", "西亚经社会^(i) 5 1 1 2 1", "卢旺达问题国际法庭 21 1 1 4 3 12", "前南问题国际法庭 26 2 4 5 15", "人道协调厅 21 9 9 3", "裁军厅 2 2", "人权高专办 28 1 4 8 8 7", "最不发达等国家高代办 2 1 1", "信通厅 1 1", "非洲顾问办 1 1", "贸发会议 12 2 3 1 6", "环境署 55 1 2 14 9 7 22", "人居署 7 2 2 2 1", "难民署 112 1 3 18 13 1 57 19", "禁毒办 9 1 1 3 4", "近东救济工程处 29 1 1 2 25", "秘书处其他有关实体 17", "防治荒漠化公约 4 1 1 2", "气候公约 12 1 1 4 2 1 3", "训研所 1 1", "来源：由监督厅根据各实体提供的数据编制。", "简称：中非建和办：联合国中非共和国建设和平综合办事处；联布办事处：联合国布隆迪办事处；非洲经委会：非洲经济委员会；欧洲经委会：欧洲经济委员会；拉加经委会：拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会；亚太经社会：亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会；西亚经社会：西亚经济社会委员会；FS：外勤人员；GS：一般事务人员；卢旺达问题国际法庭：卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭；前南问题国际法庭：前南斯拉夫问题国际刑事法庭；LL：当地雇员；西撒特派团：联合国西撒哈拉全民投票特派团；联刚特派团：联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团；联海稳定团：联合国海地稳定特派团；NO：本国干事；人道协调厅：人道主义事务协调厅；裁军厅：裁军事务厅；人权高专办：联合国人权事务高级专员办事处；最不发达国家高代办：最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处；信通厅：信息和通信技术厅；非洲顾问办：非洲问题特别顾问办公室；联阿援助团：联合国阿富汗援助团；联伊援助团：联合国伊拉克援助团；达尔富尔混合行动：非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动；防治荒漠化公约秘书处：联合国防治荒漠化公约秘书处；贸发会议：联合国贸易和发展会议；环境署：联合国环境规划署；气候公约临时秘书处：联合国气候变化框架公约临时秘书处；联塞部队：联合国驻塞浦路斯维持和平部队；人居署：联合国人类住区规划署；难民署：联合国难民事务高级专员办事处；联黎部队：联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队；联几建和办：联合国几内亚比绍建设和平综合办事处；联塞建和办：联合国塞拉利昂建设和平综合办事处；训研所：联合国训练研究所；科索沃特派团：联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团；联苏特派团：联合国苏丹特派团；联东综合团：联合国东帝汶综合特派团；联科行动：联合国科特迪瓦行动；禁毒办：联合国毒品和犯罪问题办事处；西非办：联合国西非办事处；联索政治处：联合国索马里政治事务处；中亚预防外交中心：联合国中亚地区预防性外交中心；近东救济工程处：联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处；中东和平进程协调员办事处：联合国中东和平进程特别协调员办事处；联利救济协调员：联合国利比里亚紧急救济行动特别协调员；UNV：联合国志愿人员；USG：副秘书长。", "^(a) 为避免重复计算，总数减去了贝鲁特联合国新闻中心属于新闻部的3个员额。", "^(b) 联伊援助团和联阿援助团由维持和平行动部管理。", "^(c) 除新闻部预算款次所列738个员额外，还提供了其他预算款次中执行公共信息职能的另外44个员额——非洲科以及联合国总部和日内瓦办事处、维也纳办事处的来访事务处和收入科。由于增加的这44个员额，方案规划、预算和账户厅表示，员额数目和资源与订正批款所列数目无法核对。", "^(d) 包括非洲科的7个员额；游客服务和收入科的33个员额。", "^(e) 包括联合国日内瓦办事处来访事务处的3个员额。", "^(f) 包括联合国维也纳办事处来访事务处的1个员额。", "^(g) 新闻部表示，这包括72名不从事公共信息工作的人员。联合国内罗毕办事处联合国新闻中心的员额已从新闻中心总数中删去，以使联合国各办事处的员额可单独列出。", "^(h) 印巴观察组未提供协调人。", "^(i) 西亚经社会的3个员额属于新闻部设在贝鲁特的联合国新闻中心的预算。 附件二", "新闻部、秘书长办公厅及方案规划、预算和账户厅对本次审查的评论意见的全文", "内部监督事务厅(监督厅)在下文列出新闻部、秘书长办公厅及方案规划、预算和账户厅对本报告所载审查的评论意见全文。这一做法是依照大会第64/263号决议的规定，按照独立审计咨询委员会的建议进行的。新闻部和秘书长办公厅对有关新闻战略计划的建议以及开展这项工作所需要的资源提出了关切。方案规划、预算和账户厅对新闻部公共信息员额的数量提出了关切。最后报告适当采纳了所有实体对监督厅报告草稿的意见。", "A. 新闻部的意见", "我们对监督厅工作人员在编写这一审查报告过程中做出的努力表示赞赏。审查结果强调了新闻作为秘书处工作的一个关键组成部分的重要性。新闻部完全赞同报告的结论，即有效的传播对于为本组织赢得公众支持至关重要。因此，新闻部认为，为新闻提供的资源水平应当与传播对于联合国工作的核心重要性相称。此外，新闻部支持目前秘书处所有实体对新闻的体制安排。", "随着本组织的工作，特别是地方一级和外地业务的工作增加，新闻专业人员的工作也相应增加。为了使本组织的优先事项获得支持，整个秘书处的传播专业人员不得不以多种语文同很多不同的受众和利益攸关方联系互动。", "迅速变化的传媒环境以及大量涌现的信息和通信新技术，为秘书处吸引和向新的受众提供信息提供了巨大的机遇。新的分散式的互联网和移动平台对旧式传播渠道及既有的信息传播方式构成了挑战。此外，信息革命还意味着对联合国系统优质多媒体新闻产品的需求正在增加，而且还会继续增加。为了应对传播领域当前面临的许多挑战，联合国需要一支强大的传播专业队伍，拥有良好的设备，以充分利用当今的媒体机会。新闻部在电视、广播、在线新闻、社交媒体、主题宣传和外联项目方面拥有一套独一无二的资源和专门知识，用于在全世界宣传联合国的工作。", "对报告所载结论和建议的具体意见请见下文：", "第57段", "关于报告所提秘书长政策委员会有关联合国传播工作的决定，已向全秘书处所有高级管理人员传达了这项政策。新闻部同意，应向秘书处所有传播协调人更广泛地传播这项决定。新闻部认为，以作为协调机制和信息交流论坛的联合国传播组、一组商定的传播优先事项以及政策委员会的决定为基础，这一办法可以不断制订具体的传播战略，比试图起草一份单一的战略计划更有效。新闻部严重怀疑这样的计划是否可以帮助本组织更好地响应当前的需求。新闻部提议，如联合国传播组自己早先建议的那样，应在负责人一级将其并入联合国系统行政首长协调理事会(行政首长理事会)方案问题高级别委员会半年度会议的筹备工作中去，作为将联合国的政策和传播工作更紧密联系起来的一个手段。", "第61段", "如上所述，新闻部不同意这一意见，即监督厅建议中所述的战略计划可以使本组织更有效地开展传播。目前的结构将秘书长核准的远期传播政策同近期传播重点和活动结合在一起，提供了一个实用、灵活的办法。使本组织既能应对长期任务，也能应对突发的新闻。", "关于继续提供员额和非员额资源数据的必要性的问题，明显超出了新闻部征求秘书处其他实体关于公共信息资源的资料的职权范围。", "B. 秘书长办公厅的意见", "1. 继2011年7月15日提交的秘书长办公厅初步意见后，下面(如前所述)再次提交秘书长办公厅关于审查报告第56段所述行政问题的进一步意见。", "2. 关于最后报告草稿第56段，似乎人们有一种看法，认为新闻部和发言人办公室的职责不清。如果是这样的看法，那么不管事实如何，我们都需要采取行动，解释两者的不同。", "3. 新闻部副秘书长通过该部，从本组织当前以及长期关注事项两方面领导本组织总体的公共信息政策。这一职责涵盖有关全球认识和了解联合国工作的更宽泛的公共信息工作。", "4. 发言人办公室的职责则有限的多。该职责直接关系到秘书长的需要，亦即应能对每天发生的新闻动态做出反应，或者给人以做出反应和胸有成竹的印象。因此，发言人的职责是：", "• 对即时新闻动态做出反应并作好预先准备；", "• 向秘书长通报新闻动态和告知应如何做出反应，并确保为此获得必要的指导意见；", "• 处理媒体有关秘书长和联合国的更宽泛的问询，其方法是直接处理，或确保联合国相应的实体做出反应。", "5. 鉴于这一要求，发言人和发言人办公室自然应当有同秘书长及办公厅直接交流的渠道，因为发言人办公室实时、直接地负责管理秘书长对每天面临问题的公开反应，以及其对本组织形象的影响。", "6. 在这方面，发言人是秘书长办公厅的重要组成部分。然而，任何关于“内阁”的说法都是不准确的。实际上，新闻部副秘书长是高级主管组的一员，也是常常在该组以及秘书长高级顾问会议上发言的人。", "7. 不过，发言人由于自身办公室的要求，必须是每天首先会见副秘书长的人之一，既要向秘书长通报即时新闻动态，也要就他应如何回答媒体的问题听取指导意见。", "8. 关于发言人办公室行政上应设在哪个部门的问题并不新鲜。发言人同新闻部和秘书长办公厅两者的联系都非常必要。对于发言人办公室目前的这种交叉行政安排既有赞成意见，也有反对意见，但在任何情况下，最终还是应该由秘书长决定哪种方式最有效。最重要的一点，是确保这方面的安排能顺利运作，既公开透明，也清楚地了解两者之间实际的工作关系。在新闻部三位主管组成的新领导班子的领导下，这一安排正顺利运作，而且非常实用。新闻部副秘书长在涉及其职能的预算讨论的所有阶段，均特意将发言人办公室包括在内。", "9. 很明显，新闻部的职责远远超过发言人办公室极具针对性的职责。新闻部网站对该部职责概述如下：", "“新闻部作为联合国面向公众的喉舌，通过广播、电视、出版物、因特网、视频会议等各种传播工具，以及越来越多的其他新型信息技术，培养全球公众对联合国工作的认识和了解。联合国网站是人们获得联合国活动信息的主要渠道，由新闻部管理。联合国新闻中心负责发布有关联合国和秘书长的最新消息。有关维持和平和人道主义事务的地方报道、新闻和专栏节目是联合国广播的主要内容。‘联合国新闻统一馈送’(Unifeed)向新闻机构提供最新的高质量视频，便于他们对重要的全球事务作出报道。联合国出版物是联合国及其主要机构主题信息的来源。‘联合国在行动中’(UNWorks)是创新的多媒体平台，它从个人或社区故事的角度探索全球事务，给联合国的工作带来人性化的色彩。所有这些均由新闻部管理。新闻部及其全球新闻中心网络与媒体、教育机构和非政府组织合作，将联合国的核心信息传递给全世界人民。”", "10. 为便于参考，下文也提供了秘书长办公厅2011年7月15日提交的关于报告草稿的意见：", "第51段", "该秘书长办公厅下属单位的名称为文电和讲稿撰写股。", "第56段", "关于发言人是秘书长“内阁”成员的说法可能会引起误解。“内阁”一词没有正式的认定或使用。应删除这一用语，将此句改为：“发言人是与秘书长接触密切的人员之一。”", "第61段", "第四点忽略了秘书长在设定本组织“远景规划和大的优先问题”方面的作用。列出远景规划和设定大的优先问题是秘书长的职责。新闻部需要专门的资源来协助办公厅拟订一项战略传播计划，用于执行这些优先事项。", "11. 希望监督厅认为这些意见有所助益。如对此事有进一步的说明或疑问，请立即联系本人。", "帕尔费·奥南加-安扬加(签名)", "2011年7月19日", "C. 方案规划、预算和账户厅的意见", "我愿重申方案规划、预算和账户厅在2011年5月24日Helene Thorup-Hayes女士的电子邮件中致监督厅的意见，涉及方案规划、预算和账户厅对监督厅最后报告附件一表1、表2、表3所列新闻部新闻员额数量以及报告第31段所载非员额资源的关切。", "方案规划、预算和账户厅感到关切的是，监督厅在最后报告中提供的信息似乎依据的是该厅对员额相关费用的内部计算以及新闻部提供的数字和数目。方案规划、预算和账户厅重申，这些员额数目和资源水平同订正批款所列数目无法核对。", "方案规划、预算和账户厅高兴地注意到，账户厅关于报告草稿第26和66段的意见已得到了考虑。", "山崎纯(签名)", "2011年7月20日", "[1] 见大会各项决议，包括第13(I)号决议和最近关于公共信息的第64/96号决议，A和B节。", "[2] ST/SGB/2007/6。", "[3] 协调人由各实体指派，一般为新闻专业人员。", "[4] 调查问卷分发到60名协调人(5名协调人在审查的稍后阶段指派)；43人作出了答复，答复率为71.6%。", "[5] 选址依据的是进行新闻活动的办事处和特派团的规模、范围和职能，以及来自新闻部、政治事务部和维持和平行动部的投入。", "[6] 见A/65/350。文件中采用了截至2010年6月30日包括秘书处和相关实体(联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)、联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处(近东救济工程处)、联合国训练研究所(训研所))在内的工作人员总数数字，即51 433人。", "[7] 这些D1级主任中，10个在总部，1个在日内瓦联合国新闻处，1个在维也纳联合国新闻处，8个在各个联合国新闻中心。", "[8] 联合国黎巴嫩问题特别协调员办事处(联黎协调办)有一个本国干事专职负责新闻事务，联合国中亚地区预防性外交中心(中亚预防外交中心)有两个一般事务人员专职负责新闻事务。", "[9] 方案规划、预算和账户厅表示资源水平数和订正批款中反映的数字无法对账。", "[10] ST/SGB/2010/4、ST/SGB/2008/8、ST/SGB/2007/7、ST/SGB/2006/13、ST/SGB/2010/9和ST/SGB/1997/9。", "[11] 在2009年发言人员额的职位招聘通知中，该员额被描述为隶属秘书长办公厅，并注明对发言人的任命由秘书长酌情决定。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程* 项目142", "关于内部监督事务厅活动的报告", "监督事务", "审查秘书处新闻职能的组织框架", "内部监督事务厅的报告", "“2 113名附属秘书处的工作人员开展了新闻活动”。", "内容提要", "新闻是全秘书处的一项贯穿各领域的职能,涉及提高公众对联合国的理想、活动、目标和成就的认识的所有活动。 该职能由联合国新闻部提供经费,随着时间的推移已扩大到其他方案、办事处、部门和特派团,以促进其各自的任务和有关活动。", "页:1", "1. 大会第62/236号决议授权本次审查秘书处新闻职能的组织框架。 秘书长最终请内部监督事务厅(监督厅)进行审查。 审查的目的是尽可能系统和客观地评估秘书处新闻职能的组织框架,包括专门用于该工作领域的资源。 审查为大会和秘书处提供信息,以考虑在资源分配方面加强协调并提高效率,并对职能进行描述性分析,包括主要活动、协调和专用资源。 审查包括秘书处所有部门和所有工作地点、外地特派团和接受监督厅监督的实体。\n审查是根据联合国评价小组制定的评价规范和标准进行的。 监督厅利用了定性和定量方法,审查结果取自文件、证词、观察和分析证据。 除新闻部外,全秘书处还指派了64名协调人从事获取原始数据的工作。\n审查显示,共有2 113个员额,相当于秘书处工作人员总数的4%,专门用于全秘书处的新闻职能。 这些员额占74%,即1 571个员额,大多数设在总部以外的办事处,例如外地特派团。 员额级别各有不同,总务职类占45%;外勤事务、当地雇员、本国干事和联合国志愿人员职类占23%;专业职类占近30%;主任职等占近2%;主管新闻部的副秘书长职等为1个。 各实体报告说,除主要工作职能外,还有130个一般事务和专业职类员额负责新闻活动。\n新闻员额的经费来自不同的预算来源,大部分经费来自经常预算(48.3%),其余经费来自维持和平预算(38.9%);预算外资源(12.4%)和维持和平支助账户(0.4%)。 此外,全秘书处大约5 000万美元的非员额(财政)资源被用于各种新闻活动,例如电视和录像制作、翻译和网站维护。\n整个秘书处新闻办公室的能力和专门规模各不相同。 除新闻部本身外,其他实体内的新闻职能有三种安排:45个设有专职办公室,8个设有新闻工作人员,但设有专门办公室;11个没有专职办公室或新闻工作人员,其他工作人员通常在新闻部或联合国有关新闻处或联合国新闻中心的协助下,在其他职责中从事新闻活动。 大多数实务实体都设有专门的新闻办公室,而非实务实体则不需要某个具体项目。\n整个秘书处利用许多不同的工具和办法开展广泛的新闻活动。 大多数活动属于战略传播、新闻和媒体及外联类别。\n所有协调工作的重点是防止工作重复、节省时间和确保发出共同的信息。 协调以三种方式进行: 联合国宣传小组于2002年在全系统正式成立,秘书处、专门机构、方案和基金有191名主要成员; 各实体与新闻部非正式地在整个秘书处,包括新闻部定期向秘书处 \" 客户 \" 部门提供支助; 虽然新闻部是专门负责新闻工作的主要实体,但它没有在秘书处内协调这一职能的授权作用;\n• 通过其他特设非正式网络。\n协调人认为,联合国宣传小组提供的协调以及非正式的协调是有效的,可以防止工作重复,节省时间,确保发出共同的信息。 所有协调人都指出,协调新闻对于确保统一介绍联合国的工作十分重要。 协调人指出,有两个主要因素对秘书处新闻职能的协调提出了挑战:(a) 该职能的作用和职责不明确;(b) 缺乏一个规划方向和优先事项的战略计划。\n审查强调,新闻职能的组织框架比原先为这一作用设立的部门大。 鉴于全秘书处新闻活动的分散结构、专用于这一职能的资源以及协调方面的挑战,现在显然应该审查框架办法,以确定总体设想、所涉各实体的作用以及所希望的协调程度。 本报告载有监督厅就此向新闻部提出的建议。", "目录", "页次\n一. 导言 5\n二. A. 背景情况 5\n三、方法. 8\n四、结 论 9A. 全秘书处有9 2 113个员额和近5 000万美元的非员额资源专门用于新闻\n活动 B. 整个秘书处的14个新闻职能结构各有不同,大多数实体与高层有直接报告关系\nC. 开展15个广泛的新闻活动\nD. 17份联合国来文 小组提供正式的全系统新闻协调,而全秘书处的协调则是\n20个新闻活动的协调受到挑战,因为联合国的工作范围很广,新闻作用不明确,而且缺乏战略性\n计划\n五、结 论. 21\n六、结 论 建议22\n按区域开列的秘书处和相关实体的23个新闻员额总数\n二级。 新闻部、秘书长办公厅和方案规划、预算和账务厅关于\n审查", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 2010年9月至2011年2月,根据大会第62/236号决议的授权并应秘书长的要求,内部监督事务厅(监督厅)检查和评价司审查了秘书处新闻职能的组织框架。", "2. 联合国 审查的目的是尽可能系统和客观地评估秘书处新闻职能的组织框架,包括专门用于它的资源。 本报告提供资料,供大会和秘书处考虑加强该领域资源分配的协调和效率。 报告还对2010-2011两年期新闻职能的结构、其主要活动以及秘书处内的协调工作和专用资源进行了描述性分析。 审查包括秘书处所有部门以及受监督厅监督的工作地点、外地特派团和实体。", "3个 新闻是一项贯穿各领域的职能。 为本审查的目的,已对新闻作了广义界定,以确保包括秘书处开展的从新闻稿到无线电广播等各类活动。 该定义以大会有关其宗旨、职能和传播的各项声明的综合为基础,包括任何旨在提高公众对联合国的理想、问题、活动、目标和成就的认识并用传统和新媒体促进世界各国人民对其工作和目的的知情了解的活动。 [1] (中文(简体) ).", " 4.四. 报告纳入了在起草过程中从全秘书处指定的协调人以及新闻部收到的评论意见。 根据大会第64/263号决议,兹全文附上新闻部、秘书长办公厅和方案规划、预算和账务厅的最后评论(见附件二)。 监督厅对新闻部和指定负责审查工作的协调人提供的合作表示赞赏。", "二. 背景情况", "联合国新闻的作用", "5 (韩语). 自联合国成立以来,新闻在向世界各国人民宣传联合国的广泛目标,包括维持国际和平与安全、发展国家间友好关系和促进社会进步、提高生活水平和人权方面发挥了至关重要的作用。 在基本一级,它涉及传播为实现这些总体目标而正在开展的活动的信息,并支助外地特派团的具体任务方面的业务目标。 它还包括促进持久和可持久的善意和支持本组织的工作。 对新闻职能作用的唯一告诫是,出于对安全和外交敏感性的关切,要求将一些信息排除在公共领域之外。 2007年印发的题为 \" 信息敏感性、分类和处理 \" 的秘书长公报确认,联合国的工作应当是公开和透明的,但按照其中的某些准则,有关信息的性质应视为机密的除外。", "新闻部", "6. 国家 1946年大会第13(I)号决议设立了第一个负责新闻工作的联合国实体新闻部,作为秘书处八个主要单位之一。 大会在设立新闻部时指出,“联合国不能实现其目标,除非世界各国人民充分了解其目标和活动”。 新闻部的工作遵循大会的优先事项,并遵循其附属机构新闻委员会关于新闻问题的决议。 秘书长每年就新闻部的活动向委员会提交三份单独的报告。", "7. 联合国 新闻部的任务是通过向公众提供准确、公正、全面、平衡、及时和相关的信息,并具有最大的透明度和公众影响,从战略角度宣传其活动,从而协助实现联合国的实质性宗旨,从而加强国际社会对联合国活动的支持。", "8. 联合国 新闻部有三个司:战略传播司;新闻和媒体司;外联司。 新闻部设在纽约总部,但也通过由全球63个局组成的网络开展工作,这些局是战略传播司的一部分。 其中包括:联合国日内瓦和维也纳办事处的两个新闻处;联合国在非洲、美洲、阿拉伯国家、亚洲和太平洋、欧洲和独立国家联合体的52个新闻中心;联合国布鲁塞尔区域新闻中心;联合国设在亚美尼亚、阿塞拜疆、白俄罗斯、厄立特里亚、格鲁吉亚、哈萨克斯坦、乌克兰和乌兹别克斯坦的8个办事处。 这些局的核心职能是通过传播信息和与当地媒体、非政府组织、教育机构和其他当地伙伴合作组织各种活动来提高公众对联合国的理解和支持。 他们还向总部反馈国家、区域和地方媒体对联合国与联合国有关的活动的报道。", "9. 国家 为行政目的,秘书长发言人办公室列入新闻部预算,包括工作人员配备和陪同秘书长出行的经费。 这种安排意味着该办公室的员额和非员额资源属于预算第27款的一部分。 发言人的核心职能包括处理秘书长同新闻媒体的关系,通过每日简报、采访和背景讨论以及同秘书长的旅行,向全球媒体解释联合国的政策和工作。 发言人直接向秘书长办公厅报告,并与秘书长办公厅密切合作,并与该部协调履行职责。", "其他新闻活动", "10个 新闻部承担着新闻工作的首要任务,而其他部门、办事处和外地特派团也开展新闻活动来宣传其各自的任务和相关方案拟订。 新闻工作既由从事联合国系统三大支柱(安全、发展和人权)所授权工作的实务实体进行,也由从事内部行政工作的非实务实体进行。", "11个 这些实体在新闻活动方面独立于新闻部开展工作,内部能力完全或部分致力于各自的新闻职能。 不过,新闻部与这些实体合作,就各种问题,包括具体宣传活动和秘书长的优先事项,提供专门的正式和非正式指导。 在总部,新闻部与具有“客户”关系的实务部门合作,定期举行高级和工作会议,讨论新闻和传播优先事项。 实务部门的优先事项已纳入年度传播优先事项文件并分发给联合国新闻中心、维持和平特派团和驻地协调员。 新闻部同联合国系统各实体密切合作,就关键专题,包括全球会议和纪念活动的信息,提供有效和有针对性的新闻方案。", "正式的全系统协调机制", "12个 联合国系统新闻工作的主要协商和协调机制是2002年1月成立的联合国宣传小组,以取代联合国新闻事务联合委员会。 传播小组是作为一个灵活和由实质驱动的机构间新闻协调机制成立的,为全系统提供了一个共同的传播论坛。 它有来自秘书处、各专门机构以及联合国方案和基金的191名主要成员。 新闻部担任宣传小组秘书处,主管新闻部副秘书长担任小组主席。", "13个 联合国宣传小组的作用是:就共同关心的新闻事项提供一般政策咨询;开展联合规划的新闻业务,包括为特别项目和活动建立合作安排;促进实际经验分享;促进高效的信息服务,包括共用设施和资源。", "14个 联合国宣传小组的主要活动包括:在总部组织每周会议,以讨论对联合国系统各实体具有重要意义的问题;设立工作队,为优先问题、运动或即将举行的会议和其他活动制定和执行宣传战略;举行年度会议,就一般和具体的传播和新闻问题进行广泛的讨论并制定政策。 宣传小组组织的所有活动都有助于促进联合国系统内信息界的共同目标。", "15个 自2006年以来,联合国宣传小组在总部以外的办事处开办了102个国家一级的小组,与在这些国家开展业务的所有联合国办事处的传播协调中心合作。 在冲突后国家和危机国家,这项工作还包括维持和平和建设和平特派团以及专门处理人道主义紧急情况的特派团。 国家一级的这类工作的重点是加强新闻和传播方面的机构间合作并增加媒体对联合国在国家和区域两级的活动的了解。 国家一级的宣传小组由当地的联合国新闻中心主任担任主席,如果没有新闻中心,则由另一个联合国机构的高级新闻干事担任主席,这常常是联合国开发计划署(开发计划署)或维持和平特派团。", "三. 方法", "16号. 大会授权的审查是按照联合国评价小组制定的评价规范和标准进行的。 审查结果取自文件、证词、观察和分析证据。 监督厅在工作中采用定性和定量方法相结合的方法,从下列七个来源获得数据:", "(a) 审查与联合国新闻活动有关的相关任务、战略框架、综合监测和文件信息系统(监文信息系统)和相关执行情况报告、会议文件、准则、政策、手册和相关材料;", "(b) 对指定审查各自实体新闻职能的所有协调人提供的数据进行有条理的分析,包括全额和部分分配给该职能的员额和非员额资源;该职能在各实体内部的结构安排;开展的活动;以及收到或发布的关于该职能的指导;", "(c) 与141名指定协调人[3]新闻部高级管理人员、实务管理人员和外地新闻工作人员进行半结构化访谈;", "(d) 向65个审查协调中心分发网上自行管理的调查;[4]", "(e) 直接观察总部联合国宣传小组的会议;", "(f) 实地访问布鲁塞尔联合国区域新闻中心、联合国利比里亚特派团(联利特派团)、联合国几内亚比绍建设和平综合办事处(联几建和办)、联合国西非办事处(西非办)、喀麦隆-尼日利亚混合委员会和达喀尔联合国新闻中心;[5]", "(g) 审查世界银行、联合国儿童基金会(儿童基金会)和开发计划署的新闻职能和员额资源。", "17岁。 为审查所分析的资源取自:2010-2011两年期经常预算;2011年7月1日至6月30日期间维持和平和支助账户预算;以及2010年1月1日至12月31日期间特别政治任务预算。", "18岁。 审查对部分专职员额获得的数据有限制,因为此类信息由相关实体自己报告,对谁进行了部分活动以及何为公共信息有不同的解释。 这影响了数据的可比性。 为解决这一局限性,监督厅从多个来源对数据进行三角定位,以支持结果。", "四、结 论 结果", " 19. 19. 除了为新闻部和维持和平特派团编列的员额和非员额资源外,整个秘书处新闻方面的员额数据和非员额资源数据在预算分册中没有提供和(或)未明确标明。 因此,监督厅通过正式文件要求,收集了有关员额和非员额资源的数据。", "A类. 全秘书处有2 113个员额和近5 000万美元的非员额资源专门用于新闻活动", "20号. 如表1所示,秘书处2 113名附属工作人员按员额地点开展了新闻活动。 员额数占全秘书处工作人员总数的4%。 [6] 进一步资料载于附件一,其中汇总了各实体的员额和职等总数。", "表1 按地点开列的秘书处和相关实体分配给新闻活动的员额总数", "员额数", "纽约总部 542", "联合国新闻中心和外地办事处", "联合国办事处 ^(b) 43", "区域委员会 38", "总部外办事处 252", "国际法庭 47", "维持和平特派团 823", "特别政治任务 99", "其他相关实体 17", "^(c)共计 2 113", "资料来源:监督厅根据各实体提供的数据汇编。", "^(a) 这些员额是新闻部预算的一部分;新闻部评论说,其中包括72名非新闻工作人员。", "•(b) 这些员额是新闻部预算的一部分,用于联合国新闻处和联合国日内瓦和维也纳办事处及联合国内罗毕新闻中心的来访者服务。", "^(c) 为了避免双重计算总数,减去联合国内罗毕办事处新闻中心属于新闻部的6个员额和贝鲁特联合国新闻中心的3个员额。", "21岁 大部分新闻员额,即1 571个员额(74%)位于总部以外。 大多数823个员额是在维持和平特派团,占秘书处新闻员额数目最多(38%)。 员额最多的维持和平特派团是:", "(a) 联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团(联刚稳定团):237个员额;", "(b) 联合国苏丹特派团(联苏特派团):167个员额;", "(c) 联合国海地稳定特派团(联海稳定团):104个员额;", "(d) 联合国科特迪瓦行动(联科行动):121个员额。", "22号. 政治特派团有99个员额,与维持和平特派团相比,人数少得多。 员额最多的特别政治任务是维持和平行动部管理的特别政治任务:", "(a) 联合国阿富汗援助团(联阿援助团):44个员额;", "(b) 联合国伊拉克援助团(联伊援助团):18个员额。", "23. 联合国 一些特别政治任务只有一名干事负责特派团的新闻工作,其中包括西非办、联合国塞拉利昂建设和平综合办事处(联塞建和办)和联合国黎巴嫩问题特别协调员办事处(联黎协调办)。", "24 (韩语). 设在总部以外的秘书处其他办事处有252个员额。 员额最多的是拥有广泛的国家办事处网络和更多地依赖预算外资源的实体:", "(a) 联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署):112个员额;", "(b) 联合国环境规划署(环境规划署):55个员额;", "(c) 联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处(近东救济工程处):29个员额;", "(d) 联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办):28个员额。", "25岁 总部有25%,即542个员额,大多数设在新闻部(484)。 设有大量新闻员额的其他主要部厅是:", "(a) 人道主义事务协调厅:21个员额;", "(b) 管理事务部:11个员额;", "(c) 维持和平行动部:8个员额;", "(d) 秘书长办公厅通信和演讲稿编写股:7个员额。", "26. 联合国 在总部,5个部厅(大会和会议管理部、政治事务部、监督厅、法律事务厅和建设和平支助办公室)没有设立任何完全专门的新闻员额,尽管它们确实有一些员额部分用于新闻活动。", "新闻员额的职等各不相同,最高职等设在总部", "27个 新闻员额的职等因职类而异,在2 113个一般事务员额中占45%。 在员额总数中,近30%属于专业职类(P-2至P-5),近2%的员额属于主任职等(D-1和D-2)。 就外地特派团而言,外勤事务、当地雇员、本国干事和联合国志愿人员职类的新闻员额占员额总数的23%。 表2按职等详细列出了新闻员额总数。", "表2 秘书处和有关实体按职等分列的新闻员额总数", "员额数 员额百分比", "主任及以上 38 1.8", "专业人员", "一般事务 963 45.6", "外勤事务人员 65 3.1", "当地雇员 200 9.5", "本国干事 200 9.5", "联合国志愿人员 22 1.0", "共计 2 113 100", "资料来源:监督厅根据各实体提供的数据汇编的数据。", "28岁 主管新闻部的副秘书长担任了秘书处内专门负责新闻工作的最高级别的职位。 大多数高级员额在新闻部(3个D-2级员额、1个D-2发言人办公室员额和20个D-1级员额)。 [7] 在外地,排名最高的新闻干事是非洲联盟/联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)的D-2职等、各维持和平特派团(联阿援助团、联伊援助团、联利特派团、联苏特派团、联合国东帝汶综合特派团(联东综合团)、联刚稳定团和联海稳定团)的7个D-1员额以及大多数其他特派团的P-5或P-4员额。 [8]", "大多数新闻员额由经常预算供资", "29. 国家 新闻员额的经费来自不同的预算来源,其次是维持和平预算、预算外供资,最后是维持和平支助账户。", "表3 按资金来源开列的秘书处和相关实体新闻员额总数", "供资来源", "经常预算 48.3", "维持和平预算 38.9", "预算外 12.4", "维持和平支助账户", "共计100", "资料来源:监督厅根据各实体提供的数据汇编的数据。", "据报告,另有130个员额部分参与全秘书处的新闻活动", "30岁。 27个报告实体表示,除了完全专职的新闻员额外,还有部分专门履行这一职能的员额;共有130个这样的员额。 这些员额由不同专业职类的工作人员填补,他们在新闻领域承担了额外工作。 例如,高级官员或主任应媒体询问或其他要求,自愿参加公开演讲活动。 此外,对2009-2011年高级管理契约的审查表明,对于高级管理人员参与倡导政策和宣传本组织形象的承诺和责任,有一个通用的提法。 平均而言,担任这种部分专职职位的人员将40%的时间用于新闻工作。", "非员额(财政)资源近5 000万美元,用于各种新闻活动", "31岁 除员额资源外,还有来自所有供资来源的非员额(财政)资源,用于新闻活动,包括咨询人、差旅、电视和录像制作、翻译和网站维护。 8个实体(大会和会议管理部、管理事务部、安全和安保部、非洲问题特别顾问办公室、建设和平支助办公室、联塞建和办、联合国中亚地区预防性外交中心和联合国赔偿委员会)表示没有非员额(财政)资源,一半以上的实体提供了近5 000万美元的非员额资源货币数字。 非员额资源数额从不到2 000美元(监督厅)到大约4 000万美元(新闻部)不等。 [9] 半数协调人表示,其各自预算中没有用于网站维护的专用资源。 大多数实体在开发网站方面得到了新闻部的技术援助,网站的维护费用来自每个实体新闻或其他信息技术工作人员的现有资源。", "B组. 整个秘书处的新闻职能结构各不相同,大多数实体与高级管理层有直接的报告关系", "32. 联合国 除新闻部外,秘书处各实体有三类新闻职能的结构安排:45个设有专职办公室,8个设有新闻工作人员,但没有专职办公室,11个没有专职办公室或新闻工作人员。 这11人通常有非新闻工作人员从事新闻活动,作为其他职责的一部分,依靠新闻部或最近的联合国新闻处或联合国新闻中心来满足其新闻需要。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 大多数实务实体都有专门的办公室,并配备了新闻工作人员。 非实务实体没有新闻能力或专门办事处,除非某个具体项目(如管理事务部内的基本建设总计划)有此需要。 否则,该实体前沿办公室的工作人员通常视需要开展新闻活动。 这些非实质性办事处也依赖新闻部或设在相邻的联合国新闻中心。", "34. 国家 外地特派团设有专门的新闻办公室,维持和平特派团的人员编制比政治特派团大。 办事处的规模往往因特派团的规模而异,较大的维持和平特派团的新闻办公室的工作人员往往更多。 政治特派团的办事处规模较小,往往只有一名工作人员;大多数办事处规模相对较大,或由维持和平行动部(联阿援助团和联伊援助团)管理,或最近从维持和平特派团(联合国布隆迪综合办事处(联布综合办)和联合国布隆迪行动(联布行动))过渡。 就总部对外地特派团的支助而言,维持和平行动部/外勤支助部有9个员额,包括维持和平行动部公共事务科。 相比之下,尽管负有与新闻有关的责任,包括管理许多特别政治任务和斡旋工作,政治事务部在总部没有专门的办公室或经常预算员额。", "35. 联合国 对秘书长公报和组织结构图的审查显示,各专门新闻办公室的名称、职位安排和作用多种多样。 新闻办公室的名称包括新闻、宣传、公共事务、对外/媒体关系、外联和信息技术。 例如,维持和平行动部提到“公共事务”,裁军事务厅提到“外联”,最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处提到“宣传”,环境规划署提到“通信”。 [10] 其他机构,如管理事务部和经济和社会事务部,更加重视该职能的信息技术方面。 值得注意的是,虽然关于政治事务部组织的公报特别强调同秘书长发言人办公室和新闻部协调管理媒体关系,但秘书处其他实体的公报没有规定相应的协调。 维持和平特派团和政治特派团已指定新闻办公室,重点宣传特派团的任务。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 此外,在各种新闻结构安排中,有50项与高级管理层有直接报告关系,向副秘书长、秘书长特别代表或联合国系统一个实体的执行秘书报告。", " C C. 在全秘书处开展了广泛的新闻活动", "新闻活动分为四大类", "37. 联合国 新闻是一项广泛的职能,包括许多不同的活动,超出了专门新闻办公室的专属范围。 对文件要求的正式答复和关于所开展活动类型的访谈数据产生了一大批活动,表明在本工作领域使用了许多不同的工具和办法。 传统和新形式的媒体传播都被列入四大类新闻:", "(a) 战略传播:侧重于就优先问题制定传播战略并开展宣传运动,以支持具体实体和本组织的实质性目标;", "(b) 新闻和媒体:侧重于通过广播、电视、摄影、印刷和因特网等方式,向全球媒体和其他用户提供准确、平衡和在可行的情况下定制的新闻和信息材料和服务;", "(c) 外联:侧重于让民间社会、会员国和非政府组织等各种受众参与教育和鼓励支持本组织的理想;", "(d) 出版物:着重提供各种类型的出版物,如杂志、杂志和书籍,介绍为支持本组织的理想而开展的工作。", "38. 国家 此外,各区域委员会以及政治特派团和维持和平特派团也在不同程度上参与加强当地记者和媒体的个人和机构能力。 所有实体的共同内容是,新闻活动侧重于每个实体的专门任务。 此外,各实体在可行的情况下还就更广泛的传播优先事项和运动开展了全秘书处范围的其他活动。", "大多数活动属于战略传播、新闻和媒体以及外联等类别", "39. 联合国 各实体在一定程度上开展了所有宣传活动,但战略传播、新闻和媒体以及外联类别的活动最为常见。 根据协调中心的调查,在这三个类别下,80%以上的人报告了下列活动:", "(a) 网站内容管理;", "(b) 起草新闻稿;", "(c) 为外部受众举办研讨会、讲习班和简报会;", "(d) 就具体问题规划和开展宣传运动;", "(e) 编写供公众传播的信息;", "(f) 每日处理媒体询问。", " 40. 40. 下一个最常见的新闻活动属于新闻和媒体、战略传播和出版物类别,70%以上的实体报告如下:", "(a) 起草条款和论坛版文章;", "(b) 网站内容开发;", "(c) 媒体监测和内部新闻审查;", "(d) 起草概况介绍;", "(e) 小册子和通讯。", "41. 国家 最后,各实体报告的中途活动频率为50%至60%,属于外联类别,涉及与非政府组织、民间社会和会员国的关系。", "42. 国家 协调人访谈数据还突出表明,实务实体的新闻活动范围比非实务实体广泛。 整个秘书处的大多数实务实体都根据各自的工作计划和任务规定开展各类活动。 在所有情况下,共同的重点是设计战略传播,向公众解释其各自任务的目标、相关活动和产出。 拥有外地行动和大量预算外资金的实务实体开展了最广泛的活动。 同样,外地实体通常都有自己的发言人,必要时可以请秘书长发言人办公室提供协助。", "43. 东帝汶 非实质性实体开展的活动较为有限,往往是分散的任务,如在新闻部或联合国新闻中心(如果位于附近)的特别指导下进行媒体报道或更新网站,必要时与秘书处的高级管理层、秘书长办公厅和(或)秘书长发言人办公室进行协商。", "44. 国家 新闻活动大多以联合国工作语文英文和法文进行。 只有六种正式语文的正式文件。 由于每个实体缺乏专用资源,根据需要将非正式文件翻译成正式语文。 所有协调人也都承认,如果当地语文不在六种正式语文之列,则以当地语文进行的新闻优先,并使用工作人员的技能进行翻译。", "45. 国家 所有协调中心都报告说,它们都从性别观点主流化的角度开展新闻工作。 特别是,外地特派团了解并积极参与了将性别观念纳入主流的活动,例如,宣传运动,如为期16天的制止暴力侵害妇女行为运动和外地特派团公共信息技能研讨会方案,这些是针对男子和妇女制定的。 据认为,行政实体开展的有限的新闻工作,鉴于其工作的性质,并不需要将性别观点纳入主流的观点。", "D. 联合国宣传小组提供正式的全系统新闻协调,而整个秘书处的协调是非正式的", "各实体之间的协调频率各不相同", "46. 经常预算: 协调新闻有三种方式:正式通过联合国宣传小组在全系统范围进行协调;非正式地在整个秘书处进行协调;通过其他特设非正式网络进行协调。 所有协调工作的重点是避免重复,实现最大程度的协同作用,确保联合国发出共同的信息并提交“一个联合国”。", "47. 国家 如表4所示,新闻职能之间的协调频率各不相同。", "表4 秘书处各实体、新闻部和联合国系统其他实体之间的协调频率", "(百分比)", "与新闻部协调的其他实体司", "总是21 -9 5", "经常 21 - 26 22", "往往26 17 24", "不太经常 31 - 43 39", "永远不要 0 0 5", "无判决依据 0-5 5", "资料来源:协调人调查,监督厅新闻审查,2010-2011年。", "联合国宣传小组的全系统协调提供了一个有不同程度参与的共同平台", " 48. 48. 除一个协调中心外,所有协调中心都承认联合国宣传小组是全系统的新闻协调机制。 大多数协调人(69.7%)报告说是宣传小组成员,而根据协调人调查,其余的30.3%不是成员。 总部和国家一级的参与程度不同。 在总部,各协调中心指出,参加每周会议不是定期的,而是取决于议程与一个实体工作方案的相关性和可用的时间。 三个协调人报告说,他们参加了宣传小组的工作队,以开展具体的活动,例如,联合国环境与发展会议20年审查和2010年墨西哥坎昆联合国气候变化会议。 在国家一级,协调人报告说,他们定期出席宣传小组的会议,在开展各种国际日等共同活动时,增加了参与。 宣传小组还就各种新闻专题发布了指导意见,以讨论政策问题并商定共同对策、活动方案和程序,包括危机传播标准作业程序和正在就新媒体准则进行的努力。", "全秘书处的协调是非正式的,因为新闻部没有发挥这一作用的正式授权", "49. (中文(简体) ). 虽然新闻部是专门履行新闻职能的主要部门,在这方面提供全面指导,但它没有正式授权协调秘书处内的新闻活动。 秘书处各实体以分散的方式开展新闻活动,重点是各自的任务。 每个实体都根据总体战略和高级管理层及实务部门对具体专题或活动的指导进行内部协调。", " 50. 50. 在需要实质性投入时,寻求联合国各实体总部办事处提供协调指导。 例如,维持和平特派团和政治特派团的协调人指出,他们根据需要分别就实质性事项而不是就新闻具体问题向维持和平行动部和政治事务部寻求指导。 协调人还提及维持和平行动部公共事务科和新闻部和平与安全科是负责协调和平与安全问题的机构。 协调人还提到,维持和平行动部和新闻部和平与安全科为外地特派团的新闻主管举办的年度会议是就具体问题建立网络和进行协调的好机会。 新闻部和维持和平行动部通过联合主持的新闻工作组正式协调各项活动,该工作组每月开会两次,进行规划和解决问题,并就如何解决中长期和平与安全问题以及在发生危机时协调通信达成协议。", "51. 联合国 协调人还指出,与新闻部和秘书处其他实体的协调是在“视需要”的基础上进行的。 利用了两个主要工具来促进全秘书处的新闻协调:新闻部分发的年度传播优先事项和宣传运动,各实体根据工作需要和计划,在可行的情况下执行这些优先事项;同高级管理办公室、秘书长办公厅和秘书长发言人办公室联络。 此外,秘书长办公厅通信和演讲稿编写股每天上午与各种与会者举行会议,包括必要时与各实务部门、发言人和新闻部工作人员。 根据计划的活动,例如苏丹全民投票,视需要就各种专题举行“网络”会议,进一步加强了这些会议。", "其他特设非正式协调为交流信息和经验教训提供了一个来源", "52. (中文(简体) ). 所有接受访谈的协调人都指出,根据与秘书处内和联合国系统其他实体其他新闻专业人员的个人关系,进行了更多的非正式协调。 协调中心指出,这种非正式的协调和联网被用来分享信息和经验教训。 几乎一半的协调人调查答卷人(46.5%)也了解其他协调机制,包括具体实质性问题工作组和专门的新闻技术。", "联合国宣传小组和整个秘书处正在进行的协调被认为是有效的", "53. 联合国 协调人认为,由联合国宣传小组正式组织并在秘书处内部非正式地协调新闻活动总的来说是有效的,协调人对宣传小组和秘书处实体都给予最高的效率评价,以确保发出共同的信息。", "表5 联合国宣传小组和秘书处各实体对传播协调的满意程度*", "(百分比)", "协调的目的 秘书处宣传小组协调效率", "协调防止工作重复 60 61.9", "有助于节省时间 63.3 62.8", "确保发出共同的信息 80 73.8", "资料来源:协调人调查,监督厅新闻审查,2010-2011年。", "* 数据表明,答复者表示“强烈同意”和“有些同意”。", "E. 新闻活动的协调受到挑战,因为联合国的工作范围很广,新闻作用不明确,而且没有战略计划", "54. 联合国 所有接受调查和访谈的协调人都指出,新闻在确保统一介绍联合国工作方面发挥了重要作用。 然而,有人指出,工作范围很广,给有效协调带来了挑战,因为各实体往往注重各自的任务,因此,它们只参与协调与广泛专题或国际日等反复出现的问题有关的运动。", "55. 国家 与协调人的访谈和调查数据也突出表明,新闻部与秘书处各实体的作用和责任在指导和协调方面特别不明确。 协调人认为,新闻部作为承担新闻职能的主要部门,可以发挥协调作用,但对于新闻部是否确实负有这一任务缺乏了解。 如上文D节所指出,尚未给予新闻部正式的协调权。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 关于联合国新闻领域高级官员,即主管新闻部的副秘书长和秘书长发言人的作用,不清楚是哪个立场在这方面起带头作用。 例如,所有协调人都非常了解在发生危机时立即与秘书长发言人办公室联系的必要性,而与主管新闻部的副秘书长联系则没有这种迫切需要。 此外,从预算和行政目的上将该厅设在新闻部内无助于澄清这些作用。 发言人是与秘书长密切接触的人员之一。 [11] 发言人办公室的预算和行政管理由新闻部负责,但该部副秘书长对优先事项的指导、对业务工作的实际控制以及发言人的业绩评估,并没有反映出这一事实。 如果资源、责任和成果之间没有明确一致,目前的安排就有可能在与发言人办公室和主管新闻部的副秘书长有关的权力和问责方面造成模糊不清的风险。 秘书长办公厅强调主管新闻部的副秘书长和发言人办公室的作用不同,指出副秘书长通过新闻部牵头制定涵盖整个联合国的广泛新闻政策,包括近期和长期重点,涵盖全球了解和理解联合国工作的更广泛的新闻方面。 发言人办公室的作用更加有限,更直接地与秘书长的需求有关,即能够作出反应,并被视为在新闻发展每天中断时作出反应和预测。 在这方面,发言人是执行办公室的重要组成部分。 执行办公室认识到,有人主张和反对该办公室现有的混合行政安排,但指出,最终应由秘书长决定哪些做法最有效,并确保这一安排顺利进行,既要透明,又要明确了解目前的工作关系,这种安排迄今一直以非常务实的方式运作。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 新闻领域缺乏战略计划,也妨碍了全面活动的有效协调。 各协调中心认为,制定战略计划是确定联合国新闻活动优先事项和远景的必要协调工具,也是为总部和外地协调传播工作提供一个共同办法的框架。 新闻部指出,秘书长政策委员会关于联合国传播的第2008/23号决定提供了一个广泛的框架,但在优先事项方面缺乏具体的规定,各协调中心对此一无所知。 关于战略计划的必要性,该部怀疑这一计划是否将有助于本组织更好地应对当前的需要。 新闻部提议,根据联合国宣传小组本身的建议,应在主要一级将其纳入行政首长协调会方案问题高级别委员会半年期会议的筹备工作,以此作为将联合国政策和传播更紧密地联系起来的手段。", " V. 结论", "58. 联合国 新闻职能及其组织框架已比原先为这一作用设立的部门大。 目前,有2 113个全职员额(占秘书处工作人员的4%)和近5 000万美元的非员额资源直接用于这一职能。 分散的新闻办公室已开展了一系列活动,提供关于各自任务和活动的关键信息,并构成公众与联合国之间的重要联系,特别是在公众支持至关重要的外地特派团。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 虽然新闻协调被评为整体效率高,其好处在提出共同的信息和“一个联合国”方面得到承认,但这种协调在秘书处内基本上仍然是非正式的。 任务不同,高级领导层缺乏明确的方向和远见,新闻部的作用不明确,缺乏协调任务,对有效协调提出了挑战。", "60. 联合国 鉴于整个秘书处职能的广度、其专用资源及其在宣传联合国目标和工作方面的关键作用,必须解决几个问题,包括:新闻部在协调秘书处内职能方面的作用;秘书处其他实体的作用;协调活动的优先事项;以及需要制定一项新闻和传播战略计划。 解决这些问题将有助于在整个秘书处提高该职能及其相关资源的协调和效率。", "六、结 论 建议", "61. 国家 新闻部考虑到秘书长在确定联合国愿景和优先问题方面的作用,应制定并向新闻委员会提交一份行动计划,审议协调秘书处新闻职能的作用和责任,包括:", "(a) 国家 新闻部的作用;", "(b) 国家 秘书处其他实体的作用;", "(c) 任何协调活动的优先事项;", "(d) 国家 秘书处的新闻和传播战略计划需要概述共同性的远景和广泛的优先问题,并处理秘书长对该职能的优先事项和远景;", "(e) 协助 如本报告所介绍,需要保留员额和非员额资源数据,其数额和资金来源专门用于新闻。", "第19至31段和第46至57段", "62. 联合国 新闻部不同意监督厅建议所述战略计划将使本组织能够更有效地沟通。 目前的结构将秘书长核准的长期传播政策同短期传播优先事项和运动结合起来,提出了务实、灵活的办法。 它使本组织能够对长期任务和突发新闻作出反应。 新闻部还指出,关于维持员额和非员额资源数据的必要性,向秘书处其他实体索取新闻资源信息显然超出了该部的职权范围。", "63. 国家 秘书长办公厅指出,新闻部需要专门资源来支助执行办公室制定战略传播计划来执行联合国的优先事项。", "(签名) 主管内部监督事务副秘书长", "页:1", "按职等分列的秘书处和相关实体新闻员额总数", "下表详细列出遵守联合国规则和条例并受内部监督事务厅(监督厅)监督的实体的新闻员额数目和职等。 大会和会议管理部、政治事务部、监督厅、法律事务厅、建设和平支助办公室、联合国停战监督组织、喀麦隆-尼日利亚混合委员会、联合国赔偿委员会、联合国区域间犯罪和司法研究所和联合国国际伙伴关系基金没有新闻员额。 为审查而分析的资源取自:2010-2011两年期经常预算;2011年7月1日至6月30日期间维持和平和支助账户预算;2010年1月1日至12月31日期间特别政治任务预算。", "(下页表)", "[表", "资料来源:监督厅根据各实体提供的数据汇编。", "缩写:中非建和办,联合国中非共和国建设和平综合办事处;联布办事处,联合国布隆迪办事处;CAAC,联合国儿童与武装冲突问题工作组;非洲经委会,非洲经济委员会;欧洲经委会,欧洲经济委员会;拉加经委会,拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会;EOSG,秘书长执行协调员办公室;亚太经社会,亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会;西亚经社会,西亚经济社会委员会;FS,外勤事务;GS,一般事务;卢旺达问题国际法庭,卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭;前南问题国际法庭,前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭;LLL,当地雇员;西撒特派团,联合国西撒哈拉全民投票特派团;联刚稳定团,联合国刚果民主共和国稳定团;联海稳定团,联合国海地稳定特派团;NO,本国干事;人道协调厅,人道主义事务协调厅;ODA,裁军事务厅;人权高专办,联合国人权事务高级专员办事处;UNRO-SD;UNRO-SG-UND;UNRO-UNT,联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室;UNRO-UNCT,联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室;UNOP-UN-UNCR-UNCR-UNCR;UNCR-UN-UNCR-UNCR-UNCR-UN-UNCR-UN-UNCR-UN-UN-UN-UNCR-UNCR-UNCR-UNCR-UNCR-UNCR-UNCR-UNCR-UNCR-UNCR-UNCR-UNCR-UNCR-UNCR-UN", "^(a) 为避免重复计算,总数减去贝鲁特联合国新闻中心属于新闻部的3个员额。", "^(b) 联伊援助团和联阿援助团由维持和平行动部管理。", "•(c) 除了新闻部预算款次下的738个员额外,它还从履行新闻职能的其他预算款次、非洲科、来访事务科和总部及联合国日内瓦办事处和联合国维也纳办事处的收入科增设了44个员额。 由于增设了44个员额,方案规划、预算和帐务厅表示,无法将员额和资源的数目同订正批款中反映的数目相核对。", "^(d) 包括非洲科的7个员额;来访事务和收入科的33个员额。", "^(e) 包括联合国日内瓦办事处来访事务处的3个员额。", "^(f) 包括联合国维也纳办事处来访事务处的1个员额。", "^(g) 新闻部评论说,其中包括72名非新闻工作人员。 联合国内罗毕办事处新闻中心的员额从新闻中心总数中删除,以便联合国办事处的员额能够分开。", "^(h) 印巴观察组没有提供协调中心。", "^(一) 西亚经社会有3个员额是新闻部贝鲁特联合国新闻中心预算的一部分。", "页:1", "从新闻部、秘书长办公厅和方案规划、预算和账户厅收到的关于审查的评论意见全文", "1. 内部监督事务厅(监督厅)现将新闻部、秘书长办公厅和方案规划、预算和账务厅对本报告所载审查的评论意见全文如下。 这种做法是根据大会第64/263号决议按照独立审计咨询委员会的建议制定的。 新闻部和秘书长办公厅对关于新闻战略计划的建议和开展这项工作所需资源表示关切。 方案规划、预算和账务厅对新闻部的新闻员额数目表示关切。 所有实体对监督厅报告草稿的评论已酌情纳入最后报告。", "A. 从新闻部收到的评论", "我们要对监督厅工作人员为筹备这次审查而作的努力表示赞赏。 审查的结果强调了新闻作为秘书处工作关键组成部分的重要性。 新闻部完全赞同报告的结论,即有效的传播对于促使公众支持联合国至关重要。 因此,新闻部认为,为新闻提供的资源水平应与传播对联合国工作的中心重要性相称。 此外,新闻部支持目前秘书处各实体的新闻体制安排。", "随着本组织工作的增长,特别是在地方一级和通过其外地业务,新闻专业人员的工作也有所增加。 为了提高对本组织优先问题的支持,整个秘书处的传播专业人员必须以多种语文与许多不同的受众和利益攸关方互动。", "迅速变化的通信和媒体环境以及新信息和通信技术的激增为秘书处提供信息和接触新受众提供了巨大机会。 新的分散式互联网和移动平台对旧的通信渠道以及既定的信息传播方式提出了挑战。 此外,信息革命意味着对联合国系统高质量多媒体新闻产品的需求正在增长,并将继续增长。", "为了迎接当今传播领域面临的许多挑战,联合国需要一支强大的传播专业人员队伍,他们具备充分利用当今媒体机会的能力。 新闻部在电视、广播、在线新闻、社交媒体、专题运动和外联项目方面拥有独特的资源和专门知识,以促进联合国在全世界的工作。", "关于报告所载结论和建议的具体评论如下:", "执行部分第57段", "关于报告所引述的秘书长联合国传播政策委员会的决定,这项政策已分发给整个秘书处的所有高级管理人员。 新闻部同意,这一决定应更广泛地提供给秘书处的所有传播协调中心。 新闻部认为,以联合国宣传小组为协调机制和信息分享论坛、一套商定的传播优先事项以及政策委员会的决定为基础的办法,是不断制定具体传播战略的更有效方式,而不是试图起草单一战略计划。 该部对这样一个计划是否将有助于本组织更好地应对当前的需要表示严重怀疑。 新闻部提议,按照传播小组早些时候的建议,将联合国宣传小组纳入联合国系统行政首长协调理事会(行政首长协调会)方案问题高级别委员会半年期会议的筹备工作,以此作为将联合国政策和传播更紧密地联系起来的手段。", "第61段:", "如上所述,该部不同意这项建议所描述的战略计划将使本组织能够更有效地沟通。 现行结构将长期、经秘书长核准的传播政策同短期传播优先事项和运动结合起来,提出了务实、灵活的办法。 它使本组织能够对长期任务和突发新闻作出反应。", "关于维持员额和非员额资源数据的必要性,新闻部显然不能从秘书处其他实体索取新闻资源的信息。", "B. 从秘书长办公厅收到的评论", "1. 联合国 继秘书长办公厅2011年7月15日提交的初步评论后,见下文(并如前所述)秘书长办公厅关于审查第56段概述的行政关切的进一步呈件。", "2. 联合国 关于报告最后草案第56段,似乎有一种看法认为新闻部和发言人办公室的作用不明确。 如果这就是看法,那么,不管事实如何,我们需要做一些事情来解释区别。", "3个 主管新闻部副秘书长通过新闻部,在涉及整个联合国的广泛新闻政策方面,无论是在近期还是长期重点方面,都起带头作用。 这涉及全球了解和了解联合国工作的更广泛的新闻方面。", " 4.四. 发言人办公室的作用更加有限。 它直接关系到秘书长需要能够和被视为在新闻发展每天中断时作出反应和预测。 因此,发言人的责任是:", "二. 支助 应对并预测突发新闻的发展;", "二. 支助 向秘书长简要介绍新闻动态和他应如何作出反应,并为此获得必要的指导;", "二. 支助 处理与秘书长和联合国有关的更广泛的媒体询问,要么直接处理,要么确保联合国内的正确实体作出回应。", "5 (韩语). 鉴于这一要求,发言人和发言人办公室当然应当有一个直接与秘书长和执行办公室联系的渠道,因为该办公室在管理秘书长对每天所面临问题的公众反应方面,以及在这些反应对本组织形象的影响方面,负有实时和直接的责任。", "6. 国家 在这方面,发言人是秘书长办公厅的重要组成部分。 然而,谈论任何“内阁”是不准确的。 事实上,主管新闻部的副秘书长是高级管理小组的成员,并经常担任该小组以及秘书长高级顾问会议的评论员。", "7. 联合国 然而,发言人由于办公室的要求,必须成为每天与秘书长会晤的第一批人员之一,向他介绍突发新闻,并指导他如何回答媒体提出的问题。", "8. 联合国 发言人办公室在行政上应设在何处的问题并非新问题。 他与新闻部和秘书长办公厅的联系至关重要。 存在着赞成和反对混合安排的论点,但最终应由秘书长决定在任何特定情况下哪种安排最有效。 最重要的因素是确保这一安排顺利运作,确保透明和明确了解两者之间的实际工作关系。 随着新闻部新的三位主任,这一安排正在以非常务实的方式顺利地运作。 主管新闻部的副秘书长已提出让发言人办公室参与影响其运作的预算讨论的所有阶段。", "9. 国家 显然,新闻部的作用远远超出发言人办公室在网页上概述的非常有针对性的责任:", "“作为联合国的公共喉舌,新闻部利用各种传播工具,包括广播、电视、印刷、因特网、电视会议以及其他越来越多的新信息技术,提高全球对联合国工作的认识和了解。 联合国网站是关于本组织活动的主要信息来源之一。 该网站由新闻部管理。 联合国新闻中心报道联合国和秘书长的最新消息。 关于维持和平和人道主义事务的外地报告、新闻和专题节目是联合国无线电节目的主要节目。 新闻提供者通过提供整个联合国系统的及时广播优质录像,能够报道重要的全球问题。 联合国出版物是联合国及其主要机构所编出版物的来源。 《联合国有用》是一个创新的多媒体平台,通过人们及其社区的个人故事来探索全球问题,为联合国的工作提供人情味。 所有这些都由新闻部管理。 新闻部同其全球新闻中心网络一道,同媒体、教育机构和非政府组织合作,向全世界人民传达联合国的核心信息。 “", "10个 为便于参考,还请见下文秘书长办公厅对2011年7月15日提交的报告草稿的评论:", "第51段:", "秘书长办公厅的单位名称是通信和演讲稿编写股。", "页:1", "提到发言人是秘书长 \" 内阁 \" 的成员可能令人误解。 没有正式指定或使用“内阁”一词。 删除该词和句子就够了:“发言人是与秘书长密切接触的人之一。 “", "第61段:", "第四点无视秘书长在确定本组织“远景和广泛的优先问题”方面的作用。 秘书长的作用是突出远景和确定广泛的优先问题。 新闻部需要专门资源来支助秘书长办公厅制定战略传播计划来实施这些优先事项。", "11个 我希望监督厅会发现这些意见很有帮助。 如对此事有任何进一步澄清或询问,请随时联系我。", "帕尔法特·奥南加-安扬加(签名)", "2011年7月19日,纽约", "C. 从方案规划、预算和账户厅收到的意见", "我愿重申方案规划、预算和账户厅2011年5月24日在Helene Thorup-Hayes女士的电子邮件中给监督厅的评论,内容涉及方案规划、预算和账户厅对新闻部新闻员额数目的关切,如监督厅最后报告表1、2、3和附件一所示,以及非员额资源。", "方案规划、预算和账务厅感到关切的是,监督厅似乎根据内部对员额费用以及新闻部提供的数字和数字的计算,在最后报告中提供资料。 方案规划、预算和账务厅想重申,这些员额数目和资源数额与订正批款中反映的数目无法核对。", "方案规划、预算和账务厅高兴地注意到,它已考虑到它对报告草稿第26和66段的评论。", "(签名) 山崎纯", "2011年7月20日 第1次全体会议", "[1] 见大会决议,包括第13(I)号决议和最近关于新闻的决议,第64/96号决议,第三节。 (原始内容存档于2017-10-21). A and B.", "[2] ST/SGB/2007/6。", "[3] 各实体指派的协调人一般是新闻专业人员。", "[4] 调查发给了60个协调人(在审议的后期阶段指定了5个协调人);43个国家作了答复,答复率为71.6%。", "[5] 根据对开展新闻活动的办事处和外地特派团的规模、范围和职能的摸底以及新闻部、政治事务部和维持和平行动部的投入,选定了网站。", "[6] 见A/65/350。 截至2010年6月30日,包括秘书处和相关实体(联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)、联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处(近东救济工程处)和联合国训练研究所(训研所))在内的工作人员总数所用数字为51 433人。", "[7] 在这些D-1员额中,10个设在总部,1个设在日内瓦联合国新闻处,1个设在维也纳联合国新闻处,8个设在不同的联合国新闻中心。", "[8] 联合国黎巴嫩问题特别协调员办事处(联黎协调办)有1名本国干事,联合国中亚地区预防性外交中心有2名一般事务人员专门负责新闻工作。", "[9] 方案规划、预算和账务厅评论说,它无法将资源数额同订正批款中反映的数额相协调。", "[10] ST/SGB/2010/9、ST/SGB/2010/4、ST/SGB/2008/8、ST/SGB/2007/7、ST/SGB/2006/13和ST/SGB/1997/9。", "[11] 在2009年发言人职务清单中,该员额被描述为隶属于秘书长办公厅,并明确标明发言人的任命属于秘书长的自由裁量权。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 28 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Advancement of women", "Improvement of the situation of women in rural areas", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report, submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/140, reviews the activities undertaken by Member States and United Nations entities to empower rural women and contains recommendations for consideration by the Assembly.", "I. Introduction", "1. In its resolution 64/140 on the improvement of the situation of women in rural areas, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report on the implementation of the resolution at its sixty-sixth session. In response to that request, the present report provides an assessment of the situation of rural women, highlighting the efforts of Member States,[1] the United Nations system[2] and other actors to address the obstacles and challenges that impede progress towards the economic empowerment of rural women and to enable them to improve their lives and livelihoods. It contains recommendations for consideration by the Assembly.", "2. At the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals in 2010, Member States highlighted rural women as critical agents for enhancing agricultural and rural development and food security and pledged to ensure equal access for rural women to productive resources, land, financing, technologies, training and markets.[3] In the Istanbul Programme of Action (A/CONF.219/3), Member States reaffirmed those commitments.", "3. At its fifty-sixth session in 2012, the Commission on the Status of Women will consider the “Empowerment of rural women and their role in poverty and hunger eradication, development and current challenges” as its priority theme. In accordance with its methods of work, the Commission is expected to adopt a set of agreed conclusions on the priority theme that identify gaps and challenges in the implementation of previous commitments and make action-oriented recommendations in order to accelerate their implementation by all stakeholders.", "II. Background", "4. The proportion of people living in extreme poverty — on less than $1.25 a day — in rural areas of developing countries dropped from 48 per cent to 34 per cent over the decade from 2000 to 2010, much of it owing to income gains in East Asia, particularly China. Despite income gains that have lifted more than 350 million rural people out of extreme poverty, poverty remains a massive and predominantly rural phenomenon, with 70 per cent of the 1.4 billion extremely poor in the developing world living in rural areas. Nearly one third of these live in sub‑Saharan Africa, while South Asia is now home to about 50 per cent of them.[4]", "5. The persistence of rural poverty has meant that rural areas lag behind urban areas in almost all of the Millennium Development Goals. For example, only one third of rural women receive prenatal care compared to 50 per cent in developing regions as a whole. Child malnutrition in developing regions is twice as common in rural areas as in urban areas, owing to more restricted access to food, water and sanitation and health care, and children under 5 are more at risk of dying in rural than in urban households.[5]", "6. Increasingly volatile food prices, the uncertainties and effects of climate change and a range of natural resource constraints further complicate efforts to reduce rural poverty and inequality and to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. At the same time, changes in agricultural markets may give rise to new opportunities that can boost productivity for smallholder farmers in developing countries. Such changes will be necessary to ensure enough food for an increasingly urbanized global population, expected to reach at least 9 billion by 2050,[6] as well as equitable access to food in rural areas.", "7. Continuing gender disparities in access to and control over resources, including technology, agricultural extension services and limited rural infrastructure, result in higher labour costs and lower productivity for women than men. When women have access to land, it is often of poorer quality and consists of smaller plots. Gender inequalities impose real costs on the agriculture sector, the broader economy and society, as well as on rural women themselves. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has calculated that if women had the same access to productive resources as men, their increased yields could raise total agricultural output in developing countries by an estimated 2.5 to 4 per cent, which could reduce the total number of hungry people by 12 to 17 per cent and contribute to improving family nutrition and health.[7] With equal access to property rights, technology and services, women could provide the engine of growth to break the poverty cycle.", "8. While gross domestic product growth generated by agriculture has been shown to be twice as effective in reducing poverty as growth in other sectors,[8] macroeconomic policies, including market and trade liberalization, impact differently on women and men. Export-oriented agriculture in developing countries has promoted cash crop cultivation, resulting in volatile food prices and increased food insecurity, and poses particular challenges to subsistence farmers, the majority of whom are women.[9] Structural adjustment and budget stabilization policies have focused on promoting privatization, deregulation of domestic markets and liberalization of trade and capital flows. Resulting reductions in government spending, including on essential rural infrastructure and public services, have made these services harder for women and girls to access while increasing the burden of unpaid care work.[10]", "9. Currently, few countries systematically consider the differential impact of their agricultural policies and spending priorities by gender,⁷ in part due to lack of sex-disaggregated household data level, as well as the failure to apply a gender impact analysis to such policies and priorities.", "10. The international community can play an important role in terms of financial support to rural development and the agricultural sector. Statistics provided by the Development Assistance Committee of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD-DAC) show that of the $7.5 billion in funding allocated to agriculture and rural development in 2008-2009, only 3 per cent of the amount screened for gender focus was allocated to programmes in which gender equality was a principal aim and 32 per cent to those in which gender equality was a secondary aim. The L’Aquila Food Security Initiative adopted at the Group of Eight summit in 2009 has mobilized pledges of over $22 billion to reverse the decline of investment in agriculture and improve food security. It will be critical to ensure that rural women are equal beneficiaries of these funds.[11]", "11. To make real progress in rural development and sustainable agriculture, the power and creativity of rural women must be recognized, invested in and used. Improving women’s access to resources, assets and decision-making and building individual and collective capacity would create local opportunities and help mitigate the risks they face. Asset accumulation, including land, livestock and other resources, can also build a buffer against shocks, which are expected to increase with climate change.", "III. Economic empowerment of women in rural areas", "12. Rural women play a vital, yet not fully acknowledged, role in agriculture and rural development. For instance, women comprise 43 per cent of the agricultural labour force in developing countries, ranging from 20 per cent in Latin America to almost 50 per cent in some parts of Africa and Asia. In South and East Asia, the Middle East and North Africa, women’s share of agricultural employment within total employment is higher than that of men. In rural areas with high levels of male outmigration, women’s roles in agriculture are expanding, leading to dramatic changes in their responsibilities and tasks.⁷", "13. Rural women are crucial in the translation of agricultural production into food and nutritional security, since they are often responsible for cultivating food crops, managing small animals, growing vegetables in home gardens for food or income and food preparation. They have developed solutions to many challenges in sustainable land and water management, climate change mitigation and adaptation and preservation of indigenous and local knowledge.", "14. In sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, in addition to being the main producers of household food, women contribute substantially to non-agricultural production in rural areas, especially in the informal sector and in small and medium-size enterprises.", "15. Despite the contribution of rural women to rural development in both developing and developed countries, their rights and priorities remain insufficiently addressed in legal frameworks, national and local development policies and investment strategies at all levels. They continue to face serious challenges in carrying out their multiple productive and reproductive roles within their families and communities, in part due to lack of rural infrastructure and essential goods and services.", "16. It would, however, be a mistake to portray rural women as weak and vulnerable. Rather, they should be regarded as active economic agents with untapped potential to make a significant contribution to mitigating the effects of climate change, food insecurity and rural poverty, as well as to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.", "17. The following sections examine the situation of women in rural areas and illustrate some of the initiatives implemented since December 2009 to enhance their economic empowerment, specifically highlighting effective institutions and local service delivery; employment and decent work; unpaid care work; land ownership; local and indigenous knowledge; contributions to climate change adaptation; and productive technology.", "A. Effective institutions for policy and planning and local service delivery", "18. The empowerment of women in rural areas requires gender-responsive national and local development strategies and sector-specific plans, programmes and budgets to address the specific obstacles they face in accessing employment and decent work, education and training opportunities, health care and transportation, as well as constraints due to their disproportionate family responsibilities. Gender‑sensitive governance in the institutions responsible for rural development, agricultural and other related sectors (such as water and energy management) can enable rural women to hold public officials accountable in areas such as public service delivery. To enhance a systemic approach to rural development, the national strategic plan for Italy includes a mechanism to enable women farm managers to engage in the agricultural value chain from production to processing and marketing. FAO has recently partnered with Governments, such as that in Ghana, to integrate gender equality into national policies on food and agriculture.", "19. Gender-responsive national and local budget initiatives are powerful tools for ensuring that national rural development planning and resource allocation target rural women. An analysis of the allocation of budgetary resources to agricultural activities in Morocco showed that only 9 per cent of the beneficiaries were women, even though women represented 39 per cent of those engaged in rural activity. Responding to these findings, Morocco increased its budget support for programmes benefiting rural women by over 50 per cent in 2007 compared to 2005.[12]", "20. The limited basic infrastructure and insufficient local service provision in rural areas restrict the full participation of women in the labour market and in community activities. They also exacerbate their already unequal share of unpaid care work, since they are obliged to spend long hours fetching water and fuel and, without access to technology, spend hours in food-processing and preparation. Public investment in sustainable infrastructure (e.g. public transportation, sanitation and renewable energy) and fuel-efficient and labour-saving technologies (e.g. clean and fuel-efficient cooking stoves, efficient pumping and purification of drinking water) can substantially reduce the time women and girls spend on these time-consuming chores and enhance their options for gainful work and mobility. Such investments can also contribute to reduced greenhouse gas emissions and create employment opportunities in rural areas (see sections C on unpaid care work and E on productive technologies below).", "21. Provision of a social protection floor to provide employment guarantees, income support benefits, basic income security guarantees for the elderly and persons with disabilities and child care and benefits can help combat rising inequality and persistent poverty in rural areas. Italy’s national strategic plan and regional rural development programmes include strengthened childcare and preschool services in rural areas. Such measures can help overcome insecurity and vulnerability in the lives of rural women and enable them to participate more fully in economic life, as workers, employers, consumers and citizens. They can also help address the multiple inequalities faced by indigenous women or women from ethnic minorities living in rural areas. Efforts are also needed to increase access to health facilities, education, training and other support services (such as shelters for survivors of violence and abuse) for rural women.", "22. Integrated services enable rural women to save time and transport costs when they need assistance. In the Republic of Moldova, the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) supports “one-stop shops” (joint information and services bureaux) that provide information on employment, social protection, business development, land tenure and finance. The Swedish-funded programme provided almost 500 consultations to rural people in the first half of 2011, of whom 70 per cent were women. The programme is facilitating women’s access to e-transformation services, through assisting district service providers to provide mobile phone services to remote villages.", "23. Expanding access to financial services for rural women is crucial to their economic empowerment. Kenya initiated the Women Enterprise Fund to provide subsidized credit, as well as training and marketing services, for businesses run by women. Togo trained women in resource management to ensure better credit repayment and established compulsory savings schemes. Mexico, through its rural supply programme, supplies subsidized basic consumer products to community shops in rural locations to offer savings to rural consumers and improve food and nutrition levels for the rural population. In Uzbekistan, UN-Women supports the Women’s Committee and the centres for social and legal support, to help rural women access economic and financial resources, including microcredit.", "24. The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have promoted enhanced access to maternal and reproductive health services for rural women. With the world’s highest burden of disease, Africa has only 6 per cent of the world’s maternal health professionals, with an extremely low number of health professionals in rural areas.[13] To address these challenges, UNFPA works with the International Confederation of Midwives and the ministers of health and education in 15 countries in Africa, the Arab States and Latin America to increase the capacity and the number of midwives; supports midwifery education programmes in Sierra Leone and South Sudan; supports access to reproductive health services in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Turkmenistan; and uses mobile health units to reach women living in remote areas of Afghanistan, Bolivia (the Plurinational State of), Haiti, Nepal, Pakistan, Swaziland, Turkey and Yemen. In the Niger, solar radios and story kits have been used to improve access for rural women and girls to information on maternal health, schooling for girls, prevention of HIV/AIDS and unwanted pregnancies.", "25. To address the challenges of nutritional deficiencies in poor rural areas, FAO and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) have supported local projects in numerous countries to establish and maintain home gardens producing species such as quinoa, millet, amaranth, leafy vegetables and some groundnuts, which have also resulted in income-generating activities for women.", "26. Rural women also require knowledge and support to gain access to their rights. Governments and the United Nations system have made efforts to improve local services for women in rural areas. For example, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has helped establish eight legal help centres in Afghanistan to provide legal protection and support to victims of domestic violence and has assisted Lebanon in providing more equitable social services. The General Women’s Union of the United Arab Emirates has organized workshops to increase rural women’s awareness of their labour rights, as well as rights to pension and divorce.", "27. Efforts have been made to strengthen women’s participation and leadership in rural institutions, such as agricultural producer and rural worker associations, cooperatives, rural credit unions, water users’ groups and self-help groups. For example, in its work with rural producer organizations, FAO emphasizes gender‑responsive and participatory approaches to promote the enhanced efficiency of such organizations in servicing the needs of all female and male farmers and communities. Producer organizations offer members a range of services and thus provide rural women with a collective way to access productive resources, information and markets.", "28. The participation of rural women in self-help groups can contribute to their enhanced access to productive inputs and support services, such as land, extension services, fertilizers and seeds, and strengthen their capacity to manage land and other resources. UN-Women has helped to build a partnership between women’s self-help groups and the Ministry of Agriculture in Kyrgyzstan. This project provided rural women with vegetable seeds under a World Bank food security project and led to the formation of 51 rural women’s groups in 17 villages. Over 22,000 people (half of them women) have benefited from grants from UN-Women, with matching contributions from the community and local government. The projects resulted in expansion in small-scale irrigation and infrastructure projects; job creation; improved vegetable production; and better school conditions. The self‑help groups established community development funds to be used to purchase inputs for the following years.", "29. Farmers’ groups can be an effective way of disseminating technologies and enabling cooperative action. IFAD, in collaboration with the International Centre for Research in Agroforestry, worked with farmers’ groups in Cameroon, Gabon, Guinea and Nigeria to increase incomes from the use of new techniques for indigenous tree cultivation. Through their participation in such groups, women farmers benefited from the new technologies and gained confidence and self-esteem.", "B. Employment and decent work", "30. Paid employment is a primary force for reducing poverty and food insecurity and for empowering rural women economically. However, decent and productive employment in rural areas remains a great challenge. Decent work deficits faced by rural workers, in particular women and youth, include low pay, poor quality jobs, widespread underemployment, absence of labour rights, inadequate social protection and the lack of a representative voice. The implementation of labour laws, regulations and policies is usually limited in rural areas.[14] Rural women tend to be employed in the more precarious forms of informal employment, as unpaid family workers on family farms or as casual day labourers on farms owned by others.[15]", "31. Realizing the potential of rural women requires tackling all of the decent work deficits mentioned above. Initiatives to enhance rural women’s employment opportunities in the agricultural sector are being carried out by Member States and United Nations partner agencies in many countries. In Norway, for example, the Government has created new jobs for women in new agricultural industries, particularly those that provide food and services to the health, education and social care sectors. The Ministry of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies of Italy, in paying greater attention to women in agriculture, promotes the concept of multifunctional agriculture through the creation and promotion of new professional profiles and employment opportunities in rural areas. FAO has provided women with skills training in agricultural extension work in Mozambique, Swaziland, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania and Zambia; Canada has supported skills training for women as animal health extension workers in China, post-harvest processing in Ghana and vegetable production for returning women refugees in the Sudan. In Togo, multifunctional platforms are being installed to create employment and income-generating opportunities for women and help move their agricultural products up the value chain by increasing their market value.", "32. In building Malian women’s capacity to produce shea butter, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), with support from the Canadian International Development Agency and the National Karité Programme, helped transfer processing equipment to women’s groups in three centres, enabling them to meet international standards. As a result, a joint venture company has been set up between the women’s groups and a French cosmetics company for the supply of 40 tons of shea-based soap bars in 2011. Similarly, FAO provided women producers with information on shea processing and product certification techniques in Burkina Faso, Mali, the Niger and Senegal. Japan provides rural women entrepreneurs engaged in local food-processing with training to develop new products and improve the management of farmers’ markets.", "33. While providing a livelihood for some 86 per cent of rural women and men and generating jobs for some 1.3 billion smallholder farmers and landless workers,[16] agriculture alone cannot reduce rural poverty. Rural off-farm employment opportunities are critical for rural development, growth and poverty reduction. It allows households to diversify their income sources and insure themselves against economic and environmental shocks affecting agriculture. Women can play an important role in the wholesale and retail trade, rural industry, agribusiness, trading enterprises, transport, storage and infrastructure development, as well as in the local service sector (e.g. education, health, finance and insurance, tourism and local shops and restaurants).", "34. Public works programmes in some countries have provided models of decent working conditions by offering a fixed work schedule, decent wages, childcare and social protection. For example, India has implemented the National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme since 2006, guaranteeing 100 days of work to rural households for unskilled manual workers. The 33 per cent reservation for women workers and the provision of childcare at the sites has contributed greatly to the high level of participation of women. During 2010 and 2011, almost 50 million households were employed under this programme and the share of women averaged 47 per cent.[17]", "35. Many initiatives by Governments and the United Nations system focus on improving the productive capacity of rural women and on diversifying their sources of income in the non-agricultural sector by providing business training and skills in enterprise development. For example, Mozambique, supported by UNIDO and the Government of Norway, has introduced an entrepreneurship programme into the curriculum of its formal secondary and tertiary education system, encouraging girls to work in non-traditional enterprises that challenge gender stereotypes and sensitizing their families to the benefits of girls starting small businesses. The programme is now being replicated and scaled up in Angola, Cameroon, Cape Verde and Namibia.", "36. A programme implemented by UNDP in Turkmenistan has provided training in business development and operation (e.g. finance, marketing and sales) to more than 60 rural women, who in turn have trained other women in these skills. Tracking the impact of business training on 50 out of 250 businesswomen in Kenya, under the Empretec programme,[18] UNDP found that 30 per cent of the women had recorded an expansion in their enterprises through diversification and adding value. UNIDO has developed a rural and women entrepreneurship development service that encourages collective self-help efforts, access to information and communication technologies and renewable energy solutions. Status of Women Canada supports women’s financial literacy and employability skills training. Canada’s Rural Partnership Community Development Program supports knowledge-building among young rural women, women’s leadership initiatives, and youth entrepreneurship activities for female entrepreneurs, using the collective capacity of rural communities in developing skills and identifying opportunities. Greece encourages rural women’s entrepreneurship by supporting the modernization of smallholdings in rural areas and developing small enterprises and tourist opportunities. A regional project in Denmark focuses on strengthening the managerial and business competencies of businesses owned by women.", "C. Unpaid care work", "37. Rural women invest considerable amounts of time in unpaid work related to child and elder care, food production and food-processing, water and energy collection and other household chores. In so doing they support the private commodity and public service economies by supplying productive human capital as well as social capital. At the same time, the heavy burden this puts on women diverts their time away from farming tasks and non-farm enterprise activities, impacting their productivity and incomes, which in turn affects rural consumption, investment and savings. Importantly, if women’s unpaid household and care work ceased, the private commodity and public service economies would be seriously disrupted.[19]", "38. Since time poverty, resulting from unpaid household and care work, is one of the most critical factors hindering women’s access to paid work in rural areas,[20] investment in time- and labour-saving technologies and the expansion of access to key infrastructure (e.g. rural water and irrigation systems, domestic energy and rural transportation) is critical to women’s economic empowerment and could have substantial multiplier effects on poverty reduction and economic growth. Providing income and caregiving support to rural households also reduces the strain of rural-urban migration in many countries.", "39. A wide range of innovative technologies and techniques, including improved cooking stoves, rainwater harvesting schemes and intermediate transport devices, grinding mills and other food-processing equipment, have proven to help reduce women’s time poverty.[21] The introduction of the first multifunctional platform in Burkina Faso in 2002 represented a giant step towards breaking the vicious cycle of women’s time and energy poverty. A 2009 report highlights the time saving of three hours for grinding millet and similar savings for fetching water with the introduction of these platforms.[22]", "40. In order to reduce women’s unpaid care responsibilities, Italy has prioritized the provision of family care services in all rural development policies, particularly in rural areas in the south, which have high unemployment rates and infrastructure deficits. In addressing a better balance in childcare responsibilities, Norway promotes equal parenthood and has introduced measures to strengthen the role of all fathers in childcare, including in rural areas. Similarly, the family code of El Salvador has made work in the home and the care of children a joint responsibility of both partners.", "41. Time-use studies provide a rich source of data on the differentiated roles of rural women and men and provide practical guidance for policymakers and practitioners involved in technology investment, extension services, post-harvest activities and marketing interventions. FAO has created a range of gender analysis tools that assist in generating data and knowledge on the roles and unpaid work contributions of rural women, such as the Agri-Gender Statistics Toolkit,[23] which provides a compilation of gender-sensitive indicators and questionnaire components on the responsibilities of women and men farmers. In its “family management agreement”, Japan calls upon each family to stipulate details on decision-making in agricultural management, work hours and wages.", "D. Land ownership and inheritance", "42. While it is difficult to determine women’s average share of agricultural land ownership in developing countries, owing to the lack of data in many countries, it falls far short of their participation in the agricultural labour force in developing countries, which is 43 per cent. Stark gender disparities in land holdings are apparent in all regions. Based on various data sources, including household surveys and agricultural censuses, FAO has estimated that in countries with available data, women represent fewer than 5 per cent of all agricultural landholders in North Africa and West Asia, and on average 15 per cent in sub-Saharan Africa. This disparity has resulted not only in lower agricultural productivity of women compared to men, but also in greater poverty of female-headed households.⁷", "43. Farmers almost everywhere depend on land ownership for accessing irrigation, extension services, credit, subsidies and decision-making power. The fact that rural women are less likely than men to own land not only makes their farm work less productive but also frequently excludes them from farmers’ organizations, workers’ unions and community networks and forums that promote enhanced productivity and growth.", "44. Countries in all regions have instituted land reform policies designed to break up large holdings and grant individual or joint land titles. In both formal and customary property regimes, men are generally the main beneficiaries of land titles (both in terms of quantity and quality of land). Opposition from land reform authorities, village authorities and male relatives can frustrate efforts to extend legal land rights to both single and married women.", "45. In countries where both women and men have formal legal rights to land and property, limited implementation of such laws or customary practice may prevent women from realizing these rights. This was, for example, the case in a number of land titling programmes in Latin America in the 1990s, despite statutory gender equality. In cases where women have enjoyed customary, communal or collective land rights, land reforms have often eroded women’s rights as titles have generally been given to male heads of household. This was the case in Central Asia during the post-Soviet reforms.[24] It is therefore essential to ensure women’s equal rights in all laws related to land and property, including family and inheritance laws, and to monitor their effective implementation.", "46. Some Member States have enacted legislation and implemented initiatives to provide women with equitable access to land and other property. Women have equal rights to own property in 115 countries and have equal inheritance rights in 93 countries.[25] In El Salvador, for example, women are guaranteed equal access to joint title deeds for agricultural and fishery production units. Some laws go beyond this: a 2009 royal decree in Spain encourages shared ownership of agrarian holdings and extends social security benefits to women co-owners.", "47. Since indigenous women have particular constraints in accessing land, due to lack of citizenship rights in many countries, specific efforts are required to secure their rights. For example, the World Bank has promoted the participation of indigenous women in communal land management organizations in Guatemala and in capacity-building workshops on land administration and property rights in Honduras. In Mexico, rural and indigenous women leaders were brought together in an “encounter” to discuss their concerns related to land tenure and ownership and access to institutions. In New Zealand, rural and indigenous (Maori) women were granted full and equal rights to own and lease land and other property, including through the right to inheritance.", "48. Married women often lack awareness of their land entitlements and may not realize that they do not have rights over the family land until the marriage is dissolved or the husband dies. This is often the situation in countries hard hit by HIV/AIDS. Awareness-raising and capacity-building of rural women to learn about and claim their rights over land and other property is a critical step towards ensuring women’s rights. UN-Women, with the help of local land specialists, local authorities and representatives of local justice systems, has assisted more than 1,800 rural women and their families in Kyrgyzstan in better understanding the land registration process, providing titles and certifying land share documents. In Tajikistan, UN-Women partnered with FAO in supporting 16 legal assistance centres to monitor the distribution of agricultural land to secure land tenure for rural women. El Salvador has set up consultative councils and social oversight bodies to support women’s claims to land rights and demand for government accountability.", "49. It is equally important to build the capacity of the legal system to uphold women’s right to own land and other property. To this end, in Mozambique FAO trained over 90 women and men as paralegals on land law and women’s access to land. A majority of the trainees, a quarter of whom were women, represented non‑governmental organizations. An evaluation found that the paralegals were able to successfully support communities in a number of conflicts.", "50. To enable people to use dialogue and negotiation to reach consensus on controversial issues, FAO developed preliminary guidelines for improving gender equality in territorial issues and undertook extensive consultations in 2009 and 2010 with the United Nations system, Governments, civil society and the private sector. The draft voluntary guidelines on responsible governance of tenure of land and other natural resources, which FAO prepared as a result of this process, have been widely circulated since early 2011. Implementation of the guidelines is planned for 2012 and beyond.", "51. Intra-household data and information disaggregated by sex is critical for promoting a better and full understanding of women’s rights to land and other property, informed policy-making and land reforms and divorce and inheritance laws.[26] FAO has developed the Gender and Land Rights Database[27] to make available information on national legal frameworks, policies enforcing or preventing women’s land rights, international treaties and conventions, customary laws and other relevant subjects for 78 countries.", "E. Productive technologies", "52. Science, technology and innovation offer solutions to many of the challenges faced by rural women: they can contribute to food security by boosting crop yields; reduce women’s unpaid care work by introducing labour-saving technologies (see section C above); and increase participation of women in the rural labour market through better communications.", "53. However, mechanization and advanced technologies can sometimes have an adverse impact on women’s employment opportunities. For example, FAO and IFAD, reviewing programme interventions from 2000 to 2010, noted that the adoption of high-yielding varieties of rice and wheat after the Green Revolution in India and of drum seeders in rice cultivation in South and South-East Asia saved time and labour for wealthier farmers, but meant that the poorest and landless women agricultural labourers no longer had access to traditional jobs.", "54. Numerous initiatives have been carried out to promote women’s access to agriculture and food-processing technologies with a view to enhancing the empowerment, productivity and integration into the global value chain of women farmers. For example, improved technology and production methods provided to women entrepreneurs in Morocco helped boost their production of olive oil. This initiative of UNIDO and the Spanish Cooperation Agency also enabled women producers to control the quality and level of acidity, produce safe and good-quality oil, improve their marketing, packaging design and registration of trademarks, diversify into higher value-added products and obtain organic certification. As a result, women’s overall earnings have more than doubled. In Afghanistan and Pakistan, IFAD, in collaboration with the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, provided women with basic low-cost technologies and training to improve their production of milk products from goats.", "55. To support small producers with improved access to applied technologies and practices on a variety of rural activities, FAO has developed an interactive platform: “Technologies and practices for small agricultural producers”,[28] which includes a database and online forums. The platform goes beyond standardized descriptions of proven technologies and has evolved into a tool to strengthen institutions in sharing and testing technologies for small-scale farmers.", "56. Water technologies provide an important means for improving the situation of rural women and for reducing poverty. The multiple-use water system approach is promising, as it addresses broad water needs better than sectoral water development programmes and ensures that all users have fair access to local water resources. Communities participate in planning and selecting technologies that meet their needs, in consultation with local authorities. IFAD has worked to ensure that women are members of local water committees, so that their water needs for domestic and farming purposes are given equal importance. In Nepal, 82 systems have been established, benefiting about 12,000 small farmers. Women have gained from reduced time spent gathering water; girls have been enrolled in school; women’s incomes have increased from water fees and high-value crops; and women’s role in decision-making within the household has also increased. As part of its water and sanitation joint programme in Mexico, UNDP is supporting the Government in involving women in local water management committees and in using disinfection technologies that improve drinking water quality. The World Bank has promoted women’s participation in water management in the Dominican Republic and in Peru. The Bank funded capacity-building for women in financial, technical and management areas, with a view to improving their contributions to water user organizations and management of irrigation systems.", "57. Rural women’s access to energy technologies for productive use is critical for their economic empowerment. It reduces the time women spend on manual work and allows them to move up the value chain, particularly if there is a steady supply of affordable energy, required for knitting, brewing, food-processing, spinning and textile production. UNIDO supports energy provision for the development of rural enterprises and cottage industries that provide an important source of income for rural women. In Kenya, for example, UNIDO developed a zero-emission renewable energy community power centre, using microhydropower to generate electricity to replace the use of kerosene lamps. It provides energy to small-scale women entrepreneurs engaged in micro-industries such as soap processing and fruit juice production. It is estimated that 10 such centres would offset approximately 5,000 tons of greenhouse gas emissions per year. In Cameroon, UNDP introduced fuel-efficient cooking techniques to indigenous women in the drought-ridden far north. In India, women were trained in solar engineering and have in turn trained other women in the maintenance of solar panels. In 2008, the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, in collaboration with the International Network on Gender and Sustainable Energy, organized a regional policy meeting on networking for gender and poverty-sensitive energy policies, which led to a policy innovation forum that focuses on energy innovations for women in poor rural households.", "58. Information and communications technology, particularly mobile telephony, offers opportunities for women to monitor market prices for agricultural products, obtain better revenue and eliminate intermediaries. FAO has a number of projects aimed at facilitating women’s access to technology, such as in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Niger, where solar energy mobile phones and wind-up radios are used as key media for “listeners clubs” to increase knowledge-sharing, improve flows of information and empower rural populations, particularly women. In India and Pakistan, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), in collaboration with private sector providers, has improved the literacy of 1,500 rural women by using mobile phones and text messaging.", "F. Protecting knowledge, innovations and practices in indigenous and local communities", "59. Indigenous and local communities are the custodians of many different skills, practices and knowledge systems, which have enabled them to adapt to difficult conditions. Recently, however, indigenous livelihoods have deteriorated as the scale and intensity of environmental and cultural loss has increased, upsetting the harmony between indigenous peoples and their surrounding environment.", "60. There are an increasing number of initiatives undertaken by Governments and the United Nations system to harness the potential of indigenous knowledge among local people. For example, UNESCO has paid particular attention to the key role of women as holders of local and indigenous knowledge in traditional medicine,[29] and as agents of change on three Indian Ocean islands, involving different traditions from Africa, Asia and Europe. Similarly, the Maori health strategy of New Zealand acknowledges that Maori women community health and voluntary workers and their indigenous and traditional healing models have a pivotal role in improving the health of Maori families.", "61. UN-Women has worked alongside indigenous women’s groups — members of Waorani and Quechua communities — to ensure their involvement in the sustainable conservation and management of the natural and cultural heritage of the Yasuní Biosphere Reserve in Ecuador, and provided training to ensure that gender perspectives are integrated into related policies and programmes.", "62. In an effort to foster security of livelihoods of indigenous peoples in the Altiplano (Plurinational State of Bolivia), six United Nations agencies (FAO, ILO, UNDP, UNICEF, UNIDO and the World Food Programme), through a joint Millennium Development Goals Achievement Fund programme, support indigenous women producers by linking their agricultural products to different markets and value chains. Also through the Fund, FAO, UNDP and UNIDO are implementing a joint programme to promote asset-building, productivity, income and citizenship for indigenous women in extreme poverty in the Plurinational State of Bolivia. Women entrepreneurs are provided with financial and business development services, as well as civil and political rights training.", "63. UNFPA collaborates with indigenous organizations in the Plurinational State of Bolivia for the inclusion of ethnic definition data (self-identification) and gender issues in the 2011 census as a way to incorporate the intercultural perspective. In Belize, UNFPA has strengthened the capacity of providers of health services in indigenous communities regarding contraceptive technology.", "G. The contribution of rural women to climate change adaptation and mitigation", "64. Women make up a large number of the poor in communities that are highly dependent on local natural resources for their livelihood and are disproportionately vulnerable to and affected by climate change, exacerbated by their limited access to resources and decision-making processes. Women in rural areas have the major responsibility for household water supply and energy for cooking and heating, as well as for food security, and are negatively affected by drought, uncertain rainfall and deforestation.[30] Because of their unequal access to resources and limited mobility, women in many contexts are disproportionately affected by natural disasters, such as floods, fires and mudslides. FAO is currently undertaking research to better understand the gender-differentiated impact of climate change and the different coping strategies adopted by women and men, with a view to informing climate change policy, adaptation practices and more sustainable livelihood coping strategies.", "65. However, women are not only victims of climate change. They also have a strong body of knowledge and expertise that can be used in climate change mitigation, disaster reduction and adaptation strategies. Women’s responsibilities in households and communities as stewards of natural resources have positioned them well for livelihood strategies adapted to changing environmental realities. For example, in Senegal, women’s organizations helped control soil erosion by building crescent-shaped canals to retain water, recover croplands and improve agricultural output. Women in El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua planted 400,000 Maya nut trees to increase food sources while preserving and increasing carbon sinks.[31]", "66. Women tend to be underrepresented in national- and local-level decision-making on sustainable development, including on climate change, which impedes their ability to contribute their unique and valuable perspectives and expertise on climate change. To strengthen women’s economic decision-making in households affected by illicit drug cultivation, the Forest Warden Families Programme in Colombia, supported by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, provides 71 per cent of economic incentives directly to women. In supporting conservation agriculture in Zambia, Norway has increased the number of female farmers who are trained, thereby supporting them to take decisions on adapting to climate change to improve crop yields and reduce their workload.", "67. Financing mechanisms must be flexible enough to reflect women’s priorities and needs. The active participation of women in the development of funding criteria and allocation of resources for climate change initiatives is critical, particularly at the local level. Gender analysis of all budget lines and financial instruments for climate change is needed to ensure gender-sensitive investments in programmes for adaptation, mitigation, technology transfer and capacity-building.", "68. Technological developments related to climate change should take into account women’s specific priorities and needs and make full use of their knowledge and expertise, including traditional practices. Women’s involvement in the development of new technologies can ensure that they are user-friendly, effective and sustainable. For example, UNDP implemented an energy access programme in nine regions of Burkina Faso, benefiting more than 27,000 women with improved energy technology, business and incomes. In eight communities in Senegal, UNDP, in collaboration with the Ndiop Women’s Association, rolled out a solar cooker, produced with locally available materials, that has reduced the time women spend gathering firewood and also the health risks from smoke exposure. Similar initiatives were carried out in Nepal, where microhydropower, biogas and improved cooking stoves have contributed to women’s empowerment.", "IV. Conclusions and recommendations", "69. Rural women continue to be economically and socially disadvantaged because of their limited access to economic resources and opportunities, their exclusion from planning and decision-making and their disproportionate burden of unpaid care work. While there is growing recognition that rural women, including indigenous women, are critical agents in poverty reduction, food security, environmental sustainability and other aspects relating to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, insufficient attention has been paid to the factors that deepen inequalities between rural women and men, and inadequate action has been taken to eliminate discrimination and overcome the structural disadvantages faced by women.", "70. Member States and United Nations entities have taken measures to improve the situation of rural women and girls in relation to expanding their access to local services, employment and entrepreneurship, land rights and technologies. They have also taken steps to recognize, reduce and redistribute women’s burden of unpaid care work, protect indigenous and local knowledge and promote women’s contribution to climate change adaptation and mitigation. These initiatives currently benefit only a small number of communities, however, and there is a lack of evidence about the impact of those efforts and the results achieved in regard to the empowerment of, and poverty reduction among, rural women.", "71. The achievement of the Millennium Development Goals in rural areas would require a more coherent, systematic and strategic integration of the economic empowerment of women and girls in rural areas into national development strategies and plans, including in the areas of rural development, infrastructure and local governance.", "72. The Commission on the Status of Women will consider the empowerment of rural women as its priority theme in 2012. This provides an opportunity for the Commission to monitor, review and appraise progress achieved and problems encountered in the implementation of previous commitments and to make action-oriented recommendations to accelerate their implementation. The General Assembly may wish to invite all stakeholders to undertake preparations for the session, including through consultations with civil society, and encourage participation at the session from all relevant sectoral ministries and government agencies to facilitate action-oriented discussions and outcomes.", "73. The General Assembly may wish to call on Governments, United Nations entities and all other relevant stakeholders:", "(a) To strengthen the implementation of all existing commitments on rural development and rural women’s empowerment and rights, in particular the provisions of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and their application to women in rural areas;", "(b) To undertake participatory needs and impact assessments for the economic empowerment of rural women and, based on such assessments, adopt gender-responsive rural development strategies and budget frameworks and ensure that the needs and priorities of rural women and girls are systematically addressed, that they can effectively contribute to poverty and hunger eradication and that appropriate budgets are allocated in the implementation of such strategies and in the delivery of local services;", "(c) To put in place temporary special measures to realize the full and equal participation in decision-making bodies at the national and local levels of rural and indigenous women, including on agricultural policy boards and rural development commissions, water and land committees and associations of employers, farmers, producers and small businesses;", "(d) To target rural women in national and local employment creation initiatives and build their productive capacity to enable them to participate in the global value chain and strengthen their contribution to national and local development;", "(e) To develop monitoring and evaluation strategies and frameworks on gender equality and women’s empowerment in rural areas to ensure tracking of progress, impact and result of actions taken;", "(f) To strengthen the capacity of national statistical offices to collect, analyse and disseminate comparable sex-disaggregated data, including on time use, and gender statistics in rural areas to serve as a basis for gender-responsive policy design and strategy development in rural areas;", "(g) To compile and share examples of good practices and lessons learned in promoting gender equality and women’s empowerment in rural areas, with a view to replicating and scaling up successes;", "(h) To integrate the perspectives of rural and indigenous women into the preparations for and outcome of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, to be held in Brazil in 2012, with a view to accelerating progress on gender equality and women’s empowerment in rural areas.", "[1] Contributions were received from Canada, Denmark, El Salvador, Greece, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, Togo and the United Arab Emirates.", "[2] The following United Nations entities provided inputs: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), International Labour Organization (ILO), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), World Health Organization (WHO) and World Bank.", "[3] See General Assembly resolution 65/1.", "[4] IFAD, Rural Poverty Report 2011 (Rome, 2011) available from www.ifad.org/rpr2011/report/e/ rpr2011.pdf.", "[5] United Nations, The Millennium Development Goals Report 2010 and 2011 (New York, 2010 and 2011), available from www.un.org/millenniumgoals/reports.shtml.", "[6] This projection assumes that fertility in all countries converges to replacement level. See United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division, “World population prospects, the 2010 revision”, available from http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Analytical-Figures/htm/fig_1.htm.", "[7] FAO, The State of Food and Agriculture: Women in Agriculture, Closing the Gender Gap for Development (Rome, 2010-2011), available from www.fao.org/docrep/013/i2050e/i2050e.pdf.", "[8] Speech by the President of IFAD at the second international conference on long-term investments in the age of globalization, Rome, 17 June 2010. See www.ifad.org/events/op/2010/ ltic.htm.", "[9] 2009 World Survey on the Role of Women in Development: Women’s Control over Economic Resources and Access to Financial Resources, including Microfinance (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.09.IV.7).", "[10] Unpaid care work includes both personal care (e.g. children, the sick and the elderly) and care-related activities (e.g. fetching water and firewood, cooking, cleaning and washing). See also UNDP policy brief, “Unpaid care work”, Gender Equality and Poverty Reduction series No. 1, October 2009, available from http://content.undp.org/go/cms-service/stream/asset/ ?asset_id=3231016.", "[11] Muskoka Accountability Report: Assessing Action and Results Against Development-Related Commitments (Muskoka, 2010), available from http://www.donorplatform.org/activities/food-security/news/198-g-20-renews-commitment-to-agricultural-development.html.", "[12] United Nations Development Fund for Women, Progress of the World’s Women 2008/2009: Who Answers to Women? Gender and Accountability (New York, 2009).", "[13] UNFPA and other agencies, The State of the World’s Midwifery Report 2011: Delivering Health, Saving Lives (Geneva, 2011), available from www.who.int/pmnch/media/membernews/2011/ 20110620sowmr/en/index.html.", "[14] ILO, Promotion of Rural Employment for Poverty Reduction, report IV for the 97th session of the International Labour Conference. Available from www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---relconf/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_091721.pdf. See also http://www.fao‑ilo.org/fao-ilo-gender/en/ for more information on gender-equitable rural employment.", "[15] See IFAD “Gender-equitable rural work to reduce poverty and boost economic growth”, Gender and Rural Employment Policy Brief No. 1 (Rome, 2010); and ILO, Promotion of Rural Employment for Poverty Reduction (Geneva, 2008).", "[16] World Bank, World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development (Washington, D.C., 2007), overview.", "[17] UNDP policy brief, “Employment guarantee policies”, Gender Equality and Poverty Reduction series, No. 2, April 2010, available from http://www.beta.undp.org/content/dam/aplaws/ publication/en/publications/womens-empowerment/policy-brief-gender-equality-and-employment-guarantee-policies-/Policy%20Brief%20Employment%20FINAL.pdf. See also the Ministry of Rural Development, Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 website, http://nrega.nic.in/.", "[18] Empretec is an integrated capacity-building programme of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. See http://www.unctadxi.org/templates/Page____7362.aspx.", "[19] See UNDP policy brief, “Unpaid care work” (see ch. II, footnote 10).", "[20] FAO, IFAD, ILO, Gender Dimensions of Agricultural and Rural Employment: Differentiated Pathways Out of Poverty (Rome, 2010), available from www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1638e/i1638e.pdf.", "[21] Marilyn Carr with Maria Hartl, Lightening the Load: Labour-saving Technologies and Practices for Rural Women, IFAD and Practical Action Publishing (Rugby, United Kingdom, 2010), available from www.ifad.org/gender/pub/load.pdf.", "[22] UNDP, “The multi-functional platform: bringing energy, ushering in change for the better to Burkina Faso’s rural communities”, January 2009, available from www.pnud.bf/DOCS/ Platform-ENG.pdf.", "[23] See www.fao.org/gender/agrigender/en/.", "[24] United Nations Research Institute for Social Development “Land tenure reform and gender equality”, Research and Policy Brief No. 4 (Geneva, 2006) available from http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Digital-Library/Policy-Briefs/Detail/?lng=en&id=28606.", "[25] UN-Women, Progress of the World’s Women 2011-2012: In Pursuit of Justice (New York, 2011).", "[26] Cheryl Doss, Caren Grown and Carmen Diana Deere, “Collecting individual level asset data for gender analysis of poverty and rural employment”, paper presented at the FAO-IFAD-ILO workshop on gaps, trends and current research in gender dimensions of agricultural and rural employment, Rome, April 2009.", "[27] Available from www.fao.org/gender/landrights.", "[28] See http://teca.fao.org/home.", "[29] Laurence Pourchez, Women’s Knowledge: Traditional Medicine and Nature — the Islands of Reunion, Mauritius and Rodrigues (UNESCO, Paris, 2011, in French only).", "[30] See Women’s Environment and Development Organization, “Changing the climate: why women’s perspectives matter”, information sheet, 2007, available from http://www.undp.org.cu/ crmi/docs/wedo-ccwomen-in-2007-en.pdf.", "[31] UNDP, Resource Guide on Gender and Climate Change (New York, 2009)." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程[1] 项目28(a)", "提高妇女地位", "改善农村地区妇女的境况", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告是按照大会第64/140号决议提交的。报告审查了会员国和联合国实体为增强农村妇女的权能开展的活动，并载有供大会审议的建议。", "一. 导言", "1. 大会关于改善农村地区妇女境况的第64/140号决议请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议报告该决议的执行情况。针对这一要求，本报告对农村妇女的境况作了评估，突出说明会员国、[2] 联合国系统[3] 和其他行动者为克服妨碍增强农村妇女经济权能的障碍和挑战，帮助农村妇女改善其生活和生计所做的努力。报告载有供大会审议的建议。", "2. 在2010年大会关于千年发展目标问题的高级别全体会议上，会员国强调，农村妇女是促进农业和农村发展以及粮食保障的关键动力，承诺确保她们在获得生产资源、土地、资金、技术、培训和市场等方面拥有平等机会。[4] 在《伊斯坦布尔行动纲领》(A/CONF.219/3)中，会员国重申了这些承诺。", "3. 2012年妇女地位委员会第五十六届会议将审议“增强农村妇女权能以及农村妇女在消除贫穷和饥饿、发展和目前挑战方面的作用”这一优先主题。按照其工作方法，委员会将通过关于该优先主题的一整套商定结论，指出在执行以往承诺方面的差距和挑战，并提出着重行动的建议，以加快所有利益攸关方执行承诺的进度。", "二. 背景", "4. 在2000至2010十年间，发展中国家农村地区生活极端贫困(每天不到1.25美元)人口的比例从48%降至34%，这主要归因于东亚、特别是中国的收入增长。虽然收入增加让3.5亿以上的农村人口摆脱极端贫困，但贫困依然是一个大规模、主要出现在农村地区的现象——在发展中世界14亿极端贫困人口中，70%生活在农村地区。其中近三分之一生活在撒哈拉以南非洲，约50%目前生活在南亚。[5]", "5. 农村贫穷继续存在，意味着农村地区几乎所有在千年发展目标方面都落后于城市地区。例如，仅三分之一的农村妇女接受产前护理，而整个发展中区域的比例为50%。就发展中区域儿童营养不良情况而言，农村是城市的两倍，因为农村地区得到粮食、水和环境卫生以及保健护理的机会较为有限；农村家庭五岁以下儿童夭折的风险大于城市。[6]", "6. 粮食价格更为起伏不定，气候变化带来的不确定因素和影响以及一系列自然资源制约，使得减少农村贫穷和不平等以及实现千年发展目标的努力更为复杂化。同时，农业市场的变化可能带来新的机会，可借此提高发展中国家小农户的生产力。为了确保日益城市化的全球人口(到2050年预期达到至少90亿人)拥有充足的粮食，[7] 让农村地区公平获得粮食，上述变化将是必要的。", "7. 在获取和控制资源(包括技术、农业技术推广服务和有限农村基础设施)方面持续存在着性别不平等，这导致妇女的劳动力成本高于男子，而生产率却低于男子。妇女有机会获得土地时，土地往往是质次块小。性别不平等让农业部门、整个经济和社会以及对农村妇女自己都付出实际代价。据联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)计算，如果妇女获得和男性同样的生产资源，她们可能因提高产量，将发展中国家的农业总产量提高2.5%-4%，这可以将世界饥饿人口的数量减少12%-17%，并有助于改善家庭营养和保健。[8] 妇女如能拥有获得产权、技术和服务的平等机会，就可以成为增长的动力，打破贫穷循环。", "8. 情况已经表明，就减少贫穷而言，农业带来的国内总产值增长所产生的实效比其他部门高一倍，[9] 但宏观经济政策，包括市场和贸易自由化，给妇女和男子带来不同影响。发展中国家外向型农业促进经济作物的种植,从而导致粮价波动，加剧了粮食不安全，对自给农户(多为妇女)构成了特别的挑战。[10] 结构调整和预算稳定政策侧重于促进私有化、放松国内市场监管以及贸易和资本流动的自由化。因此削减政府开支，包括基本农村基础设施和公共服务开支，使得妇女和女孩更难获取这些服务，同时增加了无酬护理工作的负担。[11]", "9. 目前，几乎没有国家系统性地审议过其农业政策和开支优先事项对男女的不同影响，⁷ 部分原因在于缺少按性别分列的家庭数据，以及未能对此类政策和优先事项作出性别影响分析。", "10. 国际社会在向农村发展和农业部门提供财政支助方面可以发挥重要作用。经济合作与发展组织发展援助委员会(经合组织发援会)提供的统计资料显示，2008-2009年为农业和农村发展划拨75亿美元经费中，在核定用于性别平等重点领域的数额中，只有3%用于以性别平等为主要目标的方案，32%用于以性别平等为次要目标的方案。2009年八国集团首脑会议通过的拉奎拉粮食安全倡议调拨了超过220亿美元的认捐款，以扭转农业投资的下降并增进粮食保障。务必要确保农村妇女成为此类资金的平等受益者。[12]", "11. 农村发展和可持续农业方面若要取得切实的进展，就必须承认农村妇女的力量和创造力，对此进行投资并加以使用。增加妇女获得资源、资产和参与决策的机会，建设个人能力和集体能力，会在当地创造机会，有助于减缓她们所面临的风险。积累土地、牲畜和其他资源等资产，还可以对冲击形成缓冲；随着气候变化，将会出现更多冲击。", "三． 增强农村妇女的经济权能", "12. 农村妇女在农业和农村发展方面发挥十分重要的作用，但这一作用仍未得到充分承认。例如，妇女占发展中国家农业劳动力的43%，从拉丁美洲的20%到非洲和亚洲某些地方的近50%不等。在南亚和东亚、中东和北非，在就业总人口中，妇女在农业就业人口中所占的比例高于男子。在男性外出人数较多的农村地区，妇女在农业中的作用不断扩大，这使得她们的责任和任务出现急剧变化。⁷", "13. 农村妇女在把农业生产转化为粮食和营养安全方面发挥至关紧要的作用，因为她们常常负责种植粮食作物、管理小牲畜、在家中菜园种植蔬菜自己食用或用来创收以及炊煮。她们就可持续土地和水管理、减缓和适应气候变化以及保存土著知识和当地知识方面的许多难题制定了解决办法。", "14. 在撒哈拉以南非洲和亚洲，妇女除了是家中食品主要的制作者之外，还对农村地区非农业生产作出重大贡献，尤其是在非正规经济部门和中小企业中。", "15. 农村妇女对发展中国家和发达国家的农村发展作出贡献，但法律框架、国家和当地发展政策及各级投资战略，依然没有充分顾及她们的权利和优先事项。她们既要从事生产，又要生儿育女，在其家庭和社区内继续面临严峻挑战，其部分原因是缺少农村基础设施和基本货物和服务。", "16. 然而，要是把农村妇女形容为弱者、易受伤害，那就错了。相反，应当把她们视为活跃的经济主体，只是她们为减缓气候变化、粮食不安全和农村贫困的影响，以及为实现千年发展目标作出重大贡献的潜力尚未发掘出来而已。", "17. 以下各节审查了农村地区妇女境况，并说明2009年12月以来为进一步增强她们的经济权能而实施的一些倡议，其中具体突出了：有效力的机构和提供当地服务；就业和体面的工作；无酬护理工作；土地所有权；当地知识和土著知识；对适应气候变化的贡献；生产性技术。", "A． 政策和规划及提供当地服务方面有效力的机构", "18. 增强农村地区妇女的权能，就需要在国家和地方各级作出注重性别平等的发展战略和针对具体部门的计划、方案和预算，以克服她们在就业和体面工作、教育和培训机会、保健护理和运输方面面临的具体障碍，以及由于其不相称的家庭责任而受到的制约。在负责农村发展、农业和其他有关部门(如水和能源管理)的机构内进行对性别问题有敏感认识的治理，可以使农村妇女能够在提供公共服务等领域追究政府官员的责任。为加强农村发展的系统性做法，意大利国家战略计划包括一项机制，使得妇女农场管理者能参与从生产到加工到销售的农业价值链。粮农组织最近同加纳等国政府结成伙伴关系，把性别平等纳入国家粮食和农业政策。", "19. 促进性别平等的国家和当地预算倡议，是确保全国农村发展规划和资源划拨工作顾及农村妇女的有力工具。对摩洛哥预算资源划拨用于农业活动的情况的分析显示，受益者中只有9%为妇女，尽管妇女占参加农村活动人口的39%。针对这些调查结论，2007年，摩洛哥扩大了预算支助中惠及农村妇女的方案的部分，比2005年增加了50%以上。[13]", "20. 农村地区基本基础设施有限，当地提供的服务又不充分，限制了妇女充分参加劳动力市场和社区活动。这也加剧了她们本已不平等的无酬护理工作份额，因为她们必须要长时间地取水、采薪，在无法利用技术的情况下，花许多小时加工和制作食品。对可持续基础设施(如公共运输、环境卫生和可持续能源)以及节约燃料和节省劳动力技术(如清洁和节约燃料的厨灶、用水泵高效抽水及净化饮用水)进行公共投资，可以大大减少妇女和女孩用于这些费时的家务劳动的时间，增进她们从事有酬工作和流动性方面的选择。此类投资也可有助于减少温室气体排放，在农村地区创造就业机会(见下文关于无酬护理工作的C节和生产性技术的E节)。", "21. 规定社会保护最低标准，以提供就业保障、收入支助津贴、面向老人和残疾人的基本收入安全保证以及儿童保育和儿童津贴，可以有助于减少农村地区日益严重的不平等现象及持续贫困。意大利的国家战略计划和区域农村发展方案包括在农村地区加强托儿工作及学前服务。此类措施可以有助于克服农村妇女生活中的不安全性和脆弱性，使她们能够作为工人、雇主、消费者和公民，更充分地参与经济生活。这些措施还可以有助于消除农村土著妇女和少数民族妇女所面临的诸多不平等现象。还需要作出努力，增加农村妇女利用保健设施、教育、培训和其他支助服务(如暴力和虐待行为幸存者收容所)的机会。", "22. 综合服务让农村妇女能够在需要援助时节省时间和交通费用。在摩尔多瓦共和国，联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)支持“综合信息中心”(联合信息和服务处)提供关于就业、社会保护、企业发展、土地保有制度和金融的信息。该方案由瑞典供资，在2011年上半年向农村居民(其中有70%为妇女)提供了近500次咨询。该方案通过协助地区服务提供者向边远村庄提供移动电话服务，为妇女获得电子转型服务提供便利。", "23. 扩展农村妇女获得金融服务的机会，对于增强她们的经济权能而言至关重要。肯尼亚启动了妇女企业基金，向妇女经营的企业提供有补贴的贷款以及培训和营销服务。多哥对妇女进行资源管理培训，确保更好地偿还贷款，并制定了强制性的储蓄计划。墨西哥通过其农村供应方案，向位于农村的社区商店提供有补贴的基本消费品，让农村消费者实现节约，并提高农村人口的粮食和营养水平。在乌兹别克斯坦，妇女署向妇女委员会和社会及法律支助中心提供支助，以帮助农村妇女获得经济和金融资源，包括小额贷款。", "24. 联合国人口基金(人口基金)和世界卫生组织(世卫组织)一直在促进加强向农村妇女提供的孕产妇保健和生殖保健服务。非洲在世界上承担的疾病负担最重，却只占世界孕产妇保健专业人员的6%，农村保健专业人员的数量也极少。[14] 为了应对这些难题，人口基金与国际助产士联合会和非洲、阿拉伯国家和拉丁美洲的15位卫生部长和教育部长共同努力，提高助产士的能力和数量；协助塞拉利昂和苏丹南部的助产士教育计划；协助前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国和土库曼斯坦提供生殖健康服务；以及在阿富汗、玻利维亚(多民族国)、海地、尼泊尔、巴基斯坦、斯威士兰、土耳其和也门等国利用流动医疗单位向生活在偏远地区的妇女提供服务。在尼日尔，太阳能收音机和故事包被用来提高农村妇女和女童获得关于孕产妇保健、女童入学、预防艾滋病毒/艾滋病和意外怀孕的信息的机会。", "25. 为了解决农村贫困地区的营养不良难题，粮农组织和国际农业发展基金(农发基金)已在许多国家协助地方项目，建立和维持种植藜、小米、苋菜、绿叶蔬菜和一些花生作物的家庭菜园，这也成为妇女的创收活动。", "26. 农村妇女还需要得到知识和支持，以争取获得其权利。各国政府和联合国系统为改善农村妇女的本地服务作出了努力。例如，联合国发展计划署(开发署)帮助阿富汗建立了八个法律援助中心，向家庭暴力的受害者提供法律保护和支持，并协助黎巴嫩提供更加公平的社会服务。阿拉伯联合酋长国的全国妇女联盟举办了讲习班，提高农村妇女对于其劳动权利以及养老金和离婚权利的认识。", "27. 已经作出努力，以加强妇女在农业生产者和农村劳动者协会、合作社、农村信用社、水用户团体和自助团体等农村机构的参与和领导作用。例如，粮农组织在与农村生产者协会的合作中，强调在满足所有男女农民和社区需求时，采取性别平等和各方参与的方式，促进这类组织提高效率。生产者组织为其会员提供一系列服务，从而为农村妇女提供了利用生产资源、信息和市场的综合方式。", "28. 农村妇女参与自助团体，可有助于其更好地获取生产性投入和支持服务，诸如土地、推广服务、化肥和种子，并加强其管理土地和其他资源的能力。妇女署协助在妇女自助团体与吉尔吉斯斯坦农业部之间建立了合作关系。这个项目根据世界银行的粮食安全项目向农村妇女提供蔬菜种子，并在17个村庄推动成立了51个农村妇女团体。22 000多人(其中一半为妇女)获得妇女署提供的赠款，社区和地方政府也提供数额相同的捐助。这些项目扩大了小规模灌溉和基础设施项目；创造了就业机会；改善了蔬菜生产；改进了办学条件。自助团体建立了社区发展基金，以用于购买此后几年的投入。", "29. 农民团体可以成为传播技术和推动合作行动的一个有效途径。农发基金与国际农林研究中心合作，与喀麦隆、加蓬、几内亚和尼日利亚的农民团体共同努力，利用土著树种植新技术增加收入。通过她们在这些群体中的参与，女性农民从新技术中受益并获得了信心和自尊。", "B. 就业和体面工作", "30. 有偿就业是减少贫困和粮食不安全以及增强农村妇女的经济权能的主要力量。但是，体面和生产性就业在农村地区仍然是一项巨大挑战。农村劳动者，特别是妇女和青年所面临的体面工作方面的差距，包括工资低、工作质量差、普遍就业不足、没有劳工权利、社会保障不足以及没有代言人的声音。劳动法律、规章和政策的实施通常仅限于农村地区。[15] 农村妇女往往从事着较为不稳定的非正规就业，诸如家庭农场的无酬家庭劳力或在他人农场受雇的零工。[16]", "31. 若要发挥农村妇女的潜力，就必须消除上述体面工作方面的所有差距。各会员国和联合国伙伴机构正在许多国家采取各种举措，提高农村妇女在农业部门的就业机会。例如在挪威，政府在新的农业产业，特别是那些向卫生、教育和社会护理部门提供食品和服务的产业为妇女创造新的就业机会。意大利农业、粮食和林业政策部，在更加重视农业妇女事务的同时，通过在农村创造和促进新的专业和就业机会，推动着多功能农业的概念。粮农组织在莫桑比克、斯威士兰、乌干达、坦桑尼亚联合共和国和赞比亚向妇女提供提供农业技术推广工作的技能培训；加拿大则在中国的动物卫生推广方面、在加纳的收获后加工方面和在苏丹返乡难民从事蔬菜生产方面，为妇女提供了人员技能培训。在多哥正在设立多功能平台，为妇女创造就业和创收机会，帮助她们将农产品在价值链上向上移，从而增加其市场价值。", "32．为提高马里妇女生产树脂的能力，联合国工业发展组织(工发组织)在加拿大国际发展署和国家树脂计划的支持下，协助将加工设备转让给三个中心的妇女团体，使其能够满足国际标准。借助于这种方式已经成立一家妇女团体和一个法国化妆品公司之间的合资公司，计划在2011年供应40吨树脂肥皂。同样，粮农组织向布基纳法索、马里、尼日尔和塞内加尔的妇女生产者提供了有关树脂加工和产品认证技术的信息。日本向从事当地食品加工的农村妇女企业家提供了开发新产品和提高农贸市场管理的培训。", "33. 虽然农业为大约86%的农村男女提供生计，并为大约13亿小本农民和无地劳动者提供了就业，[17] 但农业本身无法减少农村贫困。农村的非农就业机会是农村发展、经济增长和减贫的关键。它使得家庭的收入来源多样化，并确保其免受影响到农业的经济和环境方面的冲击。妇女可以在批发和零售贸易、农村工业、农业企业、贸易企业、运输、储存和基础设施发展以及在当地服务部门(如教育、卫生、金融和保险业、旅游业及本地商店和餐馆)等方面发挥重要作用。", "34. 一些国家的公共工程计划提供了体面工作条件的模式，包括一个固定的工作日程、合理的工资、儿童保育和社会保障。例如，印度自2006年以来已经实施的国家农村就业保障计划，保证为农村家庭非技术体力工人提供100天的工作。为女工保留33%的名额，以及在工作场所提供托儿设施，大大促进了妇女的参与比例。2010年和2011年期间，近50万个家庭根据这项计划得到就业，妇女所占比例平均为47%。[18]", "35. 由各国政府和联合国系统采取的许多举措都侧重于提高农村妇女的生产能力以及使其在非农业部门的收入来源多元化，具体做法是提供业务培训和发展企业的技能。例如，莫桑比克在工发组织和挪威政府的协助下，将创业计划纳入其正规中等和高等教育系统的课程，鼓励女孩破除性别偏见在非传统企业工作和向家人宣传女孩开办小企业的好处。目前正在将该计划推广到安哥拉、喀麦隆、佛得角和纳米比亚。", "36. 开发署在土库曼斯坦实施的一个方案是向60多名农村妇女提供业务发展及运作(例如金融、市场营销和销售)培训，这些人反过来又为其他妇女进行了这些技能方面的培训。开发署在肯尼亚跟踪了根据技术性企业方案[19] 接受业务培训的250名企业家中50人情况，发现记录显示其中30%的妇女通过多元化和增值扩大了她们的企业。工发组织制定了一项农村妇女创业发展服务，这项服务鼓励开展集体自助、获得信息和通信技术和采用可再生能源解决方案。加拿大妇女地位支持对妇女的金融扫盲和就业技能培训。加拿大农村伙伴关系社区发展计划支持农村年轻妇女的知识建设、妇女的领导倡议和妇女企业家青年创业活动，利用农村社区的集体能力，发展技能和寻找机会。希腊鼓励农村妇女的创业精神，具体方法是支持农村地区小农场的现代化建设以及发展小企业和旅游机会。丹麦的一个地区项目的重点是加强妇女所拥有的企业的管理和业务能力。", "C. 无酬照料工作", "37. 农村妇女投入大量时间，从事照顾子女和老人、粮食生产和食品加工、水和能源收集以及其他与家务相关的无偿工作。这样，她们通过提供生产性人力资本以及社会资本，支持了私人商品经济和公共服务经济。与此同时，这一沉重的负担又占用了妇女从事农业事务和非农企业活动的时间，影响到其生产力和收入，这反过来又妨碍了农村消费、投资和储蓄。重要的是，一旦妇女停止其无酬家务和照料工作，私人商品和公共服务经济将受到严重干扰。[20]", "38. 无偿家务和照料工作所造成的时间匮乏，是阻碍农村地区妇女获得有偿工作的关键因素，[21] 因此，对节省时间和劳动力的技术投资和扩大利用基础设施的渠道(如农村的供水和灌溉系统、国内能源和农村交通)，对于增强妇女经济权能是至关重要的，并可能对减贫和经济增长发挥巨大的倍增效应。为农村家庭提供收入和照料方面的支持，也会在许多国家减缓农村人口向城市迁移所造成的压力。", "39. 事实证明，各种各样的创新技术和工艺都可以缓解妇女的时间匮乏问题，这其中包括改良炉灶、雨水积蓄计划和中间运输设备、磨坊以及其他食品加工设备。[22] 布基纳法索于2002年推出了第一个多功能平台，这是为妇女打破时间和能源匮乏方面的恶性循环而迈出的一大步。2009年的报告着重指出，通过采用这些平台，磨米节省了三个小时，汲水也节省了同样多的时间。[23]", "40. 为了减少妇女在无偿照料方面的责任，意大利在所有农村发展政策中，作为优先事项提出了家庭照料服务，特别是在失业率较高和基础设施不足的南部农村地区。为解决更好地分担抚养子女责任的问题，挪威提倡养育子女的平等责任，并已采取措施加强所有父亲在养育子女方面的作用，在农村地区亦是如此。同样，萨尔瓦多的家庭法规定，两个生活伴侣在家庭事务和照顾子女方面承担着共同责任。", "41. 关于时间利用问题的研究就农村妇女和男人所发挥的不同角色提供了丰富的数据资料，并为政策制定者和有关技术投资、推广服务、收获后活动和营销措施等方面的从业人员提供了实际指导。粮农组织创建了一系列性别分析工具，以协助收集关于农村妇女的作用及其无偿工作的贡献的数据和知识，例如，农业性别统计工具包，[24] 提供了性别平等敏感认识指标汇编及关于男女农民责任范围的问卷。日本则要求每个家庭在其“家庭管理协议”中，规定在农业管理决策、工作时间和工资等方面的细节。", "D. 土地的拥有权和继承", "42. 由于在许多国家缺乏数据，很难确定发展中国家妇女拥有农业土地的平均比例，不过这一数字远远低于妇女在发展中国家所占农业劳动力比例(即43%)。在持有土地方面明显的性别差距在所有地区都显而易见。根据包括家庭调查和农业普查在内的各种数据，粮农组织估计，在可得到数据的国家中，在北非和西亚妇女在所有农业土地所有者当中占不到5%，而在撒哈拉以南非洲地区平均为15%。这一差距不仅导致妇女的农业劳动生产率低于男子，而且造成以女性为户主的家庭更为贫困。⁷", "43. 几乎各地的农民都要借助土地所有权才能得到灌溉、推广服务、信贷、补贴和决策权力。农村妇女在拥有土地的比例低于男子的情况下，不仅农场工作生产力较低，但经常被排斥在旨在促进提高生产效率和增长的农民组织、工会和社区网络及论坛之外。", "44. 各地区的国家均已制定土地改革政策，旨在打破大规模土地拥有者的控制，并授予个人或联名土地所有权证。在正式和习惯的财产制度中，男性通常是土地所有权(土地数量和质量两方面)的主要受益者。土地改革机关、村庄主管和男性亲属的反对会阻挠为扩大单身和已婚妇女合法土地权利所做的各项努力。", "45. 在妇女和男子都对土地和财产拥有的正式法律权利的国家，有限度地实施这类法律或习惯做法可能会阻碍这些妇女行使其权利。例如，1990年代拉丁美洲的一些土地所有权方案就是一例，尽管当时已经规定了性别平等条文。在妇女享有习惯、共同或集体土地权的情况下，土地改革往往会侵蚀妇女的权利，例如所有权通常被赋予男性户主。这正是中亚地区在苏联解体后进行改革的情况。[25] 因此，必须在有关土地和财产的所有法律(包括家庭法和继承法)中确保妇女的平等权利，并监督其有效实施。", "46. 一些成员国已经颁布立法并采取新措施，为妇女获得土地和其他财产提供平等机会。妇女目前在115个国家享有拥有财产的平等权利，并在93个国家拥有平等的继承权。[26] 例如，萨尔瓦多确保妇女在农业和渔业生产单位的联名地契方面有着平等机会。有些法律则超越这一点：2009年西班牙的皇家法令鼓励共同拥有农业控股权，并向女性共同业主提供社会保障福利。", "47. 由于土著妇女在许多国家不享有公民权利，在获得土地时面临特殊困难，因此，必须做出具体努力，保障她们的权利。例如，世界银行推动土著妇女参与危地马拉的公共土地管理组织和洪都拉斯关于土地管理和产权的能力建设讲习班。在墨西哥，农村和土著妇女领导人在一次“会面”时，一起讨论她们所关注的有关土地使用权和所有权以及利用机构的问题。在新西兰，农村和土著(毛利人)妇女在通过继承权等方式拥有和租用土地和其他财产方面获得了充分和平等的权利。", "48. 已婚妇女往往不了解她们对土地的应享权利，甚至到解除婚姻或丈夫死亡时再认识到，自己并不拥有对家庭土地的权利。受艾滋病毒/艾滋病严重影响的国家往往是这种情况。提高农村妇女的认识，对其进行能力建设，使之了解和并对土地和其他财产的权利提出主张，是确保妇女权利的一个关键步骤。在吉尔吉斯斯坦，妇女署在当地土地专家、当地主管部门和当地司法系统代表的帮助下，协助1 800多名农村妇女及其家人更好地了解土地登记过程，提供产权证书和对土地份额文件进行认证。在塔吉克斯坦，妇女署与粮农组织合作，向16个法律协助中心提供支助，以监测农业用地分配情况，确保农村妇女的土地保有权。萨尔瓦多已设立咨询委员会和社会监督机构，协助妇女提出土地权利主张，要求政府接受问责。", "49. 同样重要的是，要建设法律体系的能力，维护妇女拥有对土地和其他财产的权利。为此，粮农组织在莫桑比克对90名妇女和男子进行土地法和妇女获得土地方面的法律助理培训。大多数受训人员来自非政府组织，其中四分之一是妇女。一项评价发现，法律助理能够成功地在若干冲突中向社区提供协助。", "50. 为了让人们能够利用对话和谈判就有争议问题达成协商一致，粮农组织拟订了关于在土地问题上改善性别平等的初步准则，并在2009年和2010年与联合国系统、各国政府、民间社会和私营部门开展广泛协商。粮农组织在这一进程结束后编写了关于负责任地管理土地及其他资源保有权的自愿准则草案，并自2011年初以来进行广泛散发。计划在2012年和之后执行各项准则。", "51. 按性别分列的家庭内数据和资料，对于更好地全面了解妇女拥有土地和其他财产的权利、开展知情政策拟订和土地改革以及离婚法和继承法，是至关重要的。[27] 粮农组织已建立性别和土地权利数据库，[28] 以向78个国家提供关于国家法律框架、执行或妨碍妇女土地权利的政策、国际条约和公约、习惯法及其他相关主题的资料。", "E. 生产技术", "52. 科学、技术和创新通过以下方式为农村妇女面临的许多挑战提供解决办法：提高作物产量，促进粮食保障；采用节省劳动力的技术，减少妇女从事的无酬护理工作(见上文C节)；改善通信，扩大妇女在农村劳动力市场的参与。", "53. 然而，机械化和先进技术有时会对妇女就业机会造成不利影响。例如，粮农组织和农发基金在2000年至2010年对方案干预作出审查时注意到，印度在绿色革命后采用了高产水稻和小麦品种，南亚和东南亚在水稻耕种中采用了鼓式播种机。这为较富有农民节省了时间和劳动力，但也意味着最贫穷、无地的农村妇女劳力无法再获得传统工作机会。", "54. 已经执行了许多促进妇女获得农业和食品加工技术的倡议，以增强女性农民的权能，提高其生产力，使其更好地融入全球价值链。例如，向摩洛哥女企业家提供更好的技术和生产方法，有助于她们提高橄榄油生产。工发组织和西班牙合作机构的这一倡议还让妇女生产商能够控制质量和酸度，生产安全、优质的油料，改善市场销售、包装设计和商标注册，并通过多种经营，生产具有更高附加值的产品，获得有机产品认证。因此，妇女的总体收入增加一倍以上。在阿富汗和巴基斯坦，农发基金与国际干旱地区农业研究中心合作，向妇女提供基本的低成本技术和培训，以改善其山羊奶产品的生产。", "55. 为了协助小生产商更好地利用关于各种农业活动的应用技术和做法，粮农组织建立一个题为“供小规模农业生产商使用的技术和做法”的互动式平台，[29] 其中包括一个数据库和若干在线论坛。这个平台不仅对已印证技术作出标准化说明，而且已发展成为加强各机构为小农户分享和测试技术的工具。", "56. 供水技术为改善农村妇女的状况和减缓贫穷提供了重要手段。多用途供水系统做法富有前景，因为这一做法要比部门发展方案更好地满足总体供水需求，确保所有用户公平利用当地的水资源。各社区与当地主管部门协调，参与规划和选择用来满足社区需求的技术。农发基金努力确保妇女担任当地供水委员会成员，以便其家庭和耕种的用水需求获得同样重视。在尼泊尔建立了82个系统，约有12 000名小农户受益。由于花在汲水上的时间减少，妇女从中受益；女童已经注册入学；妇女从水费和高价值作物中获得更多收入；妇女在家庭中的决策作用也得到加强。作为在墨西哥开展的供水和环保联合方案的一部分，开发署支持该国政府让妇女参与当地供水管理委员会，利用消毒技术改善饮水质量。世界银行在多米尼加共和国和秘鲁促进妇女参与供水管理。世行在财政、技术和管理领域向妇女提供能力建设资金，以提高她们对供水用户组织和灌溉系统管理的贡献。", "57. 农村妇女获得用于生产的能源技术，对于增强其经济权能至关重要。这减少了妇女花在体力劳动上的时间，使其能够提高在价值链中的位置，特别是在稳定供应编织、酿造、食品加工、纺纱和纺织生产所需的廉价能源的情况下。工发组织支持提供能源，用于发展农村企业和家庭手工业，以期为农村妇女提供重要的收入来源。例如，工发组织在肯尼亚建立了一个零排放、可再生能源社区电力中心，用微型水力发电取代使用煤油灯。这为在肥皂加工和果汁生产等微型产业从事小规模经营的女企业家提供能源。据估计，10个此类电力中心每年可以抵消约5 000吨温室气体排放。在喀麦隆，开发署把节省燃料的烹饪技术介绍给最北部干旱地区的土著妇女。在印度，妇女在接受了太阳能工程培训后，又向其他妇女提供维护太阳能电池板的培训。2008年，亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会与性别和可持续能源国际网络协作，就建立促进对性别和贫穷问题有敏感认识的能源政策网络举办区域政策会议，并通过这次会议，建立了一个侧重为贫穷农村家庭的妇女开展能源创新的政策创新论坛。", "58. 信息和通信技术、特别是移动电话为妇女提供了机遇，借以跟踪农产品市场价格，获得更多收入，并抛开中间商。粮农组织开展若干项目，以协助妇女获得技术。例如在刚果民主共和国和尼日尔，太阳能移动电话和手摇收音机被用作“听众俱乐部”的主要媒介，用以扩大知识共享，改善信息流动，增强农村人口、特别是妇女的力量。在印度和巴基斯坦，联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)与私营部门提供方合作，借助利用移动电话和短信提高了1 500名农村妇女的识字水平。", "F. 保护土著和当地社区的知识、创新和习俗", "59. 土著和当地社区起到维护许多不同技能、习俗和知识体系的作用，这使之能够适应艰苦条件。然而，由于近年来环境和文化损失的规模和强度加大，打乱了土著居民与其周围环境之间的和谐，使得土著居民的生活趋于恶化。", "60. 各国政府和联合国系统正在采取越来越多的举措，以发挥寓于当地民众之中的土著知识的潜能。例如，教科文组织特别关注妇女在保持传统医学领域的当地和土著知识方面发挥关键作用，[30] 以及在三个印度洋岛屿上为推动改变非洲、亚洲和欧洲的不同传统发挥的作用。同样，新西兰毛利人健康战略承认，毛利人妇女社区的健康和志愿工作者及其土著和传统治疗模式，在改善毛利人家庭健康方面发挥举足轻重的作用。", "61. 妇女署与土著妇女团体(瓦拉尼人和盖丘亚人社区成员)共同努力，确保这些团体参与厄瓜多尔亚苏尼生物圈保护区自然和文化遗产的可持续保护和管理。妇女署还提供培训，确保将性别观点纳入相关政策和方案。", "62. 为了改善(多民族玻利维亚国)高原土著民族的生活保障，6个联合国机构(粮农组织、劳工组织、开发署、儿基会、工发组织和世界粮食计划署)通过实现千年发展目标基金的一个联合方案，向土著妇女生产商提供支助，将其农产品与不同市场和价值链挂钩。粮农组织、开发署和工发组织还通过这一基金开展一项联合方案，以推动为多民族玻利维亚国的极端贫穷土著妇女获得资产积累、生产力、收入和公民地位。向女企业家提供了金融和企业发展服务以及公民和政治权利培训。", "63. 人口基金与多民族玻利维亚国的土著组织合作，将族裔界定数据(自我认同)和性别问题纳入2011年人口普查，通过这一方式纳入跨文化观点。在伯利兹，人口基金加强了土著社区健康服务提供方在避孕技术方面的能力。", "G. 农村妇女对适应和减缓气候变化的贡献", "64. 社区中大量的穷人是妇女，她们高度依赖当地自然资源谋生，所容易遭受和受到的气候变化影响不成比例，而她们在利用资源和决策进程方面受到的限制使情况更加恶化。农村地区的妇女在获得家庭供水、做饭和取暖使用的能源以及粮食保障方面担负着主要责任，并受到干旱、无定降雨和毁林也给她们造成不利影响。[31] 由于妇女不能平等获得资源以及流动受到限制，在许多情况下，她们受洪水、火灾和泥石流等自然灾害的影响不成比例。粮农组织目前正在开展研究，以更好地认识气候变化影响的性别差异以及妇女和男子所采用的不同应对策略，以期将这一认识贯穿于气候变化政策、适应做法和更加可持续的生计应对策略之中。", "65. 然而，妇女受气候变化之苦只是其中的一面。她们还拥有大量可以用于减缓气候变化、减灾和适应战略的知识和专业技能。妇女在家庭和社区中担负着自然资源看护者的责任，从而使之在制定适应不断变化的环境现实的生计战略方面处于有利地位。例如，塞内加尔的妇女组织协助控制水土流失，通过修建新月形水渠来蓄水、恢复农田及提高农业产量。萨尔瓦多、危地马拉、洪都拉斯和尼加拉瓜等国的妇女种植了40万棵玛雅坚果树，以此增加食物来源，保护和扩大碳汇。[32]", "66. 在国家和地方一级的可持续发展(包括气候变化)决策方面，妇女的任职人数往往不足，这制约了她们对环境变化提供其独特和宝贵的观点和专门知识的能力。为了加强妇女在受种植非法毒品影响的家庭中的经济决策作用，哥伦比亚森林守望者家庭方案在联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室的支持下，直接向妇女提供71%的经济奖励。挪威向赞比亚的养护农业提供支助，增加了接受培训的女性农民的人数，从而协助她们就适应气候变化作出决定，以提高作物产量，降低劳动负荷。", "67. 融资机制必须具有足够的灵活性，以体现妇女的优先事项和需求。妇女必须积极参与供资标准拟订以及用于气候变化举措资金的分配，尤其是在地方一级。需要对所有预算项目以及气候变化金融工具进行性别分析，以确保对各项适应、减缓、技术转让和能力建设方案的投资顾及到性别问题。", "68. 与气候变化有关的技术发展，应考虑到妇女的具体优先事项和需要，并充分利用她们的知识和专业知识，包括传统做法。妇女参与新技术的开发，可以确保这些技术做到方便用户、具有实效和具有可持续性。例如，开发署在布基纳法索的9个地区开展的一项能源利用方案，让27 000多名妇女受益，并且改善了能源技术、经营和收入。在塞内加尔的8个社区，开发署与恩乔普妇女协会合作，推出一种用当地材料制作的太阳灶，减少了妇女收集木柴所花的时间，降低了烟雾造成的健康风险。在尼泊尔采取了类似举措，那里的微型水电、沼气和改良型炉灶促进了妇女赋权。", "五. 结论和建议", "69. 农村妇女在获得经济资源和机会方面受到限制，被排斥于规划和决策之外，承担着不成比例的无酬护理工作负担，因此，她们在经济和社会上依然处于不利地位。人们日益认识到，在减缓贫穷、粮食保障、环境可持续性以及与实现千年发展有关的其他方面，农村妇女(包括土著妇女)是不可或缺的推动力量，然而，对于造成加剧农村妇女和男子之间不平等的各种因素没有给予足够关注，也没有采取足够的行动来消除歧视，克服妇女面临的结构性不利因素。", "70. 会员国和联合国实体已采取措施，在利用当地服务、就业和创业、土地权利和技术方面改善农村妇女和女童的处境。此外，它们还采取措施，承认、减少并重新分配妇女承担的无酬护理工作负担，保护土著和当地知识，促进妇女对适应和减缓气候变化的贡献。然而，目前只有少数社区受益于这些举措，而且没有证据显示这些努力产生的影响以及在农村妇女赋权和减少贫穷方面取得的成果。", "71. 若要在农村地区实现千年发展目标，就必须通过更加协调一致、系统和战略性方式，把增强农村地区妇女和女童的经济权能纳入国家发展战略和计划之中，其中包括农村发展、基础设施和地方施政等领域。", "72. 妇女地位委员会将审议农村妇女赋权问题，将此作为2012年的优先主题。这将为委员会提供机遇，借以监测、审查和评估在履行以往承诺方面取得的进展和遇到的问题，就加速履行承诺工作提出注重行动的建议。大会不妨邀请所有利益攸关方进行会议筹备，包括与民间社会协商，并鼓励所有相关部门的部委和政府机构出席会议，以利于开展以行动为导向的讨论并取得成果。", "73. 大会不妨呼吁各国政府、联合国各实体和所有其他相关利益攸关方：", "(a) 加强履行对农村发展和赋予农村妇女权能和权利作出的全部所有承诺，特别是《消除针对妇女一切形式歧视公约》的规定并使这些规定适用于农村地区妇女；", "(b) 以各方参与方式对增强农村妇女的经济权能的情况进行需求和影响力评估，并在这些评估的基础上，采取具有性别针对性的农村发展战略和预算框架，确保系统地处理农村妇女和女童的需求和优先事项，确保农村发展战略和预算框架能够切实促进消除贫穷和饥饿，并确保为执行这些战略和交付当地服务给予适当的预算分配；", "(c) 制定临时性特别措施，实现农村和土著妇女全面平等地参与国家和地方两级的决策机构，包括农村政策委员会和农村发展委员会、供水和土地委员会以及雇主、农民、生产商和小企业协会；", "(d) 在国家和地方的创造就业举措中以农村妇女为对象，建设其生产能力，使之能够参与全球价值链，增强其对国家和地方发展的贡献；", "(e) 制定关于农村地区性别平等和妇女赋权的监测和评价战略和框架，以确保跟踪所采取行动的进展情况、产生的影响和取得的成果；", "(f) 加强各国统计署收集、分析和散发按性别分列的可比数据(包括时间利用)以及农村地区性别统计数字的能力，以此为基础，在农村地区进行注重性别问题的政策设计和战略拟订；", "(g) 汇编和共享在促进农村地区性别平等和妇女赋权方面的良好做法和经验教训，以复制和推广成功经验；", "(h) 将农村妇女和土著妇女的观点纳入到定于2012年在巴西举行的联合国可持续发展会议的筹备和成果中，以加快在农村地区性别平等和妇女赋权方面取得进展。", "[1] ^(∗) A/66/150。", "[2] 收到了加拿大、丹麦、萨尔瓦多、希腊、意大利、日本、黎巴嫩、墨西哥、新西兰、挪威、西班牙、多哥和阿拉伯联合酋长国提供的材料。", "[3] 下列联合国实体提供了投入：联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)，国际农业发展基金(农发基金)，国际劳工组织(劳工组织)，联合国开发计划署(开发署)，联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)，亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)，西亚经济社会委员会(西亚经社会)，联合国人口基金(人口基金)，联合国工业发展组织(工发组织)，联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室(禁毒办)，联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)，世界卫生组织(世卫组织)和世界银行。", "[4] 见大会第65/1号决议。", "[5] 农发基金，2011年农村贫困状况报告(2011年，罗马)，可查阅www.ifad.org/rpr2011/report/ e/rpr2011.pdf。", "[6] 联合国，2010年和2011年千年发展目标报告，(2010年和2011年，纽约)，可查阅www.un.org/ millenniumgoals/reports.shtml。", "[7] 这一预测假设所有国家的生育率都达到更替水平。见联合国经济和社会事务部人口司，“世界人口前景，2010年修订版”，可查阅http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Analytical-Figures/ htm/fig_1.htm。", "[8] 粮农组织，《粮食及农业状况：农业中的妇女，填性别鸿沟，促农业发展》(2010-11年，罗马)，可查阅www.fao.org/docrep/013/i2050c/i2050c.pdf。", "[9] 农发基金主席在第二次关于全球化时代长期投资的国际会议上的讲话，2010年6月17日，罗马。可查阅www.ifad.org/events/op/2010/ltic.htm。", "[10] 2009年关于妇女在发展中的作用的世界调查：妇女对经济资源的控制及其获得财政资源(包括小额信贷)的机会(联合国出版物，出售品编号E.09.IV.7)。", "[11] 无酬护理工作既包括个人护理(如儿童、病人和老年人)和护理方面的活动(如打水、拾柴、做饭、清洁和洗涤)。另见开发署政策简报，“无酬护理工作”，性别平等和减贫丛刊第1号，2009年10月，可查阅http://content.undp.org/go/cms-service/stream/ asset/?asset_id", "[12] 马斯科卡问责制报告：比照发展方面的承诺，评估行动和成果(2010年，马斯科卡)，可查阅http://www.donorplatform.org/activities/food-security/news/198-g-20-renews-commitment-to-agricultural-development.html。", "[13] 联合国妇女发展基金，《2008/2009年世界妇女进步报告：谁向妇女问题负责？性别与问责》(2009年，纽约)。", "[14] 人口基金和其他机构，“2011年世界助产状况报告：提供保健，拯救生命”(日内瓦，2011年)，可查阅www.who.int/pmnch/media/membernews/2011/20110620sowmr/en/index.html。", "[15] 国际劳工组织，“为减少贫穷促进农村发展”，国际劳工大会第97届会议第四报告。可查阅www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---relconf/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_091721.pdf。关于性别平等农村就业的信息，另请参阅http://www.fao-ilo.org/fao- ilo-gender/en/。", "[16] 见农发基金“性别平等的农村工作，以减少贫困和促进经济增长”，性别与农村就业政策简介第1号(罗马，2010)；和劳工组织，“为减少贫穷促进农村发展”(日内瓦，2008年)。", "[17] 世界银行，2008年世界发展报告：以农业促发展(华盛顿特区，2007年)，概览。", "[18] 开发计划署政策简报，“就业保障政策”，性别平等和减贫系列，2010年4月，第2号，可查阅http://www.beta.undp.org/content/dam/aplaws/publication/en/publications/womens-empowerment/policy-brief-gender-equality-and-employment-guarantee-policies-/Policy%20Brief%20Employment%20FINAL.pdf。另见农村发展部，2005年圣雄甘地国家农村就业保障法网页，http://nrega.nic.in/。", "[19] 技术性企业是联合国贸易与发展会议的一项综合能力建设方案。见http://www.unctadxi.org/ templates/Page____7362.aspx。", "[20] 见开发署政策简报，“无酬护理工作”(见第二章，脚注10)。", "[21] 粮农组织、农发基金、劳工组织、农业和农村就业中的性别层面：摆脱贫困的不同路径，(2010年，罗马)，可查阅www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1638e/i1638e.pdf。", "[22] Marilyn Carr 与Maria Hartl，减轻负荷：为农村妇女节省劳力的技术和作法，农发基金和Practical Action Publishing(联合王国，Rugby，2010年)，可查阅www.ifad.org/gender/ pub/load.pdf。", "[23] 开发署，“多功能平台，为改善布基纳法索农村社区提供能源，带来变化”，2009年1月，www.pnud.bf/DOCS /Platform-ENG.pdf。", "[24] 见www.fao.org/gender/agrigender/en/。", "[25] 联合国社会发展研究所“土地使用权改革与性别平等”，研究和政策简报第4号，(2006年，日内瓦)，可查阅http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Digital-Library/Policy-Briefs/Detail/?lng", "[26] 妇女署，2011-2012年世界妇女的进步：寻求公正(2011年，纽约)。", "[27] Cheryl Doss,Caren Grown and Carmen Diana Deere,“Collecting individual level asset data for gender analysis of poverty and rural employment”,在粮农组织、工发会议和劳工组织联合举办的关于农业和农村就业的性别层面的差距、趋势和目前研究的讲习班上宣读的论文，2009年4月，罗马。", "[28] 可查阅www.fao.org/gender/landrights。", "[29] 见http://teca.fao.org/home。", "[30] Laurence Pourchez, Women’s Knowledge：Traditional Medicine and Nature-the Islands of Reunion, Mauritius and Rodrigues(2011年，巴黎，仅有法文本)。", "[31] 见Women’s Environment and Development Organization, “Changing the climate: why women’s perspectives matter”,information sheet,2007,可查阅http://www.undp.org.cu/crmi/ docs/wedo-ccwomen-in-2007-en.pdf。", "[32] UNDP,Resource Guide on Gender and Climate Change,(New York,2009)。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目28(a)", "提高妇女地位", "改善农村地区妇女的境况", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "本报告根据大会第64/140号决议提交,审查了会员国和联合国实体为增强农村妇女权能而开展的活动,并载有供大会审议的建议。", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 大会关于改善农村地区妇女境况的第64/140号决议请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议报告该决议的执行情况。 根据这项要求,本报告评估了农村妇女的状况,并着重指出了会员国、[1]联合国系统[2]和其他行动者为克服阻碍增强农村妇女经济权能并使她们能改善生活和生计所遇到的障碍和挑战而作的努力。 报告载有供大会审议的建议。", "2. 在2010年大会关于千年发展目标的高级别全体会议上,会员国强调农村妇女是促进农业和农村发展及粮食安全的关键力量,并承诺确保农村妇女有平等机会获得生产资源、土地、资金、技术、培训和市场。 [3] 在《伊斯坦布尔行动纲领》(A/CONF.219/3)中,会员国重申了这些承诺。", "3个 妇女地位委员会2012年第五十六届会议将审议“赋予农村妇女权力及其在消除贫穷和饥饿、发展和当前挑战方面的作用”作为其优先主题。 根据其工作方法,预期委员会将通过一套关于优先主题的商定结论,查明在执行以往承诺方面存在的差距和挑战,并提出面向行动的建议,以加速所有利益攸关方执行这些建议。", "二. 背景情况", " 4.四. 从2000年到2010年的十年间,发展中国家农村地区的赤贫人口(每天不到1.25美元)比例从48%下降到了34%,其中大部分是由于东亚,特别是中国的收入增加。 尽管收入增加使3.5亿多农村人口摆脱了赤贫,但贫穷仍然是一个大规模和以农村为主的现象,发展中世界14亿赤贫人口中有70%生活在农村地区。 其中近三分之一生活在撒哈拉以南非洲,而南亚现在约有50%生活在这些地区。 [4]", "5 (韩语). 农村贫穷的持续存在意味着农村地区在几乎所有千年发展目标中都落后于城市地区。 例如,只有三分之一的农村妇女接受产前护理,而整个发展中地区这一比例为50%。 发展中地区儿童营养不良的情况在农村地区是城市地区的两倍,因为获得食物、水和卫生以及保健的机会受到限制,5岁以下儿童在农村比在城市家庭中死亡的风险更大。 [5]", "6. 国家 粮食价格日益起伏不定,气候变化的不确定性和影响以及一系列自然资源制约使为减少农村贫穷和不平等以及实现千年发展目标而作的努力更加复杂。 与此同时,农业市场的变化可能带来新的机会,可以提高发展中国家小农的生产力。 有必要进行这种改革,以确保向日益城市化的全球人口提供足够粮食,预计到2050年将至少达到90亿[6],并确保农村地区公平获得粮食。", "7. 联合国 在获得和控制资源,包括技术、农业推广服务和有限的农村基础设施方面继续存在性别差异,导致妇女劳动力成本高于男子,生产力也低于男子。 当妇女获得土地时,土地的质量往往较差,由较小的地块组成。 两性不平等给农业部门、更广泛的经济和社会以及农村妇女本身带来了实际代价。 联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)计算,如果妇女获得与男子相同的生产资源,她们的增产可能使发展中国家的农业总产出增加约2.5%至4%,从而将饥饿人口总数减少12%至17%并为改善家庭营养和健康作出贡献。 [7] 在平等获得财产权、技术和服务的情况下,妇女可以提供增长的动力来打破贫穷循环。", "8. 联合国 虽然农业产生的国内生产总值增长在减少贫穷方面比其他部门增长高一倍,但宏观经济政策,包括市场和贸易自由化,对妇女和男子的影响不同。 发展中国家以出口为导向的农业促进了经济作物种植,导致粮食价格起伏不定,粮食更加无保障,对自给农民构成特别挑战,其中大多数是妇女。 [9] 结构调整和预算稳定政策的重点是促进私有化、放松国内市场的管制以及贸易和资本流动的自由化。 由于政府支出减少,包括基本农村基础设施和公共服务支出减少,使妇女和女孩更难获得这些服务,同时增加了无酬照护工作的负担。 [10]", "9. 国家 目前,很少国家系统地考虑其农业政策和支出优先事项的性别差异,7 部分原因是缺乏按性别分列的家庭数据,以及未能对这些政策和优先事项进行性别影响分析。", "10个 国际社会可以在为农村发展和农业部门提供财政支助方面发挥重要作用。 经济合作与发展组织发展援助委员会(经合组织发援委)提供的统计数据显示,2008-2009年分配给农业和农村发展的75亿美元资金中,只有3%用于以性别平等为重点的方案,32%用于以性别平等为主要目标的方案。 2009年八国集团首脑会议通过的《拉奎拉粮食安全倡议》调集了220多亿美元的认捐,以扭转农业投资的下降并改进粮食安全。 必须确保农村妇女平等受益于这些资金。 [11]", "11个 为了在农村发展和可持续农业方面取得真正的进展,必须承认、投资并利用农村妇女的力量和创造力。 改善妇女获得资源、资产和决策的机会,以及建立个人和集体能力,将创造地方机会并减轻她们面临的风险。 资产积累,包括土地、牲畜和其他资源,也可以缓冲冲击,预计冲击会随着气候变化而增加。", "三. 增强农村地区妇女的经济权能", "12个 农村妇女在农业和农村发展中发挥着至关重要但尚未得到充分承认的作用。 例如,妇女占发展中国家农业劳动力的43%,从拉丁美洲的20%到非洲和亚洲一些地区的近50%不等。 在南亚和东亚、中东和北非,妇女在农业就业占总就业的比例高于男子。 在男性向外移徙的农村地区,妇女在农业中的作用正在扩大,导致其责任和任务发生巨大变化。", "13个 农村妇女在将农业生产转化为粮食和营养安全方面至关重要,因为她们往往负责种植粮食作物、管理小动物、在家庭花园种植蔬菜以获取食物或收入并做好粮食准备。 它们针对可持续土地和水管理、减缓和适应气候变化以及保护土著和地方知识等许多挑战制定了解决办法。", "14个 在撒哈拉以南非洲和亚洲,妇女除了是家庭粮食的主要生产者外,还为农村地区的非农业生产做出了重大贡献,特别是在非正规部门和中小型企业。", "15个 尽管农村妇女对发展中国家和发达国家的农村发展作出了贡献,但是她们的权利和优先事项在各级法律框架、国家和地方发展政策以及投资战略中仍然没有得到充分的处理。 她们在家庭和社区内履行多种生产和生殖作用方面继续面临严重挑战,部分原因是缺乏农村基础设施和基本货物和服务。", "16号. 然而,将农村妇女描绘成弱小和易受伤害者是错误的。 相反,它们应被视为具有未开发潜力的积极经济力量,为减轻气候变化、粮食无保障和农村贫困的影响并实现千年发展目标作出重大贡献。", "17岁。 以下各节审查了农村地区妇女的状况,并说明了自2009年12月以来为增强她们的经济权能而实施的一些举措,并特别强调有效的机构和地方服务的提供;就业和体面工作;无酬照护工作;土地所有权;地方和土著知识;对适应气候变化的贡献;以及生产技术。", "A. 有效的政策和规划机构以及当地服务的提供", "18岁。 增强农村妇女的权能要求制定促进两性平等的国家和地方发展战略和针对具体部门的计划、方案和预算,以克服她们在获得就业和体面工作、教育和培训机会、保健和交通方面面临的具体障碍,并消除她们因承担过重的家庭责任而面临的限制。 负责农村发展的机构、农业部门和其他相关部门(如水和能源管理)对性别问题敏感的治理,可以使农村妇女在公共服务提供等领域对公职人员问责。 为加强农村发展的系统办法,意大利国家战略计划包括一个机制,使妇女农场经理能够参与从生产到加工和销售的农业价值链。 粮农组织最近同加纳等国政府合作,将两性平等纳入国家粮食和农业政策。", " 19. 19. 促进两性平等的国家和地方预算举措是确保国家农村发展规划和资源分配以农村妇女为目标的有力工具。 对摩洛哥农业活动预算资源分配的分析表明,只有9%的受益者是妇女,尽管妇女占从事农村活动者的39%。 根据这些调查结果,摩洛哥2007年对农村妇女方案的预算支助比2005年增加了50%以上。 [12]", "20号. 农村地区基础设施有限,当地服务不足,限制了妇女充分参与劳动力市场和社区活动。 她们还加剧了她们本已不平等的无酬照护工作份额,因为她们必须花很长时间去取水取燃料,而且没有技术,在食品加工和制备方面还要花几个小时。 对可持续基础设施(如公共交通、环境卫生和可再生能源)以及节能节能和节能技术(如清洁和节能炉灶、高效抽水和净取饮用水)的公共投资可大大减少妇女和女孩花在这些耗时的家务劳动上的时间,并增加她们从事有酬工作和流动性的选择。 这种投资也有助于减少温室气体排放并在农村地区创造就业机会(见下文关于无酬照护工作的C节和关于生产技术的E节)。", "21岁 提供社会保护最低标准,为老年人和残疾人提供就业保障、收入支助福利、基本收入保障以及儿童保育和福利,有助于消除农村地区日益加剧的不平等和持续贫穷。 意大利的国家战略计划和区域农村发展方案包括加强农村地区的儿童保育和学前服务。 这些措施有助于克服农村妇女生活中的不安全和脆弱性,并使她们能够作为工人、雇主、消费者和公民更充分地参与经济生活。 它们还能帮助解决生活在农村地区的土著妇女或少数民族妇女面临的多重不平等。 还需要努力增加农村妇女利用保健设施、教育、培训和其他支助服务(如为暴力和虐待幸存者提供庇护所)的机会。", "22号. 综合服务使农村妇女能够在需要援助时节省时间和运输费用。 在摩尔多瓦共和国,联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)支持提供就业、社会保护、企业发展、土地保有权和金融信息的“一站式服务站”(联合信息和服务局)。 2011年上半年,瑞典资助的方案向农村人口提供了近500次咨询,其中70%是妇女。 该方案通过协助地区服务提供者向偏远村庄提供移动电话服务,便利妇女获得电子转换服务。", "23. 联合国 扩大农村妇女获得金融服务的机会,对于增强她们的经济权能至关重要。 肯尼亚启动了妇女企业基金,为妇女经营的企业提供补贴信贷以及培训和营销服务。 多哥对妇女进行了资源管理培训,以确保更好的信贷偿还,并建立了强制性储蓄计划。 墨西哥通过其农村供应方案,向农村地区社区商店提供补贴的基本消费品,为农村消费者提供储蓄,并提高农村人口的粮食和营养水平。 在乌兹别克斯坦,妇女署支持妇女委员会以及社会和法律支助中心,帮助农村妇女获得经济和财政资源,包括小额信贷。", "24 (韩语). 联合国人口基金(人口基金)和世界卫生组织(卫生组织)已促进农村妇女获得更多的孕产妇和生殖保健服务。 由于世界上的疾病负担最重,非洲只有6%的孕产妇保健专业人员,农村地区保健专业人员人数极低。 [13] 为了应对这些挑战,人口基金同国际助产士联合会以及非洲、阿拉伯国家和拉丁美洲15个国家的卫生和教育部长合作,提高助产士的能力和人数;支助塞拉利昂和南苏丹的助产教育方案;支助前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国和土库曼斯坦获得生殖保健服务;并利用流动保健单位帮助生活在阿富汗、多民族玻利维亚国、海地、尼泊尔、巴基斯坦、斯威士兰、土耳其和也门等偏远地区的妇女。 在尼日尔,利用太阳能收音机和故事包改善农村妇女和女孩获得关于产妇保健、女孩入学、预防艾滋病毒/艾滋病和意外怀孕的信息的机会。", "25岁 为了应对农村贫困地区营养不足的挑战,粮农组织和国际农业发展基金(农发基金)支持许多国家的地方项目,建立和维持生产昆诺阿、小米、阿马兰特、多叶蔬菜和一些花生等花生的家用花园,这也为妇女创造了创收活动。", "26. 联合国 农村妇女还需要获得知识和支持才能获得其权利。 各国政府和联合国系统已作出努力,改善为农村地区妇女提供的地方服务。 例如,联合国开发计划署(开发署)帮助在阿富汗建立了八个法律援助中心,为家庭暴力受害者提供法律保护和支助,并协助黎巴嫩提供更公平的社会服务。 阿拉伯联合酋长国妇女总联盟举办了讲习班,以提高农村妇女对其劳动权利以及养恤金和离婚权利的认识。", "27个 已作出努力,加强妇女参与和领导农村机构,如农业生产者和农村工人协会、合作社、农村信用社、用水者团体和自助团体。 例如,粮农组织在与农村生产者组织合作时,强调促进两性平等和参与性办法,以促进提高这些组织在满足所有男女农民和社区的需要方面的效率。 生产者组织向成员提供一系列服务,从而为农村妇女提供获得生产资源、信息和市场的集体途径。", "28岁 农村妇女参与自助团体有助于她们更多地获得生产性投入和支助服务,例如土地、推广服务、化肥和种子,并加强其管理土地和其他资源的能力。 妇女署帮助吉尔吉斯斯坦妇女自助团体同农业部建立了伙伴关系。 这个项目在世界银行粮食安全项目下向农村妇女提供蔬菜种子,并导致在17个村庄组成了51个农村妇女小组。 超过22 000人(其中一半是妇女)从妇女署的赠款中受益,社区和地方政府也提供了相应的捐款。 这些项目扩大了小型灌溉和基础设施项目;创造就业;改善蔬菜生产;改善学校条件。 自助小组设立了社区发展基金,用于购买今后几年的投入。", "29. 农民团体可以成为传播技术和促成合作行动的有效途径。 农发基金同国际农林研究中心合作,同喀麦隆、加蓬、几内亚和尼日利亚的农民团体合作,增加使用新技术来种植土著树木的收入。 女农民通过参与这些团体,从新技术中受益并获得了信心和自尊。", "B. 就业和体面工作", "30岁。 有偿就业是减少贫穷和粮食不安全以及增强农村妇女经济能力的主要力量。 然而,农村地区的体面和生产性就业仍然是一个巨大挑战。 农村工人,特别是妇女和青年面临体面工作不足的问题,包括工资低、工作质量差、普遍就业不足、缺乏劳工权利、社会保护不足和缺乏代表性的声音。 劳动法、法规和政策在农村地区的执行通常有限。 [14] 农村妇女往往受雇于较不稳定的非正式就业形式,作为家庭农场的无报酬家庭工人或他人拥有的农场的临时日工。 [15]", "31岁 要发挥农村妇女的潜力,就必须解决上述所有体面工作不足的问题。 会员国和联合国伙伴机构正在许多国家采取主动行动,增加农村妇女在农业部门的就业机会。 例如,在挪威,政府为妇女创造了新的农业岗位,特别是那些为保健、教育和社会护理部门提供粮食和服务的产业。 意大利农业、食品和林业政策部更加重视从事农业的妇女,通过在农村地区创造和推广新的专业背景和就业机会,促进多功能农业的概念。 粮农组织在莫桑比克、斯威士兰、乌干达、坦桑尼亚联合共和国和赞比亚为妇女提供了农业推广工作技能培训;加拿大支持中国妇女作为动物保健推广工作者进行技能培训,在加纳进行收获后加工,在苏丹为返回的妇女难民提供蔬菜生产。 在多哥,正在安装多功能平台,以为妇女创造就业机会和创收机会,并通过提高她们的市场价值,帮助将她们的农产品提升到价值链上。", "32. 联合国 在建设马里妇女生产牛油果油的能力方面,联合国工业发展组织(工发组织)在加拿大国际开发署和国家卡里特方案的支持下,帮助向三个中心的妇女团体转让加工设备,使她们能达到国际标准。 因此,2011年,妇女团体和一家法国化妆品公司成立了一家合资公司,提供40吨以芝麻为原料的肥皂棒。 同样,粮农组织向布基纳法索、马里、尼日尔和塞内加尔的女生产者提供了关于芝麻加工和产品认证技术的信息。 日本向从事当地食品加工的农村妇女企业家提供培训,以开发出新产品并改进农民市场的管理。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 虽然为大约86%的农村妇女和男子提供生计并为大约13亿小农和无地工人创造就业机会,但仅靠农业是无法减少农村贫穷的。 农村非农业就业机会对农村发展、增长和减贫至关重要。 它使家庭能够使其收入来源多样化,并确保自己免受影响农业的经济和环境冲击。 妇女在批发和零售贸易、农村工业、农业企业、贸易企业、运输、仓储和基础设施发展以及地方服务部门(如教育、保健、金融和保险、旅游和当地商店和餐馆)中可以发挥重要作用。", "34. 国家 一些国家的公共工程方案通过提供固定的工作时间表、体面的工资、儿童保育和社会保护,提供了体面工作条件的模式。 例如,自2006年以来,印度实施了《国家农村就业保障方案》,保障非熟练体力劳动者的农村家庭工作100天。 为女工保留了33%的名额,并在这些地点提供托儿服务,这极大地提高了妇女的参与程度。 2010年和2011年期间,该方案雇用了近5 000万个家庭,平均妇女占47%。", "35. 联合国 各国政府和联合国系统的许多倡议注重提高农村妇女的生产能力,并注重通过提供企业发展方面的商业培训和技能,使其非农业部门的收入来源多样化。 例如,莫桑比克在工发组织和挪威政府的支持下,在其正规中等和高等教育系统的课程中引入了一个创业方案,鼓励女孩在挑战性别陈规定型观念的非传统企业工作,并让其家庭认识到女孩创办小企业的好处。 该方案目前正在安哥拉、喀麦隆、佛得角和纳米比亚复制并推广。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 开发计划署在土库曼斯坦实施的一项方案向60多位农村妇女提供了商业发展和经营(如金融、营销和销售)方面的培训,这些妇女又培训了其他妇女掌握这些技能。 开发计划署在经营技术方案下,[18] 追踪商业培训对肯尼亚250名女商人中的50名妇女的影响,发现30%的妇女通过多样化和增加价值扩大了她们的企业。 工发组织开发了一个农村和妇女创业发展服务,鼓励集体自助努力、获得信息和通信技术以及可再生能源解决方案。 加拿大妇女地位部支持妇女的金融知识和就业技能培训。 加拿大的农村伙伴关系 社区发展方案利用农村社区的集体能力,开发技能和寻找机会,支持农村青年妇女的知识建设、妇女领导倡议和女企业家青年创业活动。 希腊通过支持农村地区小农场的现代化和发展小企业和旅游机会,鼓励农村妇女创业。 丹麦的一个区域项目侧重于加强妇女拥有的企业的管理和商业能力。", "C. 无偿照料工作", "37. 联合国 农村妇女花费大量时间从事与照顾儿童和老人、粮食生产和食品加工、取水和取能以及其他家务活有关的无报酬工作。 通过提供生产性人力资本和社会资本,它们支持私人商品和公共服务经济。 与此同时,这给妇女带来的沉重负担转移了她们的时间,使她们无法从事农活和非农活活动,从而影响了她们的生产力和收入,进而影响了农村的消费、投资和储蓄。 重要的是,如果妇女的无报酬家务和照料工作停止,私人商品和公共服务经济就会被严重破坏。 [19]", "38. 国家 由于长期贫困是无报酬的家务和护理工作造成的,因此是阻碍农村地区妇女获得有报酬工作的最关键因素之一,[20] 对节省时间和劳力的技术进行投资,扩大获得关键基础设施(例如农村水和灌溉系统、家庭能源和农村交通)的机会,对于增强妇女的经济能力至关重要,可能对减少贫穷和经济增长产生巨大的倍增效应。 在许多国家,向农村家庭提供收入和护理支助也减轻了从农村向城市移徙的压力。", "39. 联合国 各种创新技术和工艺,包括改良的炉灶、雨水收集计划和中间运输装置、磨坊和其他食品加工设备,已证明有助于减少妇女的时间贫穷。 [21] 2002年在布基纳法索推出第一个多功能平台,是打破妇女时间和能源贫穷恶性循环的一个重大步骤。 2009年的一份报告强调,由于采用了这些平台,磨小米节省了3个小时的时间,取水节省了类似的时间。", " 40. 40. 为了减少妇女的无酬照护责任,意大利在所有农村发展政策中优先考虑提供家庭照护服务,特别是在失业率高和基础设施不足的南部地区。 为了更好地平衡育儿责任,挪威促进父母平等,并采取措施加强所有父亲在儿童保育方面的作用,包括在农村地区。 同样,萨尔瓦多的《家庭法》规定,在家庭中工作和照顾子女是双方的共同责任。", "41. 国家 时间使用研究提供了丰富的数据来源,说明农村妇女和男子的不同作用,并为参与技术投资、推广服务、收获后活动和营销干预措施的决策者和从业人员提供实际指导。 粮农组织创建了一系列性别分析工具,协助生成关于农村妇女的作用和无偿工作贡献的数据和知识,例如《农业-性别统计工具包》[23],该工具包汇编了对性别问题有敏感认识的指标和关于男女农民责任的调查问卷内容。 日本在其“家庭管理协议”中呼吁每个家庭详细说明农业管理决策、工作时间和工资。", "D. 土地所有权和继承", "42. 国家 虽然由于许多国家缺乏数据,难以确定发展中国家妇女拥有农业用地的平均比例,但远未达到发展中国家农业劳动力的43%。 所有地区在土地保有量方面都存在明显的性别差距。 根据各种数据来源,包括住户调查和农业普查,粮农组织估计,在有数据的国家,北非和西亚妇女只占所有农业土地拥有者的不到5%,而撒哈拉以南非洲平均占15%。 这种差距不仅导致妇女农业生产力低于男子,而且导致女户主家庭更加贫穷。", "43. 东帝汶 几乎任何地方的农民都依赖土地所有权获得灌溉、推广服务、信贷、补贴和决策权。 农村妇女比男子更不可能拥有土地,这一事实不仅使她们的农业工作生产力低下,而且往往使她们被排除在农民组织、工会以及促进提高生产力和增长的社区网络和论坛之外。", "44. 国家 所有区域的国家都制定了土地改革政策,旨在分拆大量土地并授予个人或联合土地所有权。 在正式和习惯的财产制度中,男子一般是土地所有权的主要受益者(无论是在土地的数量和质量方面)。 土地改革当局、村当局和男性亲属的反对会阻碍将合法土地权利扩大到单身和已婚妇女的努力。", "45. 国家 在妇女和男子都对土地和财产拥有正式法律权利的国家,这些法律或习俗的实施有限,可能妨碍妇女实现这些权利。 例如,1990年代拉丁美洲的一些土地所有权方案就属于这种情况,尽管法律上男女平等。 在妇女享有习惯、社区或集体土地权利的情况下,土地改革往往会侵蚀妇女的权利,因为所有权一般都授予男性户主。 后苏联改革时期的中亚就是这种情况. [24] 因此,必须确保妇女在与土地和财产有关的所有法律中的平等权利,包括家庭法和继承法,并监督这些法律的有效执行。", "46. 经常预算: 一些会员国已颁布立法并实施了举措,以向妇女提供平等获得土地和其他财产的机会。 在115个国家,妇女拥有平等拥有财产的权利,在93个国家,妇女拥有平等继承权。 [25] 例如,在萨尔瓦多,保障妇女有平等机会获得农业和渔业生产单位的共同地契。 有些法律超越了这一点:2009年西班牙的一项敕令鼓励共有土地所有制,并将社会保障福利扩大到妇女共同所有者。", "47. 国家 由于许多国家缺乏公民权,土著妇女在获得土地方面尤其受到限制,因此需要作出具体努力来保障她们的权利。 例如,世界银行促进土著妇女参加危地马拉的社区土地管理组织和洪都拉斯土地管理和财产权能力建设讲习班。 在墨西哥,农村妇女和土著妇女领导人参加了一场“座谈会”,讨论她们对土地保有权、所有权和进入机构的关切。 在新西兰,农村和土著(毛利人)妇女享有拥有和租赁土地和其他财产的充分而平等的权利,包括通过继承权。", " 48. 48. 已婚妇女往往不了解自己的土地权利,可能不知道在婚姻解除或丈夫死亡之前,她们对家庭土地没有权利。 这往往是受艾滋病毒/艾滋病严重影响的国家的情况。 提高农村妇女对土地和其他财产权利的认识并进行能力建设,是确保妇女权利的一个关键步骤。 妇女署在当地土地专家、地方当局和地方司法系统代表的帮助下,协助吉尔吉斯斯坦1 800多名农村妇女及其家庭更好地了解土地登记程序,提供产权证并核证土地分享文件。 在塔吉克斯坦,妇女署与粮农组织合作,支持16个法律援助中心监测农业用地的分配,以确保农村妇女的土地使用权。 萨尔瓦多设立了咨询理事会和社会监督机构,以支持妇女对土地权的主张和对政府问责制的要求。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 同样重要的是建立法律制度的能力,以维护妇女拥有土地和其他财产的权利。 为此,粮农组织在莫桑比克对90多名妇女和男子进行了土地法和妇女获得土地方面的培训。 大多数受训人员(其中四分之一为妇女)代表非政府组织。 一项评价发现,律师助理能够在若干冲突中成功地支持社区。", " 50. 50. 为了使人民能够利用对话和谈判就有争议的问题达成共识,粮农组织制定了在领土问题上改善性别平等的初步准则,并在2009和2010年同联合国系统、各国政府、民间社会和私营部门进行了广泛协商。 粮农组织根据这一进程编写的土地和其他自然资源权属负责任治理自愿准则草案自2011年初起已广为分发。 计划在2012年及以后实施该准则。", "51. 联合国 按性别分列的家庭内部数据和资料对于促进更好和充分地了解妇女的土地和其他财产权利、知情的决策和土地改革以及离婚和继承法至关重要。 [26] 粮农组织开发了性别与土地权利数据库[27],以提供关于78个国家的国家法律框架、执行或防止妇女土地权利的政策、国际条约和公约、习惯法和其他有关主题的资料。", "页:1 生产技术", "52. (中文(简体) ). 科学、技术和创新为农村妇女面临的许多挑战提供了解决办法:她们可以通过提高作物产量来为粮食安全作出贡献;通过采用节省劳动力的技术来减少妇女的无酬照护工作(见上文C节);通过更好的沟通来增加妇女对农村劳动力市场的参与。", "53. 联合国 然而,机械化和先进技术有时会对妇女就业机会产生不利影响。 例如,粮农组织和农发基金审查2000至2010年的方案干预措施时指出,印度绿色革命后采用高产水稻和小麦品种,南亚和东南亚在水稻种植中采用打鼓种子,为较富裕的农民节省了时间和劳动力,但这意味着最贫穷和无地的女农业工人不再有机会获得传统工作。", "54. 联合国 已采取许多举措来促进妇女获得农业和食品加工技术,以期增强女农民的能力、生产力并融入全球价值链。 例如,摩洛哥向女企业家提供的更好的技术和生产方法帮助她们提高了橄榄油的生产。 工发组织和西班牙合作署的这一举措还使女生产者能够控制酸性的质量和水平,生产安全和优质的石油,改进其销售、包装设计和商标登记,实现多样化,生产出附加值较高的产品并获得有机认证。 结果,妇女的总收入增加了一倍多。 在阿富汗和巴基斯坦,农发基金同国际干旱地区农业研究中心合作,向妇女提供了基本低成本技术和培训,以更好地生产山羊奶制品。", "55. 国家 为了支持小生产者更好地获得各种农村活动的应用技术和做法,粮农组织开发了一个互动平台:“小农业生产者的技术和做法”,[28]其中包括一个数据库和在线论坛。 该平台超越了对已验证技术的标准化描述,并已经发展成为加强小农共享和测试技术的机构的工具.", "56. (中文(简体) ). 水技术为改善农村妇女状况和减少贫穷提供了重要手段。 多用途水系统办法很有希望,因为它比部门水发展方案更能满足广泛的水需要,并确保所有用户公平获得当地水资源。 社区与地方当局协商,参与规划和选择满足其需要的技术。 农发基金努力确保妇女成为地方供水委员会的成员,以便她们家用和农用用水需要得到同等重视。 尼泊尔建立了82个系统,使大约12 000名小农受益。 妇女从减少取水时间中获益;女孩入学;妇女从水费和高价值作物中获得的收入增加;妇女在家庭决策中的作用也增加。 作为其在墨西哥的水和卫生联合方案的一部分,开发计划署正在支持政府让妇女参与地方水管理委员会,并利用能改善饮用水质量的消毒技术。 世界银行在多米尼加共和国和秘鲁促进妇女参与水管理。 世行资助了妇女在财政、技术和管理领域的能力建设,以提高她们对用水组织和灌溉系统管理的贡献。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 农村妇女获得生产用能技术对于增强她们的经济能力至关重要。 它减少了妇女花在体力劳动上的时间,使她们能够向价值链上移动,特别是如果有稳定的廉价能源供应,这些能源是编织、酿造、食品加工、旋转和纺织生产所需的。 工发组织支持提供能源,以发展为农村妇女提供重要收入来源的农村企业和家庭手工业。 例如,在肯尼亚,工发组织开发了一个零排放可再生能源社区发电中心,利用微水电发电取代使用煤油灯。 它向从事肥皂加工和果汁生产等微型工业的小型女企业家提供能源。 据估计,每年有10个这样的中心将抵消大约5 000吨温室气体排放。 在喀麦隆,开发署在干旱多发地北部向土著妇女引进了节能烹饪技术。 在印度,妇女接受了太阳能工程培训,并培训其他妇女维修太阳能电池板。 2008年,亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会同两性平等和可持续能源国际网络合作,组织了一次关于建立对性别问题和贫穷问题敏感的能源政策网络的区域政策会议,会议导致了一个政策创新论坛,其重点是为农村贫穷家庭的妇女提供能源创新。", "58. 联合国 信息和通信技术,特别是移动电话,为妇女提供了监测农产品市场价格、获得更佳收入和消除中介的机会。 粮农组织有若干项目旨在促进妇女获得技术,例如在刚果民主共和国和尼日尔,在那里,太阳能移动电话和收音机被用作 \" 听众俱乐部 \" 的主要媒介,以增加知识分享、改善信息流动并增强农村人口、特别是妇女的能力。 在印度和巴基斯坦,联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)同私营部门供应商合作,通过使用移动电话和短信,提高了1 500名农村妇女的识字率。", "费. 保护土著和地方社区的知识、创新和做法", "59. (中文(简体) ). 土著和地方社区是许多不同技能、做法和知识体系的保管者,使它们能够适应困难的条件。 然而,最近,随着环境和文化损失的规模和强度增加,土著生计恶化,破坏了土著人民与其周围环境之间的和谐。", "60. 联合国 各国政府和联合国系统为利用当地人民土著知识的潜力而采取的举措越来越多。 例如,教科文组织特别注意妇女作为传统医学地方和土著知识的拥有者,[29] 以及在三个印度洋岛屿上作为变革的推动者所发挥的关键作用,这涉及到非洲、亚洲和欧洲的不同传统。 同样,新西兰毛利人保健战略承认,毛利妇女社区保健和志愿工作者及其土著和传统治疗模式在改善毛利人家庭健康方面发挥着关键作用。", "61. 国家 妇女署与土著妇女团体 -- -- Waorani和克丘亚社区成员 -- -- 一起工作,确保她们参与厄瓜多尔亚苏尼生物圈保护区自然和文化遗产的可持续养护和管理,并提供培训,确保将性别观点纳入相关政策和方案。", "62. 联合国 为了促进阿尔蒂普拉诺(多民族玻利维亚国)、6个联合国机构(粮农组织、劳工组织、开发署、儿基会、工发组织和世界粮食计划署)土著人民的生计安全,通过实现千年发展目标基金联合方案,支持土著妇女生产者,将她们的农产品与不同的市场和价值链联系起来。 此外,粮农组织、开发署和工发组织正在通过该基金实施一项联合方案,以促进多民族玻利维亚国赤贫土著妇女的资产建设、生产力、收入和公民身份。 向女企业家提供金融和企业发展服务以及公民和政治权利培训。", "63. 国家 人口基金与多民族玻利维亚国的土著组织合作,将族裔定义数据(自我认同)和性别平等问题纳入2011年人口普查,以纳入跨文化观点。 在伯利兹,人口基金加强了土著社区保健服务提供者在避孕技术方面的能力。", " G. 农村妇女对适应气候变化的贡献", "64. (中文(简体) ). 在高度依赖当地自然资源为生的社区中,妇女占了穷人中的一大部分,她们特别容易受到气候变化的影响并受到气候变化的影响,而她们获得资源和决策进程的机会有限又加剧了这种情况。 农村地区的妇女对家庭供水、烹饪和取暖能源以及粮食安全负有主要责任,并受到干旱、降雨不定和毁林的不利影响。 [30] 由于获得资源的机会不平等和流动性有限,在许多情况下,妇女不成比例地受到洪水、火灾和泥石流等自然灾害的影响。 粮农组织目前正在开展研究,以更好地了解气候变化的性别差异和男女采取的不同的应对战略,为气候变化政策、适应做法和更可持续的生计应对战略提供信息。", "65. 国家 然而,妇女不仅是气候变化的受害者。 它们还拥有大量知识和专长,可用于减缓气候变化、减灾和适应战略。 妇女在家庭和社区中作为自然资源管理者所承担的责任使她们能够采取适应不断变化的环境现实的生计战略。 例如,在塞内加尔,妇女组织帮助控制了水土流失,建造了新月状的运河来取水,收复耕地并改进农业产量。 萨尔瓦多、危地马拉、洪都拉斯和尼加拉瓜的妇女种植了40万株玛雅坚果树,以增加食物来源,同时保护和增加碳汇。 [31]", "66. (中文(简体) ). 妇女在国家和地方两级关于可持续发展,包括关于气候变化的决策中往往代表不足,这妨碍了她们就气候变化提出自己独特而宝贵的观点和专门知识的能力。 为了加强受非法药物种植影响的家庭中妇女的经济决策,由联合国毒品和犯罪问题办事处支助的哥伦比亚森林看守家庭方案直接向妇女提供71%的经济奖励。 挪威支持赞比亚的保护性农业,增加了接受培训的女性农民人数,从而支持她们作出适应气候变化的决定,以提高作物产量并减少工作量。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 筹资机制必须足够灵活地反映妇女的优先事项和需要。 妇女积极参与制定气候变化举措的供资标准和资源分配至关重要,特别是在地方一级。 需要对气候变化的所有预算项目和金融工具进行性别分析,以确保在适应、缓解、技术转让和能力建设方案中进行对性别问题有敏感认识的投资。", "68. (中文(简体) ). 与气候变化有关的技术发展应考虑到妇女的具体优先事项和需要并充分利用她们的知识和专长,包括传统习俗。 妇女参与新技术的开发可以确保新技术方便用户、有效和可持续的。 例如,开发署在布基纳法索的9个地区实施了能源获取方案,使27 000多妇女受益于能源技术、商业和收入得到改进。 在塞内加尔的8个社区,开发计划署同恩迪奥普妇女协会合作,推出一个太阳能炊具,用当地现有的材料制作,减少了妇女花在拾柴上的时间,也减少了被吸烟所危害的健康。 尼泊尔也采取了类似的举措,在尼泊尔,微型水力发电、沼气和改良的炉灶有助于赋予妇女权力。", "四、结 论 结论和建议", "69. (中文(简体) ). 农村妇女仍然在经济和社会上处于不利地位,因为她们获得经济资源和机会的机会有限,被排斥在规划和决策之外,从事无酬照护工作的负担过重。 虽然人们日益认识到,包括土著妇女在内的农村妇女是减贫、粮食安全、环境可持续性以及与实现千年发展目标有关的其他方面的关键推动者,但对加深农村男女不平等的因素重视不够,也没有采取充分行动来消除歧视并克服妇女面临的结构性不利条件。", "70. 联合国 会员国和联合国各实体已采取措施,改善农村妇女和女孩在扩大获得当地服务、就业和创业、土地权和技术方面的状况。 它们还采取步骤,承认、减少并重新分配妇女从事无酬照护工作的负担,保护土著和地方知识并促进妇女对适应和减缓气候变化的贡献。 然而,这些举措目前只惠及少数社区,没有证据表明这些努力的影响以及在赋予农村妇女权力和减少贫穷方面取得的成果。", "71. 联合国 在农村地区实现千年发展目标,需要将增强农村地区妇女和女童经济权能的工作更连贯、更系统和更具战略性地纳入国家发展战略和计划,包括在农村发展、基础设施和地方治理领域。", "72. 联合国 妇女地位委员会将考虑将增强农村妇女权能作为其2012年的优先主题。 这为委员会提供了一个机会,以监测、审查和评价在执行以往承诺方面取得的进展和遇到的问题,并提出注重行动的建议来加速执行这些承诺。 大会不妨邀请所有利益攸关方为本届会议进行筹备工作,包括与民间社会协商,并鼓励所有相关部门部委和政府机构参加会议,为面向行动的讨论和成果提供便利。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 大会不妨呼吁各国政府、联合国实体和所有其他相关利益攸关方:", "(a) 国家 加强执行关于农村发展和赋予农村妇女权力和权利的所有现有承诺,特别是《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》的规定及其对农村妇女的适用;", "(b) 国家 开展参与性需要和影响评估,以赋予农村妇女经济权力,并在此基础上采取促进两性平等的农村发展战略和预算框架,确保系统地处理农村妇女和女孩的需要和优先事项,确保她们能为消除贫困和饥饿作出有效贡献,并确保为执行这些战略和提供地方服务划拨适当预算;", "(c) 制定暂行特别措施,使农村和土著妇女能够充分和平等地参与国家和地方一级的决策机构,包括参与农业政策委员会和农村发展委员会、水和土地委员会以及雇主、农民、生产者和小企业协会;", "(d) 国家 将农村妇女作为国家和地方创造就业举措的目标,并建设她们的生产能力,使她们能够参与全球价值链并加强其对国家和地方发展的贡献;", "(e) 协助 制定监测和评价战略及框架,促进农村地区两性平等和赋予妇女权力,确保跟踪所采取行动的进展、影响和结果;", "(f) 加强国家统计局的能力,以收集、分析并传播按性别分列的可比数据,包括关于时间使用情况的数据,并在农村地区提供性别统计数据,以此作为农村地区促进两性平等的政策和战略制定的基础;", "(g) 汇编并分享促进农村地区两性平等和增强妇女能力的良好做法和经验教训实例,以复制并推广成功经验;", "(h) 将农村和土著妇女的观点纳入定于2012年在巴西举行的联合国可持续发展大会的筹备和成果,以加快农村地区两性平等和妇女赋权方面的进展。", "[1] 收到了加拿大、丹麦、萨尔瓦多、希腊、意大利、日本、黎巴嫩、墨西哥、新西兰、挪威、西班牙、多哥和阿拉伯联合酋长国提供的捐款。", "[2] 下列联合国实体提供了投入:联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)、国际农业发展基金(农发基金)、国际劳工组织(劳工组织)、联合国开发计划署(开发署)、联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)、亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)、西亚经济社会委员会(西亚经社会)、联合国人口基金(人口基金)、联合国工业发展组织(工发组织)、联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室(禁毒办)、联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)、世界卫生组织(世卫组织)和世界银行。", "[3] 见大会第65/1号决议。", "[4] 农发基金,《2011年农村贫困报告》(2011年,罗马),可查阅www.ifad.org/rpr2011/report/e/rpr2011.pdf。", "[5] 联合国,《2010和2011年千年发展目标报告》(纽约,2010和2011年),可查阅www.un.org/millenniumgoals/reports.shtml。", "[6] 这一预测假设所有国家的生育率都接近更替水平。 见联合国经济和社会事务部人口司,“世界人口前景,2010年订正本”,可查阅http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Analytical-Figures/htm/fig_1.htm。", "[7] 粮农组织,《粮食和农业状况:妇女参与农业,缩小性别差距以促进发展》(罗马,2010-2011年),可查阅www.fao.org/docrep/013/i2050e/i2050e.pdf。", "[8] 农发基金总裁在2010年6月17日于罗马举行的第二届全球化时代长期投资问题国际会议上的讲话。 见www.ifad.org/events/op/2010/ltic.htm。", "[9] 2009年《关于妇女在发展中的作用的世界概览:妇女对经济资源的控制和获得财政资源,包括小额供资》(联合国出版物,出售品编号:E.09.IV.7)。", "[10] 无薪照护工作包括个人照护(如儿童,病人和老人)和与照护有关的活动(如取水和取柴,做饭,打扫和洗涤等). 另见开发署政策简报,“无酬照护工作”,两性平等和减贫系列第1期,2009年10月,可查阅http://content.undp.org/go/cms-service/stream/asset/?asset_id=3231016。", "[11] Muskoka 问责报告:评估针对与发展有关的承诺的行动和成果(Muskoka,2010年),可查阅http://www.dominorplatform.org/activities/food-security/news/198-g-20-renews-commitment-to-agriculture-development.html。", "[12] 联合国妇女发展基金,2008/2009年世界妇女进步: 谁回答女人? 《两性平等与问责制》(2009年,纽约)。", "[13] 人口基金和其他机构,《2011年世界助产士状况报告:提供保健、拯救生命》(2011年,日内瓦),可查阅www.who.int/pmnch/media/membernews/2011/20110620sowmr/en/index.html。", "[14] 劳工组织,促进农村就业以减少贫穷,提交国际劳工大会第97届会议的第四份报告。 可查阅www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/--ed_norm/--relconf/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_091721.pdf。 还见http://www.fao-ilo.org/fao-ilo-gender/en/,关于两性平等的农村就业的更多信息。", "[15] 见农发基金“促进两性平等的农村工作以减少贫穷和促进经济增长”,《性别和农村就业政策简报》第1号(2010年,罗马);和劳工组织,《促进农村就业以减少贫穷》(2008年,日内瓦)。", "[16] 世界银行, 《2008年世界发展报告:农业促进发展》(华盛顿特区,2007年),概述。", "[17] 开发署政策简报,“就业保障政策”,两性平等和减贫系列,2010年4月第2期,可查阅http://www.beta.undp.org/content/dam/aplaws/ 出版物/出版物/出版物/妇女权力/政策简报/两性平等与就业保障政策/政策%20Brief%20 就业%20FINAL.pdf。 另见农村发展部,《圣雄甘地2005年国家农村就业保障法》,http://nrega.nic.in/。", "[18] 经营技术方案是联合国贸易和发展会议的一项综合能力建设方案。 见 http://www.unctadxi.org/templades/Page_7362.aspx. 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2011-12-22.", "[19] 见开发计划署政策简报,“无薪照护工作”(见第二章,脚注10)。", "[20] 粮农组织、农发基金、劳工组织,《农业和农村就业的性别层面:不同的脱贫途径》(罗马,2010年),可查阅www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1638e/i1638e.pdf。", "[21] 玛丽莲·卡尔与玛丽亚·哈特尔, 《减轻负担:农村妇女节省劳动力的技术和做法》,农发基金和《实际行动出版物》(联合王国鲁格比,2010年),可查阅www.ifad.org/gender/pub/load.pdf。", "[22] 开发署,“多功能平台:带来能源,为布基纳法索农村社区带来更好的变化”,2009年1月,可查阅www.pnud.bf/DOCS/Platform-ENG.pdf。", "[23] 见www.fao.org/gender/agrigender/en/。", "[24] 联合国社会发展研究所 “土地保有权改革和两性平等”,第4号研究和政策简报(2006年,日内瓦),可查阅http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Digital-Library/Policy-Briefs/Detail/?lng=en&id=28606.", "[25] 妇女署,《2011-2012年世界妇女的进步:追求正义》(2011年,纽约)。", "[26] Cheryl Doss、Caren Grown和Carmen Diana Deere,“收集个人层面的资产数据,用于对贫穷和农村就业进行性别分析”,2009年4月在罗马粮农组织-农发基金-劳工组织关于农业和农村就业的性别层面的差距、趋势和当前研究讲习班上提出的论文。", "[27] 可查阅www.fao.org/gender/landrights。", "[28] 见http://teca.fao.org/home.", "[29] Laurence Pourchez,《妇女的知识:传统医学和自然——留尼汪群岛,毛里求斯和罗德里格斯岛》(教科文组织,巴黎,2011年,仅有法文版)。", "[30] 见妇女环境与发展组织, \" 改变气候:妇女的观点为何重要 \" ,资料单,2007年,可查阅http://www.undp.org.cu/ crmi/docs/wedo-ccwomen-in-2007-en.pdf. 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆.", "[31] 开发署,《性别和气候变化资源指南》(2009年,纽约)。" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year Agenda item 43 \n Question of Cyprus", "Letter dated 22 July 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Turkey to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to transmit herewith a letter dated 22 July 2011, addressed to you by Hilmi Akil, Representative of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (see annex).", "I would be grateful if the text of the present letter and its annex could be circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda item 43, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Fazlı Çorman Deputy Permanent Representative Chargé d’affaires a.i.", "Annex to the letter dated 22 July 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Turkey to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "Upon instructions from my Government, I have the honour to refer to the letter dated 7 July 2011, addressed to you by the Greek Cypriot representative in New York and circulated as a document of the General Assembly and of the Security Council (A/65/901-S/2011/424), which yet again contains allegations of violations of “the international air traffic regulations and the national airspace of the Republic”, and to bring to your kind attention the following.", "It will be recalled that similar allegations of so-called violations of airspace and air traffic regulations were refuted in our previous communications addressed to you, most recently in our letter dated 5 April 2011 (A/65/806-S/2011/235, annex). I wish, once again, to reiterate that flights within the sovereign airspace of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus take place with the full knowledge and consent of the appropriate authorities of the State, over which the Greek Cypriot administration in South Cyprus has no jurisdiction or right of say whatsoever. It should be stressed that claims of so-called violations of air traffic regulations are invalid, as the civil aviation authority of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is the only authority competent to provide air traffic and aeronautical information services.", "As stated in our previous letters, such assertions are based on the false and unlawful claim that the sovereignty of the Greek Cypriot administration extends over the whole island, including the territory of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. This pretentious contention by the Greek Cypriot side ignores the present realities on the island of Cyprus, namely, the existence of two independent States, each exercising sovereignty and jurisdiction within its respective territory.", "Attempts by the Greek Cypriot side, through often-repeated false claims, to confer legitimacy upon an illegal administration will be futile, since the Turkish Cypriot people will never give in to their unjust demands. What would indeed be conducive to a better atmosphere on the island would be for the Greek Cypriot side to stop arrogating to itself rights and responsibilities it does not legally have, and to cease all hostilities towards the Turkish Cypriot people.", "I would like to put on record once again that every precaution for air navigation is being taken by the Turkish Cypriot civil aviation authority, which stands ready to cooperate with its counterpart in the South in the interest of air traffic safety in the region. It will be a sign of sincerity on the part of the Greek Cypriot authorities to respond constructively to such cooperation.", "Furthermore, the Greek Cypriot administration should be reminded that its counterpart is, and has always been, the Turkish Cypriot side, not Turkey, and that its persistent denial of the Turkish Cypriot rights in the North of the island does not bode well for the prospects for a settlement of the Cyprus conflict in line with the established United Nations parameters, namely, a partnership based on a bizonal, bicommunal federation with the political equality of the two constituent States.", "Instead of continuing with its well-known allegations, which clearly do not contribute to a spirit of trust and partnership between the two sides, the Greek Cypriot side must show commitment and participate constructively in the United Nations-led negotiations to pave the way for a mutually acceptable and fair settlement of the Cyprus question.", "I should be grateful if the text of the present letter could be circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda item 43, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Hilmi Akil Representative Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" ]

[ "大 会 安全理事会", "第六十五届会议 第六十六年", "议程项目43", "塞浦路斯问题", "2011年7月22日土耳其常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信", "谨随函转交2011年7月22日北塞浦路斯土耳其共和国代表希尔米·阿肯致你的信(见附件)。", "请将本函及其附件作为大会议程项目43的文件和安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "常驻副代表", "临时代办", "法兹勒·乔尔曼(签名)", "2011年7月22日土耳其常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信的 附件", "奉我国政府指示，谨提及2011年7月7日希族塞人驻纽约代表给你的且作为大会和安全理事会文件(A/65/901-S/2011/424)分发的信，其中再次指控违反“国际空中交通管制条例并侵犯共和国领空的行为”，并提请你注意以下情况。", "要回顾的是，在我们以前给你的来文中、最近一次是在我们2011年4月5日的信(A/65/806-S/2011/235，附件)中驳斥了类似的所谓侵犯领空和违反空中交通管制条例的指控。我想再次重申，在北塞浦路斯土耳其共和国领空内的飞行是在该国有关当局完全知情并同意的情况下进行的，南塞浦路斯的希族塞人行政当局对此没有权限或权力说三道四。应予以强调的是，所谓违反空中交通管制条例的主张是无效的，因为北塞浦路斯土耳其共和国民航局是提供空中交通和航空信息服务的唯一主管当局。", "正如我们以前的信中所指出的那样，这种说法是基于虚假和非法的主张，即，主张希族塞人行政当局的主权扩展至全岛，包括北塞浦路斯土耳其共和国境内。希族塞人方面这种自命不凡的主张忽略了塞浦路斯岛当前的现实状况，即存在着两个独立国家，每个国家在各自领土内行使主权和管辖权。", "希族塞人方面通过再三的虚假主张欲把非法行政当局合法性的企图将是徒劳无益的，因为土族塞人绝不会屈服于他们的不公正要求。事实上有利于改善岛上气氛的做法是，希族塞人方面停止僭取其并未合法拥有的权利和责任，并停止对土族塞人的一切敌对行动。", "我要再次让大家知道，土族塞人民航局正在对空中航行采取各种预防措施，其愿意为这一区域的空中交通安全着想与南部的对口部门合作。希族塞人当局若有诚意，则应建设性地回应这种合作。", "此外，要提醒希族塞人行政当局的是，其对应部门现在是且一直是土族塞人方面，而非土耳其，而其一贯否认土族塞人在该岛北部的权利并不预示着依照既定的联合国参数、即基于两国政治平等的两区两族联邦制的伙伴关系解决塞浦路斯冲突会有良好的发展前景。", "希族塞人方面不应继续其众所周知的指控，其显然不会有助于双方之间的信任精神和伙伴关系，而是必须拿出承诺，建设性地参与联合国主导的谈判，为双方都能接受的塞浦路斯问题的公正解决铺平道路。", "请将本函作为大会议程项目43的文件和安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "北塞浦路斯土耳其共和国代表", "希尔米·阿肯(签名)" ]

[ "大会第六十五届会议 议程项目43\n塞浦路斯问题", "2011年7月22日土耳其常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信", "谨随函转递2011年7月22日北塞浦路斯土耳其共和国代表希尔米·阿基勒给你的信(见附件)。", "请将本函及其附件作为大会议程项目43下的文件和安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "法兹勒·乔尔曼(签名)", "2011年7月22日土耳其常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信的附件", "奉我国政府指示,谨提及2011年7月7日希族塞人驻纽约代表给你的信,该信已作为大会和安全理事会文件分发(A/65/901-S/2011/424),信中再次提出违反“国际空中交通管制条例和侵犯共和国国家领空”的指控,并提请你注意以下情况:", "不妨回顾,我们先前给你的信,包括最近2011年4月5日的信(A/65/806-S/2011/235,附件)均驳斥了所谓违反领空和空中交通管制条例的类似指控。 我谨再次重申,北塞浦路斯土耳其共和国主权领空内的飞行是在国家有关当局完全知情和同意的情况下进行的,南塞浦路斯希族塞人行政当局对此没有任何管辖权或发言权。 应当强调,所谓违反空中交通条例的指控是无效的,因为北塞浦路斯土耳其共和国民航局是唯一有权提供空中交通和航空信息服务的当局。", "正如我们在前几封信中指出的那样,这种断言是基于错误和非法的主张,即希族塞人行政当局的主权遍及整个岛屿,包括北塞浦路斯土耳其共和国的领土。 希族塞人方面的这一荒谬论点无视塞浦路斯岛目前的现实,即存在两个独立国家,各自在各自领土内行使主权和管辖权。", "希族塞人方面通过经常重复的虚假主张,企图使非法行政当局具有合法性,这是徒劳的,因为土族塞人永远不会屈服于他们的不公正要求。 真正有利于改善岛上气氛的是,希族塞人方面应停止自称其在法律上没有的权利和责任,并停止对土族塞人的一切敌对行动。", "我要再次正式指出,土族塞人民航当局正在采取一切空中航行预防措施。 为了该区域的空中交通安全,它随时准备同南部的民航当局合作。 希族塞人当局对这种合作作出建设性反应将表明其诚意。", "此外,应提醒希族塞人行政当局,其对应方是土族塞人方面,而不是土耳其,它一贯否认土族塞人在塞岛北部的权利,这不利于按照联合国既定参数解决塞浦路斯冲突的前景,即基于两个组成国政治平等的两区两族联邦的伙伴关系。", "希族塞人一方不应继续其众所周知的指控,这种指控显然无助于双方之间的信任和伙伴关系精神,而必须表现出承诺并建设性地参与联合国主导的谈判,为双方都能接受和公平的解决塞浦路斯问题铺平道路。", "请将本函作为大会议程项目43下的文件和安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "(签名) 北塞浦路斯土耳其共和国代表" ]

[ "Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Abyei", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report is submitted pursuant to paragraph 11 of Security Council resolution 1990 (2011), in which the Council requested that it be kept regularly informed of progress in the implementation of the Agreement between the Government of the Sudan and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM) on Temporary Arrangements for the Administration and Security of the Abyei Area, signed on 20 June 2011 in Addis Ababa. The report outlines the latest developments in Abyei and provides an update on the deployment of the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA).", "II. Political and security developments", "2. Throughout the interim period of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement between the Government of the Sudan and SPLM, the dispute over the future status of the Abyei Area presented one of the greatest obstacles to implementation of the Agreement and stability in the region. Competing claims to land ownership and use between the Ngok Dinka and Misseriya communities, complicated by the presence of high-quality oil reserves and the instrumentalization of local communities by the Governments in the North and South, kept Abyei on the brink of conflict, on occasion erupting into serious clashes between the Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA) and the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF). As a result, little progress was made on the core aspects of the Abyei Protocol to the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, following the rejection of the conclusions of the Abyei Boundaries Commission by the National Congress Party, the rejection of the Permanent Court of Arbitration ruling by the Misseriya communities and the incomplete implementation of the wealth-sharing provisions. The referendum on the future of Abyei also stalled as a result of disputes over the criteria for eligibility to participate and over the border.", "Deterioration of the security situation", "3. In the lead up to the referendum on the self-determination of Southern Sudan, tensions increased in Abyei at the end of 2010, resulting in a series of violent incidents in the Area in early January and a build-up of regular and irregular forces from the North and the South. In response, and in the absence of a final agreement on the status of the Abyei Area, temporary security arrangements were agreed upon by the parties to the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, in the 13 and 17 January 2011 Kadugli Agreements and the 4 March Abyei Agreement, which provided for the deployment of Joint Integrated Units and Joint Integrated Police Units to ensure security and the withdrawal of all other forces from the Area. However, these Agreements were only implemented in part and a number of violent incidents between the parties and/or their proxies occurred in April and May 2011.", "4. The security situation in Abyei deteriorated further when, on 19 May, a convoy of the United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) transporting an SAF Joint Integrated Unit was attacked in Dokura, an area controlled by Southern police unilaterally deployed to Abyei in August 2010. In response, SAF immediately deployed an infantry brigade to the Abyei Area and bombed SPLA positions in several locations, taking control of Abyei town and the entire Area north of the Kiir/Bahr el-Arab River. SPLA remains in control of the Area south of the river. On 21 May, following the takeover of Abyei town, the Government of the Sudan unilaterally dissolved the Abyei Administration.", "5. As the violence unfolded, more than 100,000 civilians fled southward, an influx of Misseriya elements was observed in Abyei town and aggressive rhetoric was heard from the highest levels of both parties to the Comprehensive Peace Agreement. From 24 May, SAF and SPLA troop concentrations were observed in the area of the Banton bridge, an important crossing point on the Kiir/Bahr el-Arab River. The bridge was subsequently disabled, cutting off land travel between Abyei town and Agok and South Sudan. Meanwhile, UNMIS experienced movement restrictions imposed by SAF and on occasion by Misseriya elements, and aggressive posturing towards the Mission. On 24 May, four UNMIS helicopters were fired upon, but not harmed, from positions in proximity to Mission headquarters in Abyei. The security situation remains tense and unpredictable, with ongoing reports of sporadic shooting. SAF continues to maintain a considerable ground presence in the Area and to occupy Abyei town.", "Negotiation process", "6. In response to the situation in Abyei, the African Union High-Level Implementation Panel, chaired by President Thabo Mbeki, with the support of the Government of Ethiopia, UNMIS and other stakeholders, facilitated high-level meetings in Addis Ababa between the parties to the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, which were attended by President Bashir and First Vice-President Kiir on 12 and 13 June. On 20 June, the Government of the Sudan and SPLM signed the aforementioned Agreement on Temporary Arrangements for the Administration and Security of the Abyei Area.", "7. The Agreement provides for the establishment of an Abyei Area Administration, to be administered jointly by a Chief Administrator nominated by SPLM and a nominated Deputy by the Government of the Sudan, which will serve as a local civilian authority, exercising the powers contained in the Abyei Protocol to the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, with the exception of supervising and promoting security and stability. The Agreement transfers those powers to a newly established Abyei Joint Oversight Committee, composed of two members of each party and a facilitator appointed by the African Union Commission, which will report to the Presidents of the Sudan and of South Sudan. It further provides for the total withdrawal of all armed elements from the Area and full demilitarization, to be observed by a newly established Joint Military Observer Committee, which reports to the Abyei Joint Oversight Committee. The parties also agreed to establish an Abyei Police Service, which will include a special unit to address issues related to nomadic migration.", "8. In support of these arrangements and to provide security in the Abyei Area, the parties requested the United Nations to deploy an Interim Security Force for Abyei, to be comprised of an armoured brigade provided by the Ethiopian National Defence Force. They also requested that the Force undertake monitoring and verification, protection of monitoring teams, security within the Abyei Area, protection of Abyei’s borders, support to the Abyei Police Service, facilitation of humanitarian assistance and protection of civilians under imminent threat. Noting that the Agreement and the Abyei Protocol will continue to apply until such time as the final status of Abyei has been resolved, the parties also committed to consider, in good faith, proposals from the African Union High-Level Implementation Panel on Abyei’s final status.", "9. The United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) was established by the Security Council in its resolution 1990 (2011), with a mandate to monitor and verify the redeployment of SAF, SPLA, or its successor, from the Abyei Area; participate in relevant Abyei Area bodies; provide demining assistance and technical advice; facilitate the delivery of humanitarian aid and the free movement of humanitarian personnel; strengthen the capacity of the Abyei Police Service; and, when necessary, provide security for oil infrastructure, in cooperation with the Abyei Police Service. Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, the Council also authorized the Force, within its capabilities and area of deployment, to protect UNISFA and United Nations personnel, facilities, installations and equipment; ensure the security and freedom of movement of United Nations and humanitarian personnel, and members of the Joint Military Observer Committee and Joint Military Observer teams; protect civilians under imminent threat of physical violence; protect the Abyei Area from incursions by unauthorized elements; and ensure security. Moreover, the Council requested the Secretary-General to ensure that effective human rights monitoring is carried out and that the results are included in his reports to the Council.", "10. Since the signature of the 20 June Agreement, the parties have nominated candidates for the Abyei Area Administration, but agreement is outstanding on the candidacy of the Chairperson. The parties have, however, accepted each other’s nominations to the Abyei Joint Oversight Committee. Progress on the establishment of these bodies is necessary for the implementation of other provisions of the Agreement, notably the formation of the Abyei Police Service.", "11. In Addis Ababa, on 29 June, the parties signed an Agreement on Border Security and the Joint Political and Security Mechanism, in which the Governments of the Sudan and of South Sudan reaffirmed their commitment to the 7 December 2010 Agreement on the establishment of a Joint Political and Security Mechanism, and to the Kuriftu Joint Position Paper signed on 30 May 2011. In addition to the mechanism, the border security Agreement provides for the establishment of a safe demilitarized border zone 10 kilometres outside the 1-1-56 borderline, pending the resolution of the status of the disputed areas and the final demarcation of the border, and requests UNISFA to provide force protection for an international border monitoring verification mission. In accordance with the Agreement, UNISFA and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, in coordination with the African Union, will consult with the parties with a view to defining the possible role of UNISFA in support of the border mechanism. Following this process, I will make recommendations to the Security Council on the possible amendment of the mandate of UNISFA to fulfil these tasks.", "III. Humanitarian situation", "12. Since SAF launched its offensive on Abyei in May 2011, Abyei has witnessed a population exodus southward, and widespread looting, burning of tukuls and other damage to property mainly by Misseriya militia. By 21 May, most of the civilian population had departed from Abyei town. The number of displaced persons is currently estimated to be nearly 113,000, with more than 98,000 such persons registered by the International Organization for Migration and local authorities in South Sudan. The largest numbers of displaced persons are located in Agok, 40 kilometres south of Abyei (estimated to be 27,000 persons), and in parts of Warrab state, South Sudan (estimated to be 55,300 persons), with others in Unity and Western and Northern Bahr el-Ghazal states (estimated to be 2,000, 9,000 and 2,000 persons, respectively), which places additional strains on the limited capacities of the Government of South Sudan and the humanitarian actors on the ground. In response to this population exodus, humanitarian personnel have relocated from Abyei town to Agok and South Sudan, where they continue to assess and respond to emergency needs through the provision of food, shelter and other emergency aid items.", "13. Under the auspices of the “Friends of Abyei”, chaired by the Resident Coordinator/Humanitarian Coordinator, a planning team comprising United Nations agency, donor and international non-governmental organization representatives has been established to draft a joint recovery programming strategy for Abyei, which will include a clear division of labour, sequencing of activities and clearly defined benchmarks. However, until UNISFA is fully deployed and SAF and armed elements withdraw from Abyei, it is unlikely that internally displaced persons will return to the Area.", "IV. Human rights", "14. To date, the facts surrounding numerous allegations of grave human rights violations in Abyei have been difficult to ascertain owing to security, limited access and witness protection concerns. Nevertheless, UNMIS was able to conduct preliminary investigations through interviews with displaced persons in South Sudan before the Mission ceased operations on 10 July. Pursuant to Security Council resolution 1990 (2011) and following the withdrawal of UNMIS, the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights intends to send an assessment mission to (a) explore options and recommend concrete follow-up actions, including on the development of a strategy to carry out effective human rights monitoring, in consultation with the local authorities and the Government of the Sudan, and (b) assess the facts and circumstances around the recent events that took place in Abyei, including the forced displacement of civilians, and gauge the willingness of those displaced to return. The mission will also be conducted under the High Commissioner’s general mandate, as contained in General Assembly resolution 48/141.", "V. Deployment of the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei", "15. As of 25 July, 453 troops had arrived in the Abyei Area, located in Abyei town and Diffra. Planning for the induction of troops in the Agok team site is also being undertaken. An advance force headquarters is functional, logistics support is in place and the induction of troops is progressing.", "16. With regard to the police component authorized by the Security Council, comprising 50 officers, work is ongoing on a concept of operations for discussion with the appropriate local authorities and the parties to the 20 June Agreement. The deployment of police personnel will reflect the needs of local authorities and the timing related to the establishment of the Abyei Police Service.", "17. With regard to mine action, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations remains ready to deploy quick response teams and a coordination and quality assurance capacity in order to undertake emergency humanitarian mine action operations, including survey and clearance activities, and the provision of risk education. Such a capacity would address the possible threats posed by landmines as well as explosive remnants of war and would ensure that all mine action activities are conducted in compliance with International Mine Action Standards. While there are currently no confirmed reports of the laying of new landmines in Abyei, explosive remnants of war continue to pose direct threats to the local population, returnees and humanitarian actors, and may pose constraints on UNISFA activities in the future. Discussions will take place with local authorities and national counterparts to define the exact scope and timing of such assistance.", "18. Deploying a mission of this size and nature in such a short time frame presents significant challenges. While the Ethiopian military contingent was able to self-deploy during the initial phase of deployment, there is now an urgent need to acquire land for UNISFA premises, build camps, recruit and deploy police and civilian personnel, build a robust communications infrastructure and enter into new or amend existing commercial contracts. Completion of these and related activities would normally require several months, an unacceptable length of time given the volatile situation on the ground in Abyei. Measures are therefore being taken to ensure that UNISFA becomes operational as quickly as possible, such as the full application of elements of the global field support strategy, including use of the global and regional service centres, drawing on ex-UNMIS (under liquidation) capabilities where and as appropriate, and applying maximum flexibility in the selection and deployment of human resources.", "19. The deployment of UNISFA has already experienced some constraints imposed by the Government of the Sudan, in particular restrictions on the use of the El Obeid logistics base for United Nations helicopter and contractor vehicle movements. The Government has insisted that UNISFA use Kadugli as its entry point and denied permission for UNMIS cargo movements from El Obeid to Abyei, Malakal and the team sites supplied by the logistics base. Government personnel have questioned the status of UNISFA as a United Nations mission, which is inconsistent with the Security Council resolution establishing UNISFA and requesting the Secretary-General and the Government of the Sudan to enter into a status-of-forces agreement.", "20. With the onset of the rainy season, the deployment of the remaining UNISFA personnel will be conducted in increasingly challenging conditions. It is therefore imperative that the Governments of the Sudan and of South Sudan do everything necessary to facilitate the deployment of UNISFA. A status-of-forces agreement must be negotiated in accordance with the request of the Security Council and negotiations on land conducted rapidly in order to accommodate all of the company operating bases envisioned. Furthermore, to ensure that UNISFA can implement its mandate and operate effectively and impartially, it is essential that all other forces withdraw immediately from the Area as the mission deploys.", "VI. Financial aspects", "21. In the short term, UNISFA will receive interim funding from the General Assembly appropriation to UNMIS for the 2011/12 budget period, with authorization to draw on these funds when entering into commitments until a full budget is approved later in the year. The Controller has also authorized an interim staffing table for UNISFA comprising 207 temporary civilian positions.", "VII. Observations", "22. One month after the authorization of UNISFA, I am encouraged to report that more than 400 troops are already on the ground in Abyei. I am fully committed to supporting the implementation of the 20 June and 29 June Agreements, and am optimistic that UNISFA will be capable of providing a robust presence to deter conflict and facilitate the parties’ joint administration and security arrangements. However, it is incumbent upon the parties to ensure the optimum conditions for the success of UNISFA by redoubling their efforts to support the deployment, withdraw their forces and implement the 20 June Agreement.", "23. It is also critical that these arrangements and the United Nations role in Abyei are understood to be part of a temporary solution to the situation. The presence of an international force in Abyei must enable but not delay negotiations on a permanent solution to the Area’s status, in accordance with the Comprehensive Peace Agreement and the principles of the Permanent Court of Arbitration. This will require both parties to make difficult compromises towards a sustainable political solution that will address the needs of all stakeholders.", "24. With the independence of South Sudan on 9 July, the dispute over the final status of Abyei is no longer an internal Sudanese matter. In addition to its impact on local stakeholders, it has become a bilateral concern between two sovereign Governments. Resolution of the issue is therefore critical to the achievement of stable and peaceful relations between the Sudan and South Sudan, and wider regional stability. To the same end, the two Governments must also resolve other critical issues, namely the ongoing violence in Southern Kordofan state and the lack of resolution of key post-referendum arrangements, including the North-South border. I therefore call upon the Governments of the Sudan and of South Sudan to finalize outstanding negotiations as soon as possible.", "25. In closing, I would like to thank the African Union High-Level Implementation Panel, led by President Mbeki, for facilitating the negotiations leading to the 20 June Agreement. I would also like to thank Prime Minister Meles Zenawi for his personal participation in the negotiations and his Government’s offer of troops for deployment to Abyei. In addition, I commend my Special Representative, Mr. Haile Menkerios, and the staff of UNMIS for their efforts to support the negotiations towards a resolution of the crisis in Abyei and welcome the incoming personnel of UNISFA, who stand ready to play a vital role towards the stabilization of Abyei in the months ahead." ]

[ "秘书长关于阿卜耶伊局势的报告", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告是按照安全理事会第1990(2011)号决议第11段提交的，安理会在该决议中要求定期向安理会通报2011年6月20日在亚的斯亚贝巴签订的《苏丹政府与苏丹人民解放运动(苏人解)关于阿卜耶伊地区临时行政和安全安排的协议》的执行进展情况。本报告概要介绍阿卜耶伊的最新事态发展，提供联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队(联阿安全部队)最新部署情况。", "二. 政治和安全动态", "2. 在苏丹政府和苏人解签订的《全面和平协定》所涉过渡期间，对阿卜耶伊地区未来地位的争议始终是在本区域执行《协定》和实现稳定的一大障碍。由于恩哥克-丁卡和米塞里亚两族对土地所有权和使用权存在着相左的主张，再加上有优质石油储藏存在，当地社区成为北方和南方政府所利用的工具，阿卜耶伊一直处在冲突的边缘，有时候导致苏丹人民解放军(苏丹解放军)和苏丹武装部队之间发生严重的冲突。因此，由于全国大会党拒绝阿卜耶伊边界委员会的结论、米塞里亚族拒绝常设仲裁法院的裁决和财富共享规定未得到全面执行，在执行《全面和平协定阿卜耶伊议定书》的核心内容方面鲜有进展。此外，由于在参加投票的资格标准和边界问题上存在争议，关于阿卜耶伊未来地位的公民投票也止步不前。", "安全局势的恶化", "3. 在就苏丹南方的自决问题举行公民投票前，2010年底，阿卜耶伊的紧张局势加剧，导致该地区在1月初发生一系列暴力事件，北方和南方的正规和非正规部队集结。为此，在尚未签订阿卜耶伊地区地位最终协定的情况下，全面和平协定各方商定了临时安全安排，这体现在2011年1月13日和17日《卡杜格利协定》和3月4日《阿卜耶伊协定》之中。这些安排规定在阿卜耶伊地区部署联合混编部队和联合混编警察部队，负责安全保障，并规定所有其他部队撤出该地区。但是，这些协定只得到部分执行，2011年4月和5月在各方和(或)各方代理人之间发生了若干暴力事件。", "4. 5月19日，负责运送苏丹武装部队联合混编部队的一支联合国苏丹特派团(联苏特派团)车队在2010年8月单方面部署在阿卜耶伊的南方警察控制的地区多库拉遭到袭击，导致阿卜耶伊安全局势进一步恶化。对此，苏丹武装力量立即向阿卜耶伊地区派驻了一个步兵旅，并轰炸了苏丹解放军的多个阵地，控制了阿卜耶伊镇和基尔/阿拉伯河以北的整个地区。苏丹解放军仍控制着基尔/阿拉伯河以南的地区。5月21日，苏丹政府在接管阿卜耶伊镇以后单方面解散了阿卜耶伊行政当局。", "5. 随着暴力事件不断发生，10万多名平民南逃，在阿卜耶伊镇发现米塞里亚族人涌入，全面和平协定双方的最高层都发表了过激的言论。从5月24日开始，在基尔/阿拉伯河重要的过境点——Banton桥发生了苏丹武装部队和苏丹解放军部队集结的情况。后来桥梁被破坏，切断了阿卜耶伊镇与阿戈克和苏丹南部之间的陆路交通。与此同时，联苏特派团的行动受到苏丹武装部队的限制，偶尔也受到米塞里亚族人的限制，并遭到进攻威胁。5月24日，四架联苏特派团直升机遭到设在阿卜耶伊的特派镇总部附近阵地的炮火袭击，幸而没有造成损害。安全局势仍然紧张，而且无法预料，持续发生零星的射击事件。苏丹武装部队继续在阿卜耶伊地区保持相当的存在，并继续占领阿卜耶伊镇。", "谈判进程", "6. 针对阿卜耶伊的局势，由塔博·姆贝基总统主持的非洲联盟高级别执行小组在埃塞俄比亚政府、联苏特派团和其他利益相关者的支持下，促成了6月12日至13日全面和平协定各方在亚的斯亚贝巴举行的高级别会议，贝希尔总统和第一副总统基尔参加了会议。6月20日，苏丹政府与苏人解签订了上述《阿卜耶伊地区临时行政和安全安排的协议》。", "7. 《协议》规定须设立阿卜耶伊地区行政当局，由苏人解提名的首席行政官和苏丹政府提名的副手共同管理，将充任地方民事管理机构，行使《全面和平协定阿卜耶伊议定书》所载的各项权力，监督和促进安全与稳定除外。《协议》将这些权力移交给新设立的阿卜耶伊联合监督委员会。该委员会由每一方的两名成员和非洲联盟任命的一位协调人组成，将向苏丹和南苏丹总统报告。《协议》还规定所有武装人员必须全部撤出阿卜耶伊地区，并彻底实行非军事化，由新设立的联合军事观察员委员会负责监督，向阿卜耶伊联合监督委员会报告。各方还商定建立阿卜耶伊警察局，内设一个专门负责游牧民族迁徙问题的单位。", "8. 为支持这些安排，并保障阿卜耶伊地区的安全，各方请联合国部署一支阿卜耶伊临时安全部队，其中包括埃塞俄比亚国防军提供的一个装甲旅。各方请安全部队承担如下任务：监测与核查，保护监察队，保障阿卜耶伊地区内的安全，保护阿卜耶伊的边界，向阿卜耶伊警察局提供支助，为人道主义援助提供便利，并保护面临迫在眉睫威胁的平民。各方注意到，《协议》和《阿卜耶伊议定书》将继续适用，直至解决阿卜耶伊最终地位问题，因此，各方又承诺，将一秉诚意地考虑非洲联盟高级别执行小组有关阿卜耶伊最终地位的提案。", "9. 安全理事会第1990(2011)号决议设立了联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队(联阿安全部队)，其任务规定是：在阿卜耶伊地区，监测并核实苏丹武装部队、苏丹解放军、或其继承部队重新部署的情况；参与阿卜耶伊地区相关机构的工作；提供排雷协助和技术咨询；便利人道主义援助的运送以及人道主义工作人员的自由行动；加强阿卜耶伊警察局的能力；并在必要时，与阿卜耶伊警察局合作，为石油基础设施提供安保服务。安理会还根据《联合国宪章》第七章的规定，授权联阿安全部队，在其能力和部署区域范围内，保护联阿安全部队以及联合国的人员、设施、装置和设备；确保联合国人员、人道主义人员、联合军事观察委员会成员以及联合军事观察小组成员的安全和行动自由；保护面临迫在眉睫的人身暴力威胁的平民；保护阿卜耶伊地区免遭未经授权人员的入侵；并确保该地区的安全。此外，安理会又请秘书长确保进行有效人权监测，并将结果纳入其向安理会提交的报告。", "10. 自6月20日协议签订以来，各方已提名阿卜耶伊地区行政当局成员候选人，但就主席的候选人问题，仍未达成一致。然而，各方已接受彼此有关阿卜耶伊联合监督委员会成员的提名。在组建这些机构方面取得进展，是执行协议其他条款的必要条件，特别是在建立阿卜耶伊警察局方面。", "11. 6月29日，各方在亚的斯亚贝巴签订了一项有关边界安全和联合政治与安全机制的协议，其中，苏丹政府和南苏丹政府重申，承诺遵守2010年12月7日有关建立联合政治与安全机制的协议，以及2011年5月30日签署的《科瑞富图联合立场文件》。除联合政治与安全机制外，边界安全协议还规定，在解决争议地区地位问题以及最终划定边界以前，在1-1-56边界线以外10公里内，设立一个非军事化安全边界区，并请联阿安全部队为国际边界监测核查团提供部队保护。按照协议，联阿安全部队和维持和平行动部将与非洲联盟协调，与各方进行磋商，以便确定在支持边界机制方面，联阿安全部队可发挥什么作用。我将根据这一进程的发展，就为完成这些任务，可能需要对联阿安全部队的任务规定进行的修改，向安全理事会提出建议。", "三. 人道主义状况", "12. 自苏丹武装部队2011年5月对阿卜耶伊发动进攻以来，在阿卜耶伊，大量民众南逃，抢劫、焚烧房屋和其他破坏财产行为十分猖獗，主要是米塞里亚民兵所为。至5月21日，大部分平民已离开阿卜耶伊镇。目前，估计流离失所者人数接近113 000人，国际移民组织和南苏丹地方当局登记的人数超过98 000人。聚集流离失所者人数最多的地方是阿卜耶伊以南40公里的阿戈克(估计为27 000人)，以及南苏丹瓦拉布州的一些地方(估计为55 300人)，还有些流离失所者在联合州、西加扎勒河州和北加扎勒河州(估计分别为2 000人、9 000人和2 000人)，使南苏丹政府和在当地的人道主义行为体本已有限的能力更加紧张。为应对这一民众外逃局势，人道主义工作人员已从阿卜耶伊镇迁至阿戈克和南苏丹，他们在那里继续评估并满足紧急需要，提供食物、住所以及其他紧急援助物品。", "13. 在驻地协调员/人道主义协调员担任主席的“阿卜耶伊之友”主持下，已成立一个由联合国机构、捐助方和国际非政府组织代表组成的规划小组，为阿卜耶伊起草一项联合恢复方案拟定战略，并纳入明确分工、活动次序以及清晰界定的基准。然而，在联阿安全部队完全部署以及苏丹武装部队和武装分子撤离阿卜耶伊之前，境内流离失所者不太可能会返回该地区。", "四. 人权", "14. 由于安全问题、进出受限和对保护证人的顾虑，为数众多的有关对阿卜耶伊发生的严重侵犯人权行为指控的真相迄今仍难以确定。尽管如此，在联苏特派团于7月10日停止活动之前，特派团约谈了南苏丹流离失所者，从而得以进行了初步调查。根据6月27日安全理事会第1990(2011)号决议，在联苏特派团撤出后，人权事务高级专员打算派遣一个评估团，以期：(a) 探讨各种备选办法，并与地方当局和苏丹政府协商后建议采取具体后续行动，包括制定有效执行人权监测战略。(b) 评估最近在阿卜耶伊所发生事件的真相和背景，包括强迫平民流离失所事件，并判断那些流离失所者的回返意愿。这一任务也将在大会第48/141号决议所载高级专员的一般权限下进行。", "五. 联阿安全部队的部署情况", "15. 截至7月25日，453名部队人员已抵达阿卜耶伊地区，驻扎在阿卜耶伊镇和迪夫拉。向阿戈克队部部署部队的规划也正在进行中。先头部队总部已开展工作，后勤支持已到位，部队部署工作正在进行。", "16. 对于安全理事会授权由50名警官组成的警察部分，目前正在开展制定行动构想的工作，供与适当地方当局和6月20日协定各方进行讨论。警务人员的部署将体现地方当局的需要以及建立阿卜耶伊警察局的时机。", "17. 对于地雷行动，维持和平行动部随时准备部署快速反应小组和协调与质量保证能力，进行紧急人道主义地雷行动，包括查雷、排雷和提供风险教育。这种能力将解决地雷和战争遗留爆炸物可能带来的威胁，并确保所有地雷行动活动遵照国际地雷行动标准进行。虽然目前还没有经证实的关于在阿卜耶伊埋设新地雷的报告，但战争遗留爆炸物继续对当地居民、回返者和人道主义行动者构成直接威胁，今后可能会制约联阿安全部队的活动。将与地方当局和国家对应方进行讨论，以确定这种援助的具体范围和时机。", "18. 在如此短的时间内部署如此规模和性质的特派团，是一个重大挑战。虽然在部署初始阶段埃塞俄比亚军事特遣队能够自行部署，但现在迫切需要购买联阿安全部队房地用地、修建营地、征聘并部署警察和文职人员、建立稳固通信设备基础设施，并订立新商事合同或修订现有商事合同。完成这些活动及相关活动一般需要几个月，鉴于阿卜耶伊当地局势动荡不安，耗时如此之久是不可接受的。因此目前正在采取各种措施确保联阿安全部队尽快开始运作，例如：全面适用全球外勤支助战略的要素，包括利用全球和区域服务中心；视情况适当利用正在清理中的前联苏特派团的能力；最大限度地灵活甄选并配置人力资源。", "19. 联阿安全部队的部署已经遇到苏丹政府施加的限制，特别是对联合国直升机和承包商车辆往来使用奥贝德后勤基地的限制。政府一直坚持要求联阿安全部队将卡杜格利作为入境点，并拒不允许联苏特派团将后勤基地提供的货物从奥贝德运到阿卜耶伊、马拉卡勒和各队部。政府人员曾对联阿安全部队作为联合国特派团的地位提出质疑，这不符合建立联阿安全部队并要求秘书长和苏丹政府订立部队地位协定的安全理事会决议。", "20. 随着雨季来临，部署其余联阿安全部队人员的工作条件将越来越艰苦。因此，当务之急是，苏丹政府和南苏丹政府应尽一切努力协助部署联阿安全部队。必须按照安全理事会的要求谈判达成一份《部队地位协定》，关于土地的谈判也必须迅速进行，以满足所有设想中的连级行动基地的要求。此外，为确保联阿安全部队执行其任务并有效公正地运作，随着特派团的部署，所有其他部队必须立即撤出该地区。", "六. 财务问题", "21. 在短期内，联阿安全部队将接受来自大会2011/12年预算期间为联苏特派团拨款的临时供资，并得到授权在全额预算于今年晚些时候获得核定之前利用这些资金承付款项。主计长还授权核准了由207个临时文职人员职位组成的联阿安全部队临时人员配置表。", "七. 意见", "22. 我深感鼓舞地报告，联阿安全部队得到授权一个月后，400多名部队人员已在阿卜耶伊部署到位。我充分致力于支持执行6月20日和6月29日的协定，并乐观地认为，联阿安全部队将有能力提供一个强有力的存在，慑止冲突并促进各方的联合管理和安全安排。然而，各方有责任加倍努力支持安全部队的部署、撤出各自的部队并实施6月20日协议，以确保联阿安全部队取得成功的最佳条件。", "23. 人们还必须认识到，这些安排以及联合国在阿卜耶伊的作用是当前局势的一个临时解决方案的一部分。依照《全面和平协定》和常设仲裁法院各项原则，国际部队在阿卜耶伊的存在必须促进而不是推迟就永久解决该地区地位问题进行谈判。这需要双方作出艰难妥协，以达成满足所有利益攸关方需要的持久政治解决方案。", "24. 随着南苏丹于7月9日独立，关于阿卜耶伊最终地位的争议已不再是苏丹内部问题。它不仅对当地利益攸关方产生影响，而且已成为两个主权政府之间的双边问题。因此，解决这一问题对于实现苏丹和南苏丹之间稳定和平的关系以及更广泛的地区稳定至关重要。为达到同一目的，两国政府还必须解决其他重要问题，即：南科尔多凡州的持续暴力，以及全民投票后对包括北南边界在内的重要安排未能作出决定。因此，我呼吁苏丹政府和南苏丹政府尽快完成仍未完成的谈判。", "25. 最后，我要感谢由姆贝基总统领导的非洲联盟高级别执行小组促成谈判达成了6月20日协定。我要感谢梅莱斯·泽纳维总理亲自参加谈判及其政府提供部队供部署到阿卜耶伊。此外，我赞扬我的特别代表海尔·门克里欧斯以及联苏特派团工作人员努力支持就解决阿卜耶伊危机进行谈判，并欢迎联阿安全部队入职人员随时准备在今后数月内在稳定阿卜耶伊方面发挥至关重要的作用。" ]

[ "秘书长关于阿卜耶伊局势的报告", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 本报告是根据安全理事会第1990(2011)号决议第11段提交的,安理会在该段中要求定期向其通报执行2011年6月20日在亚的斯亚贝巴签署的《苏丹政府与苏丹人民解放运动(人运)关于阿卜耶伊地区行政和安全临时安排的协定》的进展情况。 报告概述了阿卜耶伊的最新事态发展并介绍了联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队(联阿安全部队)的最新部署情况。", "二. 二. 政治和安全事态发展", "2. 联合国 在整个《苏丹政府和苏人解全面和平协定》过渡期间,关于阿卜耶伊地区未来地位的争端是执行《协定》和该区域稳定的最大障碍之一。 恩哥克-丁卡人和米塞里亚人社区之间对土地所有权和使用权的相互竞争,再加上高质量的石油储备的存在和北方和南方政府利用当地社区的手段,使阿卜耶伊处于冲突边缘,有时爆发出苏丹人民解放军(苏丹解放军)同苏丹武装部队之间的严重冲突。 因此,在国民大会党拒绝阿卜耶伊边界委员会的结论、米塞里亚人社区拒绝常设仲裁法院的裁决以及财富分享条款没有得到完全执行之后,《全面和平协议阿卜耶伊议定书》的核心方面进展甚微。 关于阿卜耶伊未来的全民投票也因参与标准和边界争端而停滞不前。", "安全局势恶化", "3个 在苏丹南方自决问题全民投票之前,阿卜耶伊的紧张局势于2010年底加剧,导致1月初该地区发生一系列暴力事件,北方和南方正规和非正规部队集结。 为此,在尚未就阿卜耶伊地区地位达成最后协议的情况下,《全面和平协议》各方在2011年1月13日和17日的《卡杜格利协定》和3月4日的《阿卜耶伊协定》中商定了临时安全安排,其中规定部署联合整编部队和联合整编警察部队,以确保安全并撤出该地区所有其他部队。 然而,这些协定只得到部分执行,2011年4月和5月,双方和/或其代理人之间发生了多起暴力事件。", " 4.四. 5月19日,运送苏丹武装部队联合整编部队的联合国苏丹特派团(联苏特派团)车队在2010年8月单方面被南方警察部署到阿卜耶伊的多库拉被袭击,阿卜耶伊的安全局势进一步恶化。 作为回应,苏丹武装部队立即向阿卜耶伊地区部署一个步兵旅,并轰炸了苏丹解放军在几个地点的阵地,控制了阿卜耶伊镇和基尔/阿拉伯河以北的整个地区。 苏丹人民解放军仍然控制着河以南的地区。 5月21日,在阿卜耶伊镇被接管后,苏丹政府单方面解散了阿卜耶伊行政当局。", "5 (韩语). 随着暴力的展开,100 000多平民向南出逃,观察到米塞里亚分子涌入阿卜耶伊镇,《全面和平协定》双方最高层都发表了攻击性言论。 从5月24日起,观察到苏丹武装部队和苏丹解放军部队在班顿桥一带集结,这是基尔/阿拉伯河上的一个重要过境点。 该桥随后被拆除,切断了阿卜耶伊镇与阿戈克和南苏丹之间的陆地出行。 与此同时,联苏特派团经历了苏丹武装部队施加的行动限制,有时是米塞里亚分子施加的行动限制,以及对特派团的侵略姿态。 5月24日,4架联苏特派团直升机从位于阿卜耶伊的特派团总部附近的阵地被射击而未受伤害。 安全局势仍然紧张和不可预测,不断有零星枪击的报告。 苏丹武装部队继续在 \" 区域 \" 维持相当大的地面存在并占领阿卜耶伊镇。", "谈判进程", "6. 国家 针对阿卜耶伊局势,由塔博·姆贝基总统担任主席的非洲联盟高级别执行小组在埃塞俄比亚政府、联苏特派团和其他利益攸关方的支持下,为6月12日和13日巴希尔总统和第一副总统基尔在亚的斯亚贝巴举行的《全面和平协议》各方高级别会议提供了便利。 6月20日,苏丹政府和苏人解签署了上述《阿卜耶伊地区临时行政和安全安排协定》。", "7. 联合国 《协定》规定设立一个阿卜耶伊地区行政当局,由苏人解提名的一名行政长官和苏丹政府提名的一名副行政长官共同管理,该行政当局将作为地方民政当局,行使《全面和平协定阿卜耶伊议定书》规定的权力,但监督和促进安全与稳定除外。 《协议》将这些权力移交给新成立的阿卜耶伊联合监督委员会,该委员会由各方两名成员和由非洲联盟委员会任命的调解人组成,将向苏丹和南苏丹总统报告。 它还规定,所有武装分子全部从该地区撤出,并实现全面非军事化,由新成立的联合军事观察员委员会观察,该委员会向阿卜耶伊联合监督委员会报告。 双方还同意设立阿卜耶伊警察局,其中包括一个特别股,处理与游牧移徙有关的问题。", "8. 联合国 为支持这些安排并保障阿卜耶伊地区的安全,双方请联合国为阿卜耶伊部署一支临时安全部队,由埃塞俄比亚国防军提供的一个装甲旅组成。 他们还要求部队进行监测和核查,保护监测小组,阿卜耶伊地区内的安全,保护阿卜耶伊的边界,支持阿卜耶伊警察局,为人道主义援助提供便利,并保护面临紧迫威胁的平民。 双方注意到,《协议》和《阿卜耶伊议定书》将继续适用,直至阿卜耶伊最终地位得到解决,双方还承诺认真考虑非洲联盟高级别执行小组关于阿卜耶伊最终地位的建议。", "9. 国家 联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队(联阿安全部队)由安全理事会第1990(2011)号决议设立,任务是监测和核查苏丹武装部队、苏丹解放军或其继任者从阿卜耶伊地区重新部署的情况;参加阿卜耶伊地区相关机构;提供排雷援助和技术咨询;为人道主义援助的运送和人道主义人员的自由流动提供便利;加强阿卜耶伊警察局的能力;必要时与阿卜耶伊警察局合作为石油基础设施提供安保。 安理会还根据《联合国宪章》第七章采取行动,授权联阿安全部队在其能力所及范围内,在部署区内保护联阿安全部队和联合国人员、设施、装置和装备;确保联合国人员和人道主义人员以及联合军事观察员委员会和联合军事观察员小组成员的安全和行动自由;保护面临迫在眉睫的人身暴力威胁的平民;保护阿卜耶伊地区免遭未经授权人员的入侵;并确保安全。 此外,理事会还请秘书长确保进行有效的人权监测,并将监测结果列入他提交理事会的报告。", "10个 自6月20日协议签署以来,各方已提名阿卜耶伊地区行政当局候选人,但尚未就主席候选人资格达成协议。 然而,双方已接受对方对阿卜耶伊联合监督委员会的提名。 在执行《协议》其他条款,特别是组建阿卜耶伊警察局方面,必须在设立这些机构方面取得进展。", "11. 6月29日,双方在亚的斯亚贝巴签署了《边界安全和联合政治和安全机制协定》,其中苏丹和南苏丹政府重申对2010年12月7日关于设立联合政治和安全机制的协定以及2011年5月30日签署的《库里夫图共同立场文件》的承诺。 除该机制外,《边界安全协定》规定,在解决有争议地区的地位和最终划定边界之前,在1-156分界线外10公里处建立一个非军事化边界安全区,并请联阿安全部队为国际边界监测核查团提供部队保护。 根据《协议》,联阿安全部队和维持和平行动部将与非洲联盟协调,同各方协商,以确定联阿安全部队在支持边界机制方面可能发挥的作用。 在此进程之后,我将就可能修改联阿安全部队的任务以完成这些任务向安全理事会提出建议。", "三. 人道主义局势", "12个 自2011年5月苏丹武装部队对阿卜耶伊发动进攻以来,阿卜耶伊目睹了人口向南出走,主要由米塞里亚民兵大肆抢劫、焚烧土库尔并毁坏其他财产。 到5月21日,大多数平民已离开阿卜耶伊镇。 目前估计流离失所者人数为近113 000人,国际移民组织和南苏丹地方当局登记的流离失所者超过98 000人。 流离失所者人数最多的是阿卜耶伊以南40公里的阿戈克(估计有27 000人)和南苏丹瓦拉布州部分地区(估计有55 300人),其他流离失所者在团结州和加扎勒河州西部和北部(估计分别有2 000人、9 000人和2 000人),这给南苏丹政府和实地人道主义行动者的有限能力造成了额外压力。 为应对这一人口外流,人道主义工作人员已经从阿卜耶伊镇迁往阿戈克和南苏丹,继续通过提供粮食、住所和其他紧急援助物品评估和应对紧急需要。", "13个 在由驻地协调员/人道主义协调员主持的“阿卜耶伊之友”的主持下,成立了一个由联合国机构、捐助方和国际非政府组织的代表组成的规划小组,以起草阿卜耶伊联合恢复方案拟订战略,该战略将包括明确的分工、活动顺序和明确界定的基准。 然而,在联阿安全部队全面部署以及苏丹武装部队和武装分子从阿卜耶伊撤出之前,境内流离失所者不可能返回该地区。", "四、结 论 人权", "14个 迄今为止,由于安全、出入受限和对证人保护的关切,围绕阿卜耶伊境内许多严重侵犯人权指控的事实一直难以确定。 尽管如此,联苏特派团在7月10日停止行动之前,通过约谈南苏丹流离失所者,得以进行初步调查。 根据安全理事会第1990(2011)号决议,并在联苏特派团撤离后,人权事务高级专员办事处打算派遣一个评估团,以(a) 与地方当局和苏丹政府协商,探讨各种备选办法并就如何采取具体的后续行动提出建议,包括制定一项战略,以进行有效的人权监测;(b) 评估阿卜耶伊最近发生的事件,包括平民被强迫流离失所的事实和情况,并衡量流离失所者是否愿意返回。 访问也将根据大会第48/141号决议所载高级专员的一般任务进行。", " V. 部署联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队", "15个 截至7月25日,453名官兵已抵达位于阿卜耶伊镇和迪夫拉的阿卜耶伊地区。 目前正在规划在阿戈克队部进行部队上岗培训。 先遣部队总部已开始运作,后勤支助已就绪,部队上岗工作正在取得进展。", "16号. 关于安全理事会授权的由50名警官组成的警察部分,目前正在拟订行动构想,以便同有关地方当局和6月20日协定各方进行讨论。 警务人员的部署将反映地方当局的需要和建立阿卜耶伊警察局的时间安排。", "17岁。 关于地雷行动,维持和平行动部仍然随时准备部署快速反应小组以及协调和质量保证能力,以便开展紧急人道主义地雷行动行动,包括调查和排雷活动,并提供风险教育。 这种能力将处理地雷和战争遗留爆炸物可能构成的威胁,并确保所有地雷行动活动都符合国际地雷行动标准。 虽然目前没有经证实的关于在阿卜耶伊埋设新地雷的报告,但战争遗留爆炸物继续对当地居民、回返者和人道主义行为体构成直接威胁,并可能对联阿安全部队今后的活动造成限制。 将与地方当局和国家对应部门进行讨论,以确定这种援助的确切范围和时间。", "18岁。 在如此短的时间内部署这样一个规模和性质的特派团是一项重大挑战。 虽然埃塞俄比亚军事特遣队在部署初期能够自行部署,但现在迫切需要购置联阿安全部队房地用地,建造营地,征聘并部署警察和文职人员,建设强有力的通信基础设施并签订新的或修改现有的商业合同。 鉴于阿卜耶伊当地局势动荡,完成这些活动和有关活动通常需要几个月,时间太长,令人无法接受。 因此,正在采取措施,确保联阿安全部队尽快投入运作,例如充分运用全球外勤支助战略的各项要素,包括利用全球和区域服务中心,酌情利用前联苏特派团(正在清理结束)的能力,并尽可能灵活地选择和部署人力资源。", " 19. 19. 联阿安全部队的部署已经受到苏丹政府的一些限制,特别是限制使用奥贝德后勤基地运送联合国直升机和承包商车辆。 政府坚持要求联阿安全部队以卡杜格利为入境点,并拒绝允许联苏特派团货物从奥贝德运往阿卜耶伊、马拉卡勒和由后勤基地提供的队部。 政府人员质疑联阿安全部队作为联合国特派团的地位,这不符合设立联阿安全部队并要求秘书长和苏丹政府缔结部队地位协定的安全理事会决议。", "20号. 随着雨季的到来,剩余的联阿安全部队人员的部署将在日益艰难的条件下进行。 因此,苏丹和南苏丹政府必须尽一切必要努力,为联阿安全部队的部署提供便利。 必须根据安全理事会的要求谈判部队地位协定,并迅速就土地问题进行谈判,以便容纳设想的所有连级行动基地。 此外,为确保联阿安全部队能够执行任务并有效和公正地运作,所有其他部队必须在特派团部署时立即从该地区撤出。", "六、结 论 财务方面", "21岁 从短期来看,联阿安全部队将在2011/12年度预算期间从大会给联苏特派团的批款中获得临时资金,并授权在承付款项时动用这些资金,直至今年晚些时候核准全额预算。 主计长还核准了由207个临时文职职位组成的联阿安全部队临时员额配置表。", "页:1 意 见", "22号. 联阿安全部队授权一个月后,我欣慰地报告,阿卜耶伊已有400多名士兵。 我充分致力于支持执行6月20日和6月29日协议,并乐观地认为,联阿安全部队将能够提供强有力的存在来遏制冲突并便利双方的联合行政和安全安排。 然而,各方有责任确保联阿安全部队取得成功的最佳条件,加倍努力支持部署、撤出部队并执行6月20日协议。", "23. 联合国 还必须将这些安排和联合国在阿卜耶伊的作用理解为局势临时解决办法的一部分。 根据《全面和平协定》和常设仲裁法院的原则,国际部队在阿卜耶伊的存在必须能够而不是拖延关于永久解决该地区地位问题的谈判。 这将需要双方作出艰难的妥协,以达成可持续的政治解决办法,满足所有利益攸关方的需要。", "24 (韩语). 随着南苏丹于7月9日获得独立,阿卜耶伊最终地位的争端不再是苏丹的内部事务。 除了对当地利益攸关方的影响外,它还成为两个主权政府之间的双边关切。 因此,这一问题的解决对于实现苏丹和南苏丹之间的稳定与和平关系以及更广泛的区域稳定至关重要。 为此,两国政府还必须解决其他关键问题,即南科尔多凡州正在发生的暴力和全民投票后的关键安排,包括南北边界问题得不到解决。 因此,我呼吁苏丹政府和南苏丹政府尽快完成悬而未决的谈判。", "25岁 最后,我要感谢由姆贝基总统领导的非洲联盟高级别执行小组为导致6月20日协定的谈判提供便利。 我还要感谢梅莱斯·泽纳维总理亲自参加谈判并表示愿意派遣部队到阿卜耶伊。 此外,我赞扬我的特别代表海尔·门克里欧斯先生和联苏特派团工作人员努力支持解决阿卜耶伊危机的谈判,并欢迎联阿安全部队即将到来的人员,他们随时准备在今后几个月为阿卜耶伊的稳定发挥重要作用。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 6 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of the Philippines to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of the Republic of the Philippines has the honour to convey the action taken by the Government of the Republic of the Philippines with regard to the implementation of Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011):", "• Non-issuance of visas to identified Libyan nationals", "• Identification, checking and validation of organizations in the Philippines that have links to the Libyan Government and personalities associated with said entities." ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的 第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月6日菲律宾常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "菲律宾共和国常驻代表团谨通报菲律宾共和国政府为执行安全理事会第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议所采取的行动如下：", "• 不向已被确定的利比亚国民发放签证", "• 查明、核查和核实菲律宾境内与利比亚政府有联系的组织以及与所述实体有关联的人员。" ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月6日菲律宾常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "菲律宾共和国常驻代表团谨转递菲律宾共和国政府就执行安全理事会第1970(2011)和1973(2011)号决议采取的行动:", "二. 支助 不向已查明身份的利比亚国民发放签证", "• 查明、核查和鉴定菲律宾境内与利比亚政府有联系的组织以及与上述实体有联系的个人。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 10 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Slovakia to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of the Slovak Republic to the United Nations in New York presents its compliments to the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to the resolution 1970 (2011), and has the honour to set out below the steps taken by the Government of the Slovak Republic to ensure implementation of the relevant provisions of resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011).", "A. Measures adopted by the European Union", "The Slovak Republic and the other member States of the European Union have jointly implemented the restrictive measures against Libya imposed by Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) as follows:", "European Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP of 28 February 2011 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya", "The Council Decision sets out the European Union’s commitment to implement all measures contained in Security Council resolution 1970 (2011), and provides the basis for specific accompanying measures within the scope of the resolution.", "Council Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011 of 2 March 2011 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya", "In accordance with Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) and European Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP, the Council Regulation provides for an arms embargo and a ban on internal repression equipment, as well as restrictions on the admission and the freezing of funds and economic resources of certain persons and entities involved in serious human rights abuses against persons in Libya, including by being involved in attacks, in violation of international law on civilian population and facilities.", "Council Implementing Decision 2011/156/CFSP of 10 March 2011 implementing Decision 2011/137/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya", "In addition to the Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya, and in particular article 8(2) thereof, in conjunction with article 31(2) of the Treaty on the European Union, additional persons and entities listed in the annex to the Decision have been included in annex IV to Decision 2011/137/CFSP.", "Council Implementing Regulation 233/2011 of 10 March 2011 implementing article 16(2) of Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya", "In addition to the Council Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya, and in particular article 16(2) thereof, additional persons and entities have been included in the list of persons and entities subject to restrictive measures as set out in annex III to that Regulation.", "Council Implementing Decision 2011/175/CFSP of 21 March 2011 implementing Decision 2011/137/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya", "In addition to the Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya, and in particular article 8(2) thereof, in conjunction with article 31(2) of the Treaty on the European Union, additional persons and entities listed in the annex to the Decision have been included in annex IV to Decision 2011/137/CFSP.", "Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No. 272/2011 of 21 March 2011 implementing article 16(2) of Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya", "In addition to the Council Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya, and in particular article 16(2) thereof, additional persons and entities have been included in the list of persons and entities subject to restrictive measures set out in annex III to that Regulation.", "Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No. 502/2011 of 23 May 2011 implementing Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya", "In view of the gravity of the situation in Libya and in accordance with Council Implementing Decision 2011/300/CFSP implementing Decision 2011/137/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya, an additional person and an additional entity have been included in the list of persons and entities subject to restrictive measures set out in annex III to Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011.", "B. National implementation measures", "The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Slovak Republic has brought to the attention of all relevant Slovak authorities Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011). The Slovak Republic has adopted Act 126/2011 on the implementation of international sanctions (with effect on 1 May 2011), which sets out new penalties for infringement of sanctions. Act 39/2011 on dual-use goods and technologies (with effect on 1 April 2011) and Act 179/1998 on trading in military material, together with European Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP and European Council Regulation No. 204/2011, provide the basis for the enforcement of the arms embargo against Libya and the ban on related brokering services by competent Slovak authorities.", "Concerning the obligation to freeze the funds, other financial assets and economic resources of the persons and entities as set out in paragraph 17 of resolution 1970 (2011) and paragraph 19 of resolution 1973 (2011), the competent Slovak authorities have been informed about imposed restrictive measures. Act 297/2008 guarantees the prevention of legalization of proceeds of criminal activity and terrorist financing and Act 483/2001 lays out the duty to all banks to update the list of individuals and entities under international sanctions." ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的 第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月10日斯洛伐克常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "斯洛伐克共和国常驻纽约联合国代表团向安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会主席致意，谨通报斯洛伐克共和国政府为确保执行第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议相关规定所采取的各项措施如下：", "A. 欧洲联盟采取的措施", "斯洛伐克共和国和欧洲联盟其他成员国共同实施安全理事会第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议针对利比亚的限制性措施。具体情况如下：", "欧洲理事会2011年2月28日关于针对利比亚局势采取限制性措施的第2011/ 137/CFSP号决定", "理事会决定宣布欧洲联盟承诺执行安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议所载各项措施，为在决议范畴内执行特定附带措施提供了依据。", "理事会2011年3月2日针对利比亚局势采取限制性措施的第204/2011号条例(欧盟)", "根据安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议和欧洲联盟第2011/137/CFSP号决定，理事会条例规定实施武器禁运，禁止购买在国内实施镇压的设备，以及禁止接受、冻结参与对利比亚人民犯下严重侵犯人权行为的个人和实体的资金和经济资源，包括参与攻击、违反关于平民和民用设施的国际法的行为。", "安理会执行2011年3月10日第2011/156/CFSP号决定，执行针对利比亚局势实施限制性措施的第2011/137/CFSP号决定", "除了针对利比亚局势实施限制性措施的理事会第2011/137/CFSP号决定，尤其是其中第8(2)条，以及《欧洲联盟条约》第31(2)条，该决定附件所列其他人员和实体已列入第2011/137/CFSP号决定附件四中。", "理事会执行2011年3月10日第233/2011号条例，执行针对利比亚局势的限制性措施的第204/2011号条例(欧盟)第16(2)条", "除了针对利比亚局势实施限制性措施的第204/2011号条例(欧盟)，尤其是其中第16(2)条，其他个人和实体也被纳入须接受该条例附件三所规定限制性措施的个人和实体清单中。", "理事会执行2011年3月21日第2011/175/CFSP号决定，执行针对利比亚局势的限制性措施的第2011/137/CFSP号决定", "除了理事会针对利比亚局势实施限制性措施的第2011/137/CFSP号决定，尤其是其中第8(2)条，以及《欧洲联盟条约》第31(2)条，该决定附件所列其他个人和实体已被列入第2011/137/CFSP号决定附件四中。", "理事会2011年3月21日第272/2011号条例(欧盟)，执行针对利比亚局势的限制性措施的第204/2011号条例(欧盟)", "除了理事会针对利比亚实施限制性措施的第204/2011号条例(欧盟)，尤其是其中第16(2)条，其他人和实体也被列入须接受第204/2011号条例(欧盟)附件三所列各项限制性措施的个人和实体清单中。", "理事会执行2011年5月23日第502/2011号条例(欧盟)，执行针对利比亚局势的限制性措施的第204/2011号条例", "鉴于利比亚局势严重，根据理事会执行第2011/300/CFSP号决定，执行针对利比亚局势的限制性措施的第2011/137/CFSP号决定，另有其他人和实体也被列入须接受第204/2011号条例(欧盟)附件三所述限制性措施的个人和实体的清单中。", "B. 国家执行措施", "斯洛伐克共和国外交部提请斯洛伐克所有相关当局注意安全理事会第1970 (2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议。斯洛伐克共和国通过了关于实施国际制裁的第126/2011号法案(2011年5月1日生效)，其中对违反制裁规定了新的惩罚措施。关于军民两用产品和技术的第39/2011号法案(2011年4月1日生效)、关于军用物资交易的第179/1998号法案以及欧洲理事会第2011/137/CFSP号决定和欧洲理事会第204/2011号条例为针对利比亚实施武器禁运以及禁止斯洛伐克相关当局进行有关中介服务提供了依据。", "关于冻结第1970(2011)号决议第17段和第1973(2011)号决议第19段所列人员和实体的资金、其他金融资产和经济资源的义务问题，已向斯洛伐克各主管当局通报了实施限制性措施的规定。第297/2008号法案保证防止犯罪活动和资助恐怖主义所得合法化。第483/2001号法案规定所有银行都有义务更新须接受国际制裁的个人和实体的名单。" ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月10日斯洛伐克常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "斯洛伐克共和国常驻纽约联合国代表团向安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会主席致意,并谨说明斯洛伐克共和国政府为确保执行第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议有关规定而采取的步骤如下。", "A类. 欧洲联盟采取的措施", "斯洛伐克共和国和欧洲联盟其他成员国共同执行安全理事会第1970(2011)和1973(2011)号决议对利比亚实施的限制性措施如下:", "欧洲理事会2011年2月28日关于针对利比亚局势的限制性措施的第2011/137/CFSP号决定", "理事会决定规定了欧洲联盟执行安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议所载所有措施的承诺,并为该决议范围内的具体配套措施提供基础。", "2011年3月2日(欧盟)理事会关于针对利比亚局势的限制性措施的第204/2011号条例", "根据安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议和欧洲理事会第2011/137/CFSP号决定,理事会条例规定武器禁运和禁止内部镇压设备,并限制某些个人和实体进入和冻结资金和经济资源,这些个人和实体参与严重侵犯利比亚境内人民人权的行为,包括参与攻击,违反了关于平民和设施的国际法。", "执行理事会2011年3月10日第2011/156/CFSP号决定,执行关于针对利比亚局势的限制性措施的第2011/137/CFSP号决定", "除了关于针对利比亚局势的限制性措施的理事会第2011/137/CFSP号决定,特别是其中第8(2)条,以及《欧洲联盟条约》第31(2)条之外,该决定附件所列其他个人和实体已被列入第2011/137/CFSP号决定附件四。", "2011年3月10日执行关于针对利比亚局势的限制性措施的第204/2011号条例第16(2)条的第233/2011号条例", "除了关于针对利比亚局势的限制性措施的(欧盟)理事会第204/2011号条例,特别是其中第16(2)条之外,其他个人和实体也被列入该条例附件三所列须受限制性措施约束的个人和实体名单。", "理事会2011年3月21日第2011/175/CFSP号决定执行关于针对利比亚局势的限制性措施的第2011/137/CFSP号决定", "除了关于针对利比亚局势的限制性措施的理事会第2011/137/CFSP号决定,特别是其中第8(2)条,以及《欧洲联盟条约》第31(2)条之外,该决定附件所列其他个人和实体已被列入第2011/137/CFSP号决定附件四。", "2011年3月21日执行(欧盟)第204/2011号条例第16(2)条的(欧盟)第272/2011号执行条例,针对利比亚局势采取限制性措施", "除了关于针对利比亚局势的限制性措施的(欧盟)理事会第204/2011号条例,特别是其中第16(2)条外,其他个人和实体也被列入该条例附件三所列须受限制性措施约束的个人和实体名单。", "2011年5月23日欧盟理事会第502/2011号执行条例,执行关于针对利比亚局势的限制性措施的第204/2011号执行条例", "鉴于利比亚局势的严重性,并依照理事会第2011/300/CFSP号执行决定,执行关于针对利比亚局势的限制性措施的第2011/137/CFSP号决定,第204/2011号条例附件三所列受限制性措施制约的个人和实体名单已增列一人和另一实体。", "B. 国家执行措施", "斯洛伐克共和国外交部已提请斯洛伐克所有有关当局注意安全理事会第1970(2011)和1973(2011)号决议。 斯洛伐克共和国已通过了关于执行国际制裁的第126/2011号法(2011年5月1日生效),其中规定了对违反制裁行为的新惩罚。 关于两用货物和技术的第39/2011号法(2011年4月1日生效)和关于军事物资贸易的第179/1998号法,以及欧洲理事会第2011/137/CFSP号决定和欧洲理事会第204/2011号条例,为斯洛伐克主管当局强制执行对利比亚的武器禁运和禁止相关中介服务提供了依据。", "关于第1970(2011)号决议第17段和第1973(2011)号决议第19段规定的冻结个人和实体的资金、其他金融资产和经济资源的义务,已通知斯洛伐克主管当局已实施限制性措施。 第297/2008号法保障防止将犯罪活动和资助恐怖主义所得收益合法化,第483/2001号法规定所有银行有义务更新受国际制裁的个人和实体名单。" ]

[ "Letter dated 22 July 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Qatar to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to refer to Security Council resolution 1973 (2011), adopted on 17 March 2011, concerning the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.", "In accordance with paragraphs 4 and 8 of that resolution, concerning notification by Member States regarding the protection of civilians and civilian populated areas under threat of attack in Libya, I hereby notify you that the State of Qatar has taken the following measures and steps:", "Food", "• The Government of the State of Qatar: provision of 600 tons of food in Benghazi, on 26 June 2011", "• Sheikh Eid bin Mohammed Charity Association: distribution of 2,000 food packages to displaced Libyans in Tatawin, Ramada and Jarjis, Tunisia, from 1 to 16 June 2011, at a cost of $77,800", "• Sheikh Thani bin Abdullah Al-Thani Foundation for Humanitarian Services (RAF): provision of food and infant formula, at a cost of $75,000.", "Logistics (transfer of relief supplies, storage)", "The Government of the State of Qatar: provision of ambulances, trucks, buses and sport utility vehicles, in Benghazi, on 26 June 2011.", "Health and nutrition", "• The Government of the State of Qatar: establishment of an integrated field hospital, in Benghazi, on 26 June 2011", "• The Qatari Red Crescent: provision of medical equipment to hospitals in Yafran and in Kabu in the western mountains in Libya, in June 2011, at a cost of $76,617", "• Sheikh Eid bin Mohammed Charity Association:", "(a) Support for Jadou hospital in Libya with equipment and medical devices, from 1 to 11 June, at a cost of $100,000", "(b) Provision of medical devices for hospitals, in Misrata, Benghazi and the western mountains, from 1 to 7 April 2011, at a cost of $54,795", "• Sheikh Thani bin Abdullah Al-Thani Foundation for Humanitarian Services (RAF): provision of medicine and medical equipment at a cost of $300,000.", "Camp management and non-food items", "• The Government of the State of Qatar: provision of tents and electric generators", "• Sheikh Eid bin Mohammed Charity Association: distribution of refrigerators to displaced Libyans in Jarjis, from 13 to 20 June 2011, at a cost of $22,200", "• Sheikh Thani bin Abdullah Al-Thani Foundation for Humanitarian Services (RAF): non-food items at a cost of $25,000.", "Psychological support", "The Qatari Red Crescent: offering of a course in psychological support, attended by 50 Libyans and Tunisians in Tatawin, from 2 to 12 June 2011, at a cost of $7,204.", "Capacity-building", "The Qatari Red Crescent: offering of four courses in the field of disaster management and the humanitarian system, in coordination with the Humanitarian Forum and the Libyan Red Crescent, in Benghazi, Al-Bayda and Darna, from 15 June to 5 July 2011, at a cost of $19,770.", "Measures taken by national authorities of the State of Qatar", "• The relevant authorities of the Ministry of Interior have been instructed to implement the provisions of paragraph 15 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)", "• Qatar Airways has been notified regarding the implementation of the provisions of Council resolution 1970 (2011). Any occurrence that violates the resolution will be reported", "• The Ministry of Business and Trade has circulated all actions required by Council resolution 1970 (2011) among its administrative units, departments as well as entities with a direct relation with the Ministry (General Tourism Authority, General Civil Aviation Authority, Qatar Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Qatari Businessmen Association, Qatari Seaports Authority) in order to implement these instructions, follow up, and notify the Ministry of any developments. So far, no reports have been received about any occurrence that violates the resolution.", "I should be grateful if you would forward the present letter to the President of the Security Council for circulation as a document of the Council.", "(Signed) Tariq Ali F. Al-Ansari Chargé d’affaires a.i." ]

[ "2011年7月22日卡塔尔常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信", "谨提及安全理事会2011年3月17日通过的关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国局势的第1973(2011)号决议。", "按照该决议关于会员国通知保护利比亚境内可能遭受袭击的平民和平民居住区的第4段和第8段，谨通知你，卡塔尔国采取了下列措施和步骤：", "食品", "• 卡塔尔国政府：2011年6月26日，在班加西提供600吨食品", "• 谢赫·艾义德·本·穆罕默德慈善协会：2011年6月1日至16日，在突尼斯塔塔温、拉马达和加吉斯向流离失所的利比亚人发放2 000个食品包，费资77 800美元", "• 谢赫·塔尼·本·阿卜杜拉·塔尼人道主义事务基金会：提供食品和婴儿配方奶，费资75 000美元。", "后勤(运送救济用品、储藏)", "卡塔尔国政府：2011年6月26日，在班加西提供救护车、卡车、大客车和越野车。", "保健和营养", "• 卡塔尔国政府：2011年6月26日，在班加西设立一家综合野战医院", "• 卡塔尔红新月会：2011年6月，在利比亚亚夫和西部山区塔布的医院提供了医疗设备，费资76 617美元", "• 谢赫·艾义德·本·穆罕默德慈善协会：", "(a) 6月1日至11日，提供设备和医疗器具，支持利比亚的贾杜医院，费资100 000美元", "(b) 2011年4月1日至7日，向米斯拉塔、班加西和西部山区的医院提供医疗器具，费资54 795美元", "• 谢赫·塔尼·本·阿卜杜拉·塔尼人道主义事务基金会：提供医药和医疗设备，费资300 000美元。", "营地管理和非粮食物品", "• 卡塔尔国政府：提供帐篷和发电机", "• 谢赫·艾义德·本·穆罕默德慈善协会：2011年6月13日至20日，在加吉斯向流离失所的利比亚人分发电冰箱，费资22 200美元。", "• 谢赫·塔尼·本·阿卜杜拉·塔尼人道主义事务基金会：非粮食物品，费资25 000美元。", "心理咨询", "卡塔尔红新月会：2011年6月2日至12日，在塔塔温开设心理支助课程，有50名利比亚人和突尼斯人参加，费资7 204美元。", "能力建设", "卡塔尔红新月会：2011年6月15日至7月5日，在班加西、贝达和卡尔纳，协同人道主义论坛和利比亚红新月会，在灾害管理和人道主义制度领域开设了4门课程，费资19 770美元。", "卡塔尔国国家当局采取的措施", "• 已指示内务部有关当局实施安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议第15段的规定", "• 卡塔尔航空公司已接到关于执行安理会第1970(2011)号决议的通知。任何违反该决议的事情都要加以报告", "• 商贸部已向其行政单位、各部门以及同该部有直接关系的实体(旅游总局、民航总局、卡塔尔工商会、卡塔尔企业家协会、卡塔尔海港管理局)通报安理会第1970(2011)号决议要求采取的一切行动，以便实施这些指示，采取后续行动，并向该部通报任何动态。迄今为止，没有接到任何违反该决议情况的报告。", "请将本函转递给安全理事会主席作为安理会文件分发为荷。", "临时代办", "塔里克·阿里·阿勒安萨里(签名)" ]

[ "2011年7月22日卡塔尔常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信", "谨提及2011年3月17日通过的关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国局势的安全理事会第1973(2011)号决议。", "根据该决议第4和8段,关于会员国就保护利比亚境内受袭击威胁的平民和平民居住区发出的通知,谨通知你,卡塔尔国已采取下列措施和步骤:", "粮食", "二. 支助 卡塔尔国政府:2011年6月26日在班加西提供600吨粮食", "• 谢赫·埃德·本·穆罕默德慈善协会:2011年6月1日至16日在突尼斯塔塔温、拉马达和贾尔吉斯向流离失所的利比亚人分发2 000个食品包,费用为77 800美元", "• 谢赫·萨尼·本·阿卜杜拉·阿勒萨尼人道主义事务基金会:提供食品和婴儿配方奶粉,费用为75 000美元。", "后勤(运送救济物资、储存)", "卡塔尔国政府:2011年6月26日在班加西提供救护车、卡车、公共汽车和体育通用车辆。", "保健和营养", "二. 支助 卡塔尔国政府:2011年6月26日在班加西建立综合野战医院", "二. 支助 卡塔尔红新月会:2011年6月向利比亚Yafran和西部山区Kabu的医院提供医疗设备,费用为76 617美元", "• 谢赫·埃德·本·穆罕默德慈善协会:", "(a) 6月1日至11日,向利比亚的贾杜医院提供设备和医疗器械,费用为100 000美元", "(b) 2011年4月1日至7日在米苏拉塔、班加西和西部山区为医院提供医疗器械,费用为54 795美元", "• 谢赫·萨尼·本·阿卜杜拉·阿勒萨尼人道主义事务基金会:提供医药和医疗设备,费用为300 000美元。", "营地管理和非粮食物品", "二. 支助 卡塔尔国政府:提供帐篷和发电机", "• 谢赫·埃德·本·穆罕默德慈善协会:2011年6月13日至20日在贾尔吉斯向流离失所的利比亚人分发冰箱,费用为22 200美元", "• 谢赫·萨尼·本·阿卜杜拉·萨尼人道主义事务基金会: 非食品项目,费用为25 000美元。", "心理支持", "卡塔尔红新月会:2011年6月2日至12日在塔塔温举办心理支持课程,50名利比亚人和突尼斯人参加,费用为7 204美元。", "能力建设", "卡塔尔红新月会:与人道主义论坛和利比亚红新月会协调,于2011年6月15日至7月5日在班加西、拜达和达尔纳举办灾害管理和人道主义系统领域的四期课程,费用为19 770美元。", "卡塔尔国国家当局采取的措施", "二. 支助 已指示内政部有关当局执行安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议第15段的规定。", "• 卡塔尔航空公司已接到关于安理会第1970(2011)号决议各项规定执行情况的通知。 任何违反决议的事件都将被报告", "二. 支助 商业和贸易部已向其行政单位、部门以及与该部有直接联系的实体(旅游总局、民航总局、卡塔尔工商会、卡塔尔商人协会、卡塔尔海港管理局)分发了安理会第1970(2011)号决议所要求采取的所有行动,以执行这些指示,采取后续行动并通知该部任何事态发展。 迄今为止,没有收到任何违反决议的报告。", "请将本函作为安理会文件分发为荷。", "塔里克·阿里·安萨里(签名)" ]

[ "President:\tMr. Hoyer\t(Germany) \nMembers:\tBosnia and Herzegovina\tMr. Barbalić\n Brazil Mrs. Viotti \n China Mr. Wang Min \n Colombia Mr. Alzate \n France Mr. Araud \n Gabon Mr. Messone \n\tIndia\tMr. Hardeep SinghPuri\n Lebanon Mr. Salam \n Nigeria Mr. Amieyeofori \n Portugal Mr. Moraes Cabral \n Russian Federation Mr. Pankin \n South Africa Mr. Sangqu \n\tUnited Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland\tSir Mark LyallGrant\n United States of America Mrs. DiCarlo", "Agenda", "The situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question", "The meeting was called to order at 10.10 a.m.", "Adoption of the agenda", "The agenda was adopted.", "The situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question", "The President: In accordance with rule 37 of the Council’s provisional rules of procedure, I invite the representatives of Bangladesh, Cuba, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Egypt, Iceland, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Morocco, Nicaragua, Pakistan, the Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey, Uganda and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela to participate in this meeting.", "I should like to inform the Council that I have received a letter dated 21 July 2011 from the Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations, which will be issued as document S/2011/444 and which reads as follows:", "“I have the honour to request that, in accordance with its previous practice, the Security Council invite the Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations to participate in the meeting of the Security Council that will be held on Tuesday, 26 July 2011, regarding the situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question.”", "I propose, with the consent of the Council, to invite the Permanent Observer of Palestine to participate in the meeting in accordance with the rules of procedure and previous practice in this regard.", "There being no objection, it is so decided.", "Under rule 39 of the Council’s provisional rules of procedure, I invite Mr. Robert Serry, Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process and Personal Representative of the Secretary-General, to participate in this meeting.", "Under rule 39 of the Council’s provisional rules of procedure, I invite His Excellency Mr. Pedro Serrano, Acting Head of the Delegation of the European Union to the United Nations, to participate in this meeting.", "Under rule 39 of the Council’s provisional rules of procedure, I invite His Excellency Mr. Abdou Diallo, Chairman of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People, to participate in this meeting.", "The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on its agenda.", "I now give the floor to Mr. Serry.", "Mr. Serry: Thank you, Mr. President, for giving me the floor. Let me acknowledge the presence of both Ambassador Mansour at this table — I think we met a few weeks ago in Jerusalem — and of the new Israeli Ambassador, Mr. Prosor. I had the privilege of meeting him yesterday.", "The political process to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is in profound and persistent deadlock. Efforts to find the necessary common ground for resumed negotiations have proven extremely difficult, given the differences and lack of trust between the parties. Political leaders on both sides are frustrated, as are their publics. This is particularly acute on the Palestinian side in the absence of a credible political horizon for ending the occupation that began in 1967. Israel remains concerned about achieving lasting security and an end to the conflict.", "The Quartet has engaged throughout this year to promote meaningful negotiations. Most recently, the Secretary-General joined Quartet partners in Washington, D.C., on 11 July. The Quartet sought to translate the important speech of President Obama on 19 May, in which he laid out parameters on borders and security as what he termed a “foundation for negotiations”, into an internationally agreed framework for the parties to resume talks. The Secretary-General appreciated the substantive discussion in Washington, D.C. The Quartet did not issue a statement to help chart the way forward, but its efforts continue.", "Both President Abbas and Prime Minister Netanyahu continue to reiterate their desire to negotiate. However, in the absence of a framework for meaningful talks, and with Israeli settlement activity continuing, the Palestinians are actively exploring approaching the United Nations. President Abbas states that he remains committed to negotiations and that efforts in the United Nations would help to preserve the two-State solution. Israel opposes this course of action, stating that it will make negotiations for a two-State solution more difficult to achieve. The Palestinians are consulting closely with the Arab League on this issue, and both parties are intensively engaging members of the international community.", "We hope that the international community can be united in forums of collective decision-making — now, in September, and after September too — and shape a legitimate and balanced way forward that will help the parties to overcome their differences and ultimately return to negotiations. We will continue to work with Quartet partners to seek urgent action in this regard. We also note the prerogatives and responsibilities of the Security Council and the General Assembly.", "We must not lose sight of what is at stake. The World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and my own Office, the Office of the United Nations Special Coordinator in the Occupied Territories (UNSCO), have all acknowledged the unprecedented achievements of the Palestinian Authority in the West Bank. The Palestinian Authority has, in key areas, reached a level of institutional performance sufficient for a functioning State. The Palestinian Authority is ready to assume the responsibilities of statehood at any point in the near future.", "Real security and economic gains have been made, benefiting both peoples. Better governance, increased investment, improvements in movement and access, and donor engagement have strengthened the West Bank economy in a difficult global environment over the past two years. The training and deployment of thousands of Palestinian security officers and intensified security coordination have seen terrorist cells dismantled and extremist incitement combated. Palestinians have seen law and order return to the main cities, and Israelis have faced comparatively few acts of violence from the West Bank.", "However, as we have often warned, this agenda will soon reach the limits of achievement without more political and physical space. This requires Israeli steps to roll back measures of occupation and continuous donor support. For example, we have repeatedly called on Israel to allow the expansion of Palestinian urban centres to accommodate population growth and industrial activity, which would necessitate including some parts of Area C. While steps of enablement were made in the past, bold measures have been lacking in recent times, and the implementation of those measures that have been announced, including the February 2011 package agreed with Quartet Representative Blair, has been slow. Indeed, we have seen many negative actions in Area C. The demolition of Palestinian structures has surged. This year, 700 people have been displaced as approximately 370 structures have been demolished — the highest number since 2006. Water and sanitation systems have been targeted in particular.", "Settlement activities continue in many of the most sensitive areas of East Jerusalem and Area C. In the past month, 40 units were approved in Karnei Shomron in the northern West Bank. I am particularly concerned that on 26 June 2011, for the first time in several years, Israel confiscated 19 hectares of private Palestinian land in the village of Karyut, also in the northern West Bank. An outpost, illegal even under Israeli law, has been placed on that land. This departs from Israeli public undertakings not to build new settlements or set aside land for new settlements, and sets a worrying precedent for the future legalization of outposts, which, under the Road Map, should be removed. Settlements are illegal under international law and prejudge final status discussions, and settlement activity must cease.", "Issues on which we report regularly to the Council, including settler violence, incursions citing security concerns, movement and access limitations, and the route of the barrier, continue to be sources of friction between the parties. I note that on 23 June the Israeli authorities, as ordered by the Israeli Supreme Court, began re-routing a section of the barrier near Bil′in, a village where there are weekly protests, thus giving residents access to an additional 1,020 dunums of agricultural land, although they are still deprived of another 1,280 dunums.", "There are now growing calls from civil society groups and political figures for intensified peaceful protests against the status quo and calls for action to realize the Palestinian right of self-determination. Meanwhile, precisely at the time when the State-building plan was meant to reach fruition, the Palestinian Authority has faced setbacks owing to its fiscal position and shortages in donor funding, forcing it to cut back on security expenditures and only pay half-salaries in June.", "I urge donors, including members of the Arab League, who are meeting on this issue today in Cairo, to ensure that the Palestinian Authority can pay salaries and meet its other financial obligations. I urge Israel to do more to empower its moderate, committed and peaceful Palestinian partner.", "Security Council resolutions 1850 (2008) and 1860 (2009) and the framework of international law continue to guide United Nations policy on Gaza. We are concerned that the calm between Israel and Gaza, which was restored in early April, has been challenged by the firing of some 18 rockets into Israel since 23 June. During the same period, Israel conducted three incursions and 16 air strikes, killing two and injuring eight Palestinian militants, but also killing one Palestinian civilian and injuring 14 others. One Israeli soldier was injured during an incursion, and an Israeli civilian contractor was lightly injured by gunfire from Gaza. Militants’ firing of indiscriminate rockets towards civilian areas is unacceptable and must cease. Israel must also show restraint. Tensions have subsided in recent days. My office remains active in promoting a full restoration of calm, which remains a cornerstone for any broader achievements in Gaza.", "A nascent recovery is under way in Gaza, with real GDP growth of 15.1 per cent in 2010 and 17.9 per cent in the first quarter of 2011. However, this rebound starts from a very low base and is driven in part by public expenditures, donor aid, tunnel traffic, increased imports from Israel and limited exports. Imports are only about a third of the volume before the closure. Unemployment in Gaza is very high, at 31 per cent; 54 per cent of households remain food insecure; and 38 per cent live in poverty.", "Israel’s June 2010 policy change from a list of permitted items to a list of prohibited ones has contributed to an increase in consumer good imports. A limited range and volume of agricultural products has also been exported since Israel’s December 2010 decision to allow them.", "The level of United Nations projects approved for Gaza to date, pursuant to Israel’s policy, totals $265 million — a significant start towards addressing Gaza’s vast basic needs including in education, housing and sanitation.", "The Rafah crossing for people now operates six days a week between Gaza and Egypt.", "Together with our Quartet partners, we urge Israel to allow aggregate, iron bar and cement for use by Gaza’s private sector. The ongoing illicit tunnel trade in these essential building materials empowers those who control smuggling at the expense of the legitimate commercial sector. Exports to foreign countries and the West Bank should also be further enabled. The much freer movement of people to and from the Strip is vital if Gazans are to enjoy basic rights, normal interaction with the outside world, and human dignity. We continue to seek the full reopening of all legitimate crossings. We urge continued vigilance to combat smuggling of weapons into the Strip.", "Most of the vessels involved in a recent flotilla did not receive authorizations from maritime authorities from countries in the region to sail towards Gaza. On 19 July, Israeli naval forces intercepted a small boat carrying approximately 10 activists who intended to sail to Gaza, and directed it to the Israeli port of Ashdod. Unnecessary confrontations at sea were avoided, as urged by the Quartet.", "In Gaza, the Hamas interior ministry closed the local Sharek Youth Forum on unspecified accusations of immoral behaviour. The authorities are also seeking to audit international non-governmental organizations (NGOs) with on-site inspections. We urge full respect for the free and independent exercise of the functions of those organizations. We also urge full respect for the work of United Nations agencies, some of whose activities in support of Palestinian beneficiaries have been misrepresented recently.", "We are also very concerned that a bomb was detonated near the UNSCO compound in Gaza on 25 June causing material damage to the perimeter wall, which underlines the continued challenging security environment facing the United Nations in the Strip.", "I also draw your attention to the fact that the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) faces an unprecedented funding shortfall of $61.4 million for its core programmes and operations, as well as for its emergency food and employment operations. I urge donors to provide decisive and speedy support to UNRWA, without which support to Gazans could be significantly curtailed come October.", "The Secretary-General joined the Director-General of the International Red Cross in expressing his grave concern at the continuing captivity of Israeli Staff Sergeant Gilad Shalit on the fifth anniversary of his detention, and called on Hamas to protect his life, treat him humanely and present a proof of life. We also continue to call for his release and for the conclusion of prisoner exchange negotiations, which would also enable the release of a significant number of Palestinian prisoners. We note with concern reports of steps taken to harden the conditions of detention of some of these prisoners during the reporting period.", "Implementation of the May reconciliation accord is stalled amid disputes over the composition and programme of a new Government. The longer reconciliation is delayed, the more that developments on the ground will push the West Bank and Gaza further apart, with grave consequences for prospects for a viable Palestinian State. The United Nations continues to promote reconciliation within the framework of the commitments of the Palestine Liberation Organization, the positions of the Quartet and the Arab Peace Initiative.", "There has been no movement on the regional tracks of the peace process. Popular protests and political change have become part of the regional dynamic and affect the way the parties perceive their security and political strength. Uncertainty in the region should be cause for the parties to redouble efforts to address stability. Progress towards peace is more urgent than ever.", "I will not brief on Lebanon given that the Special Coordinator for Lebanon briefed you last week.", "In conclusion, after nearly 20 years of inconclusive peace negotiations since the Madrid Conference, yet again we are reaching a point where the parties fail to meet an agreed timeline for a permanent status agreement. I can only describe the current situation, whereby the process of Palestinian State-building in the West Bank has matured but the political track has failed to converge, as dramatic.", "We continue to urge the parties to find a way forward at this sensitive and important time. We hope that the international community can help by shaping a legitimate and balanced framework. Without a credible political path forward, accompanied by more far-reaching steps on the ground, the viability of the Palestinian Authority and its State-building agenda — and, I fear, of the two-State solution itself — cannot be taken for granted.", "This agenda should be advanced within the framework of Security Council resolutions and international law, the agreements and obligations of the parties and the Arab Peace Initiative.", "The President: I thank Mr. Serry for his briefing, and I now give the floor to the Permanent Observer of Palestine.", "Mr. Mansour (Palestine): At the outset, I wish to convey Palestine’s congratulations to Germany on its presidency and skilled stewardship of the Security Council this month. I am personally delighted to see you, Mr. Minister of State, presiding over the Security Council as an indication of the importance that Germany places on this debate.", "We laud your efforts in leading the Council, particularly in the proceedings on the application for full United Nations membership by our brotherly country of South Sudan. Palestine reiterates its warmest congratulations and full solidarity and support to South Sudan in this new chapter of independence for the people of South Sudan, wishing them all success and prosperity.", "We express appreciation as well to the Gabonese Republic for its wise guidance of the Council in June. I also express appreciation to the Special Coordinator, Mr. Robert Serry, for his briefing today and for all of his serious efforts on the ground on behalf of the Secretary-General. I must add that I was extremely delighted to meet with him a few weeks ago in his office in Jerusalem, an office that is so beautiful and evokes many optimistic hopes for us, the Palestinians, that we might have it as the office of our presidents when we have our own independent State.", "The Security Council convenes this open debate at a moment requiring serious reflection and candid deliberation about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the international efforts to resolve it and the Arab-Israeli conflict as a whole.", "We are all aware that the answers to the problem lie in the legal principles and just positions at the core of the relevant Security Council and General Assembly resolutions. The missing factor is the political will to uphold international law and implement those resolutions. While numerous good-faith regional and international efforts have been exerted, they continue to fail owing to Israel’s relentless violations of the law and the general failure to hold Israel accountable for its illegal actions. Israel needs to change course in a way that would make the realization of the two-State solution possible. This is a fact, and it is the major reason why the Israeli military occupation continues and why the Palestinian people continue to be denied justice and their right to self-determination and freedom.", "In our letters sent in the recent period, we have fully informed the Council of the deplorable situation in the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem, as a result of the Israelis’ illegal policies, which are destroying the contiguity of the territory and inflicting more suffering on our people. Such illegal practices have not ceased for a single moment, and they include the following.", "The illegal settlement campaign continues, especially in and around occupied East Jerusalem, in breach of Israel’s obligations under international law, United Nations resolutions and the Quartet Road Map’s demand for a freeze of all settlement activities. Construction of settlements and the wall and the demolition of homes continue unabated, as do attempts to seize and de facto annex land.", "Terror attacks continue against Palestinian civilians by Israeli settlers, clearly emboldened by the extremist tendencies of the Government, which continues to protect them and promote their agenda, with more than 139 attacks documented in the past month.", "Collective punishment of the population in the Gaza Strip through the illegal blockade and obstruction of international reconstruction efforts and any semblance of normal life continue.", "Military air strikes continue against neighbourhoods in Gaza, as do attacks on Palestinian fishing boats, causing injury to dozens of civilians and destruction to property.", "Military raids and arrests of Palestinian civilians, including children, and the deterioration of already harsh conditions imposed on Palestinian prisoners, particularly following the Israeli Prime Minister’s declaration to “toughen conditions” on them, continue. The plight of all prisoners, including those suffering from acute health conditions and those on hunger strike in protest of Israel’s cruel treatment, remains of utmost concern.", "The use of excessive force against Palestinians and others, including Israelis, peacefully demonstrating against the Wall and the settlements continues.", "(spoke in Arabic)", "I would like, in this forum, to salute the people of Bil′in and their friends for their peaceful struggle. They have succeeded in defeating Israel one kilometre from the Green Line. I had the honour to visit Bil′in last week, and I visited the old track and the new construction of the wall. In this forum, I would like to salute Bil′in for this great achievement.", "(spoke in English)", "In addition, hostile acts and threats continue against peace activists, especially those protesting the blockade, human rights organizations and civil society activists. Israeli aggression against non-violent protest has also taken a new form in the punitive, undemocratic boycott law that was recently adopted.", "All of these illegal actions and provocations are indicative of the Israeli Government’s extremely right-wing and anti-peace agenda. Israel, the occupying Power, is obstructing peace in both word and deed, sabotaging the small opportunity remaining to achieve the two-State solution on the basis of the pre-1967 borders for the realization of peace and coexistence between our peoples.", "These facts must be faced head on, and all empty excuses and illogical pretexts for such illegal actions must be rejected. The fragility of the situation and rapid rise in tensions require immediate redress by this Council, in line with its Charter obligations. Continued appeasement of Israel’s expansionist agenda runs the risk of and bears the responsibility for further harming the prospects for peace and security, with serious short and long-term consequences.", "In this regard, we are heartened by the fact that neither the Palestinian people nor their Arab brethren, nor even the international community, have given up on the pursuit of a just peace. All remain resilient in their calls for an end to the Israeli occupation, the independence of the State of Palestine, with East Jerusalem as its capital, living side by side with Israel in peace and security on the basis of the pre-1967 borders, and a just solution for the Palestine refugees based on General Assembly resolution 194 (III) of 1948. Current opportunities to advance these noble objectives must be seized, specifically in light of the critical situation on the ground and in the context of the ongoing and very relevant Arab spring.", "To continue to deny the appeals of the Palestinian people for independence in their State of Palestine in exercise of their inalienable right to self-determination is unjustifiable. The Palestinian people must live as an independent, free and dignified people in peace and security, and Palestine must be allowed to prosper and contribute as a full member of the community of nations. This is the goal to which the Palestinian leadership is fully committed and which we seek to achieve with the invaluable support of all concerned States and peoples from around the globe.", "We are determined to overcome the obstacles in the way of peace. However, that will require both an honest assessment of the situation and the determination of an appropriate course of collective action to deal with those obstacles and to truly advance just and lasting peace, security and coexistence.", "In that regard, the failure of the Quartet to adopt clear and fair parameters for the solution to allow for the resumption of credible negotiations between the two sides was a serious missed opportunity. It was a setback for the Quartet’s efforts to shepherd the peace process towards its objective of ending the Israeli occupation that began in 1967 and the conclusion of a peace treaty that would end the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in all its aspects, including the just resolution of all final status issues: Jerusalem, Palestinian refugees, settlements, borders, security and water.", "That failure of the Quartet was caused by Israel, which refused to accept the legitimate and internationally supported basis for negotiations, including the elements contained in the bold speech made by United States President Barack Obama on 19 May and the positions taken by the European Union and the Quartet as a whole. Held hostage to such intransigence, the Quartet was regrettably unable to endorse the parameters and to call upon the parties to return to the negotiating table on that basis.", "Here, it must be clarified that the Palestinian side abides by its commitments and is ready to resume serious negotiations, within a limited time frame, based on clear parameters, including the understanding that the pre-June 1967 borders must be the foundation on which any negotiations proceed. President Abbas has been clear in that regard. Israel, however, continues to arrogantly and dangerously reject that basis, making the revival of peace negotiations impossible at the present time.", "The aim is not to place blame, but it is necessary to confront the truth in order to act collectively to overcome the impediments to achieving a peaceful solution. If the international community continues to absolve Israel of its unilateral and illegal behaviour, there will be no incentive to change that behaviour. Permitting the occupying Power to continue to breach the law without consequence will completely destroy the two-State solution as a viable option, ushering in yet another period of turmoil, insecurity and suffering, and a search for alternative solutions. If we are serious about opening the doors to the two-State solution, Israel must be held fully responsible for its actions.", "The decisions that must be made at this moment are critical to reviving the failing peace process and to changing the destructive course on which the occupying Power has put us all. However, the decisions to be made are not difficult, for they are logical, justified and rooted in international law, United Nations resolutions and the international consensus solution to the conflict, namely, the two-State solution based on the pre-1967 borders, which is a historic compromise agreed to long ago by the Palestinian leadership.", "The Palestinian leadership remains committed to the terms of reference of the peace process: the relevant United Nations resolutions, the Madrid principles, including land for peace, the Arab Peace Initiative and the Road Map. We are determined to remain proactive and to make a positive contribution towards ending the conflict and achieving the national aspirations and rights of our people. Any steps taken by the Palestinian leadership will be fully transparent and consistent with the goal of the peace process. Through legitimate political, diplomatic and legal means, and with the support of the international community, we believe that it will be possible to achieve peace.", "The coming months will be critical. September 2011, the date set by the Quartet and endorsed by the international community for concluding a peace agreement, remains a target date for effecting a change that can create the positive dynamics and momentum necessary to achieving a breakthrough.", "Next month, the Palestinian National Authority will complete its implementation of the two-year plan, launched by Prime Minister Fayyad, to build the institutions of the Palestinian State, end the occupation and achieve independence. With international political and financial support, that plan — a complementary track to the peaceful platform on which President Abbas was elected — has reached its objectives, as acknowledged by the international community. We have fulfilled our responsibilities and are ready to govern ourselves. The only remaining obstacle is Israel’s 44-year military occupation.", "Our people have legitimate rights, needs and demands, and it is our duty to listen and to act responsibly to advance their just cause. We cannot keep waiting for Israel to negotiate in good faith — an almost impossible matter as long as the occupier continues to be absolved of its obligations under international law and might is permitted to trump right. A new process — awakened by the failings of a 20‑year process since Madrid and an 18-year process since the signing of the Oslo Accords due to Israel’s refusal to end its occupation, its illegal settlement activities and its human rights violations and to commit to peace — has been set in motion. The time for change is now. There is no justification for the denial of the rights and the freedom of the Palestinian people.", "We thus continue to appeal for the recognition of the State of Palestine based on the pre-1967 borders. We are convinced that the more than 120 bilateral recognitions of Palestine to date are each a reaffirmation of our inalienable right to self-determination and our natural and legal right to statehood and to be a part of the international community. We recognize the important respective roles played by Governments, parliaments, civil society and all the world’s citizens in that regard. We renew our gratitude for their vital support and solidarity.", "Further, we believe that actions undertaken at the United Nations — the centre of multilateral activity — whether in the Security Council or the General Assembly, can contribute towards achieving the peace that we all seek, and that they will not obstruct the realization of that objective. That is not a unilateral action. On the contrary, it is multilateral. The consecration of the two-State solution in bold resolutions, including recognition of the State of Palestine, with East Jerusalem as its capital, on the basis of the pre-1967 borders, and its admission as a full Member of the Organization, will help to make the two-State solution more inevitable.", "That decisive measure could finally convince Israel, the occupying Power, that its occupation and oppression of the Palestinian people are completely rejected by the world and that it must abandon its destructive course, including its greatest unilateral illegal action — the settlement campaign, which has been rejected by the entire international community, including all members of the Council. We believe that that is what will ultimately lead to a change in the status quo and to peace.", "We are thus hopeful that the international community, including the Council, will uphold the legal, political and moral responsibilities towards the question of Palestine that have remained unfulfilled since the General Assembly’s adoption of resolution 181 (II), which partitioned Mandate Palestine, and for which there is now an historic opportunity to finally fulfil towards ensuring justice and freedom for the Palestinian people.", "Why should the Palestinian people be forced to languish yet another year — or even one more day — under foreign occupation? They should not and they must not. This is the time to end the Israeli occupation. This is the time for Palestine’s independence. This is the time for Palestine and Israel to live side by side in peace and security, and this is the time for a new Middle East. We believe that the international community is ready for that, and we trust that the appropriate actions will be undertaken soon to make this a reality.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Israel.", "Mr. Prosor (Israel): Let me thank you, Sir, for your able stewardship of the Security Council this month. It is an honour and a privilege to have you presiding over this important debate of the Security Council.", "I would like to begin by offering my Government’s condolences to the people and Government of Norway following last week’s appalling attacks in Oslo and Utøya. The victims of this tragedy remain in our thoughts and prayers.", "I speak before the Council today as a proud representative of the Jewish State and the Jewish people — a people whose bond to the land of Israel and our eternal capital, Jerusalem, extends back more than 3,000 years. It is where we began and where we have been reborn, realizing the dreams of our forefathers to be a free people in our own land. Our nation seeks a lasting peace in which the Palestinians will have their own State alongside — but not instead of — the Jewish State of Israel. This morning, I would like to share several observations about the Middle East peace process, which stands yet again at a critical juncture.", "First, let me state clearly that unilateral actions will not bring peace to our region. Like a false idol, the Palestinian initiatives at the United Nations may be superficially attractive to some, yet they distract from the true path to peace. Winston Churchill said that all the secrets of statecraft lie in history. On this question, history’s lessons are unmistakable. Peace can be achieved only through bilateral negotiations that address the concerns of both sides. This was the way of President Sadat and Prime Minister Begin; the way of Prime Minister Rabin and King Hussein. It has been the framework for negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians for the past two decades.", "Only this month, we were again reminded that negotiations are the route to statehood when South Sudan proclaimed its independence and was accepted as the 193rd State Member of the United Nations. It marked a new chapter in a long and difficult journey. Both South Sudan and the Sudan harboured serious frustrations. Major problems arose. Yet, the parties did not seek quick fixes or instant solutions. Although it was hard, they sat together and negotiated, reaching a mutual agreement. This is why South Sudan was accepted by such a broad consensus of the international community.", "It is no coincidence that we do not hear the same resounding enthusiasm for the Palestinian’s march towards unilateralism at the United Nations. On the contrary, many in the international community are looking for ways to avoid this action. Many have recognized that Palestinian attempts to create a State by bypassing negotiations are akin to picking out a chimney-pot for one’s house before laying its foundation. They see the potential consequences of mistrust and unmet expectations that could lead to violence.", "It is evident that some Palestinian leaders understand this as well. Prime Minister Fayyad has spoken out against such a declaration. Just last week, Nabil Amr, a member of the Palestinian Liberation Organization Central Council and a former minister of the Palestinian Authority (PA), called on the PA to delay its statehood bid. Palestinians like Mr. Fayyad and Mr. Amr see the practical reality before us. Like many others, they recognize that after September will come October, and November, and December. They know that this declaration will be in violation of the bilateral agreements that are the basis for Israeli-Palestinian cooperation, and will create expectations that cannot be met.", "Now is the time for the international community to tell the Palestinian leadership what it refuses to tell its own people. There are no shortcuts to statehood. They cannot bypass the only path to peace. The Palestinians will have to make compromises and make hard choices. They will have to get off the bandwagon of unilateralism and back to the hard work of direct peacemaking.", "There have been attempts to find a framework for relaunching the peace process between Israel and the Palestinians. These efforts must be consistent, taking into consideration the vital interests of both sides. Some of those who speak most loudly and clearly about the interests of Palestinians suddenly seem to lose their voice, hesitate and sometimes even mumble when it comes to discussing Israel’s vital interests: its recognition as a Jewish state and its right to live within safe and secure borders. Both of these issues — security and recognition of Israel as a Jewish State — are absolutely essential to ensuring the future of the State of Israel.", "With regards to our security challenges, let me remind the Council that Hamas and Hizbullah have fired 12,000 rockets into Israel since we withdrew from Gaza and southern Lebanon. You do not have to be a rocket scientist to realize that if rockets fall on your cities, schools and citizens, your Government has a right to defend itself. Our civilians face this reality every single day. No target is free from attack. Just this year, rockets have been launched at homes, synagogues, kindergartens and even a bright yellow school bus, killing a 16-year old boy.", "Without clear security arrangements, there is no guarantee that terrorists, arms and munitions will not flow into the West Bank in a future Palestinian State, just as they are being smuggled into Gaza today as we speak. One does not have to look too far to recognize Israel’s existential security challenges. Let me point out that Israel’s only international airport — named after David Ben-Gurion, one of our founding fathers — lies within a few miles of the West Bank. That is shorter than the distance from where we are sitting right now to JFK or Newark Airports. It could be a target of constant rocket fire. One can only imagine the reaction if other airports were under a similar threat. Lasting peace must be based on a demilitarized Palestinian State and an emphasis on education that promotes peace instead of hatred, tolerance instead of violence, and mutual understanding instead of martyrdom.", "On the issue of the Jewish State, we must have clarity as well. If lasting peace is to take hold, Israel’s recognition of a future Palestinian State must be met with an equal acknowledgement that Israel is the Jewish State. Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu has stated openly and repeatedly that we will accept a Palestinian State alongside a Jewish State. Yet the Palestinian leadership has not done the same. It will not tell its own people that it accepts a Jewish State. Without such an acknowledgement, it will remain unclear whether the Palestinians’ quest for statehood is part of an effort to end the conflict with Israel or a pretext to continue it.", "Palestinian leaders claim that they will be prepared for statehood by September, parading this as a magic date before the international community. We recognize the progress that the Palestinian Authority has made over the past two years with the assistance and cooperation of Israel and the international community. The West Bank economy is a bright spot in the midst of a global recession, growing by 10 per cent in 2010.", "Yet, it is clear that much still needs to be done to create a functioning State that lives in peace with its neighbours. Even the most basic condition for statehood does not exist. The Palestinian Authority does not maintain effective control over all of its territory nor does it hold a monopoly on the use of force. The Hamas terrorist organization still maintains de facto control in Gaza.", "Let me turn at this point to my Palestinian colleague, Permanent Observer Mansour, and ask a simple question. On behalf of whom will he present a resolution in September — Mr. Abbas or Hamas? Will it be on behalf of both the Palestinian Authority and the Hamas terrorist organization, which promotes a charter calling for the destruction of Israel and the murder of Jews? Will it be on behalf of Akram Haniyeh, the Palestinian Authority’s chief spokesman? — Or Ismail Haniyeh, the Hamas Prime Minister in Gaza, who in a speech there last December said:", "“When I say ‘the land of Palestine’, I am not referring [only] to the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and Jerusalem. ... I refer to Palestine from the [Mediterranean] Sea to the [Jordan] River, and from Rosh Hanikra to Rafah.”", "On these issues Israel and the international community must have clarity. Whether the Palestinians bring forward a draft resolution in the General Assembly or invoke the “Uniting for Peace” resolution (General Assembly resolution 377 (V)), it is clear that the Palestinians are not united, and are far from united for peace.", "There is much uncertainty about the future Palestinian Government: its acceptance of the Quartet conditions, the peace process, the control of its security forces and many other questions that each and every representative here knows very well. It will take at least until after the Palestinian elections next year before it is clear what Palestinian unity really means. For Israel, this so-called unity has only brought continued impunity for the terrorists who fire rockets into our cities.", "Today’s debate is titled “The situation in the Middle East”. The turmoil that is sweeping our region — from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea — has shown that there are many challenges facing the Middle East — most of which do not revolve only around the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. In particular, the international community cannot allow the issue of Iran to fall under the radar. Iran remains the centre of terrorism in our region, transferring arms to Hamas, Hizbollah and other terrorist groups, in serial violation of numerous Security Council resolutions.", "Iran continues to advance instability in the Middle East — from Syria to Bahrain to Morocco. Last month’s report by the Panel of Experts established pursuant to resolution 1929 (2010) made clear that Iran continues to pursue nuclear weapons capabilities, in complete disregard of the will of the international community. New information shows Iran’s intention to install uranium centrifuges at its facility in Qom — a facility that was concealed for many years from the International Atomic Energy Agency. Such behaviour does not just endanger the Middle East only, or a specific group of countries. It endangers us all. We cannot underestimate the danger of long-range missiles and short-range minds. The international community cannot stand by as the Ayatollah regime seeks to assemble a dangerous mix of extremist ideology, missile technology and nuclear radiology.", "Let me remind the Council that Gilad Shalit, Israel’s kidnapped soldier, has been held in captivity for more than five years, with not a single visit from the Red Cross. We expect the international community to do all in its power — and more than it has done so far — to bring about his immediate release, which we await, and every family in Israel awaits.", "Israel is happy to have many friends around the world. As we are often reminded, true friends never shy away from letting you know what they think. Today I issue a call to the true friends of the Palestinians — to those who want to see them fulfil their national aspirations. As they march down the path of unilateralism, the Palestinian’s true friends should tell them the simple truths. Direct negotiations cannot be bypassed. Peace cannot be imposed from the outside.", "To the Palestinians I also issue a call. Take Israel’s outstretched hand. Seize the opportunities before us to advance down the real road towards peace — a road of solutions not resolutions, dialogue not monologue and direct negotiations not unilateral declarations.", "The President: I wish to remind all speakers to limit their statements to no more than four minutes in order to enable the Council to carry out its work expeditiously. Delegations with lengthy statements are kindly requested to circulate the texts in writing and to deliver a condensed version when speaking in the Chamber.", "I now give the floor to members of the Security Council.", "Mrs. DiCarlo (United States of America): It is an honour to have you, Minister Hoyer, preside over the Council, and I thank Special Coordinator Serry for his briefing here today.", "The United States is committed to a just and fair resolution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Last May, President Obama outlined a comprehensive vision for peace between Israelis and Palestinians. He noted that, at a time when the people of the Middle East and North Africa are casting off the burdens of the past, the drive for a lasting peace that ends the conflict and resolves all claims is more urgent than ever. The President’s remarks laid out a firm foundation for future negotiations, and those remarks have been strongly supported by the international community. My Government has been clear all along. The only place where permanent status issues can be resolved, including borders and territory, is in negotiations between the parties — not in international forums such as the United Nations.", "We must all ensure that our actions help move peace efforts forward. Our focus has been on encouraging direct engagement by the parties on the basis of President Obama’s remarks. We are also continuing our support for the Palestinian Authority’s important efforts to strengthen the Palestinian economy, enhance the capability and professionalism of its security forces and build up the necessary institutions of statehood. However, as President Obama has made clear, Palestinian leaders will not achieve peace or prosperity for their people if Hamas insists on a path of terror and rejection. Palestinian leaders must also take further steps to combat incitement to violence, and Hamas must immediately and unconditionally release Gilad Shalit, who has now suffered in captivity for more than five years.", "Today is our last open debate on the Middle East before the opening of the next General Assembly. Let there be no doubt: Symbolic actions to isolate Israel at the United Nations in September will not create an independent Palestinian State. The United States will not support unilateral campaigns at the United Nations in September or at any other time. A viable and sustainable peace agreement can only be achieved by mutual agreement of the parties themselves. Only through serious and responsible negotiations can the parties achieve the shared goal of two States for two peoples, with a secure Jewish State of Israel living side by side in peace and security with an independent, contiguous and viable State of Palestine.", "This is the goal; this is the vision. But there are no shortcuts. We call again on all Member States to encourage the parties to take constructive actions to promote peace and to avoid actions that could undermine trust, prejudge negotiations or place the temptations of symbolism over the hard work of reaching agreement.", "Let me also reiterate that, like every United States administration for decades, we do not accept the legitimacy of continued Israeli settlement activity. The fate of existing settlements must be dealt with by the parties along with other permanent statues issues, and Israel should continue its efforts to deter and prosecute anti-Palestinian violence perpetrated by extremists.", "Let me turn briefly to the situation in Gaza. The recent seizures of advanced weaponry bound for Gaza as well as the recent and alarming rocket and mortar attacks on Israel from Gaza should remind us all that Israel continues to have clear and legitimate security interests regarding cargo bound for Gaza.", "While Israel has eased restrictions on the movement of goods and people in and out of Gaza, more needs to be done. Ordinary Gazans still have very real humanitarian needs. So we are working closely with Israel, the international donor community and the Palestinian Authority to deliver critical assistance to the people of Gaza. We continue to urge those who wish to deliver assistance to use established channels to ensure that Israel’s legitimate security needs are addressed, while the Palestinians’ humanitarian needs are met.", "Let me say a few words about the ongoing crisis in Syria. The world has been inspired by the courage of the peaceful protesters who have taken to the streets across the country to demand their universal rights. The regime has responded with violence, brutality and mass arrests. But Syria is currently headed towards a new political order, shaped by the Syrian people, in which the Government will derive its legitimacy from the consent of the governed. A transition to democracy is already under way. President Al-Assad may try to delay that transition, but he cannot stop it, and Syria can never return to the way it was before.", "The United States fully supports the Syrian people’s demands for a unified Syria, with a democratic, representative and inclusive Government that respects basic liberties and provides equal protection under the law for all citizens, regardless of sect, ethnicity or gender. We call on the Syrian Government to stop the violence and arrests immediately, and to allow peaceful protests and freedom of speech. Human rights abuses must end now, and human rights monitors must immediately be granted access to all of Syria. We again call on the Syrian Government to permit access for the fact-finding mission called for by the Human Rights Council in April. The Security Council has a responsibility to address the situation in Syria and the Government’s ongoing repression, which could further destabilize the country and undermine peace and security in the region.", "Finally, let me say a word about Lebanon. We hope that Lebanon’s new Government will live up to all of its international obligations, including the full implementation of resolutions 1559 (2004), 1680 (2006) and 1701 (2006), and uphold the country’s commitment to the Special Tribunal for Lebanon. In particular, we call on the Government of Lebanon to continue to meet its obligations under international law to support the Tribunal. Lebanon’s independent judicial proceedings offer the nation a chance to move beyond its long history of political violence and achieve the peace and stability that the Lebanese people deserve. Those who oppose the Special Tribunal seek to create a false choice between justice and stability. Lebanon, like every other country, deserves both.", "Mr. Amieyeofori (Nigeria): On behalf of the Nigerian delegation, I warmly welcome you to the Security Council, Mr. President. Let me also thank the Special Coordinator, Mr. Serry, for his comprehensive briefing.", "The Middle East peace process remains deadlocked, in spite of concerted efforts on the part of the international community to return the parties to direct negotiations. Mistrust and a lack of confidence-building measures have combined to complicate the outlook. Amid the deadlock, both sides seem to be contemplating a series of mutually harmful unilateral actions. While one side is now threatening to annex settlement blocs and even cancel the Oslo Agreements, the other is seeking to achieve membership in a broad range of international organizations. Deeply frustrating as the continuing deadlock is, the parties must recognize that the parameters of the two-State solution and an end to the conflict must be negotiated.", "With the Middle East Quartet unable to present a common platform for the renewal of negotiations at its last meeting, the only way to avoid the impending political confrontation is for the parties to immediately re-enter into direct negotiations on all permanent status issues, including borders, Jerusalem, refugees and security. Bringing both sides to constructive dialogue will be easier to achieve if there is a common platform or agenda around which all interlocutors, including the Quartet, can converge. Israel’s implementation of its Road Map obligation to freeze all settlement activities, and Palestine’s commitment to the security of the State of Israel will undoubtedly facilitate the process. The international community, particularly the Security Council, must be fully involved in charting the way forward.", "Inter-Palestinian reconciliation is indispensable to achieving the peace required to drive the process of establishing an independent State and peace in the Middle East as a whole. It is important that the April reconciliation agreement be sustained and fully implemented. The formation of a consensus Government will go a long way towards helping to forge lasting peace and stability, as well as to supporting accelerated economic development.", "We welcome the improved and steady movement of goods and services through the crossings into Gaza. The delivery of humanitarian assistance to the people of Gaza through the channels established by the Greek authorities, in consultation with the United Nations, is highly commendable. We urge all flotilla initiatives to take similar steps to avoid the escalation of tensions in the region. The approval by Israel authorities of United Nations road and school projects is encouraging, and we hope it will help to improve the welfare of the Palestinian people. We continue to commend the role of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) in providing much-needed relief and assistance to Gazans, and we urge greater international financial and logistical support for UNRWA.", "On Lebanon, we reaffirm our commitment to that country’s sovereignty and territorial integrity. We congratulate Prime Minister Mikati on the formation of a new Government, which should stay committed to the country’s international obligations, including resolution 1701 (2006), and to supporting and preserving the work of the Special Tribunal. We urge Israel to implement its proposal to formally withdraw its forces from the northern part of Al-Ghajar.", "The security and humanitarian situation in Syria remains a source of concern, with refugee movements creating serious consequences for neighbouring countries. We urge the parties in Syria to exercise maximum restraint and engage in meaningful dialogue towards a peaceful settlement of the crisis. The Government’s endorsement yesterday of a law that would allow the formation of political parties alongside the ruling party is a welcome development. It is incumbent on the Government to continue to implement the promised reforms and to grant access to aid agencies and the United Nations in order to provide much-needed assistance to those who require it.", "Nigeria remains hopeful that, in spite of the current stalemate in the peace process, a just, comprehensive and lasting settlement of the Middle East question is possible. The parties must continue on the path of dialogue; they must also make the painful compromises necessary for achieving enduring peace in the region.", "Mr. Salam (Lebanon): Pending the long-awaited Quartet parameters for peace negotiations in the Middle East, Arab leaders, including the Palestinians, have welcomed as constructive elements the lines drawn by President Obama last May. While they continue to support holding an international conference on the Middle East in Moscow, they also welcome the recent French initiative to host another international conference in Paris. But this Arab attitude has once more met with Mr. Netanyahu’s reiteration of his resounding four “no’s”: no freeze on settlements; no return to the 1967 borders; no negotiations over the future status of Jerusalem; and no right of return for Palestinian refugees.", "The Palestinians have been accused of seeking recognition of statehood and membership of the United Nations as an alternative to negotiations. But the reality is that those negotiations have been non-existent since September 2010, when the Israeli Government failed to renew the settlement freeze, partial though it was.", "Moreover, in view of Mr. Netanyahu’s four “no’s” obstinately undermining any possible significant outcome, at best such negotiations could lead only to yet another round of frustrating negotiations.", "However, hoping against hope, President Mahmoud Abbas is indeed worthy of praise for having steadfastly reiterated, just three days ago, that the Palestinians would continue to opt for negotiations over any other path, including at the United Nations. President Abbas is right, as there can be no comprehensive solution without genuine negotiations on final status issues, including border-related issues, security arrangements, the future of settlements, the status of Jerusalem, the return of refugees and water-sharing. However, it should be noted that statehood was never among those issues, and the reason for that is very simple. Statehood is but an expression of the right of self-determination, and self-determination is part of the inalienable rights of people. An inalienable right is by definition a right that can be neither surrendered nor negotiated. In the United Nations system, the Palestinians’ inalienable right to self-determination was first recognized by the General Assembly in its resolution 3236 (XXIX), of 1974, and, since then, has been reaffirmed every year by an overwhelming majority of the members of the Assembly.", "The question has sometimes been asked as to whether Palestine fulfils the requirements of statehood. Under international law, the test of whether an entity claiming to be a State is, in fact, a State remains whether such an entity meets the requirements of statehood as defined in the 1933 Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States.", "The first criterion is that of a permanent population. It is our guess that no one here still questions the existence of a Palestinian people. Both its existence and its inalienable rights as a people have long been recognized by our Organization.", "The second criterion is that of a defined territory. For the Palestinian leadership, the territory of the State of Palestine comprises the well-known Gaza Strip and West Bank, which was occupied by Israel in 1967, and whose final borders could be subject to mutually agreed-upon adjustments by both the Palestinians and the Israelis. The fact that the territory’s final borders are not confirmed is no impediment to statehood, as many States’ borders have undergone changes or have been challenged without their statehood being affected, as noted by the International Court of Justice in other cases.", "The third criterion is that of government. The position of the international community is that the condition of proper institutions for self-governance has now been fulfilled. On this condition of statehood, the United Nations Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process, Mr. Serry, who is here with us today, concluded in his report to the Ad Hoc Liaison Committee for the Coordination of International Assistance to Palestinians meeting in Brussels on 13 April that Palestinian “governmental functions are now sufficient for a functioning government of a State”; we heard him repeat this earlier today in this Chamber. That conclusion was underscored by concurring World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) reports.", "The fourth and final criterion is the capacity to enter into relations with other States. Such a capacity is, obviously, evidenced by the fact that Palestinian embassies and missions operate in more than 100 countries.", "Palestine therefore meets all four criteria of statehood. However, it is an occupied State, and it is our duty to help it put an end to occupation and achieve independence.", "It has also been asked whether the Palestinian quest for recognition of statehood and United Nations membership violates previous Palestinian-Israeli agreements. First, the basis of Palestinian statehood precedes any Palestinian-Israeli agreement and cannot therefore be logically or practically in violation of them. As a matter of fact, Palestinian statehood is rooted in General Assembly resolution 181 (II), of 1947, which divided Palestine into two States and has often been labelled “the birth certificate of Israel”. Based on that resolution, the Palestinian leadership proclaimed, during an extraordinary meeting of the Palestinian National Council held in Algiers, the birth of the State of Palestine in 1988, that is, five years prior to the Oslo accords, the first Palestinian-Israeli agreement.", "Secondly, rather than considering the fulfilment of Palestinian statehood as contradictory to or incompatible with the peace process that started with the Oslo accords, the international community endorsed the two-State solution in the road map and in Security Council resolution 1850 (2008) and continued to encourage the Palestinians to consolidate and strengthen their Government and national institutions.", "Seeking recognition of statehood has sometimes been referred to as a unilateral move. Could seeking such recognition and applying for membership in the United Nations, as announced by the Palestinian leadership and supported by the Group of Arab States, qualify as a unilateral move?", "Obviously, giving full legal effect in the United Nations system to the recognition by the majority of its Members of the State of Palestine can by no means qualify as a unilateral act. That would simply reflect the expression of the collective will of the vast majority of the Members of the United Nations, which, in turn, is the most multilateral of forums in the international system.", "Unilateral actions continue, however, to be taken on the ground and to jeopardize not only the resumption of the much-hoped-for negotiations but also the viability of the two-State solution. The continuous building of settlements in the occupied Palestinian territories, the demolition of Palestinian houses, the eviction of Palestinians from their ancestral homes and the confiscation of their lands, as well as the building of the infamous Wall by the Israeli occupying forces are not, to the best of our knowledge, carried out with the consent of their victims, but are, par excellence, unilateral acts. These are the unilateral and illegitimate acts that must be stopped.", "Seeking recognition for the State of Palestine and granting it full membership in the United Nations is not about delegitimizing Israel. It is about upholding a legitimate right of the Palestinians and, yes, delegitimizing Israel’s decades-long occupation.", "To those who are still reluctant to join us in such an endeavour, allow me to say: do not blame the victims, but support their quest for dignity. To reap peace, invest in justice. Recognize the State of Palestine. Help it achieve independence.", "Mr. Wang Min (China) (spoke in Chinese): I welcome Mr. Hoyer, Minister of State of Germany, who is presiding over today’s meeting, and I thank Mr. Serry for his briefing. I also listened carefully to the statements made by the representatives of Palestine and of Israel.", "The protracted and unresolved Middle East issue is the main obstacle blocking progress on peace and development in the Middle East, which thus affects global peace and stability. The Israeli-Palestinian peace talks have again reached a stalemate with a lack of substantial progress over the past few months. The Middle East is now at a crucial crossroads. China is deeply concerned by the current status of peace talks between Israel and Palestine.", "China supports a solution to the Israel-Palestine dispute through political and diplomatic channels based on relevant United Nations resolutions, the principle of land for peace, the Arab Peace Initiative and the Road Map for peace in the Middle East, with the aim of establishing a fully independent, sovereign State of Palestine with the two countries, Palestine and Israel, living peacefully side by side.", "Israeli settlement activities have directly caused the stalemate in the Israeli-Palestinian peace talks and also constitute the major obstacle to the resumption of those talks. China is against Israel’s construction of settlements in the occupied Palestinian territory and appeals to Israel to immediately cease its settlement activities and to promote conditions conducive to mutual trust between the two parties in order to break the stalemate in the peace talks.", "China welcomes the internal reconciliation agreement among the Palestinian parties and hopes that they will use it to strengthen internal unity and cooperation and play an active role in moving the Middle East peace process forward.", "The solution to the Middle East issue is inseparable from vigorous support and assistance on the part of the international community. China attaches great importance to the important role of the Quartet and hopes that it will soon propose specific programmes conducive to the resumption of peace talks between the two parties. China hopes that the international community will display the necessary political wisdom and courage and strengthen its efforts to promote peace negotiations and that it will continue its tireless efforts to facilitate the resumption of the peace talks. China has noted the recent proposals and initiatives put forward by the relevant parties and is open to any diplomatic efforts and initiatives conducive to breaking the current stalemate.", "The Middle East question has long been on the Council’s agenda. China favours the Council’s more active and practical involvement in this issue, as well as a greater role for the Council in revitalizing the Middle East peace process.", "In order to achieve a comprehensive, lasting and just peace in the Middle East, the peace talks between Lebanon and Israel and between Syria and Israel, as part of the Middle East process, should be conducted in parallel. All relevant parties should create conditions conducive to dialogue and negotiation in order to put an end to the prolonged confrontation and resulting tensions in the Middle East.", "China has resolutely supported the just cause of the Palestinian people to restore their legitimate sovereign rights and supports the establishment of a fully sovereign and independent State of Palestine. China congratulates Palestine for subscribing to the choice of peace, and China will continue to support the just cause of the Palestinian people. We sincerely hope that the goal of establishing an independent state of Palestine will be achieved at an early date.", "Mr. Sangqu (South Africa): We welcome you, Mr. President, to the Council and it is a pleasure to see you presiding over this important meeting. My delegation expresses its appreciation to Special Coordinator Mr. Robert Serry for his briefing to the Council. South Africa associates itself with the statement to be delivered later on by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement. We also thank the Ambassadors of Palestine and Israel for their statements.", "Following President Obama’s statement during the general debate this past year, we had hoped that the Palestinians’ final status would be resolved by this September and that during this year we would welcome yet another new Member State to the United Nations, in addition to South Sudan. President Obama’s statement created a strong expectation within the international community that an enabling environment would be cultivated, within which final status negotiations between Palestine and Israel would take place, culminating in the resolution of that decades-long conflict. Sadly, however, owing to intransigence and lack of political will, peace and a sustainable resolution to the conflict seems more elusive than ever.", "It was disappointing that the recent meeting of the Quartet in Washington, D.C., failed to provide a clear road map showing the way forward. It is imperative for the Quartet to work urgently with the parties within parameters that essentially include a decision on the borders of the two States based on the 4 June 1967 lines, with mutually agreed swaps; security arrangements; a just, fair and agreed solution to the refugee question; and fulfilment of the aspirations of both parties with regard to Jerusalem. South Africa stands ready to work with its partners to support the Quartet in this process.", "Furthermore, if the parties wish to reach an amicable and mutually beneficial agreement on the final status issues, there is certainly no gain in suspending negotiations. A return to negotiations by both parties, without preconditions and without altering final status issues is therefore more than ever critical. This will require the parties to indicate, through both words and actions, that they are committed to a negotiated process and to reaching a mutually acceptable outcome. Israel’s continued disregard for international law and the decisions of this Council, the General Assembly and the International Court of Justice, by continuing to build illegal settlements in the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem, remains a serious obstacle to peace. These actions are aimed at changing the facts on the ground and will make agreement on the final status issues much more difficult to achieve, mainly because they make the realization of a contiguous Palestinian State nearly impossible.", "Violence by any side, including rocket attacks against Israel and its disproportionate response, is no way to advance the aspirations of either side.", "Over 60 years have passed since the 1947 adoption of resolution 181 (II) in the General Assembly on the United Nations partition plan for Palestine, and over 40 years have passed since the adoption of Security Council resolution 242 (1967). As we are all aware, resolution 181 (II) recommended the partition of Palestine into two independent States, and resolution 242 (1967) laid the basis for the border between the two States — yet we continue debating matters already decided and agreed upon by those bodies.", "It is South Africa’s view that we need to focus on the implementation of those decisions. The State of Israel has recently celebrated its sixty-third anniversary, yet the State of Palestine, recognized by many of us, remains outside the membership of this Organization. We welcome the Palestinian efforts to seek United Nations recognition for their State. We can fully appreciate the frustration expressed by the Palestinian people in their quest for statehood.", "South Africa fully supports the recent decision of the African Union taken in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea, which called upon its:", "“... Members States, especially those Members of the United Nations Security Council, to support the Palestinian efforts during the next session of the United Nations General Assembly to obtain full membership to the United Nations for the State of Palestine based on the 1967 lines with East Jerusalem as its capital, and URGES all Member States which have not yet done so to recognize the State of Palestine to do so as soon as possible”.", "It is our view that instead of using our efforts to deter Palestinians from exercising their Charter-given right to self-determination, we should exert efforts towards finding a resolution on final status matters, so that the two independent States, Israel and Palestine can exist side by side in peace.", "We support Palestine’s continued efforts at State-building, and in this regard we welcome the signing of the reconciliation agreement between Fatah and Hamas. We urge Israel and the international community to respect this internal sovereign decision of the Palestinians and focus on the peace process. We encourage the Palestinian parties to work together on implementing the reconciliation agreement. We further call on the international community to extend unbiased support to the Palestinian Authority in its effort to build institutions in an unfettered manner.", "South Africa remains deeply concerned about Israel’s continued blockade of the Gaza Strip, and joins the international community’s demand that Israel end the illegal blockade that continues to exacerbate the suffering of ordinary civilians. The blockade and imposed restrictions violate international humanitarian law, including article 23 of the Fourth Geneva Convention and contradict the will of the international community, as expressed in various Security Council resolutions.", "In conclusion, we reiterate that, in our search for a solution to the Palestinian question, it is now, more than ever, clear that we must not lose sight of the broader regional questions to which Palestine is inextricably linked. We therefore call on the international community to accelerate efforts towards the holistic resolution of the Middle East crisis, including the Lebanese and Syrian tracks.", "Mr. Araud (France) (spoke in French): Let me thank Mr. Serry for his briefing and the Permanent Representative of Israel and the Permanent Observer for Palestine for their statements.", "France associates itself with the statement to be delivered by the Head of the Delegation of the European Union.", "Since the beginning of this year the Arab world has found itself at the heart of historic turmoil from which the region will emerge transformed. These developments are the sign of the Arab societies’ aspirations to freedom. France has commended the movement and reaffirms again its support for all efforts for democratic transition that are peaceful and negotiated.", "We believe this regional momentum provides a unique opportunity to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. To do that, the position of France is based on certain straightforward convictions.", "First, the status quo is untenable. Secondly, only dialogue will make it possible to achieve the sole legitimate solution, which is two States for two peoples. Further, the resumption of the peace process must be based on balanced parameters agreed between the two sides. We stated those parameters here on 18 February (6484th meeting). Let me recall them.", "There must be an agreement on the borders of the two States, based the lines of 4 June 1967, with equivalent exchanges of territory on which the sides will have agreed. Security arrangements are needed that for the Palestinians respect the sovereignty of the State of Palestine and show that the occupation is over, and for the Israelis protect their security, prevent the resurgence terrorist acts and take into account new and emerging threats. Thirdly, there must be a just, equitable, realistic and agreed solution to the issue of refugees. Lastly, the aspirations of both sides with respect to Jerusalem must be fulfilled. A way must be found through negotiations to resolve the status of Jerusalem as the future capital of two States.", "It is in that spirit that France has proposed an initiative aimed at resuming negotiations on the basis of these clear, balanced parameters, which reflect a broad international consensus and are in keeping with the primary expectations of both sides. We regret that the Middle East Quartet, at its meeting of 11 July, did not endorse these parameters and did not issue an appeal for a resumption of the peace process. Despite that setback, we call on the parties to refrain from any action that could prejudice the resumption of bilateral talks and to not resign themselves to the dangerous stalemate in which we currently find ourselves.", "We commend the progress achieved by the Palestinian Authority in building institutions for the future Palestinian State. We call on all donors to continue their efforts in terms of budgetary assistance.", "The humanitarian situation in the Gaza Strip continues to be of concern. We call again on the Israeli authorities to change their policies with regard to Gaza, without compromising their legitimate security concerns.", "Our position on settlements continues unchanged. They are illegal from the standpoint of international law and are an obstacle to peace. They are based on despoiling the Palestinian people, and they undermine the confidence between the sides. They pose a threat to the possibility of achieving the two-State solution. We condemn ongoing settlement activities on the West Bank and in East Jerusalem and call on Israel to abandon its building projects.", "Lastly, we cannot ignore the regional context of the peace process. In Lebanon there are developments along the border that have sparked concern in the international community. We condemn the attack on the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon on 27 May and, just a few hours ago, once again, against the French contingent. In that context, France calls on all parties to meet their obligations set out in Security Council resolution 1701 (2006).", "The formation of the Lebanese Government by the Prime Minister of Lebanon, Mr. Mikati, is an important step for Lebanon and the Lebanese. The Government must continue to implement Lebanon’s obligations and international undertakings, particularly with respect to the Special Tribunal for Lebanon and its funding, in accordance with resolution 1757 (2007) and the commitments undertaken by the Lebanese Prime Minister.", "We are further concerned by the deadly events that took place on 15 May and 5 June on the Golan Heights, along the Syrian-Lebanese border. France again underscores the absolute need for the Syrian authorities to ensure compliance with the separation zone between Israel and Syria, in accordance with Security Council resolution 350 (1974).", "For more that four months now, the Syrian regime has been involved in systematically repressing peaceful demonstrations, ignoring the appeals of the international community. The Syrian organizations for the defence of human rights are today listing nearly 1,500 killed and 12,000 political arrests. Each week we see civilian victims. The Special Adviser to the Secretary-General on the Prevention of Genocide and the Special Adviser on the Responsibility to Protect said on 21 July that crimes against humanity may have been committed and continue to be committed in Syria.", "On 11 July the embassies of France, the United States and Qatar in Damascus were attacked without Syrian security forces attempting to defend them. France condemns such schemes, which run counter to Syria’s obligations under international law. Such illegal initiatives, such crude manoeuvres will not enable the authorities in Damascus to divert attention from the substance of the problem: ending the repression of the Syrian population and implementing a democratic transition. We hope the Security Council will finally be able to take up its responsibilities to condemn the violent repressions to which the Syrian people are subjected.", "The events today in the Arab world, including the Palestinian territory, demonstrate to us the urgency and the strength of the aspirations of Arab societies for liberty and democracy. In a few weeks we will see the deadline set in the Fayyad plan. The expectations of the Palestinian civil society have never been so high. We should not ignore that signal and risk falling back into an impasse with the always-present threat of further escalation of violence. We need to find an opportunity to resume dialogue under the auspices of the international community. It is from the standpoint of the proposals of the parties, from the standpoint of their initiatives to resume the peace process that France will shoulder its responsibilities in steadfastly working to advance peace.", "Mr. Messone (Gabon) (spoke in French): We welcome you in the chair, Mr. President, for this important debate on the situation in the Middle East. We in our turn would like to thank the Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process, Mr. Robert Serry, for his briefing. He brought us up to date on the Israeli-Palestinian peace process and on other situations in the Middle East.", "Gabon would like to recall its support for the legal framework founded on the relevant resolutions of the Security Council and of the General Assembly. We also recall our position here in favour of a two-State solution: a Palestinian State and an Israeli State living side by side in peace.", "The present context in the Middle East calls for new efforts to resume negotiations and to arrive at a dynamic compromise, one that must be based on parameters that are broadly accepted by the international community, which were recalled in President Obama’s statement.", "My delegation remains concerned at the long-standing stalemate in the Israeli-Palestinian peace talks, despite the commendable efforts of the international community to restart direct negotiations between the two parties, in particular the Quartet meeting held on 11 July at the imitative of the United States Government. It is regrettable that this meeting, while it inspired some hope, did not lead to the resumption of negotiations. The stalemate is unacceptable and, if it continues, risks creating a rift in the international community on the prospects of the peace process.", "It is well known that a great number of countries support the decision of Palestine to declare its independence. If this situation is not met with a resumption of negotiations, it could create an even more difficult situation in the Middle East. The current situation in the region thus calls for renewed efforts. We remain concerned by the cycle of attacks and reprisals that is hampering the consolidation of the progress made on the ground by the Palestinian Authority, whose efforts we call on the international community to continue to support.", "With regard to the impasse and obstacles, it is ever more urgent to restart the peace process on the basis of principles that are clear and accepted by all parties, which must include, of course, the establishment of a climate of trust between the parties, a commitment to pursuing peace negotiations in good faith, the security of Israel, and the creation of a Palestinian State. The stability of the entire region also depends on this commitment.", "Turning to Lebanon, my delegation welcomes the formation of the new Government under the leadership of Prime Minister Najib Mikati. We hope that this Government will work to resolve security concerns, particularly those raised by non-State armed groups, and to return to dialogue and national reconciliation.", "With regard to the situation in Syria, while it remains concerned, my delegation notes the recent adoption by the Parliament of a draft law authorizing political pluralism. We urge the Government to continue on this track in order to win back the trust of the population and the international community.", "We condemn the continued colonization of Palestinian land. We also condemn the indiscriminate attacks against Israel. We wish to see the two parties return to the negotiating table in order to break the current deadlock.", "Mr. Moraes Cabral (Portugal): At the outset, allow me to recognize your presence here today with us, State Minister Hoyer. I thank Special Coordinator Robert Serry for his very useful briefing, and the Permanent Representative of Israel and the Permanent Observer of Palestine for their contributions to today’s debate.", "Portugal’s position and concerns are well known. We have been repeating them here month after month as the overall situation has unfortunately not changed, as Mr. Serry underlined. I can therefore be brief. We remain gravely concerned at the prolonged, frustrating and dangerous stalemate in the Palestinian-Israeli peace process and the lack of any credible negotiating process. As a member of the European Union, we naturally share the views that will be expressed by the Acting Head of its delegation later in today’s debate.", "We regret that a way has not yet been found to bring the parties back to direct talks, which have been on hold since September 2010. We are still convinced that negotiations remain the only way to achieve a final settlement based on the two-State solution, with the emergence of an independent, democratic and viable Palestinian State, living peacefully with Israel and its other neighbours.", "To succeed, negotiations must be based on clear parameters that reflect widely held principles. They must also address all final status issues and ensure tangible achievements within a set time frame. They will demand the clear political will of both sides and have to be conducted in good faith.", "As developments in the occupied Palestinian territories and the wider region continue to underscore, time is of the essence. The developments on the ground that Mr. Serry has outlined continue to be extremely worrying. They constitute serious obstacles to peace and undermine trust and the feasibility of a two-State solution. This is particularly the case of the accelerated settlement activities in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem; renewed land confiscation in the occupied territories; and the unabated demolition of Palestinian homes and the eviction of their inhabitants.", "Once again, we strongly deplore that Staff Sergeant Gilad Shalit remains in captivity and continues to be denied any humanitarian access. This is totally unacceptable, and we urge his immediate release. Portugal is equally troubled by the marked increase in security-related incidents in and around Gaza after a period of calm. We vehemently condemn the launching of rockets from Gaza into Israel and call on all sides to refrain from provocative actions and to exert maximum restraint. On the other hand, Portugal urges the Government of Israel to end the closure of Gaza and fully comply with resolution 1860 (2009). We reiterate that all assistance and legitimate goods destined for Gaza should be delivered, channelled through official crossings and established mechanisms.", "Palestinians have worked diligently in preparing for their statehood and, as Mr. Serry reiterated, are ready for it. Let me recall President Obama’s words of 19 May:", "“The Palestinian people must have the right to govern themselves and reach their full potential in a sovereign and contiguous State.”", "We therefore commend and strongly encourage the ongoing efforts of the Quartet in pursuit of an urgent resumption of meaningful direct negotiations that will result in the establishment of a Palestinian State on the basis of the 4 June 1967 lines, with equivalent land swaps as may be agreed by the parties. As I said, time is of the essence. The status quo is not only unsustainable but also very dangerous.", "We had very useful consultations on Lebanon last week, during which I stated our position fully. Here, I wish to reiterate our condemnation of the terrorist attack against a United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) convoy on 27 May. We also regret the loss of life on 15 May during the Nakba demonstrations in the south of Lebanon, and commend the efforts of UNIFIL and the Lebanese Armed Forces to prevent the recurrence of a similar tragic outcome on 5 June.", "Portugal welcomes the formation of the new Lebanese Government. Lebanon now has the opportunity to address many challenges and fulfil its international obligations, including those pertaining to resolutions 1701 (2006) and 1559 (2004) and the Special Tribunal. We also urge Israel to honour its own commitments under resolution 1701 (2006) and to swiftly complete its withdrawal from the northern part of Al-Ghajar and to fully respect both the sovereignty and the territorial integrity of Lebanon by air, land and sea.", "The situation in Syria remains of the utmost concern. We are deeply troubled by the ongoing repression of peaceful protestors across the country and the dramatic death toll it has entailed. We regret that the Syrian authorities have note yet responded to the calls to immediately stop the violence. It is also regrettable that Damascus has not yet allowed the undertaking of a fact-finding mission, which is expected to report back to the Human Rights Council. We commend the neighbouring countries that are providing assistance to fleeing populations.", "The solution to the crisis lies in an immediate end to the violence, a credible, genuine and inclusive national dialogue, and meaningful political reforms without delay. The only way to provide stability for Syria in the long term is through a peaceful transition to democracy based on national unity, territorial integrity and respect for the rights of all its citizens. We call, then, on the Syrian authorities once again to cease the violence it has imposed on its citizens, and we urge it to exert the utmost restraint and to allow for humanitarian access.", "Mrs. Viotti (Brazil): It is a pleasure to welcome you, Mr. President, and to see you presiding over today’s meeting. I thank Special Coordinator Robert Serry for his briefing, and the Permanent Representative of Israel and the Permanent Observer of Palestine for their statements.", "We meet again to discuss the situation in the Middle East in the midst of unprecedented transformations in the region. Unfortunately, those transformations have so far failed to bring change to the Israeli-Palestinian situation.", "The Palestinian aspiration to statehood is not an abstraction. It is the cornerstone of democracy, dignity, freedom and human rights for the Palestinian people. We regret that, apart from the disagreements between the two sides, the main partners in the peace process remain unable to help the parties overcome the current impasse.", "In this context, it is not surprising that the Palestinian leadership has announced its intention to request the United Nations to recognize the Palestinian State, based on the pre-June 1967 lines and with East Jerusalem as its capital, and to apply for full membership of the Organization. The absence of a peace process adds to the legitimacy of the Palestinian request.", "Resorting to the United Nations cannot be seen as a unilateral move. It is the exact opposite. The very concept of a two-State solution arises ultimately from the multilateral system, as the Permanent Representative of Lebanon has just reminded us. General Assembly resolution 181 (II) of 1947 endorsed the plan of partition. The recognition of a Palestinian State is the completion of this 64-year-old promise.", "Having had an important role in the General Assembly session that legitimized the State of Israel, Brazil feels it is time for the United Nations to grant the same vote of confidence to the Palestinian people’s capacity to build a peaceful, democratic and prosperous State of its own. The Palestinian State, although under foreign occupation, is already a reality on the ground, as we have heard from the Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process.", "Palestinian institutions are now sufficient for a functioning State. International recognition can help reduce the asymmetry that characterizes relations between the parties. It can help realign the debate on the application of international law in the occupied Palestinian territories. It can also help to advance negotiations on core issues in a more fair and just manner. In the letter in which Brazil recognized the State of Palestine, we reiterated our understanding that only dialogue and peaceful coexistence with its neighbours can truly advance the Palestinian cause.", "Resolutions 1850 (2008) and 1860 (2009) encourage intra-Palestinian reconciliation and the formation of a Palestinian Government committed to the Quartet principles and the Arab Peace Initiative, and that respects the commitments of the Palestine Liberation Organization. The Palestinian reconciliation agreement signed in Cairo in May is a first step towards this important goal, which will provide the Palestinian people with a united and coherent representation.", "We urge the Palestinian leaders to fully embrace non-violence, human rights and democracy as core principles of their struggle to end occupation. We expect them to fully commit to the security of the State of Israel and to the right of Israel to exist in peace and harmony with its neighbours.", "A new Middle East is in the making before our eyes. The legitimacy of the movements that seek transformation lies in the democratic character of their demands and in the peaceful nature of their actions. In each national context, these forces will find their particular political expression in the face of different strategic, security, social, ethnic and economic conditions. Challenges will be manifold. Genuine change, in line with the aspirations of the people, can only come from within.", "We condemn once more, in the strongest possible terms, the use of lethal force against unarmed demonstrators. Repression is likely only to strengthen the will of those struggling to exercise basic, universal rights. As we stand in solidarity with those peacefully demonstrating for democracy and social justice, we must pursue avenues to peaceful political solutions leading to meaningful reforms. Sustained international engagement will be needed, in order to ensure that those transformations are followed by a more equitable development and a better life for all citizens in the region.", "Mr. Barbalić (Bosnia and Herzegovina): Allow me to thank Mr. Robert Serry, Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process, for his briefing today. We also thank the Permanent Representative of Israel and the Permanent Observer of Palestine for their presence and contributions to our debate.", "Bosnia and Herzegovina remains deeply concerned about the absence of any progress in the Middle East peace process. The current impasse is not in the interests of either the Israeli or the Palestinian people. The scheduled time frame for the conclusion of peace negotiations is approaching rapidly. Hence, we cannot afford further delays before the beginning of serious and responsible negotiations between the Israelis and Palestinians. At this critical moment, it is also of vital importance that the Security Council, the Quartet, the Arab League and other international and regional actors continue their efforts aimed at bringing the parties to direct substantive talks.", "In that light, we understand President Obama’s statement of 19 May and his appeal for decisive action that should lead to a lasting peace that includes two States for two peoples. For our part, we reaffirm our commitment to the two-State solution, with the State of Israel and an independent, democratic, contiguous and viable State of Palestine, living side by side in peace and security.", "The current upheavals in the wider region clearly reflect the democratic aspirations of the peoples in the Middle East. This new environment creates an opportunity to speed up the negotiation process. We hope that the interested parties will recognize this newfound momentum and, by taking up the chance for substantial negotiations, will join the stream of positive changes in the Middle East.", "Continued settlement activities on occupied land are illegal under international law and contrary to Israel’s obligations under the Road Map. These activities represent an obstacle on the road to comprehensive peace. We therefore call upon Israel to respond positively to appeals by the international community by ending all settlement activities in occupied Palestinian territories, including East Jerusalem.", "Bosnia and Herzegovina is firm in its position that civilian populations must be protected. It is for this reason that we urge the parties to observe restraint and make every effort to avoid violence and further loss of innocent lives.", "The continuation of the unsustainable and unproductive situation in Gaza is also of concern. In this regard, we welcome the Israeli Government’s recent approvals of materials for new homes and schools to be constructed by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East. However, we strongly believe that this is not enough and that more needs to be done. Only the full implementation of resolution 1860 (2009) can meet the basic needs of the 1.5 million Palestinian residents of the Gaza Strip. Hence, we reiterate our call for a full implementation of resolution 1860 (2009) and for the immediate, sustained and unconditional opening of crossings for the flow of humanitarian aid, commercial goods and persons to and from Gaza, including goods from the West Bank. Israel’s security concerns, including a complete stop to violence and arms smuggling into Gaza, must also be addressed.", "In conclusion, Bosnia and Herzegovina believes that lasting peace and stability in the region of the Middle East are possible through diplomatic efforts and full commitment to the peace process. To that aim, we expect the parties to take difficult decisions and return to direct talks without delay.", "Mr. Pankin (Russian Federation) (spoke in Russian): We are pleased to welcome you, Mr. Minister, as Chair of the Security Council meeting. We thank Mr. Robert Serry, Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process, for his substantive briefing on developments in the regional situation. We regret to note the intransigence in the Middle East settlement process. There remain considerable differences in the approaches of the parties. An atmosphere of mutual mistrust prevails.", "As a result, there is an impasse. For almost a year, the negotiation process has been stalled. That is a very bad and dangerous trend, given the extensive transformations and changes in the Middle East and North Africa. That should not distract us from our common task, which is to promote a Middle East settlement. In order to restore trust, above all the parties need to avoid steps that prejudice the outcome of a final settlement. They need to refrain from any manifestations of violence, in particular against civilians, and to demonstrate in practice their willingness to compromise. In that regard, it is crucial that settlement activities, above all in East Jerusalem, be ended.", "We believe it important to underscore that negotiations should be resumed on the well-known international legal basis, including Security Council resolutions, the Madrid principles and the Road Map. Any attempts to undermine that basis will not bring the sides closer to starting constructive dialogue.", "Apart from that, we would like to underscore the Arab Peace Initiative. Given the role played by the League of Arab States and its Committee in the Middle East peace process to promote that Initiative, we support close coordination between the Quartet and that regional organization. In fact, that is how we view a common and targeted international approach to resolving the key issue of the Middle East. We see the ultimate aim of the negotiating process as achieving the inalienable right of the Palestinian people to build their own viable and independent State, with its territorial integrity and East Jerusalem as its capital, living in peace and security with Israel, within internationally recognized borders based on the 1967 lines and potential agreed land swaps.", "The implementation of any future Palestinian-Israeli arrangements will be called into question unless there is a single partner on the Palestinian side. For that very reason, Russia supports Palestinian steps to achieve national reconciliation. We are ready to contribute to the successful implementation of the plans for intra-Palestinian unification and to provide comprehensive assistance to a future Palestinian Government.", "We are seriously alarmed by the ongoing tension in the Gaza Strip and the continued plight of the peaceful Palestinian people. We strongly advocate the complete lifting of the Israeli blockade of the Strip.", "A complete, comprehensive and just settlement in the Middle East is possible only by covering all tracks, including the Syrian and Lebanese tracks. We advocate unconditional and strict compliance with the relevant Security Council decisions to restore peace and security in the region and to normalize Israel’s relations with its neighbours.", "In such conditions, we believe that the ongoing mediation role of the Middle East Quartet is needed more than ever in the interests of finding an acceptable formula for the resumption of the negotiation process and the definition of parameters for a settlement, which must be achieved through dialogue among the interested parties.", "Sir Mark Lyall Grant (United Kingdom): I would like to thank Robert Serry for his briefing this morning and the Permanent Representatives of Palestine and Israel for their important contributions.", "As we speak, momentous events continue to unfold across the Middle East. The determined struggle of people in the region to secure their universal rights against, in some cases, brutal Government repression offers hope for the future. The only credible answer to legitimate popular demands is sustainable reform. Nowhere is the fight for basic rights and the brutality of an autocratic regime unwilling to give its people what they want and what they are entitled to more apparent than in Syria.", "We condemn the continuing heavy violence in Syria, the murder of peaceful protesters and the attacks on the United States and French embassies in Damascus. The Syrian regime has killed more then 1,500 civilians, and the death toll is rising on a daily basis. President Al-Assad claims that he is holding Syria’s different factions together, but his regime’s brutality risks inflaming sectarian tension. President Al-Assad must swiftly and meaningfully implement reforms that he himself has promised, ensuring that they mark the start of a sustainable transition to a new political system that meets the aspirations of the Syrian people.", "In our view, Security Council action demanding an end to the violence and calling for a peaceful Syrian-led political process is long overdue. We will continue to push for action, challenging those on the Council who stand in the way to meet their responsibilities.", "Events in the wider Middle East are inextricably linked to efforts to find a long-term solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. At a time when populations in the region are striving for and realizing their rights, the Palestinians, too, must realize their goal of an independent and viable State of Palestine.", "As we have said before, it would be a great shame and a source of continued insecurity if the hopes of the Palestinian people were left unfulfilled, while the region is transformed around them. Therefore, it is critical that progress in the peace process be made. September — the time frame set out by President Obama and the Quartet to welcome Palestine as a full Member of the United Nations and the month that will mark the completion of the Palestinian Authority’s State-building programme — is fast approaching.", "There is a danger that, in September, all stakeholders in the peace process give up hope and look simply to manage the situation, but, in our view, that would be premature. The parties should redouble their efforts to break the impasse and should resume direct negotiations on the basis of clearly articulated parameters — two States based on the 1967 borders, with mutually agreed land swaps; security arrangements that protect Palestinian sovereignty, while also providing sufficient reassurance to Israel; Jerusalem as the capital of both States; and a just solution for refugees. We encourage the Quartet to set out those simple parameters and to urge the parties back into talks.", "Neither Israel nor the Palestinians can afford to let the current stalemate become the long-term status quo. They must act now to keep alive the prospect and hope for a sustainable peace. I would highlight three areas where they must work harder to avoid further deterioration of trust.", "First, settlement activity must stop. Continued settlement construction in the West Bank and East Jerusalem is not only illegal, but is increasingly destroying the viability of a contiguous Palestinian State, sharing Jerusalem as its capital with Israel. As well as construction, associated actions, such as the destruction of freshwater infrastructure by the Israeli authorities, undermine the very survival of entire Palestinian communities in the West Bank. Halting settlement activity and associated activities is not elective surgery. It is a life-saving operation.", "Secondly, Israel has legitimate security concerns that must continue to be safeguarded. Maintaining security cooperation and ensuring that there is a complete and sustained cessation of rocket attacks from Gaza are key to reassuring the Israeli Government and public that there exists a genuine partner for peace.", "Thirdly, more must be done to improve access to Gaza. Restrictions that stifle Gaza’s economy breed hatred, radicalism and violence. An improved Gazan economy and the resurgence of Gaza’s pragmatic business fraternity are not only essential to the people of Gaza, but also firmly in Israel’s own security interests.", "There is no time to waste in making progress towards peace. We know from history that standing still is never an option in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. There is either progress towards a negotiated agreement or backsliding into violence. It is up to the leaders on both sides to take the bold steps necessary to ensure the former and to avoid the latter.", "Mr. Hardeep Singh Puri (India): At the outset, I would like to welcome you, Mr. President, to New York and thank you for chairing this open debate. I would also like to thank Special Coordinator Robert Serry for his comprehensive briefing and the Permanent Representative of Israel and the Permanent Observer of Palestine for their statements, which we have carefully noted.", "Since our last open debate on this item in this Council (see S/PV.6520), the Palestinian factions have signed an agreement. The main elements of the agreement include reform of the Palestine Liberation Organization, the holding of elections by May 2012, and the establishment of unified agencies, national reconciliation and a joint committee to implement the agreement. The unity between the Palestinian parties should not only end the division between the West Bank and Gaza, but also create State institutions in Gaza. To this end, we hope that the Palestinian parties will succeed in the speedy implementation of the reconciliation agreement. We also hope that Hamas will not only accept the State of Israel as a reality, but also cooperate with the Palestinian Authority to deal with Israel’s security concerns.", "Stalemate in the peace talks, however, appears to be giving rise to a sense of desperation in the Palestinian territories. For more than four months now, the monthly debates on the Palestinian issue in this Council have hinged on the hope that the Quartet would put forward a set of practical steps that could enable Palestinians and Israelis to resume talks. This hope was yet again belied when the Quartet meeting Washington, D.C., on 11 July ended without any statement.", "Over the past few years, the Palestinian authority has made significant progress in building State institutions, improving the economy of the West Bank and rapprochement with various factions, including Hamas. This progress has invited commendation from the international community at large. The State-building efforts of the Palestinian Authority have, however, reached their geographical and institutional limits. Any further progress would require the resumption of talks on final status issues.", "The humanitarian situation in the Gaza Strip, meanwhile, remains a cause for serious concern. The blockade of Gaza is not only adversely affecting the population, but also driving militant elements to vent their frustration through violence, thereby further complicating the situation on the ground and increasing Israel’s vulnerability and security concerns.", "The stalemate in peace talks and the grim humanitarian situation can further complicate an already fragile situation. We share the sense of the international community that the freezing of settlement activity in the Palestinian territories could enable the peace talks to resume. We therefore call upon Israel to implement Prime Minister Netanyahu’s address to the Knesset in May this year, wherein he said that Israel could consider territorial compromise in return for security and recognition. Putting a stop to settlement activities should be the first step in this process. Unless this essential step is taken and peace talks resume, the growing desperation may lead the parties to actions that could spiral out of control. As the month of September approaches, it is important to realize that there is limited time for Palestinians and Israeli to seize the opportunity.", "Other issues relating to Arab lands that remain under Israeli occupation are equally important. Progress on the Lebanese and Syrian tracks constitutes the essential core to achieving a comprehensive and durable peace in the region. In a region witnessing protests movements all around, the continuing impasse in peace talks could have destabilizing effect on a much larger area. In this context, the events of 15 May and 5 June show how fragile the situation is and how easily violence can be incited on a larger scale, destabilizing the whole region. We are therefore afraid that if the peace talks do not recommence quickly, unilateral steps by the parties will ensue, which would increase the distance between them and make it more difficult to find a comprehensive settlement. We therefore call on the members of the Quartet to intensify their collective and individual efforts to break the stalemate.", "India has a long-standing tradition of solidarity with the Palestinian people. India has supported the Palestinian people’s struggle for a sovereign, independent, viable and united State of Palestine, with East Jerusalem as its capital and living within secure and recognized borders, side by side and at peace with Israel, as endorsed in the Arab Peace initiative, the Quartet Road Map and relevant Security Council resolutions.", "India has been assisting in the capacity- and institution-building of the Palestinian people with material and technical assistance programmes. Through the India, Brazil and South Africa forum, India has extended assistance. India is also contributing $1 million to the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East, continuing our solidarity with the Palestinian people in their pursuit of legitimate goals and quest for development based on dignity and self-reliance. In addition, we have provided untied budgetary support of $10 million to the Palestinian Authority for each of the past two years.", "In conclusion, let me reiterate our expectation that the parties will restart talks without further delay. These talks should lead to a final and comprehensive resolution of the Middle East conflict. We owe it to ourselves and to future generations of Israelis and Palestinians to ensure that they do not remain mired in conflict, but live in peace and security.", "Mr. Alzate (Colombia) (spoke in Spanish): I wish at the outset to warmly welcome you, Sir, and to take this opportunity to express the support of my delegation in your work as President of the Security Council at this debate. I wish to thank Mr. Robert H. Serry, Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process, for his detailed briefing on recent developments in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question.", "Recent developments in the Middle East and North Africa have generated the ongoing interest of the international community. Colombia has not been aloof from this situation; it has repeatedly expressed its strong support for the legitimate aspirations of the peoples of the region, respect for their human rights and individual freedoms, and their right to a better and dignified life.", "We understand the situation in the Middle East as an integral issue. That is why we advocate a lasting and structured solution to the unstable situation in the region. We call for an end to the use of force or threat, and an end to terrorism. Our country is committed to addressing the issue with democratic principles and the ultimate goals of peace and security. We understand the aspiration of the Palestinian people to receive prompt recognition of the Palestinian State. We therefore continue to support the objective of creating a viable Palestinian State, living in peace alongside Israel and within defined, secure and internationally recognized borders based on the 1967 lines and changes mutually agreed by the parties.", "We express our concern over the suspension of peace talks and ask the parties to resume negotiations as soon as possible. We believe that negotiation is the way to achieve a lasting solution. We are convinced that without an agreement accepted by the parties, we would be repeating the mistake of 1947.", "We support the work of the Quartet and the implementation of the Road Map. Therefore, we share the views expressed by Quartet representatives on 11 July regarding the urgent need to call on parties to overcome current obstacles and find the way to resume direct negotiations, without delay or preconditions, starting a preparatory phase of negotiations to maximize the chances of success. We also support all efforts we are making through the United Nations.", "We believe that settlements are an obstacle to the search for a lasting peace in the Middle East. They are not only illegal under international law but constitute a breach of the agreements established in the Road Map. We firmly believe in the need for both parties to act under international law in compliance with their commitments and obligations.", "In addition, the international community must continue to support the institutional strengthening of the Palestinian Authority in order to build a viable State. We share the consensus of the Quartet that Hamas must renounce to violence, recognize Israel and specifically reject the use of terrorism as a political tool.", "Israelis and Palestinians cannot continue to be immersed in confrontation and mistrust. We make an ardent call to restart talks between the parties on the basis of mutual respect and recognition of the identity and rights of each people. The Palestinians are entitled to their own State living in peace with Israel and moving toward common prosperity. Future generations of Palestinians must be able to grow up in hope, not despair. Similarly, current and future generations of Israelis must be able to live free from fear of attack and to enjoy peaceful relations with the neighbouring Arab countries.", "The President: I shall now make a statement in my national capacity as Minister of State.", "I would like to thank Special Coordinator Robert Serry for his excellent briefing.", "Germany aligns itself with the statement to be delivered by the European Union.", "We are at a crucial moment in the Middle East process. People across the region are rising up for freedom, democracy and a better life. At the same time, we face a continuing stalemate in the Israeli-Palestinian peace process. Within the volatile regional context, it is more urgent than ever to reach lasting peace between Israelis and Palestinians. For the people in the region, progress in the peace process would send a strong signal of stability and would be testimony to the merits of politics and diplomacy.", "We all share the same vision. We want to see the State of Israel and a sovereign, independent, democratic, contiguous and viable State of Palestine living side by side in peace and security. It is time to make decisive progress. Prime Minister Netanyahu and President Abbas must assume their responsibility and take bold steps towards the resumption of direct and substantive talks.", "We remain convinced that clear parameters are a prerequisite for successful negotiations. President Obama set out a balanced approach in his speech on 19 May. The European Union, for its part, has articulated what it considers to be the key parameters. Germany, France and the United Kingdom stated their view on this matter in a joint explanation of vote in this Council (see S/PV.6484). We continue to believe that an international endorsement of parameters is needed in order to create a basis for genuine negotiations.", "The Quartet continues to play a central role in this process and has been in permanent contact with the parties. Germany strongly supports the efforts by the European Union High Representative, Baroness Ashton, in the Quartet for a credible and balanced perspective to relaunch and facilitate the peace process. We call on the Quartet to continue and intensify its efforts to set out a fair and balanced framework for negotiations in order to trigger progress prior to the September deadline that it has itself endorsed.", "Palestinian leaders have announced that they may turn to the United Nations in their quest for statehood. At the same time, Palestinians have made it very clear that a resumption of negotiations is their preferred option. Palestinians expect from their leaders headway in establishing a Palestinian State. Germany acknowledges the remarkable progress by the Palestinian Authority in building the institutions of the future State of Palestine. In their reports, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the United Nations have clearly stated that the Palestinian Authority has crossed the threshold towards a functioning State in key sectors. Now, the political process needs to catch up urgently with the substantial progress made on the ground. At the same time, we must do everything to preserve the achievements on the way to Palestinian statehood.", "Let me be very clear on this: Germany supports the establishment of a Palestinian State. As a matter of course, such a State will become a Member of the United Nations. Progress in this direction is a matter of urgency. Palestinians and Israelis have been waiting for too long to see the conflict end. But there is no viable or acceptable alternative to negotiations. Only negotiations will end the occupation, and only negotiations can provide a possible solution to the core issues. Any action that is not conducive to a comprehensive solution and that could undermine trust between the parties should therefore be avoided.", "We are deeply concerned that failure to provide a credible political horizon for real progress towards a two-State solution could lead to serious consequences. Germany remains deeply concerned about continued settlement construction in the Palestinian territories and in East Jerusalem and about new construction plans and recent land confiscation in the West Bank, the first since 2008.", "In this Council, Germany, together with Britain and France, has made its position on settlements very clear: they are illegal under international law and are an obstacle to peace, and they constitute a threat to a two-State solution. All settlement activity, including in East Jerusalem, should therefore cease immediately. All members of the Council are in agreement that continued settlement activity constitutes a major obstacle to the achievement of a just, lasting and comprehensive peace. It is most unfortunate that settlement construction has continued despite so many appeals.", "Gaza remains a serious concern. We strongly condemn the recent resumption of rocket and mortar attacks on Israeli territory after the ceasefire following the Cairo Agreement. That type of action is utterly unacceptable. Germany recognizes Israel’s right to protect its citizens against attacks. At the same time, we look to Israel to exercise this right judiciously, in order to forestall further escalation. We continue to call for the immediate and unconditional release of Staff Sergeant Gilad Shalit, who has been held hostage for more than five years now.", "Let me turn to one of the challenges that lie ahead. There is a need to sustain the positive developments initiated by the Palestinian Authority. The current financial situation is critical. It is not clear if salaries can be paid any longer. We call on all donors to honour their existing commitments. It may also become necessary to mobilize an additional international donor effort, and we would welcome any such initiative.", "We need to help create and maintain the conditions for self-sustained economic growth, including in Gaza. The appropriate way ahead is the full implementation of resolution 1860 (2009), calling for the immediate, sustained and unconditional opening of crossings for goods and people to and from Gaza, and for the prevention of the illicit trafficking of arms and ammunition. At the same time, we expect any Palestinian Government to commit itself unequivocally to the principle of non-violence, to a two-State solution and to a negotiated peaceful settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, accepting the previous agreements and obligations, including Israel’s legitimate right to exist. By the same token, we expect those bearing Government responsibility in Israel to unequivocally accept the two-State solution and to do their utmost to set the course for it.", "People in the Middle East have suffered too long from conflict and confrontation. Our shared goal is a just and lasting peace that ends the conflict and resolves all claims. In our time, many attempts to reach this goal have been frustrated. We understand the growing impatience, but we should be clear about what will bring us closer to peace, and what may result in further frustrations.", "I should just like to say a word on Syria. We are deeply shocked by the current events in that country. Despite promises of reforms and dialogue with the opposition, military actions, killings, arrests and repression continue. We are concerned about acts of violence between followers of different creeds. We urge the Syrian Government to stop playing the sectarian card. The Syrian regime must put a halt immediately to all violence against and repression of the Syrian people. Only if the violence stops is there a chance for initiating a sustainable political process. The transition towards a new Syria must be based on the full political participation of all its citizens and on commitment to the protection and promotion of human rights.", "It is not for outsiders to decide the future of Syria. This is an issue of the sovereignty of the people. The people of Syria are speaking loudly and clearly, just as the peoples of Egypt and Tunisia expressed their views. The legitimate demands of the Syrian people must be addressed. The Security Council cannot stand aside. It is our firm belief that a strong signal from the Council condemning the ongoing violence and repression of the Syrian people is of the utmost importance. The Security Council must assume its responsibility.", "I now resume my functions as President of the Council.", "I give the floor to the representative of Egypt.", "Mr. Abdelaziz (Egypt): I have the honour to address the Security Council today on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), and to begin by welcoming you, Mr. President, as you preside over the Council today, and by expressing the Movement’s appreciation for today’s briefing by Mr. Robert Serry, United Nations Special Coordinator and Special Representative of the Secretary-General.", "The Non-Aligned Movement believes that, at this critical juncture, the international community must renew its resolve to uphold its long-standing commitment to the realization of the two-State solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, on the basis of international law and the well-known terms of reference of the 20-year peace process. There is an international understanding that we must reach the end of the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian and Arab lands occupied since 1967; the independence of the State of Palestine, with East Jerusalem as its capital, based on the borders of 4 June 1967; a just solution to the plight of the Palestine refugees, and thus the establishment of a just, lasting and comprehensive peace.", "It is therefore regrettable that all serious efforts made to date by the concerned international and regional parties, including by the Quartet in its last meeting on 11 July in Washington, D.C., have not yet led to the resumption and advancement of direct negotiations on the Palestinian-Israeli track. It is equally alarming to the Movement that the mere issuance of a Quartet statement has become an issue in itself, highlighting the serious need to improve the efficacy of that mechanism and to resolve the conflict, which remains a threat to international peace and security.", "It is also greatly to be regretted and condemned that Israel, the occupying Power, continues to pursue its illegal settlement activities in the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem, along with many other unlawful policies and practices that continue to exacerbate the situation on the ground and to raise tensions. Such illegal practices also constitute the main obstacle to efforts to resume credible peace negotiations and are making it nearly impossible to realize the two-State solution on the basis of the borders of 4 June 1967. In that regard, NAM strongly condemns the boycott law enacted by the Israeli Knesset earlier this month, which penalizes people or organizations who call for a boycott of the illegal Israeli settlements. It is a law that many in Israel itself find unconstitutional and anti-democratic.", "Recent declarations regarding the establishment of thousands more illegal settlement units, as well as the continuing and unprecedented pace of Israeli demolition of Palestinian homes and properties, especially in neighbourhoods of occupied East Jerusalem, in order to build new settlements in the heart of the City, all affirm Israel’s hostile intentions and belie its Government’s alleged commitment to the peace process and a two-State solution. All current indications, from provocative declarations to accelerated construction on the ground and continued revocation of Palestinian residency rights, are that Israel is clearly choosing settlements over peace. Indeed, to date, Israel has persisted in its unlawful attempts to alter the geographic and demographic composition of the Palestinian territory, particularly East Jerusalem, the annexation of which remains and will remain rejected and unrecognized by the international community.", "The sponsorship by the vast majority of the Non‑Aligned Movement member States of the draft resolution (S/2011/24) presented earlier this year to the Council, calling for the immediate cessation of all settlement activities in the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem, reflects the international position on this important issue. NAM regrets that the draft resolution was not adopted by the Council, as we had hoped for and expected in accordance with the Council’s duty under the Charter to address Israel’s deliberate destruction of the attainment of peace and security in the Middle East. The Non-Aligned Movement emphasizes its position, clearly stated at the NAM Ministerial Conference held in May in Bali, Indonesia, and reiterates its call for the Council to be resolute in demanding that Israel, the occupying Power, abide by its legal obligations.", "Moreover, we believe that calls for compliance must be backed by credible action. Israel must be called on to abide forthwith by all its obligations under the Fourth Geneva Convention, the relevant United Nations resolutions and the Road Map, without exception, and must be held accountable for their violation. That includes the obligation to immediately and completely cease all settlement activities and to respect the international consensus on that issue, including the calls from the United Nations, NAM, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, the European Union, the Quartet and all other concerned international and regional bodies and actors.", "NAM also emphasizes the need to compel Israel, the occupying Power, to fully lift its illegal blockade of the Gaza Strip, in line with its obligations under international law, resolution 1860 (2009) and all other relevant United Nations resolutions. This inhumane blockade continues to provoke the deep concern of people all over the region and the world, reflected, inter alia, in acts of solidarity such as the freedom flotilla. In this context, the Movement expresses its concern about and condemnation of the Israeli military’s boarding and seizure on 19 July of the French civilian boat Dignité-Al Karama, which was sailing to Gaza to lend much-needed support to the people of Gaza, and calls for the blockade of Gaza to be lifted immediately.", "In this connection, the Movement re-emphasizes the need for the reconstruction of Gaza, and calls on Israel to open all its crossing points into Gaza and to allow for the sustained and regular movement of persons and goods, including essential construction materials and those necessary for reconstructing United Nations facilities and United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) schools. Normal commercial flows must also be permitted, since they are imperative to the rehabilitation of livelihoods and economic recovery. NAM also reiterates the need to empower UNRWA with all the financial and human support necessary for it to carry out its mission effectively.", "NAM also expresses its deep concern about Israel’s continuing arrest and imprisonment of Palestinian civilians in the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem, in the recent period. NAM strongly condemns the continued detention and imprisonment of thousands of Palestinians in Israeli jails, where ill treatment and torture are common. The Movement welcomes all international efforts aimed at raising awareness of the plight of Palestinian political prisoners, including through the meetings held in Algeria in December 2010 and in Morocco in January 2011, as well as the convening of the United Nations international meeting on Palestinian political prisoners in Austria in March. NAM particularly stresses the importance of the declaration on Palestinian political prisoners adopted in May at the NAM Ministerial Conference in Bali, Indonesia. It is the conviction of the Movement that those prisoners, who include children and women, should be immediately released, and that proper international inspection of their condition should be a priority for the international community, particularly the Security Council and the Human Rights Council.", "NAM stresses that serious, genuine and meaningful negotiations can be conducted only within well-defined parameters and a specified time frame. NAM highly appreciates the initiatives launched in the past few months to restart the negotiations on this basis. These include President Obama’s speech on 19 May; the Russian initiative to dispatch a mission by the Security Council to the region and to convene an international conference to resume the negotiations; the parameters presented by the United Kingdom, France and Germany to be taken as a basis for the resumption of negotiations by the Quartet; and the French initiative to start negotiations for one year, ending with the convening of an international conference; as well as many other initiatives and efforts by the Non-Aligned Movement, including the NAM caucus in the Security Council. In the meantime, the NAM regrets the fact that consensus was not possible among the members of the Security Council on any of these initiatives. This casts a negative shadow on the ability of the Security Council to deal effectively with such a situation, which continues to endanger international peace and security.", "The Movement calls upon the Security Council and the Quartet to exert maximum efforts to set clear parameters and a time frame for the negotiations. At the same time, should those efforts fail to produce the required results, the international community, including the members of the Quartet, must do their utmost to facilitate and support constructive efforts to overcome the stagnation of the situation and contribute to peace. This should include actively working towards universal recognition of the State of Palestine on the basis of the 4 June 1967 borders, with East Jerusalem as its capital, and receiving the State of Palestine as a full Member of the United Nations, particularly since we heard today from Mr. Serry that Palestine was ready for statehood.", "Indeed, there is a unanimous conviction that respect by Israel of its obligations is imperative so as to enable the resumption of direct negotiations aimed at achieving a two-State solution on the basis of Security Council resolutions 242 (1967), 338 (1973), 1397 (2002), 1515 (2003) and 1850 (2008), the Madrid terms of reference, including the principle of land for peace, the Arab Peace Initiative and the road map. At this critical juncture, it is therefore incumbent upon the international community to act collectively to compel Israel to abide by its obligations forthwith and to resume final status negotiations on the basis of the internationally agreed terms of reference that form the foundation of the two-State solution on the basis of the 4 June 1967 borders, so that we can realize this year the independence of the State of Palestine, with East Jerusalem as its capital, and thus begin a new era in the Middle East.", "Turning now to Lebanon, the NAM condemns Israel’s ongoing violations of Lebanese sovereignty and the recurring serious breaches of Security Council resolution 1701 (2006). The Movement calls on all concerned parties to implement fully Security Council resolution 1701 (2006) in order to put an end to the current fragility and avoid the recurrence of hostilities.", "Concerning the occupied Syrian Golan, the Non‑Aligned Movement reaffirms that all measures and actions taken, or to be taken, by Israel, the occupying Power, to alter the legal, physical or demographic status of the occupied Syrian Golan, as well as any Israeli measures to impose jurisdiction and administration there, are null, void and have no legal effect. The Non-Aligned Movement demands that Israel abide by Security Council resolution 497 (1981) and withdraw fully from the occupied Syrian Golan to the borders of 4 June 1967, in implementation of Security Council resolutions 242 (1967) and 338 (1973).", "Furthermore, the NAM condemns in the strongest terms the excessive use of force and the killing of unarmed civilian protesters by the Israeli forces on 15 May and 5 June 2011 and calls for those responsible for those brutal acts to be brought to justice.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Cuba.", "Mr. Benítez Versón (Cuba) (spoke in Spanish): Cuba associates itself fully with the statement made by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries.", "The situation in the Middle East, particularly in the occupied Palestinian territory, remains alarming. The tremendous physical, economic and social devastation caused by the illegal and destructive colonization practices carried out in the occupied Palestinian territories represents the main obstacle to the achievement of a peace agreement.", "The settlement policy is preventing the creation of a Palestinian State on the basis of the 1967 borders and, consequently, the possibility of a just solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.", "Cuba is deeply concerned about the serious situation in the Gaza Strip. The Government of Israel must lift, immediately, unconditionally and completely, the cruel and illegal blockade on Gaza and allow for the free circulation of supplies from and to the Gaza Strip, as well as permanent humanitarian access.", "The creation of two States living peacefully side by side, with recognized borders, is not merely wishful thinking. Palestinians have long been owed a solution enabling the creation of their State, with East Jerusalem as its capital. Similarly, the question of its refugees must be resolved in accordance with General Assembly resolution 181 (II).", "However, the Government of Israel continues to hinder the resolution of the conflict, while the country that is supposed to guarantee the peace process has not showed the required political will to give that process the necessary impetus.", "Cuba supports all legitimate efforts aimed at reaching a just solution to this conflict and at the creation and recognition of a Palestinian State.", "The Security Council cannot remain passive on the question of Palestine. There is no other conflict more threatening to international peace and security. Yet the Council continues to fail to take action. The United States veto of every draft resolution introduced on this issue has made the Security Council into a hostage of the domestic policy of one of its members. The threat of veto remains a sword of Damocles over the most powerful, and yet the most antidemocratic, international body of the multilateral system. This situation is unacceptable and must change, failing which the impunity with which the Government of Israel acts in the occupied Palestinian territory will increase.", "Cuba believes that it is possible to find a short-term peaceful solution. The Palestinian Authority has been working hard in the past few months, and many States have responded positively to the call to recognize the Palestinian State. Cuba urges those States that have not yet done so to recognize, as soon as possible, the Palestinian State on the basis of the pre‑1967 borders, with East Jerusalem as its capital.", "Cuba reaffirms that all of the measures and actions taken, or to be taken, by Israel aimed at altering the legal, physical or demographic condition and the institutional structure of the occupied Syrian Golan are null, void and without legal effect. We reiterate that all of these unilateral measures and actions, including the illegal construction and expansion of Israeli settlements in the Syrian Golan since 1967, constitute violations of international law, international agreements, the relevant resolutions and the Charter of the United Nations, and the Fourth Geneva Convention. Cuba calls on Israel to fully withdraw from the occupied Syrian Golan to the borders of 4 June 1967.", "In conclusion, Cuba is confident that the growing recognition by many countries of the Palestinian State on the basis of the 1967 borders will generate a fresh impetus and pave the way for a lasting solution to the conflict.", "Cuba reiterates its position in favour of a just, lasting and comprehensive peace for all the peoples of the Middle East region that would put an end to the occupation of all Arab territories occupied by Israel since 1967 and guarantee the exercise of self-determination by the Palestinian people through the establishment of an independent and sovereign State of Palestine, with East Jerusalem as its capital.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Indonesia.", "Mr. Kleib (Indonesia): Let me begin by expressing our gratitude to Mr. Robert Serry, the United Nations Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process, for the briefing he provided at the start of the debate.", "Indonesia associates itself with the statement of the Non-Aligned Movement just delivered by the Representative of Egypt and with that of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, to be delivered later by the Representative of Kazakhstan.", "The resilience of the Palestinian people is worthy of recognition. They have endured repression and endless mayhem for decades, yet they have kept on moving forward towards achieving their dreams: the dream of statehood, namely, the dream of our Palestinian friends, brothers and sisters, to have a place that they can call their own.", "The August 2009 comprehensive plan for Palestine formulated by the Government of Prime Minister Salam Fayyad, entitled “Palestine: Ending the Occupation, Establishing the State\", is a component in the establishment of Palestinian statehood and thus part of the significant journey to achieve that long-term dream. We must support that dream, and we must continue to support the rehabilitation and development of Palestinian national institutions.", "The Non-Aligned Movement ministerial meeting in Bali in May made a commitment to support the independence of the State of Palestine. In the same vein, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation echoed the same position.", "We welcome the important step forward taken in recent times by several States to extend recognition to the State of Palestine on the basis of the 1967 borders, with East Jerusalem as its capital. We urge members of the international community that have yet to do so, to confirm their recognition of the State of Palestine without delay, as justice delayed is justice denied.", "Indonesia wishes that in September, less than two months from now, in the Hall of the General Assembly, we, the community of nations, shall witness and welcome the birth of a new nation, the State of Palestine, in fulfilment of a long dream.", "However, the dream of our Palestinian people and their journey to an independent State has unfortunately continued to be beset by hurdles and setbacks. Israel continues with its infamous ingenuity to combine persistent hostility towards the Palestinians with determined efforts to frustrate the peace process. Summary evictions of Palestinians, demolition of their property, and the expansion of settlements in the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem, comprise a grand design to construct a new reality. Such efforts mimic the strategies and tactics of a colonial Power.", "Israel must recognize that we are living in an era when human rights are to be respected and protected and that the will of the oppressed will prevail. No country can live with a clear conscience if it resorts to brutal repression. No country can wear the mantle of dignity while ignoring universal democratic values. Israel must change its controversial policies and cease its inhumane actions.", "Israel has many choices. But the most honourable and most reasonable choice is to conduct direct negotiations with Palestine. That choice will garner the sympathy and support of the international community. Such direct negotiations must lead to realizing the dream of statehood — nothing more and nothing less.", "Let me conclude by underlining that the path towards statehood is filled with roadblocks. We can attest to this. But my delegation firmly believes that we, the international community, must and can remove all hurdles to the peaceful and comprehensive resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. We must embrace the significant moment when the international community, in particular the Security Council, fulfils its obligation to the Palestinian people — a moment of remarkable progress and transformation in the history of the Middle East.", "For its part, Indonesia’s commitment and support for the Palestinian cause is total and unwavering. Our commitment to an independent, viable and democratic Palestine, living side by side in peace and security with its neighbours, is absolute.", "The President: Under rule 39 of the Council’s provisional rules of procedure, I invite His Excellency Mr. Abdou Diallo, Chair of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People, to participate in this meeting.", "Mr. Diallo (spoke in French): On behalf of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People, I should like to congratulate you, Mr. President, on your presidency of the Council for the month of July, which marks the start of the summer holidays and serves to remind us of where we stand with regard to work that we must complete at the forthcoming session, including on the question of Palestine.", "I would also like to express my appreciation to Ambassador Nelson Messone, Permanent Representative of Gabon, for his exemplary leadership of the Council during the past month. I would also like to thank Mr. Robert Serry for his comprehensive briefing.", "Two and a half years after the end of Israeli military operations in the Gaza Strip, we are, once again, witnessing a surge in violence in and around Gaza. The worrisome situation requires the Council to take urgent and appropriate action, in accordance with its resolution 1860 (2009), in order to protect the civilians in that overpopulated Palestinian territory. As well, the illegal economic blockade of Gaza must be lifted and a durable ceasefire ensured. Efforts aimed at achieving Palestinian reconciliation carried out around the leadership of President Abbas, as called for in resolution 1860 (2009), should also be supported. Undoubtedly these basic measures are vital to stabilizing the situation and establishing peace.", "The stalemate in the peace process is unacceptable at a time when so many have pinned their hopes on September and the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly. Now, more than ever, the Council must act resolutely to bring about a peaceful settlement to the question of Palestine. In that regard, it should be recalled that the Quartet Road Map, which the Council endorsed in its resolution 1515 (2003), has already set out the necessary requirements, including refraining from any action that might undermine confidence between the parties.", "The Council will thus agree with me that a call for the resumption of negotiations must necessarily be accompanied by measures to compel Israel to abide strictly by its obligations under international law. Indeed, inaction on the part of the Council further invites Israel to intensify its illegal policies, as evidenced by the explosive growth of Israeli settlements.", "The Council is aware, however, that that the ultimate objective of the settlement project is to consolidate Israeli control over the occupied Palestinian territory and make it impossible to achieve a two-State solution based on the June 1967 borders, as called for by President Obama in his speech of 19 May.", "Furthermore it is deplorable and even frustrating that the Quartet’s much-anticipated meeting did not lead to a decision on clear parameters, similar to those endorsed by the European Union, to guide Israeli-Palestinian negotiations.", "Since the last open debate of the Council on the Palestinian question (S/PV.6520), our Committee has made every effort to promote a solution that would rest on the existence of two States and establish peace between the Israelis and the Palestinians. In that connection, the Committee held the United Nations Seminar on Assistance to the Palestinian People in Helsinki, in April, to mobilize international support for the Palestinian State-building programme. In that connection, it is widely agreed that the Palestinian Authority has succeeded in establishing sound public institutions.", "Similarly, in Brussels in June, the Committee convened the United Nations International Meeting in Support of the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process, to take stock of European and other international and multilateral initiatives aimed at achieving a two-State solution. Our Committee is also heartened by the growing number of States recognizing Palestine.", "We are also mindful that the Road Map includes other multilateral options, including, in the context of the United Nations, promoting the achievement of two States, Israel and Palestine, living side by side in peace and security. Today, perhaps more than ever, the Security Council has a particular role to play in achieving this shared but often delayed goal.", "In this manner, and by acting with strong political will and courage, we can achieve justice for both the Palestinian and Israeli peoples. This has been the stated aim of the United Nations since 1975, which our Committee strives to achieve.", "The President (spoke in French) I now give the floor to the representative of the European Union, Mr. Pedro Serrano", "Mr. Serrano (European Union): Many thanks, Mr. President, for giving the floor to the European Union (EU). Many thanks, too, to Special Coordinator Robert Serry for his briefing and to the representatives of Palestine and Israel for their statements.", "The candidate countries Croatia and Montenegro; the countries of the Stabilisation and Association Process and potential candidates Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia; and Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova align themselves with this statement.", "While dramatic events are unfolding in the Middle East region, the Arab-Israeli conflict continues to be caught in a worrisome stalemate. It is a matter of the highest priority for us to continue to make every effort to contribute to the ending of this conflict. The legitimate aspirations of the peoples in the region, including those of Palestinians for statehood and of Israelis for security, are at stake.", "The meeting of the Middle East Quartet on 11 July confirmed the need to set out a reference framework to help the parties to resume negotiations. Efforts are continuing to find the formula that can best achieve this goal. EU member States have repeatedly expressed their full support for High Representative Ashton in her continued efforts for the Quartet to create a credible perspective for the relaunching of the peace process, most recently in the Foreign Affairs Council Conclusions adopted on 18 July 2011.", "The EU stresses the central role of the Quartet. Indeed, the complexity of the transformational moment witnessed across the Arab world calls for multilateral efforts aimed at supporting a negotiated solution of the Arab-Israeli conflict. The European Union continues to believe that this is the best way forward. The European Union also encourages an active Arab contribution to this process and reiterates its view of the value of the Arab Peace Initiative.", "The European Union’s goal remains the just and lasting resolution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, with the State of Israel and an independent, democratic, contiguous, sovereign and viable State of Palestine living side by side, in peace and security and mutual recognition.", "Recalling the Berlin Declaration, the EU reiterates its readiness to recognize a Palestinian State when appropriate.", "The European Union believes that negotiations should include all final status issues, including borders, Jerusalem, refugees, security and water, respecting previous agreements and understandings. Clear parameters defining the basis for negotiations — as contained in Council Conclusions of December 2009, December 2010, May 2011 and presented to this Council on 21 April 2011 (6520th meeting) — are key elements for a successful outcome.", "This is an opportunity for the EU to recall its positions in this regard. We believe that the following parameters could serve as a basis for a resumption of negotiations between the parties.", "First is an agreement on the borders of the two States based on the lines of 4 June 1967, with equivalent land swaps as may be agreed between the parties. Secondly, security arrangements must for Palestinians respect their sovereignty and show that the occupation is over, and for Israelis protect their security, prevent the resurgence of terrorism and deal effectively with new and emerging threats. Thirdly, there must be a just, fair and agreed solution to the refugee question. Fourthly, the aspirations of both parties for Jerusalem should be fulfilled. A way must be found through negotiations to resolve the status of Jerusalem as the future capital of both States.", "The European Union calls on all parties to abstain from actions that are not conducive to a comprehensive solution of the conflict. Furthermore, it expects the parties to avoid practices that undermine trust and to refrain from any provocative action which may threaten the ongoing efforts to resume direct talks.", "The European Union reiterates that settlements in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, are illegal under international law, constitute an obstacle to peace and threaten to make a two-State solution impossible. All settlement activity, including in East Jerusalem, should stop immediately.", "The European Union remains one of the major supporters of and contributors to the Palestinian State-building efforts led by President Abbas and Prime Minister Fayyad. The European Union reiterates its strong support for the institution-building process and welcomes the outcome of reports which state that the Palestinian Authority is above the threshold for a functioning State in the key sectors studied.", "In this regard, the EU expresses its full appreciation of the current Government’s success in implementing the State-building plan. The European Union expects a future Palestinian Government to continue the Palestinian Authority’s institution-building efforts and to uphold current standards in terms of transparent and efficient public finance management, as consistently commended by the United Nations, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.", "The European Union considers intra-Palestinian reconciliation behind President Mahmoud Abbas to be an important element for the unity of a future Palestinian State and for reaching a two-State solution.", "In this context, the EU commends the Egyptian role in brokering the Cairo agreement on 3 May. The EU looks forward to continuing its support, including through direct financial support, for a new Palestinian Government, composed of independent figures, that commits to the principles set out in President Abbas’ speech on 4 May, upholding the principle of non‑violence, remaining committed to achieving a two‑State solution and to a negotiated peaceful settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, accepting previous agreements and obligations, including Israel’s legitimate right to exist.", "The EU calls for the unconditional release of the abducted Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit without delay.", "Despite some progress following the decisions of the Israeli Government to ease the Gaza closure, the EU reiterates its call, in line with Security Council resolution 1860 (2009), for an immediate, sustained and unconditional opening of crossings for the flow of humanitarian aid, commercial goods and persons to and from Gaza, while addressing Israel’s legitimate security concerns.", "With regard to the situation in Syria, the EU deplores the fact that the Syrian leadership has chosen to ignore repeated calls by the international community and continues its policy of deliberate, violent repression of peaceful protestors. The EU reiterates its condemnation of this policy in the strongest terms. The violence must be stopped immediately in order to prevent further bloodshed. In this context, the European Union calls for a political process leading to rapid and concrete implementation of substantial reforms, addressing the legitimate demands of the Syrian people on their way to a peaceful, genuine and irreversible transition to democracy.", "The President: There are still a number of speakers remaining on my list for this meeting. I therefore intend, with the concurrence of the members of the Council, to suspend the meeting until 3 p.m.", "The meeting was suspended at 1.20 p.m." ]

[ "主席： 霍耶先生 (德国) \n 成员： 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 巴尔巴利奇先生 \n 巴西 维奥蒂夫人 \n 中国 王民先生 \n 哥伦比亚 阿尔萨特先生 \n 法国 阿罗德先生 \n 加蓬 梅索尼先生 \n\t印度\t哈迪普·辛格·普里先生\n 黎巴嫩 萨拉姆先生 \n 尼日利亚 阿米耶奥弗利先生 \n 葡萄牙 莫赖斯·卡布拉尔先生\n 俄罗斯联邦 潘金先生 \n 南非 桑库先生 \n\t大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国\t马克·莱尔·格兰特爵士\n 美利坚合众国 迪卡洛夫人", "议程项目", "中东局势，包括巴勒斯坦问题", "上午10时10分开会。", "通过议程", "议程通过。", "中东局势，包括巴勒斯坦问题", "主席(以英语发言)：根据安理会暂行议事规则第37条，我邀请孟加拉国、古巴、朝鲜民主主义人民共和国、埃及、冰岛、印度尼西亚、以色列、日本、约旦、哈萨克斯坦、科威特、吉尔吉斯斯坦、马来西亚、摩洛哥、尼加拉瓜、巴基斯坦、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国、土耳其、乌干达和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国的代表参加本次会议。", "我谨通知安理会，我收到了2011年7月21日巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员的来信，此信将作为文件S/2011/444印发，其内容如下：", "“谨请安全理事会按照惯例，邀请巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员参加安全理事会将于2011年7月26日星期二举行的关于中东局势，包括巴勒斯坦问题的会议。”", "征得安理会同意，我提议按照议事规则和这方面的惯例，邀请巴勒斯坦常驻观察员参加会议。", "没有人反对，就这样决定。", "按照安理会暂行议事规则第39条，我邀请中东和平进程特别协调员兼秘书长个人代表罗伯特·塞里先生参加本次会议。", "按照安理会暂行议事规则第39条，我邀请欧洲联盟驻联合国代表团代理团长佩德罗·塞拉诺先生阁下参加本次会议。", "按照安理会暂行议事规则第39条，我邀请巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会主席阿卜杜·迪亚洛先生阁下参加本次会议。", "安全理事会现在开始审议其议程上的项目。", "我现在请塞里先生发言。", "塞里先生(以英语发言)：主席先生，感谢你请我发言。我欢迎曼苏尔大使在安理会议席就座。我想，我们几周前在耶路撒冷见过面。我还要欢迎以色列新任大使普罗索尔先生与会。我有幸昨天会晤过他。", "解决以色列-巴勒斯坦冲突的政治进程深陷持续的僵局。由于双方存在分歧和缺乏信任，为找到恢复谈判所需共同点而作的努力极其艰难。双方政治领导人感到沮丧，其公众也是如此。在巴勒斯坦方面，这一点特别严重，因为缺乏结束始于1967年的占领的可信政治前景。以色列仍然对实现持久安全和结束冲突问题感到关切。", "中东问题四方今年一直介入，以推动双方进行有意义的谈判。最近，秘书长于7月11日在哥伦比亚特区华盛顿与四方伙伴一道努力。四方力求将奥巴马总统5月19日重要讲话的内容——他在讲话中提出了关于边界和安全的参数，并称之为“谈判的基础”——转化为国际商定的框架，以便以巴双方恢复会谈。秘书长赞赏四方在哥伦比亚特区华盛顿进行的实质性讨论。四方没有发表声明以帮助规划今后的道路，但仍在继续努力。", "阿巴斯主席和内塔尼亚胡总理都继续重申他们希望谈判。然而，由于缺乏进行有意义会谈的框架，也由于以色列定居点活动仍在继续，巴勒斯坦人正在积极探索同联合国接触。阿巴斯主席指出，他仍然致力于谈判，在联合国进行的努力将有助于维持两国解决方案。以色列反对这一行动方针，称这一方针将使得更加难以通过谈判达成两国解决方案。巴勒斯坦人正就这一问题同阿拉伯联盟密切协商。双方正在密集接触国际社会成员。", "我们希望，国际社会能在集体决策论坛上团结一致，在现在、在9月份和9月份之后都能如此，并制定一条将有助于双方消除分歧和最终恢复谈判的合理和平衡的前进道路。我们将继续同四方伙伴合作，以寻求在这方面采取紧急行动。我们还指出安全理事会和大会的特权和责任。", "我们决不能忽视关系重大的事情。世界银行、国际货币基金组织和我的办事处——联合国驻被占领土特别协调员办事处——均已确认，巴勒斯坦权力机构在西岸取得了前所未有的成就。巴勒斯坦权力机构在一些主要方面已达到足以建立一个正常运作国家的机构运作水平。巴勒斯坦权力机构已做好在近期内的任何时间点承担建国责任的准备。", "目前已经取得实实在在的安全和经济成果，使双方人民都享受到了好处。由于治理的好转、投资的增加、通行进出情况的改善和捐助方的介入，过去两年来，在困难的全球环境中，西岸经济得到了加强。由于训练并部署数千名巴勒斯坦保安人员，同时加强安全协调，恐怖团体被解散，极端主义煽动行为得到制止。巴勒斯坦人看到，主要城市恢复了法律和秩序。以色列人面临来自西岸的暴力行为较少。", "然而，正如我们经常提醒的那样，若无更多的政治和实际空间，这一议程不久将达到其所能取得成就的极限。这要求以色列采取步骤取消占领措施，并要求捐助方持续提供支助。例如，我们已一再呼吁以色列允许巴勒斯坦城市中心扩大，以照顾到人口增长和工业活动的需求，而这将必然要求把C区的某些地方包括在内。尽管过去采取了便利步骤，但近期一直未采取大胆措施。已宣布措施——包括2011年2月与四方代表布莱尔商定的一揽子措施——的执行工作进展缓慢。事实上，我们看到C区出现不少负面行动，拆毁巴勒斯坦人建筑的活动急增。今年已有近370栋建筑被拆毁，约700人被迫流离失所，创2006年以来最高数字。供水和卫生系统尤其成为拆毁目标。", "过去一个月，在东耶路撒冷许多最敏感地区和C区，定居点活动继续不断，已经批准在西岸北部Karnei Shomron建造40个住房单位。我特别关切的是，2011年6月26日，以色列多年来首次没收同样是在西岸北部的Karyut村19公顷巴勒斯坦人私人土地。在这块土地上，目前已经建有一个即使根据以色列法律也属非法的前哨据点。这违反了以色列不建造新的定居点或为新的定居点拨留土地的公开承诺，为今后将根据路线图应该被拆除的前哨据点的合法化建立了一个令人担忧的先例。根据国际法，定居点均属非法，妨碍有关最终地位问题的讨论，建造定居点的活动必须停止。", "我们经常向安理会报告的问题，包括定居者暴力、以安全为由实施侵犯、限制行动出入以及隔离墙的建造线路都继续构成双方摩擦的来源。我注意到，6月23日，以色列当局按照以色列最高法院命令，开始重新调整Bil'in村附近隔离墙路线，使村民能够使用另外1020德南的农田，虽然他们仍有1 280德南的农田被剥夺。Bil'in村每周抗议活动不断。", "现在，越来越多的民间社会团体和政治人物呼吁加强反对现状的和平抗议活动，呼吁采取行动实现巴勒斯坦人的自决权。与此同时，6月正当建国计划理应开花结果时，巴勒斯坦权力机构应财政状况和捐助资金不足而面临挫折，不得不削减安全开支并仅支付半薪。", "我敦促捐助者，包括今天在开罗开会讨论该问题的阿拉伯国家联盟成员国，确保巴勒斯坦权力机构能够支付工资和满足其他财政义务。我敦促以色列进一步努力增强其温和、坚定与和平的巴勒斯坦合作伙伴的能力。", "安全理事会第1850(2008)号决议和第1860(2009)号决议及国际法框架继续指导联合国加沙政策。我们关切的是，6月23日有约18枚火箭弹发射进入以色列境内，使4月上旬恢复的色列和加沙之间平静局面受到挑战。同期，以色列进行了三次入侵和16次空袭，打死两名巴勒斯坦武装人员，打伤8名巴勒斯坦武装人员，但也打死了一名巴勒斯坦平民，打伤14名巴勒斯坦平民。有一名以色列士兵在一次入侵中受伤，另有一名以色列平民承包商被来自加沙的枪弹击中，造成轻伤。武装人员不分青红皂白，向平民地区发射火箭是不能接受的行为，必须停止。以色列也必须表现出克制。最近几天，紧张局面已经开始消退。我办公室继续积极促进充分恢复平静，这仍然是在加沙实现任何更大成就的基石。", "加沙已出现复苏迹象，实际国内生产总值2010年增长15.1%，2011年第一季度增长17.9%。不过，这种反弹的起始基础非常低，而且部分是由公共开支、捐助者援助、隧道运输、从以色列方面进口的货物量增加和有限的出口驱动的。进口量仅约达关闭前的三分之一。加沙境内的失业率很高，达31%；54%的家庭仍然没有粮食安全；38%的家庭生活在贫困之中。", "2010年6月以色列改变政策，将限定允许进口物品改为允许进口禁止物品以外所有物品，这有助于增加消费品的进口。自2010年12月以色列决定允许出口以来，已有一定数量和品种的农产品出口。", "到目前为止，根据以色列政策已经批准联合国援助加沙的项目总额为2.65亿美元，是解决加沙巨大的基本需求包括教育、住房和卫生方面需求的重要开端。", "拉法人员过境点现在每周开放6天，供加沙和埃及之间人员往来。", "我们同四方伙伴一道敦促以色列允许加沙私营部门批量进口和使用铁条和水泥。目前仍在进行的有关这些重要建筑材料的非法隧道贸易强化了走私方而牺牲了合法商业部门的利益。还应当允许进一步扩大对外国和西岸的出口。大幅提高加沙人员行动出入自由至关重要，否则加沙居民难以享有基本权利、与外界正常交往和人的尊严。我们继续寻求全面重新开放所有合法口岸。我们敦促继续保持警惕，打击走私武器进入加沙地带的活动。", "最近前往加沙的船队中的大多数船只都没有得到该地区各国海事当局的授权。7月19日，以色列海军截获一艘小船，指示其驶往以色列阿什杜德港，避免了不必要的海上对抗，这也是四方呼吁要求的。船上有约10名活动分子，他们原本打算驶往加沙。", "在加沙，哈马斯内政部关闭了当地Sharek青年论坛，指责该论坛行为不检，但未作具体说明。当局还要求实地视察，对国际非政府组织实行审计。我们敦促充分尊重这些组织自由和独立行使其职能的权利。我们还敦促充分尊重联合国机构的工作，这些机构部分支持援助巴勒斯坦人的活动最近遭受歪曲。", "我们也非常关注，6月25日在中东和平进程协调员办事处加沙大院附近有一枚炸弹被引爆，造成围墙损坏，这彰显在加沙地带联合国继续面临严峻的安全环境。", "我也提请安理会注意，联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处(近东救济工程处)核心项目和业务活动及救急粮食和就业行动资金前所未有地短缺6 140万美元。我敦促捐助者果断迅速地支持近东救济工程处，否则到10月可能需要大幅度缩减对加沙人民的支持援助。", "秘书长同国际红十字会总干事一道，在以色列上士吉拉德·沙利特被拘留十五周年之际，对其继续被囚禁表示严重关切，并呼吁哈马斯保护其生命，给予其人道待遇，并证明他依然活着。我们继续呼吁释放沙利特，完成交换俘虏谈判，这样也可以使许多巴勒斯坦囚犯得到释放。我们关切地注意到，在报告所涉期间，有消息显示已采取措施“硬化”其中部分囚犯的拘留条件。", "在有关新政府组成和纲领的争论中，5月和解协议执行工作受阻。和解延迟越久，当地的事态发展将导致西岸和加沙之间的距离越大，对建立一个能够生存的巴勒斯坦国的前景产生严重后果。联合国继续敦促在巴勒斯坦解放组织的承诺、四方立场和阿拉伯和平倡议的框架内实现和解。", "和平进程的区域轨道没有动静。民众抗议和政治变革已经成为区域动态的一部分，影响各方对自身安全和政治实力的认知。地区不确定性应促使各方加倍努力以求稳定。现在更加迫切需要在和平方面取得进展。", "我不打算谈黎巴嫩问题，因为黎巴嫩问题特别协调员上周已经向安理会作了通报。", "最后，自马德里会议以来，经过近20年没有定论的和平谈判，我们现在又将到双方不遵守已经商定的达成永久地位协议时间表的地步。我只能形容当前的形势富有戏剧性，因为巴勒斯坦在西岸建国的进程已经成熟，但政治方面的进展却跟不上。", "在此敏感和重要时刻，我们将继续敦促双方找到前进的道路。我们希望国际社会能够帮助塑造出一个合法、平衡的框架。如果没有一条可信的前进道路，随同在当地采取影响更深远的步骤，将无法保证巴勒斯坦权力机构及其建国议程甚至两国解决方案得到实现。", "应当在安全理事会决议和国际法、各方协议和义务以及“阿拉伯和平倡议”框架内推动该议程。", "主席(以英语发言)：我感谢塞里先生的通报，我现在请巴勒斯坦常驻观察员发言。", "曼苏尔先生(巴勒斯坦)(以英语发言)：首先，我愿表示，巴勒斯坦祝贺德国担任安全理事会主席和高超地领导安理会本月工作。国务部长先生，我本人对你主持安全理事会会议感到高兴，这表明了德国对本次辩论会的重视。", "我们赞扬你努力领导安理会的工作，特别是在审议我们的兄弟国家南苏丹申请加入为联合国正式会员国的问题上。巴勒斯坦重申，它热烈祝贺并大力声援和支持南苏丹翻开南苏丹人民独立的新篇章，并祝愿他们繁荣昌盛。", "我们也赞赏加蓬共和国明智地领导了安理会6月份的工作。我也赞赏联合国特别协调员罗伯特·塞里先生今天的通报，以及他在实地代表秘书长所作的一切认真努力。我还必须补充说，我非常高兴地于几周前在其位于耶路撒冷的办公室见到他。他的办公室非常漂亮，给我们巴勒斯坦人带来乐观的希望，那就是在我们拥有自己的独立国家时，能够把它用作我国总统的办公室。", "安全理事会是在这样一个时刻召开本次公开辩论会的：即需要认真思考和坦率讨论以巴冲突以及国际上为解决该冲突乃至阿以冲突所作的努力。", "我们大家都知道，这一问题的答案在于属于安全理事会和大会有关决议核心内容的法律原则和正义立场。缺少的因素就是捍卫国际法和执行这些决议的政治意愿。虽然作出了很多有诚意的区域和国际努力，但这些努力仍然是失败的，原因是以色列持续不断地违反法律，而国际社会基本上未能追究其非法行径的责任。以色列必须改弦更张，以便使两国解决方案能够实现。这就是事实，也是以色列军事占领仍在继续、巴勒斯坦人民仍无法伸张正义并被剥夺自决权和自由的主要原因。", "我们在近期所发送的信件中，向安理会全面介绍了包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土的悲惨状况。这种状况是以色列的非法政策造成的，而这些政策正在破坏被占领土的毗连性，并给我国人民带来更多苦难。此类非法行径一刻也没有停止过，它们包括以下方面。", "非法定居点活动仍在继续，特别是在被占领的东耶路撒冷及其周边地区。这违反了以色列根据国际法所承担的义务、联合国决议以及“四方路线图”关于冻结所有定居点活动的要求。修建定居点和隔离墙以及拆毁房屋的做法有增无减，没收和事实上兼并土地的企图也是如此。", "以色列定居者继续对巴勒斯坦平民实施恐怖袭击。继续保护定居者并助长其活动的以色列政府的极端主义倾向显然使他们有恃无恐。上个月记录的袭击事件超过139起。", "通过非法封锁来集体惩罚加沙地带民众，以及阻挠国际重建工作和任何正常生活的做法仍在继续。", "对加沙居民区的军事空袭仍在继续，对巴勒斯坦渔船的袭击也在继续，造成几十名平民受伤和财产被毁损。", "对包括儿童在内的巴勒斯坦平民的军事突袭和逮捕继续进行，巴勒斯坦囚犯身处的本已恶劣的条件在继续恶化，特别是在以色列总理宣布对他们要“再厉害一些”之后。所有囚犯，包括身患急性病的囚犯和为了抗议以色列的残忍待遇而绝食的囚犯的困境，仍令人极为关切。", "对和平抗议修建隔离墙和定居点的巴勒斯坦人和包括以色列人在内的其他人滥用武力的做法仍在继续。", "(以阿拉伯语发言)", "我愿在此论坛上向贝勒因人民和他们的朋友所开展的和平斗争表示致敬。他们在距离绿线一公里处成功地打败以色列。我有幸于上周访问了贝勒因，参观了隔离墙的旧址和新建部分。在此论坛上，我愿对贝勒因取得的这一巨大成就表示敬意。", "(以英语发言)", "此外，针对和平活动家特别是抗议封锁做法的活动家、人权组织和民间社会活动家的敌意行为和威胁仍在继续。以色列对非暴力抗议活动的镇压有了新的形式，表现为最近通过的惩罚性、不民主的抵制法。", "所有这些非法行径和挑衅行为都表明了以色列政府极端右翼的反和平意图。占领国以色列正以言辞和行动阻挠和平，破坏仅存的一线机会，即以1967年以前的边界为基础，实现两国解决方案，从而实现我们两国人民的和平与共处。", "必须正视这些事实，必须拒绝接受为此类非法行径辩护的一切空洞托辞和不合逻辑的借口。局势的脆弱性和紧张局势的迅速加剧，要求安理会根据《宪章》赋予的职责立即予以纠正。继续姑息以色列的扩张主义企图，有可能进一步损害和平与安全的前景并应为此局面承担责任，还有可能造成严重的短期和长期后果。", "在这方面，我们振奋地看到，无论是巴勒斯坦人民，还是他们的阿拉伯兄弟，或是国际社会，都没有放弃对公正和平的追求。所有人都仍然坚持要求结束以色列的占领；建立独立的、以东耶路撒冷为其首都、在1967年以前的边界基础上与以色列和平、毗邻共处的巴勒斯坦国；以及在1948年第194(III)号决议基础上公正解决巴勒斯坦难民问题。必须抓住目前推动这些崇高目标的机会，因为实地局势十分危急，而且阿拉伯之春仍在继续并具有很强的相关性。", "继续无视巴勒斯坦人民对于行使其不可剥夺的自决权从而建立独立巴勒斯坦国的呼声，是毫无道理的。巴勒斯坦人民必须成为独立、自由和有尊严的民族，享有和平与安全，必须使巴勒斯坦能够实现繁荣，成为国际大家庭的正式成员。这是巴勒斯坦领导人充分致力于的目标，也是我们力求在全球有关各国和各国人民的宝贵支持下实现的目标。", "我们决心扫除挡在和平道路上的障碍。但是，这要求不仅实事求是地评估局势，而且要决心采取适当的集体行动，以处理这些障碍，并真正推动公平与持久的和平、安全与共存。", "在这方面，四方未能为解决问题订立明确而公平的要素，使双方恢复具有公信力的谈判，这是一个严重错失的良机。这对于四方努力引导和平进程实现其目标来说是一个挫折，该目标是：结束始于1967年的以色列占领，并缔结一项从各个方面结束以巴冲突的和平条约，这些方面包括公平解决所有最终地位问题——耶路撒冷、巴勒斯坦难民、定居点、边界、安全以及水资源问题。", "四方的这一挫败是由以色列造成的，它拒绝接受合理并得到国际支持的谈判基础，其中包括美国总统巴拉克·奥巴马在5月19日所作的大胆演讲中提及的一些要素以及欧洲联盟和四方整体采取的立场。四方受制于这种不妥协态度，令人遗憾地未能认可相关要素并呼吁双方在此基础上回到谈判桌前。", "在此，必须澄清的是，巴勒斯坦一方履行了其承诺，并准备好在有限时间框架内并基于包括1967年6月以前边界必须是进行所有谈判的基础这一谅解在内的明确要素，恢复认真谈判。阿巴斯主席在这方面说得很清楚。然而，以色列却继续傲慢而危险地拒绝这一基础，使得当前无法恢复和平谈判。", "我们的目的不是要进行指责，但是有必要正视事实，从而采取集体行动，克服阻碍和平解决问题的因素。如果国际社会继续不追究以色列单方面非法行为的罪责，就不会有任何因素能促使它改变这种行为方式。允许占领国继续触犯法律而不承担后果将彻底破坏两国解决方案的可行性，导致又一个充满动乱、不安全与痛苦并试图寻找替代解决方案的时期。如果我们是严肃认真地为两国解决方案提供机会的话，那么就必须使以色列对其行动负全责。", "此时此刻必须作的决定对于重振陷于停滞的和平进程并脱离占领国将所有人引入的破坏性道路而言是至关重要的。但是，有待作出的决定并不困难，因为它们合乎逻辑、理由充分，并植根于国际法、联合国各项决议以及得到国际一致认可的冲突解决办法，即：基于1967年以前边界的两国解决方案，这是巴勒斯坦领导层很久以前就同意的一个历史性妥协方案。", "巴勒斯坦领导层仍然致力于落实和平进程的框架：联合国有关决议、包括以土地换和平在内的马德里原则、《阿拉伯和平倡议》以及《路线图》。我们决心继续积极主动地行事，为结束冲突和实现我们人民的民族愿望和权利做出积极贡献。巴勒斯坦领导层采取的任何步骤都将是完全透明的，并符合和平进程的目标。我们相信在国际社会的支持下，通过采取正当的政治、外交和政治手段，将有可能实现和平。", "今后数月将很关键，2011年9月是四方设定并经国际社会认可的缔结和平协议的日期，它仍是实现转变，从而营造取得突破所必需的积极态势与势头的目标日期。", "下个月，巴勒斯坦民族权力机构将完成法耶兹总理启动的建设巴勒斯坦国机构、结束占领并实现独立的两年计划。该计划是与选举阿巴斯总统的和平平台相辅相成的一个轨道，在国际社会的政治与财政支持下，它已实现既定目标，这一点已得到国际社会承认。我们履行了我们的职责，并准备好管理自己。剩下的唯一障碍是以色列44年的军事占领。", "我们的人民享有合法权利，有正当的需求与要求，我们有义务听取他们的呼声，并采取负责任的行动，以推动他们的正义事业。我们不能一直坐等以色列怀着诚意来谈判——只要这个占领者继续免于履行其根据国际法承担的义务，只要强权被允许践踏公理，这就是一件几乎不可能办到的事情。由于以色列拒绝结束其占领、拒绝停止其非法定居点活动和侵犯人权行为，而且拒绝致力于和平，自马德里会议以来长达20年的进程以及自签署《奥斯陆协定》以来长达18年的进程均告失败。在这些失败的呼唤下，一个新的进程已经启动。实现转变就在此刻。没有理由剥夺巴勒斯坦人民的权利与自由。", "因此，我们继续吁请各方承认以1967年以前的边界为基础的巴勒斯坦国。我们相信，迄今已有120多个国家通过双边方式承认巴勒斯坦，每一个国家对巴勒斯坦的承认都是对我们享有不可剥夺的自决权和我们建国并成为国际社会一员的自然与正当权利的确认。我们肯定各国政府、议会、民间社会以及所有世界公民在这方面发挥的重要作用，并再次感谢他们的关键支持与声援。", "此外，我们认为，在联合国这个多边活动的核心这里，无论是在安全理事会还是在大会采取的行动，能够推动我们实现所有人所谋求的和平，同时不会阻挠实现这一目标。这不是一个单方面行动。恰恰相反，它是多边行动。两国解决方案已载入各项大胆决议，其中包括承认基于1967年以前边界、以东耶路撒冷为首都的巴勒斯坦国并接受它成为本组织的一个正式会员，这将有助于使两国解决方案变得更加势在必然。", "这是一项有可能最终说服占领国以色列的决定性措施，让它明白其占领以及对巴基斯坦人民的压迫已遭到全世界的彻底反对，它必须抛弃其破坏性行径，包括遭到整个国际社会包括安理会所有成员反对的最严重的单方面非法行为，即定居点活动。我们认为，这将最终导致改变现状并实现和平。", "为此，我们对国际社会包括安理会将履行在巴勒斯坦问题上所承担的法律、政治和道义责任充满希望，这些责任自大会通过第181(II)号决议，将巴勒斯坦委任统治地一分为二以来就一直未得到履行，对它来说，现在是一个最终履行责任，确保巴勒斯坦人民正义与自由的历史性契机。", "为什么巴勒斯坦人民应当被迫在外国占领下再受一年——甚或一天——的苦难？他们不应受苦，也不需受苦。现在就是结束以色列占领的时候，就是巴勒斯坦获得独立的时候，就是巴勒斯坦和与以色列在和平与安全中毗邻共处的时候，而且，现在就是建立一个新中东的时候。我们认为，国际社会已经为此作好准备，我们相信，很快将采取适当行动，使之成为现实。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请以色列代表发言。", "Prosor先生(以色列)(以英语发言)：主席先生，请允许我感谢你干练地主持安全理事会本月的工作。很荣幸由你来主持安全理事会本次重要的辩论会。", "首先，我要对上周在奥斯陆和于特岛发生令人震惊的袭击之后，向挪威政府和人民表示我国政府的慰问。我们的哀思和祈祷与此次悲剧的受害者同在。", "我今天自豪地代表犹太国家和犹太人民在安理会发言，这个民族与以色列这片土地和我们永恒首都耶路撒冷的联系可以追溯到3 000多年前。那里是我们起源的地方，也是我们获得重生，实现我们祖辈在自己的土地上做一个自由民族梦想的地方。我们这个民族寻求持久和平，在其中，巴勒斯坦人将建立自己的国家，与犹太国以色列比肩共存，而不是取而代之。今天上午，我要谈几点有关中东和平进程的想法，而这一进程又一次站在了重要关头。", "首先，请允许我明确指出：单方面行动不会给我们这个区域带来和平。就像一个虚假的幻象，巴勒斯坦在联合国提出的倡议表面上或许对某些人有吸引力。然而，这些倡议偏离了真正的和平道路。温斯顿·邱吉尔曾经说过，治国的所有秘密都在历史之中。就这个问题而言，历史的经验教训明确无疑。只有通过处理双方关切的双边谈判才能实现和平。这是萨达特总统和贝京采取的办法，也是拉宾总理和侯赛因国王采取的办法。过去二十年来，这种办法一直是以色列与巴勒斯坦之间谈判的框架。", "就在这个月，南苏丹宣布独立和被接纳为联合国第193个会员国再次提醒我们：谈判是走向建国的道路。南苏丹建国标志着一条漫长和艰巨旅程中的新篇章。南苏丹和北苏丹都有过严重的挫折。出现过重大的问题。然而，双方没有寻求速效解决办法，也没有寻求立竿见影的解决方案。尽管困难，但他们一起坐下来谈判，达成共同协议。正因为如此，南苏丹得到了国际社会如此广泛的接受。", "对于巴勒斯坦在联合国走向单边主义的行为，我们没有听到同样热情的反响，这绝非巧合。相反，在国际社会中，许多国家正在寻求如何避免这种行动。许多人已经认识到，巴勒斯坦企图绕过谈判立国，这无异在为房子打地基前就挑选出烟囱管口。他们看到不信任和未得到满足的期望可能造成的后果，它们有可能导致暴力。", "显然，一些巴勒斯坦领导人也清楚这一点。法耶兹总理已公开反对宣布建国。就在上周，巴勒斯坦解放组织中央委员会成员、巴勒斯坦权力机构前总理纳比勒·阿姆尔呼吁巴勒斯坦权力机构暂缓寻求建国的举措。像法耶兹先生和阿姆尔先生这样的巴勒斯坦人看到我们面前的现实。与许多其他人一样，他们认识到，9月之后将是10月、11月和12月。他们知道，宣布建国将违反作为以巴合作基础的各项双边协议，而且将产生无法得到满足的期望。", "现在，国际社会应当告诉巴勒斯坦领导人他们拒绝告诉自己人民的事情：建国没有捷径可循。他们不能绕过走向和平的唯一道路。巴勒斯坦人必须作出妥协和困难的抉择。他们必须走出单边主义的大潮，回到直接创造和平的艰苦工作中。", "至今已经在尝试找到重启以巴双方和平进程的框架。这些努力必须连贯一致，并且考虑到双方至关重要的利益。谈论巴勒斯坦人利益最响亮和最明确的一些人在谈到以色列的利益——承认以色列是一个犹太国家及其在安全稳固的边境内生存的权利——时似乎突然发不出声音、犹豫不决，而且含糊不清。这两个问题，即安全问题和承认以色列是一个犹太国家的问题对确保以色列国家的未来绝对至关重要。", "就我们的安全挑战而言，请允许我提请安理会注意，自我们撤离加沙和黎巴嫩南部以来，哈马斯和真主党向以色列发射了12 000枚火箭弹。大家不需要是一名火箭科学家就能认识到，如果火箭弹落在你们的城市、学校和公民身上，你们的政府有权自卫。我们的公民每天都面临着这种现实。仅仅今年，住所、犹太教教堂、幼儿园，甚至是一辆醒目的黄色校车都遭受火箭弹袭击，导致一名16岁男孩死亡。", "没有清楚的安全安排，就无法保证在未来的巴勒斯坦国中，恐怖分子、武器和弹药不会像今天偷运到加沙一样流入西岸。人们无需把目光投向太远的地方就可以认识到以色列面临事关存亡的安全威胁。请允许我指出，以色列以建国者之一戴维·本-古里安命名的唯一国际机场距离西岸仅几英里之遥。这比我们现在开会的地方与肯尼迪机场或者纽瓦克机场之间的距离都要短。这个机场有可能成为持续火箭弹袭击的目标。大家可以试想，如果其它机场处于同样的威胁下会作出什么样的反应。持久和平的基础必须是一个非军事化的巴勒斯坦国以及以促进和平而非仇恨、宽容而非暴力以及相互信任而非殉难为重点的教育。", "关于犹太国的问题，我们也必须明确指出，持久和平要能够为续，就必须在以色列承认未来的巴勒斯坦国时同样承认以色列是一个犹太国家。以色列总理内塔尼亚胡已多次公开表示，我们将接受一个与犹太国共处的巴勒斯坦国。然而，巴勒斯坦领导人尚未这样做。他们将不会告诉他们自己的人民，他们接受一个犹太国家。如果没有这种承认，巴勒斯坦寻求建国是结束与以色列冲突努力的一部分，还是只是延续冲突的借口这一点仍不清楚。", "巴勒斯坦领导人宣称他们将准备在2011年9月前建国，把这当作一个有魔力的日期在国际社会面前抛出。我们承认巴勒斯坦权力机构过去两年来在以色列和国际社会的协助与合作下取得的进展。西岸的经济在全球衰退中是一个亮点，在2010年增长了10%。", "然而显而易见的是，要建立一个与其邻国和平共处的有效运作的国家，仍有许多工作要做。目前甚至连建国的最基本条件都不存在。巴勒斯坦权力机构并未对其所有领土实行有效控制，也未独掌使用武力的大权。哈马斯恐怖组织仍然对加沙实行实际控制。", "现在请允许我向我的巴勒斯坦同事、常驻观察员曼苏尔问一个简单的问题。他将代表谁在9月提出一项决议——阿巴斯先生还是哈马斯？是将代表巴勒斯坦权力机构和哈马斯恐怖组织两方(而后者提倡的章程要求摧毁以色列和谋杀犹太人)？是将代表巴勒斯坦权力机构首席发言人阿克兰·哈尼耶？还是加沙的哈马斯总理伊斯梅尔·哈尼耶？而后者去年12月在一次演讲中说：", "“当我说起‘巴勒斯坦土地’，我并不［仅仅］指西岸、加沙地带和耶路撒冷……我指的是从［地中］海到［约旦］河，从Rosh Hanikra到拉法的巴勒斯坦。”", "以色列和国际社会必须弄清这些问题。不管巴勒斯坦人是否在大会上提出一项决议草案，或是引用“团结求和平”决议(大会第377(V)号决议)，巴勒斯坦人显然没有团结求和平——远非如此。", "巴勒斯坦的未来政府有很大的不确定性：它接受四方的条件、和平进程、对其安全部队的控制，以及在座各位代表非常清楚地了解的许多其他问题。至少要到明年的巴勒斯坦选举之后，才能弄清巴勒斯坦团结的真正意义。以色列认为，这种所谓的团结只不过是继续让那些对我国城镇发射火箭弹的恐怖分子逍遥法外。", "今天辩论的标题是“中东局势”。从波斯湾到地中海席卷本地区的动荡表明，中东面临许多挑战，其中大多数并非只是同以-巴冲突有关。国际社会尤其不能忽视伊朗问题。伊朗仍然是本地区的恐怖主义核心。它一再违反无数安全理事会决议，向哈马斯、真主党和其他恐怖团体运送武器。", "从叙利亚、巴林到摩洛哥，伊朗继续在中东制造动乱。第1929(2010)号决议所设专家组上个月的报告表明，伊朗继续寻求核武器能力，完全无视国际社会的意愿。新的信息显示，伊朗打算在位于库姆的设施——一个多年里对国际原子能机构隐瞒的设施——中安装铀离心器。这种行为不仅危及中东，或是特定国家集团，而且还危及我们大家。我们不能低估远程导弹和短期思维的危险。当阿亚图拉政权试图把极端主义意识形态、导弹技术以及核放射拼凑成一个危险的组合时，国际社会不能袖手旁观。", "让我提醒安理会，被劫持的以色列士兵吉拉德·沙利特已经被关押了5年多，红十字会没有探望过他一次。我们指望国际社会竭尽全力，要比迄今为止作出更大的努力，立即使他获释，我们和以色列每个家庭都等待他的获释。", "以色列很高兴在世界各地有许多朋友。我们经常被提醒，真正的朋友永远不会怯于让你知道他们的想法。今天，我向巴勒斯坦人的真正朋友，那些想要看到他们实现民族愿望的朋友发出呼吁。在他们走上单边主义道路时，巴勒斯坦人民的真正朋友应当把简单的事实告诉他们。不能绕过直接谈判。不能从外部强加和平。", "我也向巴勒斯坦人发出呼吁。握住以色列伸出的手。抓住我们面前的机会，走上真正和平的道路——一条寻求解决办法而不是决议、对话而不是独白、直接谈判而不是单方面宣言的道路。", "主席(以英语发言)：我谨提醒所有发言者将发言时间限定在四分钟以内，以便安理会能够快速工作。敬请打算作长篇发言的代表团散发书面发言稿，在会议厅内则作简略发言。", "我现在请安理会成员发言。", "迪卡洛夫人(美利坚合众国)(以英语发言)：霍耶部长，很荣幸由你主持安理会。我并且感谢特别协调员塞里今天在此所作的通报。", "美国致力于以-巴冲突的公正和公平解决。今年5月，奥巴马总统勾勒了以色列人同巴勒斯坦人之间的全面和平构想。他指出，在中东和北非人民抛弃过去的负担之时，现在比以往任何时候更加迫切需要寻求持久和平，停止冲突并解决所有要求。总统的讲话为今后的谈判奠定了坚实的基础，并且这些讲话得到了国际社会的大力支持。我国政府的立场向来是明确的。能够解决永久地位问题、包括边界和领土问题的唯一场所，是双方之间的谈判——而不是像联合国这样的国际论坛。", "我们都必须确保，我们的行动有助于推动和平进程。我们的重点是鼓励双方在奥巴马总统讲话的基础上进行直接接触。我们也继续支持巴勒斯坦权力机构为加强巴勒斯坦经济、增强其安全部队的能力和专业精神，以及建立必要的国家机构所作的重要努力。但是，正如奥巴马总统所表明的那样，如果哈马斯坚持走恐怖和拒绝的道路，巴勒斯坦领导人将无法为自己的人民实现和平或繁荣。巴勒斯坦领导人也必须采取进一步步骤打击煽动暴力的行为，哈马斯必须立即和无条件释放现已被关押逾5年的吉拉德·沙利特。", "今天是在下届大会开幕前我们就中东问题举行的最后一次公开辩论会。毫无疑问，9月为在联合国孤立以色列而采取的象征性行动，将不会创建一个独立的巴勒斯坦国。美国将不会支持9月或任何其他时候在联合国里的单方面运动。只有获得双方本身的相互同意，才能够达成可行、可持续的和平协议。只有通过认真负责的谈判，双方才能够实现两个民族两个国家的共同目标，一个安全的犹太以色列国同一个独立、毗连和有生存能力的巴勒斯坦国和平、安全地毗邻共存。", "这就是目标；这就是构想。但没有捷径可走。我们再次呼吁所有会员国鼓励双方采取促进和平的建设性行动，避免采取可能破坏信任、预断谈判结果、或是把象征意义的诱惑置于达成协议的辛勤工作之上的行动。", "也请允许我重申，同数十年来每一届美国行政当局一样，我们不接受以色列持续的定居点活动的合法性。现有定居点的命运，必须由双方同其他永久地位问题一道加以解决，并且以色列应当继续努力遏止和起诉极端分子对巴勒斯坦人犯下的暴力行为。", "让我简单谈谈加沙局势。最近没收的运往加沙的先进武器，以及最近从加沙对以色列发动的惊人的火箭弹和迫击炮袭击应当提醒我们大家，在运往加沙的货物方面，以色列继续有明确和合法的安全利益。", "尽管以色列放松了对物资和人员进出加沙的通行限制，但仍需作出更多努力。普通加沙人依然有非常真实的人道主义需要，因此，我们正同以色列、国际捐助界和巴勒斯坦权力机构密切合作，以便向加沙人民提供至关重要的援助。我们继续敦促希望提供援助者利用既定渠道，以确保在满足巴勒斯坦人的人道主义需要的同时，满足以色列的合理安全需要。", "让我就叙利亚境内正在发生的危机说几句话。世界一直为叙利亚各地走向街头要求其普遍权利的和平抗议者的勇气所激励。叙利亚政权却以暴力、暴行和大规模逮捕作出回应。但叙利亚目前正朝着由叙利亚人民塑造的新政治秩序迈进。在这种政治秩序中，政府的合法性将来自其所统治人民的同意。叙利亚向民主政体过渡的进程已经开始。阿萨德总统可能试图拖延这一进程，但他却阻止不了这一进程。叙利亚决不会回到从前的状态。", "美国全力支持叙利亚人民要求建立拥有一个尊重基本自由和依法为所有公民不分教派、族籍或性别提供平等保护的民主、代议和包容各方的政府的统一叙利亚。我们呼吁叙利亚政府立即停止暴力和逮捕，并允许和平抗议与言论自由。现在必须停止侵犯人权的行为。必须立即准许人权监测员前往叙利亚各地。我们再次呼吁叙利亚政府如人权理事会于4月份呼吁的那样准许实况调查团前往该国进行调查。安全理事会有责任处理叙利亚局势和叙利亚政府进行的镇压，因为这会进一步破坏该国的稳定并损害该地区的和平与安全。", "最后，让我谈一下黎巴嫩问题。我们希望，黎巴嫩新政府将履行其所有国际义务，包括充分执行第1559(2004)号、第1680(2006)号和第1701(2006)号决议，并信守该国对黎巴嫩问题特别法庭的承诺。特别是，我们呼吁黎巴嫩政府继续履行其依照国际法所承担的义务，支持该法庭。黎巴嫩的独立司法诉讼为该国提供一次机会，借以超越其充满政治暴力的漫长历史，实现黎巴嫩人民理应享有的和平与稳定。那些反对特别法庭的人设法让人产生正义与稳定不可兼得的错误观念。黎巴嫩与所有其他国家一样，理应两者兼得。", "阿米耶奥弗利先生(尼日利亚)(以英语发言)：主席先生，我以尼日利亚代表团的名义热烈欢迎你来到安全理事会。我还要感谢特别协调员塞里先生所作的全面通报。", "尽管国际社会为使有关各方恢复直接谈判作出了协调的努力，但中东和平进程仍然陷入僵局。互不信任，又不采取建立信任措施，导致前景趋于复杂。在僵局持续之际，双方似乎正考虑采取一系列相互损害的单方面行动。一方现在威胁将吞并定居地块，甚至取消《奥斯陆协定》，而另一方则正在寻求加入广泛各种国际组织。尽管僵局持续令人深感沮丧，但双方必须确认，两国解决方案的内容和结束冲突的办法都必须通过谈判加以确定。", "由于中东问题四方未能在其上次会议为恢复谈判提出共同纲领，避免迫在眉睫的政治对抗的唯一途径是双方就包括边界、耶路撒冷、难民和安全等问题在内的所有涉及永久地位的问题立即重新进行直接谈判。如果有一个包括中东问题四方在内的所有对话者都能围绕它达成共识的共同纲领或议程，那么促使双方进行建设性对话就会更容易做到。以色列履行其依照路线图所承担的冻结所有定居点活动的义务以及巴勒斯坦履行其对以色列国安全的承诺，无疑会促进有关进程。国际社会特别是安全理事会必须充分参与制定前进道路。", "巴勒斯坦人之间的和解对于实现推动建立一个独立国家并在整个中东实现和平的进程所需的和平不可或缺。重要的是，应当维持4月份达成的和解协议并充分执行该项协议。组建一个获得各派认可的政府将会大大有助于实现持久和平与稳定，并将有助于支持经济加速发展。", "我们欢迎物资和服务通过过境点进入加沙的情况得到改进和稳步进行。通过希腊当局与联合国协商建立的渠道向加沙人民提供人道主义援助值得高度赞扬。我们敦促所有拟议前往的船队采取类似步骤，以避免该地区紧张升级。以色列当局批准联合国公路和学校项目令人鼓舞。我们希望，这有助于改善巴勒斯坦人民的福祉。我们继续赞扬联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处(近东救济工程处)在向加沙人民提供亟需的救济和援助方面所发挥的作用。我们敦促国际社会加大对近东救济工程处的财政和后勤支助。", "关于黎巴嫩，我们重申致力于维护该国的主权和领土完整。我们祝贺米卡提总理组建新的政府。这个新政府应继续致力于履行该国的国际义务，包括执行第1701(2006)号决议，并支持和维护黎巴嫩问题特别法庭的工作。我们敦促以色列执行其提出的正式从盖杰尔北部撤军的计划。", "叙利亚境内的安全和人道主义局势仍然令人关切，难民给各邻国造成严重后果。我们敦促叙利亚境内各方保持最大克制，进行有意义的对话，争取以和平方式解决危机。政府昨天核可将允许组建与执政党共存的政党的法律是一个可喜的事态发展。叙利亚政府应当继续执行承诺进行的改革，并准许援助机构和联合国进入该国，以便向需要援助者提供亟需的援助。", "尼日利亚仍然希望，尽管和平进程目前陷入僵局，但达成公正、全面和持久解决中东问题的办法仍有可能。有关各方必须继续沿着对话道路前进。它们还必须作出实现该地区持久和平所必需的痛苦妥协。", "萨拉姆先生(黎巴嫩)(以英语发言)：在中东问题四方为中东和平谈判提出期待已久的内容之前，阿拉伯领导人，包括巴勒斯坦人，欢迎奥巴马总统于今年5月描绘的路线作为建设性内容。尽管他们继续支持在莫斯科举行一次中东问题国际会议，他们也欢迎法国最近倡议在巴黎主办另一次国际会议。但作为对阿拉伯世界这一态度的回应，内塔尼亚胡先生再次重申他有力的四个“不”：不冻结定居点、不恢复1967年边界、不谈判耶路撒冷未来地位和不准许巴勒斯坦难民回返。", "以色列指责巴勒斯坦人寻求承认其国家地位和加入联合国作为谈判的替代办法。但现实是，自2010年9月以来，这些谈判并不存在，因为以色列政府当时没有延长冻结定居点的法令，尽管该法令仅覆盖部分地区。", "此外，鉴于内塔尼亚胡先生坚持“四不”立场”，执意破坏任何可能的重要成果，这种谈判充其量最多只会导致又一轮令人失望的谈判。", "但是，马哈茂德·阿巴斯主席在逆境中并没有放弃希望，就在三天前再度坚定重申，巴勒斯坦人将继续选择谈判而非其他任何途径，包括在联合国内这样做，这确实值得称赞。阿巴斯主席是正确的，因为不通过真正谈判解决最终地位问题，包括与边界有关问题、安全安排、定居点未来、耶路撒冷地位、难民回返和分享水资源等问题，就不能全面解决冲突。但是应该指出，建国从来都不是其中的问题之一，原因很简单。建国只不过是自决权的表达，而自决则是人民不可剥夺权利的一部分。顾名思义，不可剥夺的权利指的是不可放弃或谈判的权利。在联合国系统内，1974年大会通过第3236(XXIX)号决议，首次承认巴勒斯坦人不可剥夺的自决权，而且此后大会成员每年以压倒多数重申这项权利。", "有时候有人问，巴勒斯坦是否符合建国的要求。根据国际法，衡量一个声称是国家的实体事实上是否是一个国家的标准是，这个实体是否符合1933年《蒙得维的亚国家权利和义务公约》规定的立国条件。", "第一条标准是有常住人口。我们估计，在座没有人仍然怀疑巴勒斯坦人民的存在。他们作为一个民族的存在及其不可剥夺的权利，早已得到本组织承认。", "第二条是有明确界定的领土。对巴勒斯坦领导人来说，巴勒斯坦国领土包括1967年被以色列占领的众所周知的加沙地带和西岸，其最终边界可通过巴勒斯坦人和以色列人相互商定调整。领土的最终边界固然未获确认，但这并不妨碍建国，正如国际法院在其他案例中指出的那样，许多国家的边界发生变化或受到挑战，但不影响它们的国家地位。", "第三条是要有政府。国际社会的立场是，建立适当机构进行自治的条件现在已经达到。关于这条立国条件，今天到会的联合国中东和平进程特别协调员塞里先生在提交4月13日于布鲁塞尔举行的协调对巴勒斯坦人提供国际援助特设联络委员会会议的报告中得出了这样一个结论，巴勒斯坦“政府职能现已足够满足一个国家政府的运作需要”；今天早些时候，我们听到他在这个会议厅中重复了这一点。世界银行和国际货币基金组织(基金组织)在其报告中表示赞同这一结论，并突出强调了这一结论。", "第四亦即最后一条是，与其他国家建立关系的能力。巴勒斯坦在100多个国家中设有大使馆和使团，清楚证明它已具备这样的能力。", "因此，巴勒斯坦已经满足建国的所有四项标准。但是，它是一个被占领的国家，我们有责任帮助它制止占领，实现独立。", "还有人问，巴勒斯坦寻求使巴勒斯坦国得到承认并加入联合国，是否违反以往的巴以协议。首先，巴勒斯坦建国的依据早在任何巴以协议签订之前即已存在，因此从逻辑上或从实际角度上讲都不可能违反协议。事实上，巴勒斯坦建国所依据的是1947年大会第181(II)号决议，该决议将巴勒斯坦分为两个国家，而且经常被称之为“以色列的出生证”。根据这项决议，1988年巴勒斯坦领导人在阿尔及尔举行的巴勒斯坦全国委员会特别会议上宣布巴勒斯坦国诞生，这比第一项巴以协议，即《奥斯陆协定》要早五年。", "其次，国际社会并不认为实现巴勒斯坦建国与《奥斯陆协定》启动的和平进程相矛盾或不相容，而是在路线图和安全理事会第1850(2008)号决议中认可两国解决方案，并继续鼓励巴勒斯坦人巩固和加强其政府和国家机构。", "寻求各方承认其国家地位有时被称作是单方面举动。巴勒斯坦领导人在阿拉伯国家集团的支持下宣布寻求这种承认并申请加入联合国，难道构成一种单方面举动？", "很显然，在联合国系统内赋予多数会员国所作承认巴勒斯坦国的决定以充分法律效力，决不构成一种单方面举动。这仅仅反映了联合国绝大多数会员国的集体意志，而联合国是国际体系中最具多边性的论坛。", "但是，有人继续在当地采取单方面行动，不仅危害各方急切期待的谈判的恢复，而且也危害两国解决方案的可行性。在巴勒斯坦被占领土上持续建造定居点，拆毁巴勒斯坦人的房屋，将巴勒斯坦人赶出他们世代居住的家园并没收他们的土地，以及以色列占领军建造臭名昭著的隔离墙，据我们所知，都是在未获其受害者同意的情况下进行的，是名副其实的单方面行动。这些都是非法的单方面行动，必须加以制止。", "寻求承认巴勒斯坦国并给予它联合国正式会员国地位，并不是要否认以色列的合法性，而是要维护巴勒斯坦人的合法权利，否认色列长达数十年占领的合法性。", "对于那些仍不愿加入我们这方面努力的国家，我要说：不要责怪受害者，而要支持他们追求尊严。要想争取和平，就需要着力促进正义。请承认巴勒斯坦国，帮助它实现独立。", "王民先生(中国)：我欢迎霍伊尔国务部长你本人主持今天的会议，感谢塞里先生所作的通报。我也认真听取了巴勒斯坦和以色列代表的发言。", "巴勒斯坦问题久拖不决，是阻碍中东地区实现和平与发展的根源，也影响着世界的和平与稳定。当前，巴以和谈再次深陷僵局，数月以来未能取得任何实质性进展，中东问题的解决处于关键的十字路口。中方对巴以和谈的现状深感忧虑。", "中方主张有关各方在联合国有关决议、“土地换和平”原则、“阿拉伯和平倡议”和中东和平“路线图”计划等基础上，通过政治和外交途径解决巴以争端，最终实现建立拥有完全主权的独立的巴勒斯坦国，巴勒斯坦和以色列两个国家和平相处。", "以色列定居点问题是导致巴以和谈停滞的直接原因，也是巴以恢复和谈的主要障碍。中方反对以色列在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建定居点，呼吁以方立即停止修建定居点，为建立巴以双方互信、打破巴以和谈僵局创造条件。", "中方欢迎巴勒斯坦各派达成内部和解。我们希望巴各派以此为基础，增进内部团结与合作，为推动中东和平进程向前发展发挥积极作用。", "解决中东问题离不开国际社会的大力支持和协助。中方重视“四方机制”在中东问题上的重要作用，希望“四方机制”尽快提出有助于巴以恢复和谈的具体方案。中方希望国际社会拿出政治智慧和勇气，加大劝和促谈力度，继续不遗余力地推动恢复巴以和谈。中方注意到近期有关各方提出的主张和倡议，我们对所有有助于化解当前僵局的外交努力和倡议持开放态度。", "中东问题长期列在安理会的议程上，中方支持安理会更加积极、务实地介入中东问题的解决，为推动重启中东和平进程发挥更大的作用。", "为实现中东地区的全面、持久、公正和平，黎以、叙以等中东和平进程各线和谈应平衡推进。有关各方应为对话与谈判努力创造条件，结束中东地区长期对峙和紧张的状态。", "中方一贯坚定支持巴勒斯坦人民恢复合法民族权利的正义事业，支持建立拥有完全主权的独立的巴勒斯坦国。中方赞赏巴方坚持和平选择，将继续支持巴勒斯坦人民的正义事业。我们真诚希望巴勒斯坦独立建国的目标能够早日实现。", "桑库先生(南非)(以英语发言)：主席先生，我们欢迎你来到安理会，并高兴地看到你主持本次重要会议。我国代表团赞赏罗伯特·塞里特别协调员向安理会所作的通报。南非赞同埃及代表稍后将代表不结盟运动所作的发言。我们也感谢巴勒斯坦和以色列大使的发言。", "在奥巴马总统于去年的一般性辩论上讲话之后，我们曾希望巴勒斯坦人的最终地位问题最迟到今年9月份能够得到解决，今年我们将欢迎南苏丹以外的又一个新会员国加入联合国。奥巴马总统的讲话使国际社会内部抱有强烈期望，那就是将会为巴以开展最终地位谈判创造有利环境，进而解决这场长达几十年的冲突。然而，可悲的是，由于以色列方面拒不妥协和缺乏政治意愿，和平和可持续解决冲突似乎变得越来越遥不可及。", "令人失望的是，最近四方在华盛顿哥伦比亚特区举行的会议未能达成指引前进道路的明确路线图。四方必须立即在有关原则范围内与各方一起努力，这些原则从本质上说包括：以1964年6月4日边界线为基础，就两国边界问题作出决定，进行相互同意的领土交换；安全安排；以公正、公平方式商定难民问题的解决办法；以及实现双方在耶路撒冷问题上的愿望。", "南非随时准备与其伙伴共同努力，支持四方开展这项工作。此外，各方要就最终地位问题达成友好、互惠协议，中止谈判肯定没有什么好处。因此，双方在不设前提条件、不改变最终地位问题的情况下恢复谈判，比任何时候都更加关键。这将要求当事方通过言行表明，它们致力于谈判进程和达成彼此都能接受的结果。以色列继续无视国际法以及安理会、大会和国际法院的决定，在包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土继续修建非法定居点，仍是实现和平的严重障碍。这些行动旨在改变实地现状，会使就最终地位问题达成协议变得难上加难，这主要是因为它们会使建立领土毗连的巴勒斯坦国的目标几乎不可能实现。", "任何一方实施暴力，包括对以色列发动火箭弹袭击以及以方对此作出不成比例的反应，绝不会推动任何一方实现自己的愿望。", "自大会1947年就联合国提出的巴勒斯坦分治计划通过第181(II)号决议以来，60多年过去了。安全理事会通过第242(1967)号决议也已有40多年。正如我们大家所知，第181(II)号决议建议将巴勒斯坦划分为两个独立国家，而第242(1967)号决议则为两国划定边界奠定了基础，但我们却在继续辩论这些机构已经决定和商定了的事宜。", "南非认为我们需要把重点放在执行这些决定上。以色列国最近庆祝建国63周年，但我们当中很多国家所承认的巴勒斯坦国仍非本组织会员。我们欢迎巴勒斯坦方面努力寻求联合国承认其国家。我们能够完全理解巴勒斯坦人民对建国受挫所表达的沮丧情绪。", "南非完全支持非洲联盟最近在赤道几内亚马拉博所作的决定，该决定要求：", "“……会员国特别是联合国安全理事会成员在联合国大会下届会议上支持巴勒斯坦方面所作努力，使基于1967年边界、以东耶路撒冷为其首都的巴勒斯坦国成为联合国正式会员国，并敦促所有尚未承认巴勒斯坦国的会员国尽早予以承认”。", "我们认为，我们不应试图阻止巴勒斯坦人行使《宪章》赋予的自决权，而应努力解决最终地位问题，以便以色列和巴勒斯坦这两个独立国家能够和平、毗邻共处。", "我们支持巴勒斯坦继续开展建国努力。在这方面，我们欢迎法塔赫与哈马斯签署和解协议。我们敦促以色列和国际社会尊重巴勒斯坦人所作的这一内部主权决定，并把重点放在和平进程上。我们鼓励巴勒斯坦有关方面共同努力执行和解协议。我们还呼吁国际社会为巴勒斯坦权力机构努力无拘无束地建设机构提供公正的支持。", "南非仍对以色列继续封锁加沙地带深感关切，并和国际社会一道要求以色列结束这种在继续加重普通平民苦难的非法封锁。封锁和实行限制违反了国际人道主义法，其中包括《日内瓦第四公约》第23条的规定，也违背了安全理事会多项决定所表达的国际社会的意愿。", "最后，我们重申，在我们寻求解决巴勒斯坦问题的过程中，现在比以往任何时候都更加清楚的是，我们绝不能无视与巴勒斯坦问题密不可分的更大范围的区域问题。因此，我们呼吁国际社会加快努力，以全面解决包括黎巴嫩和叙利亚问题在内的中东危机。", "阿罗德先生(法国)(以法语发言)：请允许我感谢塞里先生的通报和以色列常驻代表以及巴勒斯坦常驻观察员的发言。", "法国赞同将由欧洲联盟代表团团长所作的发言。", "自今年年初以来，阿拉伯世界一直处于将使该区域脱胎换骨的历史性动荡的中心。这些事态表明阿拉伯社会对自由的渴望。法国赞扬这场运动并重申它支持为和平并经谈判实现民主过渡所做的各种努力。", "我们认为，这一区域势头为解决以巴冲突提供了独特的契机。为此，法国的立场基于一些直白的信念。", "第一，现状是站不住脚的。第二，只有通过对话才有可能达成唯一合法的解决方案，即两国人民建立两个国家。此外，恢复和平进程必须基于双方商定的平衡条件。我们2月18日(第6484次会议)在此阐述过这些条件。请允许我再回顾一下。", "必须基于1967年6月4日的界线商定两国的边界，并经双方商定进行对等的领土交换。需要制定安全安排，对于巴勒斯坦人民来说，这些安排尊重巴勒斯坦国的主权并显示占领已经结束，而对于以色列人来说，这些安排保护他们的安全、防止恐怖行径复发并顾及新的正在出现的威胁。第三，必须公正、平等、现实并经各方商定地解决难民问题。最后，双方对耶路撒冷的愿望都必须得到满足。必须通过谈判找到办法解决耶路撒冷作为两国未来首都的地位问题。", "正是本着这一精神，法国提出了一项倡议，旨在基于这些明确、平衡和体现出广泛国际共识并符合双方主要期望的条件来恢复谈判。令我们感到遗憾的是，中东四方在其7月11日的会议上没有认可这些条件，也没有吁请恢复和平进程。尽管遭受这一挫折，我们仍呼吁各方避免采取任何可能影响恢复双边会谈的行动，同时不要安于我们当前所处的危险僵局。", "我们赞扬巴勒斯坦权力机构在建设未来巴勒斯坦国机构体制方面取得的进展。我们呼吁各捐助方继续努力提供预算援助。", "加沙地带的人道主义局势仍令人关切。我们再次呼吁以色列当局在不影响其合理安全关切的情况下改变对加沙实施的政策。", "我们在定居点问题上的立场依然没有改变。从国际法的角度来说，这些定居点均属非法，阻碍了和平。它们是对巴勒斯坦人民的掠夺，破坏了双方的信任。它们威胁了实现两国解决方案的可能性。我们谴责西岸和东耶路撒冷当前的定居点活动，并呼吁以色列放弃其建房项目。", "最后，我们不能忽视和平进程的区域背景。在黎巴嫩边界一带的事态发展引起了国际社会的关切。我们谴责5月27日对联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队的袭击，以及仅仅数小时前再次对法国特遣队发动的袭击。在这一背景下，法国呼吁各方履行在安全理事会第1701(2006)号决议中规定的义务。", "黎巴嫩总理米卡提先生组建了黎巴嫩政府，这对于黎巴嫩以及黎巴嫩人民来说是重要的一步。政府必须根据第1757(2007)号决议以及黎巴嫩总理做出的承诺，继续履行黎巴嫩的各项义务与国际承诺，特别是对黎巴嫩问题特别法庭及其供资所做的承诺。", "我们还对5月15日和6月5日发生在叙利亚-黎巴嫩边界戈兰高地的致命事件表示关切。法国再次强调，根据安全理事会第350(1974)号决议，叙利亚当局绝对有必要确保遵守以叙之间的隔离区。", "叙利亚政权无视国际社会吁请，有系统地镇压和平示威迄今已有4个多月。今天，叙利亚捍卫人权的组织列举出有将近1 500人被害，1.2万人遭到政治逮捕。每周我们都会看到平民受害。秘书长防止灭绝种族罪特别顾问和保护责任特别顾问7月21日称，在叙利亚有可能发生了并正继续发生着危害人类罪。", "7月11日，法国、美国和卡塔尔驻大马士革的使馆遭到攻击，叙利亚安全部队却不试图保护它们。法国谴责这种做法，它违背了叙利亚根据国际法所承担的义务。这种非法举措，这种残忍举动将无法使大马士革当局转移对问题实质的关注，即：结束对叙利亚人民的镇压，实行民主过渡。我们希望安全理事会最终能承担起谴责叙利亚人民遭受的暴力镇压的责任。", "包括巴勒斯坦领土在内的阿拉伯世界今天发生的事件向我们表明，阿拉伯社会对自由和民主的渴望十分迫切和强烈。数周后，我们就将看到法耶兹计划设定的最后期限的到来。巴勒斯坦民间社会的期望从未如此高涨。我们不应忽视这一信号，否则，在暴力进一步升级这一始终存在的威胁下，会有重新陷入僵局的危险。我们需要找到机会恢复在国际社会主持下的对话。这是从各方提出的建议出发，是从它们恢复和平进程的倡议出发，法国将担负起责任，坚定不移地为推动和平而努力。", "Messone先生(加篷)(以法语发言)：主席先生，我们欢迎你主持本次关于中东局势的重要辩论会。我们也要感谢中东和平进程特别协调员罗伯特·塞里先生的通报。他为我们提供了关于以巴和平进程和中东其它局势的最新情况。", "加篷愿指出它支持基于安全理事会和大会有关决议的法律框架。我们还在此回顾我们支持两国解决方案的立场：巴勒斯坦国和以色列国和平毗邻共存。", "中东当前呈现的局势要求我们做出新的努力，以便恢复谈判并实现积极妥协。这种妥协必须以国际社会广泛接受并在奥巴马总统讲话中指明的条件为基础。", "我国代表团依然感到关切的是，尽管国际社会为重启双方之间的直接谈判作出了令人称道的努力，特别是在美国政府倡议下于7月11日举行了四方会议，以巴和谈依然陷入僵局。令人遗憾的是，尽管该次会议激起了一些希望，但并没有使谈判重启。这种僵局令人不可接受，而且如果继续下去的话，有可能造成国际社会中对和平进程前景看法的分裂。", "众所周知，有许多国家支持巴勒斯坦宣布独立的决定。如果在这种情况下不能实现复谈，那么就有可能在中东造成甚至更加困难的局面。因此，目前该区域的局势需要作出新的努力。我们依然对袭击和报复行动周而复始的现象感到关切，这种状况正在阻碍巩固巴勒斯坦权力机构在实地取得的进展，我们呼吁国际社会继续支持巴勒斯坦权力机构的努力。", "关于僵局和障碍问题，比以往任何时候都更加紧迫的是在明确和得到各方接受的原则基础上重启和平进程，当然这些原则必须包括：建立双方之间的信任气氛、承诺有诚意地开展和平谈判、确保以色列的安全以及建立巴勒斯坦国。整个区域的稳定也取决于这种承诺。", "谈到黎巴嫩问题，我国代表团欣见在纳吉布·米卡提总理的领导下组建了黎巴嫩新政府。我们希望，新政府将努力处理安全方面的关切，特别是非国家武装团体引起的安全关切，并且回到对话与民族和解上来。", "关于叙利亚局势，尽管我国代表团依然感到关切，但我们注意到，叙利亚议会最近通过了一项授权政治多元化的法律草案。我们敦促叙利亚政府继续走这条道路，以便赢回人民和国际社会的信任。", "我们谴责不断使巴勒斯坦土地沦为殖民地的做法。我们也谴责对以色列的滥杀滥伤袭击。我们希望看到双方回到谈判桌前，以便打破目前的僵局。", "莫赖斯·卡布拉尔先生(葡萄牙)(以英语发言)：霍耶国务部长，首先请允许我赞扬你今天前来主持会议。我感谢特别协调员罗伯特·塞里非常有益的通报以及以色列常驻代表和巴勒斯坦常驻观察员在今天辩论会上的发言。", "葡萄牙的立场和关切众所周知。由于正如罗伯特·塞里先生所强调的那样，总体情况很遗憾没有出现改变，我们月复一月地一直在这里重复谈这些立场和关切。因此，我可以简要发言。我们仍然对巴以和平进程陷入长期、令人失望和危险的僵局并且缺乏任何可信谈判进程深感关切。作为欧洲联盟成员，我们自然同意今天辩论会上欧盟代表团代理团长稍后将要表达的意见。", "我们对尚未找到使双方回到直接会谈中的办法感到遗憾，会谈自2010年9月以来一直处于停滞状态。我们仍然坚信，谈判依然是唯一途径，以便在两国解决方案基础上，通过建立一个与以色列及其其它邻国和平共存的独立、民主和有生存能力的巴勒斯坦国实现最终解决。", "为了取得成功，谈判必须以反映公认原则的明确参数为基础。谈判必须处理所有最后地位问题，并且确保在确定时间表内取得切实成果。在谈判中，双方必须展现明确的政治意愿，并且必须本着诚意进行。", "巴勒斯坦被占领土和广大中东地区的事态发展继续凸显出，时间至关重要。塞里先生列述的实地事态发展依然极其令人不安。这些事态继续严重阻碍和平，并且破坏信任和两国解决方案的可行性。在西岸，包括在东耶路撒冷加快定居点活动，在被占领土上没收新的土地以及有增无减的拆除巴勒斯坦住房和驱逐其居民的活动正是这种情况。", "我们再次强烈痛惜的是，吉拉德·沙利特上士仍然身陷囹圄，而且无法得到人道主义探视。这种情况完全不可接受，我们敦促立即释放他。葡萄牙同样感到不安的是，在一段时间的平静之后，加沙内部和周边地区的安全相关事件显著增加。我们强烈谴责从加沙向以色列发射火箭弹的行为，并且呼吁各方不要采取挑衅行动，而应力行最大限度克制。另一方面，葡萄牙敦促以色列政府结束对加沙的封锁并完全遵守安全理事会第1860(2009)号决议。我们重申，所有以加沙为目的地的援助和合法物资都应当通过正式过境点和既有机制提供和运送。", "巴勒斯坦人为筹备建国作出了辛勤努力，正如塞里先生所重申的那样，他们已经为此做好准备。请允许我回顾奥巴马总统在5月19日所说的话：", "“巴勒斯坦人民必须有权在一个享有主权、领土相连的国家中进行自我管理并实现其充分潜力。”", "因此，我们赞扬并且大力鼓励当前四方为寻求立即重启有意义直接谈判而作出的努力，谈判的结果将是通过由双方商定的对等土地交换，在1967年6月4日边界基础上建立巴勒斯坦国。正如我所说的那样，时间至关重要。现状不仅仅难以为续，而且非常危险。", "我们上周就黎巴嫩问题进行了非常有益的磋商，我在磋商中充分陈述了我们的立场。在此，我要再次谴责5月27日针对联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队(联黎部队)车队实施的恐怖主义袭击。我们也对5月15日黎巴嫩南部纪念“大灾难”游行中有人员丧生感到遗憾，并要赞扬联黎部队和黎巴嫩武装部队努力防止了此类悲剧在6月5日重演。", "葡萄牙欣见组建了新的黎巴嫩政府。黎巴嫩现在有机会处理诸多挑战和履行其国际义务，包括与安全理事会第1701(2006)号和第1559(2004)号以及特别法庭有关的义务。我们也敦促以色列履行自己根据第1701(2006)号决议承担的义务，迅速完成从盖杰尔北部撤军，并且充分尊重黎巴嫩空中、陆地和海上的主权和领土完整。", "叙利亚的局势依然令人极为关切。我们深感不安的是，镇压全国和平示威者的行为在继续，并且由此造成了大量人员死亡。我们感到遗憾的是，叙利亚当局尚未对立即停止这种暴力行为的呼吁作出回应。同样令人遗憾的是，大马士革尚未允许一个实况调查团前去访问，预期该调查团将向人权理事会汇报情况。我们赞扬向逃难人民提供援助的相邻各国。", "解决危机的办法是立即停止暴力，进行可信、真诚和包容各方的全国对话，并且立即开展有意义的政治改革。实现叙利亚长期稳定的唯一途径是在国家统一、领土完整和尊重其全体公民的权利的基础上向民主和平过渡。因此，我们再次呼吁叙利亚政府当局停止对其公民实施暴力，并且我们敦促它力行最大限度的克制，并允许人道主义准入。", "维奥蒂夫人(巴西)(以英语发言)：主席先生，我很高兴向你表示欢迎，并看到你主持今天的会议。我感谢特别协调员罗伯特·塞里的通报，并感谢以色列常驻代表和巴勒斯坦常驻观察员的发言。", "在中东地区发生前所未有的转变之际，我们再次开会讨论当地局势。不幸的是，这些转变迄今未能改变以巴局势。", "巴勒斯坦的建国愿望不是一个抽象概念。它是巴勒斯坦人民的民主、尊严、自由和人权的基础。我们遗憾地看到，除了双方的分歧之外，和平进程的主要伙伴仍然未能帮助双方克服目前的僵局。", "在这种背景下，巴勒斯坦领导人宣布，他们打算请联合国在1967年6月之前边界的基础上，承认以东耶路撒冷为首都的巴勒斯坦国，并申请加入成为本组织的正式成员，这是不足为奇的事。缺乏和平进程的事实增加了巴勒斯坦的请求的合法性。", "诉诸联合国不能被看作是采取单方面行动。恰恰相反。正如黎巴嫩常驻代表刚才提醒我们的那样，两国解决方案的概念本身归根结底源自于多边制度。大会1947年第181(II)号决议赞同分治计划。承认巴勒斯坦国，就是兑现这个64年之久的承诺。", "巴西在宣布以色列国合法化的那届大会中发挥了重要作用，我国认为联合国现在要对巴勒斯坦人民建立自己的和平、民主和发展中国家的能力投同样的信任票。正如联合国中东和平进程特别协调员告诉我们的那样，巴勒斯坦国尽管处于外国占领之下，它已经成为当地的现实。", "巴勒斯坦机构现在足以胜任国家的运作。获得国际承认，能够帮助减少双方关系的不对称性。它可以帮助重新调整有关在巴勒斯坦被占领土中实施国际法的辩论。它也可以帮助以更公平和公正的方式推动有关核心问题的谈判。在巴西承认巴勒斯坦国的信中，我们重申我们的理解，即只有通过对话和同邻国的和平共处才能真正推动巴勒斯坦事业。", "第1850(2008)号决议和第1860(2009)号决议鼓励实现巴勒斯坦内部和解并组建一个致力于四方原则和《阿拉伯和平倡议》、遵守巴勒斯坦解放组织的各项承诺的巴勒斯坦政府。5月在开罗签署的巴勒斯坦和解协议是朝着这一重要目标迈出的第一步，将使巴勒斯坦人民获得团结一致的代表性。", "我们敦促巴勒斯坦领导人在结束占领的斗争中完全拥护非暴力、人权和民主等核心原则。我们期望他们充分致力于以色列国的安全和以色列拥有同其邻国和平与和谐相处的权利。", "一个新的中东正在我们眼前出现。寻求变革的各个运动的合法性在于其要求的民主性质及其行动的和平性质。在每个国家里，面对不同的战略、安全、社会、民族和经济条件，这些力量提出了它们特定的政治诉求。挑战将是众多的。符合人民愿望的真正变革只能来自内部。", "我们再次以最强烈的措辞谴责对非武装示威者使用致命武力。镇压很可能只会坚定那些为行使基本、普遍权利而斗争的人民的意志。在我们声援为民主和社会正义而进行和平示威的人民的同时，我们必须探索和平政治解决的途径，导致有意义的改革。为了确保在实现这些变革之后进行更公平的发展和改善区域全体公民的生活，将需要进行持续的国际接触。", "巴尔巴利奇先生(波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那)(以英语发言)：请允许我感谢中东和平进程特别协调员罗伯特·塞里先生今天的通报。我们也感谢以色列常驻代表和巴勒斯坦常驻观察员出席我们的辩论会并发言。", "波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那对于中东和平进程缺乏任何进展深感关切。目前的僵局不利于以色列和巴勒斯坦双方人民的利益。为完成和平谈判所规定的时限正在迅速到来。因此，我们不能再进一步拖延以色列同巴勒斯坦开展认真和负责的谈判。在这关键时刻，安全理事会、四方、阿拉伯联盟和其他国际及区域行动者继续作出努力，促成双方的实质性直接会谈极端重要。", "我们从这一角度理解5月19日奥巴马总统的讲话以及他关于为实现持久和平而采取果断行动的呼吁，其中包括两个民族的两个国家。就我们而言，我们重申对两国解决方案的承诺，即以色列国同一个独立、民主、毗连和有生存能力的巴勒斯坦国和平、安全地毗邻共存。", "当前更广大地区的动荡清楚反映了中东各国人民的民主愿望。这一新的环境为加快谈判进程创造了机会。我们希望，感兴趣的各方将认识到这一新的势头，抓住机会进行实质性谈判并加入中东积极变革的潮流。", "根据国际法，在被占领土上继续进行定居活动均属非法行为，并且违背了以色列根据路线图承担的义务。这些活动是全面和平道路上的障碍。因此，我们要求以色列积极回应国际社会的呼吁，停止在巴勒斯坦被占领土包括东耶路撒冷进行所有定居活动。", "波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那的坚定立场是平民必须得到保护。为此原因，我们敦促双方力行克制，竭尽全力避免暴力和无辜生命的进一步丧失。", "加沙继续存在难以为继和毫无助益的局势也令人感到关切。在这方面，我们欢迎以色列政府最近批准联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处建造新房舍和学校的建材。但是，我们强烈认为，这是不够的，需要作出更大努力。只有充分执行第1860(2009)号决议才能满足加沙地带150万巴勒斯坦居民的基本需要。因此，我们再次要求充分执行第1860(2009)号决议，并且立即、持久和无条件开放过境点，允许人道主义援助、商业货物和人员进出加沙，包括来自西岸的货物。也必须解决以色列的安全关切，包括完全停止暴力和向加沙私运武器。", "最后，波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那认为，只有通过外交努力和对和平进程的充分承诺，才能够实现中东区域的持久和平与稳定。为此目的，我们期望双方作出困难的决定，立即恢复直接会谈。", "潘金先生(俄罗斯联邦)(以俄语发言)：部长先生，我们高兴地欢迎你担任安全理事会本次会议主席。我们感谢中东和平进程特别协调员罗伯特·塞里先生就中东地区局势的事态发展作了实质性通报。我们遗憾地注意到中东问题解决进程中的不妥协做法。有关各方采取的方法仍大不相同。互不信任的气氛占据上风。", "结果是，出现了僵局。近一年来，谈判进程停滞不前。鉴于中东和北非普遍出现的变革和变化，这是一个非常糟糕和非常危险的趋势。这不应当分散我们对我们的共同任务——促进解决中东问题——的注意力。要想恢复信任，有关各方首先必须避免采取预断最终解决结果的步骤。它们必须避免任何使用暴力——特别是对平民使用暴力——的行为，并以实际行动表明它们愿意妥协。在这方面，至关重要的是，应停止定居点活动，尤其是在东耶路撒冷开展的定居点活动。", "我们认为，必须强调指出，应当在包括安全理事会相关决议、马德里原则和“路线图”在内的众所周知的国际法律基础上恢复谈判。任何损害这一基础的企图都不会使有关各方更接近于开展建设性对话。", "此外，我要强调“阿拉伯和平倡议”。鉴于阿拉伯国家联盟及其委员会在中东和平进程中为促进该倡议所发挥的作用，我们支持中东问题四方与该区域组织密切协调。事实上，我们正是这样看待解决中东关键问题的共同和有针对性的国际方法的。我们认为，谈判进程的最终目标是实现巴勒斯坦人民在国际公认的以1967年界线和可能商定的土地交换为基础的边界内，建立属于他们自己的具有领土完整性、以东耶路撒冷为其首都、与以色列和平、安全共处的有生存能力的独立国家这一不可剥夺的权利。", "除非在巴勒斯坦方有一个单一伙伴，否则执行任何未来的巴勒斯坦-以色列安排都会受到质疑。出于这一原因，俄罗斯支持巴勒斯坦人采取步骤实现民族和解。我们随时准备为巴勒斯坦内部统一计划的成功执行作出贡献，并向未来巴勒斯坦政府提供全面援助。", "我们对加沙地带的持续紧张及和平的巴勒斯坦人民持续所处的困境感到严重不安。我们强烈主张以色列应彻底解除对加沙地带的封锁。", "彻底、全面和公正解决中东问题的办法只有覆盖包括叙利亚轨道和黎巴嫩轨道在内的所有轨道才可行。我们主张有关各方应无条件、严格地遵守安全理事会相关决定，以便恢复该地区的和平与稳定，并使以色列与其邻国的关系正常化。", "在这种条件下，我们认为，现在比以往任何时候都更需要中东问题四方发挥调解作用，以期找到可接受的办法来恢复谈判进程和界定必须通过有关各方之间对话达成的解决办法的参数。", "马克·莱尔·格兰特爵士(联合王国)(以英语发言)：我要感谢罗伯特·塞里先生今天上午所作的通报，以及巴勒斯坦常驻代表和以色列常驻代表所作的重要发言。", "就在我们发言的时候，重大事件继续在中东各地展开。该地区人民在某些情况下面对政府的残酷镇压争取其普遍权利的坚定斗争，让人对未来产生希望。对民众正当要求的唯一可信答复是可持续改革。争取基本权利的斗争和一个不愿意给予本国人民其所希望和有权拥有的东西的独裁政权的残忍性，在叙利亚表现得最为明显。", "我们谴责叙利亚境内持续发生的严重暴力、杀戮和平示威者的行为以及袭击美国和法国驻大马士革大使馆的行为。叙利亚政权已杀害逾1 500名平民。死亡人数每天都在上升。阿萨德总统声称，他正在凝聚叙利亚的不同派别，但他的政权的暴行可能引发派别紧张。阿萨德总统必须迅速、有意义地实行他自己所承诺的改革，确保这些改革标志着向一个满足叙利亚人民期望的新政治制度可持续过渡的开始。", "在我们看来，安全理事会早就该采取行动，要求结束暴力，呼吁启动由叙利亚人领导的政治进程。我们将继续推动安理会采取行动，敦促阻碍采取行动的安理会成员履行其职责。", "中东广大地区发生的事件与争取找到以色列-巴勒斯坦冲突长期解决办法的努力有着密不可分的联系。当该地区各国民众正在争取并实现其权利时，巴勒斯坦人也必须实现其建立一个独立和有生存能力的巴勒斯坦国的目标。", "正如我们以前所说的那样，如果周围地区的情况发生变化而巴勒斯坦人民的希望却得不到实现，那将是一件极不光彩的事情，也将是导致持续不安全的因素。因此，至关重要的是，和平进程应当取得进展。9月份正在迅速临近，那是奥巴马总统和中东问题四方提出的欢迎巴勒斯坦成为联合国正式会员国的时限，也是将标志着巴勒斯坦权利机构建国方案完成的月份。", "现在有一个危险，那就是，到9月份，和平进程中的所有利益攸关方都放弃希望，仅期望控制局势。但在我们看来，这个危险为时过早。有关各方应当加倍努力，以便打破僵局，并且应当根据明确阐明的参数恢复直接谈判。这些参数是：以1967年边界和彼此同意的土地交换为基础的两个国家；保护巴勒斯坦主权，同时也足以让以色列放心的安全安排；耶路撒冷作为两国首都；以及难民问题的公正解决。我们鼓励中东问题四方提出这些简单的参数，并敦促双方恢复会谈。", "无论是以色列还是巴勒斯坦人都经不起让目前僵局长期持续下去。他们现在必须采取行动，以维持实现持久和平的前景和希望。我要强调以下三个方面；他们必须在这些方面更加努力，以避免信任进一步恶化。", "第一，定居点活动必须停止。在西岸和东耶路撒冷持续建造定居点不仅是非法的，而且还日益破坏与以色列共同以耶路撒冷为首都的毗连巴勒斯坦国的生存能力。与建造定居点活动一样，其他相关行动，例如以色列当局摧毁淡水基础设施的行为，也损害西岸整个巴勒斯坦社区的生存本身。停止定居点活动和相关活动不是可有可无的外科手术，而是拯救生命的行动。", "第二，以色列的一些正当安全关切必须继续得到维护。维持安全合作和确保来自加沙的火箭弹袭击彻底、持续停止至关重要，可让以色列政府和公众放心，他们有一个真正希望和平的伙伴。", "第三，必须作出更多努力，以改进加沙准入情况。扼杀加沙经济的种种限制滋生仇恨、激进主义和暴力。改善加沙经济和恢复加沙务实商业博爱精神，不仅对加沙人民来说至关重要，而且也完全符合以色列自己的安全利益。", "不能浪费时间,必须朝着和平方向取得进展。历史告诉我们，在以色列和巴勒斯坦冲突问题上没有原地不动的选择，要么在通过谈判达成协议方面取得进展，要么倒退回到暴力。双方领导人有责任采取必要的大胆步骤，落实前者，避免出现后者。", "哈迪普·辛格·普里先生(印度)(以英语发言)：主席先生，首先我谨欢迎你来到纽约，并感谢你主持这次公开辩论会。我还要感谢特别协调员罗伯特·塞里提供的全面通报以及以色列常驻代表和巴勒斯坦常驻观察员的发言。我们认真听取了他们的通报和发言。", "自从我们上次在安理会公开辩论这个议程项目(见S/PV.6520)以来，巴勒斯坦各派已经签署了一项协议，其中主要内容包括改革巴勒斯坦解放组织、于2012年5月举行选举并建立统一机构、民族和解和建立一个联合委员会，以执行协议。巴勒斯坦两派团结，这不仅应结束西岸和加沙的分裂，而且应该在加沙建立国家机构。为此，我们希望巴勒斯坦双方成功，迅速执行和解协议。我们也希望哈马斯不仅接受以色列作为一个国家存在的现实，而且同巴勒斯坦权力机构合作解决以色列关心的安全问题。", "然而，和平谈判陷入僵局，似乎正在巴勒斯坦领土产生绝望的感觉。四个多月来，安理会每月有关巴勒斯坦问题的辩论寄希望于四方能够提出一套切实可行的步骤，使巴勒斯坦人和以色列人能够恢复谈判。7月11日在华盛顿特区举行的四方会议结束没有发表任何声明，使这种希望又一次落空。", "过去几年，巴勒斯坦权力机构已在国家机构建设、改善西岸经济和实现包括哈马斯在内的各派和解方面取得重大进展，赢得整个国际社会的赞扬。然而，巴勒斯坦权力机构的建设国家努力已经达到其地理和机构极限，任何进一步进展都需要恢复有关最终地位问题的谈判。", "与此同时，加沙地带的人道主义局势继续令人严重关切。对加沙实行封锁，这不仅给当地居民带来不利影响，而且驱使激进分子通过暴力发泄他们的挫折感，从而使当地局势变得更加复杂，增加了以色列的脆弱性和安全关切。", "和平谈判陷入僵局和严峻的人道主义状况，使原已脆弱的局势进一步趋于复杂。我们赞同国际社会的意见，即冻结在巴勒斯坦领土上建造定居点活动可以导致恢复和谈。因此，我们呼吁以色列执行内塔尼亚胡总理今年5月在以色列议会上的讲话。他在讲话中说，以色列可以考虑在领土问题上作出妥协，以换取安全和承认。停止建造定居点活动应该是这方面的第一步。除非采取这一重要步骤和恢复和平谈判，否则日趋严重的绝望情绪可能导致双方采取失控的行动。随着9月的逼近，重要的是要认识到，巴勒斯坦人和以色列人抓住机遇的时间已经不多了。", "有关其他仍在以色列占领下的阿拉伯土地的问题也同样重要。在黎巴嫩和叙利亚轨道上取得进展是实现该地区全面持久和平的必要核心。在一个抗议运动四起的地区，和平谈判继续僵持不下可能对更大地区产生不稳定的影响。在这方面，5月15日和6月5日事件表明形势是多么的脆弱，可以轻而易举地煽动大规模暴力，破坏整个地区的稳定。因此，我们担心，如果不迅速重新开始和平谈判，各方将采取单方面步骤，扩大各方之间距离，更难找到全面解决办法。因此，我们呼吁四方成员加紧作出集体和个别努力，打破僵局。", "印度有长期声援巴勒斯坦人民的传统。印度支持巴勒斯坦人民争取建立一个主权、独立、有生存能力和统一的巴勒斯坦国，以东耶路撒冷为首都，在安全和公认的边界内生活，与以色列毗邻和平相处，这也是阿拉伯和平倡议、四方路线图和安全理事会有关决议所认同的解决办法。", "印度始终通过物质和技术援助方案协助巴勒斯坦人民建设能力和机构。印度通过印度、巴西和南非三方机制提供援助。印度还将为联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处提供100万美元，继续声援巴勒斯坦人民追求正当目标，寻求在尊严和自力更生的基础上实现发展。此外，过去两年，我们每年向巴勒斯坦民族权力机构提供1 000万美元的无条件预算支持。", "最后，让我重申，我们期望双方尽快重新开始会谈，不再拖延。这些谈判应导致最后全面解决中东冲突。为了我们自己和以色列人和巴勒斯坦人的后代，我们有责任确保他们摆脱冲突，在和平与安全中生活。", "阿尔萨特先生(哥伦比亚)(以西班牙语发言)：主席先生，首先我谨向你表示热烈欢迎，并借此机会表达，在这次辩论中，我国代表团支持你作为安全理事会主席的工作。我谨感谢中东和平进程特别协调员罗伯特·塞里先生的通报，详细介绍中东包括巴勒斯坦问题的最近事态发展。", "中东和北非地区最近事态发展引起国际社会的持续关注。哥伦比亚也不例外，已经一再表示坚决支持该地区各国人民的正当愿望，尊重他们的人权与个人自由，以及他们争取更好和有尊严的生活的权利。", "我们认识到，中东局势问题是一个整体。因此，我们主张用持久、有条理的办法解决该地区的不稳定局势。我们呼吁停止使用武力或武力威胁，结束恐怖主义。我国致力于用民主原则解决这些问题，实现和平与安全的最终目标。我们理解巴勒斯坦人民希望巴勒斯坦国迅速得到承认的愿望。因此，我们继续支持在1967年边界和双方共同商定的变动基础上界定的安全与国际公认的边界内建立一个有生存能力并与以色列和平相处的巴勒斯坦国。", "我们对中止和谈感到关切，要求各方尽快恢复谈判。我们认为谈判是实现持久解决的必由之路。我们深信，当事方如不能达成一致，我们就会重蹈1947年的覆辙。", "我们支持四方的工作和路线图的执行。所以，我们赞同四方在7月11日会议上所表达的看法，那就是亟须呼吁当事方克服当前障碍，设法在不设前提条件的情况下从速恢复直接谈判，启动谈判筹备阶段，尽量提高成功几率。我们也支持通过联合国开展的所有努力。", "我们认为以色列定居点是寻求中东持久和平的障碍。它们不仅属于国际法所述的非法行为，而且也违反了路线图中订立的协议。我们坚信双方必须遵守其承诺和义务，根据国际法行事。", "此外，国际社会必须继续支持从机构上加强巴勒斯坦权力机构，以便建立一个有生存能力的国家。因此，我们赞同四方的共识，即哈马斯必须摈弃暴力、承认以色列并明确反对将恐怖主义用作政治工具。", "以色列人和巴勒斯坦人不能再继续深陷对抗和互不信任之中了。我们殷切呼吁双方在相互尊重以及承认各自人民的特性和权利的基础上重启谈判。巴勒斯坦人有权建立自己的国家，与以色列和平共处，迈向共同繁荣。后代巴勒斯坦人必须要能够在希望而非绝望中长大。同样，今世后代的以色列人在生活中必须要能够不用担心袭击，与阿拉伯邻国和平共处。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在要以德国国务部长的身份发言。", "我愿感谢罗伯特·塞里特别协调员的出色通报。", "德国赞同欧洲联盟代表团将要作的发言。", "我们处于中东和平的关键时刻。整个地区的人民正在挺身争取自由、民主和更好的生活。与此同时，我们面对以巴和平进程的持续僵局。在区域动荡的形势下，实现以色列人与巴勒斯坦人之间的持久和平，比任何时候都更加迫切。对于该地区人民来说，和平进程取得进展会发出强有力的稳定信号，也会证明政治和外交手段是可取的。", "我们大家都拥有同样的愿景。我们希望看到以色列国与主权、独立、民主、领土相连、有生存能力的巴勒斯坦国和平、安全地毗邻共处。现在是取得决定性进展的时候了。内塔尼亚胡总理和阿巴斯主席必须承担起他们的责任，为恢复直接的实质性谈判采取大胆步骤。", "我们仍深信，订立明确的参数是谈判取得成功的前提条件。奥巴马总统在5月19日的讲话中阐述了均衡做法。就欧洲联盟而言，它已经阐明它所认为的关键参数。德国、法国和联合王国在安理会所作的解释投票理由的联合发言中，表明了对该问题的看法(见S/PV.6484)。我们仍认为，国际社会必须认同这些参数，以便为真正谈判奠定基础。", "四方继续在此过程中发挥核心作用，并一直与各方保持长期接触。德国大力支持欧洲联盟高级代表阿什顿女男爵在四方框架内开展努力，争取从可信、均衡的角度重启并推动和平进程。我们呼吁四方继续并加强努力，制定一项公平、均衡的谈判框架，以推动在四方自己核准的9月份最后期限到来之前取得进展。", "巴勒斯坦领导人已经宣布，他们可能会在建国过程中寻求联合国的帮助。与此同时，巴勒斯坦人非常明确地表示，恢复谈判是其首要的选择。巴勒斯坦人期望其领导人在建立巴勒斯坦国方面取得进展。德国赞赏巴勒斯坦权力机构在建设未来巴勒斯坦国的机构方面取得显著进展。世界银行、国际货币基金组织和联合国在其报告中明确表示，巴勒斯坦权力机构已跨过门槛，正在成为其关键部门可正常运转的国家。现在，政治进程必须立即跟上实地所取得的重大进展。与此同时，我们必须作出一切努力，来维护巴勒斯坦建国道路上所取得的成就。", "我要非常明确地表示这一点，即德国支持建立巴勒斯坦国。当然，这个国家将成为联合国会员。在这方面取得进展是一个迫切的问题。巴勒斯坦人和以色列人长久以来一直期待结束冲突。但是，除了谈判之外，没有其它任何可行或可以接受的办法。只有谈判才能结束占领，才能解决核心问题。因此，应当避免任何不利于全面解决和有损双方信任的行为。", "我们深感关切的是，人们如果看不到两国解决方案可以取得切实进展这一可信的政治前景，就有可能导致严重后果。德国仍深感关切的是，在巴勒斯坦领土和东耶路撒冷修建定居点的做法在继续，西岸实行了新的建设计划，而且最近有土地被没收，这是2008年以来的第一次。", "在安理会，德国与英国和法国一起，非常清楚地表达了对定居点问题的立场，即根据国际法规定，定居点是非法的，而且阻碍了和平，威胁到了两国解决方案。因此，应当立即停止所有定居点活动，包括东耶路撒冷的定居点活动。安理会所有成员都同意，持续不断的定居点活动严重阻碍了实现公正、持久和全面和平。非常不幸的是，尽管发出了那么多的呼吁，但修建定居点的做法还是在继续。", "加沙仍令人深感关切。继签署《开罗协议》达成停火之后，以色列领土最近再次受到火箭弹和迫击炮攻击，我们对此予以强烈谴责。此类行为是完全不能接受的。德国承认以色列有权保护本国公民，使其免遭袭击。与此同时，我们期望以色列妥善行使这项权利，以防局势进一步升级。我们仍呼吁立即无条件释放吉拉德·沙利特上士，他被劫为人质已有5年多时间。", "我要谈谈今后的一项挑战。必须保持巴勒斯坦权力机构带来的积极事态发展。目前的财政状况十分危急——尚不清楚是否还能支付工资。我们呼吁所有捐助方履行现有承诺。或许还必须调动国际捐助方作出更多努力，我们将欢迎任何此类倡议。", "我们需要帮助创造和保持可自我维持的经济增长的条件，包括在加沙这样做。妥当的前进办法就是充分执行第1860(2009)号决议，要求立即、持续、无条件开放过境点，以便物资和人员能够进出加沙，并防止非法贩运武器和弹药。与此同时，我们期望巴勒斯坦政府对非暴力原则、两国解决方案以及通过谈判和平解决以巴冲突作出明确承诺，接受原有协议和义务，包括以色列正当的生存权。同样，我们期望在以色列政府中任职者明确接受两国解决方案，尽全力为实现该方案创造条件。", "中东人民长期以来深受冲突和对抗之苦。我们的共同目标是实现公正、持久和平，结束冲突并解决所有诉求。在我们这个时代，为实现该目标所做的许多努力均受挫。我们对日益缺乏耐心表示理解，但是我们还是应该明确什么会让我们更接近和平，而什么可能造成进一步挫折。", "我只想就叙利亚问题说几句。我们对当前在该国发生的事件深感震惊。尽管许诺实行改革，并与反对派进行了对话，但是军事行动、屠杀、逮捕和镇压却仍在继续。我们对不同教义信徒之间的暴力行为表示关切。我们敦促叙利亚政府停止打派别牌。叙利亚政权必须立即停止对叙利亚人民的一切暴力和镇压。只有停止暴力，才有可能启动可持续的政治进程。过渡到一个新的叙利亚必须基于其所有公民充分的政治参与和对保护并促进人权的承诺。", "局外人是决定不了叙利亚未来的。这是一个人民享有主权的问题。叙利亚人民像埃及和突尼斯人民表达其看法一样，发出了响亮、明确的呼声。叙利亚人民的正当要求必须得到满足。安全理事会不能袖手旁观。我们坚信，安理会发出一个强烈信号，谴责当前对叙利亚人民的暴力和镇压是至关重要的。安全理事会必须承担起它的责任。", "我现在继续行使安理会主席的职能。", "我请埃及代表发言。", "阿卜杜拉齐兹先生(埃及)(以英语发言)：今天，我谨代表不结盟运动在安全理事会发言。主席先生，我首先要欢迎你今天主持安理会的工作，并代表不结盟运动感谢联合国特别协调员兼秘书长特别代表罗伯特·塞里先生今天的通报。", "不结盟运动认为，在这一紧要关头，国际社会必须基于国际法和20年来和平进程众所周知的各种条件，再次下定决心，坚持它对实现以巴冲突两国解决方案的长期承诺。国际社会的理解是：我们必须结束自1967年以来以色列对巴勒斯坦和阿拉伯土地的占领；以东耶路撒冷为其首都，并基于1967年6月4日边界的独立的巴勒斯坦国；公正解决巴勒斯坦难民的困境，从而实现公正、持久、全面的和平。", "因此，令人遗憾的是，有关国际和区域各方迄今所做的认真努力，包括四方7月11日在华盛顿特区召开的上次会议，尚未导致恢复和推动在巴以问题上的直接谈判。同样令不结盟运动感到震惊的是，仅仅发表一份四方声明本身就成为一个问题，这凸显出急需提高该机制的效能，以解决这一继续威胁国际和平与安全的冲突。", "同样令人深感遗憾并要强烈谴责的是，占领国以色列继续在包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土上开展非法的定居点活动，还采取许多其它非法政策与做法，继续令实地局势恶化，并引发紧张。这种非法做法还严重阻碍了旨在恢复具有公信力谈判的努力，使得在1967年6月4日边界基础上实现两国解决方案变得几乎不可能。在这方面，不结盟运动强烈谴责以色列议会本月早些时候颁布的惩罚呼吁抵制以色列非法定居点的个人或组织的抵制法。这是一部许多以色列本国人都认为不符合宪法并与民主背道而驰的法律。", "最近以色列宣布再修建数千套非法定居点单元，并继续以空前的速度特别在被占领的东耶路撒冷社区拆除巴勒斯坦人的房屋与财产，以便在该城中心修建新定居点，这些都证明了以色列的敌对用心，违背了其政府对和平进程和两国解决方案的所谓承诺。当前的所有事件，从挑衅性言论到加速在当地建房到继续剥夺巴勒斯坦人的居留权，这一切都表明，以色显然选择了定居点而非和平。事实上，以色列迄今以来一直坚持非法企图改变巴勒斯坦领土特别是东耶路撒冷的地理和人口组成，它对该领土的吞并仍遭到、并将继续遭到国际社会的反对与不承认。", "今年早些时候向安理会提交的呼吁立即停止在包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土上一切定居点活动的决议草案(S/2011/24)得到绝大多数不结盟运动成员国的支持，这反映出国际社会在这一重要问题上的立场。不结盟运动对安理会未能像我们希望和期待的那样，按照安理会根据《宪章》所承担的处理以色列蓄意破坏中东实现和平与安全的义务通过该决议草案表示遗憾。不结盟运动强调5月份在印度尼西亚巴厘岛召开的不结盟运动部长级会议上阐明的立场，并再次呼吁安理会坚决要求占领国以色列履行其法律义务。", "此外，我们认为，履约的呼吁必须有可信的行动作后盾。必须呼吁以色列无一例外地遵守它根据《日内瓦第四公约》所承担的各项义务、联合国各有关决议以及“路线图”，并追究其违约责任。这包括立即全面停止一切定居点活动，尊重在该问题上的国际共识，其中包括联合国、不结盟运动、伊斯兰合作组织、欧洲联盟、四方以及各有关国际和区域组织和行为体发出的呼吁。", "不结盟运动还强调需要迫使占领国以色列履行其根据国际法、第1860(2009)号决议以及联合国其它各项有关决议所承担的义务，完全解除对加沙地带的非法封锁。这一非人道的封锁继续引起区域和世界各地人民的强烈关切，特别是诸如自由船队等声援行为就体现出这种关切。在这一背景下，不结盟运动对7月19日以色队军队登上并扣押正驶往加沙为加沙人民提供急需支助的法国民用船只Dignite-A1 Karama号表示关切，呼吁立即解除对加沙的封锁。", "在这方面，不结盟运动再次强调需重建加沙，并呼吁以色列开放其所有通往加沙的过境点，允许人员和货物包括关键建筑材料和重建联合国设施与联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处(近东救济工程处)学校所必需的货物持续和定期流动。还必须允许正常的商业流通，因为它们对于恢复生计和经济复苏极为重要。不结盟运动还重申需为近东救济工程处提供有效执行其任务所必需的各种财政和人力支助。", "不结盟运动对以色列近期继续在包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土逮捕和监禁巴勒斯坦平民深表关切。不结盟运动强烈谴责以色列监狱继续拘押和监禁成千上万名巴勒斯坦人。在这些监狱中，虐待与酷刑司空见惯。不结盟运动欢迎旨在提高对巴勒斯坦政治犯困境认识的各种国际努力，其中包括2010年12月在阿尔及利亚和2011年1月在摩洛哥召开的会议，以及3月份在奥地利召开的关于巴勒斯坦政治犯的联合国国际会议。不结盟运动特别强调，5月份在印度尼西亚巴厘岛召开的不结盟运动部长级会议上通过的关于巴勒斯坦政治犯的宣言十分重要。不结盟运动坚信，应立即释放这些犯人，他们中有儿童和妇女，并对其处境进行适当的国际检查，这应是国际社会特别是安全理事会和人权理事会的一个优先事项。", "不结盟运动强调，只有在定义明确的条件范畴和规定的时间框架内，才有可能开展真正和有意义的谈判。不结盟运动高度赞赏过去数月启动的在此基础上重启谈判的举措。这些举措包括奥巴马总统5月19日的演讲、俄罗斯请安全理事会派遣访问团前往该区域和召开国际会议以恢复谈判的倡议、联合王国、法国和德国提出的将由四方作为恢复谈判基础的必备内容和法国提出的开始为期一年的谈判，最后召开一次国际会议的倡议以及不结盟运动，包括不结盟运动在安全理事会核心小组提出的其它许多倡议和作出的努力。与此同时，不结盟运动感到遗憾的是，安全理事会成员未能就其中任何一项倡议达成共识。这给安全理事会是否有能力有效处理这一继续威胁国际和平与安全的局势投下了消极阴影。", "不结盟运动呼吁安全理事会和四方作出最大努力，以便为谈判确定明确内容和时间表。与此同时，假如这些努力没有产生所需结果，国际社会，包括四方成员都必须竭尽全力推动和支持建设性努力，以期克服僵持局面，并且为和平作出贡献。这应当包括积极努力争取普遍承认以1967年6月4日边界为基础和以东耶路撒冷为首都的巴勒斯坦国，并且接纳巴勒斯坦国成为联合国完全成员，特别是因为我们今天听到塞里先生说巴勒斯坦已经做好建国准备。", "确实，人们一致坚信，以色列必须遵守其义务，使旨在以安全理事会第242(1967)号、第338(1973)号、第1397(2002)号、第1515(2003)号和第1850(2008)号决议、包括“土地换和平”原则在内的《马德里框架》、《阿拉伯和平倡议》以及“路线图”为基础，实现两国解决方案的直接谈判能够重启。因此，在目前这个重要关头，国际社会必须通过集体行动来迫使以色列遵守其义务，并且在国际商定的框架的基础上恢复最后地位谈判，这一框架是1967年6月4日边界为基础的两国解决方案的基础，这样，我们就能够在今年实现以东耶路撒冷为首都的巴勒斯坦国的独立，由此开始中东的新纪元。", "现在谈一谈黎巴嫩问题。不结盟运动谴责以色列持续不断侵犯黎巴嫩主权，并且一再严重违反安全理事会第1701(2006)号决议。不结盟运动呼吁有关各方全面执行安全理事会第1701(2006)号决议，以结束目前的脆弱状况，避免敌对活动再度发生。", "关于被占领的叙利亚戈兰，不结盟运动重申，占领国以色列为改变被占领的叙利亚戈兰的法律、地理和人口状态而采取或者将要采取的一切措施和行动以及以色列在那里强行施行司法和行政管理的任何措施都是无效和徒劳的，没有任何法律效力。不结盟运动要求以色列遵守安全理事会第497(1981)号决议，并且执行安全理事会第247(1967)号和第338(1973)号决议，从被占领的叙利亚戈兰完全撤回到1967年6月4日边界。", "此外，不结盟运动最强烈地谴责以色列部队在2011年5月15日和6月5日过度使用武力和杀害手无寸铁的平民示威者的行径。我们要求把应对这些残暴行径负责的人绳之以法。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请古巴代表发言。", "贝尼特斯·维尓森先生(古巴)(以西班牙语发言)：古巴完全赞同埃及代表以不结盟运动名义所作的发言。", "中东局势，特别是巴勒斯坦被占领土的局势依然令人不安。在巴勒斯坦被占领土上开展非法破坏性殖民活动造成的巨大物质、经济和社会破坏是达成和平协议的主要障碍。", "定居点政策正在阻碍建立以1967年边界为基础的巴勒斯坦国的进程，因此，也在阻碍公正解决以巴冲突的可能性。", "古巴对加沙地带的严峻局势深感关切。以色列政府必须立即、无条件和完全解除对加沙的残忍和非法封锁，并且允许物资自由出入加沙地带和永久性人道主义准入。", "建立两个在公认边界内和平毗邻共处的国家，这不仅仅是一厢情愿的想法。巴勒斯坦人早就该得到一个解决办法，使他们能够建立以东耶路撒冷为首都的国家。同样，必须根据大会第181(II)号决议解决巴勒斯坦难民问题。", "然而，以色列政府继续阻挠解决冲突，而这个本应保障和平进程的国家并未展现为进程提供必要动力所需的政治意愿。", "古巴支持旨在实现公正解决冲突以及建立和承认巴勒斯坦国的一切合法努力。", "安全理事会不能在巴勒斯坦问题继续处于被动。这个问题对国际和平与安全构成的威胁比任何其它冲突都大。然而，安理会仍然没有采取行动。美国对就这个问题提出的每一项决议草案都投否决票，这导致安全理事会被其一个成员的国内政策挟持。否决权的威胁依然是高悬在安理会这个多边体系中最有权力然而也最不民主的国际机构头上的达摩克利斯之剑。这种状况令人不可接受，而且必须改变，否则，以色列政府在巴勒斯坦被占领土上的行动不受惩处的现象将会有增无减。", "古巴认为有可能找到短期和平解决办法。巴勒斯坦权力机构过去几个月来一直在努力工作，许多国家也对承认巴勒斯坦国的呼吁作出了积极反应。古巴敦促尚未这样做的国家尽快承认以1967年前边界为基础和以东耶路撒冷为首都的巴勒斯坦国。", "古巴重申，以色列为改变被占领的叙利亚戈兰的法律、地理和人口状况而采取或者将要采取的一切措施和行动都是无效和徒劳的，没有任何法律效力。我们重申，所有这些单方面措施和行动，包括自1967年以来在叙利亚戈兰建设和扩建以色列定居点都违反国际法、各项国际协定、相关决议以及《联合国宪章》和《日内瓦第四公约》。古巴呼吁以色列从被占领的叙利亚戈兰完全撤至1967年6月4日边界。", "最后，古巴坚信，越来越多的国家承认以1967年边界为基础的巴勒斯坦国将创造新的动力，并且为持久解决冲突铺平道路。", "古巴重申，我们的立场是支持给中东区域各国人民带来公正、持久和全面和平，这将结束以色列1967年以来对所有阿拉伯被占领土的占领，并且保证巴勒斯坦人民通过建立一个以东耶路撒冷为首都的独立、有主权的巴勒斯坦国行使自决权。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请印度尼西亚代表发言。", "克莱布先生(印度尼西亚)(以英语发言)：首先，请允许我们感谢联合国中东和平进程特别协调员罗伯特·塞里先生在本次辩论会开始时作情况通报。", "印度尼西亚赞同埃及代表刚才以不结盟运动的名义以及哈萨克斯坦代表稍后将以伊斯兰会议组织的名义所作的发言。", "巴勒斯坦人民坚忍不拔的精神是值得肯定的。数十年来，他们遭受镇压和无休止的暴力行为。然而，他们为了实现梦想：建国梦想——即我们的巴勒斯坦朋友、兄弟姐妹想要获得一个他们可称之为自己的土地的梦想——而继续向前迈进。", "萨拉姆·法耶兹总理政府于2009年8月制定的题为“巴勒斯坦：结束占领，建立国家”的巴勒斯坦全面计划，是建立巴勒斯坦国家的一个组成部分，因而是实现这一长期梦想的重要征途的一部分。我们必须支持这一梦想，我们还必须继续支持巴勒斯坦国家机构的恢复与发展。", "5月不结盟运动巴厘部长级会议保证支持巴勒斯坦国的独立。本着同样精神，伊斯兰合作组织对同样立场表示赞同。", "我们欢迎若干国家最近采取重要步骤，在1967年边界的基础上，承认以东耶路撒冷为其首都的巴勒斯坦国。我们敦促尚未这样做的国际社会成员，毫不拖延地承认巴勒斯坦国，因为迟来的正义不是正义。", "印度尼西亚希望，在不到两个月之后的9月，我们国际社会将在大会堂里见证并欢迎一个新国家、巴勒斯坦国的诞生，实现它的长期梦想。", "但是，我们巴勒斯坦兄弟的梦想和建立独立国家的旅程，不幸继续遭遇障碍和挫折。以色列继续玩弄臭名昭著的伎俩，顽固敌视巴勒斯坦人，同时执意阻挠和平进程。即决驱逐巴勒斯坦人、毁坏其财产，以及在巴勒斯坦被占领土包括东耶路撒冷扩大定居点，构成一项制造新现实的宏伟计划。这种行动模仿一个殖民大国的战略和战术。", "以色列必须认识到，在我们生活的时代，必须尊重和保护人权，被压迫者的愿望终将实现。任何诉诸残酷镇压的国家都不会问心无愧。没有一个国家能够无视普世民主价值观，却又能不失尊严。以色列必须改变它有争议的政策，停止其不人道的行动。", "以色列有许多选择。但是，最光荣和最合理的选择就是同巴勒斯坦进行直接谈判。这项选择将赢得国际社会的同情和支持。这种直接谈判必须导致建国梦想的实现——仅此而已。", "最后，请允许我强调，建国道路上充满障碍。我们可以为此作证。但是，我国代表团坚信，我们国际社会成员必须、并能够消除在和平和全面解决以-巴冲突道路上的所有障碍。我们必须抓住国际社会、特别是安全理事会履行对巴勒斯坦人民的义务的重要时刻——中东历史上发生显著进步和转变的时刻。", "印度尼西亚方面充分、毫不动摇地对巴勒斯坦事业作出承诺和表示支持。我们绝对致力于一个独立、有生存能力和民主的巴勒斯坦，和平、安全地同其邻国毗邻共存。", "主席(以英语发言)：根据安理会暂行议事规则第39条，我邀请巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会主席阿卜杜·迪亚洛先生阁下参加本次会议。", "迪亚洛先生(以法语发言)：主席先生，我谨代表巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会，祝贺你担任安理会7月份主席，7月标志着夏季假日的开始，并提醒我们在下届会议上必须完成的工作进度，包括巴勒斯坦问题。", "我也谨对加蓬常驻代表内尔松·梅索尼大使表示赞赏，他上个月出色地领导了安理会。我也谨感谢罗伯特·塞里先生的全面通报。", "在以色列结束在加沙地带的军事行动两年半之后，我们再次目睹加沙内外暴力升级。面对令人不安的局势，安理会必须按照第1860(2009)号决议采取紧急和适当的行动，以便保护该巴勒斯坦被占领土上的平民。而且，必须取消对加沙的非法经济封锁，并确保持久停火。也应当支持按照第1860(2009)号决议的要求，在阿巴斯主席的领导下为实现巴勒斯坦和解所作的努力。毫无疑问，这些基本措施对于稳定局势和实现和平是至关重要的。", "目前许多人寄希望于9月和大会第六十六届会议，和平进程陷于僵局是不可接受的。安理会现在比以往任何时候更加必须采取果断行动，以和平解决巴勒斯坦问题。在这方面，应当回顾，获得安理会第1515(2003)号决议赞同的四方路线图，已经提出了必要的要求，包括避免采取可能破坏双方之间信任的任何行动。", "因此，安理会将同意我的看法，即在要求恢复谈判的同时，必须采取措施，迫使以色列严格遵守国际法规定的义务。实际上，安理会袖手旁观，将进一步招致以色列加强其非法政策，以色列定居点暴增就证明了这一点。", "但是，安理会知道，定居点项目的最终目标是巩固以色列对巴勒斯坦被占领土的控制，使之无法按照奥巴马总统5月19日演讲中的呼吁，在1967年6月边界基础上实现两国解决办法。", "此外，备受期待的四方会议，没有决定有关指导以-巴谈判的类似于欧盟所批准的明确参照标准，是令人遗憾、甚至令人沮丧的。", "自从安理会上次关于巴勒斯坦问题的公开辩论会(S/PV.6520)以来，本委员会竭尽全力在建立两个国家和以色列人同巴勒斯坦人之间的和平基础上实现解决。在这方面，本委员会4月在赫尔辛基举办了联合国援助巴勒斯坦人民讲习班，以动员国际上对巴勒斯坦建国方案的支持。在这方面，人们广泛同意，巴勒斯坦权力机构已成功地建立了健全的公共机构。", "同样，本委员会6月在布鲁塞尔召开了联合国支持以-巴和平进程国际会议，以总结旨在实现两国解决办法的欧洲倡议和其他国际和多边倡议。本委员会面对越来越多的国家承认巴勒斯坦感到振奋。", "我们也知道，路线图包含其他多边选项，包括在联合国内部促进实现两国解决办法，以色列和巴勒斯坦和平和安全地毗邻共存。今天，安理会也许比以往任何时候都更加需要在实现这一共同但却常常遭到拖延的目标方面发挥特殊的作用。", "这样，通过本着坚定政治意愿和勇气采取行动，我们便能够为巴勒斯坦和以色列双方的人民带来正义。这是联合国自1975年以来一直明确陈述的目标，也是本委员会力求实现的目标。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请欧洲联盟驻联合国代表团代理团长佩德罗·塞拉诺先生发言。", "塞拉诺先生(欧洲联盟)(以英语发言)：主席先生，非常感谢给欧洲联盟(欧盟)机会发言。我也非常感谢特别协调员罗伯特·塞里的通报以及巴勒斯坦和以色列的代表所作的发言。", "候选国克罗地亚和黑山，参与稳定和结盟进程的国家和可能的候选国阿尔巴尼亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、塞尔维亚，以及乌克兰、摩尔多瓦共和国和格鲁吉亚都赞同这一发言。", "引人注目的事件正在中东发生，阿以冲突则仍然陷于一种令人担忧的僵局。我们应继续尽一切努力，为结束这场冲突贡献力量，这是一个最优先事项。这关乎该地区人民的合理愿望，包括巴勒斯坦人的建国愿望以及以色列人的安全渴求。", "7月11日中东问题四方会议确认必须确定一个参照框架，帮助双方恢复谈判。目前正在继续努力寻找能最妥善实现这一目标的办法。欧盟成员国一再表示，它们全力支持高级代表阿什顿继续努力，使四方能够为重启和平进程确立一个可信的前景，最近外交事务理事会在2011年7月18日通过的结论中也表达了这一支持。", "欧盟强调四方的核心作用。的确，整个阿拉伯世界正处在变革之中，这场变革的复杂性要求各方展开多边努力，支持通过谈判解决阿以冲突。欧洲联盟仍然相信这是最佳的前进方向。此外，欧洲联盟还鼓励阿拉伯国家为这一进程作出积极贡献，并重申其对《阿拉伯和平倡议》价值的看法。", "欧洲联盟的目标仍然是公正、持久地解决以巴冲突，使以色列国和一个独立、民主、领土相连、享有主权和有生存能力的巴勒斯坦国能够和平安全地毗邻共存，并相互承认。", "谈到《柏林声明》，欧盟重申它愿意在适当的时候承认巴勒斯坦国。", "欧洲联盟认为，谈判的范围应涵盖所有最终地位问题，包括边界、耶路撒冷、难民、安全和水资源问题，尊重以往达成的协议和谅解。构成谈判基础的明确要素是导致取得成功结果的关键 ，它们载于2009年12月、2010年12月和2011年5月的外交事务理事会结论中，欧盟代表于2011年4月21日(第6520次会议)也就此向安理会作了陈述。", "此刻是欧盟重申其这方面立场的一个机会。我们认为，下列要素可以成为恢复双方之间谈判的基础。", "第一，基于1967年边界线就两国边界达成一致，并按照双方可能达成的协议进行对等土地交换；第二，所订立的各种安全安排对于巴勒斯坦人而言，必须是尊重其主权并表明占领已经结束；对于以色列人而言，则必须是保护其安全，防止再度出现恐怖主义行动，并有效应对新的和正在出现的威胁；第三，必须达成公正、公平和一致商定的难民问题解决办法；第四，满足双方对耶路撒冷的愿望。必须通过谈判找到办法，解决耶路撒冷作为两国未来首都的地位问题。", "欧洲联盟呼吁所有各方不要采取不利于全面解决冲突的行为。此外，欧盟希望各方避免采取破坏信任的做法，不要实施可能危及正在为恢复直接谈判而作的各种努力的挑衅性行为。", "欧盟重申，根据国际法，在包括东耶路撒冷在内的西岸建造定居点是非法的，对和平构成了障碍，而且可能导致两国解决方案无法落实。应立即停止一切定居点活动，包括在东耶路撒冷。", "欧洲联盟仍是阿巴斯主席和法耶兹总理所领导的巴勒斯坦国建国努力的主要支持者和捐助者之一。欧洲联盟重申坚决支持机构建设进程，并欢迎有关报告中得出结论认为：在所研究的关键领域中，巴勒斯坦权力机构已达到一个正常运转的国家政府所需达到的标准。", "在这方面，欧盟表示充分赞赏现政府在实施国家建设计划方面取得的成功。欧洲联盟预计，未来的巴勒斯坦政府将延续巴勒斯坦权力机构的机构建设工作，并遵循透明、高效公共财政管理方面的现行标准，而这些一直得到联合国、国际货币基金组织和世界银行的赞扬。", "欧洲联盟认为，以马哈茂德·阿巴斯主席为核心，实现巴勒斯坦内部和解，是实现未来巴勒斯坦国团结以及落实两国解决方案的一个重大要素。有鉴于此，欧盟赞扬埃及发挥调解作用，促成在5月3日达成协议。欧盟期待继续提供支持，包括提供直接的财政援助，帮助组建一个由独立人士组成的巴勒斯坦新政府，这些人士奉行阿巴斯主席5月4日讲话中阐述的原则，恪守非暴力原则，继续致力于落实两国解决方案，通过谈判和平解决以巴冲突，接受以往达成的协议和规定的义务，包括以色列的合法生存权。", "欧盟呼吁立即无条件释放被绑架的以色列士兵吉拉德·沙利特。", "尽管在以色列政府决定放松对加沙的封锁之后取得了一些进展，但欧盟重申它呼吁按照安全理事会第1860(2009)号决议的要求，立即、持续并且无条件地开放过境点，让人道主义援助物品、商业物资和人员能够进出加沙，同时顾及以色列的合理安全关切。", "关于叙利亚局势，欧盟谴责叙利亚领导人执意无视国际社会的一再呼吁，继续实施蓄意暴力镇压和平示威者的政策。欧盟再次最强烈地谴责这一政策。暴力行为必须立即停止，以防止进一步流血。在此背景下，欧洲联盟呼吁开展一个政治进程，以迅速而具体地实施实质性改革，满足叙利亚人民对于实现和平、真正和不可逆转的民主过渡的合理诉求。", "主席(以英语发言)：本次会议的发言名单上还剩下一些发言者。因此，征得安理会成员同意，我打算暂停本次会议，下午3时复会。", "下午1时20分会议暂停。" ]

[ "主席: 霍耶尔先生 (德国)\n成员:波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那\n巴西 维奥蒂夫人\n中国 王敏先生\n哥伦比亚 Alzate先生\n法国 阿罗先生\n加蓬 梅索尼先生\n印度 哈迪普·辛格普里先生\n黎巴嫩 萨拉姆先生\n尼日利亚 阿米耶奥福里先生\n葡萄牙 莫赖斯·卡布拉尔先生\n俄罗斯联邦 潘金先生\n南非 桑库先生\n大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国\n美利坚合众国 迪卡洛夫人", "议程项目", "中东局势,包括巴勒斯坦问题", "上午10时10分宣布开会", "通过议程", "议程通过。", "中东局势,包括巴勒斯坦问题", "主席(以英语发言):根据安理会暂行议事规则第37条,我请孟加拉国、古巴、朝鲜民主主义人民共和国、埃及、冰岛、印度尼西亚、以色列、日本、约旦、哈萨克斯坦、科威特、吉尔吉斯斯坦、马来西亚、摩洛哥、尼加拉瓜、巴基斯坦、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国、土耳其、乌干达和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国代表参加本次会议。", "我谨通知安理会,我收到了2011年7月21日巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员的信,该信将作为文件S/2011/444印发,内容如下:", "“谨请安全理事会按照惯例,邀请巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员参加安全理事会定于2011年7月26日星期二举行的关于中东局势,包括巴勒斯坦问题的会议。 “", "征得安理会同意,我提议根据议事规则和这方面的惯例,邀请巴勒斯坦常驻观察员参加会议。", "没有人反对,就这样决定。", "根据安理会暂行议事规则第39条,我邀请中东和平进程特别协调员兼秘书长个人代表罗伯特·塞里先生参加本次会议。", "根据安理会暂行议事规则第39条,我邀请欧洲联盟驻联合国代表团代理团长佩德罗·塞拉诺先生阁下参加本次会议。", "根据安理会暂行议事规则第39条,我邀请巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会主席阿卜杜·迪亚洛先生阁下参加本次会议。", "安全理事会现在开始审议其议程上的项目。", "我现在请塞里先生发言。", "赛里先生: 谢谢 主席先生,请我发言。 请允许我感谢曼苏尔大使(我认为我们几个星期前在耶路撒冷开会)和以色列新任大使普罗索尔先生出席本次会议。 我昨天有幸见到了他", "解决以巴冲突的政治进程陷入了深刻而持续的僵局。 鉴于双方之间的分歧和缺乏信任,为恢复谈判找到必要的共同立场的努力证明极其困难。 双方的政治领导人感到沮丧,他们的公众也感到沮丧。 在巴勒斯坦一方,由于缺乏结束自1967年开始的占领的可信政治前景,这种情况尤其严重。 以色列仍然对实现持久和平和结束冲突感到关切。", "四方今年全年致力于促进有意义的谈判。 最近,秘书长于7月11日在华盛顿特区加入了四方伙伴。 四方力求将奥巴马总统5月19日的重要讲话,其中提出了他所称的“谈判基础”的边界和安全参数,并使之成为双方恢复谈判的国际商定框架。 秘书长赞赏在华盛顿特区进行的实质性讨论。 四方没有发表声明来帮助规划前进的道路,但是它继续作出努力。", "阿巴斯主席和内塔尼亚胡总理都继续重申谈判的愿望。 然而,在缺乏有意义的谈判框架的情况下,随着以色列定居点活动的继续,巴勒斯坦人正在积极探索与联合国接触。 阿巴斯主席说,他仍然致力于谈判,而联合国的努力将有助于维护两国解决方案。 以色列反对这一行动方针,指出它将使两国解决方案的谈判更加难以实现。 巴勒斯坦人正在就这一问题同阿拉伯联盟进行密切磋商,双方正在密切接触国际社会成员。", "我们希望,国际社会能够在集体决策的论坛——现在、9月和9月之后——团结一致,并形成一条合法和平衡的前进道路,帮助各方克服分歧并最终恢复谈判。 我们将继续与四方伙伴合作,寻求这方面的紧急行动。 我们还注意到安全理事会和大会的特权和责任。", "我们决不能忽视利害关系。 世界银行、国际货币基金组织和我的办事处,即联合国驻被占领土特别协调员办事处,都承认巴勒斯坦权力机构在西岸取得了前所未有的成就。 巴勒斯坦权力机构在关键领域已经达到足以使国家正常运作的体制业绩水平。 巴勒斯坦权力机构准备在不久的将来的任何时候承担建国的责任。", "已经取得了真正的安全和经济收益,使两国人民受益。 过去两年来,在困难的全球环境中,更好的治理、增加投资、改善通行和准入以及捐助者的参与加强了西岸的经济。 数千名巴勒斯坦安全官员的培训和部署以及加强安全协调,使恐怖主义小组被解散并打击了极端主义煽动行为。 巴勒斯坦人看到法律和秩序回到了主要城市,以色列人相对而言很少受到西岸的暴力行动的影响。", "然而,正如我们经常所警告的那样,如果没有更多的政治和实际空间,这个议程将很快达到成就的极限。 这需要以色列采取步骤,取消占领措施并不断得到捐助者的支持。 例如,我们一再呼吁以色列允许扩大巴勒斯坦城市中心,以适应人口增长和工业活动,这需要包括C区的某些部分。 虽然过去采取了增强能力的步骤,但最近缺乏大胆措施,而且已经宣布的这些措施,包括与四方代表布莱尔商定的2011年2月一揽子计划,执行缓慢。 实际上,我们在C区看到许多消极行动。 巴勒斯坦建筑被拆除的情况激增。 今年有700人流离失所,大约370所建筑被拆除——这是2006年以来的最高数字。 供水和卫生系统尤其成为目标。", "定居点活动继续在东耶路撒冷和C区许多最敏感地区进行。 过去一个月,西岸北部的Karnei Shomron有40个单位得到批准。 我特别关切的是,2011年6月26日,以色列在西岸北部的Karyut村没收了19公顷巴勒斯坦私人土地,这是几年来第一次。 即使根据以色列法律,该地也有一个非法的前哨。 这背离了以色列不建造新定居点或为新定居点预留土地的公开承诺,为今后使前哨合法化开创了令人担忧的先例,根据路线图,前哨应当被拆除。 根据国际法,定居点是非法的,并预先判断最终地位的讨论,定居点活动必须停止。", "我们定期向安理会报告的问题,包括定居者暴力、以安全为理由的入侵、行动和出入限制以及隔离墙的路线,仍然是双方摩擦的根源。 我注意到,6月23日,以色列当局按照以色列最高法院的命令,开始在Bil'in附近重新修建一段隔离墙,该村庄每周都有抗议活动,从而使居民能够获得另外1 020德南的农田,尽管他们仍然被剥夺另外1 280德南。", "民间社会团体和政治人物现在越来越多地呼吁加紧和平抗议现状,呼吁采取行动实现巴勒斯坦的自决权。 与此同时,正值建国计划要取得成果之时,巴勒斯坦权力机构由于财政状况和捐助者资金短缺而面临挫折,迫使它削减安全开支并只在6月份支付半薪。", "我敦促捐助者,包括今天在开罗就这一问题开会的阿拉伯联盟成员,确保巴勒斯坦权力机构能够支付薪金并履行其其他财政义务。 我敦促以色列做更多的事来增强其温和、坚定而和平的巴勒斯坦伙伴的能力。", "安全理事会第1850(2008)和1860(2009)号决议和国际法框架继续指导着联合国关于加沙的政策。 我们感到关切的是,自6月23日以来,以色列和加沙之间的平静因向以色列发射约18枚火箭弹而遭到挑战。 在同一时期,以色列进行了3次入侵和16次空袭,造成2人死亡和8名巴勒斯坦好战分子受伤,但也造成1名巴勒斯坦平民死亡和14人受伤。 1名以色列士兵在入侵中受伤,1名以色列文职承包商被来自加沙的枪弹所轻伤。 民兵不分青红皂白地向平民地区发射火箭是不可接受的,必须停止。 以色列也必须表现出克制。 最近几天紧张局势已经平息。 我的办事处仍然积极促进全面恢复平静,这仍然是加沙取得更广泛成就的基石。", "加沙正在恢复,2010年实际国内生产总值增长15.1%,2011年第一季度增长17.9%。 然而,这种反弹起源于一个非常低的基础,其部分原因是公共开支、捐助者援助、隧道交通、从以色列的进口增加和出口有限。 进口量仅是关闭前总量的约三分之一. 加沙的失业率很高,为31%;54%的家庭仍然缺乏粮食保障;38%的家庭生活在贫困中。", "以色列2010年6月的政策从允许物品清单变为被禁物品清单,这促使消费品进口增加。 自以色列2010年12月决定允许农产品出口以来,其出口范围和数量也有限。", "根据以色列的政策,迄今为加沙核准的联合国项目总额为2.65亿美元,这是解决加沙包括教育、住房和卫生在内的广泛基本需求的一个重要开端。", "目前,加沙和埃及之间的拉法过境点每周运作六天。", "我们同我们的四方伙伴一道,敦促以色列允许加沙私营部门使用聚合铁棒和水泥。 目前这些基本建筑材料的非法地道贸易使那些控制走私而牺牲合法商业部门的人能够这样做。 还应进一步扶持对外国和西岸的出口。 如果加沙人要享受基本权利、与外界的正常互动以及人的尊严,人们进出加沙地带的行动自由就至关重要。 我们继续寻求全面开放所有合法过境点。 我们敦促继续保持警惕,以打击向加沙地带走私武器的行为。", "参与最近一艘船队的大多数船只没有从该区域各国海事当局获得驶向加沙的授权。 7月19日,以色列海军拦截了一艘载有约10名活动分子的小船,他们打算驶往加沙,并指示该船前往以色列阿什多德港. 正如四方所敦促的那样,避免了不必要的海上对抗。", "在加沙,哈马斯内政部关闭了当地Sharek青年论坛,未具体说明对不道德行为的指责。 当局还试图对国际非政府组织进行现场检查。 我们敦促充分尊重这些组织自由和独立地行使职能。 我们还敦促充分尊重联合国各机构的工作,最近这些机构支持巴勒斯坦受益者的一些活动被歪曲。", "我们还非常关切6月25日在加沙被占领土协调员办事处大院附近引爆了一枚炸弹,给围墙造成物质破坏,这突出表明了联合国在加沙地带仍然面临挑战的安全环境。", "我还提请你注意,联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处(近东救济工程处)的核心方案和业务以及紧急粮食和就业业务面临前所未有的6 140万美元的资金短缺。 我敦促捐助者向近东救济工程处提供果断而迅速的支助,否则,对加沙人的支助将在10月份被大幅度削减。", "秘书长同国际红十字会总干事一道,对以色列上士吉拉德·沙利特在被拘留5周年之际继续被囚禁表示严重关切,并呼吁哈马斯保护他的生命,人道地对待他并出示生平的证明. 我们还继续呼吁释放他并完成交换囚犯的谈判,这也将使大量巴勒斯坦囚犯得到释放。 我们关切地注意到,有报告说,在报告所述期间,已采取步骤来改善其中一些囚犯的拘留条件。", "在新政府的组成和方案问题上的争端中,5月和解协议的执行受阻。 和解拖延的时间越长,当地的事态发展就越会把西岸和加沙进一步推开,给建立一个有生存能力的巴勒斯坦国的前景带来严重后果。 联合国继续在巴勒斯坦解放组织的承诺、四方的立场和阿拉伯和平倡议的框架内促进和解。", "在和平进程的区域轨道上没有任何进展。 民众抗议和政治变革已成为区域动态的一部分,并影响到各方对其安全和政治力量的看法。 该区域的不确定性应使各方加倍努力解决稳定问题。 和平方面的进展比以往任何时候都更加紧迫。", "鉴于黎巴嫩问题特别协调员上星期向你们作了简报,我将不简要介绍黎巴嫩问题。", "最后,在马德里会议以来进行了将近20年的无结果的和平谈判之后,我们再次到达了各方未能遵守永久地位协定商定时间表的地步。 我只能描述目前的局势,即西岸的巴勒斯坦国建设进程已经成熟,但政治轨道未能一致,令人惊奇。", "我们继续敦促各方在这一敏感和重要时刻找到前进道路。 我们希望国际社会能够帮助建立一个合法和平衡的框架。 没有一条可信的前进政治道路,同时在实地采取更深远的步骤,就不能理所当然地认为巴勒斯坦权力机构及其建国议程——以及我担心的两国解决办法本身——的可行性。", "这一议程应在安全理事会决议和国际法、各方协定和义务以及阿拉伯和平倡议的框架内得到推进。", "主席(以英语发言):我感谢塞里先生的通报,我现在请巴勒斯坦常驻观察员发言。", "曼苏尔先生(巴勒斯坦): 首先,我要代表巴勒斯坦祝贺德国担任本月份安全理事会主席并干练地领导了安全理事会。 国务部长先生,我本人高兴地看到你主持安全理事会,这表明德国对本次辩论的重视。", "我们赞扬你努力领导安理会,特别是在我们兄弟国家南苏丹申请成为联合国正式会员国的进程中。 巴勒斯坦再次最热烈地祝贺南苏丹人民在这一新的独立篇章中获得声援和支持,并祝愿他们一切顺利和繁荣。", "我们也赞赏加蓬共和国6月份对安理会的明智指导。 我还感谢特别协调员罗伯特·塞里先生今天的通报和他代表秘书长在当地所作的所有认真努力。 我必须补充说,我非常高兴几周前在他耶路撒冷的办公室与他会晤,这个办公室是如此美丽并使我们巴勒斯坦人感到许多乐观的希望,即当我们拥有自己的独立国家时,我们可能把它作为我们总统的办公室。", "安全理事会召开本次公开辩论会时,需要认真思考并坦率地审议以巴冲突以及解决以巴冲突和整个阿以冲突的国际努力。", "我们都知道,这一问题的答案在于作为安全理事会和大会有关决议核心的法律原则和公正立场。 缺少的因素是维护国际法和执行这些决议的政治意愿。 虽然作出了许多真诚的区域和国际努力,但由于以色列无情地违反法律并普遍不追究以色列非法行动的责任,这些努力继续失败。 以色列需要以能够实现两国解决方案的方式改变方向。 这是事实,也是以色列继续军事占领以及巴勒斯坦人民继续被剥夺正义及其自决和自由权利的主要原因。", "我们在最近期间所发的信中向安理会充分通报了包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土上由于以色列的非法政策而造成的悲惨局势,这些政策正在破坏该领土的毗连并给我国人民造成更多的痛苦。 这种非法做法从未停止过,其中包括以下行为。", "非法定居活动仍在继续,特别是在被占领的东耶路撒冷及其周围,违反了以色列根据国际法、联合国决议和四方路线图要求冻结所有定居活动的义务。 定居点和隔离墙的建造以及房屋被拆除的情况有增无减,夺取和事实上兼并土地的企图也是如此。", "以色列定居者继续对巴勒斯坦平民发动恐怖攻击,政府极端主义倾向显然更是胆大妄为,政府继续保护他们并宣传其议程,在过去一个月中记录了139多起攻击事件。", "通过非法封锁和阻挠国际重建努力以及任何正常生活,对加沙地带居民的集体惩罚仍在继续。", "对加沙居民区的军事空袭仍在继续,对巴勒斯坦渔船的袭击也是如此,造成数十名平民受伤并毁坏了财产。", "对包括儿童在内的巴勒斯坦平民的军事袭击和逮捕,以及对巴勒斯坦囚犯已经严酷的条件的恶化,特别是在以色列总理宣布对他们 \" 改善条件 \" 之后,仍在继续。 所有囚犯,包括健康状况严重和为抗议以色列的残酷待遇而绝食的囚犯,其困境仍然令人极为关切。", "对巴勒斯坦人和其他人,包括以色列人,继续过度使用武力,进行和平示威,反对隔离墙和定居点。", "(以阿拉伯语发言)", "在这个论坛上,我要向比林人民及其朋友的和平斗争表示敬意。 他们成功地击败了距绿线一公里外的以色列。 上星期我有幸拜访了比林,我参观了老道和新修的围墙. 在这个论坛上,我要赞扬比林的这一伟大成就。", "(以英语发言)", "此外,针对和平活动分子的敌对行为和威胁仍在继续,特别是那些抗议封锁的人、人权组织和民间社会活动分子。 以色列针对非暴力抗议的侵略在最近通过的惩罚性、不民主的抵制法中也采取了新的形式。", "所有这些非法行动和挑衅都表明以色列政府极右翼和反和平的议程。 占领国以色列在言行上都阻碍和平,破坏了在1967年以前边界的基础上实现两国解决方案的微小机会,以实现我们各国人民之间的和平与共存。", "必须正视这些事实,必须拒绝所有这些非法行动的空洞借口和不合逻辑的借口。 局势的脆弱性和紧张局势的迅速上升需要安理会根据《宪章》规定的义务立即予以纠正。 继续姑息以色列的扩张主义议程有进一步损害和平与安全前景的风险并负有进一步损害其短期和长期后果的责任。", "在这方面,令我们感到鼓舞的是,巴勒斯坦人民及其阿拉伯兄弟,甚至国际社会,都没有放弃寻求公正和平。 在呼吁结束以色列的占领、以东耶路撒冷为首都的巴勒斯坦国独立、以1967年以前的边界为基础同以色列和平、安全地毗邻共存以及以大会1948年第194(III)号决议为基础公正解决巴勒斯坦难民问题方面,各方都保持坚韧不拔。 必须抓住当前推动这些崇高目标的机会,特别是鉴于实地的危急局势和当前非常相关的阿拉伯之春。", "继续拒绝巴勒斯坦人民要求在其巴勒斯坦国内行使其不可剥夺的自决权的呼吁是没有道理的。 巴勒斯坦人民必须作为一个独立、自由和有尊严的人民在和平与安全中生活,必须允许巴勒斯坦作为国际社会的正式成员而繁荣并作出贡献。 这是巴勒斯坦领导人充分致力于的目标,我们寻求在全球所有有关国家和人民的宝贵支持下实现这一目标。", "我们决心克服和平道路上的障碍。 然而,这既需要诚实地评估局势,也需要确定适当的集体行动方针来克服这些障碍并真正地促进公正和持久的和平、安全与共存。", "在这方面,四方未能通过明确而公平的解决方案,使双方能够恢复可信的谈判,这是严重错过的机会。 四方努力引导和平进程实现结束以色列自1967年开始的占领的目标,并缔结一项和平条约,结束以巴冲突的所有方面,包括公正解决所有最终地位问题,这是一次挫折: 耶路撒冷、巴勒斯坦难民、定居点、边界、安全和水。", "四方的失败是以色列造成的,以色列拒绝接受合法和得到国际支持的谈判基础,包括美国总统巴拉克·奥巴马5月19日大胆讲话中的内容,以及欧洲联盟和整个四方采取的立场。 令人遗憾的是,由于这种顽固态度,四方未能认可这些参数,并呼吁各方在此基础上回到谈判桌上来。", "在这方面,必须澄清的是,巴勒斯坦方面遵守其承诺,并准备根据明确的参数,包括在1967年6月之前的边界必须是任何谈判的基础这一谅解,在有限的时限内恢复认真的谈判。 阿巴斯主席在这方面是明确的。 然而,以色列继续傲慢地、危险地拒绝这一基础,使得目前不可能恢复和平谈判。", "目的不是责备,而是必须面对真相,以便采取集体行动来克服阻碍和平解决的障碍。 如果国际社会继续免除以色列的单方面和非法行为,就不会有改变这种行为的动机。 允许占领国继续不产生后果地违法,将彻底摧毁两国解决方案这一可行的选择,带来又一个动荡、不安全和痛苦的时期,并寻求其他解决办法。 如果我们真想打开两国解决方案的大门,以色列就必须对其行动负起全部责任。", "此时此刻必须作出的决定对于恢复失败的和平进程和改变占领国使我们大家走上的破坏性道路至关重要。 然而,要作出的决定并不困难,因为这些决定合乎逻辑、合理并植根于国际法、联合国决议和解决冲突的国际共识解决办法,即以1967年以前边界为基础的两国解决办法,这是巴勒斯坦领导人早就商定的历史性妥协。", "巴勒斯坦领导人仍然致力于和平进程的工作范围:联合国有关决议、马德里原则,包括以土地换和平原则、阿拉伯和平倡议和路线图。 我们决心保持积极主动,为结束冲突并实现我国人民的国家愿望和权利作出积极贡献。 巴勒斯坦领导人采取的任何步骤都将完全透明并符合和平进程的目标。 通过合法的政治、外交和法律手段,并在国际社会的支持下,我们认为,实现和平是可能的。", "今后几个月将是至关重要的。 2011年9月,即由 \" 四方 \" 确定并获得国际社会赞同的缔结和平协定的日期,仍然是实现变革的目标日期,变革可以为实现突破创造必要的积极动力和势头。", "下个月,巴勒斯坦民族权力机构将完成由法耶兹总理发起的两年计划的执行工作,以建立巴勒斯坦国的机构,结束占领并实现独立。 在国际政治和财政支助下,该计划——它是选举阿巴斯主席所依据的和平纲领的补充轨道——已经实现了国际社会承认的目标。 我们履行了我们的责任并准备治理自己。 剩下的唯一障碍是以色列长达44年的军事占领。", "我们的人民有合法的权利、需要和要求,我们有责任倾听和负责任地采取行动来推进他们的正义事业。 我们不能继续等待以色列本着诚意进行谈判——只要占领者继续被免除其根据国际法所应承担的义务,并且有可能被允许凌驾于正义之上,这个问题几乎是不可能的。 由于马德里会议以来20年进程的失败和由于以色列拒绝结束其占领、非法定居活动和侵犯人权行为并致力于和平而签署《奥斯陆协定》以来18年的进程而唤起的新进程已经启动。 变化之所由来已来. 剥夺巴勒斯坦人民的权利和自由是没有道理的。", "因此,我们继续呼吁承认以1967年以前边界为基础的巴勒斯坦国。 我们深信,迄今为止对巴勒斯坦的120多份双边承认都重申了我们不可剥夺的自决权以及我们建立国家和成为国际社会一部分的自然和法律权利。 我们认识到各国政府、议会、民间社会和世界所有公民在这方面各自所发挥的重要作用。 我们再次感谢他们的重要支持和声援。", "此外,我们认为,无论是在安全理事会还是在大会,在联合国——多边活动的中心——采取的行动都有助于实现我们大家所寻求的和平,而且这些行动不会阻碍实现这一目标。 这不是单方面行动。 相反,它是多边的。 以大胆的决议将两国解决方案神圣化,包括承认以1967年以前的边界为基础的以东耶路撒冷为首都的巴勒斯坦国,并接纳其为本组织正式会员国,将有助于使两国解决方案更加不可避免。", "这一果断措施最终可以使占领国以色列相信,它对巴勒斯坦人民的占领和压迫被世界所完全拒绝,它必须放弃其破坏性路线,包括它最大的单方面非法行动——定居运动,它已被整个国际社会,包括安理会所有成员所拒绝。 我们认为,这将最终导致现状的改变并导致和平。", "因此,我们希望,包括安理会在内的国际社会将坚持对巴勒斯坦问题所负的法律、政治和道义责任,自大会通过第181(II)号决议以来,这些责任仍未履行。 该决议把巴勒斯坦分治,为此,现在有一个历史性机会,可以最终实现确保巴勒斯坦人民的正义和自由。", "为什么巴勒斯坦人民还要在外国占领下再受一年甚至再受一日之苦? 他们不应该,他们也不应该。 现在是结束以色列占领的时候了。 现在正是巴勒斯坦独立的时候。 现在是巴勒斯坦和以色列和平、安全地并肩生活的时候,现在是建立新的中东的时候。 我们认为,国际社会已经做好准备,我们相信不久将采取适当行动,使这一点成为现实。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请以色列代表发言。", "普罗索先生(以色列): 主席先生,请允许我感谢你干练地领导了安全理事会本月的工作。 由你主持安全理事会本次重要辩论,我感到荣幸和荣幸。", "在上周奥斯陆和乌托亚发生骇人听闻的袭击后,我首先要向挪威人民和政府表示我国政府的慰问。 这场悲剧的受害者仍在我们的思想和祈祷中。", "我今天作为犹太国家和犹太人民的骄傲代表在安理会发言。 犹太国家和犹太人民同以色列土地和我们永恒的首都耶路撒冷的关系可追溯到3 000多年前。 这就是我们开始和重新生还的地方,实现了我们祖先在自己土地上成为自由人民的梦想。 我国寻求持久和平,使巴勒斯坦人拥有自己的国家,与以色列犹太国并存,而不是相反。 今天上午,我要就中东和平进程谈几点看法,该进程再次处于关键时刻。", "首先,我要明确指出,单方面行动不会给本地区带来和平。 像一个虚假的偶像一样,巴勒斯坦在联合国提出的倡议对一些人可能具有表面吸引力,但它们却转移了对和平真正道路的注意力。 温斯顿·丘吉尔(Winston Churchill)说,所有国术的秘密都在历史上. 历史的教训不容置疑。 只有通过双边谈判,解决双方的关切,才能实现和平。 这就是萨达特总统和贝京总理的方式;拉宾总理和侯赛因国王的方式。 过去20年来,它一直是以色列和巴勒斯坦谈判的框架。", "仅在本月,我们再次被提醒,当南苏丹宣布独立并被接受为联合国第193个会员国时,谈判是建国的道路。 它标志着漫长而艰难的旅程中新的一页。 南苏丹和苏丹都感到严重失望。 出现了重大问题。 然而,双方并没有寻求迅速解决办法或即时解决办法。 尽管困难重重,但他们坐在一起谈判,达成了共同协议。 这就是为什么南苏丹被国际社会如此广泛的共识所接受。", "我们没有听到巴勒斯坦人在联合国走向单边主义的同样强烈的热情,这不是巧合。 相反,国际社会中许多人正在想方设法避免这一行动。 许多人已经认识到,巴勒斯坦试图绕过谈判来建立一个国家,这几乎是在为自己的房子打下基础之前挑出烟囱。 他们看到不信任和未实现的期望可能导致暴力的潜在后果。", "显然,一些巴勒斯坦领导人也理解这一点。 法耶兹总理已表示反对这一宣言。 就在上星期,巴勒斯坦解放组织中央委员会成员和巴勒斯坦权力机构前部长纳比勒·阿姆尔呼吁巴勒斯坦权力机构推迟其建国投标。 像法耶兹先生和阿姆尔先生这样的巴勒斯坦人看到了我们面前的现实。 像许多其他人一样,他们认识到,9月之后将是10月、11月和12月。 他们知道,这一宣言将违反作为以巴合作基础的双边协定,并将产生无法实现的期望。", "现在是国际社会告诉巴勒斯坦领导人它拒绝告诉本国人民的事情的时候了。 建国没有捷径. 它们不能绕过通往和平的唯一道路。 巴勒斯坦人必须作出妥协和艰难的选择。 他们必须摆脱单边主义的一带一路,回到直接建立和平的艰苦工作。", "有人试图为重启以色列和巴勒斯坦之间的和平进程找到框架。 这些努力必须连贯一致,同时考虑到双方的切身利益。 在讨论以色列的关键利益:承认以色列为犹太国家及其在安全和有保障的边界内生活的权利时,有些最响亮、最明确地谈论巴勒斯坦人利益的人似乎突然失去发言权、犹豫不决,有时甚至喃喃自语。 这两个问题——安全和承认以色列是一个犹太国家——对于确保以色列国的未来是绝对必要的。", "关于我们的安全挑战,我要提醒安理会,自我们撤出加沙和黎巴嫩南部以来,哈马斯和真主党已经向以色列发射了12 000枚火箭弹。 你不必成为一名火箭科学家,以便认识到,如果火箭落在你们的城市、学校和公民身上,贵国政府有权自卫。 我们的平民每天都面对这种现实。 没有目标可以不受攻击 就在今年,有人向家庭、犹太会堂、幼儿园甚至一辆明亮的黄色校车发射火箭,炸死了一名16岁的男孩。", "没有明确的安全安排,就无法保证恐怖分子、武器和弹药不会流入未来巴勒斯坦国的西岸,正如我们今天发言时他们正被偷运入加沙一样。 人们不必太看太远才承认以色列存在的安全挑战。 让我指出,以色列唯一的国际机场——以我们的创始人之一大卫·本-古里安的名字命名——位于西岸几英里外。 这比我们现在坐在那里 肯尼迪机场或纽瓦克机场的距离还短 它可能是不断发射火箭的目标. 如果其他机场也面临类似的威胁,人们只能想象这种反应。 持久和平必须基于一个非军事化的巴勒斯坦国,并侧重于促进和平而不是仇恨、容忍而不是暴力以及相互理解而不是殉道的教育。", "关于犹太国家问题,我们也必须明确。 要实现持久和平,以色列承认未来的巴勒斯坦国就必须同样承认以色列是犹太国家。 以色列总理 内塔尼亚胡一再公开表示,我们将接受一个巴勒斯坦国和一个犹太国家。 然而,巴勒斯坦领导人却没有这样做。 它不会告诉本国人民它接受一个犹太国家。 如果不承认这一点,巴勒斯坦人寻求建国是否是结束同以色列冲突的努力的一部分,还是继续冲突的借口,将仍然不清楚。", "巴勒斯坦领导人声称,他们将在9月前准备建国,并将此说成是国际社会面前一个神奇的日子。 我们认识到巴勒斯坦权力机构过去两年在以色列和国际社会的援助与合作下取得的进展。 西岸经济在全球衰退中是一个亮点,2010年增长10%。", "然而,显然还需要做很多工作来建立一个与邻国和平共处的正常运作的国家。 连建国的最基本条件都不存在。 巴勒斯坦权力机构不对其所有领土维持有效控制,也不垄断使用武力。 哈马斯恐怖组织仍然在加沙维持事实上的控制.", "现在让我谈谈我的巴勒斯坦同事 -- -- 曼苏尔常驻观察员 -- -- 并问一个简单的问题。 他将在9月代表谁提出一项决议——阿巴斯先生或哈马斯? 它是否既代表巴勒斯坦权力机构,也代表哈马斯恐怖组织,该组织倡导一项呼吁摧毁以色列并谋杀犹太人的宪章? 是否代表巴勒斯坦权力机构首席发言人阿克兰·哈尼耶? 哈马斯在加沙的总理伊斯梅尔·哈尼耶去年12月在那里的讲话中说:", "\" 当我说`巴勒斯坦之地 ' 时,我并非仅指西岸、加沙地带和耶路撒冷。 我指的是从[地中海]海到[约旦]河从罗什·哈尼克拉到拉法的巴勒斯坦。 “", "在这些问题上,以色列和国际社会必须明确。 无论是巴勒斯坦人在大会提出一项决议草案,还是援引“联合一致共策和平”决议(大会第377(V)号决议),巴勒斯坦人显然没有团结起来,而且远远没有团结起来争取和平。", "未来的巴勒斯坦政府有很多不确定因素:它接受四方的条件、和平进程、其安全部队的控制以及在这里的每一位代表都非常清楚的许多其他问题。 至少在明年巴勒斯坦选举之后,巴勒斯坦团结到底意味着什么。 对以色列来说,这种所谓的团结只会使向我们的城市发射火箭的恐怖分子继续逍遥法外。", "今天的辩论题为 \" 中东局势 \" 。 我们地区从波斯湾到地中海的动乱表明,中东面临许多挑战,其中大多数不仅围绕着以巴冲突。 特别是,国际社会不能让伊朗问题落入目光。 伊朗仍然是本区域恐怖主义的中心,向哈马斯、真主党和其他恐怖主义集团转让武器,这连续违反了安全理事会的多项决议。", "伊朗继续推进中东的不稳定——从叙利亚到巴林到摩洛哥. 第1929(2010)号决议所设专家小组上月的报告明确指出,伊朗无视国际社会的意愿,继续追求核武器能力。 新的信息显示,伊朗打算在库姆的设施安装铀离心机,该设施多年来一直被国际原子能机构隐瞒。 这种行为不仅危及中东或特定国家集团。 它危及我们所有人。 我们不能低估远程导弹和短距离思维的危险。 国际社会不能袖手旁观,因为阿亚图拉政权试图将极端主义意识形态、导弹技术和核放射学等危险组合起来。", "让我提醒安理会,以色列被绑架的士兵吉拉德·沙利特已被囚禁了五年多,红十字会没有一次访问。 我们期望国际社会尽其所能——而且比迄今所做的还要多——立即释放他,我们等待着他,以色列每个家庭都等待着他。", "以色列很高兴世界上有许多朋友。 正如我们经常被提醒的那样,真正的朋友从不回避让你知道他们的想法。 现在 我向巴勒斯坦人的真正朋友——向希望看到他们实现民族愿望的人——发出呼吁。 当他们走上单边主义的道路时,巴勒斯坦的真正朋友应该告诉他们简单的事实。 不能绕过直接谈判。 不能从外部强加和平。", "我还向巴勒斯坦人发出呼吁。 让以色列伸出援手。 抓住摆在我们面前的机会,沿着通往和平的真正道路前进——一条解决办法而不是决议、对话而不是独白和直接谈判而不是单方面声明的道路。", "主席(以英语发言):我谨提醒所有发言者将发言限制在四分钟以内,使安理会能够迅速开展工作。 请作长篇发言的代表团散发书面发言稿,在会议厅内作简略发言。", "我现在请安全理事会成员发言。", "迪卡洛夫人(美利坚合众国): 霍耶尔部长,我荣幸地由你主持安理会,我感谢特别协调员塞里今天在这里作的通报。", "美国致力于公正、公正地解决以巴冲突。 今年5月,奥巴马总统概述了以色列人和巴勒斯坦人之间和平的全面愿景。 他指出,在中东和北非人民摆脱了过去的负担之际,争取结束冲突并解决所有要求的持久和平的努力比以往任何时候都更加紧迫。 主席的发言为今后的谈判奠定了坚实的基础,这些发言得到国际社会的大力支持。 我国政府一直很清楚。 能够解决永久地位问题,包括边界和领土问题的唯一地方是当事方之间的谈判,而不是在联合国等国际论坛上。", "我们都必须确保我们的行动有助于推进和平努力。 我们的重点是鼓励各方在奥巴马总统讲话的基础上进行直接接触。 我们还继续支持巴勒斯坦权力机构为加强巴勒斯坦经济、提高其安全部队的能力和专业精神并建设必要的国家机构而作的重要努力。 然而,正如奥巴马总统所明确指出的那样,如果哈马斯坚持恐怖和拒绝的道路,巴勒斯坦领导人就不会为其人民实现和平或繁荣。 巴勒斯坦领导人还必须采取进一步步骤来打击煽动暴力的行为,哈马斯必须立即无条件释放吉拉德·沙利特,他现在已被关押了五年多。", "今天是我们在下届大会开幕前最后一次关于中东问题的公开辩论。 毫无疑问,9月份在联合国孤立以色列的象征性行动不会建立一个独立的巴勒斯坦国。 美国将不支持9月份或任何其他时候在联合国进行的单方面运动。 只有通过双方本身的相互协议,才能达成可行和可持续的和平协定。 只有通过认真和负责任的谈判,双方才能实现两个国家为两国人民的共同目标,一个安全的犹太以色列国同一个独立、毗连和有生存能力的巴勒斯坦国和平、安全地毗邻共存。", "这就是目标;这就是愿景。 但是没有捷径。 我们再次呼吁所有会员国鼓励各方采取建设性行动来促进和平并避免可能破坏信任、预先判断谈判或把象征主义的诱惑置于达成协议的艰苦工作之上的行动。", "我还要重申,几十年来,我们同美国每个行政当局一样,不接受以色列继续定居点活动的合法性。 各方必须处理现有定居点的命运,并处理其他永久雕像问题,而以色列应当继续努力遏制并起诉极端分子所犯下的反巴勒斯坦暴力。", "让我简要地谈谈加沙局势。 最近没收了运往加沙的先进武器,以及最近从加沙向以色列发动了令人震惊的火箭弹和迫击炮袭击,这应当提醒我们大家,以色列在运往加沙的货物方面继续享有明确和正当的安全利益。", "虽然以色列放宽了对货物和人员进出加沙的限制,但还需要做更多的工作。 普通加沙人仍然有非常实际的人道主义需要。 因此,我们正在同以色列、国际捐助界和巴勒斯坦权力机构密切合作,向加沙人民提供至关重要的援助。 我们继续敦促那些希望提供援助的人利用既定渠道,确保满足以色列的合法安全需要,同时满足巴勒斯坦人的人道主义需要。", "让我就叙利亚目前的危机讲几句话。 世界受到全国各地走上街头要求其普遍权利的和平抗议者的勇气的鼓舞。 该政权以暴力、残暴和大规模逮捕来应对。 但叙利亚目前正走向由叙利亚人民所塑造的新政治秩序,政府将在其中从被统治者的同意中获得合法性。 目前正在向民主过渡。 阿萨德总统可能试图拖延这一过渡,但他无法阻止这一过渡,叙利亚永远无法恢复到以前的样子.", "美国完全支持叙利亚人民要求建立一个统一的叙利亚,一个尊重基本自由并依法为所有公民提供平等保护的民主、有代表性和包容性的政府,而不论其教派、族裔或性别。 我们呼吁叙利亚政府立即停止暴力和逮捕,允许和平抗议和言论自由。 侵犯人权行为现在必须停止,人权监测员必须立即获准进入叙利亚全境。 我们再次呼吁叙利亚政府允许人权理事会4月份要求的实况调查团进入。 安全理事会有责任处理叙利亚局势和政府不断进行镇压,这种镇压可能使该国进一步不稳定并破坏该区域的和平与安全。", "最后,让我谈谈黎巴嫩。 我们希望黎巴嫩新政府将履行其所有国际义务,包括充分执行第1559(2004)号、第1680(2006)号和第1701(2006)号决议,并坚持黎巴嫩对黎巴嫩问题特别法庭的承诺。 我们特别呼吁黎巴嫩政府继续履行国际法规定的义务,支持法庭。 黎巴嫩的独立司法程序为该国提供了一个摆脱长期政治暴力历史的机会,实现黎巴嫩人民理应享有的和平与稳定。 反对特别法庭的人企图在正义与稳定之间制造错误的选择。 黎巴嫩同每一个其他国家一样,都应该得到两者。", "阿米耶奥福里先生(尼日利亚): 主席先生,我代表尼日利亚代表团热烈欢迎你来到安全理事会。 我还要感谢特别协调员塞里先生的全面通报。", "尽管国际社会为恢复各方的直接谈判作出了一致努力,中东和平进程仍然陷于僵局。 不信任和缺乏建立信任措施使前景复杂化。 在僵局中,双方似乎正在考虑采取一系列相互有害的单方面行动。 一方现在威胁吞并定居点集团,甚至取消《奥斯陆协定》,而另一方则想成为广泛的国际组织的成员。 由于继续陷入僵局,各方必须认识到,必须就两国解决方案和结束冲突的范围进行谈判,这令人深感沮丧。", "由于中东四方未能为在上次会议上恢复谈判提供一个共同平台,避免即将到来的政治对抗的唯一途径是各方立即重新就所有永久地位问题,包括边界、耶路撒冷、难民和安全问题进行直接谈判。 如果有一个共同的纲领或议程,包括四方在内的所有对话者都能围绕该纲领或议程聚集在一起,使双方进行建设性对话将更容易实现。 以色列履行其《路线图》冻结所有定居点活动的义务,以及巴勒斯坦致力于以色列国的安全,无疑将有助于这一进程。 国际社会,特别是安全理事会必须充分参与制定前进的道路。", "巴勒斯坦内部和解对于实现必要的和平,推动建立独立国家的进程和整个中东的和平是必不可少的。 必须维持并充分执行4月的和解协议。 组建一个协商一致的政府将大大有助于帮助建立持久和平与稳定,并支持加快经济发展。", "我们欢迎货物和服务通过进入加沙的过境点的改善和稳定流动。 通过希腊当局与联合国协商建立的渠道向加沙人民提供人道主义援助是值得赞扬的。 我们敦促所有船队倡议采取类似步骤,避免该地区紧张局势升级。 以色列当局批准联合国道路和学校项目令人鼓舞,我们希望这将有助于改善巴勒斯坦人民的福利。 我们继续赞扬联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处(近东救济工程处)在向加沙人提供急需的救济和援助方面发挥的作用,我们敦促为近东救济工程处提供更多的国际金融和后勤支助。", "关于黎巴嫩,我们重申对该国主权和领土完整的承诺。 我们祝贺米卡蒂总理组成了新政府,政府应继续致力于履行该国的国际义务,包括第1701(2006)号决议,并支持和维护特别法庭的工作。 我们敦促以色列执行其关于正式从加贾尔北部撤出部队的建议。", "叙利亚的安全和人道主义局势仍然令人关切,难民流动给邻国带来严重后果。 我们敦促叙利亚各方力行最大限度的克制并进行有意义的对话,以和平解决危机。 政府昨天批准了一项允许与执政党一起组建政党的法律,这是一个可喜的事态发展。 政府有责任继续执行承诺的改革,并允许援助机构和联合国进入,以便向需要援助的人提供急需的援助。", "尼日利亚仍然希望,尽管和平进程目前陷入僵局,但公正、全面和持久解决中东问题是可能的。 各方必须继续走对话的道路;它们也必须为实现该区域的持久和平作出必要的痛苦妥协。", "萨拉姆先生(黎巴嫩): 在等待已久的中东和平谈判四方参数之前,包括巴勒斯坦人在内的阿拉伯领导人欢迎奥巴马总统今年5月划定的界线,认为这是建设性因素。 它们继续支持在莫斯科举行中东问题国际会议,同时也欢迎法国最近倡议在巴黎再主办一次国际会议。 但是,这种阿拉伯态度再次与内塔尼亚胡先生重申他的四大 \" 不 \" :不冻结定居点;不返回1967年的边界;不就耶路撒冷的未来地位进行谈判;以及巴勒斯坦难民没有返回的权利。", "巴勒斯坦人被指控寻求承认国家地位和加入联合国是谈判的替代办法。 但实际情况是,自2010年9月以来,这些谈判就不存在了,当时以色列政府未能重新冻结定居点,尽管只是部分冻结。", "此外,鉴于内塔尼亚胡先生的四起 \" 不 \" 案顽固地破坏了任何可能的重大结果,这种谈判最多只能导致又一轮令人沮丧的谈判。", "然而,马哈茂德·阿巴斯主席不抱希望,确实值得称赞的是,就在三天前,他坚定地重申,巴勒斯坦人将继续选择谈判,而不是其他任何道路,包括在联合国。 阿巴斯主席说得对,因为如果不就最终地位问题,包括与边界有关的问题、安全安排、定居点的未来、耶路撒冷的地位、难民的回返和水的分享等进行真正的谈判,就不可能有全面的解决办法。 然而,应当指出,建国从来不是这些问题之一,原因很简单。 国家地位只是自决权的体现,自决是人民不可剥夺的权利的一部分。 根据定义,一项不可剥夺的权利是既不能放弃也不能谈判的权利。 在联合国系统内,巴勒斯坦人民不可剥夺的自决权首先得到大会1974年第3236(XXIX)号决议的承认,此后每年得到大会绝大多数成员的重申。", "有时有人问,巴勒斯坦是否符合建国的要求。 根据国际法,对声称是国家的实体是否事实上是国家的检验,仍然是该实体是否符合1933年《关于国家权利和义务的蒙得维的亚公约》所规定的国家要求。", "第一个标准是常住人口。 我们猜想,这里没有人质疑巴勒斯坦人民的存在。 联合国早就承认它的存在及其作为一个民族的不可剥夺的权利。", "第二个标准是界定的领土。 就巴勒斯坦领导人而言,巴勒斯坦国的领土由著名的加沙地带和西岸组成,后者于1967年被以色列占领,其最后边界可以由巴勒斯坦人和以色列人共同商定调整。 正如国际法院在其他案件中所指出,该领土的最后边界没有得到确认这一事实并不妨碍国家地位,因为许多国家的边界已经发生变化或受到挑战,而其国家地位没有受到影响。", "第三项标准是政府标准。 国际社会的立场是,适当的自治机构的条件现已得到满足。 在这一建国条件下,今天与我们在一起的联合国中东和平进程特别协调员塞里先生在向协调对巴勒斯坦人提供国际援助特设联络委员会4月13日在布鲁塞尔举行会议的报告中得出结论,巴勒斯坦“政府职能现在足以建立一个正常运作的国家政府”;我们听到他今天早些时候在本会议厅重复了这一点。 世界银行和国际货币基金组织(货币基金组织)的一致报告强调了这一结论。", "第四个也是最后一个标准是与其他国家建立关系的能力。 显然,巴勒斯坦使馆和使团在100多个国家运作这一事实证明了这种能力。", "因此,巴勒斯坦符合所有四项建国标准。 然而,它是一个被占领的国家,我们有责任帮助它结束占领并实现独立。", "还有人问,巴勒斯坦人寻求承认国家地位和加入联合国是否违反以前的巴以协定。 第一,巴勒斯坦建国的基础是任何巴勒斯坦-以色列协定之前的,因此不能逻辑上或实际上违反这些协定。 事实上,巴勒斯坦建国植根于大会1947年第181(II)号决议,该决议将巴勒斯坦分为两个国家,并经常被贴上“以色列出生证”的标签。 根据这项决议,巴勒斯坦领导人在阿尔及尔举行的巴勒斯坦全国委员会特别会议上宣布,1988年,即在奥斯陆协定签署五年之前,巴勒斯坦国诞生,这是第一份巴以协定。", "第二,国际社会不认为巴勒斯坦建国与自奥斯陆协定起的和平进程相矛盾或不相容,而是在路线图和安全理事会第1850(2008)号决议中赞同两国解决方案,并继续鼓励巴勒斯坦人巩固和加强他们的政府和国家机构。", "寻求承认国家地位有时被称为单方面行动。 巴勒斯坦领导人宣布并得到阿拉伯国家集团支持的寻求这种承认和申请加入联合国是否属于单方面行动?", "显然,在联合国系统中给予巴勒斯坦国大多数会员国承认的充分法律效力,绝非单方面行为。 这只会反映联合国绝大多数会员国集体意愿的表达,而会员国又是国际体系中最多边的论坛。", "然而,单边行动继续在实地采取,不仅会危及重开渴望已久的谈判,而且会危及两国解决方案的可行性。 据我们所知,继续在巴勒斯坦被占领土上建造定居点、拆除巴勒斯坦房屋、将巴勒斯坦人从他们的祖传家园驱逐出去并没收他们的土地,以及以色列占领军建造臭名昭著的隔离墙,不是在受害者同意下进行的,而是出色的单方面行为。 这些是必须制止的单方面和非法行为。", "寻求对巴勒斯坦国的承认并给予其联合国正式会员资格,并不是要使以色列失去合法性。 它涉及维护巴勒斯坦人的合法权利,是的,它剥夺了以色列长达数十年的占领的合法性。", "对那些仍然不愿意加入我们这一努力的人,请允许我说:不要责备受害者,而支持他们寻求尊严。 为了获得和平,投资于正义。 1. 承认巴勒斯坦国。 帮助其实现独立.", "王民先生(中国): 我欢迎德国国务部长霍耶先生主持今天的会议,我感谢塞里先生的通报。 我还认真听取了巴勒斯坦和以色列代表的发言。", "长期和悬而未决的中东问题是阻碍中东和平与发展进展的主要障碍,从而影响到全球和平与稳定。 以色列-巴勒斯坦和平谈判再次陷入僵局,在过去几个月里没有取得实质性进展。 中东目前正处于关键的十字路口。 中方对巴以和谈现状深表关切.", "中方支持以联合国有关决议、土地换和平原则、阿拉伯和平倡议和中东和平路线图为基础,通过政治和外交渠道解决以巴争端,以期建立一个完全独立的、主权的巴勒斯坦国,使巴勒斯坦和以色列两国和平共处。", "以色列的定居点活动直接造成以巴和谈的僵局,也成为恢复这些会谈的主要障碍。 中方反对以色列在被占巴勒斯坦领土上修建定居点,呼吁以色列立即停止定居点活动,促进有利于双方互信的条件,以打破和谈僵局.", "中方欢迎巴勒斯坦各方达成内部和解协议,希望各方利用协议加强内部团结与合作,为推进中东和平进程发挥积极作用.", "中东问题的解决与国际社会的大力支持和援助密不可分。 中方高度重视四方的重要作用,希望四方尽快提出有利于双方恢复和谈的具体方案. 中方希望国际社会表现出必要的政治智慧和勇气,加大促进和平谈判的力度,继续不懈努力,为恢复和谈提供方便。 中方注意到有关方面最近提出的建议和倡议,愿意接受有助于打破当前僵局的外交努力和倡议。", "中东问题长期以来一直列在安理会议程上。 中方主张安理会更积极、更切实地参与此事,使安理会在振兴中东和平进程方面发挥更大作用。", "为了在中东实现全面、持久和公正的和平,黎巴嫩和以色列之间以及叙利亚和以色列之间的和平谈判,作为中东和平进程的一部分,应当同时进行。 所有相关各方应创造有利于对话和谈判的条件,以结束中东旷日持久的对抗和由此造成的紧张局势。", "中国坚决支持巴勒斯坦人民恢复合法主权的正义事业,支持建立完全主权独立的巴勒斯坦国. 中国祝贺 巴勒斯坦赞成选择和平,中国将继续支持巴勒斯坦人民的正义事业。 我们真诚希望早日实现建立一个独立的巴勒斯坦国的目标。", "桑库先生(南非): 主席先生,我们欢迎你来到安理会,并高兴地看到你主持这次重要会议。 我国代表团感谢特别协调员罗伯特·塞里先生向安理会所作的通报。 南非赞同埃及代表稍后将以不结盟运动名义所作的发言。 我们也感谢巴勒斯坦和以色列大使的发言。", "庭长 奥巴马去年在一般性辩论期间的发言,我们希望巴勒斯坦人的最后地位能在今年9月前得到解决,今年我们将欢迎除南苏丹外,还有另一个新的会员国加入联合国。 奥巴马总统的声明在国际社会中创造了一个强烈的希望,即将培育一个有利的环境,巴勒斯坦和以色列将在这一环境中进行最终地位谈判,最终解决了长达数十年的冲突。 然而,令人遗憾的是,由于顽固不化和缺乏政治意愿,和平和以可持续方式解决冲突似乎比以往任何时候都更加难以实现。", "令人失望的是,最近在华盛顿特区举行的四方会议未能提供指明前进道路的明确路线图。 四方必须在基本上包括根据1967年6月4日的分界线就两国边界问题作出决定、相互商定的互换安排、安全安排、公正、公平和商定解决难民问题的办法以及实现双方对耶路撒冷的愿望的范围内,同双方紧急合作。 南非随时准备同其伙伴合作,支持四方在这一进程中的工作。", "此外,如果双方想就最后地位问题达成友好和互利的协议,中止谈判肯定没有好处。 因此,双方在不设先决条件和不改变最后地位问题的情况下恢复谈判比以往任何时候都更为关键。 这将需要各方通过言行表明,它们致力于谈判进程并达成双方都能接受的结果。 以色列继续无视国际法和安理会、大会和国际法院的决定,继续在包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土上建立非法定居点,这仍然是和平的严重障碍。 这些行动旨在改变实地的事实,使就最后地位问题达成协议更加困难,主要是因为这些行动使毗连的巴勒斯坦国几乎无法实现。", "任何一方的暴力,包括对以色列的火箭袭击及其不相称的反应,都无助于促进任何一方的愿望。", "自1947年大会通过关于联合国巴勒斯坦分治计划的第181(II)号决议以来已过去了60多年,自安全理事会第242(1967)号决议通过以来已过去了40多年。 众所周知,第181(II)号决议建议将巴勒斯坦分为两个独立国家,而第242(1967)号决议为两国之间的边界打下基础——但我们继续就这些机构已经决定并商定的事项进行辩论。", "南非认为,我们需要集中力量执行这些决定。 以色列国最近庆祝了它的六十三周年,然而我们许多人承认的巴勒斯坦国仍然不在本组织成员之列。 我们欢迎巴勒斯坦努力寻求联合国承认其国家。 我们完全理解巴勒斯坦人民在寻求建国时表示的沮丧。", "南非完全支持非洲联盟最近在赤道几内亚马拉博作出的决定,该决定呼吁非洲联盟:", "“...... 会员国,特别是联合国安全理事会成员,支持巴勒斯坦在联合国大会下届会议期间作出努力,以1967年以东耶路撒冷为首都的分界线为基础,争取巴勒斯坦国成为联合国正式会员国,并敦促尚未承认巴勒斯坦国的成员国尽快承认巴勒斯坦国”。", "我们认为,我们不应利用我们的努力来阻止巴勒斯坦人行使其《宪章》赋予的自决权,而应努力就最后地位问题找到解决办法,使以色列和巴勒斯坦这两个独立国家能够和平地毗邻共存。", "我们支持巴勒斯坦继续努力建国,在这方面我们欢迎法塔赫同哈马斯签署和解协定。 我们敦促以色列和国际社会尊重巴勒斯坦人的这一内部主权决定,并把重点放在和平进程上。 我们鼓励巴勒斯坦各方共同努力执行和解协议。 我们还呼吁国际社会不加偏见地支持巴勒斯坦权力机构以不受限制的方式建立机构的努力。", "南非仍然对以色列继续封锁加沙地带深感关切,并与国际社会一道要求以色列结束继续加剧普通平民痛苦的非法封锁。 封锁和施加的限制违反了国际人道主义法,包括《日内瓦第四公约》第23条,违背了安全理事会各项决议所表达出的意愿。", "最后,我们重申,在我们寻求解决巴勒斯坦问题的过程中,现在比以往任何时候都更清楚地看到,我们决不能忽视巴勒斯坦与更广泛的区域问题密不可分地联系在一起。 因此,我们呼吁国际社会加紧努力以全面解决中东危机,包括黎巴嫩和叙利亚轨道。", "阿罗先生(法国)(以法语发言): 请允许我感谢塞里先生的通报,并感谢以色列常驻代表和巴勒斯坦常驻观察员的发言。", "法国赞同欧洲联盟代表团团长将作的发言。", "今年年初以来,阿拉伯世界发现自己处于历史动荡的核心,该区域将由此而转变。 这些事态发展表明阿拉伯社会对自由的渴望。 法国赞扬该运动,并再次重申支持所有和平和谈判的民主过渡努力。", "我们认为,这一区域势头为解决以巴冲突提供了一个独特的机会。 为此,法国的立场是基于某些直接的信念。", "第一,现状是站不住脚的。 第二,只有对话才有可能实现唯一的合法解决办法,即两国为两国人民。 此外,恢复和平进程必须以双方商定的均衡参数为基础。 我们于2月18日(第6484次会议)在此阐述了这些参数。 让我回顾一下。", "必须以1967年6月4日的边界线为基础,就两国的边界达成协议,双方将商定同样的领土交换。 需要作出安全安排,使巴勒斯坦人尊重巴勒斯坦国的主权,表明占领已经结束,使以色列人保护他们的安全,防止恐怖行为再起,并考虑到新的和正在出现的威胁。 第三,必须对难民问题采取公正、公平、现实和商定的解决办法。 最后,双方对耶路撒冷的愿望必须实现。 必须通过谈判找到办法,解决耶路撒冷作为两个国家未来首都的地位。", "正是本着这种精神,法国提出了一项倡议,目的是在这些明确、平衡的参数的基础上恢复谈判,这些参数反映了广泛的国际共识并符合双方的主要期望。 我们感到遗憾的是,中东四方在7月11日的会议上没有赞同这些参数,也没有发出恢复和平进程的呼吁。 尽管遭受了这些挫折,但我们呼吁各方不要采取任何可能妨碍恢复双边会谈的行动,不要放弃目前我们陷入的危险僵局。", "我们赞扬巴勒斯坦权力机构在为未来的巴勒斯坦国建立机构方面取得的进展。 我们呼吁所有捐助者继续努力提供预算援助。", "加沙地带的人道主义局势继续令人关切。 我们再次呼吁以色列当局改变其对加沙的政策,同时不损害其正当的安全关切。", "我们对定居点的立场依然未变。 从国际法的角度来看,它们是非法的,是和平的障碍。 它们以消灭巴勒斯坦人民为基础,并破坏了双方之间的信任。 它们对实现两国解决方案的可能性构成威胁。 我们谴责在西岸和东耶路撒冷正在进行的定居点活动,并要求以色列放弃其建筑项目。", "最后,我们不能忽视和平进程的区域背景。 在黎巴嫩,边界沿线的事态发展已引起国际社会的关切。 我们谴责5月27日对联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队的袭击,并仅仅几个小时前再次对法国特遣队的袭击。 在这方面,法国呼吁所有各方履行安全理事会第1701(2006)号决议规定的义务。", "黎巴嫩总理米卡蒂先生组建黎巴嫩政府是黎巴嫩和黎巴嫩人的一个重要步骤。 黎巴嫩政府必须根据第1757(2007)号决议和黎巴嫩总理作出的承诺,继续履行黎巴嫩的义务和国际承诺,特别是黎巴嫩问题特别法庭及其供资。", "我们还对5月15日和6月5日在戈兰高地沿叙利亚-黎巴嫩边界发生的致命事件感到关切。 法国再次强调,叙利亚当局绝对需要根据安全理事会第350(1974)号决议,确保遵守以色列和叙利亚之间的隔离区。", "四个多月来,叙利亚政权一直参与系统地镇压和平示威,无视国际社会的呼吁。 今天,叙利亚捍卫人权组织列举了近1 500名被害者和12 000名被政治逮捕者。 我们每周都会看到平民受害者。 秘书长防止灭绝种族罪行问题特别顾问和保护责任问题特别顾问于7月21日指出,叙利亚可能已经并继续犯下危害人类罪行。", "7月11日,法国、美国和卡塔尔驻大马士革大使馆在叙利亚安全部队试图保卫的情况下遭到袭击。 法国谴责这种违背叙利亚根据国际法所承担义务的计划。 这种非法举措,这种粗鲁的花招,不会使大马士革当局转移对问题实质的注意力:结束对叙利亚人民的镇压并实行民主过渡。 我们希望安全理事会最终能够承担起谴责叙利亚人民所遭受暴力镇压的责任。", "包括巴勒斯坦领土在内的阿拉伯世界今天所发生的事件向我们表明,阿拉伯社会渴望自由和民主的紧迫性和力量。 几个星期后,我们将看到法耶兹计划中设定的最后期限。 巴勒斯坦民间社会的期望从未如此高。 我们不应忽视这一信号并冒着重新陷入僵局的风险,因为暴力不断升级的威胁始终存在。 我们需要找到在国际社会主持下恢复对话的机会。 正是从各方提议的角度,从它们恢复和平进程的倡议的角度出发,法国将承担起它的责任,坚定不移地为促进和平而努力。", "梅索尼先生(加蓬)(以法语发言): 主席先生,我们欢迎你担任主席,参加这次关于中东局势的重要辩论。 我们要感谢中东和平进程特别协调员罗伯特·塞里先生的通报。 他使我们了解以色列-巴勒斯坦和平进程和中东其他局势的最新情况。", "加蓬谨重申,它支持以安全理事会和大会有关决议为基础的法律框架。 我们还回顾我们在这里支持两国解决办法的立场:巴勒斯坦国和以色列国和平共处。", "中东目前的形势要求作出新的努力来恢复谈判并达成动态的妥协,这种妥协必须建立在国际社会广泛接受的参数基础上,奥巴马总统在发言中回顾了这些参数。", "我国代表团仍然对以巴和谈长期陷入僵局感到关切,尽管国际社会为重启双方直接谈判作出了值得赞扬的努力,特别是7月11日在美国政府模仿下举行的四方会议。 令人遗憾的是,这次会议虽然激发了一些希望,但未能导致恢复谈判。 这种僵局是不能接受的,如果继续下去,有可能在国际社会中就和平进程的前景制造分裂。", "众所周知,许多国家支持巴勒斯坦宣布独立的决定。 如果这种情况得不到恢复谈判,就可能在中东造成更困难的局势。 因此,该区域目前的局势需要重新作出努力。 我们仍然对阻碍巴勒斯坦权力机构巩固实地所取得进展的袭击和报复循环感到关切,我们呼吁国际社会继续支持巴勒斯坦权力机构的努力。", "关于僵局和障碍,现在比以往任何时候都更迫切需要在各方明确和接受的原则基础上重启和平进程,这些原则当然必须包括建立双方之间的信任气氛,承诺真诚地进行和平谈判,以色列的安全,并建立一个巴勒斯坦国。 整个区域的稳定也取决于这一承诺。", "关于黎巴嫩,我国代表团欢迎在纳吉布·米卡蒂总理领导下组建新政府。 我们希望,我国政府将努力解决安全关切,特别是非国家武装团体提出的安全关切,并恢复对话与民族和解。", "关于叙利亚局势,虽然它仍然感到关切,但我国代表团注意到议会最近通过了一项授权政治多元化的法律草案。 我们敦促政府继续沿着这条轨道前进,以赢得人民和国际社会的信任。", "我们谴责巴勒斯坦土地继续被殖民化。 我们还谴责不分青红皂白地袭击以色列的行为。 我们希望双方回到谈判桌上来,以打破目前的僵局。", "莫赖斯·卡布拉尔先生(葡萄牙): 首先,请允许我感谢你今天出席我们的会议,霍耶尔国务部长。 我感谢特别协调员罗伯特·塞里所作的非常有益的通报,以及以色列常驻代表和巴勒斯坦常驻观察员对今天辩论的贡献。", "葡萄牙的立场和关切是众所周知的。 不幸的是,正如塞里先生所强调,总体局势没有改变,因此我们逐月在此重复。 因此,我可以简短发言。 我们仍然严重关切巴以和平进程长期、令人沮丧和危险的僵局以及缺乏任何可信的谈判进程。 作为欧洲联盟的成员,我们自然同意欧洲联盟代表团代理团长将在今天辩论晚些时候表达的观点。", "我们感到遗憾的是,尚未找到使双方恢复自2010年9月以来一直搁置的直接会谈的办法。 我们仍然相信,谈判仍然是在两国解决方案基础上实现最终解决的唯一途径,它将出现一个独立、民主和有生存能力的巴勒斯坦国,同以色列和其他邻国和平共处。", "谈判要取得成功,就必须以体现广泛原则的明确参数为基础。 它们还必须处理所有最终地位问题,并确保在规定时限内取得切实成就。 它们要求双方具有明确的政治意愿,必须本着诚意行事。", "随着巴勒斯坦被占领土和更广泛区域的事态发展继续得到强调,时间至关重要。 塞里先生概述的实地事态发展仍然令人极为担忧。 它们严重阻碍和平,并破坏信任和两国解决方案的可行性。 在西岸,包括东耶路撒冷,加快定居点活动;在被占领土上重新没收土地;不断拆毁巴勒斯坦人的房屋并驱逐其居民的情况尤其如此。", "我们再次对吉拉德·沙利特上士仍然被囚禁并继续被剥夺任何人道主义准入深表遗憾。 这是完全不能接受的,我们敦促立即释放他。 葡萄牙同样感到不安的是,在一段平静时期之后,加沙境内和周围与安全有关的事件明显增加。 我们强烈谴责从加沙向以色列发射火箭弹,并呼吁各方不要采取挑衅行动并实行最大限度的克制。 另一方面,葡萄牙敦促以色列政府结束对加沙的封锁并充分遵守第1860(2009)号决议。 我们重申,运往加沙的所有援助和合法货物都应通过官方过境点和既定机制运送。", "巴勒斯坦人辛勤地为建国作准备,正如塞里先生所重申的那样,他们已经做好了准备。 让我回顾奥巴马总统5月19日的话:", "“巴勒斯坦人民必须有权管理自己,并在一个主权和毗连的国家充分发挥其潜力。 “", "因此,我们赞扬并大力鼓励四方为紧急恢复有意义的直接谈判而正在作出的努力,谈判将导致在1967年6月4日的分界线基础上建立一个巴勒斯坦国,并进行双方可能商定的等同的土地交换。 正如我所说,时间至关重要。 现状不仅不可持续,而且非常危险。", "我们上周就黎巴嫩问题进行了非常有益的磋商,我在会上充分阐述了我们的立场。 在此,我要再次谴责5月27日对联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队(联黎部队)车队的恐怖袭击。 我们还对5月15日在黎巴嫩南部的 \" 灾难 \" 示威中丧生感到遗憾,并赞赏联黎部队和黎巴嫩武装部队为防止6月5日再次发生类似悲惨结果而作的努力。", "葡萄牙欢迎黎巴嫩新政府的成立。 黎巴嫩现在有机会应对许多挑战并履行其国际义务,包括与第1701(2006)号和第1559(2004)号决议以及特别法庭有关的义务。 我们还敦促以色列履行自己根据第1701(2006)号决议作出的承诺,并迅速完成从加贾尔北部的撤军,并充分尊重黎巴嫩从空中、陆地和海上的主权和领土完整。", "叙利亚局势仍然令人极为关切。 我们深感不安的是,该国各地和平抗议者不断遭到镇压并造成巨大的死亡。 我们感到遗憾的是,叙利亚当局注意到,对立即停止暴力的呼吁,尚未作出反应。 还令人遗憾的是,大马士革尚未允许进行实地调查,预计将向人权理事会报告。 我们赞扬向逃离人口提供援助的邻国。", "危机的解决在于立即结束暴力,开展可信、真正和包容各方的全国对话,并毫不拖延地进行有意义的政治改革。 为叙利亚提供长期稳定的唯一途径是在民族团结、领土完整和尊重所有公民权利的基础上向民主和平过渡。 因此,我们再次呼吁叙利亚当局停止对其公民所施加的暴力,我们敦促叙利亚当局力行最大克制并允许人道主义准入。", "维奥蒂夫人(巴西): 主席先生,我很高兴欢迎你,并看到你主持今天的会议。 我感谢特别协调员罗伯特·塞里所作的通报,并感谢以色列常驻代表和巴勒斯坦常驻观察员的发言。", "我们再次举行会议,讨论中东区域空前变化中的局势。 不幸的是,这些变化迄今未能给以巴局势带来变化。", "巴勒斯坦建国的愿望不是抽象的。 它是巴勒斯坦人民民主、尊严、自由和人权的基石。 我们感到遗憾的是,除了双方的分歧外,和平进程的主要伙伴仍然无法帮助双方克服目前的僵局。", "在这方面,不足为奇的是,巴勒斯坦领导人宣布打算要求联合国承认以1967年6月之前的分界线为基础并以东耶路撒冷为首都的巴勒斯坦国,并申请成为本组织正式成员。 和平进程的缺乏增加了巴勒斯坦要求的合法性。", "不能将诉诸联合国视为单方面行动。 这是完全相反的。 正如黎巴嫩常驻代表刚才提醒我们的那样,两国解决方案的概念最终产生于多边体系。 大会1947年第181(II)号决议核可了分治计划。 承认巴勒斯坦国就是完成这一64年的诺言。", "巴西在使以色列国合法化的大会会议上发挥了重要作用,因此,巴西认为,现在是联合国给予巴勒斯坦人民建立自己和平、民主和繁荣国家的能力以同样信任票的时候了。 巴勒斯坦国虽然处于外国占领之下,但正如我们从中东和平进程特别协调员那里听到的那样,已经在实地成为现实。", "巴勒斯坦机构现在足以成为一个正常运作的国家。 国际承认有助于减少当事方之间关系的不对称性。 它有助于重新调整关于国际法在被占领的巴勒斯坦领土上的适用的辩论。 它还能以更公平和公正的方式帮助推进关于核心问题的谈判。 在巴西承认巴勒斯坦国的信中,我们重申我们的理解是,只有同其邻国进行对话并和平共处,才能真正地促进巴勒斯坦事业。", "第1850(2008)和1860(2009)号决议鼓励巴勒斯坦内部和解,鼓励组建一个致力于四方原则和阿拉伯和平倡议并尊重巴勒斯坦解放组织承诺的巴勒斯坦政府。 5月在开罗签署的巴勒斯坦和解协定是朝向这一重要目标迈出的第一步,这将为巴勒斯坦人民提供统一和一致的代表权。", "我们敦促巴勒斯坦领导人充分接受非暴力、人权和民主,将其作为结束占领斗争的核心原则。 我们期望他们充分致力于以色列国的安全,并致力于以色列与邻国和平和谐地生存的权利。", "一个新的中东正在我们眼前形成。 寻求变革的运动的合法性在于其要求的民主性质及其行动的和平性质。 在每个国家,面对不同的战略、安全、社会、种族和经济条件,这些力量将找到它们特有的政治表现形式。 挑战将是多方面的。 真正的变革,符合人民的愿望,只能来自内部.", "我们再次最强烈地谴责对手无寸铁的示威者使用致命武力。 镇压只会加强那些努力行使基本和普遍权利的人的意愿。 当我们声援那些和平示威争取民主和社会正义的人时,我们必须寻求通往和平政治解决办法的途径,以导致有意义的改革。 需要持续的国际参与,以确保在这些转变之后实现更公平的发展和使该区域所有公民过上更美好的生活。", "巴尔巴利奇先生(波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那): 请允许我感谢中东和平进程特别协调员罗伯特·塞里先生今天的通报。 我们还感谢以色列常驻代表和巴勒斯坦常驻观察员出席我们的辩论并作出贡献。", "波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那仍然对中东和平进程没有取得任何进展深感关切。 目前僵局不符合以色列或巴勒斯坦人民的利益。 完成和平谈判的时间表正在迅速接近。 因此,在以色列人同巴勒斯坦人之间开始认真和负责任的谈判之前,我们不能再拖延了。 在这个关键时刻,至关重要的是,安全理事会、四方、阿拉伯联盟和其他国际和区域行为体继续努力,使各方进行直接实质性会谈。", "有鉴于此,我们理解奥巴马总统5月19日的声明及其要求采取果断行动的呼吁,这些行动应导致包括两个国家在内的两国人民持久和平。 就我们而言,我们重申致力于两国解决办法,即以色列国和一个独立、民主、毗连和有生存能力的巴勒斯坦国,在和平与安全中毗邻共存。", "当前更广大区域的动荡显然反映了中东各国人民的民主愿望。 这种新的环境为加快谈判进程创造了机会。 我们希望,有关各方将认识到这一新的势头,并抓住机会进行实质性谈判,加入中东的积极变化。", "根据国际法,继续在被占领土上进行定居活动是非法的,违反了以色列根据路线图承担的义务。 这些活动是通向全面和平道路上的障碍。 因此,我们呼吁以色列积极响应国际社会的呼吁,停止在包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土上的所有定居点活动。", "波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那坚定地认为,必须保护平民。 正是出于这个原因,我们敦促各方保持克制,并尽一切努力避免暴力和更多的无辜者丧生。", "加沙不可持续的、毫无结果的局势继续存在也令人关切。 在这方面,我们欢迎以色列政府最近批准由联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处建造新住房和学校的材料。 然而,我们坚信,这还不够,需要做更多的工作。 只有充分执行第1860(2009)号决议,才能满足加沙地带150万巴勒斯坦居民的基本需求。 因此,我们再次呼吁全面执行第1860(2009)号决议,并立即、持续和无条件地开放过境点,供人道主义援助、商业货物和人员进出加沙,包括来自西岸的货物。 以色列的安全关切,包括完全停止暴力和向加沙走私武器,也必须得到解决。", "最后,波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那认为,通过外交努力和对和平进程的充分承诺,中东地区的持久和平与稳定是可能的。 为此,我们期望各方立即作出困难的决定并恢复直接会谈。", "潘金先生(俄罗斯联邦)(以俄语发言): 部长先生,我们高兴地欢迎你担任安全理事会会议主席。 我们感谢中东和平进程特别协调员罗伯特·塞里先生就区域局势发展所作的实质性通报。 我们遗憾地注意到中东问题解决进程中的顽固态度。 双方在做法上仍然存在相当大的分歧。 相互不信任的气氛普遍存在。", "因此出现了僵局。 近一年来,谈判进程停滞不前。 鉴于中东和北非的广泛变革和变化,这是一个非常糟糕和危险的趋势。 这不应使我们偏离我们的共同任务,即促进解决中东问题。 为了恢复信任,各方首先需要避免采取损害最终解决结果的步骤。 他们需要避免任何暴力表现,特别是针对平民的暴力,并在实践中表明他们愿意妥协。 在这方面,必须结束定居点活动,尤其是东耶路撒冷的定居点活动。", "我们认为,必须强调,应在众所周知的国际法律基础,包括安全理事会决议、马德里原则和路线图的基础上恢复谈判。 任何破坏这一基础的企图都不会使双方更接近开始建设性对话。", "除此之外,我们要强调《阿拉伯和平倡议》。 鉴于阿拉伯国家联盟及其委员会在中东和平进程中为促进该倡议所起的作用,我们支持四方和该区域组织之间的密切协调。 事实上,这就是我们如何看待解决中东关键问题的共同和有针对性的国际办法。 我们认为,谈判进程的最终目标是实现巴勒斯坦人民不可剥夺的权利,在1967年边界线和可能商定的土地交换基础上,在国际公认的边界内,建立以领土完整和东耶路撒冷为首都、同以色列和平、安全地生活的国家。", "除非巴勒斯坦一方有一个单一的伙伴,否则任何巴勒斯坦-以色列未来安排的执行都将受到质疑。 为此原因,俄罗斯支持巴勒斯坦为实现民族和解所采取步骤。 我们愿意为成功执行巴勒斯坦内部统一计划作出贡献,并为未来的巴勒斯坦政府提供全面援助。", "我们对加沙地带的持续紧张局势和和平的巴勒斯坦人民的持续困境深感震惊。 我们强烈主张完全解除以色列对加沙地带的封锁。", "只有覆盖包括叙利亚和黎巴嫩轨道在内的所有轨道,才能在中东实现全面、全面和公正的解决。 我们主张无条件和严格遵守安全理事会恢复该区域和平与安全并实现以色列同邻国关系正常化的有关决定。", "在这种情况下,我们认为,现在比以往任何时候都更需要中东四方发挥持续的调解作用,以便找到一种可以接受的办法来恢复谈判进程并界定解决办法的参数,必须通过有关各方之间的对话来实现这一目标。", "马克·莱尔·格兰特爵士(联合王国): 我要感谢罗伯特·塞里今天上午的通报以及巴勒斯坦和以色列常驻代表的重要贡献。", "就在我们发言的时候,在中东各地继续发生重大事件。 该地区人民为确保他们的普遍权利在某些情况下不受政府残暴镇压而坚决进行的斗争,为未来带来了希望。 对民众合法要求的唯一可靠答案是可持续改革。 在叙利亚,争取基本权利的斗争和专制政权的残暴行为没有哪一个地方比叙利亚更不愿意给予人民他们想要的和他们有资格得到的。", "我们谴责叙利亚境内持续不断的严重暴力、谋杀和平抗议者以及对美国和法国驻大马士革大使馆的袭击。 叙利亚政权杀害了1 500多平民,死亡人数每天都在上升。 阿萨德总统声称,他把叙利亚的不同派别团结在一起,但他的政权的残暴行为有可能激起宗派紧张. 阿萨德总统必须迅速和有意义地实施他本人承诺的改革,确保改革标志着向符合叙利亚人民愿望的新政治制度的可持续过渡的开始。", "我们认为,早就应该由安全理事会采取行动,要求结束暴力,呼吁由叙利亚人主导的和平政治进程。 我们将继续推动行动,挑战那些阻碍安理会履行其职责的人。", "大中东的事件与为以色列-巴勒斯坦冲突找到长期解决办法的努力密不可分。 在该地区人民努力争取和实现其权利的时候,巴勒斯坦人也必须实现其建立一个独立和有生存能力的巴勒斯坦国的目标。", "正如我们以前说过的,如果巴勒斯坦人民的希望得不到实现,而该地区在他们周围被改变,那将是一个极大的耻辱和持续不安全的根源。 因此,必须在和平进程中取得进展。 9月——奥巴马总统和四方规定的欢迎巴勒斯坦成为联合国正式会员国的时限以及标志着巴勒斯坦权力机构建国方案的完成的月份——正在迅速临近。", "有一种危险是,9月份,和平进程的所有利益攸关方都放弃了希望,仅仅着眼于管理局势,但我们认为,这样做为时过早。 各方应加倍努力打破僵局,并应根据明确阐述的参数恢复直接谈判——两国以1967年边界为基础,相互商定的土地交换;保护巴勒斯坦主权的安全安排,同时向以色列提供足够的保证;耶路撒冷是两国的首都;以及公正解决难民问题。 我们鼓励四方提出这些简单的参数,并敦促各方重返谈判。", "以色列和巴勒斯坦都不能让目前的僵局成为长期现状。 它们现在必须采取行动,以保持可持续和平的前景和希望。 我要强调三个领域,它们必须更加努力地工作,以避免信任进一步恶化。", "第一,必须停止定居活动。 在西岸和东耶路撒冷继续建造定居点不仅是非法的,而且正在日益破坏一个毗连的巴勒斯坦国的生存能力,将耶路撒冷作为同以色列的首都。 除了建筑,以色列当局破坏淡水基础设施等相关行动也破坏了西岸整个巴勒斯坦社区的生存。 停止定居活动和相关活动不是选择性手术。 这是一项拯救生命的行动。", "第二,以色列有合理的安全关切,必须继续得到保障。 维持安全合作和确保全面而持续地停止从加沙发动的火箭弹袭击,是使以色列政府和公众确信存在真正的和平伙伴的关键。", "第三,必须做更多工作来改善进入加沙的通道。 扼杀加沙经济的限制滋生了仇恨、激进主义和暴力。 加沙经济的改善和加沙务实商业兄弟会的再起,不仅对加沙人民至关重要,而且对以色列自身的安全利益也至关重要。", "在实现和平方面取得进展方面,没有时间可浪费。 我们从历史中知道,在以-巴冲突中,站着绝不是一个选择。 要么在通过谈判达成协议方面取得进展,要么陷入暴力。 双方领导人应采取必要的大胆步骤,确保前者,并避免后者。", "哈迪普·辛格·普里先生(印度): 主席先生,首先我要欢迎你来到纽约并感谢你主持这次公开辩论会。 我还要感谢特别协调员罗伯特·塞里所作的全面通报,并感谢以色列常驻代表和巴勒斯坦常驻观察员所作的发言,我们认真注意到了他们的发言。", "自从我们上次在安理会就该项目举行公开辩论(见S/PV.6520)以来,巴勒斯坦各派签署了一项协议。 协定的主要内容包括:改革巴勒斯坦解放组织,在2012年5月前举行选举,并设立统一机构、民族和解和一个联合委员会来实施协定。 巴勒斯坦各方的团结不仅应该结束西岸和加沙之间的分裂,而且应该在加沙建立国家机构。 为此,我们希望巴勒斯坦各方能迅速执行和解协议。 我们还希望哈马斯不仅接受以色列国为现实,而且同巴勒斯坦权力机构合作处理以色列的安全关切。", "然而,和平谈判的停滞似乎在巴勒斯坦领土上引起了一种绝望感。 四个多月以来,安理会关于巴勒斯坦问题的每月辩论取决于希望四方提出一套实际步骤,使巴勒斯坦人和以色列人能够恢复会谈。 7月11日,四方在华盛顿特区举行会议时,没有发表任何声明,再次辜负了这一希望。", "过去几年来,巴勒斯坦权力机构在建设国家机构、改善西岸经济以及与包括哈马斯在内的各派别和解等方面取得了重大进展。 这一进展得到了整个国际社会的赞扬。 然而,巴勒斯坦权力机构的建国努力已经达到地理和体制的极限。 任何进一步的进展都需要恢复关于最后地位问题的谈判。", "与此同时,加沙地带的人道主义局势仍然令人严重关切。 对加沙的封锁不仅对居民产生不利影响,而且还使好战分子通过暴力表达他们的挫折感,从而使当地局势进一步复杂化并增加了以色列的脆弱性和安全关切。", "和平谈判的僵局和严峻的人道主义局势可能使已经脆弱的局势进一步复杂化。 我们与国际社会一样,认为冻结巴勒斯坦领土上的定居点活动能够使和平谈判得以恢复。 因此,我们呼吁以色列执行内塔尼亚胡总理今年5月在以色列议会的讲话,他说,以色列可以考虑领土妥协,以换取安全和承认。 停止定居活动应该是这一进程的第一步。 除非采取这一重要步骤并恢复和平谈判,否则日益严重的绝望情绪可能导致各方采取可能失控的行动。 随着9月份的到来,必须认识到巴勒斯坦人和以色列抓住机会的时间有限。", "与仍然被以色列占领的阿拉伯土地有关的其他问题同样重要。 在黎巴嫩和叙利亚轨道上取得进展是实现该区域全面和持久和平的必要核心。 在一个目睹四周抗议运动的地区,和平谈判的持续僵局可能会对更大的地区产生破坏稳定的影响。 在这方面,5月15日和6月5日的事件表明,局势十分脆弱,暴力可以很容易地在更大范围内煽动,破坏整个区域的稳定。 因此,我们担心,如果和平谈判不迅速重新开始,双方将随后采取单方面步骤,这将扩大它们之间的距离并更难找到全面的解决办法。 因此,我们呼吁四方成员加强集体和单独努力以打破僵局。", "印度有着声援巴勒斯坦人民的长期传统。 印度支持巴勒斯坦人民为建立一个主权、独立、有生存能力和统一的巴勒斯坦国而作的斗争,正如阿拉伯和平倡议、四方路线图和安全理事会有关决议所赞同的那样,以东耶路撒冷为首都,在安全和公认的边界内同以色列并肩和平地生活。", "印度一直通过物质和技术援助方案协助巴勒斯坦人民的能力建设和机构建设。 通过印度、巴西和南非论坛,印度提供了援助。 印度还向联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处捐款100万美元,继续声援巴勒斯坦人民追求合法目标并寻求以尊严和自力更生为基础的发展。 此外,我们在过去两年中每年都向巴勒斯坦权力机构提供1 000万美元的不附带条件的预算支助。", "最后,我要重申,我们期望双方不再拖延地重新开始谈判。 这些会谈应导致最终和全面解决中东冲突。 我们对自己和今后几代以色列人和巴勒斯坦人都有责任确保他们不再陷入冲突,而是生活在和平与安全之中。", "阿尔扎特先生(哥伦比亚)(以西班牙语发言): 主席先生,首先我要热烈欢迎你,并借此机会表示我国代表团支持你作为安全理事会本次辩论会主席所做的工作。 我要感谢中东和平进程特别协调员罗伯特·塞里先生详细介绍了中东最近的事态发展,包括巴勒斯坦问题。", "中东和北非最近的事态发展引起了国际社会的持续关注。 哥伦比亚不回避这种情况;它一再表示坚决支持该地区人民的合法愿望,尊重他们的人权和个人自由,以及他们过上更好和有尊严的生活的权利。", "我们理解中东局势是一个不可分割的问题。 因此,我们主张持久和有条理地解决该区域的不稳定局势。 我们呼吁停止使用武力或威胁,并结束恐怖主义。 我国致力于以民主原则和和平与安全的最终目标来处理这个问题。 我们理解巴勒斯坦人民迅速得到巴勒斯坦国承认的愿望。 因此,我们继续支持在1967年边界线和双方共同商定的变化基础上,建立一个与以色列和平并生活在明确、安全和国际公认的边界内的有生存能力的巴勒斯坦国的目标。", "我们对中止和谈表示关切,并要求各方尽快恢复谈判。 我们认为,谈判是实现持久解决的途径。 我们相信,如果没有各方接受的协议,我们将重复1947年的错误。", "我们支持四方的工作和执行路线图。 因此,我们赞同四方代表在7月11日表达的观点,即迫切需要呼吁各方克服目前的障碍并找到途径,立即和无条件地恢复直接谈判,开始谈判的筹备阶段,以尽量扩大成功的机会。 我们也支持我们正在通过联合国作出的一切努力。", "我们认为,定居点是寻求中东持久和平的障碍。 根据国际法,它们不仅是非法的,而且违反了路线图所订立的协议。 我们坚信,双方需要根据国际法,遵守其承诺和义务。", "此外,国际社会必须继续支持巴勒斯坦权力机构的体制加强,以建立一个有生存能力的国家。 我们赞同四方的共识,即哈马斯必须放弃暴力,承认以色列,并特别反对利用恐怖主义作为政治工具。", "以色列人和巴勒斯坦人不能继续陷入对抗和不信任之中。 我们强烈呼吁双方在相互尊重和承认每个民族的特性和权利的基础上重新开始会谈。 巴勒斯坦人有权建立自己的国家,同以色列和平相处并走向共同繁荣。 今后几代巴勒斯坦人必须能够在希望而不是绝望中成长。 同样,以色列今世后代必须能够免于被攻击的恐惧并享有同阿拉伯邻国的和平关系。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在以国务部长身份发言。", "我要感谢特别协调员罗伯特·塞里所作的出色通报。", "德国赞同欧洲联盟将作的发言。", "我们正处于中东和平进程的关键时刻。 整个区域的人民正在为自由、民主和更美好的生活而崛起。 与此同时,我们面临以巴和平进程的持续僵局。 在动荡不安的区域背景下,现在比以往任何时候都更迫切需要在以色列人和巴勒斯坦人之间实现持久和平。 对该地区人民来说,和平进程的进展将发出稳定的强烈信号并证明政治和外交的好处。", "我们都抱有同样的看法。 我们希望看到以色列国和一个主权、独立、民主、毗连和有生存能力的巴勒斯坦国在和平与安全中毗邻共存。 现在是取得决定性进展的时候了。 内塔尼亚胡总理和阿巴斯主席必须承担责任,采取大胆步骤来恢复直接和实质性会谈。", "我们仍然深信,明确的参数是谈判取得成功的先决条件。 奥巴马总统在5月19日的讲话中提出了一种平衡的办法。 就欧洲联盟而言,它已经阐述了它认为关键参数。 德国、法国和联合王国在安理会共同解释投票立场(见S/PV.6484)。 我们仍然认为,为了为真正的谈判奠定基础,需要国际上认可各种参数。", "四方继续在这一进程中起核心作用并一直与各方保持长期接触。 德国坚决支持欧洲联盟高级代表阿什顿男爵夫人为重启和促进和平进程而从可信和平衡的角度在四方作出的努力。 我们呼吁四方继续并加紧努力,为谈判制定公平和平衡的框架,以便在它自己批准的9月最后期限之前取得进展。", "巴勒斯坦领导人已宣布,他们可以求助于联合国寻求建国。 与此同时,巴勒斯坦人已经非常明确地表明,恢复谈判是他们的首选选择。 巴勒斯坦人期望其领导人在建立巴勒斯坦国方面取得进展。 德国承认巴勒斯坦权力机构在建设未来巴勒斯坦国体制方面取得的显著进展。 世界银行、国际货币基金组织和联合国在其报告中明确指出,巴勒斯坦权力机构已越过门槛,在关键部门建立一个正常运作的国家。 现在,政治进程需要紧急赶上实地取得的实质性进展。 与此同时,我们必须尽一切努力来维护巴勒斯坦建国道路上的成就。", "让我非常明确地说: 德国支持建立一个巴勒斯坦国。 当然,这样一个国家将成为联合国会员国。 在这方面取得进展是当务之急。 巴勒斯坦人和以色列人等了太久才看到冲突的结束。 但是,除了谈判外,没有其他可行或可接受的办法。 只有谈判才能结束占领,只有谈判才能为核心问题提供可能的解决办法。 因此,应避免任何不利于全面解决并可能破坏双方之间信任的行动。", "我们深感关切的是,未能为朝着两国解决方案取得真正进展提供可信的政治前景,可能导致严重后果。 德国仍然深切关注在巴勒斯坦领土和东耶路撒冷继续建造定居点,并关注西岸新的建筑计划和最近没收土地的情况,这是自2008年以来的第一次。", "在安理会,德国同英国和法国一道,非常明确地表明了它对定居点的立场:根据国际法,定居点是非法的,是和平的障碍,是对两国解决办法的威胁。 因此,所有定居活动,包括在东耶路撒冷的定居活动,都应立即停止。 安理会所有成员一致认为,持续的定居活动是实现公正、持久和全面和平的主要障碍。 非常不幸的是,尽管发出了如此多的呼吁,定居点的建设仍在继续。", "加沙仍然是一个令人严重关切的问题。 我们强烈谴责最近在《开罗协定》后停火后再次对以色列领土发动火箭弹和迫击炮袭击。 这种行动是完全不能接受的。 德国承认以色列有权保护其公民免遭攻击。 与此同时,我们期待以色列明智地行使这一权利,以预防进一步升级。 我们继续呼吁立即无条件释放被扣为人质已超过五年的吉拉德·沙利特上士。", "请允许我谈谈前面的挑战之一。 需要维持巴勒斯坦权力机构发起的积极事态发展。 目前的财政情况十分严峻。 尚不清楚能否再支付薪金。 我们呼吁所有捐助者履行其现有承诺。 可能还需要动员更多的国际捐助者努力,我们欢迎任何这样的倡议。", "我们需要帮助创造和维持自我维持的经济增长的条件,包括在加沙。 今后的适当途径是全面执行第1860(2009)号决议,其中要求立即、持续和无条件地开放进出加沙的货物和人员过境点,并防止非法贩运武器和弹药。 与此同时,我们期望任何巴勒斯坦政府明确致力于非暴力原则、两国解决办法和通过谈判和平解决以-巴冲突,接受以前的协定和义务,包括以色列的合法生存权利。 同样,我们期望那些在以色列负有政府责任的人明确接受两国解决方案并尽最大努力为它确定方向。", "中东人民长期遭受冲突和对抗之苦。 我们的共同目标是结束冲突并解决所有要求的公正和持久和平。 在我们这个时代,许多实现这一目标的尝试都受到了挫折。 我们理解越来越不耐烦,但我们应当清楚,什么将使我们更接近和平,什么可能导致进一步的挫折。", "我只想谈谈叙利亚。 我们对该国目前发生的事件深感震惊。 尽管与反对派承诺进行改革和对话,但军事行动、杀戮、逮捕和镇压仍在继续。 我们对不同信仰的信徒之间的暴力行为感到关切。 我们敦促叙利亚政府停止打教派牌。 叙利亚政权必须立即停止对叙利亚人民的一切暴力和镇压。 只有停止暴力,才有可能启动可持续的政治进程。 向新叙利亚的过渡必须基于其所有公民的充分参与和对保护和促进人权的承诺。", "叙利亚的未来不是由外界决定的。 这是人民主权的问题。 叙利亚人民正在大声而明确地发言,正如埃及和突尼斯人民表达的观点一样。 必须满足叙利亚人民的正当要求。 安全理事会不能袖手旁观。 我们坚信,安理会发出一个强烈信号,谴责对叙利亚人民的持续暴力和镇压至关重要。 安全理事会必须承担责任。", "我现在恢复行使安理会主席的职能。", "我请埃及代表发言。", "阿卜杜拉齐兹先生(埃及): 今天我荣幸地代表不结盟运动在安全理事会发言,并首先欢迎主席先生你主持安理会今天的工作,并表示不结盟运动赞赏联合国特别协调员兼秘书长特别代表罗伯特·塞里先生今天所作的通报。", "不结盟运动认为,在这一关键时刻,国际社会必须再次下定决心,坚持其长期承诺,根据国际法和众所周知的20年和平进程职权范围,实现以巴冲突的两国解决方案。 国际上有一项谅解,即我们必须结束以色列对自1967年以来所占领的巴勒斯坦和阿拉伯土地的占领;以1967年6月4日边界为基础的以东耶路撒冷为首都的巴勒斯坦国的独立;公正解决巴勒斯坦难民的困境,从而建立公正、持久和全面和平。", "因此,令人遗憾的是,有关国际和区域各方迄今作出的所有认真努力,包括四方7月11日在华盛顿特区举行的上一次会议上作出的认真努力,尚未导致在巴以轨道上恢复并推进直接谈判。 不结盟运动同样感到惊恐的是,仅仅发表四方声明本身就成为一个问题,突出表明迫切需要提高该机制的效力并解决冲突,而冲突仍然是对国际和平与安全的威胁。", "占领国以色列继续在包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土上进行非法定居活动,以及继续使当地局势恶化并加剧紧张局势的许多其他非法政策和做法,也令人深感遗憾和谴责。 这种非法行径还构成恢复可信和平谈判努力的主要障碍,使在1967年6月4日边界基础上实现两国解决方案几乎是不可能的。 在这方面,不结盟运动强烈谴责以色列议会本月初颁布的抵制法,该法惩罚那些呼吁抵制以色列非法定居点的人或组织。 这是以色列国内许多人认为违宪和反民主的法律。", "最近关于再建立数千个非法定居单位的声明,以及以色列继续以前所未有的速度拆毁巴勒斯坦人的房屋和财产,特别是在被占领的东耶路撒冷的居民区,以便在该城中心建造新的定居点,这些声明都证实了以色列的敌对意图并否认了以色列政府对和平进程和两国解决方案的所谓承诺。 目前的所有迹象,从挑衅性声明到加快实地建设以及继续取消巴勒斯坦人的居住权,都表明以色列显然选择定居点而不是和平。 事实上,以色列迄今一直企图非法改变巴勒斯坦领土的地理和人口构成,特别是东耶路撒冷,对该领土的吞并仍然存在,并将继续被国际社会所拒绝和不承认。", "不结盟运动绝大多数成员国成为今年早些时候提交安理会的决议草案(S/2011/24)的提案国,要求立即停止在包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土上的所有定居点活动,这反映了国际社会在这个重要问题上的立场。 不结盟运动感到遗憾的是,安理会没有通过该决议草案,正如我们曾希望和期望的那样,安理会根据《宪章》有责任解决以色列蓄意破坏实现中东和平与安全的问题。 不结盟运动强调它在5月于印度尼西亚巴厘举行的不结盟运动部长级会议上明确阐明的立场,并再次呼吁安理会坚决要求占领国以色列遵守其法律义务。", "此外,我们认为,遵守的呼吁必须得到可信的行动的支持。 必须要求以色列毫无例外地立即遵守《日内瓦第四公约》、联合国有关决议和路线图规定的所有义务,必须追究以色列违反这些义务的责任。 这包括有义务立即和完全停止所有定居点活动并尊重关于这个问题的国际共识,包括联合国、不结盟运动、伊斯兰合作组织、欧洲联盟、四方和所有其他有关国际和区域机构和行动者的呼吁。", "不结盟运动还强调必须迫使占领国以色列按照国际法、第1860(2009)号决议和联合国所有其他有关决议规定的义务,全面解除对加沙地带的非法封锁。 这种不人道的封锁继续使整个区域和全世界人民深感关切,除其他外,表现在诸如自由船队这样的团结行动上。 在这方面,不结盟运动对以色列军队于7月19日登上并扣押前往加沙向加沙人民提供急需支助的法国民用船Dignité-Al Karama表示关切并谴责,并要求立即解除对加沙的封锁。", "在这方面,不结盟运动再次强调需要重建加沙,并要求以色列开放其进入加沙的所有过境点,允许人员和货物的持续和正常流动,包括必要的建筑材料以及重建联合国设施和联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处(近东救济工程处)学校所需的材料。 还必须允许正常的商业流动,因为这对恢复生计和经济复苏至关重要。 不结盟运动还重申,需要赋予近东救济工程处有效执行任务所需的一切财力和人力支持。", "不结盟运动还对以色列近期在包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土上继续逮捕和监禁巴勒斯坦平民深表关切。 不结盟运动强烈谴责继续拘留和监禁数以千计被囚禁在以色列监狱中的巴勒斯坦人,在那里虐待和酷刑很常见。 不结盟运动欢迎旨在提高对巴勒斯坦政治犯困境的认识的所有国际努力,包括2010年12月在阿尔及利亚和2011年1月在摩洛哥举行的会议,以及3月在奥地利举行的联合国巴勒斯坦政治犯问题国际会议。 不结盟运动特别强调5月在印度尼西亚巴厘举行的不结盟运动部长级会议上通过的关于巴勒斯坦政治犯的宣言的重要性。 不结盟运动深信,应当立即释放这些包括儿童和妇女在内的囚犯,国际社会,特别是安全理事会和人权理事会,应当优先考虑对他们的状况进行适当的国际检查。", "不结盟运动强调,只有在明确界定的参数和规定的时间框架内才能进行认真、真正和有意义的谈判。 不结盟运动高度赞赏过去几个月为在此基础上重新开始谈判而提出的倡议。 其中包括:5月19日奥巴马总统的讲话;俄罗斯倡议由安全理事会派遣一个代表团前往该地区并召开一次国际会议来恢复谈判;联合王国、法国和德国提出的参数将作为四方恢复谈判的基础;法国倡议开始谈判一年,以召开一次国际会议结束;以及不结盟运动的许多其他倡议和努力,包括安全理事会中的不结盟运动核心小组。 同时,不结盟运动感到遗憾的是,安全理事会成员无法就其中任何倡议达成共识。 这给安全理事会有效处理这种继续危及国际和平与安全的局势的能力带来了负面阴影。", "不结盟运动呼吁安全理事会和四方作出最大努力,为谈判确定明确的范围和时限。 与此同时,如果这些努力不能产生必要的结果,国际社会,包括四方成员,必须尽最大努力促进和支持建设性努力,以克服局势的停滞并促进和平。 这应当包括积极努力争取在1967年6月4日边界的基础上普遍承认以东耶路撒冷为首都的巴勒斯坦国,并接纳巴勒斯坦国为联合国的正式会员国,特别是因为我们今天从塞里先生那里听到巴勒斯坦已经准备建国。", "的确,人们一致相信,以色列必须遵守其义务,以便能够恢复直接谈判,以根据安全理事会第242(1967)号、第338(1973)号、第1397(2002)号、第1515(2003)号和第1850(2008)号决议、马德里框架,包括以土地换和平原则、《阿拉伯和平倡议》和路线图,实现两国解决方案。 因此,在这一关键时刻,国际社会有责任采取集体行动,迫使以色列立即履行其义务,并依据国际商定的职权范围恢复最终地位谈判,这些职权范围构成了以1967年6月4日边界为基础的两国解决方案的基础,以便我们能够在今年实现以东耶路撒冷为首都的巴勒斯坦国的独立,从而开始中东的新时代。", "现在谈谈黎巴嫩,不结盟运动谴责以色列继续侵犯黎巴嫩主权并一再严重违反安全理事会第1701(2006)号决议。 不结盟运动呼吁有关各方充分执行安全理事会第1701(2006)号决议,以结束目前的脆弱性并避免敌对行动再起。", "关于被占领的叙利亚戈兰,不结盟运动重申,占领国以色列为改变被占领的叙利亚戈兰的法律、地理或人口状况而采取或将采取的一切措施和行动,以及以色列在那里强制实行管辖和行政的任何措施,都是无效的,没有任何法律效力。 不结盟运动要求以色列遵守安全理事会第497(1981)号决议,并执行安全理事会第242(1967)和338(1973)号决议,从被占领的叙利亚戈兰完全撤回到1967年6月4日的边界。", "此外,不结盟运动最强烈地谴责以色列部队于2011年5月15日和6月5日过度使用武力并杀害手无寸铁的平民抗议者,并呼吁将应对这些暴行负责者绳之以法。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请古巴代表发言。", "贝尼特斯·韦尔森先生(古巴)(以西班牙语发言): 古巴完全赞同埃及代表以不结盟国家运动名义所作的发言。", "中东局势,特别是被占领巴勒斯坦领土的局势仍然令人震惊。 被占巴勒斯坦领土上的非法和破坏性殖民做法所造成的巨大物质、经济和社会破坏是达成和平协定的主要障碍。", "定居点政策阻止在1967年边界的基础上建立一个巴勒斯坦国,从而阻止公正解决以巴冲突的可能性。", "古巴对加沙地带的严重局势深感关切。 以色列政府必须立即、无条件和彻底地解除对加沙的残酷和非法封锁,允许供应品从加沙地带自由流通并进入加沙地带,以及永久的人道主义准入。", "建立两个国家和平地毗邻共存、并有公认的边界,不仅仅是一种愿望。 长期以来,巴勒斯坦人必须找到一个能够建立以东耶路撒冷为首都的国家的解决办法。 同样,必须根据大会第181(II)号决议解决其难民问题。", "然而,以色列政府继续阻碍冲突的解决,而本应保障和平进程的国家没有表现出必要的政治意愿,为这一进程提供必要的动力。", "古巴支持旨在公正解决这场冲突以及建立和承认巴勒斯坦国的所有合法努力。", "安全理事会在巴勒斯坦问题上不能保持被动。 没有任何其他冲突对国际和平与安全构成更严重的威胁了。 然而,安理会仍然未能采取行动。 美国否决就这个问题提出的每一项决议草案,使安全理事会受制于其一名成员的国内政策。 否决权的威胁仍然是达摩克利斯之剑,它战胜了多边体系中最强大、但又最反民主的国际机构。 这种情况是不可接受的,必须改变,否则,以色列政府在巴勒斯坦被占领土上的行为不受惩罚的现象会加剧。", "古巴认为,找到短期和平解决办法是可能的。 过去几个月来,巴勒斯坦权力机构一直在努力工作,许多国家积极响应承认巴勒斯坦国的呼吁。 古巴敦促尚未这样做的国家尽快承认以1967年以前的边界为基础的以东耶路撒冷为首都的巴勒斯坦国。", "古巴重申,以色列为改变被占领的叙利亚戈兰的法律、物质或人口状况和体制结构而采取或将采取的所有措施和行动都是无效和没有法律效力的。 我们重申,所有这些单方面措施和行动,包括自1967年以来在叙利亚戈兰非法建造和扩大以色列定居点,都违反了国际法、国际协定、有关决议和《联合国宪章》以及《日内瓦第四公约》。 古巴呼吁以色列从被占领的叙利亚戈兰完全撤回到1967年6月4日的边界。", "最后,古巴相信,许多国家在1967年边界的基础上日益承认巴勒斯坦国,这将产生新的动力,为冲突的持久解决铺平道路。", "古巴重申其立场,主张中东区域所有人民实现公正、持久和全面和平,以结束自1967年以来被以色列占领的所有阿拉伯领土并保障巴勒斯坦人民通过建立一个以东耶路撒冷为首都的独立和主权巴勒斯坦国来行使自决。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请印度尼西亚代表发言。", "克莱布先生(印度尼西亚): 首先,我要感谢联合国中东和平进程特别协调员罗伯特·塞里先生在辩论开始时所作的通报。", "印度尼西亚赞同埃及代表刚才作的不结盟运动发言以及哈萨克斯坦代表稍后将作的伊斯兰合作组织的发言。", "巴勒斯坦人民的复原力值得承认。 几十年来,他们一直忍受着压迫和无休止的混乱,然而,他们却继续朝着实现其梦想的方向前进:建国的梦想,即我们巴勒斯坦朋友、兄弟姐妹的梦想,即拥有他们可以称之为自己的地方。", "萨拉姆·法耶兹总理的政府2009年8月制定的题为“巴勒斯坦:结束占领,建立国家”的巴勒斯坦全面计划是建立巴勒斯坦国的一个组成部分,因此也是实现这一长期梦想的重要征程的一部分。 我们必须支持这一梦想,我们必须继续支持巴勒斯坦国家机构的恢复与发展。", "5月在巴厘举行的不结盟运动部长级会议承诺支持巴勒斯坦国的独立。 同样,伊斯兰合作组织也表达了同样的立场。", "我们欢迎一些国家最近为在1967年边界的基础上承认以东耶路撒冷为首都的巴勒斯坦国而迈出的重要一步。 我们敦促尚未承认巴勒斯坦国的国际社会成员立即确认承认巴勒斯坦国,因为拖延司法就是拒绝司法。", "印度尼西亚希望,在不到两个月后的9月,我们国际社会将在大会堂见证并欢迎一个新的国家 -- -- 巴勒斯坦国 -- -- 的诞生,实现一个长期梦想。", "然而,不幸的是,我们巴勒斯坦人民的梦想以及他们建立独立国家的旅程继续被障碍和挫折所困扰。 以色列继续以其臭名昭著的智慧,把对巴勒斯坦人的持续敌意同挫败和平进程的坚定努力结合起来。 立即驱逐巴勒斯坦人、拆毁他们的财产以及在包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土上扩大定居点是建造新现实的宏伟计划。 这些努力模仿了殖民国家的战略和战术。", "以色列必须承认,我们生活在一个人权需要尊重和保护的时代,被压迫者的意愿将占上风。 任何国家,如果诉诸于残酷的镇压,就不能有明确的良知。 任何国家都无法在无视普遍民主价值观的同时穿戴尊严的外衣。 以色列必须改变其有争议的政策并停止其不人道的行动。", "以色列有许多选择。 但最光荣和最合理的选择是与巴勒斯坦进行直接谈判。 这一选择将得到国际社会的同情和支持。 这种直接谈判必须导致实现建国的梦想 -- -- 没有更多和更少。", "最后,我要强调,建国的道路充满了障碍。 我们可以证明这一点。 但是,我国代表团坚信,我们国际社会必须而且能够消除以巴冲突和平和全面解决的所有障碍。 我们必须迎接国际社会,特别是安全理事会履行其对巴勒斯坦人民的义务的重要时刻——这是中东历史上取得显著进展和变革的时刻。", "就印度尼西亚而言,它完全和毫不动摇地致力于和支持巴勒斯坦事业。 我们对独立、可行和民主的巴勒斯坦的承诺是绝对的,它与邻国和平、安全地毗邻共存。", "主席(以英语发言):根据安理会暂行议事规则第39条,我请巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会主席阿卜杜·迪亚洛先生阁下参加本次会议。", "迪亚洛先生(以法语发言): 主席先生,我代表巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会祝贺你担任了安理会7月份主席,这标志着夏季假期的开始,并提醒我们,我们必须在即将举行的届会中完成的工作,包括巴勒斯坦问题。", "我还要感谢加蓬常驻代表纳尔逊·梅索尼大使上个月出色地领导了安理会。 我还要感谢罗伯特·塞里先生的全面通报。", "在以色列在加沙地带的军事行动结束两年半后,我们再次目睹了加沙境内和周围暴力的激增。 令人不安的局势需要安理会根据其第1860(2009)号决议采取紧急和适当行动,以保护这个人口过多的巴勒斯坦领土上的平民。 此外,必须解除对加沙的非法经济封锁,确保持久的停火。 还应支持根据第1860(2009)号决议的要求,在阿巴斯主席的领导下为实现巴勒斯坦和解而作的努力。 毫无疑问,这些基本措施对于稳定局势和建立和平至关重要。", "和平进程陷入僵局是不能接受的,因为许多人在9月和大会第六十六届会议上寄予了希望。 现在,安理会比以往任何时候都更需要采取果断行动来和平解决巴勒斯坦问题。 在这方面,应该回顾,安理会第1515(2003)号决议所核可的四方路线图已经提出了必要的要求,包括不采取任何可能破坏双方之间信任的行动。", "因此,安理会同意我的看法,即在呼吁恢复谈判的同时,必须采取措施,迫使以色列严格遵守国际法规定的义务。 事实上,安理会的无所作为进一步请以色列加强其非法政策,以色列定居点的爆炸性增长就证明了这一点。", "然而,安理会意识到,定居点项目的最终目标是巩固以色列对巴勒斯坦被占领土的控制,并使得不可能按照奥巴马总统5月19日讲话的要求,在1967年6月边界的基础上实现两国解决方案。", "此外,令人遗憾的是,甚至令人沮丧的是,四方期待已久的会议没有导致就指导以-巴谈判的明确参数作出决定,这与欧洲联盟所赞同的参数相似。", "自安理会上次关于巴勒斯坦问题的公开辩论(S/PV.6520)以来,本委员会已尽一切努力促进以两个国家的存在为基础的解决办法,并在以色列人和巴勒斯坦人之间建立和平。 在这方面,委员会于4月在赫尔辛基举行了联合国援助巴勒斯坦人民讨论会,以动员国际社会支持巴勒斯坦建国方案。 在这方面,人们普遍同意,巴勒斯坦权力机构成功地建立了健全的公共机构。", "同样,委员会于6月在布鲁塞尔召开联合国支持以巴和平进程国际会议,评估旨在实现两国解决方案的欧洲和其他国际及多边倡议。 我们的委员会还对越来越多的国家承认巴勒斯坦感到鼓舞。", "我们还意识到,路线图包括了其他多边选择,包括在联合国范围内促进以色列和巴勒斯坦两国在和平与安全中毗邻共存。 今天,安全理事会在实现这一共同但往往被拖延的目标方面可能比以往任何时候都更需要发挥特殊作用。", "以这种方式,并通过以强烈的政治意愿和勇气采取行动,我们能够为巴勒斯坦人民和以色列人民伸张正义。 这是自1975年以来联合国的明确目标,本委员会努力实现这一目标。", "主席(以法语发言):我现在请欧洲联盟代表佩德罗·塞拉诺先生发言。", "塞拉诺先生(欧洲联盟): 主席先生,非常感谢请欧洲联盟(欧盟)发言。 非常感谢特别协调员罗伯特·塞里所作的通报以及巴勒斯坦和以色列代表的发言。", "候选国克罗地亚和黑山;稳定与结盟进程国及潜在候选国阿尔巴尼亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那和塞尔维亚;以及乌克兰和摩尔多瓦共和国赞同本发言。", "虽然中东地区正在发生戏剧性事件,但阿以冲突继续陷入令人不安的僵局。 我们最优先的事项是继续尽一切努力为结束这场冲突作出贡献。 该地区人民,包括巴勒斯坦人建国和以色列人安全的合法愿望受到威胁。", "7月11日中东四方会议确认需要制定一个参考框架来帮助各方恢复谈判。 正在继续努力寻找能最好地实现这一目标的办法。 欧盟成员国一再表示全力支持高级代表阿什通继续努力为重启和平进程创造可信的前景,最近一次是在2011年7月18日通过的外交理事会结论中。", "欧盟强调四方的中心作用。 的确,阿拉伯世界所目睹的变革时刻的复杂性要求作出多边努力,以支持通过谈判解决阿以冲突。 欧洲联盟仍然认为,这是最好的前进道路。 欧洲联盟还鼓励阿拉伯对这一进程作出积极贡献,并重申其对《阿拉伯和平倡议》价值的看法。", "欧洲联盟的目标仍然是公正而持久地解决以巴冲突,以色列国和一个独立、民主、毗连、主权和有生存能力的巴勒斯坦国和平、安全和相互承认地毗邻共存。", "回顾《柏林宣言》,欧盟重申愿意酌情承认巴勒斯坦国。", "欧洲联盟认为,谈判应当包括所有最终地位问题,包括边界、耶路撒冷、难民、安全和水,并尊重以前的协定和谅解。 确定谈判基础的明确参数——载于理事会2009年12月、2010年12月、2011年5月和2011年4月21日提交安理会的结论(第6520次会议)——是取得成功结果的关键因素。", "欧盟借此机会回顾它在这方面的立场。 我们认为,以下参数可作为双方恢复谈判的基础。", "第一是两国边界协定,以1967年6月4日的边界线为基础,双方可商定等同的土地交换。 第二,安全安排必须尊重巴勒斯坦人的主权并表明占领已经结束,以色列人必须保护他们的安全,防止恐怖主义再起并有效应对新的和正在出现的威胁。 第三,必须对难民问题采取公正、公平和商定的解决办法。 第四,双方对耶路撒冷的愿望应当实现。 必须通过谈判找到办法,解决耶路撒冷作为两国未来首都的地位。", "欧洲联盟呼吁所有各方避免采取不利于全面解决冲突的行动。 此外,它期望各方避免破坏信任的做法,并避免采取任何可能威胁目前为恢复直接谈判而作的努力的挑衅行动。", "欧洲联盟重申,根据国际法,包括东耶路撒冷在内的西岸的定居点是非法的,是和平的障碍,有可能使两国解决方案无法实现。 所有定居点活动,包括在东耶路撒冷的活动,都应立即停止。", "欧洲联盟仍然是阿巴斯主席和法耶兹总理所领导的巴勒斯坦建国努力的主要支持者和贡献者之一。 欧洲联盟重申坚决支持体制建设进程,并欣见各项报告的结果,这些报告指出,巴勒斯坦权力机构已超过在所研究的关键部门建立一个正常运作的国家的门槛。", "在这方面,欧盟充分赞赏本届政府在执行国家建设计划方面取得的成功。 欧洲联盟期望未来的巴勒斯坦政府继续巴勒斯坦权力机构的体制建设努力,并坚持联合国、国际货币基金组织和世界银行一贯赞扬的透明和有效的公共财政管理的现行标准。", "欧洲联盟认为,马哈茂德·阿巴斯主席背后的巴勒斯坦内部和解是未来巴勒斯坦国统一和实现两国解决方案的一个重要因素。", "在这方面,欧盟赞扬埃及在5月3日促成开罗协定方面发挥的作用。 欧盟期待着继续支持一个由独立人物组成的新的巴勒斯坦政府,包括通过直接财政支助,该政府承诺遵守阿巴斯主席5月4日讲话所阐明的原则,坚持非暴力原则,并继续致力于实现两个目标。 国家解决办法和通过谈判和平解决以巴冲突,接受以前的协定和义务,包括以色列的合法生存权利。", "欧盟呼吁立即无条件释放被绑架的以色列士兵吉拉德·沙利特。", "尽管在以色列政府决定放松对加沙的封锁之后取得了一些进展,但欧盟再次呼吁根据安全理事会第1860(2009)号决议,立即、持续和无条件地开放过境点,供人道主义援助、商业货物和人员进出加沙,同时解决以色列正当的安全关切。", "关于叙利亚局势,欧盟感到遗憾的是,叙利亚领导人选择无视国际社会的再三呼吁,继续其蓄意以暴力镇压和平抗议者的政策。 欧盟再次最强烈地谴责这项政策。 必须立即停止暴力,以防止再发生流血事件。 在这方面,欧洲联盟呼吁开展政治进程,以迅速和具体地进行实质性改革,满足叙利亚人民在向民主和平、真正和不可逆转地过渡的道路上的合法要求。", "主席: 本次会议的发言名单上还有一些发言者。 因此,我打算在征得安理会成员同意后,将会议暂停至下午3时。", "下午1时20分会议暂停" ]

[ "President:\tMr. Deiss\t(Switzerland)", "The meeting was called to order at 10.10 a.m.", "Agenda item 27 (continued)", "High-level Meeting on Youth", "Social development", "(b) Social development, including questions relating to the world social situation and to youth, ageing, disabled persons and the family", "Draft resolution (A/65/L.87)", "The President (spoke in French): The General Assembly has before it a draft outcome document, issued as document A/65/L.87.", "The Assembly will now take a decision on draft resolution A/65/L.87, entitled “Outcome document of the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on Youth: Dialogue and Mutual Understanding”. May I take it that the Assembly wishes to adopt draft resolution A/65/L.87?", "Draft resolution A/65/L.87 was adopted (resolution 65/312).", "The President (spoke in French): Before giving the floor to the speakers, I should like to express sincere appreciation to His Excellency Mr. Thomas Mayr-Harting, Permanent Representative of Austria, and His Excellency Mr. Jean-Francis Zinsou, Permanent Representative of Benin, who so ably and patiently conducted the discussions and complex negotiations in the consultations on the outcome document. I also thank all Member States for their valuable contributions, without which the outcome document could not have been completed.", "Before proceeding, I should like to provide members with some practical information in order to allow for maximum participation within the limited time available. I request that statements be limited to three minutes when made in a national capacity and five minutes when made on behalf of a group. I also appeal to speakers to deliver their statements at a normal speed, so that interpretation may be provided properly. To assist speakers in managing their time, a light system has been installed at the speaker’s rostrum.", "The Assembly will now hear an address by His Excellency Mr. Thomas Yayi Boni, President of the Republic of Benin.", "President Yayi (spoke in French): I wish at the outset to reiterate from this rostrum my deepest condolences to His Majesty King Harald V of Norway in connection with the car-bomb attack and the shootings that took place on Utøya Island — a terrible tragedy that has devastated his people. My Government strongly condemns these terrorist attacks.", "The High-level Meeting on Youth, which opened on 25 July, is a way for us to build on contributions from different backgrounds and to build a shared vision around dialogue and mutual understanding, as outlined in the outcome document (resolution 65/312). The outcome document represents the culmination of the International Year of Youth, as proclaimed by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/134. The International Year has given us an exceptional opportunity to mobilize in favour of this very important segment of the world’s population.", "Above and beyond the ideals it promulgates in favour of a culture of peace, respect for human rights and solidarity among generations, cultures, civilizations and religions, the theme of this Meeting sounds a call to Governments and young people themselves concerning their responsibility for the future of our nations.", "As we all are aware, young people are demanding more in terms of democracy, social justice, participation and integration. These are very deep-seated aspirations that run counter to trends of fundamentalism and extremism.", "Because of their enthusiasm and sensitivity, their great capacity for mobilization and dissent, their idealism and their strong willingness to take great risks, young people, in their quest for greater freedom and greater well-being, represent a powerful driving force for change in all human societies. Recent events at the international level have demonstrated this quite clearly.", "We must respond to their aspirations by intensifying inclusive dialogue and promoting a culture of peace and international cooperation aimed at preventing problematic developments that become outlets for pent-up, legitimate frustrations, which must be channelled and pacified in order to maintain stability and harmony within and among States.", "We know that the United Nations is not indifferent to those major challenges. This is clear from the numerous initiatives that have been undertaken in recent years under the auspices of the United Nations, which have enabled us to set international development goals, backed by projects undertaken at various levels that are aimed at improving the living conditions of peoples in all respects.", "However, progress towards these international development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, is being achieved unevenly, highlighting to an even greater extent the inequalities that characterize today’s world. We need to devote greater energy and greater determination to closing these gaps, because we are aware that their continued existence represents a threat to international peace and security.", "To that end, we need to build synergies among the various existing programmes and harness the energy of young people, so as to make them both actors and beneficiaries in the process of the elimination of these inequalities. Young people need to be taken account of in all of our policies, strategies, plans and development programmes at the national, regional and global levels, because it is only those societies that give young people opportunities that will be able to meet the challenges of this century and beyond.", "Our faith in young people must be rock-solid. We must motivate them and ensure that they shoulder their historic responsibility. That was the focus of the seventeenth ordinary session of the African Union, held at Malabo, Equatorial Guinea, from 30 June to 1 July 2011, whose theme was “Accelerating youth empowerment for sustainable development”. It resolved, inter alia, that Member States should allocate sufficient resources to regional organizations for the purposes of youth-oriented programmes.", "In my country, Benin, young people are seen as the main driving force behind the rebuilding of our nation, at the core of our social project. In this context, young people occupy important positions of responsibility and are invested in a real way in the future of the country. Such a rebuilding effort requires that young people have certain crucial touchstones, namely virtue, a surge of patriotism, and faith in oneself, in one’s country and in the cardinal spiritual principles: patriotism, responsibility and leadership.", "For all countries of the world young people are, as members know, an invaluable asset, an inexhaustible gold mine and a profitable growth area for investment for sustainable economic and social development. The twenty-first century will be the century of human capital, as embodied by young people.", "Organized around the various activities carried out in the context of the International Year of Youth, the outcome document that this High-level Meeting just adopted conveys a vision that calls for a commitment to action and a coordination of efforts to do away with the obstacles that prevent youth from flourishing. The United Nations must shoulder a special responsibility in supporting Governments in this area. A United Nations agency for youth similar to UN-Women would be the best way of going about this.", "Given the role of employment in ensuring the social and economic integration of young people, the development of a global employment strategy according particular attention to eradicating youth unemployment and underemployment is of immense urgency. So too are measures to ensure mobility for young people as an expression of their sense of freedom. That can be promoted by increasing the legal channels available for temporary migration — a measure that could only enhance friendly international relations, understanding and cooperation.", "These various projects, which should be launched at the conclusion of the International Year of Youth, could be carried out in the framework of a decade dedicated to youth aimed at a coordinated and sustained campaign in this direction. The General Assembly should pay particular attention to this matter when examining the report that we have just requested the Secretary-General to prepare.", "We should set up a group of friends of youth, made up of Permanent Representatives to the United Nations in New York, in order to monitor the implementation of the outcome document of this High-level Meeting. It concerns the future of humanity, which will depend upon our capacity to put young people to work at the service of peace, international security, and humane, sustainable and equitable development.", "Long live friendship between peoples and nations! Long live international cooperation for the health of young people! Long live the United Nations!", "The President (spoke in French): The Assembly will now hear an address by His Excellency Mr. Jean Asselborn, Deputy Prime Minister of Luxembourg.", "Mr. Asselborn (Luxembourg) (spoke in French): This High-level Meeting on youth is indeed most timely. Over the past few months, in the Middle East and North Africa, educated young people — many of them graduates who nonetheless faced unemployment and the inability of their leaders to offer them a future — have mobilized to reclaim rights and liberties and policies that would ensure social justice and an equitable sharing of wealth.", "I do not want to compare what cannot be compared, but what is happening today south of the Mediterranean and in the Middle East marks a step in the emancipation of youth as political and social stakeholders in their own right that is as important, in my opinion, as the events of May 1968 were for the youth of Europe. The international community must live up to this historic opportunity.", "In this context, Luxembourg welcomes the outcome document of our meeting (resolution 65/312). I thank the Permanent Representatives of Austria and Benin for having facilitated the consensus on a text that encourages us to do more in order to provide young people, including young women, with the tools to build a better future.", "Luxembourg welcomes the fact that our declaration reaffirms the World Programme of Action for Youth, which remains as relevant as ever. We need to continue to implement it decisively at all levels.", "Allow me to highlight a few priorities identified in that document: first, youth employment; secondly, the access of youth to basic social services such as education and health; and thirdly, the effective promotion and protection of the fundamental rights and freedoms of young people, including in situations of conflict.", "In Luxembourg, our youth policy is based on the framework law of 2008. Our policy is intended to be cross-cutting, as it encompasses all political fields that have a bearing on the lives of young people. Our policy aims to be participatory. The Youth Parliament allows young people to make their voice heard in our national political debate.", "On the basis of a detailed analysis of the situation of the youth in Luxembourg, a national action plan is about to be finalized. It will focus on a limited number of priorities, the first two being support for young people as they are transitioning from the world of education to the world of work, and support for young families.", "I would also like to stress that our development and humanitarian cooperation policy attaches great importance to education and to vocational and technical training for young people. With our partners, whether in Cape Verde, Senegal, Nicaragua, Viet Nam or the occupied Palestinian territories, Luxembourg’s development cooperation works to improve youth employment. We also support microfinance programmes designed to enable access to entrepreneurship for young people.", "Finally, given our commitment to peacebuilding, in particular in West Africa and especially in Guinea, Luxembourg is aware that youth employment is essential to establishing peace and lasting social cohesion in countries emerging from conflict.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to His Excellency Mr. Paul Abena, Minister for Sports and Youth Affairs of Suriname, who will speak on behalf of the Caribbean Community.", "Mr. Abena (Suriname): On behalf of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), I extend sincere condolences to the people and Government of Norway on the tragedy involving young people.", "It is a distinct honour to address the General Assembly on this historic occasion on behalf of the States members of the Caribbean Community. I also have the pleasure of bringing greetings on behalf of the President of the Republic of Suriname, His Excellency Desiré Bouterse, who holds the portfolio for youth, sport, gender and culture within the Community.", "CARICOM associates itself with the statement to be delivered by the representative of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China.", "As we near the end of the International Year of Youth, this High-level Meeting provides a timely opportunity to address the vulnerabilities of young people, the challenges that they face with regard to progress and development, and how issues such as poverty, unemployment, health and an inadequate education system affect them. Such issues are of particular interest to CARICOM, since young people, under the age of 30, comprise approximately 60 per cent of the population of our region.", "CARICOM is at the forefront in engaging and integrating young people within the region by providing them opportunities to be actively involved and to further their creativity and talents.", "In that regard, I call attention to the Special CARICOM Summit on Youth Development, which was held in January 2010 in Suriname. The Summit endorsed the report of the CARICOM Commission on Youth Development, launched in 2007 by the mandate of the CARICOM Heads of Government to undertake a full-scale analysis of the challenges and opportunities for youth in the CARICOM Single Market and Economy. The Commission also made recommendations to improve the well-being and empowerment of young people. The Summit adopted the Declaration of Paramaribo on the Future of Youth in the Caribbean Community, which identifies youth as a resource and a partner in development and strongly links youth development with national and regional development.", "The CARICOM youth agenda aims to empower young people between the ages of 15 and 29 to take advantage of and contribute to regional integration and the CARICOM Single Market and Economy. It is anchored in the Regional Strategy for Youth Development, with the following thematic priorities: social and economic empowerment, opportunities for development, protection, leadership, governance and participation, health and reproductive rights.", "Since 2003, an important component of our youth agenda has been the CARICOM Youth Ambassadors programme. The programme is a Community mechanism for deepening levels of youth participation, partnership in regional integration and region-wide social and economic development processes. CARICOM Youth Ambassadors form a network of young Caribbean leaders mandated by CARICOM Heads of Government to advocate for, and to educate young people about, regional priorities such as the CARICOM Single Market and Economy and HIV and AIDS.", "Young people are increasingly affected by or at risk of developing non-communicable diseases. To ensure that all our citizens, including our youth, enjoy the highest attainable standards of health, addressing the incidence and prevalence of such diseases remains a regional priority.", "Another issue of concern to the region is the high rates of youth unemployment, with female unemployment rates being significantly higher. CARICOM will support efforts to develop a global strategy on this issue.", "Crime and violence also remain a major concern among adolescents and youth in almost all countries in the Caribbean region. They are associated with poverty, unemployment and social inequities. This led CARICOM Heads of Government to direct that the Social and Development Crime Prevention Action Plan, developed with the assistance of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, be treated with the utmost urgency.", "We support initiatives within the United Nations system that prioritize and increase support for youth development. In that regard, it is CARICOM’s view that there should be follow-up to the framework approach developed by the United Nations Inter‑Agency Network on Youth Development to guide its work during the International Year. That framework also addresses the persisting challenges outlined in priority areas of the World Programme of Action for Youth. The overarching objectives of the framework — to increase commitment to and investment in youth, increase youth participation and partnerships, and increase intercultural understanding among youth — could guide the work of United Nations agencies beyond the International Year.", "The global community would make an excellent investment by increasing financial and capacity-building support for youth development, particularly in disadvantaged regions and communities. In that regard, the UN-Habitat Youth Fund should be strengthened. It could stand as a model for financing youth development in other thematic areas.", "Finally, CARICOM recognizes that young people are already actively involved in society and make valuable contributions to it through achievements in leadership, democratic processes, business, technology, research, sports, music, art and many other fields. Their affinity with information and communication technology allows them to share knowledge and experiences beyond the borders of their own communities and to build bridges between their societies and cultures and those of others.", "CARICOM understands the potential of young people to be creative and to act as agents of change. We are convinced that our future depends on our youth. Therefore, there could be no better title for our youth commission report than “Eye on the future: Investing in youth now for tomorrow’s community”.", "We stand ready to cooperate with other Member States, donors and the international community to advance youth development. We reiterate our commitment to continue to provide young people accelerated opportunities, within the possibilities of our limited means, as a prerequisite for the well-being of the world and future generations.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to His Excellency Mr. Kazenambo Kazenambo, Minister of Youth, National Service, Sport and Culture of Namibia, who will speak on behalf of the Southern African Development Community.", "Mr. Kazenambo (Namibia): First, on behalf of the Southern African Development Community (SADC), I would like to extend our condolences to the people of Norway.", "I have the honour to speak on behalf of the Southern African Development Community, which is composed of the following countries: Angola, Botswana, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Seychelles, South Africa, Swaziland, the United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe and my own country, Namibia. SADC aligns itself with the statements made by the representative of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China and the representative of Rwanda on behalf of the African Group, respectively. The SADC will lend its full support and cooperation towards a successful conclusion of this crucial gathering.", "Youth development issues are a big priority in the Southern African Development Community. National policies, legislation and programmes exist at different levels in our region to promote the development of youth in general. As part of the African Union, SADC member States continue to commit ourselves to 2009-2019 as the decade for youth empowerment and sustainable development. At the regional level, a programme has been established to collectively address the growing challenges of vulnerable youth in our region.", "At the recent African Union Summit of Heads of State and Government held in Equatorial Guinea from 30 June to 1 July, the leaders of Africa dealt with the theme “Accelerating youth empowerment for sustainable development”. They took a decision to prioritize the youth agenda and they adopted policies aimed at the creation of safe and competitive employment opportunities. Despite those achievements, we are aware that many daunting challenges remain, the biggest among them being unemployment. A substantial number of young people lack productive and self-employment opportunities, and some in the region are either unemployed or underemployed.", "Studies conducted by the SADC secretariat also suggest that there are challenges in the way existing policies, strategies and service-delivery efforts are being implemented to address the challenges facing young people in some cases across our region. Existing structures to empower young people to effectively contribute to national and regional development in some areas are weak and grossly underfunded at the national and regional levels. In addition, the understanding of the concept of youth participation and empowerment often varies among member States and organizations working across the region, creating a lack of comparability in the region. That situation makes coordinating youth development another major challenge.", "SADC member States recommend the creation of a specialized United Nations agency for youth in order to support and fund youth initiatives in Member States. This proposal has been made in light of the fact that the existing United Nations agencies do not adequately address youth development issues. The specialized youth agency should report and be accountable to a United Nations youth committee. The World Programme of Action for Youth must be reviewed and mechanisms for its implementation, monitoring and evaluation established.", "It is our hope that the outcome document adopted at the beginning of this meeting (resolution 65/312) will help advance the agenda of the well-being of youth at the United Nations.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to His Excellency Mr. Moncef Belkhayat, Minister of Youth and Sports of Morocco, who will speak on behalf of the Council of Arab Ministers of Youth and Sports.", "Mr. Belkhayat (Morocco) (spoke in Arabic): At the outset, I would like to express the condolences of the King and people of Morocco to the Kingdom of Norway in the wake of the tragedy in Oslo.", "Young people have changed, and so has their environment, including their cultural, social, political, economic and information framework — and their way of life — as their ambitions have crystallized. They have a different view of politicians and those who steer public affairs and their confidence in the future has been shaken. Today’s youth range in age from 18 to 30 years. Some drop out of school, forced by their family circumstances into an early entry into the labour marked, while some pursue their studies until a late age. They constitute a new demographic with its own peculiar needs.", "Young people are an essential force for change in developing countries, and the internet is their favourite and most widely used medium and tool. They have embraced it and made it a means of discourse that transcends borders. Modern technology has become their primary means of communication, and they derive from it values and lifestyles unknown to their elders. That virtual world has a marked effect on their thinking and behaviour. Although attached to their values, they are inclined to establish other, new rules of conduct, including a new language.", "What programmes do we have in place for this new generation? Do we have enough to satisfy the wide-ranging needs of youth between the ages of 15 and 30?", "Under the wise leadership of His Majesty King Mohammed VI, over the past decade Morocco has experienced profound changes, sectoral reforms and structural transformations that have included all fields, including the economic, social and political. It has also made major strides towards achieving development goals, especially the Millennium Development Goals, with particular emphasis on combating poverty, marginalization, fragility and exclusion. Morocco has also made remarkable progress in gender equity and equality, enhancing the political representation of women and their active presence in public life in the areas of health, family, education and the labour market.", "All through these years, our country has made young people a strong strategic priority of our country. We have focused on their education, their training and their preparation for the labour market. We strive to ensure their participation in political life and their contribution to the economic, social and cultural development of Morocco.", "This interest has been reflected since 2009 in a national youth strategy. We have sought to lay down a general framework in which all players can be included, and through which we expect to consolidate and coordinate a plan of action for all the governmental sectors concerned, and to prepare a comprehensive offering to youth that would fulfil the aspirations of every young woman and young man.", "The speech given by His Majesty King Mohammed VI, on 9 March 2009 marked a major turning point in Morocco. Through that speech, His Majesty identified young people as the main engine of development. Consequently, his will in that regard was embodied in the drafting of a new Constitution responsive to the aspirations of the Moroccan people, especially the young among them.", "In determining how to proceed in tackling this issue and formulating policies for youth, Morocco has decided to take the path of soliciting the contributions and involvement of all stakeholders, especially young people. To that end, we organized our first national youth debate, in which more than 1,000 young men and women, representing every region of Morocco, held a dialogue with the Government. The debate was a genuine opportunity for young people to contribute to formulating an integrated national youth strategy.", "Finally, 1 July marked a historic date in Morocco’s democratic process, when more than 10 million Moroccans came out to express their decision regarding the new Constitution, which honoured our young people by genuinely involving them in the development of our economic, social and political institutions by encouraging their active contribution to the electoral process. Moreover, a consultative council for youth and collective action was set up as an essential guarantor of the integrated national youth strategy.", "Fulfilling the aspirations of young people in our Arab countries has always been a concern of paramount importance in our national policies and in the decisions taken at the Arab summits, the most recent of which declared 2010-2011 the International Year of Youth and called for the drafting of an Arab youth policies document, which was adopted by the Council of Arab Youth and Sports Ministers in Marrakech, Morocco, on 4 May. The document included the recognition by all Arab States of the need to enhance young Arabs’ sense of belonging and attachment to their identity and culture.", "In their assessment of the situation of young people in the Arab world, the States acknowledged that they share with the rest of the world’s youth many common concerns and attitudes on matters of universal interest, such as the desire for security, liberty, equality, dignity, health and acceptance of others. They also recognized such issues as the lack of job opportunities, emigration and migration, political participation, conservation of the environment and controlling pollution. The States also affirmed their resolve to invest in young people, who have the most potential for bringing a multiplier effect to bear on their countries’ economies, and the importance of providing them with opportunities to participate in policymaking and leadership.", "Regardless of the extent of individual countries’ national efforts and the effectiveness of their youth policies, their success will remain contingent on concerted endeavours at the regional and national levels to overcome the challenges facing young people. That is the goal of the Arab Youth Observatory recently established in Rabat, which will serve as a mechanism for predicting trends among young people. It is our hope that the Observatory will contribute to eliminating barriers and creating a new communications dynamic among the peoples of the Arab region, aimed at fostering economic integration and mobilizing young people’s capabilities in order to ensure development.", "The year 2011 is the International Year of Youth; we suggest that 2012 should be the year that all these promises are implemented and that we invest in our young people.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to His Excellency Mr. Khalid Mohammad Al‑Attiyah, Minister of State for International Cooperation of Qatar.", "Mr. Al-Attiyah (Qatar) (spoke in Arabic): Allow me at the outset, on behalf of the State of Qatar, to express our deep sorrow and condolences for the crime that has cost the lives of dozens of innocent people in Norway — a result of the same kinds of violence and intransigence that have led us to hold our meeting today. I offer our condolences to the people and Government of Norway.", "The declaration of 2010-2011 as the International Year of Youth and the selection of “Dialogue and mutual understanding” as the theme of our discussions were decisions based on the ideals of human rights and a spirit of solidarity. These are subjects that we must consider if we are to come together to reject stereotypes and reinforce a culture of understanding and mutual respect among peoples.", "The State of Qatar believes that young people are an essential component of every society that must be taken into account in order to build a promising future that affords every member of a community the opportunity to live in dignity and enjoy fundamental rights, including human rights and the right to education, health and freedom of expression. In this regard, the State of Qatar, through its various youth, sport, cultural and social institutions, attaches great importance to the International Year of Youth and has integrated its theme of dialogue and mutual understanding into its policy priorities.", "The State of Qatar is eager to engage young people in all its development policies and to involve them in every area of society. We have therefore supported initiatives for cooperation in the Middle East and North Africa, aimed at developing and implementing strategies for providing decent, productive work for young people through the Silatech Foundation. This is designed to address the problem of unemployment in the Middle East and North Africa by creating jobs for young people, bringing them into the labour market and setting up programmes for their training and rehabilitation, and supporting owners of small and medium-size enterprises. Our goal is to reach 100 million jobs by 2020.", "Moreover, the State of Qatar is doing its utmost to provide a high level of education for young Qataris and equal opportunities for both sexes, while ensuring that the educational system meets the labour market’s needs. The State also strives to provide health care for young people, while focusing on awareness and preventive campaigns against deadly diseases such as AIDS, in addition to raising awareness of the risks of drug abuse and psychotropic substances.", "I would like to emphasize an important aspect of the State’s youth policies, which is gender equality. We recognize the importance of encouraging the education of girls, since efforts in support of young people cannot be complete if they do not take into account girls and boys alike. The State of Qatar has made great strides in this area and is one of the leading countries of our region in terms of the education and involvement of women in society and decision-making.", "Young people between the ages of 15 and 29 represent more than 30 per cent of Qatar’s population. In this context, and based on our consciousness of the human wealth represented by this sector of society and their skills and potential, which must contribute effectively to the country’s development, they are a significant component of the Qatar Vision 2030 programme. Through Qatar Vision 2030, the State seeks to enhance the achievements of sustainable development by allowing young people to participate fully in the development process.", "In recent years, several studies have addressed the social and economic problems facing young people in the Arab world, including unemployment and higher poverty rates. There is no question that the economic and financial crisis that began in 2008 has exacerbated social and economic problems. Young people represent the most numerous group in the world and are the most affected by the world’s economic, social and environmental challenges and face great difficulties in the areas of access to education, health, decent work and minimum living standards.", "We also call for action to enable young people to enjoy fundamental rights and real opportunities for effective participation in building their countries’ future through participation in decision-making, helping them become a pillar of sustainable development, and building an economic system that provides opportunities for success for every member of society. There is no doubt that international cooperation has a major role to play in securing the necessary material resources and the exchange of technical expertise and capacity-building needed to achieve the majority of the goals we all seek in this area. The genuine commitment of all parties to implementing the pledges made in this meeting’s outcome document (resolution 65/312) at the national, regional and international levels is essential to achieving those goals.", "The President (spoke in French): The Assembly will now hear an address by His Excellency Mr. Robert Mugabe, President of the Republic of Zimbabwe.", "President Mugabe: I would like to begin by recognizing all the young people who are present here on this occasion of commemorating the International Year of Youth, but in doing so, also repeat and reiterate our expressions of sympathy to Norway over the tragedy that has visited that country.", "My delegation commends the decision made by the General Assembly to convene this very important meeting, whose theme is vital to reinforcing the fundamental principle of international relations, namely, that of peaceful coexistence. It is my sincere hope that the deliberations and outcomes of this meeting will provide young people with opportunities to foster the spirit of dialogue and mutual understanding across cultures and faiths, while promoting the ideals of peace, respect for human rights, freedom and solidarity.", "The youth agenda has been a priority of my Government’s programmes since the attainment of our independence in 1980. In recognition of the sacrifices made by our youth in fighting for our independence, my Government not only created a Ministry of Youth, Sport and Recreation, but also adopted a policy of education for all children that would give them varied educational skills and capabilities in order to enable them to participate both in the economy and in the social and political life of their country.", "With those first steps of our formative years as a newly independent country, the Government ensured that the youth in Zimbabwe would consistently enjoy being a part of various representative institutions and political pluralism. At the same time, Government established and expanded vocational skills training centres. The benefits of those measures, coupled with a broad educational curriculum, have seen my country attain top-notch positions in education and human resources development on the continent.", "However, in spite of these achievements, we still face the challenges of unemployed and underemployed youth. The demands of changing demographics and the current global economic condition now challenge us to employ greater innovation in addressing the needs of young people who are unemployed and idle. Indeed, the entire continent of Africa faces urgent challenges as a result of the numbers of unemployed youth.", "In 1995, my Government adopted the Zimbabwe Youth Council Act, which gave further impetus to efforts to include children and young people in national dialogue, empowerment and governance issues. The Council provides a platform for a harmonious working relationship between Government, youth, the private sector and civil society. The Zimbabwe Youth Council is responsible for coordinating programmes for the Junior Parliament, junior local Government structures and youth business forums. The activities of the Zimbabwe Youth Council have thus given our youth vital experience in governance issues and decision-making processes. The deliberations and decisions which evolve from those noble initiatives directly feed into our national youth development programmes.", "Just one month ago, on 29 June, our high school students successfully held a model United Nations General Assembly debate, at which they reviewed the progress made by the country on the Millennium Development Goals.", "In 2001, my Government introduced a national youth service programme whose principal goal is to promote a culture of peace, dialogue, mutual understanding, tolerance, equality, justice and democracy. The objective is to instil a sense of patriotism and national identity, while empowering young people for community and nation-building by moulding character and leadership skills. The programme has been a tremendous success, with over 80,000 youths having participated and now proceeding to establish programmes for self-reliant livelihoods. More pointedly, the programme has proved our Western detractors wrong in their unfounded allegations against Zimbabwe.", "My Government has, over the years, initiated youth empowerment programmes that have transformed our young people into power engines for achieving long-term development. A notable example of the empowerment programmes is the land reform exercise, which has provided land to young people and youth cooperatives, enabling them to become active players in our national economic development endeavours.", "My Government is further encouraging the youth to create wealth through an indigenization and empowerment policy that aims to promote ownership and control of the means of production by indigenous Zimbabweans. Further, my Government has established two important credit facilities — the Youth Development Fund and the Empowerment Fund — both of which provide State-guaranteed financial assistance to support micro-, small and medium-size enterprises. The Fund’s schemes are implemented in partnership with local commercial banks. The challenge faced by this programme is that of limited resources. It is in this context that we encourage our development partners to assist us by providing additional funding to enable us to meet our goal of preparing our youth and achieving the internationally agreed development goals.", "Zimbabwe envisions an education system that incorporates its young people meaningfully in national development and equips them with appropriate industrial, trade and entrepreneurial skills. The youth of many developing countries, including Zimbabwe, are as talented, entrepreneurial, innovative and creative as their counterparts in the developed countries. What they lack are resources and, often, skills training and entrepreneurial opportunities.", "As a result, developing countries have lost some of their young creative and innovative talents to the developed world in such critical areas as engineering, health, industry, commerce, law and entrepreneurial management. We call upon United Nations entities and other development partners to assist developing countries in providing more up-to-date scientific and technological training, which has become necessary because of the current levels of technological advancement.", "The HIV/AIDS pandemic continues to be a clear and present danger to youth development, especially in developing countries. My Government, with assistance from partners such as the Global Fund, has invested heavily in HIV and AIDS prevention and treatment programmes. My country also introduced an AIDS levy in order to broaden the financial base from which to fight the pandemic. We once again call upon the international community to increase its assistance to the developing countries to combat the debilitating HIV/AIDS challenge.", "Zimbabwe fully supports the resolutions of the African Union Heads of State and Government summit that was held in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea in June and July this year, the Youth Decade Plan of Action (2009-2018), and the Ouagadougou 2004 Plan of Action on Employment Promotion and Poverty Alleviation to promote the active participation and involvement of young people in all spheres of national development. These resolutions recognize that our youth, who constitute the largest percentage of the population in Africa, should not be on the periphery of our national programmes and mainstream economic activities. We need to view them as an asset rather than as a liability to the socio-economic development of our nations.", "Indeed, it is time that the international community came up with a well-conceived and properly structured international framework that has comprehensive action plans for youth development. The framework should fully address the real contemporary challenges facing the youth.", "Zimbabwe condemns any country or group of countries that uses the plight of young people in weaker States to achieve their own sinister political ends, such as regime change. Zimbabwe has been and continues to be a victim of the sinister neo-colonial machinations through illegal sanctions and constant interferences in our domestic affairs. Such actions should stand condemned — and condemned forever — as they adversely affect development and thus retard youth development in particular.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to Her Excellency Ms. Ximena Ponce, Minister for Economic and Social Inclusion of Ecuador.", "Ms. Ponce (Ecuador) (spoke in Spanish): I thank the President of the General Assembly. For the Government of Ecuador of our comrade Rafael Correa, it is truly a source of pride to be here. We consider ourselves democratic Governments — some Governments in Latin America that are finding alternative tracks to development in which we have changed the axis of the concept of what constitutes a government.", "We are changing the axis from that of a government that is dedicated to offering market solutions to a government in which the human being is at the centre of our development. That is timely, because here in this summit we are speaking specifically of youth — a group of people with specific needs — as well as other groups of people who have been excluded from earlier development models — women, indigenous people, people in rural sectors.", "In this summit we are focused on youth. We think the alternate tracks to development that we are working on can in some way offer many responses to issues raised here. But there are also questions, to which we as a national Government must respond.", "We have heard here, with much emphasis, of the need for citizen participation. Much of this has to do with what we think of as an essentially democratic system in Ecuador. In our experience, we have seen two different tracks for consolidating the democratic system: the track of representative democracy and the track of participative democracy. These theories are found in all political developments in all concepts of the State. However, along the way we have seen practical applications.", "The track of representative democracy is something that we are institutionalizing. The idea is that all State structures should provide solutions so that a true representative democracy can be installed. In that representation, which concerns us in this summit, we should see the possibility that youth and other disenfranchised groups have the possibility to be represented, so that the policies for these populations develop in a fluid manner throughout the State structure. That allows us to achieve what we have always sought through social organizations or citizens’ groups. That is, people can have a role in public policy.", "We are working arduously on this, on the normative structure that enables democratic governments to have instruments, whether a constitution or legal frameworks, and that they allow for all sorts of projects and programmes and management within the State of Ecuador. The idea is that these guiding principles and policies should make possible ongoing activities, fundamentally with regard to youth.", "In the non-institutional area there is a need to ensure that civil society — organized in some manner, including sometimes people acting on an individual basis — also has means to express itself so that in their own realities people have opportunities to express themselves and bring their weight to bear on public policy.", "We have made progress in both tracks. There are several examples of progress. In the Constitution, on one hand, we have recognized, in a specific article, youth as the actors in their own destiny. The idea is to have a general framework for youth to contribute in the whole of public policy. We have also, in the Constitution, set out conscientious objection — the highest expression of freedom for the youth to determine their need, their concern, their decision or choice when it comes to military service. In our country military service is not obligatory. The idea is to make this a concept around the world.", "We have made progress in decent and dignified work for youth in the work experiences they need with a public sector programme called “My First Job”, to which $3.3 million have been allocated in one year to motivate youth to enter the job market. We are making progress in sexual and reproductive rights through a strategy to eliminate or reduce unwanted teen pregnancy. In one year the Ecuadorian State will invest $8 million in that undertaking. Free education from the primary level to university can allow for the youth to gradually make their own decisions to the degree that they have the opportunities and knowledge to do so.", "Those are the two tracks for democratic participation of youth that we think have been possible in our country. Thus, as with the dreams and ongoing struggle of the youth, we hope that together we can all make possible a world that will necessarily be for them.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to His Excellency Mr. Marco Antonio Midence Milla, Minister of Youth of Honduras.", "Mr. Milla (Honduras) (spoke in Spanish): Allow me at the outset to convey our heartfelt condolences and solidarity to the brotherly nation of Norway.", "I represent a country that is at the heart of Central America. Though rich in diversity and endowed with nature’s gifts, my country’s greatest treasure is its people. Of the nearly 8 million Hondurans, our demographic profile shows that 68 per cent of the population is of less than 30 years of age, making Honduras a young country. Despite that, our country’s youth face a serious situation of exclusion. In the area of education, only 35 per cent of young people successfully complete secondary education, 15 per cent advance to higher studies, and 4 per cent graduate successfully.", "Of our working population, 46 per cent are young people, yet four out of five unemployed workers are youths. In the area of emigration, 60 per cent of those who leave the country to seek a better life in the north are also young. Even more serious is the issue of security, where two out of every three youth deaths result from violence. While it may be accepted that these scourges primarily target young people, it is not enough for us to give up our efforts in this fight. We view the current state of our nation more as a challenge than as a grim prison for our hopes.", "Today, we are seeking our own path ahead. I express these words as a young man and a civil servant. I represent a Government whose President has entrusted me with the Ministry of Youth, although I am only 26 years of age. I am the youngest Minister in the democratic history of my country.", "The Government has provided authentic venues for youth participation. A framework law on comprehensive youth development was adopted in 2005, enabling youth decision-making and participation. The law also set up the Office of Youth in the State Department, enabling us young people, who comprise the great majority of Hondurans, to have voices and votes at the highest level of executive decision-making. The most important result of the framework law on youth has been the Government policy on youth, which is aligned with the national plan that will run to 2038. That policy enables young people to act not merely as consumers of State policy, but as authentic agents of strategic change.", "In the area of citizen participation, we have launched an initiative to draft a law on volunteerism in order to promote civic solidarity. An electoral reform law is aimed at 30 per cent representation by youth. In the area of education, we are considering laws that would allow the community to participate actively in youth training. In economic rights, there are initiatives aimed at young people in business and as entrepreneurs, as well as training opportunities to acquire the skills necessary for entry into the labour market.", "Given that progress, I take this opportunity to express Honduras appreciation for the adoption by the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session of the outcome document of the High-level Meeting on Youth (resolution 65/312). We very much hope that this mechanism will enable States, civil society organizations, families and youth to become decision-makers. We hope that the international community can breathe life into those processes so that Honduras can move from words to deeds in including the youth.", "In conclusion, I wish to join with all to banish the age-old cliché that the future belongs to the young. It is not the future, but the present that belongs to the young. The International Year of Youth may be scheduled to end on 11 August, but the present is only the start for a new generation to make a difference in favour of a better world.", "The President (spoke in French): I wish to remind all speakers to limit their statements to no more than three minutes when speaking in a national capacity, and to five minutes when speaking on behalf of a group. I urge speakers to respect those time limits. As I have indicated, we have more than 100 left on our list and I wish to give the floor to every one.", "I now give the floor to Mr. Dullas Alahapperuma, Minister of Youth Affairs of Sri Lanka.", "Mr. Alahapperuma (Sri Lanka): Let me thank you, Mr. President, for convening this important and timely High-level Meeting. I also wish to thank Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon for his opening remarks. I join other speakers in extending our heartfelt condolences to the Norwegian families who lost loved ones in last week’s twin attacks. We stand with the Norwegian people in support and solidarity. We are also very sad that a majority of the victims of that national tragedy were youth.", "Sri Lanka and its people understand the pain and trauma that follow attacks of such magnitude, having suffered similar relentless violence for close to 30 long years. Such events, whether in Sri Lanka or Norway, give the theme of the High-level Meeting on Youth added meaning. Dialogue and mutual understanding within and without are both critical to the evolution of national harmony and international coexistence.", "I address this forum as the Minister of Youth Affairs and Skills Development of a country with a youth population of almost 26 per cent of its 20 million people. Following the end of the scourge of terrorism, the hopes of the country’s youth for a secure, better and more progressive Sri Lanka have been renewed.", "It was in recognition of this new dawn of opportunity and progress that the Youth Parliament of Sri Lanka was conceived and implemented to mark the International Year of Youth. The Youth Parliament comprises 335 members between the ages of 15 and 26 years, representing all ethnic communities in the country. Twenty-five per cent of the young parliamentarians are from the predominantly Tamil areas in the north. The Youth Parliament is also inclusive, with members from the different ethnic and indigenous groups.", "The impetus for setting up the Youth Parliament was to create leaders or representatives nurtured in the finest democratic ideals and practices. It also provides an important opportunity in post-conflict Sri Lanka to foster ideals of peace, solidarity and harmony among the country’s younger generation. The aspiring leaders in the Youth Parliament could one day meaningfully contribute to strengthening and revitalizing the country’s democratic institutions and democratic governance, and further promote the ideals of peace, tolerance and justice.", "Youth issues receive special policy attention in my country. The problem of unemployment remains a sensitive political issue for the country’s leaders and policymakers, as unemployment is concentrated among the educated youth. Sri Lanka experienced two violent youth insurgencies in 1971 and 1988, and is therefore especially mindful of the issues concerning young adults. It is precisely in recognition of this reality that the policy document of His Excellency President Mahinda Rajapaksa, known as “Mahinda Vision”, gives utmost priority to programmes for the country’s youth.", "In order to broaden the employment opportunities for our youth and to enable them to compete better in job markets, the Ministry of Youth Affairs is integrating skills development. We encourage our youth to be innovative and creative. The General Assembly’s 2010 outcome document on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) (resolution 65/1) has also endorsed a similar call for effecting such improvements.", "The Government of Sri Lanka provides training and capacity-building to complement the needs and demands of the local, regional and global labour markets. In addition to regular educational opportunities, more than 1,300 young people — including former Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam combatants — are being given vocational training in the former conflict-affected north and east of the country. In addition, the National Youth Services Council of Sri Lanka, which coordinates the youth clubs in the country, has initiated a foreign-language training programme.", "Since ending terrorism in our country, we have restored political stability and taken many measures to improve the social, civil, economic and political conditions of all Sri Lankans. We have also made remarkable progress in rehabilitating, reintegrating and empowering former child combatants for a better future.", "It is our dedicated commitment to youth that has enabled Sri Lanka to host the International Coordination Meeting of Youth Organisations this year in New York. We would like to have the opportunity and honour to host the United Nations World Youth Conference of 2014 in Sri Lanka as the international community prepares to formulate a new, post-MDGs agenda.", "Finally, as we heard during the opening plenary meeting, today’s youth need opportunities to participate and contribute. They seek positive engagement in community life. They look forward to being active partners in the development processes in their countries, to being stakeholders in their communities and societies rather being dependents or mere beneficiaries. Their fears are real, given the current multiple global crises, particularly the financial and food crises and climate change.", "Youth no doubt ask themselves whether the quality of their lives will be better than that of their parents. For those in the developing world, there is a real need to bridge the digital divide, including through transfer of technology and international cooperation to impart needed knowledge and skills for gainful employment. Through international cooperation, it is also important to address issues surrounding international migration. Therefore, recognizing the real concerns and needs of youth is an imperative of the present. We have already heard them say that now is their future.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to His Excellency Mr. Guy Nzouba Ndama, President of the National Assembly of Gabon.", "Mr. Nzouba Ndama (Gabon) (spoke in French): Mr. President, I wish to convey to you the thanks of the President of the Gabonese Republic, His Excellency Mr. Ali Bongo Ondimba, for your invitation to this High-level Meeting on Youth. Because his schedule prevented him from coming, he asked me to represent him at these meetings in order to deliver the following message.", "“I am delighted to participate in this important High-level Meeting, which is the high point of the International Year of Youth proclaimed, in resolution 64/134, to commence on 12 August 2010.", "“Dialogue and mutual understanding are instruments in service of sustainable peace. They enable the coming together of peoples and lead them to get to know each other better in the deepest, truest and most sacred parts of themselves.", "“The constant use of these tools by young people enables them to open up to the world and provides the most effective way to prepare them intellectually and spiritually to be instruments for peace and development.", "“It is among today’s youth that the leaders of tomorrow will be selected, through ways that are not yet known to us. The popular movements that have shaken the Middle East and North Africa have shown how important it is to be alert to the concerns of young people. We have been wrong to have often failed to involve them in processes of elaborating and implementing major decisions that affect the fate of the world.", "“In Gabon, we have understood for many years the need to invest in young people in order to increase the likelihood of a better future for our country. My predecessor, the late President Omar Bongo Ondimba, was accustomed to saying that youth is sacred. My political commitment is part of an extension of this vision, which puts young people at the heart of Gabon’s development. Indeed, I have committed myself to making Gabon into an emerging country by 2025. To achieve such an objective, we must value and draw upon our human resources, that is, train young people in key sectors of our economy.", "“It is with a view to meeting this requirement that I have decided to make substantial increases in the budgetary allocations to the education, training and the socio-economic and professional integration of young people in my country. I have also decided to hold a regular, direct dialogue with young people in different forums on their aspirations and vision for Gabon.", "“We must fight isolation and distrust of others by looking at the world, not through us, but beyond us. It is the ideals of peace, tolerance and mutual understanding that we must transmit to today’s young people.", "“I hope that the document that we have just adopted (resolution 65/312) will reaffirm our commitment to improve the conditions for young people the world over and to give them a new hope — that of involving them in building the world of tomorrow to which they belong.”", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to His Excellency Mr. Adoum Garoua, Minister for Youth of Cameroon.", "Mr. Garoua (Cameroon) (spoke in French): At the outset, I wish to convey, on behalf of the Cameroonian delegation, our condolences to Government and the people of Norway following the calamity that happened in Oslo on Friday, 22 July 2011.", "It is a immense privilege and great honour for me to take the floor at this podium, in this High-level Meeting organized by the United Nations, to convey to the General Assembly Cameroon’s position with respect to youth matters.", "I wish, through this statement, to paint a picture of the situation of young people in Cameroon and to present the various strategies implemented by the Government to help young people flourish, particularly through better taking into account the concerns of the youth of my country, who represent more than 60 per cent of a population of more than 20 million people.", "Our country has demonstrated its intention through the establishment by the President of the Republic, His Excellency Mr. Paul Biya, of a whole ministerial department dedicated to youth. Since its establishment in 2004, the Ministry of Youth has set about drafting a set of strategic documents to guide its activities. These guidelines are set out in the Employment and Growth Strategy Document, a reference framework for Government activities over the period from 2010 to 2020. It underscores the central role of young people and shows the resolute will to make Cameroon an emerging country by 2035.", "The document of the National Youth Policy, implemented through a youth plan comprising 13 projects and programmes, stems from that vision. Those various projects and programmes seek the full, effective and able participation of young people in the State-building and durable development of Cameroon. They also propose fitting responses to the concerns and scourges affecting young people. Moreover, they are anchored in the 10 priority areas identified for young people and contained in international instruments, such as Millennium Development Goals, the World Programme of Action for Youth and the Plan of Action of the African Youth Decade 2009-2018.", "Given their cross-cutting and priority nature, in view of the time allotted to us, I will focus on the following four areas: education and vocational training, health care, employment, and youth participation in decision-taking.", "With regard to education and vocational training, the Government has strongly stressed building human capital. One fifth of the gross domestic product is dedicated to that. Public primary education is free. Quality basic education, which covers the primary cycle and the first cycle of secondary education open to children aged 6 to 15, makes it possible to provide an average level of education that is in keeping with the vision of a Cameroon emerging by 2035. Secondary education, built on a dynamic balance between general and technical education, prepares for higher education in courses that have priority for the development of an economy expecting further industrialization and for a professional university education.", "In the area of health care, improving the state of health, in particular of the young population, remains an ongoing goal of the Government. There is also intervention with regard to maternal, neonatal and child mortality. With regard to the fight against HIV/AIDS, to which young people in particular are vulnerable, an entire programme, based on the multisectoral approach implemented since 2000, focuses primarily on reducing the prevalence rate of that disease. Prevention activities for young people have been developed along the lines of “Holidays without AIDS” campaigns, advice on voluntary screening and the treatment of orphans and vulnerable children.", "In the area of work, the national employment policy primarily seeks to promote full, decent and freely chosen jobs. The focus is on developing salaried work through support for the establishment and competitiveness of small and medium-sized enterprises. Promoting self-employment will assist that primary feature. There are specific programmes to promote employment among young people. Here I would like to cite the Rural and Urban Youth Support Programme, the Integrated Support Project for Informal Sectors, the National Employment Fund and, lastly, the National Civic Service for Participation in Development, whose goal is to help harness the energies of young people.", "In the area of youth participation in decision-taking, I would mention the establishment of the National Employment Council, which is a framework for the cooperation, representation and action of young people.", "Allow me to conclude my statement by mentioning challenges and prospects. For the Cameroonian Government, young people are a major asset in a country where there are stable institutions and where the body of reforms already undertaken clearly demonstrates the emergence of responsible youth, aware of the notion of peace, dialogue and mutual understanding.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to His Excellency Mr. Shaw Kgathi, Minister of Youth, Sport and Culture of Botswana.", "Mr. Kgathi (Botswana): Botswana joins other delegations in conveying our deepest condolences to the Government and people of Norway on the recent attacks, in which many innocent lives were lost.", "We also join other speakers in commending you, Mr. President, for the very effective manner in which you have steered this High-level Meeting. I therefore pledge the full support of my delegation to you in your stewardship of our deliberations towards a meaningful and fruitful outcome.", "Botswana associates itself with the statement to be delivered by the representative of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China.", "My delegation noted with pleasure and satisfaction the Secretary-General’s introductory statement at the commencement of this High-level Meeting (see A/65/PV.110). Consistent with the Secretary-General’s statement, Botswana supports the deepening of inter-agency coordination and the mainstreaming of the youth development agenda in the United Nations. To that end, Botswana also fully supports the African Union’s call for the creation of a United Nations special youth agency to support and fund youth initiatives in Member States. Botswana also fully supports the development of indicators linked to the World Programme of Action for Youth in order to assist Member States in assessing the situation of youth in their countries.", "My delegation welcomes the adoption of the outcome document of the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on Youth on the theme of dialogue and mutual understanding (resolution 65/312).", "The Government of Botswana recognizes youth as a major human resource and an important constituent in the development of the country. As such, youth issues occupy a central place in the national development agenda. We view youth development as a strategic socio-economic, cultural and political investment in Botswana’s future. The Botswana Government is committed to nurturing and developing its youth and empowering them for a better future. That arises from the fact that the existence, future and prosperity of every nation are dependent, to a large extent, on an empowered youth.", "There is therefore a national consensus on the need for the development and empowerment of young people in Botswana in order to realize the full extent of their potential. Consequently, youth and leadership development has been included among the strategic thematic areas within Botswana’s National Youth Policy.", "Since independence in 1966, the Government of Botswana has been consistent in the development and promotion of pro-poor policies and programmes that have also targeted both urban and rural youth. The first National Youth Policy, which was adopted by Parliament in 1996, has been reviewed to address emerging issues that affect young people. The implementation of that Policy is guided by the Revised National Youth Policy action plan.", "One strategic thematic area to be addressed through the 2010 Revised Policy is the issue of poverty eradication. In an effort to address the challenges of poverty and unemployment, as well as the emerging challenge of HIV/AIDS among young people, the Government of Botswana has a comprehensive cross-sectoral policy, which embraces the Millennium Development Goals, the National Vision 2016 and the National Development Plan.", "The commitment of the Botswana Government to youth development and empowerment is further demonstrated by the continuous inclusion of their issues in the annual state of the nation address. That address by the State President provides an opportunity for announcements on youth policy, programmes and projects, whose implementation is given high priority in Government business.", "However, there are other emerging challenges confronting young people, arising from the effects of the global economic recession and resulting in increasing unemployment and poverty levels. It is therefore imperative that Governments heavily invest in youth empowerment and development programmes. There is also a need for investment in expertise to guide proper youth policy development, implementation, monitoring and evaluation.", "In conclusion, allow me to lend support to the request to the Secretary-General to lead the development of indicators for youth development.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to His Excellency Mr. Glen Phillip, Minister of Youth, Empowerment, Sports, Information Technology, Telecommunication and Posts of Saint Kitts and Nevis.", "Mr. Phillip (Saint Kitts and Nevis): Saint Kitts and Nevis aligns itself with the statements made on behalf of the Group of 77 and China and of the Caribbean Community.", "Saint Kitts and Nevis is proud to participate in this important international gathering, and we today affirm our commitment to the objectives and actions that reflect the themes of the International Year of Youth. These, as we know, are participation, development and peace, and they draw us here today to discuss “Youth: dialogue and mutual understanding”.", "As one of the world’s smallest nations, we believe, as a Government and as a people, that every citizen and every resident is a key component in the engine of our social and economic aspirations. It is this belief that compels us to leave no son or daughter behind. My country has a population of 50,000, of which our youth comprise a significant majority. We believe that it is in the preparation and inclusion of our youth population that we in Saint Kitts and Nevis will continue to accomplish our social objectives. Indeed, it is through preparation and inclusion that those important objectives will be transformed into sustainable economic advancement for all.", "The qualities of youth are innovation, inspiration and adventure, and as the world around us changes, Saint Kitts and Nevis understands that we, too, must be ever vigilant, resilient and purposeful as we seek to build a most progressive society.", "Our country has made significant strides in education, from the implementation of universal access to education by our first national hero, Robert L. Bradshaw, to the implementation of early childhood education. Under the leadership of the current Prime Minister, the Honourable Mr. Denzil Douglas, Saint Kitts and Nevis has pursued an even greater vision. Through a culture of student Government, we prepare our students, and therefore our people, for active participation in the time-honoured democratic ideals on which stable Governments everywhere depend. We are seeking to develop and manage an e-learning and communications network to digitally connect all our high schools and institutions of higher learning. Our aim is to prepare our youth to effectively participate in the knowledge society of the present, as well as in the knowledge society that is yet to emerge.", "We continue to work assiduously in defence of our youth in the 10 priority areas identified by the international community, and we actively pursue equal education and equal employment opportunities for of all our youth as we implement programmes to eliminate hunger, poverty, drug abuse and juvenile delinquency, while delivering improved health care and a cleaner, safer environment.", "Through information, communications and technology advancements, and through the support of local youth organizations, such as the Saint Kitts National Youth Parliament Association and Island Expressions, the Government of Saint Kitts and Nevis, through the Ministry of Youth Empowerment, advances the ongoing preparation of our young people to meet the challenges of today and the uncertainties of tomorrow.", "Our great love and stewardship of our youth — and indeed our very nation and several other Caribbean nations — are beset by a very harsh challenge that is foreign to our pristine, idyllic and nurturing Caribbean lifestyle. I make direct reference to the spectre of guns, drugs, gangs and crime, which loom ominously over our nations, our economies and our youth. All of those scourges are foreign to us. Ironically, we do not manufacture guns or dangerous drugs. However, we seem to be the victims of our own geographical locations, where these two elements, combined with crime, constitute a new era of exploitation in which our young people, because of their innocence and fervour, are the prime targets of exploitation by universal and — sad to say — unscrupulous regional “businessmen”, for want of a better word.", "At this juncture, therefore, I want to make a most sincere appeal on behalf of the youth of my nation and the entire Caribbean to leaders of conscience to intervene with us on behalf of our youth, our future. The technical and financial resources for combating the three-pronged scourge are far beyond the reach of our developing nations. International assistance therefore in curtailing this foreign agent is crucial to the development of our nations and, by extension, all nations.", "Saint Kitts and Nevis is ever thankful for the role that the United Nations plays through UNESCO and UNICEF. Those bodies help us to achieve our youth empowerment and development goals. Today, the UNESCO Small Islands Voice and Path projects, for example, play pivotal roles in raising issues in Saint Kitts and Nevis that otherwise might have been left unspoken.", "Leigh Hunt reminds us that there are two worlds — the world that we measure with line and rule and the world that we feel with our hearts and imaginations. Saint Kitts and Nevis understands that it is via the fusion of both that our nation will best fulfil the aspirations of our youth.", "We meet today in this Hall because we all desire greater opportunities for our youth. With vision, dedication and perseverance, this, I pray, we shall achieve.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to His Excellency Mr. Paul Otuoma Nyongesa, Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports of Kenya.", "Mr. Nyongesa (Kenya): I join my colleagues and all previous speakers in offering my country’s and my own condolences to the people of Norway for the tragic event there. Its effect on the young people of Norway is all the more bitter in light of our gathering here to celebrate the International Year of Youth, whose main theme is “Dialogue and mutual understanding”. May the Lord our God grant rest in His eternal peace to those who lost their lives, and may He give strength to the young people of Norway to continue pursuing dialogue and mutual understanding.", "It is a great honour to be part of this gathering, which seeks to put youth at the centre of development. This event gives us an opportunity for direct interaction with youth and to share our achievements challenges, hopes and fears.", "The International Year of Youth is now coming to an end, and it is time for us to review the ground we have covered towards the theme of dialogue and mutual understanding. The young people of the world are an asset and an important source of creativity, energy and potential. As the bearers of our future, it is only through them that this theme can be realized.", "To add to the importance that the United Nations and African Union give to addressing youth issues, the Kenyan Government created a fully fledged Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports in the year 2005. At present, Kenya is endeavouring to implement its Vision 2030, the Millennium Development Goals, the African Union Plan of Action for Youth Development, the Commonwealth Youth Programme and the African Youth Charter goals.", "Young people in Kenya, and indeed many from elsewhere in our region, face many challenges. Some of these have already been mentioned. They include education and skills training, unemployment, poverty, access to credit, high vulnerability to diseases such as HIV/AIDS, drugs and substance abuse, and environmental degradation, to mention but a few. There is also a lack of opportunities and mechanisms to participate in decision-making that affect their lives.", "Both before and during the celebration of the International Year of Youth, the Republic of Kenya has established measures to address the numerous challenges facing young people. These measures include enacting the Kenya National Youth Council Act of 2009, paving the way for youth to participate in national decision-making, and the construction of youth empowerment centres, which are one-stop-shops for youth to access information, in every constituency. We are also in the process of creating jobs for young people through the Kazi Kwa Vijana programme, from which more than 300,000 youths benefited in 2010.", "There is also the Kenya Youth Empowerment Programme, a project owned and implemented by the Government of Kenya in collaboration with the private sector. The programme is also being funded by the World Bank to expand this job creation programme through Kazi Kwa Vijana by providing market-driven training and internships in the private sector for young people to gain experience required by employers. The project is now entering its second phase and plans to build on and enhance existing efforts. It will cost $43 million and will engage over 11,000 youths.", "The National Youth Volunteerism Scheme is an effort of the Government of Kenya to involve youth in community development through volunteerism and community service.", "Entrepreneurial programmes are also being implemented by the Government of Kenya in partnership with development partners. In this context, the Government of Kenya has carried out intensive training in entrepreneurship aimed at inculcating an entrepreneurship culture in youth. The Kenya Youth Development Fund is a State corporation that supplements entrepreneurship by facilitating access to affordable credit for young people.", "I conclude by echoing that young people are the future of our nations and the world. Kenya is committed to promoting and empowering youth in all aspects, for a strong building is determined by its foundations, and in this case young people are our foundation.", "The President (spoke in French): I give the floor to His Excellency Mr. Zacharie Kimpouni, Minister of Physical Education and Youth of Congo.", "Mr. Kimpouni (Congo) (spoke in French): At the outset, I would like to express, on behalf of the Government of the Republic of the Congo and its leader, President Denis Sassou Nguesso, our compassion to the people of Norway following the tragedy their country has just suffered.", "The participation of the Republic of the Congo in this High-level Meeting underscores the level of interest and commitment my Government attaches to all issues relating to youth. Indeed, the Congo has a youthful population — some 60 per cent of an estimated population of 3,687,490. In light of that statistic, Government policy is strongly focused on education, training and employment to give young people all the means necessary to become a driving force and fully play their role in decision-making. The establishment of the Congo National Youth Council following the second general conference on youth in October 2010 is evidence of that firm commitment.", "I note that, in the context of the fight against deviant behaviour, which is an obstacle to development, our actions includes the development of civic education programmes and teaching guides for the formal and informal sectors, and the organization of civic meetings in all local districts throughout the country as opportunities for education, exchange and mutual dialogue among people of all ages. This was achieved with the support of our United Nations partners, in particular the United Nations Population Fund.", "I can affirm today that my Government is sparing no effort to ensure that young people take advantage of all the activities being carried out for their benefit, so that they may take control of their own futures and become the future generation of leaders and economic, cultural and commercial actors, thereby promoting the emergence of a creative, attractive, dynamic and sustained private sector.", "Despite these efforts, there remains a great deal to be done at the national level to address certain gaps. That is why we are still working in decision-making areas affecting youth. This meeting is therefore an excellent occasion to broach together the problems affecting young people with a view to identifying appropriate approaches and solutions.", "The decisions taken at the seventeenth African Union Summit, recently held in Malabo, whose overarching theme was “Accelerating youth empowerment for sustainable development”, and at the world youth ministers meeting held recently in South Korea, bear witness to the broad interest in Africa and elsewhere in the world to develop collaboration at all levels. Thanks to information and communication technology, we have opportunities today to establish synergies and develop solidarity among all the young people of the world.", "We are therefore called upon to unite in action, dialogue and mutual understanding. Let us mobilize to implement resolution 65/312 adopted at this meeting under the agenda item “Social development, including questions relating to the world social situation and to youth, ageing, disabled persons and the family”. I hope that this Meeting will be stimulating and that it will yield results that are commensurate with our expectations.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to Mr. Ajay Maken, Minister for Youth Affairs of India.", "Mr. Maken (India): Mr. President, let me begin by complimenting you on your organization of this High-level Meeting on Youth. This meeting is a fitting tribute to the culmination of the International Year of Youth at the United Nations.", "Last time the United Nations commemorated the International Year of Youth, in 1985, we had the good fortune of having the late Mr. Rajiv Gandhi as our youngest Prime Minister. He was instrumental in capitalizing on the international momentum for the development of youth and in setting up the Ministry of Human Resource Development for the holistic development of youth in India. Under his able leadership, the Parliament also took the historic decision to lower the voting age to 18 years so as to enable young people to participate in the democratic processes of our country. He went on to announce the first national youth policy in 1988.", "In order to further enhance the involvement of youth in the democratic process of governance, the minimum age for elected representatives in around 300,000 local bodies was lowered to 21 years.", "I am glad that today my delegation has three of India’s young elected representatives, representing both Parliament and state legislatures, including the youngest Member of Parliament.", "Young people constitute a vibrant and dynamic segment of society. They are also the most valuable human resource in any country. Our Prime Minister, Mr. Manmohan Singh, has rightly referred to youth as the building blocks of the nation.", "A total of 840 million people, close to 70 per cent of India’s population of around 1.2 billion, are under 31 years of age. India is therefore the country with the youngest population in the world. We are making special efforts to ensure a high degree of skills development. The Prime Minister heads a national skills development mission which aims to reach out to nearly 500 million people in the country by 2022. We have also launched a youth employability skills development programme. In its first phase, we will carry out a district-level mapping of skills gap assessment, and then marry the aspirations of youth with the needs of the community.", "The two field arms of my Ministry are the National Service Scheme (NSS) and the Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan (NYKS). They have been entrusted with the job of carrying out youth-related development activities. NYKS operates through 125,000 voluntary youth clubs spread out all over the country, and NSS has a membership of more than 3.2 million students at over 251 universities and covering 15,000 colleges and 8,000 higher secondary schools.", "We are also in the process of revising our national youth policy, a draft of which has already been put up in the public domain for comments and feedback.", "The Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development is our professional resource agency and acts as a think-tank of the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports. On the occasion of this International Year of Youth, we are upgrading its status to that of an institution of national importance. Legislation to this effect will be moved in Parliament in the coming weeks.", "We are eagerly awaiting the deliberations and outcome of this High-level Meeting on Youth. This will help us to enhance our national initiatives in the empowerment of youth.", "In conclusion, I would like to reaffirm India’s strong commitment to developing mutual understanding and dialogue and to extend our support for the declaration to be adopted shortly.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to His Excellency Mr. Alisbek Alymkulov, Minister of Youth of Kyrgyzstan.", "Mr. Alymkulov (Kyrgyzstan) (spoke in Russian): Mr. President, I wish to thank you for giving me the opportunity to address the General Assembly on this timely and important issue.", "Kyrgyzstan is a peaceful and democratic country that is seeking to build a State based on the rule of law. Our country is entitled to call itself a young republic, because young people from 14 to 28 years of age account for 35 per cent of the total population, and young people up to 35 years of age account for more than half of the population.", "Since our independence, Kyrgyzstan’s youth policy has been directed at creating the legal, social, economic and organizational conditions necessary for the development of youth and democracy. Today the implementation of our youth policy is moving to a new level. Since April 2010, the task has devolved to a special Ministry for Youth Affairs. This demonstrates that Kyrgyzstan sees the development of young people as one of the main priorities of our State policy.", "As English politician Benjamin Disraeli said, “Almost everything that is great has been done by youth”. The political events of 2005 and 2010 in Kyrgyzstan showed that young people are one of the main driving forces in society. Young people in Kyrgyzstan have shown themselves to be a progressive segment of society who are striving for democratic reform and the social and economic development of the country.", "Kyrgyzstan actively participated in events related to the International Year of Youth. This is an excellent opportunity for young people to contribute to the development of our country and society. The Ministry of Youth organized various events in connection with the International Year of Youth, including a meeting between the President of our Republic and young people. We also organized an event entitled “Our year, our voice: dialogue and mutual understanding”. Our comprehensive programme calling for increased cooperation between young people and the State is a useful example of participation.", "Notwithstanding its political, social and economic challenges, Kyrgyzstan is looking to increase the number of opportunities for active participation by young people in shaping the future of our country, and we continue to strive to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. In that connection, the Ministry for Youth Affairs has begun to put together a conceptual framework for a youth policy for the period through 2015 that seeks to involve society as a whole in the sustainable development of our country.", "Kyrgyzstan supports the outcome document (resolution 65/312) adopted by the General Assembly. We deem it important to strengthen international cooperation with a view to increasing youth employment and enabling access to quality education, preventing drug use and crime, eradicating poverty and promoting social integration. As the Minister of Youth, I wish to call, on behalf of the President of Kyrgyzstan, on all States Members of the United Nations to increase our attention to youth affairs, because tomorrow’s history is being made today and tomorrow depends on how we address the problems facing young people today.", "In conclusion, I wish to recall the words of our President, who said that in the economy, as in all aspects of society, we rely on young people. Today, young people are bringing Kyrgyzstan forward. We are moving ahead thanks to the intelligence and the positive spirit of our young people.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to His Excellency Mr. Zeferino Martins, Minister of Education of Mozambique.", "Mr. Martins (Mozambique): First and foremost, allow me to start my statement by presenting to the General Assembly the compliments of His Excellency Mr. Armando Emílio Guebuza, President of the Republic of Mozambique, who was not able to participate in this great event due to agenda constraints.", "The choice of the theme of dialogue and mutual understanding is appropriate, since the current international moment can be characterized by enormous challenges of a political, economic and social nature that require great attention to be paid to the age group in question, since demographic statistics show that 1.8 billion of the world’s population are young people between the ages of 15 and 24, which means that their contribution to the development of the United Nations cannot be questioned.", "The Government of the Republic of Mozambique attaches primordial importance to the issues of youth. That is why, in its agenda, the Government gives priority to policies, programmes and institutions dealing with youth; to their social and economic empowerment; to their rights, inclusion and participation; to their development and well-being, the funding of self-employment projects and activities for the generation of income.", "The creation of opportunities for youth participation is the result of our investment and recognition of the potential of this sector of the population. This investment is based on our desire to transmit such values as national unity, the culture of peace, dialogue, self-esteem, solidarity, mutual respect, freedom of expression, democracy and inclusive participation.", "Taking into account the multidisciplinary and multisectoral issues of youth and considering dialogue as an element of capital importance, the Government of Mozambique has created the Multisectoral Committee for Adolescent and Youth Development, which is a consultative body of the Council of Ministers devoted to monitoring and evaluating youth programmes and policies. As a result of the dialogue between the Government and youth, we are in the process of revising youth policies and related strategies pursuant to the recommendations of article 12 of the African Youth Charter. These revisions take into consideration the multidisciplinary and multisectoral issues relating to youth.", "It is in context of our constant quest to consolidate and maintain openness in the relationship between the Government and youth that we are structuring our efforts to make that age group more participative in the development of the country. It is our hope to witness the adoption of the ministerial declaration at the end of this High-level Meeting because it will help advance the United Nations agenda on the well-being of youth.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to His Excellency Mr. Franklin Rodríguez, Minister of Youth of the Dominican Republic.", "Mr. Rodríguez (Dominican Republic) (spoke in Spanish): Allow me to begin my statement by thanking Almighty God. It is clear that, in this world, we are called upon more to get along with another than to clash, compelled more to agree than to have differences. God protects all of us under the same mantle of His eternal wisdom and His infinite grace, and sanctifies us, making us worthy of His estate.", "On behalf of the Dominican Republic and our President, Mr. Leonel Fernández Reyna, I would like to express my solidarity with the sister nation of Norway in the wake of the brutal events that took place recently in that country.", "Since 2002, Dominican young people, working in association with the United Nations, have taken a remarkable part in the participatory forums of the Organization. As a fruit of this involvement, in 2009 we set up a youth delegate programme at the General Assembly. Moreover, we are the only Latin American country that has a country profile for its youth delegate programme on the United Nations Youth Programme website. Similarly, we have participated actively in the UNESCO Youth Forum in Paris and, since 2002, we have had a Dominican Model United Nations — the only one in Spanish — which has made it possible for more than 800 Latin American young people to participate in the programme.", "In our country, young people constantly seek to draw attention to the need for decision-makers around the world to act responsibly in their roles. In 2010, Marcos Díaz, a young long-distance swimmer from the Dominican Republic, under the aegis of the United Nations and working with the Dominican Republic’s Ministry of Youth, decided to launch a project in which he would swim in open waters from each of the five continents in order to draw attention to the need to achieve the Millennium Development Goals and to demonstrate that, despite the distance between peoples, we are living on the same planet and must all work for this common cause. This young man was received by Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon at a ceremony that took place near this building.", "With a similar objective, three Dominican youths climbed Mount Everest, the point on the Earth closest to the heavens. Only A few days ago, five Dominicans youths read aloud for 365 uninterrupted hours to set a new Guinness world record. Similarly, the young people who protested around the world yesterday hope for a positive response from this Meeting. Let us show that we are aware of our titanic responsibility for protecting the well-being of the youth of the world.", "We welcomed the recent creation of UN Women, led by the honourable former President of Chile, Michelle Bachelet. Given the difficulties experienced by young people around the world and the essential need to find solutions to those problems, we call on the authorities to create an organization that is dedicated solely to working with youth and which could be called UN Youth.", "Similarly, aware that, as has been said in this Hall by the President of the Republic of the Dominican Republic, Mr. Leonel Fernández Reyna, who is known as a bringer of peace to Latin America, education is the cornerstone of the development of peoples. Starting from that premise and in view of the broadening educational opportunities available to the youth of the world, we call on the United Nations to create a world scholarship fund in which each country would be obligated to set up a certain number of educational opportunities that would be offered to worthy youth from the most remote regions of the world.", "We invite the youth of the world to participate, play a role in and be part of the social organizations that contribute to the progress of peoples; to join literary circles, dance troupes, various university organizations, sports clubs, music academies, and volunteer services; and to be part of all that would ensure progress for the homelands in which they were born. Just as their fingerprints are distinctive and important, their contribution to the development and advancement of all peoples of the world is unique.", "Finally, the Dominican Republic’s Ministry of Youth is committed to shaping young citizens who participate deeply, who go from being spectators to being agents of change, who go from the stands to the playing field, who dare to take chances and remain dedicated, and who make sure that things happen, because, in the end, we understand that, in this twenty-first century, being silent and detached is no longer an option for young people. Such attitudes must be cut out of the body of society — using a scalpel for precision — so that never again may we fail to uphold the unshakeable objective that brings us here today — a to be potential sponsors of change.", "The President (spoke in French): I give the floor to Ms. Ajulu Joy Ifeoma, Director of Youth of Nigeria.", "Ms. Ifeoma (Nigeria): Mr. President, permit me to join other delegations in conveying the condolences of the Nigerian delegation to the Government and the people of Norway on the unfortunate incident that took place a few days ago and led to the deaths of many Norwegians, many of them young people who were gathered to contemplate their role in the future of their country.", "As we all know, the youth of any society are its assets and its hope for the future; early investment in them is imperative for meaningful national development. Their energy, if properly harnessed, will contribute in no small measure to today’s success and tomorrow’s hope.", "It is in recognition of the important role of youth in society that a special Ministry dedicated to the issue of young people was established in 2007 by the Federal Government of Nigeria. Since its establishment, the Federal Ministry of Youth Development has created various structures and programmes for youth empowerment and entrepreneurship, including youth development and skills-acquisition centres, a youth parliament, and a national youth council of Nigeria which serves as an interface between the Government and the various youth organizations in the country. At the moment, the Federal Government is exploring the possibility of establishing youth desks in all ministries, departments and agencies so as to facilitate the mainstreaming of youth issues into the national development agenda.", "In addition, the Government is in the process of establishing a youth fund from which young people can draw to realize their self-development and entrepreneurship aspirations. This has become necessary in view of the usual difficulties associated with securing loans from regular financial institutions.", "Furthermore, the Government organizes regular workshops for youth aimed at value reorientation, mentoring and leadership development skills. The outcomes of such workshops are communicated to the Government and used in the formulation of youth-related policies, taking into account the views of young people themselves. There are also ongoing advocacy programmes to encourage the participation of youth at the grass-roots level in youth-oriented policy formulation and implementation.", "Nigeria is proud to be a major contributor to the African Union Youth Volunteer Corps, which is mandated to popularize and promote the implementation of the African Youth Charter. In demonstration of this support, Nigeria hosted the launching and training of the first group of Corps members at the Obudu cattle ranch in Nigeria. Our strength lies in the fact that Nigeria has considerable experience in youth development programmes, as is evident in our National Youth Service Corps scheme and the Technical Aid Corps programme, through which Nigeria provides technical assistance to many African, Caribbean and Pacific States. We are willing to put our experience to use at the continental and global levels.", "Let me conclude by urging all present to heed the advice of one of our young people: take care of them today so they can take care of us tomorrow.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to Her Excellency Ms. Olivia Grange, Minister of Youth, Sports and Culture of Jamaica.", "Ms. Grange (Jamaica): The Government and the people of Jamaica join in conveying our deepest sympathies and solidarity with the people of Norway in the wake of the recent tragic events.", "Jamaica aligns itself with the statement to be made by Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China, and by Suriname on behalf of the States members of the Caribbean Community.", "I also take this opportunity to congratulate the United Nations on the work it has done in the Latin American hemisphere in advancing the welfare of young people, and I urge the United Nations to redouble its collaboration with the Caribbean subregion. We look forward to strengthening levels of cooperation with the United Nations Programme on Youth.", "Jamaica supports the decision by the United Nations to establish a network on youth development, and we are committed to collaborating in that respect, since we believe that this is an excellent framework for sharing best practices on a global scale.", "Approximately half of Jamaica’s population is aged 30 years and under, and we therefore understand the benefits of investing in our youth to ensure their engagement in the development process. We are proud of our history, culture and traditions, which have led Jamaican youths to excel in academics, entrepreneurship, leadership, volunteerism, community service, sports and the visual and performing arts. Our young people are indeed one of Jamaica’s greatest assets. Today, we boast the fastest man on Earth, Usain Bolt, and we gave the world the musical icon Bob Marley and reggae music.", "My Government is deeply concerned about the impact of drugs, crime and violence on our young people, and we are committed to addressing the situation. However, this is a global challenge, and we urge Member States to work collaboratively to find long-term solutions to these problems.", "I take pleasure in reporting that in response to domestic intervention policies, Jamaica has made significant progress in developing social and economic programmes for youth using a multi-sectoral and multifaceted approach.", "Research indicates that Jamaican sports and the cultural industries contribute approximately 10 per cent to gross domestic product and 5 per cent of jobs. We are linking our national youth and sports policies and programmes, using our cultural assets as the primary tools to propel our young people to social and economic prosperity and healthy adulthood. This approach also presents significant opportunities for youth engagement in new career paths and the development of dynamic cultural and sports industries.", "In celebrating the International Year of Youth, Jamaica involved our young people in many different ways, including facilitating youth leaders to engage street children in dialogue so as to determine the types of interventions they need and to work towards effecting positive changes in their lives; conducting a national youth census to tap into the vast potential of our young people; undertaking a national youth situational analysis to better understand their needs and concerns, and to develop appropriate policy frameworks; and organizing national consultations designed and directed by youth leaders themselves which will further enhance the national youth policy.", "We have created youth information centres and made significant progress with our HIV/AIDS programme. We have developed a national youth entrepreneurship strategy and implemented a Prime Minister’s Youth Award Programme for Excellence. We have also appointed youth ambassadors, including a youth ambassador to the United Nations. My Government has also made a significant financial investment in youth business development through the Jamaica Youth Business Trust.", "Jamaica supports the World Programme of Action for Youth, adopted in 1995. However, there is a need to further develop the international framework by reviewing and updating the World Programme to take into account current global realities. I thank you, Mr. President, for this opportunity, and I hope you will share in some of the initiatives we have presented as Jamaica strives to realize its national goals.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to His Excellency Mr. Djiguiba Keita, Minister for Youth and Sport of Mali.", "Mr. Keita (Mali) (spoke in French): Allow me the pleasant duty of conveying the brotherly and friendly greetings of the people of Mali and His Excellency Mr. Amadou Toumani Touré, President and Head of State of the Republic of Mali. As with every invitation the General Assembly has extended to him, the President would have very much liked to be here to share these moments of reflection on youth, that source of wealth and asset for the development of every nation. Unfortunately, due to other engagements, he has asked me to represent him at this important meeting. I would therefore like to heartily thank the Assembly on his behalf for convening this High-level Meeting on Youth, whose theme of dialogue and mutual understanding has been the organizing principle for the activities celebrating 2010 as the International Year of Youth. I assure the Assembly that my delegation associates itself with the statement to be made on behalf of the African Union.", "Like others who have spoken before me, I would like to offer my heartfelt condolences — as my President has also done — to the people of Norway on the occasion of the tragedy they have experienced.", "I would be remiss in speaking of youth from this rostrum if today, 26 July, I did not recall the same date in 1953 when the young people of Cuba, led by a man named Fidel Castro, attacked the Moncada Barracks in order to liberate their people. The young people of Tunisia and Egypt did essentially the same thing at the beginning of this year. Young people are often the engines of history. It was thus that men such as Modibo Keïta, Nelson Mandela, Ahmed Sékou Touré, Agostinho Neto, Amilcar Cabral, Patrice Lumumba, Kwame Nkrumah and others — all young men — committed to freeing their peoples from the colonial yoke.", "The theme “Youth: dialogue and mutual understanding” is in perfect harmony with the founding principles of our society. Mali is a land of ancient traditions and civilizations whose mingling and harmony have greatly contributed to our socio-cultural influence. Indeed, Malian society’s cohesion and glue are the results of language, listening and mutual understanding. Our masters of speech; our flaniya, or age groups; our sinankuya, or kinship through joking; our nimogoya, or familial joking among in-laws; and our parable tree are all elements and vectors that contribute to a culture of dialogue and peace between ethno-cultural groups. Such exchanges between our ethnic groups, especially our young people, have helped them mix together, forging our country’s unity and cohesion.", "Within this dynamic, our policies and strategic directions have been focused principally on the welfare of our communities while taking our cultural wealth into account. Thus, the traditional meeting areas, gatherings of young people such as youth weeks, artistic, cultural and sport biennials, festivals, sessions on Malian understanding, youth camps, friendship caravans and other events have helped us cultivate certain virtues and values such as courage, dignity, respect for the differences of others, listening, tolerance, loyalty, and solidarity — all essential to producing social order and building peace.", "In conclusion, I would like to note that all these social norms do not nullify individual identity. On the contrary, since time immemorial these social rules have helped to make Mali a country of peace and stability and continue to make it a model of democracy and a country of cultural diversity, dialogue and mutual understanding.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to His Excellency Mr. Clement Kofi Humado, Minister of Youth and Sports of Ghana.", "Mr. Humado (Ghana): It is indeed an honour to be given the opportunity to make a statement on behalf of Ghana at this High-level Meeting on youth development, on the theme of dialogue and mutual understanding.", "Permit me to express, on behalf of the Government and people of Ghana, our heartfelt sympathy and condolences to the Government and people of Norway on the occasion of the tragic shooting and bombing incidents that led to the loss of many lives and left many injured.", "This meeting is particularly important to us in Ghana because we have a very large youth population that is very vulnerable to the worsening social and economic conditions around the world. Ghana therefore associates itself with the meeting’s theme of dialogue and mutual understanding, in the belief that it provides us, as stakeholders, the opportunity to share information about best practices for mechanisms that can enhance the active participation of young people in policy- and decision-making processes at the local, national and international levels, in order to achieve social integration, full employment and poverty eradication.", "In order to give full effect to the global and continental youth charters, Ghana launched a national youth policy and action plan in August 2010. The Parliament of Ghana also ratified the African Youth Charter in December 2010. The National Youth Authority, the agency mandated by law to facilitate youth development in Ghana, works in the following areas: first, young people’s sense of direction and nationalism, grounded in the national development agenda; secondly, young people’s health and sexuality; thirdly, young people’s education for employment and entrepreneurship development; and fourthly, young people and the management of national resources and a sustainable environment.", "The National Youth Authority currently implements 19 priority areas derived from the national youth policy, and also manages 11 schools and training institutes in the 10 regions of Ghana. This year, in order to promote dialogue and understanding, the Authority is organizing 30 volunteer youth work camps, in addition to those of other stakeholders throughout the country, to enable young people to appreciate national cultural diversity, as well as to provide volunteer services in the rehabilitation and construction of rural infrastructure, including classrooms, clinics, toilets, rural water projects, green projects such as tree-planting, and so forth. These camps will also help promote youth awareness through programmes and activities in the youth action plan, derived from the National Youth Policy.", "Other regional, continental and international youth exchanges are being implemented by the Authority to expose Ghanaian youth to other cultures and societies in order to promote dialogue and understanding. A Youth Parliament has also been organized by the National Youth Authority and linked to the Parliament of Ghana to enable dialogue and involvement of young people in policy- and decision-making processes.", "Ghana has also embarked on a national youth employment programme to engage and empower young people in productive and skills-training activities as a prerequisite for preparing unemployed youth for industry and public service. The programme is currently running 12 work modules comprising internships, trades and vocations modules for 400,000 beneficiaries in a two-year cycle. Exit strategies and programmes have been developed and modules aligned to funding sources. To date, 111,000 youth beneficiaries have been exited in all modules over the past four years. Ghana also runs special modules to take care of persons with disabilities and women to ensure social inclusion and integration.", "The Ministry of Youth and Sports also collaborates with ministries in other sectors, such as education and health, in dealing with issues such as HIV and AIDS, drug abuse and other health-related lifestyle issues.", "However, we still face some challenges. With regard to future prospects, the Government is linking with donor partners to increase funding for the national youth employment programme.", "With regard to the social and economic impact, the relatively peaceful youth front in Ghana is partly due to the openness and transparency of Government and society that enable young people to have dialogue leading to mutual understanding. Youth development programmes being implemented in Ghana have started to impact positively on society in promoting dialogue and understanding among young people and between youth and stakeholders. It is also creating job opportunities, thereby reducing unemployment and poverty and resulting in the relative stability in the youth front.", "At this forum, Ghana is prepared to listen others and to share experiences with them in order to enrich our methods and approaches.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to His Excellency Mr. Radhouan Nouicer, Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs of Tunisia.", "Mr. Nouicer (Tunisia): I would like to start my brief statement by conveying the sincere condolences of the Tunisian people to Norway, its people and its leadership, and to express our solidarity with the families of the victims of the horrible acts of last Friday in Oslo. This tragedy reminds us that we cannot let our world and our youth be held hostage by those who occupy the extremes of the political spectrum.", "The Tunisian people have, in a brief space of time and armed only with their democratic convictions, achieved a peaceful and spontaneous revolution that had no political leadership, no ideological orientation and no external interference. The slogans chanted during the revolution by the people — especially young people and, in particular, what is referred to as the dot.com generation — were deeply rooted in the universal values of freedom, dignity and democracy.", "The young people who invaded the streets of Tunis and other cities in the country in late December 2010 and early January 2011 belong to all strata of society: poor and rich; men and women; boys and girls; entrepreneurs and unemployed; educated and illiterate people. They all agreed that enough was enough and that Tunisians deserved better governance — a Government that listens to people and works for their welfare and prosperity in full transparency and accountability.", "Today, the Tunisian people owe to their young people the freedom of expression they enjoy and the democratic prospects they aspire to. Tunisian youth were also instrumental in protecting their families, neighbourhoods and villages in the difficult days following the revolution.", "The non-governmental organizations and associations created by young Tunisians are today very active in promoting the principles of tolerance, equality and gender balance, and in creating awareness of the importance of the participation of youth in national political dialogue. Young Tunisians are also very active in providing care and help to their Libyan neighbours when they enter Tunisia fleeing their war-torn country.", "Today, Tunisia is at a turning point in its history. The country stands at the beginning of a fundamental process of democratization. We are counting on our own strengths to fulfil the promises of the revolution, and we do have strengths: a highly educated population, a well-established middle class and highly emancipated women. But our strongest asset is perhaps the dynamism and high degree of engagement of our youth. Tunisian young people are the country’s primary asset and will be a key factor in any successful transition.", "Tunisia has drawn many lessons from its revolution. We have learned that Government must listen to young people; perhaps it can not offer them more, but it must treat them with respect and dignity, develop their self-esteem and give them hope. Government must consider young people feel like fully fledged citizens and involve them in decisions concerning their future.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to His Excellency Mr. Urgamal Byambasuren, State Secretary of the Ministry of Social Welfare and Labour of Mongolia.", "Mr. Byambasuren (Mongolia): I would like to thank the United Nations for having organized this very important and timely High-level Meeting. Mongolia is a country of youth, and therefore conventionally young people have always been at the heart of Government policies. The Government of Mongolia is implementing policies and programmes aimed at promoting youth employment, providing them opportunities to attain education consistent with labour market needs, introducing modern technology to help young people to keep up with world development, and supporting young families and providing housing through soft loans. We are making significant progress through these efforts.", "Young people should be at the centre of sustainable development. Still, there are several challenges facing young people. Let me stress the main such challenges facing youth in my country.", "First, young people are not benefiting sufficiently from our economic growth. Economic growth in Mongolia has not dropped below 6 per cent in the past few years. However, youth unemployment has not decreased in that same period, and has remained at twice the national average. Addressing youth unemployment is the key to overcoming poverty, promoting families and stability and to discouraging involvement in crime. It is therefore essential to make the distribution of resources and wealth more just and favourable to youth.", "Secondly, another issue that greatly affects young people is internal and international migration — from rural to urban areas and from urban areas abroad. As a consequence, overpopulation is becoming a reality in urban communities, while in rural areas a shortage of labour in traditional animal husbandry is evident. Thirdly, youth health issues, particularly alcohol abuse, drug addiction and HIV/AIDS, are another concern. Fourthly, problems such as environmental degradation and climate change are becoming global issues, and are no longer problems of single nations. Particular focus is needed on educating young people to foster in them the moral attitude of caring for the environment and taking social responsibility. Fifthly, disparities in standards of living and education levels are widening among youth, leading to unequal treatment.", "To address those challenges, it is essential for us to engage in greater international cooperation, in addition to national efforts. The creation of decent and productive work opportunities for young people and improving their qualifications, education and skills to allow them to contribute to and benefit from economic growth should be at the centre of development policies.", "We call on the United Nations to issue comprehensive recommendations and provide us with methodologies. There is a need to introduce comprehensive policies to manage international migration in a way that favours migrants, acknowledging the contributions of international migration to the economy. It is especially crucial to support young people in migrating with their families in order to help them avoid the problems of family dissolution, alcohol abuse and HIV/AIDS.", "We call on international banking, finance, business and investment institutions to focus more on the sustainable development of countries and to work to have a more positive impact on the well-being of the environment, society and youth by departing from their conventional position of concentrating on economic gain. Direct foreign investment plays an important role in the economic life of every developing country. In that regard, it is essential that investment contracts — especially in the mining sector, which has an extensive impact on the environment — be tied to the use of ecologically friendly techniques and technologies, the training of the national youth work force in their application, and continued improvement of youth qualifications and skills.", "Expanded activities aimed at the exchange of information among youth and at cooperation and sharing experience at the regional level are of crucial importance in broadening their knowledge and expertise, raising their self-confidence, educating them in the notion of caring for the environment and the Earth, and shaping in them a sense of collective social responsibilities. We therefore appeal to the United Nations and its agencies to increase their efforts for various groups of young people at the regional and subregional levels. All our work and efforts for youth are a great investment in a great future. I believe that together we can do something extraordinary.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to His Excellency Mr. Zhou Changkui, Vice-Minister of China.", "Mr. Zhou Changkui (China) (spoke in Chinese): I am honoured to participate in this High-level Meeting on Youth on behalf of the Chinese Government. The Chinese Government and youth organizations highly appreciate the organization of this important General Assembly meeting in the International Year of Youth. The Chinese delegation would like to associate itself with the statement to be made by the representative of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China.", "The Chinese Government has always attached great importance to youth development and youth work. The Government has been formulating and implementing youth policies from a long-term and strategic perspective by improving youth-related laws and relevant coordination mechanisms, fostering youth talents and supporting the development of youth organizations. In the 11 years since the adoption of the World Programme of Action for Youth, the Chinese Government has increased financial support in areas of education, employment, culture, health and others.", "The All-China Youth Federation is responsible for coordinating and co-managing youth affairs. Over the years, guided by the four basic functions of organizing youth, guiding youth, serving youth and protecting their legal rights, the Federation has promoted the formulation and implementation of youth policy and developed a series of programmes that befit the characteristics of youth. Those programmes focus on the fields of youth participation, employment and entrepreneurship, voluntary service, protecting youth rights, environmental protection, culture and sports.", "The year that began in August 2010 was proclaimed by the United Nations the second International Year of Youth. Focusing on the theme of dialogue and mutual understanding, the All-China Youth Federation organized the International Peace Day Celebration on the theme of “Chinese Youth and Peaceful Development”, the Shanghai World Expo Youth Summit 2010, the 2011 European Union-China Year of Youth, and the Beijing Model United Nations 2011, among others. Those dialogues and exchanges provided a platform for young people to enhance mutual understanding and promote youth participation and development.", "The International Year of Youth is another milestone in United Nations youth affairs. I would like to take this opportunity to propose three ways to move forward.", "First, let us support the United Nations in continuing to play an important role in promoting youth development. As an important leader and advocate for youth development, the United Nations has greatly promoted the well-being of world youth and the improvement of youth policy. Today, youth issues share many common features across borders, and young people are facing increasingly global", "challenges. Youth development has become an integrated part of the global development agenda.", "Secondly, let us promote youth participation and common development. As youth is an important political force, facilitating young people’s political participation reflects a society’s equality and progress. Participation is a way for young people to improve their status, exercise their rights and promote common development. Besides traditional political elections and consultations, we should respond to new features of political awareness and ways of expression among young people, providing them with more channels and options, such as virtual organizations and internet-based new media. Only through wider and better participation can young people really be both participants and beneficiaries in the process of globalization and modernization.", "Thirdly, let us encourage young people to create a harmonious world through cultural dialogue. Diversity of cultures and civilizations is a fundamental characteristic of human society. Cultural pluralism is the common heritage of humankind. Diversity among civilizations and cultures should not be a cause for conflict in the world but an important driving force for the advancement of human civilization. As the heirs of civilization, young people should not only absorb the spiritual essence of their nationalities and regions, but also contribute to dialogue among civilizations. As the pioneers of cultures, youth should contribute to the creation of a compatible, open and new youth culture, leading to a new era of cultural coexistence.", "The meeting rose at 1.10 p.m." ]

[ "主席： 约瑟夫·戴斯先生 (瑞士)", "上午10时10分开会。", "议程项目27(续)", "青年问题高级别会议", "社会发展", "(b) 社会发展，包括与世界社会状况以及与青年、老龄、残疾人和家庭有关的问题", "决议草案(A/65/L.87)", "主席(以法语发言)：大会面前摆着一项作为文件A/65/L.87分发的成果文件草案。", "大会现在审议题为“大会关于青年：对话和相互了解问题高级别会议的成果文件”的决议草案A/65/L.87。", "大会现在就该决议草案作出决定。我是否可以认为大会希望通过决议草案A/65/L.87？", "决议草案获得通过(第65/312号决议)。", "主席(以法语发言)：在请各位发言者发言之前，我谨向奥地利常驻代表托马斯·迈尔-哈廷先生阁下和贝宁常驻代表让-弗朗西斯·津苏先生阁下表示衷心感谢，他们在关于成果文件的协商期间，非常干练和耐心地主持了讨论和复杂的谈判。我还感谢所有会员国的宝贵贡献。若无这些贡献，成果文件本来不可能完成。", "在继续开展工作之前，我要向各位成员提供一些实用信息，以便在有限的可用时间内尽量参与。我请发言者在以本国代表的身份发言时，发言以三分钟为限，在以集团名义发言时，发言以五分钟为限。我还吁请发言者以正常速度发言，这样就能够适当提供口译。为协助发言者掌握时间，发言者讲台上安装了一个指示灯系统。", "大会现在将听取贝宁共和国总统托马斯·亚伊·博尼先生阁下的讲话。", "亚伊总统(以法语发言)：首先，我要站在这个讲台上就Utøya岛发生的汽车炸弹袭击和枪击事件再次向挪威国王哈拉尔五世陛下表示最深切的慰问。这起可怕的悲惨事件给挪威人民造成严重破坏。我国政府强烈谴责这些恐怖袭击事件。", "7月25日开幕的青年问题高级别会议是一个途径，我们可借此在来自不同背景的贡献基础上再接再厉，围绕成果文件(第65/312号决议)所述的对话和相互了解建立共识。成果文件是大会在其第64/134号决议中宣布的“国际青年年”的结果。“国际青年年”为我们提供了一个特别的机会动员起来，造福世界人口这一非常重要的部分。", "本次会议的主题除提出支持不同代人、不同文化、不同文明和不同宗教之间的和平、尊重人权和团结文化的理想外，还呼吁各国政府和青年自己承担其对我们各国未来的责任。", "正如我们大家所了解的那样，青年正在要求更多的民主、社会公正、参与和融合。这些愿望非常深切，与宗教激进主义和极端主义趋势背道而驰。", "青年热情、敏感、有动员起来和表达不同政见的巨大能力、富有理想主义，以及有冒巨大风险的强烈意愿，因而在追求更大自由和更大福祉时，是推动所有人类社会变革的强大力量。国际上最近发生的事件十分清楚表明了这一点。", "我们必须满足他们的愿望，方法是加强包容性对话，促进和平与国际合作文化，以防止问题激化，变成人们压抑已久的合理沮丧情绪的发泄途径。必须疏导和安抚这种情绪，以维持各国内部和各国之间的稳定与和谐。", "我们知道，联合国对这些重大挑战没有无动于衷。这一点可从近年在联合国主导下采取的诸多举措中清楚地看出。这些举措使我们得以提出以在各个层面为全面改善人民生活条件而开展的项目为后盾的国际发展目标。", "然而，朝着这些包括千年发展目标在内的国际发展目标方向取得的进展参差不齐，从而在更大程度上凸显成为当今世界特征的不平等现象。我们必须以更大的精力和更大的决心来弥合这些差距，因为我们知道，这些差距的持续存在对国际和平与安全构成威胁。", "为此，我们必须在各种现行方案之间建立协同增效关系，并利用青年的精力，使他们成为消除这些不平等现象进程的参与者和受益者。我们在国家、区域和全球层面制定的所有政策、战略、计划和发展方案都必须顾及青年，因为只有为青年提供机会的社会，才能够应对本世纪和以后出现的挑战。", "我们对青年的信念必须坚如磐石。我们必须激发他们的积极性，并确保他们肩负起其历史责任。这是2011年6月30日至7月1日在赤道几内亚马拉博举行的主题为“加快青年赋权步伐，促进可持续发展”的非洲联盟第十七届常会的重点。会议除其他外决定，会员国应拨出足够的资源，供区域组织执行面向青年的方案。", "在我国贝宁，青年人被视为重建国家的主要动力，是我国社会方案的核心。在这方面，青年人占据重要位置，国家未来确实事关其切身利益。这一重建工作需要青年人具备某些必要的素质，即美德、高度的爱国热情、相信自己、相信国家而且信奉基本精神原则——爱国主义、责任和领导作用。", "正如成员们所知，青年是世界上所有国家的宝贵财产，一个用之不竭的金矿和一个实现经济和社会可持续发展方面不断增长、能够获得盈利的投资领域。二十一世纪将是一个人才的世纪，而青年代表人才。", "本次高级别会议刚刚通过的成果文件(第65/312号决议)以“国际青年年”框架内开展的各种活动为轴心，提出了一个愿景，要求各方致力于采取行动并协调努力，排除阻碍青年实现成功发展的绊脚石。联合国必须承担特殊责任，支持政府的这方面努力。设立一个类似妇女署的联合国青年机构，是推动这方面工作的最好办法。", "鉴于就业在确保青年融入社会和经济方面的作用，非常迫切地需要制定一项全球就业战略，特别注重解决青年失业和就业不足问题。同样迫切需要采取措施，确保青年的流动性，以使他们的自由意识得到表达。可以通过增加合法临时移民渠道来促进青年流动性，这样做必定会加强国际友好关系、理解与合作。", "应该在“国际青年年”结束时推出的上述不同项目，可在一个青年十年的框架内展开，争取形成这方面一个协调、长期的运动。大会在审查我们刚才要求秘书长编写的报告时，应特别关注这个问题。", "我们应该成立一个青年之友小组，由各国在纽约的常驻联合国代表组成，以监测本次高级别会议成果文件的执行情况。这关系到人类未来，而人类未来将取决于我们是否有能力使青年人参与促进和平、国际安全与人性化、可持续和公平的发展。", "各国和各国人民友谊万岁！国际合作促进青年健康万岁！联合国万岁！", "主席(以法语发言)：大会现在将听取卢森堡副首相让·阿瑟伯恩先生阁下讲话。", "阿瑟伯恩先生(卢森堡)(以法语发言)：本次青年问题高级别会议的确非常及时。过去几个月，在中东和北非，受过教育的青年人行动起来，要求恢复可确保社会正义和公平分享财富的权利、自由和政策，他们中间许多人虽已毕业，但面临失业和国家领导人没有能力为他们提供出路的困境。", "我不想比较不存在可比性的东西，但地中海以南和中东地区目前发生的情况标志着使青年获得解放，成为独立的政治和社会利益攸关者方面的一个步骤，我认为其意义与1968年5月事件对于欧洲青年一样重要。国际社会决不能错过这一历史机遇。", "在此背景下，卢森堡欢迎本次会议的成果文件(第65/312号决议)。我感谢奥地利和贝宁两国常驻代表促成有关这项决议案文的共识，其中鼓励各国进一步努力，为青年人包括青年妇女提供建设更美好未来的工具。", "卢森堡欢迎我们的宣言中重申《世界青年行动纲领》，该纲领今天一如既往有着现实意义。我们需要在所有各级继续果断加以执行。", "我要强调这份文件中提出的几个优先事项：第一，青年就业；第二，为青年提供教育和卫生等基本社会服务；第三，有效促进和保护青年的基本权利和自由，包括在冲突局势中。", "在卢森堡，我国的青年政策是根据2008年的框架法律制定的。我们的政策意在贯穿各领域，因为它涵盖影响青年生活的所有政治领域。我们的政策力求促进参与。青年议会使年轻人能够在国家政治辩论中发表意见。", "我国即将在详细分析卢森堡青年状况的基础上最后敲定一项全国行动计划。这项计划将重点突出数目有限的若干优先事项，其中头两项是支持青年人从校园过渡到工作岗位以及支持年轻家庭。", "我还要强调，我国的发展与人道主义合作政策高度重视教育和青年职业与技术培训。无论在佛得角、塞内加尔、尼加拉瓜、越南，或者是在巴勒斯坦被占领土，卢森堡都与当地合作伙伴一道，通过发展合作，努力改善青年就业状况。我们也支持旨在帮助青年创业的小额信贷项目。", "最后，鉴于我国对建设和平，特别是在西非，尤其是在几内亚建设和平所作的承诺，卢森堡意识到，青年就业是在刚刚摆脱冲突的国家建立和平与长久社会凝聚力的必要条件。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请苏里南青年和体育事务部长保罗·阿贝纳先生阁下发言，他将以加勒比共同体的名义发言。", "阿贝纳先生(苏里南)(以英语发言)：我代表加勒比共同体(加共体)，就所发生的涉及青年的悲剧向挪威人民及政府表示诚挚慰问。", "代表加勒比共同体成员国在这一历史性场合向大会发言是我的一项殊荣。我还要高兴地转达苏里南共和国总统德西·鲍特塞阁下的致意，他负责本共同体内的青年、体育、性别平等与文化问题。", "加共体赞同阿根廷代表将以77国集团加中国名义所作的发言。", "在“国际青年年”即将结束之际，本次高级别会议提供了一个及时的契机，以处理青年的脆弱性和他们在进步与发展方面所面临的挑战，并讨论诸如贫困、失业、健康以及教育体系不完善等问题对他们的影响。加共体对这些问题尤其感兴趣，因为30岁以下的青年在我们区域人口中约占60%。", "加共体站在推动区域内青年参与以及实现青年融入社会的工作的前列，为此向青年提供机会，使其积极参与并增进其创造力与才能的。", "在这方面，我提请注意2010年1月在苏里南召开的加勒比青年发展问题特别首脑会议。该次首脑会议认可了2007年在加共体各国政府首脑授权下成立的加共体青年发展委员会的报告，而成立该委员会的目的是全方位分析青年在加共体单一市场和经济体中所面临的挑战与机遇。该委员会还建议改善青年福祉，并赋予他们更多权能。首脑会议通过了《关于加共体青年未来的帕拉马里博宣言》，《宣言》指明青年是促进发展的资源与合作伙伴，青年发展与国家和区域发展有着密切关系。", "加共体青年议程旨在增强15岁至29岁之间青年利用区域一体化和加共体单一市场及经济体，并为此做贡献的能力。它基于区域青年发展战略，涵盖了以下优先专题事项：社会和经济赋权、实现发展的机会、保护、领导才能、治理和参与以及保健和生殖权。", "自2003年以来，加共体青年大使方案一直是我们青年议程的一个重要组成部分。该方案是一个旨在加深青年在区域一体化乃至整个区域社会和经济发展进程中的参与程度和伙伴协作。加共体青年大使们形成了由一个加勒比年轻领导人组成的网络，加共体各国政府首脑授权他们倡导并促使青年了解区域优先事项，如加共体单一市场和经济体以及艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题。", "青年日益受到非传染性疾病的影响，罹患这些疾病的风险日益增高。为确保包括青年在内的我们所有公民都享受到最高标准的医疗保健，阻止此类疾病的发生与流行仍是一个区域优先事项。", "令我们区域关心的另一个问题是，青年失业率居高不下，女性失业率要高得多。加共体将支持制定一项关于该问题战略的努力。", "在加勒比地区几乎所有国家，犯罪与暴力都仍是青少年中的一个重大问题。它们与贫穷、失业与社会不公有关。这导致加共体各国政府首脑发出指示，紧急落实在联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室协助下制定的《社会与发展预防犯罪行动计划》。", "我们支持联合国系统内部优先处理青年发展问题并增加对这方面的支持的各项举措。在这方面，加共体认为，应后续执行联合国青年发展机构间小组制定的框架做法，以便指导其在国际年期间的工作。该框架还涉及在《世界青年行动纲领》优先领域中概述的持续挑战。该框架的总体目标是加大对青年的承诺和投入，加强青年的参与和伙伴关系，并在青年中增进不同文化间理解，这可以指导联合国各机构在国际年以后的工作。", "国际社会增加特别是对弱势区域和社区青年发展的财政支助和能力建设支助将是一项非常值得的投资。在这方面，联合国人居青年基金应予以加强。它可以成为在其它专题领域为青年发展筹资的一个模式。", "最后，加共体承认，青年已经在积极参与社会，并在发挥领导作用、民主进程、商业、技术、研究、运动、音乐、艺术以及许多其它领域取得成就，为社会做出了宝贵贡献。他们通晓信息和通信技术，这使得他们能够超越其自身社区界限来分享知识与经验，并搭建连接其自身社会和文化与其他人社会与文化之间的桥梁。", "加共体明白，青年具有创新和推动变革的潜力。我们相信，我们的未来取决于青年。因此，我们青年委员会的报告的标题为“放眼未来：为了明天的社区而立即投资于青年”，这再合适不过了。", "我们随时准备与其它会员国、捐助方以及国际社会合作，推进青年的发展。我们重申，我们致力于继续尽可能利用我们有限的手段为青年提供更快的机会，这是保证世界和子孙后代福祉的前提条件。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请纳米比亚青年、国家服务、体育与文化部长卡泽南博·卡泽南博先生阁下发言，他将以南部非洲发展共同体的名义发言。", "卡泽南博先生(纳米比亚)(以英语发言)：首先，我要代表南部非洲发展共同体(南共体)向挪威人民表示慰问。", "我荣幸地代表由以下国家——安哥拉、博茨瓦纳、刚果民主共和国、莱索托、马拉维、毛里求斯、莫桑比克、塞舌尔、南非、斯威士兰、坦桑尼亚联合共和国、赞比亚、津巴布韦和我国纳米比亚——组成的南部非洲发展共同体(南共体)发言。南共体赞同阿根廷代表以77国集团加中国的名义和卢旺达代表以非洲集团的名义所作的发言。南共体将提供全力支持与合作，以使本次重要会议成功结束。", "青年发展问题在南部非洲发展共同体是一个重要的优先问题。在我们这个区域，各个层面上都存在促进青年总体发展的国家政策、立法和方案。作为非洲联盟的一部分，南共体成员依然致力于把2009-2019年作为赋予青年人权能与可持续发展的十年。目前已在区域一级制订一个方案，以便共同应对本区域弱势青年所形成的与日俱增的挑战。", "在6月30日至7月1日于赤道几内亚举行的最近一次非洲联盟国家元首和政府首脑会议上，非洲各国领导人讨论了“加快赋予青年权能以促可持续发展”的主题。他们决定把青年问题作为优先事项，并且通过了旨在创造安全和有竞争力就业机会的政策。尽管取得了这些成就，但我们知道仍然存在许多巨大挑战，其中最大的挑战是失业问题。许多青年缺乏生产性就业和自谋职业的机会，我们区域中的一些青年人要么失业，要么就业不足。", "南共体秘书处开展的研究还表明，在如何执行现有政策、战略以及提供服务以应对某些情况下我们整个区域年轻人所面临种种挑战方面，存在着挑战。某些领域为增强青年人权能以便切实促进国家和区域发展而建立的现有结构很薄弱，而且在国家和区域层面上提供的资金严重不足。此外，成员国和在本区域工作的各个组织之间对青年人参与和赋权理念的理解往往各不相同，导致区域内缺少可比性。这种状况使得协调青年发展问题成为另一个重大挑战。", "南共体成员国建议设立一个负责青年问题的联合国专门机构，以便支持和资助各会员国境内与青年人有关的举措。之所以提出这一建议，是有鉴于现有联合国机构都没有充分处理青年发展问题。这个负责青年问题的专门机构应当向一个联合国青年问题委员会报告，并对其负责。必须对《世界青年行动纲领》进行审查，并且设立该纲领的执行、监督和评估机制。", "我们希望，在本次会议开始时通过的成果文件 (第65/312号决议)将有助于在联合国推动促进青年福祉的议程。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请摩洛哥青年和体育事务大臣曼斯夫·巴拉赫耶特先生阁下发言，他将代表阿拉伯青年和体育部长理事会发言。", "巴拉赫耶特先生(以阿拉伯语发言)：首先，我要就奥斯陆发生的悲剧，向挪威王国表达摩洛哥国王和人民的慰问。", "青年人已经发生改变，他们的环境，包括他们所处的文化、社会、政治、经济和信息氛围及其生活方式也是如此，他们的志向清楚体现了这一点。他们对政治家和执掌公共事务者有不同的看法，而且，他们对未来的信心也被动摇。今天的青年年龄在18岁至30岁之间。一些青年人因家庭环境所迫而辍学，早早进入了劳动力市场，而另一些人则继续求学到年纪比较大的时候。他们是新的人口构成群体，有着自己的特殊需求。", "青年人是发展中国家内促进变革的重要力量，互联网是他们最喜欢和最广泛使用的媒介和工具。他们接受了互联网，并且使之成为跨越国界的交流手段。现代技术已经成为他们的主要沟通手段，而且从中得到比他们年长的人所不知道的价值观和生活方式。虚拟世界对他们的思维和行为产生显著影响。尽管他们奉行自己的价值观，但他们往往会建立其它的、新的行为准则，包括使用新的语言。", "我们为这新的一代人制订了什么方案？我们是否有足够东西来满足15至30岁之间青年人的广泛需求？", "在穆罕默德六世国王陛下的英明领导下，摩洛哥过去十年来经历了深刻变革、部门改革和包括经济、社会和政治等各个领域的结构性转型。摩洛哥还在实现发展目标，特别是千年发展目标方面取得了重大进展，侧重点是消除贫困、边缘化和排斥现象。摩洛哥在两性平权和平等、加强妇女政治代表权以及使她们更积极参与卫生、家庭和教育领域的公共生活以及劳动力市场方面也取得了显著进展。", "这些年来，我国一直把青年作为国家的一个重要战略优先事项。我们把重点放在对他们的教育、培训和进入劳动力市场的准备上。我们力求确保他们参与政治生活并且为摩洛哥的经济、社会和文化发展作出贡献。", "自2009年以来，这种重视就体现在一项国家青年战略中。我们努力建立了一个把所有行为体都包括进去的总体框架，而且我们期望通过这一框架来巩固和协调面向所有相关政府部门的行动计划，并且为青年人提供可以实现每一个青年男女愿望的全面条件。", "穆罕默德六世国王陛下在2009年3月9日发表的演讲是摩洛哥历史上的一个重要转折点。通过这次演讲，国王陛下把青年人确定为发展的主要动力。因此，他这方面的意愿在起草一部顺应摩洛哥人民特别是青年人愿望的新宪法过程中得到体现。", "为了决定如何着手处理这个问题并制定青年政策，摩洛哥决定寻求所有利益攸关者、特别是年轻人的贡献和参与。为此目的，我们举办了我国第一次全国青年辩论，代表摩洛哥每个地区的1 000多名男女青年同政府进行了对话。这次辩论使年轻人真正有机会帮助制定一项全国综合青年战略。", "最后，7月1日是摩洛哥民主进程中的一个历史性日子，1 000多万摩洛哥人在这一天出来表达他们对新《宪法》的决定。这给我国青年带来荣誉，通过鼓励他们为选举进程作出积极贡献，让他们真正参加建立我国经济、社会和政治机构的工作。此外，成立了一个青年和集体行动协商委员会，以作为国家综合青年战略的基本保证者。", "实现我们阿拉伯各国年轻人的愿望，在我们各国政策和各届阿拉伯首脑会议决定中始终是最重要的关切问题，例如最近一次首脑会议宣布2010-2011年为国际青年年，并要求起草一份阿拉伯青年政策文件(该文件5月4日在摩洛哥马拉喀什由阿拉伯青年和体育部长理事会通过)。所有阿拉伯国家在文件中确认，需要加强阿拉伯青年对其特征与文化的归属感和认同。", "这些国家对阿拉伯世界青年的状况作了评估，认识到他们同世界其他地方的青年一样，在普遍关心的问题上有着许多共同的关切和态度，例如渴望安全、自由、平等、尊严、健康及被别人接受。它们还认识到存在缺乏就业机会、移民、政治参与、保护环境及控制污染等问题。各国还申明决心在青年身上投资，因为青年具有最大潜力为其国家的经济带来倍增效应，并申明必须让青年有机会参加决策和领导层。", "不管每个国家作出多少国家努力以及它们的青年政策效力如何，其成功将取决于在区域和国家层面为应对青年面临的挑战作出的协调一致努力。这就是最近在拉巴特成立的“阿拉伯青年观察站”的目标。该观察站将成为预测青年趋势的机制。我们希望，观察站将有助于在阿拉伯地区各国人民之间消除障碍和形成一种新的沟通交往动态，目标是促进经济一体化和调动青年能力以确保发展。", "2011年是国际青年年；我们建议，2012年应当是兑现所有这些承诺的一年，并且我们应当在年轻人身上投资。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请卡塔尔国际合作国务大臣哈立德·穆罕默德·阿蒂亚先生阁下发言。", "阿蒂亚先生(卡塔尔)(以阿拉伯语发言)：首先，请允许我代表卡塔尔国，对在挪威发生的夺走数十名无辜者生命的罪行(导致我们今天开会的同样暴力和不妥协态度的结果)表示深切悲痛和哀悼。我向挪威人民和政府表示慰问。", "宣布2011年为国际青年年并选择“对话和相互了解”作为我们讨论的主题，是根据人权理想和团结精神作出的决定。如果我们要共同拒绝接受定型观念和加强各国人民之间的了解和相互尊重的文化，这些就是我们必须审议的议题。", "卡塔尔国认为，青年是每个社会的基本组成部分。为了创建光明的未来，让社会每个成员都有机会过上有尊严的生活和享有基本权利，包括人权以及教育、健康和言论自由的权利，就必须考虑到青年这个组成部分。在这方面，卡塔尔国通过其各种青年、体育、文化和社会机构，非常重视国际青年年，并且已将其对话和相互了解主题纳入我国的政策优先事项。", "卡塔尔国渴望让青年参加其所有发展政策，并让他们参加社会的每个领域。因此，我们支持旨在制定和执行各项战略，通过Silatech基金会向青年提供像样、生产性工作的在中东和北非促进合作倡议。这是为了通过为青年创造就业机会、使他们进入劳工市场、制定青年培训和恢复方案，以及支助中小企业业主来解决中东和北非的失业问题。我们的目标是到2020年达到1亿份工作。", "此外，卡塔尔国正竭尽全力为卡塔尔青年提供高水平的教育和两性平等的机会，同时确保教育制度满足劳工市场的需求。除了提高对吸毒和精神药物的危险的认识外，国家还力求为年轻人提供保健，同时注重开展针对艾滋病等致命疾病的提高认识和预防运动。", "我谨强调我国青年政策的一个重要方面，即两性平等。我们认识到鼓励女童教育的重要性，因为支持青年的努力如果不在同样程度上重视女童和男童，就不可能是完整的。卡塔尔国在这方面取得了长足进步，在妇女教育及其参加社会和决策方面，是本区域领先的国家之一。", "年龄在15岁至29岁之间的青年，占卡塔尔人口的30%以上。在这方面，并且基于我们对社会这一阶层所代表的人类财富及其必定会对我国发展作出有效贡献的技能和潜力的了解，他们是卡塔尔“2030年构想”方案的重要组成部分。通过卡塔尔“2030年构想”，我国力求让青年充分参加发展进程，以加强可持续发展的成就。", "近年来，对阿拉伯世界青年面临的社会和经济问题，包括失业和较高的贫困率，进行了几项研究。毫无疑问，2008年爆发的经济和金融危机，加剧了社会和经济问题。青年是世界上人数最多的群体，受到世界上经济、社会和环境挑战的最大影响，并在教育、健康、像样的工作及最低生活标准等方面面临极大困难。", "我们也呼吁采取行动，使青年能够享有基本权利和真正的机会，通过参与决策来有效参加建设其国家的未来，以此帮助他们成为可持续发展的栋梁，并建立一个为社会每个成员提供成功机会的经济制度。毫无疑问，国际合作可在确保必要的物质资源、交流技术专长，以及进行实现我们各国在该领域追求的多数目标所需的能力建设等方面发挥重大作用。各方真正致力于在国家、区域和国际层面履行在本次会议成果文件(第65/312号决议)中所作的承诺，对于实现这些目标至关重要。", "主席(以法语发言)：大会现在听取津巴布韦共和国总统罗伯特·穆加贝先生阁下的讲话。", "穆加贝总统(以英语发言)：我首先要欢迎来这里参加“国际青年年”纪念活动的所有年轻人。同时，我要再次向遭遇悲剧的挪威表示同情。", "我国代表团赞扬大会作出召开本次非常重要会议的决定。本次会议的主题对于加强国际关系的基本原则、即和平共处原则至关重要。我真诚希望，本次会议的审议和成果将使青年有机会促进不同文化和不同信仰之间的对话和相互了解，同时促进和平、尊重人权、自由和团结的理想。", "自我国于1980年获得独立以来，青年议程一直是我国政府各项工作方案中的优先事项。我国政府确认我国青年在争取我国独立斗争中所付出的牺牲，因而不仅设立了青年、区域和娱乐部，而且还采取了让所有儿童都接受教育的政策。这项政策为儿童提供各种教育技能和能力，使他们既能够参加本国的经济活动，又能够参加本国的社会和政治生活。", "通过我们作为一个新独立国家建国最初几年所采取的这些最初步骤，我国政府确保了津巴布韦青年将持续享有参加各种代表机构和政治多元化活动的权利。同时，我国政府建立并扩大了职业技能培训中心。这些措施所带来的好处，加上一项广泛的教育大纲，使我国达到非洲大陆教育和人力资源发展的最高水平。", "然而，尽管取得了这些成就，但我们仍然面临青年失业和就业不足的挑战。不断变化的人口状况的要求和目前的全球经济状况，现在迫使我们在满足失业和闲散青年的需要方面进行更大的创新。事实上，由于失业青年人数众多，整个非洲大陆都面临紧迫挑战。", "1995年，我国政府通过了《津巴布韦青年委员会法》，从而进一步推动了将儿童和青年纳入国家对话、赋权和治理议题的努力。委员会为促进政府、青年、私营部门和民间社会之间和谐的工作关系提供平台。津巴布韦青年委员会负责协调青少年议会、青少年地方政府结构及青年企业论坛的方案。因此，津巴布韦青年委员会的活动使我国青年在治理问题题和决策进程方面获得至关重要的经验。这些崇高举措所产生的审议和决定被直接纳入我国国家青年发展方案。", "就在一个月前，即6月29日，我国高中生成功举行了一次模拟联合国大会辩论会。他们在那次模拟辩论会上审查了我国在实现千年发展目标方面所取得的进展。", "2001年，我国政府出台了国家青年服务方案，其主要目标是促进和平、对话、相互了解、容忍、平等、正义及民主文化。目的是灌输爱国主义和民族意识，同时通过塑造性格和培养领导技能来提高青年建设社区和国家的能力。该方案取得了巨大成功，逾8万名青年参加了并正着手制定自力更生生计方案。更突出的是，该方案证明，西方诽谤者针对津巴布韦的无端指责是完全错误的。", "我国政府多年来一直在实施青年赋权方案，以便使我国青年成为促进实现长期发展的强大动力。赋权方案的一个令人瞩目的例子是土地改革工作。此举为青年和青年合作社提供土地，使他们能够成为我国国家经济发展努力的积极参与者。", "我国政府正通过一项旨在促进由津巴布韦土著居民拥有和控制生产手段的本土化和赋权政策来进一步鼓励青年创造财富。此外，我国政府建立了两个重要信贷机制——青年发展基金和赋权基金。这两个基金均提供由国家担保的财政援助，以支持中小企业。政府与地方商业银行合作执行基金的各项计划。这项方案所面临的挑战是资源有限。正是在这一背景下，我们鼓励我们的发展伙伴通过提供额外资助协助我们，以使我们能够实现我们的目标：使我们的青年做好准备，并实现国际商定的发展目标。", "津巴布韦设想建立一个将本国青年有意义地纳入国家发展并使他们具备适当的工业、贸易和创业技能的教育系统。包括津巴布韦在内的许多发展中国家的青年同发达国家的青年一样，富有才华、创业精神、创新精神和创造精神。他们所缺乏的是资源，而且往往缺乏技能培训和创业机会。", "结果，发展中国家工程、卫生、工业、商业、法律和企业管理等重要领域部分创造性和创新型青年人才出走，流往发达世界。我们呼吁联合国实体和其他发展伙伴协助发展中国家提供更先进的科学技术培训。鉴于当前的技术发展状况，这种培训已经成为必要。", "艾滋病毒/艾滋病的流行继续对青年发展，尤其是发展中国家的青年发展构成明显的当下危险。我国政府已经在诸如全球基金等合作伙伴的援助下投入巨资执行预防和治疗艾滋病毒和艾滋病的方案。我国还征收艾滋病税，以扩大防艾治艾的财政基础。我们再次呼吁国际社会增加对发展中国家的援助，以克服艾滋病毒/艾滋病这一严峻挑战。", "津巴布韦充分支持今年6月和7月在赤道几内亚马拉博举行的非洲联盟国家元首和政府首脑会议的决议、2009至2018年《青年十年行动计划》和2004年《促进就业和减缓贫穷的瓦加杜古行动计划》，促进青年积极参与和参加国家发展所有各领域活动。这些决议确认，非洲人口中青年所占比例最大，不能把我们的青年置于国家方案和主流经济活动的边缘。我们必须将青年视作我们国家社会经济发展的财富，而非负担。", "事实上，现在是国际社会制定一项精心构思、结构合理的国际框架，提出促进青年发展的全面行动计划的时候了。该框架应充分解决青年面临的各种当今实际挑战。", "津巴布韦谴责任何国家或国家集团利用弱国青年人的困境以达到其自身不可告人的政治目的，如更换政权。津巴布韦曾经是而且继续是通过非法制裁和不断干涉我国内政实现险恶的新殖民主义阴谋的行为的受害者。这种行为应该受到谴责，永远受到谴责，因为它们破坏发展，特别是阻碍青年的发展。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请厄瓜多尔经济和社会融合部长希梅娜·庞塞女士阁下发言。", "庞塞女士(厄瓜多尔)(以西班牙语发言)：我感谢大会主席。我们的拉斐尔·科雷亚同志领导的厄瓜多尔政府非常自豪地出席本次会议。我们认为我们是民主政府——拉丁美洲一些国家的政府正在寻找替代发展轨道，我们已经改变了政府构成要素概念的轴心。", "我们正在努力转变政府工作的轴心，从专门提供市场解决办法转为把人作为我们发展的核心。这一转变是及时的，因为在本次首脑会议上，我们讨论的正是青年这一具有特殊需要的群体的问题，以及其他被排除在先前发展模式之外的群体——妇女、土著人民及农村地区人民——的问题。", "在本次首脑会议上，我们着重讨论青年问题。我们认为，我们现在探讨的替代发展轨道可在某种程度上解决会上提出的许多问题。但还有一些问题，我们作为国家政府必须作出回应。", "我们在会上听到各方大力强调需要公民参与。这在很大程度上涉及厄瓜多尔实行的在我们看来本质上是民主的制度。根据我们的经验，我们发现，巩固民主制度有两个不同的轨道可循：代议制民主轨道和参与式民主轨道。在所有的国家概念中，这些理论体现在所有政治发展中。但是，在此过程中，我们看到了对它们的实际应用。", "我们现在正把代议制民主轨道制度化。也就是说，所有国家机构都应该提出解决方案，以建立真正的代议制民主。就我们在本次峰会上论及的代表权问题而言，我们应当看到青年和其他被剥夺权利的群体有得到代表的可能性，从而使涉及这些人口群体的政策能够在所有国家机构中顺畅地得到制定。这将使我们能够实现我们通过社会组织或公民团体始终寻求实现的目标，即人民可以发挥作用，影响公共政策。", "我们正在这方面认真开展工作，努力建立规范结构，使民主政府能够具备所需工具，无论是宪法还是其他法律框架，而且这些工具能够用于在厄瓜多尔国内执行各种项目和方案以及从事管理。目的是能够通过这些指导原则和政策继续开展活动，主要是有关青年的活动。", "在非体制方面，有必要确保民间社会——以某种形式组织起来的民间社会，有时包括单独行动的一些人——也有办法表达自己的意见，以便人民在现实中有机会表达自己的见解，并对公共政策施加影响。", "我们已经在这两个轨道上取得进展。这里有几个例子。一方面，我国《宪法》中专门有一条确认，青年有权决定他们自己的命运。此项规定的用意在于确立一个总体框架，让青年能够对整个公共政策作出贡献。我国《宪法》还规定可以出于良心而拒服兵役——这是自由权的最高表现形式，青年能够在服兵役问题上自由决定他们的需要、关注、决定或选择。我国不实行义务兵役制，并希望全世界都这样做。", "我们实行了一项称为“我的第一个工作”的公共部门计划，为青年提供所需的工作经验，从而在为青年提供体面和有尊严的工作方面取得了进展。我们在一年内已拨款330万美元用以执行这项计划，用于鼓励青年进入就业市场。我们正通过实施一项消除或减少少女意外怀孕现象的战略，在促进性权利和生殖权利取得进展。厄瓜多尔政府将在一年内为此投入800万美元。我国提供从小学到大学的免费教育，使青年人能够逐渐地在有必要机会并具备必要知识的情况下作出他们自己的决定。", "这些是我们认为在我国国内能够实现的青年民主参与的两条轨道。因此，鉴于青年人的梦想和持续努力，我们希望我们所有人都能共同努力，为青年们创造一个必将属于他们的世界。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请洪都拉斯青年部部长马科·安东尼奥·米登塞米拉先生阁下发言。", "米拉先生(洪都拉斯)(以西班牙语发言)：首先，请允许我转达我们对兄弟国家挪威的诚挚慰问与声援。", "我代表着一个地处中美洲中心的国家。尽管它具有丰富的多样性，大自然赋予它丰富资源，但是我国最重要的财富却是它的人民。我们的人口结构显示，在近800万洪都拉斯人中，有68%的人口不到30岁，这使洪都拉斯成为一个年轻的国家。尽管如此，我国青年仍面临严重的受排斥的处境。在教育领域，只有35%的青年成功完成了中等教育，15%的人接受高等教育，4%的人成功毕业。", "在我们的劳动人口中，46%是青年，然而，每5个失业者中就有4个是青年。就移民而言，那些离开我国去北边寻找更美好生活的人中，60%也是青年。更为严重的是安全问题，每3个死去的青年中就有2人是死于暴力。我们也许会同意，这些祸患主要是以青年为目标，但是我们不能够因此而放弃打击这些祸患的努力。我们将我国目前的状况更多地视为挑战而非希望渺茫。", "今天，我们正在寻找我们自己的前进道路。我既是作为一个青年，也是作为一名公务员来说这些话的。尽管我只有26岁，但是我所代表的政府的总统委任我负责青年部的工作。我是我国民主历史上最年轻的部长。", "政府为青年参与提供了切实渠道。2005年通过了一部关于青年全面发展的框架法律，使青年享有决策权并参与成为可能。这部法律还在国务院设立了青年问题办公室，使在洪都拉斯人中占大多数的青年能够在最高行政决策层享有发言权和表决权。关于青年全面发展的框架法律所产生的最重要成果是，政府实行了青年政策，它与我国将延续到2038年的国家规划相一致。该政策使青年能够不仅仅是国家政策的被动接受者，而且也能够成为战略变革的真正推动者。", "在公民参与方面，我们启动了一个草拟志愿服务法的举措，目的是促进公民团结。一项选举改革法的目的是使青年代表席位达到30%。在教育领域，我们正在审议能使社区积极参与青年培训的法律。关于经济权利，我们开展了针对商界青年和青年创业者的举措，并提供培训机会，以获取进入劳动力市场所必需的技能。", "鉴于取得了这些进展，我借此机会对大会在其第六十五届会议期间通过关于青年问题的高级别会议成果文件(第65/312号决议)表示赞赏。我们非常希望这个机制能够使各国、民间社会组织、家庭以及青年成为决策者。我们希望国际社会能为这些进程注入活力，以便洪都拉斯人能够把青年的融入从口号转变为行动。", "最后，我愿与各位一道，摒弃“未来属于青年”这个陈词滥调。属于青年的不是未来，而是现在。国际青年年也许将定于8月11日结束，但是现在只是新一代实现变革以建设一个更加美好世界的开始。", "主席(以法语发言)：我愿提醒所有发言者在以本国身份发言时将其发言限制在3分钟以内，在以集团名义发言时限制在5分钟以内。我敦促发言者遵守这些时间限制。如我已指出的那样，在我们的名单上还有100多位发言者，而我希望让每个人都能发言。", "我现在请斯里兰卡青年事务部长Dullas Alahapperuma先生发言。", "Alahapperuma先生(斯里兰卡)(以英语发言)：主席先生，我要感谢你召开本次重要和及时的高级别会议。我还要感谢潘基文秘书长的开场发言。我与其他发言者一道，向在上周两次袭击中失去亲人的挪威家庭表示诚挚慰问。我们向挪威人民表示支持与声援。我们感到非常悲伤的是，这场国家悲剧中的大多数受害者是青年。", "斯里兰卡及其人民理解如此大规模袭击带来的痛苦与创伤，因为它经受过长达近30年的类似的无情暴力。此类事件无论是发生在斯里兰卡还是挪威，都使青年问题高级别会议的主题赋予了更多含义。内部和外部的对话与相互理解对于国家和谐发展与国际共存都是至关重要的。", "我是作为一个青年人口在本国2 000万人口中占将近26%的国家的青年事务和技能开发部长在这个论坛发言的。继恐怖主义祸患结束以来，我国青年再次燃起了对一个安全、更加美好和更加进步的斯里兰卡的希望。", "正是为了肯定这一新契机与新进展，我国规划并成立了斯里兰卡青年议会，以纪念国际青年年。青年议会由年龄在15岁到26岁之间代表我国各族裔社区的335名成员组成。青年议员中有25%来自北部主要是泰米尔的地区。青年议会还是包容各方的，其成员来自不同族裔和土著团体。", "设立青年议会的原动力在于培养受到最良好民主理想与做法教育的领导者或代表。它还给冲突后的斯里兰卡提供了一个培养本国青年一代追求和平、团结与和谐等理想的重要契机。青年议会中充满雄心壮志的领导者们有一天可能会为加强并振兴我国的民主机构和民主治理、进一步推进和平、容忍和正义理想做出切实贡献。", "我国在政策上对青年问题给予了特别关注。失业问题仍是我国领导人和决策者面临的一个敏感的政治问题，因为失业者集中在受过教育的青年中。斯里兰卡在1971年和1988年两次经历了青年暴力叛乱，因此特别注意涉及青年人的各种问题。正是由于认识到这一现实，马欣达·拉贾帕克塞总统阁下发布的被称为“马欣达远景目标”的政策文件高度优先重视我国的青年方案。", "为了扩大我国青年的就业机会，使他们能够更好地在就业市场上竞争，青年事务部正在统筹技能发展工作。我们鼓励我们的青年勇于创新和创造。大会2010年关于千年发展目标的成果文件(第65/1号决议)也核准了类似呼吁，要求作出这些改善。", "斯里兰卡政府提供培训和能力建设，以满足地方、区域和全球劳动力市场的需求和要求。除正规教育机会外，在我国过去受冲突影响的北部和东部地区，1 300多名青年，包括前泰米尔伊拉姆猛虎解放组织的战斗人员正在接受职业培训。另外，负责协调全国青年俱乐部的斯里兰卡全国青年服务委员会启动了一项外语培训方案。", "自恐怖主义在我国终结以来，我们恢复了政治稳定，并采取了许多措施来改善所有斯里兰卡人的社会、公民、经济和政治条件。我们还在前儿童战斗员的复原、重返社会和赋权方面取得了出色进展，以求创造更美好的未来。", "我们坚定致力于青年事业，这使斯里兰卡成为了今年在纽约举行的青年组织国际协调会议的主办者。我们将有机会荣幸地在国际社会准备制订新的后千年发展目标议程的时候，于斯里兰卡主办2014年联合国世界青年会议。", "最后，正如我们在开幕全体会议上听到的那样，今天的青年需要参与和作贡献的机会。他们寻求积极地参与社区生活。他们期望成为各自国家发展进程中的积极合作伙伴，成为他们的社区和社会中的利益攸关方，而不是依靠他人的人，或者仅仅是受益人。考虑到当前的多重全球危机，特别是金融和粮食危机以及气候变化，他们的担心是实实在在的。", "青年们肯定在问自己，他们的生活质量是否将比他们父辈的更好。对于发展中国家的青年，确实有必要弥合数字鸿沟，包括通过转让技术和开展国际合作，以便提供获得有偿就业机会所需的知识和技能。此外也有必要通过国际合作，处理与国际移徙有关的问题。因此，认识青年的真正关切和需求是当前的要务。我们已经听到他们说，现在就是他们的未来。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请加蓬国民议会议长居伊·恩祖巴·恩达马先生阁下发言。我再次敬请发言者遵守时间限制，这是为了使其他人能够在大会发言。", "恩祖巴·恩达马先生(加蓬)(以法语发言)：主席先生，我要转告你，加蓬共和国总统阿里·邦戈·翁丁巴先生阁下感谢你邀请他参加本次青年问题高级别会议。由于日程安排，他无法前来参会，他请我代表他出席会议，作以下发言：", "“我很高兴参加本次重要的高级别会议，这是在第64/134号决议中宣布的从2010年8月12日开始的国际青年年的高潮。", "“对话和相互理解是为可持续和平服务的手段。它们使各国人民能够走到一起，引领他们更好地相互了解，了解自身最深刻、最真实和最神圣的部分。", "“青年人持续不断地使用这些手段将使他们能够面向世界，并且是最有效的办法，从才智和精神上使青年作好准备，成为和平与发展的推动者。", "“正是在今天的青年中，将通过我们还不得而知的办法选出明天的领导人。震撼中东和北非的民众运动已经表明，敏锐注意青年人的关切有多么重要。我们往往没有让他们参与制订和执行影响世界命运的重大决定的进程，这种做法是错误的。", "“在加蓬，多年来我们已经认识到，为了使我们国家更有可能拥有更美好的明天，我们必须投资于青年。我的前任、已故总统奥马尔·邦戈·翁丁巴常说青年是可敬的。我的政治承诺是这一构想的延伸，它把青年放在加蓬发展的核心位置。事实上，我一直致力于在2025年前使加蓬跻身为新兴国家。为了实现这一目标，我们必须珍惜并利用我们的人力资源，也就是说，在我国经济的关键部门中培训青年。", "“正是为了满足这个需要，我已决定大量增加分配给教育、培训以及使我国青年融入社会经济和对他们进行职业安置的预算拨款。我还决定在不同论坛上与青年定期进行直接对话，了解他们对加蓬的愿望和愿景。", "“我们必须通过放眼世界来消除孤立和不信任他人的现象，不是局限于我们自己，而是要把限光放得更远。我们必须传递给今天青年人的正是和平、宽容和相互理解的理想。", "“我希望，我们刚才通过的这份文件(第65/312号决议)将重申，我们致力于为全世界的青年改善条件，并且给予他们新的希望，即，让他们参与建设属于他们的明天的世界。”", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请喀麦隆青年部部长阿杜姆·加鲁阿先生阁下发言。", "加鲁阿先生(喀麦隆)(以法语发言)：首先，我谨以喀麦隆代表团的名义，在2011年7月22日星期五奥斯陆发生的不幸事件之后，向挪威政府和人民表示我们的慰问。", "对我而言，在联合国组织的本次高级别会议上站在这个讲台上发言，向大会介绍喀麦隆有关青年事务的立场是一个殊荣。", "我希望通过这次发言，描述喀麦隆青年人的现状，并且介绍喀麦隆政府为帮助青年人蓬勃发展而执行的各项战略，特别是通过更好地照顾我国青年人的关切。青年在喀麦隆2 000多万人口中占60%以上。", "喀麦隆共和国总统保罗·比亚先生阁下设立了一个专门负责青年事务的完全部级部门，由此表明了它的愿望。自2004年成立以来，青年部制定了一整套指导其活动的战略文件。这些指导方针载于《就业和增长战略文件》中，《文件》是2010至2020年期间喀麦隆政府活动的参考框架。它强调了青年的核心作用，并表示下定决心在2035年使喀麦隆成为一个新兴国家。", "根据这一构想制定了《全国青年政策》文件，通过一个包含13个项目和方案的青年计划加以执行。这些不同项目和方案力求让青年充分、有效和干练地参加喀麦隆的国家建设和持久发展。它们还拿出了应对牵涉青年的问题和祸害的恰当措施。此外，它们的基础是为青年确定并载于国际文书的10个优先领域，例如千年发展目标、《世界青年行动纲领》和《2009-2018非洲青年十年行动计划》。", "鉴于它们有着贯穿各领域的特征和优先性质，并考虑到分配给我们的时间，我将着重谈以下四个领域：教育和职业培训、保健、就业，以及青年参与决策。", "关于教育和职业培训，政府大力强调人力资本的建设。国内生产总值的五分之一被用于这项努力。公共基础教育是免费的。向6至15岁的儿童提供高质量基础教育，包括小学周期和中学教育第一个周期，使我国能够提供与喀麦隆到2035年成为新兴国家的构想相称的平均教育水平。以普通教育和技术教育之间的动态平衡为基础的中学教育为在某些课程中接受进一步深造作准备，那些课程对于预期将进一步实现工业化的经济的发展有着优先重要性；此种中学教育也为大学专业教育作准备。", "在保健领域中，改善健康状况，特别是青年的健康状况，仍然是政府的长久目标。我们也在孕产妇、新生儿和儿童的死亡率方面作出努力。至于防治艾滋病毒/艾滋病这个青年特别易受感染的疾病，在2000年以来采取的多部门方法基础上制定的一项全面方案，主要注重降低该疾病的感染率。按照“无艾滋病假日”活动、自愿筛查咨询以及孤儿和脆弱儿童的治疗等方针，为年轻人制定了预防活动。", "在就业领域中，国家就业政策主要谋求促进充分、体面和自由选择的工作。重点是通过支助中小企业的创办和提高其竞争力，创造受薪工作机会。提倡自营职业，将有助于这项首要目标。为促进青年就业制定了具体的方案。我谨在此提到《农村和城市青年支助方案》、《非正规部门综合支助项目》、《国家就业基金》以及《全国公民参与发展服务》，最后这项方案的目标是帮助调动青年的活力。", "在青年参与决策方面，我要提到国家就业委员会的成立。该委员会是推动青年进行合作、获得代表和采取行动的框架。", "在发言的最后，我要提到各种挑战和前景。对喀麦隆政府而言，青年是国家的主要财富。我国有着稳定的机构，业已进行的一系列改革清楚地表明，负责任的青年正在涌现，他们懂得和平、对话和相互了解理念。", "主席(以发育发言)：我现在请博茨瓦纳青年、体育和文化部长Shaw Kgathi先生阁下发言。", "Kgathi先生(博茨瓦纳)(以英语发言)：博茨瓦纳同其他代表团一道，就最近发生的导致许多无辜者丧生的袭击，向挪威政府和人民表示最深切的慰问。", "主席先生，我们也同其他发言者一道，赞扬你非常有效地主持本次高级别会议。因此，我向你保证，我国代表团充分支持你指导我们的审议取得有意义和丰硕的成果。", "博茨瓦纳赞同阿根廷代表以77国集团加中国的名义所作的发言。", "我国代表团高兴和满意地注意到秘书长在本次高级别会议开幕时所作的介绍性发言(见A/65/PV.110)。博茨瓦纳赞同秘书长在发言中表示的看法，支持加深机构间协调，并且把青年发展议程纳入联合国的主流。为此，博茨瓦纳也充分支持非洲联盟呼吁设立一个联合国青年问题专门机构，以支持和资助会员国有关青年问题的举措。博茨瓦纳也完全支持制定同《世界青年行动纲领》相关的指标，以便协助会员国评估其国内的青年状况。", "我国代表团欣见大会青年问题高级别会议以对话和相互了解为主题的成果文件获得通过(第65/312号决议)。", "博茨瓦纳政府确认青年是一个主要的人类资源，是国家发展的一个重要组成部分。因此，青年问题在国家发展议程中处于核心地位。我们认为，青年的发展是对博茨瓦纳未来所作的战略性社会、经济、文化和政治投资。为了更美好的未来，博茨瓦纳政府致力于青年人的培养与发展并增强他们的权能。这是因为每个国家的生存、未来和繁荣，在很大程度上取决于能否使青年的权能得到增强。", "因此，为了充分发挥青年的潜力，博茨瓦纳全国对青年的发展和赋权的必要性达成共识。所以，青年和领导能力的发展被纳入博茨瓦纳《国家青年政策》的各项战略专题领域中。", "自1966年独立以来，博茨瓦纳政府一贯致力制定和促进扶贫政策和方案，它们也针对城市和农村地区的青年。第一项《国家青年政策》在1996年获得议会批准，为了处理新出现的青年问题，已经对它进行了审查。在该政策的执行工作中，我们以《订正国家青年政策》的行动计划为指导。", "消除贫困问题是拟通过2010年《订正政策》处理的一个战略专题领域。为努力克服贫困和失业这两个挑战以及新出现的青年人感染艾滋病毒/艾滋病的挑战，博茨瓦纳政府执行了一项全面的跨部门政策，它包含青年发展目标、《2016年国家构想》和《国家发展计划》。", "一年一度的国情讲话连续提到了青年问题，这进一步体现了博茨瓦纳政府对青年发展与赋权的承诺。我国总统的这一讲话为宣布青年政策、方案和项目提供了一次机会，它们的执行是政府工作中的高度优先事项。", "然而，青年面临其他新出现的挑战。这些挑战源于全球经济衰退造成的影响，并导致失业和贫困加剧。因此，当务之急是，各国政府应大力投资于青年赋权和发展方案。此外还需要投资于相关知识专长，以便指导适当青年政策的制定、执行、监测和评估。", "最后，请允许我表示支持有关请秘书长牵头制定青年发展指标的要求。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请圣基茨和尼维斯青年发展、体育、信息技术、通讯和邮政部长格伦·菲利普先生阁下发言。", "菲利普先生(圣基茨和尼维斯)(以英语发言)：圣基茨和尼维斯赞同以77国集团加中国的名义和以加勒比共同体的名义所作的发言。", "圣基茨和尼维斯自豪地参加本次重要国际会议。我们今天申明，我们致力于反映“国际青年年”主题的目标和行动。正如我们所知，这些主题是参与、发展与和平。它们使我们今天聚集到这里，讨论“青年：对话和相互了解”问题。", "圣基茨和尼维斯是世界最小的国家之一。作为政府和作为人民，我们认为，每个公民和每个居民都是我们的社会和经济愿望这一引擎的重要组成部分。正是本着这一信念，我们不能丢下任何一个儿子或女儿。我国人口有5万人，其中青年占绝大多数。我们认为，只有通过使青年做好准备和参与，我们圣基茨和尼维斯才能继续实现我们的社会目标。事实上，只有通过促使青年做好准备并参与努力，这些重要目标才会化为所有人的可持续经济发展。", "青年的优点是敢于创新、富于灵感而且勇于冒险。由于我们周围的世界不断变化，圣基茨和尼维斯认为，在我们寻求建设一个高度进步的社会时，我们也必须永远保持警觉、顽强不屈、目标明确。", "我国在教育方面取得了巨大进展，从我们的首位民族英雄罗伯特·布雷德肖执行普及教育方案，到执行幼儿教育方案。在现任总理登齐尔·道格拉斯先生阁下的领导下，圣基茨和尼维斯一直在追求更远大的构想。通过一种学生政府文化，我们使我们的学生，因而也使我们的人民，做好准备，积极参与追求世界各地稳定政府所依赖的经过时间考验的民主理想。我们正寻求建立并管理一个电子学习和通信网络，以便通过数字技术将我们的所有中学和高等院校联系起来。我们的目标是使我国青年做好准备，以便切实参与目前和未来的知识社会。", "我们继续全力以赴，努力在国际社会确定的10个优先领域保护我国的青年。在我们执行消除饥饿、贫困、吸毒和青少年犯罪的方案时，我们积极争取为我国所有青年提供平等的教育和平等的就业机会，同时提供更好的保健服务以及更清洁、更安全的环境。", "通过信息、通信和技术进步，并通过圣基茨全国青年议会协会和岛屿论坛等地方青年组织，圣基茨和尼维斯政府通过青年赋权部，推动持续不断地使我国青年做好准备，以应对今天的挑战和明天的不确定性。", "我们对青年的厚爱和培养——我国和若干其他加勒比国家对青年的厚爱和培养——正受到一项非常严峻的挑战困扰。这一挑战对我们平静快乐而朴素宜人的生活方式来说，是格格不入的。我所说的就是不祥地困扰我们各国、各国经济和各国青年的枪支、毒品、帮派和犯罪幽灵。所有这些祸患对我们来说都是外来的。具有讽刺意味的是，我们并不制造枪支或危险毒品。然而，我们似乎是我们自己所处地理位置的受害者，因为在那里，这两种因素与犯罪结合起来，构成新的剥削时代，而在这个时代，我们的青年由于天真和狂热，成为无处不在——而且很可悲地说——为富不仁的本地区“商人”——没有更好的词可以形容这种人——的首要剥削对象。", "因此，在此刻，我要以我国和整个加勒比区域青年的名义向有良知的领导人发出最诚挚的呼吁，请求他们为了我们的青年、我们的未来，与我们一道努力。打击这三重祸患所需的技术和财政资源远非我们发展中国家所能筹集得到。因此，在遏止这一外来祸害方面提供国际援助，对于我们区域各国乃至世界所有国家的发展来说至关重要。", "圣基茨和尼维斯永远感谢联合国通过教科文组织和儿童基金会所发挥的作用。这两个组织帮助我们实现我们的青年赋权和发展目标。例如，今天，教科文组织小岛屿声音和道路项目在提出圣基茨和尼维斯所面临的问题方面发挥着至关重要的作用。若非这些项目，这些问题可能无人提及。", "利·亨特提醒我们，我们有两个世界——我们用线和尺子衡量的世界以及我们用心和想象力感受的世界。圣基茨和尼维斯理解，只有将这个两个世界融为一体，我们的国家才会最妥善地满足我们青年的愿望。", "我们今天汇聚在这个大会堂，因为我们大家都希望为我们的青年带来更大机会。我祈祷，凭借远见、执著和毅力，我们将做到这一点。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请肯尼亚青年事务和体育部长保罗·奥图欧马·恩永格萨先生阁下发言。", "恩永格萨先生(肯尼亚)(以英语发言)：我与我的各位同事和前面的所有发言者一道对遭受悲惨事件的挪威人民表示我国和我本人的慰问。鉴于我们正汇聚这里，庆祝主题为“对话和相互了解”的“国际青年年”，这起事件对挪威青年的影响更加痛苦。愿上帝赐予死者安息，给予挪威青年力量，以便继续谋求对话和相互了解。", "非常荣幸能够前来参加本次会议,会议的目的是要力求将青年置于发展的中心。这次会议使我们有机会与青年直接互动，交流我们的成就、挑战、希望和担忧。", "现在国际青年年即将结束，我们应当审查在执行“对话和相互理解”的主题方面所取得的进展。世界青年是一大财富和重要的创造力、活力和潜力来源。青年是我们未来的承载者，只有通过青年才能落实这一主题。", "为了进一步突出联合国和非洲联盟对解决青年问题的重视，肯尼亚政府于2005年正式设立了青年事务和体育部。目前，肯尼亚正在努力实现《2030年愿景》、《千年发展目标》、《非洲联盟青年发展行动计划》、《英联邦青年方案》和《非洲青年宪章》的目标。", "肯尼亚青年，事实上我们地区其他许多国家的青年都面临许多挑战。有人已经谈到其中部分挑战，它们包括教育和技能培训、失业、贫困、难以获得贷款、容易感染艾滋病毒/艾滋病等疾病、滥用毒品和药物以及环境退化，这只是其中少数几个例子。他们缺乏参与影响他们生活的决策的机会和机制。", "在国际青年年之前和期间，肯尼亚共和国采取措施解决青年面临的诸多挑战。这些措施包括2009年通过关于成立肯尼亚国家青年委员会的方案，为青年参加国家决策铺平道路；以及在每个选区建立增强青年权能中心，为青年提供资讯一条龙服务 。我们还在执行“Kazi Kwa Vijana”方案，为青年创造就业，2010年已有逾30万青年因此受益。", "此外还有增强肯尼亚青年权能计划，这项计划由肯尼亚政府主导，由它与与私营部门协作执行。世界银行也为这项计划提供资助，以便通过Kazi Kwa Vijana”扩大创造就业方案，为青年提供符合市场需要的培训和在私营部门实习的机会，以便青年获得雇主要求的经验。该项目现在将进入第二阶段，并计划在现有工作的基础上再接再厉。该项目将花费4 300万美元，惠及超过11 000名青年。", "全国青年志愿服务计划是肯尼亚政府为了通过志愿和社区服务促进青年参与社区发展而作的一项努力。", "肯尼亚政府还与发展伙伴合作，执行青年创业计划。在这方面，肯尼亚政府组织进行了创业方面的密集培训，旨在向青年们灌输创业文化。肯尼亚青年发展基金是一个国营公司，它通过为青年人提供负担得起的贷款，帮助创业。", "最后，我要表示赞同其他代表的说法，即，青年是我们各国和世界的未来。肯尼亚致力于在所有方面促进和增强青年的能力，因为建筑是否牢固取决于其根基，而青年则是我们的根基。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请刚果体育和青年部长扎沙里耶·金波米先生阁下发言。", "金波米先生(刚果)(以法语发言)：首先，我谨代表刚果共和国及其领导人德尼·萨苏-恩格索总统就挪威刚刚遭受的悲剧向挪威人民表示同情。", "刚果共和国参加本次高级别会议，彰显我国政府对所有与青年有关问题的高度关心和承诺。事实上，刚果是一个青年人口比例很高的国家，估计全国总人口为3 687 490人，其中近60%是青年。鉴于这一数据，政府政策大力强调教育、培训和就业，使青年有一切必要的手段成为发展的动力，在决策中充分发挥他们的作用。2010年10月，在第二届青年大会后成立的刚果全国青年委员会，就是这种坚定承诺的佐证。", "我要指出，为了杜绝阻碍发展的异常行为，我们采取了行动，包括制定正规和非正规部门公民教育方案和教学指南，并在全国所有各地方地区组织公民会议，作为教育、交流和不同年龄层人群之间相互对话的机会。这项工作是在联合国合作伙伴，特别是联合国人口基金的支持下完成的。", "今天我可以确认，我国政府将不遗余力确保青年充分利用旨在使青年获益的各种活动，以便他们能够掌握自己的未来，成为未来一代领导人和经济、文化与商业行为者，从而促成一个富有创造性、吸引力、充满活力和持久的私营部门。", "尽管有这些努力，但在国家一级还有大量工作要做，以弥补某些差距。这正是我们仍在某些对青年有影响的决策领域开展努力的原因。因此，本次会议提供了一个难得的机会，以便各国共同探讨影响青年的问题，找到适当的方法和解决方案。", "最近在马拉博举行了非洲联盟第十七届首脑会议，其基本主题为“加快提高青年能力，促进可持续发展”。在这次会议以及最近在韩国举行的世界青年部长会议上通过的决定，证明在非洲和世界其他地区，各国普遍希望在各级开展协作。由于信息和通信技术的发展，我们今天有机会在世界所有青年人中建立协同效应，促进团结。", "因此，我们需要团结一致地采取行动，开展对话并相互理解。让我们行动起来，落实本次会议在“社会发展，包括有关世界社会状况和有关青年、老龄、残疾人和家庭的问题”议程项目下通过的第65/312号决议。我希望，本次会议将起促进作用，并将取得与我们的期望相称的成果。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请印度青年事务部部长阿贾伊·梅肯先生发言。", "梅肯先生(印度)(以英语发言)：主席先生，首先请允许我赞扬你组织本次青年问题高级别会议。本次会议是在联合国庆祝国际青年年结束的恰当方式。", "1985年，当联合国上一次纪念国际青年年时，我们当时很幸运由已故的拉吉夫·甘地先生担任我国最年轻的总理。他在借助促进青年发展的国际势头和设立人力资源部促进印度青年的全面发展方面发挥了至关重要的作用。在他的干练领导下，印度议会还作出了历史性决定，把投票年龄降低到18岁，以使青年人能够参与我国的民主进程。甘地总理接着在1988年宣布了印度的首个国家青年政策。", "为进一步加强青年对民主治理进程的参与，约30万个地方机构中民选代表的最低年龄被降低到21岁。", "我感到高兴的是，今天我的代表团中有三位年轻的印度民选代表，他们代表着印度议会和邦立法机构，其中包括印度议会最年轻的议员。", "青年人是社会中朝气蓬勃、富有活力的一个群体。他们也是所有国家中最宝贵的人力资源。我国总理曼莫汉·辛格先生恰如其分地把青年人称为国家的基石。", "印度约12亿人口中有近70%在31岁以下，共计8.4亿人。因此，印度是世界上人口结构最年轻的国家。我们正在作出特别努力，以确保提高技能发展水平。印度的一项国家技能发展行动由总理负责领导，其目标是到2022年向国内近5亿人提供服务。我们还启动了一项青年就业技能发展方案。在方案的第一阶段，我们将制订地区一级的技能缺口评估概况，随后将把青年人的志向与社区需求相匹配。", "我所负责的青年事务部在实地有两个分支机构：全国服务计划和尼赫鲁青年中心组织。它们都被赋予开展与青年有关发展活动的任务。尼赫鲁青年中心组织通过遍布全国的125 000个青年志愿者俱乐部开展活动，而全国服务计划的成员为分布在逾251所大学中的320多万名学生，并且涵盖15 000所学院和8 000所高中。", "我们还正在修订我们的国家青年政策，草案已提交给公众征求意见和反馈。", "拉吉夫·甘地国家青年发展学院是我们的专业资源开发机构，发挥着青年事务和体育部智囊的作用。借本次国际青年年之机，我们正在把这个学院的地位提升为国家级重点学院。相关立法将在未来几周提交到议会。", "我们热切期待本次青年问题高级别会议的讨论和成果。这将帮助我们加强我们在赋予青年权能方面采取的国家举措。", "最后，我要重申，印度坚定致力于促进相互理解和对话，并且支持即将要通过的宣言。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请吉尔吉斯斯坦青年部部长Alisbek Alymkulov先生发言。", "Alymkulov先生(吉尔吉斯斯坦)(以俄语发言)：主席先生，我感谢你给我机会在大会发言，谈一谈这个适时和重要的问题。", "吉尔吉斯斯坦是一个和平的民主国家，力求建立一个以法治为基础的国家。我们的国家有权称自己是一个年轻的共和国，因为14至28岁的青年占总人口的35%，而35岁以下年轻人则占人口的一半以上。", "自独立以来，吉尔吉斯斯坦的青年政策就一直着眼于为青年发展和民主创造必要法律、社会、经济和组织条件。今天，执行我国青年政策的工作正走向新的层面。自2010年4月以来，执行工作已被分配给专门的青年事务部。这表明，吉尔吉斯斯坦把青年人的发展视作我国国策的主要优先事项之一。", "正如英国政治家本杰明·迪斯累里所言：“几乎所有伟业都是由青年人完成的”。2005年和2010年在吉尔吉斯斯坦发生的政治事件表明，青年是社会的主要驱动力量之一。吉尔吉斯斯坦的青年已经证明自己是社会中的进步力量，正在谋求国家的民主改革和社会和经济发展。", "吉尔吉斯斯坦积极参与了与国际青年年有关的活动。青年年是青年为我国和社会作贡献的一个良好机会。青年事务部组织了与国际青年年有关的各种活动，包括共和国总统与青年之间的会议。我们还组织了一个题为“我们的青年年，我们的声音：对话与相互理解”的活动。我们的全面方案呼吁加强青年与国家之间的合作，是一个很好的青年参与例子。", "尽管面临政治、社会和经济挑战，但吉尔吉斯斯坦正寻求增加让青年人积极参与构筑我国未来的机会，并且继续力争实现千年发展目标。在这方面，青年事务部已开始建立到2015年底的青年政策的概念框架，目标是使整个社会参与我国的可持续发展。", "吉尔吉斯斯坦支持大会通过的成果文件(第65/312号决议)。我们认为必须加强国际合作，以求增加青年人就业，使青年能够得到高质量的教育，预防毒品使用和犯罪，消除贫困并且促进社会融合。作为青年事务部部长，我愿代表吉尔吉斯斯坦总统呼吁联合国所有会员国加强重视青年事务，因为我们今天正在创造明天的历史，而明天取决于我们如何处理青年人今天面临的问题。", "最后，我要回顾我国总统的话，他曾经说过，在经济以及社会的方方面面，我们都仰仗青年。今天，青年正在推动吉尔吉斯斯坦前进。得益于我们青年人的才智和积极精神，我们正在向前迈进。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请莫桑比克教育部长泽费里·马丁斯先生发言。", "马丁斯先生(莫桑比克)(以英语发言)：首先，请允许我在发言的一开始，向大会转达莫桑比克共和国总统阿曼多·埃米利奥·格布扎先生阁下的问候。由于受到议事日程的限制，他无法出席本次盛会。", "选择对话与相互了解作为主题是恰当的，因为当前国际形势的特点是存在巨大的政治、经济和社会挑战。必须对审议中的年龄组予以极大关注，因为人口统计数字表明，世界人口中有18亿人是年龄为15岁至24岁的年轻人，这意味着他们对联合国的发展的贡献是不容置疑的。", "莫桑比克共和国政府最为重视青年问题。这就是为什么政府的议程优先重视有关青年的政策、方案和机构；赋予青年社会和经济权力；青年的权利、融入及参与；青年的发展和福祉，以及对自营职业项目和创收活动的资助。", "由于我们认识到这一人口阶层的潜力并对其投资，我们为青年的参与创造了机会。这种投资的基础是，我们很想传播民族团结、和平文化、对话、自尊、团结、相互尊重、言论自由、民主和包容性参与等价值观。", "考虑到青年的多学科和多部门问题，并且把对话视为最重要的因素，莫桑比克政府创立了青少年和青年发展多部门委员会。该委员会是部长理事会的一个协商机构，负责监测和评估青年方案和政策。在政府同青年进行对话之后，我们正在按照《非洲青年宪章》第12条的建议，修订青年政策和相关战略。这些修订考虑到青年的多学科和多部门问题。", "正是在我们不断谋求巩固和维持政府同青年之间关系公开性的框架内，我们在安排工作时让该年龄组更多地参与国家发展。我们希望看到在本次高级别会议结束时通过部长级宣言，因为该宣言将推动联合国关于青年福祉的议程。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请多米尼加共和国青年部长富兰克林·罗德里格斯先生阁下发言。", "罗德里格斯先生(多米尼加共和国)(以西班牙语发言)：在我发言的一开始，请允许我感谢万能的上帝。显然，在这个世界上，我们必须彼此相处而不是冲突，被迫达成一致而不是各持己见。上帝以他永恒睿智和无限恩典织成的同一顶斗篷保护我们所有人，并免除我们的罪恶，使我们配进天国。", "我谨代表多米尼加共和国和我国总统莱昂内尔·费尔南德斯·雷纳先生，在挪威最近发生残暴事件之后，向该姐妹国家表示声援。", "自2002年以来，多米尼加青年与联合国合作，引人注目地参加了本组织各参与性论坛。进行参与的成果之一就是，我们于2009年在大会中设立了一个青年代表方案。此外，我国是在联合国青年方案网站上刊登我国青年代表方案概况的唯一拉丁美洲国家。同样，我们积极参加巴黎的教科文组织青年论坛，并且自2002年以来，我们有一个多米尼加模拟联合国——唯一的西班牙语模拟联合国——使800多名拉丁美洲青年能够参加这个方案。", "在我国，青年不断力求使人们注意，世界各地的决策者必须负责任地发挥作用。2010年，多米尼加共和国年轻的长距离游泳运动员马科斯·迪亚斯在联合国的赞助下并且同多米尼加共和国青年部一道努力，决定发起一个项目。在该项目中，他将在五大洲露天水域游泳，以提请人们注意实现千年发展目标的必要性，并且表明，尽管各国人民相距遥远，但我们生活在同一个星球上，大家必须为了这个共同事业而努力。这位年轻人在本大楼附近举行的一个仪式中受到了秘书长潘基文的接见。", "为了类似的目标，3名多米尼加青年登上埃佛勒斯峰——地球上最接近天堂之点。就在几天前，5名多米尼加青年不间断地大声朗读365个小时，创下新的吉尼斯世界纪录。同样，昨天在世界各地进行抗议的年轻人希望，本次会议将作出积极回应。让我们表明，我们知道自己负有保护世界青年福祉的巨大责任。", "我们欢迎最近设立了由智利前总统米歇尔·巴切莱特阁下领导的妇女署。鉴于世界各地青年面临的困难和迫切需要寻求解决这些问题的办法，我们呼吁各国政府成立一个可叫做青年署的组织，专门从事青年工作。", "我们同样认识到，正如多米尼加共和国总统莱昂内尔·费尔南德斯·雷纳先生——他以拉丁美洲的和平缔造者知名——在本大会堂所说过的那样，教育是各国人民发展的基石。从这一前提出发，并且为了扩大世界青年的教育机会，我们呼吁联合国创建一个世界奖学金基金。每个国家有义务在该基金中为世界最偏远地区的合格青年提供一定数量的教育机会。", "我们邀请世界青年参加有助于各国人民进步的社会组织，在其中发挥作用并成为其一员；加入文艺界、舞蹈团、各大学组织、体育俱乐部、音乐院校和志愿服务；以及参加将确保其故乡进步的所有活动。正如他们的指纹是独一无二和重要的，他们对世界各国人民的发展和进步的贡献也是独特的。", "最后，多米尼加共和国青年部致力于培养这样的年轻公民：他们积极参与，从变革的旁观者变为变革的推动者；他们走下看台，到运动场上参加比赛；他们敢于冒险并坚持不懈；以及他们保证干一番事业，因为归根结底我们知道，在21世纪，沉默和袖手旁观不再是年轻人的选项。必须用精确的解剖刀从社会中剔除这种态度，以便我们再也不会不坚持今天使我们在此齐聚一堂的不可动摇的目标——成为变革的潜在提倡者。", "主席(以法语发言)：我请尼日利亚青年事务主任Ajulu Joy Ifeoma女士发言。", "伊费欧马女士(尼日利亚)(以英语发言)：主席先生，请允许我与其他代表团一道，就几天前发生的导致许多挪威人死亡的不幸事件，向挪威政府和人民转达尼日利亚代表团的慰问。死者中很多是年轻人。他们当时正聚集在一起，思考他们在本国未来中的作用。", "正如我们大家都知道的那样，任何一个社会的青年都是这个社会的资产及其未来的希望；及早投资于青年对于有意义的国家发展来说势在必行。青年的精力如果妥善加以利用，将会大大促进今天的成功和明天的希望。", "正是意识到青年在社会中的重要作用，尼日利亚联邦政府于2007年设立了一个专门负责处理青年问题部。自设立以来，联邦青年发展部制定了各种促进青年赋权和创业的机构和方案，包括青年发展和技能学习中心、一个青年议会和一个充当政府与国内各青年组织之间接口的尼日利亚国家青年理事会。目前，联邦政府正在探索在所有部门和机构设立青年事务股以促进将青年问题纳入国家发展议程主流的可能性。", "此外，政府正在设立一个青年基金，年轻人可从中获得资金以实现其自我发展和创业的愿望。鉴于从正规金融机构获得贷款通常会有困难，此举变得有必要。", "此外，政府为青年定期举办讲习班，旨在帮助青年重新确定价值方向、对他们进行辅导和培养他们的领导技能。此类讲习班的结果将送交政府，用于在顾及青年自己看法的情况下制定与青年有关的政策。我们还实施宣传方案，鼓励基层青年参与制定和执行面向青年的政策。", "尼日利亚骄傲地成为受权广为宣传和促进执行《非洲青年宪章》的非洲联盟青年志愿军的主要志愿人员派遣国。为表明对青年志愿军的支持，尼日利亚在尼日利亚奥布杜养牛场主办了首批志愿军成员的启动和培训。我们的强项在于尼日利亚在青年发展方案方面有着丰富的经验。我们的国家青年服务团计划和技术援助团方案就表明了这一点。通过这些计划和方案，尼日利亚向许多非洲、加勒比和太平洋国家提供技术援助。我们愿意在非洲大陆和全球层面推广使用我们的经验。", "最后，让我敦促在座各位听取一个年轻人提出的意见：今天照顾他们，这样他们明天就能照顾我们。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请牙买加青年、体育和文化部长奥利维娅·格兰奇女士阁下发言。", "格兰奇女士(牙买加)(以英语发言)：牙买加政府和人民向最近遭遇悲惨事件的挪威人民表示最深切的同情和声援。", "牙买加赞同阿根廷将以77国集团加中国的名义和苏里南将以加勒比共同体成员国的名义作的发言。", "我还借此机会祝贺联合国在拉丁美洲半球为促进青年福祉所做的工作。我敦促联合国加大其同加勒比次区域协作的力度。我们期待着提高与联合国青年方案的合作水平。", "牙买加支持联合国决定建立一个关于青年发展的网络。我们致力于在这方面协作，因为我们认为，这是一个有助于在全球范围分享最佳做法的出色框架。", "牙买加人口约有一半年龄为30岁或以下。因此，我们理解投资于我国青年以确保他们参与发展进程的好处。我们对我国的历史、文化和传统感到骄傲，因为它们导致牙买加青年在学术研究、创业精神、领导能力、志愿主义精神、社区服务、体育及视觉和表演艺术等方面出类拔萃。我们的青年确实是牙买加的最大资产之一。今天，我们拥有地球上跑得最快的人尤塞恩·博尔特。我们为世界提供音乐偶像鲍勃·马利和雷鬼音乐。", "我国政府对毒品、犯罪和暴力给我国青年造成的影响深感关切。我们致力于处理这一情况。然而，这是一项全球性挑战。我们敦促各会员国齐心协力，争取找到长期解决这些问题的办法。", "我高兴地报告，根据国内干预政策，牙买加在采取多部门和多方面方法制定造福青年的社会和经济方案方面取得了巨大进展。", "研究表明，牙买加体育和文化产业贡献约10%的国内生产总值和5%的就业机会。我们正在把我们的国家青年和体育政策与方案联系起来，利用我们的文化资产作为首要工具，推动我国青年取得社会和经济成功，成为健康的成年人。这些方法还为青年走上新的职业道路以及富有活力的文化与体育产业的发展提供巨大机会。", "在纪念“国际青年年”方面，牙买加以多种不同的方式让我国青年参与，包括协助青年领导人同流落街头的儿童进行对话，以确定这些儿童需要何种干预措施，并致力于给他们的生活带来积极变化；进行一次全国青年普查，以发掘我国青年的巨大潜力；进行一次全国青年情况分析，以更好地了解他们的需要和关切，并建立适当的政策框架；以及组织由青年领导人自己制定和指导的国家协商，以便进一步加强国家青年政策。", "我国建立了青年信息中心，并通过实施防治艾滋病毒/艾滋病方案取得重大进展。我国制定了一项国家青年创业战略，实施了杰出青年总理奖计划。我国还任命了青年大使，包括向联合国派出一名青年大使。我国政府还通过牙买加青年企业信托基金，为青年企业发展投入了大量资金。", "牙买加支持1995年通过的《世界青年行动纲领》，但需要审查和更新《世界纲领》，使之顾及目前的全球现实，从而进一步发展这一国际框架。主席先生，我感谢你提供这次机会，并希望你会认同我们所介绍的牙买加在实现其国家目标过程中采取的一些举措。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请马里青年和体育部长吉吉巴·凯塔先生阁下发言。", "凯塔先生(马里)(以法语发言)：请允许我高兴地转达马里人民和马里共和国总统、国家元首阿马杜·图马尼·杜尔先生阁下的兄弟般友好问候。与以往每次收到大会邀请一样，总统这次也非常希望来到纽约，与大家一起共同探讨青年问题，因为青年是每一个国家的财富和发展资产。不幸的是，因为要务在身，总统要求我代表他出席本次重要会议。因此，我谨代表总统由衷感谢大会召开本次青年问题高级别会议，其主题——“对话和相互了解”——已经成为2010年国际青年年活动的组织原则。我向大会保证，我国代表团赞同以非洲联盟的名义所作的发言。", "同我前面的发言者一样，我谨就挪威发生的悲剧，向挪威人民表示诚挚的慰问，我国总统也已经表达了同样的慰问。", "今天7月26日，我在大会讲台上发言谈青年问题，必须回顾1953年的今天，一个名叫菲德尔·卡斯特罗的男子领导古巴青年攻打蒙卡达兵营，以解放古巴人民。今年年初，突尼斯和埃及青年完成了本质上相同的壮举。青年人往往是历史的引擎。因此，凯塔·莫迪博、纳尔逊·曼德拉、艾哈迈德·塞古·杜尔、阿戈什蒂纽·内图、阿米尔卡·卡布拉尔、帕特里斯·卢蒙巴和克瓦米·恩克鲁玛等人立志实现人民解放，摆脱殖民枷锁，他们当时都是青年人。", "“青年：对话和相互了解”这个主题与我国社会的基本原则完全一致。马里有各种古老的传统和文明，它们和谐地交融在一起，极大地增强了我国的社会经济影响力。事实上，马里社会的团结与凝聚力是语言、倾听和相互了解的结果。我们的语言大师、我们不同的年龄组、我们通过谑语建立的亲切关系、我们家族姻亲之间开玩笑互嘻以及我们的寓言故事传统，都是导致形成民族文化群体之间对话与和平文化的元素和载体。我国各族群，特别是青年人之间的这种交流，帮助他们相互融合，塑造了我们国家的团结和凝聚力。", "在此背景下，我们的政策和战略方向的重点始终主要侧重于我们各族群的福祉，同时兼顾我们的文化财富。因此，传统聚会场所、各种青年活动，例如青年周、双年度艺术文化和体育活动、各种节日、了解马里活动、青年营、友谊大篷车和其他活动，有助于我们培养某些美德和价值观，如勇气、尊严、尊重他人的差异、倾听、宽容、忠诚和团结，所有这些都是建立社会秩序和建设和平的必要因素。", "最后，我谨指出，所有这些社会规范并不会抹杀个人特征。相反，自古以来，这些社会规则帮助马里成为一个和平稳定的国家，并将继续使马里成为一个民主典范和文化多样化、对话和相互了解的国家。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请加纳青年与体育部长克莱门特·科菲·胡马多先生发言。", "胡马多先生(加纳)(以英语发言)：能够代表加纳在本次有关青年发展、以对话和相互了解为主题的高级别会议上发言，我的确感到荣幸。", "请允许我代表加纳政府和人民，就挪威发生悲惨的枪杀和爆炸事件，造成多人伤亡，向挪威政府和人民表示由衷的同情和慰问。", "本次会议对于我们加纳具有特别重要的意义，因为加纳青年人口众多，非常容易受世界各地社会和经济状况恶化的影响。因此，加纳赞成本次会议的主题，即对话和相互了解，认为它为我们提供了一次机会，作为利益攸关方交流关于最佳做法的信息，以便建立机制，促进青年人对地方、国家和国际决策进程的积极参与，从而实现社会融合，充分就业和消除贫困。", "为了充分落实全球和非洲青年宪章，加纳于2010年8月推出了一项国家青年政策和行动计划，加纳议会也于2010年12月批准《非洲青年宪章》。依法受权促进加纳青年发展的国家青年管理局在以下领域开展工作：第一，按照国家发展议程提高青年的方向感和民族意识；第二，促进青年卫生和性健康；第三，为青年提供教育，以促进就业和创业；第四，解决青年与国家资源管理及环境可持续性问题。", "目前，国家青年管理局正在开展国家青年政策所规定的19个优先领域的工作，并管理加纳10地区的11所学校和培训机构。今年，除全国各地其他利益攸关方的活动外，为了促进对话和了解，青年管理局将组织30个青年志愿者工作营，让青年了解我国文化的多样性和参与提供志愿者服务，帮助修复和建设农村基础设施，包括教室、诊所、厕所、农村供水项目以及植树等绿色项目。这些工作营还将通过产生自国家青年政策的青年行动计划中规定的方法和活动，帮助提高青年们的认识。", "国家青年管理局正在开展其它区域、非洲大陆以及国际青年交流活动，以便使加纳青年了解其它文化和社会，促进对话和相互理解。国家青年管理局还组织了一个与加纳议会有联系的青年议会，从而使与青年人的对话得以展开，并且使青年人得以参与政策制订和决策进程。", "加纳还启动了一项国家青年就业方案，目的是发动和赋予青年人权能，让他们参与生产和技能培训活动，此类培训是使失业青年为从事工业和公共服务领域工作作好准备的前提条件。该方案目前在管理由实习项目、贸易和各种职业单元组成的12个工作单元，两年内将使40万人受益。已经制订了退出战略和方案，并且使各个单元与供资来源相匹配。迄今为止，过去四年已有11.1万青年完成所有这些单元。加纳还有照顾残疾人和妇女的特殊单元，以确保社会包容性和融合。", "青年和体育部还与教育、卫生等其它部门的部委协作，处理艾滋病毒/艾滋病、滥用毒品和其它与卫生相关的生活方式问题。", "不过，我们仍然面临一些挑战。关于未来的前景，加纳政府正在与捐助伙伴联系合作，以便增加为国家青年就业方案提供的资金。", "就社会和经济影响而言，加纳青年领域的情况相对和平，其部分原因是加纳政府和社会做到开放和透明，使青年人能够进行对话，从而实现相互理解。加纳正在执行的青年就业方案已开始对社会产生积极影响，促进了青年人之间以及青年与利益攸关方之间的对话和理解。这些方案还正在创造就业机会，从而减少失业和贫困，并且带来了青年领域中的相对稳定。", "加纳愿意在这个论坛上倾听其他人的意见并与他们分享经验，以便丰富我们的手段和办法。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请突尼斯副外长Radhouan Nouicer先生阁下发言。", "Nouicer先生(突尼斯)(以英语发言)：在我简短发言的开始，我要向挪威、挪威人民及其领导人转达突尼斯人民的真诚慰问，并向上周五奥斯陆恐怖事件受害者的家人表示我们的声援。这一悲剧提醒我们，我们不能让我们的世界和青年被政治领域极端势力挟持。", "突尼斯人民在很短的时间内，仅凭他们的民主信念就催生了一场没有政治领导、没有意识形态导向、没有外部干预的和平、自发的革命。人民，特别是青年人，尤其是被称为“网络一代”的青年人在革命期间提出的口号深深植根于自由、尊严和民主这些普世价值观。", "在2010年12月末和2011年1月初走上突尼斯市和我国其他城市街道的青年人来自各个社会群体：穷人和富人、男性和女性、男孩和女孩、企业家和失业者、受过教育者和文盲。他们都一致认为已经受够了，突尼斯人应当得到更好的治理：一个倾听人民心声并且通过完全透明和负责任方式为人民谋求福祉和繁荣的政府。", "今天，突尼斯人民享有的言论自由和他们梦寐以求的民主未来归功于他们的青年。突尼斯青年在革命之后的艰难日子里，在保护他们的家人、邻里和村庄方面，也发挥了至关重要的作用。", "突尼斯青年创建的非政府组织和社团目前正在非常积极地推动宽容、平等和两性平衡的原则，并且正在建立人们对青年参与国家政治对话重要性的认识。突尼斯青年也在邻国利比亚的人民逃离他们遭受战乱的国家进入突尼斯时，非常积极地为他们提供关爱和帮助。", "今天，突尼斯正处于其历史上的转折点。我国正站在至关重要的民主化进程的起点。我们在依靠我们的自身力量来兑现革命的承诺，我们确实有力量：受过高等教育的人口、稳固的中产阶级和实现了高度解放的妇女。不过，我们最强有力的资产或许是我们的青年的活力和高度参与。突尼斯青年是国家最重要的资产，并将是任何成功过渡进程的关键因素。", "突尼斯从它的革命中汲取了许多经验教训。我们已经了解，政府必须聆听青年的声音，政府或许无法为青年提供更多东西，但对待他们时必须使他们得到尊重、享有尊严，必须使青年人建立起自信，并且给予他们希望。政府必须考虑到青年人觉得他们是完全成熟的公民这一点，并且必须让他们参与做出涉及他们未来的决定。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请蒙古国社会福利和劳工部国务秘书Urgamal Byambasuren先生阁下发言。", "Byambasuren先生(蒙古国)(以英语发言)：我感谢联合国组织了本次非常重要和及时的高级别会议。蒙古是一个青年人的国家，因此从传统上说，青年人一直是蒙古政府政策的核心。蒙古政府正在执行旨在促进青年就业的政策和方案，为他们提供符合劳动力市场需求的教育，引入现代技术来帮助青年与世界上的发展保持同步，并且支持青年家庭，通过软贷款提供住房。通过这些努力，我们正在取得重要进展。", "青年应当成为可持续发展的核心。不过，青年面临着若干挑战。请允许我重点谈一谈我国青年面临的主要此类挑战。", "首先，年轻人没有从我国的经济增长中获得足够的惠益。过去几年里，蒙古的经济增长从未低于6%。但是，同一时期的青年失业没有减少，一直是全国平均数的两倍。解决青年失业问题，是消除贫困、维护家庭与稳定以及劝阻参与犯罪活动的关键。因此，资源和财富的分配，必须对青年更加公平和有利。", "第二，另一个对年轻人产生巨大影响的问题就是国内和国际移徙——从农村移居城市地区和从城市地区移居国外。结果，人口过多日益成为城市社区的现实，而农村地区传统的畜牧业显然缺乏劳动力。第三，青年健康问题，特别是酗酒、吸毒上瘾及艾滋病毒/艾滋病，是另一个令人关切的问题。第四，环境退化和气候变化等问题正在成为全球问题，不再是个别国家的问题。必须特别注重教育年轻人，培养他们爱护环境和承担社会责任的道德态度。第五，年轻人之间的生活水准和教育水平的差距正在扩大，导致不平等待遇。", "为了应对这些挑战，除了作出本国努力外，我们必须进行更大的国际合作。发展政策的核心，是为年轻人创造体面和生产性工作机会并改善他们的素质、教育和技能，使他们能够促进并受益于经济增长。", "我们呼吁联合国提出全面建议，并为我们提供办法。必须为管理国际移徙提出有利于移民的全面政策，要认识到国际移徙对经济的贡献。尤其必须支持年轻人同他们的家庭一道移徙，以帮助他们避免家庭分离、酗酒及艾滋病毒/艾滋病等问题。", "我们呼吁国际银行、金融、商业和投资机构摒弃其注重经济收益的传统立场，更加注重各国的可持续发展，并努力对环境、社会和青年的福祉产生更积极的影响。外来直接投资在每个发展中国家的经济生活中发挥重要作用。在这方面，投资合同——特别是在对环境具有广泛影响的矿业部门——必须规定使用无害于生态的工艺和技术、培训本国年轻劳力学会应用它们，并不断改进年轻人的素质和技能。", "为了在年轻人之间交流信息并在区域一级进行合作和交流经验而扩大活动，对于丰富他们的知识和专长、提高他们的自信、教育他们关爱环境和地球的概念，以及对他们灌输集体社会责任感，是至关重要的。因此，我们呼吁联合国及其机构，为区域和次区域各级的不同青年团体作出更多努力。我们为青年所做的工作和努力，都是对美好未来的巨大投资。我认为，我们能够共同干一番了不起的事业。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请中国副部长周长奎先生阁下发言。", "周长奎先生(中国)：我很高兴代表中国政府参加联大青年问题高级别会议。中国政府和青年组织高度赞赏联大在“国际青年年”之际召开此次重要会议。中国代表团支持阿根廷代表77国集团加中国所作的发言。", "中国政府一贯高度重视青年发展和青年工作，从战略高度和长远角度制定和实施青年政策，不断完善青少年法律体系和协调机制，坚持不懈培养青年人才，大力支持青年组织发展。在联合国通过《到2000年及其后世界青年行动纲领》的16年间，中国政府进一步加大了对青年的投入。", "受中国政府委托，全国青联协调和共同管理政府青年事务。多年来，全国青联以组织青年、引导青年、服务青年、维护青少年合法权益为四项基本职能，为青年参与和贡献社会，提供了广阔的舞台。", "2010年8月起的一年是联合国确定的第二个“国际青年年”。全国青联围绕“加强对话和相互理解”的主题，举办了“中国青年与和平发展”国际和平日庆祝大会、2010年中国上海世博会青年高峰论坛、2011中欧青年交流年、2011北京模拟联合国大会等一系列活动，促进了青年发展。", "“国际青年年”是联合国青年事务进程中的又一个里程碑。我愿借此机会，提出以下几点建议。", "第一，支持联合国在青年发展领域继续发挥重要作用。当前，各国青年面临的全球性挑战日益增多。青年发展已经成为全球发展目标的一部分，青年发展与联合国千年发展目标的内在联系日益紧密。我们将继续支持联合国在推动各国青年政策发展、促进青年事务国际合作领域发挥更为建设性的积极作用。", "第二，加强青年参与，推动共同发展。青年是重要的政治力量，为青年参与创造便利条件，是社会平等和进步的重要标志。除了传统的政治选举和政治咨商，我们要根据青年政治表达方式的新特点，利用虚拟组织、网络新媒体等多种渠道，丰富青年的参与方式，扩大青年的参与范围，提高青年的参与水平，使发达国家和发展中国家的青年都真正成为全球化、现代化进程的重要参与者和受益者。", "第三，加强文明对话，建设和谐世界。文明对话是实现相互理解、相互尊重、和平相处的重要途径。青年作为文明的传承者，在汲取本民族本地域精神营养的同时，还要成为促进文明对话的桥梁和纽带。青年作为文化的创造者，应该为建设美好与共、天下大同的和谐世界添砖加瓦，不断开创兼容、开放的青年新文化。", "下午1时10分散会。" ]

[ "主席: 戴斯先生 (瑞士)", "上午10时10分宣布开会", "议程项目27(续)", "青年问题高级别会议", "社会发展", "(b) 社会发展,包括有关世界社会状况和有关青年、老龄、残疾人和家庭的问题", "决议草案(A/65/L.87)", "主席(以法语发言): 大会面前有作为文件A/65/L.87印发的成果文件草案。", "大会现在将就题为“大会关于青年:对话和相互了解的高级别会议成果文件”的决议草案A/65/L.87作出决定。 5月 (中文(简体) ). 我是否可以认为大会想通过决议草案A/65/L.87?", "决议草案A/65/L.87获得通过(第65/312号决议)。", "主席(以法语发言): 在请发言者发言之前,我要向奥地利常驻代表托马斯·迈尔-哈廷先生阁下和贝宁常驻代表让-弗朗西斯·津苏先生阁下表示诚挚的赞赏,他们在关于结果文件的磋商中干练而耐心地主持了讨论和复杂谈判。 我还要感谢所有会员国的宝贵贡献,没有这些贡献,结果文件就不可能完成。", "在开始之前,我谨向各位成员提供一些实际信息,以便在有限的时间内最大限度地参与。 我请代表国家发言以3分钟为限,代表国家集团发言以5分钟为限。 我也呼吁发言者以正常速度发言,以便适当提供口译。 为了协助发言者掌握时间,已在发言者的讲台上安装了一个灯光系统。", "大会现在将听取贝宁共和国总统托马斯·亚伊·博尼先生阁下的讲话。", "亚伊总统(以法语发言): 首先,我要在这个讲台上就乌托亚岛发生的汽车炸弹袭击和枪击事件向挪威国王哈拉尔德五世陛下再次表示最深切的慰问,这一可怕的悲剧使挪威人民遭受了破坏。 我国政府强烈谴责这些恐怖袭击。", "7月25日开幕的青年问题高级别会议是我们在来自不同背景的贡献上更上一层楼,并围绕对话和相互理解建立共同愿景的一种方式,如成果文件所概述(第65/312号决议)。 成果文件是大会第65/134号决议所宣布的国际青年年的高潮。 国际年为我们提供了一次特别机会,动员起来支持世界人口中这个非常重要的部分。", "除了它所宣扬的有利于和平文化、尊重人权和代代相传、文化、文明和宗教之间的团结的理想之外,本次会议的主题是向各国政府和青年本身发出的呼吁,要求他们对我们各国的未来承担责任。", "我们都知道,青年人在民主、社会正义、参与和融合方面要求更多。 这些都是与原教旨主义和极端主义趋势相违背的根深蒂固的愿望。", "由于他们的热情和敏感性,他们动员和反对的强大能力,他们的理想主义和他们承担巨大风险的强烈意愿,年轻人在追求更大的自由和更大的福祉时,是所有人类社会变革的强大动力. 最近在国际一级所发生的事件非常清楚地表明了这一点。", "我们必须响应他们的愿望,加强包容性对话并促进和平与国际合作文化,以预防出现问题的事态发展,因为这些事态发展成为倒置和正当的挫折的渠道,必须引导和安宁,以维持各国内部和各国之间的稳定与和谐。", "我们知道,联合国对这些重大挑战并非漠不关心。 从近年来在联合国主持下采取的许多主动行动可以清楚地看出这一点,这些主动行动使我们能够制定国际发展目标,并辅之以在各级开展的项目,其目的是从各方面改善各国人民的生活条件。", "然而,在实现包括千年发展目标在内的这些国际发展目标方面取得的进展并不均衡,更加突出了当今世界的不平等现象。 我们需要为弥合这些差距投入更大的精力和更大的决心,因为我们认识到,这些差距的继续存在对国际和平与安全构成威胁。", "为此,我们需要在各种现有方案之间建立协同作用,利用青年人的能量,使他们既成为消除这些不平等进程中的行动者,又成为受益者。 在我们在国家、区域和全球各级的所有政策、战略、计划和发展方案中需要考虑到青年人,因为只有那些给青年人机会的社会才能应付本世纪及其后的挑战。", "我们对年轻人的信念必须是坚固的。 我们必须激励他们并确保他们承担历史责任。 这是2011年6月30日至7月1日在赤道几内亚马拉博举行的非洲联盟第十七届常会的重点,其主题是“加快增强青年权能以促进可持续发展”。 除其他外,它决定会员国应向区域组织分配足够的资源,用于面向青年的方案。", "在我国贝宁,青年被视为我国重建的主要推动力,是我们社会项目的核心。 在这方面,青年人占据重要的责任地位,并真正投入国家的未来。 这样的重建努力需要年轻人拥有某些关键的试金石,即美德、爱国主义的兴起、对自己的信念、对一个国家的信心以及对爱国主义、责任感和领导才能等主要精神原则的信念。", "各位成员知道,对世界各国来说,青年是宝贵的资产,是无穷无尽的金矿,是促进可持续经济和社会发展投资的有利可图的增长领域。 二十一世纪将是由青年人所代表人力资本的世纪。", "本次高级别会议刚刚通过的成果文件围绕在国际青年年范围内开展的各种活动,表达了一种愿景,呼吁承诺采取行动并协调努力来消除阻碍青年蓬勃发展的障碍。 联合国必须承担支持各国政府在这方面的特殊责任。 建立一个与妇女署相类似的联合国青年机构,将是推进这项工作的最佳途径。", "鉴于就业在确保青年的社会和经济融合方面的作用,制定特别关注消除青年失业和就业不足问题的全球就业战略极为紧迫。 确保青年人流动作为自由感的表现的措施也是如此。 增加临时移徙的法律渠道可以促进这一点,而这一措施只能加强友好的国际关系、理解与合作。", "应在国际青年年结束时启动的这些各种项目可以在一个青年十年的框架内进行,目的是在这方面开展协调和持久的运动。 大会在审查我们刚刚请秘书长编写的报告时,应特别注意这一问题。", "我们应该建立一个由常驻纽约联合国代表组成的青年之友小组,以监测本次高级别会议成果文件的执行情况。 它关系到人类的未来,这将取决于我们是否有能力使青年为和平、国际安全以及人道、可持续和公平发展而努力。", "各民族和各国之间的友谊万岁! 国际合作促进青年健康万岁! 联合国万岁!", "主席(以法语发言): 大会现在将听取卢森堡副总理让·阿瑟伯恩先生阁下的讲话。", "阿瑟伯恩先生(卢森堡)(以法语发言): 本次青年问题高级别会议确实非常及时。 在过去几个月中,在中东和北非,受过教育的年轻人——其中许多是毕业生,他们仍然面临失业和领导人无法为他们提供未来——动员起来,要求恢复权利和自由以及确保社会正义和公平分享财富的政策。", "我不想比较无法比较的东西,但今天地中海以南和中东发生的事情标志着青年作为政治和社会利益相关者在解放方面迈出了一步,在我看来,这一点与1968年5月的事件对欧洲青年同样重要。 国际社会必须抓住这一历史性机会。", "在这方面,卢森堡欢迎我们会议的成果文件(第65/312号决议)。 我感谢奥地利和贝宁常驻代表推动就一项案文达成共识,该案文鼓励我们做更多的工作,以便为包括青年妇女在内的青年提供建设更美好未来的工具。", "卢森堡欢迎我们的宣言重申《世界青年行动纲领》,该纲领一如既往地具有现实意义。 我们需要继续在所有各级果断地执行它。", "请允许我强调该文件中确定的几个优先事项:第一,青年就业;第二,青年获得教育和保健等基本社会服务;第三,有效促进和保护青年的基本权利和自由,包括在冲突局势中。", "在卢森堡,我们的青年政策以2008年框架法为基础。 我们的政策旨在贯穿各领域,因为它涵盖对青年生活有影响的所有政治领域。 我们的政策的目标是参与性。 青年议会允许年轻人在我国的政治辩论中发表意见。", "根据对卢森堡青年状况的详细分析,一项国家行动计划即将定稿。 它将侧重于有限的几个优先事项,前两个优先事项是支助青年从教育世界向工作世界过渡,以及支助青年家庭。", "我还要强调,我们的发展和人道主义合作政策高度重视青年人的教育和职业与技术培训。 无论是在佛得角、塞内加尔、尼加拉瓜、越南还是巴勒斯坦被占领土,卢森堡的发展合作都致力于改善青年就业。 我们还支持旨在帮助青年人创业的小额供资方案。", "最后,鉴于我们致力于建设和平,特别是在西非,特别是在几内亚,卢森堡认识到,青年就业对于在刚刚摆脱冲突的国家建立和平和持久的社会凝聚力至关重要。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请苏里南体育和青年事务部长保罗·阿贝纳先生阁下发言,他将代表加勒比共同体发言。", "阿贝纳先生(苏里南): 我代表加勒比共同体(加共体)就涉及青年人的悲剧向挪威人民和政府表示由衷的慰问。", "在此历史性时刻,我非常荣幸地代表加勒比共同体成员国在大会发言。 我还高兴地代表苏里南共和国总统德西雷·博特塞先生阁下致以问候,他担任共同体内青年、体育、性别和文化事务的职务。", "加共体赞同阿根廷代表以77国集团加中国的名义所作的发言。", "在我们即将结束国际青年年之际,本次高级别会议提供了一个及时的机会来应对青年人的脆弱性、他们在进步和发展方面面临的挑战,以及贫穷、失业、健康和教育系统不足等问题如何影响他们。 加共体特别关注这些问题,因为30岁以下的青年约占我们区域人口的60%。", "加共体率先让青年参与和融入该区域,为他们提供积极参与的机会并增进他们的创造力和才智。", "在这方面,我提请注意2010年1月在苏里南举行的加共体青年发展问题特别首脑会议。 首脑会议核可了加共体政府首脑授权于2007年发起的加共体青年发展委员会的报告,全面分析加共体单一市场和经济中青年面临的挑战和机遇。 委员会还就改善青年人的福祉并增强其能力提出了建议。 首脑会议通过了《关于加勒比共同体青年未来的帕拉马里博宣言》,其中确定青年是发展的资源和伙伴,并将青年发展同国家和区域发展紧密联系起来。", "加共体青年议程旨在增强15至29岁青年的能力,以利用和推动区域一体化和加共体单一市场和经济。 它以青年发展区域战略为基础,有以下专题优先事项:社会和经济赋权、发展机会、保护、领导、治理和参与、保健和生殖权利。", "自2003年以来,我们青年议程的一个重要组成部分是加共体青年大使方案。 该方案是共同体深化青年参与程度、区域一体化伙伴关系和全区域社会和经济发展进程的机制。 加共体青年大使组成了一个加勒比青年领袖网络,由加共体政府首脑授权,倡导加共体单一市场和经济以及艾滋病毒和艾滋病等区域优先事项并教育青年人。", "青年人日益受到非传染性疾病的影响或面临这种风险。 为确保我们所有公民,包括我们的青年,都享有能达到的最高健康标准,解决这种疾病的发病率和流行问题仍然是区域优先事项。", "该区域关切的另一个问题是青年失业率高,妇女失业率高得多。 加共体将支持制定关于这一问题的全球战略的努力。", "在加勒比区域几乎所有国家,犯罪和暴力仍然是青少年和青年的一个主要关切。 它们与贫穷、失业和社会不平等有关。 这导致加共体各国政府首脑指示最紧迫地对待在联合国毒品和犯罪问题办事处协助下所制定的《社会和发展预防犯罪行动计划》。", "我们支持联合国系统内为青年发展确定优先次序并增加支助的倡议。 在这方面,加共体认为,应就联合国机构间青年发展网络制定的框架办法采取后续行动,以指导其在国际年期间的工作。 该框架还涉及《世界青年行动纲领》优先领域中概述的持续挑战。 该框架的首要目标——增加对青年的承诺和投资,增加青年的参与和伙伴关系,并增进青年之间的文化间了解——可以指导联合国机构在国际年之后的工作。", "全球社会将通过增加对青年发展的财政和能力建设支持,特别是在处境不利的地区和社区,作出出色的投资。 在这方面,应加强人居署青年基金。 它可作为在其他专题领域为青年发展提供资金的典范。", "最后,加共体认识到,青年已经积极参与社会,并通过在领导、民主进程、商业、技术、研究、体育、音乐、艺术等许多领域取得的成就,为社会作出宝贵贡献。 他们与信息和通信技术的密切关系使他们得以在自己的社区边界以外分享知识和经验,并建设其社会和文化与他人社会和文化之间的桥梁。", "加共体理解青年人具有创造力和作为变革推动者的潜力。 我们相信,我们的未来取决于我们的青年。 因此,我们的青年委员会报告的标题最好不过是 \" 未来的眼睛:现在为明天的社区投资青年 \" 。", "我们随时准备同其他会员国、捐助者和国际社会合作,促进青年发展。 我们重申,我们承诺在力所能及的范围内,继续向青年人提供更快的机会,作为世界和子孙后代福祉的先决条件。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请纳米比亚青年、国家服务、体育和文化部长卡泽南博·卡泽南博先生阁下发言,他将代表南部非洲发展共同体发言。", "卡泽南博先生(纳米比亚)(以英语发言):首先,我谨代表南部非洲发展共同体(南共体)向挪威人民表示慰问。", "我荣幸地代表由以下国家组成的南部非洲发展共同体发言:安哥拉、博茨瓦纳、刚果民主共和国、莱索托、马拉维、毛里求斯、莫桑比克、塞舌尔、南非、斯威士兰、坦桑尼亚联合共和国、赞比亚、津巴布韦和我国纳米比亚。 南共体赞同阿根廷代表以77国集团和中国的名义以及卢旺达代表以非洲集团的名义所作的发言。 南共体将给予全力支持与合作,使这次重要会议圆满结束。", "青年发展问题是南部非洲发展共同体的一个重大优先事项。 本区域各级都存在促进青年发展的国家政策、立法和方案。 作为非洲联盟的一部分,南共体成员国继续承诺将2009-2019年作为青年赋权和可持续发展十年。 在区域一级,已经制定了一项方案,共同应对我们区域脆弱青年面临的日益严重的挑战。", "在最近于6月30日至7月1日在赤道几内亚举行的非洲联盟国家元首和政府首脑会议上,非洲领导人讨论了“加速赋予青年权力以促进可持续发展”这一主题。 他们决定优先考虑青年议程,并通过了旨在创造安全和有竞争力的就业机会的政策。 尽管取得了这些成就,但我们意识到,仍然存在许多艰巨的挑战,其中最大的是失业。 大量青年人缺乏生产性和自营职业机会,该区域有些人要么失业,要么就业不足。", "南共体秘书处进行的研究还表明,在执行现有政策、战略和提供服务的努力方面,存在着挑战,以对付我们区域青年人在某些情况下所面临挑战。 在国家和区域一级,现有结构薄弱,严重缺乏资金,无法增强青年人的能力,使其能够有效促进某些地区的国家和区域发展。 此外,各区域的成员国和组织对青年参与和赋权概念的理解往往各不相同,造成该区域缺乏可比性。 这种情况使协调青年发展成为又一重大挑战。", "南共体成员国建议设立一个联合国青年专门机构,以支持和资助会员国的青年倡议。 提出这项建议是因为现有的联合国机构没有充分处理青年发展问题。 青年专门机构应向联合国青年委员会报告并负责。 必须审查《世界青年行动纲领》并设立执行、监测和评价机制。", "我们希望,本次会议开始时通过的成果文件(第65/312号决议)将帮助推进联合国青年福祉议程。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请摩洛哥青年和体育部长蒙塞夫·贝克哈特先生阁下发言,他将代表阿拉伯青年和体育部长理事会发言。", "贝勒哈亚特先生(摩洛哥)(以阿拉伯语发言): 首先,我要表示摩洛哥王国和人民在奥斯陆悲剧后向挪威王国表示慰问。", "青年人的环境也发生了变化,包括他们的文化、社会、政治、经济和信息框架——以及他们的生活方式——随着他们的野心的形成。 他们对政治家和领导公共事务的人的看法不同,他们对未来的信心被动摇了。 今天的青年年龄在18至30岁之间。 一些人因家庭情况而辍学,被迫提前从事标记的劳动,而有些人则继续学习到晚年。 它们是具有自己特殊需要的新人口。", "青年人是发展中国家变革的基本力量,互联网是他们最喜欢和最广泛使用的媒介和工具。 他们已经接受了它,并使之成为超越国界的言论手段。 现代技术已成为他们的主要通信手段,它们由此衍生出他们长辈所不知道的价值观和生活方式. 这个虚拟世界对他们的思想和行为有着显著的影响。 他们虽然附在价值观上,但倾向于制定其他新的行为准则,包括新的语言。", "我们为这个新一代制定了哪些方案? 我们是否有足够的资源来满足15至30岁青年的广泛需要?", "在穆罕默德六世国王陛下的英明领导下,摩洛哥在过去十年中经历了深刻的变革、部门改革和结构改革,包括经济、社会和政治等各个领域。 它还在实现发展目标,特别是千年发展目标方面取得重大进展,并特别强调同贫困、边缘化、脆弱性和排斥作斗争。 摩洛哥还在两性平等和平等方面取得显著进展,提高妇女的政治代表性,提高妇女在保健、家庭、教育和劳动力市场领域参与公共生活的积极性。", "这些年来,我国把青年作为我国的强大战略重点. 我们侧重于他们的教育、培训和劳动力市场的准备。 我们努力确保他们参与政治生活,并对摩洛哥的经济、社会和文化发展作出贡献。", "2009年以来,这种兴趣已反映在国家青年战略中。 我们努力建立一个总框架,让所有行动者都能参与其中,我们期望通过这个框架来巩固和协调政府所有有关部门的行动计划,并准备向青年提供全面服务,以满足每个青年男女的愿望。", "穆罕默德六世国王陛下2009年3月9日的讲话标志着摩洛哥的一个重要转折点。 通过这一讲话,国王陛下确认青年是发展的主要动力。 因此,他在这方面的意愿体现在起草一部符合摩洛哥人民特别是其中青年愿望的新宪法上。", "在决定如何着手解决这一问题和制定青年政策时,摩洛哥决定走征求所有利益攸关方,特别是青年的意见和参与的道路。 为此,我们组织了第一次全国青年辩论会,代表摩洛哥各地区的1 000多名青年男女与政府举行了对话。 辩论是青年为制定国家青年综合战略作出贡献的真正机会。", "最后,7月1日是摩洛哥民主进程的一个历史性日子,当时有1 000多万摩洛哥人出来表达他们对新宪法的决定。 新宪法通过鼓励青年对选举进程作出积极贡献,使他们真正参与发展我们的经济、社会和政治机构,以此来表彰我们的青年。 此外,还设立了一个青年和集体行动协商委员会,作为国家青年综合战略的重要保障。", "实现我们阿拉伯国家青年的愿望,一直是我们国家政策和阿拉伯首脑会议所作决定中最重要的关切,其中最近的首脑会议宣布2010-2011年为国际青年年,并呼吁起草阿拉伯青年政策文件,该文件由5月4日在摩洛哥马拉喀什由阿拉伯青年和体育部长理事会通过。 该文件包括所有阿拉伯国家承认有必要增强年轻的阿拉伯人对其特性和文化的归属感和依恋感。", "在评估阿拉伯世界青年的状况时,各国承认,它们同世界其他青年一样,对普遍关心的问题,例如对安全、自由、平等、尊严、健康和接受他人的渴望,有许多共同的关切和态度。 他们还认识到缺少就业机会、移民和移徙、政治参与、保护环境和控制污染等问题。 各国还申明决心投资于青年人,青年人最有可能对本国经济产生倍增效应,并申明必须向他们提供参与决策和领导的机会。", "不论个别国家的努力程度及其青年政策的效力如何,其成功与否仍将取决于在区域和国家一级为克服青年所面临挑战而作出协调一致的努力。 这是最近在拉巴特设立的阿拉伯青年观察站的目标,它将作为预测青年趋势的机制。 我们希望,观察站将帮助消除障碍,并创造阿拉伯区域各国人民之间新的沟通动力,以促进经济一体化并调动青年的能力,确保发展。", "2011年是 \" 国际青年年 \" ;我们建议2012年应当是履行所有这些承诺并投资于我们的青年的一年。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请卡塔尔国际合作国务部长哈立德·穆罕默德·阿提亚先生阁下发言。", "阿提亚先生(卡塔尔)(以阿拉伯语发言): 首先,请允许我代表卡塔尔国,对造成挪威数十名无辜者丧生的罪行表示深切的悲痛和慰问——这是导致我们今天举行会议的同一类暴力和不妥协的结果。 我向挪威人民和政府表示慰问。", "宣布2010-2011年为 \" 国际青年年 \" 以及选择“对话与相互理解”作为我们讨论的主题,是基于人权理想和团结精神的决定。 如果我们要共同摒弃定型观念,加强各国人民之间的理解和相互尊重文化,就必须考虑这些议题。", "卡塔尔国认为,青年人是每个社会的基本组成部分,必须加以考虑,以便建立一个充满希望的未来,使每个社区的成员都有机会过上有尊严的生活并享有基本权利,包括人权以及受教育权、健康权和言论自由。 在这方面,卡塔尔国通过其各种青年、体育、文化和社会机构,高度重视国际青年年,并已将对话和相互了解的主题纳入其政策优先事项。", "卡塔尔国渴望让青年参与其所有发展政策并让他们参与社会各个领域。 因此,我们支持中东和北非的合作倡议,其目的是通过Silatech基金会制定并实施为青年人提供体面和生产性工作的战略。 其目的是解决中东和北非的失业问题,为此为青年人创造就业机会,使他们进入劳动力市场,制定培训和康复方案,并支持中小型企业的业主。 我们的目标是到2020年达到一亿个就业岗位.", "此外,卡塔尔国正在竭尽全力为年轻的卡塔尔人提供高水平的教育和男女机会平等,同时确保教育系统满足劳动力市场的需要。 国家还努力为青年人提供保健,同时注重提高对滥用毒品和精神药物风险的认识,并开展预防艾滋病等致命疾病的宣传活动。", "我要强调国家青年政策的一个重要方面,即两性平等。 我们认识到鼓励女童教育的重要性,因为如果不既考虑到女孩,也考虑到男孩,支助青年的努力就不能完成。 卡塔尔国在这一领域取得了巨大进展,是本区域在教育和妇女参与社会和决策方面领先的国家之一。", "15至29岁的年轻人占卡塔尔人口的30%以上。 在这方面,根据我们对这个社会阶层所代表的人类财富及其技能和潜力的认识,这些财富必须有效地为国家发展作贡献,它们是卡塔尔2030年远景方案的重要组成部分。 通过《卡塔尔2030年远景规划》,国家力求使青年能够充分参与发展进程,从而增强可持续发展的成就。", "近年来,一些研究探讨了阿拉伯世界青年面临的社会和经济问题,包括失业和较高的贫困率。 毫无疑问,从2008年开始的经济和金融危机加剧了社会和经济问题。 青年是世界上人数最多的群体,受世界经济、社会和环境挑战的影响最大,在获得教育、保健、体面工作和最低生活水平方面面临巨大困难。", "我们还呼吁采取行动,使青年能够享有基本权利和真正机会,通过参与决策有效参与建设国家的未来,帮助他们成为可持续发展的支柱,并建立一个为社会每个成员提供成功机会的经济制度。 毫无疑问,国际合作在确保必要的物质资源以及交流实现我们在这一领域所寻求的大多数目标所需的技术专门知识和能力建设方面可以起主要作用。 各方真正承诺在国家、区域和国际各级落实本次会议成果文件(第65/312号决议)中作出的承诺,对实现这些目标至关重要。", "主席(以法语发言): 大会现在将听取津巴布韦共和国总统罗伯特·穆加贝先生阁下的讲话。", "穆加贝总统: 首先,我要赞扬在此纪念国际青年年之际在场的所有青年,但在此过程中,我还要重申并再次就挪威遭受的悲剧向挪威表示同情。", "我国代表团赞扬大会决定召开这次非常重要的会议,会议的主题对加强国际关系的基本原则,即和平共处的原则至关重要。 我真诚希望,本次会议的审议和结果将为青年人提供机会,促进不同文化和信仰之间的对话和相互理解精神,并同时促进和平、尊重人权、自由和团结的理想。", "自从1980年我国获得独立以来,青年议程一直是我国政府方案的优先事项。 我国政府认识到我国青年为争取独立而作的牺牲,因此不仅设立了青年、体育和娱乐部,而且还通过了一项针对所有儿童的教育政策,赋予他们不同的教育技能和能力,使他们能够参与国家的经济、社会和政治生活。", "随着我们作为一个新独立国家的形成年代的最初步骤,政府确保津巴布韦的青年将始终享有成为各种代表机构和政治多元化的一部分。 同时,政府建立并扩大了职业技能培训中心。 这些措施的好处,加上广泛的教育课程,使我国在该大陆的教育和人力资源开发中取得了顶尖地位。", "然而,尽管取得了这些成就,我们仍然面临着失业和就业不足青年的挑战。 不断变化的人口统计要求和当前的全球经济状况,现在要求我们采用更大的创新办法,满足失业和闲置青年的需要。 实际上,由于失业青年人数众多,整个非洲大陆都面临着紧迫的挑战。", "1995年,我国政府通过了《津巴布韦青年理事会法》,进一步推动了将儿童和青年人纳入全国对话、赋权和治理问题的努力。 该委员会为政府、青年、私营部门和民间社会之间建立和谐的工作关系提供了一个平台。 津巴布韦青年理事会负责协调青年议会、初级地方政府结构和青年商业论坛的方案。 因此,津巴布韦青年理事会的活动使我们的青年在治理问题和决策进程中获得了重要经验。 这些崇高倡议所产生的审议和决定直接纳入我们的国家青年发展方案。", "就在一个月前,即6月29日,我们的高中生成功地举行了一次模拟联合国大会辩论会,会上他们审查了该国在千年发展目标方面取得的进展。", "2001年,我国政府制定了一项全国青年服务方案,其主要目标是促进和平、对话、相互理解、容忍、平等、正义和民主的文化。 目标是培养爱国精神和民族认同感,同时通过塑造品德和领导技能来增强青年人社区和国家建设的能力。 该方案取得了巨大成功,有80 000多名青年参加了该方案,目前正在着手制定自力更生的生计方案。 更尖锐的是,该方案证明我们的西方诋毁者对津巴布韦的毫无根据的指控是错误的。", "多年来,我国政府发起了青年赋权方案,使我们的青年成为实现长期发展的动力引擎。 增强权能方案的一个显著例子是土地改革工作,它为青年和青年合作社提供了土地,使他们能够成为我国经济发展努力的积极参与者。", "我国政府正在进一步鼓励青年通过旨在促进津巴布韦土著对生产手段的所有权和控制的本土化和赋权政策来创造财富。 此外,我国政府还建立了两个重要的信贷设施——青年发展基金和赋权基金,这两个基金都提供国家担保的财政援助,以支持微型、小型和中型企业。 基金计划与当地商业银行合作执行。 该方案面临的挑战是资源有限。 正是在这一背景下,我们鼓励我们的发展伙伴通过提供额外资金来协助我们,以使我们能够实现我们为青年做好准备并实现国际商定的发展目标的目标。", "津巴布韦设想建立一个教育系统,将青年切实纳入国家发展,并使他们掌握适当的工业、贸易和创业技能。 包括津巴布韦在内的许多发展中国家的青年与发达国家的青年一样有才华、企业家精神、创新和创造性。 他们缺乏的是资源,往往还有技能培训和创业机会。", "因此,发展中国家在工程、卫生、工业、商业、法律和企业管理等关键领域丧失了自己在发达世界的一些年轻创新才华。 我们呼吁联合国各实体和其他发展伙伴协助发展中国家提供最新的科学和技术培训,由于目前的技术进步水平,这种培训已成为必要的。", "艾滋病毒/艾滋病仍然明显地威胁着青年的发展,特别是在发展中国家。 我国政府在全球基金等伙伴的援助下,对艾滋病毒和艾滋病防治方案进行了大量投资。 我国还征收了艾滋病税,以扩大防治这一流行病的财政基础。 我们再次呼吁国际社会增加对发展中国家的援助,以对付削弱能力的艾滋病毒/艾滋病挑战。", "津巴布韦完全支持今年6月和7月在赤道几内亚马拉博举行的非洲联盟国家元首和政府首脑会议的决议、《青年十年行动计划(2009-2008年)》和《2004年促进就业和减缓贫穷瓦加杜古行动计划》,以促进青年人积极参与和参与国家发展的所有领域。 这些决议认识到,我们占非洲人口最大百分比的青年不应处于我们国家方案和主流经济活动的边缘。 我们需要把它们看作是一种资产,而不是对我们各国的社会经济发展的责任。", "的确,现在是国际社会拿出一个构想周密和结构合理的国际框架的时候了,该框架有促进青年发展的全面行动计划。 该框架应充分处理青年面临的真正的当代挑战。", "津巴布韦谴责任何国家或国家集团利用弱国青年的困境来达到他们自己的邪恶政治目的,例如政权更迭。 通过非法制裁和不断干涉我国内政,津巴布韦一直并继续是邪恶的新殖民主义阴谋的受害者。 这种行动应受到谴责,并永远被谴责,因为它们会对发展产生不利影响,从而尤其会阻碍青年的发展。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请厄瓜多尔经济和社会包容部长西梅娜·庞塞女士阁下发言。", "庞塞女士(厄瓜多尔)(以西班牙语发言): 我感谢大会主席。 对我们的拉斐尔·科雷亚同志的厄瓜多尔政府来说,我们在这里确实感到骄傲。 我们认为我们自己是民主的政府——拉丁美洲的一些政府正在寻找替代发展的道路,我们在其中改变了构成政府的概念的轴心。", "我们正在把轴心从致力于向以人为我们发展核心的政府提供市场解决办法的政府转变。 这是及时的,因为在本次首脑会议上,我们具体谈到青年——一群有特殊需要的人——以及被排斥在早期发展模式之外的其他群体——妇女、土著人民和农村地区人民。", "在这次首脑会议上,我们的重点是青年。 我们认为,我们正在研究的发展的替代轨道可以在某种程度上为这里提出的问题提供许多答案。 但是,还有一些问题,我们作为国家政府必须对此作出回应。", "我们在这里非常强调地听到了公民参与的必要性。 这与我们认为厄瓜多尔基本上是民主制度有关。 根据我们的经验,我们看到了巩固民主制度的两个不同轨道:代议制民主轨道和参与性民主轨道。 这些理论见于国家所有概念中的所有政治发展. 然而,我们一路看到实际应用。", "代议制民主的轨道是我们正在制度化的轨道。 想法是,所有国家结构都应提供解决办法,以便建立一个真正的代议制民主。 在本次首脑会议上我们所关心的这一代表性中,我们应当看到青年和其他被剥夺权利群体有可能得到代表,从而使针对这些人口的政策在整个国家结构中以灵活的方式得到发展。 这使我们能够通过社会组织或公民团体实现我们一直追求的目标。 也就是说,人们可以在公共政策中发挥作用。", "我们正在为此而辛勤地努力,建立规范结构,使民主政府能够制定文书,无论是宪法还是法律框架,并允许在厄瓜多尔国内开展各种项目和方案以及进行管理。 其想法是,这些指导原则和政策应使正在进行的活动成为可能,从根本上讲,涉及青年。", "在非机构领域,需要确保民间社会——以某种方式组织起来,有时包括以个人为基础行动的人——也拥有表达自己的能力,以便人民在自己的现实中有机会表达自己的意见,并对公共政策施加影响。", "我们在这两条轨道上都取得了进展。 有若干进展的例子。 在《宪法》中,一方面,我们在一条具体条款中承认青年是自己命运的行为者。 想法是建立一个总框架,让青年对整个公共政策作出贡献。 我们还在《宪法》中规定了出于良心拒服兵役——这是青年在服兵役时决定其需要、关切、决定或选择的自由的最高表现。 在我国,兵役不是强制性的。 想法是让这个概念在全世界形成.", "我们通过一个名为“我的第一份工作”的公共部门方案,在青年所需的工作经验中,在为青年提供体面和有尊严的工作方面取得了进展,在一年中为该方案拨款330万美元,以激励青年进入劳动力市场。 我们正在通过消除或减少意外少女怀孕的战略,在性权利和生殖权利方面取得进展。 在一年内,厄瓜多尔政府将为此投资800万美元。 从小学到大学的免费教育可以使青年在有机会和知识的情况下逐步作出自己的决定。", "我们认为,在我国,青年民主参与的两个轨道是可能的。 因此,同青年的梦想和正在进行的斗争一样,我们希望,我们大家能够共同努力,使一个对他们来说必然是可行的世界成为可能。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请洪都拉斯青年部长马科·安东尼奥·梅斯·米拉先生阁下发言。", "米拉先生(洪都拉斯)(以西班牙语发言): 首先,请允许我向兄弟的挪威国家表示由衷的哀悼和声援。", "我代表一个处于中美洲中心的国家。 尽管我国具有丰富的多样性和天赋,但我国最大的财富是人民。 在将近800万洪都拉斯人中,我国的人口概况表明,68%的人口年龄不到30岁,使洪都拉斯成为一个年轻的国家。 尽管如此,我国青年面临严重的被排斥状况。 在教育领域,只有35%的年轻人成功完成中等教育,15%升入高等教育,4%成功毕业。", "我们的劳动人口中,46%是年轻人,而失业工人中有五分之四是年轻人。 在移民方面,60%离开该国去北方寻求更好生活的人也是年轻人。 更为严重的是安全问题,每三名青年中有两名死于暴力。 虽然人们可能承认这些祸害主要针对青年人,但我们光是放弃这场斗争的努力是不够的。 我们认为,我们民族的目前状况更是一种挑战,而不是对我们的希望的严峻监狱。", "今天,我们正在寻求自己的前进道路。 我作为一个年轻人和公务员来表达这些话。 我代表一个总统委托我负责青年部的政府,尽管我只有26岁。 我是我国民主史上最年轻的部长.", "政府为青年参与提供了真正的场所。 2005年通过了一项关于青年全面发展的框架法律,使青年能够决策和参与。 该法律还在国务院设立了青年办公室,使我们占洪都拉斯人绝大多数的年轻人能够在最高一级行政决策中拥有发言权和投票权。 青年框架法最重要的成果是政府的青年政策,该政策与2038年的国家计划相一致。 这项政策使青年人不仅能够作为国家政策的消费者,而且能够作为战略变革的真正推动者。", "在公民参与领域,我们发起了一项倡议,以起草一部关于志愿服务的法律,以促进公民团结。 一项选举改革法的目标是青年代表占30%。 在教育领域,我们正在考虑允许社区积极参与青年培训的法律。 在经济权利方面,有针对企业中的青年人和企业家的倡议,以及获得进入劳动力市场所需技能的培训机会。", "鉴于这一进展,我借此机会对大会第六十五届会议通过青年问题高级别会议成果文件(第65/312号决议)表示赞赏。 我们非常希望,这一机制将使各国、民间社会组织、家庭和青年成为决策者。 我们希望,国际社会能够为这些进程注入活力,使洪都拉斯能够从言行走向包括青年在内的行动。", "最后,我要同大家一道,消除过去那种认为未来属于年轻人的陈词滥调。 属于年轻人的不是未来,而是现在。 国际青年年可能定于8月11日结束,但现在仅仅是新一代改变世界的开端。", "主席(以法语发言): 我谨提醒所有发言者,以本国名义作的发言以三分钟为限,以集团名义作的发言以五分钟为限。 我敦促发言者遵守这些时限。 正如我已指出的,我们名单上还有100多份,我请每一个人发言。", "我现在请斯里兰卡青年事务部长杜拉斯·阿拉哈佩鲁马先生发言。", "阿拉哈佩鲁马先生(斯里兰卡): 主席先生,请允许我感谢你召开这次重要而及时的高级别会议。 我还要感谢潘基文秘书长的开幕词。 我同其他发言者一样,向在上星期的两起袭击中失去亲人的挪威家庭表示由衷的慰问。 我们支持并声援挪威人民。 我们还感到非常悲伤的是,这场民族悲剧的大多数受害者是青年。", "斯里兰卡及其人民已经遭受了近30年的类似无情暴力,他们理解如此严重的袭击造成的痛苦和创伤。 这种活动,无论是在斯里兰卡还是挪威,都给青年问题高级别会议的主题增添了意义。 内外的对话和相互理解对民族和谐和国际共存的发展至关重要。", "我作为青年事务和技能发展部长在这个论坛发言,我国青年人口几乎占其2 000万人口的26%。 恐怖主义祸害结束后,该国青年对一个安全、更好和更进步的斯里兰卡的希望得到恢复。", "斯里兰卡青年议会正是为纪念国际青年年而构想和实施的,这是对机会和进步的新曙光的承认。 青年议会由335名15至26岁的议员组成,代表该国所有族裔社区。 25%的青年议员来自北部以泰米尔人为主的地区。 青年议会也具有包容性,其成员来自不同的族裔和土著群体。", "建立青年议会的动力是培养在最优秀的民主理想和做法中成长的领导人或代表。 它还为冲突后的斯里兰卡提供了一个重要机会,以在该国年轻一代之间促进和平、团结与和谐的理想。 青年议会有抱负的领导人总有一天可以为加强和振兴国家的民主体制和民主治理做出有意义的贡献,并进一步促进和平、容忍和正义的理想。", "我国对青年问题给予了特别的政策关注。 失业问题仍然是该国领导人和决策者敏感的政治问题,因为失业集中在受过教育的青年中。 斯里兰卡在1971年和1988年经历了两次青年暴力叛乱,因此特别注意到有关青年的问题。 正是由于认识到这一现实,马欣达·拉贾帕克萨总统阁下的政策文件,即所谓的 \" 马欣达愿景 \" ,极其优先重视该国青年方案。", "为了扩大我国青年的就业机会并使他们能够在就业市场上更好地竞争,青年事务部正在整合技能发展。 我们鼓励我们的青年具有创新性和创造性。 大会关于千年发展目标的2010年成果文件(第65/1号决议)也赞同类似的呼吁,要求实现这种改进。", "斯里兰卡政府提供培训和能力建设,以补充地方、区域和全球劳动力市场的需要和需要。 除了正常的教育机会外,还有1 300多名青年——包括前泰米尔伊拉姆猛虎解放组织战斗人员——正在该国北部和东部前受冲突影响的地区接受职业培训。 此外,负责协调该国青年俱乐部的斯里兰卡国家青年服务理事会启动了一个外语培训方案。", "自从我国结束恐怖主义以来,我们已恢复了政治稳定,并采取了许多措施来改善所有斯里兰卡人的社会、公民、经济和政治条件。 我们还在使前儿童战斗人员恢复正常生活、重返社会并增强他们的能力以建设更美好的未来方面取得了显著进展。", "正是我们致力于青年事业,才使斯里兰卡能够今年在纽约主办青年组织国际协调会。 在国际社会准备制定新的后千年发展目标议程时,我们希望有机会并荣幸地在斯里兰卡主办2014年联合国世界青年会议。", "最后,正如我们在开幕全体会议上听到的那样,今天的青年需要参与和作出贡献的机会。 他们寻求积极参与社区生活。 他们期望成为本国发展进程的积极伙伴,成为社区和社会的利益攸关方,而不是依赖者或仅仅是受益者。 鉴于当前的多重全球危机,特别是金融和粮食危机以及气候变化,他们的恐惧是真实的。", "青年无疑会问自己,他们的生活质量是否将比父母的生活质量更好。 对发展中世界的人来说,确实需要弥合数字鸿沟,包括通过技术转让和国际合作来传授有酬就业所需的知识和技能。 通过国际合作,解决与国际移徙有关的问题也很重要。 因此,认识到青年的真正关切和需要是当前当务之急。 我们已经听到他们说现在是他们的未来。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请加蓬国民议会主席盖伊·恩祖巴·恩达马先生阁下发言。", "恩祖巴·恩达马先生(加蓬)(以法语发言): 主席先生,我谨向你转达加蓬共和国总统阿里·邦戈·翁丁巴先生阁下对你邀请参加本次青年问题高级别会议的感谢。 由于他的日程使他无法前来,他要求我代表他出席这些会议,以便发表以下信息。", "“我高兴地参加这次重要的高级别会议,这是第64/134号决议宣布于2010年8月12日开始的国际青年年的高潮。", "“对话与相互理解是促进可持续和平的手段。 它们使各国人民能够走到一起,使他们在自己最深、最真实和最神圣的地方更好地相互了解。", "“青年人不断使用这些工具,使他们能够向世界开放,并为他们在智力和精神上做好准备,成为和平与发展的工具提供最有效的途径。", "“正是在今天的青年中,明天的领导人将通过我们尚未知道的方式选出。 震撼了中东和北非的民众运动表明,警惕青年人所关切的问题非常重要。 我们错误地常常没有让他们参与拟订和执行影响世界命运的重大决定的进程。", "“多年来,在加蓬,我们理解有必要投资于青年人,以增加我国更美好未来的可能性。 我的前任、已故总统奥马尔·邦戈·翁丁巴习惯于说青年是神圣的。 我的政治承诺是这一愿景延伸的一部分,它把青年人置于加蓬发展的核心。 事实上,我承诺到2025年使加蓬成为一个新兴国家。 为了实现这一目标,我们必须重视和利用我们的人力资源,即在我们经济的关键部门培训青年人。", "“为了满足这一要求,我决定大幅度增加对我国青年人的教育、培训以及社会经济和专业融合的预算拨款。 我还决定在各种论坛上同青年人定期进行直接对话,讨论他们对加蓬的期望和远见。", "“我们必须与孤立和不信任他人作斗争,不是通过我们而是通过我们来看待世界。 我们必须把和平、容忍和相互理解的理想传达给今天的年轻人。", "“我希望,我们刚才通过的文件(第65/312号决议)将重申我们致力于改善世界各地青年的条件并给他们带来新的希望——让他们参与建设他们所属的明天的世界。 “", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请喀麦隆青年部长阿杜姆·加鲁瓦先生阁下发言。", "加鲁瓦先生(喀麦隆)(以法语发言): 首先,我谨代表喀麦隆代表团就2011年7月22日星期五在奥斯陆发生的灾难向挪威政府和人民表示慰问。", "我非常荣幸地在这个讲台上,在联合国组织的本次高级别会议上发言,向大会转达喀麦隆对青年问题的立场。", "我谨通过本次发言,描绘喀麦隆青年的状况,并介绍政府实施的各种战略来帮助青年蓬勃发展,特别是通过更好地考虑到我国青年的关切,他们占2 000多万人的60%以上。", "我国通过共和国总统保罗·比亚先生阁下设立专门负责青年问题的整个部级部门,表明了我国的意图。 自2004年成立以来,青年部着手起草一套战略文件来指导其活动。 这些准则载于《就业和增长战略文件》,该文件是2010-2020年期间政府活动的参考框架。 它强调了青年的中心作用,并显示了到2035年使喀麦隆成为一个新兴国家的坚定意愿。", "《国家青年政策》通过一个由13个项目和方案组成的青年计划执行,其文件源于这一愿景。 这些项目和方案寻求青年充分、有效和有效地参与喀麦隆的国家建设和持久发展。 他们还建议对影响青年的关切和祸害作出适当的反应。 此外,它们还立足于为青年确定的10个优先领域,这些优先领域载于国际文书,如千年发展目标、《世界青年行动纲领》和《2009-2018年非洲青年十年行动计划》。", "鉴于其跨领域和优先性质,鉴于分配给我们的时间,我将侧重于以下四个领域:教育和职业培训、保健、就业和青年参与决策。", "在教育和职业培训方面,政府大力强调建设人力资本。 国内生产总值的五分之一用于此。 公立初等教育是免费的。 对6至15岁儿童开放的优质基础教育涵盖初等教育和第一周期中等教育,从而有可能提供符合到2035年喀麦隆崛起愿景的平均教育水平。 中等教育建立在普通教育和技术教育之间动态平衡的基础上,为高等教育做准备,这些课程具有发展经济的优先地位,期望进一步工业化和接受专业大学教育。", "在保健领域,改善健康状况,特别是年轻人的健康状况,仍然是政府的一项持续目标。 还对孕产妇、新生儿和儿童死亡率采取了干预措施。 关于防治艾滋病毒/艾滋病,特别是青年人特别容易受到感染的问题,根据自2000年以来实施的多部门办法,整个方案主要侧重于降低该疾病的流行率。 根据“无艾滋病日”运动、关于自愿筛查和孤儿及弱势儿童治疗的建议,为青年人开展了预防活动。", "在工作领域,国家就业政策主要寻求促进充分、体面和自由选择的工作。 重点是通过支持中小型企业的建立和竞争力来发展有薪工作。 促进自营职业将有助于这一主要特点。 制定了促进青年人就业的具体方案。 在此,我要提到城乡青年支助方案、非正规部门综合支助项目、国家就业基金以及最后的促进发展的国家公民服务机构,其目标是帮助利用青年人的能量。", "在青年参与决策方面,我要提到建立了国家就业理事会,这是青年合作、代表和采取行动的框架。", "最后,请允许我提及挑战和前景。 对喀麦隆政府来说,青年是国家的主要财富,因为国家有稳定的机构,而且已经进行的一系列改革清楚地表明了负责任的青年的出现,他们意识到和平、对话和相互理解的概念。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请博茨瓦纳青年、体育和文化部长肖克加西先生阁下发言。", "克加西先生(博茨瓦纳)(以英语发言):博茨瓦纳同其他代表团一道就最近发生的袭击向挪威政府和人民表示最深切的慰问,在这次袭击中,许多无辜者丧生。", "主席先生,我们还同其他发言者一道赞扬你非常有效地指导了本次高级别会议。 因此,我保证我国代表团将全力支持你指导我们的审议工作,以取得有意义的和有成果的结果。", "博茨瓦纳赞同阿根廷代表将以77国集团加中国的名义所作的发言。", "我国代表团高兴地并满意地注意到秘书长在本次高级别会议开始时所作的介绍性发言(见A/65/PV.110)。 根据秘书长的发言,博茨瓦纳支持深化机构间协调,并将青年发展议程纳入联合国的主流。 为此,博茨瓦纳还完全支持非洲联盟关于设立一个联合国特别青年机构以支持和资助会员国的青年倡议的呼吁。 博茨瓦纳还充分支持制定同《世界青年行动纲领》有关的指标,以协助会员国评估本国青年的状况。", "我国代表团欢迎通过大会关于对话和相互了解主题的青年问题高级别会议成果文件(第65/312号决议)。", "博茨瓦纳政府承认青年是主要的人力资源和国家发展的重要组成部分。 因此,青年问题在国家发展议程中占有中心位置。 我们认为青年发展是博茨瓦纳未来的一项战略性的社会经济、文化和政治投资。 博茨瓦纳政府致力于培养和发展青年,并赋予青年权力,争取更美好的未来。 这是因为每个国家的存在、未来和繁荣在很大程度上取决于一个获得权力的青年。", "因此,博茨瓦纳对青年人的发展和赋权的必要性达成了全国共识,以便充分发挥他们的潜力。 因此,青年和领导才能发展已被列入博茨瓦纳国家青年政策的战略专题领域。", "自1966年独立以来,博茨瓦纳政府一直坚持制定和促进扶贫政策和方案,这些政策和方案也以城市和农村青年为对象。 1996年议会通过的第一项国家青年政策已经得到审查,以解决影响青年人的新问题。 《国家青年政策订正行动计划》指导这项政策的实施。", "通过2010年订正政策处理的一个战略专题领域是消除贫穷问题。 为了应对贫穷和失业的挑战,以及青年人中新出现的艾滋病毒/艾滋病挑战,博茨瓦纳政府制定了全面的跨部门政策,其中包括千年发展目标、《2016年国家愿景》和《国家发展计划》。", "博茨瓦纳政府对青年发展和赋予青年权力的承诺进一步表现在继续将青年问题列入年度国情咨文中。 国家总统的这一讲话为宣布青年政策、方案和项目提供了机会,政府在其中高度重视执行这些方案和项目。", "然而,由于全球经济衰退的影响,导致失业率和贫穷水平上升,青年人面临其他新出现的挑战。 因此,各国政府必须大力投资于青年赋权和发展方案。 还需要投资于专门知识,以指导适当的青年政策的制定、执行、监测和评价。", "最后,请允许我支持请秘书长领导制定青年发展指标的请求。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请圣基茨和尼维斯青年、赋权、体育、信息技术、电信和职位部长格伦·菲利普先生阁下发言。", "菲利普先生(圣基茨和尼维斯)(以英语发言):圣基茨和尼维斯赞同以77国集团加中国和加勒比共同体名义所作的发言。", "圣基茨和尼维斯自豪地参加了这次重要的国际会议,我们今天申明我们致力于反映国际青年年主题的目标和行动。 我们知道,这些是参与、发展与和平,它们吸引我们今天在这里讨论“青年:对话和相互了解”。", "作为世界上最小的国家之一,我们作为一个政府和作为一个民族,认为每个公民和每个居民是我们社会和经济愿望引擎的关键组成部分。 正是这种信念迫使我们不再留下任何儿子或女儿。 我国有5万人口,其中我国青年占绝大多数。 我们认为,我们在圣基茨和尼维斯的青年人口的准备和融入方面,将继续实现我们的社会目标。 的确,正是通过准备和包容,这些重要目标将转变为所有人的可持续经济发展。", "青年的素质是创新、激励和冒险,随着我们周围世界的变化,圣基茨和尼维斯认识到,在我们努力建设一个最进步的社会时,我们也必须保持警惕、有复原力和有目的。", "我国在教育方面取得了重大进展,从我国第一位民族英雄罗伯特·布拉德肖实施普及教育,到实施幼儿教育。 在现任总理登齐尔·道格拉斯先生的领导下,圣基茨和尼维斯追求着更大的愿景。 通过学生政府文化,我们使我们的学生,也就是我们的人民,做好准备,积极参与稳定政府所依赖的久已久的民主理想。 我们正在寻求发展和管理一个电子学习和通信网络,以数字连接我们所有高中和高等教育机构。 我们的目标是使我们的青年做好准备,有效参与目前的知识社会,以及尚未出现的知识社会。", "在国际社会确定的10个优先领域,我们继续努力保护我们的青年,我们在执行消除饥饿、贫穷、吸毒和少年犯罪方案的同时,积极谋求我们所有青年的平等教育和平等就业机会,同时提供更好的保健和更清洁、更安全的环境。", "圣基茨和尼维斯政府通过信息、通信和技术的进步,并通过圣基茨国家青年议会协会和岛屿表达等地方青年组织的支持,通过青年赋权部,推动我们青年为迎接今天的挑战和明天的不确定因素而正在进行的准备工作。", "我们对我们的青年——实际上是我们的国家和几个其他加勒比国家——的伟大热爱和管理被我们原始的、沉浸在水中和培养加勒比生活方式之外的一个非常严峻的挑战所困扰。 我直接提到枪枝、毒品、帮派和犯罪的幽灵,这些幽灵笼罩着我们各国、我们各国的经济和青年。 所有这些祸害对我们来说都是外来的。 具有讽刺意味的是,我们不制造枪支或危险药物。 然而,我们似乎是我们自己地理位置的受害者,在这些地区,这两个因素同犯罪一起构成了剥削的新时代,在这个时代中,我们的青年由于其天真和热情而成为普遍和——可悲地说——肆无忌惮的区域“商人”剥削的首要目标,因为他们缺乏一个更好的词。", "因此,在此关头,我谨代表我国和整个加勒比的青年向良知领袖发出最真诚的呼吁,要求他们代表我们的青年、我们的未来与我们交涉。 打击三管齐下的祸害的技术和财政资源远远超出我们发展中国家的能力。 因此,减少这种外国代理人的国际援助对我们各国的发展,进而对所有国家的发展至关重要。", "圣基茨和尼维斯一直感谢联合国通过教科文组织和儿童基金会发挥的作用。 这些机构帮助我们实现赋予青年权力和发展目标。 例如,今天,教科文组织的小岛屿之声和道路项目在圣基茨和尼维斯提出本来可能无人谈论的问题方面发挥了关键作用。", "莉·亨特提醒我们,有两个世界——我们用线和规则来衡量的世界和我们用心和想象来感受的世界. 圣基茨和尼维斯理解,正是通过将两者结合起来,我国才能最好地实现我们青年的愿望。", "我们今天在这个会堂开会,因为我们都希望我们的青年有更多的机会。 带着远见、奉献精神和毅力,我祈祷,我们将实现这一点。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请肯尼亚青年事务和体育部长Paul Otuoma Nyongesa先生阁下发言。", "尼永凯萨先生(肯尼亚)(以英语发言):我同我的同僚和前面所有发言者一样,就挪威的悲惨事件向挪威人民表示我国和我本人的慰问。 鉴于我们在此聚会庆祝国际青年年,其主要主题是“对话与相互理解”,它对挪威青年的影响更加痛苦。 愿上帝赐予那些 失去生命的人永生安息 他赋予挪威青年力量,以继续寻求对话和相互理解。", "参加这次旨在将青年置于发展核心的聚会是极大的荣幸。 这次活动使我们有机会同青年直接互动,分享我们的成就、希望和恐惧。", "国际青年年即将结束,现在是我们审查我们为对话和相互理解主题所覆盖的地盘的时候了。 世界青年是一种资产,也是创造力、能量和潜力的重要来源。 作为我们未来的主人,只有通过他们才能实现这一主题。", "为了进一步强调联合国和非洲联盟对解决青年问题的重视,肯尼亚政府于2005年设立了一个正式的青年事务和体育部。 目前,肯尼亚正努力落实其《2030年愿景》、《千年发展目标》、《非洲联盟青年发展行动计划》、《英联邦青年方案》和《非洲青年宪章》的目标。", "肯尼亚的青年人,以及实际上来自我们区域其他地方的许多人,面临着许多挑战。 其中一些已经提到。 其中包括教育和技能培训、失业、贫穷、获得信贷、极易感染艾滋病毒/艾滋病等疾病、吸毒和滥用药物以及环境退化等。 也缺乏机会和机制来参与影响他们生活的决策。", "在庆祝国际青年年之前和期间,肯尼亚共和国都制定了措施来应对青年面临的众多挑战。 这些措施包括颁布2009年《肯尼亚国家青年理事会法》,为青年参与国家决策铺平道路,并在每个选区建立青年赋权中心,这是青年获取信息的一站式服务站。 我们还正在通过卡齐克瓦·维贾纳方案为青年创造就业机会,2010年,30多万青年从中受益。", "还有肯尼亚青年赋权方案,这是肯尼亚政府与私营部门合作拥有和执行的一个项目。 该方案还由世界银行提供资金,通过Kazi Kwa Vijana扩大这一创造就业方案,为青年人提供市场驱动的私营部门培训和实习,以获得雇主要求的经验。 该项目现已进入第二阶段,并计划以现有努力为基础并加强现有努力。 它将花费4 300万美元,将吸引11 000多名青年参与。", "全国青年志愿服务计划是肯尼亚政府通过志愿服务和社区服务使青年参与社区发展的努力。", "肯尼亚政府还正与发展伙伴合作实施创业方案。 在这方面,肯尼亚政府开展了创业方面的强化培训,旨在向青年灌输创业文化。 肯尼亚青年发展基金是一家国家公司,通过便利青年人获得负担得起的信贷来补充创业精神。", "最后,我要重申,青年是我们各国和世界的未来。 肯尼亚致力于在所有方面促进和赋予青年权力,因为牢固的建筑取决于其基础,在此情况下,青年人是我们的基础。", "主席(以法语发言): 我请刚果体育和青年部长扎卡里·金普尼先生阁下发言。", "金普尼先生(刚果)(以法语发言): 首先,我谨代表刚果共和国政府及其领导人德尼·萨苏-恩格索总统,对挪威人民刚刚遭受的悲剧表示同情。", "刚果共和国参加本次高级别会议,突出表明了我国政府对与青年有关的所有问题的关注和承诺。 事实上,刚果人口年轻,约占估计人口3 687 490的60%。 鉴于这一统计数字,政府政策大力侧重于教育、培训和就业,使青年人拥有成为推动力并充分发挥其决策作用所必要的一切手段。 2010年10月第二次青年问题大会后成立的刚果全国青年理事会就是这一坚定承诺的证明。", "我注意到,在打击妨碍发展的异常行为方面,我们的行动包括为正规和非正规部门制定公民教育方案和教学指南,以及在全国所有地方区组织公民会议,作为教育、交流和所有年龄的人相互对话的机会。 这是在我们的联合国伙伴,特别是联合国人口基金的支持下实现的。", "今天,我可以申明,我国政府正在不遗余力地确保青年人利用为他们进行的所有活动,以便他们能够掌握自己的未来,成为未来的一代领导人以及经济、文化和商业行为者,从而促进产生一个有创意、有吸引力、有活力和持久的私营部门。", "尽管作出了这些努力,但在国家一级仍有大量工作要做来弥补某些差距。 因此,我们仍然在影响青年的决策领域开展工作。 因此,这次会议是一个很好的机会,可以讨论影响青年人的问题,以便确定适当的方法和解决办法。", "最近于马拉博举行的非洲联盟第十七届首脑会议所作的决定,其首要主题是“加速赋予青年权力以促进可持续发展”,以及最近在南朝鲜举行的世界青年部长会议所作的决定,证明非洲和世界其他地方广泛关心发展各级合作。 由于信息和通信技术,我们今天有机会在世界上所有青年之间建立协同作用并发展团结。", "因此,我们被要求团结起来采取行动、开展对话并相互理解。 让我们动员起来,执行本次会议在题为“社会发展,包括有关世界社会状况和有关青年、老龄、残疾人和家庭的问题”的议程项目下通过的第65/312号决议。 我希望本次会议将具有刺激性,并将产生与我们的期望相匹配的结果。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请印度青年事务部长阿贾伊·马肯先生发言。", "马肯先生(印度)(以英语发言):主席先生,首先请允许我赞扬你组织本次青年问题高级别会议。 本次会议是对国际青年年在联合国达到顶峰的适当纪念。", "上次联合国于1985年纪念了国际青年年,我们有幸让已故的拉吉夫·甘地先生担任我们最年轻的总理。 他在利用国际青年发展势头和设立人力资源开发部以促进印度青年的全面发展方面发挥了作用。 在他干练的领导下,议会还作出了历史性的决定,将投票年龄降低到18岁,使青年能够参与我国的民主进程。 他接着于1988年宣布了第一个国家青年政策.", "为了进一步加强青年参与民主治理进程,大约30万地方机构的当选代表的最低年龄被降低到21岁。", "我感到高兴的是,今天,我国代表团有三名印度年轻当选代表,既代表议会,也代表邦立法机构,包括最年轻的议员。", "青年人是社会上一个生机勃勃活的阶层。 他们也是任何国家最宝贵的人力资源。 我国总理曼莫汉先生 辛格正确地将青年称为国家的基石。", "总共有8.4亿人,接近印度12亿左右人口的70%,年龄在31岁以下. 因此,印度是世界上人口最年轻的国家。 我们正在作出特别努力,以确保高水平的技能发展。 总理领导了一个国家技能发展特派团,其目标是到2022年向该国近5亿人伸出援手。 我们还启动了青年就业技能发展方案。 在第一阶段,我们将进行地区一级的技能差距评估,然后将青年的愿望同社区的需要联系起来。", "我部的两个战地武器是国家服务计划(NSS)和Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan(NYKS)。 他们受托从事同青年有关的发展活动。 NYKS通过遍布全国各地的125 000个青年志愿俱乐部开展活动,NSS在251所大学拥有超过320万名学生,覆盖了15 000所学院和8 000所高中。", "我们还正在修订我们的国家青年政策,其草案已经提交给公众征求意见和反馈。", "拉吉夫·甘地国家青年发展研究所是我们的专业资源机构,是青年事务和体育部的一个智囊团。 值此国际青年年之际,我们正在将其地位提升为具有国家重要性的机构。 这方面的立法将在今后几周内提交议会。", "我们热切地期待着本次青年问题高级别会议的审议和结果。 这将有助于我们在赋予青年权力方面加强我们的国家倡议。", "最后,我要重申印度对促进相互理解和对话的坚定承诺,并表示支持即将通过的宣言。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请吉尔吉斯斯坦青年部长阿里斯贝克·阿林姆库洛夫先生阁下发言。", "阿利姆库洛夫先生(吉尔吉斯斯坦)(以俄语发言): 主席先生,我要感谢你给我机会就这个及时和重要的问题在大会发言。", "吉尔吉斯斯坦是一个和平和民主国家,正在寻求建立一个以法治为基础的国家。 我国有权自称为年轻共和国,因为14至28岁的年轻人占总人口的35%,35岁以下的年轻人占总人口的一半以上。", "自我国独立以来,吉尔吉斯斯坦的青年政策旨在为青年和民主的发展创造必要的法律、社会、经济和组织条件。 今天,我国青年政策的执行工作正在进入一个新的阶段。 自2010年4月以来,这项任务已移交给一个专门的青年事务部。 这表明,吉尔吉斯斯坦将青年的发展视为我国国家政策的主要优先事项之一。", "正如英国政治家本杰明·迪斯雷利所言:“青年几乎已经做了一切伟大的事”。 吉尔吉斯斯坦2005年和2010年的政治事件表明,青年是社会的主要推动力之一。 吉尔吉斯斯坦的年轻人已经表明自己是社会的一个进步阶层,他们正在努力进行民主改革和国家的社会和经济发展。", "吉尔吉斯斯坦积极参加了与国际青年年有关的活动。 这是青年人为我国和社会发展作出贡献的极好机会。 青年部举办了各种与国际青年年有关的活动,包括共和国总统同青年人之间的一次会议。 我们还组织了一次题为“我们的一年,我们的声音:对话和相互了解”的活动。 我们呼吁加强青年和国家之间合作的综合方案是参与的有益范例。", "尽管吉尔吉斯斯坦面临政治、社会和经济挑战,但吉尔吉斯斯坦希望增加青年积极参与塑造我国未来的机会,我们继续努力实现千年发展目标。 在这方面,青年事务部已开始为2015年之前的青年政策制定一个概念框架,力求使整个社会参与我国的可持续发展。", "吉尔吉斯斯坦支持大会通过的成果文件(第65/312号决议)。 我们认为,必须加强国际合作,以期增加青年就业并使人们能够获得优质教育,预防吸毒和犯罪,消除贫穷和促进社会融合。 作为青年部长,我谨代表吉尔吉斯斯坦总统呼吁联合国所有会员国增加对青年事务的关注,因为明天的历史今天和明天正在形成,这取决于我们如何处理今天青年人面临的问题。", "最后,我要回顾我国总统的话,他说,在经济中,如同在社会的各个方面一样,我们依靠青年。 今天,青年人正在推动吉尔吉斯斯坦前进。 由于年轻人的智慧和积极精神,我们正在向前迈进。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请莫桑比克教育部长泽费里诺·马丁斯先生阁下发言。", "马丁斯先生(莫桑比克)(以英语发言): 首先,请允许我首先向大会致意莫桑比克共和国总统阿曼多·埃米利奥·格布扎先生阁下,他由于议程的限制未能参加这一重大活动。", "选择对话和相互理解的主题是适当的,因为当前国际时刻的特点是政治、经济和社会方面的巨大挑战,需要高度重视有关年龄组,因为人口统计表明,世界人口中有18亿是15至24岁的年轻人,这意味着他们对联合国发展的贡献不容置疑。", "莫桑比克共和国政府极为重视青年问题。 这就是为什么政府在其议程中优先考虑有关青年的政策、方案和机构;赋予青年社会和经济权力;他们的权利、包容和参与;他们的发展和福祉;为自营职业项目和活动提供资金以创造收入。", "创造青年参与的机会是我国投资和承认这部分人口潜力的结果。 这一投资的基础是我们希望传播诸如民族团结、和平文化、对话、自尊、团结、相互尊重、言论自由、民主和包容性参与等价值观。", "莫桑比克政府考虑到青年的多学科和多部门问题,并将对话视为一个至关重要的因素,设立了青少年和青年发展多部门委员会,该委员会是部长理事会的一个咨询机构,专门监测和评价青年方案和政策。 由于政府与青年之间的对话,我们正在根据《非洲青年宪章》第12条的建议修订青年政策和有关战略。 这些修订考虑到了与青年有关的多学科和多部门问题。", "正是在我们不断努力巩固和维持政府与青年之间关系开放的背景下,我们正在组织我们的努力,使这一年龄组更多地参与国家发展。 我们希望在这次高级别会议结束时看到部长宣言的通过,因为它将帮助推动联合国关于青年福祉的议程。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请多米尼加共和国青年部长富兰克林·罗德里格斯先生阁下发言。", "罗德里格斯先生(多米尼加共和国)(以西班牙语发言): 请允许我首先感谢万能的上帝。 显然,在这个世界上,人们要求我们与另一个国家和睦相处,而不是冲突,迫使我们同意而不是有分歧。 上帝保护我们所有人 在他的永恒的智慧和无限的恩惠的地幔下 并且使我们神圣化 使我们配得上他的地产", "我谨代表多米尼加共和国和我国总统莱昂内尔·费尔南德斯·雷纳先生,在该国最近发生的残暴事件之后,向挪威这个姐妹国家表示声援。", "自2002年以来,多米尼加青年与联合国合作,在本组织的参与性论坛中发挥了显著作用。 作为这一参与的成果,2009年我们在大会设立了一个青年代表方案。 此外,我们是唯一在联合国青年方案网站上有其青年代表方案国家概况的拉丁美洲国家。 同样,我们积极参加了在巴黎举行的教科文组织青年论坛,并且自2002年以来,我们有一个多米尼加模拟联合国——唯一的西班牙语联合国——使800多名拉丁美洲青年能够参加该方案。", "在我国,青年不断想提请人们注意,全世界决策者需要负责任地发挥其作用。 2010年,来自多米尼加共和国的年轻长途游泳运动员马科斯·迪亚斯在联合国的主持下同多米尼加共和国青年部合作,决定发起一个项目,他将在五大洲的开阔水域中游泳,以提请注意实现千年发展目标的必要性并表明,尽管各国人民之间距离遥远,但我们生活在同一个星球上,必须都为这一共同事业而努力。 潘基文秘书长在大楼附近举行的仪式上接待了这位年轻人。", "以相近的目标,有三位多明我会青年登上珠穆朗玛峰,是地球上最靠近天的点. 仅仅几天前,5名多米尼加青年大声疾呼,不间断地读了365小时,创造了新的吉尼斯世界纪录。 同样,昨天在世界各地抗议的青年希望本次会议作出积极反应。 让我们表明,我们意识到我们保护世界青年福祉的重大责任。", "我们欢迎最近在尊敬的智利前总统米歇尔·巴切莱特的领导下创建了妇女署。 鉴于世界各地青年人所经历的困难以及找到这些问题解决办法的迫切需要,我们呼吁当局建立一个专门致力于青年工作的组织,该组织可以称为联合国青年组织。", "同样,我们意识到,正如多米尼加共和国共和国总统莱昂内尔·费尔南德斯·雷纳先生在本大会堂所讲的那样,教育是各国人民发展的基石,他被称为为拉丁美洲带来和平的人。 从这一前提出发,并鉴于世界青年可获得的教育机会正在扩大,我们呼吁联合国建立一个世界奖学金基金,使每个国家有义务建立一定的教育机会,为来自世界最偏远地区的优秀青年提供这些机会。", "我们邀请世界青年参与、参与和参加为人民进步作出贡献的社会组织;参加文学圈、舞蹈团、各种大学组织、体育俱乐部、音乐学院和志愿服务;并参与一切能确保他们出生的祖国进步的活动。 正如它们的指纹不同而重要一样,它们对世界各国人民的发展和进步的贡献是独特的。", "最后,多米尼加共和国青年部致力于塑造青年公民,他们深入参与,他们从旁观者转变为变革的推动者,他们从看台走到竞技场,他们敢于冒险并保持奉献精神,他们确保事情发生,因为我们知道,在21世纪,沉默和孤立不再是年轻人的选择。 这种态度必须从社会主体中去除——用手术刀精确地说——这样,我们永远不能不维护今天使我们来到这里的不可动摇的目标——成为改革的潜在支持者。", "主席(以法语发言): 我请尼日利亚青年事务主任Ajulu Joy Ifeoma女士发言。", "伊费奥马女士(尼日利亚)(以英语发言):主席先生,请允许我同其他代表团一道,就几天前发生的不幸事件向挪威政府和人民转达尼日利亚代表团的慰问,这一事件导致许多挪威人死亡,其中许多人是年轻人,他们聚集在一起,思考他们在其国家未来中的作用。", "众所周知,任何社会的青年都是其资产和对未来的希望;及早投资于青年对于有意义的国家发展来说是必不可少的。 他们的能量,如果得到适当利用,将大大促进今天的成功和明天的希望。", "尼日利亚联邦政府于2007年设立了一个专门负责青年问题的特别部,这是对青年在社会中所发挥的重要作用的承认。 联邦青年发展部自设立以来,已经为青年赋权和创业建立了各种结构和方案,包括青年发展和技能获取中心、青年议会和尼日利亚全国青年理事会,作为尼日利亚政府与各种青年组织之间的接口。 目前,联邦政府正在探讨在所有部委、部门和机构设立青年股的可能性,以促进将青年问题纳入国家发展议程的主流。", "此外,政府正在建立一个青年基金,青年可以从该基金获得实现自我发展和创业的愿望。 鉴于从正规金融机构获得贷款通常存在困难,有必要这样做。", "此外,政府定期为青年举办讲习班,旨在提供价值调整、辅导和领导能力发展技能。 这些讲习班的成果将传达给政府,并用于制定与青年有关的政策,同时考虑到青年人自己的意见。 此外,还正在实施宣传方案,鼓励基层青年参与面向青年的政策制定和执行。", "尼日利亚自豪地成为非洲联盟青年志愿团的主要贡献者,该团的任务是宣传和促进执行《非洲青年宪章》。 为了证明这种支持,尼日利亚在尼日利亚的奥布杜畜牧场主办了第一批部队成员的启动和培训。 我们的力量在于尼日利亚在青年发展方案方面拥有丰富的经验,我们的国家青年服务团计划和技术援助团方案就表明了这一点,尼日利亚通过该方案向许多非洲、加勒比和太平洋国家提供技术援助。 我们愿意把我们的经验用于非洲大陆和全球各级。", "最后,请允许我敦促在座各位听取我们一位年轻人的建议:今天照顾他们,以便他们明天能够照顾我们。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请牙买加青年、体育和文化部长Olivia Grange女士阁下发言。", "格兰吉女士(牙买加): 牙买加政府和人民与大家一道,在最近的悲惨事件之后,向挪威人民表示最深切的同情和声援。", "牙买加赞同阿根廷将代表77国集团和中国以及苏里南将代表加勒比共同体成员国作的发言。", "我还要借此机会祝贺联合国在拉丁美洲半球为增进青年福利而作的工作,我还敦促联合国同加勒比分区域加倍合作。 我们期待着加强与联合国青年方案的合作。", "牙买加支持联合国建立青年发展网络的决定,我们致力于在这方面进行合作,因为我们认为,这是在全球范围内分享最佳做法的极好框架。", "牙买加人口约有一半年龄在30岁和30岁以下,因此,我们理解投资于我们的青年以确保他们参与发展进程的好处。 我们对我国的历史、文化和传统感到自豪,这些历史、文化和传统使牙买加青年在学术、创业、领导、志愿精神、社区服务、体育以及视觉和表演艺术方面表现杰出。 我们的年轻人确实是牙买加最大的财富之一。 今天,我们吹嘘 地球上最快的人,Usain Bolt, 我们给了世界 音乐偶像鲍勃马利和雷鬼音乐。", "我国政府对毒品、犯罪和暴力对我们青年的影响深感关切,我们致力于处理这一局势。 然而,这是一个全球性挑战,我们敦促会员国协力为这些问题找到长期解决办法。", "我高兴地报告,根据国内干预政策,牙买加在采用多部门和多管齐下的办法制定青年社会和经济方案方面取得了重大进展。", "研究表明,牙买加的体育和文化产业约占国内生产总值的10%,占就业的5%。 我们正在把我们的国家青年和体育政策与方案联系起来,将我们的文化资产作为推动我们青年实现社会和经济繁荣和健康成年的主要工具。 这种做法还为青年参与新的职业道路并发展有活力的文化和体育产业提供了重要机会。", "在庆祝国际青年年时,牙买加以多种不同方式邀请我们的青年参与,包括协助青年领袖与街头儿童进行对话,以确定他们需要的干预类型并努力使其生活发生积极变化;进行全国青年普查,以发掘我们青年的巨大潜力;进行全国青年状况分析,以更好地了解他们的需要和所关切的问题并制订适当的政策框架;组织由青年领袖自己设计和指导的全国协商,以进一步加强国家青年政策。", "我们建立了青年信息中心,并在艾滋病毒/艾滋病方案上取得了重大进展。 我们制定了国家青年创业战略,并实施了总理杰出青年奖方案。 我们还任命了青年大使,包括一名青年驻联合国大使。 我国政府还通过牙买加青年商业信托基金对青年商业发展进行了大量财政投资。", "牙买加支持1995年通过的《世界青年行动纲领》。 然而,有必要审查和更新《世界方案》,以考虑到当前的全球现实,从而进一步发展国际框架。 主席先生,我感谢你给我这个机会,我希望你将参与我们在牙买加努力实现其国家目标时提出的一些倡议。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请马里青年和体育部长吉吉巴·凯塔先生阁下发言。", "凯塔先生(马里)(以法语发言): 请允许我愉快地转达马里人民和马里共和国总统兼国家元首阿马杜·图马尼·杜尔先生阁下的兄弟友好问候。 正如大会向他发出的每一次邀请一样,主席都非常希望在这里就青年这一各国发展的财富和资产来源进行思考。 不幸的是,由于其他活动,他要求我代表他出席这次重要会议。 因此,我谨代表他衷心感谢大会召开本次青年问题高级别会议,其对话与相互理解的主题是2010年国际青年年庆祝活动的组织原则。 我向大会保证,我国代表团赞同将以非洲联盟名义所作的发言。", "与在我之前发言的其他人一样,我要向挪威人民表示衷心的哀悼——正如我国总统也这样做的那样——对他们所经历的悲剧表示哀悼。", "如果今天,即7月26日,我还记得1953年的同一天,古巴青年在菲德尔·卡斯特罗的带领下,为了解放人民而袭击蒙卡达军营,我在这个讲台上谈论青年是失职的。 突尼斯和埃及的年轻人在今年年初基本上也做了同样的事情。 年轻人往往是历史的引擎。 因此,Modibo Keïta、纳尔逊·曼德拉、Ahmed Sékou Touré、Agostinho Neto、Amilcar Cabral、Patrice Lumumba、Kwame Nkrumalah等男子——所有青年——都致力于使本国人民摆脱殖民枷锁。", "“青年:对话和相互了解”这一主题与我们社会的创始原则完全相协调。 马里是一个古老的传统和文明之地,其交融与和谐极大地促进了我们的社会文化影响。 事实上,马里社会的凝聚力和凝聚力是语言、倾听和相互理解的结果。 我们的言行大师;我们的法兰尼亚人,或年龄组;我们的辛南库亚人,或通过开玩笑的亲属关系;我们的尼莫戈亚人,或姻亲之间的家庭笑话;以及我们的可比喻的树,都是促进民族文化群体之间对话与和平文化的要素和载体。 我们各族裔群体,特别是年轻人之间的这种交流有助于他们融合在一起,形成我国的统一和凝聚力。", "在这一动态中,我们的政策和战略方向主要侧重于我们社区的福利,同时考虑到我们的文化财富。 因此,诸如青年周、艺术、文化和体育两年一度、节日、马里谅解会议、青年营地、友谊大篷车和其他活动等青年的传统聚会地,帮助我们培养了某些美德和价值观,如勇气、尊严、尊重他人差异、倾听、容忍、忠诚和团结——所有这些都对建立社会秩序和建设和平至关重要。", "最后,我要指出,所有这些社会规范并不否定个人身份。 相反,自古以来,这些社会规则帮助使马里成为一个和平与稳定的国家,并继续使其成为民主模式和文化多样性、对话和相互理解的国家。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请加纳青年和体育部长克莱门特·科菲·胡马多先生阁下发言。", "胡马多先生(加纳): 确实,我荣幸地有机会代表加纳在本次青年发展问题高级别会议上就对话和相互理解的主题发言。", "请允许我代表加纳政府和人民,就造成多人死亡和多人受伤的悲惨枪击和轰炸事件向挪威政府和人民表示由衷的同情和慰问。", "这次会议对我们加纳来说特别重要,因为我们有大量青年,他们极易受到世界各地日益恶化的社会和经济条件的影响。 因此,加纳赞同会议关于对话和相互理解的主题,认为它为我们作为利益相关者提供了机会,分享关于各种机制的最佳做法的信息,这些机制能够促进青年人积极参与地方、国家和国际各级的政策和决策进程,以实现社会融合、充分就业和消除贫穷。", "为了充分实施全球和非洲大陆青年宪章,加纳于2010年8月启动了国家青年政策和行动计划。 加纳议会还于2010年12月批准了《非洲青年宪章》。 国家青年局是加纳促进青年发展的法定机构,它在以下领域开展工作:第一,基于国家发展议程的青年人的方向感和民族主义;第二,青年人的健康和性;第三,青年人的就业教育和创业发展;第四,青年人和国家资源管理以及可持续环境。", "国家青年局目前执行国家青年政策的19个优先领域,并在加纳10个地区管理11所学校和培训机构。 今年,为了促进对话和理解,除全国其他利益攸关方外,该局还组织了30个青年志愿工作营,使青年人能够欣赏国家文化多样性,并为恢复和建设农村基础设施提供志愿服务,包括教室、诊所、厕所、农村供水项目、植树等绿色项目。 这些营地还将通过根据国家青年政策制定的青年行动计划中的方案和活动来帮助提高青年的认识。", "管理局正在实施其他区域、大陆和国际青年交流,使加纳青年接触其他文化和社会,以促进对话和了解。 国家青年管理局还组织了青年议会,并与加纳议会建立了联系,使青年能够进行对话并参与政策制定和决策进程。", "加纳还开始实施国家青年就业方案,使青年人参与生产性和技能培训活动并增强他们的能力,作为失业青年为工业和公共服务做好准备的先决条件。 该方案目前正在运行12个工作单元,包括在两年周期内为400 000名受益者提供实习、行业和职业单元。 制定了退出战略和方案,并根据供资来源调整了模块。 迄今为止,在过去四年中,共有111 000名青年受益人退出所有单元。 加纳还设有特别单元,以照顾残疾人和妇女,确保社会包容和融入社会。", "青年和体育部还与教育和卫生等其他部门的部委合作,处理艾滋病毒和艾滋病、吸毒等与健康有关的生活方式问题。", "然而,我们仍然面临一些挑战。 关于未来的前景,政府正在同捐助伙伴建立联系,为国家青年就业方案增加资金。", "关于社会和经济影响,加纳的青年阵线相对和平,其部分原因是政府和社会的公开性和透明度,使青年人能够进行对话,从而实现相互了解。 加纳正在实施的青年发展方案开始对社会产生积极影响,促进青年人之间以及青年和利益攸关方之间的对话和理解。 它还正在创造就业机会,从而减少失业和贫穷,并导致青年阵线相对稳定。", "在这个论坛上,加纳准备倾听他人的意见并与之交流经验,以丰富我们的方法和方法。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请突尼斯外交部副部长拉德胡安·努伊塞尔先生阁下发言。", "努伊塞尔先生(突尼斯): 首先,我要向挪威、其人民及其领导人转达突尼斯人民的真诚慰问,并对上星期五在奥斯陆发生的可怕行径的受害者家属表示声援。 这一悲剧提醒我们,我们不能让我们的世界和我们的青年被那些占领政治极端阶层的人所挟持。", "突尼斯人民在短短的时间内,仅仅以民主信念武装起来,实现了没有政治领导、没有意识形态取向和没有外来干涉的和平自发革命。 人民,特别是年轻人,特别是被称为 \" dot.com \" 的一代在革命期间高呼的口号,深深地植根于自由、尊严和民主的普遍价值。", "2010年12月下旬和2011年1月初入侵突尼斯和该国其他城市街头的年轻人属于社会各阶层:穷人和富人;男子和妇女;男孩和女孩;企业家和失业者;受过教育和文盲。 他们都同意,足够了,突尼斯人应该得到更好的治理——一个倾听人民意见并努力在完全透明和负责的情况下实现人民福祉和繁荣的政府。", "今天,突尼斯人民应当为其青年享有的言论自由和所期望的民主前景。 突尼斯青年在革命后困难的岁月里,在保护家庭、街区和村庄方面也发挥了作用。", "突尼斯青年创建的非政府组织和协会今天非常积极地促进宽容、平等和性别均衡原则,并使人们认识到青年参与国家政治对话的重要性。 突尼斯青年在逃离受战争蹂躏的国家进入突尼斯时,也非常积极地向利比亚邻国提供照料和帮助。", "今天,突尼斯正处于其历史的转折点。 该国正处于一个基本民主化进程的开端。 我们依靠自己的力量来实现革命的诺言,我们确实有长处:受过高等教育的人口,成熟的中产阶级和高度解放的妇女. 但是,我们最强大的资产或许是我们青年的活力和高度参与。 突尼斯青年是国家的主要财富,将是任何成功过渡的关键因素。", "突尼斯从其革命中吸取了许多教训。 我们了解到,政府必须倾听青年人的意见;也许政府不能给他们更多的机会,但它必须尊重他们并尊重他们,培养他们的自尊并给他们以希望。 政府必须把青年人视为完全成熟的公民,让他们参与有关其未来的决定。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请蒙古社会福利和劳工部国务秘书乌加马尔·比扬巴苏伦先生阁下发言。", "比扬巴苏伦先生(蒙古): 我要感谢联合国组织这次非常重要和及时的高级别会议。 蒙古是一个青年国家,因此,传统的青年始终是政府政策的核心。 蒙古政府正在执行旨在促进青年就业的政策和方案,为他们提供按照劳动力市场需要接受教育的机会,引进现代技术来帮助青年跟上世界的发展,并通过软贷款支持青年家庭和提供住房。 我们正在通过这些努力取得重大进展。", "青年应当成为可持续发展的核心。 然而,青年人仍然面临若干挑战。 让我强调我国青年面临的主要挑战。", "第一,青年人没有从我们的经济增长中充分受益。 在过去几年里,蒙古的经济增长没有低于6%。 然而,同期青年失业率没有下降,一直保持在全国平均水平的两倍。 解决青年失业问题是克服贫穷、促进家庭和稳定以及阻止参与犯罪的关键。 因此,必须使资源和财富的分配更加公正和有利于青年。", "第二,对青年人有重大影响的另一个问题是国内和国际移徙——从农村到城市地区和从国外的城市地区。 因此,城市社区人口过剩正在成为现实,而在农村地区,传统畜牧业劳动力明显短缺。 第三,青年健康问题,特别是酗酒、吸毒和艾滋病毒/艾滋病,是另一个令人关切的问题。 第四,环境退化和气候变化等问题正成为全球性问题,不再是单一国家的问题。 需要特别注重教育青年人培养关心环境和承担社会责任的道德态度。 第五,青年生活水平和教育水平的差距正在扩大,导致不平等待遇。", "为了应对这些挑战,除了国家努力外,我们还必须进行更多的国际合作。 为青年人创造体面和生产性的工作机会并提高其资格、教育和技能,使他们能够为经济增长作出贡献并从中受益,这应当是发展政策的核心。", "我们呼吁联合国提出全面建议并向我们提供方法。 需要制定全面政策,以有利于移徙者的方式管理国际移徙,同时承认国际移徙对经济的贡献。 特别重要的是,支持青年与家人一起移徙,以帮助他们避免家庭解体、酗酒和艾滋病毒/艾滋病等问题。", "我们呼吁国际银行、金融、商业和投资机构更加注重国家的可持续发展,并努力对环境、社会和青年的福祉产生更积极的影响,偏离其注重经济利益的传统立场。 外国直接投资在每个发展中国家的经济生活中起重要作用。 在这方面,必须把投资合同——特别是在对环境具有广泛影响的采矿部门——与使用无害生态的技术和技术、培训国家青年劳动力应用以及不断提高青年资格和技能挂钩。", "扩大旨在青年之间交流信息以及在区域一级开展合作和交流经验的活动,对于扩大青年的知识和专长、提高青年的自信心、教育青年了解关心环境和地球的观念以及培养青年的集体社会责任感至关重要。 因此,我们呼吁联合国及其机构在区域和次区域两级为各种青年群体加强努力。 我们为青年所做的一切工作和努力是对一个伟大未来的巨大投资。 我相信,我们一起可以做一些非凡的事。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请中国副部长周昌奎先生阁下发言。", "周昌奎先生(中国): 我荣幸地代表中国政府参加本次青年问题高级别会议。 中国政府和青年组织高度赞赏在 \" 国际青年年 \" 组织召开这次重要的大会会议。 中国代表团赞同阿根廷代表77国集团和中国所作的发言。", "中国政府始终高度重视青年发展和青年工作. 政府一直在从长期和战略角度制定和执行青年政策,改进与青年有关的法律和相关协调机制,培养青年才智并支助青年组织的发展。 《世界青年行动纲领》通过11年来,中国政府在教育、就业、文化、卫生等方面加大了财政支持。", "全国青年联合会负责协调并共同管理青年事务. 多年来,联合会在组织青年、指导青年、为青年服务并保护他们的合法权利等四项基本职能的指导下,促进制定和实施青年政策并制订出一系列符合青年特点的方案。 这些方案侧重于青年参与、就业和创业、志愿服务、保护青年权利、环境保护、文化和体育等领域。", "2010年8月开始的一年被联合国宣布为第二个国际青年年。 以对话与相互理解为主题,中华全国青年联合会举办了以\"中国青年与和平发展\"为主题的国际和平日庆祝活动,2010年上海世博会青年峰会,2011年欧盟-中国青年年,2011年北京模拟联合国等. 这些对话和交流为青年人提供了一个加强相互了解和促进青年参与和发展的平台。", "国际青年年是联合国青年事务的另一个里程碑。 我要借此机会提出向前迈进的三种办法。", "第一,让我们支持联合国继续在促进青年发展方面发挥重要作用。 作为青年发展的重要领导者和倡导者,联合国大力促进世界青年的福祉并改进了青年政策。 今天,青年问题跨越国界有许多共同特点,青年人正面临日益全球化的挑战。", "挑战。 青年发展已成为全球发展议程的一个组成部分。", "第二,让我们促进青年参与和共同发展。 由于青年是重要的政治力量,促进青年的政治参与反映了社会的平等和进步。 参与是青年人改善地位、行使权利和促进共同发展的一种方式。 除了传统的政治选举和协商之外,我们应对青年人的政治意识和表达方式的新特点作出反应,为他们提供更多的渠道和选择,例如虚拟组织和基于互联网的新媒体。 只有通过更广泛和更好的参与,青年人才能真正成为全球化和现代化进程的参与者和受益者。", "第三,让我们鼓励青年通过文化对话创造一个和谐的世界。 文化和文明的多样性是人类社会的一个基本特征。 文化多元化是人类的共同遗产。 不同文明和文化的多样性不应是世界冲突的根源,而应是推动人类文明进步的重要动力。 青年作为文明的继承者,不仅应吸收其民族和区域的精神精髓,而且还应促进不同文明之间的对话。 作为文化的先行者,青年应当为创造一个相容、开放和新的青年文化作出贡献,并导致文化共存的新时代。", "下午1时10分散会。" ]

[ "Substantive session of 2011", "Geneva, 4-29 July 2011", "Agenda item 6 (a)", "Implementation of and follow-up to major United Nations", "conferences and summits: follow-up to the International", "Conference on Financing for Development", "Draft resolution submitted by the Vice-President of the Council, Abulkalam Abdul Momen (Bangladesh), on the basis of informal consultations on draft resolution E/2011/L.21", "Recovering from the world financial and economic crisis: a Global Jobs Pact", "Corrigendum", "Document E/2011/L.43 is hereby withdrawn and replaced with document E/2011/L.21/Rev.1." ]

[ "2011年实质性会议", "2011年7月4日至29日，日内瓦", "议程项目6(a)", "联合国各次主要会议和首脑会议的执行和后续 行动：发展筹资问题国际会议的后续行动", "理事会副主席阿布卡拉姆·阿卜杜勒·穆明(孟加拉国)在就决议草案E/2011/L.21进行的非正式协商基础上提出的决议草案", "从世界金融和经济危机中复苏：全球就业契约", "更正", "兹撤消E/2011/L.43号文件，以E/2011/L.21/Rev.1号文件取代。" ]

[ "2011年实质性会议", "2011年7月4日至29日,日内瓦", "议程项目6(a)", "联合国各次主要会议和首脑会议成果的执行和后续行动", "各次主要会议和首脑会议的后续行动:", "发展筹资会议", "理事会副主席阿布卡拉姆·阿卜杜勒·穆明(孟加拉国)在就决议草案E/2011/L.21进行的非正式协商基础上提出的决议草案", "从世界金融和经济危机中复苏:全球就业契约", "页:1", "E/2011/L.43号文件就此被撤回并取而代之 页:1" ]

[ "President:\tMr. Deiss\t(Switzerland)", "The meeting was called to order at 3.05 p.m.", "Agenda item 27 (continued)", "High-level Meeting on Youth", "Social development", "(b) Social development, including questions relating to the world social situation and to youth, ageing, disabled persons and the family", "Draft resolution (A/65/L.87)", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to the representative of Germany, who will make a statement along with a youth delegate.", "Ms. Fries-Gaier (Germany): I have the honour to speak on behalf of the Federal Republic of Germany. Germany aligns itself with the statement that will be delivered on behalf of the European Union.", "Ms. Fritze (Germany): Let me first take this opportunity to express our deepest condolences to the Government and people of Norway.", "I will present two crucial points proclaimed by the youth living in Germany — first, full and effective youth participation, and secondly, the issue of migration and youth on the international agenda.", "Over the past months, my colleague and I have travelled thousands of kilometres around our country to meet young people of various backgrounds. Many productive dialogues and discussions were held, enabling us to collect their visions, thoughts and beliefs.", "Although dialogue is one of the topics of the International Year of Youth, we regret that the framework of the Year was not used to its fullest potential with regard to its long-term impact. This High-level Meeting is yet another meeting just about youth issues. However, the question remains: were young people really involved in the negotiations?", "When focusing on the best interests of youth, as mentioned in the outcome document (resolution 65/312), politicians must involve young people as equal partners and key stakeholders at all levels. Therefore, youth participation means going beyond dialogue. It is the involvement of youth in the entire decision-making process, beginning with the definition of the relevant issues and ending with the implementation and evaluation of policies.", "As a suitable instrument, I want to mention the productive process of what is called structured dialogue. This initiative was launched within the renewed framework for European cooperation in the youth field. Clear indicators help young people to make sure that the agreements between them and policymakers are followed up and monitored afterwards. However, measurable indicators are still missing in the World Programme of Action for Youth and should therefore be integrated.", "One could also say that democracy is learning by doing. For example, participation starts in schools by nominating class representatives and in youth-led organizations by being in charge. Germany supports such initiatives by fostering sustainable initiatives for local, regional and national youth councils. Also, programmes for youth delegate at the United Nations are an efficient way to involve young people, and I urge all States to integrate those programmes.", "Young people have the shared common potential, creativity and power to contribute to their societies. The biggest resource we have in this world is the developing skills of youth. Nevertheless, for some young people migration is a result of desperation, as seen in Eastern Africa. For that reason, I urge all Member States to integrate the issue of youth and migration into the United Nations agenda. Giving young people the opportunity to take over responsibilities, empowering them and letting them participate is not just an investment, it is a value in itself.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to the representative of Sweden, who will make a statement along with a youth representative.", "Ms. Burgstaller (Sweden): Sweden welcomes the opportunity this High-level Meeting affords us to highlight the importance of investing in and empowering young women and men.", "Sweden aligns itself with the statement to be delivered by the representative of the European Union.", "I will share the floor with the Swedish youth representative, Malin Johansson, who was appointed by the National Council of Swedish Youth Organizations. She will make a statement in her personal capacity.", "At the outset, I would like to join others in expressing our deepest sympathy to our neighbours in Norway after the horrendous events last Friday. Our thoughts are with them. Those acts of terror aimed at the Government and at young, engaged people were a direct attack on an open and democratic society. This is unacceptable, and we will stand in solidarity with our Norwegian friends to protect the values we so firmly believe in.", "Young women and men, with their knowledge, experiences and engagement, can contribute immensely to peaceful and sustainable development. But not all young people have the same possibilities. Therefore, we need to strengthen our resolve to ensure full respect for the universal and inalienable rights of all young women and men, in all countries, to participation, to education, to decent work and to health.", "I believe that this High-level Meeting has already shown that we are all prepared to work together with and for young people. Let us do that in a culture of dialogue and mutual understanding, and with the World Programme of Action for Youth as our point of departure.", "Ms. Johansson (Sweden): My name is Malin Johansson. I have been elected as a youth representative by the National Council of Swedish Youth Organizations.", "I too want to express my deepest condolences and sympathy to our neighbours in Norway. My thoughts are with all the young people who were at Utøya and all the families and friends who lost a loved one.", "Dialogue and mutual understanding must defeat ignorance and brutality. It feels more important than ever in a time like this. As a young person I very much welcome the theme of this High-level Meeting. Dialogue and mutual understanding are always key factors in moving forward.", "At the same time, just talking is not enough. We need concrete action in order for progress to be made. Now it is up to the Members, the decision-makers, to prove that this is not just talk from their side and that they do intend to take concrete action. That means, among other things, implementing the World Programme of Action for Youth, adopted by the General Assembly.", "There has been some discussion about the Programme of Action in the negotiations on the outcome document of this Meeting. We firmly believe that the Programme is a very good basis to work from. Any future revision of the Programme must be preceded by a thorough evaluation of the Programme, in-depth dialogue with youth and youth organizations and sufficient time for discussions in and between Member States. However, until then, the implementation of the Programme must remain a priority for all Member States, as must the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.", "As previously mentioned, human rights are universal and apply to everyone, anywhere, at all times and without exceptions. Human rights must serve as a basis when developing youth policies.", "A fundamental right is participation, which is something that is very close to my heart, as a young person with a disability. Many young people today, with or without disabilities, consistently face marginalization and exclusion. Everyone, regardless of disability, age, ethnicity, religion or belief, sexual orientation, sex, gender identification or gender expression should have the same rights and the same opportunities to participate on equal terms. What is more, the participation of young people has to be real and not just symbolic.", "Youth participation needs to permeate all levels of politics. Youth perspectives can be expressed only by young people themselves, and that is why youth-led organizations are essential in achieving youth participation. Youth-led organizations must therefore be strengthened and encouraged.", "It is central that the work for young people’s participation, influence and power does not stop at national borders. Young people, through youth organizations, must participate in, influence and hold power in international arenas as well.", "That is why I regret that there are so few young people represented here today, especially since this is a conference on youth. We have the right to contribute with our full potential, creativity and strength here and now. Young people are no more the future than middle-aged people are the past.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to His Excellency Daniel Supplice, special representative of the President of Haiti.", "Mr. Supplice (Haiti) (spoke in French): It is an honour to take the floor in my capacity as Special Adviser to the new President-elect of the Republic of Haiti, His Excellency Mr. Michel Joseph Martelly, and on behalf of all the people of Haiti.", "The convening of this High-level Meeting illustrates the constructive desire of Member States to commit to creating a more secure and stable environment for the harmonious development of youth around the globe, who seek peace, security, health and knowledge. In this respect, Haiti can but welcome such an initiative and congratulate the co-chairs and facilitators of the outcome document, who have provided young people with a valuable tool, the use of which can only be worthwhile.", "The Haitian delegation endorses the statement to be made by the representative of Argentina, as Chair of the Group of 77 and China, and that made by the representative of Suriname on behalf of the member States of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM)(see A/65/PV.111).", "In launching the national education fund on 26 May 2011, the President of the Republic declared he had good news for the children of Haiti, with the launching of a cross-sectoral consortium to finance their education. This declaration confirmed one of the pillars of state action, that is, providing free primary education for those who have never had the opportunity to go to school because they lacked the means to do so.", "In a country where more than half of the population is under age 21, education is one of the sectors able to guarantee a better future for young people, and the Government of 14 May has understood this. That is why the Government is coordinating the activities of national and international stakeholders in order to develop a legal and institutional framework that will guarantee the socio-economic integration of young people in order to keep them away from the temptations of drugs, organized crime and prostitution. Creating conditions conducive to hope and opportunity is essential.", "The Haitian delegation, which I have the honour of leading, believes that international cooperation is essential in order to eliminate the exploitation and use of child labour, which contravenes all moral and ethical standards. Haiti urges Member States to scale up efforts not only in drawing up legal texts, but also — and above all — in ensuring their implementation.", "The delegation of the Republic of Haiti realizes that young people around the world are a crucial human resource for sustainable development, social progress and technological innovation. Therefore, their contribution to local, national and regional development should be welcomed and appreciated. The Haitian delegation believes that the spirit of rebuilding a durable social environment of protection and of developing young people should continue to inspire the action of all States in order to guarantee better survival, development and effective protection.", "I would like to conclude by pausing to commemorate the memory of the victims of the despicable attack of Friday, 22 July 2011 in central Oslo and the killings that followed on the island of Utøya, which led to so much pain and suffering for the bereaved families.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to His Excellency Mr. Yaba Pedro Alberto, Deputy Minister of Youth of Angola.", "Mr. Alberto (Angola) (spoke in Portuguese; English text provided by the delegation): At the outset, the Government of Angola would like to convey to the people of Norway our most deeply felt condolences for the recent loss of lives in that country.", "The issues under discussion at this meeting illustrate the international community’s concern with the problems youth face and which require the special attention of the Member States to ensure the sustainable well-being of young people.", "Like the rest of the African continent, Angola has a population of mostly young people. In our case, more than 40 per cent of the population is under 30 years of age.", "Regarding youth, in 2005 the Government adopted an Executive Youth Support Plan, which aims to solve the most essential social aspirations of youth in terms of housing, technical and vocational training, employment, social and subsidized credit and the promotion of young entrepreneurs, inter alia. After evaluating the results of the first five years of implementation of this Plan, a proposal for a state policy for youth was drafted.", "In analysing the declaration that is the subject of this meeting, we believe that matters related to youth should be included in the United Nations position, especially in the following areas. A specialized United Nations agency should to address youth-related issues should be created, as should a United Nations juvenile court to coordinate youth-related issues in the General Assembly. The professionalization of working with youth should be encouraged. The World Programme of Action for Youth should be reviewed and adjusted, especially the mechanisms for its implementation, monitoring and evaluation. United Nations cooperation with the appropriate national, subregional and continental pro-youth structures should be strengthened. Lastly, we should establish mechanisms for monitoring and evaluating the implementation of the declaration adopted at this meeting (resolution 65/312).", "On behalf of the Angolan delegation and youth, we welcome the opportunity to participate in this forum of dialogue on and between youth, and we believe that with everyone’s efforts, we can achieve the goals we have set.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to His Excellency Mr. Sorin Moldovan, Under-Secretary of State and Vice-President of the National Authority for Sport and Youth of Romania.", "Mr. Moldovan (Romania): Allow me to express, on behalf of the Romanian people, our deepest condolences to the bereaved people of Norway for the tragic events of Friday 22 July, which claimed the lives of so many innocents. Since the main victims of this despicable act of hatred were youth and perhaps the future leaders of a nation, the tragedy brings to this meeting an added sense of urgency.", "It is a great pleasure and honour for me to be present here at the United Nations, in this very special period marked by the International Year of Youth under the theme of “Dialogue and mutual understanding”, while at the same time we are celebrating 25 years since the first International Year of Youth, in 1985, under the theme “Participation, Development, Peace”.", "We all now have the opportunity to be here together, as representatives from different continents and cultures, and we must recognize that this meeting should represent a turning point for consolidating a common perspective on how to address the challenges faced by youth in the globalized world of today.", "The World Programme of Action for Youth, as amended in 2007, is described as a global blueprint for youth policies and programmes. It identifies 15 priority areas that require continuous and important efforts. The world in which we live today needs these efforts. The complicated mix consisting of the global financial crisis, uncertainty and emerging conflicts affects our own way of living. We need to face reality and recognize the fact that young people are particularly vulnerable in these times of crisis.", "I am here today both as a representative of Romanian youth and as a token of my country’s commitment in promoting youth at top decision-making levels in the Government in matters concerning youth. From this position I am and will be a steadfast supporter of the idea of taking action and offering opportunities for youth — because today’s youth are the main resources of tomorrow.", "We live in a quickly growing global society in which the links between nations are growing ever stronger and more complex, and I strongly believe that this presents the youth of today not with an extra challenge but with a unique opportunity. Mobility has allowed young people to develop a better sense of understanding towards other cultures and societies, breeding tolerance and balance. From this point of view, I think we have reason to be optimistic, since more and more young people from challenged areas of the world now benefit from the fruits of globalization.", "Global society and its inherent mobility offer young individuals the possibility for better training in various fields, making a considerable contribution to their overall capacity to adapt to the increasingly complex requirements of today’s dynamic global labour market. On the other hand, we should not be discouraged in supporting the costs of facilitating, introducing and promoting youth access to information and communication technologies, which are crucial elements that cannot be denied in our increasingly interdependent global society.", "Youth organizations around the world represent an asset, and we, the Member States, need to continuously support the non-governmental sector as a key factor in the efficient promotion of human rights, fundamental freedoms and tolerance. The key for a sound democratic life is dialogue. Therefore we need to support cooperation with civil society and identify the best channels to address the needs of young people, especially those who are the most disadvantaged.", "Member States also need to focus on developing coherent national youth policies that take into account the current state of the globalization process and its impact on young people from different regions of the world.", "There is a crucial responsibility that lies on the shoulders of United Nations entities, national youth bodies and Governments, and that is to develop or improve existing programmes and increase financial support for achieving national and regional goals.", "As a brief example of my country’s most recent concrete action in delivering on its commitments regarding youth, I will refer only to the legislative initiative passed this year aimed specifically at encouraging and facilitating the establishment of small and medium-sized companies by young people. Through this measure, the Government seeks to engage even more youth in the private sector, especially during these difficult economic times, when all of society must take an active part in a robust and sustainable economic recovery.", "In addition, I would like to point out that in Romania, the United Nations youth delegate programme is being coordinated by a specialized body, the National Authority for Sport and Youth. We undertook this responsibility bearing in mind that young people must have the opportunity to have insight into the manner in which global high-level decisions are taken. Therefore we encourage other Member States to support this programme as a fundamental tool for youth participation in democratic life.", "The adoption of the declaration of the High-level Meeting on Youth of the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly, on the theme “Dialogue and Mutual Understanding” (resolution 65/312), represents a success that allows us to hope that tomorrow will be a better day for the youth we represent.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to His Excellency Mr. Mitali Protais, Minister for Youth, Sports and Culture of Rwanda, who will also speak on behalf of the African States.", "Mr. Protais (Rwanda): On behalf of the Government of the Republic of Rwanda and on behalf of the African Group and the Conference of Ministers in charge of youth affairs in the African Union, allow me to express my sincere condolences to the people of Norway upon the tragedy that befell their nation, which resulted in the loss of many lives.", "I have the honour to speak on behalf of the African Group, which also aligns itself with the statement to be made on behalf of the Group of 77 and China.", "Dialogue and mutual agreement have always been the basis for the maintenance of good relations between individuals and different societies from the oldest times. Nowadays, with all of the communications and technology facilities that have evolved over these last decades, long-distance dialogue among young people has increased greatly, thus making the world smaller while widening the opportunities that it offers. However, not all the young people of the world profit from that dialogue because of the many challenges related to the development of their respective countries, including a great part of the African continent.", "Driven by the will to analyse the question of how to integrate young people in the development of their countries, and with the contribution provided by their flourishing in their communities, the heads of African States have, during their Assembly, taken decisions aiming at providing information and communication technologies to their people, including youth, which will allow them to reinforce dialogue and communication and share their experience with other young people worldwide.", "These decisions concern, inter alia, the strengthening of national programmes and regional cooperation for development, the interconnection of infrastructure through broadband, the deployment of regional Internet exchange points, and the improvement of the connectivity of the rural sector based on the principles of the neutrality of technology, non-discrimination and open access in support of PIDA and through the use of synergies with the transport and the energy sectors.", "The African heads of State also decided to develop programmes and actions for the acquisition of basic competences in communication and information technologies and for reinforcing capacities, in particular for the national and regional standardization bodies.", "Other efforts are also being made at the level of the African continent, such as those on universal access to education, the empowerment of girls and young women, the sensitization of young people in the fight against HIV/AIDS and drugs, and the demobilization and socio-economic rehabilitation of young people who participated directly in armed conflict.", "However, a major challenge confronting young people in the world and in particular on the African continent is to become established. Those who are likely to find work come up against under-employment and the indecent conditions of such work. It enormously affects their health and their output. Therefore we recommend that a global strategy on the employment of young people be analysed in order to see how to join our efforts to maximize the ways to offer employment and decent work conditions to them.", "These efforts should not be limited to the national or regional levels. If the issue of taking up the challenges that all young people face is dealt with at the global level, the combined efforts of the nations will make it possible to eliminate a good number of them. That will contribute in various ways to the achievement of certain objectives of the Charter of the United Nations, such as peacekeeping, and of the Millennium Development Goals, which are also included in the World Programme of Action for Youth.", "The world has always changed, and changes have always been brought about by the new generation. Accordingly, organizations of young people should be created to channel their ideals and aspirations in order to give them the possibility of exchange with their elders, thus contributing to the socio-economic and cultural development of their countries.", "Eager to reinforce such dialogue, African heads of State met under the theme “Accelerate youth empowerment for sustainable development” and decided on the need for a coordinating or lead United Nations agency to facilitate youth matters and dedicated to youth development programmes within the United Nations, and to coordinate and raise funds for youth development initiatives within Member States. In Africa, we feel that youth development and empowerment will not be fully realized if youth representation in all organs and bodies remains a challenge.", "Once young people, in all their diversity, fully take part in decision-making through the appropriate channels, they will contribute to peacekeeping in their respective countries and the world and will open the door to continuity, without clashes in its respective communities.", "It is important that the decisions that we make today be put into action and be evaluated in the future, because they are important, and they blow a wind of hope for innumerable young people.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to Her Excellency Mrs. María Rubiales de Chamorro, Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs of Nicaragua.", "Mrs. Rubiales de Chamorro (Nicaragua) (spoke in Spanish): At the outset, we wish to express our condolences to and solidarity with the people and Government of Norway, who have been victims of a criminal attack that has been vehemently condemned by our people and Government.", "Nicaragua has a population of almost 6 million inhabitants. Of them, 70 per cent are 29 years old or less. That is a great development opportunity in the coming years, as we invest in capacity-building and economic development, starting with education, training or accumulation of work and business experience and on the basis of the life cycle and personal careers of the workforce.", "It is worth underscoring that most jobs — 58 per cent — are done by individuals less than 30 years old. With the triumph of the people’s Sandanista revolution in 1979, the participation of young people in the revolutionary fight and victory and in the literacy campaign that reduced illiteracy from 60 per cent to 12.5 per cent was stressed.", "Since 2007 — the date of the second phase of our revolution — the people of Nicaragua have been ensuring their revolutionary present and future, since they have integrated young people into social programmes that the Government develops for the well-being of the people. Thus our Government plan for the period 2012-2016 gives priority to social and economic polices that ensure job creation and quality work, in particular for young people. Young people have been empowering, training and educating themselves in order to take the forefront that belongs to them in countless activities developed either by them or for them. They are no longer mere spectators, but have become actors.", "Nicaragua’s young people have assumed their commitment to society as youth building the present and future. They participate decisively in each and every one of the major programmes promoted by our Government. Those programmes include the construction of houses, rural and urban schools and sports facilities, health and literacy days, natural disaster brigades, reforestation, the promotion of a cultural identity, the protection of our Mother Earth and support for natural resource conservation. In short, our young people are at the forefront of that great scheme and extensive plan to restore the rights of the Nicaraguan people, youth and family.", "In Nicaragua, we are experiencing a youth revolution. Today, young people are the standard-bearers. They lead social programmes, supporting the country’s poorest people. They see our homeland as Mother Earth, liberty and revolution. Nicaragua believes that each year is the year of youth. This year, we have celebrated it, and will continue to do so with further work for and greater commitment to the revolution and people of Nicaragua.", "We still have challenges and obstacles to be addressed as a priority. We must continue to improve the quality of employment and work and generate more and better jobs for young people, focusing on women. We must continue to promote and defend compliance with young people’s human rights, helping to create possibilities and conditions that facilitate including the youth as complete social actors, with full enjoyment of their rights.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to Mrs. Nicole Ameline, National Assembly Deputy and member of the Foreign Affairs Commission of France.", "Mrs. Ameline (France) (spoke in French): On behalf of France, I would first like to join all speakers who have conveyed their condolences to Norway following the tragedy that struck that country.", "I would like to thank the United Nations for having organized this High-level Meeting on Youth, who are too often forgotten and who must be returned to the centre of the social, economic and political dialogue.", "France associates itself with the statement to be made on behalf of the European Union, and would like to add some observations in its national capacity.", "France has always considered young people the cornerstone of development. We recall in particular the 2005 France-Africa summit, with the stirring title “African youth — its vitality, its creativity and its aspirations”. On that occasion, for the first time, young people from five regions of Africa were able to express their aspirations and expectations.", "We are convinced that the future of young people requires first and foremost quality education for all. In France, the budget of the Ministry of National Education represents the largest part of the State budget, 21 per cent in 2010. Our country is one of the leading international donors of education development assistance, with a total amount of official assistance of approximately €1.5 billion in 2009. Along with supporting basic education in developing countries, France also provides aid for higher education. This year France hosted 278,000 foreign students in its universities, who represent about 12 per cent of that entire student population.", "However, education, as a fundamental pillar of society’s economic and social development, must be directly linked to the needs of the professional world. For that reason France is working to create training and employment opportunities. Here I would like to give two examples, namely, Mali and Côte d’Ivoire, which are described in the text of my statement.", "In conclusion, I call the Assembly’s attention to the situation of young girls, a topic that is especially dear to me, as I hold the position of Vice-President of the Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.", "Today at least 600 million young girls throughout the world live in extremely vulnerable situations. They encounter difficulties in accessing education, in early marriage and pregnancy and in social and professional inequalities. A child born of a literate mother has a 50 per cent greater chance of living beyond five years of age. Women who have benefited from post-primary education are five times more likely than illiterate women to have information on HIV/AIDS. Almost two thirds of the 792 million illiterate individuals worldwide are women. In 2010, only 9 of 151 elected heads of State were women.", "The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women is a particularly important tool to counter discrimination against women. The implementation of States’ commitments to this framework is absolutely essential. We must give priority to our young people, especially the young girls, in order to create a sustainable world and sustainable development, more just and without poverty.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to the representative of South Africa.", "Mr. Lungisa (South Africa): At the outset, my delegation wishes to thank you, Mr. President, for organizing this important meeting on youth. My Government attaches great importance to that important segment of our society.", "My delegation associates itself with the statement to be delivered by the representative of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China, the statement earlier in this meeting by Rwanda on behalf of the Africa Group, and the statement by Namibia on behalf of the Southern African Development Community (see A/65/PV.111).", "We commend the United Nations for proclaiming the International Year of Youth, under the theme “Youth: Dialogue and mutual understanding”. This provides an important opportunity to strengthen dialogue and mutual understanding among youth globally and to promote youth participation, and also to increase investment by Governments and the international community in young people through addressing the challenges that hinder their development.", "Youth should be seen as agents of change and development. They should be at the forefront in addressing major societal challenges such as realization of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). A quick glance at the eight Millennium Development Goals reveals that they are directly related to the well-being of children and young people. The MDGs provide for the need to address youth development, employment, maternal health and reducing exposure to HIV and AIDS. This indicates that the MDGs are in many respects youth development goals.", "It is time for Member States to move from commitment to results-oriented actions. We should channel all our energies to youth development, since the youth are today’s resources and tomorrow’s leaders. We should remember that young people hold the key to society’s future. Their ambitions, goals and aspirations for peace, security, development and human rights are often in accordance with those of society as a whole. The recent developments in the Middle East and North Africa are evidence that youth continue to play a vital role in the democratization of our countries.", "The South African Government established the National Youth Development Agency in 2009 with a view to addressing issues affecting youth development. The establishment of the Agency illustrates the importance that South Africa places in youth issues. The Agency promotes coordination in youth development matters across all spheres of Government.", "Last month, South Africa commemorated its National Youth Day on 16 June, which also marked the thirty-fifth anniversary of the 16 June 1976 uprising. This day continues to remind us about the contributions made by young people in the fight against apartheid. We must continue recognizing the contributions that can be made by young people to their communities and society at the global level.", "At the regional level, South Africa has ratified the African Youth Charter. During the recent African Union Summit — which was held under the theme “Accelerating Youth Development for Sustainable Development” — the African leaders agreed on international collaboration and cooperation as key elements in financing youth development priorities. A call was made to the development partners and all relevant stakeholders to align youth development-related programmes to the Youth Decade Plan of Action (2009-2018).", "South Africa also supports a proposal agreed at subregional level on accelerating youth development through the establishment of a United Nations agency to initiate, fund and promote youth development priorities in Member States. This call has been made in view of the need to pool youth development resources in order to ensure greater impact.", "Let us collectively, as Member States, avoid creating an island of success within an ocean of poverty. Our intervention on youth development should be measured not only by how individual countries have fared, but by the international commitments we have carried out to support youth development in our respective countries.", "I wish to conclude by quoting the call from the late President Oliver Reginald Tambo, who said, “A nation that does not take care of its youth does not have a future and does not deserve one”. In this regard, our words should translate into concrete and measurable action by making available the resources required and investing in programmes that are geared towards youth development.", "We are also very happy that the United Nations Member States proclaimed 18 July as Nelson Mandela Day, when all must endeavour to serve 67 minutes in our own communities all over the world. We have celebrated that great day in South Africa.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to His Excellency Mr. Vladzimir Shchastny, Chair of the Belarus National Commission for UNESCO and Ambassador-at-large of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Belarus.", "Mr. Shchastny (Belarus) (spoke in Russian): I wish to begin by expressing my country’s heartfelt condolences and sympathy to the families and friends of the victims of the terrorist attacks that took place last Friday in Norway.", "There is a traditional Belarusian saying that advises, “Preserve your dignity in your youth and you will not encounter trouble”. The youth policy of the Government of Belarus is aimed at educating young people to feel responsible for their future and that of society as a whole. The principles of this policy were endorsed in a special law adopted in 2009 that provides for protection and enforcement of the rights and legitimate interests of young people; creation of conditions conducive to their free and effective participation in the development of society; social, material, legal and other support for young people; and empowerment of youth decision-making on matters concerning their future. Of particular importance in the Government youth policy is international cooperation. That is one reason that the Republic of Belarus consistently advocates for providing support to young people and developing their potential in the framework of the United Nations.", "We commend the active engagement of relevant United Nations entities in carrying out various activities for youth, especially the establishment in 2010 of the United Nations Inter-Agency Network on Youth Development, aimed at improving the effectiveness of United Nations activities in this sphere. Its results attest to the effectiveness of the network, which was coordinated in the past year by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs and UNESCO.", "However, along with interaction among United Nations entities, it is necessary to develop global partnerships on youth issues, with the participation of Member States, youth organizations, non-governmental organizations and the private sector. Only the concerted and coordinated efforts of all stakeholders can lead to the effective implementation of youth policies at the national and international levels.", "Our country welcomes the convening of this timely High-level Meeting, which should explore current issues on the global youth agenda. In our opinion, as the International Year of Youth comes to an end, it is time to review the World Programme of Action for Youth. We need to update the priorities of the World Programme of Action, adding such issues as migration, financial and economic crises and human trafficking. One result of this Meeting could be a recommendation to the General Assembly to forge a new global partnership for youth. During the 2010 Summit on the Millennium Development Goals, Belarus proposed creating a global partnership under the title “Help Future Generations Prosper”, focused on investing in future global leadership by providing support to talented young people.", "It is also crucial to tackle the social degradation of youth, in particular factors that lead to negative consequences for youth, even in highly developed countries. We advocate convening an interactive thematic discussion in the General Assembly on youth policies in the near future in order to continue the discussion and create new frameworks for international cooperation on youth issues.", "In conclusion, I would like to express our delegation’s satisfaction with the adoption by consensus of the outcome document of this High-level Meeting on Youth (resolution 65/312). The Republic of Belarus played an active part in negotiating the resolution and stands ready to implement the provisions of that important strategic document.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to Mr. Ronan Farrow, Special Adviser to the Secretary of State for Global Youth Issues of the United States of America.", "Mr. Farrow (United States of America): I am very grateful to be here today and to be a part of this conversation as we confront what is both a great shared challenge and a great shared opportunity.", "Now more than ever, as we all know, young people are at the very core of changing world events. More than 60 per cent of the world’s population is under the age of 30. That demographic, increasingly empowered by the new technologies that we have discussed at this Meeting, is increasingly a potential driver of great economic and social reform. However, it is also the case that we all acknowledge that that demographic can be one of the great threats to national and international stability and security. Of all nations with new outbreaks of civil conflict, 86 per cent have significant majorities under the age of 30.", "Those realities obviously are not lost on the countries represented in this Hall. I have had great conversations over the past several days with many people here, and many countries have made tremendous strides to attract the world’s best and brightest youth to their job markets and universities.", "Unfortunately, those realities have also not been lost on our shared adversaries. Extremist and criminal organizations also have sophisticated and comprehensive youth strategies, offering young people empowerment, a sense of belonging, a sense of political participation. Boys and young men are often the prime targets of such extremist recruitment, fuelling unrest around the world. Girls and young women are very often the most vulnerable victims of disenfranchisement and oppression, and an under-tapped resource in the fight for economic growth. All young people, as we have seen in the tragic events of recent days, can be targeted as they express their political rights. We stand in solidarity with Norway today.", "President Obama said in his seminal Cairo speech in 2009:", "“[T]o young people of every faith, in every country — you, more than anyone, have the ability to remake this world”.", "But who gives them the tools to remake that world will profoundly affect security around the world and the prosperity of all of our nations. The ball is in our court. We cannot afford to wait.", "Youth engagement has already been a priority at many United States embassies. We have developed effective approaches to interacting with young people, from exchange programmes to democracy training and development, health and livelihood programmes. We have sought to give young people a voice on the global stage. In December 2010, Ambassador Susan Rice chaired a Security Council meeting where youth set the agenda themselves — the first time that young people had an opportunity to influence the course of the most influential body on international peace and security.", "Still, we recognized that the United States could be doing more. We needed to make challenging institutional changes at the very highest level. Last year, Secretary Clinton launched an exhaustive review of America’s international youth policy and programming. That review was targeted at changing our capacity to empower the next generation of leaders. It resulted in a pledge to empower young people as positive economic and civic actors through our programmes, to work hand in hand with countries like those represented in this Hall today to create enabling environments for youth in all of our borders, and to explore new ways to talk to and, perhaps most importantly, to listen to young people.", "To oversee that historic effort, we are launching a new State Department Office of Global Youth Issues. It is my privilege to be leading that initiative as Special Adviser to the Secretary of State for Global Youth Issues. The United States is focusing on economic empowerment, through programmes around the world that educate, create employment opportunities and foster entrepreneurship for young people, such as the Youth:Work programme, which has trained and employed thousands of young people in Latin America.", "We are launching initiatives that encourage civic participation, create local leadership opportunities and develop linkages between young people and their Governments. One important example is the Yemen Student Councils Project, which has established councils for young people in hundreds of schools across that country, familiarizing people of that age group with community participation and the basics of democracy. We are pushing the envelope to involve young people in the execution of these programmes too, with successes like the Yes Youth Can programme in Kenya, which features an innovative youth-led and youth-managed social innovation fund.", "Accompanying programmes like these around the world is a new focus on youth issues in our discussions with the international community. That conversation begins here and now. The United States welcomes and will continue to foster follow-on activities to ensure that it does not end this summer.", "I look out at this Hall and I am excited, because I see a group of nations that understand this watershed moment and that stand poised to lead the response to it. Nigeria is one of them. It recently hosted the first African Urban Youth Assembly, gathering youth from across Africa to guide their leaders on urban development. Likewise, Brazil completed an 18-month youth dialogue, surveying young Brazilians about their views on democracy and their role in society. I also commend Austria and Benin, which acted as co‑facilitators of that event.", "This is a moment when we are prioritizing listening to young voices and responding to their call for action. It is the call to provide young people with access to livelihood and to employment, to promote gender and minority equality, and to confront the human rights abuses that so often drive and deepen poverty. That call, as I said, is both a challenge and an opportunity, and it is one we cannot wait to confront. The young people of our nations are, as we speak, transforming our security and prosperity. They are not just the future, as several have pointed out; they are now. We can work with them to create a better now.", "I look forward to this event being just one of many catalysts in a long and fruitful process of joining hands with each other and with young people around the world, to accomplish just that.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to Ms. María Laura Braiza, National Director of Youth from the Ministry of Social Development of Argentina, who will speak on behalf of the Group of 77 and China.", "Ms. Braiza (Argentina) (spoke in Spanish): I have the honour to speak on behalf of the Group of 77 and China at this High-level Meeting on Youth, the highlight event of the International Year of Youth. The decision to hold this event originated with an initiative of the Group of 77 and China and with the constructive engagement of all Member States. We agreed to convene this important meeting and to produce a substantive outcome document (resolution 65/312), which will undoubtedly contribute to youth development.", "The High-level Meeting’s central theme “Youth: dialogue and mutual understanding” provides all of us — Member States, the United Nations system, youth organizations and other stakeholders — the opportunity to exchange views on the challenges related to youth, to discuss how best to address them and to commit to taking concrete action. The central theme of dialogue and mutual understanding should inspire all our efforts in this regard.", "The Group of 77 and China would like to stress the need for further efforts to support young people in developing their potential and to tackle the obstacles they face. In this regard, the primary responsibility for ensuring youth development lies with States, which should develop comprehensive policies and action plans that focus on the best interests of youth. The Group of 77 and China encourages the international community to support Member States, through enhanced international cooperation and the fulfilment of all their official development assistance commitments, in their efforts to eradicate poverty and achieve full employment and social integration.", "Additionally, the Group of 77 and China reaffirms the importance of the World Programme of Action for Youth as the framework for youth policies, while recognizing the urgency of further developing it in order to fully address all the challenges that currently affect young people. The Group of 77 and China also acknowledges that the problems that young people face today must be dealt with in a broader context of coordinated action based on a holistic approach, directly addressing issues that encompass a vast range of multidimensional aspects. The very nature of the problems afflicting young people today demands such complementary actions as providing the best education possible, giving access to employment opportunities, enabling adequate food supplies and nutrition, creating a healthy physical and social environment, assuring the enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms, and participation in decision-making processes.", "Moreover, the Group firmly believes that by bridging gaps in every area of inequality — social, regional, racial, gender and others — we will make a significant contribution to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.", "Youth unemployment is a clear example of a challenge affecting young people that requires new ideas and renewed effort from Member States and the international community. Unemployment has become a global problem that affects young people all over the world. The Group of 77 and China urges all Member States to consider undertaking efforts to develop a global strategy for effectively addressing this issue.", "The Group 77 and China underscores the need to ensure that all of our citizens, including our young people, enjoy the highest possible standards of health, and will continue to work to realize this objective. The Group also recognizes the importance of protecting young people from violence and crime and of preventing and addressing their involvement in criminal activity, including drug-related activity. These issues remain on our agenda as we strive to provide healthy environments for younger generations.", "The Group of 77 and China urges Member States to take concerted action, in accordance with international law, to remove the obstacles to the full realization of the rights of young people living under foreign occupation, in order to promote achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. The Group also condemns the recruitment and use of young people in armed conflict, in contravention of relevant international law; deplores its negative consequences on the young people concerned; and calls on Member States, in cooperation with United Nations entities, to take concrete measures and continue to support programmes to ensure the effective social and economic reintegration and rehabilitation of demobilized young people.", "The Group of 77 and China remains committed to working to improve the lives of young people in all our countries to help them realize their full potential and make valuable and positive contributions to the development of our societies.", "Allow me to add a few words in my national capacity. The Government of Argentina is extending its public policies aimed at enabling young people to participate in society in various ways. We emphasize the importance of young people in building a country’s future with greater levels of justice and equality, and in strengthening the democratic system, including them in the decision-making processes, particularly in Government institutions.", "This generation will continue to be the standard bearers of human rights as a fundamental condition of life, and will continue to move forward with the discussion of the sovereign restitution of the Malvinas, South Georgia and South Sandwich islands. A generation that participates, as our President, Cristina Fernández Kirchner, has said, is essential to building an Argentina that is more inclusive and with greater solidarity. With commitment, passion and conviction, the young people of Argentina will continue to build a more equal society in the context of peace, human rights and sustainable development. We are proud of the words of our former President, Néstor Kirchner, when he said that when youth marches forward, change is inevitable.", "In conclusion, we recall the fifty-ninth anniversary of the death of a great woman, a tireless fighter for social rights, Eva Duarte Perón — Evita, to the people.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to His Excellency Mr. Berhane Gebre-Kristos, State Minister of Foreign Affairs of Ethiopia.", "Mr. Gebre-Kristos (Ethiopia): At the outset, I would like to join other speakers in expressing our condolences and deepest sympathy to the Government and people of Norway for their loss in the horrendous act of terrorism committed against them last Friday. Let me also offer my delegation’s congratulations to the President of the Assembly for his successful organization of this High-level Meeting.", "This meeting could not be more timely. The current global economic situation has created very precarious conditions for young people. Without hope for the future, young people cannot be expected to contribute viably to our societies, and ensuring peace and stability will be impossible if they continue to live without hope.", "Africa is the most underdeveloped continent and home to the second largest youth population worldwide, after Asia. African youth have limited access to decent jobs and sustainable income. Indeed, Africa has shown promising progress in economic growth over the past decade, but the negative impact of the global economic situation on that progress over the past two years and the fact that growth has not been inclusive have resulted in insufficient progress to boost the hopes of young people.", "Ensuring only the economic well-being of our young people and their social integration would be inadequate to fully addressing their needs. Their active participation in vital political reforms and the democratization process is also critical. They should be given a political space to pursue their political views and specific interests, and they need to be certain that their participation in addressing societal challenges will contribute to policy formulation and execution.", "It is extremely important to emphasize the fact that a separate set of measures cannot serve to address youth challenges unless those measures, first and foremost, address the fundamental challenges of our societies. Moreover, it must be underlined that actions taken solely at the national level will not yield the desired results unless they are supplemented by international cooperation.", "In the light of this self-evident fact, my delegation calls on the international community to implement the internationally agreed development goals, particularly the Millennium Development Goals, in a timely fashion to overcome the development challenges of the developing countries. It is therefore my delegation’s belief that what is needed now is not new strategies, but rather the necessary political commitment to deliver on our promises.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to Ms. Fanny Hermenier, President of the Committee on Education of Monaco.", "Ms. Hermenier (Monaco) (spoke in French): At the outset, I wish to convey my sincere condolences and sympathy to the people and Government of Norway following the tragedy they have suffered. I also thank the General Assembly and the Government of the Principality of Monaco for providing me with the unique opportunity to speak before the Assembly today and to dialogue with young people from all regions of the world.", "The outcome document adopted by the Assembly (resolution 65/312) is a decisive step towards a better understanding on the part of every Member State of the core role that young people should play in implementing the objectives of the United Nations at the national and international levels.", "George Bernanos wrote:", "“It is the fever of young people that keeps the world temperature stable. When young people cool down, the rest of the world feels the chill.”", "It is that feverish youth yearning for democracy, human rights and justice who have paved the way for new regimes. Indeed, the Arab Spring would have been impossible without young people, whose essential role has been widely lauded and emphasized.", "Those protest movements and uprisings also reflect the staunch will of young people to actively participate at all levels of decision-making to establish their role in the transition towards a modern and democratic society. Moreover, young people also have an instrumental role to play in international organizations so that decisions taken will include their point of view, in particular in the framework of achieving the Millennium Development Goals, which call for joint efforts that must include youth participation.", "My country, like others, is working to reduce disparities and inequalities among young people across the world through official development assistance. Monaco’s cooperation supports efforts to gain universal access to education, without discrimination, through the financing of cultural centres or educational programmes for poor youth living in shantytowns or children of refugees.", "Moreover, the Principality has developed student exchange partnerships that create opportunities for young people in developing countries to participate in training programmes in Monegasque institutions, in order to promote knowledge transfer and sharing and to bring young people together from different cultures.", "Health care and countering malnutrition are concerns that should be considered essential to the well-being of future generations and societies. It is absolutely unacceptable that children and young people continue to die each day of hunger and treatable diseases due to lack of access to care or treatment. That is one reason that Monaco has cooperated in efforts to prioritize intervention efforts in the health sector.", "Finally, I underscore that the rights of children and young people should not be abridged. Young people and children are by definition among the most vulnerable populations and too often silent victims of serious violence. In that context, States must respect their commitments undertaken in regional and international organizations. On 20 and 21 November, the Principality of Monaco will host a conference on “Building a Europe for and with children”, under the auspices of the Council of Europe, where discussions with participating children will be centred primarily on defining a new European strategy on the rights of the child.", "Our youth does not blind us to the shocking, cruel and unjust realities of the world we live in. We are the Internet generation. Thanks to social networks, blogs and virtual communities, we are aware of the injustice, despair and decadence confronting members of our generation who may sometimes live far from us and our daily concerns. Let us recognize this irreversible interdependence and establish dialogues among cultures.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to Mr. Pierre Maudet, President of the Federal Commission on Youth of Switzerland.", "Mr. Maudet (Switzerland) (spoke in French): Switzerland joins the many others who have spoken in expressing its profound condolences to the Norwegian people following the recent tragedy.", "Switzerland believes that the effective participation of young people will guarantee their social integration and a sustainable future for society. Switzerland has established various participatory mechanisms, such as youth parliaments, and encourages similar initiatives.", "The Swiss National Youth Council, founded in 1933, is the oldest such national body in Europe. Switzerland has been participating since 2003 in the United Nations youth delegate programme. Including young people in participatory processes, preparing them to assume responsibility and familiarizing them with democratic institutions and processes will also help to curb their lack of interest in politics, in particular in the developed countries, where youth disengagement has achieved record levels. Every country must promote training on youth and human rights.", "The sustainable and social integration of young people also requires quality training and efforts to curtail unemployment and temporary employment. A lack of opportunities for young people can lead to social tensions and conflict. Dignified and well-remunerated employment, a stable situation and security are prerequisites to raising a family and building a life. Five of the eight Millennium Development Goals require investment in young people, who are particularly vulnerable.", "Education, training and innovation are the pillars of our economic, social and environmental development. Policies should counter unemployment and support job placement and appropriate training with a view to lifelong and life-wide learning.", "Switzerland has taken measures to ensure employment for young people who have completed training and to fund training for the unemployed. Information and communications technology is a fantastic tool to promote the participation and integration of young people in society by creating links and bridges and by contributing to learning about democracy and human rights with a view to creating an open society for all, with education and training opportunities. It places young people at the centre of action for democratic change and progress.", "Switzerland underscores the importance of information and communications technology and encourages the provision and facilitation of affordable access, particularly for disenfranchised youth — especially in developing countries — while taking steps to protect against related risks. In that respect, our country, working together with the private sector, launched a national programme aimed at the protection of children and youth in the area of media and information technology.", "Cooperation on the part of the various stakeholders involved and the participation of youth are of key importance at the local, national and international levels if we are to attain the Millennium Development Goals and implement the World Programme of Action for Youth, which remain pivotal in guiding our efforts.", "In times of crisis, youth-related policies are at risk. They must not be relegated to the sidelines. Sufficient resources must be allocated to them, and periodic progress assessments carried out. The outcome document is action-oriented, and today’s statements must be translated into tomorrow’s actions.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to Ms. Severine Macedo, National Secretary for Youth Affairs of Brazil.", "Ms. Macedo (Brazil) (spoke in Portuguese; English text provided by the delegation): I should like at the outset to acknowledge the presence of Ambassador Maria Luiza Viotti, Permanent Representative of Brazil to the United Nations, and that of the Executive Director of UNFPA, Babatunde Osotimehin. I should also like in particular to extend my greetings to the young people here and to those who, even at a distance, are following this important Meeting.", "We are very pleased to participate in this Meeting. Brazil, which is now experiencing a positive growth trend, believes that economic, social and environmental development is inextricably linked to youth-related public policies.", "In that context, recognition of the diversity of youth is non-negotiable. We are young people from the city and from the countryside — which I call home; we are young blacks, Indians, whites and Asians; we are young women and men; we are gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender and heterosexual; we are young people with and without disabilities; we are young people from different social classes whose inequalities are decreasing each year; we are young people with different cultural backgrounds and experiences; we are young people who experiment with the most diverse rhythms, colours and artistic creations; we are youth who promote citizenship on our territories; and we are the ones who are connected to the world through social networks. We are the first generation of the twenty-first century, but, above all, we are young people who live in peace and are building a country that is developing democratically.", "In Brazil, a country of about 190 million people, 50 million of us are between the ages of 15 and 29. This demographic dividend can increase production, per capita income, savings and investment and bolster the social protection network, expanding production and the protection of rights.", "Under the administration of President Dilma Rousseff, the first woman to hold the highest office in the executive branch, Brazil has undertaken the task of consolidating the legacy of former President Lula with regard to growth and income distribution. Now our focus is to eradicate poverty. We believe that a rich country is a country without poverty, and that in order to achieve that goal, investing in youth is fundamental.", "The International Year of Youth has demonstrated that young people deserve higher priority on the multilateral agenda. The Year is coming to an end, but we know that the challenges will continue. The international agenda should incorporate young people, both in specific policies and in cross-cutting areas. In this respect, Brazil has sought to make its contribution through South-South cooperation projects.", "Finally, we reiterate the importance of seeing young people as individuals deserving of rights and as strategic agents for sustainable and cooperative development. It is essential to invest in the promotion of decent work, education at all levels and the prevention of violence. We must also make advances in terms of ensuring other rights, including the right to political participation and freedom of movement, affirmative action, and the rights to leisure, culture, ownership, quality of life, diversity and security.", "We want, and are working to build, a better and more equal world for all; to that end, it is imperative to invest in youth, especially in developing countries. This better and more equal world will be a reality only when we are certain that the generational transition will be based on the empowerment of youth and when young people have the autonomy to forge their own destinies.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to Ms. Lilli Attallah, Member of the Executive Board of the National Council of Youth of Egypt.", "Ms. Attallah (Egypt) (spoke in Arabic): I should like to begin my statement by expressing my delegation’s heartfelt condolences to the people and the Government of Norway in connection with the lives lost in the abhorrent terrorist attack in that country a few days ago. The Government and the people of Egypt stand in solidarity with the people of Norway against terrorism.", "The convening of this High-level Meeting on Youth, organized to celebrate the International Year of Youth, is of particular significance owing to the fact that 2011 has witnessed youth revolutions, particularly in the Arab region. The Arab spring, inspired by Arab youth, made clear the critical role youth can play in their societies at all levels. They have an essential role to play in their countries at all levels, and efforts must be made to meet the challenges that hamper their development throughout the world.", "The majority of the world’s young people live in the developing countries and thus are the most affected by the global financial and economic crises as well as by the other challenges that hinder their access to education, decent work, health care and housing.", "Despite the efforts made by developing countries through their strategies and programmes aimed at meeting the increasing needs of their young people, the latter continue to suffer from poverty, marginalization, unemployment and consequently are at risk of being exploited in various ways, including in the context of organized crime, human trafficking, irregular migration and armed conflicts.", "These challenges require that all Member States fully implement their national plans of action aimed at accelerating youth development, in accordance with youth-related internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals; with the support of donor countries, international financial institutions and the United Nations system; and without conditionality. It is important that the private sector and civil society be instrumental in this regard.", "We in Egypt believe that the outcome document of this High-level Meeting (resolution 65/312) draws an action-oriented path in this connection. We thus stress the importance of its full implementation, particularly the development of a global strategy on youth employment and the World Programme of Action for Youth.", "Egypt considers that world youth face several main challenges that today, most importantly social and economic development and political participation. Egypt remains strongly committed today to taking the necessary steps towards the social development of all Egyptians as part of a people-centred development strategy, while placing young people at the top of our national priorities.", "The Government of Egypt is striving to implement its national strategies and programmes for youth, and expresses its appreciation to the international community for its technical and financial support of such strategies.", "Through the Egyptian revolution, the country’s young people have proved that they are a force for change and are able to participate in national policy reform. We are committed to meeting the challenges and achieving national goals and objectives to ensure a decent life for Egyptians, especially the young people.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to Mr. Miguel Ángel Carreón Sánchez, Director of the National Institute of Youth of Mexico.", "Mr. Carreón Sánchez (Mexico) (spoke in Spanish): I wish to express on behalf of Mexico our condolences to and solidarity with the people and the Government of Norway for the tragic events that occurred last week.", "Currently, over 200 million youth live on less than a dollar a day, 88 million are unemployed, 160 million suffer from malnutrition, 130 million have not had access to basic levels of education, and 10 million live with HIV/AIDS. We should not wait any longer to change this reality and adapt our development strategies to consider youth as active agents of development in our societies.", "The world is populated by more than one billion young people between 15 and 29 years of age — a figure never seen before at any time in history. We have an historic global opportunity, because we have a demographic bonus that should be used. In Mexico, young people comprise a third of the total population. Together with the largest countries in Latin America, we have demographic bonus that we should take advantage of in order to build and strengthen the political, economic and social infrastructure that we need.", "Knowledge and access to better jobs is the largest responsibility. The foundation for work is knowledge, and that will be even more the case in the future. Our educational systems are therefore based on this perspective — perhaps not enough, but at least the pedagogical models are being revised, and that process should be deepened.", "This is one of the big challenges of our generation: to prepare ourselves to fully live in the knowledge era, but above all to guarantee access to knowledge and the right to information for each person wherever he or she might be.", "It is true that we, the young people, have to think of the future while living in the present. It is thus essential that from the demographic bonus to which we have already referred we must also be able to generate a financial culture sustained by savings so that social security systems are capable of supporting the demand that we will have in the future.", "The key element of our efforts should be to create spaces for active and effective participation of young people in all areas that affect them. In the case of my country, the National Institute of Youth of Mexico promotes the youth perspective in the action of the Government. Above all, it promotes the participation of youth. In the last four years, we have actively encouraged over a thousand projects of youth organizations. At the multilateral level, Mexico has been part of Youth Delegates programme since 2004. The premise is simple: we need to build a joint agenda with the young people, and not impose a fixed view.", "Mexico considers it essential to tackle and achieve the Millennium Development Goals and subsequent agreements in areas related to the development of youth. That will enable the results to be sustainable in the medium- and long term.", "For this reason my country reaffirms its commitment to the World Programme of Action for Youth and its effective implementation. We are confident that the Secretary-General will present in the report requested in this Meeting’s outcome document (resolution 65/312) specific proposals to follow up on the 15 areas of action and the measures that can be taken to strengthen the work of the United Nations system for youth.", "The International Year of Youth, which will end in a few days, has enabled us to give greater visibility to the needs and challenges that young people face today. In recent months, various activities and events on youth were carried out on all levels. The Government of Mexico, working with the United Nations system, contributed to this effort by organizing the World Youth Conference, which was held in August 2010 in León, Guanajuato, Mexico. The Conference was attended by 106 delegates and nearly 4,000 young people. It promoted a dialogue between Government, civil society and youth organizations.", "The world will be what its youth will be — we reap what we sow. It is time to stop understanding youth as a physical state and start seeing it with a vision of ongoing life. It is time to return to taking decisions thinking of the present and future generations. It is time for us to put the person and his essence at the centre of public policies. It is time to take the best of our past to build the best of our future and make a better place to live.", "The President (spoke in French): Let me remind the Assembly that each Member State has three minutes in which to speak when taking the floor. If the text of a prepared statement is longer than that, it should be adapted to fit into this time limit, as that will allow for a maximum number of Member States to take the floor.", "I now give the floor to Ms. Sofia Pain, Chief of Intergovernmental Relations and the Promotion of International Activity at the Ministry of Youth of Italy.", "Ms. Pain (Italy): First of all, I wish to join the other speakers in expressing our condolences to the Government and the people of Norway.", "Italy endorses the statement that will be delivered by the European Union and wishes to make a few additional remarks.", "Dialogue and mutual understanding are crucial to the positive development of our societies, as they contribute to political, social, cultural and economic integration and to the cohesion of those who are culturally diverse. Young people can play an important role in further promoting cooperation, participation, tolerance and respect for others in every region of the world. The World Programme of Action for Youth is a fundamental point of reference at the international level to achieve those goals.", "For these reasons, Italy attaches great importance to the development of young generations in terms of their potential, their personal and professional skills and their ability to actively participate in social life. This is demonstrated by the presence of two representatives of the National Youth Forum in the Italian delegation at this Meeting.", "Currently, the unemployment, poverty and social exclusion linked to the ongoing world financial crisis are serious barriers to the active participation of young people in society, especially for those in vulnerable situations or at risk of exclusion. The Italian Government — also thanks to the action of a young Minister of Youth — has taken steps to offer more opportunities for professional growth. They include more effective coordination and integration among the sectors of education, training and the labour market; the adoption of mechanisms to finance young entrepreneurs for business start-ups, especially in the new technologies and green sectors; investments in training; and orientation for students.", "The Italian Government is thus promoting various initiatives that offer young people crucial knowledge about civic duties and opportunities for active participation in democratic life. This is key to the development of dialogue and mutual understanding in civil society, and it echoes the main theme of this International Year of Youth.", "A greater role can be played by non-formal and informal learning opportunities offered to young people by youth, volunteer and non-governmental organizations. Joint action with United Nations and European bodies should have as their main goal the concrete development of quality, standardized, non‑formal and informal learning. We believe that the prerequisites for dialogue and mutual understanding must be learned, practiced and maintained all our lives.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to Ms. Bianka Paola Hernández, Director of the National Council of Youth of Guatemala.", "Ms. Hernández (Guatemala) (spoke in Spanish): Guatemala is one of the slowest countries in Latin America in terms of its demographic transition. The cohort from birth to 14 years of age makes up 31.8 per cent of our total population, compared to an average of 20.8 per cent in Latin America and the Caribbean. Those aged between 15 and 24 — those whom we consider as “youth” — make up another 19.8 per cent of the total population. While the relative percentage of Guatemalans from birth to 14 years is tending to fall over time, which is to be expected at this stage of our transition, the opposite is true of the 15-to-24-year-old segment, which is increasing.", "These phenomena are having a profound impact on our current health and education services, as well as noticeable repercussions for the labour markets and Guatemalans’ quality of life. Today, Guatemala’s economy simply does not generate sufficient jobs to absorb our young people. While we have made a great deal of progress in improving the reach and quality of our educational system, we are still not keeping enough young people in that system, including at the secondary level.", "The present Administration has tried to deal with this situation in the widest context, by giving the highest priority to assisting the lowest-income and most vulnerable strata of the population. The emphasis has been on generating productive jobs, particularly in small and medium-sized businesses, with the goal of offering a better future to those students who leave or drop out of the educational system and seek to enter the job market without resorting to emigration. We have also launched a series of initiatives focused on Guatemala’s young people through the National Council for Youth, which I have the honour to lead, and which is the institution charged with coordinating, proposing and promoting public policies for youth.", "Since the present Administration began, the Government of Guatemala has promoted social policies capable of achieving concrete transformations in the reality of life for young Guatemalans, based on solidarity and generating creative and innovative programmes such as Open Schools, Safe Schools, Solidarity Scholarships and Civil Service, among others. The Open Schools presidential programme offers alternative spaces for weekend activities for young people that promote identity and a sense of belonging. Based on a non-formal education model, these transform traditional schools into spaces that allow the exchange of experiences through the development and discovery of young people’s diverse capacities.", "These and other efforts are built around the National Youth Policy 2010-2015, “Building a multicultural, inclusive and equitable nation”, which responds to the particular demands of young people in their quest for opportunity and for economic, political and social development. That plan conforms fully to the World Programme of Action for Youth set out in resolution 50/81, which, though adopted in 1995, is still very relevant.", "Aware of the importance of investing in young people and giving them the opportunity and the scope to take on appropriate leadership roles, at this High-level Meeting on Youth we as a country would like to bring about agreement on development with equity and with equal conditions and without discrimination. We must build collectively and with participation, taking the necessary steps for sustained support of Governments and of every sector, so as to create integrated policies and actions that continue to invest in young people in order to create more and better opportunities.", "Lastly, we recognize that young people want to belong, to participate and to be actors in their own history. There must be mutual dialogue and an understanding that includes young people and recognizes them as actors in their own process of development and as fully entitled to share in opportunities for access and genuine conditions for participation.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to Mr. Jan Vanhee, Director of the International Youth Policy Support Center of Belgium.", "Mr. Vanhee (Belgium): We offer our condolences to the people and State of Norway.", "Belgium associates itself with the statement of the European Union.", "After this High-level Meeting on Youth, there will be no way back with regard to taking young men and women seriously in our societies. We must create structures and mechanisms at all levels, from neighbourhoods to municipalities, to regions and nations, and even internationally, in order to advance and strengthen as much as possible young people’s participation in the decision-making processes that affect them. Independent youth councils are a good and sustainable example. This was mentioned yesterday in a discussion between our colleagues from the European Youth Forum and various other countries.", "It is time to act. Even in these difficult days, we must examine how we can strengthen our support and contribute financially to youth structures and organizations at all levels.", "There is still a long way to go in improving the participation and development of young people. We are convinced that the more we do, the better it will be for the quality of our governance. For example, in the Youth Department of the Council of Europe — which is a structure linking the youth sector and governmental bodies having shared possibilities in the youth field — we see how co-management is functioning. We are also trying to implement structured dialogue in the European Union. These are good examples.", "Nevertheless, there are some critical issues to be solved, such as the recognition of youth organizations, youth non-governmental organizations, youth work and a non-formal education sector. We have to recognize that young people are an integral part of an increasingly complex society. They are shaped by a variety of influences and environments: the home, families, communities, school, the workplace, peers and the media. In that context, youth work can play an important role in young people’s development and participation. We must also focus more energy on involving young people who live in poverty and/or at risk of social exclusion.", "Youth policy and youth development should also be knowledge- and evidence-based. We have to make more joint efforts to build a real and strong youth coalition at all levels, all over the world, together with young people, youth organizations, workers, leaders, researchers, policymakers and other experts in the field of youth, as well as the private and third sectors.", "Our thanks go to you, Mr. President, and to your colleagues, for making this meeting possible. We hope that there will soon be another at which there will be more places, space and opportunities to share our aims and opinions with young people and their organizations. I hope that we can work together to guarantee the implementation and follow-up of this outcome document (resolution 65/312) and of the World Programme of Action for Youth.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to Mr. Benson Saulo, Youth Ambassador for Australia.", "Mr. Saulo (Australia): As the 2011 Australian Youth Representative to the United Nations, it gives me great pleasure to represent the views, hopes and optimism of the youth of Australia in today’s discussion. I am the first Aboriginal Australian to be appointed as the Youth Representative since the position began in 1999. It is not only a great honour but a wonderful reflection on the young people of Australia, who want to promote and support an inclusive and equal society.", "I am proud to say that Australian youth and the Australian Government share a common vision, which is reflected in the commitments laid out in our National Strategy for Young Australians:", "“for all young people grow up safe, healthy, happy and resilient and to have the opportunities and skills they need to learn, work, engage in community life and influence decisions that affect them”.", "Our National Strategy identifies eight key priorities. Health, education and empowering young people to have a voice and be active in their communities are some of the key issues.", "I am a firm believer that access to relevant, formal, informal and alternate education is key to address areas that continue to affect Australian youth in all areas of society, including overcoming disadvantage and influencing the current and future direction of our nation.", "In the recent “Listen to Children” report produced by UNICEF Australia, it is noted that", "“there are specific groups of children who are not always afforded the same educational opportunities as other students, denying the capacity to fulfil their potential. These groups include: Aboriginal children; … children from refugee and newly arrived backgrounds; … and children with a disability.”", "During my national tour, I visited a small school in a remote town in Northern Territory, a part of Australia that has particular focus on closing the gap between indigenous and non-indigenous Australians in the key indicators of life expectancy, employment and educational outcomes. The principal walked me around the school and informed me that no student had graduated from high school in that town for the past seven years. As we continued, he then pointed out three young girls and a young male, in year eight. He said that those four students had the potential to be the first in their school — the first in their town — to graduate from school and break the cycle of disadvantage within the town.", "Beyond our shores, Australia is focused on supporting education programmes throughout Asia, the Pacific and the world, including a strong focus on disabilities. In our region, Australia provides support for the transition from primary to secondary schooling for children with hearing impairment and intellectual disabilities. We are also producing disability inclusion infrastructure guidelines for schools.", "The UNICEF “Listen to Children” report also recommended that Australia establish an independent National Commissioner with the specific responsibility of setting up the strategic direction for youth-based policy development. That will be the next big step for Australia and will ensure that young people’s voices are heard and that youth services are adequately resourced and implemented. The National Commissioner for Children will also complement the youth peak bodies and youth forums currently engaging young people and advocating on their behalf.", "While there are many challenges and obstacles that face young people today, a sense of optimism for the future is evident. I encourage each Member State to continue strengthening dialogue with the youth in their nations.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to Ms. Lee Bok Sil, Assistant Minister, Youth and Family Policy Office of the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family of the Republic of Korea.", "Ms. Lee Bok Sil (Republic of Korea): On behalf of the Government of the Republic of Korea, I would like to offer my deepest condolences to the victims of the terrorist attacks in Norway and to their families. The Republic of Korea strongly condemns the violence that took away innocent young lives and expresses solidarity with the people of Norway.", "We are here today at this crucial gathering to ensure the best interests of youth. My delegation believes that through this High-level Meeting political leadership will be strengthened to take further steps towards the full implementation of international strategies, including the 1995 World Programme of Action for Youth.", "My delegation is of the view that full and effective participation of young people in decision-making processes contributes not only to the empowerment of their political capacity but also to sustainable socio-economic development. In this connection, the Korean Government provides institutional foundations for young people to directly join the decision-making process and to present policy proposals by operating the 430 Youth Participation Committee at the local level and the Youth Special Conferences at the national level. My Government also continues to dispatch youth representatives to the General Assembly and other United Nations entities to further facilitate communication between young people and the United Nations system.", "Recognizing the need to take a comprehensive approach toward youth issues, the Korean Government has launched a series of initiatives under the Master Plan for Youth Policy, which is updated every five years. The Plan, which is implemented by all relevant ministries and local authorities under the leadership of the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family, encompasses various policy areas including human rights, education, employment and welfare.", "We also believe that the role of civil society, youth-led organizations and the partnership among relevant stakeholders should be considered vital in protecting young-people from violence and crime and in fostering a youth-friendly society. For that reason, my Government enforces youth policies in addressing the alarming increase in Internet addiction among youth, in collaboration with civil society and the media.", "My delegation fully supports the development of indicators linked to the World Programme of Action for Youth and the proposed goals and targets. We are convinced that they could play a critical role in evaluating the current situation and in designing a concrete action plan for youth. Furthermore, such development will contribute to the overall progress towards internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals.", "We expect that the future-oriented strategies put forward in this Meeting will be transferred into reality in the coming years, bringing visible changes in development and in quality of life, not only for young people but also for society as a whole. My Government would like to reaffirm our unwavering commitment to continuously participate in the international efforts for the development of youth, in close cooperation with the United Nations and other Member States.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to Mr. Ignacio Naudon, Director of the National Institute for Youth of Chile.", "Mr. Naudon (Chile) (spoke in Spanish): At the outset I would like to convey to the delegation of Norway the deepest condolences of the youth of Chile for the massacre in their country last weekend.", "Despite our countries’ efforts, in almost all of our countries youth remains the population group most beset by social problems. Young people are the most affected by unemployment, abuse of alcohol and drugs and unplanned pregnancy, among others. There are doubtless many reasons to explain this reality, but today I would like to address one of them: the limited participation of our young people in our political systems.", "Figures show that in general, the group that participates the least in decision-making processes is young people. Very few young people participate in our political parties, form part of our Governments or vote in our elections.", "That separation between young people and politics is partly due to a generation’s deep mistrust of political systems that at times are not able to effectively take up its views and positions. Such systems often reduce young people to mere beneficiaries of public policy and do not acknowledge them as participants. Many times these systems focus on protecting weaknesses but do little in capacity-building. The result is that the low level of participation of young people means inadequate reflection of their issues and concerns in public policy priorities, and thus a lack of concrete solutions and responses.", "Therefore, if we truly wish to solve the issues facing young people, any social initiative that we undertake must be accompanied by an aggressive policy of promoting participation. It is unthinkable to claim, and to believe, that youth issues can enter and, above all, remain the priority of public policy unless we make progress in resolutely promoting the incorporation of young people into our political systems.", "When I say promote participation, I am not merely referring to forming bodies to hear views. I mean full and effective participation in drawing up, implementing and evaluating public policies. In other words, our generation does not want youth parliaments, but to participate in real parliaments, where real laws are drawn up.", "Let us not make the mistake of reducing youth policies only to resolving issues affecting young people. That approach is doomed to failure.", "To conclude, I call on our generation to uphold politics as the place where great changes take place. And if politics does not always function as we wish or does not have all the space that we would like, let us not stand by. Let us act. Let us be the agents of change and let us create the space.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to Mr. Matías Rodríguez, Director of the National Institute of Youth of the Ministry of Social Development of Uruguay.", "Mr. Rodríguez (Uruguay) (spoke in Spanish): On behalf of Uruguay, it is truly a pleasure to be participating in this world conference on youth.", "I too would like to express our condolences on the unfortunate events in Norway.", "In our country, some of the most worrisome and alarming social indicators of our society have historically been concentrated in the youngest generations. The main issues or challenges that the Uruguayan youth still face are those linked to the reduction of youth poverty, the promotion of healthy lifestyles, and education, in particular, improving education sustainability, reintegration and completion of education cycles.", "Related challenges are reducing the rate of youth unemployment, as well as improving training opportunities, vocational training and placement in decent jobs. Despite Uruguay’s growing economy, there is high youth unemployment. It is triple the overall unemployment rate and is strongly evident in the group aged 18 to 24 years.", "With great pride, we can also note that that trend has begun to reverse since the beginning of 2005. Since then, the main challenge has been and continues to be making progress in reconfiguring a new social protection matrix and strengthening a modern social assistance and inclusion network. The process allowed for a clear redirection of social public spending towards the youngest generations. That was seen in the increase in the education budget to 4.5 per cent of gross domestic product and through the implementation of a body of reforms, such as the equity plan, health-care reform, tax reform and the new family allowance system.", "In that context, we have drawn up and launched the implementation of the National Youth Plan. That Plan clearly sets out four priorities: first, linking inclusion and education sustainability; secondly, improving training opportunities and employment; thirdly, promoting the participation, leading role and training of young people; and fourthly, promoting coordinated and linked youth policies, applying the youth perspective across all policy sectors.", "While thus noting challenges and problems facing young people, it is also possible to say that in our country, there are thousands of young people who study, work, practice sports, pursue science, participate in cultural and artistic programmes and devote hours of their lives developing solidarity, defending rights and protecting the environment.", "Clearly, as actors linked to youth policies, we all have a huge role to play in overcoming the problems and obstacles facing young people in order to ensure their development, as well as their enormous capacity to build responses that guarantee the exercise of their full rights. However, we must also focus on the social and emblematic place that we give young people in our societies.", "Currently in Uruguay, we are seeing a strong conservative campaign that seeks to portray young people in the worst light, associating them only with threats, fear, crime, drugs and violence. That paradigm has led to iron-fist projects, doomed to fail, to ensure supposed safety. Such proposals are expensive, ineffective, counterproductive and regressive from a human rights perspective, as they violate the Convention on the Rights of the Child, for example.", "We are absolutely convinced that societies that fear and do not believe in or trust young people, or simply do not expect anything from them, are doomed to fail because they lose the creativity, innovation, sense of transformation and commitment of young people.", "For all those reasons, we hope and are convinced that this world meeting on youth will greatly help to bring about a new political agenda that will make it possible to improve the position of public policies on youth, budgets, institution-building and strategic plans. However, above all, we reaffirm that in public policies relating to young people there is no place for mistrust and fear of youth, but only for the leading role, trust and participation of young people.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to Mr. Miguel Angel Pereira, Executive Director of the National Council of Youth of El Salvador.", "Mr. Pereira (El Salvador) (spoke in Spanish): I wish to convey a very special greeting from El Salvador to all young people from all over the world who are at this High-level Meeting or who are tuning in through the Internet or various media. In addition, we wish to loudly applaud each of them in their countries, every young person of each country who is tuning in or is at this meeting, to ensure that each leader is sitting down to discuss public youth policies that we should implement. Each should commit to truly developing policies to integrate young people in society.", "In El Salvador, we are working on a national youth policy, drawn up by grassroots youth organizations with the participation of more than 8,000 young people from all municipalities that comprise our dear El Salvador.", "In reality, as a Government, we recognize that the greatest wealth of Latin America, in particular El Salvador, is not gold or oil. It is the young people of the entire world, who today make up our well-known demographic asset and of whom we Governments can take advantage.", "I would also like to underscore that the Government of El Salvador recently established the National Council of Youth, within which, on the instruction of the President of the Republic, Mauricio Funes Cartagena, a Council of Ministers was established to exclusively address youth issues. I dare say that we are the only country in Latin America where there is a council of ministers to exclusively address youth issues.", "If truth be told, we are working hard to change those policies that are too heavy-handed, in order to move towards policies with an intelligent touch that address youth affairs from a rights-based approach, but that also identify young people as the real strategic actors for development in our country and — why not say it? — globally.", "The question we should ask ourselves, as policymakers for young people, is, in terms of this High-level Meeting, what will they get out of it? What will be the concrete proposal that we, the Governments, can take home to our countries?", "As a representative of the Government of El Salvador, I will take the Secretary-General at his word when he said yesterday (110th meeting) that much has been done for young people, but that it is still not enough. And since it is not enough, we, the Government of El Salvador, recognize that today we must definitively support young people, and the best way to do that is through education. For that reason it is important that we see the creation within the United Nations system of a fund or programme for scholarships for the poorest countries or the poorest young people, whom of course we see in all our countries.", "In El Salvador, we are focusing on young people as the centre of our social policies. And we will continue to do so, with the help of God, with an intelligent touch, with the wisdom of our President, Don Carlos Mauricio Funes Cartagena.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to Mr. Amos Issac, Under Secretary General at the Ministry of Youth, Sports and Culture of Niger.", "Mr. Issac (Niger) (spoke in French): I would like to join other delegations who have spoken before me in offering to the Government and people of Norway our condolences on the tragedy they have experienced.", "I would like to thank Their Excellencies Mr. Jean-Francis Régis Zinsou and Mr. Thomas Mayr-Harting, the Permanent Representatives of, respectively, Benin and Austria, the facilitators of this meeting, who have worked so hard to ensure our success.", "Most of the studies of the formulation and implementation of national youth policies agree that the majority of Niger’s population is young. Due to its demographic weight, this stratum of society is one of the fundamental resources for the sustainable construction and development of our country. Niger is working on its social and economic paradigms, since the highest authorities are more convinced than ever that young people are not the problem but rather the solution to our economic and social development.", "Moreover, this situation has had the corollary result of the creation in Niger of a collaborative framework conducive to involving young people in the development process, through the creation in 2006 of the National Council for Youth and its regional branches, which can be seen to have brought real momentum to this area. An inter-ministerial technical committee for youth affairs has been established, and we have implemented a process of decentralization and transfer of the management of socio-educational structures for young people to local communities.", "These efforts to respond to young people’s various concerns are the result of the political will of the Niger authorities, the adoption of the National Charter for Youth, and the Youth Policy Declaration. Through this new youth policy, the Government has reaffirmed its willingness to ensure the fulfilment of young people’s material and intellectual needs. The national youth policy is the Government’s political demonstration of its effort to create a guiding instrument for the long-term that can promote the emergence and support of a generation of young people who are the true engines of the country’s development.", "Thus article 24 of the Niger Constitution states that young people are protected by the State and other public institutions from exploitation and abandonment. The State provides for young people’s material and intellectual growth as well as promoting their training and employment and their entry into the job market.", "In this regard, we have taken the following actions based on the strategic plan and youth employment promotion programme. We have established the management and executive bodies for a strategic national plan. We have strengthened the capacity of youth frameworks in the area of management and administration of socio-educational institutions and strengthened the capacities of young people in management of their associations and organizations. We have implemented the youth employment promotion programme with a view to creating 50,000 jobs by 2015 and have strengthened the plan for promoting entrepreneurship among young people.", "Those are some of the important elements of the Government of Niger’s actions concerning young people that we wished to share with all the participants here today.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to Mr. Ricardo Ibarra, Adviser at the National Youth Institute of Spain.", "Mr. Ibarra (Spain) (spoke in Spanish): It is a great honour for us to participate in this meeting.", "This International Year has shown that there are many opportunities for young people. At the same time we have seen that the challenges we must confront are even greater. Young people face the highest levels of poverty and unemployment and the greatest difficulty in accessing education, health care and culture resources, and there are very high levels of other indicators of problems. We can definitely say that they are living in precarious situations. These circumstances have worsened as the result of an economic and financial crisis that has largely affected young people. It is something that must not happen again, and it is therefore necessary to regulate the flow of international capital.", "It is important that in order to transform these circumstances, Governments and civil society must affirm their commitment to the absolute necessity of creating effective youth policies, not just because they affect a significant part of the population, but also because they are crucial to building our future societies. Betting on young people is a double investment, since it is both an investment in our present and, above all, in our future.", "Fostering the participation of young people is also essential. Participation becomes a powerful tool for helping our youth policies succeed and is also an end in itself, since it allows us to develop youth groups that will foster the practice and learning essential to an active democratic society.", "But for youth to participate they must not merely have the opportunity, they must also have the necessary training. We must therefore work on participation through education in informal as well as formal settings. This requires greater support and recognition of informal settings.", "We must create a culture of participation that begins in early childhood, participation that requires the ability to form opinions and the ability to make decisions, to execute and evaluate. We must develop structures that channel young people and increase dialogue with civil society, such as those in the European Union, through structured dialogue among youth leaders and political leaders.", "Above all, Governments must continue to build and contribute to the strengthening of civil society and the development of representative platforms such as the independent national youth councils. Such structures allow young people to voice their problems, but also to offer solutions and be involved in implementing them.", "As I said at the start, there are many challenges that we must address when we discuss young people. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) include many challenges that affect young people. Since it is cross-cutting, I would like to mention MDG 3 — the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of women.", "Young people in general tend to live in unjust situations, but it is young females who suffer the most. Women are essential and fundamental actors in the pursuit of the MDGs, and are often the most affected when the Goals are not met. If we focus on achieving progress and true equality for women, we will achieve results in all the other MDGs. Efforts to ensure the rights of women must be accompanied by a formal recognition of the rights of youth, as has happened in Africa and Ibero-America, inter alia.", "I wish to conclude by reiterating Spain’s commitment to improving the quality of life for youth, its congratulations to all stakeholders involved in this undertaking, and its hope that we will continue to work on this key issue.", "Finally, we would like to express our condolences to the people of Norway in connection with the recent tragedy they experienced.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to Mr. Teddy Mulonga, Permanent Secretary for the Ministry of Sport, Youth and Child Development of Zambia.", "Mr. Mulonga (Zambia): The Government and the people of the Republic of Zambia express their condolences to the Government and the people of Norway on the tragic incident that led to the loss of lives, including those of young people. Our thoughts and prayers go out to the victims and their families.", "Zambia is pleased to participate in this important High-level Meeting, whose theme, “Youth: Dialogue and Mutual Understanding,” provides us with an opportunity to share ideas and exchange views on the challenges facing young people.", "My delegation in this regard aligns itself with the statements delivered by the representative of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China, the representative of Rwanda on behalf of the African Union, and the representative of Namibia on behalf of the Southern Africa Development Community.", "The Zambian Government considers young people to be the foundation of sustainable development. Therefore, the development and utilization of human youth capital is imperative in order to build the necessary capital for youth to become productive adults in society. Accordingly, the Government has designed policies and programmes which focus on youth empowerment and investment in young people.", "Sixty-eight per cent of Zambia’s population is below the age of 35. Like youth anywhere else, they continue to face a number of challenges, including inadequate employment opportunities; limited access to finance for investment; HIV/AIDS; and inadequate skills training opportunities.", "In order to address existing challenges, the Government is implementing the following programmes: the promotion of youth entrepreneurship through a micro-, small and medium-sized enterprises development policy, which seeks to develop the micro‑, small and medium-sized enterprises sector for wealth and employment creation; and the enactment of comprehensive legislation on gender-based violence and the development of protocols to facilitate the implementation of a national action plan on women, girls and HIV and AIDS.", "The Zambian Government has recognized the important need to establish programmes for out-of-school youths. Accordingly, we have embarked on a vigorous programme of youth skills training and development in order to enable young people to acquire life and vocational skills, and thus improved livelihoods, through the construction of trades training institutes and youth skills resource centres.", "Young people in Zambia face many challenges in accessing financial support from lending institutions. Thus the Zambian Government is committed to promoting enterprise development for wealth and employment creation for young people, and to this effect it established a Youth Development Fund. The fund targets young men and women, disabled youth and those affected by HIV and AIDS, at concessionary rates.", "No longer can Governments afford to devise a development agenda that addresses the concerns of young people without their participation. To this end, Zambia has introduced provincial youth indabas and appointed youths to various decision-making bodies. This has proved to be an effective way of engaging young people in national development.", "It is clear that although there has been progress in addressing issues concerning youth, much remains to be done. It is important that the international community address key areas affecting youth, including the creation of a United Nations agency specializing in youth affairs so as to give more attention to youth issues; the prioritization of education, health, employment and resource allocation to youth programmes; and the strengthening of Government structures at all levels to enhance the implementation of youth programmes.", "I wish to reiterate that our future depends on our finding appropriate interventions that tackle the challenges affecting our youth. It is our hope that this High-level Meeting will enhance our previous commitments to the youth development agenda and ensure that the necessary resources are allocated to this end. We hope that the outcome document (resolution 65/312) that we have adopted will further galvanize our efforts to achieve our common goals.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to Mr. Iman Usman, youth representative of Indonesia.", "Mr. Usman (Indonesia): Mr. President, on behalf of the people, in particular the young people, and the Government of my country, let me begin by saying that we share the grief and pain of the people and the Government of Norway over the heinous act of terror that took place last week, causing many bright young Norwegians to lose their lives. We would like to convey our deepest sympathy and condolences to the Government and the people of Norway and the bereaved families over their tragic loss.", "At the outset, Indonesia would like to align itself with the statement delivered by the representative of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China.", "Earlier this year, the United Nations Population Commission reported that the world population is now close to 7 billion. I should like to underline that nearly half of that population is under the age of 25. This reality holds both great potential and multiple challenges. The challenges are closely connected to the world’s capacity to sustain human life, given the numbers involved. Can the Earth’s available resources provide each of us with greater prosperity?", "As we gather here today, we are reminded that young people today face the obstacles of famine, poverty, drug-related crimes, armed conflict and foreign occupation, among other things, in realizing their potential. Against that background, we cannot but enhance our cooperation in addressing these challenges, which young people throughout the world are facing.", "This historic High-level Meeting is therefore timely and crucial, because youth are the stakeholders of the immediate future in all societies. They are the custodians of the world’s cultures, traditions and norms, as well as the engine of global change. They represent boundless energy and potential as future leaders.", "Young people constitute a quarter of the population of Indonesia. They have always played, and will continue to play, an important role in our history. It was the youth of Indonesia who shaped our national identity, and, in the late 1990s, initiated our journey towards democracy and political transformation.", "We are of the view that youth employment and entrepreneurship will contribute to poverty eradication. We therefore need to collaborate in the process of finding ways to decrease unemployment among young people. We must invest in sectors that generate jobs for them. We must also work towards a global network for youth employment.", "In this spirit, Indonesia will spare no effort in promoting the role and contributions of youth in the area of development. We believe that education is of the utmost importance in equipping young people to shape and take control of the future. Indonesia will continue to pursue the goal of providing young people with a sound education.", "As part of our regional and global commitments, we have been hosting regional and international conferences on youth to increase awareness and promote cultural diversity, dialogue and mutual understanding among youth. As Chairman of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 2011, Indonesia is determined to make ASEAN a more people-centred organization, with the full participation of our young people.", "The primary responsibility for ensuring youth development lies with individual States. However, one of the key assets for successful national endeavours is international cooperation. Cooperation among international stakeholders is vital in contributing to youth programmes in all participating nations. Through cooperation, nations can exchange information about best practices and lessons learned, as well as intensify active support for youth programmes.", "In this context, the outcome document that we adopted today (resolution 65/312) should encourage all of us to not only reaffirm our strong commitment to the shared objective of building a better world for all, but also to make tangible contributions to improving the prospects of young people.", "Let me conclude by underlining the importance of synchronizing our policies and actions so that we can better translate our joint commitment into concrete actions in ways that benefit future generations.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to the Permanent Observer of the European Union.", "Mr. Serrano (European Union): I have the honour to speak on behalf of the European Union (EU) and its member States. The candidate countries Turkey, Croatia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro and Iceland; the countries of the Stabilization and Association Process and potential candidates Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia; as well as Ukraine, the Republic of Moldova and Georgia align themselves with this statement.", "In the interest of time, I am reading an abridged version of the text.", "It is heartening to see so many young people and high-level representatives from around the world gathered here today, determined to improve the conditions of the world’s youth and to open more avenues for them to shape their own and our common future. As many speakers have stated before me, too many young women and men live in poverty, suffer from poor health, lack basic education and employment and have no real opportunity to shape their own lives and their societies. In view of that, at this High-level Meeting on Youth, we need to reaffirm our commitment to investing in and empowering young women and men.", "The European Union welcomes the fact that the outcome document of this High-level Meeting (resolution 65/312) solidly reaffirms the World Programme of Action for Youth and calls for its continued implementation at the local, national, regional and international levels. We also believe that the exchange of good practice best serves our common interest to advance the cause of young people, particularly the poor and marginalized.", "Very much in parallel with international developments in this field, the European Union and its member States have incrementally developed specific policies addressed at young people and adopted a designated youth strategy in 2009. European Union youth policy is guided by key principles, notably that cooperation in this area should be firmly anchored in the international system of universal and indivisible human rights — a principle that is also valid in the United Nations context. The full enjoyment by young people of all human rights and fundamental freedoms is an integral part of the effective implementation of the World Programme of Action for Youth. The EU and its member States are also committed to research-based policymaking and receive input from young people in a twice-yearly structured dialogue with youth and youth organizations.", "In order to create more and equal opportunities for young people, we have developed a number of specific programmes and practical tools. For example, the Youth in Action programme aims to inspire a sense of active citizenship, solidarity and tolerance among young Europeans. It promotes mobility, non-formal learning, youth work, volunteering, intercultural dialogue and inclusion. The priority field of action “Youth in the World” is designed to support young people’s participation in and contribution to global initiatives, such as the fight against climate change and the Millennium Development Goals. It is an important agenda point for the presidency of Poland of the Council of the European Union.", "Successful programmes for young people extend beyond the borders of the European Union. Erasmus Mundus, the global version of our Erasmus programme, aims at enhancing quality in higher education through scholarships and academic cooperation. In addition to those specific programmes, we also increasingly focus on youth issues in our general cooperation and dialogue. Many of the development activities of our partners, supported by the EU and its member States, benefit young people. We also promote the inclusion of young women and girls as equal partners in development, as this is essential in overcoming gender imbalances and promoting gender equality.", "In closing, let me commend the focus on youth participation at this conference. We all need not only to give a voice to young people, but also to allow them and youth-led organizations to participate in the development, implementation and follow-up of policies relevant to youth. In light of this, we would like to encourage Member States to include youth representatives in their delegations to relevant United Nations meetings.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to the representative of Japan.", "Mr. Kodama (Japan): I would like to thank the President of the General Assembly, Mr. Joseph Deiss, for his initiative in convening this meeting.", "At the outset, I would like to express Japan’s deepest condolences and sympathy to the Government and people of Norway, as well as to the families of the victims of Friday’s bombing and shooting, which deprived many young people of their precious lives.", "The earthquake and tsunami that struck eastern Japan in March this year caused enormous human and material losses. Let me reiterate our gratitude for all the assistance and solidarity of the international community. I would like to take this opportunity to report the encouraging fact that a lot of young people have volunteered to help in the reconstruction of their devastated communities.", "Today’s young people are our future. They will be expected to solve the challenges we leave unmet. Therefore, we are responsible for addressing the challenges young people face today and for improving conditions for future generations. Allow me to speak about some of the challenges young people face today, as well as the issues to be addressed by the international community.", "First, we reaffirm the World Programme of Action for Youth. We stress the necessity of implementing the Programme and of achieving the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals.", "Secondly, we believe that we must increase the participation of young people in society. At the international level, the Government of Japan has been implementing several exchange programmes, including multinational activities like study-abroad-at-sea programmes, and bilateral activities, such as home-stay and international discussion programmes, which allow young people from various countries and the youth of Japan to meet, live and work together, thereby enhancing mutual understanding between the youth of Japan and the global community. At the national level, Japan has created opportunities for our young people to participate in volunteer activities within their communities.", "Thirdly, eradicating poverty is a priority issue of Japan’s official development assistance (ODA). We especially recognize the vulnerability of girls and young women. In this context, I stress the importance of addressing the issue of youth unemployment, which is crucial not only to peacebuilding and development, but also to maintaining social stability in every country in the world. As we have observed in the recent developments in the so-called Arab Spring in the Middle East and North Africa, we should remind ourselves that employment provides a sense of security and pride, allowing a young person to begin his or her life as a full-fledged member of society.", "Mindful of our responsibility to ensure employment for all youth around the world, we in Japan support human and social development, as well as increased employment and sustainable economic growth in developing countries. The basic policy of Japan’s ODA emphasizes human security for every individual. Japan therefore contributes aid, both bilaterally and through the United Nations Trust Fund for Human Security.", "In conclusion, my delegation would like to thank the co-facilitators for their perseverance in coordinating the outcome document (resolution 65/312) for this meeting.", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to the representative of Austria.", "Mr. Mayr-Harting (Austria): Let me first of all express my deep-felt condolences to the people and Government of Norway for the terrible calamity that they have suffered in recent days — a calamity that caused the deaths of so many young people striving for dialogue and mutual understanding.", "I also thank you, Mr. President, for the confidence you have placed in me and my country by appointing me as co-facilitator to the negotiation process of the outcome document (resolution 65/312) of this important High-level Meeting on Youth. I would also like to thank my co-facilitator and friend, Ambassador Jean-Francis Régis Zinsou of Benin, for his outstanding cooperation throughout the process, and the Secretariat, for its great support. However, what has been achieved in this document, adopted today by consensus, is the work not of the co‑facilitators but of the Member States, and it would not have been possible without the dedication and constructive attitude of so many delegations.", "In the outcome document, the international community speaks with one voice on important issues affecting youth, such as gender equality; education, including human rights education; employment; health, including sexual and reproductive health; armed conflict; information and communication technology; migration; protection from all forms of violence; and the environment. The document builds on and consolidates existing achievements, in particular by reaffirming the World Programme of Action for Youth, and calls upon Member States to continue its implementation at the various levels. It also initiates further reflection on how to even more effectively address the challenges that hinder the development and participation of youth in a forward-looking way.", "The theme of this High-level Meeting, “Youth: dialogue and mutual understanding”, occupies a central role in Austria’s domestic policy, in particular in the initiatives we undertake that are focused on the promotion of tolerance, integration, gender equality and human rights education. In our activities within the framework of the Alliance of Civilizations, we place particular emphasis on youth and women, and we have organized and will organize a number of important events in this context. We are currently preparing the second Arab-European Young Leaders Forum and we will continue this approach.", "One message of this important Meeting should be very clear — there can be nothing about youth without youth. As reiterated in the outcome document, the full and effective participation of young people in decision-making processes at all levels is key to everything that we hope to achieve for them. Any meaningful dialogue or policy to improve the situation of youth also requires full respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. For this, Governments bear the primary responsibility.", "Youth movements around the world have clearly demonstrated that most obstacles that hinder youth development are rooted in disrespect for and the violation of the human rights of young people, in particular of girls and young women, as well as of young people belonging to marginalized or vulnerable groups. The opportunity presented by this High-level Meeting to understand and address these aspirations and demands of young people should not be missed.", "The President (spoke in French): I shall now give the floor to the co-Chairs of the round tables of the High-level Meeting to submit their summaries. I first give the floor to His Excellency Mr. Ajay Maken, Minister for Youth Affairs of India, who co-chaired thematic panel 1.", "Mr. Maken (India): I would like to make a brief presentation of the discussion that took place in panel 1, which we held yesterday under my co-chairmanship. In this regard, I would like to acknowledge and thank Mr. Miguel Ángel Carreón Sánchez, Director of the National Institute of Youth of Mexico, for co‑facilitating the discussion with me.", "The panel discussion focused on strengthening international cooperation regarding youth and enhancing dialogue, mutual understanding and active youth participation as indispensable elements of efforts towards achieving social integration, full employment and the eradication of poverty.", "We had a very fruitful interaction that involved not only representatives of Member States but several young people from civil society organizations. We are very grateful for their lively participation and valuable inputs. There was a general agreement that the issue of youth development needed more concerted international cooperation on the part of us all.", "Let me highlight some of the salient observations made during the panel discussion that enjoyed the broad support of various speakers. There is a strong need for Governments to further integrate youth issues in their national development agendas, in close collaboration with other relevant stakeholders. The role of international cooperation in this regard is very important.", "There was agreement that promoting dialogue is essential to mutual understanding among young people, their Governments and other stakeholders worldwide. The crucial task is to ensure the full inclusion of young people in social, economic and political life. The internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, cannot be achieved without the full participation of young people. Enhanced youth participation requires engaging with young people and youth-led organizations as full partners in decision-making processes.", "There is also a need to develop genuine mechanisms for the active participation of youth in the design, implementation and evaluation of policies and programmes. That would also involve creating effective channels of cooperation, dialogue and information exchange among young people, their national Governments and other relevant decision makers.", "The full participation of youth will not be possible if the development challenges that youth face — including social exclusion, unemployment, underemployment, lack of decent work opportunities, poverty, and the lack of skills — are not addressed. Efforts must be made to improve the quality of education and to promote access to education, including non-formal education and health services.", "Acquiring capacities and skills is critical to young people if they are to better integrate into society. New technologies hold tremendous promise, and young people are adept at utilizing them. Access to these technologies is important. Information and communication technologies must be made more widely available to all young people to overcome the digital divide.", "The positive effects of globalization must be reaped by the youth of today. The issue of international migration is a critical component in this regard. It deserves greater discussion in international forums in the context of the free movement of young people across borders.", "While many issues are common to all young people, those most vulnerable, especially those with disabilities, indigenous youth, youth migrants and young women, face additional challenges and multiple forms of discrimination. Adolescents have distinct needs that should also be addressed. Targeted efforts are required to reach all vulnerable young people and ensure their full participation.", "Laws and policies should create an enabling environment for youth participation. Programmatic efforts should focus on their empowerment and inclusion, not merely on consultation with them. These aspects should be developed at all levels, with focus on the engagement of young people at the community and local levels, where they have a lot of quality inputs to make and where they can develop the skills and experience that will enable them to participate more meaningfully in a more socially and economically productive manner.", "We need to provide greater space in the media and other outreach mechanisms to display a more positive image of young people and their creative perspectives, intellectual contributions and ability to engage for positive social change. We should also emphasize the positive virtues of strong relationships of young people with their families, communities, educational institutions, youth organizations and work environments in order to help them make a smooth transition to adulthood.", "Time constraints do not allow us to give a full and perfect summary of what transpired yesterday during the panel discussion. However, this summary attempts to capture of the salient features. I am certain that Member States and youth organizations will be able to consider this summary in the light of the outcome document of this High-level Meeting on Youth that was adopted earlier today (resolution 65/312).", "The President (spoke in French): I now give the floor to His Excellency Mr. Clement Kofi Humado, Minister of Youth and Sports of Ghana, who co-chaired thematic panel 2.", "Mr. Humado (Ghana): I thank you, Mr. President, for allowing me to read the Co-Chair’s summary of the discussion that occurred in thematic panel 2. My presentation is made on behalf of myself and my co-Chair, His Excellency Mr. Jean Asselborn, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.", "At the outset, I would like to emphasize that this presentation is not a comprehensive summary of all issues raised by the speakers, but rather a short summary of the salient points made. In this regard, we would like to thank all of those who participated. We are very grateful for their lively participation and valuable inputs.", "The discussion of thematic panel 2 sought to examine challenges to youth development and to identify opportunities for poverty eradication, employment and sustainable development. The key issues noted are the following. Many young people, particularly those living in developing countries, continue to face poverty; lack of access to education, health care and other basic services; unemployment and underemployment. Youth development is critical. It must be addressed through effective cross-sectoral policies and programmes involving strategic and coordinated partnerships among all relevant stakeholders.", "Youth poverty is a serious global problem. Young people living in poverty are more likely to face barriers to schooling and skills development, with negative long-term effects on livelihoods and abilities to take advantage of opportunities. Quality education that addresses young people’s needs, provides them with life skills and effectively prepares them for the labour market will create young people who are critical thinkers and creative problem-solvers. We must make further efforts to adapt our educational systems to the realities of the current labour market.", "Greater national and international support must be provided for vocational training and skills development programmes that are aligned with labour-market realities. Education should also promote the value of social and political engagement. In this regard, many speakers noted that strengthening youth-led organizations to promote young people’s engagement with others and their ability to learn ways to represent themselves and others is a crucial element in developing democracy.", "An emphasis should be put on educating girls and young women, which is considered by many to be the single most important effort that Governments can make to promote development. Girls and young women must not only be enabled to start school, but must also be assured the chance to participate in school, to feel safe in school and to stay in school.", "Far too many young people remain unemployed or under-employed, or are forced to engage in dangerous, ill-paid or unproductive work that does little to improve their skills and their prospects. Access to decent work is essential to youth development. Meaningful employment opportunities for young people must be created by helping them to develop new skills, knowledge and abilities.", "Promoting the full and productive employment of youth promotes national development, and poverty eradication, social integration and sustainable development are components of the first step to access to such employment. In this regard, many speakers mentioned that special attention must be given to the specific needs of young migrants, as well as to young women.", "The current high rates of youth unemployment must be tackled through targeted and integrated national youth employment policies that focus on inclusive job growth and improving employability. Employment must be targeted through cross-sectoral macroeconomic policies that generate employment-led economic growth. Such policies should be devised with simultaneous attention to issues of finance, social welfare and environmental protection and should be developed, implemented and evaluated through tripartite partnerships including Government, the private sector and representatives of civil society organizations, including youth-led organizations.", "Access to basic services, such as education, health and information, must remain a priority during conflicts. Efforts must be made to ensure that structures and institutions continue to guarantee youth development at all times, including during conflicts. Macroeconomic policies must embrace sustainability and all stakeholders must work to support sustainable development. Investing in green jobs for youth is key and can contribute to poverty eradication and job creation. Young people must be at the centre of development, and involving youth organizations in the broader transition to a green economy is essential.", "While many Member States and intergovernmental bodies make commendable efforts to integrate youth in decision-making processes, more can be done, in particular by ensuring that young people are seen as agents of development and not simply as beneficiaries of programmes.", "In conclusion, I would note that we need to be optimistic about the future of our young people. Opportunities for their development exist everywhere if we can capture the initiative and take the necessary actions. Youth participation means challenging long-standing traditions. This may involve a degree of risk-", "taking, but recent events have demonstrated that change is necessary.", "The President (spoke in French): We have heard the last speaker for this meeting.", "Today and yesterday we have had intense debates. I thank all of those who took part in the debates and particularly the young people who participated in our work. I also call on all Member States to make every possible effort to promote the outcome document (resolution 65/312) as soon as possible.", "The meeting rose at 6.10 p.m." ]

[ "主席： 约瑟夫·戴斯先生 (瑞士)", "下午3时05分开会。", "议程项目27(续)", "青年问题高级别会议", "社会发展", "(b) 社会发展，包括与世界社会状况以及与青年、老龄、残疾人和家庭有关的问题", "决议草案(A/65/L.87)", "弗里斯·盖尔女士(德国)(以英语发言)：我谨以德意志联邦共和国的名义发言。德国赞同将以欧洲联盟的名义作的发言。", "我现在高兴地请陪同德国代表团前来这里的一位青年代表发言。她将以个人身份发言。", "弗里茨女士(德国)(以英语发言)：我谨首先借此机会向挪威政府和人民表示我们最深切的慰问。", "我将介绍生活在德国的青年所申明的两个要点：第一，青年的充分、有效参与；第二，列入国际议程的移民和青年问题。", "过去几个月来，我和我的同事在我国各地旅行数千公里，以便与各种不同背景的年轻人会面。我们与他们进行了多次积极的对话和讨论。这使我们得以收集他们的见解、想法和信念。", "尽管对话是“国际青年年”的主题之一，但我们感到遗憾的是，“国际青年年”的框架就其长期影响而言，没有最充分地发挥其潜力。本次高级别会议是讨论青年问题的又一次会议。然而，问题仍然是：青年是否真正参与了谈判？", "在注重考虑青年的最佳利益时，正如成果文件(第65/312号决议)提到的那样，政界人士必须让青年作为平等伙伴和关键利益攸关方参与所有层面的工作。因此，青年的参与意味着超越对话，让青年参与整个决策过程，从界定相关问题到实施和评价有关政策。", "作为一种适当的工具，我谨提及一个称作“系统性对话”的行之有效的过程。这是在欧洲国家青年领域合作新框架内推出的一项措施。制订明确的指标有助于年轻人确保他们同决策者之间达成的协议得到后续执行和监测。然而，目前仍然缺乏与《世界青年行动纲领》相关的可衡量指标，因此应该增添。", "也可以说，民主意味着在实践中学习。例如，青年的参与在学校始于任命班级代表，在青年组织中始于担任组织的领导人。德国支持此类举措，致力推动有关建立地方、区域和国家青年委员会的可持续倡议。此外，联合国青年代表计划也是鼓励青年参与的有效途径，我敦促所有国家纳入这些计划。", "青年人都有为社会作贡献的潜力、创造力和力量。在这个世界上，发展青年技能是我们的最大资源。然而，对有些青年来说，移民是绝望导致的结果，正如在东非所看到的那样。因此，我敦促所有会员国将青年和移民问题纳入联合国议程。让青年人有机会承担责任，增强他们的权能，让他们参与，不仅是一种投资，这本身就是一种价值。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请瑞典代表与一名青年代表联合发言。", "布格斯塔勒女士(瑞典)(以英语发言)：瑞典欢迎本次高级别会议提供机会，让我们强调投资和增强青年男女权能的重要性。", "瑞典赞同欧洲联盟代表将要作的发言。", "我将与瑞典青年组织全国理事会任命的瑞典青年代表马林·约翰森一起发言，她将以个人身份发言。", "首先，我谨与其他发言者一道，对我们的邻国挪威上周五发生骇人听闻的事件表示最深切的同情。我们惦念着他们。这些针对政府和积极参与?的青年的恐怖行为，是对一个开放的民主社会的直接攻击。这是不能接受的。我们将声援挪威朋友，一道保护我们坚信的价值观。", "青年男女以他们的知识、经验和参与，可对和平可持续发展作出巨大的贡献。但并非所有年轻人都有同样的机会。因此，我们必须增强决心，确保所有国家充分尊重所有青年男女进行参与、接受教育、获得体面工作和享有健康这些不可剥夺的普遍权利。", "我认为，本次高级别会议已经显示，我们各国都准备为了青年人而且与青年人一道努力。让我们在对话和相互理解的文化中努力，以《世界青年行动纲领》为出发点。", "约翰森女士(瑞典)(以英语发言)：我的名字叫马林·约翰森，是瑞典青年组织全国理事会选出的一个青年代表。", "我也要对邻国挪威的人民表达最深切的哀悼和同情。我挂念着当时在于特岛上的所有青年和所有痛失亲友的家庭和朋友。", "对话和相互理解必须战胜无知和残暴，在现在这种时刻更需如此。作为一个青年，我非常欢迎本次高级别会议的主题。对话和相互理解始终是前进的要素。", "与此同时，光说是不够的，我们需要采取具体行动才能取得进展。现在，会员国作为决策者，必须证明，他们并不光是在空谈，他们确实打算采取具体行动。这意味着，除其他外，执行大会通过的《世界青年行动纲领》。", "在有关本次会议成果文件的谈判中已经就这项行动纲领进行了一些讨论。我们坚定地认为，《纲领》提供了一个很好的工作基础。今后在修改《纲领》前，必须对《纲领》作出彻底的评估，同青年和青年组织深入对话，并为会员国国内和会员国之间开展讨论提供足够的时间。在此之前，执行《纲领》和实现千年发展目标必须是所有会员国的当务之急。", "如前所述，人权具有普遍性，适用于所有人、任何地方、任何时候，毫无例外。在制定青年政策时，必须以人权为依托。", "参与是一项基本权利，是我作为一个残疾青年十分珍视的权利。今天有很多青年，包括残疾和非残疾青年，始终面临边缘化和被排斥的问题。所有人，不论残疾与否，也无论年龄、种族、宗教、信仰、性取向、性别、性别认同和性别表达方式如何，都应该有同样的权利、同样的平等参与机会。更重要的是，青年必须真正参与，不能仅仅是象征性参与。", "青年的参与需要贯穿所有政治层面。青年人看问题的角度只有通过青年人自己来表达，正因如此，实现青年参与离不开青年领导的组织。因此，必须加强和鼓励青年领导的组织。", "为促进青年参与以及增强其影响力和权力而作的努力不能以国家边界为限，这是极其重要的。在国际舞台上，青年人也必须通过青年组织进行参与、发挥影响力并拥有权力。", "因此，我感到遗憾的是，今天会上青年代表很少，尤其是因为这是一次青年问题会议。我们有权利在此时此刻贡献自己的全部潜力、创造力和实力。中年人不代表着过去，青年人也不代表着未来。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请海地总统特别代表丹尼埃尔·叙普利斯先生阁下发言。", "叙普利斯先生(海地)(以法语发言)：我荣幸地以海地共和国新当选总统米歇尔·约瑟夫·马尔泰利先生阁下特别顾问的身份，代表全体海地人民发言。", "本次高级别会议的召开，说明了会员国致力于创造更加安全稳定的环境，促进寻求和平、安全、健康和知识的世界各地青年和谐发展的建设性愿望。在这方面，海地必须欢迎这一举措，并要祝贺共同主持人和成果文件的协调人，他们为青年提供了一个非常宝贵的工具，使用这一工具只会非常有益处。", "海地代表团赞同阿根廷代表以“77国集团加中国”主席的身份和苏里南代表以加勒比共同体(加共体)成员国名义所作的发言(见A/65/PV.111)。", "海地共和国总统在2011年5月26日启动国家教育基金时宣布，他给海地儿童带来了一个好消息，启动了一个跨部门联盟来为他们的教育提供资金。这一宣布确认了海地国家行动的支柱之一，即，为那些由于没有钱上学而从来没有机会上学的人提供免费初级教育。", "在一个一半以上人口年龄在21岁以下的国家中，教育是能够为青年人确保更美好未来的部门之一。5月14日成立的海地政府理解了这一点。正因为如此，海地政府正在协调国家和国际利益攸关方的活动，以便建立一个将保障青年融入社会和经济的法律和体制框架，从而使他们远离毒品、有组织犯罪和卖淫的诱惑。创造有利于带来希望和机会的条件至关重要。", "我有幸担任团长的海地代表团的认为，国际合作对于铲除剥削和使用儿童工现象至关重要，这种做法违反道义和伦理准则。海地敦促会员国不仅在起草法律案文方面，而且最重要的是在确保执行这些法律方面加大努力。", "海地共和国代表团认识到，世界各地的青年是推动可持续发展、社会进步和技术创新的重要人力资源。因此，应当欢迎和赞赏青年对地方、国家和区域发展作出的贡献。海地代表团认为，重建持久的保护性社会环境和促进青年发展的精神应当继续激励各国采取行动，以确保青年更好地生活、发展并且得到有效的保护。", "最后，我要特别缅怀2011年7月22日发生在奥斯陆市中心的可鄙袭击以及此后发生在于特岛上的杀戮事件的受害者，这些事件给受害者家人带来了巨大的苦痛和痛苦。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请安哥拉青年部副部长亚巴·佩德罗·阿尔贝托先生阁下发言。", "阿尔贝托先生(安哥拉)(以葡萄牙语发言，英文文本由代表团提供)：首先，安哥拉政府要就最近挪威遭受的生命损失向挪威人民表示我们最深切的慰问。", "本次会议讨论的问题表明国际社会对青年面临的问题的关切，这些问题需要会员国予以特别关注，以确保青年人的可持续福祉。", "与非洲大陆的其它国家一样，安哥拉人口多数是青年。在安哥拉，40%以上的人口在30岁以下。", "在青年问题方面，安哥拉政府2005年通过了《支助青年行动计划》，目的是满足青年人在住房、技术和职业培训、就业、社会信用和有补贴信贷以及培养青年企业家等方面最基本的社会愿望。在对该计划第一个五年的执行情况进行评估之后，我们已经起草了一项国家青年政策的提案。", "通过分析本次会议所讨论的宣言，我们认为，应当把与青年有关的事宜纳入联合国的立场文件中，尤其是在以下领域这样做。应当创建一个处理与青年有关问题的联合国专门机构，还应当设立一个联合国青少年法院，以便在大会协调与青年有关的问题。应当鼓励使青年工作专业化。应当审查并调整《世界青年行动纲领》，特别是其执行、监测和评估机制。应当加强联合国与适当的国家、次区域以及大陆青年机构之间的合作。最后，我们应当建立机制，以便监测和评估在本次会议上通过的宣言(第65/312号决议)的执行情况。", "我们谨代表安哥拉代表团和安哥拉青年，欢迎得到机会参加本次有关青年并在青年之间举行的对话论坛，我们认为，通过所有人的努力，我们能够实现我们确立的目标。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请罗马尼亚副国务秘书兼国家体育和青年管理局副局长索林·摩尔多瓦先生阁下发言。", "摩尔多瓦先生(罗马尼亚)(以英语发言)：请允许我代表罗马尼亚人民，就上周五7月22日发生的夺走许多无辜者生命的惨剧，向丧失亲人的挪威人民表示我们最深切的慰问。这一可鄙的宣泄仇恨行径的主要受害者是青年人，而且可能是一个国家未来的领导人，因此，这一悲剧给本次会议增加了紧迫感。", "我感到非常高兴和荣幸，在纪念以“对话和相互理解”为主题的国际青年年的特殊时刻来到联合国，同时，我们也在庆祝1985年以“参与、发展与和平”为主题的第一个国际青年年举行25周年。", "我们大家作为来自不同大陆和不同文化的代表有机会齐聚在这里，我们必须认识到，本次会议应当成为一个转折点，加强有关如何应对青年人在当今全球化世界中面临的挑战的共同看法。", "2007年经过修订的《世界青年行动纲领》被称为青年政策和方案的全球蓝图。《纲领》确定了需要作出持续和重要努力的15个优先领域。全球金融危机、不确定性和新发生冲突混杂在一起的复杂局面影响到我们自身的生活方式。我们必须面对现实，并且承认青年人在这些危机时刻特别容易受到影响的事实。", "我今天在这里既代表罗马尼亚青年，也表明我国致力于促进青年人在与青年有关的事务中参与政府的最高决策层面。从这个立场出发，我现在和将来都坚定支持这种为青年采取行动和提供机会的想法，因为今天的青年是明天的主要资源。", "我们生活在迅速增长的全球社会中，各国之间的联系正在变得日益强大和更加复杂。我强烈认为，这并不是今天的青年所面临的额外挑战，而是一个独特的机遇。青年人的流动性使他们能够更好地了解其他文化和社会，变得宽容和平衡。从这一点出发，我认为我们有理由感到乐观，因为世界贫困地区越来越多的青年现在受益于全球化成果。", "全球社会及其固有的流动性，为青年提供了在不同领域中接受更好培训的可能性，大大提升了他们的总体能力，适应当今不断增长的全球劳工市场日益复杂的要求。另一方面，我们不应当对支付协助、引进和促进青年获取信息和通信技术的机会所引起的各项费用感到气馁，因为信息和通信技术是我们日益相互依赖的全球社会中不可或缺的重要因素。", "全世界的青年组织是一笔资产，我们会员国需要持续不断地支持非政府部门，因为它是有效促进人权、基本自由和容忍的关键因素。对话是健全的民主生活的关键。因此，我们需要支持同民间社会的合作，并确定满足青年、特别是那些处于最不利地位的青年需求的最佳途径。", "会员国还需要注重制定一致的国家青年政策，要考虑到全球化进程的目前状况及其对世界不同区域青年的影响。", "各联合国实体、国家青年机构及各国政府肩负着一项重大责任，这就是制定或改进现行方案并增加对实现国家和区域目标的财政支助。", "仅举一个我国最近采取具体行动履行对青年的承诺的简单例子，我要提到今年通过的专门旨在鼓励和便利青年成立中小型公司的立法倡议。通过这项措施，我国政府力求让更多的青年参加私营部门，特别是在全社会必须积极参加有力和可持续的经济复苏的当前经济困难时期。", "此外，我要指出，在罗马尼亚，联合国青年代表方案是由一个专门机构、全国体育和青年管理局协调的。我们在承担这一责任时牢记，青年必须有机会深入了解全球高级别决策是如何作出动。因此，我们鼓励其他会员国支持这项方案，作为青年参加民主生活的基本工具。", "大会第六十五届会议青年问题高级别会议有关“对话和相互了解”主题的宣言(第65/312号决议)成功获得通过，使我们能够希望，对于我们所代表的青年来说，明天将是更美好的一天。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请卢旺达青年、体育和文化部长米塔利·普罗塔先生阁下发言，他也将代表非洲国家发言。", "普罗塔先生(卢旺达)(以英语发言)：请允许我代表卢旺达共和国政府，并代表非洲集团和非洲联盟主管青年事务的部长会议，对挪威遭遇的悲剧和遭受的许多生命损失，向该国人民表示衷心慰问。", "我荣幸地代表非洲集团发言，本集团也赞同将以77国集团加中国的名义所作的发言。", "自古以来，对话和相互协议始终是维护个人和不同社会之间良好关系的基础。如今，凭借过去数十年来发展的所有通信和技术设施，青年之间的远距离对话大幅增加，从而使世界变小，同时扩大了它所提供的机会。然而，并非世界上所有青年都受益于这种对话，因为他们各自国家的发展面临诸多挑战，包括在非洲大陆的大部分地区。", "为了分析如何把青年纳入其国家发展这一问题，以及青年在社区中茁壮成长所带来的好处，非洲国家元首在其大会上作出决定，向包括青年在内的其人民提供信息和通信技术，让他们能够同全世界其他青年加强对话和联系，并交流经验。", "除其他外，这些决定涉及在技术中立、非歧视及支持非洲基础设施发展方案的开放存取原则基础上，并通过利用运输和能源部门之间的协同作用，加强国家方案和区域发展合作、利用宽带加强基础设施的互联、建立区域因特网交换点，以及改善乡村部门的连通性。", "非洲国家元首还决定制定方案和采取行动，以便获得通信和信息技术的基本能力，并加强能力，特别是国家和区域标准化机构的能力。", "我们还在非洲大陆层面作出其他努力，例如普及教育、增强女孩和年轻妇女的权利、提高青年对防治艾滋病毒/艾滋病和对毒品的认识，以及直接参与武装冲突的青年的复员和社会-经济康复。", "然而，世界青年特别是非洲大陆青年所面临的一个主要挑战，是站稳脚根。那些有可能找到工作的人面临就业不足和恶劣的工作条件。这对他们的健康和产出造成巨大影响。因此，我们建议对青年就业全球战略进行分析，以便确定如何共同努力，尽量增加向青年提供就业和像样工作条件的办法。", "这些努力不应当局限于国家或区域层面。如果在全球层面处理这个问题，以应对所有青年都面临的挑战，那么各国通过共同努力，就能够解决其中的许多问题。这将以各种方式促进《联合国宪章》的某些目标(例如维持和平)和千年发展目标的实现。千年发展目标也被纳入《世界青年行动纲领》。", "世界一直在变化，而变化总是由新一代人带来的。因此，应当设立青年组织，以便表达青年的理想和愿望，使青年有可能同其长辈交流，从而为本国的社会经济和文化发展作出贡献。", "非洲各国元首迫切想强化这种对话，因此举行了主题为“加快青年赋权步伐，促进可持续发展”的会议，并决定有必要建立一个协调性或牵头的联合国机构，负责协调青年问题和致力于联合国系统内的青年发展方案，同时协调会员国的青年发展举措，并为这些举措筹集资金。在非洲，我们认为，如果青年在所有机关和机构的代表性仍然是一项挑战，那么青年发展和赋权便不会充分实现。", "青年多种多样。他们一旦通过适当渠道充分参与决策，就会为本国和世界的维持和平努力作出贡献，并将打开通往持续和平的大门，使各自社区不再发生冲突。", "重要的是，应把我们今天所作的各项决定付诸行动，并在未来予以评估，因为这些决定是重要的，为无数青年吹来希望之风。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请尼加拉瓜副外长玛丽·鲁维亚莱斯·德查莫罗夫人阁下发言。", "鲁维亚莱斯·德查莫罗夫人(尼加拉瓜)(以西班牙语发言)：首先，我们要向遭受一起罪恶袭击事件的挪威人民和政府表示慰问和声援。我国人民和政府强烈谴责这起袭击事件。", "尼加拉瓜人口约有600万居民，其中70%年龄为29岁或以下。未来数年，当我们从教育、培训或积累工作和企业经验做起，根据劳动力的生命周期和个人职业生涯，投资于能力建设和经济发展时，这是一个巨大发展机会。", "值得强调的是，多数工作——58%——是由年龄不足30岁的人做的。随着人民桑地诺革命于1979年获得胜利，青年参加革命斗争并取得胜利以及扫盲运动得到了强调。由于开展了扫盲运动，我国文盲率已从60%降至12.5%。", "2007年，我们开始了第二阶段革命。自那时以来，尼加拉瓜人民一直在确保他们革命的现在和未来，因为他们一直把青年纳入政府为青年福祉制定的社会方案。因此，我国政府2012-2016年期工作计划优先注重确保特别是为青年创造就业机会和提供优质工作的社会和经济政策。青年一直在提高自己的能力，进行自我培训和教育，争取在由青年制定或为青年制定的无数活动中站在属于他们的前列。他们不再只是旁观者，而是已经成为参与者。", "尼加拉瓜青年承担了作为建设现在和未来的青年对社会所负的义务。他们果断参与由政府推动的每一项重大方案。这些方案包括建造住房、城乡学校和体育设施；卫生和扫盲日；自然灾害救援队；植树造林；促进文化认同；保护我们的地球母亲以及支持自然资源养护等。简言之，我国青年站在这项争取恢复尼加拉瓜人民、青年和家庭权利的宏伟计划和广泛规划的前列。", "在尼加拉瓜，我们正经历一场青年革命。今天，青年是旗手。他们领导支助国内最贫穷者的社会方案。他们把我们的家园视为地球母亲、自由和革命。尼加拉瓜认为，每一年都是青年年。今年，我们纪念了青年年。我们将通过为尼加拉瓜革命和人民作出进一步努力和更大承诺继续这样做。", "我们仍然有要优先应对的挑战和障碍。我们必须继续提高就业和工作的质量，并为青年尤其是女青年创造更多和更好的就业机会。我们必须继续促进和捍卫青年人权，帮助创造可能性和条件，使青年能够作为充分享有其各项权利的完全社会行为者参与进来。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请法国国民议会议员兼外交委员会成员尼科尔·阿梅里纳夫人发言。", "阿梅里纳夫人(法国)(以法语发言)：我首先谨以法国的名义与所有其他发言者一道向遭受悲惨事件袭击的挪威表示慰问。", "我要感谢联合国组织本次关于青年问题的高级别会议。青年往往被遗忘。必须重新把他们放在社会、经济和政治对话的中心位置。", "法国赞同将以欧洲联盟的名义所作的发言，并愿以本国名义补充几点看法。", "法国一直把青年视为发展的基石。我们特别回顾2005年法国-非洲首脑会议。那次会议的标题非常醒目，那就是，“非洲青年——其活力、创造力和愿望”。当时，来自非洲五个区域的青年第一次得以表达他们的愿望和期望。", "我们坚信，青年的未来首先要求普及优质教育。在法国，国家教育部的预算占国家预算比例最大，2010年为21%。我国是教育发展援助主要国际提供国之一，2009年提供了总额约为15亿欧元的官方援助。法国在支持发展中国家基础教育的同时，还援助高等教育。今年，法国大学接收了278 000名外国学生，占法国大学学生总数的12%左右。", "然而，教育作为国家经济和社会发展基本支柱之一，必须与职业市场的需求直接挂钩。为此，法国正在努力创造培训和就业机会。在这方面，我要举两个例子，即我的发言稿中提到的马里和科特迪瓦。", "最后，我呼吁大会重视年轻女孩的处境。作为消除对妇女一切形式歧视委员会副主席，我特别关心这一问题。", "目前，世界各地至少有6亿年轻女孩生活在极其脆弱的情况下。她们面临求学、早婚早孕和社会与职场不平等方面的困难。如果母亲识字，孩子活过5岁的机率则增加50%。在初级教育之后继续接受教育的妇女了解防治艾滋病毒/艾滋病信息的可能性比不识字妇女高五倍。在全世界7.92亿文盲中，近三分之二是妇女。在2010年，全世界经选举产生的151个国家元首中只有9名是女性。", "《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》是消除对妇女歧视的特别重要工具，各国绝对必须履行对这一框架作出的承诺。我们必须优先重视年轻人，特别是年轻女孩，以便实现一个更加公正、没有贫穷的可持续世界和可持续发展。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请南非代表发言。", "Lungisa先生(南非)(以英语发言)：主席先生，我国代表团首先感谢你组织召开本次有关青年问题的重要会议，我国政府高度重视我们社会中的这一重要群体。", "我国代表团赞同阿根廷代表将以77国集团加中国的名义所作的发言，赞同卢旺达早些时候在本次会议上代表非洲集团所作的发言和纳米比亚代表以南部非洲发展共同体名义所作的发言(见A/65/PV.111)。", "我们赞扬联合国宣布国际青年年，并以“青年：对话和相互了解”为国际青年年主题。这提供了重要机会，在全球范围内加强青年中的对话和相互了解，促进青年参与，并增加政府和国际社会对青年的投资，解决阻碍青年发展的挑战。", "应该把青年视为促进变革和发展的力量。青年应该站在解决诸如实现千年发展目标等重大社会挑战的努力的前列。稍微看一看八项千年发展目标即可发现，它们直接关系到儿童和青年的福祉。千年发展目标要求解决青年发展、就业、孕产妇健康问题和减少感染艾滋病毒和艾滋病的风险。这说明，千年发展目标在许多方面也是青年发展目标。", "现在是会员国从承诺转到采取着眼于结果的行动的时候了。我们应当集中全部力量促进青年发展，因为青年是今天的资源，明天的领导人。我们应该牢记，青年是社会未来的关键所在。他们追求和平、安全、发展和人权的抱负、目标和愿望，往往和整个社会是一致的。中东和北非地区最近的事态发展证明，青年继续在国家民主化方面发挥至关重要的作用。", "2009年，南非政府设立国家青年发展署，以解决影响青年发展的问题。该署的成立说明了南非对青年问题的重视，它负责促进协调政府各部门青年发展工作事项。", "上个月，南非于6月16日庆祝了全国青年日，那一天也是1976年6月16日起义三十五周年。这个日子继续提醒我们铭记青年在反对种族隔离斗争中的贡献。我们必须继续确认青年可对其所在社区以及对全球社会作出的贡献。", "在区域一级，南非已经批准《非洲青年宪章》。非洲联盟最近举行首脑会议，其主题为“加快青年发展以促进可持续发展”。会上， 非洲各国领导人一致认为，国际协作与合作是解决青年发展优先事项筹资问题的要素。会议呼吁各发展伙伴和所有利益攸关方按照《2009-2018年青年行动十年计划》调整与青年发展有关的方案。", "南非也支持在次区域一级商定的一项建议，即设立一个联合国机构，以发起、资助和推动会员国青年发展优先工作，从而加快青年发展。发出这一呼吁是因为考虑到需要汇集青年发展资源以扩大所产生的影响。", "让我们作为会员国，集体作出努力，避免出现一个成功的孤岛被普遍贫困的海洋所包围的状况。衡量我们促进青年发展工作的成效，不仅要看个别国家的业绩，而且还要看我们履行国际承诺支持各国青年发展的情况。", "最后，我谨引述南非已故总统奥立佛·雷金纳德·坦博的话来结束我的发言。他说，“一个不关心本国青年的国家是没有前途的，也不应该有前途”。在这方面，我们应该化言辞为具体、可衡量的行动，提供必要资源，投资于执行促进青年发展的方案。", "我们还感到非常高兴的是，联合国会员国宣布7月18日为纳尔逊·曼德拉日，届时世界各地所有人都应该为我们所在的社区服务67分钟。我们已经在南非庆祝了这一重要日子。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请白俄罗斯外交部无任所大使兼白俄罗斯教科文组织国家委员会主席弗拉基米尔·夏斯内先生阁下发言。", "夏斯内先生(白俄罗斯)(以俄语发言)：首先，我谨代表我国向上周五挪威发生的恐怖袭击的受害者家属和朋友表示诚挚的慰问和同情。", "白俄罗斯有这样一句老话，“维护青年的尊严可避免日后麻烦”。白俄罗斯政府青年政策的宗旨是教育年轻人树立对自己的未来和整个社会的责任感。2009年专门通过一项法律认可这一政策中提出的各项原则，以保护和落实青年的权利和合法利益；创造有利于青年们自由和有效地参与社会发展的条件；为青年提供社会、物质、法律和其他方面的支持；增强青年在关系到青年未来的问题上的决策能力。国际合作在白俄罗斯政府的青年政策中特别重要。正因为如此，白俄罗斯共和国一贯主张在联合国框架内为青年人提供支持，并且开发他们的潜力。", "我们赞扬相关联合国实体积极参与开展面向青年的各种活动，特别是在2010年建立了联合国青年发展问题机构间网络，其目的是提高联合国这方面行动的效力。这个网络去年由联合国经济及社会事务部和教科文组织负责协调，其结果证明了它的效力。", "不过，除联合国各个实体间的互动交流外，还必须在会员国、青年组织、非政府组织以及私营部门的参与下发展青年问题全球伙伴关系。只有通过所有利益攸关方的协调一致努力，才能在国家和国际层面有效执行青年政策。", "我国欢迎召开本次及时的高级别会议，会议应当探讨全球青年议程上当前的问题。我们认为，随着“国际青年年”的结束，审查《世界青年行动纲领》的时候到了。我们必须更新《世界行动纲领》的优先事项，把移徙、金融和经济危机以及人口贩运等问题增加进去。本次会议的一个成果应当是建议大会建立新的全球青年伙伴关系。在2010年千年发展目标首脑会议期间，白俄罗斯提出建立以“帮助后代实现繁荣”为主题的全球伙伴关系，侧重点是通过为有才干的青年人提供支持，对未来的全球领导人作投入。", "同样至关重要的是要处理青年人社会状况恶化的问题，特别是给青年，甚至在高度发达国家给青年造成消极后果的那些因素。我们主张近期在大会举行一次有关青年政策的互动式专题讨论，以继续我们的本次讨论，并且建立关于青年问题的国际合作新框架。", "最后，我要表示，我国代表团感到高兴的是，本次青年问题高级别会议的成果文件(第65/312号决议)以协商一致方式获得通过。白俄罗斯共和国在谈判决议案文期间发挥了积极作用，并且随时准备好执行这项重要战略性文件的各项规定。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请美利坚合众国全球青年问题国务卿特别顾问罗南·法罗先生发言。", "法罗先生(美利坚合众国)(以英语发言)：我今天很高兴来到这里参加本次对话，因为我们面临的既是一个巨大的共同挑战，也是一个巨大的共同机会。", "我们都知道，与以往任何时候相比，青年人现在愈发成为世界变革的核心。全世界人口中60%以上的年龄在30岁以下。新技术——我们在本次会议上讨论了这个问题——不断增强青年这个人口群体的力量，他们正日益成为巨大经济和社会改革的潜在动力。然而同样，我们也都认识到，这个人群有可能成为对国家和国际稳定与安全的最重大挑战之一。在所有新近爆发国内冲突的国家中，86%的大多数人口年龄在30岁以下。", "大会堂中在座各国显然认清了这些实际情况。过去几天中我与在座许多人进行了很好的交谈，许多国家已经迈出巨大步伐，以吸引全世界最优秀和最聪慧青年人到它们那里就业和上大学。", "遗憾的是，我们共同的敌人也清楚这些实际情况。极端分子和犯罪组织也制订了周密和全面的青年战略，增强青年人的力量，并且为他们提供归属感和政治参与感。男孩和年轻男性往往是此类极端分子招募活动的主要对象，助长世界各地的动乱。女孩和年轻妇女常常最易被剥夺权利和遭受压迫，成为受害者，也是在努力争取经济增长方面尚未得到充分利用的资源。正如我们在最近几天的悲剧事件中所看到的那样，所有青年人在表达他们的政治权利时都有可能成为遭受侵害的目标。我们今天与挪威站在一起。", "奥巴马总统在他2009年有深远影响的开罗演讲中指出：", "“我要对各国信仰各异的青年说，你们比任何人都更有能力重塑这个世界。”", "但是，由谁来为他们提供重塑世界的工具将对全世界的安全和我们所有国家的繁荣产生深远影响。现在要看我们的了。我们没有时间再等待了。", "青年的参与已经成为许多美国驻外使馆的工作重点。我们制订了与青年人交流的有效办法，包括交流项目、民主培训与发展、卫生和生计方案等等。我们力求使青年人在全球舞台上发出声音。2010年12月，苏珊·赖斯大使主持了一次由青年人自己制订议程的安全理事会会议，这是青年第一次有机会对安理会这个在国际和平与安全方面最具影响力机构的议程发挥影响。", "不过，我们认识到，美国可以做更多工作。我们必须在最高一级作出富有挑战性的体制改变。去年，克林顿国务卿启动了对美国国际青年政策和项目规划的全面审查。这次审查旨在改进我们赋权未来一代领导人的能力。审查的结果是承诺通过我们的方案来赋权青年人，使他们成为积极的经济和公民事务行为体，与今天在座各国携手合作，以便在我们所有国家的国内创造有利于青年的环境，并且探索与青年人交流——或许最重要的是——倾听他们心声的新办法。", "为了监督这一历史性的努力，我们正在成立一个新的国务院全球青年问题办公室。我很荣幸作为全球青年问题国务卿特别顾问领导这项举措。美国目前的重点是通过在世界各地为青年人提供教育、创造就业机会和培养企业家精神的方案实现经济赋权，例如，青年工作方案已经在拉丁美洲培训和雇佣了几千名青年。", "我们正在采取举措鼓励公民参与，创造在当地发挥领导作用的机会，并且建立青年与其政府之间的联系。一个重要例子是也门的学生会项目，该项目在该国各地的几百所学校成立了学生会，使这个年龄段的人熟悉了解社区参与和民主的基本要素。我们正在拓宽工作范围，使青年也参与执行这些方案，像肯尼亚的“是的，青年人能做到”这样的方案取得了成功，这个方案的特点是有一个新型的由青年人领导和管理的社会创新基金。", "在世界各地开展诸如此类方案的同时，我们在与国际社会的讨论中把青年问题作为新的重点。这种对话从这里、从现在开始。美国欢迎并将继续促进后续活动，以确保这种对话不会在这个夏天就终止。", "从这里环视这个大会堂，我感到兴奋，因为我看到，许多国家认识到现在是一个具有分水岭意义的时刻，而且随时准备领导对此作出的反应。尼日利亚就是其中之一。它最近主办了第一届非洲城市青年大会，把来自非洲各地的青年人聚集在一起，为他们的领导人提供城市方面的指导。同样，巴西完成了为期18个月的青年对话，调查巴西青年有关民主和他们在社会中作用的看法。我也赞扬奥地利和贝宁，它们是此次活动的共同协调者。", "现在，我们正在把倾听青年的声音和响应他们要求采取行动的呼吁作为优先事项。这是在呼吁为青年人提供谋生和就业的机会，促进性别平等和少数族裔平等，并且对付那些往往造成并加深贫困的侵犯人权行为。正如我所说的那样，这种呼声既是挑战，也是机会，我们不能再等待，不去应对这个问题。在我们发言的此时此刻，我们各国的青年正在转变我们的安全和繁荣。他们不仅仅如一些人所说的那样，代表未来，他们也代表现在。我们可以与他们共同努力，创造更美好的今天。", "我期待，在我们为实现上述目标而彼此携手并与世界各地青年人携手努力的漫长和富有成效的进程中，本次会议不过是其中的诸多催化剂之一。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请阿根廷社会发展部全国青年事务主任玛丽亚·劳拉·布拉伊萨女士发言，她将以77国集团加中国的名义发言。", "布拉伊萨女士(阿根廷)(以西班牙语发言)：我荣幸地代表77国集团加中国在国际青年年的最重要活动——本次青年问题高级别会议——上发言。召开本次会议的决定是在77国集团加中国的倡议之下，并且在同全体会员国进行建设性接触之后作出的。我们当时同意召开这次重要会议并制订一份将促进青年发展的实质性成果文件(第65/312号决议)。", "高级别会议的核心主题“青年：对话和相互了解”为我们各方——会员国、联合国系统、青年组织和其他利益攸关者——提供了一次机会，就与青年相关的挑战交换意见、讨论解决这些问题的最佳途径，并且保证采取具体的行动。“对话和相互了解”这个核心主题应当鼓舞我们在这方面作出的所有努力。", "77国集团加中国谨强调，必须作出进一步的努力，支持青年发展其潜力和克服他们面临的障碍。在这方面，各国承担着确保青年发展的首要责任，它们应当制定以青年的最佳利益为重点的全面的政策和行动计划。77国集团加中国鼓励国际社会通过加强国际合作并履行其对官方发展援助的所有承诺，支持会员国为消除贫困和实现充分就业和社会融合所作的努力。", "此外，77国集团加中国重申《世界青年行动纲领》作为青年政策的框架的重要性，同时认识到迫切需要进一步发展该框架，以便充分解决目前对青年产生影响的所有挑战。77国集团加中国还确认，必须在协调采取行动的更广范畴内，以全面方法处理青年今天面临的问题，直接处理包含广泛多种层面的问题。鉴于困扰当今青年的各种问题的根本性质，必须采取下列补充行动：提供尽可能最好的教育、提供就业机会、提供足够的粮食供应和营养、创造健康的物质和社会环境、确保享受人权和基本自由，以及参加决策进程。", "此外，本集团坚信，通过在所有不平等领域——社会、地区、种族、性别及其他领域——中缩小差距，我们将对实现千年发展目标作出重大贡献。", "青年失业是青年所面临挑战的一个明显例子，需要会员国和国际社会拿出新想法并作出新努力。失业已成为影响到全世界青年的一个全球问题。77国集团加中国敦促全体会员国考虑作出努力，为有效解决这个问题制订一个全球战略。", "77国集团加中国强调，必须确保我们全体公民，包括青年，享有尽可能最高的健康水平，并且我们将为实现这个目标继续努力。本集团也认识到必须保护青年免遭暴力和犯罪，防止他们参与犯罪活动，特别是与毒品有关的活动，并应对这个问题。在我们努力为年轻一代提供健康环境时，这些问题将留在我们的议程上。", "77国集团加中国敦促会员国按照国际法采取一致行动，消除外国占领下的青年充分享受权利的障碍，以便推动实现千年发展目标。本集团也谴责违反有关国际法，在武装冲突中招募和使用青年的做法；对这种做法给有关青年造成的负面后果表示遗憾；并呼吁会员国同联合国各实体合作，采取具体措施和继续支持有关方案，以确保复员青年切实重返社会，重新融入经济及恢复正常生活。", "77国集团加中国保证努力改善各国青年的生活，帮助他们充分发挥潜力，对我们各国社会的发展作出宝贵和积极的贡献。", "请允许我以本国代表的身份再讲几句话。阿根廷政府正在延长它的公共政策，以便让年轻人以不同方式参加社会。我们强调年轻人在建设国家的未来，提高正义和平等水平，加强民主制度方面的重要性，以及让青年参加决策进程的重要性，特别是在政府机构中。", "这一代人将继续是人权的旗手，把人权作为基本的生活条件，并且将继续推动有关回归马尔维纳斯、南乔治亚岛和南桑威奇岛的主权的讨论。正如我国总统克里斯蒂娜·费尔南德斯·基什内尔指出，为了建设更加包容和更加团结的阿根廷，进行参与的一代人是至关重要的。阿根廷青年将继续以其承诺、激情和信念，在和平、人权和可持续发展的环境中建设一个更平等的社会。我国前总统内斯托尔·基什内尔的话使我们感到骄傲，他说，当青年向前迈进时，变革是不可避免的。", "最后，我们回顾今年是一位伟大妇女去世59周年，她是人民社会权利的不懈斗士，她的名字是埃娃·杜阿尔特·庇隆——艾薇塔。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请埃塞俄比亚外交事务国务部长Berhane Gebre-Kristos阁下发言。", "Gebre-Kristos先生(埃塞俄比亚)(以英语发言)：首先，我要同其他发言者一道，对于上周五挪威人民在他们遭遇的可怕恐怖主义行动中所遭受的损失，向该国政府和人民表示慰问和最深切的同情。也请允许我以我国代表团的名义，祝贺大会主席成功组织召开了本次高级别会议。", "本次会议再及时不过。目前全球经济局势使青年处于非常不稳定的状态。如果青年对未来不抱希望，我们就不能指望他们对我们各国社会有所贡献。如果他们继续过着没有希望的生活，我们就不可能确保和平与稳定。", "非洲是最不发达的大陆，也是排在亚洲之后的世界上青年人口第二多的大陆。非洲青年获得体面工作和可持续收入的机会有限。的确，过去十年来，非洲在经济增长方面表现出富有希望的进展，但过去两年来，全球经济局势对这一进展造成的负面影响以及增长并不具有包容性这一事实，导致所取得的进展不足以促进青年的希望。", "仅仅确保青年的经济福祉和他们的社会融入，不足以充分满足青年的需要。让青年积极参与至关重要的政治改革和民主化进程也十分重要。青年应当有政治空间来实现他们的政治看法和具体利益。他们需要确信，他们参与应对社会挑战将有助于政策的制定和执行。", "单独采取一套措施无助于应对青年所面临的挑战，除非这些措施首先应对我们各国社会所面临的根本挑战。强调这一事实极为重要。 此外，必须强调，仅在国家层面采取行动不会产生预期结果，除非这些行动得到国际合作的补充。", "鉴于这一不言而喻的事实，我国代表团呼吁国际社会及时实现国际商定的发展目标，特别是千年发展目标，以克服发展中国家所面临的发展挑战。因此，我国代表团认为，现在需要的不是新战略，而是作出必要的政治承诺，兑现我们的诺言。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请摩纳哥教育委员会主席范妮·埃尔莫尼埃女士发言。", "埃尔莫尼埃女士(摩纳哥)(以法语发言)：首先，我要向遭受悲惨事件的挪威人民和政府表示诚挚慰问和同情。我还感谢大会和摩纳哥公国政府为我提供这一独特机会，让我今天在大会面前发言，并与来自世界各地的青年对话。", "大会通过的成果文件(第65/312号决议)是朝着使每个会员国更好地理解青年在国家和国际层面实现联合国各项目标方面应当发挥的核心作用方向迈出的决定性一步。", "乔治·贝尔纳诺斯曾经写道：", "“是青年的热情使世界的温度保持稳定。当青年的热情冷却时，世界上其他人就会感觉到冷。”", "是那些渴望民主、人权和正义的热血青年为新制度铺平了道路。事实上，若无青年参与，“阿拉伯之春”本不可能出现。青年在这方面所发挥的重要作用已受到广泛赞扬和强调。", "这些抗议运动和起义还反映出青年的坚定意愿，他们希望积极参加各级决策，从而确立他们在向现代民主社会过渡进程中作用。此外，青年还可以在国际组织中发挥重要作用，使所作的决定能够吸收青年的观点，特别是在实现千年发展目标框架内，因为千年发展目标要求各方作出共同努力，而这种努力必须有青年参与。", "我国与其他国家一样，正努力通过官方发展援助，减少世界各地青年遭受的不公平和不平等。摩纳哥在提供合作过程中，通过资助造福生活在棚户区的贫困青年或难民子女的文化中心或教育方案，支持使所有青年和儿童都能不受歧视地接受教育的努力。", "此外，摩纳哥公国建立了交换学生的伙伴关系。此举为发展中国家的青年创造机会，使他们能够参加摩纳哥机构的培训方案，以便促进知识的传授与分享，并将来自不同文化的青年汇聚到一起。", "提供保健服务和消除营养不良现象是应该被视为对后代和未来社会福祉至关重要的问题。每天继续有儿童和青年因得不到护理或治疗而死于饥饿和可治疗的疾病，这是绝对不可接受的。这是摩纳哥提供合作，努力把卫生部门干预工作作为优先重点的一个原因。", "最后，我要强调，儿童和青年的权利不应受到减损。青年和儿童按理属于最弱势群体，而且往往是严重暴力行为的沉默受害者。在这方面，各国必须信守其在区域和国际组织中所作的承诺。11月20日和21日，摩纳哥公国将在欧洲委员会主导下主办一次主题为“与儿童合作，建设一个造福儿童的欧洲”的会议。届时，同与会儿童进行的讨论将主要围绕确定一项新的关于儿童权利的欧洲战略进行。", "我们没有因为年轻而看不见我们所处世界的令人震惊、残酷和不公正的现实。我们是伴随互联网成长起来的一代。借助社会网络、博客和虚拟社区，我们了解到我们这一代中的一些人所面临的不公正、绝望和腐败。这些人有时可能远离我们和我们的日常关切。让我们意识到这一不可逆转的相互依存关系，并开展不同文化间对话。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请瑞士联邦青年委员会主席皮埃尔·莫戴先生发言。", "莫戴先生(瑞士)(以法语发言)：瑞士与许多其他国家一道对最近遭遇悲惨事件的挪威人民表示深切慰问。", "瑞士认为，青年的有效参与将保障青年融入社会，并使社会有一个可持续的未来。瑞士建立了青年议会等各种参与性机制，并鼓励采取类似举措。", "成立于1933年的瑞士全国青年理事会是欧洲最早的此类国家机构。自2003年以来，瑞士一直在参与联合国青年代表方案。让青年参加参与性进程，让他们做好承担职责的准备，让他们熟悉民主机构和进程，还有助于遏止青年对政治缺乏兴趣的现象，在发达国家尤其如此。因为在发达国家，青年不问政治已达到创纪录的水平。每个国家都必须促进关于青年和人权的培训。", "为使青年可持续地融入社会，还必须进行素质培训，并力求遏止失业和临时就业现象。青年缺乏机会有可能导致社会紧张和冲突。拥有体面而且薪酬不错的工作、稳定的状况和必要的保障，是养家糊口和建立生活的先决条件。八项千年发展目标中有五项要求投资于青年，因为青年特别脆弱。", "教育、培训和创新是我们经济、社会和环境发展的支柱。政策应当抑制失业，同时支持就业安置和适当培训，以此促成终生学习，全方位学习。", "瑞士采取措施确保完成培训的青年就业，并出资为失业者提供培训。信息和通信技术是促进青年参与和融入社会的绝佳工具，因为它可以建立联系与沟通桥梁，促进了解民主和人权，以便建立人人都有接受教育和培训机会的开放社会。这种工具把青年置于促进民主变革和进步的行动的中心。", "瑞士强调信息和通信技术的重要性，并鼓励提供和便利提供支付得起的服务，特别是为缺乏机会的青年，尤其是在发展中国家，同时采取措施防止相关风险。在这方面，我国已同私营部门合作，推出了一项国家计划，目的在于在媒体和信息技术领域保护儿童和青年。", "在地方、国家和国际各级，各种相关的利益攸关方之间合作和青年参与是关键，否则无法实现千年发展目标和落实《世界行动纲领》，它们仍然是指导我们工作的重要文件。", "危机时刻，有关青年政策面临危险，但决不能被忽视。必须为这些政策提供足够的资源，定期评估进展情况。成果文件必须注重行动，必须把今天的言论变成明天的行动。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请巴西青年事务国务秘书塞弗林·马塞多女士发言。", "马塞多女士(巴西)(以葡萄牙语发言，英文文本由代表团提供)：首先，我谨感谢巴西常驻联合国代表玛丽亚·路易莎·维奥蒂大使和联合国人口基金执行主任巴巴通德·奥索蒂梅欣出席会议。我还要向今天在座和从远处关注本次重要会议的青年表示特别的问候。", "我们很高兴参加本次会议。巴西现在正处于积极增长走势。我们认为，经济、社会和环境发展与相关青年的公共政策有不可分割的联系。", "在此背景下，必须承认青年的多样性。我们青年来自城市和农村，我就来自农村；我们青年中有黑人、印第安人、白人和亚洲人；有男女；有同性恋、双性恋、变性者和异性恋者；有残疾人和非残疾人；我们来自不同的社会阶层，这些阶层之间的不平等现象在逐年减少；我们实验应用各种不同的节奏、色彩和艺术创作；我们在国内促进公民精神，并通过社会网络连接世界。我们是二十一世纪第一代青年，但首先我们生活在和平中，正在建设一个民主发展的国家。", "巴西有近1.9亿人口，其中5 000万年龄在15至29岁之间。这种人口红利可以增加生产、人均收入、储蓄和投资，增强社会保障网，扩大生产和保护权利。", "迪尔玛·鲁塞夫总统是第一个担任巴西最高行政职位的女性。在鲁塞夫总统政府的领导下，巴西已经开始在增长和收入分配领域巩固前总统卢拉遗产的任务。现在，我们的重点是消除贫困。我们认为，一个没有贫困的国家就是一个富裕的国家，而为了实现这一目标，必须投资于青年。", "国际青年年已经证明，应该在多边议程上进一步优先突出青年问题。国际青年年即将结束，但我们知道，各种挑战将继续存在。国际议程应包括青年，不论是在具体政策上或交叉领域中。在这方面，巴西寻求通过南南合作项目作出我们自己的贡献。", "最后，我们再次重申将青年视为应该享有权利的人和促进可持续合作发展的战略力量的重要性。关键是要投资促进体面的工作和各级教育，防止暴力。我们还必须取得进展，确保其他权利，包括政治参与权和行动自由权，平权行动|，以及休闲、文化权，所有权，生活质量，多样性和安全的权利。", "我们想要而且并正在努力建设一个更好和人人更加平等的世界；为此目的，必须投资于青年，特别是在发展中国家。只有确保在增强青年权能的基础上实现世代过渡，确保青年们有权自主塑造他们自己的命运时，才能实现这种更好和更加平等的世界。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请埃及全国青年委员会执行局成员莉莉·阿塔拉女士发言。", "阿塔拉女士(埃及)(以阿拉伯语发言)：首先，我谨代表我国代表团，就挪威几天前发生骇人听闻的恐怖主义袭击事件，造成生命损失，向挪威人民和政府表示由衷的哀悼。埃及政府和人民声援挪威人民打击恐怖主义。", "组织召开本次青年问题高级别会议庆祝国际青年年，具有特别意义，因为2011年已经目睹青年革命，特别是在阿拉伯地区。由阿拉伯青年掀起的“阿拉伯之春”，说明青年可在社会所有各层次发挥关键作用，他们可在国家各级发挥重要作用。世界各国必须努力克服阻碍青年发展的各种挑战。", "世界青年大部分生活在发展中国家，因此受全球金融和经济危机及阻碍他们获得教育、体面的工作、医疗保健和住房的其他挑战的影响最严重。", "尽管发展中国家努力执行战略和方案，旨在满足本国青年日益增长的需求，但这些国家的青年继续面临贫穷、边缘化和失业的痛苦，因此面临各种剥削利用的危险，包括在有组织犯罪、贩卖人口、非法移民和武装冲突的背景下。", "这些挑战要求所有会员国在捐助国、国际金融机构和联合国的无条件支持下充分执行其国家行动计划，旨在按照国际商定的有关青年的发展目标，包括千年发展目标，加快青年发展。重要的是，私营部门和民间社会应当在这方面发挥重要作用。", "我们埃及认为，本次高级别会议的成果文件(第65/312号决议)为此勾画出了一条注重行动的道路。为此，我们强调，充分执行该文件特别是制定一项青年就业全球性战略和世界青年行动纲领十分重要。", "埃及认为，今天全球青年面临着多项重大挑战，最重要的是社会和经济发展以及政治参与挑战。今天，埃及继续坚定致力于采取必要步骤，实现惠及所有埃及人的社会发展，以此作为以人为本发展战略的一部分，同时将青年摆在我们全国优先事项的首位。", "埃及政府正努力实施其国家青年战略与方案，并感谢国际社会为这些战略提供的技术与财政支助。", "我国青年已通过埃及革命证明他们是一股变革的力量，而且有能力参与国家政策改革。我们致力于应对挑战，实现国家各项目标与宗旨，以确保埃及人特别是青年过上体面生活。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请墨西哥国家青年问题研究所主任Miguel Ángel Carreón Sánchez先生阁下发言。", "Carreón Sánchez先生(墨西哥)(以西班牙语发言)：我愿代表墨西哥就上周发生的悲惨事件向挪威人民及政府表示慰问与声援。", "目前有超过2亿青年每天靠不到1美元生活，有8 800万人失业，1.6亿人营养不良，1.3亿人无法接受基础教育，还有1 000万人感染了艾滋病毒/艾滋病。我们不能再等待了，我们必须改变这种现状，调整我们的发展战略，将青年视为我们各国社会发展的积极推动者。", "世界上有超过10亿年龄在15岁至29岁之间的青年，这一数字之高是史无前例的。我们拥有一个历史性的全球机遇，因为我们有着人口红利，应当加以利用。在墨西哥，青年占总人口的三分之一。我们应当与拉丁美洲的大国一道，利用人口红利来建设并加强我们所需的政治、经济与社会基础架构。", "掌握知识是获得更好工作的关键，也是极其重大的责任。工作就业的基础是知识，今后更将如此。因此，我们的教育体系正是建立在这个视角的基础之上——也许我们做得还不够，但是至少我们正在修改教学模式，应深化这一进程。", "我们这一代人面临的最严峻挑战之一是：为充实地生活在一个重知识的时代做准备，但是最重要的是，要保障每个人无论身处何方都能获取知识并享有获取信息的权利。", "诚然，我们青年人必须在生活当今时代的同时考虑到未来。为此，至关重要的是，我们还必须在享有我们已提及的人口红利的同时，建立一种以节约为本的财政文化，以便社会保障体系能够支撑我们未来的需求。", "我们努力的关键要素应是为青年人创造空间，使其能积极有效地参与对他们有影响的各个领域。就我国而言，墨西哥国家青年问题研究所旨在在政府行动中提倡青年视角。最重要的是，它提倡青年参与。过去四年来，我们对各青年组织的1 000多个项目给予了积极鼓励。在多边层面，自2004年以来，墨西哥一直参与了“青年代表”方案。前提很简单：我们需要与青年们一道制定共同的议程，而不是将既定想法强加于人。", "墨西哥认为，推进并落实千年发展目标以及青年发展相关领域各项后续协议至关重要。这将使成果能够在中长期得以持续。", "正因如此，我国重申它致力于《世界青年行动纲领》及其有效执行。我们相信，秘书长将在本次会议成果文件(第65/312号决议)所要求的报告中提出具体建议，以后续落实15个行动领域以及可采取的旨在加强联合国系统青年工作的各项举措。", "几天之后，国际青年年就要结束，它使我们能够提高各方对青年人需求以及他们今天所面临各种挑战的关注度。最近数月，在各个层面开展了关于青年问题的活动与项目。墨西哥政府与联合国系统一道，于2010年8月在墨西哥瓜纳华托的莱昂举办了世界青年大会，从而为这一工作做出了贡献。有106名代表和将近4 000位青年参加了该会议。它促进了政府、民间社会和各青年组织之间的对话。", "青年的模样就将是世界的模样——种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。现在是时候了，应当停止将青春视为一种生理状态，而应开始以一种生命常在的眼光来看待它。现在是恢复决策时不仅考虑当代而且考虑子孙后代的时候了。现在是我们在公共政策中以人及人性为本的时候了。现在是妥善利用我们的过去，以建设我们美好未来并创造更好生活空间的时候了。", "主席(以法语发言)：请允许我提醒大会，每个会员国在发言时有3分钟的发言时间。如果准备好的发言稿超出这个时间要求，就应加以调整以满足这一时限，因为这样才能让尽可能多的会员国有机会发言。", "我现在请意大利青年部国际关系和促进国际活动主任索非亚·帕因女士发言。", "帕因女士(意大利)(以英语发言)：首先，我愿与其他发言者一道，向挪威政府及人民表示慰问。", "意大利赞同欧洲联盟将作的发言，并愿补充几点意见。", "对话与相互理解对于我们社会的积极发展至关重要，因为它们有助于政治、社会、文化和经济融合，也有助于将那些文化背景不同的人凝聚在一起。青年能够为进一步促进世界各地区的合作、参与、容忍以及尊重他人发挥重要作用。《世界青年行动纲领》是实现这些目标的一个重要的国际参照点。", "正因如此，意大利高度重视开发青年一代的潜力，并培养他们的个人与职业技能以及积极参与社会生活的能力。在参加本次会议的意大利代表团中有2名来自国家青年论坛的代表，就证明了这一点。", "当前，持续的世界金融危机引起失业、贫穷与社会排斥，给青年特别是那些处于弱势或有可能遭受排斥的青年积极参与社会构成了严重障碍。意大利政府采取步骤，青年部也采取行动，提供更多职业发展的机会。这包括更加有效地协调和整合教育部门、培训部门以及劳动力市场；建立为青年企业家特别是在新技术和环保部门创业提供资金的机制；投资于培训；以及为学生提供指导。", "因此，意大利政府正在推动采取各种举措，为青年提供有关公民责任的重要知识和积极参与民主生活的机会。这是在民间社会中开展对话和建立相互理解的关键所在，也响应了本次国际青年年的主题。", "通过青年、志愿者和非政府组织为青年提供的非正规和非正式学习机会能够发挥更重要的作用。与联合国和欧洲机构一起采取的联合行动应当把切实推动高质量、标准化的非正规和非正式学习作为主要目标。我们认为，我们终生都必须学习、践行和保护对话和相互了解的先决条件。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请危地马拉全国青年委员会主任比昂卡·保拉·埃尔南德斯女士发言。", "埃尔南德斯女士(危地马拉)(以西班牙语发言)：危地马拉在人口结构转型方面是拉丁美洲速度最缓慢的国家之一。0至14岁人群构成我们总人口的31.8%，而与此相较，拉丁美洲和加勒比地区的平均比例为20.8%。15至24岁人群，也就是我们认为的“青年”，另占总人口的19.8%。尽管危地马拉0至14岁人口所占的相对比例可能随着时间推移而下降——在我们人口结构转型的现阶段可以预期这一趋势——但15至24岁年龄组则与此相反，这个人群的人数目前正在增加。", "这些现象正在对我们目前的卫生和教育服务产生深远影响，并且给劳动力市场和危地马拉的生活质量带来显著影响。今天，危地马拉的经济不能创造足够的工作来吸纳我们的青年。尽管我们在扩大我们教育体系的覆盖面和提高质量方面已经取得长足进步，但我们仍然未能使足够多的青年继续在这个体系中接受教育，包括接受中等教育。", "危地马拉现任政府已经努力在最广泛的背景下处理这种情况，办法是把帮助人口中收入最低和最弱势的人群作为重中之重。重点一直是创造生产性工作机会，特别是在中小企业中这样做，目的是为已经毕业或中途辍学以及寻求进入就业市场而不是去移民的学生提供更美好的未来。我们还通过全国青年委员会启动了一系列以危地马拉青年人为重点的举措，我有幸领导这个委员会，它是负责协调、提出和促进面向青年的公共政策的机构。", "自现政府任职以来，危地马拉政府就一直在促进能够给危地马拉青年现实生活带来切实改变的社会政策，立足于团结互助精神，并实施“开放学校”、“安全学校”、“团结奖学金”和“公共服务”等富有创造性和创新性的方案。“开放学校”是总统发起的一个方案，它为青年提供开展周末活动的其它选择，推动了认同感和归属感。这些方案以非正规教育模式为基础，把传统的学校转变为能够通过发展和发现青年人多种多样的能力来交流经验的场所。", "这些努力和其它努力的核心是名为“打造一个多文化、包容和公平国家”的2010-2015年国家青年政策，这一政策符合青年在寻找机会和谋求经济、社会和政治发展方面的特殊要求。这一计划与载于第50/81号决议中的《世界青年行动纲领》完全一致，尽管《纲领》是在1995年通过的，但它仍然非常切合现实。", "我们认识到投资于青年和为他们提供承担适当领导作用的机会和空间的重要性，作为一个国家，我们希望在本次青年问题高级别会议上能就公平、条件平等和没有歧视的发展达成一致。我们必须在各方广泛参与下共同努力，采取必要步骤来推动各国政府和各部门提供持续支持，以便制订继续投资于青年的综合政策和行动，从而创造更多和更好的机会。", "最后，我们承认，青年希望成为一份子、希望参与并且成为自己历史的行为者。必须建立相互对话， 并促成一种理解，把青年包括进去，并且承认他们是自身发展进程中的行为者，而且完全有权共享参与机会和参与的真正条件。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请比利时国际青年政策支持中心主任Jan Vanhee先生发言。", "Vanhee先生(比利时)(以英语发言)：我们向挪威人民和国家表示慰问。", "比利时赞同欧洲联盟代表所作的发言。", "在本次青年问题高级别会议之后，在我们各个社会中认真对待男女青年方面将不再有退路可走。我们必须在各级，从社区到市、再到区域和国家乃至国际一级都建立机构和机制，以尽可能推动和加强青年人参与影响他们的决策进程。设立独立的青年委员会是一个良好的、可以持续的例子。在昨天我们来自欧洲青年论坛和许多其它国家同事的讨论中提到了这一点。", "现在就是采取行动的时候。即便在目前的艰难时日中，我们也必须研究我们如何能够加强我们的支持，并为各级青年机构和组织提供财政捐助。", "在加强青年的参与和发展方面仍有很长的路要走。我们坚信，我们做得越多，我们治理的质量就会越好。例如，在欧洲委员会的青年部中——这个机构把青年群体和在青年领域负有共同责任的政府机构联系在一起——我们看到共同管理正在如何发挥作用。我们也正努力在欧洲联盟开展分阶段对话。这些都是很好的例子。", "不过，必须解决一些至关重要的问题，例如承认青年组织、青年非政府组织、青年工作和非正规教育部门。我们必须认识到，青年是一个日益复杂社会的组成部分。各种各样的影响因素和环境——家庭、家人、社区、学校、工作场所、同伴和媒体——塑造了他们。在这方面，青年工作能够在青年的发展和参与方面发挥重要作用。我们还必须把更多精力集中在让生活在贫困中和/或面临社会排斥风险的青年参与上面。", "青年政策和青年发展还应当以知识和实证为基础。我们必须作出更多共同努力，以便在各级和世界各地，与青年、青年组织、工人、领导人、研究人员、政策制定者以及青年领域的其他专家，并且与私营部门和第三部门一道，建立一个真正的、有力的青年联盟。", "主席先生，我们感谢你和你的同事使这次会议得以举行。我们希望很快将举行又一次会议，届时将有更多的地方、空间和机会来与青年和他们的组织分享我们的目标和看法。我希望我们能够共同保证这项成果文件(第65/312号决议)和《世界青年行动纲领》得到执行和贯彻。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请澳大利亚青年大使本森·索洛先生发言。", "索洛先生(澳大利亚)(以英语发言)：作为2011年澳大利亚驻联合国青年代表，我非常高兴地在今天的讨论中代表澳大利亚青年的观点、希望和乐观精神。我是自1999年设置这个职位以来，被任命为青年代表的第一位澳大利亚土著人。这不仅是一个巨大的荣誉，而且很好地体现了澳大利亚青年的面貌，他们想要提倡和支持一个包容性和平等的社会。", "我骄傲地指出，澳大利亚青年和澳大利亚政府有一个共同的愿景，它反映在《澳大利亚青年国家战略》的承诺之中：", "“让所有青年安全、健康、幸福地成长，成为有韧力的人，拥有进行学习、工作、参加社区生活和对涉及他们的决定施加影响所需的机会和技能。”", "我们的《国家战略》确定了8个主要优先事项。健康、教育和增强青年的权能，使他们获得发言权并积极参与社区事务，是其中的一些重要问题。", "我坚信，接受切合实际、正规、非正规和替代教育，是解决在社会所有领域中继续对澳大利亚青年造成影响的问题的关键，包括克服劣势以及对我们国家当前和未来的方向产生影响。", "儿童基金会澳大利亚分会在最近发表的“倾听儿童的心声”报告中指出：", "“有些特定的儿童群体并非始终能获得同其他学生一样的教育机会，这使他们无法充分发挥潜力。这些群体包括：土著儿童；……难民和有新移民背景的儿童；……以及残疾儿童。”", "我在全国巡访期间，参观了北领地一个偏远城镇中一所很小的学校。澳大利亚的那一地区特别注重缩小澳大利亚土著人和非土著人之间在人口寿命、就业和教育结果等关键指数方面的差距。该校校长带我参观了学校各处，他告诉我，过去7年中该镇高中没有一个毕业生。后来，在我们继续访问时他指给我看3名女孩和1名8岁的男孩。他说，这4名学生有可能成为他们学校——他们镇里——第一批毕业生，从而打破该镇长期存在的不利状况。", "在国外，澳大利亚注重支持亚洲各地、太平洋和全世界的教育方案，包括特别重视残疾问题。在我们区域，澳大利亚向有听力障碍和智力残疾的儿童提供支助，帮助其从小学升入中学。我们还为学校制定把残疾问题纳入基础设施建设的指导方针。", "儿童基金会的“倾听儿童心声”报告还建议澳大利亚任命一位独立的国家专员，专门负责确定青年政策发展的战略方向。这将是澳大利亚的下一个重大步骤，并将确保听取青年的声音，确保面向青年的服务获得足够的资源并得到充分落实。儿童问题国家专员还将辅助目前从事青年事务并为青年奔走的青年高峰机构和青年论坛。", "尽管今天青年面临许多挑战和障碍，但是对未来显然充满乐观。我鼓励每个会员国继续加强同本国青年的对话。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请大韩民国性别平等和家庭部青年和家庭政策办事处助理部长Lee Bok Sil女士发言。", "Lee Bok Sil女士(大韩民国)(以英语发言)：我谨代表大韩民国政府，向挪威恐怖袭击的受害者及其家属，表示最深切的慰问。大韩民国强烈谴责夺去无辜青年生命的暴力，并向挪威人民表示声援。", "我们今天在此参加本次重要会议，以确保青年的最佳利益。我国代表团认为，本次高级别会议的举行将会加强政治领导，为充分执行各项国际战略，包括1995年《世界青年行动纲领》，采取进一步的步骤。", "我国代表团认为，青年充分和有效参与决策进程，不仅有助于加强他们的政治能力，而且有助于可持续的社会经济发展。在这方面，韩国政府为青年直接参加决策进程和提出政策建议，提供了机构性的基础，并为此设了430个地方一级青年参与委员会以及国家一级青年特别会议。我国政府还继续派青年代表出席大会和其他联合国实体的会议，以便进一步增进青年同联合国系统之间的沟通联系。", "韩国政府认识到必须以全面的方法处理青年问题，根据每五年更新一次的《青年政策总计划》发起了一系列倡议。所有相关部委和地方政府都在性别平等和家庭部的领导下执行这项计划，其中包含人权、教育、就业和福利等不同政策领域。", "我们也认为，应当把民间社会、青年组织和相关利益攸关者之间伙伴关系的作用视为保护青年免遭暴力和犯罪并促进关爱青年的社会的关键。为此原因，我国政府同民间社会和媒体合作执行青年政策，处理青年上网成瘾惊人增加的问题。", "我国代表团充分支持制定与《世界青年行动纲领》以及拟议目标和具体目标有关的指标。我们相信，它们能够在评估当前状况和制定具体的青年行动计划方面，发挥关键作用。此外，这方面的发展将有助于在国际商定的发展目标，包括千年发展目标方面，取得总体进展。", "我们期望，在今后几年中，本次会议提出的面向未来的战略将会成为现实，不仅为青年，而且也为整个社会的发展和生活质量，带来显著的改变。我国政府谨重申，我们坚定不移地致力于通过与联合国和其他会员国密切合作，持续不断地参加有关青年发展的国际努力。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请智利国家青年研究所所长伊格纳西奥·诺东先生发言。", "诺东先生(智利)(以西班牙语发言)：首先，我谨向挪威代表团转达智利青年就上周末该国发生屠杀事件所表达的最深切慰问。", "尽管我们各国作出努力，但几乎在我们所有国家里，青年仍然是遭受社会问题困扰最严重的人口群体。青年由于失业、酗酒、吸毒和意外怀孕等问题而受到的影响最大。毫无疑问，有许多原因造成这种现状，但我今天要谈其中的一个原因：我们青年参与政治制度的程度有限。", "统计数字显示，一般而言，青年是最少参与决策进程的群体。很少有青年参加我们的政党、我们的政府和我们的选举。", "青年脱离政治，部分原因是青年一代对政治制度极不信任，因为政治制度有时未能有效顾及青年的看法和立场。这种制度往往把青年摆在仅仅是公共政策受益者的位置，而没有确认青年是参与者。很多时候，这些制度注重保护弱点，而在能力建设方面几乎没做什么。结果是，青年参与水平低意味着青年的问题和关切没有充分反映在公共政策优先事项中，因而缺乏具体解决办法和对策。", "因此，如果我们真想解决青年所面临的问题，我们所采取的任何社会举措就必须伴以强有力的促进参与的政策。除非我们在果断推动青年参与我们的政治制度方面取得进展，否则声称和认为青年问题能够纳入公共政策，尤其是持续成为公共政策优先事项，是不可想象的。", "当我说促进参与时，我并非仅指成立相关机构，以便听取意见。我指的是充分、有效参与公共政策的制定、执行和评估。换言之，我们这代人并不想要青年议会，而是想参加制定真正法律的真正议会。", "让我们不要犯这样一种错误，即把青年政策仅用于解决影响青年的问题。这一方法注定要失败。", "最后，我呼吁我们这代人捍卫作为发生重大变化场所的政治。如果政治没有总是像我们所希望的那样运作，或者没有我们所想要的空间，让我们不要袖手旁观。让我们行动起来。让我们成为促进变革的力量。让我们创造空间。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请乌拉圭社会发展部国家青年研究所所长马蒂亚斯·罗德里格斯先生发言。", "罗德里格斯先生(乌拉圭)(以西班牙语发言)：代表乌拉圭参加本次关于青年的世界会议，确实令人高兴。", "我也要就挪威发生的不幸事件表示慰问。", "在我国，我们社会的某些最令人担忧和最令人震惊的指标历来集中于最年轻几代人。乌拉圭青年仍然面临的主要问题或挑战涉及减少青年贫困、促进健康生活方式和教育，特别是改进教育可持续性、融入及完成学业。", "相关挑战是降低青年失业率，以及增加培训机会、提供职业培训和安排体面工作。尽管乌拉圭经济不断增长，但青年失业率居高不下。青年失业率是总失业率的三倍，在18至24岁年龄组中尤为明显。", "我们还可以非常自豪地指出，自2005年初起，这一趋势已开始逆转。自那时以来，主要挑战一直并且仍然是，在重组一个新的社会保护框架和加强现代社会援助与包容网络方面取得进展。这一进程使我们得以将社会公共开支明确转用于最年轻的几代人。这一点从以下事实中可以看到：我们已将教育预算增至占国内总产值的4.5%，并实行一系列改革，例如公平计划、保健改革、税务改革及新家庭补贴制度。", "在这方面，我们制定并开始执行《国家青年计划》。该计划明确提出四个优先事项：第一，将包容与教育可持续性挂钩；第二，增加培训机会和改善就业状况；第三，促进青年的参与、带头作用和培训；以及第四，促进相互协调和相互联系的青年政策，并在所有政策部门采纳青年的看法。", "尽管我们由此指出青年所面临的挑战和问题，但我们也可以说，我国有数以千计的青年在学习、工作、进行体育训练、从事科学研究、参加文化和艺术节目，以及专门花时间提供援助、捍卫权利和保护环境。", "显然，作为与青年政策相关的行为者，我们大家都可以在克服青年所面临的问题和障碍方面发挥巨大作用，以确保青年的发展，以及青年制定保障其权利得到充分行使的对策的巨大能力。然而，我们还必须注重我们给予青年在我们各国社会中的实际和象征位置。", "目前在乌拉圭，我们正看到一场强大的保守运动。这场运动力求从最坏的角度描绘青年，将青年仅与威胁、恐怖、犯罪、毒品和暴力联系起来。此举导致为确保所谓的安全而采取注定要失败的铁腕项目。此类提议耗资巨大、毫无效果、适得其反，以及从人权角度看是倒行逆施，因为它们违反了《儿童权利公约》等文书。", "我们绝对相信，害怕、不相信或不信任青年，或者完全不期望青年有任何作为的社会注定要失败，因为它们丧失青年的创造力、创新力、变革意识及承诺。", "出于所有这些原因，我们希望并坚信，本次关于青年的世界会议将大大有助于产生一项新的政治议程。这项政治议程将使我们能够改进关于青年的公共政策立场、预算、机构建设及战略计划。然而，最重要的是，我们重申，在关于青年的公共政策中，不应当有任何不信任和害怕青年的内容，而只能有要求让青年发挥领导作用、信任青年和让青年参与的内容。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请萨尔瓦多全国青年理事会执行主任米格尔·安赫尔·佩雷拉先生发言。", "佩雷拉先生(萨尔瓦多)(以西班牙语发言)：我要转达萨尔瓦多对出席本次高级别会议或通过互联网或各种媒体收听收看本次会议实况的世界各地所有青年非常特别的问候。此外，我们要响亮地鼓掌欢迎各国每一个青年、正在收听收看本次会议实况或出席本次会议的每一个国家的每一位年轻人，以确保每一位领导人都正坐下来讨论我们应当执行的公共青年政策。每个国家都应当致力于真正制定使青年融入社会的政策。", "在萨尔瓦多，我们正在制定一项国家青年政策。这项政策是由基层青年组织在来自组成我们亲爱的萨尔瓦多所有市镇的8 000多名青年参与下起草的。", "在现实中，作为政府，我们确认，拉丁美洲特别是萨尔瓦多的最大财富不是黄金或石油，而是全世界青年。他们今天构成我们众所周知的人口资产。作为政府，我们可以利用这笔资产。", "我还要强调，萨尔瓦多政府最近设立了全国青年理事会。按照共和国总统毛里西奥·富内斯·卡塔赫纳的指示，该理事会内设立了一个专门处理青年问题的部长理事会。我敢说，我们是拉丁美洲设有专门处理青年问题的部长理事会的唯一国家。", "事实上，我们正在认真努力改变那些过于严厉的政策，以采取更加理智的政策，用基于权利的办法解决青年问题，并且把青年人视为推动我国和——为何不这样说？——全球发展的真正战略行为者。", "作为青年问题的决策者，我们应该自问：本次高级别会议能给青年带来什么帮助？各国政府将带着哪些具体建议回国？", "作为萨尔瓦多政府的代表，我赞同秘书长昨天(第110次会议)说的话，即已经为青年做了大量工作，但仍然不够。既然还不够，萨尔瓦多政府认识到，今天我们必须明确支持青年，而最好的办法是通过教育。出于这一原因，重要的是我们希望在联合国系统内建立一个基金或方案，为最贫穷国家或最贫困青年(我们所有国家当然都有)提供奖学金。", "在萨尔瓦多，我们注重青年，使其成为我国社会政策的中心。而且，我们将在上帝的帮助下，在我国总统唐卡洛斯·毛里西奥·富内斯·卡塔赫纳的英明领导下继续这样做，用理智的办法解决问题。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请尼日尔青年、体育和文化部副秘书长阿莫斯·伊萨克先生发言。", "伊萨克先生(尼日尔)(以法语发言)：我谨与前面发言的其他代表团一道，向遭遇悲剧的挪威政府和人民表示慰问。", "我感谢本次会议主持人、贝宁常驻代表让-弗朗西斯·雷吉斯·津苏先生阁下和奥地利常驻代表托马斯·迈尔-哈廷先生阁下为确保会议成功付出了如此辛勤的努力。", "有关国家青年政策的制定和执行工作的研究报告大多同意，尼日尔人口多数为年轻人。因为这种人口结构，这一社会阶层成为我国可持续建设和发展的基本资源之一。尼日尔正在努力完善我国的社会和经济模式，因为我国最高当局现在比以往任何时候都更加明确地坚信，青年人不是问题，而是解决我国经济和社会发展问题的办法。", "而且，这种情况取得了必然结果：通过于2006年成立全国青年委员会及其各地区支部委员会，在尼日尔国内建立了一个有利于青年参与发展进程的合作框架，在这方面形成了真正的势头。我国已建立了一个青年事务部际技术委员会，并开始权力下放，将管理青年社会教育机构的责任移交给地方社区。", "进行这些努力以解决青年关心的各种问题，是尼日尔政府当局的政治意愿和通过《国家青年宪章》与《青年政策宣言》的结果。通过这项新的青年政策，政府重申愿意确保满足青年的物质和精神需要。尼日尔国家青年政策在政治上显示，政府努力制定一项能够促进形成和支持一代能够真正推动国家发展的青年的长期指导文件。", "因此，《尼日尔宪法》第24条规定，年轻人受国家和其他公共机构保护，不得被剥削和遗弃。国家提供年轻人物质和智力发展的条件，并促进青年培训、就业和进入就业市场。", "在这方面，我们根据我国战略计划和促进青年就业计划采取了以下行动。我们建立了负责一项国家战略计划的管理和执行机构，加强了社会教育机构行政和管理领域的青年框架能力，以及加强了年轻人管理自己的协会和组织的能力。我们执行促进青年就业计划，争取到2015年创造5万个就业机会，并加强了促进青年创业的计划。", "这些是我们希望向与今天在座的所有与会者介绍的尼日尔政府在青年问题上采取的一些重要行动。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请西班牙国家青年研究所顾问里卡多·伊瓦拉先生发言。", "伊瓦拉先生(西班牙)(以西班牙语发言)：我们非常荣幸能够参加本次会议。", "国际青年年显示，青年有很多机会。与此同时，我们看到，我们所必须面对的挑战更加严峻。青年人面临贫困、失业最高水平以及获得就学、获得医疗保健和文化资源方面的最大困难。其他问题也很严重。可以肯定地说，他们现在的生活极不稳定。这些情况又进一步恶化，因为一场经济和金融危机主要对青年造成了严重影响。这种情况绝不能再发生，因此有必要管制国际资本流动。", "重要的是，为了改变这种状况，各国政府和民间社会必须确认，它们承诺绝对必须制定有效的青年政策，不仅因为青年政策影响很大一部分人口，而且还因为青年政策对于我们未来社会的建设至关重要。投资于青年是一种双重投资，因为它既是对现在的投资，而且最重要的也是对我们的未来的投资。", "促进青年参与同样必不可少。参与已经成为帮助我们的青年政策取得成功的利器，而且其本身就是目的，因为它使我们能够发展青年团体，而这些团体可促进对活跃的民主社会来说不可或缺的实践和学习。", "但是，青年若要参与，就不仅要有机会，而且还必须接受必要的培训。因此，我们必须在正式与非正式环境下开展教育，促进参与。这就需要进一步支持和承认非正式环境。", "我们必须创造一种始于幼儿的参与文化，这种参与需要有形成意见的能力和作出、执行及评估决定的能力。我们必须建立结构来引导青年，并通过青年领袖与政治领导人之间的分阶段对话，加强青年与民间社会的对话，欧洲联盟中现在就有这样的机构。", "最重要的是，各国政府必须继续建立和帮助加强民间社会，并发展具有代表性的平台，如独立的全国青年委员会。这种平台不仅可让青年提出他们的问题，而且还提出解决办法和参与其执行。", "正如我在开始时指出的那样，我们在讨论青年问题时，有许多挑战必须解决。《千年发展目标》含有许多影响青年的挑战。我谨提及千年发展目标3：促进两性平等和增强妇女权能，因为这一目标贯穿于各领域。", "广大青年往往生活在不公正条件下，但女青年的处境最为困难。妇女是实现千年发展目标必不可少的基本力量，而且往往是目标得不到实现时受影响最严重的群体。如果我们注重实现妇女进步和真正平等，我们就会在实现所有其他千年发展目标方面取得成果。保障妇女权益的工作必须与正式承认青年权益同步进行，非洲和伊比利亚-美洲等地区就是这样做的。", "最后，我愿重申西班牙致力于提高青年的生活质量，再次祝贺参与这一事业的所有利益攸关方，并希望我们将继续就这个重要问题开展工作。", "最后，我愿向最近遭遇悲剧的挪威人民表示慰问。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请赞比亚体育、青年与儿童发展部常务秘书Teddy Mulonga先生发言。", "Mulonga先生(赞比亚)(以英语发言)：赞比亚政府及人民向发生悲惨事件导致包括青年在内生命损失的挪威政府及人民表示慰问。我们同情受害者及其家属，并为他们祈祷。", "赞比亚很高兴参加本次主题为“青年：对话和相互了解”的重要高级别会议，它为我们提供了一个就青年面临的各种挑战分享看法和交流意见的机会。", "在这方面，我国代表团赞同阿根廷代表以77国集团加中国名义、卢旺达代表以非洲联盟名义以及纳米比亚代表以南部非洲发展共同体名义所作的发言。", "赞比亚政府认为，青年是可持续发展的基础。因此，必须开发并利用青年人力资本，以培养使青年成长为社会有用之人所必需的资本。政府为此制定了注重增强青年权能和投资于青年的政策与方案。", "赞比亚68%的人口年龄在35岁以下。与其它地方的青年一样，他们仍面临若干挑战，包括就业机会不足；获取投资资金的机会有限；以及技能培训机会欠缺。", "为应对现有挑战，政府正实施以下方案：采取旨在发展微型和中小型企业部门以创造财富和就业机会的微型和中小型企业发展政策，从而促进青年创业；针对基于性别的暴力颁行全面立法，并订立规程，以促进关于妇女、女童以及艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题的国家行动计划的实施。", "赞比亚政府认识到，非常需要制定面向辍学青年的方案。因此，我们已着手实施了一项有力的青年技能培训与开发方案，通过开办职业培训学校和青年技能资源中心，使青年能够获取生活和职业技能，从而改善生计。", "赞比亚青年在从信贷机构获取资金援助方面面临着诸多挑战。为此，赞比亚政府致力于促进企业发展，以便为青年能够创造财富与就业机会，为此，它成立了青年发展基金。该基金面向青年男女、残疾青年以及那些受艾滋病毒/艾滋病影响的人，为他们提供优惠利率贷款。", "政府再也不能在没有青年参与的情况下制定涉及青年问题的发展议程。为此，赞比亚设立了省级青年理事会(indabas)，并任命青年进入各种决策机构。这被证明是一种让青年参与国家发展的有效办法。", "显然，尽管在处理青年问题方面取得了进展，但是仍有大量工作有待完成。重要的是，国际社会要处理影响青年的关键领域，其中包括成立一个专门负责青年事务的联合国机构，以便更多地关注青年问题；优先处理教育、保健和就业问题，并优先为青年方案分配资源；以及强化各级政府架构，以加强青年方案的执行工作。", "我愿重申，我们的未来取决于我们能否找到适当的干预办法，以处理影响到青年的各种挑战。我们希望本次高级别会议会强化我们先前对青年发展议程所作的承诺，并确保为此分配所需资源。我们希望，我们通过的成果文件(第65/312号决议)将进一步激励我们为实现我们的共同目标而努力。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请印度尼西亚青年代表伊曼·奥斯曼先生发言。", "奥斯曼先生(印度尼西亚)(以英语发言)：主席先生，首先请允许我代表我国政府及人民特别是青年说，我们与挪威人民及政府一样，对上周发生的造成许多挪威青年才俊丧生的罪恶恐怖行径，深感悲痛与痛苦。我们愿向蒙受悲惨损失的挪威政府、人民以及受害者亲属转达我们的深切同情与慰问。", "首先，印度尼西亚愿赞同阿根廷以77国集团加中国名义所作的发言。", "今年早些时候，联合国人口委员会的报告指出，世界人口现已逼近70亿。我愿强调的是，这些人口中将近一半不到25岁。这一现实不仅意味着巨大潜力，也意味着多重挑战。鉴于有关数字，这些挑战直接关系到世界是否有能力维系人类生命。地球上的可用资源能够为我们每个人都提供更多繁荣吗？", "在我们今天在此汇聚之际，我们被提醒注意，今天青年在发挥其潜能方面面临着饥饿、贫困、毒品犯罪、武装冲突以及外国占领等各种障碍。在这一背景下，我们必须加强合作，以处理世界各地青年面临的这些挑战。", "因此，本次历史性的高级别会议是及时和至关重要的，因为每个社会的近期未来都与青年有关。他们是世界各种文化、传统与规范的守护者，也是推动全球变革的动力。他们作为未来的领袖拥有无穷的能量与潜力。", "印度尼西亚人口中有四分之一是青年。他们始终并将继续在我国历史中发挥重要作用。正是印度尼西亚的青年塑造了我国的民族特性，也正是他们在1990年代末启动了我们迈向民主与政治变革的历程。", "我们认为，青年就业与创业将有助于消除贫困。因此，我们需要在寻求减少青年失业的进程中携手合作。我们必须投资于为他们提供工作机会的各个部门。我们还必须努力建设一个全球青年就业网络。", "本着这一精神，印度尼西亚将不遗余力地促进青年在发展领域发挥作用并做出贡献。我们认为，教育对于使青年具备塑造并掌控未来的能力至关重要。印度尼西亚将继续努力实现为青年提供良好教育的目标。", "作为我们区域和全球承诺的一部分，我们一直在主办关于青年问题的区域或国际性会议，以提高认识，并在青年中促进文化多样性、对话以及相互了解。印度尼西亚作为东南亚国家联盟(东盟)2011年的主席国，决心使东盟成为一个更加以人为本、青年充分参与的组织。", "保障青年发展的首要责任在于每个国家。但是，国家努力取得成功的关键要素之一在于国际合作。各国际利益攸关方之间的合作对于推动各参与国的青年方案至关重要。通过合作，各国可以交流有关最佳做法和经验教训的信息，并强化对青年方案的积极支持。", "在这一背景下，我们今天通过的成果文件(第65/312号决议)应鼓励我们所有人不仅重申坚决致力于实现为所有人建设一个更加美好世界的共同目标，而且为使青年拥有更光明前景做出切实贡献。", "最后，我谨强调，我们同步采取政策与行动非常重要，这样我们才能更好地将我们的共同承诺转化为具体行动，造福子孙后代。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请欧洲联盟常驻观察员发言。", "塞拉诺先生(欧洲联盟)(以英语发言)：我非常荣幸地代表欧洲联盟及其成员国发言。候选国土耳其、克罗地亚、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、黑山和冰岛，参与稳定与结盟进程的可能的候选国阿尔巴尼亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那和塞尔维亚，以及乌克兰、摩尔多瓦共和国和格鲁吉亚都赞同本发言。", "为了节省时间，我将作简略发言。", "看到来自世界各地这么多的青年和高级别代表今天在这里共聚一堂，下定决心改善全世界青年人的状况，并且为他们开辟更多途径来构筑他们自己和我们共同的未来，这令人感到鼓舞。正如在我之前发言的许多人已经指出的那样，有太多青年男女生活在贫困中，健康状况不佳，缺乏基本教育和就业机会，并且没有真正的机会来构筑他们自己的生活和社会。有鉴于此，在本次青年问题高级别会议上，我们必须重申我们对投资于青年男女和赋予他们权能的承诺。", "欧洲联盟欣见，本次高级别会议的成果文件(第65/312号决议)坚定地重申《世界青年行动纲领》，并且呼吁在地方、国家、区域和国际各级执行《纲领》。我们还认为，交流最佳做法最有利于我们推动青年事业，特别是贫困和被边缘化青年事业的共同利益。", "与这个领域的国际态势齐头并进的是，欧洲联盟及其成员国逐步制订了针对青年的具体政策，并且在2009年通过了一项专门的青年战略。欧洲联盟的青年战略以许多关键原则为指导，特别是，该领域的合作应当以普遍和不可分割的国际人权体系为坚实基础这一原则，这一原则在联合国范畴内同样有效。青年充分享受所有人权和基本自由是有效执行《世界青年行动纲领》不可或缺的一部分。欧盟及其成员国还致力于以研究为基础作出决策，并且在每年两次与青年和青年组织进行的有规划对话中征求青年人的意见。", "为了给青年创造更多的公平机会，我们制定了许多专门方案和实用工具。例如，“青年在行动方案”的目的是在欧洲青年中鼓励积极的公民感、团结和容忍。这个方案促进流动、非正规学习、青年工作、志愿者工作、文化间对话和包容。确立优先行动领域——“世界中的青年”——的目的在于支持青年参与应对气候变化和实现千年发展目标等全球举措并作出贡献。这是欧洲联盟理事会主席国波兰的一个重要议程项目。", "成功开展的青年方案跨越了欧洲联盟的边界。“伊拉斯谟世界计划”是欧盟“伊拉斯谟计划”在全球范围的延伸，其目的是通过奖学金和学术合作来提高高等教育的质量。除这些具体方案外，我们在我们的一般性合作和对话中也越来越重视青年问题。在欧盟及其成员国的支持下，我们的伙伴开展的许多发展活动给青年人带来裨益。我们还推动把青年妇女和女孩作为平等伙伴纳入发展进程中，因为这样做在克服两性不平衡现象和促进两性平等方面至关重要。", "最后，请允许我赞扬本次会议把青年的参与作为侧重点。我们大家不仅需要给青年发言权，还需要让青年和由青年领导的组织能够参与制订、执行和后续落实与青年有关的政策。因此，我们鼓励会员国把青年代表包括到他们出席联合国相关会议的代表团中。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请日本代表发言。", "儿玉先生(日本)(以英语发言)：我谨感谢大会主席约瑟夫·戴斯先生倡议举行本次会议。", "首先，我要向挪威政府和人民以及上周五爆炸和枪击事件受害者的家人表示日本最深切的慰问，那次事件夺走了许多年轻人的宝贵生命。", "今年3月日本东部地区遭受的地震和海啸灾难导致了巨大的人员和物质损失。请允许我再次向国际社会给予的所有帮助和声援表示感谢。我要借此机会报告一个令人鼓舞的情况：许多青年已经自告奋勇，帮助重建他们被摧毁的社区。", "今天的青年是我们的未来。我们期望他们解决我们留下的未解决的挑战。因此，我们有责任应对今天青年面临的挑战，并且为后世子孙改善状况。请允许我谈一谈今天的青年人面临的一些挑战以及国际社会应当解决的问题。", "第一，我们重申《世界青年行动纲领》。我们强调必须执行《纲领》，并且实现包括千年发展目标在内的国际商定发展目标。", "第二，我们认为，我们必须增强青年人对社会的参与。在国际层面，日本政府一直在开展若干交流项目，包括诸如海外学习项目等多边活动以及诸如家庭寄宿项目和国际讨论项目等双边活动，这些活动使来自各个国家的青年和日本青年能够会面并且共同生活和工作，从而加强日本青年与全球社会之间的相互理解。在国家层面，日本为青年参与其社区内的志愿活动创造了机会。", "第三，消除贫困是日本官方发展援助的一个优先事项。我们尤其认识到女孩和青年妇女的脆弱性。在这方面，我强调解决青年失业问题的重要性，这个问题不仅对于建设和平与发展，而且对于维持世界上每一个国家的社会稳定都至关重要。就像我们在近期中东和北非所谓“阿拉伯之春”的事态发展中看到的那样，我们应当提醒自己，就业能产生一种安全感和自豪感，使青年能够作为社会的完全成员开始生活。", "考虑到我们有责任确保全世界所有青年的就业，我们日本支持实现人和社会的发展，并且支持在发展中国家增加就业和实现可持续经济增长。日本官方发展援助的基本政策强调每一个人的人的安全。因此，日本正在通过双边渠道和联合国人的安全信托基金提供援助。", "最后，我国代表团要感谢共同协调人坚持不懈地协调本次会议的成果文件(第65/312号决议)。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请奥地利代表发言。", "迈尔-哈廷先生(奥地利)(以英语发言)：首先，请允许我就最近几天来挪威政府和人民遭受的可怕灾难向他们表示我深切的慰问，这场灾难导致许多力求对话和相互理解的青年丧生。", "主席先生，我也要感谢你给予我和我国信任，任命我担任本次重要的青年问题高级别会议成果文件(第65/312号决议)谈判进程的共同协调人。我也要感谢和我一起担任协调人的我的朋友、贝宁大使让-弗朗西斯·雷吉斯·津苏在整个进程中给予的出色合作以及秘书处提供的巨大支持。不过，今天以协商一致方式通过的这份文件所取得的成果并不是共同协调人而是会员国努力的结果，而且，如果不是这么多代表团抱着执着精神和建设性态度，就不可能取得这一成果。", "在成果文件中，国际社会以一个声音论述了影响青年的重大问题，比如性别平等、教育(包括人权教育)、就业、健康(包括性健康和生殖健康)、武装冲突、信息和通信技术、移徙、防范各种形式暴力以及环境等等。该文件借鉴并巩固了现有的成果，特别是重申了《世界青年行动纲领》，并且呼吁会员国继续在各个层面上执行该行动纲领。该文件还促使各方对如何更有效地应对挑战作进一步的思考，这些挑战阻碍了青年的发展和前瞻性的参与活动。", "本次高级别会议的主题“青年：对话和相互了解”在奥地利的国内政策中，尤其是在我们采取的注重提倡宽容、融合、两性平等和人权教育的举措中，起着核心作用。我们在不同文明联盟范围内的活动中特别强调青年和妇女，而且我们已经并将继续举办这方面的一些重要活动。我们目前正在筹备第二次阿拉伯-欧洲青年领袖论坛，我们将继续采取这种办法。", "本次重要会议的一个信息应当是非常明确的——没有青年的参加就不可能为青年做任何事。正如成果文件重申的那样，青年充分和有效地参与各级决策进程，是我们希望为其所做一切的关键所在。任何旨在改善青年状况的有意义的对话和政策，也需要充分尊重人权和基本自由。为此，各国政府承担着首要责任。", "全世界的青年运动清楚地表明，阻碍青年发展的多数障碍的根源就是不尊重和侵犯青年、特别是女童和女青年以及被边缘化或弱势群体中的青年的人权。不应失去本次高级别会议提供的理解和满足青年的愿望和要求的机会。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请高级别会议圆桌会议的共同主席作总结。我首先请第一专题小组共同主席、印度青年事务部长Ajay Maken先生阁下发言。", "Maken先生(印度)(以英语发言)：我要简单介绍昨天第一小组在我的共同主持下所进行的讨论。在这方面，我要赞赏并感谢墨西哥国家青年研究所所长米格尔·安赫尔·卡雷昂·桑切斯先生同我一道主持讨论。", "小组讨论的重点是加强青年事务上的国际合作，并增进对话、相互了解和青年的积极参与，这些是实现社会融合、就业和消除贫困的努力中不可缺少的因素。", "我们不仅同会员国的代表，而且还同民间社会组织的几位年轻人进行了非常富有成效的互动。我们非常感谢他们活跃的参与和宝贵的投入。大家普遍同意，我们大家需要在青年发展问题上进行更多的协调一致国际合作。", "请允许我强调在小组讨论中提出的获得各位发言者普遍支持的一些突出的见解。各国政府极其需要通过与其他相关利益攸关者密切协调，把青年问题进一步纳入国家发展议程。在这方面，国际合作的作用是非常重要的。", "各方一致认为，促进对话对于全世界青年、政府和其他利益攸关者之间的相互了解是至关重要的。关键的任务是确保把青年充分纳入社会、经济和政治生活。没有青年的充分参加，就不可能实现国际商定的发展目标，包括千年发展目标。为了加强青年的参与，必须让青年和青年组织作为正式伙伴参加决策进程。", "此外也有必要建立真正的机制，使青年能够积极参与政策和方案的制定、执行和评估。这也包括在青年、其国家政府和其他相关决策者之间建立有效的合作、对话和信息交流渠道。", "如果不解决青年面临的发展挑战，包括社会排斥、失业、就业不足、缺乏像样的工作机会、贫困和缺乏技能，青年就不可能进行充分的参与。必须努力改善教育质量，促进教育机会，包括获得非正规教育和保健服务的机会。", "青年为了更好地融入社会，必须获得能力和技能。新技术大有可为，而青年人善于利用它们。获得这些技术是重要的。必须向所有青年更广泛地提供信息和通信技术，以便弥补数字鸿沟。", "今天的青年必须能够受益于全球化的积极效应。国际移徙问题是这方面的一个关键组成部分。各国际论坛应当在青年跨界自由通行的范畴内更多地探讨这个问题。", "尽管许多问题是所有青年共有的，但是最弱势青年，包括残疾者、土著青年、移民青年和年轻妇女，面临额外的挑战和多种形式的歧视。也必须解决青少年的独特需求。必须作出有针对性的努力，同所有脆弱青年进行接触，确保他们的充分参与。", "法律和政策应当为青年的参与创造有利的环境。方案活动的重点应当是增强他们的权能以及包容他们，不仅仅是同他们协商。应当在所有各级深化这些方面的工作，注重青年在社区和地方一级的参与，他们在这方面可以提出许多高质量的意见，并能增加技能和经验，使他们能够更有意义地进行参与，发挥更大的社会和经济作用。", "我们需要在媒体和其他外联机制中提供更多的空间，展示青年更积极的形象和他们创造性的观点、才智上的贡献和参与社会积极变革的能力。我们也应当强调青年同其家人、社区、教育机构、青年组织和工作环境保持牢固联系这一积极美德，以帮助他们顺利地进入成年。", "由于时间限制，我们无法完美无缺地总结昨天小组讨论的情况。但是，我在总结中设法突出要点。我确信，会员国和青年组织将能够从今天早些时候获得通过的本次高级别会议成果文件(第65/312号决议)的角度，来看待这一总结。", "主席(以法语发言)：我现在请第二专题小组共同主席、加纳青年和体育部长克莱门特·科菲·胡马多先生阁下发言。", "胡马多先生(加纳)(以英语发言)：主席先生，我感谢你让我宣读共同主席对第二专题小组的讨论的总结。我以我本人和另一位共同主席、卢森堡大公国副首相兼外交大臣让·阿瑟伯恩先生阁下的名义作这一发言。", "首先，我谨强调，这次发言并不是对发言者提出的所有问题的全面总结，而是对所提出的要点进行的小结。在这方面，我们要感谢所有与会者。我们非常感谢他们的积极参与和宝贵投入。", "第二专题小组的讨论力求研究青年发展所面临的挑战，并确定消除贫困、创造就业机会及实现可持续发展的机遇。指出的关键问题如下：许多青年、特别是生活在发展中国家的青年，继续面临贫困；缺乏受教育、获得保健和其他基本服务的机会；失业和就业不足。青年发展至关重要。必须通过有效的跨部门政策和方案处理这个问题。这种政策和方案需要所有相关利益攸关方之间建立战略和协调伙伴关系。", "青年贫困是一个严重的全球问题。生活贫困的青年更有可能面临阻碍上学和培养技能的因素。这些因素对生计和把握机会的能力产生长期负面影响。满足青年需要、为青年提供生活技能以及有效促使青年为劳动力市场做好准备的优质教育，将把青年造就成为具有批判眼光的思想者和创造性解决问题者。我们必须作出进一步努力来调整我们的教育系统，使之适应目前劳动力市场现实。", "必须为符合劳动力市场现实的职业培训和技能培养方案提供更大的国家和国际支助。教育还应当促进社会和政治参与价值观。在这方面，许多发言者指出，加强由青年领导的组织，以促进青年同他人接触，并提高青年能力，使他们能够学会如何代表自己和他人，是发扬民主的关键因素。", "应当注重教育女孩和年轻妇女。这被许多人视为政府能够为促进发展作出的一项最重要努力。不仅必须使女孩和年轻妇女能够上学，而且还必须确保她们有机会参与学校的工作、在学校感到安全，以及呆在学校。", "太多青年仍然失业或就业不足，或被迫从事危险、工资低或非生产性工作。这种工作几乎无助于改进他们的技能和前景。获得体面工作对于青年发展来说至关重要。必须通过帮助青年培养新技能，获得新知识和新能力，为青年创造有意义的就业机会。", "促进青年充分和生产性就业可促进国家发展。消除贫困，实现社会融合和可持续发展，是获得这种就业的第一步的组成部分。在这方面，许多发言者提到，必须对青年移民的具体需要以及年轻妇女予以特别关注。", "必须采取注重增加包容性就业机会和改进可雇用性的有针对性、统筹兼顾的国家青年就业政策来处理目前青年失业率高的问题。必须采取就业挂帅的经济增长的跨部门宏观经济政策来增加就业机会。制定这种政策时必须同时注意财政、社会福利和环境保护等问题。应当通过包括政府、私营部门和包括由青年领导的组织在内的民间社会组织的代表的三方伙伴关系制定、执行和评估这种政策。", "冲突期间，获得教育、保健和信息等基本服务必须仍然是一个优先事项。必须努力确保有关结构和机构在任何时候，包括在冲突期间，都保障青年发展。宏观经济政策必须具备可持续性，所有利益攸关方都必须努力支持可持续发展。投资为青年创造绿色就业机会至关重要，能够促进消除贫困和创造就业机会。青年必须居于发展的中心。让青年组织参与更广泛的向绿色经济过渡至关重要。", "尽管许多会员国和政府间机构为把青年纳入决策进程作出值得称赞的努力，但仍可以作出更多努力，特别是通过确保将青年视为发展的促进者而不光是方案的受益者这样做。", "最后，我要指出，我们必须对我们青年的未来感到乐观。如果我们能够掌握主动和采取必要行动，青年发展机遇便比比皆是。青年参与意味着挑战长期传统。这可能意味着要冒一定程度的风险，但最近发生的事件表明，变革是必要的。", "主席(以法语发言)：我们听取了本次会议最后一位发言者的发言。", "今天和昨天，我们举行了紧张的辩论。我感谢所有这些辩论的参加者，特别是参与我们工作的青年。我还呼吁所有会员国作出一切可能的努力，尽快促进成果文件(第65/312号决议)。", "下午6时10分散会。" ]

[ "主席: 戴斯先生 (瑞士)", "下午3时05分宣布开会。", "议程项目27(续)", "青年问题高级别会议", "社会发展", "(b) 社会发展,包括有关世界社会状况和有关青年、老龄、残疾人和家庭的问题", "决议草案(A/65/L.87)", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请德国代表发言,他将同一名青年代表发言。", "弗里斯-盖尔女士(德国): 我谨代表德意志联邦共和国发言。 德国赞同将代表欧洲联盟作的发言。", "弗里泽女士(德国): 首先让我借此机会向挪威政府和人民表示最深切的慰问。", "我将介绍生活在德国的青年所宣布的两个关键点——第一,青年充分而有效地参与,第二,移民和青年问题在国际议程上。", "在过去几个月里,我的同事和我在我国各地旅行了数千公里去会见不同背景的年轻人。 进行了许多富有成效的对话和讨论,使我们能够收集他们的看法、想法和信仰。", "虽然对话是国际青年年的主题之一,但我们感到遗憾的是,国际青年年的框架没有充分利用其长期影响的潜力。 本次高级别会议是又一次仅仅讨论青年问题的会议。 然而,问题仍然是:年轻人是否真正参与了谈判?", "如成果文件(第65/312号决议)所述,在注重青年的最佳利益时,政治家必须让青年作为平等伙伴和各级主要利益攸关方参与。 因此,青年参与意味着超越对话。 青年参与整个决策进程,首先是界定相关问题,最后是执行和评价政策。", "作为一个适当的工具,我想提及所谓有条理的对话的富有成效的进程。 这一举措是在欧洲青年领域合作新框架内发起的。 明确的指标有助于青年人确保他们与决策者之间的协议得到落实和监测。 然而,《世界青年行动纲领》中仍然缺少可衡量的指标,因此应当加以综合。", "人们还可以说,民主是在实践中学习的。 例如,参加学校的首先是提名班级代表,由青年领导的组织负责。 德国支持这些倡议,促进地方、区域和国家青年理事会的可持续倡议。 此外,联合国青年代表方案是青年参与的有效途径,我敦促所有国家将这些方案纳入其中。", "青年人拥有共同的潜力、创造力和力量来为其社会作贡献。 我们在这个世界上拥有的最大资源是青年的发展技能。 然而,对于一些年轻人来说,移徙是绝望的结果,在东非就可以看到这种情况。 因此,我敦促所有会员国将青年和移徙问题纳入联合国议程。 给予青年人承担责任、赋予他们权力和让他们参与的机会,不仅仅是一项投资,其本身是一种价值。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请瑞典代表发言,他将同一名青年代表发言。", "布尔格斯塔列尔女士(瑞典)(以英语发言):瑞典欢迎本次高级别会议使我们有机会强调对青年男女进行投资并赋予其权力的重要性。", "瑞典赞同欧洲联盟代表的发言。", "我将与瑞典青年组织全国委员会任命的瑞典青年代表马林·约翰松一起发言。 她将以个人身份发言。", "首先,我要同其他国家一道,在上星期五发生可怕事件后,向挪威的邻国表示最深切的同情。 我们与他们同在。 这些针对政府和年轻人的恐怖行为是对开放和民主社会的直接攻击。 这是不可接受的,我们将声援我们的挪威朋友保护我们如此坚信的价值观。", "青年男女凭借其知识、经验和参与,可以为和平和可持续发展作出巨大贡献。 但并非所有年轻人都有同样的可能性。 因此,我们需要加强我们的决心,确保充分尊重所有国家所有青年男女参与、教育、体面工作和健康等普遍和不可剥夺的权利。", "我认为,本次高级别会议已经表明,我们大家都准备同青年人一道并为他们而努力。 让我们在对话和相互理解的文化中这样做,并以《世界青年行动纲领》为出发点。", "约翰松女士(瑞典): 我叫马林·约翰森 我被瑞典青年组织全国委员会选举为青年代表。", "我也要向我们的挪威邻国表示最深切的慰问和同情。 我怀念在乌托亚的所有年轻人以及失去亲人的所有家人和朋友。", "对话和相互理解必须战胜无知和残暴。 在这样的时刻,感觉比任何时候都重要. 作为一个年轻人,我非常欢迎本次高级别会议的主题。 对话和相互理解始终是取得进展的关键因素。", "与此同时,仅仅说话是不够的。 我们需要采取具体行动来取得进展。 现在应该由会员国、决策者证明,这不仅仅是他们一方的谈话,他们确实打算采取具体行动。 这意味着,除其他外,执行大会通过的《世界青年行动纲领》。", "在谈判本次会议成果文件时,对《行动纲领》进行了一些讨论。 我们坚信,该方案是开展工作的良好基础。 今后对《纲领》的任何修订都必须先对《纲领》进行彻底评价,同青年和青年组织进行深入对话,并在会员国内部和会员国之间有充分时间进行讨论。 然而,在此之前,执行《纲领》必须仍然是所有会员国的优先事项,实现千年发展目标也必须如此。", "如前所述,人权是普遍的,适用于每个人,无论在任何地方,在任何时候都无一例外。 人权必须成为制定青年政策的基础。", "一项基本权利是参与,作为一名残疾青年,这种参与非常贴近我的心。 今天,无论有无残疾,许多青年人始终面临边缘化和被排斥。 每个人,不论其残疾、年龄、族裔、宗教或信仰、性取向、性别、性别认同或性别表达如何,都应享有同等的权利和同等参与机会。 更有甚者,青年的参与必须是真实的,而不仅仅是象征性的。", "青年的参与必须渗透到政治的各个层面。 青年观点只能由青年人自己表达,因此,青年领导的组织对实现青年参与至关重要。 因此,必须加强和鼓励青年领导的组织。", "青年人的参与、影响和权力工作不能止于国界,这一点至关重要。 青年还必须通过青年组织参与、影响和掌握国际舞台的权力。", "正因为如此,我感到遗憾的是,今天出席这次会议的年轻人如此之少,特别是因为这是一次关于青年的会议。 我们有权以我们的全部潜力、创造力和力量在这里和现在作出贡献。 年轻人只是未来的未来,而中年人就是过去。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请海地总统特别代表丹尼尔·苏皮斯先生阁下发言。", "苏皮斯先生(海地)(以法语发言): 我荣幸地以海地共和国新当选总统特别顾问米歇尔·约瑟夫·马尔泰利先生阁下的身份并代表海地全体人民发言。", "本次高级别会议的召开表明了会员国的建设性愿望,即致力于为寻求和平、安全、健康和知识的全球青年的和谐发展创造一个更安全和稳定的环境。 在这方面,海地只能欢迎这种倡议并祝贺结果文件的共同主席和主持人,他们为青年人提供了宝贵的工具,使用这种工具是值得的。", "海地代表团赞同77国集团加中国主席阿根廷代表将作的发言以及苏里南代表代表加勒比共同体(加共体)成员国作的发言(见A/65/PV.111)。", "2011年5月26日,共和国总统在启动国家教育基金时宣布,他为海地儿童带来了好消息,启动了一个跨部门联合会,以资助他们的教育。 该宣言确认了国家行动的支柱之一,即向那些因为缺乏上学手段而从未有机会上学的人提供免费初级教育。", "在一个超过一半人口不到21岁的国家,教育是能够保障青年人更美好未来的部门之一,5月14日的政府对此已经了解。 因此,政府正在协调国家和国际利益攸关方的活动,以制定一个法律和体制框架,保障青年人的社会经济融合,使他们远离毒品、有组织犯罪和卖淫的诱惑。 创造有利于希望和机会的条件至关重要。", "我有幸率领的海地代表团认为,国际合作对于消除剥削和使用童工至关重要,因为剥削和使用童工违反了所有道德和道德标准。 海地敦促会员国加强努力,不仅起草法律文本,而且首先是确保法律文本得到实施。", "海地共和国代表团认识到,世界各地的青年是可持续发展、社会进步和技术革新的关键人力资源。 因此,应当欢迎和赞赏它们对地方、国家和区域发展的贡献。 海地代表团认为,重建持久的社会保护环境和发展青年的精神应继续激励所有国家采取行动,以保障更好的生存、发展和有效保护。", "最后,我要为纪念2011年7月22日星期五在奥斯陆中部发生的卑鄙袭击和随后在乌托亚岛发生的杀戮事件的受害者而祈祷,这些袭击给死者家属造成了如此多的痛苦和苦难。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请安哥拉青年部副部长亚巴·佩德罗·阿尔韦托先生阁下发言。", "阿尔韦托先生(安哥拉)(以葡萄牙语发言;英文本由代表团提供): 首先,安哥拉政府想向挪威人民转达我们对该国最近生命损失的最深切慰问。", "本次会议正在讨论的问题表明了国际社会对青年所面临问题的关切,这些问题需要会员国特别注意,以确保青年的可持续福祉。", "与非洲大陆其他地区一样,安哥拉的人口主要是年轻人。 就我国而言,40%以上的人口不到30岁。", "关于青年,2005年,政府通过了一项青年支助执行计划,旨在解决青年在住房、技术和职业培训、就业、社会和补贴信贷以及促进青年企业家等方面最基本的社会愿望。 在评估了该计划头五年的执行情况之后,起草了国家青年政策提案。", "在分析作为本次会议主题的宣言时,我们认为,有关青年的事项应当纳入联合国的立场,特别是在以下领域。 联合国专门机构应处理与青年有关的问题,联合国少年法庭也应设立,以协调大会有关青年的问题。 应鼓励青年工作的专业化。 应审查和调整《世界青年行动纲领》,特别是其执行、监测和评价机制。 应加强联合国同适当的国家、次区域和大陆青年机构的合作。 最后,我们应该建立机制,监测和评价本次会议所通过宣言(第65/312号决议)的执行情况。", "我们代表安哥拉代表团和青年,欢迎有机会参加这个关于青年问题和青年之间对话的论坛。 我们认为,通过每个人的努力,我们能够实现我们确定的目标。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请罗马尼亚副国务秘书兼国家体育和青年局副主席索林·摩尔多瓦先生阁下发言。", "摩尔多瓦先生(罗马尼亚): 请允许我代表罗马尼亚人民就7月22日星期五的悲惨事件向挪威的遇难者表示最深切的哀悼,这些事件夺走了这么多无辜者的生命。 由于这一可鄙的仇恨行为的主要受害者是青年,或许是一个国家的未来领导人,悲剧给本次会议带来了更紧迫的感觉。", "值此以“对话与相互了解”为主题的以国际青年年为主题的特别时期,我非常高兴和荣幸地来到联合国,与此同时,我们正在庆祝自1985年第一个国际青年年以来以“参与、发展、和平”为主题的25年。", "我们大家现在都有机会作为来自不同大陆和文化的代表一起来到这里,我们必须认识到,这次会议应是一个转折点,以巩固关于如何应对青年在当今全球化世界所面临挑战的共同观点。", "2007年修订的《世界青年行动纲领》被描述为青年政策和方案的全球蓝图。 它确定了需要持续和重要努力的15个优先领域。 我们今天所生活的世界需要这些努力。 由全球金融危机、不确定性和新出现的冲突组成的复杂组合影响到我们自己的生活方式。 我们需要面对现实并承认这样一个事实,即青年人在危机时期特别脆弱。", "我今天在这里既是罗马尼亚青年的代表,也是我国致力于在政府最高决策层促进青年参与有关青年事务的一个象征。 从这一立场出发,我现在是并将坚定地支持采取行动和为青年提供机会的想法,因为今天的青年是明天的主要资源。", "我们生活在一个迅速增长的全球社会中,各国之间的联系日益加强和复杂,我坚信,这给今天的青年带来的挑战不是额外的,而是独特的机会。 流动使青年人能够对其他文化和社会形成更好的理解感,培养容忍和平衡。 从这一点出发,我认为我们有理由感到乐观,因为来自世界受挑战地区的越来越多的年轻人现在受益于全球化的成果。", "全球社会及其固有的流动性使青年个人有可能在各个领域得到更好的培训,对他们适应当今充满活力的全球劳动力市场日益复杂的要求的总体能力作出了重大贡献。 另一方面,我们不应灰心丧气地支持促进、引进和促进青年获得信息和通信技术的费用,这是我们日益相互依存的全球社会中不可否认的关键因素。", "世界各地的青年组织是一种财富,我们会员国需要继续支持非政府部门,将其作为有效促进人权、基本自由和容忍的一个关键因素。 良好的民主生活的关键是对话。 因此,我们需要支持同民间社会的合作,并找出解决青年人、特别是处境最不利的青年人需要的最佳渠道。", "会员国还需要注重制定协调一致的国家青年政策,考虑到全球化进程的现状及其对世界不同地区青年的影响。", "联合国各实体、国家青年机构和各国政府肩负着一项关键的责任,即制定或改进现有方案并为实现国家和区域目标增加财政支助。", "作为我国最近在履行其有关青年的承诺方面采取的具体行动的一个简单例子,我将仅提及今年通过的立法倡议,该倡议特别旨在鼓励和促进青年人建立中小型公司。 通过这一措施,政府力求让更多的青年参与私营部门,特别是在经济困难时期,因为在这一时期,全社会都必须积极参与强劲而可持续的经济复苏。", "此外,我要指出,在罗马尼亚,联合国青年代表方案正由专门机构——国家体育和青年管理局进行协调。 我们承担这一责任时牢记,青年人必须有机会深入了解作出全球高级别决定的方式。 因此,我们鼓励其他会员国支持这一方案,作为青年参与民主生活的基本工具。", "大会第六十五届会议关于“对话与相互了解”主题的青年问题高级别会议宣言(第65/312号决议)的通过是一个成功,使我们能够希望明天将成为我们所代表的青年更美好的日子。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请卢旺达青年、体育和文化部长米塔利·普罗泰斯先生阁下发言,他也将代表非洲国家发言。", "普罗泰斯先生(卢旺达): 请允许我代表卢旺达共和国政府并代表非洲集团和非洲联盟主管青年事务的部长会议,就挪威人民遭受的悲剧向挪威人民表示诚挚的慰问,这场悲剧导致许多人丧生。", "我荣幸地代表非洲集团发言,非洲集团也赞同将以77国集团和中国的名义作的发言。", "对话和相互协议始终是个人与最古老社会保持良好关系的基础。 如今,随着过去几十年中所有通信和技术设施的发展,青年人之间的长途对话大大增加,从而缩小了世界的规模,同时扩大了世界提供的机会。 然而,并不是世界上所有青年都从这种对话中受益,因为这些国家,包括非洲大陆大部分地区的发展面临许多挑战。", "在分析如何使青年融入本国发展的意愿的推动下,并鉴于青年在社区蓬勃发展所作出的贡献,非洲各国元首在大会期间已作出决定,向包括青年在内的本国人民提供信息和通信技术,使他们能够加强对话和交流,同世界各地其他青年分享经验。", "除其他外,这些决定涉及加强国家方案和区域合作以促进发展、通过宽带连接基础设施、部署区域互联网交换点、在技术中立、不歧视和开放准入的原则基础上改善农村部门的连通性,以支持PIDA,并与运输和能源部门发挥协同作用。", "非洲国家元首还决定制定方案和行动,以获得通信和信息技术方面的基本能力并增强能力,特别是国家和区域标准化机构的能力。", "在非洲大陆一级也正在作出其他努力,例如普及教育、赋予女孩和青年妇女权力、提高青年对防治艾滋病毒/艾滋病和毒品的认识以及使直接参与武装冲突的青年复员并恢复社会经济。", "然而,世界、特别是非洲大陆的青年所面临的一项重大挑战是必须确立。 有可能找到工作的人反对就业不足和这种工作条件的不体面。 它极大地影响了他们的健康和产出。 因此,我们建议对青年就业全球战略进行分析,以了解如何同我们一道努力,最大限度地扩大向他们提供就业和体面工作条件的途径。", "这些努力不应局限于国家或区域一级。 如果在全球一级处理所有青年人所面临挑战的问题,各国的共同努力将能够消除其中的许多挑战。 这将有助于以各种方式实现《联合国宪章》的某些目标,例如维持和平和千年发展目标,这些目标也列入《世界青年行动纲领》。", "世界总是变了,变化总是由新一代带来. 因此,应建立青年组织,引导他们的理想和愿望,使他们有可能同他们的长辈交流,从而促进他们国家的社会经济和文化发展。", "为了加强这种对话,非洲国家元首在“加速赋予青年权力以促进可持续发展”的主题下举行会议,并决定需要有一个协调或领导联合国机构,以促进青年事务并致力于联合国内的青年发展方案,并需要协调和为会员国内的青年发展倡议筹集资金。 在非洲,我们感到,如果青年在所有机关和机构中的代表性仍然是一项挑战,那么青年的发展和赋权将无法实现。", "一旦各种不同的青年人通过适当渠道充分参与决策,他们将在各自国家和世界为维持和平作出贡献,并为连续性打开大门,而不会在各自的社区发生冲突。", "我们今天作出的决定必须付诸行动并在今后得到评价,因为这些决定很重要,它们为无数青年吹起一股希望之风。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请尼加拉瓜外交部副部长玛丽亚·鲁维亚莱斯·德查莫罗夫人阁下发言。", "鲁维亚莱斯·德查莫罗夫人(尼加拉瓜)(以西班牙语发言): 首先,我们要向挪威人民和政府表示慰问和声援,他们遭受了罪恶攻击,受到我国人民和政府的强烈谴责。", "尼加拉瓜人口近600万。 其中,70%的年龄为29岁或以下. 这是我们今后几年中一个巨大的发展机会,因为我们投资于能力建设和经济发展,首先是教育、培训或积累工作和商业经验,并以劳动力的生命周期和个人职业为基础。", "值得强调的是,大多数工作——58%——是由30岁以下的人完成的。 随着1979年人民桑达尼斯塔革命的胜利,强调了青年参与革命斗争和胜利以及扫盲运动,扫盲率从60%降至12.5%。", "自2007年——我们革命的第二阶段——以来,尼加拉瓜人民一直在确保自己的革命现在和未来,因为他们已经将青年纳入政府为促进人民福祉而制定的社会方案。 因此,我国政府2012-2016年期间计划优先重视确保创造就业和高质量工作的社会和经济政策,特别是针对青年人。 青年人一直在增强自身的能力、进行培训和教育,以便在他们自己或为他们开展的无数活动中走在属于他们的前列。 他们不再仅仅是旁观者,而是成为行动者。", "尼加拉瓜的青年已承担起对社会的承诺,致力于建设现在和未来的青年。 他们果断地参与我国政府所推动的每一项主要方案。 这些方案包括建造住房、城乡学校和体育设施、保健和扫盲日、自然灾害旅、重新造林、促进文化特性、保护地球母亲和支持自然资源养护。 简言之,我国青年站在这一伟大计划和广泛计划的前列,以恢复尼加拉瓜人民、青年和家庭的权利。", "在尼加拉瓜,我们正在经历一场青年革命。 今天,青年是标准的承担者。 他们领导社会方案,支持该国最贫穷的人。 他们将我们的祖国视为地球母亲、自由和革命。 尼加拉瓜认为,每年是青年年。 今年,我们举行了庆祝活动,并将继续为尼加拉瓜革命和人民作进一步的努力并作出更大的承诺。", "我们仍然有需要优先处理的挑战和障碍。 我们必须继续提高就业和工作质量,为年轻人创造更多更好的工作,重点是妇女。 我们必须继续促进和捍卫对青年人人权的遵守,帮助创造各种可能性和条件,使青年成为完全的社会行为者,并充分享受其权利。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请法国国民议会副议员兼外交委员会成员尼科尔·阿梅琳夫人发言。", "阿梅琳夫人(法国)(以法语发言): 我首先代表法国同所有发言者一道,就挪威遭受的悲剧向挪威表示哀悼。", "我要感谢联合国组织了本次青年问题高级别会议,他们经常被遗忘,必须回到社会、经济和政治对话的中心。", "法国赞同将代表欧洲联盟作的发言,并想以本国的名义补充几点意见。", "法国一贯认为青年是发展的基石。 我们特别回顾2005年法国-非洲首脑会议,其主题是“非洲青年——其活力、创造力和愿望”。 当时,来自非洲五个区域的青年第一次能够表达他们的愿望和期望。", "我们相信,青年人的未来首先需要为所有人提供高质量的教育。 在法国,国民教育部的预算占国家预算的最大部分,2010年为21%。 我国是教育发展援助的主要国际捐助者之一,2009年官方援助总额约为15亿欧元。 在支持发展中国家的基础教育的同时,法国还为高等教育提供援助。 今年,法国在其大学中接待了278,000名外国学生,约占学生总数的12%。", "然而,教育作为社会经济和社会发展的基本支柱,必须与专业界的需要直接相联。 为此,法国正在努力创造培训和就业机会。 在此,我想举出两个例子,即马里和科特迪瓦,我的发言案文对此作了说明。", "最后,我提请大会注意年轻女孩的情况,因为我担任消除对妇女一切形式歧视委员会副主席一职,这是我特别关心的问题。", "今天,全世界至少有6亿少女生活在极其脆弱的境况中。 他们在接受教育、早婚和怀孕以及社会和职业不平等方面遇到困难。 识字母亲所生子女在5岁以上生活的机会增加50%。 从小学后教育中受益的妇女获得艾滋病毒/艾滋病信息的可能性是文盲妇女的五倍。 全世界7.92亿文盲中的近三分之二是妇女。 2010年,151名当选国家元首中只有9名是妇女。", "《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》是消除对妇女歧视的一个特别重要的工具。 履行各国对这一框架的承诺是绝对必要的。 我们必须优先重视我们的年轻人,特别是年轻女孩,以创造一个可持续的世界和可持续发展,更加公正和没有贫困。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请南非代表发言。", "隆吉萨先生(南非): 主席先生,首先,我国代表团想感谢你组织这次重要的青年会议。 我国政府非常重视我们社会的这一重要部分。", "我国代表团赞同阿根廷代表将以77国集团和中国的名义作的发言、卢旺达早些时候以非洲集团的名义所作的发言以及纳米比亚以南部非洲发展共同体的名义所作的发言(见A/65/PV.111)。", "我们赞扬联合国宣布以“青年:对话和相互了解”为主题的国际青年年。 这为加强全球青年之间的对话和相互理解,促进青年参与,以及通过应对阻碍青年发展的挑战来增加各国政府和国际社会对青年的投资,提供了一个重要机会。", "青年应被视为变革和发展的推动者。 它们应当站在应对诸如实现千年发展目标等重大社会挑战的前列。 对八项千年发展目标的一一看就会发现,这些目标直接关系到儿童和青年的福祉。 千年发展目标规定需要解决青年发展、就业、产妇保健和减少受艾滋病毒和艾滋病影响的问题。 这表明千年发展目标在许多方面是青年发展目标。", "现在是会员国从承诺转向注重成果的行动的时候了。 我们应该把我们所有的精力都用于青年发展,因为青年是今天的资源和明天的领导人。 我们应该记住,年轻人是社会未来的关键。 他们对于和平、安全、发展和人权的野心、目标和愿望往往符合整个社会的野心、目标和愿望。 中东和北非最近的事态发展表明,青年继续在我们各国民主化方面发挥重要作用。", "南非政府于2009年设立了国家青年发展局,以解决影响青年发展的问题。 该机构的设立表明了南非对青年问题的重视。 该机构促进政府各领域在青年发展事项上的协调。", "上个月,南非于6月16日庆祝了全国青年日,这也标志着1976年6月16日起义的35周年。 这一天继续提醒我们注意青年人在反对种族隔离的斗争中所作的贡献。 我们必须继续承认青年人能够在全球一级对其社区和社会作出的贡献。", "在区域一级,南非已经批准了《非洲青年宪章》。 最近召开的非洲联盟首脑会议的主题是“加速青年发展以促进可持续发展”,在会议期间,非洲领导人商定,国际协作与合作是资助青年发展优先事项的关键因素。 呼吁发展伙伴和所有相关利益攸关方使与青年发展有关的方案与《青年十年行动计划(2009-2008年)》保持一致。", "南非还支持在分区域一级商定的一项提案,即通过设立一个联合国机构,在会员国发起、资助和促进青年发展优先事项来加快青年发展。 之所以发出这一呼吁,是因为需要汇集青年发展资源,以确保产生更大的影响。", "让我们作为会员国集体避免在贫穷的海洋中建立一个成功的岛屿。 我们有关青年发展的干预不仅应当以各国的情况来衡量,而且应当以我们为支持各国青年发展而做出的国际承诺来衡量。", "最后,我要引用已故总统奥利弗·雷吉纳德·坦博的电话,他说,“一个不照顾青年的国家没有前途,不值得有前途”。 在这方面,我们的话应当转化为具体和可衡量的行动,提供所需资源并投资于针对青年发展的方案。", "我们还感到非常高兴的是,联合国会员国宣布7月18日为纳尔逊·曼德拉日,届时,所有人都必须努力为我们在世界各地的社区服务67分钟。 我们在南非庆祝了这一伟大的一天。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请白俄罗斯教科文组织国家委员会主席、白俄罗斯外交部驻外大使弗拉德齐米尔·沙克尼先生阁下发言。", "沙克斯坦尼先生(白俄罗斯)(以俄语发言): 首先,我要向上星期五在挪威发生的恐怖主义袭击的受害者家属和朋友表示我国的衷心慰问和同情。", "白俄罗斯传统有一句谚语说,“在青年时期保持尊严,不会遇到麻烦”。 白俄罗斯政府的青年政策旨在教育青年人对自己和整个社会的未来负责。 2009年通过的一项特别法律认可了这项政策的原则,该法规定保护和落实青年的权利和合法利益;为青年自由和有效参与社会发展创造有利条件;为青年提供社会、物质、法律和其他支持;并赋予青年有关其未来事务的决策权。 在政府青年政策中,国际合作特别重要。 这是白俄罗斯共和国一贯主张在联合国框架内向青年提供支助并发展其潜力的一个原因。", "我们赞扬联合国相关实体积极参与开展各种青年活动,特别是2010年设立联合国青年发展机构间网络,以提高联合国在这一领域活动的效力。 其结果证明,该网络在过去一年中由联合国经济和社会事务部和教科文组织协调。", "然而,在联合国各实体互动的同时,有必要在会员国、青年组织、非政府组织和私营部门的参与下,就青年问题建立全球伙伴关系。 只有所有利益攸关方协同努力,才能在国家和国际两级有效执行青年政策。", "我国欢迎召开这次及时的高级别会议,该会议应探讨全球青年议程上目前的问题。 我们认为,随着国际青年年的结束,现在是审查《世界青年行动纲领》的时候了。 我们需要更新《世界行动纲领》的优先事项,增加诸如移徙、金融和经济危机和人口贩运等问题。 这次会议的成果之一可能是建议大会为青年建立新的全球伙伴关系。 在2010年千年发展目标首脑会议期间,白俄罗斯提议建立题为“帮助未来世代促进者”的全球伙伴关系,重点是通过向有才华的青年人提供支持,投资于未来的全球领导。", "还必须解决青年的社会退化问题,特别是导致对青年产生消极影响的因素,即使在高度发达国家。 我们主张在不久的将来就青年政策在大会举行一次互动式专题讨论会,以继续讨论并创建青年问题国际合作的新框架。", "最后,我要表示我国代表团对以协商一致方式通过本次青年问题高级别会议成果文件(第65/312号决议)感到满意。 白俄罗斯共和国积极参与了决议的谈判,并随时准备执行这一重要战略文件的各项规定。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请美利坚合众国负责全球青年问题的国务秘书特别顾问罗南·法罗先生发言。", "法罗先生(美利坚合众国): 我非常感谢今天来到这里,并参加这次对话,因为我们正面临着一个共同的巨大挑战和一个共同的机会。", "众所周知,年轻人比以往任何时候都更加处于不断变化的世界事件的核心。 世界人口有60%以上不满30岁。 我们在这次会议上讨论的新技术日益增强这一人口结构,日益成为重大经济和社会改革的潜在推动力。 然而,我们也承认,这一人口构成是对国家和国际稳定与安全的巨大威胁之一。 在新爆发国内冲突的所有国家中,86%的国家拥有30岁以下的相当多数人口。", "这些现实显然并没有在大会堂所代表的国家中消失。 过去几天,我与这里的许多人进行了精彩的对话,许多国家在吸引世界最优秀和最聪明的青年进入就业市场和大学方面迈出了巨大的步伐。", "不幸的是,我们的共同对手也没有失去这些现实。 极端主义和犯罪组织也拥有精密而全面的青年战略,为青年人提供赋权、归属感和政治参与感。 男孩和青年男子往往是这种极端主义招募的主要目标,助长了世界各地的动乱。 女孩和青年妇女常常是被剥夺权利和受压迫的最易受伤害的受害者,在争取经济增长方面资源不足。 正如我们在最近几天的悲惨事件中所看到的那样,所有青年在表达其政治权利时都可以成为目标。 我们今天声援挪威。", "奥巴马总统在2009年的开创性开罗演讲中说:", "“每个国家的每一个信仰的年轻人——你们比任何人都更有能力重新创造这个世界”。", "但是,谁给他们重新创造这个世界的工具,将深刻地影响全世界的安全和我们各国的繁荣。 球在我们庭上 我们不能等待。", "青年参与已经是许多美国大使馆的优先事项。 我们制定了与青年互动的有效办法,从交流方案到民主培训和发展、保健和生计方案。 我们力求让青年人在全球舞台上发出自己的声音。 2010年12月,苏珊·赖斯大使主持了一次安全理事会会议,会上青年自己确定了议程,这是青年人第一次有机会影响这个最有影响力的机构在国际和平与安全方面的进程。", "然而,我们认识到,美国可以做得更多。 我们需要在最高一级进行具有挑战性的体制改革。 去年,克林顿国务卿发起了对美国国际青年政策和方案的详尽审查。 这一审查旨在改变我们增强下一代领导人能力的能力。 会议作出了一项承诺,即通过我们的方案,使青年成为积极的经济和公民行动者,同今天在大会堂有代表的国家携手合作,在我们所有边界为青年创造有利环境,并探索同青年交谈的新方式,也许最重要的是听取青年的意见。", "为了监督这一历史性努力,我们正在启动一个新的国务院全球青年问题办公室。 我荣幸地作为负责全球青年问题的国务秘书特别顾问领导这一倡议。 美国正通过在世界各地开展教育、创造就业机会和培养青年人创业的方案,例如 \" 青年:工作方案 \" ,注重增强经济权能,该方案已培训并雇用了拉丁美洲数千名青年人。", "我们正在发起倡议,鼓励公民参与,创造地方领导机会,并发展青年与其政府之间的联系。 一个重要例子是也门学生会项目,该项目在全国上百所学校建立了青年会,使该年龄组的人熟悉社区参与和民主的基本知识。 我们正在推动让青年人也参与这些方案的执行,并取得了成功,例如肯尼亚的Yes Youth Can方案,这是一个由青年领导和管理的创新社会创新基金。", "在世界各地开展类似此类方案,是我们与国际社会讨论时对青年问题的新关注。 谈话现在开始了 美国欢迎并将继续促进后续活动,以确保它不会在今年夏天结束。", "我看着这个大会堂,我感到兴奋,因为我看到一批国家理解这一分水岭的时刻,并准备领导对它的反应。 尼日利亚是其中之一。 它最近主办了第一次非洲城市青年大会,来自非洲各地的青年聚集一堂,指导他们的领导人进行城市发展。 同样,巴西完成了为期18个月的青年对话,调查了巴西青年对民主的看法及其在社会中的作用。 我还要赞扬奥地利和贝宁担任这次活动的共同主持人。", "此时此刻,我们正在优先听取青年的声音并响应他们的行动呼吁。 呼吁为青年人提供谋生和就业的机会,促进两性平等和少数民族平等,并正视往往导致和加深贫穷的侵犯人权行为。 正如我所说,这一呼吁既是一个挑战,也是一个机会,这是我们迫不及待要面对的。 在我们发言的时候,我们各国的青年正在改变我们的安全与繁荣。 正如若干人所指出,它们不仅是未来,而且是现在。 我们可以和他们一起创造更好的条件。", "我期待着这次活动成为长期而有成果的同全世界青年人携手合作进程的许多催化剂之一。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请阿根廷社会发展部全国青年事务主任玛丽亚·劳拉·布赖扎女士代表77国集团和中国发言。", "布拉扎女士(阿根廷)(以西班牙语发言): 我谨代表77国集团和中国在本次青年问题高级别会议上发言,这是国际青年年的重要活动。 举行这一活动的决定源于77国集团和中国的倡议和所有会员国的建设性参与。 我们同意召开这次重要会议并产生一份实质性成果文件(第65/312号决议),这无疑将促进青年发展。", "高级别会议的中心主题 \" 青年:对话和相互了解 \" 为我们大家 -- -- 会员国、联合国系统、青年组织和其他利益有关者 -- -- 提供了机会,就同青年有关的挑战交换意见,讨论如何最好地应对这些挑战并致力于采取具体行动。 对话和相互了解的中心主题应当激励我们在这方面的一切努力。", "77国集团和中国想强调,需要进一步努力支持青年人发展其潜力并克服他们所面临的障碍。 在这方面,确保青年发展的主要责任在于各国,各国应当制定以青年最大利益为重点的全面政策和行动计划。 77国集团加中国鼓励国际社会通过加强国际合作并履行其所有官方发展援助承诺,支持会员国努力消除贫困并实现充分就业和社会融合。", "此外,77国集团和中国重申《世界青年行动纲领》作为青年政策框架的重要性,同时确认迫切需要进一步发展《纲领》,以充分应对目前影响青年的所有挑战。 77国集团和中国还承认,今天青年人面临的问题必须在以整体办法为基础的更广泛协调行动范围内加以解决,直接处理涉及广泛多方面的问题。 今天困扰青年人的问题的性质要求采取补充行动,例如提供尽可能好的教育、提供就业机会、提供适足的食物供应和营养、创造一个健康的物质和社会环境、确保享有人权和基本自由并参与决策进程。", "此外,本集团坚信,通过弥合不平等的各个领域——社会、区域、种族、性别等——的差距,我们将为实现千年发展目标作出重大贡献。", "青年失业是一个影响青年人的挑战的明显例子,需要会员国和国际社会提出新的想法并作出新的努力。 失业已成为影响世界各地青年的一个全球性问题。 77国集团和中国敦促所有会员国考虑努力为有效解决这一问题制定一项全球战略。", "77国集团和中国强调,需要确保包括我国青年在内的所有公民享有尽可能高的健康标准,并会继续努力实现这一目标。 专家组还认识到,必须保护青年人免遭暴力和犯罪,必须防止和处理他们参与犯罪活动,包括与毒品有关的活动。 在我们努力为年轻一代提供健康环境时,这些问题仍然列在我们的议程上。", "77国集团和中国敦促会员国根据国际法采取一致行动,消除阻碍全面实现外国占领下青年权利的障碍,以促进实现千年发展目标。 工作组还谴责违反有关国际法在武装冲突中招募和利用青年的行为;对这种行为给有关青年造成的不良后果表示遗憾;并吁请会员国同联合国各实体合作,采取具体措施并继续支持各项方案,以确保复员青年切实地重新融入社会经济生活并恢复正常生活。", "77国集团和中国仍然致力于努力改善我们所有国家的青年的生活,帮助他们充分发挥潜力,为我们各国社会发展作出宝贵和积极的贡献。", "请允许我以我国代表的身份补充几句。 阿根廷政府正在扩大其公共政策,使青年人能够以各种方式参与社会。 我们强调青年人对于建设一个正义和平等程度更高的国家的未来,以及对于加强民主制度,包括将他们纳入决策进程,特别是在政府机构中的重要性。", "这一代人将继续是作为基本生活条件的人权的标准持有者,并将继续推动关于归还马尔维纳斯群岛、南乔治亚岛和南桑威奇岛主权的讨论。 正如我国总统克里斯蒂娜·费尔南德斯·基什内尔所说的那样,参与的一代人,对于建设一个更具包容性和更团结的阿根廷至关重要。 阿根廷青年将本着决心、热情和信念,继续在和平、人权和可持续发展的背景下建设一个更加平等的社会。 我们对我国前总统内斯托尔·基什内尔所说的话感到自豪,他说,当青年向前迈进时,变革是不可避免的。", "最后,我们回顾一位伟大的妇女逝世59周年,她是一位不懈地争取社会权利的战士,埃娃·杜阿尔特·佩隆——埃维塔——对人民而言。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请埃塞俄比亚外交国务部长贝尔哈内·格布雷-克里斯托斯先生阁下发言。", "格布雷-克里斯托斯先生(埃塞俄比亚): 首先,我要同其他发言者一道,就挪威政府和人民在上星期五对他们犯下的骇人听闻的恐怖主义行为中遭受的损失向他们表示哀悼和最深切的同情。 我还要代表我国代表团祝贺大会主席成功组织本次高级别会议。", "这次会议再及时不过了。 当前全球经济形势给青年人造成了非常不稳定的条件。 没有对未来的希望,就不能指望青年对我们的社会作出有效贡献,如果他们继续生活在没有希望的境地,就不可能确保和平与稳定。", "非洲是最不发达的大陆,是世界上仅次于亚洲的第二大青年人口的家园。 非洲青年获得体面工作和可持续收入的机会有限。 的确,非洲在过去十年中在经济增长方面取得了有希望的进展,但过去两年来全球经济局势对这一进展的负面影响以及增长没有具有包容性的事实,导致没有取得足够的进展来增加青年人的希望。", "仅仅确保我们青年的经济福利和他们的社会融合不足以充分满足他们的需要。 他们积极参与重要的政治改革和民主化进程也是至关重要的。 应当给予他们政治空间,以追求其政治观点和具体利益,他们需要确信,他们参与应对社会挑战将有助于政策的制定和执行。", "极为重要的是,必须强调,只有采取单独一套措施,首先解决我们社会的根本挑战,才能解决青年的挑战。 此外,必须强调,只有在国家一级采取的行动得到国际合作的补充,才能取得所期望的结果。", "鉴于这一不言而喻的事实,我国代表团呼吁国际社会及时执行国际商定的发展目标,特别是千年发展目标,以克服发展中国家的发展挑战。 因此,我国代表团认为,现在所需要的不是新战略,而是履行我们承诺的必要政治承诺。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请摩纳哥教育委员会主席范妮·赫梅尼埃女士发言。", "赫梅尼埃女士(摩纳哥)(以法语发言): 首先,我要就挪威人民和政府遭受的悲剧向他们表示诚挚的慰问和同情。 我还要感谢大会和摩纳哥公国政府给我今天在大会发言并与世界各区域青年对话的独特机会。", "大会所通过成果文件(第65/312号决议)是朝着每个会员国更好地了解青年在国家和国际两级实现联合国目标方面应起的核心作用方向迈出的决定性一步。", "乔治·伯纳诺斯写道:", "“正是青年人发烧,才使世界温度保持稳定。 年轻人冷静下来后,世界其他地方就会感到寒冷. “", "正是那些热心渴望民主、人权和正义的青年为新政权铺平了道路。 事实上,没有青年人,阿拉伯之春是不可能的,他们的重要作用得到了广泛赞扬和强调。", "这些抗议运动和起义也反映了青年人积极参与各级决策的坚定意愿,以确立他们在向现代民主社会过渡中的作用。 此外,青年人在国际组织中也可起促进作用,从而使所作出的决定将包括他们的观点,特别是在实现千年发展目标的框架内。 千年发展目标要求作出必须包括青年参与的共同努力。", "我国同其他国家一样,正努力通过官方发展援助来减少世界各地青年之间的差距和不平等现象。 摩纳哥的合作通过资助文化中心或为生活在棚户区或难民儿童的贫穷青年提供教育方案,支持为不受歧视地普及教育而作的努力。", "此外,公国还建立了学生交流伙伴关系,为发展中国家的年轻人参加摩纳哥机构的培训方案创造了机会,以促进知识转让和分享,并让来自不同文化的年轻人聚集在一起。", "保健和消除营养不良是被认为对子孙后代和社会的福祉至关重要的关切。 儿童和青年人由于得不到护理或治疗,每天继续死于饥饿和可治疗的疾病,这是绝对不能接受的。 这是摩纳哥合作努力将卫生部门的干预工作列为优先事项的一个原因。", "最后,我强调儿童和青年的权利不应被削弱。 根据定义,青年和儿童是最脆弱的人口,经常是严重暴力的沉默受害者。 在这方面,各国必须遵守其在区域和国际组织中作出的承诺。 11月20日和21日,摩纳哥公国将在欧洲委员会的主持下主办一次关于“为儿童和与儿童一起建立一个欧洲”的会议,会上同与会儿童的讨论将主要集中于确定一项新的欧洲儿童权利战略。", "我们的青年并没有使我们看不到我们所生活的世界令人震惊、残酷和不公正的现实。 我们是互联网一代。 由于社会网络、博客和虚拟社区,我们意识到我们这一代人面临的不公正、绝望和堕落,他们有时可能远离我们和我们日常所关切的问题。 让我们承认这种不可逆转的相互依存关系,并在各个文化之间建立对话。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请瑞士联邦青年委员会主席皮埃尔·莫德特先生发言。", "莫德特先生(瑞士)(以法语发言): 瑞士同许多其他发言者一道,就最近的悲剧向挪威人民表示深切慰问。", "瑞士认为,青年的有效参与将保障他们的社会融合和社会的可持续未来。 瑞士建立了各种参与机制,如青年议会,并鼓励类似的倡议。", "瑞士国家青年理事会成立于1933年,是欧洲最古老的此类国家机构. 瑞士自2003年以来一直参加联合国青年代表方案。 让青年人参与参与进程,让他们承担责任并熟悉民主体制和进程,也将有助于遏制他们对政治缺乏兴趣的现象,特别是在青年脱离接触达到创纪录水平的发达国家。 每个国家都必须促进青年和人权培训。", "青年人的可持续和社会融合还需要高质量的培训和努力来减少失业和临时就业。 青年人缺乏机会会导致社会紧张和冲突。 体面和报酬高的就业、稳定的形势和安全是养育家庭和建立生活的先决条件。 千年发展目标八项目标中有五项要求投资于青年人,因为他们特别脆弱。", "教育、培训和创新是我国经济、社会和环境发展的支柱。 政策应解决失业问题,支持就业安置和适当培训,以期终生学习和终生学习。", "瑞士已采取措施确保完成培训的青年人就业,并资助失业者的培训。 信息和通信技术是促进青年人参与和融入社会的一个绝好工具,方法是建立各种联系和桥梁,为了解民主和人权作出贡献,以创造一个人人共享、有教育和培训机会的开放社会。 它把青年人置于民主变革和进步的行动中心。", "瑞士强调信息和通信技术的重要性,并鼓励提供和便利负担得起的获取机会,特别是为被剥夺权利的青年,特别是在发展中国家,同时采取步骤,防范相关风险。 在这方面,我国同私营部门合作,发起了一项旨在在媒体和信息技术领域保护儿童和青年的国家方案。", "如果我们要实现千年发展目标和执行《世界青年行动纲领》,参与的各利益攸关方的合作以及青年的参与在地方、国家和国际各级至关重要,而《世界青年行动纲领》仍然是指导我们努力的关键。", "在危机时期,与青年有关的政策面临风险。 绝不能将他们置于次要地位。 必须为其分配足够的资源,并定期评估进展情况。 结果文件注重行动,今天的发言必须转化为明天的行动。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请巴西国家青年事务秘书塞维琳·马塞多女士发言。", "马塞多女士(巴西)(以葡萄牙语发言;英文本由代表团提供): 首先,我谨感谢巴西常驻联合国代表玛丽亚·路易莎·维奥蒂大使和人口基金执行主任巴巴通德·奥索蒂梅欣出席会议。 我还要特别向在座的年轻人和那些甚至在遥远的地方关注这次重要会议的人表示问候。", "我们非常高兴地参加了本次会议。 巴西目前正在经历正增长趋势,它认为经济、社会和环境发展与青年公共政策密不可分。", "在这方面,承认青年的多样性是不容谈判的。 我们是来自城市和农村的年轻人——我称之为家乡;我们是青年黑人、印第安人、白人和亚洲人;我们是青年男女;我们是同性恋、女同性恋、双性恋、变性人和异性恋者;我们是残疾和没有残疾的青年;我们是来自不同社会阶层的年轻人,他们的不平等状况每年都在减少;我们是具有不同文化背景和经验的年轻人;我们是尝试着最多样化的节奏、色彩和艺术创作的年轻人;我们是在我们的领土上促进公民意识的年轻人;我们是通过社会网络与世界建立联系的年轻人。 我们是21世纪的第一代,但最重要的是,我们是生活在和平之中的青年,正在建设一个民主发展的国家。", "在巴西,大约有1.9亿人,我们中有5 000万人年龄在15至29岁之间。 这种人口红利可以增加生产、人均收入、储蓄和投资,加强社会保护网络,扩大生产和保护权利。", "在迪尔马·罗塞夫总统的领导下,巴西承担了巩固前总统卢拉在增长和收入分配方面遗产的任务。 现在,我们的重点是消除贫穷。 我们认为,富国是一个没有贫穷的国家,为了实现这一目标,投资于青年至关重要。", "国际青年年表明,青年人应当在多边议程上享有更高的优先地位。 国际年即将结束,但我们知道,挑战将继续存在。 国际议程应把青年纳入具体政策和贯穿各领域的领域。 在这方面,巴西努力通过南南合作项目作出贡献。", "最后,我们重申,必须把青年视为应享权利的个人以及可持续与合作发展的战略推动者。 必须投资于促进体面工作、各级教育和防止暴力。 我们还必须在确保其他权利方面取得进展,包括政治参与权和行动自由权、平权行动以及休闲、文化、所有权、生活质量、多样性和安全等权利。", "我们希望并正在努力为所有人建设一个更美好和更平等的世界;为此,必须投资于青年,特别是在发展中国家。 只有我们确信,代际过渡将以赋予青年权力为基础,只有青年人能够自主决定自己的命运,这个更美好和更加平等的世界才会成为现实。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请埃及全国青年理事会执行局成员利利·阿塔拉女士发言。", "阿塔拉女士(埃及)(以阿拉伯语发言): 我首先要就几天前在挪威发生的令人发指的恐怖主义袭击中丧生向挪威人民和政府表示我国代表团的衷心慰问。 埃及政府和人民声援挪威人民反对恐怖主义。", "为庆祝国际青年年而组织的本次青年问题高级别会议的召开具有特别重要的意义,因为2011年发生了青年革命,特别是在阿拉伯区域。 在阿拉伯青年的激励下,阿拉伯之春明确了青年可在社会各级发挥关键作用。 它们可在各级发挥重要作用,必须努力应对阻碍它们在全世界发展的挑战。", "世界大多数青年生活在发展中国家,因此受全球金融和经济危机以及阻碍他们获得教育、体面工作、保健和住房的其他挑战的影响最大。", "尽管发展中国家通过旨在满足其青年日益增长的需要的战略和方案作出了努力,但青年继续遭受贫穷、边缘化和失业等苦难,因此面临被以各种方式剥削的风险,包括在有组织犯罪、人口贩运、非正常移徙和武装冲突方面。", "这些挑战要求所有会员国按照与青年有关的国际商定发展目标,包括千年发展目标,在捐助国、国际金融机构和联合国系统的支持下,全面执行其旨在加速青年发展的国家行动计划,并且不附加任何条件。 在这方面,私营部门和民间社会必须发挥作用。", "我们埃及认为,本次高级别会议的成果文件(第65/312号决议)在这方面开辟了面向行动的道路。 因此,我们强调充分执行《行动纲领》的重要性,特别是制定一项青年就业全球战略和《世界青年行动纲领》。", "埃及认为,世界青年今天面临若干主要挑战,最重要的是社会和经济发展以及政治参与。 埃及今天仍然坚决承诺采取必要步骤,作为以人为中心的发展战略的一部分,实现所有埃及人的社会发展,同时将青年置于我们国家优先事项的首位。", "埃及政府正在努力执行其国家青年战略和方案,并表示赞赏国际社会对这些战略的技术和财政支持。", "通过埃及革命,该国青年已经证明他们是改革的力量并能够参与国家政策改革. 我们致力于迎接挑战并实现国家目标和目的,以确保埃及人,特别是年轻人过上体面的生活。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请墨西哥国家青年研究所所长米格尔·安赫尔·卡伦·桑切斯先生发言。", "卡雷昂·桑切斯先生(墨西哥)(以西班牙语发言): 我谨代表墨西哥就上星期发生的悲惨事件向挪威人民和政府表示慰问和声援。", "目前,有2亿多青年每天生活费不足一美元,8 800万人失业,1.6亿人营养不良,1.3亿人得不到基本教育,1 000万人感染艾滋病毒/艾滋病。 我们不应再等待改变这一现实并调整我们的发展战略,将青年视为我们社会的发展的积极推动者。", "世界上有10多亿15至29岁的年轻人,这是历史上从未见过的数字。 我们有一个历史性的全球机会,因为我们有应利用的人口红利。 在墨西哥,年轻人占总人口的三分之一。 我们与拉丁美洲最大的国家一道,有人口红利,我们应当利用这些红利来建立和加强我们所需要的政治、经济和社会基础设施。", "知识和获得更好的工作是最大的责任。 工作的基础是知识,今后的情况更是如此。 因此,我们的教育制度基于这一角度——也许还不够,但至少正在修订教学模式,应当深化这一进程。", "这是我们这一代人面临的重大挑战之一:准备在知识时代充分生活,但最重要的是保证每个人无论身在何处都能获得知识和获得信息的权利。", "诚然,我们青年人必须在生活在现在的同时考虑未来。 因此,至关重要的是,从我们已经提到的人口红利中,我们还必须能够创造一种由储蓄维持的财政文化,使社会保障制度能够支持我们今后的需求。", "我们努力的关键要素应当是为青年人积极而有效地参与影响他们的所有领域创造空间。 就我国而言,墨西哥国家青年研究所在政府的行动中促进青年观点。 最重要的是,它促进青年的参与。 在过去四年中,我们积极鼓励了一千多个青年组织的项目。 在多边一级,墨西哥自2004年以来一直是青年代表方案的一部分。 前提很简单:我们需要同青年人建立共同议程,而不是强加固定的观点。", "墨西哥认为,必须在与青年发展有关的领域处理并实现千年发展目标及其后的协议。 这将使结果在中期和长期是可持续的。", "为此,我国重申其对《世界青年行动纲领》及其有效执行的承诺。 我们相信,秘书长将在本次会议结果文件(第65/312号决议)所要求提出的报告中提出具体建议,以就15个行动领域采取后续行动并采取措施来加强联合国系统青年方面的工作。", "几天后结束的国际青年年使我们能够更加突出青年人今天面临的需要和挑战。 最近几个月,在各级开展了各种有关青年的活动。 墨西哥政府与联合国系统合作,通过组织2010年8月在墨西哥瓜纳华托州莱昂举行的世界青年会议,为这一努力作出了贡献。 出席会议的有106名代表和近4 000名青年。 它促进了政府、民间社会和青年组织之间的对话。", "世界将与其青年一样——我们收获我们所播种的东西。 现在应该停止将青年理解为一种身体状态,开始以持续生活的眼光看待青年。 现在应该回到为今世后代作出决定的时候了。 现在是我们把个人及其本质置于公共政策中心的时候了。 现在是利用我们过去的最佳时机来建设我们未来的最佳条件,使生活更美好的时候了.", "主席(以法语发言): 让我提醒大会,每个会员国在发言时有三分钟的发言时间。 如果准备的发言稿的篇幅长于此,则应加以调整以适应这一时限,因为这将使尽可能多的会员国能够发言。", "我现在请意大利青年部政府间关系和促进国际活动主任Sofia Pain女士发言。", "潘女士(意大利): 首先,我同其他发言者一道向挪威政府和人民表示慰问。", "意大利赞同欧洲联盟将作的发言,并想补充几点意见。", "对话和相互理解对于我们社会的积极发展至关重要,因为它们有助于政治、社会、文化和经济一体化以及文化多元者的凝聚力。 青年可以在进一步促进世界每个区域的合作、参与、容忍和尊重他人方面发挥重要作用。 《世界青年行动纲领》是在国际一级实现这些目标的基本参照点。", "出于这些原因, 意大利高度重视年轻一代的发展,他们的潜力、个人和专业技能以及积极参与社会生活的能力。 国家青年论坛的两名代表出席了意大利代表团的会议,就证明了这一点。", "目前,与正在发生的世界金融危机有关的失业、贫穷和社会排斥是青年积极参与社会的严重障碍,对于处于弱势或面临被排斥风险的青年来说尤其如此。 意大利政府——也由于青年部长的行动——已采取步骤为专业发展提供更多的机会。 其中包括教育、培训和劳动力市场各部门之间更有效的协调和整合;采用为创业企业,特别是新技术和绿色部门的创业企业的青年企业家提供资金的机制;对培训进行投资;以及引导学生。", "因此,意大利政府正在推动各种举措,向青年人提供关于公民义务和积极参与民主生活机会的重要知识。 这是发展民间社会对话和相互理解的关键,它呼应了这个国际青年年的主题。", "青年、志愿人员和非政府组织向青年人提供的非正规和非正式学习机会可以发挥更大的作用。 与联合国和欧洲机构的联合行动的主要目标应该是具体发展质量、标准化、非正规和非正式的学习。 我们认为,必须学习、实践并维持我们所有的生活,这是对话和相互理解的先决条件。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请危地马拉全国青年理事会主任比安卡·保拉·埃尔南德斯女士发言。", "埃尔南德斯女士(危地马拉)(以西班牙语发言): 危地马拉是拉丁美洲人口结构转型最缓慢的国家之一。 从出生到14岁的人群占我国总人口的31.8%,而拉丁美洲和加勒比平均为20.8%。 15至24岁的人——我们认为是“青年”的人——又占总人口的19.8%。 虽然危地马拉人从出生到14岁的相对百分比往往随时间推移而下降,在我们过渡的这一阶段预计会下降,但15至24岁这一正在增加的部分却恰恰相反。", "这些现象正在对我们目前的保健和教育服务产生深远影响,并对劳动力市场和危地马拉人的生活质量产生显著影响。 今天,危地马拉的经济根本无法创造足够的就业机会来吸收我们的年轻人。 尽管我们在改善教育系统的覆盖面和质量方面取得了很大进展,但我们在这个系统中,包括在中学一级,仍然没有足够的年轻人。", "本届政府努力在最广泛的范围内处理这种情况,将援助人口中收入最低和最易受伤害的阶层列为最优先事项。 重点是创造生产性就业,特别是在中小型企业创造生产性就业机会,目的是为那些离开或退出教育系统并寻求进入就业市场而不向外移民的学生提供更美好的未来。 我们还通过我有幸领导的全国青年理事会发起了一系列以危地马拉青年为重点的倡议,该委员会是负责协调、提议和促进青年公共政策的机构。", "自本届政府成立以来,危地马拉政府一直推行社会政策,这些政策能够实现危地马拉青年生活现实中的具体转变,其基础是团结和创造创新方案,如开放学校、安全学校、团结奖学金和公务员等。 开放学校总统方案为青年人提供周末活动的其他空间,促进身份认同和归属感。 这些方案以非正规教育模式为基础,将传统学校转变为空间,通过发展和发现青年人的多种能力来交流经验。", "这些努力和其他努力是围绕2010-2015年国家青年政策“建立一个多文化、包容和公平的国家”开展的,该政策满足了青年人寻求机会和经济、政治和社会发展的特殊需要。 该计划完全符合第50/81号决议所制定的《世界青年行动纲领》,尽管该《纲领》于1995年得到通过,但仍然非常重要。", "在本次青年问题高级别会议上,我们作为一个国家,认识到投资于青年人的重要性,并给予他们发挥适当领导作用的机会和范围,我们想在平等条件下,不受歧视地就发展问题达成协议。 我们必须在集体和参与下进行建设,采取必要步骤来持续地支持各国政府和各部门,以便制定继续投资于青年人的综合政策和行动,以创造更多和更好的机会。", "最后,我们认识到,青年人希望属于自己,参与并成为他们自己历史上的行动者。 必须进行相互对话和理解,让青年参与进来,承认他们是自身发展进程中的行为者,并完全有权分享机会和参与的真正条件。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请比利时国际青年政策支助中心主任Jan Vanhee先生发言。", "瓦尼先生(比利时): 我们向挪威人民和国家表示慰问。", "比利时赞同欧洲联盟的发言。", "在本次青年问题高级别会议之后,在认真对待我们社会中的青年男女方面,是无法回头的。 我们必须在各级,从邻里到市政、地区和国家,甚至在国际一级建立结构和机制,以尽可能地促进和加强青年人参与影响到他们的决策进程。 独立的青年理事会是一个良好和可持续的例子。 我们来自欧洲青年论坛的同僚们昨天同其他国家讨论时提到了这一点。", "现在是采取行动的时候了。 即使在这些困难的日子里,我们也必须审查我们如何能够加强我们的支持,并为各级的青年结构和组织提供财政捐助。", "在改善青年的参与和发展方面,还有很长的路要走。 我们相信,我们做的越多,治理的质量就越好。 例如,在欧洲委员会青年部——这是一个将青年部门与在青年领域有共同可能性的政府机构联系起来的结构——中,我们看到共同管理是如何运作的。 我们还在努力在欧洲联盟开展有条理的对话。 这些都是很好的例子。", "尽管如此,仍有一些关键问题需要解决,例如承认青年组织、青年非政府组织、青年工作和非正规教育部门。 我们必须认识到,青年是日益复杂的社会的一个组成部分。 它们是由各种影响和环境形成的:家庭、家庭、社区、学校、工作场所、同伴和媒体。 在这方面,青年工作可以在青年的发展和参与方面发挥重要作用。 我们还必须把更多的精力集中在使生活在贫穷和/或面临被社会排斥风险的青年人参与。", "青年政策和青年发展也应以知识和证据为基础。 我们必须同青年、青年组织、工人、领导人、研究人员、决策者和其他青年领域的专家以及私营部门和第三部门一道,更加共同努力,在全世界各级建立一个真正和强大的青年联盟。", "主席先生,我们感谢你和你的同事们使本次会议得以举行。 我们希望不久将有另一个地方、空间和机会与青年人及其组织分享我们的目标和意见。 我希望,我们能够共同努力,保证本成果文件(第65/312号决议)和《世界青年行动纲领》的执行和后续行动。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请澳大利亚青年大使本森·索洛先生发言。", "索洛先生(澳大利亚): 作为2011年澳大利亚驻联合国青年代表,我非常高兴地在今天的讨论中代表澳大利亚青年的观点、希望和乐观。 我是自1999年开始担任该职位以来第一个被任命为青年代表的澳大利亚土著居民。 这不仅是一种极大的荣誉,而且也是对澳大利亚青年的出色反思,他们希望促进和支持一个包容和平等的社会。", "我自豪地说,澳大利亚青年和澳大利亚政府有着共同的愿景,这反映在我们澳大利亚青年国家战略中的承诺中:", "“使所有青年人都能安全、健康、幸福地成长,并有学习、工作、参与社区生活和影响影响他们的决定所需的机会和技能”。", "我们的国家战略确定了八个关键优先事项。 保健、教育和增强青年人在社区中拥有发言权和积极性是一些关键问题。", "我坚信,获得相关的正规、非正式和替代性教育,是解决继续影响澳大利亚青年在社会各个领域,包括克服不利条件和影响我国当前和未来方向的关键领域的关键。", "儿童基金会澳大利亚办事处最近编写的“倾听儿童的意见”报告指出,", "“有些特定儿童群体往往得不到与其他学生一样的教育机会,被剥夺了发挥潜力的能力。 这些群体包括:土著儿童;.难民儿童和新来的儿童;.和残疾儿童。 “", "在全国巡视期间,我访问了北领地一个偏远城镇的一所小学校,这是澳大利亚的一部分,特别侧重于缩小土著和非土著澳大利亚人在预期寿命、就业和教育成果等关键指标方面的差距。 校长走来走去,告诉我,过去7年里,该镇没有学生从高中毕业。 在继续发言时,他接着指出,八年级有三名女孩和一名男孩。 他说,这四名学生有潜力成为他们学校的第一位——他们城镇的第一位——从学校毕业,并打破城镇内处境不利的循环.", "在我们的海岸以外,澳大利亚注重支持整个亚洲、太平洋和全世界的教育方案,包括大力关注残疾问题。 在我们区域,澳大利亚为有听力障碍和智力障碍的儿童从小学过渡到中学提供支助。 我们还正在为学校制定包容残疾人的基础设施准则。", "儿童基金会的“听取儿童的意见”报告也建议澳大利亚设立一个独立的全国专员,具体负责为以青年为基础的政策制定确定战略方向。 这将成为澳大利亚的下一个重大步骤,并确保青年的声音得到倾听,青年服务得到充分的资源和落实。 国家儿童专员还将补充青年高峰机构和青年论坛,目前让青年人参与并代表他们进行宣传。", "虽然青年人今天面临许多挑战和障碍,但对未来的乐观感是显而易见的。 我鼓励每个会员国继续加强同本国青年的对话。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请大韩民国两性平等和家庭部青年和家庭政策办公室助理部长李·博克·西尔女士发言。", "李·博克·西尔女士(大韩民国): 我谨代表大韩民国政府向挪威恐怖袭击的受害者及其家属表示最深切的慰问。 大韩民国强烈谴责夺走无辜青年生命的暴力并声援挪威人民。", "我们今天出席这次重要会议,以确保青年的最佳利益。 我国代表团认为,通过这次高级别会议,将加强政治领导,以采取进一步措施来充分执行国际战略,包括1995年《世界青年行动纲领》。", "我国代表团认为,青年人充分而有效地参与决策进程不仅有助于增强他们的政治能力,而且有助于可持续的社会经济发展。 在这方面,韩国政府为青年人直接参与决策进程和提出政策建议提供了体制基础,在地方一级设立了430个青年参与委员会和在国家一级举行了青年特别会议。 我国政府还继续向大会和其他联合国实体派遣青年代表,以进一步促进青年与联合国系统之间的交流。", "韩国政府认识到有必要对青年问题采取综合办法,因此根据每五年更新一次的《青年政策总计划》提出了一系列倡议。 该计划由所有相关部委和地方当局在两性平等和家庭部的领导下实施,包括人权、教育、就业和福利等各种政策领域。", "我们还认为,民间社会、由青年领导的组织以及相关利益攸关方之间的伙伴关系,在保护青年免遭暴力和犯罪并促成一个对青年友好的社会方面,应当被视为至关重要。 因此,我国政府与民间社会和媒体合作,执行青年政策,解决青年中因特网成瘾人数惊人地增加的问题。", "我国代表团完全支持制定与《世界青年行动纲领》和拟议目标和指标相挂钩的指标。 我们相信,它们在评估当前局势和制定具体的青年行动计划方面可以发挥关键作用。 此外,这种发展将有助于在实现国际商定的发展目标,包括千年发展目标方面取得全面进展。", "我们期望,本次会议提出的以未来为导向的战略将在未来几年内被转化为现实,不仅为青年人,而且为整个社会,在发展和生活质量方面带来明显变化。 我国政府要重申,我们坚定不移地承诺与联合国和其他会员国密切合作,继续参与促进青年发展的国际努力。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请智利国家青年研究所所长伊格纳西奥·诺敦先生发言。", "诺敦先生(智利)(以西班牙语发言): 首先,我要向挪威代表团转达智利青年对上周末在他们国家发生的屠杀所表示最深切的哀悼。", "尽管我们各国作出了努力,但几乎在我们所有国家,青年仍然是受社会问题困扰最深的群体。 青年人受失业、酗酒和吸毒、意外怀孕等影响最大。 毫无疑问,有许多理由解释这一现实,但今天我要谈谈其中之一:我们青年参与我们政治制度的程度有限。", "数字表明,一般而言,参与决策进程最少的团体是青年人。 很少年轻人参加我们的政党,成为我们政府的一部分或在我们的选举中投票。", "青年人与政治之间的这种分离,部分是由于一代人对政治制度的深深不信任,这种不信任有时无法有效地表达自己的观点和立场。 这种制度往往使青年人沦为公共政策的受益者,不承认他们是参与者。 在许多情况下,这些系统注重保护薄弱环节,但在能力建设方面却很少发挥作用。 结果是,青年参与程度低意味着在公共政策优先事项中没有充分反映他们的问题和所关切的问题,因此缺乏具体的解决办法和对策。", "因此,如果我们真想解决青年人面临的问题,我们采取的任何社会举措都必须伴随着促进参与的积极政策。 除非我们在坚决促进青年融入我们的政治制度方面取得进展,否则,声称并相信青年问题能够进入并且首先是继续成为公共政策的优先事项是不可思议的。", "当我说促进参与时,我不仅仅是指成立机构听取意见。 我指的是充分和有效地参与制定、执行和评价公共政策。 换句话说,我们这一代人不希望有青年议会,而是要参加真正的议会,因为真正的议会是制定真正的法律的。", "让我们不要把减少青年政策仅仅用于解决影响青年的问题的错误。 这种做法注定会失败。", "最后,我呼吁我们这一代人坚持政治是发生重大变化的地方。 如果政治并不总是按照我们的愿望运作,或者没有我们想要的所有空间,让我们不要袖手旁观。 让我们采取行动。 让我们成为变革的推动者,让我们创造空间。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请乌拉圭社会发展部国家青年研究所所长马蒂亚斯·罗德里格斯先生发言。", "罗德里格斯先生(乌拉圭)(以西班牙语发言): 代表乌拉圭,我们确实很高兴参加这次青年问题世界会议。", "我还要就挪威发生的不幸事件表示哀悼。", "在我国,我国社会一些最令人担忧和最令人震惊的社会指标历来集中在最年轻的一代。 乌拉圭青年仍然面临的主要问题或挑战涉及减少青年贫穷、促进健康的生活方式和教育,特别是提高教育的可持续性、重返社会和完成教育周期。", "相关挑战包括降低青年失业率,改善培训机会、职业培训和体面就业安置。 尽管乌拉圭经济增长,但青年失业率仍然很高。 失业率是总失业率的三倍,在18至24岁年龄组中十分明显。", "我们还非常自豪地指出,自2005年初以来,这一趋势开始逆转。 自那时以来,主要挑战一直是并继续在重新配置新的社会保护矩阵和加强现代社会援助和包容网络方面取得进展。 这一进程使社会公共开支明确转向最年轻的一代。 这表现在教育预算增加到国内生产总值的4.5%,以及实施了一系列改革,如公平计划、保健改革、税收改革和新的家庭津贴制度。", "在这方面,我们已制定并开始执行国家青年计划。 该计划明确规定了四个优先事项:第一,将包容与教育可持续性联系起来;第二,改善培训机会和就业;第三,促进青年的参与、领导作用和培训;第四,促进协调的和相互关联的青年政策,在所有政策部门采用青年观点。", "因此,虽然注意到青年人面临的挑战和问题,但也可以说,在我国,有成千上万的青年人学习、工作、从事体育、追求科学、参与文化和艺术方案,并花上几个小时发展团结、捍卫权利并保护环境。", "显然,作为与青年政策有关的行动者,我们都可以发挥巨大作用,克服青年所面临的问题和障碍,以确保他们的发展,以及他们建立保障他们充分行使权利的对策的巨大能力。 然而,我们还必须注重我们给予年轻人在我们社会中的社会和象征地位。", "目前,在乌拉圭,我们看到一场强大的保守运动,它试图把青年人描绘出最坏的一面,仅仅将他们与威胁、恐惧、犯罪、毒品和暴力联系在一起。 这一范式导致了铁拳项目,注定会失败,以确保所谓的安全。 从人权角度看,这些提议费用高昂、无效、适得其反并具有倒退作用,因为它们违反了《儿童权利公约》。", "我们绝对相信,那些害怕、不相信或相信青年,或者根本不指望他们有任何帮助的社会注定要失败,因为他们失去了青年的创造力、创新、变革感和承诺。", "出于所有这些原因,我们希望并相信,本次关于青年问题的世界会议将大大有助于制定新的政治议程,使我们能够改善关于青年的公共政策、预算、体制建设和战略计划的地位。 然而,我们首先重申,在有关青年的公共政策中,对青年的不信任和恐惧是没有存在的,而只是青年人的领导作用、信任和参与。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请萨尔瓦多全国青年理事会执行主任米格尔·安赫尔·佩雷拉先生发言。", "佩雷拉先生(萨尔瓦多)(以西班牙语发言): 我谨向出席本次高级别会议或正在通过因特网或各种媒体调整的来自世界各地所有青年转达萨尔瓦多非常特别的问候。 此外,我们要大声赞扬他们各自国家中的每一个国家,每一个正在或正在参加本次会议的国家的每一个年轻人,以确保每一位领导人坐下来讨论我们应当执行的公共青年政策。 每个国家都应致力于真正制定政策,使青年融入社会。", "在萨尔瓦多,我们正在制定一项由基层青年组织起草的国家青年政策,来自我们亲爱的萨尔瓦多所有城市的8 000多名青年参加了这项政策。", "事实上,作为一个政府,我们认识到拉丁美洲,特别是萨尔瓦多的最大财富不是黄金或石油。 正是全世界的年轻人今天构成了我们众所周知的人口资产,我们各国政府可以利用他们。", "我还要强调,萨尔瓦多政府最近设立了全国青年理事会,根据共和国总统毛里西奥·富内斯·卡塔赫纳的指示,在该理事会内设立了一个部长理事会,专门处理青年问题。 我敢说,我们是拉丁美洲唯一有一个专门处理青年问题的部长理事会的国家。", "如果说出真相,我们正努力改变那些过于粗暴的政策,以便走向明智的政策,从基于权利的办法处理青年事务,但也把青年确定为我国发展的真正战略行动者,而且——为什么不说呢? ——全球范围.", "作为青年人的决策者,我们应当问自己的问题是,就本次高级别会议而言,他们将获得什么? 我们各国政府能够带给各国的具体提案是什么?", "作为萨尔瓦多政府的代表,我同意秘书长的话,他昨天(第110次会议)说,已经为年轻人做了很多工作,但这还不够。 由于这还不够,我们萨尔瓦多政府认识到,今天我们必须明确支持青年人,这样做的最佳途径是通过教育。 因此,我们必须看到在联合国系统内为最贫穷国家或最贫穷青年设立奖学金基金或方案,我们当然在所有国家看到他们。", "在萨尔瓦多,我们把青年作为社会政策的中心。 我们将继续这样做,得到上帝的帮助,智慧地接触我国总统卡洛斯·毛里西奥·富内斯·卡塔赫纳的智慧。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请尼日尔青年、体育和文化部副秘书长阿莫斯·伊萨克先生发言。", "伊萨奇先生(尼日尔)(以法语发言): 我要同在我前面发言的其他代表团一道,就挪威政府和人民所经历的悲剧向他们表示哀悼。", "我要感谢贝宁和奥地利两国常驻代表让-弗朗西斯·雷吉斯·津苏阁下和托马斯·迈尔-哈廷先生,他们是本次会议的主持人,他们为确保我们的成功作出了如此努力。", "有关制定和实施国家青年政策的大多数研究都认为,尼日尔大多数人口都是年轻人。 由于其人口比重,这个社会阶层是我国可持续建设和发展的基本资源之一. 尼日尔正在制订其社会和经济模式,因为最高当局比以往任何时候都更确信,青年不是问题,而是解决我们经济和社会发展的办法。", "此外,这一状况的必然结果是,2006年成立了全国青年理事会及其区域分支机构,从而在尼日尔建立了一个有利于让青年参与发展进程的合作框架,这可视为为这一领域带来了真正的势头。 已经成立了一个青年事务部际技术委员会,我们实施了将青年人社会教育结构的管理下放给当地社区的进程。", "这些努力是尼日尔当局的政治意愿、《国家青年宪章》和《青年政策宣言》的结果。 通过这项新的青年政策,政府重申愿意确保满足青年人的物质和智力需要。 国家青年政策是政府的政治表现,它努力为长期制定指导工具,促进一代青年的出现和支持,他们是国家发展的真正动力。", "因此,尼日尔《宪法》第24条规定,国家和其他公共机构应保护青年人免受剥削和遗弃。 国家为青年人的物质和智力增长提供便利,并促进他们的培训和就业以及进入就业市场。", "在这方面,我们根据战略计划和促进青年就业方案采取了以下行动。 我们为国家战略计划建立了管理和执行机构。 我们加强了青年框架在社会教育机构的管理和行政方面的能力,并增强了青年人管理其协会和组织的能力。 我们实施了促进青年就业方案,以期到2015年创造出5万个就业机会,并加强了促进青年人创业的计划。", "这些是尼日尔政府针对青年采取的行动的一些重要内容,我们今天希望与所有与会者分享这些内容。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请西班牙国家青年研究所顾问里卡多·伊巴拉先生发言。", "伊巴拉先生(西班牙)(以西班牙语发言): 我们非常荣幸地参加本次会议。", "本国际社 这一年表明,青年人有许多机会。 与此同时,我们看到,我们必须面对的挑战更大。 青年人的贫穷和失业程度最高,在获得教育、保健和文化资源方面困难最大,其他问题指标也很高。 我们可以肯定地说,他们生活在不稳定的局势中。 由于在很大程度上影响到青年人的经济和金融危机,这些情况已经恶化。 决不能再次发生这种情况,因此必须管制国际资本的流动。", "重要的是,为了改变这种情况,各国政府和民间社会必须申明,它们决心绝对有必要制定有效的青年政策,这不仅是因为它们影响到很大一部分人口,而且因为它们对建设我们未来的社会至关重要。 以年轻人为赌注是一种双重投资,因为它既是对我们目前的投资,也是对我们未来的投资。", "促进青年的参与也至关重要。 参与成为帮助我们的青年政策取得成功的有力工具,其本身也是目的,因为它使我们能够发展青年团体,促进积极民主社会所必需的实践和学习。", "但是,青年要参与,绝不能仅仅有机会,他们还必须接受必要的培训。 因此,我们必须努力通过非正式和正式教育参与。 这需要更多地支持和承认非正规环境。", "我们必须建立一种始于幼儿期的参与文化,这种参与需要形成意见的能力和作出决定、执行和评价的能力。 我们必须通过青年领袖和政治领导人之间的有条理的对话,建立引导青年人和增加同民间社会(例如欧洲联盟的民间社会)对话的结构。", "更重要的是, 各国政府必须继续建设和促进加强民间社会,发展独立的全国青年理事会等具有代表性的平台。 这种结构使青年人能够表达他们的问题,但也能够提出解决办法并参与执行。", "正如我在开始时所说的那样,我们在讨论青年问题时必须应对许多挑战。 千年发展目标包括影响青年人的许多挑战。 由于它是贯穿各领域的,我谨提及千年发展目标3——促进两性平等并赋予妇女权力。", "青年一般生活在不公正的环境中,但受害最深的是年轻女性。 妇女是实现千年发展目标的关键和根本行动者,在千年发展目标未实现时往往受影响最深。 如果我们侧重于实现妇女的进步和真正平等,我们将在所有其他千年发展目标中取得成果。 在努力确保妇女权利的同时,必须正式承认青年的权利,例如在非洲和伊比利亚-美洲的情况。", "最后,我要重申西班牙致力于提高青年的生活质量,祝贺参与这项工作的所有利益攸关方,并希望我们继续就这一关键问题开展工作。", "最后,我们要就挪威人民最近所经历的悲剧向他们表示慰问。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请赞比亚体育、青年和儿童发展部常务秘书泰迪·穆隆加先生发言。", "穆隆加先生(赞比亚)(以英语发言): 赞比亚共和国政府和人民就造成包括青年在内的生命损失的悲惨事件向挪威政府和人民表示慰问。 我们向受害者及其家属表达我们的想法并祈祷。", "赞比亚高兴地参加这次重要的高级别会议,其主题是“青年:对话和相互了解”,这使我们有机会就青年面临的挑战交流看法和看法。", "在这方面,我国代表团赞同阿根廷代表以77国集团加中国的名义、卢旺达代表以非洲联盟的名义和纳米比亚代表以南部非洲发展共同体的名义所作的发言。", "赞比亚政府认为青年是可持续发展的基础。 因此,必须发展和利用青年人力资本,以建立必要的资本,使青年成为社会中有生产力的成年人。 因此,政府制定了以赋予青年权力和投资青年为重点的政策和方案。", "赞比亚68%的人口年龄在35岁以下。 同其他地方的青年一样,他们继续面临若干挑战,包括就业机会不足;获得投资资金的机会有限;艾滋病毒/艾滋病;技能培训机会不足等。", "为了应对现有挑战,政府正在实施以下方案:通过微型、小型和中型企业发展政策促进青年创业,该政策旨在发展微型、小型和中型企业部门以创造财富和就业机会;颁布关于基于性别的暴力的全面立法并制订议定书来推动执行关于妇女、女孩和艾滋病毒和艾滋病的国家行动计划。", "赞比亚政府认识到制定校外青年方案的重要性。 因此,我们启动了一个强有力的青年技能培训和发展方案,使青年能够获得生活和职业技能,从而通过建造行业培训所和青年技能资源中心来改善生计。", "赞比亚的青年人在获得贷款机构的财政支助方面面临许多挑战。 因此,赞比亚政府致力于促进企业发展,为青年人创造财富和就业,并为此设立了青年发展基金。 该基金以优惠费率面向青年男女、残疾青年和受艾滋病毒和艾滋病影响者。", "各国政府再也不能在没有青年参与的情况下制定解决青年所关切的发展议程了。 为此,赞比亚引进了省青年组织,并任命了青年参加各种决策机构。 这已证明是促使青年人参与国家发展的有效途径。", "显然,虽然在处理有关青年的问题方面取得了进展,但仍有许多工作要做。 国际社会必须处理影响青年的关键领域,包括设立一个专门处理青年事务的联合国机构,以更重视青年问题;将教育、保健、就业和资源分配优先用于青年方案;加强各级政府结构,以加强青年方案的执行。", "我要重申,我们的未来取决于我们能否找到适当的干预措施来应对影响我们青年的挑战。 我们希望,本次高级别会议将加强我们以前对青年发展议程的承诺,并确保为此目的分配必要的资源。 我们希望,我们通过的成果文件(第65/312号决议)将进一步激励我们努力实现我们的共同目标。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请印度尼西亚青年代表发言。", "乌斯曼先生(印度尼西亚)(以英语发言):主席先生,首先,请允许我代表我国人民,特别是青年人和我国政府说,我们对上星期发生的令人发指的恐怖行径同挪威人民和政府一样感到悲痛和痛苦,这导致许多聪明的挪威青年丧生。 我们谨就挪威政府和人民以及受害者家属的悲惨损失向他们表示最深切的同情和慰问。", "首先,印度尼西亚赞同阿根廷代表以77国集团加中国的名义所作的发言。", "今年早些时候,联合国人口委员会报告说,世界人口已接近70亿。 我要强调,将近一半的人口在25岁以下。 这一现实既有巨大的潜力,也有多重挑战。 鉴于所涉及的人数,这些挑战与世界维持人的生命的能力密切相关。 地球的现有资源能否为我们每个人提供更大的繁荣?", "我们今天在此聚会时,人们提醒我们,今天的青年人在发挥其潜力方面,除其他外,面临着饥荒、贫穷、与毒品有关的犯罪、武装冲突和外国占领等障碍。 在此背景下,我们不能不加强合作来应对这些挑战,因为全世界青年人正面临这些挑战。", "因此,本次历史性的高级别会议是及时而关键的,因为青年是所有社会近期的利益攸关方。 他们是世界文化、传统和规范的守护者,也是全球变革的引擎。 它们是作为未来领导人的无限能量和潜力。", "青年占印度尼西亚人口的四分之一。 他们一贯并将继续在我们的历史中发挥重要作用。 正是印度尼西亚青年塑造了我们的民族特征,并在1990年代后期开始了我们走向民主和政治变革的旅程。", "我们认为,青年就业和创业将有助于消除贫穷。 因此,我们需要在寻找办法来减少青年人失业的过程中进行合作。 我们必须投资于为他们创造就业机会的部门。 我们还必须努力建立一个青年就业全球网络。", "本着这种精神,印度尼西亚将不遗余力地促进青年在发展领域的作用和贡献。 我们认为,教育对于使青年有能力塑造和控制未来至关重要。 印度尼西亚将继续追求向青年人提供健全教育的目标。", "作为我们区域和全球承诺的一部分,我们一直在主办关于青年问题的区域和国际会议,以提高认识并增进青年之间的文化多样性、对话和相互了解。 作为2011年东南亚国家联盟(东盟)主席,印度尼西亚决心使东盟成为一个更以人为中心的组织,并有我们的青年充分参与。", "确保青年发展的主要责任在于各个国家。 然而,成功的国家努力的关键资产之一是国际合作。 国际利益攸关方之间的合作对于促进所有参与国的青年方案至关重要。 通过合作,各国可以交流最佳做法和经验教训的信息,并增加对青年方案的积极支持。", "在这方面,我们今天通过的成果文件(第65/312号决议)应当鼓励我们大家不仅重申我们对为所有人建立一个更美好世界的共同目标的坚定承诺,而且为改善青年人的前景作出切实贡献。", "最后,我要强调,必须同步我们的政策和行动,以便我们能够更好地将我们的共同承诺转化为具体行动,使后代受益。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请欧洲联盟常驻观察员发言。", "塞拉诺先生(欧洲联盟): 我谨代表欧洲联盟(欧盟)及其成员国发言。 候选国土耳其、克罗地亚、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、黑山和冰岛;稳定与结盟进程国及潜在候选国阿尔巴尼亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那和塞尔维亚;以及乌克兰、摩尔多瓦共和国和格鲁吉亚赞同本发言。", "为了节省时间,我正在阅读一个简略文本。", "看到来自世界各地的许多青年和高级别代表今天聚集在这里,决心改善世界青年的状况,为他们创造更多的途径,塑造他们自己和我们的共同未来,这是令人鼓舞的。 正如我前面的许多发言者指出的那样,太多的青年男女生活在贫困之中,健康状况不佳,缺乏基础教育和就业,没有真正的机会塑造自己的生活和社会。 有鉴于此,在本次青年问题高级别会议上,我们需要重申我们对投资于青年男女并赋予其权力的承诺。", "欧洲联盟欢迎本次高级别会议的成果文件(第65/312号决议)坚定地重申了《世界青年行动纲领》,并呼吁在地方、国家、区域和国际各级继续执行该纲领。 我们还认为,交流良好做法最符合我们的共同利益,可促进青年人的事业,特别是穷人和被边缘化群体的事业。", "与这一领域的国际事态发展相类似,欧洲联盟及其成员国已逐步制定了针对青年人的具体政策,并在2009年通过了一项指定的青年战略。 欧洲联盟的青年政策以主要原则为指导,特别是这一领域的合作应牢牢地扎根于普遍和不可分割的人权国际制度——这一原则在联合国范围内也是有效的。 青年人充分享有所有人权和基本自由是有效执行《世界青年行动纲领》的一个组成部分。 欧盟及其成员国还致力于以研究为基础的决策,并在与青年和青年组织的两年一次的结构化对话中听取青年人的意见。", "为了为青年人创造更多和平等的机会,我们制定了若干具体方案和实用工具。 例如, \" 青年参与行动 \" 方案旨在激发欧洲青年的积极公民意识、团结和容忍。 它促进流动性、非正规学习、青年工作、志愿工作、文化间对话和包容。 \" 世界青年 \" 这一优先行动领域旨在支持青年人参与全球倡议并作出贡献,例如应对气候变化和千年发展目标。 这是欧洲联盟理事会波兰主席的重要议程要点。", "成功的青年方案超越了欧洲联盟的边界。 Erasmus Mundus是我们Erasmus方案的全球版本,旨在通过奖学金和学术合作提高高等教育的质量。 除了这些具体方案外,我们还在一般性合作与对话中日益注重青年问题。 我们的伙伴在欧盟及其成员国支持下开展的许多发展活动使青年人受益。 我们还促进青年妇女和女孩作为平等伙伴参与发展,因为这对克服性别不平衡和促进两性平等至关重要。", "最后,我要赞扬会议注重青年参与。 我们都不仅需要让青年人发表意见,而且需要让他们和由青年领导的组织参与有关青年政策的制定、执行和后续行动。 有鉴于此,我们要鼓励会员国在其出席联合国有关会议的代表团中包括青年代表。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请日本代表发言。", "柯达马先生(日本): 我要感谢大会主席约瑟夫·戴斯先生倡议召开本次会议。", "首先,我要向挪威政府和人民以及星期五被轰炸和被枪击的受害者家属表示日本最深切的慰问和同情,他们剥夺了许多年轻人的宝贵生命。", "今年3月袭击日本东部的地震和海啸造成巨大的人员和物质损失。 让我重申,我们感谢国际社会的所有援助和声援。 我要借此机会报告一个令人鼓舞的事实,即许多年轻人自愿帮助重建被破坏的社区。", "今天的年轻人是我们的未来。 它们可望解决我们尚未解决的挑战。 因此,我们有责任应对青年人今天面临的挑战并改进后代的条件。 请允许我谈谈青年人今天面临的一些挑战,以及国际社会要处理的问题。", "第一,我们重申《世界青年行动纲领》。 我们强调必须执行《纲领》并实现国际商定的发展目标,包括千年发展目标。", "第二,我们认为,我们必须增加青年人对社会的参与。 在国际一级,日本政府一直在执行若干交流方案,包括诸如海上学习方案等多国活动,以及诸如居家和国际讨论方案等双边活动,使各国青年和日本青年能够相会、生活并共同工作,从而加强了日本青年同国际社会之间的相互了解。 在国家一级,日本为我们青年创造了机会,让他们参与社区内的志愿活动。", "第三,消除贫穷是日本官方发展援助的优先问题。 我们特别认识到女孩和年轻妇女的脆弱性。 在这方面,我强调必须解决青年失业问题,这不仅对建设和平与发展,而且对维持世界每个国家的社会稳定都至关重要。 正如我们在中东和北非所谓的 \" 阿拉伯之春 \" 的最近事态发展所观察到的那样,我们应当提醒自己,就业提供了安全感和自豪感,使年轻人能够开始作为社会正式成员的生活。", "我们日本意识到我们有责任确保全世界所有青年就业,因此支持人类和社会发展,以及增加发展中国家的就业和可持续经济增长。 日本官方发展援助的基本政策强调每个人的人类安全。 因此,日本以双边方式并通过联合国人类安全信托基金提供援助。", "最后,我国代表团要感谢共同召集人坚持不懈地协调本次会议的成果文件(第65/312号决议)。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请奥地利代表发言。", "迈尔-哈廷先生(奥地利): 首先,请允许我就挪威人民和政府近几天来遭受的可怕灾难——这一灾难造成许多争取对话和相互理解的青年死亡——向挪威人民和政府表示深切的慰问。", "主席先生,我还感谢你对我和我国的信任,任命我为本次重要的青年问题高级别会议成果文件(第65/312号决议)谈判进程的共同调解人。 我还要感谢我的共同调解人和朋友、贝宁的让-弗朗西斯·雷吉斯·津苏大使在整个进程中的出色合作以及秘书处的大力支持。 然而,今天以协商一致方式通过的这份文件所取得的成绩不是共同召集人的工作,而是会员国的工作,没有这么多代表团的奉献和建设性态度,是不可能做到的。", "在成果文件中,国际社会以一个声音就影响青年的重要问题发言,例如两性平等;教育,包括人权教育;就业;保健,包括性健康和生殖健康;武装冲突;信息和通信技术;移徙;保护免受一切形式的暴力;以及环境。 该文件以现有成就为基础并巩固了这些成就,特别是重申《世界青年行动纲领》,并吁请会员国继续在各级加以执行。 它还开始进一步思考如何以前瞻性方式更有效地应对阻碍青年发展和参与的挑战。", "本次高级别会议的主题是 \" 青年:对话和相互理解 \" ,在奥地利的国内政策中,特别是在我们开展的旨在促进容忍、融合、两性平等和人权教育的倡议中,发挥着中心作用。 在我们在不同文明联盟框架内的活动中,我们特别强调青年和妇女,我们在这方面已经组织并将组织若干重要活动。 我们目前正在筹备第二届阿拉伯-欧洲青年领导人论坛,我们将继续采取这种做法。", "有一条重要信息 会议应当非常明确——没有青年,就不可能有任何关于青年的内容。 正如结果文件所重申的,青年人充分而有效地参与各级决策进程,是我们希望为他们实现的一切的关键。 改善青年状况的任何有意义的对话或政策也需要充分尊重人权和基本自由。 为此,各国政府负有主要责任。", "世界各地的青年运动清楚地表明,阻碍青年发展的大多数障碍的根源在于不尊重并侵犯青年,特别是女孩和青年妇女以及属于边缘化或弱势群体的青年的人权。 不应错过本次高级别会议提供的机会来理解和处理青年人的这些愿望和需要。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请高级别会议圆桌会议共同主席提交其摘要。 我首先请印度青年事务部长阿贾伊·马肯先生阁下发言,他共同主持了第一专题小组。", "马肯先生(印度): 我想简要地介绍一下昨天由我共同主持的第一小组的讨论。 在这方面,我谨感谢和感谢墨西哥国家青年研究所所长米格尔·安赫尔·卡伦·桑切斯先生与我共同推动讨论。", "小组讨论的重点是加强青年方面的国际合作并增进对话、相互了解和青年的积极参与,以此作为实现社会融合、充分就业和消除贫穷的努力所不可或缺的要素。", "我们进行了非常富有成果的互动,不仅涉及会员国代表,而且涉及民间社会组织的若干青年。 我们非常感谢他们的积极参与和宝贵投入。 大家普遍同意,青年发展问题需要我们大家进行更协调一致的国际合作。", "让我强调在小组讨论期间提出的得到各发言者广泛支持的一些突出意见。 各国政府迫切需要与其他相关利益攸关方密切合作,将青年问题进一步纳入其国家发展议程。 国际合作在这方面的作用非常重要。", "与会者一致认为,促进对话对于青年人、他们的政府以及全世界其他利益攸关方之间的相互理解至关重要。 关键的任务是确保青年充分参与社会、经济和政治生活。 没有青年的充分参与,就不可能实现国际商定的发展目标,包括千年发展目标。 加强青年参与需要青年人和青年领导的组织作为正式伙伴参与决策进程。", "还需要建立真正的机制,使青年积极参与政策和方案的设计、执行和评价。 这也涉及在青年人、其国家政府和其他有关决策者之间建立有效的合作、对话和信息交流渠道。", "如果不解决青年面临的发展挑战——包括社会排斥、失业、就业不足、缺乏体面工作机会、贫穷和缺乏技能——青年的充分参与是不可能的。 必须努力提高教育质量并增加受教育的机会,包括非正规教育和保健服务。", "青年人要想更好地融入社会,获得能力和技能至关重要。 新技术具有巨大的前景,青年人善于利用新技术。 获得这些技术非常重要。 必须向所有青年更广泛地提供信息和通信技术,以克服数字鸿沟。", "今天的青年必须获得全球化的积极影响。 国际移徙问题是这方面的一个关键组成部分。 在青年人跨界自由流动的背景下,应该在国际论坛上进行更多的讨论。", "虽然许多问题是所有青年人所共有的,但最脆弱者,特别是残疾者、土著青年、青年移民和青年妇女,面临更多的挑战和多种形式的歧视。 青少年有不同的需要,也应加以解决。 必须作出有针对性的努力,使所有易受伤害的青年人都能受益,并确保他们的充分参与。", "法律和政策应为青年参与创造有利环境。 方案工作应侧重于赋予她们权力和包容她们,而不仅仅是与她们协商。 应该在各级发展这些方面,重点是青年在社区和地方各级的参与,他们可以在那里提供大量高质量的投入,并在那里发展技能和经验,使他们能够以更具社会和经济生产力的方式更有意义地参与。", "我们需要在媒体和其他外联机制中提供更大的空间,以显示青年人的更积极形象及其创造性观点、智力贡献和参与积极社会变革的能力。 我们还应强调青年人与其家庭、社区、教育机构、青年组织和工作环境建立牢固关系的积极优点,以帮助他们顺利地过渡到成年。", "时间限制使我们无法充分和完美地总结昨天在小组讨论期间发生的情况。 然而,本摘要试图抓住突出的特点。 我确信,会员国和青年组织将能够根据今天早些时候通过的本次青年问题高级别会议的成果文件(第65/312号决议)审议这一摘要。", "主席(以法语发言): 我现在请加纳青年和体育部长克莱门特·科菲·胡马多先生阁下发言,他共同主持了专题小组2。", "胡马多先生(加纳)(以英语发言):主席先生,我感谢你允许我阅读共同主席对专题小组讨论的总结。 2. 我代表我本人和共同主席卢森堡大公国副总理兼外交部长让·阿瑟伯恩先生阁下发言。", "首先,我要强调,这次发言不是对发言者提出的所有问题的全面总结,而是对所提出要点的简短总结。 在这方面,我们要感谢所有与会者。 我们非常感谢他们的积极参与和宝贵投入。", "第二专题小组的讨论旨在审查青年发展面临的挑战并查明消除贫穷、就业和可持续发展的机会。 指出的主要问题如下。 许多青年,特别是生活在发展中国家的青年,继续面临贫穷;缺乏教育、保健和其他基本服务;失业和就业不足。 青年发展至关重要。 必须通过有效的跨部门政策和方案加以解决,这些政策和方案涉及所有相关利益攸关方之间的战略性和协调的伙伴关系。", "青年贫穷是一个严重的全球问题。 生活在贫困中的青年人更有可能面临入学和技能发展的障碍,对生计和利用机会的能力产生长期不利影响。 满足青年人需要、为他们提供生活技能并使他们为劳动力市场作好有效准备的优质教育,将培养青年成为批评思想家和创造性解决问题者。 我们必须进一步努力,使教育系统适应当前劳动力市场的现实。", "必须向符合劳动力市场现实的职业培训和技能发展方案提供更大的国家和国际支持。 教育还应促进社会和政治参与的价值。 在这方面,许多发言者指出,加强由青年领导的组织,促进青年与其他人的接触,以及他们学习如何代表自己和他人的能力,是发展民主的一个关键因素。", "应该强调对女孩和年轻妇女的教育,许多人认为这是各国政府能够为促进发展作出的最重要努力。 不仅必须使女孩和年轻妇女能够开始上学,而且必须保证她们有机会上学、在学校感到安全并留在学校。", "太多的年轻人仍然失业或就业不足,或被迫从事危险、工资低或无生产性的工作,而这些工作无助于提高他们的技能和前景。 获得体面工作对青年发展至关重要。 必须通过帮助他们发展新的技能、知识和能力,为青年人创造有意义的就业机会。", "促进青年充分和生产性就业可促进国家发展,而消除贫穷、社会融合和可持续发展是获得这种就业的第一步。 在这方面,许多发言者提到,必须特别注意年轻移民以及年轻妇女的具体需要。", "必须通过有针对性的综合国家青年就业政策来解决当前青年失业率高的问题,这些政策侧重于包容性就业增长和提高就业能力。 必须通过跨部门宏观经济政策实现就业带动的经济增长,以就业为目标。 此类政策的制定应同时关注财政、社会福利和环境保护问题,并应通过三方伙伴关系,包括政府、私营部门和包括青年领导的组织在内的民间社会组织的代表来制定、执行和评价。", "在冲突期间,获得教育、保健和信息等基本服务必须仍然是优先事项。 必须努力确保结构和机构继续保证青年在任何时候都能得到发展,包括在冲突期间。 宏观经济政策必须包含可持续性,所有利益攸关方必须努力支持可持续发展。 投资于青年绿色工作至关重要,有助于消除贫穷和创造就业。 青年必须处于发展的中心,必须让青年组织参与向绿色经济的更广泛过渡。", "虽然许多会员国和政府间机构为将青年纳入决策进程作出了值得称道的努力,但还可以做更多的工作,特别是确保青年被视为发展的推动者,而不仅仅是方案的受益者。", "最后,我要指出,我们需要对我们青年的未来感到乐观。 如果我们能够抓住这一举措并采取必要行动,它们的发展机会就无处不在。 青年的参与意味着挑战长期的传统。 这可能涉及一定程度的风险 --", "但最近的事件表明,必须进行改革。", "主席(以法语发言): 我们听取了本次会议最后一位发言者的发言。", "今天和昨天,我们进行了激烈的辩论。 我感谢所有参加辩论的人,特别是参加我们工作的青年。 我还呼吁所有会员国尽一切努力,尽快促进成果文件(第65/312号决议)。", "下午6时10分散会" ]

[ "Substantive session of 2011", "Geneva, 4-29 July 2011", "Agenda item 13 (k)", "Economic and environmental questions: cartography", "Draft resolution submitted by the Vice-President of the Council, Miloš Koterec (Slovakia), on the basis of informal consultations on draft resolution E/2011/L.15", "Committee of Experts on Global Geospatial Information Management", "The Economic and Social Council,", "Recalling its decision 2010/240 of 21 July 2010, in which it requested the Secretary-General to submit to it at its substantive session of 2011 a report on global geographic information management,", "Recalling also Statistical Commission decision 41/110 of 26 February 2010,[1] in which the Commission requested the Statistics Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the Secretariat to convene a meeting of an international expert group to address global geographic information management issues, including reviewing the existing mechanisms and exploring the possibility of creating a global forum,", "Recalling further the resolution on global geographic information management adopted by the eighteenth United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Pacific,[2] in which the Conference requested the Secretary-General and the United Nations Secretariat to initiate discussions and prepare a report, for submission to the Economic and Social Council, on global coordination of geographic information management, including consideration of the possible creation of a United Nations global forum for the exchange of information between countries and other interested parties, and in particular for sharing best practices in legal and policy instruments, institutional management models, technical solutions and standards, interoperability of systems and data, and sharing mechanisms that guarantee easy and timely accessibility of geographic information and services,", "Recognizing the importance of integrating cartographic and statistical information, as well as spatial data, with a view to fostering location-based geospatial information, applications and services,", "Recognizing also the role of the United Nations in promoting international cooperation on cartography, geographical names and geospatial information, including through the organization of conferences, expert meetings, technical publications, training courses and cooperation projects,", "Taking into account the urgent need to take concrete action to strengthen international cooperation in the area of global geospatial information,", "1. Takes note of the report of the Secretary-General on global geospatial information management[3] and the recommendations contained therein;", "2. Recognizes the need to promote international cooperation in the field of global geospatial information;", "3. Decides in this regard to establish the Committee of Experts on Global Geospatial Information Management, in accordance with the terms of reference contained in the annex to the present resolution, to be established and administered within existing resources and organized accordingly, and requests the Committee to present to the Economic and Social Council in 2016 a comprehensive review of all aspects of its work and operations, in order to allow Member States to assess its effectiveness;", "4. Encourages Member States to hold regular high-level, multi-stakeholder discussions on global geospatial information, including through the convening of global forums, with a view to promoting a comprehensive dialogue with all relevant actors and bodies;", "5. Emphasizes the importance of promoting national, regional and global efforts to foster the exchange of knowledge and expertise, to assist developing countries in building and strengthening national capacities in this field.", "Annex", "Terms of reference of the Committee of Experts on Global Geospatial Information Management", "Objectives and functions", "1. The objectives and functions of the Committee of Experts on Global Geospatial Information Management will be:", "(a) To provide a forum for coordination and dialogue among Member States, and between Member States and relevant international organizations, including the United Nations regional cartographic conferences and their permanent committees on spatial data infrastructures, on enhanced cooperation in the field of global geospatial information;", "(b) To propose workplans and guidelines with a view to promoting common principles, policies, methods, mechanisms and standards for the interoperability and interchangeability of geospatial data and services;", "(c) To provide a platform for the development of effective strategies on how to build and strengthen national capacity concerning geospatial information, especially in developing countries, and, in this regard, to assist interested countries in developing the full potential of geospatial information and the underlying technology;", "(d) To compile and disseminate best practices and experiences of national, regional and international bodies on geospatial information related, inter alia, to legal instruments, management models and technical standards, thus contributing to the establishment of spatial data infrastructures, while allowing for flexibility in the development of national geospatial activities;", "(e) In performing its functions, the Committee should build upon and make use of the existing work of other forums and mechanisms in the related field.", "Membership, composition and terms of office", "2. The Committee will comprise experts from all Member States, as well as experts from international organizations, as observers. In appointing their national representatives, Member States will seek to designate experts with specific knowledge drawn from the interrelated fields of surveying, geography, cartography and mapping, remote sensing, land/sea and geographic information systems and environmental protection.", "3. The Committee will elect two co-Chairs during each session from among its members, respecting geographical balance and representation.", "4. The Committee may establish, as and when needed, informal working groups or subcommittees to deal with specific issues related to its work programme.", "Reporting procedure", "5. The Committee will report to the Economic and Social Council.", "Frequency of meetings", "6. The Committee will normally meet once a year and may hold, under exceptional circumstances, additional meetings, as appropriate.", "Secretariat", "7. The Committee will be supported by the Statistics Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs and the Cartographic Section of the Department of Field Support.", "Meeting documentation", "8. Meeting documentation will include an agenda, the previous report of the Committee, thematic notes prepared by working groups or subcommittees, notes by the Secretariat and other relevant documents prepared by external experts or expert groups.", "[1] Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, 2010, Supplement No. 4 (E/2010/24), chap. I, sect. B.", "[2] Eighteenth United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Pacific (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.10.I.2), chap. IV B.7.", "[3] E/2011/89." ]

[ "2011年实质性会议", "2011年7月4日至29日，日内瓦", "议程项目13(k)", "经济和环境问题：制图", "理事会副主席米洛什·科捷雷奇(斯洛伐克)根据对E/2011/L.15号决议草案的非正式磋商提交的决议草案", "全球地球空间信息管理专家委员会", "经济及社会理事会，", "回顾其2010年7月21日第2010/240号决定，其中请秘书长向理事会2011年实质性会议提交一份关于全球地理信息管理的报告，", "又回顾统计委员会2010年2月26日第41/110号决定，[1] 其中请秘书处经济和社会事务部统计司召集一次国际专家组会议，处理全球地理信息管理问题，包括审查现有机制，探讨设立全球论坛的可能性，", "还回顾第十八届联合国亚洲太平洋区域制图会议通过的关于全球地理信息管理的决议，[2] 其中请秘书长和联合国秘书处就地理信息管理的全球协调问题，启动讨论和编写一份报告提交给经济及社会理事会的报告，内容包括考虑能否创设一个联合国全球论坛以供各国和其他有关各方交换信息，特别是分享以下方面的最佳做法：法律和政策文书、机构管理模式、技术解决办法和标准、系统和数据互操作性，以及确保容易、及时地获得地理信息和服务的分享机制，", "确认制图、统计信息和空间数据须集为一体，以便促进特定地点的地球空间信息、应用程序和服务，", "还确认联合国在通过召开会议、举行专家会议、出版技术刊物、举办培训课程和开展合作项目而促进制图、地名和地球空间信息的国际合作方面的作用，", "考虑到迫切需要采取具体行动加强全球地球空间信息领域的国际合作，", "1. 表示注意到秘书长关于全球地球空间信息管理的报告[3] 及其所载建议；", "2. 确认有必要推动全球地球空间信息领域的国际合作；", "3. 决定为此按照本决议附件所载职权范围，设立全球地球空间信息管理专家委员会，在现有资源范围内设立和管理这一委员会并作相应组织安排，请委员会在2016年向经济及社会理事会提交一份有关其各方面工作和业务的综合审查报告，使会员国能够评估该委员会的实效；", "4. 鼓励各会员国定期举行、包括通过举办全球论坛而举行关于全球地球空间信息的高级别多利益攸关方讨论，以推动与各有关行为体和机构的全面对话；", "5. 强调须推动各国、各区域和全球促进交流知识和专长的努力，以帮助发展中国家建立和加强这一领域中的能力。", "附件", "全球地球空间信息管理专家委员会职权范围", "目标与职能", "1. 全球地球空间信息管理专家委员会的目标和职能将为：", "(a) 为会员国之间以及会员国与包括联合国区域制图会议及其空间数据基础设施常设委员会在内的有关国际组织之间，提供一个关于加强全球地球空间信息领域中的合作的协调和对话论坛；", "(b) 提出工作计划和准则，以推广关于地球空间数据和服务的互操作和互换性的共同原则、政策、方法、机制和标准；", "(c) 为制订关于建立和加强尤其是发展中国家在地球空间信息方面的国家能力的有效战略提供平台，为此协助有关国家开发地球空间信息和基础技术的充分潜力；", "(d) 编集和传播国家、区域和国际地球空间信息机构在法律文书、管理模式和技术标准等方面的最佳做法和经验，以推动空间数据基础设施的建设工作，同时允许各国灵活开展地球空间活动；", "(e) 委员会在履行各项职能时，应借鉴和利用相关领域中其他论坛和机制的现有工作。", "成员、组成和任期", "2. 委员会的组成将包括全体会员国的专家，以及作为观察员的国际组织的专家。会员国任命国家代表时，应争取指定在测量、地理、制图与测绘、遥感、陆海和地理信息系统以及环境保护相互关联领域具有专门知识的专家。", "3. 委员会每届会议将从成员中选举产生两名共同主席，选举应尊重地域平衡和代表性。", "4. 委员会可根据需要设立非正式工作组或小组委员会，以便处理与委员会工作方案有关的具体问题。", "报告程序", "5. 委员会将向经济及社会理事会报告。", "会议频率", "6. 委员会正常情况下将每年举行一次会议，在特殊情况下可酬情增开会议。", "秘书处", "7. 委员会将由经济和社会事务部统计司和外勤支助部制图科协助工作。", "会议文件", "8. 会议文件将包括议程、委员会先期报告、工作组或小组委员会编写的专题说明、秘书处的说明以及外部专家或专家组编写的其他有关文件。", "[1] 经济及社会理事会正式记录，2010年，补编第4号，（E/2010/24），第一章，B节。", "[2] 《第十八届联合国亚洲太平洋区域制图会议》(联合国出版物，出售品编号E.10.I.2)，第四章B.7。", "[3] E/2011/89。" ]

[ "2011年实质性会议", "2011年7月4日至29日,日内瓦", "议程项目13(k)", "经济和环境问题:制图", "理事会副主席米洛什·科捷雷奇(斯洛伐克)在就决议草案E/2011/L.15进行的非正式协商基础上提出的决议草案", "全球地理空间信息管理专家委员会", "经济及社会理事会,", "回顾其2010年7月21日第2010/240号决定,其中请秘书长向大会2011年实质性会议提交关于全球地理信息管理的报告,", "又回顾统计委员会2010年2月26日第41/110号决定,[1] 其中委员会请秘书处经济和社会事务部统计司召开一次国际专家组会议,讨论全球地理信息管理问题,包括审查现有机制并探讨设立全球论坛的可能性,", "还回顾第十八次联合国亚洲及太平洋区域制图会议通过的关于全球地理信息管理的决议,[2] 其中会议请秘书长和联合国秘书处就地理信息管理的全球协调展开讨论并编写一份报告提交经济及社会理事会,包括考虑是否可能设立一个联合国全球论坛,供各国和其他有关方面交流信息,特别是分享法律和政策文书、机构管理模式、技术解决办法和标准、系统和数据的互操作性以及确保地理信息和服务易于及时获取的共享机制等最佳做法,", "确认必须整合制图和统计信息以及空间数据,以促进基于地点的地理空间信息、应用和服务,", "又认识到联合国通过组织会议、专家会议、技术出版物、培训班和合作项目等办法,在促进制图、地名和地理空间信息方面的国际合作方面的作用,", "考虑到迫切需要采取具体行动,加强全球地理空间信息领域的国际合作,", "1. 联合国 注意到秘书长关于全球地理空间信息管理的报告[3] 和其中所载建议;", "2. 联合国 4. 确认需要促进全球地理空间信息领域的国际合作;", "3个 在这方面,决定设立全球地理空间信息管理专家委员会,该委员会将在现有资源范围内设立和管理并据此组织,并请该委员会于2016年向经济及社会理事会提交一份对其工作和业务各个方面的全面审查报告,使会员国能够评估其成效;", " 4.四. 4. 鼓励会员国定期就全球地理空间信息举行高级别多利益攸关方讨论,包括召开全球论坛,以促进同所有相关行为体和机构的全面对话;", "5 (韩语). 强调必须促进国家、区域和全球努力促进知识和专门知识的交流,以协助发展中国家建立和加强这一领域的国家能力。", "页:1", "全球地理空间信息管理专家委员会的职权范围", "目标和职能", "1. 联合国 全球地理空间信息管理专家委员会的目标和职能是:", "(a) 国家 为会员国之间以及会员国同有关国际组织,包括联合国区域制图会议及其空间数据基础设施常设委员会之间就加强全球地理空间信息领域的合作进行协调和对话提供论坛;", "(b) 国家 提出工作计划和准则,以促进地理空间数据和服务的互操作性和可互换性的共同原则、政策、方法、机制和标准;", "(c) 为制定有效战略提供平台,以建立和加强国家特别是发展中国家的地理空间信息能力,并在这方面协助有关国家充分发挥地理空间信息和基本技术的潜力;", "(d) 汇编并传播国家、区域和国际机构在地理空间信息方面的最佳做法和经验,尤其是与法律文书、管理模式和技术标准有关的最佳做法和经验,从而有助于建立空间数据基础设施,同时允许灵活地开展国家地理空间信息活动;", "(e) 协助 委员会在履行其职能时,应借鉴和利用相关领域其他论坛和机制的现有工作。", "成员、组成和任期", "2. 联合国 委员会由所有会员国的专家以及国际组织的专家作为观察员组成。 在任命本国代表时,会员国将设法指定专家,他们具有从测量、地理、制图和制图、遥感、陆地/海洋和地理信息系统以及环境保护等相互关联的领域获得的具体知识。", "3个 委员会将在每届会议期间从其成员中选举两名共同主席,同时尊重地域平衡和代表性。", " 4.四. 委员会可视需要设立非正式工作组或小组委员会,处理与其工作方案有关的具体问题。", "报告程序", "5 (韩语). 委员会将向经济及社会理事会提出报告。", "会议次数", "6. 国家 委员会通常每年举行一次会议,在特殊情况下可酌情再举行会议。", "秘书处", "7. 联合国 委员会将由经济和社会事务部统计司和外勤支助部制图科提供支助。", "会议文件", "8. 联合国 会议文件将包括议程、委员会上次报告、由工作组或小组委员会编写的专题说明、秘书处的说明和由外部专家或专家组编写的其他相关文件。", "[1] 《经济及社会理事会正式记录,2010年,补编第4号》(E/2010/24),第一章,A节。 页:1 B类.", "[2] 第十八次联合国区域制图 《亚洲及太平洋会议》(联合国出版物,出售品编号:E.10.I.2),第四章B.7。", "[3] E/2011/89。" ]

[ "Substantive session of 2011", "Geneva, 4-29 July 2011", "Agenda item 6 (a)", "Implementation of and follow-up to major United Nations", "conferences and summits: follow-up to the International", "Conference on Financing for Development", "Argentina,* Australia, Austria,** Belgium, Bulgaria,** Canada, Croatia,** Cyprus,** Czech Republic,** Denmark,** Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,** Hungary, Israel,** Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,** Luxembourg,** Malta, Netherlands,** Norway, Poland,** Portugal,** Romania,** Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia,** Sweden,** Ukraine and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: draft resolution", "Recovering from the world financial and economic crisis: a Global Jobs Pact", "The Economic and Social Council,", "Expressing deep concern about the ongoing adverse impact, particularly on development, of the world financial and economic crisis, recognizing that global growth is returning and there is a need to sustain the recovery, which is fragile and uneven, and stressing the need to continue to address systemic fragilities and imbalances,", "Observing that unemployment and underemployment levels remain persistently high in many countries, particularly among the younger generations,", "Conscious of the need to promote sustained, inclusive and equitable economic growth that generates employment, leads to poverty eradication, fosters sustainable development and strengthens social cohesion,", "Recalling the Outcome of the Conference on the World Financial and Economic Crisis and Its Impact on Development,[1]", "Recalling also the Global Jobs Pact, adopted by the International Labour Conference on 19 June 2009, which is intended to promote a job-intensive recovery from the crisis and to promote sustainable growth,", "Recalling further its resolutions entitled “Recovering from the crisis: a Global Jobs Pact” adopted in 2009 and 2010,[2]", "Recalling its decision that the theme of the 2012 annual ministerial review should be “Promoting productive capacity, employment and decent work to eradicate poverty in the context of inclusive, sustainable and equitable economic growth at all levels for achieving the Millennium Development Goals”,", "1. Takes note of the report of the Secretary-General entitled “Recovering from the world financial and economic crisis: a Global Jobs Pact”;[3]", "2. Reiterates that the Global Jobs Pact is a general framework within which each country can formulate policy packages specific to its situation and priorities, and encourages Member States to continue to promote and make full use of the Pact and implement policy options contained therein;", "3. Also reiterates that giving effect to the recommendations and policy options of the Global Jobs Pact requires consideration of financing and capacity-building, and that least developed, developing and transition countries that lack the fiscal space to adopt appropriate response and recovery policies require particular support, and invites donor countries, multilateral organizations and other development partners to consider providing funding, including existing crisis resources, for the implementation of those recommendations and policy options;", "4. Recognizes the need to universally respect, promote and realize fundamental principles and rights at work, in accordance with the International Labour Organization Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work;", "5. Also recognizes the need to promote and realize at least basic social protection in order to achieve decent work, and nationally designed social protection floors, in all countries, in line with national priorities and circumstances;", "6. Welcomes the efforts by the international financial institutions and other relevant organizations, as well as by the United Nations development system, to integrate into their activities policy measures mentioned in the Global Jobs Pact;", "7. Requests the United Nations funds and programmes and the specialized agencies to continue to take into account the Global Jobs Pact in their respective policies and programmes, through their appropriate decision-making processes, and invites them to integrate, as appropriate, information on progress achieved to date into their regular reporting;", "8. Reiterates that the agenda contained in the Global Jobs Pact requires policy coherence and international coordination;", "9. Requests the Secretary-General, in coordination with the International Labour Organization, to assess and review job-intensive investment and strategies and to report to the Council at its substantive session of 2012, with a view to supporting job creation and promoting sustained, inclusive and equitable economic growth;", "10. Also requests the Secretary-General, in his report to the annual ministerial review of the Economic and Social Council at its substantive session of 2012, to report on the use of the Global Jobs Pact by the United Nations system and on progress made in implementing the present resolution;", "11. Encourages the High-level Committee on Programmes of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination to consider further measures to promote system-wide policy coherence in the area of decent work and sustained, inclusive and equitable economic growth.", "[1] * On behalf of the States Members of the United Nations that are members of the Group of 77 and China.", "** In accordance with rule 72 of the rules of procedure of the Economic and Social Council.", "General Assembly resolution 63/303, annex.", "[2] Resolutions 2009/5 and 2010/25.", "[3] E/2011/92." ]

[ "2011年实质性会议", "2011年7月4日至29日，日内瓦", "议程项目6(a)", "联合国各次主要会议和首脑会议的执行和 后续行动：发展筹资问题国际会议的后续行动", "阿根廷、^(*) 澳大利亚、奥地利、^(**) 比利时、保加利亚、^(**) 加拿大、克罗地亚、^(**) 塞浦路斯、^(**) 捷克共和国、^(**) 丹麦、^(**) 爱沙尼亚、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、^(**) 匈牙利、以色列、^(**) 意大利、拉脱维亚、立陶宛、^(**) 卢森堡、^(**) 马耳他、荷兰、^(**) 挪威、波兰、^(**) 葡萄牙、^(**) 罗马尼亚、^(**) 俄罗斯联邦、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亚、^(**) 瑞典、^(**) 乌克兰和大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国：决议草案", "从世界金融和经济危机中复苏：全球就业契约", "经济及社会理事会，", "深为关切世界金融和经济危机持续产生的不利影响，特别是对发展的不利影响，确认虽然全球增长正在恢复，但有必要维持复苏，因为复苏极为脆弱，而且不均衡，强调需要继续研究系统脆弱性和失衡问题，", "注意到许多国家失业和就业不足人数居高不下，尤其是在年轻人中，", "意识到需要确保经济增长创造就业，最终实现消除贫穷，促进可持续发展，增加社会凝聚力，", "回顾世界金融和经济危机及其对发展的影响问题会议的成果，[1]", "又回顾国际劳工大会2009年6月19日通过的“全球就业契约”，其目的是促进摆脱危机，推动密集型就业，促进可持续增长，", "还回顾其2009和2010年通过的题为“从世界金融和经济危机中复苏：全球就业契约”的决议，[2]", "回顾理事会决定2012年年度部长级审查的主题应为“促进生产能力、就业和体面工作，以在各个级别实现包容各方的、可持续和平等的经济增长，消除贫困，实现千年发展目标”，", "1. 注意到秘书长题为“从世界金融和经济危机中复苏：全球就业契约”的报告；[3]", "2. 重申“全球就业契约”是一个总框架，在此框架内各国能根据具体国情和优先事项拟定政策；鼓励会员国继续宣传和充分利用“契约”，执行其中所载政策选择；", "3. 还重申落实“全球就业契约”的各项建议和政策选择需要考虑筹资和能力建设问题，因缺乏财政空间而无法采用适当对策和复苏政策的最不发达国家、发展中国家和转型期国家需要得到特别支助；请捐助国、多边组织和其他发展伙伴考虑提供资金，包括应对现有危机资源，以执行这些建议和政策选择；", "4. 确认必须根据国际劳工组织《关于工作中的基本原则和权利宣言》，普遍尊重、促进和实现工作中的基本原则和权利；", "5. 还承认促进和实现最低社会保障，以根据国家优先事项和具体国情，在所有国家实现体面工作和各国制定的最低社会保护标准；", "6． 欢迎国际金融机构和其他相关机构，以及联合国发展系统努力把“全球就业契约”的政策内容纳入其活动和工作方案中；", "7. 请联合国各基金、方案和专门机构加倍努力，通过适当的决策进程，把“全球就业契约”融入其各自的政策和方案中，并请它们酌情在定期报告中纳入迄今取得的进展情况；", "8. 重申“全球就业契约”所载议程要求政策一致，国际协调合作；", "9. 请秘书长与国际劳工组织协调，评估和审核就业密集型投资和战略，并向理事会2012年实质性会议报告，以支持创造就业机会，促进持续的包容各方的、平等的经济增长；", "10. 又请秘书长在向经济及社会理事会2012年实质性会议年度部长级审查提交的报告中，报告联合国系统执行“全球就业契约”的情况以及本决议的执行进展；", "11. 鼓励联合国系统行政首长协调理事会高级别方案委员会考虑采取进一步措施，在体面工作和可持续、包容各方和平等经济增长领域促进全系统政策一致性。", "[1] ^(*) 代表属于77国集团的联合国会员国和中国。", "^(**) 依照经济及社会理事会议事规则第72条的规定。", "大会第63/303号决议，附件。", "[2] 第2009/5和2010/25号决议。", "[3] E/2011/92。" ]

[ "2011年实质性会议", "2011年7月4日至29日,日内瓦", "议程项目6(a)", "联合国各次主要会议和首脑会议成果的执行和后续行动", "各次主要会议和首脑会议的后续行动:", "发展筹资会议", "阿根廷、* 澳大利亚、奥地利、** 比利时、保加利亚、** 加拿大、克罗地亚、** 塞浦路斯、** 捷克共和国、** 丹麦、** 爱沙尼亚、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、** 匈牙利、以色列、** 意大利、拉脱维亚、立陶宛、** 卢森堡、** 马耳他、荷兰、** 挪威、波兰、** 葡萄牙、** 罗马尼亚、** 俄罗斯联邦、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亚、** 瑞典、** 乌克兰和大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国:决议草案", "从世界金融和经济危机中复苏:全球就业契约", "经济及社会理事会,", "深为关切世界金融和经济危机的持续不利影响,特别是对发展的影响,认识到全球增长正在恢复,需要维持脆弱和不均衡的复苏,并着重指出需要继续处理系统性弱点和失衡问题,", "注意到在许多国家,特别是在年轻一代中,失业率和就业不足率仍然居高不下,", "意识到需要促进持续、包容和公平的经济增长,以创造就业,导致消除贫穷,促进可持续发展并增强社会凝聚力,", "回顾世界金融和经济危机及其对发展的影响问题会议的成果,[1]", "又回顾2009年6月19日国际劳工大会通过的《全球就业契约》, 其目的是促进就业密集型的危机复苏并促进可持续增长,", "还回顾其2009年和2010年通过的题为“从危机中复苏:全球就业契约”的决议,[2]", "回顾其2012年年度部长级审查的主题是“在各级实现包容、可持续和公平经济增长的背景下促进生产能力、就业和体面工作以消除贫穷,以实现千年发展目标”,", "1. 联合国 1. 注意到秘书长题为“从世界金融和经济危机中复苏:全球就业契约”的报告;[3]", "2. 重申《全球就业契约》是一个总框架,各国可在其中根据本国国情和优先事项制定一揽子政策,并鼓励会员国继续促进和充分利用《契约》并落实其中所载政策选择;", "3个 5. 又重申落实《全球就业契约》的建议和政策选择需要考虑筹资和能力建设,缺乏财政空间采取适当对策和复苏政策的最不发达国家、发展中国家和转型期国家需要特别支持,并邀请捐助国、多边组织和其他发展伙伴考虑为执行这些建议和政策选择提供资金,包括现有危机资源;", " 4.四. 2. 确认需要根据国际劳工组织《关于工作中的基本原则和权利宣言》,普遍尊重、促进和实现工作中的基本原则和权利;", "5 (韩语). 4. 又认识到需要根据各国的优先事项和国情,在所有国家促进和实现至少基本社会保护,以获得体面工作并实现国家制定的社会保护最低标准;", "6. 国家 2. 欢迎国际金融机构和其他有关组织以及联合国发展系统努力将《全球就业契约》中提到的政策措施纳入其活动;", "7. 联合国 8. 请联合国各基金和方案及专门机构通过适当的决策进程,继续在各自的政策和方案中考虑到《全球就业契约》,并邀请它们酌情将迄今所取得进展的资料纳入其定期报告;", "8. 联合国 1. 重申《全球就业契约》所载议程需要政策一致性和国际协调;", "9. 国家 9. 请秘书长同国际劳工组织协调,评估和审查就业密集型投资和战略,并向理事会2012年实质性会议提出报告,以支持创造就业和促进持续、包容和公平的经济增长;", "10个 5. 又请秘书长在提交经济及社会理事会2012年实质性会议年度部长级审查的报告中,就联合国系统利用《全球就业契约》的情况和执行本决议的进展情况提出报告;", "11个 鼓励联合国系统行政首长协调理事会方案问题高级别委员会考虑采取进一步措施,促进体面工作和持续、包容和公平的经济增长领域的全系统政策一致性。", "[1] * 代表属于77国集团的联合国会员国和中国。", "页:1 根据经济及社会理事会议事规则第72条。", "大会第63/303号决议,附件。", "[2] 第2009/5和2010/25号决议。", "[3] E/2011/92。" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council Sixty-sixth session Sixty-sixth year Item 113 (c) of the provisionalagenda* \nElections to fill vacancies inprincipal organs: election of fivemembers of the International Courtof Justice", "Election of five members of the International Court of Justice", "Memorandum by the Secretary-General**", "* A/66/150.", "** In accordance with the Statute of the Court, the Secretary-General requested States parties to the Statute to provide nominations to the Court from national groups by 30 June 2011. The present document could therefore not be prepared earlier.", "I. Introduction", "1. On 5 February 2012, the terms of office of the following five members of the International Court of Justice will expire:", "Ms. Xue Hanqin (China) Mr. Abdul G. Koroma (Sierra Leone) Mr. Hisashi Owada (Japan) Mr. Bruno Simma (Germany) Mr. Peter Tomka (Slovakia)", "It is therefore necessary for the General Assembly and the Security Council, during the sixty-sixth session of the Assembly, to elect five judges for a term of office of nine years, beginning on 6 February 2012.", "2. On 8 March 2011 the Assistant Secretary-General in charge of the Office of Legal Affairs, on behalf of the Secretary-General, requested nominations from the national groups of States parties to the Statute of the Court not later than 30 June 2011. The nominations received by that date and the curricula vitae of the candidates are contained in separate documents submitted to the General Assembly and to the Security Council (A/66/183-S/2011/453 and A/66/184-S/2011/454). Furthermore, the list of candidates will appear on the ballot papers distributed during the elections. The object of the present memorandum is to set out the current composition of the International Court of Justice and to describe the procedure in the General Assembly and the Security Council with regard to the election.", "II. Composition of the International Court of Justice", "3. The current composition of the International Court of Justice is as follows:", "President:", "Hisashi Owada (Japan)*", "Vice-President:", "Peter Tomka (Slovakia)*", "Judges:", "Abdul G. Koroma (Sierra Leone)*", "Awn Shawkat Al-Khasawneh (Jordan)***", "Bruno Simma (Germany)*", "Ronny Abraham (France)***", "Kenneth Keith (New Zealand)**", "Bernardo Sepúlveda-Amor (Mexico)**", "Mohamed Bennouna (Morocco)**", "Leonid Skotnikov (Russian Federation)**", "Antônio A. Cançado Trindade (Brazil)***", "Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf (Somalia)***", "Christopher Greenwood (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)***", "Xue Hanqin (China)*", "Joan E. Donoghue (United States of America)**", "* Term of office expires on 5 February 2012.", "** Term of office expires on 5 February 2015.", "*** Term of office expires on 5 February 2018.", "III. Procedure in the General Assembly and in the Security Council", "4. The election will be held in accordance with the following:", "(a) The Statute of the Court, in particular Articles 2 to 4 and 7 to 12;", "(b) Rules 150 and 151 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly;", "(c) Rules 40 and 61 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council.", "5. On the date of the election, the General Assembly and the Security Council will proceed, independently of one another, to elect five members of the Court to fill the vacancy (Article 8 of the Statute).", "6. According to Article 2 of the Statute, members of the Court are to be elected, regardless of their nationality, from among persons of high moral character, who possess the qualifications required in their respective countries for appointment to the highest judicial offices, or are jurisconsults of recognized competence in international law. Article 9 requires electors to bear in mind not only that the person to be elected should individually possess the qualifications required, but also that, in the body as a whole, the representation of the main forms of civilization and of the principal legal systems of the world should be assured.", "7. Those candidates who obtain an absolute majority of votes both in the General Assembly and in the Security Council will be considered as elected (Article 10, paragraph 1, of the Statute).", "8. The consistent practice of the United Nations has been to interpret the words “absolute majority” as meaning a majority of all electors, whether or not they vote or are allowed to vote. The electors in the General Assembly will be all 193 Member States. Accordingly, 97 votes constitutes an absolute majority in the Assembly for the purpose of those elections.", "9. In the Security Council, eight votes constitutes an absolute majority and no distinction is made between permanent and non-permanent members of the Council (Article 10, paragraph 2, of the Statute).", "10. Only those candidates whose names appear on the ballot papers are eligible for election. The electors in the General Assembly and in the Security Council will indicate the candidates for whom they wish to vote by placing crosses against their names on the ballot papers. Each elector may vote for not more than five candidates on the first ballot and, on subsequent ballots, if any, for five less the number of candidates who have already obtained absolute majorities.", "11. At the 915th plenary meeting of the General Assembly, on 16 November 1960, a procedural discussion was held as to whether rule 94 (then rule 96) of the rules of procedure of the Assembly should be applied in elections to the International Court of Justice. That rule lays down a procedure for restricted ballots in the event that, after the first ballot, the requisite number of candidates have not obtained the required majority. By 47 votes to 27, with 25 abstentions, the Assembly decided that the rule did not apply to elections to the Court and proceeded to elect the requisite number of candidates by a series of unrestricted ballots. That decision has been followed consistently.", "12. Accordingly, if in the first ballot in either the General Assembly or the Security Council, the number of candidates obtaining an absolute majority is less than five, a second ballot will be held and balloting will continue at the same meeting until five candidates have obtained the required majority (rule 151 of the rules of procedure of the Assembly and rule 61 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Council).", "13. Cases, however, have arisen in the Security Council in which more than the required number of candidates have obtained an absolute majority on the same ballot. The practice followed by the Council has been to hold a new vote on all the candidates, and the President of the Council made no notification to the President of the General Assembly until only the required number of candidates, and no more, had obtained an absolute majority in the Council.", "14. Only when five candidates have obtained the required majority in one of the organs will the President of that organ notify the President of the other organ of the names of the five candidates. The President of the latter should not communicate such names to the members of that organ until that organ has itself given five candidates the required majority of votes.", "15. If, upon comparison of the respective lists of names that have obtained an absolute majority in the General Assembly and in the Security Council, fewer than five candidates have been thus elected pursuant to paragraph 7 above, the Assembly and the Council will proceed, again independently of one another, at a second meeting and, if necessary, a third meeting to elect candidates by further ballots for seats remaining vacant (Article 11 of the Statute), the results again being compared after the required number of candidates have obtained an absolute majority in each organ.", "16. If, however, after the third meeting, one or more seats still remain unfilled, the General Assembly and the Security Council may at any time, at the request of either organ, form a joint conference consisting of six members, three appointed by each organ. This joint conference may, by an absolute majority, agree upon one name for each seat still vacant and submit the name or names for the respective acceptance of the Assembly and the Council. If the joint conference is unanimously agreed, it may submit the name of a person not included in the list of nominations, provided that candidate fulfils the required conditions (Article 12, paragraph 2, of the Statute).", "17. If the joint conference is satisfied that it will not be successful in procuring an election, those members of the Court who have already been elected shall, within a period to be fixed by the Security Council, proceed to fill the vacant seat or seats by selection from among those candidates who have obtained votes either in the General Assembly or in the Security Council. In the event of an equality of votes among the judges, the eldest shall have a casting vote (Article 12, paragraphs 3 and 4, of the Statute)." ]

[ "大 会 安全理事会", "第六十六届会议 第六十六年", "临时议程^(*) 项目113(c)", "选举各主要机构成员以补空缺： 选举国际法院五名法官", "选举国际法院五名法官", "秘书长的备忘录^(**)", "一. 导言", "^(*) A/66/150。", "^(**) 根据法院《规约》，秘书长请《规约》缔约国在2011年6月30日之前提交各国家团体的提名人选。因此本文件无法更早地编写。", "1. 国际法院下列五名法官的任期将于2012年2月5日届满：", "薛捍勤女士(中国)", "阿卜杜勒·科罗马先生(塞拉利昂)", "小和田恒先生(日本)", "布鲁诺·西马先生(德国)", "彼得·通卡先生(斯洛伐克)", "因此，在大会第六十六届会议期间,大会和安全理事会需选出五名法官,任期九年,自2012年2月6日开始。", "2. 2011年3月8日，主管法律事务厅的助理秘书长代表秘书长请法院《规约》缔约国的国家团体至迟于2011年6月30日提名人选。在该日期之前收到的提名人选和各候选人的履历分别载于提交大会和安全理事会的两份文件(A/66/183- S/2011/453和A/66/184-S/2011/454)。此外,候选人名单将列于选举时分发的选票上。本备忘录的目的是列出国际法院目前的组成,并说明大会和安全理事会应遵循的选举程序。", "二. 国际法院的组成", "3. 国际法院目前组成如下：", "院长： 小和田恒(日本)^(*)", "副院长：彼得·通卡(斯洛伐克)^(*)", "法官： 阿卜杜勒·科罗马(塞拉利昂)^(*)", "奥恩·肖卡特·哈苏奈(约旦)^(***)", "布鲁诺·西马(德国)^(*)", "龙尼·亚伯拉罕(法国)^(***)", "肯尼斯·基思(新西兰)^(**)", "贝尔纳多·塞普尔韦达·阿莫尔(墨西哥)^(***)", "穆罕默德·本努纳(摩洛哥)^(**)", "列昂尼德·斯科特尼科夫(俄罗斯联邦)^(**)", "安东尼奥·坎萨多·特林多德(巴西)^(***)", "阿布杜勒卡维·艾哈迈德·优素福(索马里)^(***)", "克里斯托弗·格林伍德(大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国)^(***)", "薛捍勤(中国)^(*)", "琼恩·多诺霍(美利坚合众国)^(**)", "^(*) 2012年2月5日任期届满。", "^(**) 2015年2月5日任期届满。", "^(***) 2018年2月5日任期届满。", "三. 大会及安全理事会须遵循的程序", "4. 选举将依照下列文书规定进行：", "(a) 《国际法院规约》,特别是第二至第四条和第七至第十二条；", "(b) 《大会议事规则》第一五○条和第一五一条；", "(c) 《安全理事会暂行议事规则》第四十和第六十一条。", "5. 在选举之日,大会和安全理事会各自独立选举国际法院五名法官以补空缺(《规约》第八条)。", "6. 《规约》第二条规定,法官应不论国籍,从品格高尚,并在各本国具有最高司法职位的任命资格或公认为国际法的法学家中选出。第九条规定，选举人不独应注意被选人必须各具必要资格,并应注意务使法官全体确能代表世界各大文化及各主要法系。", "7. 候选人在大会和安全理事会皆得绝对多数票者应认为当选(《规约》第十条第一项)。", "8. 联合国一向把“绝对多数”一词解释为所有选举人的过半数,不论选举人是否投票或获准投票。大会内的选举人为其193个会员国。因此,在本次选举中,97票即构成大会的绝对多数。", "9. 在安全理事会,八票即构成绝对多数,不论安理会常任理事国与非常任理事国的区别(《规约》第十条第二项)。", "10. 只有在选票上列名的候选人才有被选资格。大会和安全理事会的选举人在选票上要选的候选人姓名旁边打交叉。每个选举人在第一次投票时最多只可投票选举五名候选人,其后如需再行投票,可投票选举的人数最多只可为五减去已获绝对多数票候选人的人数。", "11. 1960年11月16日,大会第915次全体会议就程序问题进行讨论,商讨大会议事规则第九十四条(当时为第九十六条)是否应适用于国际法院的选举。该条规定在第一次投票后,如获得法定多数的候选人不足所需人数,则采用限制投票的程序。大会以47票对27票,25票弃权,决定该条不适用于国际法院的选举；大会遂进行一系列无限制投票,选出所需数目的候选人。这项决定一直贯彻实行。", "12. 如果在大会或安全理事会的第一次投票中,获得绝对多数票的候选人不到五名,则将举行第二次投票,并且要在同次会议上连续举行投票,直到有五名候选人获得法定多数为止(大会议事规则第一五一条,安全理事会暂行议事规则第六十一条)。", "13. 安全理事会曾出现下述情况：在同一次投票中,获得绝对多数票的候选人超过需要的人数。安理会采用的办法是对所有候选人重新进行投票,直到在安理会获得绝对多数票的候选人恰为(而不超过)所需人数时,安理会主席才向大会主席发送通知。", "14. 大会和安理会之间，一个机关的主席必须等到有五名候选人在该机关获得法定多数,才将这五名候选人的姓名通知另一机关的主席。后一机关的主席要等到该机关本身选出五名获得法定多数的候选人时,才能将另一机关上述候选人姓名通知其成员。", "15. 如果把在大会和在安全理事会获得绝对多数票的候选人名单相对照,发现按照上文第7段规定选出的候选人不到五名，则大会和安理会再要各自独立举行第二次选举会议，并于必要时举行第三次选举会议,继续投票选举候选人填补剩余的空缺(《规约》第十一条),两个机关各自有所需人数候选人获得绝对多数票之后,再将选举结果相对照。", "16. 然而,在第三次选举会议之后,如仍有一个或一个以上空缺需要填补,大会和安全理事会可随时应一方的要求，组织联席会议,人数六人,由大会及安理会各派三人。联席会议可就每一空缺以绝对多数议定一人，提交大会及安理会供各别接受。如联席会议一致同意,可以提出候选人名单上未列的人员,但该候选人必须具备必要的资格(《规约》第十二条第一和第二项)。", "17. 如联席会议确认选举不能有结果时,应由已选出的法官在安全理事会所定的期间内,就曾在大会或安全理事会得有选票的候选人中,选举所需人数补足空缺。法官投票数相等时,年事最高的法官应投决定票(《规约》第十二条第三项和第四项)。" ]

[ "大会第六十六届会议 临时议程* 项目113(c)\n选举各主要机构成员以补空缺:选举国际法院五名法官", "选举国际法院五名法官", "秘书长的备忘录* * 联合国", "页:1", "页:1 根据《法院规约》,秘书长请《规约》缔约国在2011年6月30日前从国家团体向法院提名人选。 因此,本文件无法提前编写。", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 2012年2月5日,国际法院下列五名法官的任期将届满:", "薛捍勤女士(中国)", "因此,大会和安全理事会必须在大会第六十六届会议期间选举五名法官,自2012年2月6日起,任期九年。", "2. 2011年3月8日,主管法律事务厅的助理秘书长代表秘书长请《法院规约》缔约国国家小组至迟于2011年6月30日提名候选人。 截至该日收到的提名和候选人简历载于提交大会和安全理事会的单独文件(A/66/183-S/2011/453和A/66/184-S/2011/454)。 此外,候选人名单将出现在选举期间分发的选票上。 本备忘录的目的是列出国际法院目前的组成情况并介绍大会和安全理事会的选举程序。", "二. 国际法院的组成", "3个 国际法院目前的组成如下:", "主席:", "小和田恒(日本)*", "副主席:", "彼得·通卡(斯洛伐克)*", "法官:", "阿卜杜勒·科罗马(塞拉利昂)*", "奥恩·肖卡特·哈苏奈(约旦)** * 联合国", "布鲁诺·西马(德国)*", "龙尼·亚伯拉罕(法国)* * 联合国 * 联合国", "肯尼思·基思(新西兰)* * 联合国", "贝尔纳多·塞普尔韦达-阿莫尔(墨西哥)* * 联合国", "穆罕默德·本努纳(摩洛哥)* * 联合国", "列昂尼德·斯科特尼科夫(俄罗斯联邦)* * 联合国", "安东尼奥·坎卡多·特林达德(巴西)** * 联合国", "阿卜杜勒卡维·艾哈迈德·优素福(索马里)***", "克里斯托弗·格林伍德(大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国)** * 联合国", "薛捍勤(中国)*", "琼·多诺霍(美利坚合众国)* * 联合国", "* 联合国 2012年2月5日任满。", "页:1 任期于2015年2月5日届满.", "页:1 2018年2月5日任满.", "三. 大会和安全理事会的程序", " 4.四. 选举将按照以下规定进行:", "(a) 《法院规约》,特别是第二条至第四条和第七条至第十二条;", "(b) 《大会议事规则》第150和151条;", "(c) 安全理事会暂行议事规则第40和61条。", "5 (韩语). 在选举之日,大会和安全理事会将各自独立选举法院五名法官以填补空缺(《规约》第八条)。", "6. 国家 根据《规约》第二条,法院法官应从品德高尚者中选出,不论其国籍为何,他们应具备在其本国担任最高司法职务所需的资格,或具有公认的国际法能力。 第9条要求选举人不仅应铭记被选举人个人应具备必要的资格,而且应铭记在整个机构中应确保世界主要文明形式和主要法系的代表性。", "7. 联合国 在大会和安全理事会获得绝对多数票的候选人将被视为当选(《规约》第十条第一款)。", "8. 联合国 联合国的一贯做法是将“绝对多数”一词解释为所有选举人的多数,不论他们是否投票或被允许投票。 大会选举人将全部为193个会员国。 因此,为这些选举的目的,97票构成大会的绝对多数。", "9. 国家 在安全理事会,八票构成绝对多数,对安理会常任理事国和非常任理事国不加区别(《规约》第十条第二项)。", "10个 只有选票上列名的候选人才有资格当选。 大会和安全理事会的选举人在选票上候选人姓名旁打叉,以标明他们希望选举的候选人。 每一选举人在第一次投票时,可投票支持不超过五名候选人,在以后的任何投票中,可投票支持少于已获得绝对多数票的候选人数的五名候选人。", "11个 1960年11月16日,大会第915次全体会议就大会议事规则第94条(当时为第96条)是否适用于国际法院的选举进行了程序性讨论。 该条规则规定了在第一次投票后,如所需数目的候选人尚未获得法定多数票,则进行限制性投票的程序。 大会以47票对27票、25票弃权,决定该条规则不适用于法院的选举,并进行一系列非限制性投票,选出所需人数的候选人。 这项决定一直得到遵守。", "12个 因此,如果在大会或安全理事会的第一轮投票中,获得绝对多数票的候选人不到5人,则应进行第二轮投票,并在同一次会议上继续进行投票,直至有五名候选人获得法定多数票(大会议事规则第一五一条和安理会暂行议事规则第六十一条)。", "13个 然而,在安全理事会出现的情况是,在同一轮投票中获得绝对多数票的候选人超过规定人数。 安理会的做法一直是对所有候选人进行新的投票,安理会主席没有通知大会主席,直到只有所需数目的候选人在安理会获得绝对多数,而且没有更多的候选人。", "14个 只有在五个候选人在其中一个机构获得法定多数票时,该机构主席才能将这五个候选人的姓名通知另一机构主席。 后者的主席在该机构本身给五名候选人以法定多数票之前,不应将其姓名通知该机构的成员。", "15个 3. 如果对大会和安全理事会获得绝对多数票的候选人名单进行比较后,根据上文第7段选出的候选人不到五名,则大会和安理会将在第二次会议上,必要时再举行第三次会议,就尚有空缺的席位(《规约》第十一条)再投票选举候选人,在每一机构获得法定候选人绝对多数票后再作比较。", "16号. 但是,如果在第三次会议后仍有一个或一个以上席位尚未填补,大会和安全理事会可在任何时候应任一机构的请求,组成由六名成员组成的联席会议,每个机构任命三人。 本次联席会议可以绝对多数就每个空缺席位商定一个名称并提交一个或多个名称,供大会和理事会分别接受。 联席会议一致同意的,可以提交候选人名单中未包括的人选姓名,但候选人须符合规定条件(\"规约\"第十二条第二款).", "17岁。 如果联席会议认为无法成功进行选举,已经当选的法院法官应在安全理事会确定的期限内,从在大会或安全理事会得票的候选人中甄选,以补空缺。 如果法官票数相等,则长者应投一票(《规约》第十二条第三款和第四款)。" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council Sixty-sixth session Sixty-sixth year Item 113 (c) of the provisionalagenda[1] \nElections to fill vacancies inprincipal organs: election of fivemembers of the International Courtof Justice", "List of candidates nominated by national groups", "Note by the Secretary-General[2]", "1. By a communication dated 8 March 2011 addressed on behalf of the Secretary-General to States parties to the Statute of the International Court of Justice, attention was drawn to the fact that the terms of office of the following five members of the Court will expire on 5 February 2012:", "Mr. Abdul G. Koroma (Sierra Leone)", "Mr. Hisashi Owada (Japan)", "Mr. Bruno Simma (Germany)", "Mr. Peter Tomka (Slovakia)", "Ms. Xue Hanqin (China)", "2. In conformity with Article 4 and Article 13 of the Statute of the Court, the General Assembly and the Security Council, during the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly, will elect five judges for a period of nine years, beginning on 6 February 2012. In accordance with Article 5, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court, national groups were thus invited to undertake the nomination of persons in a position to accept the duties of a member of the Court and to submit such nominations to the Secretary-General no later than 30 June 2011.", "3. In accordance with Article 7 of the Statute of the Court, the Secretary-General has the honour to submit to the General Assembly and to the Security Council a list in alphabetical order of all the persons thus nominated (see annex).", "4. The composition of the Court and the voting procedure to be followed in the General Assembly and in the Security Council are set out in a memorandum by the Secretary-General (A/66/182-S/2011/452). The curricula vitae of the candidates appear in document A/66/184-S/2011/454.", "Annex", "List of candidates nominated by national groups", "Name and nationality Nominated by the national group of \n Gaja, Giorgio (Italy) Argentina \n Australia \n Belgium \n Bulgaria \n Canada \n Chile \n China \n Colombia \n Denmark \n Finland \n France \n Germany \n Hungary \n Italy \n Japan \n Netherlands \n New Zealand \n Peru \n Spain \n Sweden \n\tUnited Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland\nKamenova, Tsvetana(Bulgaria)\tBrazil\n Bulgaria \n Hungary \n Italy \n Lithuania \n Ukraine \nKoroma, Abdul G. (SierraLeone)\tFinland\n Hungary \n Republic of Korea \n Russian Federation \n Sierra Leone \n Singapore \n Owada, Hisashi (Japan) Argentina \n Australia \n Austria \n Belgium \n Brazil \n Burkina Faso \n Canada \n Chile \n China \n Croatia \n Czech Republic \n Finland \n France \n Germany \n Hungary \n Italy \n Japan Lithuania Mexico \n Morocco \n Netherlands \n Peru \n Poland \n Republic of Korea \n Russian Federation \n Singapore \n Slovenia \n Spain \n Sweden \n Switzerland \n Thailand \n\tUnited Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland\n United States of America \n Sebutinde, Julia (Uganda) Croatia \n Denmark \n Uganda \nTall, El Hadji Mansour(Senegal)\tSenegal\n Tomka, Peter (Slovakia) Australia \n Belgium \n Cameroon \n Canada \n Chile \n Colombia \n Czech Republic \n Denmark \n France \n Germany \n Lithuania \n Netherlands \n New Zealand \n Peru \n Russian Federation \n Singapore \n Slovak Republic \n Spain \n Sweden \n Switzerland \n\tUnited Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland\n Xue, Hanqin (China) Australia \n Belgium \n Bulgaria \n Canada \n Chile \n China \n Colombia \n Denmark \n Finland \n France \n Germany \n Italy \n Japan \n Netherlands \n New Zealand \n Pakistan \n Peru \n Russian Federation \n Singapore \n Slovenia \n Spain \n Sweden \n Switzerland \n Thailand \n\tUnited Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland\n United States of America", "[1] * A/66/150.", "[2] ** In accordance with the Statute of the Court, the Secretary-General requested States parties to the Statute to provide nominations to the Court from national groups by 30 June 2011. The present document could therefore not be prepared earlier." ]

[ "大 会 安全理事会", "第六十六届会议 第六十六年", "临时议程[1] 项目113(c)", "选举各主要机构成员以补空缺： 选举国际法院五名法官", "各国家团体提名的候选人名单", "秘书长的说明[2]", "1. 2011年3月8日曾以秘书长名义致函《国际法院规约》缔约国，提请其注意国际法院下列五名法官的任期将于2012年2月5日届满：", "阿卜杜勒·科罗马先生(塞拉利昂)", "小和田恒先生(日本)", "布鲁诺·西马先生(德国）", "彼得·通卡先生(斯洛伐克)", "薛捍勤女士(中国)", "2. 按照法院《规约》第四和第十三条的规定，在大会第六十六届会议期间，大会和安全理事会将选出五名法官,自2012年2月6日开始，任期九年。根据法院《规约》第五条第一款的规定,邀请各国家团体提名可担任法院法官职务的人士,并最迟于2011年6月30日向秘书长提出这些提名。", "3. 秘书长谨根据法院《规约》第七条的规定，向大会和安全理事会提出按字母顺序排列的提名人选名单(见附件)。", "4. 国际法院的组成以及大会和安全理事会须遵循的表决程序载述于秘书长的一份备忘录(A/66/182-S/2011/452)中。候选人履历载于A/66/184-S/2011/454号文件。", "附件", "各国家团体提名的候选人名单", "姓名和国籍 由下列国家团体提名 \n 乔治·加亚(意大利) 阿根廷 \n 澳大利亚 \n 比利时 \n 保加利亚 \n 加拿大 \n 智利 \n 中国 \n 哥伦比亚 \n 丹麦 \n 芬兰 \n 法国 \n 德国 \n 匈牙利 \n 意大利 \n 日本 \n 荷兰 \n 新西兰 \n 秘鲁 \n 西班牙 \n 瑞典 \n 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 \n 茨韦塔纳·卡梅诺娃(保加利亚) 巴西 \n 保加利亚 \n 匈牙利 \n 意大利 \n 立陶宛 \n 乌克兰 \n 阿卜杜勒·科罗马(塞拉利昂) 芬兰 \n 匈牙利 \n 大韩民国 \n 俄罗斯联邦 \n 塞拉利昂 \n 新加坡 \n 小和田恒(日本) 阿根廷 \n 澳大利亚 \n 奥地利 \n 比利时 \n 巴西 \n 布基纳法索 \n 加拿大 \n 智利 \n 中国 \n 克罗地亚 \n 捷克共和国 \n 芬兰 \n 法国 \n 德国 \n 匈牙利 \n 意大利 \n 日本 立陶宛 墨西哥 \n 摩洛哥 \n 荷兰 \n 秘鲁 \n 波兰 \n 大韩民国 \n 俄罗斯联邦 \n 新加坡 \n 斯洛文尼亚 \n 西班牙 \n 瑞典 \n 瑞士 \n 泰国 \n 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 \n 美利坚合众国 \n 朱立亚·塞布庭德(乌干达) 克罗地亚 \n 丹麦 \n 乌干达 \n 哈吉·曼苏尔·塔勒(塞内加尔) 塞内加尔 \n 彼得·通卡(斯洛伐克) 澳大利亚 \n 比利时 \n 喀麦隆 \n 加拿大 \n 智利 \n 哥伦比亚 \n 捷克共和国 \n 丹麦 \n 法国 \n 德国 \n 立陶宛 \n 荷兰 \n 新西兰 \n 秘鲁 \n 俄罗斯联邦 \n 新加坡 \n 斯洛伐克共和国 \n 西班牙 \n 瑞典 \n 瑞士 \n 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 \n 薛捍勤(中国) 澳大利亚 \n 比利时 \n 保加利亚 \n 加拿大 \n 智利 \n 中国 \n 哥伦比亚 \n 丹麦 \n 芬兰 \n 法国 \n 德国 \n 意大利 \n 日本 \n 荷兰 \n 新西兰 \n 巴基斯坦 \n 秘鲁 \n 俄罗斯联邦 \n 新加坡 \n 斯洛文尼亚 \n 西班牙 \n 瑞典 \n 瑞士 \n 泰国 \n 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 \n 美利坚合众国", "[1] ^(*) A/66/150。", "[2] ^(**) 根据法院《规约》，秘书长请《规约》缔约国在2011年6月30日之前提出国家团体提名的人选。因此本文件无法更早地编写。" ]

[ "大会第六十六届会议 临时议程项目113(c) [1]\n选举各主要机构成员以补空缺:选举国际法院五名法官", "国家团体提名的候选人名单", "秘书长的说明[2]", "1. 联合国 2011年3月8日,秘书长致函《国际法院规约》缔约国,提请注意法院下列五名法官的任期将于2012年2月5日届满:", "阿卜杜勒·科罗马先生(塞拉利昂)", "小和田恒先生(日本)", "布鲁诺·西马先生(德国)", "彼得·通卡先生(斯洛伐克)", "薛捍勤女士(中国)", "2. 联合国 根据《法院规约》第四条和第十三条,大会和安全理事会将在大会第六十六届会议期间选举五名法官,自2012年2月6日起,任期九年。 根据《法院规约》第五条第1款,邀请各国家团体提名能够接受法院法官职责的人员,并至迟于2011年6月30日将提名人选提交秘书长。", "3个 根据《法院规约》第七条,秘书长谨向大会和安全理事会提交按字母顺序排列的所有提名人选名单(见附件)。", " 4.四. 法院的组成以及大会和安全理事会应遵循的表决程序载于秘书长的备忘录(A/66/182-S/2011/452)。 候选人简历见A/66/184-S/2011/454号文件。", "页:1", "国家团体提名的候选人名单", "姓名和国籍 国家组提名\n乔治·加亚(意大利)\n澳大利亚\n比利时\n保加利亚\n加拿大\n邮件地址\n中国\n哥伦比亚\n丹麦\n芬兰\n法国\n德国\n匈牙利\n意大利\n日本\n荷兰\n新西兰\n秘鲁\n页:1\n瑞典\n大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国\n卡梅诺娃、茨韦塔纳(保加利亚) 巴西\n保加利亚\n匈牙利\n意大利\n立陶宛\n乌克兰\n科罗马·阿卜杜勒·G.(塞拉里昂) 芬兰\n匈牙利\n大韩民国\n俄罗斯联邦\n塞拉利昂\n新加坡\n小和田恒(日本) 阿根廷\n澳大利亚\n奥地利\n比利时\n联合国\n布基纳法索\n加拿大\n邮件地址\n中国\n克罗地亚\n捷克共和国\n芬兰\n法国\n德国\n匈牙利\n意大利\n日本 墨西哥\n摩洛哥\n荷兰\n秘鲁\n波兰\n大韩民国\n俄罗斯联邦\n新加坡\n斯洛文尼亚\n页:1\n瑞典\n瑞士\n泰国\n大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国\n美利坚合众国\n朱莉娅·塞布廷德(乌干达) 克罗地亚\n丹麦\n乌干达\n哈吉·曼苏尔(塞内加尔)\n澳大利亚,托姆卡,彼得(斯洛伐克)\n比利时\n喀麦隆\n加拿大\n邮件地址\n哥伦比亚\n捷克共和国\n丹麦\n法国\n德国\n立陶宛\n荷兰\n新西兰\n秘鲁\n俄罗斯联邦\n新加坡\n斯洛伐克共和国\n页:1\n瑞典\n瑞士\n大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国\n薛克勤(中国) 澳大利亚\n比利时\n保加利亚\n加拿大\n邮件地址\n中国\n哥伦比亚\n丹麦\n芬兰\n法国\n德国\n意大利\n日本\n荷兰\n新西兰\n巴基斯坦\n秘鲁\n俄罗斯联邦\n新加坡\n斯洛文尼亚\n页:1\n瑞典\n瑞士\n泰国\n大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国\n美利坚合众国", "[1] (中文(简体) ).", "[2] ** 根据《法院规约》,秘书长请《规约》缔约国在2011年6月30日前从国家团体向法院提名人选。 因此,本文件无法提前编写。" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council Sixty-sixth session Sixty-sixth year Agenda item 113 (c) \nElections to fill vacancies inprincipal organs", "Election of five members of the International Court of Justice: curricula vitae of candidates nominated by national groups", "Note by the Secretary-General**", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 2II. Curricula 2 \nvitae Giorgio 2 \n Gaja \nXueHanqin 6Tsvetana 11 \nKamenova \nAbdulG.Koroma 15\nHisashiOwada 20\nJuliaSebutinde 26ElHadji 33 Mansour \n Tall \nPeterTomka 37", "* Reissued for technical reasons on 17 October 2011.", "** In accordance with the Statute of the International Court of Justice, the Secretary-General requested States parties to the Statute to provide nominations to the Court from national groups by 30 June 2011. The present document could not, therefore, have been prepared at an earlier date.", "I. Introduction", "The Secretary-General has the honour to submit to the General Assembly and to the Security Council the curricula vitae of the candidates nominated by national groups for the elections to fill five vacancies on the International Court of Justice. The elections will be held during the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly. The list of nominated candidates is contained in document A/66/183-S/2011/453. The composition of the Court and the voting procedure to be followed in the General Assembly and in the Security Council are set out in a memorandum by the Secretary-General (A/66/182-S/2011/452).", "II. Curricula vitae", "Giorgio Gaja (Italy)", "[Original: English and French]", "Giorgio Gaja, born at Luzern, Switzerland, 7 December 1939. Italian nationality.", "Degree in Law, University of Rome, 1960. “Libera docenza” in International Law, 1968. Honorary Doctor of Law, Dickinson Law School, 1985.", "Professor of International Law at the University of Florence School of Law since 1974. Dean of the School of Law, 1978-1981.", "Lecturer, Hague Academy of International Law, 1981. Part Time Professor at the European University Institute, 1980 and 1984-5. Visiting Professor at the Johns Hopkins University, 1977-8, at the University of Geneva, 1983 and 1985, at the University of Paris I, 1989 and 2001, at the University of Paris II, 2004, at the University of Aix-en-Provence-Marseille III, 1992, at the University of Michigan School of Law, 1992, at the Columbia Law School, 1996, and at the Graduate Institute of International Studies at Geneva, 2001.", "Member of the International Law Commission since 1999. Chairman of the Drafting Committee, 2000. Special Rapporteur on Responsibility of International Organizations since 2002. First Vice-Chairman of the Commission, 2006", "Judge ad hoc of the International Court of Justice in the case concerning the Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v Italy) and in the case concerning Maritime Delimitation between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea.", "Delegate of the Italian Government at the Vienna Conference on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations or between International Organizations, 1986. Counsel to the Italian Government in the Elsi case before the International Court of Justice, 1989.", "Member of the Institut de Droit International. Editor of the Rivista di Diritto Internazionale. Member of the Advisory Boards of the Common Market Law Review, the Columbia Journal of European Law and the European Journal of International Law.", "Principal publications", "Books", "L’esaurimento dei ricorsi interni nel diritto internazionale (1967), 246 p.", "La deroga alla giurisdizione italiana (1971), 396 p.", "International Commercial Arbitration. The New York Convention (edited looseleaf volumes) (1978- ).", "La riforma del diritto internazionale privato e processuale (edited volume) (1994).", "Introduzione al diritto comunitario (4th ed., 2005), 194 p.", "Articles", "“River Pollution in International Law”, in: Hague Academy of International Law Colloquium 1973. The Protection of the Environment and International Law (1975) 352-396.", "“Considerazioni sugli effetti delle sentenze di merito della Corte internazionale di giustizia”, Comunicazioni e Studi, Vol. XIV (1975) 313-335.", "“Reservations to Treaties and the Newly Independent States”, Italian Yearbook of International Law, Vol. I (1975) 52-68.", "“The European Community’s Participation in the Law of the Sea Convention: Some Incoherencies in a Compromise Solution”, Italian Yearbook of International Law, Vol. V (1980-1) 110-114.", "“Jus Cogens Beyond the Vienna Convention”, in: Hague Academy of International Law. Collected Courses, Vol. 172 (1981) 271-316.", "“The European Community’s Rights and Obligations under Mixed Agreements”, in: Mixed Agreements (D. O’Keeffe and H.G. Schermers eds.) (1983) 133-140.", "“Effets directs et réciprocité dans la jurisprudence concernant l’accord entre la Communauté européenne et la Suisse”, Annuaire suisse de Droit international, Vol. XL (1984) 9-29.", "“Instruments for Legal Integration in the European Community — A Review” (with P. Hay and R.D. Rotunda), in: Integration Through Law. Europe and the American Federal Experience (M. Cappelletti, M. Seccombe and J. Weiler eds.) (1986) Vol. 1.2, 113-160.", "“Principi generali del diritto (diritto internazionale)”, in: Enciclopedia del Diritto, Vol. XXXV (1989) 533-549.", "“Unruly Treaty Reservations”, in: International Law at the Time of its Codification. Essays in Honour of Roberto Ago (1987) Vol. I, 307-330.", "“Italy”, in: The Effect of Treaties in Domestic Law (F.G. Jacobs and S. Roberts eds.) (1987) 87-108.", "“A ‘New’ Vienna Convention on Treaties Between States and International Organizations or Between International Organizations: A Critical Commentary”, British Year Book of International Law, Vol. 58 (1987) 235-269.", "“Obligations Erga Omnes, International Crimes and Jus Cogens: A tentative Analysis of Three Related Concepts”, in: International Crimes of States (J.H.H. Weiler, A. Cassese and M. Spinedi eds.) (1989) 151-160.", "“New Developments in a Continuing Story: The Relationship between EEC Law and Italian Law”, Common Market Law Review, Vol. 27 (1990) 83-95.", "“Measures Against Terrorist Acts Under International Law”, in: Maritime Terrorism and International Law (N. Ronzitti ed.) (1990) 15-24.", "“Positivism and Dualism in Dionisio Anzilotti”, European Journal of International Law, Vol. 3 (1992) 123-138.", "“Réflexions sur le role du Conseil de sécurité dans le nouvel ordre mondial. A’ propos des rapports entre maintien de la paix et crimes internationaux des Etats”, Revue générale de Droit international public, Vol. 97 (1993) 297-320.", "“La Convention Européenne des Droits de l’Homme dans les ordres juridiques des Etats membres de la Communauté Européenne”, in: Grundrechtsschutz im europaischen Raum (J. Iliopoulos-Strangas ed.) (1993) 131-150.", "“Beyond the Reasons States in Judgments”, Michigan Law Review, Vol. 92 (1993-4), 1966-1976.", "“The Protection of Human Rights under the Maastricht Treaty”, in: Institutional Dynamics of European Integration. Essays in Honour of Henry G. Schermers (1994) Vol. II, 549-560.", "“Use of Force Made or Authorized by the United Nations”, in: The United Nations at Age Fifty. A Legal Perspective (Ch. Tomuschat ed.) (1995) 39-58.", "“Some Reflections on the European Community’s International Responsibility”, in: The Action for Damages in Community Law (T. Heukels and A. McDonnell eds.) (1997) 351-361.", "“Identifying the Status of General Principles in European Community Law”, in: Scritti in onore di Giuseppe Federico Mancini (1998) Vol. II, 445-457.", "“How Flexible is Flexibility under the Amsterdam Treaty?”, Common Market Law Review, Vol. 35 (1998) 857-870.", "“Does the European Court of Human Rights Use its Stated Methods of Interpretation?”, in: Divenire sociale e adeguamento del diritto. Studi in onore di Francesco Capotorti (1999) Vol. I, 213-227.", "“New Instruments and Institutions for Enhancing the Protection of Human Rights in Europe?”, in: The EU and Human Rights (Ph. Alston ed.) (1999) 781-800.", "“Trattati internazionali”, in: Digesto delle Discipline Pubblicistiche, vol. XV (1999) 344-368.", "“The Growing Variety of Procedures Concerning Preliminary Rulings”, in Liber Amicorum in Honour of Lord Slynn of Hadley. Judicial Review in European Union Law (2000) 143-152.", "“Expulsion of Aliens: Some Old and New Issues in International Law”, in: Cursos Euromediterraneos Bancaja de Derecho Internacional, Vol. III (1999) 283-314.", "“Deliberating on Questions of Jurisdiction in the International Court of Justice”, in: Liber Amicorum Judge Shigeru Oda (2002) 409-417.", "“Trends in Judicial Activism and Judicial Self-Restraint Relating to Community Agreements”, in: The European Union as an Actor in International Relations (E. Cannizzaro ed.) (2002) 117-134.", "“The Long Journey Towards Repressing Aggression”, in: The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: A Commentary (A. Cassese, P. Gaeta and J.R.W.D. Jones eds.) (2002) 427-441.", "“Rapporti tra trattati di estradizione e norme internazionali sui diritti umani”, in: Diritti dell’uomo, estradizione ed espulsione (F. Salerno ed.) (2003) 125-140.", "“Is a State Specially Affected when its Nationals’ Human Rights are Infringed?”, in: Man’s Inhumanity to Man. Essays on International Law in Honour of Antonio Cassese (2003) 373-382.", "“Droits des Etats et droits des individus dans le cadre de la protection diplomatique”, in: La protection diplomatique. Mutations contemporaines et pratiques nationales (J.-F. Flauss ed.) (2003) 64-69.", "“How Does the European Community’s International Responsibility Relate to its Exclusive Competence?”, in: Studi di diritto internazionale in onore di Gaetano Arangio-Ruiz (2004) 747-755.", "“Combating terrorism: Issues of Jus ad Bellum and Jus in Bello”, in: Anti-Terrorist Measures and Human Rights (W. Benedek and A. Yotopoulos-Marangopoulos eds.) (2004) 161-170.", "“Do States Have a Duty to Ensure Compliance with Obligations Erga Omnes by Other States?”, in: International Responsibility Today. Essays in Memory of Oscar Schachter (M. Ragazzi ed.) (2005) 31-36.", "“The Perspective of International Law”, in: Multilingual Texts and Interpretation of Tax Treaties and EC Tax Law (G. Maisto ed.) (2005) 91-100.", "“Obligations and Rights Erga Omnes in International Law: First Report” and “Obligations and Rights Erga Omnes in International Law: Second Report”, Annuaire de l’Institut de Droit International, Session de Cracovie, Vol. 71-I (2005) 119-151 and 189-202.", "“Relationship with Other Courts and Tribunals”, in The Statute of the International Court of Justice. A Commentary, A. Zimmermann, C. Tomuschat, K. Oellers Frahm, C.J. Thams, and T. Thienel (eds.), Oxford, 2006.", "Xue Hanqin (China)", "[Original: English]", "Place of birth: Shanghai, China", "Date of birth: September 15, 1955", "Gender: Female", "Nationality: Chinese", "Marital status: Married with one daughter", "Education", "1991-1995: Columbia University School of Law, J.S.D.", "1982-1983: Columbia University School of Law, LL. M.", "1981-1982: Beijing University, Department of Law, Diploma in international law", "1977-1980: Beijing Foreign Language Studies University, B.A.", "Present position", "2010- Judge, International Court of Justice", "Previous positions", "2008-2010 Ambassador to ASEAN, Legal Counsel of the Ministry, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China", "2002-2010 Member of the International Law Commission", "(re-elected in 2006 by the UNGA for the term 2007-2011)", "2003-2008 Ambassador of the People’s Republic of China to the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Permanent Representative of the People’s Republic of China to the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)", "1999-2003 Director-General, Department of Treaty and Law, Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "1994-1999 Deputy Director-General, Department of Treaty and Law, Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "1988-1994 Division Chief, Department of Treaty and Law, Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "1984-1988 Deputy Division Chief, Department of Treaty and Law, Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "1980-1984 Legal officer, Department of Treaty and Law, Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "Academic posts", "• President, Asian Society of International Law, elected in 2009", "• Member, l’Institut de droit international, since 2005", "• Vice-President, Chinese Society of International Law, since 2000", "• Council member, China Law Society, since 1997", "• Board member, Chinese Yearbook of International Law, since 1993", "• Consultant, Committee on Water Resources, International Law Association, 1993-2004", "• Vice-President, Council member, Chinese Society of Private International Law, 1999-2003", "• Professor, Wuhan University School of Law, since 2008", "• Professor, Institute of Law, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, since 2004", "• Professor of Law, China Foreign Affairs University, since 1998", "• Professor of Law, Law Department, Beijing University, since 1994", "In 1988, passed the Chinese National Lawyer’s Qualification examination", "Working experiences", "International conferences and treaty negotiations", "1982, 1990, 1993 Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization, delegate", "1980-1984 U.N. Outer Space Committee and its Legal Sub-Committee meetings, delegate", "1986 IAEA Legal Experts Meeting on the Drafting of the Two Conventions on the Early Notification and Emergency Assistance, legal expert", "1986-1987 U.N. GA session, the Sixth Committee, delegate", "1987-1988 ICAO Legal Committee’s Meeting on the Drafting of the Protocol to the Montreal Convention Against Unlawful Acts At International Airports, delegate", "1993 U.N. GA session, the Third Committee, delegate", "1993 Legal Experts Meeting on the Establishment of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, legal expert", "1994 U.N. Special Experts Meeting on the jurisdictional immunity of States and their property, head of the Chinese Delegation", "1994 The Hague Conference on Private International law meeting relating to the question of the application of the Convention on Protection of Children and Cooperation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption, head of the Chinese Delegation", "1994 U.N. Meeting on the Protection of the Safety of U.N Personnel and its Associated Personnel, head of the Chinese Delegation", "1995 The U.N. Convention Combating Desertification, the INCD meetings, head of the Chinese Delegation", "1996 The Framework Convention on Climate Change meeting, Berlin Mandate, head of the Chinese Delegation", "1996 Presenting national report on the implementation of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, deputy-head of the Chinese Delegation", "1998 Hague Conference on Private International Law meeting on the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgements, delegate", "1998-1999 The Legal Experts meeting on the Drafting of the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, head of the Chinese Delegation", "1999 Presenting national report on the implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, deputy-head of the Chinese Delegation", "2003 The 56th Session of the International Law Commission, first vice-chairman", "2004 Informal Advisory Group meetings on the Admission of the European Community to the Hague Conference, chairperson", "2005 The Twentieth Session of the Hague Conference of Private International Law, vice-chairman", "Bilateral legal negotiations", "• Negotiations with the U.K. Government on legal matters relating to Hong Kong, particularly matters in regard to the continued application of international conventions and treaties as well as special arrangements of bilateral agreements in certain fields after June 30, 1997, head of the Chinese Delegation", "• Negotiation and conclusion with Bulgaria of the Agreement on Judicial Assistance in Civil and Criminal Matters and Treaty on Extradition between China and Bulgaria, head of the Chinese Delegation", "• Negotiation and conclusion with Morocco of the Treaty on Judicial Assistance in Civil and Commercial Matters between China and Morocco, head of the Chinese Delegation", "• Negotiation and conclusion with Romania of the Treaty on Extradition between China and Romania, head of the Chinese Delegation", "• Consultations with Croatia and Slovenia on the succession of treaties concluded between China and former Yugoslavia, head of the Chinese Delegation", "• Negotiation and conclusion with Mongolia of the Treaty on Extradition between China and Mongolia, head of the Chinese Delegation", "• Negotiation and conclusion with Uzbekistan of the Treaty on Judicial Assistance in Civil and Criminal Matters and the Treaty on Extradition between China and Uzbekistan, head of the Chinese Delegation", "• Negotiation and conclusion with Indonesia of the Treaty on Judicial Assistance in Criminal Matters, head of the Chinese Delegation", "• Negotiations with the International Bank of Settlement on the Host Country Agreement on the Establishment of the Branch Office of the Bank in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, chief negotiator", "• Negotiations with the Portuguese Government on legal matters relating to Macao, specially in regard to the legal arrangement of the continued application of international conventions and agreements after December 19, 1999, head of the Chinese Delegation", "• Negotiation and conclusion with Viet Nam of the Treaty on Judicial Assistance in Civil and Criminal Matters between China and Viet Nam, head of the Chinese Delegation", "• Negotiation and conclusion with Tunisia of the Treaty on Judicial Assistance in Civil Matters between China and Tunisia, head of the Chinese Delegation", "• Negotiation and conclusion with Lithuania of the Treaty on Judicial Assistance in Civil and Criminal Matters between China and Lithuania, head of the Chinese Delegation", "• Negotiations on property damages arising from the U.S. bombing of the Chinese Embassy in Yugoslavia, chief negotiator", "• Delimitation of the maritime boundaries of territorial sea, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf of Beibu Gulf between China and Viet Nam, head of the working group, Chinese Delegation", "Main publications", "Books", "National Treaty Law and Practice, Chapter 5 on China, edited by Duncan B. Hollis, Merritt R. Blakeslee & L. Benjamin Ederington, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, London/Boston, 2005", "Transboundary Damage in International law, Cambridge University Press, 2003", "International Law, edited by Shao Jin, Beijing University Press and Higher Education Press, 2000 (Chapter on State Responsibility)", "Commentary on the Charter of the United Nations, co-editor, Shanxi Publishing House, 1999", "A Complete Compilation of Treaties on Trade and Economy between China and Foreign Countries, co-editor, Xinhua Publishing House, 1996", "International Law, edited by Wang Tieya, Law Press, 1995", "Articles", "International Treaties in the Chinese Domestic Legal System, Chinese Journal of International Law, Vol. 8, No.2, July 2009", "Fragmented Law or Fragmented Order? (Speech at the Post-ILC Debate on Fragmentation of International Law Conference, February 23-24, 2007, Helsinki), Finnish Yearbook of International Law, Vol. XVII, 2006", "Chinese Observations on International Law(Lecture delivered at Grotius Center of International Law on November 1, 2006), Chinese Journal of International Law, volume. 6, Number 1, 2007", "The Fifty-seventh Session of the International Law Commission, Chinese Yearbook of International Law, 2006", "The Fifty-sixth Session of the International Law Commission, Chinese Yearbook of International Law, 2005", "China’s Open Policy and International Law (lecture initiated by the Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, September, 2004), Chinese Journal of International Law, Vol. 4. No. 1, 2005", "State Responsibility and erga omnes obligation, Chinese Yearbook of International Law, 2004", "The Fifty-fifth Session of the International Law Commission, Chinese Yearbook of International Law, 2004", "What Has Been Changed (a contribution to Agora: Is the Nature of the International Legal System Changing?), Austrian Review of International and European Law, Volume 8, 2003", "The Fifty-fourth Session of the International Law Commission, Chinese Yearbook of International Law, 2003", "Collective Concept in State Responsibility (panel speech on state responsibility at the annual session of the American Society of International Law, March 15, 2002), Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Society of International Law, 96th, 2002", "On Sustainable Development, Pacific Journal, vol. 4, 1997", "The Role of the United Nations in the Development of International Law, Chinese Yearbook of International Law, 1995", "Transboundary Damage in International law, Peace, Justice And Law, a collection of papers on International Law in honour of Professor Wang Tieya, 1993", "Relativity in International Water Law, Colorado Journal of International Environmental law and Policy, vol. 3, no. 1, 1992", "International Law Issues in the Kokaryo Case, Chinese Yearbook of International Law, 1988", "Commentary on the Two Nuclear Safety Conventions, Chinese Yearbook of International Law, 1987", "A Comparative Study of the Legal Regimes of the “Common Resources”, Chinese Yearbook of International Law, 1986", "The Twenty-third Session of the Legal Sub-committee of the Outer Space Committee, Chinese Yearbook of International Law, 1985", "On Outer Space Law Issues, co-author, Studies of International Affairs, vol. 4, 1983", "Tsvetana Kamenova (Bulgaria)", "[Original: English]", "Biographical notes", "Dr. Tsvetana Kamenova served as a judge ad litem at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in The Hague until 26 February 2009 on Milutinovic et al. case and as a pre-trial judge on Djordjevic case (she was elected by the UN General Assembly in August 2005).", "Born in Sofia, Bulgaria, on 8 March 1950.", "Degree in law (summa cum laude), Sofia University (1973). Doctoral Studies, Department of International Law, Moscow State University “M.V. Lomonosov” (1976-1979); Doctor of Law (1979).", "Hague Academy of International Law (1981). Institute “Rene Cassin”, Strasbourg, France (1992). Academy of European Law, Florence, Italy (1993).", "Fulbright Senior Scholar, Columbia University, New York (2000-2001).", "Professional experience", "Junior Judge, Sofia City Court (1973-1976).", "Research Fellow at the Institute for Legal Studies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), since 1979.", "Admitted to the Bar in 1991.", "Scientific Secretary for Social Sciences, BAS (1993-1996).", "Director, Institute for Legal Studies, BAS (1995-2006 and since January 2011) and Head of the International Law Department (1995-2006).", "Participated as a member of the group of experts of the Bulgarian Parliament in drafting the amendments to the Bulgarian Constitution related to Bulgaria’s membership in the EU (2003-2004).", "Member of numerous working groups on ratifying and applying international conventions. After Bulgaria’s signing of the Association Agreement with the EU in 1993, she was appointed head of working group at BAS for approximation of Bulgarian legislation to the law of the European Communities.", "Member of the Council for political and legal analyses to the Prime Minister of Bulgaria.", "Member of the Consultative Council on International Law to the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria.", "Consultant on International Humanitarian Law of the Bulgarian Committee of the Red Cross.", "Worked as an expert on UN and EU funded projects in the field of human rights (2000-2005).", "Member of the Panel of Arbitrators, Bulgarian Chamber of Commerce (since 1992).", "Keynote speaker at the International conference “Torture and Terror” organized by the University of Hull, UK, 15-16 November 2007.", "Keynote speaker at the international conference “Customary International Humanitarian Law. Content and Purpose.” organized by the International Committee of the Red Cross, Sofia, 10 December 2008.", "Participated in the International Congress “Law and Multiculturalism. Contemporary Challenges” organized by the Hellenic Institute of International and Foreign Law, November 2009.", "Member of the Bulgarian delegations to the", "UN General Assembly, 64th and 65th sessions, New York: September 2009; September 2010.", "Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Legal Subcommittee, 48th and 49th sessions (2009-2010).", "Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization, New York: March 2009; March 2010; March 2011.", "Eighth and Ninth sessions of the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute of International Criminal Court: November 2009 — The Hague; December 2010 — New York.", "Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, New York: June 2009; June 2010; June 2011.", "Meetings of the States Parties to the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, New York: June 2009; June 2010; June 2011.", "Head of Delegation at the diplomatic conference for adoption of The Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements (June, 2005).", "Member of delegations to a number of diplomatic conferences and meetings of Governmental experts (1993-2005: WIPO — Geneva, UNCITRAL — New York, UNIDROIT — Rome, Hague Conference on Private International Law — The Hague, The Netherlands).", "Member of the Governing Council of UNIDROT, Rome (1994-1998); honorary member of the Governing Council of UNIDROIT (since 1998).", "Member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration, The Hague (2004-2010).", "Member (since 1980) and Secretary (1983-1991) of the Bulgarian Association of International Law. Member of the International Law Association, London (since 1983), member of the Committee on International adoptions of the ILA (1988-1991).", "President of the Bulgarian Association of Comparative Law, member of the Executive Board of the same association (since 1992).", "Member, European Society of International Law.", "Member, American Society of International Law.", "Academic and teaching experience", "Professor of International Law, New Bulgarian University, Sofia (1997-2005). Professor of Law and Dean, Plovdiv University (1992-2005), Holding the Chair of International Law, Plovdiv University (1992-2003).", "She has been lecturing at Sofia University (1980-1988), at the Police Academy, Sofia (1993-1996), New Bulgarian University (1997-2005), the Diplomatic Institute at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2010).", "Lectures at the University of San Diego, California, USA (1992); University of Oregon at Eugene, Oregon, USA (2001); Columbia University, New York, USA (2001); Kazakhstan State University (2001); Austrian Academy (2003); University of Bilbao, Spain (2010); Columbus School of Law, Catholic University, Washington DC (2010).", "Fellow of Max Planck Institutes, Munich and Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, London, United Kingdom.", "Member of editorial boards of legal journals", "Mediterranean Social Sciences Review (Valletta);", "Yearbook of Plovdiv University;", "Journal “Legal Theory”, published by the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences;", "Yearbook of the Institute for Legal Studies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.", "Publications", "Author, co-author and editor of 20 books and more than 100 articles.", "Books", "KAMENOVA, T., International Humanitarian Law, Sofia, 2010. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.", "KAMENOVA, T., Survey of the Crime of Torture in the Jurisprudence of the ICTY (co-author). In: Clucas/Johnstone/Ward (eds.) Torture: Moral Absolutes and Ambiguities, NOMOS Verlag, Germany, 2009 (in English).", "KAMENOVA, T., International and National Copyright, BAS, 2004.", "KAMENOVA, T., European and Bulgarian Anti-discrimination Legal Regulation, Sofia, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2003(co-author and editor). Second edition 2004.", "KAMENOVA, T., Migration — Austrian, Bulgarian, EU Legislation, 2003 (in English).", "KAMENOVA, T., Provisions of Tajik Legislation with regard to the implementation of International Treaties in general and human rights treaties. UNTOP, Dushanbe, 2003.", "KAMENOVA, T., NGO-Law (co-author and editor), 2002.", "KAMENOVA, T., Human Rights: Texts and Materials, (co-author), Plovdiv University Press, Plovdiv, 2000.", "KAMENOVA, T., Documents on Refugee Law in Bulgaria, (ed.), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, 2000.", "KAMENOVA, T., Copyright: International and National Protection, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Publishing House, Sofia, 1999.", "KAMENOVA, T., Legal Regulation of Cultural Property in Bulgaria, (ed.), Sofia 1999.", "KAMENOVA, T., Approximation of Bulgarian Legislation to the Law of the European Communities (ed.) Sofia, 1998.", "KAMENOVA, T., Harmonization of Copyright Law in Europe, Sofia, 1997.", "KAMENOVA, T., Intellectual Property in the Unified Europe, (ed.), Sofia, 1996.", "KAMENOVA, T., Refugee Law in Bulgaria, Text and Materials. (ed.), Sofia, 1995.", "KAMENOVA, T., The Constitution of 1991 and the Participation of Bulgaria in International Treaties (co-author), Sofia, 1993.", "KAMENOVA, T., Private International Law Issues in Outer Space, Moscow Nauka Publishing House, 1993 (in Russian) co-author.", "KAMENOVA, T., International Protection of Investments, Sofia, 1992.", "KAMENOVA, T., Unification of Private International Law. The Activity of the Hague Conference, Sofia University Publishing House, Sofia, 1991.", "KAMENOVA, T., International Protection of Copyright and Neighboring Rights, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Publishing House, Sofia, 1990.", "Articles (selected publications)", "KAMENOVA, T., Aggression in International Law In: ‘Legal Theory’ N3, 2010", "KAMENOVA, T., Maritime Delimitation in the Adriatic Sea. In: Yearbook of the Institute for Legal Studies of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Volume V, Sofia, 2010.", "KAMENOVA, T., Different Legal Cultures and the Global Judicialization at the end of the 20th and beginning of 21st centuries. In Hellenic Review of International Law. Athens, 2010.", "KAMENOVA, T., Universal Jurisdiction (The Resolution of the Institut de droit international) In: Legal Theory Journal; N 3, 2009.", "KAMENOVA, T., Universal Jurisdiction. Comparative Legal Analysis: Austria, Belgium, Germany. In: Yearbook of the Institute for Legal Studies of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Volume IV, Sofia, 2009.", "KAMENOVA, T., The ICJ Jurisprudence for the Application of International Humanitarian Law Rules and Human Rights Conventions. In: International Courts and Tribunals. Published by the Bulgarian Association of International Law, Sofia, 2009.", "KAMENOVA, T., Professor Martens’ Clause and International Humanitarian Law (examples from the jurisprudence of ICTY). In: Pravovedenie, N2/2009, Sankt Petersburg, Russia (in Russian).", "KAMENOVA, T., Fact-Finding in latest ICJ Jurisprudence (The Decision of the International Court of Justice of 26 February 2007, The Bosnia Genocide Case). In: Legal Theory, N1/2008; Vol. XLIX.", "KAMENOVA, T., On the International Legal Obligation of States to Cooperate with International Tribunals. In: Yearbook of the Institute for Legal Studies of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Volume III, Sofia, 2007.", "KAMENOVA, T., Human Dignity and International law. In: Yearbook of Plovdiv University Law Faculty. Plovdiv, 2007.", "KAMENOVA, T., Private International Law in the European Union, Legal Theory, N1/2002.", "KAMENOVA, T., EC Developments in Private International Law after the Adoption of Rome Convention– In: Yearbook of Plovdiv University, Law Faculty, 2001.", "KAMENOVA, T., Legal Reform Issues in Bulgaria — Ten Years Later. In: Bulgarian Studies Association Newsletter, University of Pittsburgh, Vol. 31, No. 1, Winter, 2001 (in English).", "KAMENOVA, T., Protocol No 12 to the European Convention for Human Rights and the Directive of the EU implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons, irrespective of racial or ethnic origin, No 3/2000, Legal Theory Journal.", "KAMENOVA, T., The Relationship between International and Domestic Law and the Impact on Civil Law in Bulgaria. In: Ginsburg, G., D. Barry, W. Simons (eds). The Revival of Private Law in Central and Eastern Europe. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Kluwer Law International. The Hague, 1996 (in English).", "Abdul G. Koroma (Sierra Leone)", "[Original: English]", "Born in Freetown, Sierra Leone", "Current position", "Judge Koroma is the most Senior Judge currently serving on the Bench of the International Court of Justice (ICJ).", "Previous executive and professional experience", "Judge Koroma has brought to his judicial office a unique and wide-ranging experience in international law. Before joining the Court, he had contributed to the codification and progressive development of international law, having participated in the negotiation and adoption of various international legal instruments, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of Treaties, and the Draft Code of Crimes against the Peace and Security of Mankind. Judge Koroma has also contributed to the codification and progressive development of international law, in his capacities as long standing Member (1982 1994) and Chairman (1991) of the International Law Commission (ILC), during which the following topics were under consideration: Non Navigational Uses of International Water Courses; Jurisdictional Immunities of States and their Property; Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts; International Liability for Injurious Consequences arising out of Acts not Prohibited by International Law; Status of the Diplomatic Courier and the Diplomatic Bag not Accompanied by the Diplomatic Courier; and Relations between States and International Organizations.", "While serving on the Court, Judge Koroma has continued to promote the development and dissemination of international law. As a scholar, he has delivered lectures in many learned institutions, including Cambridge University (United Kingdom), Liverpool University (United Kingdom), Glasgow University (United Kingdom), Columbia University (USA), and the Universities of Stockholm (Sweden), Thessaloniki (Greece), Leuven (Belgium), Zurich (Switzerland), Utrecht (Netherlands) and Amsterdam (Netherlands). He has also delivered lectures on international law to government institutions in numerous countries, including Peru, the Republic of South Korea, the Philippines, and Indonesia. For the past ten years, Judge Koroma has been delivering annual lectures on International Humanitarian Law at the International Institute of Humanitarian Law (San Remo, Italy). In 2010 he delivered the General Course in Public International Law at the Xiamen Academy of International Law (Xiamen, China).", "During his tenure on the Court, he has actively participated in the judicial deliberations on, and/or the settlement of the following disputes and requests for Advisory opinions:", "1. East Timor (Portugal v. Australia);", "2. Maritime Delimitation between Guinea Bissau and Senegal (Guinea-Bissau v. Senegal);", "3. Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain);", "4. Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United Kingdom);", "5. Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United States of America);", "6. Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America);", "7. Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia);", "8. Gabčíkovo Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia);", "9. Legality of the Use by a State of Nuclear Weapons in Armed Conflict;", "10. Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening);", "11. Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons;", "12. Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada);", "13. Request for an Examination of the Situation in Accordance with Paragraph 63 of the Court’s Judgment of 20 December 1974 in the Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France) Case (New Zealand v. France);", "14. Kasikili/Sedudu Island (Botswana/Namibia);", "15. Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (Paraguay v. United States of America);", "16. Difference Relating to Immunity from Legal Process of a Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights;", "17. Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 11 June 1998 in the Case concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary Objections (Nigeria v. Cameroon);", "18. Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia);", "19. Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo);", "20. LaGrand (Germany v. United States of America);", "21. Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. Belgium);", "22. Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. Canada);", "23. Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. France);", "24. Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. Germany);", "25. Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. Italy);", "26. Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. Netherlands);", "27. Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. Portugal);", "28. Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. Spain);", "29. Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. United Kingdom);", "30. Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. United States of America);", "31. Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Burundi);", "32. Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda);", "33. Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda);", "34. Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia);", "35. Aerial Incident of 10 August 1999 (Pakistan v. India);", "36. Maritime Delimitation between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras);", "37. Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium);", "38. Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996 in the Case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), (Preliminary Objections) (Yugoslavia v. Bosnia and Herzegovina);", "39. Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany);", "40. Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia);", "41. Frontier Dispute (Benin/Niger);", "42. Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda);", "43. Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 September 1992 in the Case concerning the Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) (El Salvador v. Honduras);", "44. Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mexico v. United States of America);", "45. Certain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of the Congo v. France);", "46. Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore);", "47. Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory;", "48. Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine);", "49. Dispute regarding Navigational and Related Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua);", "50. Status vis à vis the host State of a Diplomatic Envoy to the United Nations (Commonwealth of Dominica v. Switzerland);", "51. Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay);", "52. Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Djibouti v. France);", "53. Aerial Herbicide Spraying (Ecuador v. Colombia);", "54. Request Interpretation of the Judgment of 31 March 2004 in the Case concerning Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mexico v. United States of America) (Mexico v. United States of America);", "55. Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation);", "56. Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence by the Provisional Institutions of Self Government of Kosovo;", "57. Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. Greece);", "58. Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy);", "59. Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal);", "60. Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v. Japan);", "61. Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Niger);", "62. Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua).", "Judge Koroma has served as delegate and Chairman of the Sixth (Legal) Committee of the United Nations General Assembly, as Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Sierra Leone to the United Nations, as Ambassador of Sierra Leone to the European Economic Community and as Sierra Leone’s Ambassador to the Organization of African Unity (OAU) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. He served as Chairman of the First Committee of the Non Aligned Movement in New Delhi, India, in 1983, during which the principles of the movement were formulated, and served as Chairman of the General Assembly Committee on the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (Resolution 1514 (XV)). He also played a key role in the adoption of the Manila Declaration on the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes, and chaired the Committee set up by the African Union to draft the Statute of the African Court of Justice.", "Judge Koroma’s work and interests cover virtually all aspects of international law. He has written and published extensively on the law of the United Nations Charter; international courts and tribunals; alternatives to treaty making; the assertion of jurisdiction by the Court; the law of the sea; outer space law; the law applicable to Antarctica; the principle of self-determination in international law; international humanitarian law; international law and multiculturalism; solidarity as an emerging principle of international law; humanitarian intervention; the binding nature of the decisions of the Court; the Court’s Rules and Practice Directions; the principle of pacta sunt servanda in the Court’s jurisprudence; and provisional measures in disputes between African States before the Court.", "Judge Koroma is a member of several learned societies, including the Institute of International Law (IDI), the African Society of International and Comparative Law, and the American Society of International Law. He also serves as a Member of the Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations of the International Labour Office (ILO) in Geneva. He served as the first President of the Henry Dunant Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue in Geneva, mediating conflicts between and within States.", "Judge Koroma holds an LL.M (Honours) degree from Kiev State University, a Master of Philosophy in International Law from the King’s College, University of London, and an Hons. LL.D from the University of Sierra Leone. He is Barrister-at-Law, Honorary Bencher, Honourable Society of Lincoln’s Inn, London; Hon. Professor, Gujarat National Law University, Gujarat, India.", "He is the recipient of several awards, including:", "1. Order of Commander of Rokel by the Government of Sierra Leone for outstanding professional service (1991);", "2. International Institute of Humanitarian Law Prize for the Promotion, Dissemination and Teaching of International Humanitarian Law (2005);", "3. Order of Grand Officer of the Republic of Sierra Leone (the highest national award) in recognition of his service to the nation in the field of international law and international justice as a judge at the International Court of Justice (2007);", "4. Order of Comendador Ordem do Merito Judiciario do Trabalho, Brazil (2010).", "Hisashi Owada (Japan)", "[Original: English]", "I. Present position", "President of the International Court of Justice (2009-, Member of the Court 2003~)", "Member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration (2001-)", "II. Professional career", "Entered the Foreign Service of Japan (1955)", "Legal Affairs Division, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1959-63)", "First Secretary, the Permanent Mission of Japan to the United Nations (1968-71)", "Private Secretary to the Minister for Foreign Affairs (1971-72)", "Director of the United Nations Political Affairs Division, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1972-74)", "Director of the Treaties Division, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1974-76)", "Private Secretary to the Prime Minister of Japan (1976-78)", "Minister, Embassy of Japan to the U.S.A. (1979-81)", "Minister, Embassy of Japan to the U.S.S.R. (1981-84)", "Director General of the Treaties Bureau (principal Legal Adviser), Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1984-87)", "Ambassador, Permanent Representative of Japan to the OECD (1988-89)", "Deputy Minister, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1989-91)", "Vice-Minister for Foreign Affairs of Japan (1991-93)", "Ambassador, Permanent Representative of Japan to the United Nations (1994-98)", "Chairman of the Security Council, United Nations (1997,98)", "III. Academic career", "1963-65, Adjunct Professor, the University of Tokyo (Professor of 71-76, International Law and International Organization) 84-88", "1979-81 Professor (visiting, full time), Harvard Law School (Professor of International Law)", "1987, 89, Professor (visiting, winter semester), Harvard Law School 2000‑02 (Professor of International Law)", "1994-98 Adjunct Professor, Columbia Law School (Professor of International Law)", "1994-98 Inge Rennert Distinguished Visiting Professor, New York University Global Law School", "1999 Professor, the Hague Academy of International Law", "2000-03 Professor, Waseda University Graduate School (Professor of International Law and International Organization)", "2002 Visiting Fellow Commoner of Trinity College, Cambridge University", "Honorary Professor, Leiden University", "Professional Academic Adviser, Hiroshima University", "2001- Membre, L’Institut de Droit International (1995- Associé)", "Member emeritus, Executive Council, the Japanese Society of International Law (1994-Member)", "Honorary Member, American Society of International Law", "2001- Member, Executive Council, the Japanese Branch of the International Law Association", "2007-09 President, Asian Society of International Law (2009- Member of Executive Council)", "IV. Participation in major international conferences", "1960 Member of the Japanese delegation to the Second United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea", "1968-70 Member of the Japanese delegation to the 23rd-25th sessions of the General Assembly of the United Nations (6th Committee)", "Rapporteur of the Sixth Committee of the 25th session of the General Assembly (1970)", "1968-70 Head of the Japanese Delegation to the Special Committee on Friendly Relations of the United Nations", "Chairman of the Draft Committee of the Special Committee (1970)", "1968-70 Head of the Japanese delegation to the Legal Sub-committee of the Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space of the United Nations", "1968-70 Head of the Japanese Delegation to the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of the Sea Bed and the Ocean Floor of the United Nations", "1968-69 Alternate Representative of Japan to the United Nations Conference on the Law of Treaties", "1972-73 Alternate Representative of Japan to the 27th-28th session of the General Assembly of the United Nations", "1973-82 Alternate Representative of Japan to the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea", "1984-86, Adviser of the delegation of Japan to the 39th-41st, 89-90 44th-45th sessions of the General Assembly of the United Nations", "1994-98 Representative of Japan to the 49th-53rd sessions of the General Assembly of the United Nations", "1995 Representative of Japan to the World Summit for Social Development in Copenhagen", "1995 Representative of Japan to the Fourth World Conference on Woman in Beijing", "1995-97 Representative of Japan to the Assembly of Heads of States and Governments 31st-33rd session of Organization of African Unity", "1996 Representative of Japan to the General Assembly of Organization of American States", "1997-98 Representative of Japan to the Security Council of the United Nations, President of the Security Council (1997 and 1998)", "1997-98 Representative of Japan to the Ministers’ Meeting of Non-Aligned Movement", "1998 Representative of Japan to the Summit Meeting of Non-Aligned Movement", "1998 Representative of Japan to the United Nations Diplomatic Conference on the Establishment of the International Criminal Court", "V. Publications", "In Japanese", "“Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice — Functions and Characteristics of International Justice”, Gaimusho Chosa Geppo (Research Journal of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs) No. 4,1963", "“Codification of International Law and the United Nations — On the Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations,” Keizai to Gaiko (Economics and Diplomacy), 1971", "“Achievements and Challenges of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea — Law and Politics of the International Regime of the Sea”, Kokusai Mondai (International Affairs), No. 184, 1975", "“The Case concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua — Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures”, Kokusaiho Gaiko Zasshi (the Journal of International Law and Diplomacy), Vol. 83 No. 6, 1985", "“The Case concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua — Jurisdiction and Admissibility”, Kokusaiho Gaiko Zasshi (The Journal of International Law and Diplomacy), Vol. 85 No. 4, 1986", "“International Law, the United Nations and Japan”, Liber Amicorum on honour of Prof. Y. Takano (Kobundo), 1987", "“The Functions of OECD and Diplomacy of Japan”, Gaiko-Forum (Diplomatic Forum), 1989", "“Trilateralism — the Relationship among Europe, the United States and Japan”, Gaiko-Forum (Diplomatic Forum), 1989", "“For the Establishment of Global Partnership”, Gaiko-Forum (Diplomatic Forum), 1991", "“Issues of Diplomacy from the Perspective of the History of Civilization”, Gaiko-Forum (Diplomatic Forum), 1992", "From Involvement to Engagement — The New Direction of Japanese Foreign Policy (Toshi Shuppan), 1994", "“Future International Order and the Role of Japan”, Astion, 1994", "“Diversification of the UN Peace Keeping Operations — the Role of Japan and its Future Development”, Yomiuri Shimbun, 1996", "Diplomacy (NHK Press), 1996", "“National Jurisdiction- International Law and National Law”, Liber Amicorum in honour of Prof. S. Yamamoto (Keiso Shobo), 1998", "“Reform of the United Nations and the Role of Japan”, Hogaku Kyoshitsu (The Legal Studies), Yuhikaku, No. 214, 1998", "“The Establishment of the International Criminal Court”, Jurist, No. 1146, 1998", "“Changes in International System and the Role of the United Nations”, Gaiko-Forum (Diplomatic Forum), 1998", "“The Creation of the International Criminal Court- A Critical Analysis”, Kokusaiho Gaiko Zasshi (The Journal of International Law and Diplomacy), Vol. 98 No. 5, 1999", "“The Establishment of a New Cooperative Order”, Nihon Keizai Shimbun (The Japanese Economic Journal), 1999", "“The World and Japan in 21st Century”, Gakushikai-Kaiho (The Journal of Japan Academy), No. 823, 1999", "“Establishment of Asian Society of International Law and its Future” Horitsu Jiho (The Legal News Reports), No. 79, 2007", "International Relationship Theory (co-authored), 2002", "For Peace and Scholarship — A Message from the Hague (co-authored), 2008", "In English", "“Annual review of Japanese practice in international law I-XX”, The Japanese Annual of International Law, 1964-91", "“What Future for the International Court of Justice?”, Proceedings of American Society of International Law, vol. 65, 1971", "“Trilateralism: A Japanese Perspective”, International Security, Winter 1980/81", "The Security of East Asia and the Role of Japan, Acron Books, 1981", "U.S.-Japan Economic Inter-action in an Interdependent World, University of California, Berkeley, 1981", "The Practice of Japan in International Law 1961-1970 (co-authored), Tokyo University Press, 1982", "“International Agenda of Japan for the Nineties”, Proceedings of American Society of International Law vol. 84, 1990", "“Japan’s Foreign Policy: How Does It Strengthen the Rule of Law in International Affairs?”, Proceedings of American Society of International Law, vol. 84, 1990", "“A Japanese Perspective on Peace Keeping”, New Dimension of Peacekeeping, Nijhoff, 1994", "“International Organization and National Law”, Proceedings of American Society of International Law, vol. 89, 1995", "“Regional Institutions in East Asia and Pacific: Is the Time Ripe?”, Proceedings of American Society of International Law, vol. 89, 1995", "“Diplomacy Reconsidered: Essay on the Re-Examination of A Legal Framework for Diplomacy”, Journal of International Law and Politics (New York University Law School), 1995", "“Justice and Stability in the International Order”, Proceedings of the United Nations Congress on Public International Law, 1995", "“Trilateral Perspective on International Legal Issues: Relevance of Domestic Law & Policy”, Proceedings of American Society of International Law, vol. 90, 1996", "“Justice and Stability in the International Legal Order: An Essay in Legal Analysis of the Contemporary International Order”, The Japanese Annual of International Law, 1996", "“Japan’s Constitutional Power to Participate in Peace-Keeping”, Journal of International Law and Politics (New York University Law School), 1997", "“The Problem of World Public Order through the Prism of the United Nations”, Peace, Development, Diplomacy, Bruylant Publishers, 1998", "21st Century Strategies of the Trilateral Countries: In Concert or Conflict?, Trilateral Commission, 1999", "The Responsibilities of Democracies In Preventing Deadly Conflict (co-authored), Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, 1999", "“Global Partnership towards the 21st Century: New Development Strategy and the Role of International Organizations”, Donor Coordination and the Effectiveness of Development Assistance, The United Nations University, 1999", "“An East Asian Security Order for a Globalizing World”, East Asia and the International System, Trilateral Commission, 2001", "“Some Reflections on the Problem of International Public Order”, The Journal of International Law and Diplomacy (Kokusaiho Gaiko Zasshi), vol. 102(3), 2003", "“Reconceptualization of the International Rule of Law in a Globalizing World”, Japanese Yearbook of International Law, vol. 51, 2008", "VI. Education/degrees", "B.A., University of Tokyo (1955)", "LL.B., Cambridge University (1956)", "D.Phil. (honoris causa), Keiwa University of Japan (2000)", "LL.D. (honoris causa), Banaras Hindu University, India (2001)", "LL.D. (honoris causa), Waseda University (2004)", "LL.D. (honoris causa), Groningen University, Netherlads (2009)", "VII. Awards, distinctions", "Humanitarian Studentship in International Law, Cambridge University (1958-59)", "Al-Istiqlal Order First Degree, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (1990)", "Legion d’Honneur, Officier, République française (1992)", "Grand Cross of the Order of Merit, the Federal republic of Germany (1994)", "VIII. Personal Data", "Born September 18, 1932, in Niigata, Japan.", "Married to Yumiko Owada (née Egashira), with three daughters.", "Julia Sebutinde (Uganda)", "[Original: English]", "Judge Julia Sebutinde (born February 1954) is a highly accomplished Judge with over 32 (thirty-two) years of legal and judicial work experience at national and international level. She is a judge of the highest professional standards and moral integrity and has a demonstrated respect for diversity. Her career objective is to contribute to world peace through the adjudication and settlement of legal disputes at national, regional and international levels, and to excel in her service through the application of the core and managerial competencies of the United Nations. She is knowledgeable in International Law, International Humanitarian law and International Criminal Law; has extensive experience in drafting of Judgements, decisions, advisory opinions Memoranda and reports and in analysis and interpretation of Treaties, Protocols, Agreements, Statutes, Rules and Regulations. She is a team-player with excellent communication, organisational, leadership and analytical skills.", "Currently the Presiding Judge of Trial Chamber 2 of the Special Court for Sierra Leone sitting in The Hague, (2005-2011) she is handling several high-profile war-crime trials including the Prosecutor v. Charles Ghankay Taylor. She is also a Judge of the High Court of Uganda with original and appellate jurisdiction in civil and criminal cases (1996 to date). She conducted three high-profile Judicial Commissions of Inquiry into Corruption in Uganda where her work and recommendations led to major reforms in combating and/or eliminating corruption in Government (1999-2004). She has also served as a Legislative Consultant to the Republic of Namibia under the Commonwealth Fund for Technical Cooperation where she is credited with overhauling and replacing the country’s Apartheid Laws and training Namibian legislative drafters (1991-1996).", "She has participated in training of East African judges, magistrates and paralegals in the application of regional and international human rights instruments, in conjunction with the International Association of Women Judges (IAWJ). She is also a trainer and resource person for the International Civilian Peace Keeping and Peace Building Training Programme (IPT) of the Austrian Centre for Peace and Conflict Resolution, Stadschlaining (2008 to date). She contributed significantly to the formation and streamlining of several regional bodies on the African continent including the Common Market for Eastern and Southern African States (COMESA) and the Inter-Governmental Association on Drought and Development (IGADD) where she served as Legislative Consultant on various Legal Committees tasked with drafting and amending the Treaties, Instruments, Rules and Regulations for those bodies.", "She holds a Master of Laws Degree, LL.M (with Distinction) from the University of Edinburgh, and has received numerous national and international awards and honours in recognition of her distinguished legal and judicial service, including a Doctorate of Laws honoris causa from the University of Edinburgh (2009).", "Qualifications", "• Master of Laws Degree with Distinction (LL.M), University of Edinburgh (Scotland, U.K (1990))", "• Bachelor of Laws Degree (LL.B) Makerere University, Uganda (1977)", "• Post Graduate Diploma in Legal Practice, Law Development Centre, Uganda (1978)", "• Called to the Uganda Bar and enrolled as an Advocate of the Courts of Judicature of Uganda (1979)", "• Certificate in Legislative Drafting, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka in conjunction with the Commonwealth Fund for Technical Cooperation (1983)", "• Certificate in Advanced Leadership Studies, The Haggai Leadership Institute, Singapore (1998)", "• Certificate in Computer programming and Court databases (MS Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Live note, Case Map, TRIM, Ringtail) Uganda Management Institute (1997)", "• Certificate in Alternate Dispute Resolution (ADR) Skills, National Judicial College, University of Nevada, Reno, U.S.A (1997)", "• East African Advanced Certificate of Education (Cambridge), Kings College Budo, Uganda (1973)", "• East African General Certificate of Education (Cambridge), Gayaza High School Uganda (1971)", "• Primary Leaving Education Certificate, Lake Victoria Primary School (Entebbe-Uganda) (1967)", "Competencies", "• Over 32 years of legal and judicial work experience at national and international levels (1978 to date)", "• Expert in International Law, International Humanitarian Law and International Criminal law", "• Extensive experience in writing Judgements, Decisions, Orders, Advisory Opinions, Memoranda and Reports", "• Extensive experience in Trial management, Dispute Resolution (including ADR)", "• Expertise and extensive experience in Drafting and Interpretation of Treaties, Protocols, Statutes, Legal Instruments, Rules, Regulations", "• Technological versatility in Court databases (MS Word, Case-map, Live-note, Power-point, TRIM, Ringtail, Excel)", "• Professionalism, conscientiousness and ability to prioritise, work under pressure and meet deadlines while remaining calm and focused", "• Integrity including ability to maintain confidentiality, to resist undue pressure and to act without consideration for personal gain", "• Excellent communication and listening skills. Fluent in English and French", "• A Team-player who respects diversity, collegiality and a Leader and Role-model who is not afraid to take tough decisions when necessary", "Key positions held", "International Judge of the UN-backed Special Court for Sierra Leone (2005-2011)", "Presiding Judge of Trial Chamber 2 of the Special Court for Sierra Leone (2007-2008, 2010-2011)", "Judge of the High Court of Uganda (1996 to date)", "Head, Judicial Commission of Inquiry into Corruption in the Uganda Police Force (1999-2000)", "Head, Judicial Commission of Inquiry into the Uganda Peoples Defence Forces (2001)", "Head, Judicial Commission of Inquiry into Allegations of Corruption in the Uganda Revenue Authority (URA) (2002)", "Legislative Consultant / Legal Drafter for the Republic of Namibia (1991-1996)", "Principal State Attorney and Parliamentary Counsel, Ministry of Justice, Uganda (1978-1990)", "Lecturer/Trainer: Law Development Centre Uganda; International Law Institute Uganda; Austrian Centre for Peace and Conflict Resolution Austria; Jurisprudence of Equality Project, East Africa", "Selected publications include", "“International Criminal Justice: Balancing Competing Interests: The Challenges Facing Defence Counsel and Counsel for Victims and Witnesses”: Keynote Address at 8th ICC Seminar of Counsel at Steinenberger Kurhaus Hotel, Den Haag (May 2010)", "“Security Sector Reform: Trans-national Justice Instruments: A Chance for Women”: Stadschlaining, Austria (November 2010)", "“Celebrating Ten Years of the Rome Statute: Does Uganda Have Reason to Join the Party?” Sheraton Hotel Kampala, Uganda (September 2008)", "“The Importance of Outreach when Trials for War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity are Conducted Away From the Country where the Crimes were Committed”: Institute for War Reporting, The Hague Chapter (April 2008)", "“Making Violence Against Women Accountable: Case study of Sierra Leone and Uganda”: Stadschlaining, Austria (October 2008)", "“Advancing the Rule of Law in 21st Century Africa”: at the 4th Global Convocation of Advocates International, Virginia U.S.A. (November 2004)", "“Worth Your Salt: Combating Corruption”: at the South African Christian Leaders Conference, Pretoria, RSA. (July 2003)", "Key responsibilities and achievements", "International Judge of the UN-backed Special Court for Sierra Leone (2005-2011)", "• Trial judge for 7 years on the hybrid international criminal tribunal that was set up to try those who bear the greatest responsibility for the war crimes/crimes against humanity/violations against International Humanitarian law, committed against the people of Sierra Leone during the civil conflict of November 1996 to December 2000. The culturally diverse Court consists of 11 Judges and 2000 staff from over 30 nationalities.", "• Court contributed significantly to bringing justice to numerous victims of the conflict and ending impunity, indicting and trying a total of eleven Defendants.", "Presiding Judge of Trial Chamber 2 of the Special Court (2007-08; 2010-11)", "• Trial Chamber 2 is the first international criminal court to convict perpetrators of the offences of “Use of Child Soldiers” and of “Forced Marriage” as Crimes against Humanity.", "• It is also the first international criminal court to try a sitting Head of State (Charles Ghankay Taylor of Liberia) for War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity.", "• Presiding over the cases of the Prosecutor v. Brima et al. (SCSL-04-16-T) (2007-2008) and the Prosecutor v. Charles Taylor (SCSL-03-01-T) (2008-2011).", "• Conduct of proceedings and Trial management including issuance of appropriate Protective Measures for the safety and security of victims and witnesses testifying before the Court and Drafting of two landmark Judgments and over 800 interlocutory Decisions and Opinions.", "• Chairing of Judges’ deliberations and preparation of draft Judgements, Decisions and Opinions and Orders of the Court; formulating proposals for the Rules of Procedure and Practice Directions of the Court and writing periodic Reports of the Trial Chamber.", "• General administration of the Trial Chamber, including recruitment, supervision and appraisal of professional staff.", "• Participating in the Court’s Outreach Programmes through presentations/ lectures on the role and jurisprudence of the Special Court to Civil Society Groups and the Academia.", "Judge of the High Court of Uganda (1996 to date)", "• Adjudication and settlement of civil claims, commercial, domestic or family law disputes, criminal indictments and handling civil and criminal appeals and revisions from Magistrates courts.", "• Trial management and conduct of Court proceedings.", "• Drafting and issuing of over 2400 Judgements and 2500 interlocutory decisions during the period (1996-2004).", "• Volunteering to oversee the welfare of Judges in the Judiciary, improving their working environment, including spearheading the training of all Judges in computer literacy and mobilising funding from DANIDA to equip each judge with a personal computer, resulting in improved efficiency of the Judiciary. At the time of volunteering, she was the youngest and newest member of the Judiciary and received recognition from the Chief Justice for her initiative and contribution to the welfare and efficiency of the Judges.", "• Head of the Technology Planning Committee of the Judiciary, responsible for developing a strategic plan for computerisation of court records and recording of proceedings in the Uganda Judiciary, replacing the manual system of court recording and data management, resulting in greater efficiency and better data management in the Judiciary.", "• Training East African Judges magistrates and paralegals in the application of Regional and International Human Rights instruments, under the auspices of the National Association of Women Judges (NAWJ) and in conjunction with the International Association of Women Judges (IAWJ) as part of the Jurisprudence of Equality Project (JEP), thereby contributing to a fairer dispensation of justice in the sub-Region.", "• Lecturing international students at the International Law Institute (ILI) Uganda on various legal topics under the auspices of the State University of New York (SUNY) and at the Austrian Centre for Peace and Conflict Resolution Austria.", "• In recognition of her integrity, professionalism and outstanding service in the Judiciary she was appointed by the President of Uganda to head three high-profile Commissions of Inquiry in 1999, 2001 and 2002, respectively, in addition to her normal judicial duties. The positions demanded the highest standards of professionalism, courage, leadership and moral integrity.", "Head, Commission of Inquiry into Corruption in the Uganda Police Force (1999)", "• Investigated general and specific allegations of corruption and mismanagement in the Uganda Police force, and in particular, allegations levelled against Senior Police Officers of the Criminal Investigation Department (CID).", "• Wrote a 3000-page report that formed the basis of major reforms including the criminal prosecution of corrupt officials, improvement in the management, efficiency and effectiveness of the Police Force and improved service delivery in the areas of criminal investigation and human rights.", "Head, Commission of Inquiry into the Uganda Peoples Defence Forces (2001)", "• Investigated and established the circumstances pertaining to the procurement by the Ministry of Defence, of four MI-24 combat helicopters in 1997, valued at US$ 12.9 million.", "• Wrote a 1000-page report that formed the basis of major reforms in the Uganda Peoples Defence Force including streamlining of procurement and greater transparency and accountability, and discipline of implicated officials.", "Head, Judicial Commission of Inquiry into Allegations of Corruption in the Uganda Revenue Authority (URA) (2002)", "• Investigated over 500 general and specific allegations of corruption and mismanagement in the URA.", "• Wrote a 3000-page report that formed the basis of major administrative reforms in the URA including discipline of implicated officials, improved revenue collection and efficiency as well as eliminating corruption in the URA.", "Commonwealth Legislative Consultant for the newly independent Republic of Namibia (1991-1996)", "• Advised the Government of the newly independent Republic of Namibia on the formulation and administration of legislative policies.", "• Repealed out-dated Apartheid legislation and drafted new legislation to replace it.", "• Served as First Parliamentary Counsel to the Namibian Parliament.", "• Human Resource Development through training of Namibian legislative drafters.", "Principal State Attorney and Parliamentary Counsel, Ministry of Justice, Uganda (1978-1990)", "• Drafted and published major and subordinate legislation for the Uganda Government, wrote legal opinions for Parliament and the Executive, transforming legislative policies of Government into Bills and transforming Bills into Statutes through the parliamentary processes.", "• Legislative Consultant to the regional bodies of Common Market for Eastern and Southern African Sates (COMESA) and the Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development (IGADD), participated in the drafting and amendment of the governing Treaties, Protocols and Rules for those bodies.", "• Lecturer at the Law Development Centre, Uganda teaching post-graduate students Legislative Drafting and Parliamentary Procedures.", "Honours and awards for distinguished service", "Julia Sebutinde has received a significant number of honours and awards in recognition of the distinguished service to society. These include the following:", "• Doctorate of Laws, honoris causa, from the University of Edinburgh for distinguished service in the field of international justice and human rights (June 2009)", "• She was one of only two African recipients of the prestigious “Good Samaritan Award” at the Congress of Advocates International (AI) in Washington DC, USA. AI is a global network of over 50,000 law professionals (including academicians, law students, parliamentarians, judges, practitioners etc) in over 135 nations who have through their careers, dedicated themselves to promoting religious freedom, human rights, reconciliation and justice and ethics and the integration of faith and practice (October 2004)", "• Honouree in the 7th Edition of the prestigious “International Who’s Who of Professionals, 2000” published in October 2000 by the American Biographical Institute. Her Biography features in this Edition in recognition of her “significant career achievements and contributions to Society”. Other personalities in this Edition include Oprah Winfrey and Hilary Clinton", "• Good-will Ambassador for the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) Programme, which addresses Reproductive Health, Population Development Strategies and Advocacy", "• Chancellor of the International Health Sciences University, (IHSU) Uganda. The University offers graduate and post-graduate degrees in medical science courses (June 2008 to date)", "• Rated among the Top 100 Africans of the Year in the Africa Almanac 2000 for her “integrity, outstanding role and impact on Ugandan society”. The criterion for selection to this category was based on concrete achievements, especially those with an impact on a large number of people. (March 2000)", "• First and only recipient so far, of the UBAA-Alumni Lifetime Achievement Award. The Uganda-British Alumni Association recognised her for her excellent career and contribution to society, nationally and internationally. (June 2006)", "• Vocational award from the Rotary Club of Kampala East (Uganda) for her “dedicated and exemplary service to the people of Uganda” (July 1999)", "• Vocational award from the Rotary Club of Kampala Central for her “high sense of dedication, integrity and consistency exhibited in the execution of her duties” (October 1999)", "• Kings College Budo Award of Merit and Gayaza High School Order of Merit in recognition of her “outstanding contribution to the Nation of Uganda”. This is an award to former students of the school that excel in their professional careers (April 2000)", "• Uganda Debt Network Certificate for her “significant contribution to the Anti-Corruption Campaign in Uganda” (October 2000)", "• Special Award from the Uganda Law Society in recognition of her “courageous and exemplary contribution to the promotion of Justice in Uganda” (June 2001)", "• Appointed by Makerere University to represent Uganda Women Lawyers at the opening of the UN Decade for Women in Addis-Ababa, Ethiopia (1975)", "El Hadji Mansour Tall (Senegal)", "[Original: French]", "JUDGE, FORMER VICE-PRESIDENT/COURT OF JUSTICE/ECOWAS", "I. Professional experience", "May 2009-present: Secretary-General of the Ministry of Justice", "Implements and oversees Ministry policy, provides administrative and technical management of the ministerial department;", "Assists the Minister with implementation of Ministry policy;", "Responsible for administrative and technical coordination of central structures, decentralized structures and associated structures;", "Ensures continuity of the Ministry’s administrative action;", "Responsible for technical relations between the department and the other ministries, the General Government Secretariat and the Council of Ministers, as well as with other national institutions.", "Inspector-General for the Administration of Justice", "Ongoing inspection of all courts except for the Council of State and the Court of Cassation, and of all units and bodies reporting to the Ministry of Justice;", "General powers of investigation, verification and oversight of the performance of courts or their subsidiary organs, and of all units reporting to the Keeper of the Seals, Minister of Justice, regarding in particular staff organization, methods and service provided, quality and productivity of units, compliance with legal and statutory requirements, speed of administration of justice, and productivity, performance and behaviour of members of the judiciary and judicial staff;", "Possesses full powers of investigation and oversight in order to perform this mission;", "May convene and interview any persons, including members of the judiciary, officers of the criminal investigation service, judicial officers, court officers and any judicial staff, and obtain any documents needed;", "After each inspection, evaluates the performance of the courts or units, particularly as regards staff organization, methods, diligence and service provided;", "Prepares a report with suggestions for enhancing the productivity and effectiveness of the court or unit inspected.", "January 2001 to March 2009:", "Judge at the Court of Justice of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), which performs the functions of:", "A- Supervision and enforcement of Community legislation", "The Court is competent to hear any disputes submitted to it on the subject of:", "• Interpretation and application of the Treaty, Conventions and Protocols of the Community;", "• Interpretation and application of the regulations, guidelines, decisions and all subsidiary legal instruments adopted in the context of ECOWAS;", "• Assessment of the legality of the regulations, guidelines, decisions and any other subsidiary legal instruments adopted in the context of ECOWAS;", "• Consideration of non-compliance by member States with the obligations incumbent on them under the Treaty, Conventions and Protocols, regulations, decisions and guidelines;", "• Application of the provisions of the Treaty, Conventions and Protocols, regulations, guidelines and decisions of ECOWAS.", "B- Arbitration of conflicts between member States or between the Community and its staff:", "The Court is competent to consider any disputes submitted to it on the subject of:", "• Litigation between the Community and its staff;", "• Requests for redress for damages caused by a Community institution or by Community staff for any act of commission or omission in the exercise of their functions.", "C- Evaluation of liability of the institutions and staff of the Community", "The Court is competent to declare non-contractual liability and to sentence the Community to make good the damage caused, either by practical actions or by regulatory acts of Community institutions or staff in the exercise or on the occasion of the exercise of their functions;", "The time-limit for liability proceedings against the Community or by the Community against third parties or its staff is three (3) years from the date when the damage was caused.", "D- The West African Court on Human Rights", "The Court is competent to hear cases of human rights violations in any member State;", "In 2001, Protocol A/SP1/12/01 on democracy and good governance, supplementary to the protocol relating to the mechanism for conflict prevention, management and resolution, peacekeeping and security, had extended the competence of the Court to human rights violations;", "Protocol A/P.1/7/91, adopted in Abuja on 6 July 1991 concerning the Court of Justice of the Community, will be modified to extend the competence of the Court to include human rights violations, after attempts to resolve the matter at the national level have failed;", "Since 2005, Community citizens have a right of direct referral;", "They can submit a complaint for violation of their human rights committed in any member State;", "It is the practice of the Court to waive the requirement to exhaust domestic remedies.", "December 2000 to January 2004: Vice-President of the Court of Justice of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)", "July 1997-December 2000: Counsellor at the Court of Cassation (Civil and Commercial Chamber)", "1997- President of the Civil and Commercial Chamber at the Dakar Court of Appeals", "Appeals Judge for civil and commercial judgements delivered by the Dakar regional tribunals", "1993-1994: Legal Counsellor — Ministry of Fisheries and Shipping (Studies and review of fisheries agreements with the European Union, Korea and other countries).", "June 1993: Chief of Staff of the Minister of Justice", "1990-1993: Chief of Staff of the Minister of Tourism and Environment: Drafting of texts on environmental law", "• Vice-President of the Dakar Regional Tribunal: 1986-1990", "• President of the Civil, Commercial and Maritime Chamber of the Dakar Regional Tribunal: 1983-1986;", "• Judge at the Civil and Commercial Headquarters: 1980-1983;", "• Bankruptcy judge supervising collective proceedings for failing businesses: 1980-1990;", "• Examining magistrate at the Saint-Louis Regional Tribunal: 1979-1980.", "II. Other experience", "• Correspondent of the African Intellectual Property Organization (OAPI): 1997;", "• Consultant, Georgetown University Center for Intercultural Education and Development, Washington, United States: 1995;", "• Instructor responsible for training members of the judiciary at the Ecole Nationale d’Administration et de Magistrature — Judiciary Section: 1993-1995;", "• Member of the National Commission for Harmonization of Business Law in Africa: 1994;", "• Included in the International Panel of Conciliators established under the United Nations Convention on a Code of Conduct for Liner Conferences: 1989;", "• Lecturer — Faculty of Law — University of Dakar-Senegal: 1987;", "• Lecturer on judicial practice and procedure at the Faculty of Law and the Judiciary Section — Ecole Nationale de Magistrature: 1982-1983;", "• Lecturer at the Institut Universitaire de Technologie — Dakar: 1980-1983;", "• Participated in various seminars on intellectual property, international commercial arbitration and human rights;", "• Training at the French Court of Cassation in October 1998;", "• Founder and President of the Association Sénégalaise pour l’Unité Africaine (ASSUNAF): 1983-1985;", "• President of the Association Sénégalaise de Droit Maritime: 1986-1991;", "• Member of the Arbitration, Mediation and Conciliation Centre of the Dakar Chamber of Commerce;", "• Member of the Association of Attendees and Alumni of the Hague Academy of International Law;", "• International arbitrator.", "III. Studies", "• Certificate of the Hague Academy of International Law: 2005", "• International Chamber of Commerce, Paris: International commercial arbitration: 2006;", "• Certificate, American College of Law, Washington: International arbitration: 2007;", "• McGill University, Montreal, Faculty of Law: International arbitration: 2008;", "• Certificate from the International Development Law Institute (IDLI), Rome: 1999;", "• Diploma of Advanced Studies in Maritime and Air Law, graded A (Bien), first in year (1985), University of Nantes, France;", "• Diploma of Higher Studies in private law, 1979, specializing in international trade law, 1979, University of Dakar;", "• Diploma of the Ecole Nationale d’Administration et de Magistrature, 1979;", "• M.A. in private law, specializing in judicial questions, graded Bien. First in year (1977);", "• Baccalauréat, Series A4 — Graded A (Bien), top ranking (1972), Dakar.", "IV. Publications", "• Annotations to the Merchant Marine and Fisheries Codes of Senegal: 1990;", "• Contributor to the Encyclopédie Juridique de l’Afrique (volume 4): 1982.", "V. Other", "• Languages: French — English (read and speak)", "• Information technology: Word — Windows — Excel.", "VI. Decorations", "• Officer in the Ordre National du Mérite du Sénégal;", "• Commander in the Ordre National du Mérite du Sénégal in 2011.", "Peter Tomka (Slovakia)", "[Original: English and French]", "Member of the International Court of Justice since 6 February 2003; Vice‑President of the Court since 6 February 2009; Acting President in Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay) and in Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v. Japan).", "Born in Banská Bystrica, Slovakia, on 1 June 1956. Married, with two children.", "Education", "LL.M. (summa cum laude), Faculty of Law, Charles University, Prague (1979). Doctor iuris (international law), Charles University (1981). Ph.D. in International Law, Charles University (1985). Faculty of International Law and International Relations, Kiev, Ukraine (1982). Institut du droit de la paix et du développement, Nice, France (1984-1985). Institute of International Public Law and International Relations, Thessaloniki, Greece (1985). Hague Academy of International Law (1988).", "Previous official national positions", "Assistant Legal Adviser (1986-1990); Head of the Public International Law Division (1990-1991), Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Prague. Counsellor and Legal Adviser (1991-1992), Permanent Mission of Czechoslovakia to the United Nations. Ambassador, Deputy Permanent Representative (1993-1994) and Ambassador, Acting Permanent Representative of Slovakia to the United Nations (1994-1997). Legal Adviser and Director of the International Law Department (1997-1998); Director General for International Legal and Consular Affairs and Legal Adviser (1998-1999), Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Bratislava, Slovakia. Ambassador, Permanent Representative of Slovakia to the United Nations (1999-2003).", "Delegate of Czechoslovakia to the XXVth International Conference of the Red Cross, Geneva (1986). Representative of Czechoslovakia to the Preparatory Commission for the International Sea Bed Authority and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (1987-1992). Alternate Representative of Czechoslovakia in the United Nations General Assembly, Forty-sixth and Forty-seventh Sessions, and Adviser at the Forty-fifth Session (1990-1992). Representative of Czechoslovakia on the Sixth Committee of the United Nations General Assembly (1990-1992). Head of the Delegation of Czechoslovakia to the Meeting of the States Parties to the Antarctic Treaty, Madrid (1991). Head of the Delegation of Czechoslovakia to the CSCE Meeting of Experts on the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes in Europe, Valletta, Malta (1991). Representative of Slovakia to the United Nations General Assembly, Forty-eighth to Fifty-seventh Sessions (1993-2002), and Deputy Head of Delegation at the Forty-ninth to Fifty-first and Fifty-fourth to Fifty-seventh Sessions. Representative of Slovakia on the Sixth Committee of the United Nations General Assembly (1993-2002). Representative of Slovakia to the Preparatory Commission for the International Sea Bed Authority and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (1993-1994). Head of the Delegation of Slovakia to the Assembly of the International Sea Bed Authority (1994-1996). Alternate Head of the Delegation of Slovakia to the United Nations Diplomatic Conference on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court (1998).", "International activities and experience", "Chairman of the United Nations Committee on the Applications for Review of the Judgments of the Administrative Tribunal (1991). Chairman of the Working Group on the United Nations Decade of International Law (1995). Chairman of the Meeting of the States Parties to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1996). Chairman of the Sixth (Legal) Committee of the Fifty-second Session of the United Nations General Assembly (1997) and Vice-Chairman of the Sixth Committee (1992). Vice-Chairman of the Preparatory Committee for the International Criminal Court (1998). President of the Ninth Meeting of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1999) and Vice-President of the Sixth Meeting (1996). Chairman of the Ad Hoc Committee on the International Convention against the Reproductive Cloning of Human Beings (2002). Member of the Ambassadorial Panel of Experts to advise the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea of the United Nations Secretariat (2002).", "Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), I.C.J. Reports 2003, p. 161.", "Chairman of the Committee of Legal Advisers on Public International Law, Council of Europe (2001-2002; Vice-Chairman 1999-2000).", "Judicial, arbitration and litigation experience", "As Judge of the ICJ, participated in the following 36 cases and gave individual opinions in ten of them:", "Certain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of the Congo v. France), Order of 17 June 2003 on Provisional Measures, I.C.J. Reports 2003, p. 102.", "Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), I.C.J. Reports 2003, p. 161.", "Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mexico v. United States of America), I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 12. Separate Opinion, pp. 94-98.", "Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 136.", "Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium), I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 279.", "Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Canada), I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 429.", "Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. France), I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 575.", "Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Germany), I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 720.", "Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Italy), I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 865.", "Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Netherlands), I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 1011.", "Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Portugal), I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 1160.", "Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. United Kingdom), I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 1307.", "Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany), Preliminary Objections, I.C.J. Reports 2005, p. 5.", "Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), I.C.J. Reports 2005, p. 168. Declaration, pp. 351-354.", "Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda), I.C.J. Reports 2006, p. 6.", "Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), I.C.J. Reports 2007, p. 43. Separate Opinion, pp. 310-351.", "Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo), Preliminary Objections, I.C.J. Reports 2007, p. 582.", "Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras), I.C.J. Reports 2007, p. 659.", "Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary objections, I.C.J. Reports 2007, p. 832. Declaration, (pp. 898-902).", "Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore), I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 12.", "Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Djibouti v. France), I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 177. Separate Opinion (pp. 269-277).", "Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 31 March 2004 in the Case concerning Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mexico v. United States of America). Order of 16 July 2008 on Provisional Measures, I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 311, Joint Dissenting Opinion (pp. 341-348).", "Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation). Order of 15 October 2008 on Provisional Measures, I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 353, Joint Dissenting Opinion (pp. 400-406).", "Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia), Preliminary Objections, I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 412, Separate Opinion, pp. 515-523.", "Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 31 March 2004 in the Case concerning Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mexico v. United States of America), I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 3.", "Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine), I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 61.", "Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Judgment of 20 April 2010.", "Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy), Order of 6 July 2010 on the admissibility of the counter-claim.", "Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence by the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government of Kosovo, Advisory opinion of 22 July 2010, Declaration (10 pages).", "Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo) (Judgment of 30 November 2010).", "Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Order of 8 March 2011 on provisional measures.", "Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation). Judgment of 1 April 2011 on preliminary objections, Declaration (2 pages).", "Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Application of Costa Rica for Permission to Intervene. Judgment of 3 May 2011.", "Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Application of Honduras for Permission to Intervene. Judgment of 3 May 2011.", "Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (under deliberation).", "Judgment No. 2867 of the ILO Administrative Tribunal, Request of IFAD for Advisory Opinion (under deliberation).", "Agent of Slovakia before the International Court of Justice in the case concerning the Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia) (1993-2003).", "Expert of Slovakia in the ICSID case No. ARB/97/4, Československá obchodní banka (ČSOB) v. the Slovak Republic before the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (Jurisdiction) (1997-1999).", "Member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague (since 1994). Arbitrator in the Iron Rhine (Belgium/Netherlands) case (2003-2005) and in Interpretation of the Award of the Arbitral Tribunal (2005). Member of the Court of Arbitration in the Indus Waters Kishenganga Arbitration (Pakistan v. India) (2011- ).", "On the List of Arbitrators nominated under Annex VII to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (since 2004) and at the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) (since 2005). President of the Arbitral Tribunal in Perenco Ltd v. Ecuador (ICSID Case ARB/08/6) (2010- ). President of the ad hoc annulment Committee in Fraport A.G. v. The Philippines (ICSID Case ARB/03/25) (2008-2010); member of the ad hoc annulment Committees in MHS v. Malaysia (ICSID Case ARB/05/10) (2007-2009); Ahmonseto, Inc. v. Egypt (ICSID Case ARB/02/15) (2008-2010), MCI Power Group v. Ecuador (ICSID Case ARB/03/6) (2008-2009), Duke Energy v. Peru (ICSID Case ARB/03/28) (2009-2011) and Siag and Vecchi v. Egypt (ICSID Case ARB/05/15) (2009-2010).", "Arbitrator in ad hoc arbitrations under the UNCITRAL Rules concerning alleged breaches of the BIT, Dutch investor v. Central European State (2008-2009), HICEE v. Slovakia (2009-2011) and President of NAFTA Tribunal in Centurion Health Corp. v. Canada (2009-2010).", "Academic activities", "Lecturer (1980-1984), Senior Lecturer (1984-1991), Public International Law, Charles University, Prague. General Course on Public International Law, Institute of International Relations, Comenius University, Bratislava (1998-1999).", "Gave lectures at Columbia Law School, Cologne Law School, Czech Society of International Law, ILC Seminar in Geneva, Lauterpacht Research Centre in Cambridge, Chungnam National University (Daejeon, Republic of Korea), Korean Society of International Law (Seoul), NALSAR Hyderabad (India), New York University School of Law, University of Glasgow, Paneuropean University School of Law, Slovak Society of International Law, and for students of Harvard Law School, University of Paris Ouest Nanterre-La Défense, University of Vienna, Webster University and Leiden University.", "Invited to give lectures at Xiamen Academy of International Law (China) in 2012.", "Societies and committees", "Member (1981-1992) and Secretary (1986-1991) of the Czechoslovak Society of International Law. Member (1988-2001) and Secretary (1988-1991) of the Czechoslovak Branch of the International Law Association (ILA). Member (since 1982) and Honorary President (since 2003) of the Slovak Society of International Law. Member of the American Society of International Law (since 2000). Member of the European Society of International Law (since 2004). Member, Board of Editors of the journal Právník (The Lawyer), published by the Czechoslovak Academy of Science (1990-1991). Member of the Supervisory Board of Telders International Law Moot Court Competition (2006- ). Member of the Board of Acta Universitatis Carolinae-Iuridica (2008- ). Member of the Advisory Board of the International Institute of Air and Space Law, Leiden University (2008- ). Member of the Advisory Board of the Czech Yearbook of International Law (2009- ). Member of the Scientific Council of Charles University Law School (2010- ).", "Publications", "Author of a doctoral thesis on the Codification of International Law (Charles University, Prague, 1984) and of a series of articles in Slovak or Czech on forms of codification of international law, the International Court of Justice, the peaceful resolution of international disputes in Europe, the establishment of the International Criminal Court, the Draft Code of Crimes against the Peace and Security of Mankind; co-author of a collection of Documents for the Study of the Law of the European Communities (1991).", "Articles in English or French", "“The First Site Visit of the International Court of Justice in Fulfilment of its Judicial Function”, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 92, 1998 (co-author with S. Wordsworth).", "“The Special Agreement”, Liber Amicorum Judge Shigeru Oda (N. Ando, E. McWhinney and R. Wolfrum, eds.), Vol. I, 2002.", "“Major Complexities Encountered in Contemporary International Law-Making”, Making Better International Law: The International Law Commission at 50, 1998.", "“La Cour internationale de Justice en tant que l’Organe judiciaire principal des Nations Unies, Commentaire sur l’article 92 de la Charte”, La Charte des Nations Unies, Commentaire article par article (J.-P. Cot, A. Pellet and M. Forteau, eds.), 3rd ed., Vol. II, 2005.", "“Comment on the Unity and Diversity of International Law in the Settlement of International Disputes”, Unity and Diversity in International Law (A. Zimmermann, R. Hofmann, eds.), 2006.", "“Are States Liable for the Acts of their Instrumentalities?”, State Entities in International Arbitration (E. Gaillard, ed.), 2008.", "Elettronica Sicula Case, Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (R. Wolfrum, gen. ed.), Oxford University Press, online 2008 (hard copy to be published in 2011).", "Fisheries Jurisdiction Cases (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v. Iceland), Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (R. Wolfrum, gen. ed.), Oxford University Press, online 2008 (hard copy to be published in 2011).", "Frontier Dispute Case (Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali), Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (R. Wolfrum, gen. ed.), Oxford University Press, online 2008 (hard copy to be published in 2011).", "Sovereignty over Certain Frontier Land Case (Belgium/Netherlands), Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (R. Wolfrum, gen. ed.), Oxford University Press, online 2008 (hard copy to be published in 2011).", "“Interim Measures of Protection in the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea”, in Coexistence, Cooperation and Solidarity — Liber Amicorum Rüdiger Wolfrum, Brill, forthcoming in 2011 (co-authored with G. Hernández).", "“Les affaires africaines devant les Chambres de la Cour internationale de Justice”, in Mélanges en honneur de Raymond Ranjeva, A. Pedone, Paris (forthcoming in 2012).", "Arbitral Award in Guyana v. Suriname, Introduction, PCA Awards Series (The Hague, forthcoming in 2011)." ]

[ "大会 安全理事会 \n 第六十六届会议 第六十六年", "临时议程[1] 项目113(c)", "选举各主要机构成员以补空缺： 选举国际法院五名法官", "各国家团体提名的候选人简历", "秘书长的说明^(**)", "目录", "页 次", "一、 导言 3", "二、 履历 3", "乔治·加亚 3", "薛捍勤 7", "茨韦塔纳·卡梅诺娃 12", "阿卜杜勒·科罗马 17", "小和田恒 21", "朱莉娅·塞布庭德 27", "埃尔哈吉·曼苏尔·托尔 33", "彼得·通卡 37", "一、 导言", "秘书长谨向大会和安全理事会提交各国家团体为选举国际法院五名法官而提名的候选人的履历。选举将在大会第六十六届会议期间举行。提名的候选人名单载于A/66/183-S/2011/453号文件。法院的组成以及大会和安全理事会须遵循的表决程序见秘书长的备忘录（A/66/182-S/2011/452）。", "二、履历", "乔治·加亚（意大利）", "[原件：英文/法文]", "乔治·加亚，1939年12月7日出生于瑞士卢塞恩。国籍意大利。", "1960年获得罗马大学法律学位；1968年获得任教国际法的“Libera docenza”证书；1985年获得迪金森法学院荣誉法学博士学位。", "自1974年以来，任佛罗伦萨大学法学院国际法教授；1978-1981年期间任法学院院长。", "1981年任海牙国际法研究院讲师；1980年和1984-1985年期间，任欧洲大学学院兼职教授；1977-1978年在约翰·霍普金斯大学，1983年和1985年在日内瓦大学，1989年和2001年任巴黎第一大学客座教授，2004年在巴黎第二大学，1992年在艾克斯-马赛第三大学，1992年在密歇根大学法学院，1996年在哥伦比亚大学法学院，2001年在日内瓦高等国际问题研究院担任客座教授。", "自1999年以来，担任国际法委员会成员；2000年，任起草委员会主席；自2002年起，任国际组织责任问题特别报告员；2006年任委员会第一副主席。", "在使用武力的合法性（南斯拉夫诉意大利），以及尼加拉瓜和洪都拉斯在加勒比海的海洋划界两宗案件中，任国际法院专案法官。", "1986年，任意大利政府出席维也纳国家与国际组织之间或国际组织与国际组织相互间条约法会议的代表；1989年，任意大利政府在国际法院审理西西里电子公司案中的法律顾问。", "国际法学会成员；《国际法评论》编辑；《共同市场法律评论》、《哥伦比亚大学欧洲法学刊》及《欧洲国际法学刊》顾问委员会成员。", "主要著作", "著作", "《国际法内部补救措施的耗竭》（1967年），第246页。", "《意大利司法权限的部分废除》（1971年），第396页。", "“国际商业仲裁”。《纽约公约》（经编辑的活页版卷册）（1978年-）。", "《国际司法和程序法的改革》（经编辑的卷册）（1994年）。", "《共同体法概论》（2005年第4版），第194页。", "文章", "“国际法中的河流污染”，1973年海牙国际法学院学术讨论会，《环境保护与国际法》（1975年），第352-396页。", "“关于国际法院判决效力的考虑”，《专题报告与研究》，第十四卷（1975年），第313-335页。", "“对条约的保留和新独立国家”，《意大利国际法年鉴》，第一卷（1975年），第52-68页。", "“欧洲共同体加入《海洋法公约》：折衷解决办法中的前后不一之处”，《意大利国际法年鉴》，第五卷（1980-1981年），第110-114页。", "“《维也纳公约》之外的强制性法规”，《海牙国际法学院课程汇编》，第172卷（1981年），第271-316页。", "“欧洲共同体在混合协定中的权利与义务”，《混合协定》（D.O'Keeffe和H.G. Schermers编辑）（1983年）第133-140页。", "“关于欧洲共同体和瑞士之间协定的直接影响和判例的相互性”，《瑞士国际法年鉴》。第四十卷（1984年），第9-29页。", "“欧洲共同体法律一体化文书——评论”（P.Hay和R.D.Rotunda），《通过法律实现一体化：欧洲与美国联邦的经验》（M.Cappelletti、M.Seccombe和J.Weiler编辑）（1986年）第1.2卷，第113-160页。", "“法律（国际法）的一般原则”，见：《法律百科全书》，第三十五卷（1989年），第533-549页。", "“不受约束的条约保留”，《编纂时的国际法：Roberto Ago纪念文集》（1987年）第一卷，第307-330页。", "“意大利”，《条约对国内法的影响》（F.G. Jacobs和S. Roberts编辑）（1987年），第87-108页。", "“一项新的《关于国家和国际组织间或国际组织相互间条约法的维也纳公约》：批判性评论”，《英国国际法年鉴》，第58卷（1987年），第235-269页。", "“普遍义务，国际犯罪和绝对法：对三个关联概念的试析”，《各国的国际犯罪》（J.H.H.Weiler、A.Cassese和M.Spinedi编辑）（1989年），第151-160页。", "“一种持续存在的事件的最新进展：欧共体法律与意大利法律之间的关系”，《共同市场法律评论》，第27卷（1990年），第83-95年。", "“国际法中的反恐怖主义行为措施”，《海上恐怖主义和国际法》（N.Ronzitti编辑）（1990年）第15-24页。", "“Dionisio Anzilotti中的实证论与二元论”，《欧洲国际法学刊》，第3卷（1992年）第123-138页。", "“关于安理会在新世界秩序中的作用的几点思考。关于维持和平和各国间国际罪行的关系”，《国际公法总评》，第97卷（1993年），第297-320页。", "“欧洲共同体成员国法律体系内的欧洲人权公约”，见：《欧洲范围内的基本权利保护》（J. Iliopoulos-Strangas编辑）（1993年），第131-150页。", "“判决未述及的理由”，《密歇根法律评论》，第92卷（1993-1994年），第1966-1976页。", "“《马斯特里赫特条约》下的人权保护”，《欧洲一体化的体制动力》，《Henry G. Schermers纪念文集》（1994年）第二卷，第549-560页。", "“联合国使用或授权使用武力”，《联合国五十年》，《法律视角》（Ch.Tomuschat编辑）（1995年）第39-58页。", "“关于欧洲共同体的国际责任的几点思考”，《社区法律中对损害的诉讼》（T.Heukels和A.McDonnell编辑）（1997年）第351-361页。", "“确认欧洲共同体法律一般原则的情况”，见《Giuseppe Federico Mancini的手稿》（1998年）第二卷，第445-457页。", "“《阿姆斯特丹条约》中灵活性的灵活程度如何？”，《共同市场法律评论》，第35卷（1998年）第857-870页。", "“欧洲人权法院是否采用其声明的解释方法？”，见《社会的发展与法律的调整——Francesco Capotorti的研究》（1999年）第一卷，第213-227页。", "“加强欧洲人权保护的新途径和体制？”，《欧盟与人权》（Ph.Alston编辑）（1999年）第781-800页。", "“国际条约”，见：《新闻学科汇编》，第十五卷（1999年），第344-368页。", "“日益多样化的初步裁定程序”，《Slynn of Hadley阁下的书稿》，《欧盟法司法评论》（2000年），第143-152页。", "“驱逐外国人：国际法中的一些新老问题”，《国际法Bancaja欧洲地中海课程》，第三卷（1999年）第283-314页。", "“对国际法院管辖权问题的审议”，《法官Shigeru Oda的书稿》（2002年），第409-417页。", "“与社区协定相关的司法能动主义和司法消极主义的趋势”，《欧洲联盟作为国际关系的一个行动方》（E.Cannizzaro编辑）（2002年）第117-134页。", "“制止侵犯的漫漫长路”，《国际刑事法院罗马规约：评注》（A.Cassese、P.Gaeta和J.R.W.D.Jones编辑）（2002年）第427-441页。", "“引渡条约和国际人权标准之​​间的关系”，见：《人权、引渡和驱逐》（F. 萨勒诺编辑）（2003年），第125-140页。", "“国民人权遭受侵犯时国家是否会受到具体影响？”，《人对同类的不人道》《纪念Antonio Cassese国际法文集》（2003年）第373-382页。", "“国家权利和外交保护下的个人权利”，见：《外交保护。当代变化和国家实践》（J.-F. Flauss编辑）（2003年），第64-69页。", "“欧洲共同体的国际责任如何与其专属权限相关？”，见《 Gaetano Arangio-Ruiz关于国际法的研究》（2004年），第747-755页。", "“打击恐怖主义：诉诸战争权和战时法的问题”，《反恐怖主义措施与人权》（W.Benedek和A.Yotopoulos-Marangopoulos编辑）（2004年）第161-170页。", "“国家是否有责任确保他国遵守普遍义务？”，《当今的国际责任》《Oscar Schachter纪念文集》（M. Ragazzi编辑）（2005年）第31-36页。", "“国际法视角”，《多语种文本和对税法条约及欧共体税法的解释》（G. Maisto编辑）（2005年）第91-100页。", "“国际法的普遍义务与权利：第一次报告”和“国际法的普遍义务与权利：第二次报告”，《国际法研究所年鉴，克拉科夫会议》，第71-I卷（2005年），第119-151页和第189-202页。", "“与其他法院和法庭的关系”，《国际法院规约：评注》，A.Zimmermann、C.Tomuschat、K. OellersFrahm、C.J.Thams和T.Thienel（编辑），牛津，2006年。", "薛捍勤（中国）", "[原件：英文]", "出生地：中国上海", "出生日期： 1955年9月15日", "性别：女", "国籍：中国", "婚姻状况：已婚，育有一女", "教育背景：", "1991-1995年：哥伦比亚大学法学院，法学博士", "1982-1983年：哥伦比亚大学法学院，法学硕士", "1981-1982年：北京大学法律系，国际法专业，进修", "1977-1980年：北京外国语大学，文学学士", "现任职务：", "2010年- 国际法院法官", "曾任职务：", "2008-2010年 中国外交部法律顾问兼驻东盟大使", "2002-2010年 国际法委员会成员（在2006年联合国大会上再次当选，任期 为2007-2011年）", "2003-2008年 中华人民共和国驻荷兰王国大使，兼常驻禁止化学武器组织 代表", "1999-2003年 外交部条约法律司司长", "1994-1999年 外交部条约法律司副司长", "1988-1994年 外交部条约法律司处长", "1984-1988年 外交部条约法律司副处长", "1980-1984年 外交部条约法律司法律干事", "学术职务：", "1988年通过中国全国律师资格考试", "工作经历", "参加国际会议和条约谈判的情况", "1982、1990和1993年 联合国宪章和加强联合国作用特别委员会，代表", "1980-1984年 联合国和平利用外层空间委员会及其法律小组委员会会议，代表", "1986年 原子能机构关于起草及早通报和紧急援助两项公约的法律专家会议，法律专家", "1986-1987年 联合国大会届会，第六委员会，代表", "1987-1988年 国际民航组织法律委员会关于起草《反对针对国际机场的非法活动的蒙特利尔公约议定书》的会议，代表", "1993年 联合国大会届会，第三委员会，代表", "1993年 关于设立前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭的法律专家会议，法律专家", "1994年 联合国关于国家及其财产管辖豁免的特别专家会议，中国代表团团长", "1994年 海牙国际私法会议：关于适用《跨国收养方面保护儿童及合作公约》有关问题的会议，中国代表团团长", "1994年 联合国关于保护联合国人员及相关人员安全的会议，中国代表团团长", "1995年 《联合国防治荒漠化公约》谈判委员会会议，中国代表团团长", "1996年 《气候变化框架公约》会议，柏林授权，中国代表团团长", "1996年 提交《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》执行情况的国家报告，中国代表团副团长", "1998年 海牙国际私法会议：关于承认和执行外国判决的会议，代表", "1998-1999年 关于起草《打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》的法律专家会议，中国代表团团长", "1999年 提交《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》执行情况的国家报告，中国代表团副团长", "2003年 第五十六届国际法委员会会议，第一副主席", "2004年 欧洲共同体加入海牙会议问题非正式咨询小组会议，主席", "2005年 海牙国际私法会议第二十届会议，副主席", "参与双边法律谈判的情况", "主要著作", "著作", "《国家条约法与实践》，第5章：中国，Duncan B. Hollis、Merritt R. Blakeslee和L. Benjamin Ederington编辑，马帝努斯·奈霍夫出版社，伦敦/波士顿，2005年", "《国际法中的跨国界损害》，剑桥大学出版社，2003年", "《国际法》，邵津编辑，北京大学出版社高等教育出版社，2000年，（国家责任一章）", "《联合国宪章诠释》，合编，山西教育出版社，1999年", "《中外贸经济条约大全》，合编，新华出版社，1996年", "《国际法》，王铁崖编辑，法律出版社，1995年", "文章", "“中国国内法律体系中的国际条约”，《中国国际法论刊》，第8卷，第2期，2009年7月", "“是法律不成体系还是秩序混乱不堪？”（在国际法委员会关于国际法不成体系问题辩论后的会议上的讲话，2007年2月23日至24日，赫尔辛基），《芬兰国际法年鉴》，第十七卷，2006年", "“中国对国际法的看法”（在格劳秀斯国际法中心的演讲，2006年11月1日），《中国国际法论刊》，第6卷，第1期，2007年", "“国际法委员会第五十七届会议”，《中国国际法年刊》，2006年", "“国际法委员会第五十六届会议”，《中国国际法年刊》，2005年", "“中国的开放政策与国际法”（社会学院举办的讲座，海牙，2004年9月），《中国国际法论刊》，第4卷，第1期，2005年", "“国家责任与普遍义务”，《中国国际法年刊》，2004年", "“国际法委员会第五十五届会议”，《中国国际法年刊》，2004年", "“发生了哪些变化”（对公众舆论的贡献：国际法律制度的性质是否正在改变？），《奥地利国际法与欧洲法评论》，第8卷，2003年", "“国际法委员会第五十四届会议”，《中国国际法年刊》，2003年", "“国家责任制度中的集体责任概念”（在美国国际法学会年会上关于国家责任的专题讨论发言，2002年3月15日），《美国国际法学会年会议事录》，第96届，2002年", "“关于可持续发展”，《太平洋学报》，第4卷，1997年", "“联合国在国际法发展中的作用”，《中国国际法年刊》，1995年", "“国际法中的跨界损害”，《和平、正义与法律——纪念王铁崖先生国际法论文集》，1993年", "“国际水法的相对性”，《科罗拉多国际环境法与政策杂志》，第3卷，第1期，1992年", "“Kokaryo案的国际法问题”，《中国国际法年刊》，1988年", "“对两项核安全公约的评论”，《中国国际法年刊》，1987年", "对“共同资源”的法律制度的比较研究，《中国国际法年刊》，1986年", "“外层空间委员会法律小组委员会第二十三届会议”，《中国国际法年刊》，1985年", "“论外层空间法问题”，合著，《国际问题研究》，第4期，1983年", "茨韦塔纳·卡梅诺娃（保加利亚）", "[原件：英文]", "简历", "茨韦塔纳·卡梅诺娃博士在海牙前南斯拉夫问题国际刑事法庭（前南问题国际法庭）担任Milutinovic等人案的审案法官（2009年2月26日前），和Djordjevic案的预审法官（于2005年8月由联合国大会选出）。", "1950年3月8日出生于保加利亚索非亚。", "1973年，索非亚大学法律学位（成绩优异）。1976-1979年，莫斯科国立罗蒙诺索夫大学国际法系博士生；1979年，获得法学博士。", "1981年，海牙国际法学院；1992年，法国斯特拉斯堡勒内·卡森学院；1993年，意大利佛罗伦萨欧洲法学院。", "2000-2001年，纽约哥伦比亚大学富布赖特高级学者。", "专业履历", "1973-1976年，索非亚市法院，初任法官。", "自1979年起，保加利亚科学院法学研究所研究员。", "1991年，获得律师从业资格。", "保加利亚科学院社会科学秘书（1993-1996年）。", "法学研究所主任（1995-2006年和自2011年1月起）；1995-2006年，国际法系主任。", "作为保加利亚议会专家组成员参与起草了《保加利亚宪法》关于保加利亚加入欧盟的修正案（2003-2004年）。", "各种批准和适用国际公约工作组的成员；1993年保加利亚与欧盟签署《结盟协定》后，她被任命为保加利亚科学院保加利亚立法与欧洲共同体法律近似问题工作组组长。", "保加利亚总理政治和法律分析理事会成员。", "保加利亚外交部长国际法协商理事会成员。", "保加利亚红十字委员会国际人道主义法顾问", "任联合国和欧盟资助的人权领域项目的专家（2000-2005年）。", "保加利亚商会仲裁人小组成员（自1992年起）。", "2007年11月15日至16日，英国赫尔大学组织的国际“酷刑与恐怖”问题会议的主旨发言人。", "2008年12月10日，红十字国际委员会在索非亚组织的国际“习惯国际人道主义法：内容和宗旨”会议的主旨发言人", "参加2009年11月古希腊外交与国际法学会组织的“法律与多元文化：当代挑战”国际大会", "保加利亚驻以下机构和组织的代表团成员", "联合国大会，第六十四届和第六十五届会议，纽约：2009年9月；2010年9月。", "和平利用外层空间委员会法律小组委员会，第四十八届和第四十九届会议（2009-2010年）。", "联合国宪章和加强联合国作用特别委员会，纽约：2009年3月；2010年3月；2011年3月。", "国际刑事法院罗马规约缔约国大会第八届和第九届会议：2009年11月——海牙；2010年12月——纽约。", "海洋事务和海洋法不限成员名额非正式协商进程，纽约：2009年6月；2010年6月；2011年6月。", "联合国海洋法公约缔约国会议，纽约：2009年6月；2010年6月；2011年6月。", "关于通过《海牙选择法院协议公约》的外交会议的代表团团长（2005年6月）。", "各种外交会议和政府专家会议的代表团成员（1993-2005年：知识产权组织——日内瓦、贸易法委员会——纽约、统一私法协会——罗马、海牙国际私法会议——荷兰海牙）。", "统一私法协会理事会成员，罗马（1994-1998年）；统一私法协会理事会名誉成员（自1998年起）。", "常设仲裁法院成员，海牙（2004-2010年）。", "保加利亚国际法协会成员（自1980年起）和秘书（1983-1991年）。国际法协会成员，伦敦（自1983年起）；国际法协会国际收养委员会成员（自1988-1991年）。", "保加利亚比较法协会会长，及该协会执行委员会成员（自1992年起）。", "欧洲国际法学会会员。", "美国国际法学会会员。", "学术和教学履历", "1997-2005年，索非亚新保加利亚大学国际法教授；1992-2005年，普罗夫迪夫大学法学教授兼系主任，普罗夫迪夫大学国际法教授（1992-2003年）。", "她在以下机构授课：1980-1988年，索非亚大学；1993-1996年，索非亚警察学院；1997-2005年，新保加利亚大学；2010年，外交部外交研究所。", "在以下机构讲学：美国加利福尼亚大学圣迭戈大学（1992年）；美国俄勒冈州（尤金）俄勒冈大学（2001年）；美国纽约哥伦比亚大学（2001年）；哈萨克斯坦国立大学（2001年）；奥地利学院（2003年）；西班牙毕尔巴鄂大学（2010年）；华盛顿特区天主教大学哥伦比亚法学院（2010年）。", "马克斯·普朗克研究所、德国慕尼黑和汉堡、联合王国伦敦高级法律研究所研究员。", "法律期刊编辑委员会成员", "《地中海社会科学评论》（瓦莱塔）；", "《普罗夫迪夫大学年鉴》；", "保加利亚科学院出版的《法律理论》杂志；", "保加利亚科学院《法学研究所年鉴》。", "著作", "编著、合著和编辑了20本出版物和100多篇文章。", "著作", "茨韦塔纳·卡梅诺娃，《国际人道主义法》，索非亚，2010年。保加利亚科学院。", "茨韦塔纳·卡梅诺娃，《关于前南问题国际法庭判例法中酷刑罪的调查》（合著）。见：Clucas/Johnstone/Ward（编辑）《酷刑：道德的绝对明确和不明确之处》，NOMOS Verlag，德国，2009年（英文版）。", "茨韦塔纳·卡梅诺娃，《国际版权与国家版权》，保加利亚科学院，2004年。", "茨韦塔纳·卡梅诺娃，《欧洲与保加利亚反歧视法律条例》，索非亚，保加利亚科学院，2003年（合著和编辑）。第二版，2004年。", "茨韦塔纳·卡梅诺娃，《移民——奥地利、保加利亚、欧盟立法》，2003年（英文版）。", "茨韦塔纳·卡梅诺娃，《塔吉克斯坦关于执行一般条约和人权条约的立法条款》。联塔办事处，杜尚别，2003年。", "茨韦塔纳·卡梅诺娃，《非政府组织法》（合著和编辑），2002年。", "茨韦塔纳·卡梅诺娃，《人权：案文及材料》，（合著），普罗夫迪夫大学出版社，普罗夫迪夫，2000年。", "茨韦塔纳·卡梅诺娃，《保加利亚难民法文件》（编辑），保加利亚科学院，索非亚，2000年。", "茨韦塔纳·卡梅诺娃，《版权：国际保护与国家保护》，保加利亚科学院出版社，索非亚，1999年。", "茨韦塔纳·卡梅诺娃，《保加利亚文化财产法律条例》，（编辑），索非亚，1999年。", "茨韦塔纳·卡梅诺娃，《保加利亚立法与欧洲共同体法律的近似情况》，（编辑）索非亚，1998年。", "茨韦塔纳·卡梅诺娃，《欧洲版权法的统一》，索非亚，1997年。", "茨韦塔纳·卡梅诺娃，《统一欧洲的知识财产》，（编辑），索非亚，1996年。", "茨韦塔纳·卡梅诺娃，《保加利亚难民法，案文及材料》，（编辑），索非亚，1995年。", "茨韦塔纳·卡梅诺娃，《1991年〈宪法〉与保加利亚加入国际条约的情况》，（合著），索非亚，1993年。", "茨韦塔纳·卡梅诺娃，《外层空间领域的国际私法问题》，莫斯科Nauka出版社，1993年，（俄文版）合著。", "茨韦塔纳·卡梅诺娃，《国际投资保护》，索非亚，1992年。", "茨韦塔纳·卡梅诺娃，《国际司法的统一》，海牙会议活动，索非亚大学出版社，索非亚，1991年。", "茨韦塔纳·卡梅诺娃，《版权与邻接权的国际保护》，保加利亚科学院出版社，索非亚，1990年。", "文章（代表性著作）", "茨韦塔纳·卡梅诺娃，“侵犯国际法”，《法律理论》，第3期，2010年。", "茨韦塔纳·卡梅诺娃，“亚得里亚海的海洋划界”，《保加利亚科学院法学研究所年鉴》，第五卷，索非亚，2010年。", "茨韦塔纳·卡梅诺娃，“20世纪与21世纪之交不同的法律文化和全球司法化”，《古希腊国际法评论》，雅典，2010年。", "茨韦塔纳·卡梅诺娃，“普遍管辖权（国际法研究所决议）”，《法律理论》杂志；第3期，2009年。", "茨韦塔纳·卡梅诺娃，“普遍管辖权”。“法律问题比较分析：奥地利、比利时、德国”，《保加利亚科学院法学研究所年鉴》，第四卷，索非亚，2009年。", "茨韦塔纳·卡梅诺娃，“国际法院关于适用国际人道主义法规则和人权公约的法律制度”，《国际法院和法庭》，保加利亚国际法协会出版，索非亚，2009年。", "茨韦塔纳·卡梅诺娃，“马尔顿斯教授的条款与国际人道主义法（前南问题国际法庭判例法中的案例）”，见Pravovedenie，第2/2009期，俄罗斯圣彼得堡（俄文版）。", "茨韦塔纳·卡梅诺娃，“对国际法院最新判例（国际法院截至2007年2月26日的判决，波斯尼亚种族灭绝案）进行的事实调查”，《法律理论》，第1/2008期；第XLIX卷。", "茨韦塔纳·卡梅诺娃，“论国家的国际法律义务及与国际法庭的合作”，《保加利亚科学院法学研究所年鉴》，第三卷，索非亚，2007年。", "茨韦塔纳·卡梅诺娃，“人的尊严与国际法”，《普罗夫迪夫大学法律系年鉴》，普罗夫迪夫，2007年。", "茨韦塔纳·卡梅诺娃，“欧洲联盟的国际私法”，《法律理论》，第1/2002期。", "茨韦塔纳·卡梅诺娃，“欧共体通过《罗马公约》后在国际私法领域的态势发展”，《普罗夫迪夫大学法律系年鉴》，2001年。", "茨韦塔纳·卡梅诺娃，“保加利亚法律改革问题——十年之后”，《保加利亚学会通讯》，匹兹堡大学，第31卷，第1期，冬季刊，2001年（英文版）。", "茨韦塔纳·卡梅诺娃，“《欧洲人权公约》第12号议定书和欧盟关于执行不论种族或族裔本源，人与人之间平等待遇原则的指令”，第3/2000期，《法律理论》杂志。", "茨韦塔纳·卡梅诺娃，“国际法与国内法之间的关系及对保加利亚民法的影响”，见Ginsburg, G.、 D. Barry、 W. Simons（编辑）。《中欧和东欧私法的复兴》，马帝努斯·奈霍夫出版社。克鲁维尔国际法律出版社。海牙，1996年（英文版）。", "阿卜杜勒·科罗马（塞拉利昂）", "[原件：英文]", "出生于塞拉利昂弗里敦。", "现任职务", "科罗马法官是国际法院现任全体法官中最为资深的法官。", "以往的管理和专业履历", "科罗马法官将其在国际法领域独特广泛的经验应用到司法工作中。进入国际法院之前，他协助开展了编纂和逐步发展国际法的工作，参与了各种国际法律文书的谈判和通过工作，包括《联合国海洋法公约》（《海洋法公约》）、《关于国家在条约方面的继承的维也纳公约》和《危害人类和平及安全治罪法草案》。科罗马法官还作为国际法委员会长期成员（1982年至1994年）和主席（1991年）协助开展了编纂和逐步发展国际法的工作，并在此期间审议了以下主题：国际水道的非航行使用；国家及其财产的管辖豁免；国家对国际不法行为的责任；国际法不加禁止的行为所产生的损害性后果的国际责任；外交信使和没有外交信使护送的外交邮袋的地位；以及国家与国际组织的关系。", "在国际法院任职期间，科罗马法官继续推动国际法的发展与宣传工作。作为一名学者，他在许多学术机构举办讲座，其中包括剑桥大学（联合王国）、利物浦大学（联合王国）、格拉斯哥大学（联合王国）、哥伦比亚大学（美国），以及斯德哥尔摩（瑞典）、萨洛尼卡（希腊）、鲁汶（比利时）、苏黎世（瑞士）、乌得勒支（荷兰）和阿姆斯特丹（荷兰）等地的大学。他还在许多国家为政府机构举办有关国际法的讲座，包括秘鲁、大韩民国、菲律宾和印度尼西亚。在过去十年，科罗马法官每年都会在国际人道主义法律研究所（意大利圣雷莫）举办有关国际人道主义法的讲座。2010年，他在厦门国际法高等研究院（中国厦门）讲授公共国际法普通课程。", "在国际法院任职期间，他积极参与解决以下争端及寻求咨询意见的工作，和/或关于这些工作的司法审议：", "1. 东帝汶（葡萄牙诉澳大利亚）；", "2. 几内亚比绍与塞内加尔间海洋划界（几内亚比绍诉塞内加尔）；", "3. 卡塔尔与巴林间海洋划界和领土问题（卡塔尔诉巴林）；", "4. 洛克比空中事件引起的1971年《蒙特利尔公约》的解释和适用问题（阿拉伯利比亚民众国诉联合王国）；", "5. 洛克比空中事件引起的1971年《蒙特利尔公约》的解释和适用问题（阿拉伯利比亚民众国诉美利坚合众国）；", "6. 石油平台（伊朗伊斯兰共和国诉美利坚合众国）；", "7. 《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》的适用（波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那诉南斯拉夫）；", "8. 加布奇科沃—大毛罗斯项目（匈牙利/斯洛伐克）；", "9. 国家在武装冲突中使用核武器的合法性；", "10. 喀麦隆和尼日利亚间陆地和海洋疆界（喀麦隆诉尼日利亚：赤道几内亚参加）；", "11. 以核武器进行威胁或使用核武器的合法性；", "12. 渔业管辖权（西班牙诉加拿大）；", "13. 请求根据1974年12月20日法院关于核试验（新西兰诉法国）案的判决书第63段审查情势（新西兰诉法国）；", "14. 卡西基里/塞杜杜岛（博茨瓦纳诉纳米比亚）；", "15. 《维也纳领事关系公约》（巴拉圭诉美利坚合众国）；", "16. 关于人权委员会特别报告员享有法律程序豁免的争议；", "17. 请求解释1998年6月11日对喀麦隆和尼日利亚陆地和海洋疆界案所作判决（喀麦隆诉尼日利亚），初步反对意见（尼日利亚诉喀麦隆）；", "18. 利吉丹岛和西巴丹岛的主权归属（印度尼西亚/马来西亚）；", "19. 艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛（几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国）；", "20. 拉格朗（德国诉美利坚合众国）；", "21. 使用武力的合法性（南斯拉夫诉比利时）；", "22. 使用武力的合法性（南斯拉夫诉加拿大）；", "23. 使用武力的合法性（南斯拉夫诉法国）；", "24. 使用武力的合法性（南斯拉夫诉德国）；", "25. 使用武力的合法性（南斯拉夫诉意大利）；", "26. 使用武力的合法性（南斯拉夫诉荷兰）；", "27. 使用武力的合法性（南斯拉夫诉葡萄牙）；", "28. 使用武力的合法性（南斯拉夫诉西班牙）；", "29. 使用武力的合法性（南斯拉夫诉联合王国）；", "30. 使用武力的合法性（南斯拉夫诉美利坚合众国）；", "31. 刚果境内的武装活动（刚果民主共和国诉布隆迪）；", "32. 刚果境内的武装活动（刚果民主共和国诉乌干达）；", "33. 刚果境内的武装活动（刚果民主共和国诉卢旺达）；", "34. 《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》的适用（克罗地亚诉塞尔维亚）；", "35. 1999年8月10日空中事件（巴基斯坦诉印度）；", "36. 尼加拉瓜和洪都拉斯间在加勒比海的海洋划界（尼加拉瓜诉洪都拉斯）；", "37. 2000年4月11日逮捕证（刚果民主共和国诉比利时）；", "38. 申请复核1996年7月11日对《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》的适用（波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那诉南斯拉夫）案的初步反对意见所作判决（南斯拉夫诉波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那）；", "39. 某些财产（列支敦士登诉德国）；", "40. 领土和海洋争端（尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚）；", "41. 边界争端（贝宁诉尼日尔）；", "42. 刚果境内的武装活动（新诉请书：2002年）（刚果民主共和国诉卢旺达）；", "43. 申请复核1992年9月11日对陆地、岛屿和海洋边界争端（萨尔瓦多/洪都拉斯：尼加拉瓜参加）案所作判决（萨尔瓦多诉洪都拉斯）", "44. 阿韦纳和其他墨西哥国民（墨西哥诉美利坚合众国）；", "45. 法国国内的若干刑事诉讼程序（刚果共和国诉法国）；", "46. 白礁岛、中岩礁和南礁的主权归属（马来西亚/新加坡）；", "47. 在被占领巴勒斯坦领土修建隔离墙的法律后果；", "48. 黑海海洋划界（罗马尼亚诉乌克兰）；", "49. 关于航行和有关权利的争端（哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜）；", "50. 常驻联合国外交特使在东道国的地位（多米尼克国诉瑞士）；", "51. 乌拉圭河沿岸的纸浆厂（阿根廷诉乌拉圭）；", "52. 刑事事项互助的若干问题（吉布提诉法国）；", "53. 空中喷洒除草剂（厄瓜多尔诉哥伦比亚）；", "54. 请求解释2004年3月31日有关阿韦纳和其他墨西哥国民案（墨西哥诉美利坚合众国）的判决（墨西哥诉美利坚合众国）；", "55. 《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》的适用（格鲁吉亚诉俄罗斯联邦）；", "56. 科索沃临时自治机构单方面宣布独立是否符合国际法；", "57. 1995年9月13日临时协议的适用（前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国诉希腊）；", "58. 国家的管辖豁免（德国诉意大利）；", "59. 与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题（比利时诉塞内加尔）；", "60. 南极捕鲸活动（澳大利亚诉日本）；", "61. 边界争端（布基纳法索诉尼日尔）；", "62. 尼加拉瓜在边界地区开展的一些活动（哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜）。", "科罗马法官曾任联合国大会第六委员会（法律）代表和主席、塞拉利昂常驻联合国代表和大使、塞拉利昂驻欧洲经济共同体大使，以及塞拉利昂驻非洲统一组织（非统组织）（位于埃塞俄比亚亚的斯亚贝巴）大使。他于1983年出任不结盟运动第一委员会主席（印度新德里），该运动的原则就是在这期间成型的，并出任大会给予殖民地国家和人民独立宣言执行情况委员会主席（第1514(XV)号决议）。他还在通过《关于和平解决国际争端的马尼拉宣言》方面发挥了重要作用，并出任了非洲联盟为起草《非洲法院规约》所设立的委员会的主席。", "科罗马法官的工作和兴趣主要围绕国际法的方方面面。他发表和出版了大量关于以下内容的著作：《联合国宪章》；国际法院和法庭；订立条约的替代方法；法院申明管辖权；海洋法；外层空间法；适用于南极的法律；国际法中的自决原则；国际人道主义法；国际法和多元文化；作为国际法新生原则的团结；人道主义干预；法院判决的约束性质；法院命令和程序指示；法院判例的条约必须遵守原则；以及法院处理非洲国家之间争端的临时措施。", "科罗马法官是许多学术学会的成员，包括国际法学会、非洲国际法与比较法学会和美国国际法学会。他还是国际劳工局公约和建议执行问题专家委员会成员（日内瓦）；日内瓦亨利·杜南人道主义对话中心第一任主席，负责各国间以及国家内部的冲突调解工作。", "科罗马法官获得基辅国立大学（荣誉）法学硕士、伦敦大学国王学院国际法硕士，以及塞拉利昂大学荣誉法学博士。他是伦敦林肯律师学院名誉主管委员出庭律师；印度古吉拉特邦古吉拉特国立法学院荣誉教授。", "他荣获多个奖项，包括：", "1. 因杰出专业服务获得塞拉利昂政府颁发的Rokel司令勋章（1991年）；", "2. 获得国际人道主义法律研究所倡导、传播和教授国际人道主义法律奖（2005年）；", "3. 塞拉利昂共和国杰出官员勋章（国家最高奖项），以表彰他作为国际法院法官在国际法和国际司法领域对国家所做的贡献（2007年）；", "4. Comendador Ordem do Merito Judiciario do Trabalho勋章，巴西（2010年）。", "小和田恒（日本）", "[原件：英文]", "一、现任职务", "国际法院院长（2009年-，国际法院法官2003年~）", "常设仲裁法院法官（2001年-）", "二、专业履历", "进入日本外务省（1955年）", "外务省法律事务司（1959-1963年）", "日本常驻联合国代表团一等秘书（1968-1971年）", "外相私人秘书（1971-1972年）", "外务省联合国政治事务司司长（1972-1974年）", "外务省条约司司长（1974-1976年）", "日本首相私人秘书（1976-1978年）", "日本驻美国大使馆公使（1979-1981年）", "日本驻俄罗斯大使馆公使（1981-1984年）", "外务省条约局局长（首席法律顾问）（1984-1987年）", "日本常驻经合组织代表，大使（1988-1989年）", "外务省外务事务次官（1989-1991年）", "日本外务省副外相（1991-1993年）", "日本驻联合国大使（1994-1998年）", "联合国安全理事会主席（1997，1998年）", "三、学术履历", "1963-1965年、1971-1976年、1984-1988年 东京大学兼职教授（国际法和国际组织教授）", "1979-1981年 哈佛法学院教授（客座，全职）（国际法教授）", "1987、1989年，2000-2002年 哈佛法学院教授（客座，冬季学期），（国际法教授）", "1994-1998年 哥伦比亚法学院兼职教授（国际法教授）", "1994-1998年 纽约大学法学院因格·雷纳特杰出法学客座教授", "1999年 海牙国际法学院教授", "2000-2003年 早稻田大学研究生院教授（国际法和国际组织教授）", "2002年 剑桥大学三一学院访问特别研究员", "莱顿大学荣誉教授", "广岛大学专业学术顾问", "2001年- 国际法协会会员（1995年-准会员）", "日本国际法协会执行委员会名誉会员（1994年-会员）", "美国国际法学会荣誉会员", "2001年- 国际法协会日本分会执行委员会成员", "2007-2009年 亚洲国际法学会会长（2009年- 执行委员会成员）", "四、参加重大国际会议的情况", "1960年 第二次联合国海洋法会议日本代表团成员", "1968-1970年 联合国大会第二十三至第二十五届会议日本代表团成员（第六委员会）", "大会第二十五届会议第六委员会报告员（1970年）", "1968-1970年 联合国友好关系特别委员会日本代表团团长", "特别委员会起草委员会主席（1970年）", "1968-1970年 联合国和平利用外层空间委员会法律小组委员会日本代表团团长", "1968-1970年 联合国和平利用海床洋底委员会日本代表团团长", "1968-1969年 联合国条约法会议日本副代表", "1972-1973年 联合国大会第二十七至第二十八届会议日本副代表", "1973-1982年 第三次联合国海洋法会议日本副代表", "1984-1986、1989-1990年联合国大会第三十九至四十一届、第四十四至四十五届会议日本代表团顾问", "1994-1998年 联合国大会第四十九至五十三届会议日本代表", "1995年 哥本哈根社会发展问题世界首脑会议日本代表", "1995年 北京第四次妇女问题世界会议日本代表", "1995-1997年 非洲统一组织第31-33届会议国家元首和政府首脑会议日本代表", "1996年 美洲国家组织大会日本代表", "1997-1998年 联合国安全理事会日本代表，安全理事会主席（1997年和1998年）", "1997-1998年 不结盟运动部长会议日本代表", "1998年 不结盟运动首脑会议日本代表", "1998年 联合国成立国际刑事法院外交会议日本代表", "五、著作", "日文著作", "“国际法院的司法管辖权——国际法院的职能和特点”，Gaimusho Chosa Geppo（《外务省研究期刊》）第4期，1963年", "“国际法汇编和联合国关于各国依照《联合国宪章》建立友好关系和开展合作的国际法原则宣言，” Keizai to Gaiko （《经济学与外交》），1971年", "“第三次联合国海洋法会议的成就和挑战——国际海洋制度的法律和政治”，Kokusai Mondai（《国际事务》），第184期，1975年", "“尼加拉瓜国内及针对尼加拉瓜的军事和准军事活动案例——指示临时措施申请”，Kokusaiho Gaiko Zasshi（《国际法与外交期刊》，第83卷，第6期，1985年", "“尼加拉瓜国内及针对尼加拉瓜的军事和准军事活动案例——司法管辖权以及是否受理”，Kokusaiho Gaiko Zasshi（《国际法与外交期刊》，第85卷，第4期，1986年", "“国际法、美国和日本”， 《Y. Takano教授纪念文集》（Kobundo出版社），1987年", "“经合组织的职能和日本的外交”，Gaiko-Forum（《外交论坛》），1989年", "“三边主义——欧洲、美国和日本之间的关系”，Gaiko-Forum（《外交论坛》），1989年", "“为建立全球伙伴关系之目的”，Gaiko-Forum（《外交论坛》），1991年", "“从文明历史角度透视外交问题”，Gaiko-Forum（《外交论坛》），1992年", "《从接触到参与——日本外交政策的新方向》（Toshi Shuppan），1994年", "“未来国际秩序和日本的作用”，Astion，1994年", "“联合国维持和平行动的多元化——日本的作用及其今后发展”，《读卖新闻》，1996年", "《外交》（日本广播协会出版社），1996年", "“国家管辖权——国际法与国内法”，《山本赞七郎教授纪念文集》（Keiso Shobo），1998年", "“联合国改革与日本的作用”，Hogaku Kyoshitsu （《法律研究》），Yuhikaku出版社，第214期，1998年", "“建立国际刑事法院”，《法学家》，第1146期，1998年", "“国际制度的变革与联合国的作用”，Gaiko-Forum（《外交论坛》），1998年", "“建立国际刑事法院——批判性分析”，Kokusaiho Gaiko Zasshi（《国际法与外交期刊》），第98卷，第5期，1999年", "“建立新的合作秩序”，Nihoh Keizai Shimbun《日本经济新闻》，1999年", "“21世纪的世界和日本”，Gakushikai-Kaiho《日本学术期刊》，第823期，1999年", "“亚洲国际法协会的成立及其未来”，Horitsu Jiho（《法律新闻报道》）第79期，2007年", "《国际关系理论》（合著），2002年", "《为了和平与奖学金——一条来自海牙的消息》（合著），2008年", "英文著作", "“日本在国际法I- XX领域实践的年度审查”，《日本国际法年鉴》，1964-1991年", "“国际法院的未来如何？”，《美国国际法学会议事录》，第65卷，1971年", "“三边主义：日本视角”，《国际安全》，冬季刊1980/1981年", "《东亚安全和日本的作用》，Acron Books出版社，1981年", "《相互依赖世界中美日在经济方面的互动》，加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校，1981年", "《1961-1970年日本在国际法领域的实践》（合著），东京大学出版社，1982年", "“九十年代日本的国际议程”，《美国国际法学会议事录》第84卷，1990年", "“日本的外交政策：如何加强国际事务领域的法治”，《美国国际法学会议事录》第84卷，1990年", "“日本维和的前景”，《维和新方向》，Nijhoff，1994年", "“国际组织与国内法”，《美国国际法学会议事录》第89卷，1995年", "“东亚及太平洋地区的区域机构：时机是否成熟？”《美国国际法学会议事录》第89卷，1995年", "“外交回顾：重新审视外交法律框架随笔”，《国际法和政治学期刊》（纽约大学法学院），1995年", "“司法和国际秩序的稳定”，《联合国国际公法大会议事录》，1995年", "“关于国际法律问题的三边透视：国内法与政策的相关性”，《美国国际法学会议事录》第90卷，1996年", "“司法和国际法律秩序的稳定：当代国际秩序法律分析随笔”，《日本国际法年鉴》，1996年", "“日本参加维持和平的宪法权力”，《国际法和政治学期刊》（纽约大学法学院），1997年", "“从联合国视角看待世界公共秩序的问题”，《和平、发展与外交》，Bruylant出版社，1998年", "《三边国家的21世纪战略：一致抑或冲突？》，三边委员会，1999年", "《民主主义在预防致命冲突方面的责任》（合著），卡内基预防致命冲突委员会，1999年", "“面向21世纪的全球伙伴关系：新的发展战略和国际组织的作用”，《捐助方协调与发展援助的效力》，联合国大学，1999年", "“全球化世界中的东亚安全秩序”，《东亚和国际制度》，三边委员会，2001年", "“关于国际公共秩序问题的几点思考”，《国际法与外交期刊》（Kokusaiho Gaiko Zasshi）第102卷，第3期，2003年", "“在全球化世界中重新界定国际法治的概念”，《日本国际法年鉴》第51卷，2008年", "六、学历/学位", "东京大学文学硕士（1955年）", "剑桥大学法律学士（1956年）", "日本敬和大学（名誉）哲学博士（2000年）", "印度贝拿勒斯印度教大学（名誉）法学博士（2001年）", "早稻田大学（名誉）法学博士（2004年）", "荷兰格罗宁根大学（名誉）法学博士（2009年）", "七、所获奖章和荣誉", "剑桥大学国际法人道主义奖学金（1958-1959年）", "约旦哈希姆王国Al-Istiqlal一等勋章（1990年）", "法兰西共和国军官荣誉勋章（1992年）", "德意志联邦共和国大十字荣誉勋章（1994年）", "八、个人资料", "1932年9月18日出生于日本新泻。", "妻子是小和田由美子（母家姓江头），有三个女儿。", "朱莉娅·塞布庭德（乌干达）", "[原件：英文]", "朱莉娅·塞布庭德法官（出生于1954年2月）是一位在国内和国际司法领域拥有超过32年法律和司法工作经验的杰出法官，也是一位拥有极高专业水准、道德准则并尊重事物多样性的法官。她的职业目标是致力于通过审判裁定国家、区域和国际等各阶层法律纠纷来维护世界和平，并通过应用联合国的核心管理能力在工作过程中发挥突出作用。她熟识国际法、国际人道主义法、国际犯罪法等，并且在审判、裁决、咨询建议、备忘录和报告的起草以及分析和解释条约、议定书、协议、规程和法律法规的方面拥有丰富的经验。此外，她还是一位拥有杰出的沟通能力、组织能力、领导能力和分析能力的优秀团队合作者。", "目前，朱莉娅担任海牙塞拉利昂问题特别法庭第二审判分庭的主审法官，正在审理若干高级战争犯罪案件（2005-2011年），其中包括检方诉查尔斯·甘凯·泰勒一案。同时，她还任职于乌干达高级法院，负责受理民事刑事案件的初审和上诉管辖权（1996年至今）。她曾担任3个乌干达高级贪污腐败司法调查委员会的负责人，她的工作和建议促使在打击并/或消除政府腐败方面做出了重大改革（1999-2004年）。她曾在英联邦技术合作基金安排下担任纳米比亚共和国立法顾问，因革新和替代该国的《种族隔离法》以及培训纳米比亚立法起草人员而受到称赞（1991-1996年）。", "她曾与国际女法官协会一道，参与了对东非法官、治安法官和律师助理进行的关于应用区域和国际人权文书的培训。她还是位于Stadschlaining的奥地利和平与解决冲突问题中心国际平民维持和平与建设和平训练方案的培训师和顾问（2008年-至今）。她对非洲一些区域机构的成立和精简也做出了巨大贡献，其中包括东非和南部非洲共同市场（东南非共同市场）及政府间抗旱和发展联盟，此间，她曾担任各立法委员会的立法顾问，负责为这些机构起草并修改条约、文书及规则和条例。", "她以优异的成绩取得爱丁堡大学的法学硕士学位，并因出色的法律司法服务获得无数国内和国际奖项和荣誉，包括爱丁堡大学奖予的荣誉法学博士学位（2009年）。", "资格证书", "Word、Excel、PowerPoint、Live note、Case Map、TRIM、Ringtail）（1997年）", "职业素养", "Word、Case-map、Live-note、Powerpoint、 TRIM、Ringtail、Excel）", "曾任重要职务", "担任联合国支持下塞拉利昂问题特别法庭国际法官：（2005-2011年）", "担任塞拉利昂问题特别法庭第二审判分庭主审法官（2007-2008年、2010-2011年）", "担任乌干达高级法院法官（1996年-至今）", "乌干达警察部队贪污腐败司法调查委员会负责人（1999-2000年）", "乌干达人民国防军司法调查委员会负责人（2001年）", "调查乌干达税务局贪污腐败指控司法调查委员会负责人（2002年）", "担任纳米比亚共和国的法律顾问及法律起草人（1991-1996年）", "担任乌干达首席州检察官、国会司法部法律顾问（1978-1990年）", "曾在以下机构担任讲师和培训师：乌干达法律发展中心、乌干达国际法研究所、奥地利和平与冲突解决中心、东非促进平等法理学项目", "代表性著作包括", "“国际刑事司法：平衡相互矛盾的利益：辩护律师、受害方律师及证人面临的挑战”：在国际刑事法院第八次律师研讨会上的专题演讲，海牙Steinenberger Kurhaus酒店（2010年5月）", "“安全部门改革：跨国司法文书：给妇女一个机会”：奥地利Stadschlaining（2010年11月)", "“庆祝《罗马条约》十周年：乌干达是否有理由加入其中？”乌干达卡帕拉喜来登饭店（2008年9月）", "“在远离犯罪实施国审判战争罪和危害人类罪时外联的重要性”：战争报告研究院，海牙分会，（2008年4月）", "“对暴力侵害妇女行为的问责：塞拉利昂和乌干达案例研究”奥地利Stadschlaining（2008年10月）", "“推进21世纪非洲的法治”：美国弗吉尼亚第四次全球倡导者国际评议会上发表的文章（2004年11月）", "“履行职责：打击腐败”：在南非共和国比勒陀利亚南非基督领导会议上发表的文章（2003年7月）", "主要职责与成绩", "联合国支持下的塞拉利昂问题特别法庭的国际法官（2005-2011年）", "000名工作人员组成，分别来自30多个不同的民族。", "担任特别法庭第二审判分庭的主审法官（2007-2008年；2010-2011年）", "担任乌干达高级法院法官（1996年至今）", "担任乌干达警察部队贪污腐败调查委员会负责人（1999年）", "000页的报告，该报告为重大改革奠定了基础，包括刑事起诉腐败官员，改进管理，提高警察局的效率与效力以及改进刑事侦查和人权领域的服务", "担任乌干达人民国防军调查委员会负责人（2001年）", "290万美元MI-24直升战斗机的情况", "000页的报告，该报告为乌干达人民国防军重大改革奠定了基础，包括精简采购，增加透明度，加强问责制，以及惩处涉案官员", "担任乌干达税务局贪污腐败指控司法调查委员会负责人（2002年）", "000页的报告，该报告为乌干达税务局的重大行政改革奠定了基础，包括惩处涉案官员，提高税收和效率，以及根除腐败", "担任英联邦驻新独立的纳米比亚共和国的立法顾问（1991-1996年）", "担任乌干达司法部首席州检察官与国会法律顾问（1978-1990年）", "因杰出工作所获荣誉与奖项", "朱莉娅·塞布庭德获得了无数荣誉及奖项，以表彰其为社会做出的杰出贡献。这些荣誉和奖项包括：", "000多名职业律师（包括法学界人士、法学系学生、国会议员、法官、从业人员等）组成的全球律师网络。他们借助其职业，致力于推动宗教自由、人权、和解、正义、道德，以及理想和实践相结合（2004年10月）。", "中学一等功，肯定其“对乌干达民族的杰出贡献”。这是颁发给在自己岗位上表现杰出的前任学生的一个奖项（2000年4月）", "埃尔哈吉·曼苏尔·托尔（塞内加尔）", "[原件：法文]", "前任副院长法官 / 司法法院 / 西非经济共同体", "一、职业经历", "2009年5月-至今：司法部秘书长", "司法部门总检察长", "2001年1月至2009年3月：", "西非国家经济共同体（西非经济共同体）法院法官，职权如下：", "A- 共同体立法管理和落实机构", "B- 成员国争端或共同体与公务员之间争端仲裁人", "C- 共同体与其公务员机构责任法官", "D- 西非人权法院", "2000 年12月至2004年1月：西非国家经济共同体司法法院副院长；", "1997年7月- 2000年12月：最高法院顾问（民事庭和商事法庭）；", "1997年- 达喀尔上诉法院民事庭和商事法庭庭长：", "1993-1994年：法律顾问-渔业和海洋运输部（研究审议与欧盟、朝鲜及其他国家签订的各项协议）。", "1993年6月：司法部内阁领导。", "1990-1993 年：旅游与环境部内阁领导：编纂了《环境法》相关的条款；", "二、职业经历", "三、培训经历", "评语A/优良-第一名/1985年法国南特大学；", "四、出版物", "五、其他", "六、获奖情况", "彼得·通卡（斯洛伐克）", "[原件：英文/法文]", "2003年2月6日起为国际法院法官；2009年2月6日起任法院副院长；在乌拉圭河沿岸的纸浆厂（阿根廷诉乌拉圭）和南极捕鲸案（澳大利亚诉日本）中担任代理院长", "彼得·通卡于1956年6月1日出生在斯洛伐克班斯卡—比斯特里察，已婚，有两个子女。", "学历", "布拉格查理大学法学院法学硕士（特优生）（1979年）；查理大学荣誉博士（国际法）（1981年）；查理大学国际法博士（1985年）；乌克兰基辅国际法和国际关系学院（1982年）；法国尼斯和平法和发展研究所（1984-1985年）；希腊塞萨洛尼基国际公法和国际关系研究所（1985年）；海牙国际法学院（1988年）。", "曾担任的正式国家职务", "布拉格外交部助理法律顾问（1986-1990年）、国际公法处处长（1990-1991年）；捷克斯洛伐克常驻联合国代表团参赞和法律顾问（1991-1992年）；常驻联合国副代表，大使（1993-1994年）以及斯洛伐克代理常驻联合国代表，大使（1994-1997年）；斯洛伐克布拉迪斯拉发外交部国际法司法律顾问和司长（1997-1998年）、国际法和领事事务总干事和法律顾问（1998-1999年）；斯洛伐克常驻联合国代表，大使（1999-2003年）。", "日内瓦第二十五届国际红十字大会捷克斯洛伐克代表（1986年）；国际海底管理局和国际海洋法法庭筹备委员会捷克斯洛伐克代表（1987-1992年）；联合国大会第四十六届和第四十七届会议捷克斯洛伐克副代表和第四十五届会议顾问（1990-1992年）；联合国大会第六委员会捷克斯洛伐克代表（1990-1992年）；马德里南极条约缔约国会议捷克斯洛伐克代表团团长（1991年）；在马耳他瓦莱塔举行的欧安会关于和平解决欧洲争端专家会议的捷克斯洛伐克代表团团长（1991年）；联合国大会第四十八至第五十七届会议斯洛伐克代表（1993-2002年），以及第四十九至五十一届会议和第五十四至五十七届会议代表团副团长；联合国大会第六委员会斯洛伐克代表（1993-2002年）。国际海底管理局和国际海洋法法庭筹备委员会斯洛伐克代表（1993-1994年）。国际海底管理局大会斯洛伐克代表团团长（1994-1996年）。联合国成立国际刑事法院外交会议斯洛伐克代表团副团长（1998年）。", "参与国际活动的情况和履历", "联合国申请审查行政法庭判决问题委员会主席（1991年）；联合国国际法十年工作组主席（1995年）；公民及政治权利国际公约缔约国会议主席（1996年）；联合国大会第五十二届会议第六委员会（法律）主席（1997年）和第六委员会（法律）副主席（1992年）；国际刑事法院筹备委员会副主席（1998年）；联合国海洋法公约缔约国第九届会议主席（1999年）和第六届会议副主席（1996年）；禁止人的生殖性克隆国际公约特设委员会主席（2002年）；为联合国秘书处海洋事务和海洋法司提供咨询的大使专家小组成员（2002年）。", "石油平台（伊朗伊斯兰共和国诉美利坚合众国），《2003年国际法院案例汇编》，第161页。", "欧洲委员会国际公法法律顾问委员会主席（2001-2002年；副主席，1999-2000年）。", "司法、仲裁和诉讼履历", "作为国际法院的法官，参与以下36起案件，并就其中10起案件给出了个人意见：", "法国国内的若干刑事诉讼程序（刚果共和国诉法国），2003年6月17日关于临时措施的命令,《2003年国际法院案例汇编》，第102页。", "石油平台（伊朗伊斯兰共和国诉美利坚合众国），《2003年国际法院案例汇编》，第161页。", "阿韦纳和其他墨西哥国民（墨西哥诉美利坚合众国），《2004年国际法院案例汇编》，第12页，《个别意见》，第94-98页。", "在被占领巴勒斯坦领土修建隔离墙的法律后果，《2004年国际法院案例汇编》，第136页。", "使用武力的合法性（塞尔维亚和黑山诉比利时），《2004年国际法院案例汇编》，第279页。", "使用武力的合法性（塞尔维亚和黑山诉加拿大），《2004年国际法院案例汇编》，第429页。", "使用武力的合法性（塞尔维亚和黑山诉法国），《2004年国际法院案例汇编》，第575页。", "使用武力的合法性（塞尔维亚和黑山诉德国），《2004年国际法院案例汇编》，第720页。", "使用武力的合法性（塞尔维亚和黑山诉意大利），《2004年国际法院案例汇编》，第865页。", "使用武力的合法性（塞尔维亚和黑山诉荷兰），《2004年国际法院案例汇编》，第1011页。", "使用武力的合法性（塞尔维亚和黑山诉葡萄牙），《2004年国际法院案例汇编》，第1160页。", "使用武力的合法性（塞尔维亚和黑山诉联合王国），《2004年国际法院案例汇编》，第1307页。", "某些财产（列支敦士登诉德国），《初步反对意见》，《2005年国际法院案例汇编》，第5页。", "刚果境内的武装活动（刚果民主共和国诉乌干达），《2005年国际法院案例汇编》，第168页，《声明》，第351-354页。", "刚果境内的武装活动（刚果民主共和国诉卢旺达）（新申请：2002年），《2006年国际法院案例汇编》，第6页。", "《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》的适用（波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那诉塞尔维亚和黑山），《2007年国际法院案例汇编》，第43页，《个别意见》，第310-351页。", "艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛（几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国），《初步反对意见》，《2007年国际法院案例汇编》，第582页。", "尼加拉瓜和洪都拉斯之间在加勒比海的领土和海洋争端（尼加拉瓜诉洪都拉斯），《2007年国际法院案例汇编》，第659页。", "领土和海洋争端（尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚），《初步反对意见》，《2007年国际法院案例汇编》，第832页，《声明》（第898-902页）。", "白礁岛、中岩礁和南礁的主权归属（马来西亚/新加坡），《2008年国际法院案例汇编》，第12页。", "刑事事项互助的若干问题（吉布提诉法国），《2008年国际法院案例汇编》，第177页，《个别意见》（第269-277页）。", "请求解释2004年3月31日有关阿韦纳和其他墨西哥国民案的判决（墨西哥诉美利坚合众国），2008年7月16日关于临时措施的命令，《2008年国际法院案例汇编》，第311页，《联合反对意见》（第341-348页）。", "《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》的适用（格鲁吉亚诉俄罗斯联邦）。2008年10月15日关于临时措施的命令，《2008年国际法院案例汇编》，第353页，《联合反对意见》（第400-406页）。", "《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》的适用（克罗地亚诉塞尔维亚），《初步反对意见》，《2008年国际法院案例汇编》，第412页，《个别意见》，第515-523页。", "请求解释2004年3月31日有关阿韦纳和其他墨西哥国民案的判决（墨西哥诉美利坚合众国），《2009年国际法院案例汇编》，第3页。", "黑海海洋划界（罗马尼亚诉乌克兰），《2009年国际法院案例汇编》，第61页。", "乌拉圭河沿岸的纸浆厂（阿根廷诉乌拉圭），2010年4月20日判决。", "国家的管辖豁免（德国诉意大利），2010年7月6日关于反诉可受理性的命令。", "科索沃临时自治机构单方面宣布独立是否符合国际法，2010年7月22日的咨询意见，《声明》（10页）。", "艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛（几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国）（2010年11月30日的判决）。", "尼加拉瓜在边界地区开展的一些活动（哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜），2011年3月8日关于临时措施的命令。", "《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》的适用（格鲁吉亚诉俄罗斯联邦）。2011年4月1日关于初步反对意见的判决，《声明》（2页）。", "领土和海洋争端（尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚），哥斯达黎加请求允许干预。2011年5月3日的判决。", "领土和海洋争端（尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚），洪都拉斯请求允许干预。2011年5月3日的判决。", "1995年9月13日临时协议的适用（正在审议）。", "劳工组织行政法庭第2867号判决，农发基金请求提供咨询意见（正在审议）。", "有关加布奇科沃-大毛罗斯项目（匈牙利/斯洛伐克）一案中，斯洛伐克在国际法院的代理人（1993-2003年）。", "解决投资争端国际中心第ARB97/4号案件斯洛伐克专家，即提交国际投资争端解决中心审理的Československá obchodní banka（ČSOB)诉斯洛伐克共和国案（管辖权）（1997-1999年）。", "海牙常设仲裁法院法官（自1994年起）。莱茵铁路（比利时/荷兰）（2003-2005年）和解释仲裁法庭的裁决（2005年）案的仲裁人。Indus Waters Kishenganga Arbitration （巴基斯坦诉印度）案中仲裁法院的法官（2011年- ）", "根据《联合国海洋法公约》附件七提名的仲裁人（自2004年起）和解决投资争端国际中心提名的仲裁人（自2005年起）。Perenco有限公司诉厄瓜多尔案（解决投资争端国际中心第ARB/08/6号案件）中仲裁法庭的庭长（2010年- ）。Fraport A.G.诉菲律宾案（解决投资争端国际中心第ARB/03/25号案件）中撤销裁决特设委员会主席（2008-2010年）；MHS诉马来西亚案（解决投资争端国际中心第ARB/05/10号案件）（2007-2009年）；Ahmonseto公司诉埃及案（解决投资争端国际中心第ARB/02/15号案件）（2008-2010年），MCI电力集团诉厄瓜多尔案（解决投资争端国际中心第ARB/03/6案件）（2008-2009年），杜克能源公司诉秘鲁案（解决投资争端国际中心第ARB/03/28号案件）（2009-2011年）和Siag和Vecchi诉埃及案（解决投资争端国际中心第ARB/05/15号案件）（2009-2010年）中撤销裁决特设委员会的成员。", "根据贸易法委员会有关指控的违反双边投资条约行为的规则，对荷兰投资者诉中欧国家案（2008-2009年）和HICEE诉斯洛伐克案（2009-2011年）进行临时仲裁的仲裁人，Centurion Health公司诉加拿大案（2009-2010年）中北美自由贸易区法庭的庭长。", "学术活动", "布拉格查理大学国际公法讲师（1980-1984年）、高级讲师（1984-1991年）。布拉迪斯拉发柯美纽斯大学国际关系研究所讲授国际公法一般课程（1998-1999年）。", "曾在哥伦比亚法学院、科隆法学院、捷克国际法学会、日内瓦国际法委员会讨论会、剑桥劳特帕赫特研究中心、忠南大学（韩国大田）、韩国国际法协会（首尔）、海德拉巴纳尔萨大学（印度）、纽约大学法学院、格拉斯哥大学、泛欧大学法学院、斯洛伐克国际法学会授课，并为哈佛法学院、巴黎第十大学、维也纳大学、韦伯斯特大学和莱顿大学学生授课。", "应邀于2012年在厦门大学法学院（中国）授课。", "参与学会和委员会的情况", "捷克斯洛伐克国际法学会成员（1981-1992年）和秘书（1986-1991年）；国际法协会捷克斯洛伐克分会成员（1988-2001年）和秘书（1988-1991年）；斯洛伐克国际法学会成员（自1982年起）和荣誉主席（自2003年起）；美国国际法学会成员（自2000年起）；欧洲国际法学会成员（自2004年起）；捷克斯洛伐克科学院出版的期刊《Právník》（《律师》）编辑委员会成员（1990-1991年）；特尔德尔斯国际法模拟法庭比赛监理会成员（2006年- ）；Acta Universitatis Carolinae-Iuridica委员会成员（2008年- ）；莱顿大学航空航天法国际研究所咨询委员会成员（2008年- ）；捷克国际法年鉴咨询委员会成员（2009年- ）；查理大学法学院科学理事会成员（2010年- ）。", "著作", "博士论文《国际法汇编》（查理大学，布拉格，1984年）和以斯洛伐克文或捷克文撰写的关于汇编国际法的形式、国际法院、和平解决欧洲内部国际争端、设立国际刑事法院、危害人类和平及安全治罪法草案等一系列文章的作者；《欧共体法律研究文件集》的合著者（1991年）。", "英文或法文文章：", "“履行司法职能期间首次实地访问国际法院”，《美国国际法学报》，第92期，1998年（与S.Wordsworth合著）。", "“特别协定”，《小田滋法官纪念文集》（N.Ando、E.McWhinney和R.Wolfrum编辑），第一卷，2002年。", "“当代国际法制订工作中遇到的主要复杂问题”，《更好地制订国际法：国际法委员会50周年》，1998年。", "“国际法院是联合国的主要司法机构，关于《宪章》第九十二条的评论”，《联合国宪章》，逐条评论（J.-P. Cot, A. Pellet和M. Forteau编辑）第3版，第二卷，2005年。", "“对解决国际争端过程中国际法的统一和多样性的评论”，《国际法的统一和多样性》（A.Zimmermann、R.Hofmann编辑），2006年。", "“国家是否为其机构部门的行为负责？”，《国际仲裁中的国家实体》（ E. Gaillard编辑），2008年。", "西西里电子公司案，《马克斯-普朗克国际公法百科全书》（R.Wolfrum编辑），牛津大学出版社，2008年在网上刊登（2011年将出版印刷本）。", "渔业管辖权案（大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国诉冰岛），《马克斯-普朗克国际公法百科全书》（R.Wolfrum编辑），牛津大学出版社，2008年在网上刊登（2011年将出版印刷本）。", "边界争端案（布基纳法索/马里共和国）,《马克斯-普朗克国际公法百科全书》（R.Wolfrum编辑），牛津大学出版社，2008年在网上刊登（2011年将出版印刷本）。", "某些领土边界的主权归属案（比利时/荷兰），《马克斯-普朗克国际公法百科全书》（R.Wolfrum编辑），牛津大学出版社，2008年在网上刊登（2011年将出版印刷本）。", "“国际海洋法法庭的临时保护措施”，《共存、合作和团结——吕迪格·沃尔夫鲁姆纪念文集》，2011年即将发表（与G. Hernández合著）。", "“国际法院分庭的非洲事务”，见《Raymond Ranjeva文集》，A. Pedone，巴黎（2012年即将出版）。", "《圭亚那诉苏里南案仲裁裁决：导言》，《常设仲裁法院裁决汇编》（海牙，2011年即将出版）。", "——————", "[1] ^(*) A/66/150。", "^(**) 根据《国际法院规约》，秘书长请《规约》缔约国在2011年6月30日之前向法院提交各国家团体的候选人。因此本文件无法更早地编写。" ]

[ "大会第六十六届会议 议程项目113(c)\n选举各主要机构成员以补空缺", "选举国际法院五名法官:各国家团体提名的候选人简历", "秘书长的说明* * 联合国", "目录", "页次\n一、导 言. 2 课程2\n简历\n迦叶\n薛汉琴 6 Tsvetana 11\n卡梅诺娃\n阿卜杜勒·科罗马 15\n渡田贤一\n朱莉娅·斯布丁德 26 El Hadji 33 曼苏尔\n高点\n彼得通卡 37", "* 由于技术原因于2011年10月17日重新印发。", "页:1 根据《国际法院规约》,秘书长请《规约》缔约国在2011年6月30日前从国家团体向法院提名人选。 因此,本文件无法提前编写。", "一. 导言", "秘书长谨向大会和安全理事会提交各国家团体为填补国际法院五个空缺所提名的候选人的简历。 选举将在大会第六十六届会议期间进行。 提名候选人名单载于A/66/183-S/2011/453号文件。 法院的组成以及大会和安全理事会应遵循的表决程序载于秘书长的备忘录(A/66/182-S/2011/452)。", "二. 简历", "乔治·加亚(意大利)", "[原件:英文和法", "乔治·加亚(Giorgio Gaja,1939年12月7日-)生于瑞士卢泽恩. 意大利国籍。", "1960年获罗马大学法学学位. 国际法中的“Libera docenza”,1968年。 1985年获迪金森法学院名誉法学博士.", "1974年起出任佛罗伦萨大学法学院国际法教授. 1978年至1981年出任法学院院长.", "海牙国际法学院讲师,1981年。 1980年和1984-5年任欧洲大学研究所兼职教授. 1977至1985年任约翰·霍普金斯大学客座教授,1983至1985年任日内瓦大学客座教授,1989至2001年任巴黎第一大学客座教授,2004至2004年任巴黎第二大学客座教授,1992至普罗旺斯-马赛第三大学客座教授,1992至密歇根大学法学院客座教授,1996至哥伦比亚法学院客座教授,2001至日内瓦国际问题研究生院客座教授.", "国际法委员会成员,1999年起。 2000年,任起草委员会主席. 自2002年以来,国际组织的责任问题特别报告员。 2006年,任委员会第一副主席.", "在使用武力的合法性(南斯拉夫诉意大利)案和尼加拉瓜与洪都拉斯在加勒比海的海洋划界案中担任国际法院专案法官。", "意大利政府出席关于国家和国际组织间或国际组织相互间条约法的维也纳会议的代表,1986年。 意大利政府在国际法院Elsi案中担任律师,1989年。", "国际法学会成员。 《国际报》编辑。 《共同市场法评论》、《哥伦比亚欧洲法杂志》和《欧洲国际法杂志》咨询委员会成员。", "主要出版物", "书籍", "(原始内容存档于2016-10-12). Lersaurimento dei ricorsi interni nel diritto internazionale (1967), 246页.", "La deroga alla giurisdizione Italiana (1971), 396页.", "国际商事仲裁。 《纽约公约》(已编辑出散页卷)(1978年-)。", "《私有化和加工法》(编辑本)(1994年)。", "Introduzione al diritto comunitario (第4版,2005年), 第194页.", "文章", "“国际法中的辐射污染”,海牙国际法学院学术讨论会,1973年。 《环境保护和国际法》(1975年) 352-396。", "“考虑azioni sugli effetti delle sentenze di citio della” 格斯蒂齐亚岛法院,Comunicazioni e Study, 第十四卷(1975年) 第313-335页。", "“对条约的保留和新独立国家”,《意大利国际法年鉴》,第一卷(1975年),52-68。", "\" 欧洲共同体参与海洋法公约:妥协解决办法的一些不一致之处 \" ,《意大利国际法年鉴》,第五卷(1980-1),110-114。", "“《维也纳公约》之外的Jus Cogens”,载于:海牙国际法学院,汇编课程,第172卷(1981年),271-316。", "\" 欧洲共同体在混合协定下的权利和义务 \" ,载于:混合协定(D. O ' Keeffe和H.G. Schermers编)(1983年)133-140。", "\" 欧洲公社和瑞士公社法理学研究 \" ,《瑞士国际法年鉴》,第十卷(1984年),第9-29页。", "“欧洲共同体的法律一体化文书——审查”(与P.Hay和R.D.Rotunda合著),《通过法律实现一体化:欧洲和美国联邦经验》(M. Cappelletti、M. Seccombe和J. Weiler编)(1986年),第1.2卷,113-160。", "“Principi generali del diritto (diritto internazionale)”,载于:Enciclopedia del Diritto, 第XXXV卷(1989年)533-549。", "“不规则条约保留”,载于:编纂时的国际法。 Roberto Ago(1987年)的论文,第一卷,307-330。", "“意大利”,载于:《条约对国内法的影响》(F.G. Jacobs和S. Roberts编)(1987年)87-108。", "\" 《关于国家和国际组织间或国际组织相互间条约的维也纳公约:重要评注》,英国国际法年鉴,第58卷(1987年),第235-269页。", "“Erga Omnes,国际罪行和少年罪:对三个相关概念的暂定分析”,载于:《国家的国际罪行》(J.H.H. Weiler、A. Cassese和M. Spinedi编)(1989年)151-160。", "《持续故事中的新发展:欧共体法律与意大利法律之间的关系》,《共同市场法评论》,第27卷(1990年),第83-95页。", "“根据国际法打击恐怖行为的措施”,载于:海事恐怖主义和国际法(N. Ronzitti编)(1990)-154。", "“Dionisio Anzilotti的哲学和双重主义”,《欧洲国际法杂志》,第3卷(1992年),123-138。", "“关于世界新秩序安全委员会作用的思考。 A ' propose des representers people de la paintien de major de la Paix and Crime internationaux des Estats \" ,《国际法总评论》,第97卷(1993年),297-320。", "《欧洲人权公约》,载于:Grundrechtsschutz im Europaischen Raum (J. Iliopoulos-Strangas ed.)(1993年)131-150。", "“超越判决中的理由”,密歇根法律评论,第92卷(1993-4),1966-1976年。", "“根据《马斯特里赫特条约》保护人权”,载于:欧洲一体化的体制动态。 亨利·斯克默斯的论文(1994年)第二卷,549-560。", "“联合国使用武力或授权使用武力”,载于:联合国五十岁。 《法律视角》(Ch.Tomuschat编)(1995),39-58。", "\" 关于欧洲共同体的国际责任的一些思考 \" ,载于:《共同体法中的损害行动》(T. Heukels和A. McDonnell编)(1997年)351-361。", "“确定欧洲共同体法律中一般原则的地位”,载于:《Giuseppe Federico Mancini案》(1998年)第二卷,第445-457页。", "“根据《阿姆斯特丹条约》,灵活性如何灵活?” 《共同市场法评论》, 第35卷(1998年), 857-870.", "“欧洲人权法院是否采用其既定的解释方法?” 弗朗切斯科·卡波托尔蒂岛研究(1999年),第一卷,213-227。", "“加强欧洲人权保护的新文书和机构?” ,载于:《欧盟与人权》(Ph. Alston编)(1999年),781-800。", "“Trattati internazionali”,载于:Digesto delle Production Pubblicische, 第十五卷(1999年),第344-368页。", "“关于初步裁决的程序日益多样化”,载于Liber Amicorum,以纪念哈德利斯林勋爵。 欧洲联盟法律中的司法审查(2000年) 143-152。", "“驱逐外国人:国际法中的一些新老问题”,载于:Cursos Euromediterraneos Bancaja de Derech Internacional, 第 三卷(1999年) 第283-314页。", "“关于国际法院管辖权问题的审议”,载于:小田Shigeru法官(2002年)409-417。", "“与共同体协定有关的司法行动主义和司法自律趋势”,载于:《欧洲联盟作为国际关系中的行动者》(E. 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Thienel (编),牛津,2006年。", "薛捍勤(中国)", "[原件:英", "出生地点:中国上海", "出生日期:1955年9月15日", "性别:女性", "国籍:中国", "婚姻状况: 已婚,有一个女儿", "学历", "1991-1995年 哥伦比亚大学法学院,J.S.D.", "1982-1983年:哥伦比亚大学法学院法学士。 M.", "1981-1982年:北京大学法律系国际法文凭", "1977-1980年:北京外国语大学学士.", "现任职务", "2010- 国际法院法官", "曾任职务", "2008-2010年 中国外交部驻东盟大使,外交部法律顾问", "2002-2010 (中文(简体) ). 国际法委员会成员", "(联合国大会于2006年再次选举,任期2007-2011年)", "2003-2008 (中文(简体) ). 中华人民共和国驻荷兰王国大使,中华人民共和国常驻禁止化学武器组织代表.", "1999-2003年,纽约 外交部条约法律司司长", "1994-1999年 纽约 外交部条约法律司副司长", "1988-1994年 纽约 外交部条约法律司司长", "1984-1988年 外交部条约法律司副司长", "1980-1984年 纽约 外交部条约法律司法律干事", "学术职位", "• 2009年当选亚洲国际法学会会长", "* 2005年以来,国际法学会成员", "• 中国国际法学会副会长,2000年起", "• 1997年起,中国法学会理事", "• 中国国际法年鉴理事会成员,1993年起", "• 国际法协会水资源委员会顾问,1993-2004年", "• 1999-2003年,中国国际私法学会副会长,理事", "• 2008年起任武汉大学法学院教授.", "• 中国社会科学院法学研究所教授,2004年起", "• 1998年起,中国外交大学法学教授", "• 1994年起,北京大学法律系法学教授", "1988年,通过中华全国律师资格考试.", "工作经验", "国际会议和条约谈判", "1982、1990、1993年 联合国宪章和加强联合国作用特别委员会,代表", "联合国外层空间委员会及其法律小组委员会会议,代表", "1986年 原子能机构 起草关于及早通知和紧急援助的两项公约的法律专家会议,法律专家", "1986-1987年 (中文(简体) ). 联合国大会,第六委员会,代表", "1987-1988年 国际民航组织 法律委员会起草《反对在国际机场非法行为蒙特利尔公约》议定书会议,代表", "1993 (中文(简体) ). 联合国大会,第三委员会,代表", "1993 (中文(简体) ). 设立前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭问题法律专家会议,法律专家", "1994年,纽约 联合国国家及其财产管辖豁免问题特别专家会议,中国代表团团长", "1994年,纽约 关于跨国收养方面保护儿童及合作公约适用问题的海牙国际私法会议,中国代表团团长", "1994年,纽约 联合国保护联合国人员及其有关人员安全会议,中国代表团团长", "1995年,纽约 《联合国防治荒漠化公约》,政府间谈判委员会会议,中国代表团团长", "1996年,纽约 《气候变化框架公约》会议,柏林授权,中国代表团团长", "1996年,纽约 提交《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》执行情况国家报告,中国代表团副团长", "1998年统计 海牙国际私法会议 关于承认和执行外国判决的法律会议,代表", "1998-1999两年期 中国代表团团长,起草打击跨国有组织犯罪公约法律专家会议", "1999年,纽约 介绍《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》执行情况的国家报告,中国代表团副团长", "联合国 国际法委员会第五十六届会议,第一副主席", "联合国 关于接纳欧洲共同体参加海牙会议的非正式咨询小组会议,主席", "联合国 海牙国际私法会议第二十届会议副主席", "双边法律谈判", "• 同联合王国谈判。 1997年6月30日之后,政府就与香港有关的法律事项,特别是有关继续适用国际公约和条约以及某些领域双边协定的特别安排的事项,中国代表团团长", "• 同保加利亚谈判并缔结《民事和刑事事项司法协助协定》和《中国与保加利亚引渡条约》,中国代表团团长", "• 与摩洛哥谈判并缔结《中国和摩洛哥民事和商事司法协助条约》,中国代表团团长", "• 与罗马尼亚谈判并缔结《中国和罗马尼亚引渡条约》,中国代表团团长", "• 与克罗地亚和斯洛文尼亚就中国与前南斯拉夫缔结的条约的继承问题进行协商,中国代表团团长", "• 与蒙古谈判并缔结《中外引渡条约》,中国代表团团长", "• 与乌兹别克斯坦谈判并缔结《民事和刑事事项司法协助条约》和《中国与乌兹别克斯坦引渡条约》,中国代表团团长", "• 与印度尼西亚谈判并缔结《刑事事项司法协助条约》,中国代表团团长", "• 与国际清算银行就关于在香港特别行政区设立清算银行分行的协定进行谈判,首席谈判员", "• 1999年12月19日之后与葡萄牙政府就与澳门有关的法律问题进行谈判,特别是就继续适用国际公约和协定的法律安排进行谈判,中国代表团团长", "• 与越南谈判并缔结《中国和越南民事和刑事司法协助条约》,中国代表团团长", "• 与突尼斯谈判并缔结《中国和突尼斯民事司法协助条约》,中国代表团团长", "• 与立陶宛谈判并缔结《中国与立陶宛民事和刑事事项司法协助条约》,中国代表团团长", "• 谈判美国轰炸中国驻南斯拉夫大使馆造成的财产损失,首席谈判员", "• 划定中国和越南之间的北布湾领海、专属经济区和大陆架的海洋边界,工作组组长,中国代表团团长", "主要出版物", "书籍", "《国家条约法和实践》,第五章,中国,由Duncan B. Hollis编辑,Merrit R. Blakeslee & L. Benjamin Ederington,Martinus Nijhoff出版社,伦敦/波士顿,2005年", "国际法中的跨界损害,剑桥大学出版社,2003年", "国际法,由邵锦编辑,北京大学出版社和高等教育出版社,2000年(国家责任一章)", "《联合国宪章评注》,同编,山西出版社,1999年", "中外经贸条约全集,同编,新华出版社,1996年", "国际法,由王铁也编辑,法律出版社,1995年", "文章", "中国国内法律体系中的国际条约,\"中国国际法学报\" 第8卷 第2期,2009年7月", "不成体系的法律还是不成体系? (国际法委员会关于国际法不成体系问题的后辩论发言,2007年2月23日至24日,赫尔辛基),《芬兰国际法年鉴》,第十七卷,2006年。", "中国国际法意见(2006年11月1日在格罗蒂乌斯国际法中心发表),《中国国际法杂志》,卷一。 6号,2007年", "国际法委员会第五十七届会议,中国国际法年鉴,2006年", "国际法委员会第五十六届会议,中国国际法年鉴,2005年", "中国开放政策与国际法(2004年9月由社会研究所发起,海牙),\"中国国际法学报\"第4卷 第1期,2005年", "国家责任和普遍义务,中国国际法年鉴,2004年", "国际法委员会第五十五届会议,中国国际法年鉴,2004年", "《已发生什么变化》(对Agora的贡献:国际法律制度的性质是否在变化?),《奥地利国际法和欧洲法评论》,第8卷,2003年。", "国际法委员会第五十四届会议,中国国际法年鉴,2003年", "国家责任的集体概念(2002年3月15日美国国际法学会年会关于国家责任的小组讨论),2002年第96届美国国际法学会年会记录", "可持续发展问题,《太平洋杂志》,1997年第4卷。", "《联合国在国际法发展中的作用》,中国国际法年鉴,1995年", "《国际法中的跨界损害,和平、正义与法律》,纪念王铁亚教授的国际法论文集,1993年", "《国际水法中的相对论》,科罗拉多国际环境法和政策杂志,第3卷,第1期,1992年", "Kokaryo案中的国际法问题,《中国国际法年鉴》,1988年", "关于两项核安全公约的评注,中国国际法年鉴,1987年", "“共同资源”法律制度比较研究,中国国际法年鉴,1986年", "外空委员会法律小组委员会第二十三届会议,中国国际法年鉴,1985年", "外层空间法问题,合著,《国际事务研究》,第4卷,1983年", "茨韦塔纳·卡梅诺娃(保加利亚)", "[原件:英", "简历", "茨韦塔纳·卡梅诺娃博士在海牙前南斯拉夫问题国际刑事法庭(前南问题国际法庭)担任审案法官,直到2009年2月26日审理了Milutinovic等案,并担任了Djordjevic案的预审法官(2005年8月由联合国大会选出)。", "1950年3月8日生于保加利亚索非亚.", "索非亚大学法学学位(成绩优异)(1973年)。 莫斯科国立大学国际法系博士,“M.V.Lomonsov”(1976-1979年);法学博士(1979年)。", "海牙国际法学院(1981年)。 “Rene Cassin”研究所,法国斯特拉斯堡(1992年)。 意大利佛罗伦萨欧洲法学院(1993年)。", "纽约哥伦比亚大学富布莱特高级学者(2000-2001年).", "专业经验", "索非亚市法院初级法官(1973-1976年)。", "1979年起,保加利亚科学院法律研究所研究员。", "1991年获得律师资格.", "BAS社会科学科学秘书(1993-1996年)。", "联邦统计局法律研究所所长(1995-2006年和自2011年1月起)和国际法司司长(1995-2006年)。", "作为保加利亚议会专家组成员,参与起草保加利亚宪法中有关保加利亚加入欧盟的修正案(2003-2004年)。", "批准和实施国际公约问题多个工作组成员。 1993年保加利亚同欧盟签署《结盟协定》后,她被任命为BAS工作组组长,负责将保加利亚立法与欧洲共同体法律相近。", "保加利亚总理政治和法律分析委员会成员。", "保加利亚外交部长国际法协商理事会成员。", "保加利亚红十字国际委员会国际人道主义法顾问。", "担任联合国和欧盟在人权领域资助项目的专家(2000-2005年)。", "保加利亚商会仲裁员小组成员(自1992年起)。", "2007年11月15日至16日,在联合王国赫尔大学组织的“酷刑和恐怖”国际会议上作主旨发言。", "“海关国际人道主义法”国际会议主旨发言人。 内容和目的”。", "参加“法律和多文化主义”国际大会。 希腊国际法和外国法研究所组织的当代挑战”,2009年11月。", "保加利亚常驻联合国日内瓦办事处代表团成员", "联合国大会第六十四和六十五届会议,纽约:2009年9月;2010年9月。", "和平利用外层空间委员会,法律小组委员会,第48和49届会议(2009-2010年)。", "联合国宪章和加强联合国作用特别委员会,纽约:2009年3月;2010年3月;2011年3月。", "国际刑事法院罗马规约缔约国大会第八和第九届会议:2009年11月——海牙;2010年12月——纽约。", "海洋事务和海洋法司不限成员名额非正式协商进程,纽约:2009年6月;2010年6月;2011年6月。", "联合国海洋法公约缔约国会议,纽约:2009年6月;2010年6月;2011年6月。", "出席通过《法院选择协定海牙公约》外交会议的代表团团长(2005年6月)。", "出席若干外交会议和政府专家会议的代表团成员(1993-2005年:知识产权组织——日内瓦、贸易法委员会——纽约、统法社——罗马、海牙国际私法会议——荷兰海牙)。", "统法社理事会成员,罗马(1994-1998年);统法社理事会荣誉成员(1998年至今)。", "海牙常设仲裁法院法官(2004-2010年)。", "保加利亚国际法协会成员(自1980年起)和秘书(1983-1991年)。 伦敦国际法协会成员(1983年起),国际法协会国际收养委员会成员(1988-1991年)。", "保加利亚比较法协会会长,同协会执行理事会成员(1992年至今)。", "欧洲国际法学会成员。", "美国国际法学会成员。", "学术和教学经验", "索非亚新保加利亚大学国际法教授(1997-2005年)。 普罗夫迪夫大学法学教授和院长(1992-2005年),担任普罗夫迪夫大学国际法教授(1992-2003年)。", "她在索非亚大学(1980-1988年)、索非亚警察学院(1993-1996年)、保加利亚新大学(1997-2005年)、外交部外交研究所(2010年)授课。", "在美国加利福尼亚圣迭戈大学(1992年)、美国俄勒冈州尤金俄勒冈大学(2001年)、美国纽约哥伦比亚大学(2001年)、哈萨克斯坦国立大学(2001年)、奥地利学院(2003年)、西班牙毕尔巴鄂大学(2010年)、华盛顿特区天主教大学哥伦布法学院(2010年)。", "德国慕尼黑和汉堡马克斯·普朗克研究所研究员;联合王国伦敦高级法律研究所研究员。", "法律期刊编辑委员会成员", "地中海社会科学评论(瓦莱塔);", "普罗夫迪夫大学年鉴;", "保加利亚科学院出版的《法律理论》杂志;", "保加利亚科学院法律研究所年鉴.", "出版物", "编著,合著并编辑了20多部著作和100多篇文章.", "书籍", "卡梅诺娃,T.,国际人道主义法,索非亚,2010年。 保加利亚科学院.", "Kamenova, T.,《前南问题国际法庭判例中的酷刑罪概览》(合著)。 出自: Clucas/Johnstone/Ward (编). 酷刑:道德上绝对与安比吉斯,德国NOMOS Verlag, 2009 (英语).", "加德满都,T.,国际和国家版权,BAS,2004年。", "KAMENOVA, T.,《欧洲和保加利亚反歧视法律条例》,索非亚,保加利亚科学院,2003年(合著和编辑)。 2004年第二版.", "卡梅诺娃,T.,移民——奥地利,保加利亚,欧盟立法,2003年 (英语).", "Kamenova, T.,《塔吉克立法关于执行国际条约和人权条约的规定》。 联塔办事处,杜尚别,2003年。", "Kamenova,T.,非政府组织法(合著和编辑),2002年。", "KAMENOVA,T.,《人权:文本和材料》(合著),普罗夫迪夫大学出版社,普罗夫迪夫,2000年。", "KAMENOVA,《保加利亚难民法文件》,(编),保加利亚科学院,索非亚,2000年。", "(加梅诺娃 T. 版权:国际和国家保护,保加利亚科学院出版社,索非亚,1999年。", "KAMENOVA,T.,《保加利亚文化财产法律条例》,(编),索非亚,1999年。", "KAMENOVA, T.,《保加利亚立法对欧洲共同体法的看法》(编),索非亚,1998年。", "KAMENOVA,T.,统一欧洲版权法,1997年,索非亚。", "Kamenova, T., 统一欧洲知识产权, (编), Sofia, 1996.", "Kamenova, T.,《保加利亚难民法,文本和材料》,(编),索非亚,1995年。", "(加梅诺娃 T. 1991年《宪法》和保加利亚参与国际条约(合著),索非亚,1993年。", "卡梅诺娃,T.,《外层空间的国际私法问题》,莫斯科Nauka出版社,1993年(俄文)合著。", "卡梅诺娃,T.,《投资的国际保护》,索非亚,1992年。", "Kamenova, T.,《统一国际私法》。 海牙会议的活动,索非亚大学出版社,索非亚,1991年。", "KAMENOVA, T.,《版权和邻里权利国际保护》,保加利亚科学院出版社,索非亚,1990年。", "文章(部分出版物)", "加德满都,T.,国际法中的侵略", "卡梅诺娃,T.,亚得里亚海海洋划界。 载于:保加利亚科学院法律研究所年鉴。 第五卷,索非亚,2010.", "卡梅诺娃,T.,\"20世纪末到21世纪初的不同法律文化与全球司法\". 《希腊国际法评论》。 雅典, 2010年, (英语).", "加德满都,T.,普遍管辖权 (国际法学会决议) 载于:\"法律理论\"杂志;N 3, 2009.", "卡梅诺娃,T.,普遍管辖权。 比较法律分析:奥地利、比利时、德国。 载于:保加利亚科学院法律研究所年鉴。 第四卷,索非亚,2009年.", "(加梅诺娃 T. 国际法院关于适用国际人道主义法规则和人权公约的判例。 国际法院和法庭。 保加利亚国际法协会出版,索菲亚,2009年。", "Kamenova, T., Martens教授的条款和国际人道主义法(前南问题国际法庭判例的例子)。 出自:Pravovedenie,N2/2009,俄罗斯圣彼得堡 (俄文).", "Kamenova, T., 国际法院最新判例中的实况调查(2007年2月26日国际法院的裁决,波斯尼亚种族灭绝案)。 载于:法律理论,N1/2008;第XLIX卷。", "(加梅诺娃 T. 各国与国际法庭合作的国际法律义务。 载于:保加利亚科学院法律研究所年鉴。 第三卷,索非亚,2007年。", "卡梅诺娃,T.,人的尊严和国际法。 载于:普罗夫迪夫大学法学院年鉴。 Plovdiv, 2007 (英语).", "Kamenova,T.,《欧洲联盟的国际私法》,法律理论,N1/2002。", "KAMENOVA,T.,《罗马公约通过之后欧共体国际私法的发展》,载于:《普罗夫迪夫大学年鉴》,法律系,2001年。", "Kamenova, T.,《保加利亚的法律改革问题——十年后》。 载于:保加利亚研究协会通讯,匹兹堡大学,第31卷,第1期,2001年冬季(英文)。", "KAMENOVA, T.,《欧洲人权公约第12号议定书》和欧盟执行不分种族或族裔人人平等待遇原则的指示,第3/2000号,法律理论杂志。", "(加梅诺娃 T. 国际法和国内法之间的关系以及对保加利亚民法的影响。 出自:Ginsburg, G., D. Barry, W. Simons (编). 中东欧私法复兴. 马丁纳斯·尼霍夫出版社. 克卢沃法学国际. 海牙, 1996 (英语).", "阿卜杜勒·科罗马(塞拉利昂)", "[原件:英", "生于塞拉利昂弗里敦", "目前职位", "科罗马法官是目前担任国际法院法官的最高级法官。", "以往的行政和专业经验", "科罗马法官为其司法职务带来了国际法方面的独特而广泛的经验。 在加入法院之前,他为国际法的编纂和逐渐发展作出了贡献,参与了各种国际法律文书的谈判和通过,包括《联合国海洋法公约》(《海洋法公约》)、《关于国家在条约方面的继承的维也纳公约》和《危害人类和平及安全治罪法草案》。 科罗马法官还以国际法委员会长期常设成员(1982-1994年)和主席(1991年)的身份为国际法的编纂和逐渐发展作出了贡献,其间审议了下列专题: 国际水道的非航行使用; 国家及其财产的管辖豁免; 国家对国际不法行为的责任; 国际法不加禁止的行为所产生的伤害后果的国际责任; 外交旅行社的地位; 外交旅行社未附带的外交旅行社的地位; 国家和国际组织之间的关系。", "在法院任职期间,科罗马法官继续促进国际法的发展和传播。 作为一名学者,他在许多学术机构发表演讲,其中包括剑桥大学(联合王国)、利物浦大学(联合王国)、格拉斯哥大学(联合王国)、哥伦比亚大学(美国)和斯德哥尔摩大学(瑞典)、塞萨洛尼基大学(希腊)、卢文大学(比利时)、苏黎世大学(瑞士)、乌得勒支大学(荷兰)和阿姆斯特丹大学(荷兰)。 他还向秘鲁、大韩民国、菲律宾和印度尼西亚等许多国家的政府机构讲授了国际法。 过去十年来,科罗马法官每年都在国际人道主义法研究所(意大利圣雷莫)发表关于国际人道主义法的演讲。 2010年出任厦门国际法学院(中国厦门)国际公法总教程.", "在法院任职期间,他积极参加了对下列争端和咨询意见请求的司法审议和/或解决:", "1. 联合国 东帝汶(葡萄牙诉澳大利亚);", "2. 几内亚比绍和塞内加尔之间的海洋划界(几内亚比绍诉塞内加尔);", "3. 卡塔尔与巴林之间的海洋划界和领土问题(卡塔尔诉巴林);", "4. 洛克比空难引起的1971年《蒙特利尔公约》的解释和适用问题(阿拉伯利比亚民众国诉联合王国);", "5 (韩语). 洛克比空中事件引起的1971年《蒙特利尔公约》的解释和适用问题(阿拉伯利比亚民众国诉美利坚合众国);", "6. 国家 石油平台(伊朗伊斯兰共和国诉美利坚合众国);", "7. 《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》的适用(波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那诉南斯拉夫);", "8. 加布奇科沃大毛罗斯项目(匈牙利/斯洛伐克);", "9. 国家 一国在武装冲突中使用核武器的合法性;", "10. 喀麦隆和尼日利亚之间的陆地和海洋边界(喀麦隆诉尼日利亚:赤道几内亚参加);", "11个 以核武器进行威胁或使用核武器的合法性;", "12. 渔业管辖权(西班牙诉加拿大);", "13个 请求审查符合法院1974年12月20日对核试验(新西兰诉法国)案所作判决第63段的情况(新西兰诉法国);", "14. 卡西基利/塞杜杜岛(博茨瓦纳/纳米比亚);", "15个 《维也纳领事关系公约》(巴拉圭诉美利坚合众国);", "16号. 关于人权委员会特别报告员享有法律程序豁免的争议;", "17岁。 请求解释1998年6月11日对喀麦隆和尼日利亚间陆地和海洋边界案(喀麦隆诉尼日利亚)的初步反对意见(尼日利亚诉喀麦隆)的判决;", "18. 利吉丹港和西巴丹港的主权(印度尼西亚/马来西亚);", " 19. 19. 艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛(几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国);", "20. LaGrand (德国诉美利坚合众国);", "21岁 使用武力的合法性(南斯拉夫诉比利时);", "22. 使用武力的合法性(南斯拉夫诉加拿大);", "23. 使用武力的合法性(南斯拉夫诉法国);", "24. 使用武力的合法性(南斯拉夫诉德国);", "25岁 使用武力的合法性(南斯拉夫诉意大利);", "26. 使用武力的合法性(南斯拉夫诉荷兰);", "27. 使用武力的合法性(南斯拉夫诉葡萄牙);", "28. 使用武力的合法性(南斯拉夫诉西班牙);", "29. 使用武力的合法性(南斯拉夫诉联合王国);", "30. 使用武力的合法性(南斯拉夫诉美利坚合众国);", "31岁 刚果境内的武装活动(刚果民主共和国诉布隆迪);", "32. 刚果境内的武装活动(刚果民主共和国诉乌干达);", "33. 刚果境内的武装活动(刚果民主共和国诉卢旺达);", "34. 《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》的适用(克罗地亚诉塞尔维亚);", "35. 1999年8月10日空中事件(巴基斯坦诉印度);", "36. 尼加拉瓜和洪都拉斯在加勒比海的海洋划界(尼加拉瓜诉洪都拉斯);", "37. 2000年4月11日逮捕证(刚果民主共和国诉比利时);", "38. 申请复核1996年7月11日对《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》的适用(波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那诉南斯拉夫)案的判决(初步反对意见)(南斯拉夫诉波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那);", "39. 某些财产(列支敦士登诉德国);", "40. 领土和海洋争端(尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚);", "41. 国家 边界争端(贝宁/尼日尔);", "42. 刚果境内的武装活动(新申请书:2002年)(刚果民主共和国诉卢旺达);", "43. 申请复核1992年9月11日对陆地、岛屿和海洋边界争端(萨尔瓦多/洪都拉斯:尼加拉瓜参加)案的判决(萨尔瓦多诉洪都拉斯);", "44. 阿韦纳和其他墨西哥国民(墨西哥诉美利坚合众国);", "45. 国家 在法国的某些刑事诉讼(刚果共和国诉法国);", "46. 经常预算: 对白礁岛、中岩礁和南礁的主权(马来西亚/新加坡);", "47. 国家 在被占领巴勒斯坦领土修建隔离墙的法律后果;", " 48. 48. 黑海海洋划界(罗马尼亚诉乌克兰);", "49. (中文(简体) ). 航行权利和相关权利争端(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜);", " 50. 50. 驻联合国外交特使相对于东道国的地位(多米尼克联邦诉瑞士);", "51. 联合国 乌拉圭河沿岸的纸浆厂(阿根廷诉乌拉圭);", "52. 刑事事项互助的若干问题(吉布提诉法国);", "53. 联合国 空中喷洒除草剂(厄瓜多尔诉哥伦比亚);", "54. 联合国 请求解释2004年3月31日对阿韦纳和其他墨西哥国民案(墨西哥诉美利坚合众国)(墨西哥诉美利坚合众国)的判决;", "55. 《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》的适用(格鲁吉亚诉俄罗斯联邦);", "56. (中文(简体) ). 科索沃临时自治机构单方面宣布独立是否符合国际法;", "57. 1995年9月13日《临时协议》的适用 (前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国诉希腊);", "58. 国家的管辖豁免(德国诉意大利);", "59. (中文(简体) ). 与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题(比利时诉塞内加尔);", "60. (中文(简体) ). 南极捕鲸(澳大利亚诉日本);", "61. 国家 边界争端(布基纳法索/尼日尔);", "62. 尼加拉瓜在边境地区开展的某些活动(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜)。", "科罗马法官曾担任联合国大会第六(法律)委员会的代表和主席、塞拉利昂常驻联合国代表和大使、塞拉利昂驻欧洲经济共同体大使以及塞拉利昂驻埃塞俄比亚亚的斯亚贝巴非洲统一组织(非统组织)大使。 1983年他在印度新德里出任不结盟运动第一委员会主席,期间制定了不结盟运动的原则,并出任大会给予殖民地国家和人民独立宣言执行情况委员会主席(第1514(XV)号决议)。 他还在通过《关于和平解决国际争端的马尼拉宣言》方面发挥了关键作用,并主持了非洲联盟为起草《非洲法院规约》而成立的委员会。", "科罗马法官的工作和利益几乎涵盖国际法的所有方面。 他撰写并广泛发表了关于《联合国宪章》法律、国际法院和法庭、替代条约的备选办法、法院主张管辖权、海洋法、外层空间法、适用于南极的法律、国际法中的自决原则、国际人道主义法、国际法和多文化主义、作为国际法新兴原则的团结、人道主义干预、法院裁决的约束力、法院规则和程序指示、法院判例中的条约必须遵守原则、以及非洲国家在法院面前的争端的临时措施等专题的文章和出版物。", "科罗马法官是若干学会的成员,包括国际法学会、非洲国际法和比较法学会和美国国际法学会。 他还担任日内瓦国际劳工局公约和建议执行问题专家委员会成员。 他担任了日内瓦亨利·杜南人道主义对话中心的第一任主席,调解了国家之间和国家内部的冲突。", "科罗马法官拥有基辅国立大学法学硕士(荣誉)学位、伦敦大学国王学院国际法哲学硕士和荣誉。 塞拉利昂大学法学博士。 他是伦敦林肯客栈荣誉学会律师、名誉法官;印度古吉拉特邦古吉拉特国立法律大学教授阁下。", "他获得若干奖项,包括:", "1. 联合国 塞拉利昂政府授予罗克尔杰出专业服务指挥官勋章(1991年);", "2. 国际人道主义法研究所促进、传播和教授国际人道主义法奖(2005年);", "3个 塞拉利昂共和国大官勋章(国家最高奖),表彰他在国际法和国际司法领域作为国际法院法官为国家服务(2007年);", "4. 巴西特拉巴尔霍州最高法官勋章(2010年)。", "小和田恒(日本)", "[原件:英", "说吧 现任职务", "国际法院院长(2009-,国际法院法官,2003-)", "常设仲裁法院法官(2001年-)", "二. 专业经历", "进入日本外事部门(1955年)", "外交部法律事务司(1959-63年)", "日本常驻联合国代表团一等秘书(1968-71年)", "外交部长私人秘书(1971-72年)", "外交部联合国政治事务司司长(1972-1974年)", "外交部条约司司长(1974-1976年)", "日本首相私人秘书(1976-78年)", "日本驻美国大使馆公使(1979-81年)", "日本驻美国大使馆公使(1981-84年)", "外交部条约局局长(主要法律顾问)(1984-87年)", "日本常驻经合组织代表,大使(1988-89年)", "外交部副部长(1989-91年)", "日本外相(1991-93年)", "日本常驻联合国代表大使(1994-98年)", "联合国安全理事会主席(1997,98)", "三. 学术生涯", "1963-65年,东京大学副教授(国际法和国际组织71-76教授) 84-88", "1979-81年 哈佛法学院教授(访问,全职)(国际法教授)", "1987年,89人,哈佛法学院教授(访问,冬季学期),2000-2002年(国际法教授)", "1994-1998年 哥伦比亚法学院副教授 (国际法教授)", "1994-1998年期间 Inge Rennert 纽约大学法学院杰出客座教授", "1999年,纽约 海牙国际法学院教授", "2000-03年 早稻田大学教授 研究生院(国际法和国际组织教授)", "联合国 剑桥大学三一学院客座研究员", "莱顿大学名誉教授", "广岛大学专业学术顾问", "2001- Membre,国际法研究所(1995-协会)", "日本国际法学会执行理事会荣誉成员(1994-成员)", "美国国际法学会名誉会员", "国际法协会日本分会执行理事会成员", "亚洲国际法学会会长(2009-执行理事会成员)", "四、结 论 参加主要国际会议", "1960 (英语). 第二次联合国海洋法会议日本代表团成员", "1968-70年 出席联合国大会第23至25届会议(第6个委员会)的日本代表团成员", "大会第二十五届会议第六委员会报告员(1970年)", "1968-70 (英语). 联合国友好关系特别委员会日本代表团团长", "特别委员会草案委员会主席(1970年)", "1968-70 (英语). 联合国和平利用外层空间委员会法律小组委员会日本代表团团长", "1968-70 (英语). 日本出席联合国和平利用海床和洋底委员会代表团团长", "1968-69 (中文(简体) ). 日本出席联合国条约法会议副代表", "1972-73 (中文(简体) ). 日本出席联合国大会第27-28届会议副代表", "1973-82 (中文(简体) ). 日本出席第三次联合国海洋法会议副代表", "1984-86年,出席联合国大会第三十九至四十一届,第八十九至九十届,第四十四至四十五届会议的日本代表团顾问.", "1994-1998年期间 日本出席联合国大会第四十九届会议代表", "1995年,纽约 日本出席哥本哈根社会发展问题世界首脑会议代表", "1995年,纽约 日本出席北京第四次妇女问题世界会议代表", "1995-97 (中文(简体) ). 日本出席非洲统一组织第31至33届国家元首和政府首脑会议代表", "1996年,纽约 日本出席美洲国家组织大会代表", "1997-98年统计 日本出席联合国安全理事会代表,安全理事会主席(1997年和1998年)", "1997-98年统计 日本出席不结盟运动部长会议代表", "1998年统计 日本出席不结盟运动首脑会议代表", "1998年统计 日本出席联合国设立国际刑事法院外交会议代表", "五. 出版物", "日语", "“国际法院的管辖权——国际司法的职能和特点”,Gaimusho Chosa Geppo(外交部研究杂志)第4号,1963年", "“国际法和联合国的编纂——关于各国依联合国宪章建立友好关系和合作的国际法原则宣言”,Keizai to Gaiko(经济和外交),1971年", "“第三次联合国海洋法会议的成就和挑战——国际海洋制度的法律和政治”,Kokusai Mondai(国际事务),第184号,1975年", "“尼加拉瓜境内和针对尼加拉瓜的军事和准军事活动案——请求指明临时措施”,Kokusaiho Gaiko Zasshi (国际法和外交杂志),第83卷,第6期,1985年", "“尼加拉瓜境内和针对尼加拉瓜的军事和准军事活动案——管辖权和可受理性”,Kokusaiho Gaiko Zasshi (《国际法和外交杂志》),第85卷,第4期,1986年", "“国际法、联合国和日本”,Liber Amicorum教授的荣誉。 Y. Takano (Kobundo),1987年", "“经合组织的职能和日本外交”,Gaiko-Forum(外交论坛),1989年", "“单边主义——欧洲、美国和日本之间的关系”,Gaiko-Forum(外交论坛),1989年", "“建立全球伙伴关系”,Gaiko论坛(外交论坛),1991年", "“从文明历史角度看外交问题”,Gaiko-Forum(外交论坛),1992年", "从参与到参与——日本外交政策的新方向(Toshi Shuppan),1994年", "“未来的国际秩序和日本的作用”,Astion,1994年。", "“联合国维持和平行动的多样化——日本的作用及其未来发展”,Yomiuri Shimbun,1996年", "外交(NHK出版社),1996年", "\" 国家管辖权 -- -- 国际法和国内法 \" ,纪念山本教授的Liber Amicorum(Keiso Shobo),1998年", "“联合国改革和日本的作用”,京津冀角 (法律研究),Yuhikaku,第214号,1998年", "“设立国际刑事法院”,法学家,第1146号,1998年", "“国际体系的变化和联合国的作用”,Gaiko论坛(外交论坛),1998年", "“国际刑事法院的设立——批判性分析”,Kokusaiho Gaiko Zasshi (国际法和外交杂志),第98卷,第5期,1999年", "\" 建立新的合作秩序 \" ,Nihon Keizai Shimbun(日本经济日报),1999年", "《21世纪的世界与日本》,Gakushikai-Kaiho(日本学院学报),第823期,1999年", "“建立亚洲国际法协会及其未来” 《法律新闻报道》,第79期,2007年。", "国际关系 理论(合著),2002年", "和平与奖学金——海牙的贺词(合著),2008年", "英语", "“日本国际法实践年度回顾一至二十”, 日本国际法年刊,1964-91年", "“国际法院的未来是什么?” 《美国国际法学会会议记录》,第65卷,1971年。", "“单边主义:日本的观点”,国际安全,1980/81年冬季", "东亚安全和日本的作用,Acron Books,1981年", "美国-日本 1981年,加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校,相互依存世界中的国际行动", "日本在国际法方面的做法,1961-1970年(合著),东京大学出版社,1982年", "“日本90年代国际议程”,《美国国际法学会议事录》,第84卷,1990年", "\" 日本的外交政策:如何加强国际事务中的法治? \" 《美国国际法学会会议记录》,第84卷,1990年", "“日本对维持和平的看法”,维持和平的新方面,尼霍夫,1994年", "“国际组织和国内法”,《美国国际法学会议事录》,第89卷,1995年。", "“东亚和太平洋区域机构:时间是否成熟?” 《美国国际法学会议事录》,第89卷,1995年", "“重新考虑的论文:关于重新审视外交法律框架的论文”,《国际法和政治杂志》(纽约大学法学院),1995年", "“国际秩序中的正义和稳定”,联合国国际公法大会会议记录,1995年", "“关于国际法律问题的三方观点:国内法与政策的相关性”,《美国国际法学会会议记录》,第90卷,1996年。", "《国际法律秩序中的正义与稳定:当代国际秩序法律分析的论文》,日本国际法年刊,1996年", "\" 日本参与维持和平的宪法权力 \" ,《国际法和政治杂志》(纽约大学法学院),1997年", "“通过联合国棱镜建立世界公共秩序的问题”,和平、发展、外交,布鲁扬出版社,1998年", "《三边国家的21世纪战略:音乐会或冲突?》,三边委员会,1999年", "民主政体在预防致命冲突方面的责任(合著),卡内基预防致命冲突委员会,1999年", "“21世纪全球伙伴关系:新发展战略和国际组织的作用”,捐助者协调和发展援助的效力,联合国大学,1999年", "“东亚安全秩序促进全球化世界”,东亚和国际体系,三边委员会,2001年", "“对国际公共秩序问题的一些反思”,《国际法和外交杂志》(Kokusaiho Gaiko Zasshi),第102(3)卷,2003年。", "“全球化世界中对国际法治的重新认识”,《日本国际法年鉴》,第51卷,2008年。", "六、结 论 教育/学位", "东京大学学士(1955年)", "剑桥大学法学士(1956年)", "D.Phil.(荣誉),日本Keiwa大学(2000年)", "印度Banaras印度教大学法学博士(2001年)", "早稻田大学法学博士(2004年)", "法学博士(荣誉),格罗宁根大学,Netherlads(2009年)", "页:1 奖项、荣誉", "剑桥大学国际法人道主义学生(1958-59年)", "约旦哈希姆王国Al-Istiqlal一级勋章(1990年)", "法国共和国荣誉军团(1992年)", "德国联邦共和国功勋大十字勋章(1994年)", "第八编. 个人数据", "1932年9月18日生于日本新田.", "与小和田由美子(née Egashira)结婚,有3个女儿.", "朱莉娅·塞布廷德(乌干达)", "[原件:英", "朱莉娅·塞布廷德法官(1954年2月生)是一位非常有成就的法官,在国家和国际两级有32年(32年)的法律和司法工作经验。 她是最高专业标准和道德廉洁的法官,并表现出对多样性的尊重。 她的事业目标是通过在国家、区域和国际各级裁定和解决法律争端来为世界和平作贡献,并通过运用联合国的核心和管理能力来出色地服务。 她精通国际法、国际人道主义法和国际刑法;在起草判决、裁决、咨询意见备忘录和报告以及分析和解释条约、议定书、协定、规约、细则和条例方面具有丰富的经验。 她是一个团队球员,具有出色的沟通,组织,领导和分析技能.", "目前担任塞拉利昂问题特别法庭第二审判分庭主审法官(2005-2011年),她正在处理几个引人注目的战争罪审判,包括检察官诉查尔斯·甘凯·泰勒案。 她还是乌干达高等法院的法官,对民事和刑事案件具有初审和上诉管辖权(1996年至今)。 她对乌干达的腐败问题进行了三次引人注目的司法调查,她的工作和建议导致在打击和/或消除政府腐败方面进行了重大改革(1999-2004年)。 她还在英联邦技术合作基金下担任纳米比亚共和国立法顾问,负责修改和取代该国的种族隔离法律并培训纳米比亚立法起草人(1991-1996年)。", "她与国际女法官协会(女法官协会)合作,参加了对东非法官、治安法官和法律助理人员实施区域和国际人权文书的培训。 她还是奥地利和平与解决冲突中心维护和平和建设和平国际培训方案(2008年至今)的培训员和顾问。 她为非洲大陆若干区域机构的组建和精简做出了重大贡献,其中包括东部和南部非洲国家共同市场(东南非共同市场)和政府间干旱与发展协会(伊加特),她曾担任负责起草和修订这些机构的条约、文书、规则和条例的各个法律委员会的立法顾问。", "她拥有爱丁堡大学法学硕士学位(具有特殊性),并多次获得国家和国际奖项和荣誉,以表彰她杰出的法律和司法服务,包括爱丁堡大学荣誉法学博士(2009年)。", "资格", "• 爱丁堡大学法学硕士(英国苏格兰)(1990年)", "• 乌干达马凯雷雷大学法律学士学位(1977年)", "• 乌干达法律发展中心法律实践研究生文凭(1978年)", "• 被传唤到乌干达律师协会,并被录用为乌干达法院辩护律师(1979年)", "• 立法起草证书,斯里兰卡科伦坡大学,与英联邦技术合作基金合作(1983年)", "• 新加坡哈加伊领导学院高级领导力研究证书(1998年)", "• 计算机编程和法院数据库证书(MS Word、Excel、PowerPoint、Live Note、案件地图、TRIM、Ringtail) 乌干达管理学院(1997年)", "• 美国内华达大学内华达州立大学国家司法学院备用争端解决技能证书(1997年)", "• 东非高级教育证书(剑桥),乌干达布多国王学院(1973年)", "• 东非普通教育证书(剑桥),乌干达Gayaza中学(1971年)", "• 维多利亚湖小学(乌干达恩德培)初等教育证书(1967年)", "权限", "二. 支助 国家和国际两级的法律和司法工作经验超过32年(1978年至今)", "• 国际法、国际人道主义法和国际刑法专家", "• 具有撰写判决书、裁定、命令、咨询意见、备忘录和报告的广泛经验", "• 在审判管理、争端解决(包括发展成果评估)方面有广泛经验", "• 起草和解释条约、议定书、规约、法律文书、规则和条例方面的专门知识和广泛经验", "• 法院数据库的技术多元性(MS Word、Case-map、Live-note、Power-point、TRIM、Ringtail、Excel)", "• 专业精神、良知和确定优先事项、在压力下工作和遵守最后期限的能力,同时保持冷静和有重点", "• 廉正,包括保密、抵制不当压力和不考虑个人利益行事的能力", "• 良好的沟通和倾听技能。 英语和法语流利", "• 尊重多样性、共事精神的团队参与者,以及在必要时不怕作出艰难决定的领导人和角色模型", "担任重要职务", "联合国支助的塞拉利昂问题特别法庭国际法官(2005-2011年)", "塞拉利昂问题特别法庭第2审判分庭主审法官(2007-2008年、2010-2011年)", "乌干达高等法院法官(1996年至今)", "乌干达警察部队腐败问题司法调查委员会主席(1999-2000年)", "乌干达人民国防军司法调查委员会主席(2001年)", "乌干达税务局腐败指控司法调查委员会主席(2002年)", "纳米比亚共和国立法顾问/法律起草人(1991-1996年)", "乌干达司法部首席国家检察官和议会顾问(1978-1990年)", "讲师/培训员:法律发展 乌干达中心;乌干达国际法研究所;奥地利和平与解决冲突中心;东非平等法理学项目", "选定的出版物包括:", "“国际刑事 司法:平衡相互竞争的利益:辩护律师和受害人及证人律师面临的挑战”:在登哈格Steinenberger Kurhaus酒店举行的第八次国际刑事法院律师研讨会上作主旨发言(2010年5月)", "“安全部门改革:跨国 司法权 文书:妇女的机会”:奥地利施塔德施莱宁(2010年11月)", "“庆祝《罗马规约》十年:乌干达是否 是否有理由加入该党?” 乌干达坎帕拉喜来登酒店(2008年9月)", "“在对战争罪和危害人类罪进行审判时,远离罪行发生地国进行外联的重要性”:战争报告研究所,海牙分会(2008年4月)", "“对妇女的暴力行为 问责: 塞拉利昂和乌干达案例研究”:奥地利斯塔德施莱宁(2008年10月)", "“促进21世纪非洲法治”:在弗吉尼亚国际律师国际第四次全球集会上。 (2004年11月)1", "“你 盐:打击腐败”:在南非基督教领袖会议上,比勒陀利亚,RSA。 (2003年7月)1", "主要责任和成就", "联合国支助的塞拉利昂问题特别法庭国际法官(2005-2011年)", "· 设立混合国际刑事法庭,审判1996年11月至2000年12月国内冲突期间对塞拉利昂人民犯下的战争罪/危害人类罪/违反国际人道主义法行为负有最大责任的人,审判法官7年。 文化多元的法院由来自30个以上国籍的11名法官和2000名工作人员组成。", "二. 支助 法院大大有助于为众多冲突受害者伸张正义并结束有罪不罚现象,起诉和审判总共11名被告。", "特别法庭第二审判分庭主审法官(2007-08;2010-11)", "• 第二审判分庭是第一个将“利用儿童兵”和“强迫婚姻”作为危害人类罪的犯罪人定罪的国际刑事法院。", "二. 支助 它还是第一个审理正在任职的国家元首(利比里亚的查尔斯·甘凯·泰勒)战争罪和危害人类罪的国际刑事法院。", "二. 支助 主持检察官诉Brima等案(SCSL-04-16-T)(2007-2008年)和检察官诉查尔斯·泰勒案(SCSL-03-01-T)(2008-2011年)。", "• 进行诉讼程序和审判管理,包括颁布适当的保护措施,保护在法院作证的被害人和证人的安全和保障,并起草两项具有里程碑意义的判决和800多份中间裁决和意见。", "• 主持法官的审议并编写法院的判决、决定、意见和命令草案;拟订关于法院《程序规则》和程序指示的建议并编写审判分庭的定期报告。", "• 审判分庭的一般行政管理,包括专业工作人员的征聘、监督和评估。", "• 通过向民间社会团体和学术界介绍特别法庭的作用和判例,参加法庭的外联方案。", "乌干达高等法院法官(1996年至今)", "• 裁定和解决民事索赔、商业、国内法或家庭法纠纷、刑事起诉、处理民事和刑事上诉以及治安法院的修订。", "• 审判管理和进行法庭程序。", "• 在这一期间(1996-2004年)起草和发布2 400多起判决和2 500起中间裁定。", "二. 支助 志愿监督法官在司法机构的福利,改善其工作环境,包括带头对所有法官进行计算机知识培训,并调动丹麦国际开发署的资金为每位法官配备个人计算机,从而提高了司法机构的效率。 在志愿工作时,她是司法机构中最年轻和最新的成员,她的倡议以及对法官福利和效率的贡献得到了首席法官的表彰。", "二. 支助 司法机构技术规划委员会主席,负责制定乌干达司法机构法院记录计算机化和诉讼记录的战略计划,取代法院记录和数据管理人工系统,从而提高司法机构的效率和数据管理。", "• 在全国女法官协会的主持下,与国际女法官协会合作,作为平等法理学项目的一部分,对东非法官和律师助理进行适用区域和国际人权文书的培训,从而为在分区更公平地执法作出贡献。", "• 在纽约国立大学和奥地利和平与解决冲突中心的主持下,向乌干达国际法研究所的国际学生介绍各种法律专题。", "二. 支助 为了表彰她在司法部门的正直、专业和杰出服务,她被乌干达总统任命为1999年、2001年和2002年三个引人注目的调查委员会的负责人,以及她正常的司法职责。 这些职位要求达到专业精神、勇气、领导能力和道德廉洁的最高标准。", "乌干达警察部队腐败调查委员会主席(1999年)", "调查有关乌干达警察部队腐败和管理不善的一般和具体指控,特别是针对刑事调查部高级警官的指控。", "• 撰写一份长达3 000页的报告,该报告构成重大改革的基础,包括起诉腐败官员、改进警察部队的管理、效率和效能以及改进刑事调查和人权领域的服务。", "乌干达人民国防军调查委员会主任(2001年)", "• 调查并确定国防部1997年采购4架MI-24型作战直升机的情况,价值为1 290万美元。", "• 撰写一份长达1 000页的报告,作为乌干达人民国防军重大改革的基础,包括精简采购、提高透明度和加强问责制以及惩戒涉案官员。", "乌干达税务局腐败指控司法调查委员会主席(2002年)", "• 调查了500多起关于乌干达共和军腐败和管理不善的一般和具体指控。", "• 撰写一份长达3 000页的报告,作为乌兰巴托共和国重大行政改革的基础,其中包括对涉案官员的纪律、改进税收和效率以及消除乌兰巴托共和国的腐败。", "新独立的纳米比亚共和国联邦立法顾问(1991-1996年)", "二. 支助 就立法政策的制定和管理向新独立的纳米比亚共和国政府提供建议。", "二. 支助 废除过时的种族隔离立法并起草新的立法取而代之。", "• 担任纳米比亚议会第一议会顾问。", "• 通过培训纳米比亚立法起草人来发展人力资源。", "乌干达司法部首席国家检察官和议会顾问(1978-1990年)", "• 为乌干达政府起草并公布主要和附属立法,为议会和行政部门撰写法律意见,将政府的立法政策转化为法案,并通过议会进程将法案转化为法规。", "• 东部和南部非洲国家共同市场(东南非共同市场)和政府间干旱和发展局(发展局)区域机构的立法顾问,参与起草和修订这些机构的管辖条约、议定书和规则。", "• 乌干达法律发展中心讲师,教授研究生立法起草和议会程序。", "荣誉和杰出服务奖", "朱莉娅·塞布廷德为表彰对社会的杰出服务而获得了大量荣誉和奖项. 其中包括:", "• 爱丁堡大学法学博士,荣誉,在国际司法和人权领域杰出服务(2009年6月)", "二. 支助 她是在美国华盛顿特区国际律师大会上获得有声望的“好撒玛利亚人奖”的仅有的两名非洲受奖者之一。 大赦国际是一个全球网络,由超过135个国家50 000名法律专业人员(包括学者、法律学生、议员、法官、从业人员等)组成,他们通过自己的职业生涯致力于促进宗教自由、人权、和解、正义和道德以及信仰与实践的融合(2004年10月)", "· 2000年10月美国传记研究所出版的有声望的 \" 2000年国际谁是专业人员 \" 第7版荣誉。 她的传记特写在本版,以表彰她“重大的事业成就和对社会的贡献”。 本版的其他人物有:奥普拉·温弗雷和希拉里·克林顿.", "• 联合国人口基金(人口基金)方案善意大使,负责生殖健康、人口发展战略和宣传", "• 国际卫生科学大学校长 乌干达。 该大学提供医学科学课程的研究生和研究生学位(2008年6月至今)", "二. 支助 被评为非洲阿尔马纳克2000年年度前100名非洲人之一,因为她“融洽、杰出作用及其对乌干达社会的影响”。 选择这一类别的标准是基于具体的成就,特别是那些对许多人产生影响的成就。 (2000年3月)1", "· UBAA-校友终身成就奖获得者,至今仅获此奖. 乌干达-英国校友会表彰她出色的职业生涯和在国内和国际上对社会的贡献。 (2006年6月)1", "• 坎帕拉东部扶轮社(乌干达)颁发的职业奖,表彰她“为乌干达人民提供专门和模范的服务”(1999年7月)", "• 坎帕拉中央扶轮社颁发职业奖,表彰她在履行职责时表现出的高度献身精神、正直和一贯精神(1999年10月)", "二. 支助 国王学院布多奖(Kings College Budo Award of Merit)和加亚扎高中功绩勋章(Gayaza High School Award of Merit),以表彰她\"对乌干达国家的杰出贡献\". 这是颁发给在职业生涯中表现优异的前学生的奖项(2000年4月)", "二. 支助 乌干达 她“对乌干达反腐败运动的重要贡献”的债务网络证书(2000年10月)", "• 乌干达法律协会颁发特别奖,以表彰她“对促进乌干达司法的勇敢和模范贡献”(2001年6月)", "• Makerere大学任命代表乌干达女律师参加埃塞俄比亚亚的斯亚贝巴妇女十年开幕式(1975年)", "哈吉·曼苏尔 高( 塞内加尔)", "[原件:法", "法官,前副总统/司法法院/西非经共体", "一. 专业经验", "2009年5月至今:司法部秘书长", "执行和监督该部的政策,为该部提供行政和技术管理;", "协助部长执行该部的政策;", "负责中央结构、分散结构和相关结构的行政和技术协调;", "确保该部行政行动的连续性;", "负责该部与其他部委、政府总秘书处和部长会议以及其他国家机构之间的技术关系。", "司法总监", "持续检查除国务委员会和最高上诉法院以外的所有法院以及向司法部报告的所有单位和机构;", "调查、核查和监督法院或其附属机关以及向司法部长掌玺人报告的所有单位的业绩的一般权力,尤其是关于工作人员组织、提供的方法和服务、各单位的质量和生产率、遵守法律和法规要求、司法行政速度、以及司法机关和司法人员的生产力、业绩和行为;", "拥有执行此项任务的全权;", "可召集和约谈任何人,包括司法人员、刑事调查部门官员、司法官员、法院官员和任何司法人员,并获得任何必要的文件;", "每次检查后,评价法院或单位的业绩,特别是在工作人员组织、方法、勤勉和服务方面;", "编写一份报告,就提高被检查法院或单位的生产率和效力提出建议。", "2001年1月至2009年3月: 国家", "西非国家经济共同体(西非经共体)法院法官,履行下列职能:", "A- 监督和执行共同体立法", "法院有权审理提交法院的下列争端:", "• 共同体条约、公约和议定书的解释和适用;", "• 解释和适用西非经共体通过的条例、准则、决定和所有附属法律文书;", "二. 支助 评估在西非经共体范围内通过的条例、准则、决定和任何其他附属法律文书的合法性;", "• 审议成员国不履行条约、公约和议定书、条例、决定和准则为其规定的义务的情况;", "• 适用西非经共体条约、公约和议定书的规定、条例、准则和决定。", "B- 成员国之间或共同体与其工作人员之间冲突的仲裁:", "法院有权审理提交给它的任何争端,其主题为:", "• 共同体与其工作人员之间的诉讼;", "· 要求就社区机构或社区工作人员在履行职责时的任何作为或不作为所造成的损害进行补救。", "C. 欧共体机构和工作人员的赔偿责任评估", "法院有权宣布非合同责任,并判决共同体赔偿因共同体机构或工作人员在行使职能时或行使职能时的实际行动或管理行为所造成的损害;", "对欧共体或欧共体对第三方或其工作人员提起赔偿责任诉讼的时限为自造成损害之日起三(3)年。", "D- 西非人权法院", "法院有权审理任何成员国侵犯人权的案件;", "2001年,关于民主和善政的A/SP1/12/01号议定书,补充了有关预防、管理和解决冲突、维持和平与安全机制的议定书,将法院的管辖权扩大到了侵犯人权行为;", "1991年7月6日在阿布贾通过的关于共同体法院的A/P.1/7/91号议定书将作修改,以便在国家一级解决该问题的努力失败后,将法院的管辖权扩大到包括侵犯人权行为;", "自2005年以来,社区公民有权直接转介;", "他们可以就他们在任何成员国所犯侵犯人权行为提出申诉;", "法院的惯例是放弃用尽国内补救办法的要求。", "2000年12月至2004年1月:西非国家经济共同体(西非经共体)法院副院长", "1997年7月至2000年12月:最高法院(民事和商业分庭)参赞", "1997年- 达喀尔上诉法院民事和商业分庭庭长", "达喀尔区域法庭作出民事和商业判决的上诉法官", "1993-1994年: 渔业和航运部法律顾问(研究和审查与欧洲联盟、韩国和其他国家的渔业协定)。", "1993年6月:司法部办公厅主任", "1990-1993年:旅游和环境部长办公室主任:起草环境法案文", "• 达喀尔区域法庭副庭长:1986-1990年", "• 达喀尔地区法院民事、商事和海事分庭庭长:1983-1986年;", "• 民事和商业总部法官:1980-1983年;", "• 破产法官监督破产企业的集体诉讼:1980-1990年;", "二. 支助 圣路易地区法院预审法官:1979-1980年。", "二. 其他经历", "• 非洲知识产权组织通讯员:1997年;", "• 美国华盛顿乔治敦大学跨文化教育和发展中心顾问:1995年;", "· 1993-1995年:国家行政与司法学院司法科负责司法人员培训的教官;", "• 非洲商法协调全国委员会成员:1994年;", "• 1989年,参加根据《联合国班轮会议行为守则公约》设立的国际调解人小组;", "• 塞内加尔达喀尔大学法学院讲师:1987年;", "• 1982-1983年,国立法官学院法律系司法实践和程序讲师;", "• 达喀尔技术大学讲师:1980-1983年;", "二. 支助 参加了关于知识产权、国际商事仲裁和人权的各种研讨会;", "• 1998年10月在法国最高法院接受培训;", "* 非洲团结协会创始人和会长:1983-1985年;", "• 1986-1991年,塞内加尔海事法协会主席;", "• 达喀尔商会仲裁、调解和调解中心成员;", "• 海牙国际法学院出席者和校友协会成员;", "• 国际仲裁员。", "三. 学习", "• 海牙国际法学院证书:2005年", "• 国际商会,巴黎: 国际商事仲裁:2006年;", "• 美国法律学院证书,华盛顿:国际仲裁:2007年;", "• 麦吉尔大学法学院,蒙特利尔:国际仲裁:2008年;", "• 国际发展法研究所证书,罗马:1999年;", "• 海洋和航空法高级研究文凭,A级(Bien),1985年,法国南特大学;", "• 私法高等文凭,1979年,达喀尔大学,国际贸易法专业;", "• 1979年,国立行政和法官学院文凭;", "• 私法硕士,专攻司法问题,分级为Bien。 一年第一次(1977年);", "• 学士学位,A4系列——A级(Bien),最高排名(1972年),达喀尔。", "四、结 论 出版物", "• 《塞内加尔商船和渔业守则说明》:1990年;", "• 《非洲青年百科全书》(第4卷)撰稿人:1982年。", " V. 其它", "二. 支助 语文:法文-英文(阅读和发言)", "二. 支助 信息技术:文字-Windows-Excel.", "六、结 论 装饰", "• 塞内加尔国家军事学院官员;", "• 2011年担任塞内加尔国家军事指挥。", "彼得·通卡(斯洛伐克)", "[原件:英文和法", "2003年2月6日起出任国际法院法官;2009年2月6日起出任法院副院长;乌拉圭河沿岸纸浆厂代理院长(阿根廷诉乌拉圭)和南极捕鲸厂代理院长(澳大利亚诉日本)。", "1956年6月1日生于斯洛伐克班斯卡-比斯特里察. 已婚,有两名子女.", "学历", "布拉格查尔斯大学法学院法学硕士(优等生)(1979年)。 查尔斯大学(国际法)博士(1981年)。 查尔斯大学国际法博士(1985年)。 乌克兰基辅国际法和国际关系学院(1982年)。 法国尼斯和平与发展法研究所(1984-1985年)。 希腊塞萨洛尼基国际公法和国际关系研究所(1985年)。 海牙国际法学院(1988年)。", "曾任本国官方职位", "助理法律顾问(1986-1990年);布拉格外交部国际公法司司长(1990-1991年)。 捷克斯洛伐克常驻联合国代表团参赞和法律顾问(1991-1992年)。 斯洛伐克常驻联合国副代表、大使(1993-1994年)和代理常驻代表、大使(1994-1997年)。 斯洛伐克布拉迪斯拉发外交部法律顾问兼国际法司司长(1997-1998年);国际法律和领事事务总干事和法律顾问(1998-1999年)。 斯洛伐克常驻联合国代表、大使(1999-2003年)。", "捷克斯洛伐克出席日内瓦第二十五届红十字会国际会议代表(1986年)。 捷克斯洛伐克出席国际海底管理局和国际海洋法法庭筹备委员会代表(1987-1992年)。 捷克斯洛伐克出席联合国大会第四十六届和第四十七届会议的候补代表,第四十五届会议顾问(1990-1992年)。 捷克斯洛伐克出席联合国大会第六委员会代表(1990-1992年)。 捷克斯洛伐克出席南极条约缔约国会议代表团团长,马德里(1991年)。 出席欧安会和平解决欧洲争端专家会议捷克斯洛伐克代表团团长,马耳他瓦莱塔(1991年)。 出席联合国大会第四十八至五十七届会议(1993-2002年)的斯洛伐克代表,第四十九至五十一和五十四至五十七届会议代表团副团长。 斯洛伐克出席联合国大会第六委员会代表(1993-2002年)。 出席国际海底管理局和国际海洋法法庭筹备委员会的斯洛伐克代表(1993-1994年)。 斯洛伐克出席国际海床管理局大会代表团团长(1994-1996年)。 联合国设立国际刑事法院外交会议斯洛伐克代表团副团长(1998年)。", "国际活动和经验", "联合国申请复核行政法庭判决委员会主席(1991年)。 联合国国际法十年工作组主席(1995年)。 《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》缔约国会议主席(1996年)。 联合国大会第五十二届会议第六(法律)委员会主席(1997年)和第六委员会副主席(1992年)。 国际刑事法院筹备委员会副主席(1998年)。 第九届联合国海洋法公约缔约国会议主席(1999年)和第六届会议副主席(1996年)。 禁止人的生殖性克隆国际公约特设委员会主席(2002年)。 向联合国秘书处海洋事务和海洋法司提供咨询的大使级专家小组成员(2002年)。", "《石油平台》(伊朗伊斯兰共和国诉美利坚合众国),《2003年国际法院案例汇编》,第161页。", "欧洲委员会国际公法法律顾问委员会主席(2001-2002年;副主席1999-2000年)。", "司法、仲裁和诉讼经验", "作为国际法院法官,参与了下列36个案件,并就其中10个案件发表了个人意见:", "2003年6月17日关于临时措施的命令,《2003年国际法院案例汇编》,第102页。", "《石油平台》(伊朗伊斯兰共和国诉美利坚合众国),《2003年国际法院案例汇编》,第161页。", "Avena和其他墨西哥国民案(墨西哥诉美利坚合众国),《2004年国际法院案例汇编》,第12页。", "在被占领巴勒斯坦领土修建隔离墙的法律后果,《2004年国际法院案例汇编》,第136页。", "使用武力的合法性(塞尔维亚和黑山诉比利时),《2004年国际法院案例汇编》,第279页。", "使用武力的合法性(塞尔维亚和黑山诉加拿大),《2004年国际法院案例汇编》,第429页。", "使用武力的合法性(塞尔维亚和黑山诉法国),《2004年国际法院案例汇编》,第575页。", "使用武力的合法性(塞尔维亚和黑山诉德国),《2004年国际法院案例汇编》,第720页。", "使用武力的合法性(塞尔维亚和黑山诉意大利),《2004年国际法院案例汇编》,第865页。", "使用武力的合法性(塞尔维亚和黑山诉荷兰),《2004年国际法院案例汇编》,第1011页。", "使用武力的合法性(塞尔维亚和黑山诉葡萄牙),《2004年国际法院案例汇编》,第1160页。", "使用武力的合法性(塞尔维亚和黑山诉联合王国),《2004年国际法院案例汇编》,第1307页。", "某些财产(列支敦士登诉德国),初步反对意见,《2005年国际法院案例汇编》,第5页。", "刚果境内的武装活动(刚果民主共和国诉乌干达),《2005年国际法院案例汇编》,第168页。 声明,第351至354页。", "刚果境内的武装活动(新申请书:2002年)(刚果民主共和国诉卢旺达),《2006年国际法院案例汇编》,第6页。", "《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》的适用(波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那诉塞尔维亚和黑山),《2007年国际法院案例汇编》,第43页。", "艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛(几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国),初步反对意见,《2007年国际法院案例汇编》,第582页。", "尼加拉瓜和洪都拉斯在加勒比海的领土和海洋争端(尼加拉瓜诉洪都拉斯),《2007年国际法院案例汇编》,第659页。", "领土和海洋争端(尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚),初步反对意见,《2007年国际法院案例汇编》,第832页。", "《白礁岛、中岩礁和南礁的主权》(马来西亚/新加坡),《2008年国际法院案例汇编》,第12页。", "《刑事事项互助的若干问题》(吉布提诉法国),《2008年国际法院案例汇编》,第177页。", "请求解释2004年3月31日对阿韦纳和其他墨西哥国民案(墨西哥诉美利坚合众国)的判决。 2008年7月16日关于临时措施的命令,《2008年国际法院案例汇编》,第311页,联合反对意见(第341-348页)。", "《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》的适用(格鲁吉亚诉俄罗斯联邦)。 2008年10月15日关于临时措施的命令,《2008年国际法院案例汇编》,第353页,联合反对意见(第400-406页)。", "《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》的适用(克罗地亚诉塞尔维亚),初步反对意见,《2008年国际法院案例汇编》,第412页,《个别意见》,第515至523页。", "请求解释2004年3月31日对阿韦纳和其他墨西哥国民案(墨西哥诉美利坚合众国)的判决,《2009年国际法院案例汇编》,第3页。", "黑海海洋划界(罗马尼亚诉乌克兰),《2009年国际法院案例汇编》,第61页。", "乌拉圭河沿岸的纸浆厂案(阿根廷诉乌拉圭),2010年4月20日的判决。", "国家管辖豁免(德国诉意大利),2010年7月6日关于反诉可受理性的命令。", "《科索沃临时自治机构单方面宣布独立是否符合国际法》,2010年7月22日咨询意见,《宣言》(10页)。", "艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛(几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国)(2010年11月30日判决)。", "尼加拉瓜在边境地区开展的某些活动(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜),2011年3月8日关于临时措施的命令。", "《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》的适用(格鲁吉亚诉俄罗斯联邦)。 2011年4月1日关于初步反对意见的判决,《宣言》(2页)。", "领土和海洋争端(尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚),哥斯达黎加请求准许介入的申请。 2011年5月3日的判决。", "领土和海洋争端(尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚),洪都拉斯请求准许介入的申请。 2011年5月3日的判决。", "1995年9月13日《临时协议》的适用(正在审议中)。", "劳工组织行政法庭第2867号判决,农发基金请求提供咨询意见(正在审议中)。", "在国际法院加布奇科沃-大毛罗斯项目案(匈牙利/斯洛伐克)中担任斯洛伐克代理人(1993-2003年)。", "国际投资争端解决中心第ARB/97/4号案斯洛伐克专家,Československá obchodní banka (ČSOB)诉斯洛伐克共和国,国际投资争端解决中心(1997-1999年)。", "海牙常设仲裁法院成员(自1994年起)。 莱茵铁(比利时/荷兰)案仲裁员(2003-2005年)和仲裁庭裁决解释案仲裁员(2005年)。 印度河流域Kishenganga仲裁案(巴基斯坦诉印度)仲裁法院法官(2011年-)", "根据《联合国海洋法公约》附件七提名的仲裁员名单(自2004年起)和解决投资争端国际中心提名的仲裁员名单(自2005年起)。 Perenco有限公司诉厄瓜多尔案(ICSID Case ARB/08/6)仲裁法庭庭长(2010年-) Fraport A.G.诉菲律宾案(ICSID Case ARB/03/25)中宣布无效特设委员会主席(2008-2010年);MHS诉马来西亚案(ICSID Case ARB/05/10)中宣布无效特设委员会成员(2007-2009年);Ahmonseto公司诉埃及案(ICSID Case ARB/02/15)(2008-2010年),MCI 电力集团诉厄瓜多尔(ICSID Case ARB/03/6 (2008-2009)), Duke Energy诉秘鲁(ICSID Case ARB/03/28)(2009-2011)和Siag和Vecchi诉埃及(ICSID Case ARB/05/15)(2009-2010)。", "根据贸易法委员会《关于据称违反双边投资条约的规则》进行特别仲裁的仲裁员,荷兰投资者诉中欧国家(2008-2009年),HICEE诉斯洛伐克(2009-2011年),以及北美自由贸易协定法庭庭长在百人健康公司诉加拿大(2009-2010年)。", "学术活动", "布拉格查尔斯大学国际公法讲师(1980-1984年),高级讲师(1984-1991年)。 布拉迪斯拉发科梅纽斯大学国际关系学院国际公法一般课程(1998-1999年)。", "先后在哥伦比亚法学院、科隆法学院、捷克国际法学会、国际法委员会日内瓦研讨会、剑桥劳特帕赫特研究中心、中南国立大学(大韩民国大田)、韩国国际法学会(首尔)、NALSAR海得拉巴(印度)、纽约大学法学院、格拉斯哥大学、泛欧平大学法学院、斯洛伐克国际法学会以及哈佛法学院、巴黎南特雷-拉德福森大学、维也纳大学、韦伯斯特大学和莱顿大学的学生讲课。", "2012年受邀到厦门国际法学院(中国)作讲座.", "社团和委员会", "捷克斯洛伐克国际法学会成员(1981-1992年)和秘书(1986-1991年)。 国际法协会捷克斯洛伐克分会成员(1988-2001年)和秘书(1988-1991年)。 斯洛伐克国际法学会会员(自1982年起)和名誉会长(自2003年起)。 美国国际法学会成员(2000年至今)。 欧洲国际法学会成员(2004年至今)。 捷克斯洛伐克科学院出版的Právník(律师)杂志编辑委员会成员(1990-1991年)。 Telders国际法模拟法庭竞赛监督委员会成员(2006年至今)。 卡罗来纳-伊里迪卡大学理事会成员(2008年至今)。 莱顿大学国际航空和空间法研究所咨询委员会成员(2008-)。 《捷克国际法年鉴》咨询委员会成员(2009年至今)。 查尔斯大学法学院科学理事会成员(2010年至今)。", "出版物", "撰写关于国际法编纂的博士论文(1984年,布拉格查理斯大学)和斯洛伐克或捷克关于国际法编纂形式、国际法院、和平解决欧洲国际争端、设立国际刑事法院、危害人类和平及安全治罪法草案等一系列文章;共同撰写《欧洲共同体法律研究文件集》(1991年)。", "英文或法文文章", "“国际法院履行其司法职能的第一次现场访问”,《美国国际法杂志》,第92卷,1998年(与S. Wordsworth合著)。", "\" 特别协定 \" ,《Liber Amicorum法官Shigeru Oda》(安多、E. McWhinney和R. Wolfrum编),第一卷,2002年。", "“主要复杂性 《改进国际法:国际法委员会,1998年》,第50页。", "《关于联合国宪章第92条的评论》,《联合国宪章》,评注条款(J.-P. Cot、A. Pellet和M. Forteau编),第3版,第二卷,2005年。", "“关于国际法在解决国际争端方面的统一和多样性的评论”,《国际法的统一和多样性》(A. Zimmermann, R. Hofmann编),2006年。", "“国家是否可就其工具的行为提起诉讼?”", "Elettronica Sicula Case,《马克斯·普朗克国际公法百科全书》(R. Wolfrum, gen. ed.),牛津大学出版社,2008年在线(硬拷贝将于2011年出版)。", "渔业管辖权案(大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国诉冰岛),《马克斯·普朗克国际公法百科全书》(R. Wolfrum, gen. ed.),牛津大学出版社,2008年在线(硬拷贝将于2011年出版)。", "边界争端案(布基纳法索/马里共和国),马克斯·普朗克国际公法百科全书(R. Wolfrum, gen. ed.),牛津大学出版社,2008年在线(硬拷贝将于2011年出版)。", "对某些边境土地的主权案(比利时/荷兰),《马克斯·普朗克国际公法百科全书》(R. Wolfrum, gen. ed.),牛津大学出版社,2008年在线(硬拷贝将于2011年出版)。", "“国际海洋法法庭的临时保护措施”,载于“共存、合作与团结——布里尔的Liber Amicorum Rüdiger Wolfrum”,2011年出版(与G. Hernández合著)。", "“非洲司法事务临时代办”,载于巴黎A.Pedone的Mélanges en Honneur de Raymond Ranjeva(将于2012年出版)。", "圭亚那诉苏里南案仲裁裁决,导言,常设仲裁法院 获奖系列(海牙,2011年即将出版)。" ]

[ "Substantive session of 2011", "Geneva, 4-29 July 2011", "Agenda item 14 (h)", "Social and human rights questions: Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues", "Bangladesh: amendment to draft decision III, contained in the Report of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues on its tenth session (E/2011/43)", "Report of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues on its tenth session and provisional agenda for its eleventh session", "In chapter I, section A, draft decision III,", "Add “, with the exception of paragraphs 102 and 103 of the report” at the end of paragraph (a)." ]

[ "2011年实质性会议", "2011年7月4日至29日，日内瓦", "议程项目14 (h)", "社会和人权问题：土著问题常设论坛", "孟加拉国：土著问题常设论坛第十届会议的报告(E/2011/43)所载决定草案三的修正案", "土著问题常设论坛第十届会议报告和第十一届会议临时议程", "第一章，A节，决定草案三，", "在(a)段句末加上“报告第102和第103段除外”。" ]

[ "2011年实质性会议", "2011年7月4日至29日,日内瓦", "议程项目14(h)", "社会和人权问题: 土著问题常设论坛", "孟加拉国:土著问题常设论坛第十届会议报告所载决定草案三修正案(E/2011/43)", "土著问题常设论坛第十届会议报告和第十一届会议临时议程", "第一章,A节,决定草案三,", "在(a)段末尾加上“,报告第102和103段除外”。" ]

[ "United Nations", "Report of the Secretary-General on the work of the Organization", "General Assembly", "Official Records Sixty-sixth Session Supplement No. 1", "General Assembly Official Records Sixty-sixth Session Supplement No. 1", "[] United Nations • New York, 2011", "Report of the Secretary-General on the work of the Organization", "A/66/1", "ISSN 0082-8173", "Note", "Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document.", "[26 July 2011]", "Contents", "Chapter Page\nI.Introduction 1II. Delivering 2 results for people most in \n need \nA.Development 21.The 2 Millennium Development Goals and the other internationally agreed development \ngoals 2.The 3 special needs of \nAfrica B. Peace 4 and \nsecurity 1.Preventive 4 diplomacy and support to peace \nprocesses \n2.Peacekeeping 6\n3. Peacebuilding 8C.Humanitarian 8 \naffairs D. Human 9 rights, rule of law, genocide prevention and the responsibility to protect, and democracy and good \ngovernance 1. Human 10 \nrights 2.Rule 10 of \n law 3.Genocide 11 prevention and the responsibility to \nprotect 4. Democracy 11 and good \ngovernance III.Securing 12 global \ngoods A.Climate 12 \nchange B.Global 13 \nhealth C.Countering 14 \nterrorism D.Disarmament 14 and \nnon-proliferation IV.Creating 16 a stronger United \nNations A.The 16 Secretariat, the intergovernmental machinery, system-wide coherence and regional \norganizations 1.The 16 \nSecretariat 2.The 16 intergovernmental \nmachinery 3.System-wide 17 \ncoherence 4.Regional 18 \norganizations B.Global 18 \nconstituencies 1. Strengthening 18 partnerships with civil \nsociety 2.Engaging 19 the business \ncommunity \nV.Conclusion 20\nAnnex Millennium 22 DevelopmentGoals, targets and indicators,2011: \nstatisticaltables", "Chapter I", "Introduction", "1. Since 2007, the world has changed significantly. We have seen the widening and deepening impact of global food, fuel and economic shocks on populations around the world. We have seen revolution and the rebirth of grass-roots-led democratic movements in North Africa and across the Middle East. We have witnessed shifts in economic power as parts of Africa and Asia have emerged as the new engines of global growth. We have experienced the rising incidence of mega‑disasters, with their huge costs in terms of lives, livelihoods and development. And we have seen the increasing salience of a set of global challenges that threaten the lives of people around the world and the sustainability of the planet.", "2. We are living in a time of global transition. Future generations are likely to describe this period as a pivotal juncture in world history when the status quo was irrevocably weakened and the contours of a new world began to emerge.", "3. Throughout this period, the United Nations has striven to put the needs of the poorest and most vulnerable at the centre of the international agenda, attracting billions of dollars in new investments to accelerate progress on the Millennium Development Goals. The United Nations has led global efforts to address the worst natural disasters and man-made complex emergencies, mobilizing resources and providing life-saving assistance to populations in need. The United Nations has taken important steps towards transforming the political landscape to empower women worldwide, adopted institutional changes, and advocated for policy changes that tackle gender discrimination in politics, the workplace and the home. We have delivered on complex peacekeeping mandates and have assisted Member States with numerous difficult political transitions and sensitive elections. We have championed human rights and the rule of law. We have confronted head-on the key global challenges of our generation: addressing climate change and global health; breaking the deadlock on disarmament, arms control and non-proliferation; and mobilizing action against terrorism. In each of these arenas, we have brokered significant agreements or commitments to global strategies and mobilized resources and capacities to implement internationally agreed action plans.", "Chapter II", "Delivering results for people most in need", "4. Large segments of the world’s population are challenged by unequal recovery from economic crisis, natural and man-made disasters, and internal conflict. Globally, United Nations staff worked tirelessly to help deliver to the poor and the most vulnerable.", "A. Development", "5. With global economic recovery uneven and uncertain, many countries are still struggling. The financial crisis, as well as high and volatile food and energy prices, will have an impact for years to come. There is an urgent need to embark on a new era of sustainable development for all. The upcoming United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20 Conference), to be held in Rio de Janeiro in June 2012, will provide a historic opportunity for doing so. At the Conference, the international community must agree on an ambitious and actionable framework that complements the Millennium Development Goals.", "1. The Millennium Development Goals and the other internationally agreed development goals", "6. Four years away from the agreed target date of 2015, success is within reach for several key Millennium Development Goal targets. In 2015, the global poverty rate is expected to fall below 15 per cent, well below the 23 per cent target level. More than 90 per cent of the world’s population will have access to improved sources of drinking water. Major strides have been made in increasing primary school enrolment, even in the poorest countries.", "7. The number of deaths in children under 5 years of age worldwide declined from 12.4 million in 1990 to 8.1 million in 2009, with nearly 12,000 fewer children dying each day. Although many countries have demonstrated that progress is possible, efforts must be intensified to target the poorest and most vulnerable.", "8. In 2009, nearly one quarter of the children in the developing world were underweight. Maternal death continues to require attention, especially in sub‑Saharan Africa and Southern Asia. The developing world’s net school enrolment ratio increased by just two percentage points, from 87 per cent to 89 per cent between 2004 and 2009, dimming hope for achieving universal primary education. Half of the population of the developing regions still lacked access to improved sanitation facilities in 2009.", "9. In general, persistent and increasing inequalities are emerging within countries between the rich and the poor, and between rural populations and urban populations. This affects in particular those disadvantaged as a result of geographic location, gender, age or conflict.", "10. The greatest progress towards the achievement of goals has been made under two sets of circumstances: first, when key health interventions, such as malaria control measures, HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment and immunization provision and campaigns, have been introduced; and second, when increased funding has translated into an expansion of programmes to deliver services and tools directly to those in need. Far less progress has been made towards targets that require structural changes and strong political commitment to guarantee sustained, predictable funding. This typifies the patterns seen in reducing hunger and maternal mortality and increasing access to education and improved sanitation.", "11. Official development assistance reached a record high in 2010 of $128.7 billion, yet this remains well short of the United Nations target of 0.7 per cent of donor country gross national income as aid to developing countries by 2015. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development has warned that bilateral aid will decelerate during the next few years, given the global economic slowdown.", "12. The Secretary-General has initiated an integrated implementation framework based on an interactive web-based tracking system, accessible to all stakeholders in the global partnership for development. The framework will help to increase transparency and screen pledges and commitments for consistency and clarity, thereby contributing to greater accountability.", "13. At the 2010 High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals, countries acknowledged the challenges but agreed that the Goals remained achievable and called for the scaling-up of successful approaches and intensified collective action. They also agreed on the need to begin looking ahead to the post-2015 period. Within the United Nations system, the Secretary-General has initiated work to develop ideas on the post-2015 development framework, with a view to producing concrete recommendations in 2012.", "14. Important initiatives are under way to address both global and regional challenges in achieving the Millennium Development Goals. In response to the continued threat of high and volatile food prices, the Secretary-General’s High-level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis has recommended concrete measures to address both the short-term emergency and long-term interventions for sustainable food production and nutrition.", "15. The needs and specific challenges of the least developed countries were the focus of the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held in Istanbul in May 2011. In the resulting Programme of Action, Member States committed to addressing the structural challenges faced by the least developed countries by building productive capacities and reducing those countries’ vulnerability to economic, natural and environmental shocks.", "2. The special needs of Africa", "16. Africa remains a key area of focus in the work of the entire United Nations system. Africa has been experiencing solid economic growth. Growth in gross domestic product accelerated to 4.7 per cent on average in 2010, up from 2.4 per cent in 2009. But this masks a great variation in growth across the continent. The sharp increase in food and energy prices in 2011 was especially devastating for the poor. Consequently, the absolute number of people in the region living in extreme poverty continues to increase. Unemployment remains high in the region, while armed conflicts exacerbate poverty, disrupt schooling and fuel sexual and gender-based violence.", "17. Africa’s population of 1 billion, the overwhelming majority of which comprises young men and women, has been increasingly recognized both as a challenge and as an opportunity. Sixty per cent of Africa’s population is under 25 years old. With the increasing youth bulge, greater emphasis must be placed on providing young people with better opportunities for education, training, skills and jobs.", "18. In the light of these challenges, development policy and, in particular, efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals and the goals set out in the African Union New Partnership for Africa’s Development have taken on even greater significance. At the 2010 High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals, the international community was called upon to honour its aid commitments to Africa. While net disbursements of official development assistance to Africa increased from $29.5 billion in 2004 to an estimated $46 billion in 2010, this remains $18 billion short of what was committed by donors at the Group of Eight summit held in Gleneagles, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.", "19. The United Nations system continues to improve its operational support for the development efforts of African countries. It is advancing the implementation of the Declaration on Enhancing United Nations-African Union Cooperation: Framework for the Ten-Year Capacity-Building Programme for the African Union. It is partnering with several African Governments to implement projects that boost financing for development in areas such as sustainable forest management and to promote and strengthen the engagement of citizens in governance and public administration.", "20. A number of African countries face daunting peace and security challenges. The Secretary-General has devoted a great deal of time and effort to these issues, in close consultation and coordination with the African Union and African regional organizations.", "B. Peace and security", "21. During the past year, the United Nations and the international community grappled with instability in sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa and the Middle East and beyond. The current environment underlines the need for an agile United Nations equipped with prevention, peacekeeping and peacebuilding tools to prevent and resolve violent conflicts.", "1. Preventive diplomacy and support to peace processes", "22. The United Nations aims to anticipate potential conflicts and to be proactive in helping to resolve them through preventive diplomacy and mediation efforts.", "23. In 2011, the United Nations placed a particular focus on preventing election-related violence by helping Member States, through good offices, strategic advice and technical assistance, to conduct credible and transparent electoral processes in countries including the Central African Republic, the Comoros, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Haiti, Kyrgyzstan, the Niger and the United Republic of Tanzania. Globally, the United Nations provided electoral assistance to about 50 countries, consistently emphasizing impartiality, sustainability and cost-effectiveness in electoral processes.", "24. The United Nations played an important role in ensuring the peaceful and successful conduct of the Southern Sudan independence referendum in January 2011. Working closely alongside the African Union High-level Implementation Panel on the Sudan, the United Nations helped align the international community behind a common approach, delivered significant technical and logistical assistance to the referendum process and assisted in facilitating negotiations on post-referendum arrangements. The Secretary-General deployed his Panel on the Referenda in the Sudan to monitor progress and provide high-level good offices. These coordinated efforts led to the independence of South Sudan on 9 July and its admission to the United Nations on 14 July. But the remaining challenges are great and will require the continued engagement of the United Nations system.", "25. In response to the popular uprisings in the Middle East and North Africa, the United Nations has encouraged all parties to adhere to relevant international law, in particular the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It has highlighted the crucial importance of addressing social and economic inequalities and has offered to provide appropriate assistance to facilitate peaceful political transitions. With respect to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, the Secretary-General appointed a Special Envoy to engage with the parties on the ground with a view to ending the violence, addressing the humanitarian consequences of the crisis and helping to find a political solution. Contingency planning is ongoing to assist a political process that may emerge as a result of negotiations between the parties to the conflict. The Secretary-General also dispatched several United Nations missions to Yemen to engage with all stakeholders and contribute to the peaceful resolution of the situation.", "26. In Côte d’Ivoire, the successful installation of a democratically elected Government has set the tone for numerous upcoming elections in Africa. The United Nations worked to prevent relapse into conflict, including through the activities of integrated peacebuilding missions in Burundi, the Central African Republic, Guinea-Bissau and Sierra Leone. In Kenya, the United Nations maintained support for the review process that led to the adoption of a new constitution with enhanced checks and balances.", "27. In Somalia, the United Nations worked closely with the transitional federal institutions to further the implementation of transitional tasks, including constitution-building. The Secretary-General also encouraged the international community to fight piracy off the Somali coast through deterrence, security, the rule of law and development.", "28. The United Nations undertook successful efforts to help countries return to constitutional order following unconstitutional changes of Government in Guinea, and the Niger. In Kyrgyzstan, the United Nations contributed to the adoption of a new constitution, the establishment of a credible electoral process and a reconstituted, legitimate Government.", "29. In the Middle East, the United Nations explored concrete ways to encourage the resumption of deadlocked negotiations between Israelis and Palestinians, to improve the living conditions of civilians in Gaza, while addressing Israel’s legitimate security concerns, and to achieve full implementation of Security Council resolution 1701 (2006). As Israel took some welcome measures to facilitate access to Gaza, the United Nations was able to commence a number of reconstruction and economic recovery projects. The United Nations helped defuse tensions after an armed incident between the Israeli and Lebanese armies along the Blue Line. Following the flotilla incident of 31 May 2010, and in close consultation with Israel and Turkey, the Secretary-General established a panel of inquiry to recommend ways to avoid similar incidents in the future.", "30. In Iraq, the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq has worked to promote national reconciliation and mutually acceptable solutions to resolve the status of Kirkuk and other disputed areas. It facilitated talks with key stakeholders, in particular with respect to property restitution, minority rights, detainees and language and education rights, and engaged with Iraq and Kuwait to help resolve outstanding issues between them.", "31. In Nepal, following the withdrawal of the United Nations Mission in Nepal, the United Nations ensured ongoing support for the peace process. In Sri Lanka, the Secretary-General established an advisory panel of experts, which submitted its report on 12 April, with a view to helping the United Nations and Sri Lanka take meaningful measures towards addressing the issue of accountability as a critical step towards national reconciliation and lasting peace.", "32. In Myanmar, the Secretary-General maintained active engagement with all stakeholders to promote national reconciliation, democratic transition and respect for human rights. The new Government’s commitment to closer cooperation with the United Nations could provide a basis for more effective engagement. But much remains to be done to usher in real political change in the country.", "33. Elsewhere, the United Nations supported efforts towards the peaceful resolution of border disputes, including between Equatorial Guinea and Gabon.", "34. With respect to Western Sahara, a series of United Nations-convened rounds of informal talks succeeded in having the parties agree on new ways of approaching the negotiating process and a range of confidence-building measures.", "35. In Cyprus, the United Nations continued to facilitate full-fledged negotiations between the leaders of the Greek Cypriot and the Turkish Cypriot communities, in efforts to achieve progress towards a comprehensive settlement.", "36. Central America has seen a dramatic rise in violence related to organized crime. The positive experience of the United Nations-sponsored International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala has drawn international interest and the United Nations has received new requests for assistance from El Salvador and Honduras.", "2. Peacekeeping", "37. After a historical high in the number of uniformed personnel deployments in March 2010, United Nations peacekeeping has entered a period of consolidation in terms of the size of deployments. As of June 2011, United Nations peacekeeping counted more than 120,000 uniformed and civilian personnel, deployed in 14 peacekeeping operations on four continents.", "38. In Timor-Leste, the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste completed the handover of its policing responsibilities to national authorities in March 2011. In Liberia, the United Nations Mission in Liberia consolidated progress in planning with the Government towards the eventual transfer of its security functions to national institutions and supported preparations for the October 2011 elections. Following the independence of South Sudan on 9 July, a new peacekeeping operation, the United Nations Mission in South Sudan, was established, focusing exclusively on that country.", "39. Contributing to the protection of civilians remains the core task of seven peacekeeping operations. In Darfur, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Côte d’Ivoire and South Sudan, in particular, protecting civilians remained a serious challenge.", "40. Peacekeepers contributed to political transitions in Côte d’Ivoire, Haiti and the Sudan through technical and logistical support to national authorities for the holding of elections and referendums. They also contributed to ensuring the necessary political and security conditions for the holding of free and fair polls. The South Sudan self-determination referendum of January 2010, which resulted in a vote for independence, brought an end to the longest civil war in Africa. The North and the South need to continue to work together in order to resolve all outstanding issues peacefully. The instability which followed the elections in Afghanistan, Côte d’Ivoire and Haiti also offered a stark reminder of the fragility of peace gains in post-conflict environments.", "41. In Côte d’Ivoire, the acute political and military crisis that followed the round of presidential elections on 28 November 2010 tested the United Nations capacity to protect civilians and to sustain an operation under siege. It also tested the resolve and unity of the international community in staying the course in implementing critical mandated tasks, particularly with regard to elections. The Secretary-General worked closely with the African Union, the Economic Community of West African States and world leaders to find a peaceful solution to the post-election crisis that respected the democratically expressed will of the Ivorian people. Meanwhile, the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire used, as mandated by the Security Council, all necessary means in self-defence and in defence of its mandate to protect civilians, including through preventing the use of heavy weapons against the civilian population.", "42. United Nations peacekeeping provided sustained support for rule-of-law and security institutions in a number of countries emerging from conflict. In this regard, the United Nations strengthened its existing standing police capacity.", "43. Over the past year, the United Nations has made significant progress in developing necessary peacekeeping policies and implementing reforms. Initiatives undertaken include the development of an early peacebuilding strategy to guide the prioritization and sequencing of Security Council-mandated tasks executed by peacekeepers in post-conflict settings and comprehensive efforts to develop baseline capability standards, strengthen resource-generation processes and bolster training. Progress was also achieved in the implementation of the five-year global field support strategy. A regional service centre was established in Entebbe, Uganda, with four support functions in full operation. The Secretary-General also submitted to the General Assembly a new, standardized, funding model for the first year of peacekeeping operations.", "44. In eight missions, the Secretariat partnered with United Nations agencies, funds and programmes to complete integrated strategic frameworks that set system-wide priorities for United Nations engagement on peace, security and humanitarian issues.", "45. The General Assembly approved new, harmonized conditions of service for international staff in field missions which should help field missions to attract and retain qualified staff.", "3. Peacebuilding", "46. The Peacebuilding Commission helped align relevant actors in support of nationally identified priorities, mobilized resources for such priorities and assisted national actors in staying focused on the development of institutions and capacities critical to resilience against relapse into conflict. There are now six countries on the agenda of the Commission: Burundi, the Central African Republic, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia and Sierra Leone. Guinea and Liberia were included within the past nine months.", "47. In further support of peacebuilding efforts, in February 2011 the independent report of the Senior Advisory Group on Civilian Capacity in the Aftermath of Conflict was issued. The report presents a series of recommendations aimed at making the United Nations more efficient and effective in providing civilian capacity to countries emerging from conflict. Following an internal review and consultations with Member States and other stakeholders, the Secretary-General will work towards implementing those recommendations that are most likely to help the United Nations deliver on the ground.", "48. In 2010, the Peacebuilding Fund, which provides catalytic funding for peacebuilding, also continued a growth trend in terms of additional countries, improved partnerships with stakeholders and closer work with the Peacebuilding Commission. Altogether during 2010, $76 million was allocated, up from $52 million in 2009, to 12 countries, including 4 countries newly declared eligible. The Peacebuilding Fund aims to raise, allocate and spend $100 million per year in the period from 2011 to 2013.", "C. Humanitarian affairs", "49. 2010/11 was an extremely demanding period for the United Nations humanitarian system, which worked to deliver assistance to tens of millions of people across 30 countries. Droughts, floods and soaring fuel prices contributed to rapid increases in international food prices, affecting millions of poor and vulnerable people worldwide.", "50. The United Nations was called on to support national authorities in a wide range of natural disasters and complex emergencies, often in hostile operating environments and with constrained human and financial resources. Sustained monsoon rains in Pakistan affected as many as 20 million people — nearly 10 per cent of the population. Following a devastating earthquake in January 2010, Haitians faced a series of new setbacks, including tropical storms, a cholera outbreak and political unrest. Armed conflict and communal violence in Côte d’Ivoire in the wake of contested presidential elections drove as many as 200,000 refugees across borders and displaced half a million people in Abidjan alone. In the Sudan, tens of thousands of people fled violence ahead of southern independence. In the Horn of Africa, more than 8 million people suffered from food insecurity in 2011 due to the most severe drought in a decade.", "51. Crises in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and Yemen resulted in a large number of civilian casualties, internal displacements and refugees. More than 630,000 people fled fighting in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, of whom 280,000 were third-country nationals. Their return home placed an added burden on already vulnerable communities in the Niger, Chad and elsewhere. Meanwhile, Japan faced a combined natural and nuclear disaster, posing a significant challenge even for a country well prepared for emergencies.", "52. These crises provided the United Nations with clear lessons on how to improve the way the international humanitarian system prepares for and responds to humanitarian needs. Under the leadership of the Emergency Relief Coordinator, the Inter-Agency Standing Committee principals, including non-governmental partners, began developing a new strategy, focusing on improving humanitarian leadership and coordination; ensuring that adequate staff and funds are deployed to address large emergencies, especially in their crucial early stages; and improving accountability to both Member States and affected peoples.", "53. Donor support grew for the Central Emergency Response Fund, an innovative global tool with low transaction costs designed to provide funds quickly and equitably. The Fund increased from $409 million in 2009 to $428 million in 2010, and in May 2011 it passed $2 billion in total disbursements. Twelve Member States became first-time donors, and 19 Member States substantially increased their contributions.", "54. Donations managed by the United Nations through the consolidated appeals process totalled $7 billion, much as in 2009. But that figure represented a declining percentage of the total funds requested to meet needs, from 73 per cent to 63 per cent.", "55. The United Nations is improving joint planning efforts, based on a more rigorous assessment of needs; monitoring progress in real time through the better use of technology; reinforcing leadership structures; and improving accountability.", "56. Security concerns continued to affect the ability of humanitarian actors to deliver basic services to affected populations. The recent study commissioned by the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, To Stay and Deliver, calls upon Member States to refrain from enacting legislation and policies that might undermine humanitarian engagement with non-State armed groups.", "57. Looking forward, the Organization will be working to strengthen its efforts to promote effective disaster risk reduction strategies to limit the exposure and vulnerability of communities and nations to natural hazards.", "D. Human rights, rule of law, genocide prevention and the responsibility to protect, and democracy and good governance", "58. It has been a momentous year for human rights, the rule of law, democracy and good governance, both on the ground, with the “Arab spring” of 2011, and as reflected in the intense debates at Headquarters.", "1. Human rights", "59. The Secretary-General and the High Commissioner for Human Rights have been speaking out forcefully for the application of international human rights standards in all situations, promptly dispatching assessment missions in response to needs on the ground and assisting the activities of the Human Rights Council and other human rights mechanisms in engaging with urgent situations.", "60. The past year saw the review of the Human Rights Council, both by the Council itself and by the General Assembly. The fact that the first cycle of the universal periodic review will be completed by the end of 2011 is lauded as a significant accomplishment of the Council. The true test of this innovative process will come with the second cycle, beginning in mid-2012, when Member States are expected to report on progress made in implementing the recommendations that came out of the first cycle.", "61. The Human Rights Council also expanded its coverage of issues, with two new thematic mandates on the right to peaceful assembly and association and on discrimination against women in law and in practice, as well as a new country mandate on the Islamic Republic of Iran.", "62. The articulation of the global human rights commitments in the outcome document of the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals was a pivotal achievement. Human rights mainstreaming also achieved important milestones in the field of peace and security through strengthened human rights components in peace and political missions. In Côte d’Ivoire, amid the political crisis in the aftermath of the presidential elections, the steadfast and principled voice and actions of the United Nations underscored the vital importance of protecting civilians, upholding international law and bringing perpetrators of serious violations to account.", "2. Rule of law", "63. In the Middle East and North Africa, calls for greater accountability, transparency and the rule of law are pushing Government reforms at an unprecedented pace. The United Nations is poised to respond to increased requests for its rule-of-law expertise.", "64. Over the past year, United Nations rule-of-law interventions were strengthened through greater emphasis on inter-agency cooperation, which led to joint programming in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti and Timor-Leste, among other countries. The United Nations supported accountability for international crimes and transitional justice processes through a broad range of mechanisms, including the International Criminal Court, international commissions of inquiry of the Human Rights Council and international ad hoc and hybrid tribunals.", "65. Following the success of the ninth session of the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute, efforts towards universality have yielded positive results. Tunisia, in the wake of the Secretary-General’s visit there, became the first North African country and the fourth member of the League of Arab States to become a party to the Rome Statute. Egypt has also announced its intention to ratify the Rome Statute and become a party to the International Criminal Court.", "66. The General Assembly mandated a high-level event on the rule of law for the opening of the sixty-seventh session of the General Assembly. The event should encourage greater commitments to international coordination as a means of strengthening the impact of rule-of-law activities.", "3. Genocide prevention and the responsibility to protect", "67. Human protection was a top priority for the Secretary-General, the General Assembly, the Security Council and the Human Rights Council.", "68. The Special Advisers on the Prevention of Genocide and the Responsibility to Protect are assisting the General Assembly in its continuing consideration of this concept. They are jointly assessing country situations, issuing statements and preparing advisory notes to the Secretary-General and the United Nations system.", "69. The joint office has accelerated its capacity-building activities for Government officials, regional and subregional organizations, civil society and United Nations staff. Calls from parliamentarians, the media, educators and public groups for information and views on the Special Advisers’ respective mandates have also grown.", "4. Democracy and good governance", "70. The peaceful demonstrations forcing the ouster of long-time leaders in Egypt and Tunisia exerted pressure for democratic reforms elsewhere. From the outset, in addition to actively pressing for the respect of human rights in North Africa and the Middle East, the Secretary-General called for the granting of freedom of assembly, speech and information. He appealed for an immediate end to the use of violence against demonstrators and urged leaders in the region to respond to the legitimate aspirations of the people through dialogue and reforms.", "71. The United Nations Democracy Fund, which channels support to local non‑governmental organizations worldwide, allocated almost $15 million to 64 projects in its fourth round of funding. In 2010, the Fund received almost twice as many project proposals as in previous years, reflecting unprecedented demand from civil society organizations for democracy. This demand is expected to grow further as a result of developments in the Arab world and elsewhere.", "Chapter III", "Securing global goods", "72. Current global challenges are complex in nature, contagious and wide-ranging. Member States have turned to the United Nations to assist them in securing the global good through addressing such challenges as climate change, disease, terrorism and the proliferation of conventional and non-conventional arms.", "A. Climate change", "73. Climate change is central to global peace and prosperity. Meeting the climate challenge will require sustained global cooperation coupled with accelerated national actions to reduce emissions and strengthen climate resilience. Every year that we delay action costs lives, money and the opportunity to build a safer, greener future for all.", "74. 2010 saw progress on a number of fronts, not least in increased transparency, trust and confidence in the multilateral negotiation process.", "75. Progress was made at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Cancun, Mexico. There, Governments agreed to establish a “green climate fund”; formalize their mitigation pledges; take concrete action to prevent deforestation, which accounts for nearly one fifth of global carbon emissions; bolster technology cooperation; and enhance the ability of vulnerable populations to adapt to climate impacts.", "76. Steps were also taken to improve the reporting and delivery of $30 billion in fast-start financing to support vulnerable populations in developing countries. The High-level Advisory Group of the Secretary-General on Climate Financing concluded that efforts to meet the $100 billion per annum goal by 2020 would be challenging but feasible, with both public and private revenue sources from developed countries to support mitigation and adaptation efforts in developing countries.", "77. Cancun gave the world an important set of tools. The international community must now put them into practice and redouble its efforts in line with the urgent scientific imperative for action. In 2010, extreme weather events consistent with projected climate change trends, including widespread flooding, heat waves, fires and heavy rains, inflicted massive suffering on millions in Pakistan, the Russian Federation and north-western China.", "78. Now more than ever, it is clear that the world needs the most accurate, objective and transparent scientific assessments possible to inform policymaking. To that end, in August 2010 the Secretary-General and the Chair of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change launched an independent review of the Organization’s processes and management structure and called on Member States to act on the findings.", "79. The Secretary-General also launched a High-level Panel on Global Sustainability to provide a practical road map for sustainable, climate-resilient development that addresses poverty eradication, energy, food, water and other key issues. Its recommendations will be released early in 2012 and will provide important inputs for the Rio+20 Conference.", "B. Global health", "80. With just five years left to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, the Secretary-General launched the Global Strategy for Women’s and Children’s Health in September 2010. The Strategy marks the first time that women’s and children’s health has received such a high level of commitment, and brings together leaders from Government, multilateral institutions, including the United Nations, civil society, private foundations, business and academia. New policy and service delivery commitments and more than $40 billion have been pledged to the Strategy. All 192 States Members of the United Nations affirmed their support for the Strategy and for the creation of an accountability framework to ensure that resources are delivered and results achieved.", "81. The global AIDS response has demonstrated results: infections are decreasing. Nevertheless, five new infections occur for every three persons beginning treatment. The high-level meeting of the General Assembly on HIV/AIDS held in June 2011 delivered an ambitious Political Declaration with concrete targets, including the elimination of vertical transmission, for achieving universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support by 2015.", "82. Tuberculosis is the greatest killer of those with HIV, and collaborative tuberculosis-HIV actions are advancing; yet most multi-drug-resistant cases of tuberculosis remain untreated.", "83. The malaria burden has fallen significantly since 2000. Growing resources and the scale-up of control interventions have contributed to a 50 per cent reduction in malaria cases and deaths in 43 countries in the period from 2008 to 2010. In sub‑Saharan Africa, enough insecticide-treated mosquito nets were delivered to cover 76 per cent of people at risk.", "84. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative made record progress, with India and Nigeria reducing cases by 95 per cent compared with 2009. To fully exploit this momentum and eradicate polio in the next two years, additional financial and political support is urgently needed.", "85. Remarkable progress was also made in reducing measles mortality. Between 2000 and 2008, the number of measles deaths dropped by 78 per cent; these averted deaths represent one quarter of the decline in mortality from all causes among children under 5 years of age.", "86. Current and projected non-communicable-disease burdens and their impact on economic development galvanized the international community to call for the holding in 2011 of a high-level meeting of the General Assembly on the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases. Thirty-six million people die annually from non-communicable diseases; 25 per cent of them are under 60 years of age, and most reside in developing countries.", "87. Looking forward, the principal challenge is to ensure social protection and the equitable delivery of health services so that all can enjoy improved health outcomes. An important element of this agenda will be a renewed focus on meeting the sanitation challenge. Having access to sanitation not only increases health but has a multiplying impact on well-being and economic productivity. Solutions exist — they simply need to be implemented.", "C. Countering terrorism", "88. Terrorism remains a major threat to international peace and security. The Secretary-General’s principal response mechanism, the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force, consisting of 31 entities within and outside the United Nation system, pushed ahead with implementation of the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy. The Task Force worked to enhance interaction with Member States and build in-depth knowledge of the Strategy through regular briefings to the General Assembly, regional workshops and the upgrading of external communications. It produced reports on coordination in the event of nuclear or radiological terrorist attacks, countering the use of the Internet for terrorist purposes, and basic human rights reference guides on the stopping and searching of persons. It established a Working Group on Border Management to provide guidance for the implementation of counter-terrorism-related border-control measures called for within the Strategy. Together with the European Union and United Nations Regional Centre for Preventive Diplomacy in Central Asia, it launched a project to assist Member States in the region in implementing the Strategy in all its pillars.", "89. While the primary responsibility of implementing the Strategy rests with Member States, the United Nations system will continue to support the implementation of the Strategy by developing good practices, strengthening collaboration among partners and delivering as one to those countries that request assistance.", "D. Disarmament and non-proliferation", "90. Following the successful outcome of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, the States parties have begun translating the commitments made at the Conference into agreed “actions” relating to nuclear disarmament, non-proliferation and the peaceful uses of nuclear energy.", "91. The Russian Federation and the United States of America brought into force the new Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty further limiting deployments of their strategic nuclear weapons. The nuclear-weapon States have initiated a process of dialogue on systematic and progressive efforts to accomplish the complete elimination of their nuclear arsenals. Preparations are under way for a conference in 2012 on the establishment of a Middle East zone free of weapons of mass destruction and their delivery systems.", "92. States and members of civil society continued to explore the specific requirements for achieving a world free of nuclear weapons, including by means of a universal and effectively verifiable nuclear weapons convention. In August 2010, the Secretary-General became the first in his official capacity to attend the peace memorial ceremony in Hiroshima, Japan. Paying respect to survivors and all those who perished in Hiroshima and Nagasaki 66 years ago, he stressed that the time has come to realize the dream of a world free of nuclear weapons.", "93. A source of great concern remains the lack of substantive progress made by the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva. Further work is needed to implement the recommendations made at the high-level meeting on revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations, which was convened at the initiative of the Secretary-General on 24 September 2010.", "94. There has been no progress on a peaceful and negotiated denuclearization of the Korean peninsula through the six-party talks.", "95. Concern persists with respect to the nuclear programme of the Islamic Republic of Iran.", "96. New issues have emerged in the context of the nuclear accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan. In the light of the global ramifications of the crisis, the Secretary-General underscored the role that international organizations can play as well as the importance of joint and coordinated efforts in addressing such challenges. In April 2011, at the Kyiv Summit on the Safe and Innovative Use of Nuclear Energy, the Secretary-General called for concrete measures for strengthening nuclear safety. In this regard, he launched a United Nations system-wide study on the implications of the nuclear accident at Fukushima. The study will be issued as a report of the Secretary-General in an effort to facilitate the high-level meeting on nuclear safety and security to be held on 22 September 2011.", "97. With respect to conventional armaments, States must continue making good progress towards an arms trade treaty, which the Secretary-General considers of the utmost importance. The excessive accumulation and the easy availability of small arms and light weapons in zones of conflict and crime remain a profound concern.", "98. The Secretary-General attaches importance to the cooperation between the United Nations and regional organizations, as well as to the role of civil society organizations in regions affected by cross-border arms trafficking, unsecured weapons stockpiles and rising armed violence. He believes that the adoption of the Central African Convention for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Their Ammunition and All Parts and Components That Can Be Used for Their Manufacture, Repair and Assembly represents an important contribution in this regard.", "99. The United Nations will continue to work with Member States to maintain and reinvigorate effective disarmament and non-proliferation norms.", "Chapter IV", "Creating a stronger United Nations", "A. The Secretariat, the intergovernmental machinery, system-wide coherence and regional organizations", "100. In the context of a struggling global economy — and the subsequent budget reductions in a number of countries worldwide — the United Nations is being asked to do more with less. Various initiatives currently under way regarding reform of the intergovernmental machinery, as well as the process to make the work of the United Nations system more coherent, will enhance the Organization’s role in setting and implementing the global agenda.", "1. The Secretariat", "101. The Secretary-General has launched four complementary processes aimed at delivering a more effective and efficient United Nations. First, he has proposed a budget with a view to reducing the overall United Nations budget by more than 3 per cent. Second, he has asked the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination to collaborate on a system-wide reform effort. Third, he has mobilized all senior managers to propose specific ideas for changing the way the United Nations works and does business. Fourth, he has established a change management team to deepen reform efforts.", "102. Collectively, these efforts will build on the progress made over the past year to strengthen accountability, performance and results, including the development of a framework for implementing results-based management, which will be presented to Member States in the latter part of 2011, and a policy on enterprise risk management that is currently being piloted in selected departments.", "103. The Secretariat has made good progress in preparing for the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards, which will introduce internationally accepted best practices, enhance transparency, in particular in relation to the costs of programmes, improve internal controls and significantly improve the stewardship of assets. With regard to Umoja, the enterprise resource planning project, efforts to ensure that the potential benefits of increasingly harmonized and streamlined business practices across the Secretariat are delivered will have to be redoubled in the light of challenges resulting from delays in project implementation.", "104. Excellence in human resources management is central to achieving the Secretary-General’s vision of a global, adaptable Organization that is responsive and flexible, supports a culture of empowerment and performance and allows staff to learn and grow. We have made progress in this area with the recent reforms on contracts and conditions of service. We will continue our work to improve recruitment, career development and the way in which staff members move around the Organization.", "2. The intergovernmental machinery", "105. Over the past year, the General Assembly addressed crucial issues relating to the global development agenda and beyond, including through the holding of thematic debates on topics such as disaster risk reduction, investment in and financing of productive capacities in the least developed countries, the rule of law, global migration and global governance.", "106. A new impetus has been felt in the efforts of Member States to reform the Security Council, particularly in the increasingly concrete and specific proposals being put forth by delegations within the framework of intergovernmental negotiations.", "107. The Security Council, in dealing with the upheaval in the Arab world, invoked the responsibility to protect with respect to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. Its agenda was otherwise dominated by overseeing peacekeeping and political missions on four continents, with particular attention to the Southern Sudan independence referendums and enforcement action in Côte d’Ivoire. Thematic areas of focus included preventive diplomacy, terrorism, post-conflict peacebuilding, women and peace and security, and the interdependence of security and development. The Council also undertook efforts to ensure the full and fair implementation of existing sanctions regimes, including by the active engagement of the newly created Ombudsman, to ensure that the Organization’s counter-terrorism efforts are in compliance with human rights norms.", "108. The Economic and Social Council worked in new ways to mobilize the international community to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. Its high-level meeting strengthened the global partnership for development and improved policy coordination among major institutional stakeholders, including the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the World Trade Organization and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. The annual ministerial review succeeded in advancing the agreed education agenda. The Council also reviewed the United Nations system’s approach to gender issues and made recommendations to accelerate progress.", "3. System-wide coherence", "109. Since the General Assembly adopted its landmark resolution 64/289 on system-wide coherence on 2 July 2010, notable advances have been achieved in its implementation. On 1 January 2011, the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), became operational. UN-Women brings together resources and mandates for greater impact by merging and building on the important work of four previously distinct parts of the United Nations system dedicated to gender issues. Combining global norm-setting responsibilities into one entity and giving it the means to provide operational support to countries to implement those norms and standards will allow the United Nations to significantly step up efforts to advance gender equality and women’s empowerment worldwide.", "110. Efforts continue to be made to improve how the United Nations delivers as one. An independent evaluation is being conducted on the lessons learned from pilot countries. The voluntary adoption of common country programme documents opens up the possibility of eliminating duplication and overlap between agency-specific programmes. This year, the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination made noteworthy progress in the implementation of the Plan of Action for the Harmonization of Business Practices in the United Nations System and the adoption of a coordinated system approach on a fairer, greener and sustainable globalization.", "4. Regional organizations", "111. The United Nations carried forward efforts to strengthen its partnerships with regional organizations, illustrated by co-deployments, joint mediation, mediation capacity-building, joint training, the exchange of best practices, desk-to-desk dialogues and the establishment of liaison offices.", "112. The establishment of the United Nations Office to the African Union has brought additional focus to strategic partnership with that organization. The United Nations partnership with the Southern African Development Community in conflict prevention, mediation and elections made a qualitative leap forward with the signing of a framework for cooperation and the deployment of a liaison team to Gaborone. The new United Nations Regional Office for Central Africa in Libreville has already ensured enhanced collaboration with the Economic Community of Central African States, helping to strengthen the regional organization’s early warning and mediation capacity.", "113. The United Nations established a partnership liaison office in Brussels, further institutionalizing peace and security cooperation with the European Union and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe.", "114. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the United Nations strongly reaffirmed their ties during their third joint summit, and cooperation with the Caribbean Community was strengthened by the participation of the Secretary-General, for the first time ever, in its thirty-first Conference of Heads of Government.", "B. Global constituencies", "115. Civil society, the business community and academia make essential contributions towards United Nations goals, in particular the Millennium Development Goals. In the past year, the United Nations has taken steps to increase engagement, learning from experiences with the goal of developing truly transformational partnerships to help tackle pressing challenges.", "1. Strengthening partnerships with civil society", "116. The Organization expanded and deepened its interaction with civil society, including through the United Nations Academic Impact initiative, which already includes more than 650 institutions of higher education in 104 countries.", "117. More than 6,000 non-governmental organization representatives working on the United Nations economic, social and environmental development agenda participated in meetings of the Economic and Social Council and its subsidiary bodies, contributing the voice of grass-roots organizations and communities.", "118. United Nations information centres worldwide work with civil society in nearly 50 languages through such high-profile campaigns as those related to the Millennium Development Goals, climate change and sustainable development, Stand-Up and Take Action against Poverty and UNiTE to End Violence against Women. Several United Nations information centres in North Africa and the Middle East played an instrumental role in maintaining an open dialogue with various communities during the tumultuous changes that occurred across the region.", "2. Engaging the business community", "119. An advanced network of private sector experts from more than 30 United Nations entities are focusing on helping the Organization move towards transformational partnerships that address systemic challenges globally and locally.", "120. Work is under way, linked to the Guidelines on Cooperation between the United Nations and the Business Sector, to enhance due diligence and screening mechanisms for partner selection. A new United Nations business website has facilitated dozens of engagements, matching corporate resources with organizational needs, as well as supporting disaster relief linked to crises in Haiti, Japan, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and Pakistan.", "121. The business community has also worked through the United Nations Global Compact, the world’s largest corporate responsibility initiative, with 9,000 participants in over 135 countries. The Global Compact platforms on women’s empowerment, anti-corruption, climate and water are bringing business actions to critical areas. The United Nations hosted the third Private Sector Forum in September 2010, with executives and Governments identifying concrete actions by business to help close Millennium Development Goal gaps. The successful integration of the business community through the “private sector track” at the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held in Istanbul, provides a model for closer engagement around United Nations summits such as Rio+20.", "Chapter V", "Conclusion", "122. As we look to the next five years, we recognize that the need for the United Nations has never been greater and that meeting the diversity of needs and demands placed on us will not be easy. We must ensure that this Organization serves its entire membership — from the least developed to the most developed States and all their people. Much of our engagement will need to build on the achievements of the past five years.", "123. Achieving sustainable development is imperative. Not only must we redouble our efforts on the Millennium Development Goals so that they can be met by 2015; we will also need to develop a vision and agree on a framework for promoting development post-2015. We will further need to design strategies and adopt action plans to address the 50-50-50 challenge. By the year 2050, the world’s population will have reached over 9 billion — 50 per cent more than a decade ago — and by that time the world must have cut global greenhouse gas emissions by 50 per cent. A crucial part of addressing this agenda will be forging a sustainable global energy strategy.", "124. In the area of peace and security, the past five years have begun to witness the positive impact that a strengthened United Nations prevention capacity can have when it is harnessed by Member States to help them defuse internal and cross-border tensions. We must continue to deepen and expand the preventive services that we are able to provide Member States.", "125. During the past five years, we have seen the increasing complexity of peacekeeping operations and have been forced to stretch scarce resources to meet broad mandates. During the past two years, we have begun to rethink and restructure the way in which we support missions. We are thinking creatively about how we can increase our agility and better leverage potential partnerships to ensure that we have the capacities necessary to meet needs on the ground, whether related to peacekeeping missions, peacebuilding efforts or political missions. Our next challenge is to implement additional necessary changes to ensure that we are able to continue to provide peace and security to the people we serve.", "126. Haiti, Pakistan and Japan provided us with a glimpse of what the future might hold in terms of the shape and magnitude of disasters. We have entered the era of mega-disasters, and the past few years have shown us that we must be better equipped and configured to adequately address them. We have begun to take steps to modify the way we do business, reshaping our response strategies and placing a much higher premium on disaster risk reduction. In addition, in order to bolster capacities, the United Nations has begun to forge new types of partnerships with the business community and with civil society and is experimenting with new technologies that coordinate responders and link responders to victims. These efforts will need to be accelerated over the next five years if we are to meet the humanitarian challenges that are likely to be coming our way.", "127. The events of the past year have reminded us all of the vital importance of the normative standards that our Organization sets for the world. We have supported the call for democracy in the Middle East and North Africa, and we have urged the international community to protect civilians from egregious violations of their rights in Côte d’Ivoire and the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. We have seen the important positive impact that this advocacy work can have in supporting the people on the front lines fighting for human rights, the rule of law and democracy, as well as the responsibility to protect. Now we must go beyond advocacy and help both Government and non-governmental actors that want to effect change to institutionalize these norms and values. As the next five years will be crucial in determining the path that many transitions will take, it is essential that we rapidly upgrade our abilities to support countries engaged in building democratic structures and processes.", "128. The global challenges of the past decades — climate change, weapons proliferation, disease and terrorism — will not disappear. We will need to continue to strengthen and deepen the international collaboration that we have already forged. We must also, however, be ready for new challenges that we will have to face together, not least those posed by demographic patterns.", "129. Finally, in order to deliver externally, we must take an honest look inward and work with Member States to ensure that our organizational structures, our work processes and our staff are optimally configured to meet the challenges of the next decade. We have already launched an important change initiative that will introduce greater effectiveness and efficiency throughout the Organization over the next five years.", "130. Periods of global transition present huge challenges but also tremendous opportunities for advancing humanity’s progress. Together, no challenge is too large. Together, nothing is impossible.", "Annex", "Millennium Development Goals, targets and indicators, 2011: statistical tables", "Goal 1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger", "Target 1.A Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than one dollar a day", "Indicator 1.1 Proportion of population living below $1.25 purchasing power parity (PPP) per day^(a,b)", "(Percentage)", "1990 1999 2005", "Developing regions 45.5 36.1 26.9", "Northern Africa 4.5 4.4 2.6", "Sub-Saharan Africa 57.5 58.3 50.9", "Latin America and the Caribbean 11.3 10.9 8.2", "Caribbean 28.8 25.4 25.8", "Latin America 10.5 10.2 7.4", "Eastern Asia 60.1 35.6 15.9", "Southern Asia 49.5 42.2 38.6", "Southern Asia excluding India 44.6 35.3 30.7", "South-Eastern Asia 39.2 35.3 18.9", "Western Asia 2.2 4.1 5.8", "Oceania — — —", "Caucasus and Central Asia 6.3 22.3 19.2", "Least developed countries 63.3 60.4 53.4", "Landlocked developing countries 49.1 50.7 42.8", "Small island developing States 32.4 27.7 27.5", "^(a) High-income economies, as defined by the World Bank, are excluded.", "^(b) Estimates by the World Bank, March 2011.", "Indicator 1.2 Poverty gap ratio^(a,b)", "(Percentage)", "1990 1999 2005", "Developing regions 15.4 11.6 8.0", "Northern Africa 0.8 0.8 0.5", "Sub-Saharan Africa 26.3 25.8 20.7", "Latin America and the Caribbean 3.9 3.8 2.8", "Caribbean 13.4 12.7 12.8", "Latin America 3.5 3.4 2.3", "Eastern Asia 20.7 11.1 4.0", "Southern Asia 14.5 11.2 9.8", "Southern Asia excluding India 14.2 9.9 8.1", "South-Eastern Asia 11.1 9.6 4.2", "Western Asia 0.6 1.0 1.5", "Oceania — — —", "Caucasus and Central Asia 2.1 7.5 5.4", "Least developed countries 27.5 24.7 19.9", "Landlocked developing countries 21.9 20.2 15.5", "Small island developing States 14.4 12.3 11.9", "^(a) The poverty gap ratio measures the magnitude of poverty. It is the result of multiplying the proportion of people who live below the poverty line (at $1.25 PPP per day) by the difference between the poverty line and the average income of the population living under the poverty line.", "^(b) High-income economies, as defined by the World Bank, are excluded.", "Indicator 1.3 Share of poorest quintile in national consumption", "No global or regional data are available.", "Target 1.B Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people", "Indicator 1.4 Growth rate of gross domestic product (GDP) per person employed", "(a) Annual growth rate of GDP per person employed", "(Percentage)", "2000 2010^(a)", "World 2.9 3.1", "Developing regions 3.9 5.2", "Northern Africa 2.5 2.7", "Sub-Saharan Africa 0.5 1.8", "Latin America and the Caribbean 1.9 3.0", "Eastern Asia 6.9 8.5", "Southern Asia 2.4 4.8", "South-Eastern Asia 4.3 5.0", "Western Asia 7.6 3.0", "Oceania -6.0 3.7", "Caucasus and Central Asia 5.5 2.7", "Developed regions 2.7 3.0", "Least developed countries 2.2 2.1", "Landlocked developing countries 2.3 2.4", "Small island developing States 3.1 4.9", "^(a) Preliminary data.", "(b) GDP per person employed", "(2005 United States dollars (PPP))", "2000 2010^(a)", "World 18 272 21 828", "Developing regions 8 163 12 211", "Northern Africa 16 528 18 994", "Sub-Saharan Africa 4 389 5 294", "Latin America and the Caribbean 21 047 23 013", "Eastern Asia 6 058 13 431", "Southern Asia 5 378 7 978", "South-Eastern Asia 7 109 9 774", "Western Asia 33 722 39 743", "Oceania 5 590 5 883", "Caucasus and Central Asia 7 062 12 527", "Developed regions 56 565 64 345", "Least developed countries 2 174 3 053", "Landlocked developing countries 3 398 4 905", "Small island developing States 21 611 25 938", "^(a) Preliminary data.", "Indicator 1.5 Employment-to-population ratio", "(a) Total", "(Percentage)", "1991 2000 2009 2010^(a)", "World 62.2 61.5 61.2 61.1", "Developing regions 64.3 63.2 62.7 62.7", "Northern Africa 43.4 43.1 45.8 45.9", "Sub-Saharan Africa 62.6 62.6 64.3 64.4", "Latin America and the 56.4 58.1 60.6 60.7 Caribbean", "Eastern Asia 74.4 73.9 70.3 70.2", "Southern Asia 58.5 56.9 58.3 58.5", "South-Eastern Asia 68.3 67.1 65.9 65.8", "Western Asia 48.0 45.3 43.6 43.5", "Oceania 65.9 66.3 66.4 66.1", "Caucasus and Central Asia 57.4 54.9 59.1 59.8", "Developed regions 56.6 55.8 55.4 54.8", "Least developed countries 70.2 68.5 69.1 69.1", "Landlocked developing 67.4 67.1 69.5 69.7 countries", "Small island developing States 55.2 56.7 57.9 57.7", "^(a) Preliminary data.", "(b) Men, women and youth, 2009^(a)", "(Percentage)", "Men Women Youth", "World 72.9 49.2 44.3", "Developing regions 75.8 49.4 45.3", "Northern Africa 69.8 22.3 28.5", "Sub-Saharan Africa 74.1 54.9 47.4", "Latin America and the 74.6 47.5 44.3 Caribbean", "Eastern Asia 75.9 64.3 54.5", "Southern Asia 78.5 37.4 42.7", "South-Eastern Asia 77.5 54.5 44.2", "Western Asia 66.1 18.9 24.2", "Oceania 70.2 62.0 50.7", "Caucasus and Central Asia 66.3 53.9 39.4", "Developed regions 61.5 48.5 38.1", "Least developed countries 78.9 59.5 54.9", "Landlocked developing 77.6 62.2 57.0 countries", "Small island developing States 69.3 46.5 41.5", "^(a) Preliminary data.", "Indicator 1.6", "Proportion of employed people living below $1.25 (PPP) per day", "(a) Total number", "(Millions)", "1991 1999 2009^(a)", "World 972.8 875.1 631.9", "Developing regions 970.9 871.4 631.7", "Northern Africa 2.5 2.2 1.3", "Sub-Saharan Africa 124.7 155.8 184.0", "Latin America and the 21.8 26.3 17.4 Caribbean", "Eastern Asia 444.4 286.2 73.0", "Southern Asia 264.9 285.5 282.3", "South-Eastern Asia 104.5 104.9 62.2", "Western Asia 3.1 3.1 4.2", "Oceania 1.0 1.1 1.5", "Caucasus and Central Asia 4.0 6.3 5.9", "Developed regions 1.9 3.7 0.2", "Least developed countries 151.0 184.7 206.2", "Landlocked developing 61.9 73.8 77.8 countries", "Small island developing 3.2 4.1 5.4 States", "^(a) Preliminary data.", "(b) Percentage of total employment", "1991 1999 2009^(a)", "World 43.0 33.9 20.7", "Developing regions 56.1 42.9 25.6", "Northern Africa 8.0 5.4 2.5", "Sub-Saharan Africa 68.5 67.9 59.1", "Latin America and the 13.4 13.0 6.9 Caribbean", "Eastern Asia 67.4 39.2 9.1", "Southern Asia 60.7 54.5 41.9", "South-Eastern Asia 53.5 45.2 22.4", "Western Asia 8.1 6.4 7.0", "Oceania 51.2 44.6 44.6", "Caucasus and Central Asia 16.1 24.6 17.7", "Developed regions 0.4 0.7 0.0", "Least developed countries 71.9 71.3 59.8", "Landlocked developing 60.1 59.9 46.6 countries", "Small island developing 18.7 20.0 21.8 States", "^(a) Preliminary data.", "Indicator 1.7 Proportion of own-account and contributing family workers in total employment", "(a) Both sexes", "(Percentage)", "1991 1999 2008 2009", "World 55.5 53.5 50.2 50.1", "Developing regions 69.0 64.8 60.0 59.6", "Northern Africa 37.2 32.6 33.5 33.3", "Sub-Saharan Africa 81.0 80.0 75.0 75.6", "Latin America and the 34.9 36.1 31.8 32.2 Caribbean", "Eastern Asia 69.6 60.6 52.5 51.2", "Southern Asia 81.3 79.8 77.5 77.2", "South-Eastern Asia 69.4 66.1 62.3 61.6", "Western Asia 42.7 37.5 28.4 28.6", "Oceania 75.1 76.6 78.4 78.1", "Caucasus and Central Asia 46.8 57.0 43.9 43.6", "Developed regions 11.2 11.5 9.9 9.7", "Least developed countries 86.2 85.0 80.6 80.8", "Landlocked developing 75.0 78.0 72.9 73.7 countries", "Small island developing 32.6 35.5 36.3 36.5 States", "(b) Men", "(Percentage)", "1991 1999 2008 2009", "World 53.1 51.8 48.9 48.9", "Developing regions 64.7 61.4 57.2 56.9", "Northern Africa 33.2 30.0 28.5 29.1", "Sub-Saharan Africa 76.4 74.6 68.1 69.1", "Latin America and the 34.5 35.4 31.3 31.6 Caribbean", "Eastern Asia 63.8 56.1 49.2 48.1", "Southern Asia 77.9 76.7 74.8 74.4", "South-Eastern Asia 65.0 62.4 59.5 58.8", "Western Asia 35.7 32.0 25.4 25.4", "Oceania 70.6 72.0 73.7 73.4", "Caucasus and Central Asia 49.7 56.5 42.9 42.9", "Developed regions 11.3 12.0 10.8 10.7", "Least developed countries 83.2 81.0 75.6 76.1", "Landlocked developing 72.2 74.4 68.7 69.8 countries", "Small island developing 32.3 36.1 37.4 37.6 States", "(c) Women", "(Percentage)", "1991 1999 2008 2009", "World 59.2 56.1 52.1 51.8", "Developing regions 75.9 70.3 64.4 63.8", "Northern Africa 51.9 41.2 48.9 46.5", "Sub-Saharan Africa 87.6 87.4 84.2 84.2", "Latin America and the 35.8 37.3 32.6 33.2 Caribbean", "Eastern Asia 76.7 66.2 56.6 55.0", "Southern Asia 89.8 87.6 83.8 83.4", "South-Eastern Asia 75.5 71.2 66.2 65.4", "Western Asia 67.4 57.6 40.0 40.6", "Oceania 81.0 82.0 83.8 83.5", "Caucasus and Central Asia 43.5 57.7 45.1 44.4", "Developed regions 11.0 10.9 8.7 8.5", "Least developed countries 90.2 90.5 87.2 86.9", "Landlocked developing 78.3 82.4 78.0 78.3 countries", "Small island developing 32.9 34.6 34.8 35.0 States", "Target 1.C Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger", "Indicator 1.8 Prevalence of underweight children under 5 years of age^(a)", "(a) Total", "(Percentage)", "1990 2009", "Developing regions 30 23", "Northern Africa 10 6", "Sub-Saharan Africa 27 22", "Latin America and the Caribbean 10 4", "Eastern Asia 15 6", "Eastern Asia excluding China 11 5", "Southern Asia 52 43", "Southern Asia excluding India 59 39", "South-Eastern Asia 30 18", "Western Asia^(b) 11 7", "Oceania — —", "Caucasus and Central Asia 7 5", "^(a) Data are from 64 countries, covering 73 per cent of the under-5 population in developing regions. Prevalence of underweight children is estimated according to World Health Organization Child Growth Standards. For the Caucasus and Central Asia, the baseline for trend analysis is 1996, since there are not sufficient data for 1990.", "^(b) Regional aggregate covers only 47 per cent of the regional population, owing to lack of data from Yemen.", "(b) By sex, 2003-2009", "(Percentage)", "Boys Girls Boy-to-girl ratio", "Developing regions 24 24 1.01", "Northern Africa 7 5 1.29", "Sub-Saharan Africa 24 21 1.14", "Latin America and the 4 4 1.12 Caribbean", "Eastern Asia 7 7 1.00", "Eastern Asia excluding China 5 5 1.02", "Southern Asia 41 42 0.97", "Southern Asia excluding India 37 39 0.96", "South-Eastern Asia — — —", "Western Asia — — —", "Oceania 21 15 1.44", "Caucasus and Central Asia 6 6 1.11", "(c) By residence, 2003-2009", "(Percentage)", "Rural Urban", "Developing regions 28 14", "Northern Africa 7 5", "Sub-Saharan Africa 25 15", "Latin America and the Caribbean 7 3", "Eastern Asia 8 3", "Eastern Asia excluding China 6 4", "Southern Asia 45 33", "Southern Asia excluding India 41 31", "South-Eastern Asia — —", "Western Asia — —", "Oceania 20 12", "Caucasus and Central Asia 7 4", "(d) By household wealth, 2003-2009", "(Percentage)", "Poorest Richest quintile quintile", "Developing regions 38 15", "Northern Africa 8 4", "Sub-Saharan Africa 28 13", "Latin America and the Caribbean — —", "Eastern Asia — —", "Eastern Asia excluding China 7 3", "Southern Asia 55 20", "Southern Asia excluding India 48 24", "South-Eastern Asia — —", "Western Asia — —", "Oceania — —", "Caucasus and Central Asia 7 4", "Indicator 1.9 Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption", "(Percentage)", "1990-1992 1995-1997 2000-2002 2005-2007", "World 16 14 14 13", "Developing regions 20 18 16 16", "Northern Africa <5 <5 <5 <5", "Sub-Saharan Africa 31 31 30 26", "Latin America and the Caribbean 12 11 10 8", "Caribbean 26 28 22 24", "Latin America 11 10 9 7", "Eastern Asia 18 12 10 10", "Eastern Asia excluding China 8 11 13 12", "Southern Asia 21 19 20 21", "Southern Asia excluding India 26 26 23 23", "South-Eastern Asia 24 18 17 14", "Western Asia 6 8 8 7", "Oceania — — — —", "Caucasus and Central Asia 16 13 17 9", "Developed regions <5 <5 <5 <5", "Least developed countries 40 41 36 32", "Landlocked developing countries 34 34 30 26", "Small island developing States 24 25 21 21", "Goal 2 Achieve universal primary education", "Target 2.A Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling", "Indicator 2.1 Net enrolment ratio in primary education^(a)", "(a) Total", "1991 1999 2009 \n World 82.7 83.9 89.7 \n Developing regions 80.5 82.1 89.0 \n Northern Africa 80.0 86.0 94.3 \n Sub-Saharan Africa 53.5 57.9 76.2 \nLatin America and theCaribbean\t85.7\t93.5\t95.0\n Caribbean 67.6 78.0 76.1 \n Latin America 87.2 94.8 96.6 \n Eastern Asia 97.4 95.1 95.6 \n Eastern Asia excluding China 97.2 95.9 97.5 \n Southern Asia 77.0 79.2 90.9 \nSouthern Asia excludingIndia\t67.7\t69.1\t77.2\n South-Eastern Asia 94.0 93.0 94.5 \n Western Asia 82.0 83.1 88.3 \n Oceania — — — \n Caucasus and Central Asia — 94.3 92.7 \n Developed regions 96.3 97.1 95.8 \n Least developed countries 52.2 57.8 79.6 \nLandlocked developingcountries\t55.5\t63.8\t81.2\n Small island developing States 70.4 78.9 76.0", "(b) By sex", "1991 2000 2009\n Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls", "World 86.6 78.7 86.8 80.9 90.6 88.8", "Developing regions 85.0 75.9 85.4 78.7 90.0 87.9", "Northern Africa 86.7 73.0 89.2 82.6 96.0 92.4", "Sub-Saharan Africa 58.2 48.8 61.5 54.1 78.0 74.5", "Latin America and the Caribbean 87.8 83.6 94.1 92.8 95.1 94.9", "Caribbean 67.3 68.0 77.7 78.3 75.5 76.7", "Latin America 89.5 84.9 95.5 94.1 96.7 96.4", "Eastern Asia 98.9 95.8 94.2 96.0 94.1 97.3", "Eastern Asia excluding China 97.6 96.9 96.6 95.3 97.9 97.0", "Southern Asia 84.7 68.7 86.3 71.6 92.6 89.1", "Southern Asia excluding India 74.2 60.9 74.4 63.6 79.8 74.6", "South-Eastern Asia 95.7 92.3 94.2 91.9 95.0 93.9", "Western Asia 86.2 77.6 88.0 78.0 91.0 85.5", "Oceania — — — — — —", "Caucasus and Central Asia — — 94.6 94.0 93.2 92.0", "Developed regions 96.4 96.1 97.0 97.1 95.3 96.3", "Least developed countries 57.8 46.5 61.5 54.0 81.0 78.1", "Landlocked developing countries 61.5 49.4 68.6 59.0 83.7 78.6", "Small island developing States 71.2 69.6 79.7 78.2 77.0 75.0", "^(a) Primary- and secondary-level enrolees of official primary school age per 100 children of the same age, defined as the number of pupils of the theoretical school age for primary education enrolled either in primary or secondary school, expressed as a percentage of the total population in that age group. Ratios correspond to school years ending in the years for which data are presented.", "Indicator 2.2 Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach last grade of primary school^(a,b)", "(a) Total", "1991 2000 2009", "World 80.1 81.9 88.5", "Developing regions 77.2 79.6 87.3", "Northern Africa 72.2 81.1 91.7", "Sub-Saharan Africa 50.8 51.2 66.9", "Latin America and the Caribbean 83.7 96.9 101.0", "Caribbean 58.7 71.3 77.0", "Latin America 85.4 98.8 102.8", "Eastern Asia 106.3 97.9 95.9", "Eastern Asia excluding China 95.0 98.3 98.1", "Southern Asia 64.4 69.3 86.0", "Southern Asia excluding India 55.2 62.3 65.3", "South-Eastern Asia 85.7 92.3 100.1", "Western Asia 77.6 78.5 84.3", "Oceania 60.8 63.6 61.6", "Caucasus and Central Asia — 94.6 95.9", "Developed regions 96.7 97.9 97.7", "Least developed countries 39.9 45.0 61.0", "Landlocked developing countries 52.0 55.2 65.7", "Small island developing States 61.9 72.3 75.0", "(b) By sex", "1991 2000 2009\n Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls", "World 84.0 75.7 84.6 78.9 89.5 87.3", "Developing regions 81.9 72.0 82.7 76.2 88.4 86.1", "Northern Africa 79.9 64.1 84.2 77.9 93.0 90.3", "Sub-Saharan Africa 55.0 45.0 55.3 46.4 70.6 63.0", "Latin America and the Caribbean 82.8 84.6 96.5 97.3 100.5 101.6", "Caribbean 57.3 60.0 70.4 72.2 76.5 77.4", "Latin America 84.5 86.3 98.5 99.2 102.2 103.3", "Eastern Asia — — 97.9 97.8 94.2 97.8", "Eastern Asia excluding China 95.2 94.9 98.6 98.0 98.4 97.8", "Southern Asia 73.8 54.3 75.8 62.3 87.5 84.4", "Southern Asia excluding India 61.2 48.9 66.5 58.0 68.7 61.6", "South-Eastern Asia 86.5 84.9 92.7 92.0 99.8 100.4", "Western Asia 83.3 71.7 83.7 73.1 88.0 80.4", "Oceania 64.6 56.8 67.5 59.5 65.5 57.6", "Caucasus and Central Asia — — 95.8 93.4 96.6 95.1", "Developed regions — — 97.8 97.7 98.1 97.0", "Least developed countries 44.9 33.4 48.7 40.5 64.1 57.8", "Landlocked developing countries 56.5 47.4 60.5 49.7 69.2 62.0", "Small island developing States 61.8 62.0 72.5 72.0 75.8 74.2", "^(a) Since there are no regional averages for the official indicator, the table displays the gross intake ratio at last grade of primary, which corresponds to the “total number of new entrants in the last grade of primary education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the population of the theoretical entrance age to the last grade” (Global Education Digest 2009: Comparing Education Statistics Across the World, Montreal, Canada, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics, 2009), annex B, p. 255.", "^(b) The primary completion rates correspond to school years ending in the years for which data are presented.", "Indicator 2.3 Literacy rate of 15- to 24-year-olds, women and men", "(a) Total^(a)", "(Percentage who can both read and write)", "1990 2000 2009", "World 83.2 87.1 89.3", "Developing regions 80.1 84.8 87.7", "Northern Africa 67.5 79.3 86.6", "Sub-Saharan Africa 65.3 68.7 72.0", "Latin America and the Caribbean 91.7 96.1 97.0", "Caribbean 86.8 — 89.5", "Latin America 92.1 96.7 97.6", "Eastern Asia 94.6 98.9 99.4", "Eastern Asia excluding China 99.4 — 99.6", "Southern Asia 60.3 73.7 79.7", "Southern Asia excluding India 56.4 67.3 76.7", "South-Eastern Asia 94.4 96.3 97.7", "Western Asia 87.4 91.7 93.2", "Oceania 72.5 74.8 74.9", "Caucasus and Central Asia 99.8 99.8 99.9", "Developed regions 99.6 99.6 99.6", "Least developed countries 55.6 65.3 70.2", "Landlocked developing countries 62.1 68.4 71.7", "Small island developing States 84.9 86.9 87.6", "^(a) The regional averages presented in this table are calculated using a weighted average of the latest available observed data point for each country or territory for the reference period. UNESCO Institute for Statistics estimates have been used for countries with missing data.", "(b) By sex^(a)", "(Percentage who can both read and write)", "1990 2000 2009\n Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls", "World 87.7 78.6 90.3 83.8 91.9 86.8", "Developing regions 85.5 74.5 88.6 80.9 90.7 84.8", "Northern Africa 77.2 57.3 85.2 73.3 90.1 83.0", "Sub-Saharan Africa 72.8 58.3 75.7 62.4 76.7 67.3", "Latin America and the Caribbean 91.4 92.0 95.8 96.5 96.8 97.2", "Caribbean 87.3 86.3 — — 89.6 89.4", "Latin America 91.8 92.4 96.3 97.1 97.3 97.8", "Eastern Asia 97.1 91.9 99.2 98.6 99.5 99.3", "Eastern Asia excluding China 99.3 99.5 — — 99.4 99.7", "Southern Asia 71.6 48.3 81.1 65.6 85.9 73.8", "Southern Asia excluding India 66.9 45.9 73.9 60.8 80.5 72.6", "South-Eastern Asia 95.4 93.5 96.6 96.1 97.8 97.5", "Western Asia 93.4 81.0 95.5 87.8 95.8 90.6", "Oceania 77.5 67.4 76.9 72.5 73.3 76.5", "Caucasus and Central Asia 99.8 99.8 99.8 99.9 99.8 99.9", "Developed regions 99.2 99.6 99.6 99.6 99.6 99.6", "Least developed countries 64.0 47.5 72.2 58.9 74.5 65.9", "Landlocked developing countries 68.2 56.5 74.8 62.6 77.2 66.5", "Small island developing States 86.5 83.3 87.7 86.1 87.6 87.7", "^(a) The regional averages presented in this table are calculated using a weighted average of the latest available observed data point for each country or territory for the reference period. UNESCO Institute for Statistics estimates have been used for countries with missing data.", "Goal 3", "Promote gender equality and empower women", "Target 3.A", "Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015", "Indicator 3.1 Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education", "(a) Primary education^(a)", "1991 2000 2009", "World 0.89 0.92 0.96", "Developing regions 0.87 0.91 0.96", "Northern Africa 0.82 0.90 0.95", "Sub-Saharan Africa 0.83 0.85 0.92", "Latin America and the Caribbean 0.98 0.97 0.97", "Caribbean 0.99 0.98 0.96", "Latin America 0.98 0.97 0.97", "Eastern Asia 0.92 1.01 1.04", "Eastern Asia excluding China 1.00 0.98 0.98", "Southern Asia 0.77 0.83 0.95", "Southern Asia excluding India 0.79 0.81 0.92", "South-Eastern Asia 0.97 0.96 0.97", "Western Asia 0.86 0.86 0.92", "Oceania 0.90 0.90 0.89", "Caucasus and Central Asia 0.99 0.99 0.98", "Developed regions 0.99 1.00 1.00", "Least developed countries 0.80 0.83 0.93", "Landlocked developing countries 0.83 0.82 0.92", "Small island developing States 0.96 0.96 0.94", "^(a) Using gross enrolment ratios.", "(b) Secondary education^(a)", "1991 2000 2009", "World 0.84 0.91 0.97", "Developing regions 0.78 0.88 0.96", "Northern Africa 0.79 0.93 0.98", "Sub-Saharan Africa 0.76 0.82 0.79", "Latin America and the Caribbean 1.07 1.07 1.08", "Caribbean 1.12 1.08 1.04", "Latin America 1.07 1.07 1.08", "Eastern Asia 0.77 0.93 1.06", "Eastern Asia excluding China 0.97 0.98 0.98", "Southern Asia 0.61 0.75 0.89", "Southern Asia excluding India 0.63 0.85 0.92", "South-Eastern Asia 0.90 0.95 1.03", "Western Asia 0.68 0.74 0.86", "Oceania 0.83 0.89 0.88", "Caucasus and Central Asia — 0.98 0.98", "Developed regions 1.01 1.01 1.00", "Least developed countries 0.60 0.77 0.82", "Landlocked developing countries 0.87 0.83 0.85", "Small island developing States 1.07 1.04 1.01", "^(a) Using gross enrolment ratios.", "(c) Tertiary education^(a)", "1991 2000 2009", "World 0.91 0.98 1.08", "Developing regions 0.71 0.82 0.97", "Northern Africa 0.59 0.74 0.98", "Sub-Saharan Africa 0.53 0.67 0.63", "Latin America and the Caribbean 0.98 1.17 1.26", "Caribbean 1.35 1.38 1.61", "Latin America 0.95 1.16 1.23", "Eastern Asia 0.53 0.67 1.03", "Eastern Asia excluding China 0.54 0.63 0.77", "Southern Asia 0.50 0.65 0.74", "Southern Asia excluding India 0.36 0.67 0.87", "South-Eastern Asia 0.96 0.96 1.09", "Western Asia 0.64 0.78 0.87", "Oceania 0.56 0.81 0.86", "Caucasus and Central Asia — 0.91 1.07", "Developed regions 1.10 1.20 1.30", "Least developed countries 0.38 0.59 0.58", "Landlocked developing countries 0.82 0.81 0.87", "Small island developing States 1.24 1.31 1.50", "^(a) Using gross enrolment ratios.", "Indicator 3.2", "Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector", "(Percentage of employees)", "1990 2000 2005 2009", "World 35.0 37.5 38.4 39.6", "Developing regions 28.8 31.7 32.6 33.8", "Northern Africa 19.0 18.8 18.6 18.8", "Sub-Saharan Africa 23.5 28.1 30.2 32.6", "Latin America and the Caribbean 36.4 40.4 41.5 43.0", "Eastern Asia 38.1 39.7 40.9 41.7", "Eastern Asia excluding China 40.1 42.3 44.0 44.8", "Southern Asia 13.3 17.1 18.1 19.4", "Southern Asia excluding India 14.6 18.4 18.0 19.0", "South-Eastern Asia 34.6 36.9 36.8 37.6", "Western Asia 14.9 16.8 17.5 18.7", "Oceania 33.3 35.5 35.2 36.2", "Caucasus and Central Asia 43.8 44.2 45.3 45.2", "Developed regions 44.3 46.2 47.1 48.3", "Indicator 3.3", "Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament^(a,b)", "(Percentage)", "1990 2000 2005 2011^(b)", "World 12.8 13.7 15.9 19.3", "Developing regions 11.6 12.3 14.2 18.0", "Northern Africa 2.6 3.3 8.5 11.7", "Sub-Saharan Africa 9.6 12.6 14.2 19.6", "Latin America and the Caribbean 11.9 15.2 19.0 23.0", "Caribbean 22.1 20.6 26.0 31.3", "Latin America 8.6 13.2 16.4 20.0", "Eastern Asia 20.2 19.9 19.4 19.5", "Eastern Asia excluding China 17.8 14.6 17.2 14.5", "Southern Asia 5.7 6.8 8.8 18.2", "Southern Asia excluding India 5.9 5.9 9.0 20.1", "South-Eastern Asia 10.4 12.3 15.5 17.6", "Western Asia 4.5 4.2 3.9 9.4", "Oceania 1.2 3.6 3.0 2.3", "Caucasus and Central Asia — 7.0 9.9 16.1", "Developed regions 16.1 16.3 19.8 22.5", "Least developed countries 8.7 9.9 13.0 19.9", "Landlocked developing countries 14.2 7.8 13.4 22.9", "Small island developing States 15.2 14.0 17.9 21.2", "^(a) Single or lower house only.", "^(b) As of 31 January 2011.", "Goal 4 Reduce child mortality", "Target 4.A Reduce by two thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate", "Indicator 4.1 Under-five mortality rate^(a)", "1990 2000 2009", "World 89 77 60", "Developing regions 99 84 66", "Northern Africa 80 46 26", "Sub-Saharan Africa 180 160 129", "Latin America and the Caribbean 52 33 23", "Caribbean 76 58 48", "Latin America 50 32 21", "Eastern Asia 45 36 19", "Eastern Asia excluding China 28 29 17", "Southern Asia 122 95 69", "Southern Asia excluding India 131 101 78", "South-Eastern Asia 73 48 36", "Western Asia 68 45 32", "Oceania 76 65 59", "Caucasus and Central Asia 78 62 37", "Developed regions 15 10 7", "Least developed countries 178 146 121", "^(a) Deaths of children before reaching the age of 5 per 1,000 live births.", "Indicator 4.2", "Infant mortality rate^(a)", "1990 2000 2009", "World 62 54 44", "Developing regions 68 59 48", "Northern Africa 61 38 24", "Sub-Saharan Africa 109 98 82", "Latin America and the Caribbean 41 28 20", "Caribbean 54 43 38", "Latin America 41 26 18", "Eastern Asia 36 29 18", "Eastern Asia excluding China 18 22 14", "Southern Asia 87 70 55", "Southern Asia excluding India 95 76 61", "South-Eastern Asia 50 36 29", "Western Asia 53 36 27", "Oceania 56 49 46", "Caucasus and Central Asia 64 52 34", "Developed regions 12 8 6", "Least developed countries 112 93 79", "^(a) Deaths of children before reaching age 1, per 1,000 live births.", "Indicator 4.3 Proportion of 1-year-old children immunized against measles^(a)", "(Percentage)", "1990 2000 2009", "World 72 71 82", "Developing regions 71 69 80", "Northern Africa 85 93 94", "Sub-Saharan Africa 56 55 68", "Latin America and the Caribbean 76 92 93", "Eastern Asia 98 84 94", "Eastern Asia excluding China 95 87 95", "Southern Asia 57 56 75", "Southern Asia excluding India 60 68 85", "South-Eastern Asia 70 81 88", "Western Asia 77 84 82", "Oceania 70 66 58", "Caucasus and Central Asia — 93 92", "Developed regions 81 92 94", "Least developed countries 54 60 77", "^(a) Children aged 12-23 months who received at least one dose of measles vaccine.", "Goal 5 Improve maternal health", "Target 5.A Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio", "Indicator 5.1 Maternal mortality ratio^(a)", "1990 2000 2008", "World 400 340 260", "Developing regions 440 370 290", "Northern Africa 230 120 92", "Sub-Saharan Africa 870 790 640", "Latin America and the Caribbean 140 110 85", "Caribbean 320 230 170", "Latin America 130 99 80", "Eastern Asia 110 63 41", "Eastern Asia excluding China 110 110 110", "Southern Asia 590 420 280", "Southern Asia excluding India 640 490 370", "South-Eastern Asia 380 230 160", "Western Asia 140 98 70", "Oceania 290 260 230", "Caucasus and Central Asia 70 69 54", "Developed regions 26 17 17", "Least developed countries 900 750 590", "^(a) Maternal deaths per 100,000 live births.", "Indicator 5.2 Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel", "(Percentage)", "1990 2009", "World 59 68", "Developing regions 55 65", "Northern Africa 45 81", "Sub-Saharan Africa 42 46", "Latin America and the 70 88 Caribbean^(a)", "Caribbean^(a) 67 69", "Latin America^(a) 70 90", "Eastern Asia 94 99", "Eastern Asia excluding China 97 99", "Southern Asia 32 50", "Southern Asia excluding India 27 42", "South-Eastern Asia 49 72", "Western Asia 62 78", "Oceania 54 56", "Caucasus and Central Asia 93 97", "Developed regions 99 99", "^(a) Includes only deliveries in health-care institutions.", "Target 5.B Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health", "Indicator 5.3 Contraceptive prevalence rate^(a)", "(Percentage)", "1990 2000 2008", "World 55.4 61.5 62.9", "Developing regions 52.3 59.6 61.3", "Northern Africa 44.0 58.8 60.5", "Sub-Saharan Africa 13.4 20.1 21.7", "Latin America and the Caribbean 62.0 71.2 72.9", "Caribbean 53.7 59.9 61.8", "Latin America 62.7 72.1 73.8", "Eastern Asia 77.7 85.7 84.2", "Eastern Asia excluding China 73.9 76.6 76.2", "Southern Asia 39.9 46.7 53.9", "Southern Asia excluding India 30.2 46.2 48.0", "South-Eastern Asia 47.9 57.0 62.3", "Western Asia 44.4 50.6 55.2", "Oceania 29.4 32.2 36.7", "Caucasus and Central Asia 54.3 59.7 55.6", "Developed regions 68.8 71.1 72.2", "Least developed countries 17.7 28.1 31.4", "Landlocked developing countries 24.5 30.7 33.7", "Small island developing States 49.7 53.9 55.4", "^(a) Among women aged 15-49 who are married or in a union.", "Indicator 5.4 Adolescent birth rate^(a)", "1990 2000 2008", "World 59.8 51.5 50.5", "Developing regions 64.8 56.0 54.4", "Northern Africa 43.0 33.3 29.9", "Sub-Saharan Africa 124.1 122.9 122.0", "Latin America and the Caribbean 91.1 87.6 80.7", "Caribbean 80.9 77.1 68.5", "Latin America 91.9 88.4 81.6", "Eastern Asia 15.3 5.8 6.0", "Eastern Asia excluding China 4.0 3.1 2.5", "Southern Asia 89.3 59.4 52.6", "Southern Asia excluding India 121.0 77.4 69.0", "South-Eastern Asia 53.5 40.3 44.1", "Western Asia 63.8 52.7 52.3", "Oceania 82.8 63.3 61.2", "Caucasus and Central Asia 44.7 28.2 29.3", "Developed regions 33.9 25.5 24.0", "Least developed countries 133.4 121.2 121.9", "Landlocked developing countries 105.8 106.6 107.1", "Small island developing States 77.1 71.7 63.9", "^(a) Births per 1,000 women aged 15-19 years.", "Indicator 5.5 Antenatal care coverage (at least one visit and at least four visits)", "(a) At least one visit^(a)", "(Percentage)", "1990 2009", "World 64 81", "Developing regions 64 81", "Northern Africa 51 79", "Sub-Saharan Africa 68 78", "Latin America and the Caribbean 78 95", "Caribbean 89 93", "Latin America 77 95", "Eastern Asia 70 91", "Southern Asia 51 70", "Southern Asia excluding India 22 58", "South-Eastern Asia 72 92", "Western Asia 62 84", "Oceania 77 79", "Caucasus and Central Asia 90 96", "^(a) Proportion of women aged 15-49 years who received antenatal care during pregnancy from skilled health personnel at least once.", "(b) At least four visits^(a)", "(Percentage)", "1990 2009", "World 35 51", "Developing regions 35 51", "Northern Africa 20 57", "Sub-Saharan Africa 44 43", "Latin America and the Caribbean 69 84", "Caribbean 59 72", "Latin America 70 85", "Southern Asia 23 44", "Southern Asia excluding India 10 26", "South-Eastern Asia 46 69", "Western Asia 32 54", "^(a) Proportion of women aged 15-49 years who received antenatal care during pregnancy from any provider (skilled or unskilled) at least four times.", "Indicator 5.6 Unmet need for family planning^(a)", "(Percentage)", "1990 2000 2008", "World 13.8 11.5 11.1", "Developing regions 14.3 11.7 11.3", "Northern Africa 19.4 11.2 9.6", "Sub-Saharan Africa 26.2 24.1 24.8", "Latin America and the Caribbean 15.8 10.3 9.9", "Caribbean 19.5 20.4 20.2", "Latin America 15.6 9.7 9.3", "Eastern Asia 3.3 2.4 2.3", "Southern Asia 20.3 17.2 14.7", "Southern Asia excluding India 23.6 23.3 20.6", "South-Eastern Asia 15.5 10.9 10.9", "Western Asia 15.7 13.7 12.3", "Caucasus and Central Asia 14.4 12.4 12.5", "Least developed countries 25.4 23.9 24.0", "Landlocked developing countries 24.3 24.1 23.8", "^(a) Among women, married or in a union, of reproductive age (aged 15-49 years).", "Goal 6", "Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases", "Target 6.A", "Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS", "Indicator 6.1", "(a) HIV incidence rates^(a)", "1990 2009", "World 0.08 0.06", "Developing regions 0.09 0.08", "Northern Africa 0.01 0.01", "Sub-Saharan Africa 0.57 0.40", "Latin America and the Caribbean 0.04 0.04", "Caribbean 0.09 0.08", "Latin America 0.04 0.03", "Eastern Asia 0.01 0.01", "Southern Asia 0.04 0.02", "South-Eastern Asia (including 0.04 0.04 Oceania)", "Western Asia <0.01 <0.01", "Caucasus and Central Asia 0.01 0.03", "Developed regions 0.05 0.03", "^(a) “HIV prevalence among population aged 15-24 years” was chosen as a proxy indicator for the incidence rate when the indicators for the Millennium Declaration were developed. However, the estimated incidence rate among people 15-49 years is now available for all regions and 60 countries. Therefore, HIV incidence rate data are presented here together with HIV prevalence data among population aged 15-49 years.", "(b) HIV prevalence among population aged 15-24 years", "(Percentage)", "1990 2001 2009\n Estimated Adults Estimated Adults Estimated Adults adult (15+) adult (15+) adult (15+) (15-49) living (15-49) living (15-49) living HIV with HIV with HIV HIV with HIV prevalence HIV who prevalence who prevalence who are are are women women women", "World 0.3 44 0.8 51 0.8 52", "Developing regions 0.3 49 0.9 53 0.9 54", "Northern Africa <0.1 29 <0.1 30 0.1 30", "Sub-Saharan Africa 2.1 56 5.5 59 4.7 60", "Latin America and the 0.3 28 0.5 35 0.5 37 Caribbean", "Caribbean 0.6 48 1.1 54 1 53", "Latin America 0.3 25 0.4 32 0.4 35", "Eastern Asia <0.1 25 <0.1 28 0.1 29", "Eastern Asia <0.1 29 <0.1 30 <0.1 31 excluding China", "Southern Asia <0.1 28 0.3 35 0.3 37", "Southern Asia <0.1 27 0.1 30 0.1 30 excluding India", "South-Eastern Asia 0.2 16 0.4 34 0.4 34 (including Oceania)", "Western Asia <0.1 30 <0.1 30 <0.1 30", "Oceania <0.1 54 0.4 57 0.8 57", "Caucasus and Central <0.1 32 <0.1 37 0.1 37 Asia", "Developed regions 0.2 18 0.3 31 0.4 35", "Least developed 1.4 55 2.2 58 2 58 countries", "Landlocked developing 2.4 57 3.9 58 3 58 countries", "Small island 0.4 48 0.8 52 0.8 51 developing States", "Indicator 6.2 Condom use at last high-risk sex,^(a) 2005-2010^(b)", "Women Men\n Number of Percentage Number of Percentage countries who used a countries who used a covered by condom at covered by condom at surveys last surveys last high-risk high-risk sex sex", "Sub-Saharan Africa 34 34 27 48", "Caribbean 3 37 2 56", "Southern Asia 1 22 2 38", "Oceania 3 34 4 48", "^(a) Percentage of young women and men aged 15-24 years reporting the use of a condom during sexual intercourse with a non-regular (non-marital and non-cohabiting) sexual partner in the last 12 months, among those who had such a partner in the last 12 months.", "^(b) Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified.", "Indicator 6.3 Proportion of population aged 15-24 years with comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS,^(a) 2005-2010^(b)", "Women Men\n Number of Percentage Number of Percentage countries who have countries who have covered by comprehensive covered by comprehensive surveys knowledge surveys knowledge", "World^(c) 91 21 — —", "Developing regions^(c) 82 20 — —", "Northern Africa 2 7 1 18", "Sub-Saharan Africa 37 26 28 33", "Caribbean 5 43 2 37", "Southern Asia 5 17 2 36", "Southern Asia excluding India 4 10 — —", "South-Eastern Asia 6 24 — —", "Caucasus and Central Asia 8 20 — —", "^(a) Percentage of young women and men aged 15-24 years who correctly identify the two major ways of preventing the sexual transmission of HIV (using condoms and limiting sex to one faithful, uninfected partner), who reject two common local misconceptions and who know that a healthy-looking person can transmit the AIDS virus.", "^(b) Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified.", "^(c) Excludes China.", "Indicator 6.4 Ratio of school attendance of orphans to school attendance of non-orphans aged 10-14 years,^(a) 2005-2010^(b)", "Number of countries School attendance with data ratio", "Developing regions 44 0.81", "Sub-Saharan Africa 33 0.92", "Caribbean 2 0.82", "Southern Asia 2 0.73", "^(a) Ratio of the current school attendance rate of children aged 10-14 years both of whose biological parents have died, to the current school attendance rate of children aged 10-14 years both of whose parents are still alive and who currently live with at least one biological parent.", "^(b) Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified.", "Target 6.B Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it", "Indicator 6.5 Proportion of population with advanced HIV infection with access to antiretroviral drugs^(a,b)", "(Percentage)", "2004 2006 2008 2009", "World^(b) 6 15 28 36", "Developing regions 6 16 29 37", "Northern Africa 10 21 29 25", "Sub-Saharan Africa 3 14 28 37", "Latin America and the Caribbean 34 41 48 50", "Caribbean 5 14 30 38", "Latin America 39 44 49 51", "Eastern Asia 6 16 19 23", "Eastern Asia excluding China <1 <1 <1 <1", "Southern Asia 2 7 18 24", "Southern Asia excluding India 1 2 4 6", "South-Eastern Asia and Oceania 12 24 39 46", "Western Asia 44 38 52 57", "Caucasus and Central Asia 2 12 22 26", "Least developed countries 4 14 30 39", "Landlocked developing countries 5 17 35 47", "Small island developing States 5 15 31 40", "^(a) Antiretroviral treatment coverage among people with CD4 counts of less than 350.", "^(b) Includes only low- and middle-income economies as defined by the World Bank.", "Target 6.C Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases", "Indicator 6.6 Incidence and death rates associated with malaria", "(a) Incidence^(a)", "World 69", "Northern Africa 0", "Sub-Saharan Africa 248", "Latin America and the Caribbean 7", "Caribbean 14", "Latin America 6", "Eastern Asia 0", "Eastern Asia excluding China 15", "Southern Asia 20", "Southern Asia excluding India 12", "South-Eastern Asia 32", "Western Asia 20", "Oceania 225", "Caucasus and Central Asia 0", "Least developed countries 173", "Landlocked developing countries 148", "Small island developing States 98", "^(a) Number of new cases per 1,000 population, 2009, in malaria-endemic countries.", "(b) Deaths^(a)", "All ages Children under 5", "World 24 182", "Northern Africa 0 0", "Sub-Saharan Africa 96 519", "Latin America and the Caribbean 1 3", "Caribbean 4 11", "Latin America <0.5 1", "Eastern Asia <0.5 <0.5", "Eastern Asia excluding China 0 0", "Southern Asia 2 8", "Southern Asia excluding India 1 5", "South-Eastern Asia 6 18", "Western Asia 6 15", "Oceania 55 163", "Caucasus and Central Asia <0.5 <0.5", "Least developed countries 70 384", "Landlocked developing countries 67 351", "Small island developing States 30 146", "^(a) Number of deaths per 100,000 population, 2009, in malaria-endemic countries.", "Indicator 6.7 Proportion of children under 5 sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets, 2008‑2010", "(a) Total", "(Percentage)", "Sub-Saharan Africa (24 countries) 31^(a)", "^(a) Data for a subset of 24 countries in sub-Saharan Africa with trend data showed that the use of insecticide-treated bednets among children increased from 2 per cent in 2000 to 31 per cent in 2010. Calculation includes data available as at 31 April 2011.", "(b) By sex", "(Percentage)", "Boys Girls", "Sub-Saharan Africa (21 countries) 27 27", "(c) By residence", "(Percentage)", "Urban Rural", "Sub-Saharan Africa (23 countries) 28 33", "Indicator 6.8 Proportion of children under 5 with fever who are treated with appropriate anti‑malarial drugs, 2008-2010", "(a) Total", "(Percentage)", "Sub-Saharan Africa (34 countries) 36", "(b) By residence", "(Percentage)", "Urban Rural", "Southern Asia (3 countries) 41 36", "Indicator 6.9 Incidence, prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis", "(a) Incidence", "(Number of new cases per 100,000 population, including HIV-infected)^(a)", "1990 2000 2009 \nWorld\t128\t(114:144)\t136 (129:144)\t137 (131:145)\nDeveloping regions\t155\t(135:174)\t163 (153:172)\t164 (155:173)\nNorthern Africa\t58\t(47:69)\t48 (43:52)\t42 (39:46)\nSub-Saharan Africa\t176\t(159:194)\t316 (300:333)\t345 (326:363)\nLatin America and the Caribbean\t88\t(73:103)\t61 (56:66)\t44 (41:48)\nCaribbean\t95\t(67:122)\t91 (78:104)\t79 (67:90)\nLatin America\t87\t(71:103)\t59 (54:64)\t42 (39:45)\nEastern Asia\t136\t(105:167)\t109 (90:128)\t100 (88:112)\nSouthern Asia\t172\t(117:227)\t172 (148:197)\t173 (149:196)\nSouth-Eastern Asia\t238\t(191:284)\t226 (205:247)\t217 (197:237)\nWestern Asia\t59\t(48:70)\t49 (44:54)\t33 (30:36)\nOceania\t202\t(131:273)\t194 (161:226)\t190 (162:219)\nCaucasus and Central Asia\t116\t(92:141)\t135 (123:146)\t134 (123:146)\nDeveloped regions\t39\t(33:46)\t36 (33:39)\t27 (25:29)\nLeast developed countries\t212\t(183:240)\t272 (258:287)\t275 (261:289)\nLandlocked developing countries\t167\t(148:187)\t270 (254:287)\t270 (253:287)\nSmall island developing States\t108\t(86:129)\t104 (94:114)\t104 (95:113)", "^(a) Lower and upper bounds in brackets.", "(b) Prevalence", "(Number of existing cases per 100,000 population, including HIV-infected)^(a)", "1990 2000 2009 \nWorld\t253\t(200:318)\t231\t(194:275)\t201\t(169:239)\nDeveloping regions\t310\t(233:387)\t280\t(229:331)\t241\t(198:284)\nNorthern Africa\t98\t(56:139)\t65\t(40:89)\t54\t(34:74)\nSub-Saharan Africa\t287\t(231:344)\t456\t(377:534)\t479\t(397:560)\nLatin America and the Caribbean\t148\t(99:198)\t90\t(67:114)\t58\t(43:72)\nCaribbean\t176\t(90:263)\t139\t(81:198)\t111\t(61:162)\nLatin America\t146\t(93:199)\t86\t(62:111)\t54\t(38:69)\nEastern Asia\t284\t(122:446)\t218\t(101:334)\t141\t(63:220)\nSouthern Asia\t359\t(167:551)\t294\t(177:410)\t267\t(154:380)\nSouth-Eastern Asia\t524\t(369:679)\t465\t(349:580)\t344\t(259:429)\nWestern Asia\t94\t(57:131)\t74\t(50:98)\t51\t(35:67)\nOceania\t416\t(163:669)\t250\t(103:396)\t258\t(107:408)\nCaucasus and Central Asia\t224\t(139:308)\t207\t(144:269)\t208\t(147:269)\nDeveloped regions\t66\t(42:89)\t49\t(33:64)\t34\t(23:45)\nLeast developed countries\t397\t(291:502)\t460\t(378:543)\t431\t(358:503)\nLandlocked developing countries\t252\t(202:302)\t372\t(300:445)\t385\t(305:464)\nSmall island developing States\t202\t(131:272)\t152\t(107:198)\t146\t(104:187)", "^(a) Lower and upper bounds in brackets.", "(c) Deaths", "(Number of deaths per 100,000 population, excluding HIV-infected)^(a)", "1990 2000 2009 \nWorld\t30\t(25:36)\t26\t(24:29)\t20\t(17:22)\nDeveloping regions\t37\t(30:44)\t32\t(29:35)\t23\t(21:26)\nNorthern Africa\t6.6\t(3.3:9.9)\t3\t(2.1:4)\t2.4\t(1.7:3.2)\nSub-Saharan Africa\t32\t(27:38)\t54\t(50:59)\t53\t(48:58)\nLatin America and the Caribbean\t13\t(8.8:17)\t6\t(5.3:6.8)\t3.3\t(2.7:4)\nCaribbean\t21\t(12:29)\t15\t(11:19)\t11\t(7.3:14)\nLatin America\t12\t(7.9:16)\t5.3\t(4.6:6.1)\t2.8\t(2.1:3.4)\nEastern Asia\t37\t(26:48)\t28\t(21:34)\t12\t(7.2:16)\nSouthern Asia\t47\t(28:66)\t33\t(25:41)\t26\t(18:34)\nSouth-Eastern Asia\t52\t(39:66)\t51\t(45:58)\t31\t(25:37)\nWestern Asia\t8.2\t(4.8:12)\t6.2\t(4.6:7.7)\t4.7\t(3.6:5.8)\nOceania\t53\t(28:77)\t17\t(7.8:25)\t20\t(10:29)\nCaucasus and Central Asia\t23\t(16:30)\t22\t(20:23)\t20\t(17:23)\nDeveloped regions\t7.5\t(4.7:10)\t4.8\t(4.5:5.1)\t3.7\t(2.8:4.6)\nLeast developed countries\t49\t(40:59)\t57\t(52:62)\t48\t(44:53)\nLandlocked developing countries\t25\t(21:30)\t41\t(37:46)\t42\t(37:47)\nSmall island developing States\t24\t(17:31)\t15\t(12:18)\t13\t(10:16)", "^(a) Lower and upper bounds in brackets.", "Indicator 6.10 Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under directly observed treatment short course", "(a) New cases detected under directly observed treatment short course (DOTS)", "(DOTS smear-positive case detection rate: percentage)^(a)", "1990 2000 2009 \nWorld\t55\t(49:62)\t45\t(43:48)\t62\t(59:65)\nDeveloping regions\t55\t(49:63)\t43\t(41:46)\t61\t(58:64)\nNorthern Africa\t63\t(53:78)\t90\t(82:98)\t89\t(82:98)\nSub-Saharan Africa\t45\t(41:50)\t38\t(36:40)\t48\t(46:51)\nLatin America and the Caribbean\t53\t(45:64)\t69\t(64:75)\t73\t(68:79)\nCaribbean\t11\t(8.8:16)\t51\t(45:60)\t17\t(15:20)\nLatin America\t56\t(47:69)\t72\t(66:78)\t81\t(75:88)\nEastern Asia\t27\t(22:35)\t35\t(30:43)\t76\t(68:87)\nSouthern Asia\t85\t(65:130)\t50\t(44:58)\t64\t(56:74)\nSouth-Eastern Asia\t50\t(42:62)\t34\t(31:38)\t63\t(57:69)\nWestern Asia\t70\t(59:87)\t64\t(58:70)\t68\t(62:75)\nOceania\t31\t(23:48)\t76\t(65:91)\t74\t(64:87)\nCaucasus and Central Asia\t42\t(34:53)\t68\t(63:75)\t65\t(59:71)\nDeveloped regions\t58\t(50:70)\t81\t(74:89)\t84\t(78:92)\nLeast developed countries\t32\t(28:37)\t35\t(33:37)\t48\t(46:51)\nLandlocked developing countries\t54\t(49:61)\t47\t(44:50)\t49\t(46:52)\nSmall island developing States\t22\t(19:28)\t58\t(53:65)\t45\t(42:50)", "^(a) Lower and upper bounds in brackets.", "(b) Patients successfully treated under directly observed treatment short course", "(Percentage)", "2000 2008 \n World 69 86 \n Developing regions 69 87 \n Northern Africa 88 87 \n Sub-Saharan Africa 71 80 \n Latin America and the Caribbean 76 77 \n Caribbean 72 76 \n Latin America 77 77 \n Eastern Asia 92 94 \n South Asia 42 88 \n South-Eastern Asia 86 89 \n Western Asia 77 84 \n Oceania 76 70 \n Caucasus and Central Asia 79 74 \n Developed regions 66 59 \n Least developed countries 77 85 \n Landlocked developing countries 75 81 \n Small island developing States 73 75", "Goal 7 Ensure environmental sustainability", "Target 7.A Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources", "Indicator 7.1 Proportion of land area covered by forest", "(Percentage)", "1990 2000 2010", "World 32.0 31.4 31.0", "Developing regions 29.4 28.2 27.6", "Northern Africa 1.4 1.4 1.4", "Sub-Saharan Africa 31.2 29.5 28.1", "Latin America and the Caribbean 52.0 49.6 47.4", "Caribbean 25.8 28.1 30.3", "Latin America 52.3 49.9 47.6", "Eastern Asia 16.4 18.0 20.5", "Eastern Asia excluding China 15.2 14.0 12.8", "Southern Asia 14.1 14.1 14.5", "Southern Asia excluding India 7.8 7.3 7.1", "South-Eastern Asia 56.9 51.3 49.3", "Western Asia 2.8 2.9 3.3", "Oceania 67.5 65.1 62.5", "Caucasus and Central Asia 3.9 3.9 3.9", "Developed regions 36.3 36.6 36.7", "Least developed countries 32.7 31.0 29.6", "Landlocked developing countries 19.3 18.2 17.1", "Small island developing States 64.6 63.7 62.7", "Indicator 7.2 Carbon dioxide emissions, total, per capita and per $1 GDP (PPP)", "(a) Total^(a)", "(millions of tons)", "1990 2000 2005 2007 \nWorld\t21839\t23839\t27895\t30121\nDeveloping regions\t6 760\t9 925\t13533\t15955\n Northern Africa 232 333 400 453 \n Sub-Saharan Africa 462 554 648 688 \n Latin America and the Caribbean 1 019 1 334 1 464 1 652\n Caribbean 84 99 105 136 \n Latin America 934 1 235 1 359 1 516\n Eastern Asia 2 988 3 964 6 388 7 670\n Eastern Asia excluding China 527 559 598 638 \n Southern Asia 1 009 1 675 2 061 2 509\n Southern Asia excluding India 319 489 650 766 \n South-Eastern Asia 426 785 1 055 1 173\n Western Asia 617 943 1 126 1 325\n Oceania 6 7 11 9 \nCaucasus and Central Asia\t485^(b)\t329\t380\t477\nDeveloped regions\t14953\t13696\t14100\t13907\n Least developed countries 74 110 164 191 \n Landlocked developing countries 50 399 451 557 \n Small island developing States 139 158 172 183 \nAnnex I countries^(c,d,e)\t14968\t14430\t14902\t14652", "(b) Per capita", "(Tons)", "1990 2000 2005 2008 \n World 4.1 3.9 4.2 4.4 \n Developing regions 1.7 2.0 2.6 2.9 \n Northern Africa 1.9 2.3 2.6 2.8 \n Sub-Saharan Africa 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 \n Latin America and the Caribbean 2.3 2.6 2.7 2.9 \n Caribbean 2.7 2.9 2.9 3.6 \n Latin America 2.3 2.6 2.6 2.8 \n Eastern Asia 2.5 2.9 4.6 5.4 \n Eastern Asia excluding China 7.4 7.1 7.4 7.8 \n Southern Asia 0.8 1.1 1.3 1.5 \n Southern Asia excluding India 0.9 1.2 1.4 1.6 \n South-Eastern Asia 1.0 1.5 1.9 2.0 \n Western Asia 4.8 5.6 6.0 6.6 \n Oceania 1.0 1.0 1.3 0.9 \nCaucasus and Central Asia\t7.1^(b)\t4.6\t5.1\t6.3\n Developed regions 12.3 11.4 11.5 11.2\n Least developed countries 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 \n Landlocked developing countries 0.3 1.2 1.2 1.4 \n Small island developing States 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.2 \n Annex I countries^(c,d,e) 12.7 11.7 11.8 11.5", "(c) Per $1 GDP (PPP)", "(kilograms)", "1990 2000 2005 2008", "World 0.60 0.50 0.49 0.46", "Developing regions 0.64 0.59 0.61 0.58", "Northern Africa 0.43 0.50 0.49 0.47", "Sub-Saharan Africa 0.55 0.53 0.48 0.43", "Latin America and the Caribbean 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.29", "Caribbean 0.60 0.58 0.53 0.62", "Latin America 0.32 0.30 0.29 0.28", "Eastern Asia 1.46 0.87 0.94 0.83", "Eastern Asia excluding China 0.44 0.44 0.38 0.36", "Southern Asia 0.59 0.61 0.54 0.54", "Southern Asia excluding India 0.49 0.51 0.51 0.52", "South-Eastern Asia 0.42 0.47 0.49 0.46", "Western Asia 0.52 0.59 0.57 0.57", "Oceania 0.29 0.25 0.38 0.20", "Caucasus and Central Asia 2.31^(b) 1.80 1.30 1.22", "Developed regions 0.59 0.45 0.41 0.38", "Least developed countries 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.19", "Landlocked developing countries 0.20 0.93 0.73 0.71", "Small island developing States 0.59 0.41 0.37 0.32", "Annex I countries^(c,d,e) 0.59 0.46 0.43 0.39", "^(a) Total CO₂ emissions from fossil fuels. Includes CO₂ emissions from solid fuel consumption, liquid fuel consumption, gas fuel consumption, cement production and gas flaring (United States Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center).", "^(b) 1992 data.", "^(c) Includes all annex I countries that report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; non-annex I countries do not have annual reporting obligations.", "^(d) National reporting to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change that follows the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change guidelines is based on national emission inventories and covers all sources of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions. It can be calculated as the sum of emissions for the sectors of energy, industrial processes, agriculture and waste.", "^(e) Excludes emissions/removals from land use, land-use change and forestry.", "Indicator 7.3 Consumption of ozone-depleting substances", "(Tons of ozone depletion potential)", "1990^(a) 2000 2009", "Developing regions 236 892 207 991 41 983", "Northern Africa 6 203 8 129 1 307", "Sub-Saharan Africa 23 449 9 574 1 787", "Latin America and the Caribbean 76 048 31 104 5 359", "Caribbean 2 177 1 669 159", "Latin America 73 871 29 435 5 200", "Eastern Asia 103 217 105 762 24 734", "Eastern Asia excluding China 12 904 14 885 4 363", "Southern Asia 3 338 28 161 1 904", "Southern Asia excluding India 3 338 9 466 927", "South-Eastern Asia 21 108 16 831 2 940", "Western Asia 3 481 8 299 3 939", "Oceania 47 129 13", "Caucasus and Central Asia 2 738 928 188", "Developed regions 828 590 25 364 2 007", "Least developed countries 1 457 4 791 1 055", "Landlocked developing countries 3 354 2 395 484", "Small island developing States 7 162 2 147 434", "^(a) For years prior to the entry into force of the reporting requirement for a group of substances, missing country consumption values have been estimated at the base year level. This applies to substances in annexes B, C and E, whose years of entry into force are 1992, 1992 and 1994, respectively.", "Indicator 7.4 Proportion of fish stocks within safe biological limits", "(Percentage)", "1990 2000 2008", "Underexploited 9.0 4.1 2.7", "Moderately exploited 22.3 21.3 11.8", "Fully exploited 50.0 47.2 52.7", "Overexploited 8.5 17.7 28.4", "Depleted 7.4 8.6 3.3", "Recovering 2.7 1.1 1.0", "Indicator 7.5 Proportion of total water resources used,^(a) around 2005", "(Percentage)", "Developing regions 9.6\n Northern Africa 91.9", "Sub-Saharan Africa 3.3", "Latin America and the Caribbean 2.0", "Eastern Asia 15.2", "Eastern Asia excluding China 1.9", "Southern Asia 19.7", "Southern Asia excluding India 19.7", "South-Eastern Asia 57.8", "Western Asia 53.4", "Oceania 7.7", "Caucasus and Central Asia 165.5", "Developed regions 0.04", "Least developed countries 56.0", "Landlocked developing countries 10.1", "Small island developing States 4.5", "^(a) Surface water and groundwater withdrawal as percentage of total actual renewable water resources.", "Target 7.B Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss", "Indicator 7.6 Proportion of terrestrial and marine areas protected", "(a) Terrestrial and marine^(a,b)", "(Percentage)", "1990 2000 2010", "World^(c) 8.1 10.6 12.0", "Developing regions 7.9 10.6 12.2", "Northern Africa 3.3 3.7 4.0", "Sub-Saharan Africa 10.7 11.0 11.5", "Latin America and the Caribbean 9.0 14.7 19.3", "Caribbean 3.3 3.8 4.6", "Latin America 9.3 15.1 19.9", "Eastern Asia 11.5 14.3 15.3", "Eastern Asia excluding China 3.9 11.4 11.6", "Southern Asia 5.0 5.6 5.9", "Southern Asia excluding India 5.4 6.2 6.8", "South-Eastern Asia 4.6 7.1 7.8", "Western Asia 3.5 14.2 14.3", "Oceania 0.5 1.1 3.2", "Caucasus and Central Asia 2.7 3.0 3.0", "Developed regions 8.3 10.4 11.6", "Least developed countries 8.9 9.5 9.8", "Landlocked developing countries 8.9 10.9 11.3", "Small island developing States 1.5 2.7 4.2", "^(a) Ratio of protected area (terrestrial and marine combined) to total territorial area. Differences between these figures and those set out in the statistical annex to the Millennium Development Goals Report 2010 (see http://unstats.un.org/unsd/mdg) are due to the availability of new data and to revised methodologies.", "^(b) Protected areas with an unknown year of establishment are included in all years.", "^(c) Includes territories that are not considered in the calculations of aggregates for developed regions and developing regions.", "(b) Terrestrial^(a,b)", "(Percentage)", "1990 2000 2010", "World^(c) 8.8 11.3 12.7", "Developing regions 8.8 11.7 13.3", "Northern Africa 3.3 3.7 4.0", "Sub-Saharan Africa 11.1 11.3 11.8", "Latin America and the Caribbean 9.7 15.3 20.3", "Caribbean 9.2 9.9 11.2", "Latin America 9.7 15.4 20.4", "Eastern Asia 12.0 14.9 15.9", "Eastern Asia excluding China 4.0 12.1 12.2", "Southern Asia 5.3 5.9 6.2", "Southern Asia excluding India 5.8 6.7 7.3", "South-Eastern Asia 8.7 13.1 13.8", "Western Asia 3.8 15.3 15.4", "Oceania 2.0 3.0 4.9", "Caucasus and Central Asia 2.7 3.0 3.0", "Developed regions 8.7 10.7 11.6", "Least developed countries 9.4 10.0 10.2", "Landlocked developing countries 8.9 10.9 11.3", "Small island developing States 4.0 6.3 7.6", "^(a) Ratio of terrestrial protected area to total surface area. Differences between these figures and those set out in the statistical annex to the Millennium Development Goals Report 2010 (see http://unstats.un.org/unsd/mdg) are due to the availability of new data and to revised methodologies.", "^(b) Protected areas with an unknown year of establishment are included in all years.", "^(c) Includes territories that are not considered in the calculations of aggregates for the developed regions and developing regions.", "(c) Marine^(a,b)", "(Percentage)", "1990 2000 2010", "World^(c) 3.1 5.2 7.2", "Developing regions 1.0 2.9 4.0", "Northern Africa 3.1 3.6 4.6", "Sub-Saharan Africa 1.4 3.1 4.0", "Latin America and the Caribbean 2.7 8.9 10.8", "Caribbean 1.1 1.5 2.2", "Latin America 3.3 11.8 14.3", "Eastern Asia 0.8 1.4 1.6", "Eastern Asia excluding China 2.1 2.1 2.3", "Southern Asia 0.9 1.1 1.2", "Southern Asia excluding India 0.5 0.6 0.8", "South-Eastern Asia 0.6 1.3 2.1", "Western Asia 0.7 2.0 2.2", "Oceania 0.2 0.6 2.8", "Caucasus and Central Asia 0.2 0.4 0.4", "Developed regions 5.9 8.5 11.5", "Least developed countries 0.9 1.9 3.4", "Landlocked developing 0.0 0.0 0.0 countries^(d)", "Small island developing States 0.4 1.2 2.8", "^(a) Ratio of marine protected area to total territorial waters. Differences between these figures and those set out in the statistical annex to the Millennium Development Goals Report 2010 (see http://unstats.un.org/unsd/mdg) are due to the availability of new data and to revised methodologies.", "^(b) Protected areas with an unknown year of establishment are included in all years.", "^(c) Includes territories that are not considered in the calculations of aggregates for the developed regions and developing regions.", "^(d) Excludes territorial water claims within inland seas made by some landlocked developing countries.", "Indicator 7.7 Proportion of species threatened with extinction^(a)", "(Percentage of species not expected to become extinct in the near future)", "1986 1990 2000 2008", "World 85.3 85.0 84.3 83.7", "Developing regions 84.9 84.7 84.0 83.4", "Northern Africa 94.3 94.1 93.9 93.6", "Sub-Saharan Africa 87.6 87.6 87.3 87.1", "Latin America and the Caribbean 84.1 83.8 83.1 82.6", "Eastern Asia 89.9 89.7 89.0 88.4", "Southern Asia 84.9 84.8 84.4 84.1", "South-Eastern Asia 87.9 87.6 86.6 86.0", "Western Asia 93.5 93.3 92.7 92.2", "Oceania 91.2 91.0 90.4 90.0", "Caucasus and Central Asia 95.7 95.5 94.9 94.4", "Developed regions 90.9 90.6 90.1 89.6", "^(a) Red List Index (RLI) of species survival for vertebrate biodiversity (mammals, birds and amphibians). RLI is an index of the proportion of species expected to remain extant in the near future without additional conservation action, ranging from 1.0 (equivalent to all species being categorized as of “least concern” on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List) to zero (equivalent to all species having become extinct).", "Target 7.C Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation", "Indicator 7.8 Proportion of population using an improved drinking water source", "(Percentage)", "1990 2008 \n\tTotal\tUrban\tRural Total\tUrban\tRural \n World 77 95 64 87 96 78\n Developing regions 72 93 60 84 94 76\n Northern Africa 86 94 78 92 95 87\n Sub-Saharan Africa 49 83 36 60 83 47\n Latin America and the Caribbean 85 95 63 93 97 80\n Eastern Asia 69 97 56 89 98 82\nEastern Asia excluding China\t96\t97\t93 98\t100\t91\n Southern Asia 75 91 69 87 95 83\n Southern Asia excluding India 82 95 77 85 93 80\n South-Eastern Asia 72 92 63 86 92 81\n Western Asia 85 96 70 90 96 78\n Oceania 51 92 38 50 92 37\nCaucasus and Central Asia\t88\t96\t80 88\t97\t80\nDeveloped regions\t98\t100\t96 99\t100\t97", "Indicator 7.9 Proportion of population using an improved sanitation facility", "(Percentage)", "1990 2008\n Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural", "World 54 77 36 61 76 45", "Developing regions 42 65 29 53 68 40", "Northern Africa 72 91 55 89 94 83", "Sub-Saharan Africa 28 43 21 31 44 24", "Latin America and the Caribbean 69 81 39 80 86 55", "Eastern Asia 43 53 39 56 61 53", "Eastern Asia excluding China 100 100 100 97 99 92", "Southern Asia 25 56 13 36 57 26", "Southern Asia excluding India 42 74 30 50 65 42", "South-Eastern Asia 46 69 36 69 79 60", "Western Asia 79 96 53 85 94 67", "Oceania 55 85 46 53 81 45", "Caucasus and Central Asia 91 96 86 95 96 95", "Developed regions 97 99 93 97 99 92", "Target 7.D By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum-dwellers", "Indicator 7.10 Proportion of urban population living in slums^(a)", "(Percentage)", "1990 2000 2010", "Developing regions 46.1 39.3 32.7", "Northern Africa 34.4 20.3 13.3", "Sub-Saharan Africa 70.0 65.0 61.7", "Latin America and the Caribbean 33.7 29.2 23.5", "Eastern Asia 43.7 37.4 28.2", "Southern Asia 57.2 45.8 35.0", "South-Eastern Asia 49.5 39.6 31.0", "Western Asia 22.5 20.6 24.6", "Oceania 24.1 24.1 24.1", "^(a) Represented by the urban population living in households with at least one of the following four characteristics: lack of access to improved drinking water; lack of access to improved sanitation; overcrowding (three or more persons per room); and dwellings made of non‑durable material. Half of pit latrines are considered improved sanitation. These new figures are not comparable with previously published estimates in which all households using pit latrines were considered slum households.", "Goal 8 Develop a global partnership for development", "Target 8.A Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non‑discriminatory trading and financial system", "Includes a commitment to good governance, development and poverty reduction — both nationally and internationally", "Target 8.B Address the special needs of the least developed countries", "Includes tariff- and quota-free access for least developed countries’ exports; enhanced programme of debt relief for heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) and cancellation of official bilateral debt; and more generous official development assistance (ODA) for countries committed to poverty reduction", "Target 8.C Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small island developing States (through the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States and the outcome of the twenty-second special session of the General Assembly)", "Target 8.D Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term", "Official development assistance", "Indicator 8.1 Net ODA, total and to the least developed countries, as a percentage of Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development/Development Assistance Committee (OECD/DAC) donors’ gross national income", "(a) Annual total assistance^(a)", "(Billions of United States dollars)", "1990 2002 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010^(b)", "All developing 52.8 58.6 104.8 104.2 122.0 119.8 128.7 countries", "Least developed 15.1 16.7 29.7 32.3 37.8 37.4 countries", "^(a) Includes non-ODA debt forgiveness but excluding forgiveness of debt for military purposes.", "^(b) Preliminary data.", "(b) Share of OECD/DAC donors’ gross national income", "(Percentage)", "1990 2002 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010^(a)", "All developing 0.32 0.23 0.30 0.27 0.30 0.31 0.32 countries", "Least developed 0.09 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.10 countries", "^(a) Preliminary data.", "Indicator 8.2 Proportion of total bilateral, sector-allocable ODA of OECD/DAC donors to basic social services (basic education, primary health care, nutrition, safe water and sanitation)", "1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009", "Percentage 10.1 14.0 15.7 15.9 19.9 21.0", "Billions of United States 3.1 3.5 5.8 8.2 12.4 16.7 dollars", "Indicator 8.3 Proportion of bilateral official development assistance of OECD/DAC donors that is untied^(a)", "1990 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009", "Percentage 67.6 91.1 91.4 88.3 83.9 86.6 84.4", "Billions of United States 16.3 30.1 49.0 62.2 60.3 80.5 71.1 dollars", "^(a) Excludes technical cooperation and administrative costs as well as ODA whose tying status is not reported. The percentage of bilateral ODA, excluding technical cooperation and administrative costs, with reported tying status was 99.6 in 2008.", "Indicator 8.4 ODA received in landlocked developing countries as a proportion of their gross national incomes", "1990 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009", "Percentage 10.3 8.1 7.0 6.2 5.6 5.3 4.6", "Billions of United States 7.0 12.1 15.0 16.6 18.9 22.6 25.0 dollars", "Indicator 8.5 ODA received in small island developing States as a proportion of their gross national incomes", "1990 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009", "Percentage 2.6 2.2 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.8", "Billions of United States 2.1 1.8 2.5 2.7 3.2 3.7 4.2 dollars", "Market access", "Indicator 8.6 Proportion of total developed country imports (by value and excluding arms) from developing countries and least developed countries, admitted free of duty", "(Percentage)", "1996 2000 2005 2007 2009", "(a) Excluding arms", "Developing countries^(a) 53 63 76 82 82", "of which, preferential^(b) 16 14 17 16 16", "Northern Africa 52 57 97 97 97", "Sub-Saharan Africa 78 80 93 96 97", "Latin America and the 66 75 93 94 94 Caribbean", "Eastern Asia 35 52 62 67 67", "Southern Asia 47 48 58 72 69", "South-Eastern Asia 59 75 77 80 79", "Western Asia 34 39 66 96 97", "Oceania 85 83 89 91 93", "Caucasus and Central Asia 91 84 94 94 98", "Least developed countries 68 75 83 89 89", "of which, preferential^(b) 29 42 28 27 29", "(b) Excluding arms and oil", "Developing countries^(a) 54 65 76 78 78", "of which, preferential^(b) 19 16 20 19 19", "Northern Africa 20 26 95 95 94", "Sub-Saharan Africa 88 83 91 93 95", "Latin America and the 73 81 93 93 93 Caribbean", "Eastern Asia 35 52 62 67 67", "Southern Asia 41 46 58 63 62", "South-Eastern Asia 60 76 77 79 79", "Western Asia 35 44 87 93 93", "Oceania 82 79 87 89 92", "Caucasus and Central Asia 90 69 84 82 90", "Least developed countries 78 70 80 80 80", "of which, preferential^(b) 35 35 49 52 53", "^(a) Includes least developed countries.", "^(b) The true preference margin is calculated by subtracting from the total duty-free access all products receiving duty-free treatment under the most-favoured-nation regime. The indicators are based on the best available treatment, including regional and preferential agreements.", "Indicator 8.7 Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on agricultural products and textiles and clothing from developing countries", "(Percentage)", "1996 2000 2005 2009", "(a) Excluding arms", "Developing countries 10.5 9.2 8.8 7.8", "Northern Africa 6.7 7.4 7.2 6.4", "Sub-Saharan Africa 7.4 6.2 6.2 4.5", "Latin America and the Caribbean 12.1 10.3 9.8 8.0", "Eastern Asia 9.3 9.5 10.8 10.7", "Southern Asia 5.4 5.4 4.5 5.5", "South-Eastern Asia 11.4 10.2 9.2 9.0", "Western Asia 8.2 7.5 5.0 5.3", "Oceania 11.5 9.5 8.8 8.4", "Caucasus and Central Asia 4.8 3.9 3.4 4.1", "Least developed countries 3.8 3.6 3.0 1.2", "(b) Textiles", "Developing countries 7.3 6.5 5.2 5.1", "Northern Africa 8.0 7.2 4.4 3.9", "Sub-Saharan Africa 3.9 3.4 2.9 2.9", "Latin America and the Caribbean 4.7 3.5 1.5 1.3", "Eastern Asia 7.3 6.7 5.8 5.8", "Southern Asia 7.1 6.5 6.1 5.8", "South-Eastern Asia 9.2 8.4 6.0 5.6", "Western Asia 9.2 8.2 4.6 4.5", "Oceania 5.9 5.3 4.9 4.9", "Caucasus and Central Asia 7.3 6.3 5.8 5.7", "Least developed countries 4.6 4.1 3.2 3.2", "(c) Clothing", "Developing countries 11.4 10.8 8.3 8.1", "Northern Africa 11.9 11.1 8.0 5.9", "Sub-Saharan Africa 8.5 7.9 1.6 1.6", "Latin America and the Caribbean 8.8 7.8 1.3 1.3", "Eastern Asia 12.0 11.5 11.0 11.1", "Southern Asia 10.2 9.6 8.6 8.6", "South-Eastern Asia 14.2 13.6 10.5 9.4", "Western Asia 12.6 11.8 8.5 8.3", "Oceania 8.8 8.3 8.4 8.8", "Caucasus and Central Asia 12.9 11.8 11.5 10.8", "Least developed countries 8.2 7.8 6.4 6.4", "Indicator 8.8 Agricultural support estimate for OECD countries as a percentage of their gross domestic product", "1990 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009^(a)", "Percentage 1.86 1.12 1.04 0.95 0.87 0.86 0.93", "Billions of United 327 340 369 358 362 379 384 States dollars", "^(a) Preliminary data.", "Indicator 8.9 Proportion of ODA provided to help build trade capacity^(a)", "2001 2003 2005 2007 2008 2009", "Trade policy and 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 regulations and trade-related adjustment^(b)", "Economic infrastructure 21.5 14.8 17.2 13.6 18.7 15.1", "Building productive 16.0 13.4 12.8 13.3 14.8 12.9 capacity", "Total aid for trade 38.5 29.0 30.7 27.7 34.4 28.9", "^(a) Aid-for-trade proxies as a percentage of bilateral sector-allocable ODA, World.", "^(b) Reporting of trade-related adjustment data started in 2007. Only Canada and the European Commission reported.", "Debt sustainability", "Indicator 8.10 Total number of countries that have reached their HIPC decision points and number that have reached their HIPC completion points (cumulative)", "2000^(a) 2011^(b)", "Reached completion point 1 32", "Reached decision point but not completion 21 4 point", "Yet to be considered for decision point 12 4", "Total eligible countries 34 40", "^(a) Includes only countries that are heavily indebted poor countries in 2011. Data for 2000 reflect status as of end of each year.", "^(b) As of March 2011.", "Indicator 8.11 Debt relief committed under HIPC and Multilateral Debt Relief initiatives^(a)", "(Billions of United States dollars, cumulative)", "2000 2011", "To countries that reached decision or 32 90 completion point", "^(a) Expressed in end-2009 net present value terms; commitment status as of March 2011.", "Indicator 8.12 Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services^(a)", "1990 2000 2008 2009", "Developing regions 18.7 12.5 3.4 3.6", "Northern Africa 39.8 15.3 6.1 6.9", "Sub-Saharan Africa 11.4 9.4 2.0 3.1", "Latin America and the 20.6 21.8 6.8 7.2 Caribbean", "Caribbean 16.8 8.0 11.4 14.6", "Latin America 20.7 22.2 6.7 7.1", "Eastern Asia 10.5 5.1 0.6 0.6", "Southern Asia 17.6 13.7 5.2 3.5", "Southern Asia excluding India 9.3 11.5 7.7 9.8", "South-Eastern Asia 16.7 6.5 3.0 4.0", "Western Asia 26.4 16.2 9.2 9.0", "Oceania 14.0 5.9 2.8 1.9", "Caucasus and Central Asia 0.62^(b) 8.4 0.6 1.0", "Least developed countries 16.8 11.4 2.9 5.6", "Landlocked developing 14.4 8.6 1.3 1.9 countries", "Small island developing 13.7 8.7 7.6 9.5 States", "^(a) Includes countries reporting to the World Bank Debtor Reporting System. Aggregates are based on available data, and for some years, might exclude countries that do not have data on exports of goods and services and net income from abroad.", "^(b) Data are for 1993.", "Target 8.E In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable, essential drugs in developing countries", "Indicator 8.13 Proportion of population with access to affordable essential drugs on a sustainable basis", "No global or regional data are available.", "Target 8.F In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications", "Indicator 8.14 Number of fixed telephone lines per 100 population", "1990 2000 2009", "World 9.8 15.9 17.5", "Developing regions 2.3 7.9 12.2", "Northern Africa 2.8 7.1 11.3", "Sub-Saharan Africa 1.0 1.4 1.5", "Latin America and the Caribbean 6.3 14.7 18.2", "Caribbean 7.0 11.2 10.7", "Latin America 6.2 15.0 18.8", "Eastern Asia 2.4 13.8 24.8", "Eastern Asia excluding China 24.8 42.8 43.9", "Southern Asia 0.7 3.2 4.3", "Southern Asia excluding India 1.0 3.4 7.1", "South-Eastern Asia 1.3 4.8 12.4", "Western Asia 8.6 16.5 15.3", "Oceania 3.3 5.2 5.4", "Caucasus and Central Asia 7.9 8.8 12.5", "Developed regions 37.0 49.2 41.5", "Least developed countries 0.3 0.5 1.0", "Landlocked developing countries 2.4 2.8 3.9", "Small island developing States 7.9 12.9 12.2", "Indicator 8.15 Cellular subscribers per 100 population", "1995 2000 2009", "World 1.6 12.1 68.4", "Developing regions 0.4 5.4 58.2", "Northern Africa <0.1 2.7 79.7", "Sub-Saharan Africa 0.1 1.7 37.3", "Latin America and the Caribbean 0.8 12.3 89.4", "Caribbean 1.2 7.4 54.2", "Latin America 0.8 12.6 92.1", "Eastern Asia 0.5 9.9 57.8", "Eastern Asia excluding China 3.4 49.9 86.8", "Southern Asia <0.1 0.4 44.7", "Southern Asia excluding India <0.1 0.5 46.7", "South-Eastern Asia 0.7 4.3 79.5", "Western Asia 0.6 12.7 87.0", "Oceania 0.2 2.4 25.2", "Caucasus and Central Asia <0.1 1.3 74.9", "Developed regions 6.4 39.8 114.3", "Least developed countries <0.1^(a) 0.3 26.2", "Landlocked developing countries <0.1 1.1 34.7", "Small island developing States 1.5 11.0 57.5", "^(a) 1996 data.", "Indicator 8.16 Internet users per 100 population", "1995 2000 2009", "World 0.8 6.6 26.5", "Developing regions 0.1 2.1 18.0", "Northern Africa <0.1 0.7 25.2", "Sub-Saharan Africa 0.1 0.5 8.9", "Latin America and the Caribbean 0.1 3.9 32.9", "Caribbean 0.1 2.9 22.3", "Latin America 0.1 4.0 33.7", "Eastern Asia 0.1 3.8 31.0", "Eastern Asia excluding China 1.1 28.7 57.9", "Southern Asia <0.1 0.5 5.6", "Southern Asia excluding India <0.1^(a) 0.3 6.6", "South-Eastern Asia 0.1 2.4 15.2", "Western Asia 0.1 3.2 27.0", "Oceania 0.1 1.8 6.4", "Caucasus and Central Asia <0.1 0.5 18.8", "Developed regions 3.2 25.1 64.9", "Least developed countries <0.1^(b) 0.1 2.7", "Landlocked developing countries <0.1^(a) 0.3 7.1", "Small island developing States 0.4 5.2 22.3", "^(a) 1996 data.", "^(b) 1998 data.", "Sources: United Nations Inter-Agency and Expert Group on Millennium Development Goals Indicators and Millennium Development Goal Indicators Database (http://mdgs.un.org).", "Notes: Except where indicated, regional groupings are based on United Nations geographical regions, with some modifications necessary to create, to the extent possible, homogeneous groups of countries for analysis and presentation. The regional composition adopted for 2011 reporting on Millennium Development Goal indicators is available at http://mdgs.un.org, under “Data”.", "Where shown, “Developed regions” comprises Europe (including Commonwealth of Independent States — Europe countries), Australia, Canada, Israel, Japan, New Zealand and the United States of America.", "Where shown, “Caucasus and Central Asia” comprises Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.", "160811", "*1143101*", "[]" ]

[ "联 合 国", "秘书长关于联合国工作的报告", "大 会", "正式记录 第六十六届会议 补编第1号", "大 会 正式记录 第六十六届会议 补编第1号", "[] 联合国 • 2011年，纽约", "秘书长关于联合国工作的报告", "A/66/1", "说明", "ISSN 0252-0028", "联合国文件都用英文大写字母附加数字编号。凡是提到这种编号，就是指联合国的某一个文件。", "[2011年7月26日]", "目录", "章次 页次\n1.导言 1\n2.兑现向最需要帮助的人作出的承诺 2\nA.发展 2\n1.千年发展目标和其他国际商定发展目标 2\n2.非洲的特殊需要 3\nB.和平与安全 4\n1.预防性外交和支持和平进程 4\n2.维持和平 6\n3.建设和平 7\nC.人道主义事务 7\nD.人权、法治、防止灭绝种族与保护责任以及民主和善治 8\n1.人权 8\n2.法治 9\n3.防止灭绝种族与保护责任 9\n4.民主和善治 10\n3.谋求全球公益 11\nA.气候变化 11\nB.全球卫生 12\nC.打击恐怖主义 12\nD.裁军和不扩散 13\n4.建设一个更强有力的联合国 15\nA.秘书处、政府间机制、全系统一致性以及区域组织 15\n1.秘书处 15\n2.政府间机制 15\n3.全系统一致性 16\n4.区域组织 16\nB.全球协作群体 17\n1.加强与民间社会的伙伴关系 17\n2.促进工商界参与 17\n5.结论 18 \n 附件 \n2011年千年发展目标、具体目标和指标：统计表 20", "第一章", "导言", "1. 2007年以来，世界发生巨变。我们看到，世界粮食、燃料和经济方面的各种冲击给全世界人民带来日益广泛、日益深重的影响。我们看到，在北非和中东，革命爆发，由基层人民发起的一场场民主运动再度风起云涌。我们看到，经济力量发生转变，非洲和亚洲一些国家崛起，成为带动全球增长的新引擎。我们经历了一场又一场巨型灾害，爆发率日趋频仍，给人们的生命、生计和发展带来巨大损失。我们还看到，一系列全球性挑战日益彰显，威胁着全世界人民的生活，威胁着地球的可持续性。", "2. 我们生活的时代是一个全球转变的时代。后人也许会这样评价这个时期：这是世界历史中一个关键时刻，在这一时刻，现状已无可挽回地削弱，一个新世界的轮廓开始浮现。", "3. 在整个这个时期，联合国千方百计作出努力，将最贫穷、最弱势群体的需求置于国际日程的中心，吸引了数十亿美元新投资，以加速千年发展目标的进展。联合国领导各种全球努力，应对最惨重的自然灾害，应对人为的复杂紧急状况，动员各种资源，向需要帮助的民众提供救生援助。联合国采取了各种重要步骤，转变政治景观，以赋予全世界妇女权能，并制定了体制改革，提倡政策变革，以解决在政治领域、工作场所和家庭内部的性别歧视。我们执行了各种复杂的维和任务，我们向会员国提供援助，帮助完成众多艰难的政治过渡和敏感选举。我们大力倡导人权和法治。我们毫不畏缩，直击我们这一代面临的各种关键的全球性挑战：应对气候变化和全球卫生问题；打破裁军、军备控制和不扩散方面的僵局；动员采取行动，打击恐怖主义。在这每一个领域中，我们都开展斡旋，为全球战略促成重要协议或承诺，并动员资源和能力，实施国际商定的行动计划。", "第二章", "兑现向最需要帮助的人作出的承诺", "4. 从经济危机、自然灾害、人为灾害以及内部冲突之中恢复的程度是不均衡的。世界众多人口受到这种不均衡的挑战。联合国工作人员正在全世界孜孜不倦地努力，帮助兑现向穷人和最弱势群体作出的承诺。", "A. 发展", "5. 由于全球经济复苏不均衡，不稳定，许多国家仍在挣扎。金融危机、粮食和能源价格高涨，变化无常，将对今后数年产生影响。亟需开始一个惠及所有人的可持续发展新时代。2012年6月将在里约热内卢举行的联合国可持续发展大会(里约＋20会议)为此提供了一个历史性的机会。在这次大会上，国际社会必须商定一个雄心勃勃又可操作的框架，对千年发展目标加以补充。", "1. 千年发展目标和其他国际商定发展目标", "6. 离商定的目标日期2015年还有四年，有几项重要的千年发展目标已胜利在望。预计在2015年，全球贫穷率将下降到15%以下，大大低于23%的指标。90%以上的世界人口将获得经改善的饮用水。甚至最贫穷的国家在增加小学入学率方面也已取得长足的进步。", "7. 全世界五岁以下儿童的死亡率从1990年的1 240万下降到2009年的810万，每天死亡的儿童减少了近12 000人。尽管许多国家显示出取得进展的可能性，但必须更加努力把最贫穷和最脆弱群体作为目标。", "8. 2009年，发展中世界约四分之一的儿童体重不足。孕产妇死亡仍然是需要关注的问题，尤其是在撒哈拉以南非洲和南亚。2004年至2009年，发展中世界的净入学率仅提高了2个百分点，从87%提高到89%，因此实现普及初等教育的希望黯淡。2009年，各发展中区域仍有一半人口缺乏经改良的卫生设施。", "9. 总体上说，各国内部富人与穷人、农村人口与城市人口之间正在出现持续和越来越大的不平等。这尤其影响到那些因地理位置、性别、年龄或冲突而处于不利地位的人。", "10. 在两种情况下为实现各项目标取得了最大进展：一种是采取了至关重要的卫生干预措施，例如疟疾防治措施、艾滋病/艾滋病毒的防治以及免疫的提供和推广运动；一种是把更多资金用于方案的扩大，直接为需要者提供服务和工具。如果需要进行结构调整和做出强有力的政治承诺以保障持续和可预测的资金，进展则少得多。在减少饥饿、降低孕产妇死亡率、增加获取教育和改良卫生设施的机会方面，这是人们看到的典型模式。", "11. 2010年，官方发展援助达到创纪录的1 287亿美元，但这个数字仍然低于联合国的目标，即到2015年，给发展中国家的援助占捐助国国民总收入的0.7%。经济合作与发展组织已经发出警告，鉴于全球经济放缓，双边援助在今后几年将减速。", "12. 秘书长在一个互动的网上跟踪系统的基础上，启动了向全球发展伙伴关系所有利益攸关方开放的综合执行框架。该框架将有助于提高透明度，检查各项认捐和承诺的一致性和明确程度，因而有助于加强问责。", "13. 在2010年大会关于千年发展目标的高级别全体会议上，各国承认面临挑战，但一致认为这些目标仍可实现，并呼吁推广成功的方法，加强集体行动。各国还商定需要开始向前看，考虑2015年以后的时期。在联合国系统内，秘书长已经启动了就2015年后发展框架提出想法的工作，以期在2012年提出具体建议。", "14. 正在提出重要举措，以应对全球和区域在实现千年发展目标方面面临的挑战。针对粮食价格高涨和变化不定的威胁，秘书长全球粮食安全危机高级别工作队提出了应对短期紧急情况的具体措施以及实现可持续粮食生产和营养的长期干预措施。", "15. 2011年5月在伊斯坦布尔举行了第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议，最不发达国家的需要和面临的具体挑战是会议关注的焦点。在该会议产生的《行动纲领》中，会员国承诺通过增强生产能力和减少最不发达国家对经济、自然和环境冲击的脆弱性，应对那些国家面对的结构性挑战。", "2. 非洲的特殊需要", "16. 在整个联合国系统工作中，非洲仍是关注的重点。非洲经历了稳固的经济增长。2009年国内总产值的增长为2.4%，2010年的平均增长加速到4.7%。但这掩盖了整个大陆巨大的增长差异。2011年粮食和能源价格暴涨对穷人尤其是毁灭性的。因此，该区域赤贫人口的绝对数字继续增加，失业率居高不下，武装冲突则加剧了贫穷程度，破坏入学情况，并引起性暴力和基于性别的暴力。", "17. 非洲的10亿人口中绝大多数是青年，他们越来越多被看作既是挑战，又是机会。非洲60%的人口是25岁以下的年轻人。鉴于青年人口暴增，因此必须更加重视为青年提供更好的教育、培训、技能和工作机会。", "18. 鉴于这些挑战，发展政策，尤其是实现千年发展目标和非洲联盟《非洲发展新伙伴关系》中规定目标的努力，就具有更深远的意义。大会关于千年发展目标的2010年高级别全体会议呼吁国际社会兑现对非洲的援助承诺。尽管向非洲提供的官方发展援助净付款从2004年的295亿美元增加到2010年的约460亿美元，但仍然要比捐助国在大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国格伦伊格尔举行的8国集团首脑会议上作出的承诺少180亿美元。", "19. 联合国系统继续改善对非洲国家发展工作的业务支持，正在推动执行《加强联合国-非洲联盟合作宣言：非洲联盟十年能力建设方案框架》。联合国系统与几个非洲国家政府结成伙伴关系，执行促进为可持续林业管理等领域发展筹资的项目，并促进和加强公民在治理和公共行政方面的参与。", "20. 一些非洲国家面对和平与安全方面的严峻挑战。秘书长与非洲联盟和非洲区域组织密切协商和协调，为解决这些问题花费了大量时间和精力。", "B. 和平与安全", "21. 在过去的一年中，联合国和国际社会努力应对撒哈拉以南非洲、北非和中东等地区的不稳定局势。当前的环境迫切需要联合国灵活善变，具备防患于未然、维持和平和建设和平的手段，以防止和解决暴力冲突。", "1. 预防性外交和支持和平进程", "22. 联合国的目标是，预判潜在的冲突，并积极主动地通过预防性外交和调解活动帮助化解冲突。", "23. 2011年，联合国格外重视预防与选举有关的暴力行为，通过斡旋、战略咨询和技术援助，在中非共和国、科摩罗、科特迪瓦、几内亚、海地、吉尔吉斯斯坦、尼日尔和坦桑尼亚联合共和国等国帮助会员国进行了可信和透明的选举。在全球范围内，联合国向约50个国家提供了选举援助，在此过程中一贯重视选举工作的公正性、可持续性和成本效益。", "24. 在2011年1月关于苏丹南方独立的全民投票中，联合国为确保这项工作和平、成功地进行发挥了重要作用。联合国与非洲联盟苏丹问题高级别执行小组密切合作，促使国际社会联手采取共同的做法，向全民投票提供了大量技术和后勤援助，并推动就全民投票后的安排进行谈判。秘书长派出了苏丹全民投票小组监测进展情况，并提供高层次斡旋。经过这些协调一致的努力，南苏丹于7月9日宣布独立，7月14日加入联合国。但剩下的挑战是巨大的，需要联合国系统继续参与。", "25. 针对中东和北非的人民起义，联合国鼓励各方遵守有关的国际法，特别是《世界人权宣言》。联合国突出强调，解决社会和经济不平等问题至关重要，同时表示愿意提供适当的援助，以促进和平的政治过渡。针对阿拉伯利比亚民众国问题，秘书长任命了一名特使，负责在实地与各方进行接触，以结束暴力，消除这场危机的人道主义后果，帮助寻求政治解决方案。一直在制订应急计划，以协助冲突各方谈判可能产生的政治进程。秘书长还向也门派出了若干联合国代表团，与所有利益攸关方进行接触，促成局势的和平解决。", "26. 在科特迪瓦，成功地建立了民选政府，这为即将在非洲举行的许多选举确定了基调。联合国通过设在布隆迪、中非共和国、几内亚比绍和塞拉利昂建设和平综合特派团的活动等，努力防止冲突复发。在肯尼亚，联合国继续支持审查进程，通过了制衡机制更加完善的宪法。", "27. 在索马里，联合国与过渡联邦机构密切合作，进一步执行过渡时期的任务，包括宪政建设。秘书长还鼓励国际社会通过威慑、安全、法治和发展打击索马里沿海的海盗。", "28. 在几内亚和尼日尔违宪更换政府后，联合国成功地做出了努力，帮助这两个国家恢复了宪政秩序。在吉尔吉斯斯坦，联合国帮助通过了新宪法，确立了可信的选举程序，建立了经过改组的合法政府。", "29. 在中东，联合国探索各种具体办法，鼓励恢复陷入僵局的巴以谈判，在消解以色列的合理安全关切的同时改善加沙平民的生活条件，并全面执行安全理事会第1701(2006)号决议。由于以色列为方便进出加沙地带采取了一些值得欢迎的措施，联合国得以展开多个重建和经济复苏项目。在以色列和黎巴嫩军队在蓝线发生武装冲突事件后，联合国帮助化解了紧张局势。在2010年5月31日船队事件发生后，秘书长与以色列和土耳其密切协商，成立了一个调查小组，以便就今后如何避免发生类似的事件提出建议。", "30. 在伊拉克，联合国伊拉克援助团努力推动民族和解和彼此可以接受的解决方案，以解决基尔库克和其他有争议地区的地位问题。联伊援助团推动与关键的利益攸关方进行谈判，特别是就财产归还、少数人的权利、被拘留者及使用语言和受教育的权利进行谈判，还与伊拉克和科威特进行接触，帮助解决它们之间存在的未决问题。", "31. 在尼泊尔，在联合国尼泊尔特派团撤离后，联合国继续支持尼泊尔的和平进程。在斯里兰卡，秘书长成立了一个专家咨询小组(该小组于4月12日提交了报告)，负责协助联合国和斯里兰卡采取切实措施，努力解决问责问题，以此作为实现民族和解和持久和平的一个关键步骤。", "32. 在缅甸，秘书长积极与所有利益攸关方保持接触，以促进民族和解、民主过渡和对人权的尊重。新政府承诺加强与联合国的合作，在此基础上可以进行更有效的接触。但是，要在该国实现真正的政治变革，仍有许多工作要做。", "33. 在其他地区，联合国支持努力和平解决边界争端，包括赤道几内亚和加蓬之间的争端。", "34. 关于西撒哈拉问题，联合国召集了多轮非正式谈判，成功地促使各方议定了新的谈判方式和一系列建立信任措施。", "35. 在塞浦路斯，联合国继续推动希族塞人和土族塞人领导人进行全面谈判，积极推进，以达成全面解决方案。", "36. 中美洲与有组织犯罪有关的暴力事件急剧上升。联合国支持的消除危地马拉国内有罪不罚现象国际委员会的积极经验已引起国际关注，联合国已收到萨尔瓦多和洪都拉斯提出的新的援助请求。", "2. 维持和平", "37. 军警人员的部署人数在2010年3月达到历史高位，此后，就部署规模而言，联合国维持和平行动进入了巩固期。截至2011年6月，联合国在四大洲的14个维和行动中共部署了12万多名军警和文职人员。", "38. 在东帝汶，联合国东帝汶综合特派团于2011年3月完成了将维持治安责任向该国有关当局的移交。在利比里亚，联合国利比里亚特派团与利比里亚政府一道巩固了在规划方面的进展，以便最终将安全职能移交给国内机构，并向2011年10月的选举筹备工作提供了支持。继7月9日南苏丹独立后，设立了一个新的维和行动——联合国南苏丹特派团，专门处理南苏丹问题。", "39. 促进对平民的保护仍然是7个维和行动的核心任务。尤其是在达尔富尔、刚果民主共和国、科特迪瓦和南苏丹，保护平民仍然是一个严峻的挑战。", "40. 维和人员通过向科特迪瓦、海地和苏丹有关国家当局提供举行选举和公民投票方面的技术和后勤支持，推动了这些国家的政治过渡。他们还帮助为举行自由和公正的投票创造必要的政治和安全条件。2010年1月举行的南苏丹自决公民投票的结果是赞成独立，结束了非洲时间最长的内战。北方和南方需要继续共同努力，以和平解决所有未决问题。在阿富汗、科特迪瓦和海地选举后发生的动荡掷地有声地提醒人们：在冲突后环境下的和平成果仍然是脆弱的。", "41. 在科特迪瓦，2010年11月28日的一轮总统选举之后爆发了严重的政治和军事危机，这对联合国保护平民和在危机四伏的情况下维持维和行动是一场考验，对国际社会坚定地执行重要的授权任务，尤其是与选举有关的任务的决心和团结能力，也是一场考验。秘书长与非洲联盟、西非国家经济共同体和世界各国领导人密切合作，在尊重科特迪瓦人民民主表达的意愿的前提下谋求和平解决选举后危机。同时，联合国科特迪瓦行动按照安全理事会的授权，使用一切必要手段进行自卫和捍卫其保护平民的任务，包括防止对平民使用重型武器等。", "42. 联合国维持和平行动向若干摆脱冲突的国家提供了持续的法治和安全机构支持。在这方面，联合国加强了其现有的常设警察能力。", "43. 过去一年来，联合国在制订必要的维持和平政策和实施改革方面取得了重大进展。所采取的举措包括制订早期建设和平战略，以指导由维和人员在冲突后情况下执行的安全理事会授权任务的优先和排序，作出全面努力，发展基线能力标准，加强资源生成过程，强化培训工作。在实施五年期全球外勤支助战略方面也取得了进展。在乌干达恩德培设立了区域服务中心，四项支助职能已全面运作。秘书长还向大会提交了新的关于维持和平行动第一年业务的标准化筹资模式。", "44. 在8个特派团中，秘书处与联合国机构、基金和方案合作，完成了综合战略框架，为联合国处理和平、安全和人道主义问题确定了全系统优先事项。", "45. 大会批准了新的外地特派团国际工作人员统一服务条件，这应有助于外地特派团吸引和留住合格的工作人员。", "3. 建设和平", "46. 建设和平委员会帮助协调相关行为者支持国家确定的优先事项，为这些优先事项调动资源，协助国家行为者一心一意地发展对于避免冲突复发至关重要的机构和能力。目前列入建设和平委员会议程的国家有6个：布隆迪、中非共和国、几内亚、几内亚比绍、利比里亚和塞拉利昂。几内亚和利比里亚是在过去9个月列入的。", "47. 为进一步支持建设和平工作，2011年2月发布了冲突后民事能力问题高级咨询小组的独立报告。报告提出了一系列建议，旨在提高联合国向摆脱冲突的国家提供民事能力的效率和效益。在进行内部审查并与会员国和其他利益攸关方进行协商之后，秘书长将努力落实那些最有可能帮助联合国开展实地工作的建议。", "48. 2010年，为建设和平提供催化资金的建设和平基金也保持了增长态势，加入的国家更多，与利益攸关方加强了伙伴关系，与建设和平委员会深化了合作。2010年，共向12个国家，其中包括新近达标的4个国家拨付了7 600万美元，与2009年的5 200万美元相比有所增加。建设和平基金的目标是在2011至2013年期间每年筹集、拨付和支出1亿美元。", "C. 人道主义事务", "49. 对于在30个国家开展工作向数千万民众发送援助的联合国人道主义系统而言，2010/11年是极为困难的一段时期。干旱、洪水和不断飞升的燃料价格导致国际粮价疾速上扬，影响了全球数以百万计贫穷和脆弱的民众。", "50. 在一系列范围广泛的自然灾害和复杂的紧急情况中，联合国被要求在通常是敌对的作业环境中并在人力及财力资源有限的情况下对国家当局予以支助。持续的季风降雨在巴基斯坦影响了多达2 000万民众，即将近10%的人口。继2010年1月经历了灾难性地震之后，海地民众又遭遇了一系列新的挫折，其中包括热带风暴、霍乱爆发和政治动荡。科特迪瓦有争议的总统选举后，武装冲突和族群暴力驱使多达20万难民越境逃避，仅阿比让一处就有50万人流离失所。在苏丹，数以万计的民众在南方独立之前逃离暴力。在非洲之角，由于十年来最严重的干旱，2011年有800多万民众处于粮食无保障的惨境。", "51. 阿拉伯利比亚民众国和也门的危机导致了大量平民伤亡，并使许多人在国内流离失所或成为难民。在阿拉伯利比亚民众国，超过63万人因战事而逃离，其中28万为第三国国民。他们重返家园加重了尼日尔、乍得和其他地方本已脆弱社区的负担。与此同时，日本面临着天灾和核灾的双重影响，即使对一个为紧急情况作好了准备的国家而言，这种局面也构成了一种巨大的挑战。", "52. 这些危机为联合国提供了经验教训，清楚显示了应当如何改进国际人道主义系统为人道主义需求进行准备和对其作出反应。在紧急救济协调员的领导下，包括非政府组织合作伙伴在内的机构间常设委员会负责人已开始制订一项新战略，重点改进人道主义领导和协调，确保部署足够人员和资金处理大规模紧急情况，尤其是在其关键的早期阶段，并改进对会员国和受影响民众两方面承担问责的制度。", "53. 捐助方对中央应急基金的支持有所增加。该基金是为迅速和公平提供资金而设计的一种手续费用低廉的创新型全球工具，其资金从2009年的4.09亿美元上升到了2010年的4.28亿美元，而且其付款总额在2011年5月超过20亿美元。有12个会员国成为首次捐助国，还有19个会员国大幅度增加了捐款。", "54. 联合国通过联合呼吁程序管理的捐款总额为70亿美元，与2009年相近。但是，这一数额在满足需求所需资金总额中所占百分比却从73%下降到了63%。", "55. 联合国正在依据对需求的更严格评估改进联合规划工作，通过更好地利用技术对进展情况进行实时监测，并在加强领导体制和改进问责制。", "56. 安全关切继续影响到人道主义行为体为受影响民众提供基本服务的能力。人道主义事务协调厅最近委托编写的研究报告《坚守援助，不弃不离》吁请会员国不要制订可能妨碍与非国家武装团体进行人道主义接触的立法和政策。", "57. 展望未来，本组织将致力于加强努力促进有效的减少灾害风险战略，以降低各社区和各国在自然灾害面前的风险和脆弱性。", "D. 人权、法治、防止灭绝种族与保护责任以及民主和善治", "58. 就人权、法治、民主和善治而言，这是极为非凡的一年；在出现了2011年“阿拉伯之春”的实地是如此，反映在总部的激烈辩论中也是如此。", "1. 人权", "59. 秘书长和人权事务高级专员不断大声疾呼，要求在所有情况下都要适用国际人权标准，并根据实地需要从速派出评估团，还协助人权理事会和其他人权机制开展参与处理紧迫局势的活动。", "60. 在过去的一年里，人权理事会接受了自身和大会的审查。普遍定期审议的第一个周期将在2011年底完成，这一事实被誉为该理事会的一大成就。对这一创新进程的真正考验将随着2012年年中开始的第二个周期到来，届时会员国预计将报告在执行第一个周期产生的建议方面所取得的进展。", "61. 人权理事会还扩大了议题覆盖面，承担了关于和平集会及结社的权利和关于在法律及在实践中歧视妇女的问题这两项新的专题任务，以及一项关于伊朗伊斯兰共和国问题的新的国别任务。", "62. 大会关于千年发展目标的高级别全体会议成果文件阐明了全球人权承诺，这是一项至关重要的成就。通过加强和平特派团和政治特派团的人权部门，人权主流化在和平与安全领域中也取得了一些里程碑式的重要成果。在科特迪瓦总统选举后的政治危机中，联合国坚定不移和坚持原则的声音及行动突出显示了保护平民、维护国际法和对严重侵犯人权者追究责任的极端重要性。", "2. 法治", "63. 在中东和北非，促进问责、透明和法治的呼声正以前所未有的速度推动着政府改革。联合国已准备好对要求提供本组织法治专长的更多请求作出回应。", "64. 在过去一年里，联合国更加重视机构间合作，促成了在刚果民主共和国、海地、东帝汶等国家联合拟订方案的工作，从而加强了法治干预措施。联合国通过包括国际刑事法院、人权理事会的各个国际调查委员会和国际特别法庭及混合法庭在内的一系列范围广泛的机制，对追究国际罪责的努力和过渡时期司法进程给予了支持。", "65. 在《罗马规约》第九届缔约国大会取得成功后，争取实现普遍性的努力已产生了积极成果。突尼斯在秘书长到访后，成为北非国家中第一个和阿拉伯国家联盟成员中第四个成为《罗马规约》缔约国的国家。埃及也宣布打算批准《罗马规约》和成为国际刑事法院的缔约国。", "66. 大会授权为大会第六十七届会议的开幕举办一次关于法治问题的高级别大型活动。这次活动应鼓励各方作出更大承诺，致力于国际协调，作为加强法治活动影响的一种手段。", "3. 防止灭绝种族与保护责任", "67. 人的保护是秘书长、大会、安全理事会和人权理事会的首要任务。", "68. 防止灭绝种族问题特别顾问和保护责任特别顾问正在协助大会继续审议这一概念。他们正在共同评估国家局势、发表声明并编写给秘书长及联合国系统的咨询说明。", "69. 其联合办公室加快了为政府官员、区域和次区域组织、民间社会和联合国工作人员开展的能力建设活动。议员、媒体、教育工作者和公共团体也更多地要求就特别顾问各自的任务规定提供信息和发表意见。", "4. 民主和善治", "70. 迫使埃及和突尼斯长期领导人下台的和平示威也对其他地方产生了民主改革压力。从一开始，秘书长除了积极施加压力推动在北非和中东尊重人权之外，还要求给予集会、言论和新闻自由。他呼吁立即停止使用暴力对付示威者，并敦促该区域领导人通过对话和改革回应人民的正当愿望。", "71. 为全世界当地非政府组织输送支助的联合国民主基金，在其第四轮供资行动中为64个项目拨款近1 500万美元。2010年，该基金收到项目提案几乎是往年的两倍，反映了民间社会组织对民主的要求空前高涨。由于阿拉伯世界和其他地方的事态发展，这种要求有望进一步升高。", "第三章", "谋求全球公益", "72. 当前的全球挑战性质复杂，传染力强，范围甚广。会员国都要求联合国协助它们解决诸如气候变化、疾病、恐怖主义、常规和非常规武器扩散等方面的挑战，从而为全球谋求公益。", "A. 气候变化", "73. 气候变化对全球和平与繁荣起支配作用。应对气候挑战需要持续的全球合作，还要加快国家行动，以减少排放，加强应对气候能力。如果耽搁行动，我们年年都要付出生命、金钱代价，丧失为所有人创建更安全、更绿色未来的机会，", "74. 2010年在诸多方面都有了进展，尤其是多边谈判进程增加了透明度、信任和信心。", "75. 在墨西哥坎昆举行的联合国气候变化会议取得了进展。各国政府在坎昆同意建立一个“绿色气候基金”；作出关于减缓气候变化影响的正式承诺；采取具体行动防止砍伐森林，这方面占全球碳排放量近五分之一；加强技术合作；并提高弱势人群抵御气候变化的能力。", "76. 同时又采取步骤，改进用来支持发展中国家弱势群体的300亿美元快速启动融资的报告和交付工作。秘书长气候变化筹资问题高级别咨询小组总结指出，到2020年，利用发达国家的公共和私人收入来源，支持发展中国家进行减缓和适应气候变化影响的工作，努力达到每年筹措 1 000亿美元的目标，的确具有挑战性，不过是做得到的。", "77. 坎昆向世界提供了一套重要工具。国际社会现在必须力行实践，加倍努力，按照科学，紧急采取必要行动。2010年，极端天气事件按预测的气候变化趋势一一出现，包括到处发生洪水泛滥、热浪频仍、大火和暴雨成灾，使巴基斯坦、俄罗斯联邦和中国西北无数人苦不堪言。", "78. 现在比以往任何时候都更为清楚明确的是，世界需要最准确、最客观和最透明的科学评估，以供决策参考。为此，秘书长和政府间气候变化专门委员会主席在2010年8月启动了对本组织工作流程和管理结构的独立审查，并呼吁会员国对审查结果采取行动。", "79. 秘书长还创建了全球可持续能力问题高级别小组，负责为能够抵御气候变化的可持续发展提供实用路线图，以解决消除贫穷、能源、粮食、水和其他方面的关键问题。小组的建议将于2012年初发布，将为里约+20会议提供重要的投入。", "B. 全球卫生", "80. 2010年9月，离实现千年发展目标还有仅仅五年的时间，秘书长出台了全球妇女和儿童健康战略。在这项战略中，各国政府、包括联合国的多边机构、民间社会、私人基金会、企业和学术界的领导人同表决心，妇女和儿童健康首次获得了如此高级别的承诺。他们作出了新的政策和提供服务的承诺，为这个战略认捐了400多亿美元。联合国所有192个会员国都重申支持这项战略，支持建立一个问责框架，确保资源交付，并取得成果。", "81. 全球艾滋病防治工作已获成效：感染在减少。然而，每3个人开始接受治疗，另外就有5个新的感染发生。2011年6月举行的大会艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题高级别会议发表了一项雄心勃勃的政治宣言，到2015年要实现一些具体目标，包括消除纵向传播，普及艾滋病毒的预防、治疗、护理和支援措施。", "82. 结核病是艾滋病毒感染者的最大杀手，治疗结核病-艾滋病毒的协同行动有了进展，可是大多数耐多药结核病患者却得不到治疗。", "83. 自2000年以来，疟疾负担已大幅下降。从2008年到2010年，由于资源增加，控制措施规模扩大，使43个国家的疟疾病例和死亡人数减少了50%。在撒哈拉以南非洲，已提供了足够的驱虫蚊帐，可保护76%高危人群。", "84. 全球消除脊灰炎倡议已取得破纪录的进展，与2009年相比，印度和尼日利亚减少了95%的病例。为了充分利用这一势头，并在未来两年消除脊灰炎，急切需要提供额外的财政和政治支持。", "85. 在降低麻疹死亡率方面也有显著的进步。2000年至2008年间，麻疹死亡人数下降了78%；五岁以下儿童死于所有原因的人数减少，其中四分之一就是这些被挽救的生命。", "86. 鉴于当前和预测的非传染性疾病负担及其对经济发展的影响，国际社会呼吁在2011年举行预防和控制非传染性疾病问题大会高级别会议。每年有3 600万人死于非传染性疾病，其中25%不到60岁，大多数居住在发展中国家。", "87. 展望未来，主要的挑战是要确保社会保护，确保公平地提供卫生服务，使人人可以享受改善了的保健成果。这一议程的一个重要内容将是重新重点应对环境卫生方面的挑战。获得环境卫生设施不仅可以增加健康，对人们的福祉和经济生产力也将发挥倍增效应。解决办法已经存在，只需贯彻执行。", "C. 打击恐怖主义", "88. 恐怖主义依然是国际和平与安全的重大威胁。秘书长的主要应对机制是反恐执行工作队，由联合国系统内外31个实体组成，负责推动执行联合国的全球反恐战略。反恐执行工作队努力加强与各会员国的互动，通过定期通报大会，举办", "区域讲习班，改善外部沟通，促使各方深入了解反恐战略。工作队编写了关于发生核武器或放射性武器恐怖袭击事件时如何协调应对的报告，关于打击为恐怖主义目的使用互联网的报告，以及关于截查人员的基本人权参考指南。工作队设立了一个边境管理工作组，负责指导如何执行该战略要求采取的与反恐有关的边境控制措施。工作队与欧洲联盟和联合国中亚预防性外交区域中心一起启动了一个项目，协助该地区的会员国在所有各支柱领域执行该战略。", "89. 虽然执行反恐战略的首要责任在于各会员国，但联合国系统将继续制定良好做法，加强伙伴合作，并“一体行动”，协助请求援助的国家，以支持该战略的贯彻执行。", "D. 裁军和不扩散", "90. 不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会圆满成功之后，缔约国即开始将它们在会议上作出的承诺化为有关核裁军、不扩散及和平利用核能的商定“行动”。", "91. 俄罗斯联邦和美利坚合众国签订的新的裁减战略武器条约生效，进一步限制了两国战略核武器的部署。各核武器国家已启动一个对话进程，以便有计划地作出努力，逐步实现彻底消除核武库。2012年举行建立中东无大规模毁灭性武器及其运载工具区会议的筹备工作正在进行。", "92. 各国和民间社会成员继续在探索实现一个无核武器世界的具体要求，包括签订一个普遍加入并可有效核查的核武器公约。2010年8月，秘书长首次以其官方身份出席日本广岛和平纪念仪式。秘书长向66年前广岛和长崎的幸存者和所有死难者致哀，强调现在时间已到，应当可以实现建立无核武器世界的梦想。", "93. 非常值得关注的是，日内瓦裁军谈判会议仍缺乏实质性进展。需要进一步努力，贯彻执行秘书长于2010年9月24日召开的关于振兴裁军谈判会议的工作和推进多边裁军谈判的高级别会议的各项建议。", "94. 在通过六方会谈以谈判方式和平实现朝鲜半岛无核化方面尚无进展。", "95. 伊朗伊斯兰共和国的核计划持续令人关切。", "96. 日本福岛第一核电厂的核事故展现出新的问题。鉴于危机产生了全球性影响，秘书长强调，国际组织可以发挥作用，并强调合力协调应对这种挑战的重要性。在2011年4月，在基辅关于核能的安全和创新使用首脑会议上，秘书长呼吁采取加强核安全的具体措施。在这方面，他启动了一个关于福岛核事故影响的联合国全系统研究。这项研究将作为秘书长的报告印发，以促进将于2011年9月22日举行关于核安全和核安保的高级别会议。", "97. 关于常规军备，秘书长认为签订武器贸易条约最为重要，各国必须继续朝此方向取得良好的进展。小武器和轻武器在冲突地区和犯罪地区积存过多，又容易获得，仍然令人深切关注。", "98. 在受到跨界贩运军火、武器库存安全无保障、武装冲突不断上升所影响的地区，秘书长重视联合国和区域组织之间的合作，重视民间社会组织的作用。他认为，《中部非洲管制小武器和轻武器及其弹药和可用于制造、维修或组装此类武器的零部件公约》获得通过，是这方面的重要贡献。", "99. 联合国将继续与会员国合作，以维护和振兴有效的裁军和不扩散准则。", "第四章", "建设一个更强有力的联合国", "A. 秘书处、政府间机制、全系统一致性以及区域组织", "100.　在全球经济苦苦挣扎继而全世界许多国家削减预算的情况下，联合国正不得不少花钱多办事。目前正在进行的关于改革政府间机构的各种举措，以及使联合国系统的工作更加协调一致的进程，将加强本组织在制定和实施全球议程方面的作用。", "1. 秘书处", "101.　书长启动了四个相辅相成的进程，旨在形成一个更有效益、效率更高的联合国。首先，他提出了一个预算，拟将联合国总预算减少3%以上。其次，他请联合国系统行政首长协调理事会同心协力，开展全系统的改革。第三，他动员所有高级管理人员献计献策，改变联合国开展工作和业务的方式。第四，他成立了一个变革管理小组来深化改革努力。", "102.　这些努力若能通盘实施，将在过去一年取得进展的基础上更进一步。过去一年为加强问责制、提高业绩和增加成果取得了一些进展，包括制订了一项实施成果管理制的框架，将于2011年下半年向会员国提出，还拟订了一项关于企业风险管理的政策，目前正在一些选定的部门试行。", "103.　秘书处在筹备实施国际公共部门会计准则方面取得了良好的进展，该项工作将引入国际公认的最佳做法，提高透明度，特别是方案费用方面的透明度，改善内部控制，并显著改进资产管理。在企业资源规划项目“团结”方面，鉴于项目实施过程中的延误所造成的挑战，必须再次加倍努力，确保落实整个秘书处日趋统一和简化的业务做法可能带来的收益。", "104.　秘书长希望联合国成为一个全球一体、适应性强、反应灵敏、工作灵活的组织，这一组织应有助于形成一种赋权和业绩文化，使工作人员能够学习和成长，而卓越的人力资源管理对于实现这一愿景至关重要。在这方面，我们取得了进展，最近对合同和服务条件进行了改革。我们将继续努力，改进征聘、职业发展以及工作人员在本组织中流动的方式。", "2. 政府间机制", "105.　在过去的一年里，大会讨论了全球发展议程以及其他方面的关键议题，包括就减少灾害风险、对最不发达国家生产能力的投资和融资、法治、全球移徙以及全球治理等主题举行了专题辩论。", "106.　会员国改革安全理事会的努力也产生了新的势头，特别是各代表团在政府间谈判的框架内提出了越来越实在、越来越具体的建议。", "107.　安全理事会在应对阿拉伯世界的动荡时，对阿拉伯利比亚民众国援引了保护责任。在其他方面，安理会的议程主要是在四大洲监督维和和政治特派任务，其中特别关注南苏丹独立的公民投票和科特迪瓦的执法行动。重点专题领域包括预防性外交、恐怖主义、冲突后建设和平、妇女与和平与安全，以及安全与发展的相互依存关系。安理会还努力确保全面公正地执行现有的各项制裁机制，包括由新设立的监察员积极参与，确保本组织的反恐努力符合人权规范。", "108.　经济及社会理事会以新的方式动员国际社会实现千年发展目标。其高级别会议加强了全球发展伙伴关系，改善了世界银行、国际货币基金组织、世界贸易组织及联合国贸易和发展会议等主要利益攸关机构之间的政策协调。年度部长级审查成功地推进了商定的教育议程。经社理事会还审查了联合国系统处理性别问题的办法，并提出了加快进度的建议。", "3. 全系统一致性", "109.　自大会2010年7月2日通过关于全系统一致性、具有里程碑意义的第64/ 289号决议以来，该决议的执行工作取得了显著进展。2011年1月1日，联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)开始投入运作。妇女署合并和利用了以前联合国系统专门处理性别问题的四个不同部门的重要工作，将资源和任务汇集到一起，争取产生更大的影响。将全部规范制定职责合并到一个实体中,并赋予该实体为各国执行这些规范和标准提供业务支持的手段，将可使联合国在全世界推动性别平等和增强妇女权能的努力得到大大加强。", "110.　改进联合国一体行动方式的努力也在继续。目前正在对试点国家的经验教训进行独立评价。自愿采用共同国家方案文件为消除各机构方案之间的重复和重叠提供了可能性。在这一年里，联合国系统行政首长协调理事会在执行《统一联合国系统业务做法行动计划》和采用协调一致的全系统办法实现更公正、更绿色和可持续的全球化方面取得了令人瞩目的进展。", "4. 区域组织", "111.　联合国继续努力加强同各区域组织的伙伴关系，例如共同部署、联合调解、调解能力建设、联合培训、交流最佳做法、对口对话和设立联络处。", "112.　联合国驻非洲联盟办事处的设立使得与这一组织的战略伙伴关系更加得到重视。联合国与南部非洲发展共同体在预防冲突、调解和选举方面的伙伴关系有了质的飞跃，签订了合作框架，并在哈博罗内部署了联络小组。在利伯维尔新设立的联合国中部非洲区域办事处已确保加强同中非国家经济共同体的协作，帮助增强该区域组织的预警和调解能力。", "113.　联合国在布鲁塞尔设立了一个伙伴关系联络处，进一步把同欧洲联盟及欧洲安全与合作组织在和平与安全领域的合作制度化。", "114.　东南亚国家联盟和联合国在第三次联合首脑会议期间再次强调了彼此之间的联系；秘书长有史以来第一次参加加勒比共同体第31届政府首脑会议，加强了同该组织的合作。", "B. 全球协作群体", "115.　民间社会、企业界和学术界为实现联合国各项目标特别是千年发展目标作出重要贡献。在过去一年，联合国采取步骤增加参与，从经验中学习，以便形成真正能促成根本性转变的伙伴关系，帮助应对迫切的挑战。", "1. 加强与民间社会的伙伴关系", "116.　本组织扩大和深化了与民间社会的互动，包括通过联合国学术影响力倡议开展互动，该倡议已有104个国家的650多个高等教育机构参加。", "117.　6 000多名致力于联合国经济、社会和环境发展议程的非政府组织代表参加了经济及社会理事会及其附属机构的会议，发出了基层组织和基层社区的声音。", "118.　联合国在全球各地的新闻中心与民间社会合作，运用近50种语文，开展各种高调的宣传活动，如与千年发展目标、气候变化和可持续发展有关的宣传活动，以及“站起来，采取行动消除贫困”和“联合起来制止暴力侵害妇女行为”。等活动联合国在北非和中东的几个新闻中心在整个区域发生动荡期间，为维持同各社群的公开对话发挥了有益的作用。", "2. 促进工商界参与", "119.　由30多个联合国实体的私营部门专家组成的一个高级网络正致力于帮助本组织形成能促成根本性转变的伙伴关系，应对全球和地方上的系统性挑战。", "120.　当前正按照联合国和企业界的合作准则，加强用于选择合作伙伴的尽职调查和筛选机制。一个新的联合国企业合作网站帮助促成了企业界的数十次参与，将企业资源与组织需求匹配在一起，并为涉及海地、日本、阿拉伯利比亚民众国和巴基斯坦危机的救灾工作提供支助。", "121.　企业界还通过联合国全球契约开展工作，全球契约是世界上最大的企业责任倡议，有超过135个国家的9 000个企业参与。全球契约关于增强妇女权能、反腐、气候和水问题的纲要正在将企业界的行动引入关键领域。联合国于2010年9月主办了第三届私营部门论坛，企业高管和各国政府确定了企业为消除千年发展目标差距而应采取的具体行动。通过在伊斯坦布尔举行的第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议“私营部门轨道”实现企业界成功融入，为围绕“里约+20”等联合国各次首脑会议开展更密切的合作提供了范例。", "第五章", "结论", "122.　展望未来五年，我们认识到，对联合国的需要从来没有如此强烈，而满足向我们提出的各种各样的需求并非易事。我们必须确保本组织服务于从最不发达国家到最发达国家的所有成员及其全体人民。我们的共同努力在很大程度上需要借助过去五年取得的成就。", "123.　实现可持续发展是当务之急。我们不仅要加倍努力，到2015年实现千年发展目标；而且还必须拟订远景规划，商定在2015年后促进发展的框架。我们将需要进一步拟订战略，通过行动计划，以应对“50-50-50”挑战。到2050年，世界人口将超过90亿——比十年前增加50%，而到那时，全世界必须将全球温室气体排放量减少50%，处理这一议程的至关重要的一环是打造一个可持续的全球能源战略。", "124.　在和平与安全领域，过去五年我们开始看到，得到加强的联合国预防能力在会员国用来帮助自己化解内部和跨界紧张局势时可以产生积极的影响。我们必须继续深化和扩大可向会员国提供的预防服务。", "125.　在过去五年中，我们看到，维持和平行动越来越复杂，我们不得不竭力将稀少的资源用于广泛的任务。最近两年，我们开始重新思考和调整支援各项任务的方式。我们正在创造性地思考如何才能提高我们的灵活性和更好地利用潜在的合作伙伴，来确保我们有必要的能力满足各种实地需求，无论是涉及维和特派任务、建设和平努力，还是涉及政治特派任务方面的需求。我们的下一个挑战是实施其他必要的变革，确保能继续向我们为之服务的人民提供和平与安全。", "126.　海地、巴基斯坦和日本为我们展示了未来灾害可能具有的形式和规模。我们已进入特大灾害时代，过去几年的情况表明，我们必须进行更好的准备和安排，以适当应对这些灾害。我们已开始采取措施调整业务方式，重塑我们的应对战略，并将更多的资源用于减少灾害风险。此外，为了增强能力，联合国已开始与企业界和民间社会建立新型伙伴关系，并正在尝试协调救援机构和使救援机构与灾民直接对口的新技术。如果我们要应对未来很可能会来临的人道主义挑战，就必须在未来五年加速开展这些努力。", "127.　过去一年发生的事件提醒大家，本组织为世界设定的规范性标准至关重要。我们支持中东和北非的民主呼声，敦促国际社会在科特迪瓦和阿拉伯利比亚民众国保护平民，制止对其权利的严重侵犯。我们看到这一宣传工作在支持那些在第一线为争取人权、法治和民主而斗争的人们方面可以产生重大积极影响，以及我们的保护责任。现在，我们必须超越宣传，帮助想要实现变革的政府和非政府行为者将这些规范和价值观念制度化。未来五年对于确定许多过渡将走向何方至关重要，因此，我们必须迅速提高自己的能力，以支持正在建立民主结构和进程的国家。", "128.　过去几十年的全球性挑战——气候变化、武器扩散、疾病和恐怖主义，不会消失。我们将需要继续加强和深化业已形成的国际协作。然而，我们还必须准备好迎接新的挑战，这些挑战我们将不得不共同面对，人口模式带来的挑战就是其中之一。", "129.　最后，为服务于外，我们必须真诚地审视于内，并与会员国一道，确保我们的组织结构、工作流程和工作人员实行最佳配置，以满足未来十年的挑战。我们已经启动了一项重大变革举措，将在未来五年使整个组织的效益和效率得到提高。", "130.　全球转变时期带来巨大的挑战，但也为推动人类进步带来了巨大的机遇。同心协力，任何挑战都不可怕。同心协力，一切均可实现。", "附件", "2011年千年发展目标、具体目标和指标：统计表", "目标1", "消灭极端贫穷和饥饿", "具体目标1.A", "在1990-2015年期间将每日收入低于1美元的人口比例减半", "指标1.1 每日靠低于1.25美元(购买力平价)维生的人口比例^(a、b)", "(百分比)", "1990 1999 2005", "发展中区域 45.5 36.1 26.9", "北非 4.5 4.4 2.6", "撒哈拉以南非洲 57.5 58.3 50.9", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 11.3 10.9 8.2", "加勒比 28.8 25.4 25.8", "拉丁美洲 10.5 10.2 7.4", "东亚 60.1 35.6 15.9", "南亚 49.5 42.2 38.6", "南亚，不含印度 44.6 35.3 30.7", "东南亚 39.2 35.3 18.9", "西亚 2.2 4.1 5.8", "大洋洲 － － －", "高加索和中亚 6.3 22.3 19.2", "最不发达国家 63.3 60.4 53.4", "内陆发展中国家 49.1 50.7 42.8", "小岛屿发展中国家 32.4 27.7 27.5", "^(a) 不包括世界银行定义的高收入经济体。", "^(b) 2011年3月世界银行估算。", "指标1.2 贫穷差距比^(a,b)", "(百分比)", "1990 1999 2005", "发展中区域 15.4 11.6 8.0", "北非 0.8 0.8 0.5", "撒哈拉以南非洲 26.3 25.8 20.7", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 3.9 3.8 2.8", "加勒比 13.4 12.7 12.8", "拉丁美洲 3.5 3.4 2.3", "东亚 20.7 11.1 4.0", "南亚 14.5 11.2 9.8", "南亚，不含印度 14.2 9.9 8.1", "东南亚 11.1 9.6 4.2", "西亚 0.6 1.0 1.5", "大洋洲 － － －", "高加索和中亚 2.1 7.5 5.4", "最不发达国家 27.5 24.7 19.9", "内陆发展中国家 21.9 20.2 15.5", "小岛屿发展中国家 14.4 12.3 11.9", "^(a) 贫穷差距比衡量贫穷程度,是生活于贫穷线(每日1.25美元(购买力平价))以下的人口比例乘以贫穷线与生活于贫穷线以下的人口的平均收入之差。", "^(b) 不包括世界银行定义的高收入经济体。", "指标1.3 最贫穷的五分之一人口在国民消费中所占份额", "无全球或区域数据。", "具体目标1.B", "使所有人包括妇女和青年人都享有充分的生产就业和体面工作", "指标1.4 受雇者人均国内总产值增长率", "(a) 受雇者人均国内总产值年增长率", "(百分比)", "2000 2010^(a)", "全世界 2.9 3.1", "发展中区域 3.9 5.2", "北非 2.5 2.7", "撒哈拉以南非洲 0.5 1.8", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 1.9 3.0", "东亚 6.9 8.5", "南亚 2.4 4.8", "东南亚 4.3 5.0", "西亚 7.6 3.0", "大洋洲 -6.0 3.7", "高加索和中亚 5.5 2.7", "发达区域 2.7 3.0", "最不发达国家 2.2 2.1", "内陆发展中国家 2.3 2.4", "小岛屿发展中国家 3.1 4.9", "^(a) 初步数据。", "(b) 受雇者人均国内总产值", "(2005年美元(购买力平价))", "2000 2010^(a)", "全世界 18 272 21 828", "发展中区域 8 163 12 211", "北非 16 528 18 994", "撒哈拉以南非洲 4 389 5 294", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 21 047 23 013", "东亚 6 058 13 431", "南亚 5 378 7 978", "东南亚 7 109 9 774", "西亚 33 722 39 743", "大洋洲 5 590 5 883", "高加索和中亚 7 062 12 527", "发达区域 56 565 64 345", "最不发达国家 2 174 3 053", "内陆发展中国家 3 398 4 905", "小岛屿发展中国家 21 611 25 938", "^(a) 初步数据。", "指标1.5 就业与人口比", "(a) 共计", "(百分比)", "1991 2000 2009 2010^(a)", "全世界 62.2 61.5 61.2 61.1", "发展中区域 64.3 63.2 62.7 62.7", "北非 43.4 43.1 45.8 45.9", "撒哈拉以南非洲 62.6 62.6 64.3 64.4", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 56.4 58.1 60.6 60.7", "东亚 74.4 73.9 70.3 70.2", "南亚 58.5 56.9 58.3 58.5", "东南亚 68.3 67.1 65.9 65.8", "西亚 48.0 45.3 43.6 43.5", "大洋洲 65.9 66.3 66.4 66.1", "高加索和中亚 57.4 54.9 59.1 59.8", "发达区域 56.6 55.8 55.4 54.8", "最不发达国家 70.2 68.5 69.1 69.1", "内陆发展中国家 67.4 67.1 69.5 69.7", "小岛屿发展中国家 55.2 56.7 57.9 57.7", "^(a) 初步数据。", "(b) 男子、妇女和青年，2009年^(a)", "(百分比)", "男子 妇女 青年", "全世界 72.9 49.2 44.3", "发展中区域 75.8 49.4 45.3", "北非 69.8 22.3 28.5", "撒哈拉以南非洲 74.1 54.9 47.4", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 74.6 47.5 44.3", "东亚 75.9 64.3 54.5", "南亚 78.5 37.4 42.7", "东南亚 77.5 54.5 44.2", "西亚 66.1 18.9 24.2", "大洋洲 70.2 62.0 50.7", "高加索和中亚 66.3 53.9 39.4", "发达区域 61.5 48.5 38.1", "最不发达国家 78.9 59.5 54.9", "内陆发展中国家 77.6 62.2 57.0", "小岛屿发展中国家 69.3 46.5 41.5", "^(a) 初步数据。", "指标1.6", "(a) 每日靠低于1.25美元(购买力平价)维持生计的受雇者比例", "(总人数，以百万计)", "1991 2000 2009^(aa)", "全世界 972.8 875.1 631.9", "发展中区域 970.9 871.4 631.7", "北非 2.5 2.2 1.3", "撒哈拉以南非洲 124.7 155.8 184.0", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 21.8 26.3 17.4", "东亚 444.4 286.2 73.0", "南亚 264.9 285.5 282.3", "东南亚 104.5 104.9 62.2", "西亚 3.1 3.1 4.2", "大洋洲 1.0 1.1 1.5", "高加索和中亚 4.0 6.3 5.9", "发达区域 1.9 3.7 0.2", "最不发达国家 151.0 184.7 206.2", "内陆发展中国家 61.9 73.8 77.8", "小岛屿发展中国家 3.2 4.1 5.4", "^(a) 初步数据。", "(b) 受雇者总人数百分比", "1991 2000 2009^(aa)", "全世界 43.0 33.9 20.7", "发展中区域 56.1 42.9 25.6", "北非 8.0 5.4 2.5", "撒哈拉以南非洲 68.5 67.9 59.1", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 13.4 13.0 6.9", "东亚 67.4 39.2 9.1", "南亚 60.7 54.5 41.9", "东南亚 53.5 45.2 22.4", "西亚 8.1 6.4 7.0", "大洋洲 51.2 44.6 44.6", "高加索和中亚 16.1 24.6 17.7", "发达区域 0.4 0.7 0.0", "最不发达国家 71.9 71.3 59.8", "内陆发展中国家 60.1 59.9 46.6", "小岛屿发展中国家 18.7 20.0 21.8", "^(a) 初步数据。", "指标1.7 自营就业者和家庭雇员在总就业人数中的比例", "(a) 两性", "(百分比)", "1991 1999 2008 2009", "全世界 55.5 53.5 50.2 50.1", "发展中区域 69.0 64.8 60.0 59.6", "北非 37.2 32.6 33.5 33.3", "撒哈拉以南非洲 81.0 80.0 75.0 75.6", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 34.9 36.1 31.8 32.2", "东亚 69.6 60.6 52.5 51.2", "南亚 81.3 79.8 77.5 77.2", "东南亚 69.4 66.1 62.3 61.6", "西亚 42.7 37.5 28.4 28.6", "大洋洲 75.1 76.6 78.4 78.1", "高加索和中亚 46.8 57.0 43.9 43.6", "发达区域 11.2 11.5 9.9 9.7", "最不发达国家 86.2 85.0 80.6 80.8", "内陆发展中国家 75.0 78.0 72.9 73.7", "小岛屿发展中国家 32.6 35.5 36.3 36.5", "(b) 男子", "(百分比)", "1991 1999 2008 2009\n 全世界 53.1 51.8 48.9 48.9", "发展中区域 64.7 61.4 57.2 56.9", "北非 33.2 30.0 28.5 29.1", "撒哈拉以南非洲 76.4 74.6 68.1 69.1", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 34.5 35.4 31.3 31.6", "东亚 63.8 56.1 49.2 48.1", "南亚 77.9 76.7 74.8 74.4", "东南亚 65.0 62.4 59.5 58.8", "西亚 35.7 32.0 25.4 25.4", "大洋洲 70.6 72.0 73.7 73.4", "高加索和中亚 49.7 56.5 42.9 42.9", "发达区域 11.3 12.0 10.8 10.7", "最不发达国家 83.2 81.0 75.6 76.1", "内陆发展中国家 72.2 74.4 68.7 69.8", "小岛屿发展中国家 32.3 36.1 37.4 37.6", "(c) 妇女", "(百分比)", "1991 1999 2008 2009", "全世界 59.2 56.1 52.1 51.8", "发展中区域 75.9 70.3 64.4 63.8", "北非 51.9 41.2 48.9 46.5", "撒哈拉以南非洲 87.6 87.4 84.2 84.2", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 35.8 37.3 32.6 33.2", "东亚 76.7 66.2 56.6 55.0", "南亚 89.8 87.6 83.8 83.4", "东南亚 75.5 71.2 66.2 65.4", "西亚 67.4 57.6 40.0 40.6", "大洋洲 81.0 82.0 83.8 83.5", "高加索和中亚 43.5 57.7 45.1 44.4", "发达区域 11.0 10.9 8.7 8.5", "最不发达国家 90.2 90.5 87.2 86.9", "内陆发展中国家 78.3 82.4 78.0 78.3", "小岛屿发展中国家 32.9 34.6 34.8 35.0", "具体目标1.C", "在1990至2015年期间将挨饿的人口比例减半", "指标1.8 5岁以下体重不足儿童的普遍程度^(a)", "(a) 合计", "(百分比)", "1990 2009^(a)", "发展中区域 30 23", "北非 10 6", "撒哈拉以南非洲 27 22", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 10 4", "东亚 15 6", "东亚，不含中国 11 5", "南亚 52 43", "南亚，不含印度 59 39", "东南亚 30 18", "西亚^(b) 11 7", "大洋洲 － －", "高加索和中亚 7 5", "^(a) 数据来自64个国家，涉及发展中区域73%5岁以下人口。体重不足儿童普遍程度根据世界卫生组织儿童成长标准估算得出。高加索和中亚1990年的数据不足，因此趋势分析的基线是1996年。", "^(b) 由于缺乏也门的数据，因此区域总数仅涉及该区域47%的人口。", "(b) 按性别，2003-2009年", "(百分比)", "男童 女童 男童与女童比例", "发展中区域 24 24 1.01", "北非 7 5 1.29", "撒哈拉以南非洲 24 21 1.14", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 4 4 1.12", "东亚 7 7 1.00", "东亚，不含中国 5 5 1.02", "南亚 41 42 0.97", "南亚，不含印度 37 39 0.96", "东南亚 － － －", "西亚 － － －", "大洋洲 21 15 1.44", "高加索和中亚 6 6 1.11", "(c) 按居住地，2003-2009年", "(百分比)", "农村 城市", "发展中区域 28 14", "北非 7 5", "撒哈拉以南非洲 25 15", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 7 3", "东亚 8 3", "东亚，不含中国 6 4", "南亚 45 33", "南亚，不含印度 41 31", "东南亚 － －", "西亚 － －", "大洋洲 20 12", "高加索和中亚 7 4", "(d) 按家庭财富，2003-2009年", "(百分比)", "最贫穷的五分之一人口 最富裕的五分之一人口", "发展中区域 38 15", "北非 8 4", "撒哈拉以南非洲 28 13", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 － －", "东亚 － －", "东亚，不含中国 7 3", "南亚 55 20", "南亚，不含印度 48 24", "东南亚 － －", "西亚 － －", "大洋洲 － －", "高加索和中亚 7 4", "指标1.9 食物能量摄入量低于最低标准的人口比例", "(百分比)", "1990-1992 1995-1997 2000-2002 2005-2007", "全世界 16 14 14 13", "发展中区域 20 18 16 16", "北非 <5 <5 <5 <5", "撒哈拉以南非洲 31 31 30 26", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 12 11 10 8", "加勒比 26 28 22 24", "拉丁美洲 11 10 9 7", "东亚 18 12 10 10", "东亚，不含中国 8 11 13 12", "南亚 21 19 20 21", "南亚，不含印度 26 26 23 23", "东南亚 24 18 17 14", "西亚 6 8 8 7", "大洋洲 － － － －", "高加索和中亚 16 13 17 9", "发达区域 <5 <5 <5 <5", "最不发达国家 40 41 36 32", "内陆发展中国家 34 34 30 26", "小岛屿发展中国家 24 25 21 21", "目标2", "普及初等教育", "具体目标2.A", "确保到2015年各地儿童不论男童女童都能完成初等教育全部课程", "指标2.1 初等教育净入学率^(a)", "(a) 合计", "1991 1999 2009", "全世界 82.7 83.9 89.7", "发展中区域 80.5 82.1 89.0", "北非 80.0 86.0 94.3", "撒哈拉以南非洲 53.5 57.9 76.2", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 85.7 93.5 95.0", "加勒比 67.6 78.0 76.1", "拉丁美洲 87.2 94.8 96.6", "东亚 97.4 95.1 95.6", "东亚，不含中国 97.2 95.9 97.5", "南亚 77.0 79.2 90.9", "南亚，不含印度 67.7 69.1 77.2", "东南亚 94.0 93.0 94.5", "西亚 82.0 83.1 88.3", "大洋洲 — － －", "高加索和中亚 — 94.3 92.7", "发达区域 96.3 97.1 95.8", "最不发达国家 52.2 57.8 79.6", "内陆发展中国家 55.5 63.8 81.2", "小岛屿发展中国家 70.4 78.9 76.0", "^(a) 每100名官方小学学龄儿童中的小学和中学入学人数，界定为属小学或中学入学的初等教育理论学龄的学生人数，以该年龄组总人口的百分比表示。入学率反映在数据年结束的学年的情况。", "(b) 按性别", "1991 2000 2009\n 男童 女童 男童 女童 男童 女童", "全世界 86.6 78.7 86.8 80.9 90.6 88.8", "发展中区域 85.0 75.9 85.4 78.7 90.0 87.9", "北非 86.7 73.0 89.2 82.6 96.0 92.4", "撒哈拉以南非洲 58.2 48.8 61.5 54.1 78.0 74.5", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 87.8 83.6 94.1 92.8 95.1 94.9", "加勒比 67.3 68.0 77.7 78.3 75.5 76.7", "拉丁美洲 89.5 84.9 95.5 94.1 96.7 96.4", "东亚 98.9 95.8 94.2 96.0 94.1 97.3", "东亚，不含中国 97.6 96.9 96.6 95.3 97.9 97.0", "南亚 84.7 68.7 86.3 71.6 92.6 89.1", "南亚，不含印度 74.2 60.9 74.4 63.6 79.8 74.6", "东南亚 95.7 92.3 94.2 91.9 95.0 93.9", "西亚 86.2 77.6 88.0 78.0 91.0 85.5", "大洋洲 — － － — － －", "高加索和中亚 — － 94.6 94.0 93.2 92.0", "发达区域 96.4 96.1 97.0 97.1 95.3 96.3", "最不发达国家 57.8 46.5 61.5 54.0 81.0 78.1", "内陆发展中国家 61.5 49.4 68.6 59.0 83.7 78.6", "小岛屿发展中国家 71.2 69.6 79.7 78.2 77.0 75.0", "指标2.2 从一年级读到小学最高年级的学生比例^(a,b)", "(a) 合计", "1991 2000 2009", "全世界 80.1 81.9 88.5", "发展中区域 77.2 79.6 87.3", "北非 72.2 81.1 91.7", "撒哈拉以南非洲 50.8 51.2 66.9", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 83.7 96.9 101.0", "加勒比 58.7 71.3 77.0", "拉丁美洲 85.4 98.8 102.8", "东亚 106.3 97.9 95.9", "东亚，不含中国 95.0 98.3 98.1", "南亚 64.4 69.3 86.0", "南亚，不含印度 55.2 62.3 65.3", "东南亚 85.7 92.3 100.1", "西亚 77.6 78.5 84.3", "大洋洲 60.8 63.6 61.6", "高加索和中亚 — 94.6 95.9", "发达区域 96.7 97.9 97.7", "最不发达国家 39.9 45.0 61.0", "内陆发展中国家 52.0 55.2 65.7", "小岛屿发展中国家 61.9 72.3 75.0", "^(a) 小学结业率反映在数据年结束的学年的情况。因为没有该项官方指标的区域平均数，所以表格仅显示小学最高年级总升级率，该项升级率相当于“初等教育最高年级新生总数不分年龄占最高年级理论学龄人口的百分比”。《2009年全球教育摘要：全球教育统计数字比较》，(加拿大蒙特利尔，联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)统计研究所，2009年)，附件B，第255页。", "^(b) 初等教育毕业率反映在数据年结束的学年的情况。", "(b) 按性别", "1991 2000 2009\n 男童 女童 男童 女童 男童 女童", "全世界 84.0 75.7 84.6 78.9 89.5 87.3", "发展中区域 81.9 72.0 82.7 76.2 88.4 86.1", "北非 79.9 64.1 84.2 77.9 93.0 90.3", "撒哈拉以南非洲 55.0 45.0 55.3 46.4 70.6 63.0", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 82.8 84.6 96.5 97.3 100.5 101.6", "加勒比 57.3 60.0 70.4 72.2 76.5 77.4", "拉丁美洲 84.5 86.3 98.5 99.2 102.2 103.3", "东亚 — － 97.9 97.8 94.2 97.8", "东亚，不含中国 95.2 94.9 98.6 98.0 98.4 97.8", "南亚 73.8 54.3 75.8 62.3 87.5 84.4", "南亚，不含印度 61.2 48.9 66.5 58.0 68.7 61.6", "东南亚 86.5 84.9 92.7 92.0 99.8 100.4", "西亚 83.3 71.7 83.7 73.1 88.0 80.4", "大洋洲 64.6 56.8 67.5 59.5 65.5 57.6", "高加索和中亚 — － 95.8 93.4 96.6 95.1", "发达区域 — － 97.8 97.7 98.1 97.0", "最不发达国家 44.9 33.4 48.7 40.5 64.1 57.8", "内陆发展中国家 56.5 47.4 60.5 49.7 69.2 62.0", "小岛屿发展中国家 61.8 62.0 72.5 72.0 75.8 74.2", "指标2.3 15至24岁男女人口识字率", "(a) 合计^(a)", "(有读写能力者百分比)", "1990 2000 2009", "全世界 83.2 87.1 89.3", "发展中区域 80.1 84.8 87.7", "北非 67.5 79.3 86.6", "撒哈拉以南非洲 65.3 68.7 72.0", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 91.7 96.1 97.0", "加勒比 86.8 — 89.5", "拉丁美洲 92.1 96.7 97.6", "东亚 94.6 98.9 99.4", "东亚，不含中国 99.4 — 99.6", "南亚 60.3 73.7 79.7", "南亚，不含印度 56.4 67.3 76.7", "东南亚 94.4 96.3 97.7", "西亚 87.4 91.7 93.2", "大洋洲 72.5 74.8 74.9", "高加索和中亚 99.8 99.8 99.9", "发达区域 99.6 99.6 99.6", "最不发达国家 55.6 65.3 70.2", "内陆发展中国家 62.1 68.4 71.7", "小岛屿发展中国家 84.9 86.9 87.6", "^(a) 本表所列区域平均数是采用所涉期间每个国家或领土最新实测数据点的加权平均数计算得出。缺乏数据的国家采用教科文组织统计研究所的估计数。", "(b) 按性别^(a)", "(有读写能力者百分比)", "1990 2000 2009\n 男子 妇女 男子 妇女 男子 妇女", "全世界 87.7 78.6 90.3 83.8 91.9 86.8", "发展中区域 85.5 74.5 88.6 80.9 90.7 84.8", "北非 77.2 57.3 85.2 73.3 90.1 83.0", "撒哈拉以南非洲 72.8 58.3 75.7 62.4 76.7 67.3", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 91.4 92.0 95.8 96.5 96.8 97.2", "加勒比 87.3 86.3 — — 89.6 89.4", "拉丁美洲 91.8 92.4 96.3 97.1 97.3 97.8", "东亚 97.1 91.9 99.2 98.6 99.5 99.3", "东亚，不含中国 99.3 99.5 — — 99.4 99.7", "南亚 71.6 48.3 81.1 65.6 85.9 73.8", "南亚，不含印度 66.9 45.9 73.9 60.8 80.5 72.6", "东南亚 95.4 93.5 96.6 96.1 97.8 97.5", "西亚 93.4 81.0 95.5 87.8 95.8 90.6", "大洋洲 77.5 67.4 76.9 72.5 73.3 76.5", "高加索和中亚 99.8 99.8 99.8 99.9 99.8 99.9", "发达区域 99.2 99.6 99.6 99.6 99.6 99.6", "最不发达国家 64.0 47.5 72.2 58.9 74.5 65.9", "内陆发展中国家 68.2 56.5 74.8 62.6 77.2 66.5", "小岛屿发展中国家 86.5 83.3 87.7 86.1 87.6 87.7", "^(a) 本表所列区域平均数是采用所涉期间每个国家或领土最新实测数据点的加权平均数计算得出的。缺乏数据的国家采用教科文组织统计研究所的估计数。", "目标3 促进男女平等并赋予妇女权力", "具体目标3.A 最好到2005年消除初等教育和中等教育中的两性差距，并至迟于2015年消除各级教育中的这种差距", "指标3.1 初等、中等和高等教育中的女生男生比", "(a) 初等教育^(a)", "1991 2000 2009", "全世界 0.89 0.92 0.96", "发展中区域 0.87 0.91 0.96", "北非 0.82 0.90 0.95", "撒哈拉以南非洲 0.83 0.85 0.92", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 0.98 0.97 0.97", "加勒比 0.99 0.98 0.96", "拉丁美洲 0.98 0.97 0.97", "东亚 0.92 1.01 1.04", "东亚，不含中国 1.00 0.98 0.98", "南亚 0.77 0.83 0.95", "南亚，不含印度 0.79 0.81 0.92", "东南亚 0.97 0.96 0.97", "西亚 0.86 0.86 0.92", "大洋洲 0.90 0.90 0.89", "高加索和中亚 0.99 0.99 0.98", "发达区域 0.99 1.00 1.00", "最不发达国家 0.80 0.83 0.93", "内陆发展中国家 0.83 0.82 0.92", "小岛屿发展中国家 0.96 0.96 0.94", "^(a) 采用总入学率。", "(b) 中等教育^(a)", "1991 2000 2009", "全世界 0.84 0.91 0.97", "发展中区域 0.78 0.88 0.96", "北非 0.79 0.93 0.98", "撒哈拉以南非洲 0.76 0.82 0.79", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 1.07 1.07 1.08", "加勒比 1.12 1.08 1.04", "拉丁美洲 1.07 1.07 1.08", "东亚 0.77 0.93 1.06", "东亚，不含中国 0.97 0.98 0.98", "南亚 0.61 0.75 0.89", "南亚，不含印度 0.63 0.85 0.92", "东南亚 0.90 0.95 1.03", "西亚 0.68 0.74 0.86", "大洋洲 0.83 0.89 0.88", "高加索和中亚 — 0.98 0.98", "发达区域 1.01 1.01 1.00", "最不发达国家 0.60 0.77 0.82", "内陆发展中国家 0.87 0.83 0.85", "小岛屿发展中国家 1.07 1.04 1.01", "^(a) 采用总入学率。", "(c) 高等教育^(a)", "1991 2000 2009", "全世界 0.91 0.98 1.08", "发展中区域 0.71 0.82 0.97", "北非 0.59 0.74 0.98", "撒哈拉以南非洲 0.53 0.67 0.63", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 0.98 1.17 1.26", "加勒比 1.35 1.38 1.61", "拉丁美洲 0.95 1.16 1.23", "东亚 0.53 0.67 1.03", "东亚，不含中国 0.54 0.63 0.77", "南亚 0.50 0.65 0.74", "南亚，不含印度 0.36 0.67 0.87", "东南亚 0.96 0.96 1.09", "西亚 0.64 0.78 0.87", "大洋洲 0.56 0.81 0.86", "高加索和中亚 — 0.91 1.07", "发达区域 1.10 1.20 1.30", "最不发达国家 0.38 0.59 0.58", "内陆发展中国家 0.82 0.81 0.87", "小岛屿发展中国家 1.24 1.31 1.50", "^(a) 采用总入学率。", "指标3.2 妇女在非农业部门的有薪就业比例", "(雇员百分比)", "1990 2000 2005 2009", "全世界 35.0 37.5 38.4 39.6", "发展中区域 28.8 31.7 32.6 33.8", "北非 19.0 18.8 18.6 18.8", "撒哈拉以南非洲 23.5 28.1 30.2 32.6", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 36.4 40.4 41.5 43.0", "东亚 38.1 39.7 40.9 41.7", "东亚，不含中国 40.1 42.3 44.0 44.8", "南亚 13.3 17.1 18.1 19.4", "南亚，不含印度 14.6 18.4 18.0 19.0", "东南亚 34.6 36.9 36.8 37.6", "西亚 14.9 16.8 17.5 18.7", "大洋洲 33.3 35.5 35.2 36.2", "高加索和中亚 43.8 44.2 45.3 45.2", "发达区域 44.3 46.2 47.1 48.3", "指标3.3 妇女在国家议会中所占席位比例^(a、b)", "(百分比)", "1990 2000 2005 2011^(b)", "全世界 12.8 13.7 15.9 19.3", "发展中区域 11.6 12.3 14.2 18.0", "北非 2.6 3.3 8.5 11.7", "撒哈拉以南非洲 9.6 12.6 14.2 19.6", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 11.9 15.2 19.0 23.0", "加勒比 22.1 20.6 26.0 31.3", "拉丁美洲 8.6 13.2 16.4 20.0", "东亚 20.2 19.9 19.4 19.5", "东亚，不含中国 17.8 14.6 17.2 14.5", "南亚 5.7 6.8 8.8 18.2", "南亚，不含印度 5.9 5.9 9.0 20.1", "东南亚 10.4 12.3 15.5 17.6", "西亚 4.5 4.2 3.9 9.4", "大洋洲 1.2 3.6 3.0 2.3", "高加索和中亚 — 7.0 9.9 16.1", "发达区域 16.1 16.3 19.8 22.5", "最不发达国家 8.7 9.9 13.0 19.9", "内陆发展中国家 14.2 7.8 13.4 22.9", "小岛屿发展中国家 15.2 14.0 17.9 21.2", "^(a) 仅计单院制或两院制议会的下院。", "^(b) 截至2011年1月31日。", "目标4 降低儿童死亡率", "具体目标4.A 在1990至2015年期间将5岁以下死亡率降低三分之二", "指标4.1 5岁以下死亡率^(a)", "1990 2000 2009", "全世界 89 77 60", "发展中区域 99 84 66", "北非 80 46 26", "撒哈拉以南非洲 180 160 129", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 52 33 23", "加勒比 76 58 48", "拉丁美洲 50 32 21", "东亚 45 36 19", "东亚，不含中国 28 29 17", "南亚 122 95 69", "南亚，不含印度 131 101 78", "东南亚 73 48 36", "西亚 68 45 32", "大洋洲 76 65 59", "高加索和中亚 78 62 37", "发达区域 15 10 7", "最不发达国家 178 146 121", "^(a) 每1 000名活产的5岁以下儿童死亡数。", "指标4.2 婴儿死亡率^(a)", "1990 2000 2009", "全世界 62 54 44", "发展中区域 68 59 48", "北非 61 38 24", "撒哈拉以南非洲 109 98 82", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 41 28 20", "加勒比 54 43 38", "拉丁美洲 41 26 18", "东亚 36 29 18", "东亚，不含中国 18 22 14", "南亚 87 70 55", "南亚，不含印度 95 76 61", "东南亚 50 36 29", "西亚 53 36 27", "大洋洲 56 49 46", "高加索和中亚 64 52 34", "发达区域 12 8 6", "最不发达国家 112 93 79", "^(a) 每1 000名活产的1岁以下儿童死亡数。", "指标4.3 接受麻疹免疫接种的1岁儿童比例^(a)", "(百分比)", "1990 2000 2009", "全世界 72 71 82", "发展中区域 71 69 80", "北非 85 93 94", "撒哈拉以南非洲 56 55 68", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 76 92 93", "东亚 98 84 94", "东亚，不含中国 95 87 95", "南亚 57 56 75", "南亚，不含印度 60 68 85", "东南亚 70 81 88", "西亚 77 84 82", "大洋洲 70 66 58", "高加索和中亚 — 93 92", "发达区域 81 92 94", "最不发达国家 54 60 77", "^(a) 至少接种一剂麻疹疫苗的12-23个月龄儿童。", "目标5 改善孕产妇保健", "具体目标5.A 在1990至2015年期间将孕产妇死亡率降低四分之三", "指标5.1 孕产妇死亡率^(a)", "1990 2000 2008", "全世界 400 340 260", "发展中区域 440 370 290", "北非 230 120 92", "撒哈拉以南非洲 870 790 640", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 140 110 85", "加勒比 320 230 170", "拉丁美洲 130 99 80", "东亚 110 63 41", "东亚，不含中国 110 110 110", "南亚 590 420 280", "南亚，不含印度 640 490 370", "东南亚 380 230 160", "西亚 140 98 70", "大洋洲 290 260 230", "高加索和中亚 70 69 54", "发达区域 26 17 17", "最不发达国家 900 750 590", "^(a) 每100 000名活产的孕产妇死亡人数。", "指标5.2 由熟练保健人员接生的比例", "(百分比)", "1990 2009", "全世界 59 68", "发展中区域 55 65", "北非 45 81", "撒哈拉以南非洲 42 46", "拉丁美洲和加勒比^(a) 70 88", "加勒比^(a) 67 69", "拉丁美洲^(a) 70 90", "东亚 94 99", "东亚，不含中国 97 99", "南亚 32 50", "南亚，不含印度 27 42", "东南亚 49 72", "西亚 62 78", "大洋洲 54 56", "高加索和中亚 93 97", "发达区域 99 99", "^(a) 仅包括在保健机构接生的人数。", "具体目标5.B 到2015年普遍享有生殖保健", "指标5.3 避孕率^(a)", "(百分比)", "1990 2000 2008", "全世界 55.4 61.5 62.9", "发展中区域 52.3 59.6 61.3", "北非 44.0 58.8 60.5", "撒哈拉以南非洲 13.4 20.1 21.7", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 62.0 71.2 72.9", "加勒比 53.7 59.9 61.8", "拉丁美洲 62.7 72.1 73.8", "东亚 77.7 85.7 84.2", "东亚，不含中国 73.9 76.6 76.2", "南亚 39.9 46.7 53.9", "南亚，不含印度 30.2 46.2 48.0", "东南亚 47.9 57.0 62.3", "西亚 44.4 50.6 55.2", "大洋洲 29.4 32.2 36.7", "高加索和中亚 54.3 59.7 55.6", "发达区域 68.8 71.1 72.2", "最不发达国家 17.7 28.1 31.4", "内陆发展中国家 24.5 30.7 33.7", "小岛屿发展中国家 49.7 53.9 55.4", "^(a) 范围为15至49岁已婚或同居妇女。", "指标5.4 青少年生育率^(a)", "1990 2000 2008", "全世界 59.8 51.5 50.5", "发展中区域 64.8 56.0 54.4", "北非 43.0 33.3 29.9", "撒哈拉以南非洲 124.1 122.9 122.0", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 91.1 87.6 80.7", "加勒比 80.9 77.1 68.5", "拉丁美洲 91.9 88.4 81.6", "东亚 15.3 5.8 6.0", "东亚，不含中国 4.0 3.1 2.5", "南亚 89.3 59.4 52.6", "南亚，不含印度 121.0 77.4 69.0", "东南亚 53.5 40.3 44.1", "西亚 63.8 52.7 52.3", "大洋洲 82.8 63.3 61.2", "高加索和中亚 44.7 28.2 29.3", "发达区域 33.9 25.5 24.0", "最不发达国家 133.4 121.2 121.9", "内陆发展中国家 105.8 106.6 107.1", "小岛屿发展中国家 77.1 71.7 63.9", "^(a) 每1 000名15-19岁妇女生育数。", "指标5.5 产前护理覆盖率(至少一次和至少四次接受产前检查)", "(a) 至少一次产前检查^(a)", "(百分比)", "1990 2009", "全世界 64 81", "发展中区域 64 81", "北非 51 79", "撒哈拉以南非洲 68 78", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 78 95", "加勒比 89 93", "拉丁美洲 77 95", "东亚 70 91", "南亚 51 70", "南亚，不含印度 22 58", "东南亚 72 92", "西亚 62 84", "大洋洲 77 79", "高加索和中亚 90 96", "^(a) 怀孕期间至少一次由熟练保健人员提供产前护理的15-49岁妇女比例。", "(b) 至少四次产前检查^(a)", "(百分比)", "1990 2009", "全世界 35 51", "发展中区域 35 51", "北非 20 57", "撒哈拉以南非洲 44 43", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 69 84", "加勒比 59 72", "拉丁美洲 70 85", "南亚 23 44", "南亚，不含印度 10 26", "东南亚 46 69", "西亚 32 54", "^(a) 怀孕期间至少四次由(熟练或非熟练)保健人员提供产前护理的15-49岁妇女比例。", "指标5.6 未得到满足的计划生育需要^(a)", "(百分比)", "1990 2000 2008", "全世界 13.8 11.5 11.1", "发展中区域 14.3 11.7 11.3", "北非 19.4 11.2 9.6", "撒哈拉以南非洲 26.2 24.1 24.8", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 15.8 10.3 9.9", "加勒比 19.5 20.4 20.2", "拉丁美洲 15.6 9.7 9.3", "东亚 3.3 2.4 2.3", "南亚 20.3 17.2 14.7", "南亚，不含印度 23.6 23.3 20.6", "东南亚 15.5 10.9 10.9", "西亚 15.7 13.7 12.3", "高加索和中亚 14.4 12.4 12.5", "最不发达国家 25.4 23.9 24.0", "内陆发展中国家 24.3 24.1 23.8", "^(a) 范围为已婚或同居育龄妇女(年龄为15-49岁)。", "目标6", "防治艾滋病毒/艾滋病、疟疾和其他疾病", "具体目标6.A 到2015年遏制并开始扭转艾滋病毒/艾滋病的蔓延", "指标6.1", "(a) 艾滋病毒发生率^(a)", "1990 2009", "全世界 0.08 0.06", "发展中区域 0.09 0.08", "北非 0.01 0.01", "撒哈拉以南非洲 0.57 0.40", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 0.04 0.04", "加勒比 0.09 0.08", "拉丁美洲 0.04 0.03", "东亚 0.01 0.01", "南亚 0.04 0.02", "东南亚(包括大洋洲) 0.04 0.04", "西亚 ＜0.01 ＜0.01", "高加索和中亚 0.01 0.03", "发达区域 0.05 0.03", "^(a) 制定千年宣言指标时采用“15至24岁人口的艾滋病毒感染率”作为发生率的代用指标。但现已得到所有区域60个国家15至49岁人口的估计发生率。因此，此处将15至49岁人口艾滋病毒发生率数据和艾滋病毒感染率数据一并编列。", "(b) 15至24岁人口的艾滋病毒感染率", "(百分比)", "1990 2001 2009 \n\t估计成人(15至49岁)艾滋病毒感染率\t感染艾滋病毒的成人(15岁以上)妇女\t估计成人(15至49岁)艾滋病毒感染率 感染艾滋病毒的成年(15岁以上)妇女\t估计成人(15至49岁)艾滋病毒感染率 感染艾滋病毒的成年(15岁以上)妇女 \n全世界\t0.3\t44\t0.8 51\t0.8 52\n发展中区域\t0.3\t49\t0.9 53\t0.9 54\n北非\t＜0.1\t29\t＜0.1 30\t0.1 30\n撒哈拉以南非洲\t2.1\t56\t5.5 59\t4.7 60\n拉丁美洲和加勒比\t0.3\t28\t0.5 35\t0.5 37\n加勒比\t0.6\t48\t1.1 54\t1 53\n拉丁美洲\t0.3\t25\t0.4 32\t0.4 35\n东亚\t＜0.1\t25\t＜0.1 28\t0.1 29\n东亚，不含中国\t＜0.1\t29\t＜0.1 30\t＜0.1 31\n南亚\t＜0.1\t28\t0.3 35\t0.3 37\n南亚，不含印度\t＜0.1\t27\t0.1 30\t0.1 30\n东南亚(包括大洋洲)\t0.2\t16\t0.4 34\t0.4 34\n西亚\t＜0.1\t30\t＜0.1 30\t＜0.1 30\n大洋洲\t＜0.1\t54\t0.4 57\t0.8 57\n高加索和中亚\t＜0.1\t32\t＜0.1 37\t0.1 37\n发达区域\t0.2\t18\t0.3 31\t0.4 35\n最不发达国家\t1.4\t55\t2.2 58\t2 58\n内陆发展中国家\t2.4\t57\t3.9 58\t3 58\n小岛屿发展中国家\t0.4\t48\t0.8 52\t0.8 51", "指标6.2 最近一次高风险性交时的保险套使用率，^(a) 2005-2010年^(b)", "妇女 男子", "调查覆盖 最近一次高风险性 调查覆盖 最近一次高风险性交时使用保险套 国家数目 交时使用保险套 国家数目 百分比 百分比", "撒哈拉以南非洲 34 34 27 48", "加勒比 3 37 2 56", "南亚 1 22 2 38", "大洋洲 3 34 4 48", "^(a) 据报过去12个月内与非固定(婚外和非同居)伙伴性交时使用保险套的15至24岁男女青年占过去12个月内有此类性伙伴的该年龄组男女青年的百分比。", "^(b) 数据为所指期间有资料的最近一年的数据。", "指标6.3 对艾滋病毒/艾滋病具有全面正确认识的15至24岁人口比例,^(a) 2005-2010年^(b)", "妇女 男子", "调查覆盖国家 具有全面认识的 调查覆盖国家 具有全面认识的 数目 人口百分比 数目 人口百分比", "全世界^(c) 91 21 — —", "发展中区域^(c) 82 20 — —", "北非 2 7 1 18", "撒哈拉以南非洲 37 26 28 33", "加勒比 5 43 2 37", "南亚 5 17 2 36", "南亚，不含印度 4 10 — —", "东南亚 6 24 — —", "高加索和中亚 8 20 — —", "^(a) 能正确指出预防艾滋病毒性传播的两种主要途径(使用保险套和只与一名未受感染的忠实伴侣性交)、不认同当地两种常见错误观念并知道表面健康的人也可能传播艾滋病毒的15至24岁男女青年百分比。", "^(b) 数据为所指期间有资料的最近一年的数据。", "^(c) 不含中国。", "指标6.4 10至14岁孤儿入学率与非孤儿入学率之比,^(a) 2005-2010年^(b)", "有数据可用的国家数目 入学率比例", "发展中区域 44 0.81", "撒哈拉以南非洲 33 0.92", "加勒比 2 0.82", "南亚 2 0.73", "^(a) 亲生父母均已死亡的10-14岁儿童现入学率与父母均健在且目前至少与生父或生母同住的10-14岁儿童现入学率之比。", "^(b) 数据为所指期间有资料的最近一年的数据。", "具体目标6.B 到2010年年底向所有需要者普遍提供艾滋病毒/艾滋病治疗", "指标6.5 可获得抗逆转录病毒药物的艾滋病毒重度感染者所占比例^(a)，^(b)", "(百分比)", "2004 2006 2008 2009", "全世界^(b) 6 15 28 36", "发展中区域 6 16 29 37", "北非 10 21 29 25", "撒哈拉以南非洲 3 14 28 37", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 34 41 48 50", "加勒比 5 14 30 38", "拉丁美洲 39 44 49 51", "东亚 6 16 19 23", "东亚，不含中国 ＜1 ＜1 ＜1 ＜1", "南亚 2 7 18 24", "南亚，不含印度 1 2 4 6", "东南亚和大洋洲 12 24 39 46", "西亚 44 38 52 57", "高加索和中亚 2 12 22 26", "最不发达国家 4 14 30 39", "内陆发展中国家 5 17 35 47", "小岛屿发展中国家 5 15 31 40", "^(a) 向CD4计数少于350的感染者提供抗逆转录病毒治疗。", "^(b) 仅包括世界银行定义的低收入和中等收入经济体。", "具体目标6.C 到2015年遏制并开始扭转疟疾和其他主要疾病的发生率", "指标6.6 疟疾发生率和死亡率", "(a) 发生率^(a)", "全世界 69", "北非 0", "撒哈拉以南非洲 248", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 7", "加勒比 14", "拉丁美洲 6", "东亚 0", "东亚，不含中国 15", "南亚 20", "南亚，不含印度 12", "东南亚 32", "西亚 20", "大洋洲 225", "高加索和中亚 0", "最不发达国家 173", "内陆发展中国家 148", "小岛屿发展中国家 98", "^(a) 疟疾流行国家2009年每1 000人新病例数。", "(b) 死亡率^(a)", "所有年龄 五岁以下儿童", "全世界 24 182", "北非 0 0", "撒哈拉以南非洲 96 519", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 1 3", "加勒比 4 11", "拉丁美洲 ＜0.5 1", "东亚 ＜0.5 ＜0.5", "东亚，不含中国 0 0", "南亚 2 8", "南亚，不含印度 1 5", "东南亚 6 18", "西亚 6 15", "大洋洲 55 163", "高加索和中亚 ＜0.5 ＜0.5", "最不发达国家 70 384", "内陆发展中国家 67 351", "小岛屿发展中国家 30 146", "^(a) 疟疾流行国家2009年每100 000人死亡人数。", "指标6.7 在经过杀虫药处理的蚊帐内睡觉的5岁以下儿童比例，2008-2010年", "(a) 合计", "(百分比）", "撒哈拉以南非洲(24个国家) 31^(a)", "^(a) 撒哈拉以南非洲部分国家(24个)的趋势数据显示，使用经过杀虫药处理的蚊帐的儿童从2000年的2%增至2010年的31%。计算中含截至2011年4月30日的数据。", "(b) 按性别", "(百分比)", "男童 女童", "撒哈拉以南非洲(21个国家) 27 27", "(c) 按居住地", "(百分比)", "城市 农村", "撒哈拉以南非洲(23个国家) 28 33", "指标6.8 发烧时获得适当治疟药品治疗的5岁以下儿童比例，2008-2010年", "(a) 合计", "(百分比)", "撒哈拉以南非洲(34个国家) 36", "(b) 按居住地", "(百分比)", "城市 农村", "南亚(3个国家) 41 36", "指标6.9 结核病发生率、流行率及死亡率", "(a) 发生率", "(每100 000人新病例数(包括艾滋病毒感染者))^(a)", "1990 2000 2009", "全世界 128 (114:144) 136 (129:144) 137 (131:145)", "发展中区域 155 (135:174) 163 (153:172) 164 (155:173)", "北非 58 (47:69) 48 (43:52) 42 (39:46)", "撒哈拉以南非洲 176 (159:194) 316 (300:333) 345 (326:363)", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 88 (73:103) 61 (56:66) 44 (41:48)", "加勒比 95 (67:122) 91 (78:104) 79 (67:90)", "拉丁美洲 87 (71:103) 59 (54:64) 42 (39:45)", "东亚 136 (105:167) 109 (90:128) 100 (88:112)", "南亚 172 (117:227) 172 (148:197) 173 (149:196)", "东南亚 238 (191:284) 226 (205:247) 217 (197:237)", "西亚 59 (48:70) 49 (44:54) 33 (30:36)", "大洋洲 202 (131:273) 194 (161:226) 190 (162:219)", "高加索和中亚 116 (92:141) 135 (123:146) 134 (123:146)", "发达区域 39 (33:46) 36 (33:39) 27 (25:29)", "最不发达国家 212 (183:240) 272 (258:287) 275 (261:289)", "内陆发展中国家 167 (148:187) 270 (254:287) 270 (253:287)", "小岛屿发展中国家 108 (86:129) 104 (94:114) 104 (95:113)", "^(a) 括号中为下界和上界。", "(b) 流行率", "(每100 000人现有病例数(包括艾滋病毒感染者))^(a)", "1990 2000 2009", "全世界 253 (200:318) 231 (194:275) 201 (169:239)", "发展中区域 310 (233:387) 280 (229:331) 241 (198:284)", "北非 98 (56:139) 65 (40:89) 54 (34:74)", "撒哈拉以南非洲 287 (231:344) 456 (377:534) 479 (397:560)", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 148 (99:198) 90 (67:114) 58 (43:72)", "加勒比 176 (90:263) 139 (81:198) 111 (61:162)", "拉丁美洲 146 (93:199) 86 (62:111) 54 (38:69)", "东亚 284 (122:446) 218 (101:334) 141 (63:220)", "南亚 359 (167:551) 294 (177:410) 267 (154:380)", "东南亚 524 (369:679) 465 (349:580) 344 (259:429)", "西亚 94 (57:131) 74 (50:98) 51 (35:67)", "大洋洲 416 (163:669) 250 (103:396) 258 (107:408)", "高加索和中亚 224 (139:308) 207 (144:269) 208 (147:269)", "发达区域 66 (42:89) 49 (33:64) 34 (23:45)", "最不发达国家 397 (291:502) 460 (378:543) 431 (358:503)", "内陆发展中国家 252 (202:302) 372 (300:445) 385 (305:464)", "小岛屿发展中国家 202 (131:272) 152 (107:198) 146 (104:187)", "^(a) 括号中为下界和上界。", "(c) 死亡率", "(每100 000人死亡人数(不含艾滋病毒感染者))^(a)", "1990 2000 2009", "全世界 30 (25:36) 26 (24:29) 20 (17:22)", "发展中区域 37 (30:44) 32 (29:35) 23 (21:26)", "北非 6.6 (3.3:9.9) 3 (2.1:4) 2.4 (1.7:3.2)", "撒哈拉以南非洲 32 (27:38) 54 (50:59) 53 (48:58)", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 13 (8.8:17) 6 (5.3:6.8) 3.3 (2.7:4)", "加勒比 21 (12:29) 15 (11:19) 11 (7.3:14)", "拉丁美洲 12 (7.9:16) 5.3 (4.6:6.1) 2.8 (2.1:3.4)", "东亚 37 (26:48) 28 (21:34) 12 (7.2:16)", "南亚 47 (28:66) 33 (25:41) 26 (18:34)", "东南亚 52 (39:66) 51 (45:58) 31 (25:37)", "西亚 8.2 (4.8:12) 6.2 (4.6:7.7) 4.7 (3.6:5.8)", "大洋洲 53 (28:77) 17 (7.8:25) 20 (10:29)", "高加索和中亚 23 (16:30) 22 (20:23) 20 (17:23)", "发达区域 7.5 (4.7:10) 4.8 (4.5:5.1) 3.7 (2.8:4.6)", "最不发达国家 49 (40:59) 57 (52:62) 48 (44:53)", "内陆发展中国家 25 (21:30) 41 (37:46) 42 (37:47)", "小岛屿发展中国家 24 (17:31) 15 (12:18) 13 (10:16)", "^(a) 括号中为下界和上界。", "指标6.10", "在短期直接观察治疗中查出并治愈的结核病例的比例", "(a) 短期直接观察治疗中查出的新病例", "(短期直接观察治疗涂阳病例诊断率,百分比)^(a)", "1990 2000 2009", "全世界 55 (49:62) 45 (43:48) 62 (59:65)", "发展中区域 55 (49:63) 43 (41:46) 61 (58:64)", "北非 63 (53:78) 90 (82:98) 89 (82:98)", "撒哈拉以南非洲 45 (41:50) 38 (36:40) 48 (46:51)", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 53 (45:64) 69 (64:75) 73 (68:79)", "加勒比 11 (8.8:16) 51 (45:60) 17 (15:20)", "拉丁美洲 56 (47:69) 72 (66:78) 81 (75:88)", "东亚 27 (22:35) 35 (30:43) 76 (68:87)", "南亚 85 (65:130) 50 (44:58) 64 (56:74)", "东南亚 50 (42:62) 34 (31:38) 63 (57:69)", "西亚 70 (59:87) 64 (58:70) 68 (62:75)", "大洋洲 31 (23:48) 76 (65:91) 74 (64:87)", "高加索和中亚 42 (34:53) 68 (63:75) 65 (59:71)", "发达区域 58 (50:70) 81 (74:89) 84 (78:92)", "最不发达国家 32 (28:37) 35 (33:37) 48 (46:51)", "内陆发展中国家 54 (49:61) 47 (44:50) 49 (46:52)", "小岛屿发展中国家 22 (19:28) 58 (53:65) 45 (42:50)", "^(a) 括号中为下界和上界。", "(b) 经过短期直接观察治疗成功治愈的新病例", "(百分比)", "2000 2008", "全世界 69 86", "发展中区域 69 87", "北非 88 87", "撒哈拉以南非洲 71 80", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 76 77", "加勒比 72 76", "拉丁美洲 77 77", "东亚 92 94", "南亚 42 88", "东南亚 86 89", "西亚 77 84", "大洋洲 76 70", "高加索和中亚 79 74", "发达区域 66 59", "最不发达国家 77 85", "内陆发展中国家 75 81", "小岛屿发展中国家 73 75", "目标7", "确保环境的可持续能力", "具体目标7.A 将可持续发展原则纳入国家政策和方案，并扭转环境资源的损失", "指标7.1 森林覆盖地所占比例", "(百分比)", "1990 2000 2010", "全世界 32.0 31.4 31.0", "发展中区域 29.4 28.2 27.6", "北非 1.4 1.4 1.4", "撒哈拉以南非洲 31.2 29.5 28.1", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 52.0 49.6 47.4", "加勒比 25.8 28.1 30.3", "拉丁美洲 52.3 49.9 47.6", "东亚 16.4 18.0 20.5", "东亚，不含中国 15.2 14.0 12.8", "南亚 14.1 14.1 14.5", "南亚，不含印度 7.8 7.3 7.1", "东南亚 56.9 51.3 49.3", "西亚 2.8 2.9 3.3", "大洋洲 67.5 65.1 62.5", "高加索和中亚 3.9 3.9 3.9", "发达区域 36.3 36.6 36.7", "最不发达国家 32.7 31.0 29.6", "内陆发展中国家 19.3 18.2 17.1", "小岛屿发展中国家 64.6 63.7 62.7", "指标7.2 二氧化碳排放量：总量、人均量和每1美元国内总产值(购买力平价)的排放量", "(a) 总量^(a)", "(百万吨)", "1990 2000 2005 2007", "全世界 21 839 23 839 27 895 30 121", "发展中区域 6 760 9 925 13 533 15 955", "北非 232 333 400 453", "撒哈拉以南非洲 462 554 648 688", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 1 019 1 334 1 464 1 652", "加勒比 84 99 105 136", "拉丁美洲 934 1 235 1 359 1 516", "东亚 2 988 3 964 6 388 7 670", "东亚，不含中国 527 559 598 638", "南亚 1 009 1 675 2 061 2 509", "南亚，不含印度 319 489 650 766", "东南亚 426 785 1 055 1 173", "西亚 617 943 1 126 1 325", "大洋洲 6 7 11 9", "高加索和中亚 485^(b) 329 380 477", "发达区域 14 953 13 696 14 100 13 907", "最不发达国家 74 110 164 191", "内陆发展中国家 50 399 451 557", "小岛屿发展中国家 139 158 172 183", "附件一国家^(c,d,e) 14 968 14 430 14 902 14 652", "(b) 人均量", "(吨)", "1990 2000 2005 2008", "全世界 4.1 3.9 4.2 4.4", "发展中区域 1.7 2.0 2.6 2.9", "北非 1.9 2.3 2.6 2.8", "撒哈拉以南非洲 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 2.3 2.6 2.7 2.9", "加勒比 2.7 2.9 2.9 3.6", "拉丁美洲 2.3 2.6 2.6 2.8", "东亚 2.5 2.9 4.6 5.4", "东亚，不含中国 7.4 7.1 7.4 7.8", "南亚 0.8 1.1 1.3 1.5", "南亚，不含印度 0.9 1.2 1.4 1.6", "东南亚 1.0 1.5 1.9 2.0", "西亚 4.8 5.6 6.0 6.6", "大洋洲 1.0 1.0 1.3 0.9", "高加索和中亚 7.1 4.6 5.1 6.3", "发达区域 12.3 11.4 11.5 11.2", "最不发达国家 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2", "内陆发展中国家 0.3 1.2 1.2 1.4", "小岛屿发展中国家 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.2", "附件一国家^(c，d，e) 12.7 11.7 11.8 11.5", "(c) 每1美元国内总产值(购买力平价)的排放量", "(千克)", "1990 2000 2005 2008", "全世界 0.60 0.50 0.49 0.46", "发展中区域 0.64 0.59 0.61 0.58", "北非 0.43 0.50 0.49 0.47", "撒哈拉以南非洲 0.55 0.53 0.48 0.43", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.29", "加勒比 0.60 0.58 0.53 0.62", "拉丁美洲 0.32 0.30 0.29 0.28", "东亚 1.46 0.87 0.94 0.83", "东亚，不含中国 0.44 0.44 0.38 0.36", "南亚 0.59 0.61 0.54 0.54", "南亚，不含印度 0.49 0.51 0.51 0.52", "东南亚 0.42 0.47 0.49 0.46", "西亚 0.52 0.59 0.57 0.57", "大洋洲 0.29 0.25 0.38 0.20", "高加索和中亚 2.31^(b) 1.80 1.30 1.22", "发达区域 0.59 0.45 0.41 0.38", "最不发达国家 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.19", "内陆发展中国家 0.20 0.93 0.73 0.71", "小岛屿发展中国家 0.59 0.41 0.37 0.32", "附件一国家^(c，d，e) 0.59 0.46 0.43 0.39", "^(a) 来自化石燃料的二氧化碳排放总量包括以下方面的二氧化碳排放：固体燃料消耗、液体燃料消耗、气体燃料消耗、水泥生产和天然气燃烧(美国二氧化碳资料分析中心)。", "^(b) 1992年数据。", "^(c) 包括向联合国气候变化框架公约提交报告的附件一所列的所有国家；非附件一所列国家没有每年提交报告的义务。", "^(d) 遵循政府间气候变化专门委员会准则向《联合国气候变化框架公约》提交的国家报告依据的是国别排放量调查清单，并涵盖各种人为二氧化碳排放源。可按照能源、工业流程、农业和废物行业排放量总和进行计算。", "^(e) 不包括因土地使用、土地用途变更和林业活动而导致的排放/清除。", "指标7.3 消耗臭氧层物质消费量", "(潜在消耗臭氧吨数)", "1990^(a) 2000 2009", "发展中区域 236 892 207 991 41 983", "北非 6 203 8 129 1 307", "撒哈拉以南非洲 23 449 9 574 1 787", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 76 048 31 104 5 359", "加勒比 2 177 1 669 159", "拉丁美洲 73 871 29 435 5 200", "东亚 103 217 105 762 24 734", "东亚，不含中国 12 904 14 885 4 363", "南亚 3 338 28 161 1 904", "南亚，不含印度 3 338 9 466 927", "东南亚 21 108 16 831 2 940", "西亚 3 481 8 299 3 939", "大洋洲 47 129 13", "高加索和中亚 2 738 928 188", "发达区域 828 590 25 364 2 007", "最不发达国家 1 457 4 791 1 055", "内陆发展中国家 3 354 2 395 484", "小岛屿发展中国家 7 162 2 147 434", "^(a) 在关于某组物质的报告要求生效前的年份，数据缺失的国家的消耗数值按基年的水平估算。这一点适用于附件B、C和E所列的物质，这些物质的报告要求分别于1992、1992和1994年生效。", "指标7.4 安全生物界线内鱼类种群所占比例", "(百分比)", "1990 2000 2008", "低量捕捞 9.0 4.1 2.7", "适量捕捞 22.3 21.3 11.8", "已充分捕捞 50.0 47.2 52.7", "过度捕捞 8.5 17.7 28.4", "已枯竭 7.4 8.6 3.3", "复原中 2.7 1.1 1.0", "指标7.5 已用水资源总量所占比例，^(a) 2005年前后", "(百分比)", "发展中区域 9.6", "北非 91.9", "撒哈拉以南非洲 3.3", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 2.0", "东亚 15.2", "东亚，不含中国 1.9", "南亚 19.7", "南亚，不含印度 19.7", "东南亚 57.8", "西亚 53.4", "大洋洲 7.7", "高加索和中亚 165.5", "发达区域 0.04", "最不发达国家 56.0", "内陆发展中国家 10.1", "小岛屿发展中国家 4.5", "^(a) 提取的地面水和地下水占实际可再生水资源总量的比例。", "具体目标7.B", "减少生物多样性的丧失，到2010年显著降低丧失率", "指标7.6 受保护的陆地和海洋区域比例", "(a) 陆地和海洋^(a，b)", "(百分比)", "1990 2000 2010", "全世界^(c) 8.1 10.6 12.0", "发展中区域 7.9 10.6 12.2", "北非 3.3 3.7 4.0", "撒哈拉以南非洲 10.7 11.0 11.5", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 9.0 14.7 19.3", "加勒比 3.3 3.8 4.6", "拉丁美洲 9.3 15.1 19.9", "东亚 11.5 14.3 15.3", "东亚，不含中国 3.9 11.4 11.6", "南亚 5.0 5.6 5.9", "南亚，不含印度 5.4 6.2 6.8", "东南亚 4.6 7.1 7.8", "西亚 3.5 14.2 14.3", "大洋洲 0.5 1.1 3.2", "高加索和中亚 2.7 3.0 3.0", "发达区域 8.3 10.4 11.6", "最不发达国家 8.9 9.5 9.8", "内陆发展中国家 8.9 10.9 11.3", "小岛屿发展中国家 1.5 2.7 4.2", "^(a) 保护区(陆地和海洋相加)与陆海总面积的比率。与2010年千年发展目标报告统计附件(见http://unstats.un.org/unsd/mdg)中的数字有差异，因为采用了新近获得的数据和经过修订的方法。", "^(b) 设立年份不明的保护区包括在所有年份中。", "^(c) 含计算发达区域和发展中区域总量时没有考虑的领土。", "(b) 陆地^(a b)", "(百分比)", "1990 2000 2010", "全世界^(c) 8.8 11.3 12.7", "发展中区域 8.8 11.7 13.3", "北非 3.3 3.7 4.0", "撒哈拉以南非洲 11.1 11.3 11.8", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 9.7 15.3 20.3", "加勒比 9.2 9.9 11.2", "拉丁美洲 9.7 15.4 20.4", "东亚 12.0 14.9 15.9", "东亚，不含中国 4.0 12.1 12.2", "南亚 5.3 5.9 6.2", "南亚，不含印度 5.8 6.7 7.3", "东南亚 8.7 13.1 13.8", "西亚 3.8 15.3 15.4", "大洋洲 2.0 3.0 4.9", "高加索和中亚 2.7 3.0 3.0", "发达区域 8.7 10.7 11.6", "最不发达国家 9.4 10.0 10.2", "内陆发展中国家 8.9 10.9 11.3", "小岛屿发展中国家 4.0 6.3 7.6", "^(a) 受保护陆地与总表面积的比率。与2010年千年发展目标报告统计附件(见http://unstats. un.org/unsd/mdg)中的数字有差异，因为采用了新近获得的数据和经过修订的方法。", "^(b) 设立年份不明的保护区包括在所有年份中。", "^(c) 含计算发达区域和发展中区域总量时没有考虑的领土。", "(c) 海洋^(a，b)", "(百分比)", "1990 2000 2010", "全世界^(c) 3.1 5.2 7.2", "发展中区域 1.0 2.9 4.0", "北非 3.1 3.6 4.6", "撒哈拉以南非洲 1.4 3.1 4.0", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 2.7 8.9 10.8", "加勒比 1.1 1.5 2.2", "拉丁美洲 3.3 11.8 14.3", "东亚 0.8 1.4 1.6", "东亚，不含中国 2.1 2.1 2.3", "南亚 0.9 1.1 1.2", "南亚，不含印度 0.5 0.6 0.8", "东南亚 0.6 1.3 2.1", "西亚 0.7 2.0 2.2", "大洋洲 0.2 0.6 2.8", "高加索和中亚 0.2 0.4 0.4", "发达区域 5.9 8.5 11.5", "最不发达国家 0.9 1.9 3.4", "内陆发展中国家^(d) 0.0 0.0 0.0", "小岛屿发展中国家 0.4 1.2 2.8", "^(a) 受保护海区与总领水的比率。与2010年千年发展目标报告统计附件(见http://unstats. un.org/unsd/mdg)中的数字有差异，因为采用了新近获得的数据和经过修订的方法。", "^(b) 设立年份不明的受保护区包括在所有年份中。", "^(c) 含计算发达区域和发展中区域总量时没有考虑的领土。", "^(d) 不含一些内陆发展中国家对内陆海提出领水主张。", "指标7.7 濒临灭绝物种比例^(a)", "(短期内预计不会灭绝的物种百分比)", "1986 1990 2000 2008", "全世界 85.3 85.0 84.3 83.7", "发展中区域 84.9 84.7 84.0 83.4", "北非 94.3 94.1 93.9 93.6", "撒哈拉以南非洲 87.6 87.6 87.3 87.1", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 84.1 83.8 83.1 82.6", "东亚 89.9 89.7 89.0 88.4", "南亚 84.9 84.8 84.4 84.1", "东南亚 87.9 87.6 86.6 86.0", "西亚 93.5 93.3 92.7 92.2", "大洋洲 91.2 91.0 90.4 90.0", "高加索和中亚 95.7 95.5 94.9 94.4", "发达区域 90.9 90.6 90.1 89.6", "^(a) 脊椎动物(哺乳动物、鸟类和两栖动物)生物多样性物种存活红色清单指数。红色清单指数是指不需采取额外保护行动预计近期仍不会灭绝的物种比例指数，范围是从1.0(指的是在国际自然保护联盟红色清单上被列入“无灭绝危险”类别的所有物种)到零(指的是所有物种已经灭绝)。", "具体目标7.C", "到2015年将无法持续获得安全饮用水和基本卫生设施的人口比例减半", "指标7.8 使用改良饮用水源的人口比例", "(百分比)", "1990 2008\n 共计 城市 农村 共计 城市 农村", "全世界 77 95 64 87 96 78", "发展中区域 72 93 60 84 94 76", "北非 86 94 78 92 95 87", "撒哈拉以南非洲 49 83 36 60 83 47", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 85 95 63 93 97 80", "东亚 69 97 56 89 98 82", "东亚，不含中国 96 97 93 98 100 91", "南亚 75 91 69 87 95 83", "南亚，不含印度 82 95 77 85 93 80", "东南亚 72 92 63 86 92 81", "西亚 85 96 70 90 96 78", "大洋洲 51 92 38 50 92 37", "高加索和中亚 88 96 80 88 97 80", "发达区域 98 100 96 99 100 97", "指标7.9 使用改良卫生设施的人口比例", "(百分比)", "1990 2008\n 共计 城市 农村 共计 城市 农村", "全世界 54 77 36 61 76 45", "发展中区域 42 65 29 53 68 40", "北非 72 91 55 89 94 83", "撒哈拉以南非洲 28 43 21 31 44 24", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 69 81 39 80 86 55", "东亚 43 53 39 56 61 53", "东亚，不含中国 100 100 100 97 99 92", "南亚 25 56 13 36 57 26", "南亚，不含印度 42 74 30 50 65 42", "东南亚 46 69 36 69 79 60", "西亚 79 96 53 85 94 67", "大洋洲 55 85 46 53 81 45", "高加索和中亚 91 96 86 95 96 95", "发达区域 97 99 93 97 99 92", "具体目标7.D", "到2020年使至少1亿贫民窟居民的生活明显改善", "指标7.10 生活在贫民窟中的城市人口比例^(a)", "(百分比)", "1990 2000 2010", "发展中区域 46.1 39.3 32.7", "北非 34.4 20.3 13.3", "撒哈拉以南非洲 70.0 65.0 61.7", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 33.7 29.2 23.5", "东亚 43.7 37.4 28.2", "南亚 57.2 45.8 35.0", "东南亚 49.5 39.6 31.0", "西亚 22.5 20.6 24.6", "大洋洲 24.1 24.1 24.1", "^(a) 即生活在至少有以下四个特点之一的家庭中的城市人口：缺乏改良的饮用水源；缺乏改良的卫生设施；过度拥挤(3人或以上一室)；住所以非耐用材料建成。半数坑厕被视为改良卫生设施。以前公布的贫民窟估计数中所有使用坑厕的家庭都算是贫民窟家庭，所以这些新数字不能与之比较。", "目标8", "全球合作促进发展", "具体目标8.A", "进一步发展开放的、遵循规则的、可预测的、非歧视性的贸易和金融体制", "包括在国家和国际两级致力于善治、发展和减贫", "具体目标8.B", "满足最不发达国家的特殊需要", "包括对最不发达国家出口品免征关税、不实行配额；加强重债穷国的减债方案，注销官方双边债务；向致力于减贫的国家提供更为慷慨的官方发展援助", "具体目标8.C", "满足内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家的特殊需要(通过《小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展行动纲领》和大会第二十二届特别会议成果)", "具体目标8.D", "通过国家和国际措施全面处理发展中国家的债务问题，以便使债务可以长期持续承受", "官方发展援助", "指标8.1 官方发展援助净额总数和给予最不发达国家的数额在经济合作与发展组织/发展援助委员会(经合组织/发援会)捐助国国民总收入中所占百分比", "(a) 年度援助总额^(a)", "(10亿美元)", "1990 2002 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010^(b)", "所有发展中国家 52.8 58.6 104.8 104.2 122.0 119.8 128.7", "最不发达国家 15.1 16.7 29.7 32.3 37.8 37.4", "^(a) 包括非官方发展援助债务减免，但不包括军事用途债务减免。", "^(b) 初步数据。", "(b) 在经合组织/发援会捐助国国民总收入中所占份额", "(百分比)", "1990 2002 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010^(a)", "所有发展中国家 0.32 0.23 0.30 0.27 0.30 0.31 0.32", "最不发达国家 0.09 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.10", "^(a) 初步数据。", "指标8.2 经合组织/发援会捐助国提供的双边、可在部门间分配的官方发展援助总额用于基本社会服务(基础教育、初级保健、营养、安全饮水和环境卫生)的比例", "1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009", "百分比 10.1 14.0 15.7 15.9 19.9 21.0", "10亿美元 3.1 3.5 5.8 8.2 12.4 16.7", "指标8.3 经合组织/发援会捐助国提供不附带条件的双边官方发展援助比例^(a)", "1990 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009", "百分比 67.6 91.1 91.4 88.3 83.9 86.6 84.4", "10亿美元 16.3 30.1 49.0 62.2 60.3 80.5 71.1", "^(a) 不含技术合作与行政费用以及不通报是否附带条件的官方发展援助。2008年，不含技术合作与行政费用、但通报附加条件情况的双边官方发展援助比例为99.6%。", "指标8.4 内陆发展中国家收到的官方发展援助占其国民总收入比例", "1990 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009", "百分比 10.3 8.1 7.0 6.2 5.6 5.3 4.6", "10亿美元 7.0 12.1 15.0 16.6 18.9 22.6 25.0", "指标8.5 小岛屿发展中国家收到的官方发展援助占其国民总收入比例", "1990 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009", "百分比 2.6 2.2 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.8", "10亿美元 2.1 1.8 2.5 2.7 3.2 3.7 4.2", "市场准入", "指标8.6 发达国家从发展中国家和最不发达国家免关税进口总额(按价值计算，不包括军火)所占比例", "(百分比)", "1996 2000 2005 2007 2009", "(a) 不包括军火", "发展中国家^(a) 53 63 76 82 82", "其中，优惠^(b) 16 14 17 16 16", "北非 52 57 97 97 97", "撒哈拉以南非洲 78 80 93 96 97", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 66 75 93 94 94", "东亚 35 52 62 67 67", "南亚 47 48 58 72 69", "东南亚 59 75 77 80 79", "西亚 34 39 66 96 97", "大洋洲 85 83 89 91 93", "高加索和中亚 91 84 94 94 98", "最不发达国家 68 75 83 89 89", "其中，优惠^(b) 29 42 28 27 29", "(b) 不包括军火和石油", "发展中国家^(a) 54 65 76 78 78", "其中，优惠^(b) 19 16 20 19 19", "北非 20 26 95 95 94", "撒哈拉以南非洲 88 83 91 93 95", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 73 81 93 93 93", "东亚 35 52 62 67 67", "南亚 41 46 58 63 62", "东南亚 60 76 77 79 79", "西亚 35 44 87 93 93", "大洋洲 82 79 87 89 92", "高加索和中亚 90 69 84 82 90", "最不发达国家 78 70 80 80 80", "其中，优惠^(b) 35 35 49 52 53", "^(a) 包括最不发达国家。", "^(b) 通过从全部免税准入中减去最惠国机制下享受免税待遇的所有商品计算得出真正的优惠差额。这些指标依据的是区域和优惠协定等规定的可用的最优待遇。", "指标8.7 发达国家对来自发展中国家的农产品以及纺织品和成衣平均征收的关税", "(百分比)", "1996 2000 2005 2009", "(a) 不包括军火", "发展中国家 10.5 9.2 8.8 7.8", "北非 6.7 7.4 7.2 6.4", "撒哈拉以南非洲 7.4 6.2 6.2 4.5", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 12.1 10.3 9.8 8.0", "东亚 9.3 9.5 10.8 10.7", "南亚 5.4 5.4 4.5 5.5", "东南亚 11.4 10.2 9.2 9.0", "西亚 8.2 7.5 5.0 5.3", "大洋洲 11.5 9.5 8.8 8.4", "高加索和中亚 4.8 3.9 3.4 4.1", "最不发达国家 3.8 3.6 3.0 1.2", "(b) 纺织品", "发展中国家 7.3 6.5 5.2 5.1", "北非 8.0 7.2 4.4 3.9", "撒哈拉以南非洲 3.9 3.4 2.9 2.9", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 4.7 3.5 1.5 1.3", "东亚 7.3 6.7 5.8 5.8", "南亚 7.1 6.5 6.1 5.8", "东南亚 9.2 8.4 6.0 5.6", "西亚 9.2 8.2 4.6 4.5", "大洋洲 5.9 5.3 4.9 4.9", "高加索和中亚 7.3 6.3 5.8 5.7", "最不发达国家 4.6 4.1 3.2 3.2", "(c) 成衣", "发展中国家 11.4 10.8 8.3 8.1", "北非 11.9 11.1 8.0 5.9", "撒哈拉以南非洲 8.5 7.9 1.6 1.6", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 8.8 7.8 1.3 1.3", "东亚 12.0 11.5 11.0 11.1", "南亚 10.2 9.6 8.6 8.6", "东南亚 14.2 13.6 10.5 9.4", "西亚 12.6 11.8 8.5 8.3", "大洋洲 8.8 8.3 8.4 8.8", "高加索和中亚 12.9 11.8 11.5 10.8", "最不发达国家 8.2 7.8 6.4 6.4", "指标8.8 经合组织国家农业补贴估计值占其国内总产值的百分比", "1990 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009^(a)", "百分比 1.86 1.12 1.04 0.95 0.87 0.86 0.93", "10亿美元 327 340 369 358 362 379 384", "^(a) 初步数据。", "指标8.9 为帮助建立贸易能力而提供的官方发展援助比例^(a)", "2001 2003 2005 2007 2008 2009", "贸易政策规章及与贸易有关的调整^(b) 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9", "经济基础设施 21.5 14.8 17.2 13.6 18.7 15.1", "生产能力建设 16.0 13.4 12.8 13.3 14.8 12.9", "贸易援助总额 38.5 29.0 30.7 27.7 34.4 28.9", "^(a) 贸易援助替代占世界可在部门间分配的双边官方发展援助的百分比。", "^(b) 2007年开始报告与贸易有关的调整数据。只有加拿大和欧洲联盟委员会报告了这方面数据。", "持续承受债务能力", "指标8.10 达到重债穷国决定点的国家总数和达到重债穷国完成点(累计)的国家总数", "2000^(a) 2011^(b)", "达到完成点 1 32", "达到决定点但未达到完成点 21 4", "尚待考虑是否已达到决定点 12 4", "合格国家总数 34 40", "^(a) 仅包括2011年重债穷国。2000年数据反映了截至每年年终状况。", "^(b) 截至2011年3月。", "指标8.11 根据重债穷国倡议和多边债务减免倡议承诺的债务减免^(a)", "(单位：10亿美元，累计)", "2000 2011", "给予已达到决定点或完成点的国家 32 90", "^(a) 以2009年年终净现值表示；截至2011年3月的承诺状况。", "指标8.12 还本付息额占货物和劳务出口额的百分比^(a)", "1990 2000 2008 2009", "发展中区域 18.7 12.5 3.4 3.6", "北非 39.8 15.3 6.1 6.9", "撒哈拉以南非洲 11.4 9.4 2.0 3.1", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 20.6 21.8 6.8 7.2", "加勒比 16.8 8.0 11.4 14.6", "拉丁美洲 20.7 22.2 6.7 7.1", "东亚 10.5 5.1 0.6 0.6", "南亚 17.6 13.7 5.2 3.5", "南亚，不含印度 9.3 11.5 7.7 9.8", "东南亚 16.7 6.5 3.0 4.0", "西亚 26.4 16.2 9.2 9.0", "大洋洲 14.0 5.9 2.8 1.9", "高加索和中亚 0.62^(b) 8.4 0.6 1.0", "最不发达国家 16.8 11.4 2.9 5.6", "内陆发展中国家 14.4 8.6 1.3 1.9", "小岛屿发展中国家 13.7 8.7 7.6 9.5", "^(a) 包括向世界银行借方报告制度提交报告的国家。总计数所依据的是现有数据，有些年份可能不包括没有货物和劳务出口额及海外净收入数据的国家。", "^(b) 1993年数据。", "具体目标8.E", "与制药公司合作，在发展中国家提供负担得起的基本药物", "指标8.13 可以持续获得负担得起的基本药物的人口比例", "无全球或区域数据。", "具体目标8.F", "与私营部门合作，普及新技术特别是信息和通信技术的利益", "指标8.14 每100人的固定电话线路数", "1990 2000 2009", "全世界 9.8 15.9 17.5", "发展中区域 2.3 7.9 12.2", "北非 2.8 7.1 11.3", "撒哈拉以南非洲 1.0 1.4 1.5", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 6.3 14.7 18.2", "加勒比 7.0 11.2 10.7", "拉丁美洲 6.2 15.0 18.8", "东亚 2.4 13.8 24.8", "东亚，不含中国 24.8 42.8 43.9", "南亚 0.7 3.2 4.3", "南亚，不含印度 1.0 3.4 7.1", "东南亚 1.3 4.8 12.4", "西亚 8.6 16.5 15.3", "大洋洲 3.3 5.2 5.4", "高加索和中亚 7.9 8.8 12.5", "发达区域 37.0 49.2 41.5", "最不发达国家 0.3 0.5 1.0", "内陆发展中国家 2.4 2.8 3.9", "小岛屿发展中国家 7.9 12.9 12.2", "指标8.15 每100人移动电话订户数", "1995 2000 2009", "全世界 1.6 12.1 68.4", "发展中区域 0.4 5.4 58.2", "北非 <0.1 2.7 79.7", "撒哈拉以南非洲 0.1 1.7 37.3", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 0.8 12.3 89.4", "加勒比 1.2 7.4 54.2", "拉丁美洲 0.8 12.6 92.1", "东亚 0.5 9.9 57.8", "东亚，不含中国 3.4 49.9 86.8", "南亚 <0.1 0.4 44.7", "南亚，不含印度 <0.1 0.5 46.7", "东南亚 0.7 4.3 79.5", "西亚 0.6 12.7 87.0", "大洋洲 0.2 2.4 25.2", "高加索和中亚 <0.1 1.3 74.9", "发达区域 6.4 39.8 114.3", "最不发达国家 <0.1^(a) 0.3 26.2", "内陆发展中国家 <0.1 1.1 34.7", "小岛屿发展中国家 1.5 11.0 57.5", "^(a) 1996年数据。", "指标8.16 每100人因特网用户数", "1995 2000 2009", "全世界 0.8 6.6 26.5", "发展中区域 0.1 2.1 18.0", "北非 <0.1 0.7 25.2", "撒哈拉以南非洲 0.1 0.5 8.9", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 0.1 3.9 32.9", "加勒比 0.1 2.9 22.3", "拉丁美洲 0.1 4.0 33.7", "东亚 0.1 3.8 31.0", "东亚，不含中国 1.1 28.7 57.9", "南亚 <0.1 0.5 5.6", "南亚，不含印度 <0.1^(a) 0.3 6.6", "东南亚 0.1 2.4 15.2", "西亚 0.1 3.2 27.0", "大洋洲 0.1 1.8 6.4", "高加索和中亚 <0.1 0.5 18.8", "发达区域 3.2 25.1 64.9", "最不发达国家 <0.1^(b) 0.1 2.7", "内陆发展中国家 <0.1^(a) 0.3 7.1", "小岛屿发展中国家 0.4 5.2 22.3", "^(a) 1996年数据。", "^(b) 1998年数据。", "资料来源：联合国千年发展目标各项指标机构间专家组和千年发展目标指标数据库(http:// mdgs.un.org)。", "注：除另有说明外，区域分组以联合国的地理区域为依据，并作了一些必要修改，以尽可能将同类国家分在一个组中，便于分析和编列。2011年千年发展目标指标报告所采用的区域构成见http://mdgs.un.org内的“数据”一栏。", "本文件所述“发达区域”的构成是欧洲(包括独立国家联合体欧洲国家)、澳大利亚、加拿大、以色列、日本、新西兰和美利坚合众国。", "本文件所述“高加索和中亚”的构成是亚美尼亚、阿塞拜疆、格鲁吉亚、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、土库曼斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦。", "11-43100 (C) 120811 150811", "*1143100*" ]

[ "联 合 国", "秘书长关于联合国工作的报告", "大 会", "正式记录 第六十六届会议 补编第1号", "大 会 正式记录 第六十六届会议 补编第1号", "[联合国]2011年,纽约", "秘书长关于联合国工作的报告", "第66/1号决议", "ISSN 0082-8173 (英语).", "说明", "联合国文件都用英文大写字母附加数字编号。 凡是提到这种编号,就是指联合国的某一个文件。", "[2011年7月26日]", "目录", "段次 页次\n一. 导言. 1-2 2 实现2个成果,帮助最优秀人群\n需求\n21. 千年发展目标2和国际商定的其他发展\n目标 2. 3项特殊需要\nB. 和平4和\n警卫 1. 预防4个外交和支持和平\n进程\n2. 维持和平 6\n3. 建设和平 8C. 人道主义 第8条\nD. 人权、法治、防止灭绝种族和保护责任、民主与良好\n施政 1. 人类 10\n权利 2. 第10条\n3. 防止种族灭绝 11\n保护 4. 民主与良好\n施政 保障12个全球\nA. 气候. 12\nB. 全球13\n健康咨询\nD. 裁军. 14 - 18 6\n不扩散 创建16个更强大的联合国\n16个秘书处、政府间机构、全系统一致性和区域\n组织 1. 第16条\n2. 16个政府间\n机制 3. 全系统 17\n4. 区域 19\nB. 全球 19\n选区 1. 加强与民间组织的18个伙伴关系\n社会 2. 启动19个企业\n社区\n五、结 论. 20\n2011年千年发展目标、目标和指标:\n统计表", "第一编", "导言", "1. 联合国 自2007年以来,世界发生了重大变化。 我们看到,全球粮食、燃料和经济冲击对全世界人民的影响正在扩大和加深。 我们看到北非和整个中东基层领导的民主运动的革命和再生。 随着非洲和亚洲部分地区成为全球增长的新引擎,我们目睹了经济力量的变化。 我们目睹了特大灾害不断增加,其生命、生计和发展付出了巨大代价。 我们看到,威胁全世界人民生命和地球可持续性的一系列全球挑战日益突出。", "2. 联合国 我们生活在一个全球过渡的时代。 后世很可能将这一时期描述为世界历史上一个关键时刻,当时的现状被无可挽回地削弱,新世界的轮廓也开始出现.", "3个 在此期间,联合国一直努力将最贫穷和最脆弱者的需求置于国际议程的中心,吸引了数十亿美元的新投资来加快千年发展目标的进展。 联合国领导了全球努力,处理最严重的自然灾害和人为复杂紧急情况,调动资源,为有需要的人口提供拯救生命的援助。 联合国已采取重要步骤来改变政治格局,以赋予全世界妇女权力,实行体制改革,并倡导改变政策,解决政治、工作场所和家庭中的性别歧视问题。 我们完成了复杂的维持和平任务,并协助会员国进行了无数艰难的政治过渡和敏感的选举。 我们拥护人权和法治。 我们正视了我们这一代人的主要全球挑战:应对气候变化和全球健康;打破裁军、军备控制和不扩散方面的僵局;并动员反恐行动。 在所有这些领域中,我们调解了对全球战略的重大协议或承诺,并调动资源和能力来实施国际商定的行动计划。", "第二章 联合国", "为最需要帮助的人提供成果", " 4.四. 世界上很大一部分人口受到经济危机、自然和人为灾害以及内部冲突的不平等复苏的挑战。 在全球范围,联合国工作人员不懈地努力帮助向穷人和最易受伤害者提供援助。", "A. 发展", "5 (韩语). 由于全球经济复苏不平衡和不确定,许多国家仍在挣扎。 金融危机以及高涨和起伏不定的粮食和能源价格将在今后若干年产生影响。 迫切需要为所有人开始一个新的可持续发展时代。 即将于2012年6月在里约热内卢举行的联合国可持续发展大会(里约+20会议)将为此提供历史性机会。 在会上,国际社会必须商定一个雄心勃勃和可采取行动的框架,以补充千年发展目标。", "1. 联合国 千年发展目标和其他国际商定的发展目标", "6. 国家 距离商定的2015年目标日期还有四年时间,几项关键的千年发展目标指标可望取得成功。 2015年,全球贫困率预计将低于15%,远远低于23%的目标水平。 世界上90%以上的人口将获得更好的饮用水。 即使在最贫穷的国家,在提高小学入学率方面也取得了重大进展。", "7. 联合国 全世界5岁以下儿童的死亡人数从1990年的1 240万降至2009年的810万,每天死亡的儿童人数减少近12 000人。 虽然许多国家已经表明有可能取得进展,但必须加紧努力,以最贫穷和最脆弱的群体为目标。", "8. 联合国 2009年,发展中国家近四分之一的儿童体重不足。 产妇死亡问题继续需要注意,特别是在撒哈拉以南非洲和南亚。 发展中世界的净入学率在2004至2009年期间仅上升了两个百分点,从87%增至89%,使普及初等教育的希望暗淡。 2009年,发展中区域有一半的人口仍无法获得经改善的卫生设施。", "9. 国家 一般而言,国家内部的贫富之间以及农村人口和城市人口之间正在出现持续和日益严重的不平等。 这尤其影响到那些由于地理位置、性别、年龄或冲突而处于不利地位的人。", "10个 在两套情况下,在实现目标方面取得了最大进展:第一,实行了关键保健干预措施,如疟疾控制措施、艾滋病毒/艾滋病预防和治疗以及免疫提供和运动;第二,增加了资金,扩大了直接向需要者提供服务和工具的方案。 在实现需要结构改革和坚定的政治承诺以确保持续、可预测的资金的目标方面,进展要小得多。 这体现了在减少饥饿和产妇死亡率、增加受教育的机会和改善环境卫生方面出现的模式。", "11个 2010年,官方发展援助达到创纪录的1 287亿美元,但仍然远远低于到2015年将捐助国国民总收入的0.7%用于援助发展中国家的联合国目标。 经济合作与发展组织警告说,鉴于全球经济放缓,双边援助在今后几年将减速。", "12个 秘书长启动了一个以互动网络跟踪系统为基础的综合执行框架,供全球发展伙伴关系的所有利益攸关方使用。 该框架将有助于提高透明度并筛选保证和承诺,以确保一致性和清晰度,从而有助于加强问责制。", "13个 在2010年大会关于千年发展目标的高级别全体会议上,各国承认存在挑战,但一致认为千年发展目标仍然是可以实现的,呼吁扩大成功办法和加强集体行动。 他们还同意有必要开始展望2015年后时期。 在联合国系统内,秘书长已着手拟订关于2015年后发展框架的想法,以期在2012年提出具体建议。", "14个 目前正在采取重要举措来应对全球和区域在实现千年发展目标方面的挑战。 秘书长全球粮食保障危机高级别工作队针对高价和起伏不定的粮食价格的持续威胁,已建议采取具体措施,解决可持续粮食生产和营养方面的短期紧急和长期干预措施。", "15个 最不发达国家的需要和具体挑战是2011年5月在伊斯坦布尔举行的第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议的重点。 在随后的《行动纲领》中,会员国承诺通过建设生产能力并减少最不发达国家在经济、自然和环境冲击面前的脆弱性来应对最不发达国家面临的结构性挑战。", "2. 联合国 非洲的特殊需要", "16号. 非洲仍然是整个联合国系统工作的主要重点领域。 非洲正在经历稳固的经济增长。 2010年国内生产总值增长率从2009年的2.4%。 但这掩盖了整个大陆增长的巨大差异。 2011年粮食和能源价格的急剧上涨对穷人来说尤其具有破坏性。 因此,该区域生活在赤贫中的绝对人数继续增加。 该区域的失业率仍然很高,而武装冲突加剧了贫穷,破坏了学校教育,并助长了性暴力和基于性别的暴力。", "17. 非洲有10亿人口,其中绝大多数由青年男女组成,人们日益认识到这是一个挑战和机会。 非洲60%的人口不到25岁。 随着青年人数的增加,必须更加重视为青年提供更好的教育、培训、技能和就业机会。", "18岁。 鉴于这些挑战,发展政策,特别是实现千年发展目标和非洲联盟非洲发展新伙伴关系所制定的目标的努力,已变得更加重要。 2010年大会关于千年发展目标的高级别全体会议呼吁国际社会履行其对非洲的援助承诺。 虽然对非洲的官方发展援助的支付净额从2004年的295亿美元增至2010年的约460亿美元,但仍比捐助者在大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国格伦伊格尔斯举行的八国集团首脑会议上承诺的数额少出180亿美元。", " 19. 19. 联合国系统继续改进其对非洲国家发展努力的业务支助。 它正在推动执行《加强联合国-非洲联盟合作宣言:非洲联盟十年能力建设方案框架》。 它正在与几个非洲国家政府合作,在可持续森林管理等领域执行促进发展筹资的项目,并促进和加强公民参与治理和公共行政。", "20号. 一些非洲国家面临着严峻的和平与安全挑战。 秘书长与非洲联盟和非洲区域组织密切协商和协调,为这些问题投入了大量时间和精力。", "B. 和平与安全", "21岁 在过去一年中,联合国和国际社会努力应对撒哈拉以南非洲、北非和中东等地的不稳定。 当前的环境突出表明,需要有一个灵活的联合国,配备预防、维持和平和建设和平的工具来预防和解决暴力冲突。", "1. 联合国 预防性外交和支持和平进程", "22号. 联合国的目标是预测潜在的冲突,并积极主动地通过预防性外交和调解努力帮助解决这些冲突。", "23. 联合国 2011年,联合国特别重视预防与选举有关的暴力,通过斡旋、战略咨询和技术援助来帮助会员国在中非共和国、科摩罗、科特迪瓦、几内亚、海地、吉尔吉斯斯坦、尼日尔和坦桑尼亚联合共和国等国家开展可信和透明的选举进程。 联合国在全球范围内向约50个国家提供选举援助,始终强调选举进程的公正性、可持续性和成本效益。", "24 (韩语). 联合国在确保2011年1月苏丹南方独立全民投票和平地成功进行方面发挥了重要作用。 联合国与非洲联盟苏丹问题高级别执行小组密切合作,帮助使国际社会支持共同办法,为全民投票进程提供大量技术和后勤援助,并协助促进全民投票后安排的谈判。 秘书长在苏丹部署全民投票小组,监测进展情况并进行高级别斡旋。 这些协调努力使南苏丹于7月9日获得独立,于7月14日加入联合国。 但是,剩下的挑战是巨大的,需要联合国系统继续参与。", "25岁 针对中东和北非的民众起义,联合国已鼓励所有各方遵守有关国际法,特别是《世界人权宣言》。 它强调了解决社会和经济不平等的极端重要性,并表示愿意提供适当援助来推动和平的政治过渡。 关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国,秘书长任命了一名特使同当地各方接触,以结束暴力,解决危机的人道主义后果,并帮助找到政治解决办法。 应急规划正在进行之中,以协助在冲突各方谈判后可能出现的政治进程。 秘书长还向也门派出了几个联合国特派团,与所有利益攸关方接触并促成局势的和平解决。", "26. 联合国 在科特迪瓦,民主选举政府的成功成立为非洲即将举行的多次选举打下了基调。 联合国努力防止冲突再起,包括通过在布隆迪、中非共和国、几内亚比绍和塞拉利昂的建设和平综合特派团的活动。 在肯尼亚,联合国继续支持审查进程,该进程导致通过了一部加强制衡的新宪法。", "27个 在索马里,联合国与过渡联邦机构密切合作,以进一步执行过渡任务,包括制定宪法。 秘书长还鼓励国际社会通过威慑、安全、法治和发展来打击索马里沿海的海盗行为。", "28岁 联合国成功地努力帮助各国在几内亚和尼日尔违宪地更换政府后恢复宪政秩序。 在吉尔吉斯斯坦,联合国为通过新宪法、建立可信的选举进程和重组的合法政府作出了贡献。", "29. 国家 在中东,联合国探索了具体办法,鼓励以色列人和巴勒斯坦人恢复陷入僵局的谈判,改善加沙平民的生活条件,同时解决以色列正当的安全关切,并全面执行安全理事会第1701(2006)号决议。 随着以色列采取一些受欢迎的措施便利进入加沙,联合国得以启动一些重建和经济复苏项目。 在蓝线一带以色列和黎巴嫩军队发生武装事件后,联合国帮助缓解了紧张局势。 2010年5月31日船队事件后,秘书长同以色列和土耳其密切协商,成立了一个调查小组,就如何避免今后发生类似事件提出建议。", "30. 在伊拉克,联合国伊拉克援助团已努力促进民族和解和双方都能接受的解决办法,以解决基尔库克和其他有争议地区的地位问题。 它促进了与主要利益攸关方的会谈,特别是在归还财产、少数群体权利、被拘留者以及语言和教育权利方面,并与伊拉克和科威特接触,帮助解决它们之间的未决问题。", "31岁 在尼泊尔,联合国尼泊尔特派团撤离后,联合国确保不断支持和平进程。 在斯里兰卡,秘书长设立了一个专家咨询小组,该小组于4月12日提交了报告,以期帮助联合国和斯里兰卡采取有意义的措施,解决问责制问题,以此作为实现民族和解与持久和平的关键步骤。", "32. 在缅甸,秘书长与所有利益攸关方保持积极接触,以促进民族和解、民主过渡和尊重人权。 新政府承诺更密切地与联合国合作,可为更有效的参与提供基础。 但是,为了在该国带来真正的政治变革,仍有许多工作要做。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 在其他地方,联合国支持和平解决边界争端的努力,包括赤道几内亚同加蓬之间的争端。", "34. 国家 关于西撒哈拉,联合国召集的一系列非正式会谈成功地使双方就谈判进程的新途径和一系列建立信任措施达成一致。", "35. 在塞浦路斯,联合国继续促进希族塞人和土族塞人社区领导人之间的全面谈判,以努力在全面解决方面取得进展。", "36. 中美洲与有组织犯罪有关的暴力急剧增加。 联合国赞助的消除危地马拉国内有罪不罚现象国际委员会的积极经验引起了国际社会的兴趣,联合国收到了萨尔瓦多和洪都拉斯提出的新的援助请求。", "2. 维持和平", "37. 联合国 在2010年3月部署的军警人员数量达到历史高位之后,联合国维持和平在部署规模方面进入了巩固阶段。 截至2011年6月,联合国维持和平行动有120 000多名军警人员和文职人员,部署在四大洲的14个维持和平行动中。", "38. 在东帝汶,联合国东帝汶综合特派团于2011年3月完成了向国家当局移交警务职责的工作。 在利比里亚,联合国利比里亚特派团巩固了与利比里亚政府的规划进展,以期最终将其安全职能移交给国家机构,并支助了2011年10月选举的筹备工作。 7月9日南苏丹独立后,设立了一个新的维持和平行动 -- -- 联合国南苏丹特派团,专门以该国为重点。", "39. 联合国 促进保护平民仍然是七个维持和平行动的核心任务。 在达尔富尔、刚果民主共和国、科特迪瓦和南苏丹,保护平民仍然是一个严峻挑战。", " 40. 40. 维和人员为科特迪瓦、海地和苏丹的政治过渡提供了技术和后勤支助,以举行选举和全民投票。 它们还有助于确保为举行自由和公正的投票提供必要的政治和安全条件。 2010年1月的南苏丹自决公投导致独立投票,结束了非洲最长的内战. 北方和南方需要继续共同努力,以和平解决所有未决问题。 阿富汗、科特迪瓦和海地选举后的不稳定也清楚地提醒我们,冲突后环境中的和平成果是脆弱的。", "41. 国家 在科特迪瓦,2010年11月28日一轮总统选举后发生的严重政治和军事危机考验了联合国保护平民和维持围困行动的能力。 它还考验了国际社会坚持执行重要授权任务的决心和团结,特别是在选举方面。 秘书长同非洲联盟、西非国家经济共同体和世界领导人密切合作,以找到一个尊重科特迪瓦人民民主表达意愿的选举后危机的和平解决办法。 与此同时,联合国科特迪瓦行动按照安全理事会的授权,利用一切必要手段进行自卫并捍卫其保护平民的任务,包括防止对平民使用重型武器。", "42. 联合国维持和平行动为一些刚刚摆脱冲突的国家的法治和安全机构提供持续支助。 在这方面,联合国加强了现有的常备警察能力。", "43. 东帝汶 在过去一年中,联合国在制定必要的维持和平政策和实施改革方面取得了重大进展。 采取的举措包括制定早期建设和平战略,以指导维和人员在冲突后环境中执行的安全理事会授权任务的优先次序和顺序,并全面努力制定基线能力标准,加强资源生成进程并强化培训。 五年全球外勤支助战略的执行也取得了进展。 在乌干达恩德培设立了一个区域服务中心,其四项支助职能已全面运作。 秘书长还向大会提交了维持和平行动第一年新的标准化筹资模式。", "44. 国家 在8个特派团,秘书处与联合国各机构、基金和方案合作,以完成综合战略框架,为联合国全系统处理和平、安全和人道主义问题确定优先事项。", "45. 国家 大会核准了外地特派团国际工作人员新的统一服务条件,这将有助于外地特派团吸引和留住合格的工作人员。", "3个 建设和平", "46. 经常预算: 建设和平委员会帮助协调相关行为体支持国家确定的优先事项,为这些优先事项调动资源,并协助国家行为体继续注重发展对恢复冲突至关重要的机构和能力。 委员会议程上现在有六个国家:布隆迪、中非共和国、几内亚、几内亚比绍、利比里亚和塞拉利昂。 几内亚和利比里亚已被列入过去九个月。", "47. 国家 为进一步支持建设和平努力,2011年2月发布了冲突后文职能力问题高级咨询小组的独立报告。 报告提出了一系列建议,旨在使联合国在向刚摆脱冲突的国家提供民事能力方面更有效率和效力。 经内部审查和同会员国和其他利益攸关方协商后,秘书长将努力执行最有可能帮助联合国在实地落实的建议。", " 48. 48. 2010年,为建设和平提供催化资金的建设和平基金在增加国家、改善同利益攸关方的伙伴关系和同建设和平委员会更密切合作方面也继续呈现出增长趋势。 2010年,总共向12个国家,包括4个新宣布符合资格的国家拨款7 600万美元,比2009年的5 200万美元有所增加。 建设和平基金的目标是在2011至2013年期间每年筹集、分配并支出一亿美元。", "C. 人道主义事务", "49. 2010/11年度对联合国人道主义系统来说是一个极为困难的时期,该系统努力向30个国家的数千万人提供援助。 干旱、洪水和燃料价格飞涨导致国际粮食价格迅速上涨,使全世界数以百万计的穷人和弱势群体受到影响。", " 50. 50. 人们呼吁联合国支持国家当局应对各种自然灾害和复杂的紧急情况,这些灾害和紧急情况往往是在敌对的行动环境中发生的,人力和财力资源有限。 巴基斯坦持续的季风雨影响了多达2 000万人——将近10%的人口。 2010年1月发生毁灭性地震后,海地人面临一系列新的挫折,包括热带风暴、霍乱爆发和政治动荡。 在有争议的总统选举之后,科特迪瓦的武装冲突和社区暴力使多达200 000名难民越境,仅在阿比让就有50万人流离失所。 在苏丹,数以万计的人在南部独立之前逃离了暴力. 在非洲之角,由于十年来最严重的干旱,2011年有800多万人粮食无保障。", "51. 联合国 阿拉伯利比亚民众国和也门的危机造成大量平民伤亡、境内流离失所和难民。 超过63万人逃离阿拉伯利比亚民众国的战斗,其中280 000人是第三国国民。 他们返回家园给尼日尔、乍得和其他地方已经脆弱的社区增加了负担。 与此同时,日本面临着一并发生的自然灾害和核灾难,甚至对一个为紧急情况做好充分准备的国家也构成重大挑战。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 这些危机为联合国提供了明确的经验教训,说明如何改进国际人道主义系统如何为人道主义需要做好准备并作出反应。 在紧急救济协调员的领导下,机构间常设委员会负责人,包括非政府伙伴,开始制定一项新战略,重点是改进人道主义领导和协调;确保部署足够的工作人员和资金,以处理重大紧急情况,特别是在紧急情况的关键早期阶段;改进对会员国和受影响人民的问责制。", "53. 联合国 捐助者对中央应急基金的支助有所增加,该基金是一个具有创新作用的全球工具,交易成本低,旨在迅速和公平地提供资金。 基金从2009年的4.09亿美元增加到2010年的4.28亿美元,2011年5月,基金支付总额超过20亿美元。 12个会员国成为第一次捐助国,19个会员国大幅增加了捐款。", "54. 联合国 联合国通过联合呼吁程序管理的捐款总额为70亿美元,与2009年相同。 但是,这一数字在为满足需要而要求的资金总额中所占百分比从73%下降到63%。", "55. 国家 联合国正在根据更严格的需求评估,改进联合规划工作;通过更好地利用技术来实时监测进展情况;加强领导结构;并改进问责制。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 安全关切继续影响人道主义行为体向受影响民众提供基本服务的能力。 人道主义事务协调厅最近委托进行的研究呼吁会员国不要颁布可能破坏与非国家武装团体人道主义接触的立法和政策。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 展望未来,本组织将努力加强努力,促进有效的减少灾害风险战略,以限制社区和国家遭受自然灾害的风险和脆弱性。", "D. 人权、法治、防止灭绝种族和保护责任以及民主和善政", "58. 联合国 这是人权、法治、民主和善政的重要一年,这在实地是2011年的“阿拉伯之春”,这反映在总部的激烈辩论中。", "1. 联合国 人权", "59. (中文(简体) ). 秘书长和人权事务高级专员一直大力呼吁在所有局势中适用国际人权标准,迅速派出评估团,以满足实地需要,并协助人权理事会和其他人权机制开展活动,应对紧急情况。", "60. (中文(简体) ). 在过去一年里,人权理事会本身和大会都对人权理事会进行了审查。 普遍定期审议第一周期将于2011年底完成,这一事实被称赞为理事会的一项重大成就。 这一创新进程的真正考验将来自2012年年中开始的第二个周期,届时会员国将报告在执行第一个周期所提出建议方面取得的进展。", "61. 国家 人权理事会还扩大了对问题的涵盖范围,增加了两个新的专题任务:和平集会和结社权;法律和实践中对妇女的歧视;以及伊朗伊斯兰共和国的新国别任务。", "62. 联合国 在大会关于千年发展目标的高级别全体会议成果文件中阐述全球人权承诺是一项关键的成就。 人权主流化还通过在和平和政治特派团中加强人权组成部分,在和平与安全领域实现了重要的里程碑。 在科特迪瓦,在总统选举后的政治危机中,联合国的坚定而有原则的呼声和行动强调了保护平民、维护国际法并追究严重违法行为肇事者的责任的极端重要性。", "2. 联合国 法治", "63. 国家 在中东和北非,要求加强问责制、透明度和法治的呼吁正在以前所未有的速度推动政府改革。 联合国准备回应对其法治专门知识越来越多的要求。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 过去一年,通过更加重视机构间合作,加强了联合国的法治干预措施,导致在刚果民主共和国、海地和东帝汶等国联合拟订方案。 联合国通过广泛的机制,包括国际刑事法院、人权理事会的国际调查委员会以及国际特设和混合法庭,支持追究国际犯罪和过渡时期司法进程的责任。", "65. 国家 在《罗马规约》缔约国大会第九届会议取得成功后,实现普遍性的努力取得了积极成果。 在秘书长访问突尼斯之后,突尼斯成为第一个北非国家和阿拉伯国家联盟第四个加入《罗马规约》的成员国。 埃及还宣布打算批准《罗马规约》并加入国际刑事法院。", "66. (中文(简体) ). 大会授权在大会第六十七届会议开幕时举办一次关于法治的高级别活动。 这一活动应鼓励对国际协调作出更大的承诺,以此作为加强法治活动影响的手段。", "3个 防止灭绝种族与保护责任", "67. (中文(简体) ). 保护人权是秘书长、大会、安全理事会和人权理事会的最高优先事项。", "68. (中文(简体) ). 防止灭绝种族和保护责任问题特别顾问正在协助大会继续审议这一概念。 它们正在共同评估国家情况,发表声明并编写给秘书长和联合国系统的咨询说明。", "69. 联合国 联合办事处已加快了政府官员、区域和次区域组织、民间社会和联合国工作人员的能力建设活动。 议员、媒体、教育工作者和公共团体关于特别顾问各自任务的信息和意见的呼吁也有所增加。", " 4.四. 民主和善政", "70. 联合国 迫使埃及和突尼斯长期领导人下台的和平示威对其他地方的民主改革施加压力。 秘书长从一开始就除了积极敦促北非和中东尊重人权外,还要求给予集会、言论和新闻自由。 他呼吁立即停止对示威者使用暴力,并敦促该地区的领导人通过对话和改革回应人民的合法愿望。", "71. 联合国 联合国民主基金在第四轮资金中为64个项目拨款近1 500万美元。 2010年,基金收到的项目提案几乎是往年的两倍,反映了民间社会组织对民主的空前要求。 由于阿拉伯世界和其他地方的事态发展,这一需求预计将进一步增长。", "第三章 联合国", "保障全球货物", "72. 联合国 当前全球挑战性质复杂,具有传染性和广泛性。 会员国求助于联合国,通过应对气候变化、疾病、恐怖主义以及常规武器和非常规武器扩散等挑战来协助它们确保全球利益。", "A类. 气候变化", "73 (中文(简体) ). 气候变化对全球和平与繁荣至关重要。 应对气候挑战需要持续的全球合作,同时需要加快国家减少排放和加强气候复原力的行动。 每年,我们拖延行动,将付出生命、金钱和机会,为所有人建设一个更安全、更绿色的未来。", "74. 2010年在若干方面取得了进展,特别是在提高多边谈判进程的透明度、信任和信心方面。", "75. 国家 在墨西哥坎昆举行的联合国气候变化会议取得了进展。 那边 各国政府同意设立“绿色气候基金”;正式作出缓解承诺;采取具体行动防止占全球碳排放量近五分之一的毁林;加强技术合作;提高脆弱人口适应气候变化影响的能力。", "76. 联合国 还采取步骤,改进300亿美元快速启动融资的报告和交付,以支持发展中国家的弱势人口。 秘书长气候融资问题高级别咨询小组得出结论认为,到2020年实现每年1 000亿美元的目标的努力将具有挑战性,但可行,发达国家的公共和私人收入来源将支持发展中国家的缓解和适应努力。", "77. 国家 坎昆会议为世界提供了一套重要工具。 国际社会现在必须把它们付诸实施,并加倍努力,以配合迫切需要采取行动的科学要求。 2010年,与预测的气候变化趋势相一致的极端天气事件,包括大范围洪灾、热浪、火灾和暴雨,给巴基斯坦、俄罗斯联邦和中国西北部的数百万人造成了巨大痛苦。", "78. 国家 现在比以往任何时候都更加清楚的是,世界需要尽可能准确、客观和透明的科学评估,以便为决策提供信息。 为此,秘书长和政府间气候变化问题小组主席于2010年8月启动了对本组织进程和管理结构的独立审查,并吁请会员国就审查结果采取行动。", "79. 联合国 秘书长还发起了全球可持续性问题高级别小组,为可持续、有气候抗御力的发展提供实用的路线图,以解决消除贫穷、能源、粮食、水和其他关键问题。 该小组的建议将于2012年初发布,将为里约+20会议提供重要投入。", "B. 全球卫生", "80个 距离实现千年发展目标只剩下五年时间了,秘书长于2010年9月启动了全球妇女和儿童健康战略。 该战略标志着妇女和儿童的保健第一次得到如此高水平的承诺,并汇集了政府、多边机构,包括联合国、民间社会、私人基金会、企业和学术界的领导人。 已经向该战略认捐了400多亿美元的新政策和服务提供承诺。 所有192个联合国会员国都申明支持该战略并建立一个问责制框架,以确保交付资源和取得成果。", "81个 全球防治艾滋病工作取得了成果:感染人数正在减少。 尽管如此,每3人开始治疗就有5起新感染。 2011年6月举行的关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题的大会高级别会议提出了一项雄心勃勃的政治宣言,其中提出了到2015年普及艾滋病毒预防、治疗、护理和支助的具体目标,包括消除垂直传播。", "82. 结核病是艾滋病毒感染者的最大杀手,结核病-艾滋病毒协作行动正在取得进展;但大多数耐多药结核病病例仍未得到治疗。", "83个 自2000年以来,疟疾负担已大幅下降。 2008至2010年期间,由于资源的增长和防治干预措施的扩大,43个国家的疟疾病例和死亡人数减少了50%。 在撒哈拉以南非洲地区,提供了足够的驱虫蚊帐,覆盖76%的高危人群。", "第八十四会. 全球消除小儿麻痹症倡议取得了创纪录的进展,印度和尼日利亚的病例比2009年减少了95%。 为了在今后两年中充分利用这一势头并根除小儿麻痹症,迫切需要更多的财政和政治支持。", "85. 在降低麻疹死亡率方面也取得了显著进展。 2000至2008年,麻疹死亡人数下降了78%;这些避免的死亡占5岁以下儿童各种原因死亡率下降的四分之一。", "86. 目前和预计的非传染性疾病负担及其对经济发展的影响促使国际社会呼吁于2011年召开一次预防和控制非传染性疾病问题大会高级别会议。 每年有3 600万人死于非传染性疾病;其中25%年龄在60岁以下,大多数居住在发展中国家。", "87个 展望未来,主要挑战是确保社会保护和公平提供保健服务,使所有人都能享受更好的健康成果。 该议程的一项重要内容将是重新注重应对环卫方面的挑战。 获得卫生设施不仅能增进健康,而且对福祉和经济生产力产生倍增效应。 解决办法是存在的,它们只是需要执行。", "C. 打击恐怖主义", "88个 恐怖主义仍然是对国际和平与安全的重大威胁。 秘书长的主要反应机制 -- -- 由联合国系统内外31个实体组成的反恐怖主义执行工作队 -- -- 推动执行《联合国全球反恐战略》。 工作队通过定期向大会作简报、举办区域讲习班和提升外部通信,努力加强同会员国的互动并深入了解《战略》。 它编写了关于在发生核或放射性恐怖袭击时进行协调、打击为恐怖主义目的使用因特网的报告以及关于拦截和搜查人员的基本人权参考指南。 它设立了一个边境管理工作组,为执行《战略》所呼吁的与反恐有关的边境管制措施提供指导。 它与欧洲联盟和联合国中亚地区预防性外交中心一道,发起了一个项目,协助该区域会员国在其所有支柱中执行《战略》。", "89. 国家 虽然执行《战略》的主要责任在于会员国,但联合国系统将继续支持执行《战略》,办法是制定良好做法,加强伙伴之间的协作并一体行动地向请求援助的国家提供援助。", "D. 裁军和不扩散", "90. (中文(简体) ). 在不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会取得圆满成果后,缔约国已开始将会议上作出的承诺转化为与核裁军、不扩散及和平利用核能有关的商定“行动”。", "91. 联合国 俄罗斯联邦和美利坚合众国使新的《裁减战略武器条约》生效,进一步限制了其战略核武器的部署。 核武器国家启动了一个对话进程,讨论有系统和逐步地努力实现彻底消除其核武库。 目前正在筹备在2012年召开一次关于建立中东无大规模毁灭性武器及其运载系统区的会议。", "92. 国家 各国和民间社会成员继续探讨实现无核武器世界的具体要求,包括通过一项普遍和可有效核查的核武器公约。 2010年8月,秘书长以官方身份首次出席在日本广岛举行的和平纪念仪式。 他向66年前在广岛和长崎丧生的幸存者和所有人表示敬意,并强调指出,实现无核武器世界梦想的时机已经到来。", "93. (中文(简体) ). 日内瓦裁军谈判会议没有取得实质性进展,这仍然令人深感关切。 应秘书长的倡议,2010年9月24日召开了关于振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推进多边裁军谈判的高级别会议,需要进一步努力执行高级别会议所提出的建议。", "94 (中文(简体) ). 通过六方会谈,朝鲜半岛和平和谈判无核化没有取得进展。", "95号. 对伊朗伊斯兰共和国的核计划仍然感到关切。", "96. (中文(简体) ). 日本福岛第一核电站核事故出现新问题. 鉴于危机的全球性影响,秘书长强调国际组织可以发挥的作用,以及共同努力和协调努力应对这些挑战的重要性。 2011年4月,秘书长在关于安全和创新利用核能的基辅首脑会议上呼吁采取具体措施加强核安全。 在这方面,他发起了联合国全系统关于福岛核事故所产生影响的研究。 该研究报告将作为秘书长的报告印发,以努力促进将于2011年9月22日举行的核安全与核安保高级别会议。", "97. 国家 关于常规军备,各国必须在缔结一项武器贸易条约方面继续取得良好进展,秘书长认为这项条约至关重要。 小武器和轻武器在冲突地区和犯罪区过度积累并容易得到,这仍然令人深感关切。", "98 (英语). 秘书长重视联合国与区域组织之间的合作,以及民间社会组织在受跨界武器贩运、无安全保障武器储存和日益严重的武装暴力影响的地区所起的作用。 他认为,《中部非洲管制小武器和轻武器及其弹药和一切可用于制造、维修和组装此类武器的零部件公约》的通过是这方面的重要贡献。", "99 (英语). 联合国将继续同会员国合作,以维持并重振有效的裁军和不扩散规范。", "第四章 联合国", "建立一个更强有力的联合国", "A类. 秘书处、政府间机构、全系统一致性和区域组织", "一百块 在全球经济艰难和随后世界一些国家削减预算的背景下,要求联合国少花钱多办事。 目前正在就政府间机构的改革以及使联合国系统的工作更加协调一致的进程提出各种倡议,这将加强本组织在制定和执行全球议程方面的作用。", "1. 联合国 秘书处", "101. (中文(简体) ). 秘书长启动了四个相辅相成的进程,以建立一个更有效力和效率更高的联合国。 第一,他提出了预算,以期将联合国总预算减少3%以上。 第二,他已请联合国系统行政首长协调理事会在全系统改革努力上进行合作。 第三,他已动员所有高级管理人员提出改变联合国工作和业务方式的具体想法。 四是建立改革管理队伍,深化改革努力.", "102. 国家 这些努力将共同以过去一年为加强问责制、业绩和成果而取得的进展为基础,包括制定实施成果管理制的框架,该框架将于2011年下半年提交会员国,以及目前正在选定部门试行的企业风险管理政策。", "第103页。 秘书处在筹备实施《国际公共部门会计准则》方面取得了良好进展,该准则将采用国际公认的最佳做法,提高透明度,特别是在方案费用方面,改善内部控制并大大改进资产管理。 关于企业资源规划项目 -- -- \" 团结 \" 项目,鉴于项目执行出现延误所带来的挑战,必须加倍努力,确保在整个秘书处实现日益统一和精简的业务做法的潜在效益。", "104 (韩语). 卓越的人力资源管理对于实现秘书长关于一个全球性、适应性强、反应迅速和灵活、支持赋予权力和业绩文化并让工作人员学习和发展的联合国的愿景至关重要。 随着最近对合同和服务条件的改革,我们在这一领域取得了进展。 我们将继续努力改进征聘、职业发展和工作人员在本组织周围流动的方式。", "2. 联合国 政府间机构", "105. (中文(简体) ). 在过去一年中,大会处理了与全球发展议程及以后有关的关键问题,包括就减少灾害风险、对最不发达国家生产能力的投资和融资、法治、全球移徙和全球治理等议题举行专题辩论。", "106. (中文(简体) ). 在会员国改革安全理事会的努力中,特别是在各代表团在政府间谈判框架内提出的日益具体和具体的建议中,出现了新的动力。", "107 (韩语). 安全理事会在处理阿拉伯世界的动荡时,援引了对阿拉伯利比亚民众国的保护责任。 另外,其议程主要是监督四大洲的维持和平特派团和政治特派团,特别关注苏丹南方独立公民投票和科特迪瓦的执法行动。 重点领域包括预防性外交、恐怖主义、冲突后建设和平、妇女与和平与安全以及安全与发展相互依存。 安理会还努力确保充分而公平地执行现有的制裁制度,包括让新设立的监察员积极参与,以确保本组织的反恐努力符合人权准则。", "108. (中文(简体) ). 经济及社会理事会以新的方式努力动员国际社会实现千年发展目标。 其高级别会议加强了全球发展伙伴关系并改进了包括世界银行、国际货币基金组织、世界贸易组织和联合国贸易和发展会议在内的主要利益有关机构之间的政策协调。 年度部长级审查成功地推动了商定的教育议程。 理事会还审查了联合国系统处理性别问题的办法并提出建议以加快进展。", "3个 全系统一致性", "第109页. 自2010年7月2日大会通过关于全系统一致性的具有里程碑意义的第64/289号决议以来,其执行工作取得了显著进展。 2011年1月1日,联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)开始运作。 妇女署汇集资源和任务,通过合并联合国系统过去专门处理两性平等问题的四个不同部门的重要工作并在此基础上再接再厉来发挥更大的影响。 将全球制定规范的责任合并为一个实体,并给予其向各国提供执行这些规范和标准的业务支助的手段,将使联合国能够大大地加紧努力,在全世界促进两性平等并赋予妇女权力。", "110. 国家 继续努力改进联合国一体行动的方式。 目前正在对试点国家的经验教训进行独立评价。 自愿通过共同国家方案文件,有可能消除各机构具体方案之间的重复和重叠。 今年,联合国系统行政首长协调理事会在执行《联合国系统统一业务做法行动计划》和采用关于更公平、更绿色和可持续全球化的协调系统办法方面取得了显著进展。", "4. 区域组织", "111. 联合国继续努力加强与区域组织的伙伴关系,具体表现为联合部署、联合调解、调解能力建设、联合培训、交流最佳做法、对口对话以及设立联络处。", "112号 联合国驻非洲联盟办事处的设立使与该组织的战略伙伴关系更加得到重视。 联合国与南部非洲发展共同体在预防冲突、调解和选举方面的伙伴关系取得了质的飞跃,签署了合作框架并部署一个联络小组到哈博罗内。 设在利伯维尔的新联合国中部非洲区域办事处已经确保加强与中非国家经济共同体的合作,帮助加强区域组织的预警和调解能力。", "113号. 联合国在布鲁塞尔设立了一个伙伴关系联络处,使与欧洲联盟和欧洲安全与合作组织的和平与安全合作进一步制度化。", "114 (韩语). 东南亚国家联盟和联合国在其第三次联合首脑会议上坚决重申它们之间的联系,同加勒比共同体的合作也因秘书长首次参加第三十一届政府首脑会议而得到加强。", "B. 全球服务对象", "115. (中文(简体) ). 民间社会、工商界和学术界为实现千年发展目标等联合国目标作出了重要贡献。 在过去一年中,联合国已采取步骤加强参与,从经验中学习,以发展真正的转型伙伴关系来帮助应对紧迫的挑战。", "1. 联合国 加强与民间社会的伙伴关系", "116 (英语). 本组织扩大并深化了与民间社会的互动,包括通过联合国学术影响倡议,该倡议已经包括104个国家的650多所高等教育机构。", "117号 6 000多名从事联合国经济、社会和环境发展议程工作的非政府组织代表参加了经济及社会理事会及其附属机构的会议,为基层组织和社区发表意见出力。", "118. 世界各地的联合国新闻中心通过与千年发展目标、气候变化和可持续发展、站起来采取行动消除贫穷以及联合起来制止暴力侵害妇女行为等有关的高调运动,以近50种语言与民间社会合作。 北非和中东的几个联合国新闻中心在整个区域发生的动荡变化期间,在与各个社区保持公开对话方面发挥了有益的作用。", "2. 联合国 让企业界参与进来", "119. 来自30多个联合国实体的私营部门专家的先进网络正在着重帮助本组织走向转型伙伴关系,以应对全球和地方的系统性挑战。", "120号. 目前正在根据《联合国与商业部门合作准则》开展工作,以加强尽职调查和甄选伙伴机制。 一个新的联合国业务网站促进了数十次参与,使机构资源与组织需求相匹配,并支持与海地、日本、阿拉伯利比亚民众国和巴基斯坦危机有关的救灾工作。", "121. (中文(简体) ). 企业界还通过联合国全球契约开展工作,这是世界上最大的公司责任倡议,有超过135个国家的9 000人参加。 关于赋予妇女权力、反腐败、气候和水的全球契约平台正在把商业行动带入关键领域。 2010年9月,联合国主办了第三次私营部门论坛,执行人员和政府确定了工商界帮助缩小千年发展目标差距的具体行动。 在伊斯坦布尔举行的第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议上,企业界通过“私营部门轨道”成功地融入,为围绕里约+20等联合国首脑会议进行更密切的参与提供了一个模式。", "第五章", "结论", "122. (中文(简体) ). 在我们展望未来五年时,我们认识到,对联合国的需求从未像现在这样大,满足向我们提出的各种需要和要求并不容易。 我们必须确保本组织为全体会员国服务——从最不发达到最发达国家及其所有人民。 我们的许多参与将需要在过去五年所取得的成绩上再接再厉。", "123. 国家 实现可持续发展至关重要。 我们不仅必须加倍努力实现千年发展目标,以便到2015年实现这些目标;我们还需要制定一个愿景并商定2015年后促进发展的框架。 我们还需要制定战略和通过行动计划来应对50-50的挑战。 到2050年,世界人口将达到90多亿——比十年前多50%——届时,世界必须把全球温室气体排放减少50%。 处理这一议程的一个关键部分是制定一项可持续的全球能源战略。", "124. (中文(简体) ). 在和平与安全领域,过去五年开始看到,如果会员国利用联合国加强预防能力来帮助它们化解国内和跨界紧张局势,这种能力将产生积极的影响。 我们必须继续深化和扩大我们能够向会员国提供的预防服务。", "125. (中文(简体) ). 在过去五年中,我们看到维持和平行动日益复杂,被迫耗尽稀少的资源来完成广泛的任务。 在过去两年中,我们开始重新考虑和调整我们支持特派团的方式。 我们正在创造性地思考我们如何能够提高我们的灵活性并更好地利用潜在的伙伴关系,以确保我们拥有满足实地需要的必要能力,无论是与维持和平特派团、建设和平努力还是与政治特派团有关的需要。 我们的下一个挑战是进行更多的必要改革,以确保我们能够继续向我们所服务的人民提供和平与安全。", "126. 海地、巴基斯坦和日本向我们介绍了灾害的形式和规模方面的未来。 我们进入了特大灾难的时代,过去几年向我们表明,我们必须有更好的装备和配置,以充分应对这些灾难。 我们已开始采取步骤来改变我们的经营方式,重新制定我们的应对战略,并更加重视减少灾害风险。 此外,为了增强能力,联合国已开始同企业界和民间社会建立新型伙伴关系,并正在试验新技术来协调响应者并将响应者与受害者联系起来。 如果我们要应对可能即将到来的人道主义挑战,就必须在今后五年加快这些努力。", "127 (韩语). 过去一年的事件提醒我们,本组织为世界制定的规范性标准至关重要。 我们支持在中东和北非实现民主的呼吁,并敦促国际社会保护科特迪瓦和阿拉伯利比亚民众国的平民的权利不受严重侵犯。 我们看到,这一宣传工作在支持前线人民争取人权、法治和民主以及保护责任方面可以产生重要的积极影响。 现在,我们必须超越宣传,帮助希望实现变革的政府和非政府行为者将这些准则和价值观制度化。 由于今后五年对于确定许多过渡将走的道路至关重要,我们必须迅速提高我们的能力,以支持各国建设民主结构和进程。", "128. (英语). 过去几十年的全球挑战——气候变化、武器扩散、疾病和恐怖主义——不会消失。 我们需要继续加强并深化我们已经建立的国际合作。 然而,我们还必须做好准备,迎接我们必须共同面对的新挑战,尤其是人口模式所构成的挑战。", "129. 国家 最后,为了实现外部目标,我们必须从内而外地认真审视,并与会员国合作,确保我们的组织结构、工作进程和工作人员得到最佳配置,以应对下个十年的挑战。 我们已经发起了一项重要的改革倡议,它将在今后五年中在整个组织中提高效力和效率。", "130. (中文(简体) ). 全球转型时期带来了巨大的挑战,但也带来了推动人类进步的巨大机会。 任何挑战都不可能太大。 在一起,没有什么是不可能的。", "页:1", "千年发展 2011年目标、具体目标和指标:统计表", "目标1 消除极端贫穷和饥饿", "具体目标1.A 在1990至2015年期间将每日收入低于一美元的人口比例减半", "指标1.1 每日低于1.25美元购买力平价的人口比例", "(百分比)", "1990 1999 2005", "发展中区域", "北非 4.5 4.4 2.6", "撒哈拉以南非洲", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 11.3 10.9 8.2", "加勒比 28.8 25.4 25.8", "拉丁美洲 10.5 10.2 7.4", "东亚", "南亚", "南亚,印度除外", "东南亚", "西亚 2.2 4.1 5.8", "大洋洲————————", "高加索和中亚", "最不发达国家", "内陆发展中国家", "小岛屿发展中国家", "^(a) 不包括世界银行定义的高收入经济体。", "^(b) 世界银行的估计,2011年3月。", "指标1.2 贫穷差距比率^(a,b)", "(百分比)", "1990 1999 2005", "发展中区域", "北非 0.8 0.5", "撒哈拉以南非洲 26.3 25.8 20.7", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 3.9 3.8 2.8", "加勒比 13.4 12.7 12.8", "拉丁美洲3.5 3.4 2.3", "东亚", "南亚 14.5 11.2 9.8", "南亚,印度除外", "东南亚 11.1 9.6 4.2", "西亚 0.6 1.0 1.5", "大洋洲————————", "高加索和中亚", "最不发达国家", "内陆发展中国家", "小岛屿发展中国家 14.4 12.3 11.9", "^(a) 贫穷差距比率衡量了贫穷的程度。 这是将生活在贫困线以下的人口比例(每天1.25美元购买力平价)乘以贫困线与生活在贫困线以下人口的平均收入之差的结果。", "^(b) 不包括世界银行定义的高收入经济体。", "指标1.3 最贫穷五分之一人口在国民消费中所占份额", "没有全球或区域数据。", "具体目标1.B 为所有人,包括妇女和青年,实现充分的生产性就业和体面工作", "指标1.4 就业人员人均国内生产总值增长率", "(a) 受雇者人均国内总产值年增长率", "(百分比)", "2000-2010^(a) (中文(简体) ).", "世界 2.9 3.1", "发展中区域 3.9 5.2", "北非 2.5 2.7", "撒哈拉以南非洲", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 1.9 3.0", "东亚 6.9 8.5", "南亚 2.4 4.8", "东南亚 4.3 5.0", "西亚 7.6 3.0", "大洋洲 - 6.0 3.7", "高加索和中亚 5.5 2.7", "发达区域 2.7 3.0", "最不发达国家 2.2 2.1", "内陆发展中国家 2.3 2.4", "小岛屿发展中国家", "^(a) 初步数据。", "(b) 受雇者人均国内总产值", "2005年(购买力平价)", "2000-2010^(a) (中文(简体) ).", "世界 18 272 21 828", "B. 发展中区域 8 - 163 12", "北非 16 528 18 994", "撒哈拉以南非洲 4 389 5 294", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 21 047 23 013", "东亚", "南亚 5 378 7 978", "东南亚 7 109 9 774", "西亚 33 722 39 743", "大洋洲 5 590 5 883", "高加索和中亚", "发达地区 56 565 64 345", "最不发达国家 2 174 3 053", "内陆发展中国家 3 398 4 905", "小岛屿发展中国家 21 611 25 938", "^(a) 初步数据。", "指标1.5 就业与人口比率", "(a) 共计", "(百分比)", "1991-2000-2009 2010^(a) 乌干达", "世界62.2 61.5 61.2 61.1", "发展中区域", "北非", "撒哈拉以南非洲", "拉丁美洲和加勒比", "东亚", "南亚", "东南亚", "西亚", "大洋洲 65.9 66.3 66.4 66.1", "高加索和中亚", "发达地区", "最不发达国家", "内陆发展中国家", "小岛屿发展中国家", "^(a) 初步数据。", "(b) 男子、妇女和青年,2009年(a)", "(百分比)", "青年男子", "世界 72.9 49.2 44.3", "发展中区域", "北非", "撒哈拉以南非洲", "拉丁美洲和加勒比", "东亚", "南亚", "东南亚", "西亚", "大洋洲", "高加索和中亚", "发达区域", "最不发达国家", "内陆发展中国家", "小岛屿发展中国家", "^(a) 初步数据。", "指标1.6", "每日生活费低于1.25美元(购买力平价)的就业人口比例", "(a) 总数", "(单位:百万)", "1991年 1999年 2009年 ^(a)", "世界972.8 875.1 631.9", "发展中区域", "北非", "撒哈拉以南非洲", "拉丁美洲和加勒比", "东亚 444.4 286.2 73.0", "南亚", "东南亚", "西亚 3.1 3.1 4.2", "大洋洲 1.0 1.1 1.5", "高加索和中亚", "发达区域", "最不发达国家", "内陆发展中国家", "小岛屿发展中国家 3.2 4.1 5.4个国家", "^(a) 初步数据。", "(b) 占就业总人数的百分比", "1991年 1999年 2009年 ^(a)", "世界 43.0 33.9 20.7", "发展中区域", "北非 8.0 5.4 2.5", "撒哈拉以南非洲", "拉丁美洲和加勒比", "东亚", "南亚", "东南亚", "西亚 8.1 6.4 7.0", "大洋洲", "高加索和中亚", "发达区域", "最不发达国家 71.9 71.3 59.8", "内陆发展中国家", "小岛屿发展中国家", "^(a) 初步数据。", "指标1.7 自营和贡献家庭工人在总就业中的比例", "(a) 男女两性", "(百分比)", "1991 1999 2008 2009", "世界 55.5 53.5 50.2 50.1", "发展中区域", "北非 37.2 32.6 33.5 33.3", "撒哈拉以南非洲", "拉丁美洲和加勒比", "东亚", "南亚 81.3 79.8 77.5 77.2", "东南亚", "西亚", "大洋洲 75.1 76.6 78.4 78.1", "高加索和中亚", "发达区域 11.2 11.5 9.9 9.7", "最不发达国家", "内陆发展中国家", "小岛屿发展中国家", "(b) 男子", "(百分比)", "1991 1999 2008 2009", "世界53.1 51.8 48.9 48.9", "发展中区域", "北非", "撒哈拉以南非洲", "拉丁美洲和加勒比", "东亚", "南亚", "东南亚", "西亚", "大洋洲", "高加索和中亚", "发达区域 11.3 12.0 10.8 10.7", "最不发达国家", "内陆发展中国家", "小岛屿发展中国家", "(c) 妇女", "(百分比)", "1991 1999 2008 2009", "世界 59.2 56.1 52.1 51.8", "发展中区域", "北非 51.9 41.2 48.9 46.5", "撒哈拉以南非洲 87.6 87.4 84.2 84.2", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 35.8 37.3 32.6 33.2", "东亚 76.7 66.2 56.6 55.0", "南亚", "东南亚", "西亚", "大洋洲 8.0 82.0 83.8 83.5", "高加索和中亚", "发达区域", "最不发达国家", "内陆发展中国家 78.3 82.4 78.0 78.3", "小岛屿发展中国家 32.9 34.6 34.8 35.0个国家", "具体目标1.C 在1990年至2015年期间将挨饿的人口比例减半", "指标1.8 5岁以下体重不足儿童的普遍程度", "(a) 共计", "(百分比)", "1990 2009", "发展中区域 30 23", "A. 北非 10 6", "撒哈拉以南非洲 27 22", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 10 4", "东亚. 15 6", "东亚,不包括中国 11 5", "南亚 52 43", "南亚,印度除外 59 39", "东南亚 30 18", "西亚 ^(b) 11 7", "大洋洲 - -", "高加索和中亚. 7 5", "^(a) 数据来自64个国家,涵盖发展中区域5岁以下人口的73%。 体重不足儿童的流行率是根据世界卫生组织儿童成长标准估计的。 就高加索和中亚而言,趋势分析的基准是1996年,因为1990年没有足够的数据。", "^(b) 由于缺乏也门提供的数据,区域人口总数仅占区域人口的47%。", "(b) 2003-2009年按性别分列的情况", "(百分比)", "男孩与女孩的比率", "发展中区域 24 1.01", "北非 7 5 1.29", "撒哈拉以南非洲 24 21 1.14", "拉丁美洲和加勒比", "东亚 7 1.00", "东亚,不包括中国 5 5 1.02", "南亚 41 42 0.97", "南亚(印度除外) 37 39 0.96", "东南亚 . .", "西亚...", "大洋洲 21 15 1.44", "高加索和中亚", "(c)) 2003-2009年按居住地分列的", "(百分比)", "农村城市", "发展中区域 28 14", "北非 7 5", "撒哈拉以南非洲 25 15", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 7 3", "东亚 8 3", "东亚,不包括中国 6 4", "南亚. 45 33", "南亚,印度除外 41 31", "东南亚————", "西亚————", "大洋洲. 20 12", "B. 高加索和中亚 7 4", "(d) 国家 按家庭财富分列,2003-2009年", "(百分比)", "最贫穷的五分之一人口", "发展中区域 38 15", "A. 北非 8 4", "撒哈拉以南非洲 28 13", "拉丁美洲和加勒比————", "东亚————", "东亚,不包括中国 7 3", "南亚 55 20", "南亚,印度除外 48 24", "东南亚————", "西亚————", "大洋洲 - -", "B. 高加索和中亚 7 4", "指标1.9 低于最低饮食能耗水平的人口比例", "(百分比)", "1990-1992 1995-1997 2000-2002 2005-2007", "A. 世界 16 - 14 13", "发展中区域. 20 - 18 16 16", "北非 <5 <5 <5 <5", "撒哈拉以南非洲 31-31 30 26", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 12-11 10 8", "加勒比 26 28 22 24", "拉丁美洲 11-10 9 7", "东亚. 18 - 12 10", "东亚,不包括中国 8-11 13 12", "南亚 21 19 20 21", "南亚(不包括印度) 26-26 23", "东南亚. 24 - 18 17 14", "西亚. 6 8 8", "大洋洲 . .", "高加索和中亚. 16 - 13 17 9", "发达区域 <5 <5 <5 >5", "最不发达国家 40 - 41 36 32", "内陆发展中国家 34 - 34 30 26", "B. 小岛屿发展中国家 24 - 25 21", "目标 2. 普及初等教育", "具体目标2.A 确保到2015年,世界各地的儿童,不论男女,都能上完小学全部课程", "指标2.1 初等教育净入学率^(a)", "(a) 共计", "1991年、1999年、2009年,纽约\n世界 82.7 83.9 89.7\n发展中区域\n北非 80.0 86.0 94.3\n撒哈拉以南非洲\n拉丁美洲和加勒比\n加勒比67.6 78.0 76.1\n拉丁美洲 87.2 94.8 96.6\n东亚\n东亚,不包括中国\n南亚 77.0 79.2 90.9\n南亚(印度除外)\n东南亚\n西亚 82.0 83.1 88.3\n大洋洲————————\n高加索和中亚 - 94.3 92.7\n发达地区 96.3 97.1 95.8\n最不发达国家\n内陆发展中国家\n小岛屿发展中国家", "(b) 按性别分类", "1991, 2000, 2009 (英语).\n男孩 男孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 男孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩", "世界 86.6 78.7 86.8 80.9 90.6 88.8", "发展中区域", "北非 86.7 73.0 89.2 82.6 96.0 92.4", "撒哈拉以南非洲", "拉丁美洲和加勒比", "加勒比 67.3 68.0 77.7 78.3 75.5 76.7", "拉丁美洲 89.5 84.9 95.5 94.1 96.7 96.4", "东亚", "东亚(不包括中国)", "南亚", "南亚,印度除外", "东南亚", "西亚 86.2 77.6 88.0 78.0 91.0 85.5", "大洋洲. .", "高加索和中亚——94.6 94.0 93.2 92.0", "发达地区 96.4 96.1 97.0 97.1 95.3 96.3", "最不发达国家", "内陆发展中国家", "小岛屿发展中国家", "^(a) 每100名同龄儿童中正式小学适龄的小学和中学入学人数,定义为小学或中学小学理论学龄学生人数,以该年龄组总人口的百分比表示。 比率对应的是数据列报年份结束的学年。", "指标2.2 从一年级起读到小学一年级的学生比例", "(a) 共计", "1991 2000 2009", "世界 80.1 81.9 88.5", "发展中区域", "北非", "撒哈拉以南非洲", "拉丁美洲和加勒比", "加勒比 58.7 71.3 77.0", "拉丁美洲 85.4 98.8 102.8", "东亚", "东亚,不包括中国", "南亚 64.4 69.3 86.0", "南亚(印度除外)", "东南亚", "西亚", "大洋洲", "高加索和中亚——94.6 95.9", "发达区域", "最不发达国家 39.9 45.0 61.0", "内陆发展中国家", "小岛屿发展中国家", "(b) 按性别分类", "1991, 2000, 2009 (英语).\n男孩 男孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 男孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩", "世界 84.0 75.7 84.6 78.9 89.5 87.3", "发展中区域 81.9 72.0 82.7 76.2 88.4 86.1", "北非 79.9 64.1 84.2 77.9 93.0 90.3", "撒哈拉以南非洲", "拉丁美洲和加勒比", "加勒比57.3 60.0 70.4 72.2 76.5 77.4", "拉丁美洲", "东亚 - 97.9 97.8 94.2 97.8", "东亚,不包括中国", "南亚", "南亚,印度除外", "东南亚", "西亚", "大洋洲", "高加索和中亚——95.8 93.4 96.6 95.1", "发达区域——97.8 97.7 98.1 97.0", "最不发达国家", "内陆发展中国家", "小岛屿发展中国家", "^(a) 由于官方指标没有区域平均数,该表显示小学最后一年级的毛录取率,相当于“小学最后一年级新生总数,不分年龄,以理论入学年龄人口占最后一年级人口的百分比表示”(《2009年全球教育摘要:全球教育统计比较》,加拿大蒙特利尔,联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)统计研究所,2009年),附件B,第255页。", "•(b) 小学毕业率与提供数据年份结束的学年相对应。", "指标2.3 15至24岁男女识字率", "(a) 共计(a)", "(能读能写的百分比)", "1990 2000 2009", "世界83.2 87.1 89.3", "发展中区域", "北非", "撒哈拉以南非洲", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 91.7 96.1 97.0", "加勒比. 86.8 - 89.5", "拉丁美洲 92.1 96.7 97.6", "东亚", "东亚(不包括中国) 99.4 - 99.6", "南亚", "南亚(印度除外)", "东南亚", "西亚", "大洋洲", "高加索和中亚", "发达地区 99.6 99.6 99.6 99.6", "最不发达国家 55.6 65.3 70.2", "内陆发展中国家", "小岛屿发展中国家", "^(a) 本表所列区域平均数是使用参照期内每个国家或领土现有最新观测数据点的加权平均数计算的。 教科文组织 统计所的估计数被用于缺少数据的国家。", "(b) 按性别分列", "(能读能写的百分比)", "1990-2000年,2009年,纽约\n男孩 男孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 男孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩 女孩", "世界 87.7 78.6 90.3 83.8 91.9 86.8", "发展中区域", "北非", "撒哈拉以南非洲", "拉丁美洲和加勒比", "加勒比 87.3 86.3 — — 89.6 89.4", "拉丁美洲 91.8 92.4 96.3 97.1 97.3 97.8", "东亚", "东亚,不包括中国 99.3 99.5 - 99.4 99.7", "南亚", "南亚,印度除外", "东南亚 95.4 93.5 96.6 96.1 97.8 97.5", "西亚", "大洋洲 77.5 67.4 76.9 72.5 73.3 76.5", "高加索和中亚", "发达地区 99.2 99.6 99.6 99.6 99.6 99.6 99.6 99.6 99.6 99.6 99.6", "最不发达国家", "内陆发展中国家", "小岛屿发展中国家", "^(a) 本表所列区域平均数是使用参照期内每个国家或领土现有最新观测数据点的加权平均数计算的。 教科文组织 统计所的估计数被用于缺少数据的国家。", "目标3", "促进两性平等并赋予妇女权力", "具体目标3.A", "最好到2005年消除初等和中等教育中的性别差距,并至迟于2015年消除各级教育中的性别差距", "指标3.1 初等、中等和高等教育中女孩与男孩的比率", "(a) 初等教育", "1991 2000 2009", "世界 0.89 0.92 0.96", "发展中区域 0.87 0.91 0.96", "北非 0.82 0.90 0.95", "撒哈拉以南非洲 0.83 0.85 0.92", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 0.98 0.97 0.97", "加勒比 0.99 0.98 0.96", "拉丁美洲 0.98 0.97 0.97", "东亚 0.92 1.01 1.04", "东亚,不包括中国", "南亚 0.77 0.83 0.95", "南亚(不包括印度) 0.79 0.81 0.92", "东南亚 0.97 0.96 0.97", "西亚 0.86 0.86 0.92", "大洋洲 0.90 0.90 0.89", "高加索和中亚", "发达区域", "最不发达国家 0.80 0.83 0.93", "内陆发展中国家 0.83 0.82 0.92", "小岛屿发展中国家 0.96 0.96 0.94", "^(a) 采用总入学率。", "(b) 中等教育", "1991 2000 2009", "世界 0.84 0.91 0.97", "发展中区域 0.78 0.96", "北非 0.79 0.93 0.98", "撒哈拉以南非洲 0.76 0.82 0.79", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 1.07 1.07 1.08", "加勒比 1.12 1.08 1.04", "拉丁美洲 1.07 1.07 1.08", "东亚 0.77 0.93 1.06", "东亚,不包括中国 0.97 0.98 0.98", "南亚 0.61 0.75 0.89", "南亚(不包括印度) 0.63 0.85 0.92", "东南亚 0.90 0.95 1.03", "西亚", "大洋洲 0.83 0.89 0.88", "高加索和中亚——0.98 0.98", "发达地区 1.01 1.01 1.00", "最不发达国家 0.60 0.77 0.82", "内陆发展中国家 0.87 0.83 0.85", "小岛屿发展中国家 1.07 1.04 1.01", "^(a) 采用总入学率。", "(c) 高等教育", "1991 2000 2009", "世界 0.91 0.98 1.08", "发展中区域 0.71 0.82 0.97", "北非 0.59 0.74 0.98", "撒哈拉以南非洲 0.53 0.67 0.63", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 0.98 1.17 1.26", "加勒比 1.35 1.38 1.61", "拉丁美洲 0.95 1.16 1.23", "东亚 0.53 0.67 1.03", "东亚,不包括中国 0.54 0.63 0.77", "南亚 0.50 0.65 0.74", "南亚(不包括印度)", "东南亚 0.96 0.96 1.09", "西亚 0.64 0.78 0.87", "大洋洲 0.56 0.81 0.86", "高加索和中亚——0.91 1.07", "发达区域 1.10 1.20 1.30", "最不发达国家 0.38 0.59 0.58", "内陆发展中国家 0.82 0.81 0.87", "小岛屿发展中国家 1.24 1.31 1.50", "^(a) 采用总入学率。", "指标3.2", "妇女在非农业部门从事有薪工作的比例", "(雇员百分比)", "1990 2000 2005 2009", "世界 35.0 37.5 38.4 39.6", "发展中区域 28.8 31.7 32.6 33.8", "北非 19.0 18.8 18.6 18.8", "撒哈拉以南非洲", "拉丁美洲和加勒比", "东亚", "东亚,不包括中国", "南亚", "南亚,印度除外", "东南亚", "西亚 14.9 16.8 17.5 18.7", "大洋洲 33.3 35.5 35.2 36.2", "高加索和中亚", "发达地区", "指标3.3", "妇女在国家议会中所占席位比例", "(百分比)", "1990年 2000年 2005年 2011年 (b)", "世界 12.8 13.7 15.9 19.3", "发展中区域 11.6 12.3 14.2 18.0", "北非 2.6 3.3 8.5 11.7", "撒哈拉以南非洲 9.6 12.6 14.2 19.6", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 11.9 15.2 19.0 23.0", "加勒比 22.1 20.6 26.0 31.3", "拉丁美洲 8.6 13.2 16.4", "东亚 20.2 19.9 19.4 19.5", "东亚,不包括中国 17.8 14.6 17.2 14.5", "南亚 5.7 6.8 8.8 18.2", "南亚,印度除外 5.9 5.9 9.0 20.1", "东南亚", "西亚 4.5 4.2 3.9 9.4", "大洋洲 1.2 3.6 3.0 2.3", "高加索和中亚——7.0 9.9 16.1", "发达区域", "最不发达国家", "内陆发展中国家", "小岛屿发展中国家 15.2 14.0 17.9 21.2", "^(a) 仅单院或下院。", "^(b) 截至2011年1月31日。", "目标4 降低儿童死亡率", "具体目标4.A 在1990至2015年期间将五岁以下儿童死亡率降低三分之二", "指标4.1 五岁以下幼儿死亡率^(a)", "1990 2000 2009", "世界 89 - 77 60", "发展中区域 99 - 84 66", "北非 80 - 46 26", "撒哈拉以南非洲 180 - 160 129", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 52 - 33 23", "加勒比 76 - 58 48", "拉丁美洲 50 - 32 21", "东亚. 45 - 36 19", "东亚,不包括中国 28-29 17", "南亚 122 - 95 69", "南亚,印度除外 131 - 101 78", "东南亚 73 - 48 36", "西亚. 68 - 45 32", "大洋洲. 76 - 65 59", "高加索和中亚 78-62 37", "A. 发达区域 15 - 10 7", "最不发达国家 178 - 146 121", "^(a) 每1 000名活胎中未满5岁的儿童死亡。", "指标4.2", "婴儿死亡率^(a)", "1990 2000 2009", "世界 62 - 54 44", "发展中区域 68 - 59 48", "北非 61-38 24", "撒哈拉以南非洲 109 - 98 82", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 41-28 20", "加勒比. 54 - 43 38", "拉丁美洲 41 - 26 18", "东亚. 36 - 29 19", "东亚,不包括中国 18-22 14", "南亚 87 70 55", "南亚,印度除外 95 - 76 61", "东南亚 50 - 36 29", "西亚. 53 - 36 27", "大洋洲 56 49 46", "高加索和中亚 64 - 52 34", "A. 发达区域 12 - 8 6", "最不发达国家 112 - 93 79", "^(a) 每1 000名活胎中未满1岁的儿童死亡。", "指标4.3 1岁儿童接受麻疹免疫接种的比例", "(百分比)", "1990 2000 2009", "世界 72 71 82", "发展中区域 71-69 81", "北非 85 - 93 94", "撒哈拉以南非洲 56 - 55 68", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 76 - 92 94", "东亚 98 84 94", "东亚,不包括中国 95 - 87 95", "南亚 57 - 56 75", "南亚(印度除外) 60 - 68 85", "东南亚 70 81 88", "西亚 77 - 84 82", "大洋洲 70 - 66 58", "高加索和中亚 - 93 92", "发达区域 81-92 94", "最不发达国家. 54 - 60 77", "^(a) 至少接种一剂麻疹疫苗的12至23个月儿童。", "目标5 改善产妇保健", "具体目标5.A 在1990至2015年期间将孕产妇死亡率降低四分之三", "指标5.1 产妇死亡率□(a)", "1990 2000 2008", "世界400 340 260", "发展中区域", "北非 230 - 120 92", "撒哈拉以南非洲 870 790 640", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 140 - 110 85", "加勒比 320 - 230 170", "拉丁美洲 130 - 99 81", "东亚. 110 - 63 41", "东亚,不包括中国 110 110", "南亚", "南亚,印度除外", "东南亚", "西亚", "大洋洲", "高加索和中亚", "发达区域. 26 - 17 17", "最不发达国家 900-750 590", "^(a) 每100 000名活胎中产妇死亡。", "指标5.2 由熟练保健人员接生的比例", "(百分比)", "1990 2009", "世界59 61", "发展中区域 55 65", "北非 45 81", "撒哈拉以南非洲 42 46", "拉丁美洲和加勒比70 88(a)", "加勒比 ^(a) 67 69", "拉丁美洲^(a) 70 90", "东亚 94 99", "东亚,不包括中国 97 99", "南亚 32 50", "南亚,印度除外 27 42", "东南亚 49 72", "西亚 62 78", "大洋洲 54 56", "高加索和中亚", "发达区域 99 99", "^(a) 仅包括医疗机构的分娩。", "具体目标5.B 到2015年实现普遍获得生殖保健服务", "指标5.3 避孕普及率^(a)", "(百分比)", "1990 2000 2008", "世界 55.4 61.5 62.9", "发展中区域", "北非 44.0 58.8 60.5", "撒哈拉以南非洲", "拉丁美洲和加勒比", "加勒比 53.7 59.9 61.8", "拉丁美洲", "东亚", "东亚,不包括中国", "南亚", "南亚,印度除外", "东南亚", "西亚", "大洋洲 29.4 32.2 36.7", "高加索和中亚", "发达地区", "最不发达国家 17.7 28.1 31.4", "内陆发展中国家", "小岛屿发展中国家", "^(a) 已婚或同居的15至49岁妇女。", "指标5.4 青少年出生率 ^(a)", "1990 2000 2008", "世界 59.8 51.5 50.5", "发展中区域", "北非", "撒哈拉以南非洲", "拉丁美洲和加勒比", "加勒比 80.9 77.1 68.5", "拉丁美洲 91.9 88.4 81.6", "东亚 15.3 5.8 6.0", "东亚,不包括中国", "南亚", "南亚(不包括印度)", "东南亚", "西亚", "大洋洲", "高加索和中亚", "发达区域", "最不发达国家", "内陆发展中国家 105.8 106.6 107.1", "小岛屿发展中国家", "^(a) 每1 000名15-19岁妇女生育。", "指标5.5 产前护理覆盖率(至少一次和至少四次)", "(a) 至少一次访问 ^(a)", "(百分比)", "1990 2009", "世界64 81", "发展中区域 64 81", "北非 51 79", "撒哈拉以南非洲 68 78", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 78 95", "加勒比 89 94", "拉丁美洲 77 95", "东亚 70 91", "南亚 51 70", "南亚,印度除外 22 58", "东南亚 72 92", "西亚 62 84", "大洋洲 77 79", "高加索和中亚 90 96", "^(a) 15至49岁妇女在怀孕期间至少一次接受熟练保健人员产前护理的比例。", "(b) 至少四次访问_____(a)", "(百分比)", "1990 2009", "世界35 51", "发展中区域 35 51", "北非 20 57", "撒哈拉以南非洲 44 43", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 69 84", "加勒比 59 72", "拉丁美洲 70 85", "南亚. 23 44", "南亚,印度除外 10 26", "东南亚 46 69", "西亚. 32 54", "^(a) 15至49岁妇女在怀孕期间至少四次接受任何提供者(熟练或非熟练)的产前护理的比例。", "指标5.6 未满足的计划生育需要^(a)", "(百分比)", "1990 2000 2008", "世界 13.8 11.5 11.1", "发展中区域", "北非 19.4 11.2 9.6", "撒哈拉以南非洲", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 15.8 10.3 9.9", "加勒比 19.5 20.4 20.2", "拉丁美洲 15.6 9.7 9.3", "东亚 3.3 2.4 2.3", "南亚", "南亚,印度除外", "东南亚 15.5 10.9 10.9", "西亚 15.7 13.7 12.3", "高加索和中亚", "最不发达国家 25.4 23.9 24.0", "内陆发展中国家 24.3 24.1 23.8", "^(a) 已婚或同居的育龄妇女(15至49岁)。", "目标6", "防治艾滋病毒/艾滋病、疟疾和其他疾病", "具体目标6.A", "到2015年制止并开始扭转艾滋病毒/艾滋病的蔓延", "指标6.1", "(a) 艾滋病毒感染率□(a)", "1990 2009", "世界0.08 0.06", "发展中区域", "北非0.01 0.01", "撒哈拉以南非洲", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 0.04 0.04", "加勒比 0.09 0.08", "拉丁美洲 0.04 0.03", "东亚0.01 0.01", "南亚 0.04 0.02", "东南亚(包括0.04 0.04大洋洲)", "西亚 < 0.01 < 0.01", "高加索和中亚", "发达区域 0.05 0.03", "^(a) “15至24岁人口的艾滋病毒感染率”在制定《千年宣言》指标时被选作发病率的代用指标。 但是,目前所有区域和60个国家都有15至49岁人口的估计发病率。 因此,在此列出15至49岁人口的艾滋病毒感染率数据以及艾滋病毒感染率数据。", "(b) 15至24岁人口的艾滋病毒感染率", "(百分比)", "1990-2001-2009年,纽约\n估计成年人(15+) 估计成年人(15+) 估计成年人(15+) 估计成年人(15+) 估计成年人(15-49) 估计成年人(15-49) 估计成年人(15-49) 估计成年人(15-49) 估计成年人(15-49) 估计成年人(15-49) 估计成年人(15-49) 估计成年人(15-49) 估计成年人(15-49)", "世界 0.3 44 0.8 51 0.8 52", "发展中区域", "北非 <0.1 29 <0.1 30 0.1 30", "撒哈拉以南非洲 2.1 56 5.5 59 4.7 60", "拉丁美洲和加勒比", "加勒比 0.6 48 1.1 54 1 53", "拉丁美洲 0.3 25 0.4 32 0.4 35", "东亚 <0.1 25 <0.1 28 0.1 29", "东亚 <0.1 29 <0.1 30 <0.1 31 不包括中国", "南亚 <0.1 28 0.3 35 0.3 37", "南亚 <0.1 27 0.1 30 0.1 30 不包括印度", "东南亚(包括大洋洲)", "西亚 <0.1 30 <0.1 30 <0.1 30", "大洋洲 <0.1 54 0.4 57 0.8 57", "高加索和中亚 <0.1 32 <0.1 37 0.1 37 亚洲", "发达区域 0.2 18 0.3 31 0.4 35", "最不发达国家 1.4 55 2.2 58 2 58", "内陆发展中国家 2.4 57 3.9 58 3 58", "小岛屿 0.4 48 0.8 52 0.8 51个发展中国家", "指标6.2 2005-2010年最后一次高风险性交时使用避孕套的情况", "男性妇女\n在上次调查中使用安全套覆盖的国家进行高风险性行为的百分比", "撒哈拉以南非洲 34 - 34 27 48", "加勒比 3 37 2 56", "南亚 1 22 2 38", "大洋洲 3 34 4 48", "^(a) 报告在过去12个月中与非正常(非婚生和非同居)性伴侣性交时使用避孕套的15至24岁男女青年中,在过去12个月中拥有这种伴侣的人中所占百分比。", "^(b) 数据指在所述期间可获得的最近年份。", "指标6.3 2005-2010年15至24岁对艾滋病毒/艾滋病有全面正确认识的人口比例", "男性妇女\n接受全面调查知识调查知识的国家百分比", "世界^(c) 91 21 - 21", "(c) 发展中区域 82 20", "北非 2 7 1 18", "撒哈拉以南非洲 37 - 26 28 33", "加勒比 5 43 2 37", "南亚 5 17 2 36", "南亚,印度除外 4 10 - 10", "东南亚. 6 24 - 24", "高加索和中亚. 8 20 - 20", "^(a) 15至24岁的男女青年中正确确定预防艾滋病毒性传播的两种主要方式(使用避孕套和将性行为限制在一位忠实的、未受感染的伴侣),拒绝两种常见的当地误解并知道一个健康的人可以传播艾滋病病毒的人的百分比。", "^(b) 数据指在所述期间可获得的最近年份。", "^(c) 不包括中国。", "指标6.4 10至14岁孤儿入学率与非孤儿入学率之比,^(a) 2005-2010^(b)", "有数据比率的入学率", "发展中区域 44 0.81", "撒哈拉以南非洲", "加勒比地区", "南亚 2 0.73", "^(a) 生父母双亡的10-14岁儿童目前的入学率与父母双亡的10-14岁儿童目前的入学率之比。", "^(b) 数据指在所述期间可获得的最近年份。", "具体目标6.B 到2010年,所有需要治疗的人都能普遍获得艾滋病毒/艾滋病治疗", "指标6.5 获得抗逆转录病毒药物的艾滋病毒晚期感染人口比例", "(百分比)", "2004 2006 2008 2009", "世界^(b) 6 15 28 36", "发展中区域 6 - 16 29 37", "北非 10-21 29", "撒哈拉以南非洲 3 - 14 28 37", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 34 - 41 48 50", "加勒比 5 14 30 38", "拉丁美洲 39 - 44 49 51", "东亚. 6 - 16 19 23", "东亚,不包括中国 < 1 < 1 < 1 < 1", "南亚 2 7 18 24", "南亚,印度除外 1 2 4 6", "东南亚和大洋洲", "西亚. 44 - 38 52 57", "高加索和中亚 2 12 22 26", "最不发达国家 4 - 14 30 39", "内陆发展中国家 5 - 17 35 47", "小岛屿发展中国家 5 - 15 31 40", "^(a) CD4分数低于350的人的抗逆转录病毒治疗覆盖率。", "^(b) 仅包括世界银行界定的中低收入经济体。", "具体目标6.C 到2015年制止并开始扭转疟疾和其他主要疾病的发病率", "指标6.6 与疟疾有关的发病率和死亡率", "(a) 发生率? (a)", "世界69", "北非 0", "撒哈拉以南非洲", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 7", "加勒比 14", "拉丁美洲 6", "东亚 0", "东亚(不包括中国) 15", "南亚 20", "南亚,印度除外 12", "东南亚 32", "西亚 20", "大洋洲 218", "高加索和中亚", "最不发达国家 173", "内陆发展中国家", "小岛屿发展中国家 98", "^(a) 2009年疟疾流行国家每1 000人新增病例数。", "(b) 死亡(a)", "所有5岁以下儿童", "世界 24 182", "北非 0 0", "撒哈拉以南非洲 96 519", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 1 3", "加勒比 4 11", "拉丁美洲 < 0.5 1", "东亚 < 0.5 < 5", "东亚,不包括中国 0 0", "南亚 2 8", "南亚,印度除外 1 5", "东南亚. 6 18", "西亚. 6 15", "大洋洲 55 163", "高加索和中亚 < 0.5 < 5", "最不发达国家 70 384", "内陆发展中国家 67 351", "小岛屿发展中国家 30 146", "^(a) 2009年疟疾流行国家每100 000人中死亡人数。", "2008-2010年在驱虫蚊帐下睡觉的5岁以下儿童比例", "(a) 共计", "(百分比)", "撒哈拉以南非洲(24个国家)", "^(a) 有趋势数据的撒哈拉以南非洲24个国家的数据表明,儿童使用驱虫蚊帐的比例从2000年的2%增至2010年的31%。 计算包括截至2011年4月31日的数据。", "(b) 按性别分类", "(百分比)", "女生", "撒哈拉以南非洲(21个国家) 27 27", "(c) 住所", "(百分比)", "城市农村", "撒哈拉以南非洲(23个国家)", "指标6.8 2008-2010年发烧后获得适当抗疟药物治疗的5岁以下儿童比例", "(a) 共计", "(百分比)", "撒哈拉以南非洲(34个国家) 第36条", "(b) 国家 按居住地分列", "(百分比)", "城市农村", "南亚(3个国家) 41 36", "指标6.9 与结核病有关的发病率、流行率和死亡率", "(a) 发生率", "(每100 000人中新增病例数,包括艾滋病毒感染者)^(a)", "1990-2000年,2009年,纽约\n世界128 (114:144) 136 (129:144) 137 (131:145)\n发展中区域 155 (135:174) 163 (153:172) 164 (155:173)\n北非 58 (47:69) 48 (43:52) 42 (39:46)\n撒哈拉以南非洲176 (159:194) 316 (300:333) 345 (326:363)\n拉丁美洲和加勒比 88 (73:103) 61 (56:66) 44 (41:48)\n加勒比95(67:122)91(78:104)79(67:90)\n拉丁美洲 87 (71:103) 59 (54:64) 42 (39:45)\n东亚136 (105:167) 109 (90:128) 100 (88:112)\n南亚172 (117: 227) 172 (148:197) 173 (149:196)\n238 (191: 284) 226 (205: 247) 217 (197: 237)\n西亚 59 (48:70) 49 (44:54) 33 (30:36)\n大洋洲 202 (131:273) 194 (161:226) 190 (162:219)\n高加索和中亚 116 (92:141) 135 (123:146) 134 (123:146)\n发达地区 39 (33:46) 36 (33:39) 27 (25:29)\n最不发达国家 212 (183:240) 272 (258:287) 275 (261:289)\n内陆发展中国家 167 (148:187) 270 (254:287) 270 (253:287)\n小岛屿发展中国家 108(86:129)104(94:114)104(95:113)", "^(a) 括号内的下限和上限。", "(b) 流行率", "(每100 000人现有病例数,包括艾滋病毒感染者)^(a)", "1990-2000年,2009年,纽约\n世界253 (200: 318) 231 (194: 275) 201 (169: 239)\n发展中区域 310 (233:387) 280 (229:331) 241 (198:284)\n北非 98 (56:139) 65 (40:89) 54 (34:74)\n撒哈拉以南非洲 287 (231:344) 456 (377:534) 479 (397:560)\n拉丁美洲和加勒比 148 (99:198) 90 (67:114) 58 (43:72)\n176 (90:263) 139 (81:198) 111 (61:162)\n拉丁美洲 146 (93: 199) 86 (62:111) 54 (38:69)\n东亚284 (122:446) 218 (101:334) 141 (63:220)\n南亚359(167:551)294(177:410)267(154:380)\n东南亚524(369:679) 465(349:580) 344(259:429)\n西亚 94 (57:131) 74 (50:98) 51 (35:67)\n大洋洲 416 (163: 669) 250 (103: 396) 258 (107: 408)\n高加索和中亚 224 (139:308) 207 (144:269) 208 (147:269)\n发达地区 66 (42:89) 49 (33:64) 34 (23:45)\n最不发达国家 397 (291:502) 460 (378:543) 431 (358:503)\n内陆发展中国家 252(202:302) 372 (300:445) 385 (305:464)\n202(131:272)152(107:198)146(104:187)", "^(a) 括号内的下限和上限。", "(c) 死亡人数", "(每100 000人死亡人数,不包括艾滋病毒感染者)^(a)", "1990-2000年,2009年,纽约\n世界30(25:36) 26(24:29) 20(17:22)\n发展中区域 37 (30:44) 32 (29:35) 23 (21:26)\n北非 6.6 (3.3:9.9) 3 (2.1:4) 2.4 (1.7:3.2)\n撒哈拉以南非洲 32 (27:38) 54 (50:59) 53 (48:58)\n拉丁美洲和加勒比 13 (8.8:17) 6 (5.3:6.8) 3.3 (2.7:4)\n加勒比21(12:29) 15(11:19) 11(7.3:14)\n拉丁美洲 12 (7.9:16) 5.3 (4.6:6.1) 2.8 (2.1:3.4)\n东亚37 (26:48) 28 (21:34) 12 (7.2:16)\n南亚 47 (28:66) 33 (25:41) 26 (18:34)\n东南亚 52 (39:66) 51 (45:58) 31 (25:37)\n西亚 8.2 (4.8:12) 6.2 (4.6:7.7) 4.7 (3.6:5.8)\n大洋洲 53 (28:77) 17 (7.8:25) 20 (10:29)\n高加索和中亚23 (16:30) 22 (20:23) 20 (17:23)\n发达地区7.5 (4.7:10) 4.8 (4.5:5.1) 3.7 (2.8:4.6)\n最不发达国家 49 (40:59) 57 (52:62) 48 (44:53)\n内陆发展中国家 25 (21:30) 41 (37:46) 42 (37:47)\n小岛屿发展中国家 24 (17:31) 15 (12:18) 13 (10:16)", "^(a) 括号内的下限和上限。", "指标6.10 短期直接观察治疗中发现和治愈的肺结核病例比例", "(a) 在短期直接观察治疗中发现的新病例", "(DOTS涂片阳性病例检测率:百分比)^(a)", "1990-2000年,2009年,纽约\n世界55 (49:62) 45 (43:48) 62 (59:65)\n发展中区域 55 (49:63) 43 (41:46) 61 (58:64)\n北非63(53:78)90(82:98)89(82:98)\n撒哈拉以南非洲 45 (41:50) 38 (36:40) 48 (46:51)\n拉丁美洲和加勒比 53 (45:64) 69 (64:75) 73 (68:79)\n加勒比11 (8.8:16) 51 (45:60) 17 (15:20)\n拉丁美洲 56 (47:69) 72 (66:78) 81 (75:88)\n东亚 27 (22:35) 35 (30:43) 76 (68:87)\n南亚85 (65:130) 50 (44:58) 64 (56:74)\n东南亚 50 (42:62) 34 (31:38) 63 (57:69)\n西亚 70 (59:87) 64 (58:70) 68 (62:75)\n大洋洲 31 (23:48) 76 (65:91) 74 (64:87)\n高加索和中亚 42 (34:53) 68 (63:75) 65 (59:71)\n发达地区 58 (50:70) 81 (74:89) 84 (78:92)\n最不发达国家 32 (28:37) 35 (33:37) 48 (46:51)\n内陆发展中国家 54 (49:61) 47 (44:50) 49 (46:52)\n小岛屿发展中国家 22 (19:28) 58 (53:65) 45 (42:50)", "^(a) 括号内的下限和上限。", "(b) 短期直接观察治疗成功治疗的病人", "(百分比)", "2000年,纽约\n世界 69 86\n发展中区域 69 87\n北非 88 87\n撒哈拉以南非洲 71 81\n拉丁美洲和加勒比 76 77\n加勒比 72 76\n拉丁美洲 77 77\n东亚 92 94\n南亚 42 88\n东南亚 86 89\n西亚 77 84\n大洋洲\n高加索和中亚 79 74\n发达区域 66 59\n最不发达国家 77 85\n内陆发展中国家 75 81\n小岛屿发展中国家 73 75", "目标7 确保环境可持续性", "具体目标7.A 将可持续发展原则纳入国家政策和方案并扭转环境资源的损失", "指标7.1 森林覆盖地的比例", "(百分比)", "1990 2000 2010", "世界32.0 31.4 31.0", "发展中区域", "北非 1.4 1.4 1.4", "撒哈拉以南非洲", "拉丁美洲和加勒比", "加勒比 25.8 28.1 30.3", "拉丁美洲", "东亚 16.4 18.0 20.5", "东亚,不包括中国 15.2 14.0 12.8", "南亚 14.1 14.1 14.5", "南亚,印度除外 7.8 7.3 7.1", "东南亚", "西亚 2.8 2.9 3.3", "大洋洲", "高加索和中亚", "发达区域 36.3 36.6 36.7", "最不发达国家 32.7 31.0 29.6", "内陆发展中国家 19.3 18.2 17.1", "小岛屿发展中国家", "指标7.2 二氧化碳排放量,总量、人均和每1美元国内生产总值(购买力平价)", "(a) 共计(a)", "(单位:百万吨)", "1990年 2000年 2005年 2007年 纽约\n世界 21839 23839 27895 30121\n发展中区域 6 760 9 925 1353 15955\n北非 232 333 400 453\n撒哈拉以南非洲 462 554 648 688\n拉丁美洲和加勒比 1 019 1 334 1 464 1 652\n加勒比 84 99 105 136\n拉丁美洲 934 1 235 1 359 1 516\n东亚 2 988 3 964 6 388 7 670\n东亚,不包括中国 527 559 598 638\n南亚 1 009 1 675 2 061 2 509\n南亚(不包括印度) 319 489 650 766\n东南亚 426 785 1 055 1 173\n西亚 617 943 1 126 1 325\n大洋洲 6 7 11 9\n高加索和中亚 485^(b) 329 380 477\n发达地区\n最不发达国家. 74 - 110 164 191\n内陆发展中国家 50 399 451 557\n小岛屿发展中国家 139 - 158 172 183\n附件一国家^(c,d,e) 14968 14430 14902 14652", "(b) 人均数", "(吨数)", "2000年、2005年、2008年、2008年、2005年、2008年、2005年、2005年、2005年、2005年、2005年、2005年、2005年、2005年、2005年、2005年、2005年、2005年、2005年、2005年、2005年、2005年、2005年、2005年、2005年、2005年、2005年、2005年、2005年、2005年、2005年、2005年、2005年、2005年、2005年、2005年、2005年、2005年、2005年、2005年、2005年、2005年、2005年、2005年、2005年、2008年、2005年、2005年、2005年、2005年、2005年、2005年、2007年、2005年、2007年、2005年、2005年、2007年、2007年、2007年、2005年、2005年、2005年、\n世界 4.1 3.9 4.2 4.4\n发展中区域 1.7 2.0 2.6 2.9\n北非 1.9 2.3 2.6 2.8\n撒哈拉以南非洲\n拉丁美洲和加勒比 2.3 2.6 2.7 2.9\n加勒比 2.7 2.9 2.9 3.6\n拉丁美洲 2.3 2.6 2.6 2.8\n东亚 2.5 2.9 4.6 5.4\n东亚,不包括中国 7.4 7.1 7.4 7.8\n南亚\n南亚,印度除外 0.9 1.2 1.4 1.6\n东南亚\n西亚 4.8 5.6 6.0 6.6\n大洋洲\n高加索和中亚\n发达区域 12.3 11.4 11.5 11.2\n最不发达国家\n内陆发展中国家\n小岛屿发展中国家 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.2\n附件一国家^(c,d,e) 12.7 11.7 11.8 11.5", "(c) 每1美元国内生产总值(购买力平价)", "(公斤级)", "1990 2000 2005 2008", "世界 0.60 0.50 0.49 0.46", "发展中区域 0.64 0.59 0.61 0.58", "北非 0.43 0.50 0.49 0.47", "撒哈拉以南非洲", "拉丁美洲和加勒比", "加勒比 0.60 0.58 0.53 0.62", "拉丁美洲 0.32 0.30 0.29 0.28", "东亚", "东亚(不包括中国)", "南亚 0.59 0.61 0.54 0.54", "南亚,不包括印度", "东南亚 0.42 0.47 0.49 0.46", "西亚 0.52 0.59 0.57 0.57", "大洋洲", "高加索和中亚", "发达区域", "最不发达国家", "内陆发展中国家 0.20 0.93 0.73 0.71", "小岛屿发展中国家 0.59 0.41 0.37 0.32", "附件一国家^(c,d,e) 0.59 0.46 0.43 0.39", "^(a) 矿物燃料的CO2排放总量。 包括固体燃料消耗、液体燃料消耗、天然气燃料消耗、水泥生产和燃气燃烧产生的二氧化碳排放(美国二氧化碳信息分析中心)。", "^(b) 1992年数据。", "^(c) 包括所有向《联合国气候变化框架公约》提交报告的附件一国家;非附件一国家没有年度报告的义务。", "^(d) 按照政府间气候变化专门委员会准则向《联合国气候变化框架公约》提交的国家报告以国家排放清单为基础,涵盖所有人为二氧化碳排放源。 它可以算作能源、工业加工、农业和废物等部门的排放量之和。", "^(e) 不包括土地利用、土地利用的变化和林业的排放量/清除量。", "指标7.3 消耗臭氧物质的消费", "(吨臭氧消耗潜能值)", "1990(a) 2000-2009年", "发展中区域 236 892 207 991 41 983", "北非 6 203 8 129 1 307", "撒哈拉以南非洲 23 449 9 574 1 787", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 76 048 31 104 5 359", "加勒比 2 177 1 669 159", "拉丁美洲 73 871 29 435 5 200", "东亚 103 217 105 762 24 734", "东亚(不包括中国)", "南亚 3 338 28 161 1 904", "南亚,印度除外 3 338 9 466 927", "东南亚 21 108 16 831 2 940", "西亚 3 481 8 299 3 939", "大洋洲. 47 - 129 13", "高加索和中亚 2 738 928 188", "发达地区 828 590 25 364 2 007", "最不发达国家 1 457 4 791 1 055", "内陆发展中国家 3 354 2 395 484", "小岛屿发展中国家 7 162 2 147 434", "^(a) 在一组物质的报告要求生效之前的几年里,缺失的国家消费值按基准年水平估算。 这适用于附件B、C和E所列物质,其生效日期分别为1992、1992和1994年。", "指标7.4 安全生物界限内的鱼类种群比例", "(百分比)", "1990 2000 2008", "开发不足 9.0 4.1 2.7", "适度开采 22.3 21.3 11.8", "充分开发", "过度开发 8.5 17.7 28.4", "7.4 8.6 3.3 化学品", "追回 2.7 1.1 1.0", "指标7.5 2005年前后使用的总水资源比例", "(百分比)", "发展中区域 9.6 国家\n北非 91.9", "撒哈拉以南非洲", "拉丁美洲和加勒比2.0", "东亚 15.2", "东亚,不包括中国", "南亚 19.7", "南亚,印度除外", "东南亚", "西亚", "大洋洲 7.7", "高加索和中亚", "发达区域 0.04 (中文(简体) ).", "最不发达国家 56.0 国家", "内陆发展中国家 10.1 对", "小岛屿发展中国家", "^(a) 取出地表水和地下水占实际可再生水资源总量的百分比。", "减少生物多样性损失,到2010年大幅度降低损失率", "指标7.6 受保护的陆地和海洋区域的比例", "(a) 陆地和海洋;", "(百分比)", "1990 2000 2010", "世界^(c) 8.1 10.6 12.0", "发展中区域", "北非 3.3 3.7 4.0", "撒哈拉以南非洲", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 9.0 14.7 19.3", "加勒比地区 3.3 3.8 4.6", "拉丁美洲 9.3 15.1 19.9", "东亚", "东亚,不包括中国 3.9 11.4 11.6", "南亚 5.0 5.6 5.9", "南亚(印度除外) 5.4 6.2 6.8", "东南亚 4.6 7.1 7.8", "西亚 3.5 14.2 14.3", "大洋洲 0.5 1.1 3.2", "高加索和中亚 2.7 3.0 3.0", "发达区域 8.3 10.4 11.6", "最不发达国家 8.9 9.5 9.8", "内陆发展中国家", "小岛屿发展中国家 1.5 2.7 4.2", "^(a) 保护区(陆地和海洋合计)与领土总面积的比率。 这些数字与《2010年千年发展目标报告》统计附件(见http://unstats.un.org/unsd/mdg)所列数字之间的差异,是由于有了新的数据和修订了方法。", "^(b) 所有年份都包括设立年份不详的保护区。", "^(c) 包括计算发达区域和发展中区域总数时未考虑的领土。", "(b) 陆地(a,b)", "(百分比)", "1990 2000 2010", "世界^(c) 8.8 11.3 12.7", "发展中区域", "北非 3.3 3.7 4.0", "撒哈拉以南非洲 11.1 11.3 11.8", "拉丁美洲和加勒比", "加勒比 9.2 9.9 11.2", "拉丁美洲", "东亚", "东亚,不包括中国 4.0 12.1 12.2", "南亚 5.3 5.9 6.2", "南亚(印度除外) 5.8 6.7 7.3", "东南亚 8.7 13.1 13.8", "西亚 3.8 15.3 15.4", "大洋洲 2.0 3.0 4.9", "高加索和中亚 2.7 3.0 3.0", "发达区域", "最不发达国家 9.4 10.0 10.2", "内陆发展中国家", "小岛屿发展中国家 4.0 6.3 7.6", "^(a) 陆地保护区与地表总面积的比率。 这些数字与《2010年千年发展目标报告》统计附件(见http://unstats.un.org/unsd/mdg)所列数字之间的差异,是由于有了新的数据和修订了方法。", "^(b) 所有年份都包括设立年份不详的保护区。", "^(c) 包括发达区域和发展中区域在计算总量时未考虑的领土。", "(c) 海军陆战队(a,b)", "(百分比)", "1990 2000 2010", "世界^(c) 3.1 5.2 7.2", "发展中区域 1.0 2.9 4.0", "北非 3.1 3.6 4.6", "撒哈拉以南非洲 1.4 3.1 4.0", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 2.7 8.9 10.8", "加勒比 1.1 1.5 2.2", "拉丁美洲 3.3 11.8 14.3", "东亚", "东亚,不包括中国 2.1 2.1 2.3", "南亚", "南亚(不包括印度)", "东南亚 0.6 1.3 2.1", "西亚 0.7 2.0 2.2", "大洋洲", "高加索和中亚", "发达区域 5.9 8.5 11.5", "最不发达国家 0.9 1.9 3.4", "内陆发展中国家", "小岛屿发展中国家", "^(a) 海洋保护区与总领水的比率。 这些数字与《2010年千年发展目标报告》统计附件(见http://unstats.un.org/unsd/mdg)所列数字之间的差异,是由于有了新的数据和修订了方法。", "^(b) 所有年份都包括设立年份不详的保护区。", "^(c) 包括发达区域和发展中区域在计算总量时未考虑的领土。", "•(d) 不包括一些内陆发展中国家对内陆海域的领海要求。", "指标7.7 濒临灭绝的物种比例", "(预计近期内不会灭绝的物种百分比)", "1986 1990 2000 2008", "世界 85.3 85.0 84.3 83.7", "发展中区域 84.9 84.7 84.0 83.4", "北非", "撒哈拉以南非洲 87.6 87.6 87.3 87.1", "拉丁美洲和加勒比", "东亚 89.9 89.7 89.0 88.4", "南亚 84.9 84.8 84.4 84.1", "东南亚", "西亚", "91.2 大洋洲 91.0 90.4 90.0", "高加索和中亚", "发达地区", "^(a) 脊椎动物(哺乳动物、鸟类和两栖动物)生物多样性物种生存红色名录指数(RLI)。 RLI是预计在不采取额外养护行动的情况下在近期内继续存在的物种比例指数,从1.0(相当于国际自然及自然资源保护联盟红色名单上被列为“最受关注”的所有物种)到0(相当于已灭绝的所有物种)。", "到2015年将无法持续获得安全饮用水和基本卫生设施的人口比例减半", "使用改良饮用水源的人口比例", "(百分比)", "1990-2008年,纽约\n城市人口总数\n世界 77 95 64 87 96 78\n发展中区域 72 93 60 84 94 76\n北非 86 94 78 92 95 87\n撒哈拉以南非洲 49 83 36 60 83 47\n拉丁美洲和加勒比 85 - 95 63 - 93 97 80\n东亚 69 97 56 89 98 82\n东亚(不包括中国)\n南亚 75-91 69-87 95 83\n南亚,印度除外 82 95 77 85 93 80\n东南亚 72 92 63 86 92 81\n西亚 85 96 70 90 96 78\n大洋洲 51 92 38 50 92 37\n高加索和中亚\n发达地区 98 100 96 99 100 97", "使用经改进的卫生设施的人口比例", "(百分比)", "1990-2008年,纽约\n城市人口总数", "世界. 54 - 77 36 - 61 76 45", "发展中区域 42 - 65 29 - 53 68 40", "北非 72 91 55 89 94 83", "撒哈拉以南非洲 28 43 21 31 44 24", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 69-81 39-80 86 55", "东亚 43 53 39 56 61 53", "东亚,不包括中国 100 100 100 97 99 92", "南亚 25 56 13 36 57 26", "南亚,印度除外 42 - 74 30 50 65 42", "东南亚 46 69 36 69 79 60", "西亚 79 96 53 85 94 67", "大洋洲 55 85 46 53 81 45", "高加索和中亚", "发达地区 97 99 97 99 92", "具体目标7.D 到2020年,使至少一亿贫民窟居民的生活得到显著改善", "指标7.10 生活在贫民窟中的城市人口比例", "(百分比)", "1990 2000 2010", "发展中区域", "北非", "撒哈拉以南非洲", "拉丁美洲和加勒比", "东亚", "南亚", "东南亚", "西亚", "大洋洲", "^(a) 由居住在至少具有以下四个特点之一的家庭中的城市人口代表:无法获得经改善的饮用水;无法获得经改善的卫生设施;过度拥挤(每间房有3人或3人以上);由非可持久材料建造的住房。 一半的坑厕被认为是改善的卫生设施. 这些新数字与以前公布的估计数不相上下,其中所有使用坑厕的家庭都被视为贫民窟家庭。", "目标8 建立全球发展伙伴关系", "具体目标8.A 进一步发展开放、有章可循、可预测、非歧视性的贸易和金融体制", "包括国家和国际两级对善政、发展和减贫的承诺", "具体目标8.B 满足最不发达国家的特殊需要", "包括最不发达国家出口品免关税和免配额准入;加强重债穷国减债方案和取消官方双边债务;向致力于减贫的国家提供更慷慨的官方发展援助", "具体目标8.C 满足内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家的特殊需要(通过《小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展行动纲领》和大会第二十二届特别会议的成果)", "具体目标8.D 通过国家和国际措施全面处理发展中国家的债务问题,使债务长期可持续", "官方发展援助", "指标8.1 官方发展援助净额,总额和对最不发达国家的官方发展援助,占经济合作与发展组织/发展援助委员会(经合组织/发援会)捐助国国民总收入的百分比", "(a) 年度援助总额", "(10亿美元)", "1990-2002年 2006-2007年 2008-2009年 2010^(b)", "所有发展中国家", "最不发达国家", "^(a) 包括非官方发展援助债务豁免,但不包括为军事目的免除债务。", "^(b) 初步数据。", "(b) 国家 经合组织/发援会捐助国国民总收入份额", "(百分比)", "1990-2002 2006-2007 2007-2008 2009 2010^(a)", "所有发展中国家 0.32 0.23 0.30 0.27 0.30 0.31 0.32个国家", "最不发达国家", "^(a) 初步数据。", "指标8.2 经合组织/发援会捐助国用于基本社会服务(基础教育、初级保健、营养、安全饮水和卫生)的双边、部门可分配官方发展援助总额的比例", "1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009", "百分比 10.1 14.0 15.7 15.9 19.9 21.0", "10亿美元 3.1 3.5 5.8 8.2 12.4 16.7美元", "指标8.3 经合组织/发援会捐助国不附带条件的双边官方发展援助比例(a)", "1990 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009", "百分比 67.6 91.1 91.4 88.3 83.9 86.6 84.4", "10亿美元 30.1 49.0 62.2 60.3 80.5 71.1美元", "^(a) 不包括技术合作和行政费用以及未报告附带条件的官方发展援助。 2008年,除技术合作和行政费用外,据报附带条件的双边官方发展援助占99.6%。", "指标8.4 内陆发展中国家收到的官方发展援助占其国民总收入的比例", "1990 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009", "百分比 10.3 8.1 7.0 6.2 5.6 5.3 4.6", "7.0 12.1 15.0 16.6 18.9 22.6 25.0美元", "指标8.5 小岛屿发展中国家收到的官方发展援助占其国民总收入的比例", "1990 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009", "百分比 2.6 2.2 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.8", "10亿美元 2.1 1.8 2.5 2.7 3.2 3.7 4.2美元", "市场准入", "指标8.6 发达国家从发展中国家和最不发达国家免征关税进口总额(按价值计算并不包括武器)的比例", "(百分比)", "1996 2000 2005 2007 2009", "(a) 不包括军火", "发展中国家 ^(a) 53 63 76 82 82", "其中,优惠为(b) 16 14 17 16 16", "北非 52 57 97 97", "撒哈拉以南非洲 78 80 93 96 97", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 66 75 93 94", "东亚. 35 - 52 62 67 67", "南亚 47 48 58 72 69", "东南亚 59 75 77 80 79", "西亚 34 39 66 96 97", "大洋洲 85 83 89 91 93", "高加索和中亚", "最不发达国家 68 - 75 83 89", "其中,优惠为(b)项 29 42 28 27 29", "(b) 不包括武器和石油", "发展中国家 ^(a) 54 65 76 78", "其中,优待(b) 19 16 20 19 19", "北非. 20 - 26 95 95", "撒哈拉以南非洲", "拉丁美洲和加勒比", "东亚. 35 - 52 62 67 67", "南亚 41 46 58 63 62", "东南亚 60-76 77-79 79", "西亚 35 - 44 87 - 93 93", "大洋洲 82 79 87 89 92", "高加索和中亚", "最不发达国家 78-70 80 80", "其中,优惠为(b) 35 35 49 52 53", "^(a) 包括最不发达国家。", "•(b) 实际优惠幅度的计算方法是从免税准入总额中减去根据最惠国制度享受免税待遇的所有产品。 这些指标依据的是现有最佳待遇,包括区域和优惠协定。", "指标8.7 发达国家对发展中国家农产品和纺织品及服装征收的平均关税", "(百分比)", "1996 2000 2005 2009", "(a) 不包括军火", "发展中国家 10.5 9.2 8.8 7.8", "北非 6.7 7.4 7.2 6.4", "撒哈拉以南非洲 7.4 6.2 6.2 4.5", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 12.1 10.3 9.8 8.0", "东亚 9.3 9.5 10.8 10.7", "南亚 5.4 5.4 4.5 5.5", "东南亚 11.4 10.2 9.2 9.0", "西亚 8.2 7.5 5.0 5.3", "大洋洲 11.5 9.5 8.8 8.4", "高加索和中亚 4.8 3.9 3.4 4.1", "最不发达国家 3.8 3.6 3.0 1.2", "(b) 纺织品", "发展中国家 7.3 6.5 5.2 5.1", "北非 8.0 7.2 4.4 3.9", "撒哈拉以南非洲 3.9 3.4 2.9", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 4.7 3.5 1.5 1.3", "东亚 7.3 6.7 5.8 5.8", "南亚 7.1 6.5 6.1 5.8", "东南亚 9.2 8.4 6.0 5.6", "西亚 9.2 8.2 4.6 4.5", "大洋洲 5.9 5.3 4.9 4.9", "高加索和中亚", "最不发达国家 4.6 4.1 3.2 3.2", "(c) 服装", "发展中国家 11.4 10.8 8.3 8.1", "北非 11.9 11.1 8.0 5.9", "撒哈拉以南非洲 8.5 7.9 1.6 1.6", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 8.8 7.8 1.3 1.3", "东亚", "南亚 10.2 9.6 8.6 8.6", "东南亚 14.2 13.6 10.5 9.4", "西亚 12.6 11.8 8.5 8.3", "大洋洲 8.8 8.4 8.8", "高加索和中亚", "最不发达国家 8.2 7.8 6.4 6.4", "指标8.8 经合组织国家农业支助估计数占其国内生产总值的百分比", "1990-2003、2005-2006、2007-2008、2009-(a)", "百分比 1.86 1.12 1.04 0.95 0.87 0.86 0.93", "10亿联合货币 327 340 369 358 362 379 384 (单位:美元)", "^(a) 初步数据。", "指标8.9 为帮助建设贸易能力而提供的官方发展援助比例", "2001 2003 2005 2007 2008 2009", "贸易政策和1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 规章和与贸易有关的调整", "经济基础设施", "建设生产能力 16.0 13.4 12.8 13.3 14.8 12.9 容量", "贸易援助总额", "^(a) 世界贸易援助代理机构占双边部门可分配官方发展援助的百分比。", "^(b) 2007年开始报告与贸易有关的调整数据。 只有加拿大和欧洲联盟委员会提交了报告。", "债务可持续性", "指标8.10 达到重债穷国决定点的国家总数和达到重债穷国完成点的国家总数(累计)", "2000^(a) 2011^(b)", "达到完成点 1 32", "达到决定点但未完成", "有待考虑的第12点 4", "合格国家总数 34 40", "^(a) 2011年仅包括重债穷国。 2000年的数据反映了截至每年年底的状况。", "^(b) 截至2011年3月。", "指标8.11 根据重债穷国倡议和多边债务减免倡议承诺的债务减免", "(10亿美元,累计)", "2000 2011", "向达到决定或32 90个完成点的国家提供", "^(a) 以2009年底净现值表示;截至2011年3月的承诺状况。", "指标8.12 还本付息额占货物和服务出口额的百分比", "1990 2000 2008 2009", "发展中区域 18.7 12.5 3.4 3.6", "北非", "撒哈拉以南非洲 11.4 9.4 2.0 3.1", "拉丁美洲和加勒比", "加勒比 16.8 8.0 11.4 14.6", "拉丁美洲 20.7 22.2 6.7 7.1", "东亚", "南亚 17.6 13.7 5.2 3.5", "南亚,印度除外 9.3 11.5 7.7 9.8", "东南亚 16.7 6.5 3.0 4.0", "西亚 26.4 16.2 9.2 9.0", "大洋洲 14.0 5.9 2.8 1.9", "高加索和中亚 0.62^(b) 8.4 0.6 1.0", "最不发达国家 16.8 11.4 2.9 5.6", "14.4 8.6 1.3 1.9个国家", "小岛屿发展中国家 13.7 8.7 7.6 9.5个国家", "^(a) 包括向世界银行债务人报告系统报告的国家。 合计数是根据现有数据得出的,在有些年份中,可能不包括没有关于货物和服务出口和国外净收入数据的国家。", "^(b) 数据为1993年的数据。", "具体目标8.E 与制药公司合作,在发展中国家提供负担得起的基本药物", "指标8.13 持续获得负担得起的基本药物的人口比例", "没有全球或区域数据。", "具体目标8.F 与私营部门合作,提供新技术,特别是信息和通信技术的惠益", "指标8.14 每100人固定电话线的数目", "1990 2000 2009", "世界 9.8 15.9 17.5", "发展中区域", "北非 2.8 7.1 11.3", "撒哈拉以南非洲", "拉丁美洲和加勒比 6.3 14.7 18.2", "加勒比 7.0 11.2 10.7", "拉丁美洲 6.2 15.0 18.8", "东亚 2.4 13.8 24.8", "东亚,不包括中国", "南亚", "南亚(印度除外)", "东南亚 1.3 4.8 12.4", "西亚 8.6 16.5 15.3", "大洋洲 3.3 5.2 5.4", "高加索和中亚", "发达地区 37.0 49.2 41.5", "最不发达国家", "内陆发展中国家 2.4 2.8 3.9", "小岛屿发展中国家 7.9 12.9 12.2", "指标8.15 每100人手机用户数", "1995 2000 2009", "世界 1.6 12.1 68.4", "发展中区域", "北非 <0.1 2.7 79.7", "撒哈拉以南非洲", "拉丁美洲和加勒比", "加勒比 1.2 7.4 54.2", "拉丁美洲 0.8 12.6 92.1", "东亚", "东亚,不包括中国", "南亚 <0.1 0.4 44.7", "南亚(不包括印度)", "东南亚", "西亚", "大洋洲", "高加索和中亚", "发达区域", "(a) 最不发达国家", "内陆发展中国家 <0.1 1.1 34.7", "小岛屿发展中国家", "^(a) 1996年数据。", "指标8.16 每100人因特网用户", "1995 2000 2009", "世界 0.8 6.6 26.5", "发展中区域", "北非 >0.1 0.7 25.2", "撒哈拉以南非洲", "拉丁美洲和加勒比", "加勒比 0.1 2.9 22.3", "拉丁美洲 0.1 4.0 33.7", "东亚. 0.1 3.8 31.0", "东亚,不包括中国", "南亚 <0.1 0.5 5.6", "南亚,印度除外", "东南亚", "西亚", "大洋洲 0.1 1.8 6.4", "高加索和中亚", "发达区域", "最不发达国家 <0.1^(b)0.1 2.7", "内陆发展中国家 <0.1^(a)", "小岛屿发展中国家", "^(a) 1996年数据。", "^(b) 1998年数据。", "资料来源:联合国千年发展目标各项指标机构间专家组和千年发展目标各项指标数据库(http://mdgs.un.org)。", "注:除注明外,区域集团以联合国地理区域为基础,但需作一些必要修改,以尽可能建立单一的国家集团进行分析和列报。 2011年千年发展目标各项指标报告所采用的区域构成见http://mdgs.un.org“数据”一栏。", "如所示,“发达区域”包括欧洲(包括独立国家联合体——欧洲国家)、澳大利亚、加拿大、以色列、日本、新西兰和美利坚合众国。", "例如,“高加索和中亚”包括亚美尼亚、阿塞拜疆、格鲁吉亚、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、土库曼斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦。", "160811", "*1143101*", "[]" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 10 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Cyprus to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Cyprus to the United Nations has the honour to refer to the note verbale dated 25 March 2011 from the Chair of the Security Council Committee of the United Nations established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, regarding paragraph 25 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011).", "The Ministerial Council of the Republic of Cyprus adopted the implementation of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) on 29 March 2011. The Ministerial Council decision provides for the following: (a) immediate action by all the relevant authorities of the Republic on the adoption of all necessary measures needed for the compliance with all the provisions of the said resolution, and (b) immediate action by all relevant authorities of the Republic in implementing the resolution in their areas of competence (both within the public and the private domains), while keeping the Ministry of Foreign Affairs informed of their actions." ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的 第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月10日塞浦路斯常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "塞浦路斯共和国常驻联合国代表团谨提及2011年3月25日安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会主席有关安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议第25段的普通照会。", "塞浦路斯共和国部长理事会于2011年3月29日通过执行安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议的决定。部长理事会的决定规定如下：(a) 共和国各有关当局立即行动，采取一切必要措施，遵守上述决议的所有规定；(b) 共和国各有关当局立即行动，在其主管的领域内(包括公共部门和私营部门)，执行上述决议，并随时向外交部报告他们的行动。" ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月10日塞浦路斯常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "塞浦路斯共和国常驻联合国代表团谨提及2011年3月25日安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会主席关于安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议第25段的普通照会。", "塞浦路斯共和国部长理事会于2011年3月29日通过了执行安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议。 部长理事会的决定规定:(a) 共和国所有有关当局立即采取行动,采取一切必要措施,遵守上述决议的所有规定;(b) 共和国所有有关当局立即采取行动,在其职权范围内(在公共和私人领域)执行该决议,同时随时向外交部通报其行动。" ]

[ "Letter dated 22 July 2011 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council", "I have the honour to transmit the attached communication dated 7 July 2011, which I have received from the Chair of the African Union Commission, Jean Ping, regarding the decision on the situation in Libya by the seventeenth Ordinary Session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the African Union, held in Malabo on 30 June and 1 July 2011 (see annex).", "Also attached is the document containing the proposals for a framework agreement on a political solution to the crisis in Libya as presented by the African Union High-level Ad Hoc Committee on Libya and endorsed by the Assembly of the Union.", "I should be most grateful if you would bring the present letter and its annex to the attention of the members of the Security Council.", "(Signed) BAN Ki-moon", "Annex", "The just-concluded seventeenth Ordinary Session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the African Union deliberated extensively on the situation in Libya. More specifically, the Assembly endorsed the proposals for a framework agreement on a political solution to the crisis in Libya, as presented by the African Union High-level Ad Hoc Committee, within the context of the African Union road map and the relevant provisions of United Nations Security Council resolution 1973 (2011).", "The proposals build on the outcome of the meeting of the Ad Hoc Committee held in Pretoria on 26 June 2011, which, inter alia, welcomed Colonel Muammar Gaddafi’s commitment to an inclusive dialogue process with the participation of the Transitional National Council of Libya, as well as acceptance of not being part of the negotiation process. They were presented to both the Libyan Government and the Transitional National Council in Malabo. The African Union plans to convene, as soon as possible, negotiations between the Libyan parties to discuss these proposals in Addis Ababa, with the facilitation of the United Nations and the African Union, as well as the League of Arab States, the Organization of the Islamic Conference and the European Union.", "As the conflict in Libya enters its sixth month, with the attendant consequences for the civilian population, as well as for long-term security and stability in that country and in the region as a whole, it is critical that we step up our efforts to encourage the Libyan parties to seek a political solution. It is our conviction that the proposals endorsed in Malabo offer a viable basis for bringing the current conflict to an end, ensuring the effective protection of the civilian population and ushering in a political process that will make it possible to meet the legitimate aspirations of the Libyan people for democracy, the rule of law, good governance and respect for human rights.", "I should be most grateful if you would circulate the present letter and the attached documents to the Security Council members for their information and action as appropriate. We very much look forward to your personal support and to that of the Security Council. We are committed to working closely with you and your Special Envoy to effectively assist the Libyan people overcome the serious challenges they are currently facing.", "I would like to seize this opportunity to thank you for your active involvement in the efforts to promote peace on our continent and enhance the already strong partnership that exists between our two organizations.", "(Signed) Jean Ping", "Enclosure 1", "Decision of the Assembly of the Union on the situation in Libya", "The Assembly:", "1. Takes note, with appreciation, of the report of the African Union High-level Ad Hoc Committee on Libya on its activities since the Extraordinary Session of the Assembly of the Union, held in Addis Ababa on 25 May 2011;", "2. Pays tribute to the Ad Hoc Committee and to its members for the commitment and determination with which they are carrying out the mandate entrusted to them by the 265th meeting of the Peace and Security Council, held on 10 March 2011, and reaffirmed by the Extraordinary Session of the Assembly of the Union, held on 25 May 2011;", "3. Reaffirms all earlier African Union decisions on the situation in Libya and its conviction that only a political solution will make it possible to fulfil the legitimate aspirations of the Libyan people and preserve the unity and territorial integrity of the country. In this respect, the Assembly stresses the continued relevance and validity of the African Union road map as articulated by the Peace and Security Council at its 265th meeting;", "4. Endorses the Proposals for a Framework Agreement on a Political Solution to the Crisis in Libya, as presented by the Ad Hoc Committee, within the context of the African Union road map and the relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions;", "5. Requests the Ad Hoc Committee to submit these proposals to the Libyan parties, namely the Government of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and the Transitional National Council of Libya, and to engage them on that basis, including through the early convening of negotiations under the auspices of the African Union and the United Nations, with the support of the League of Arab States, the Organization of the Islamic Conference and the European Union;", "6. Urges the Libyan parties to demonstrate the required political will, place the supreme interest of their country and people above any other consideration, and extend the necessary cooperation to the High-level Ad Hoc Committee;", "7. Further urges African Union international partners, in particular the United Nations Security Council and its members and relevant bilateral partners, to support the African initiative and the search for a political solution, as the best way of achieving the mutually reinforcing objectives of peace, democracy, the rule of law and national reconciliation in Libya. The Assembly underscores that the role of the African Union is formally recognized by the Security Council in its resolution 1973 (2011) and is fully consistent with the provisions of Chapter VIII of the Charter of the United Nations, as well as the unique contribution that the Ad Hoc Committee can make for the resolution of the current crisis;", "8. Requests the Ad Hoc Committee to report regularly to the Peace and Security Council and to its eighteenth Ordinary Session on its efforts towards a political solution to the crisis in Libya.", "Enclosure 2", "Proposals to the Libyan Parties for a Framework Agreement on a Political Solution to the Crisis in Libya", "1. The following elements are proposed within the context of the road map of the African Union for the peaceful resolution of the conflict in Libya and the communiqué of the meeting of the African Union High-level Ad Hoc Committee on Libya, held in Pretoria on 26 June 2011, including Colonel Muammar Qaddafi’s commitment to an inclusive dialogue process with the participation of the Transitional National Council of Libya and acceptance of not being part of the negotiation process, as well as Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011).", "2. Their objective is to bring the current conflict to an end, ensure the effective protection of the civilian population, including the provision of humanitarian support, and usher in a political process that will make it possible to meet the legitimate aspirations of the Libyan people to democracy, rule of law, good governance and the respect for human rights.", "National dialogue", "3. The Libyan parties shall immediately start negotiations, in accordance with paragraph 2 of Security Council resolution 1973 (2011) and the African Union road map, which will address the following issues: an immediate suspension of hostilities, a humanitarian pause, a comprehensive ceasefire, national reconciliation and arrangements relating to the transition, as well as the agenda for democratic transformation.", "4. The national dialogue shall be held under the auspices of the African Union High-level Ad Hoc Committee and the United Nations, through the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General, with the support of the League of Arab States, the Organization of the Islamic Conference and the European Union.", "Ceasefire", "5. Without prejudice to the outcome of the national dialogue, the ceasefire shall, among others, entail the following:", "(a) Lifting of the siege imposed on cities and cantonment of all troops, militias and armed elements from all parties;", "(b) End to all attacks against, and abuses of, civilians, including Libyans who were forced to flee their country;", "(c) Release of all prisoners and other individuals detained in relation with the current hostilities;", "(d) Facilitation of unrestricted and unhindered access to the civilian population by all international humanitarian agencies and workers.", "6. The arms embargo, as provided for in the relevant provisions of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011), shall remain in place on the entire Libyan territory, until the completion of the transitional period and the holding of general elections.", "7. The measures relating to the imposition of the no-fly zone, as provided for in Security Council resolution 1973 (2011), will be lifted by the Security Council at an appropriate date, in any event not later than the entry into force of the comprehensive ceasefire and the deployment of a credible and effective monitoring mechanism.", "8. The parties commit themselves to request the United Nations, working closely with the African Union and the League of Arab States, to establish and deploy an effective, credible international mechanism, including a sizeable peacekeeping force, to, inter alia:", "(a) Monitor the respect of the ceasefire and compliance of the parties with their commitments;", "(b) Provide protection to the civilian population within its mandate;", "(c) Undertake other related tasks, including support to the transition and peacebuilding.", "9. The mechanism, as mentioned above, shall be authorized by the Security Council under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations and provided with all resources required for the effective implementation of its mandate.", "10. Pending the deployment, as envisaged above, interim arrangements shall be put in place, which shall involve the establishment and deployment of an international mission mandated or authorized by the Security Council under Chapter VII of the Charter.", "11. The ceasefire shall be linked to, and followed by, a political process, which will commence with a consensual and inclusive transition period and culminate in democratic elections to enable the Libyan people to freely choose their leaders.", "Arrangements relating to the transition", "12. The parties commit themselves, following the national dialogue, to establish a transitional period during which the necessary reforms to meet the aspirations of the Libyan people will be undertaken.", "13. The transitional period shall culminate with democratic elections to enable the Libyan people to freely choose their leaders. The elections shall be internationally monitored.", "14. The transitional period will be underpinned by the following principles:", "(a) Commitment to democracy, good governance, rule of law and respect for human rights;", "(b) Inclusivity, in order to bring on board all stakeholders;", "(c) Consensus, as a way of providing a broad-based support to all decisions that will be taken during the transition.", "15. The transitional period shall entail a transfer of power to an interim Government, to be put in place immediately upon the conclusion of the national dialogue, as well as to other institutions that shall be agreed upon. The transitional period shall be managed in an inclusive manner.", "16. A provisional Constitutional Charter will determine the tasks and length of the transitional period, as well as the institutions of the transition and their composition, functions and powers.", "17. The institutions of the transition shall elaborate and adopt a draft Constitution and the legislation which is necessary for the conduct of the transitional tasks, as well as for the completion of the political reforms which would address the root causes of the Libyan crisis.", "18. The national dialogue shall be completed within a period of 30 days maximum, unless the parties and other stakeholders decide otherwise.", "Confidence-building and other accompanying measures", "19. The parties commit themselves to work towards healing and national reconciliation, including considering the establishment of a truth and reconciliation commission.", "20. The parties commit to agree on and adopt an amnesty law with respect to acts and other offences committed in the course of the current conflict. The scope and modalities of such a law shall be agreed upon during the national dialogue.", "21. The parties commit to refraining from disseminating messages instigating hatred and violence and from any other action that may undermine reconciliation among the Libyans.", "22. The parties commit themselves to requesting the Security Council to lift the freeze of Libyan assets as provided for in resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011), to the benefit of the interim Government.", "Role of the international community", "23. The international community, represented by the African Union, the United Nations, the League of Arab States, the Organization of the Islamic Conference and the European Union, commits itself to supporting the process and agreements reached among the Libyan stakeholders.", "24. In this respect, the international community is expected to take the following steps:", "(a) Deploy monitors to verify compliance with the suspension of hostilities mentioned above;", "(b) Put in place an effective, credible international monitoring mechanism and peacekeeping force to verify the ceasefire, protect the civilian population and take other required steps for the successful conclusion of the peace process in Libya;", "(c) Support the implementation of the transitional tasks, including through the provision of the required expertise and advice;", "(d) Facilitate the supply of the Libyan population in basic food commodities and medicines;", "(e) Facilitate the lifting of the sanctions imposed on Libya, in particular the unfreezing of the Libyan assets abroad, to meet urgent humanitarian needs, support the functioning of the transitional institutions and other related priorities;", "(f) Take measures, including sanctions, against all those who would undermine the transitional process." ]

[ "2011年7月22日秘书长给安全理事会主席的信", "谨随函转递2011年7月7日非洲联盟委员会主席让·平先生的来信，其中述及2011年6月3日至7月1日在赤道几内亚马拉博举行的非洲联盟国家元首和政府首脑会议第十七届常会作出的关于利比亚局势的决定。", "另外附上非洲联盟利比亚问题高级别特设委员会提出的《关于政治解决利比亚危机框架协定的建议》，该文件已得到非洲联盟会议核可。", "请将本函及其附件提请安全理事会成员注意为荷。", "潘基文(签名)", "附件", "2011年7月22日秘书长给安全理事会主席的信的附件", "2011年7月7日非洲联盟委员会主席给联合国秘书长的信", "刚刚结束的非洲联盟(非盟)国家元首和政府首脑会议第十七届常会广泛审议了利比亚局势。具体而言，会议核可了非洲联盟高级别特设委员会在非盟路线图和联合国安全理事会第1973(2011)号决议相关规定的范围内提出的《关于政治解决利比亚危机框架协定的建议》。", "《建议》是以2011年6月26日在南非比勒陀利亚举行的特设委员会会议成果文件为基础，其中欢迎穆阿迈尔·卡扎菲上校承诺开展有利比亚过渡全国委员会参加的包容性对话进程，并同意他本人不参加谈判进程。在马拉博向利比亚政府和过渡全国委员会提交了这些建议。非洲联盟计划尽早举行利比亚各方之间的谈判，以便由联合国和非盟以及阿拉伯国家联盟、伊斯兰会议组织和欧洲联盟(欧盟)从中协调，在亚的斯亚贝巴讨论这些建议。", "利比亚冲突已进入第六个月，对平民人口以及该国和整个区域的长期安全与稳定造成影响。我们必须加强努力，鼓励利比亚各方寻求政治解决办法。我们深信，在马拉博核可的《建议》将为结束当前冲突奠定可行基础，确保切实保护平民，并引入能够满足利比亚人民追求民主、法治、善政和尊重人权的合理愿望的政治进程。", "请将本函及随附文件向安全理事会成员分发，供其参考并酌情采取行动。我们非常期望你本人和安全理事会给予支持。我们将致力于同你和你的特使密切合作，以切实协助利比亚人民克服当前面临的严重挑战。", "我想借此机会对你积极参与非洲大陆的促进和平努力以及加强我们两个组织之间已经建立的强有力伙伴关系向你表示感谢。", "让·平(签名)", "附文一", "非洲联盟首脑会议关于利比亚局势的决定", "会议，", "1. 赞赏地注意到非盟利比亚问题高级别特设委员会关于其自2011年5月25日在亚的斯亚贝巴举行的非盟首脑会议特别会议来开展的活动的报告；", "2. 赞扬特设委员会及其成员兢兢业业、坚定地执行2011年3月10日举行的安全与和平理事会第265次会议赋予的、并由2011年5月25日举行的非盟会议重申的任务；", "3. 重申非盟之前关于利比亚局势的所有决定，并再次表示深信，只有政治解决方案才能够实现利比亚人民的合理愿望，维护该国的统一和领土完整。在这方面，会议强调，和平与安全理事会第265次会议提出的非盟路线图仍然具有现实意义和效力；", "4. 核可特设委员会在非盟路线图和联合国安全理事会相关决议的范围内提出的《关于政治解决利比亚危机框架协定的建议》；", "5. 请特设委员会向利比亚双方，即阿拉伯利比亚民众国政府和过渡全国委员会，提交这些建议，在此基础上与其一道努力，包括在非盟和联合国主持下，由阿拉伯国家联盟、伊斯兰会议组织和欧洲联盟协助，尽早举行谈判；", "6. 敦促利比亚双方展现必要的政治意愿，将自己国家和人民的最高利益置于任何其他考虑之上，并向高级别特设委员会提供必要合作；", "7. 又敦促非盟国际合作伙伴，特别是联合国安全理事会及其成员和相关双边伙伴，支持非洲提出的倡议和寻求政治解决，以此作为在利比亚实现和平、民主、法治与民族和解等相辅相成目标的最佳途径。会议着重指出，非盟的作用得到联合国安全理事会第1973(2011)号决议的正式承认，完全符合《联合国宪章》第八章的规定，特设委员会的独特贡献可以有助于解决当前危机；", "8. 请特设委员会定期向和平与安全理事会报告为实现利比亚危机的政治解决所作的努力，并就此向其第十八届常会提交报告。", "附文二", "向利比亚各方提出的关于政治解决利比亚危机框架协定的建议", "1. 在非洲联盟(非盟)和平解决利比亚危机路线图和2011年6月26日在南非比勒陀利亚举行的非盟利比亚问题高级别特设委员会会议的公报范围内，提出以下主要内容，其依据还包括穆阿迈尔·卡扎菲上校承诺开展有利比亚过渡全国委员会参加的包容性对话进程，并接受不参加谈判进程，以及联合国安全理事会第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议。", "2. 建议旨在结束当前冲突，确保切实保护平民人口(包括提供人道主义协助)，并启动能够满足利比亚人民追求民主、法治、善政和尊重人权等合理愿望的政治进程。", "全国对话", "3. 利比亚双方应根据联合国安全理事会第1973(2011)号决议执行部分第2段和非盟路线图，立即开始谈判，以解决以下问题：立即中止敌对状态、为人道主义目的暂停敌对行动、全面停火、民族和解、为过渡作出安排以及民主变革议程。", "4. 全国对话将在非盟高级别特别委员会和联合国(通过秘书长特使)主持下举行，并由阿拉伯国家联盟、伊斯兰会议组织和欧洲联盟(欧盟)提供协助。", "停火", "5. 停火不应损害全国对话的成果，并必须：", "㈠ 解除对各城市以及所有部队、民兵和各方武装人员营地的包围；", "㈡ 结束对平民，包括被迫离开自己国家的利比亚人的一切袭击和侵害；", "㈢ 释放与当前敌对状态有关的所有囚犯和其他被拘押者；", "㈣ 为所有国际人道主义机构和工作人员不受限制和不受妨碍地接触平民人口提供便利。", "6. 在完成过渡时期和举行大选之前，应在利比亚全境继续执行联合国安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议的相关条款所规定的军火禁运。", "7. 联合国安全理事会将在适当日期解除安理会第1973(2011)号决议规定的禁飞区措施，但不迟于全面停火生效以及部署具有公信力的有效监督机制。", "8. 双方承诺请求联合国与非盟和阿拉伯国家联盟密切合作，建立并部署切实有效、具有公信力的国际机制，包括相当规模的维持和平部队，以期除其他外：", "㈠ 监督遵守停火及各方履行承诺情况；", "㈡ 在任务规定范围内保护平民人口；", "㈢ 承担其他相关任务，包括向过渡和和平建设提供支助。", "9. 上述机制应由联合国安全理事会根据《联合国宪章》第七章授权，并为其提供有效执行任务所需全部资源。", "10. 根据以上设想，在部署前应作出临时安排，其中包括建立和部署一支经联合国安全理事会根据《联合国宪章》第七章规定任务或授权的国际部队。", "11. 停火应与随后开展的政治进程挂钩；这一进程首先是协商一致、包容性的过渡时期，最后是举行让利比亚人民能够自由选择领导人的民主选举。", "与过渡有关的安排", "12. 双方承诺在全国对话后规定过渡时期，在此期间开展必要改革，以满足利比亚人民的愿望。", "13. 过渡时期结束后应举行让利比亚人民能够自由选择领导人的民主选举。选举应接受国际监督。", "14. 过渡时期应以下述原则为基础：", "㈠ 民主、善政、法治和尊重人权承诺；", "㈡ 包容性，以期让所有利益攸关方参与；", "㈢ 协商一致，以此向过渡期间所采取的一切决定提供广泛支持。", "15. 在过渡时期必须将权力移交给在完成全国对话结束后立即成立的临时政府，以及商定的其他机构。在过渡时期应以包容各方的方式进行管理。", "16. 临时《宪章》将规定过渡时期的任务和该时期的持续时间以及过渡机构及其构成、职能和权限。", "17. 过渡机构应拟订和通过《宪法》草案和必要立法，以执行过渡任务，完成为消除利比亚危机的根源进行的政治改革。", "18. 除非双方及其他利益攸关方另行决定，全国对话应至多在30天内完成。", "建立信任措施及伴随采取的其他措施", "19. 各方承诺努力愈合创伤并实现民族和解，包括考虑建立真相与和解委员会。", "20. 各方承诺商定并通过关于当前冲突期间实施的行为和其他犯罪的大赦法。应在全国对话期间商定该法的范围和执行方式。", "21. 各方承诺不散发煽动仇恨和暴力的讯息，也不采取可能损害利比亚人之间实现和解的任何其他行动。", "22. 各方承诺请求联合国安全理事会取消第1970(2011)和第1973(2011)号决议关于冻结利比亚资产的规定；并把这些资产交与临时政府。", "国际社会的作用", "23. 以非盟、联合国、阿拉伯国家联盟、伊斯兰会议组织和欧盟为代表的国际社会承诺支持这一进程以及利比亚利益攸关方达成的各项协议。", "24. 为此，国际社会将采取以下步骤：", "㈠ 部署监察员，以核查对上述中止敌对状态措施的遵守情况；", "㈡ 建立切实有效、具有公信力的国际监督机制和维持和平部队，以核查停火、保护平民和采取其他必要步骤，以圆满完成利比亚和平进程；", "㈢ 通过提供必要专门知识和咨询等方式，支持过渡任务的执行工作；", "㈣ 协助向利比亚民众提供基本食品和药品；", "㈤ 协助解除对利比亚实施的制裁，特别是解冻利比亚的海外资产，以满足紧急人道主义需求，支持过渡机构的运作及其他相关优先事项；", "㈥ 对破坏过渡进程者采取制裁等措施。" ]

[ "2011年7月22日秘书长给安全理事会主席的信", "谨随函转递非洲联盟委员会主席让·平2011年7月7日关于2011年6月30日和7月1日在马拉博举行的非洲联盟国家元首和政府首脑会议第十七届常会就利比亚局势所作出的决定的来文(见附件)。", "本文件还附有非洲联盟利比亚问题高级别特设委员会提出并经联盟大会核可的关于政治解决利比亚危机的框架协定提案。", "请将本函及其附件提请安全理事会成员注意为荷。", "潘基文(签名)", "页:1", "刚刚结束的非洲联盟国家元首和政府首脑会议第十七届常会广泛审议了利比亚局势。 更具体地说,大会赞同非洲联盟高级别特设委员会在非洲联盟路线图和联合国安全理事会第1973(2011)号决议相关规定范围内提出的关于政治解决利比亚危机的框架协定的建议。", "这些建议以2011年6月26日在比勒陀利亚举行的特设委员会会议的成果为基础,其中除其他外,欢迎穆阿迈尔·卡扎菲上校承诺在利比亚过渡时期全国委员会的参与下开展包容各方的对话,并接受不参加谈判进程。 他们向利比亚政府和马拉博过渡时期全国委员会提交了报告。 非洲联盟计划在联合国和非洲联盟以及阿拉伯国家联盟、伊斯兰会议组织和欧洲联盟的推动下,尽快召集利比亚各方之间的谈判,以在亚的斯亚贝巴讨论这些建议。", "随着利比亚冲突已进入第六个月,随之而来的是平民,以及该国和整个区域的长期安全与稳定,至关重要的是,我们必须加紧努力,鼓励利比亚各方寻求政治解决。 我们相信,在马拉博得到核可的各项提议为结束目前的冲突、确保有效保护平民并启动政治进程提供了可行的基础,从而能够满足利比亚人民对民主、法治、善政和尊重人权的合法愿望。", "请将本函及所附文件分发给安全理事会成员,供其参考并酌情采取行动为荷。 我们非常期待你个人和安全理事会的支持。 我们承诺同你和你的特使密切合作,以有效协助利比亚人民克服他们目前面临的严重挑战。", "我愿借此机会感谢你积极参与促进我们大陆和平和增进我们两个组织之间已经存在的牢固伙伴关系的努力。", "让·平(签名)", "附录1", "联盟大会关于利比亚局势的决定", "大会:", "1. 联合国 1. 赞赏地注意到非洲联盟利比亚问题高级别特设委员会关于其自2011年5月25日在亚的斯亚贝巴举行非洲联盟大会特别会议以来所开展活动的报告;", "2. 联合国 2. 赞扬特设委员会及其成员承诺并决心执行2011年3月10日举行的和平与安全理事会第265次会议所赋予并经2011年5月25日举行的联盟大会特别会议重申的任务;", "3个 重申非洲联盟先前就利比亚局势作出的所有决定,并深信只有政治解决才能满足利比亚人民的正当愿望并维护该国的统一和领土完整。 在这方面,大会强调和平与安全理事会第265次会议所阐明的非洲联盟路线图依然具有相关性和有效性;", " 4.四. 1. 赞同特设委员会在非洲联盟路线图和联合国安全理事会相关决议范围内提出的关于政治解决利比亚危机的框架协定的提议;", "5 (韩语). 2. 请特设委员会向利比亚各方,即阿拉伯利比亚民众国政府和利比亚过渡时期全国委员会提出这些建议,并在此基础上同它们接触,包括在阿拉伯国家联盟、伊斯兰会议组织和欧洲联盟的支持下,由非洲联盟和联合国主持早日举行谈判;", "6. 国家 3. 敦促利比亚各方表现出必要的政治意愿,将本国和人民的最高利益置于任何其他考虑之上,并给予高级别特设委员会必要的合作;", "7. 联合国 还敦促非洲联盟国际伙伴,特别是联合国安全理事会及其成员和相关双边伙伴,支持非洲的倡议并寻求政治解决办法,以此作为实现利比亚和平、民主、法治和民族和解等相辅相成目标的最佳途径。 大会强调,安全理事会第1973(2011)号决议已正式确认非洲联盟的作用,并完全符合《联合国宪章》第八章的规定,以及特设委员会能为解决当前危机作出的独特贡献;", "8. 联合国 3. 请特设委员会定期向和平与安全理事会和第十八届常会报告为政治解决利比亚危机而作的努力。", "附录2", "向利比亚各方提出的关于政治解决利比亚危机的框架协定的提案", "1. 联合国 以下内容是结合非洲联盟和平解决利比亚冲突的路线图和2011年6月26日在比勒陀利亚举行的非洲联盟利比亚问题高级别特设委员会会议的公报而提出的,其中包括穆阿迈尔·卡扎菲上校承诺在利比亚过渡时期全国委员会的参与下开展包容各方的对话并接受不参加谈判进程,以及安全理事会第1970(2011)和1973(2011)号决议。", "2. 联合国 其目的是结束目前的冲突,确保有效保护平民,包括提供人道主义支助,并启动政治进程,使利比亚人民实现民主、法治、善政和尊重人权的合法愿望成为可能。", "全国对话", "3个 利比亚各方将根据安全理事会第1973(2011)号决议第2段和非洲联盟路线图,立即开始谈判,解决以下问题:立即停止敌对行动;人道主义暂停;全面停火;民族和解;过渡安排;民主转型议程。", " 4.四. 全国对话应在非洲联盟高级别特设委员会和联合国的主持下,通过秘书长特使,在阿拉伯国家联盟、伊斯兰会议组织和欧洲联盟的支持下进行。", "停火", "5 (韩语). 在不妨碍全国对话结果的情况下,停火除其他外应产生下列结果:", "(a) 解除对城市的围困并解除各方所有部队、民兵和武装分子的进驻营地;", "(b) 停止对平民,包括被迫逃离本国的利比亚人的一切攻击和虐待;", "释放因目前敌对行动而被拘留的所有囚犯和其他个人;", "(d) 便利所有国际人道主义机构和工人不受限制和不受阻碍地接触平民。", "6. 国家 安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议有关规定中规定的武器禁运将在整个利比亚领土上维持到过渡时期结束和举行大选。", "7. 联合国 安全理事会第1973(2011)号决议规定的与实施禁飞区有关的措施将在适当日期由安全理事会取消,无论如何不得迟于全面停火生效和部署可信而有效的监测机制。", "8. 联合国 双方承诺请联合国与非洲联盟和阿拉伯国家联盟密切合作,建立并部署一个有效、可信的国际机制,包括一支规模庞大的维持和平部队,以便除其他外:", "(a) 监测停火的遵守情况和各方遵守承诺的情况;", "(b) 在其任务范围内为平民人口提供保护;", "(c) 承担其他相关任务,包括支持过渡和建设和平。", "9. 国家 上述机制由安全理事会根据《联合国宪章》第七章授权,并提供有效执行任务所需的一切资源。", "10个 在按照上述设想进行部署之前,应作出临时安排,包括建立和部署由安全理事会根据《宪章》第七章授权或授权的国际特派团。", "11个 停火应与政治进程相接并随后进行,该进程将开始一个协商一致和包容各方的过渡期,最终举行民主选举,使利比亚人民能够自由选择其领导人。", "与过渡有关的安排", "12个 各方承诺,在全国对话后,将建立一个过渡时期,在此期间进行必要的改革,以满足利比亚人民的愿望。", "13个 过渡期最终将举行民主选举,使利比亚人民能够自由选择其领导人。 选举应受到国际监督。", "14个 过渡时期将遵循以下原则:", "(a) 致力于民主、善政、法治和尊重人权;", "(b) 包容性,使所有利益攸关方都参与进来;", "(c) 共识,以此为过渡期间将作出的所有决定提供基础广泛的支持。", "15个 过渡期间须将权力移交给临时政府,在全国对话结束后立即建立,并移交给将商定的其他机构。 过渡时期的管理应具有包容性。", "16号. 临时《宪章》将确定过渡时期的任务和时间,以及过渡机构及其组成、职能和权力。", "17岁。 过渡机构应拟订并通过一项宪法和立法草案,这是完成过渡任务和完成政治改革所必须的,这将解决利比亚危机的根源。", "18岁。 全国对话应在最长30天内完成,除非各方和其他利益攸关方另有决定。", "建立信任和其他配套措施", " 19. 19. 各方承诺努力实现愈合创伤和民族和解,包括考虑设立一个真相与和解委员会。", "20号. 双方承诺就当前冲突期间所犯行为和其他罪行达成协议并通过一项大赦法。 这种法律的范围和方式应在全国对话期间商定。", "21岁 各方承诺不传播煽动仇恨和暴力的信息,不采取可能破坏利比亚人和解的任何其他行动。", "22号. 双方承诺请安全理事会根据第1970(2011)和1973(2011)号决议的规定,为临时政府的利益解除对利比亚资产的冻结。", "国际社会的作用", "23. 联合国 以非洲联盟、联合国、阿拉伯国家联盟、伊斯兰会议组织和欧洲联盟为代表的国际社会承诺支持利比亚利益攸关方之间所达成的进程和协议。", "24 (韩语). 在这方面,预期国际社会将采取以下步骤:", "(a) 部署监测员,以核查上述停止敌对行动的遵守情况;", "(b) 国家 建立有效、可信的国际监测机制和维持和平部队,以核查停火情况,保护平民并采取其他必要步骤,使利比亚和平进程圆满结束;", "(c) 支持执行过渡性任务,包括提供必要的专门知识和咨询意见;", "(d) 为利比亚人民的基本食品和药品供应提供便利;", "(e) 协助解除对利比亚的制裁,特别是解除利比亚海外资产的冻结,以满足紧急人道主义需要,支持过渡机构的运作和其他相关优先事项;", "对所有破坏过渡进程的人采取措施,包括制裁。" ]

[ "Opening and Closing date of the 66th Session of theGeneral Assembly\n Tuesday, 13 September 2011 at 3 p.m. to Monday, 17 September 2012", "General debate of the sixty-sixth session of theGeneral Assembly[1] Wednesday, 21 September 2011-Saturday, 24 September 2011 \n Monday, 26 September 2011-Tuesday, 27 September 2011", "HIGH-LEVEL MEETINGS \nHigh-level meeting on the prevention and controlof non-communicable diseases[2]\n Monday, 19 September 2011-Tuesday, 20 September 2011 \nHigh-level meeting on the theme “Addressing desertification,land degradation and drought in the context of sustainabledevelopment and poverty eradication”[3]\n Tuesday, 20 September 2011 \nHigh-level meeting of the General Assembly to commemoratethe tenth anniversary of the adoption of the DurbanDeclaration and Programme of Action[4]\n Thursday, 22 September 2011", "FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS", "1. How do I contact the President of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly?", "His Excellency, Mr. Nassir Abdulaziz Al-Nasser (Qatar)", "Telephone: 212 963 7555; Fax: 212 963 3301.", "Room NL-02080 [The office of the President is located on the 2nd floor of the North Lawn Building] (see page 21).", "2. How many copies of statements are needed for distribution in the General Assembly Hall? Where and when do I deliver them?", "Before the meeting begins, deliver statements to the documents counter on the left side of the General Assembly Hall or to the conference officer.", "300 copies for general distribution; or", "30 copies for minimum distribution; or", "at least 15 copies for interpreters and press officers only (see page 43).", "3. Can documents or other materials relevant to the meetings be made available in the General Assembly Hall for the meeting?", "Only United Nations documents and statements of speakers can be distributed in the Hall before or during a meeting. Any other pertinent materials can be made available in the General Assembly Hall upon authorization by the Chief of the General Assembly Affairs Branch (ext. 3.2336 in room IN-0610 (Innovation Building, 300 East 42nd Street, entrance on 2nd Avenue), or ext. 3.9110 in GA-200).", "4. What is the procedure for tabling a draft resolution/decision?[5]", "final text of a draft resolution/decision must be submitted by an accredited delegate of a Mission, and signed in the presence of the General Assembly Affairs Branch staff member responsible for processing draft resolutions/decisions;", "old text may be downloaded from the United Nations Official Document System (ODS) at http://ods.un.org, and necessary changes made, i.e. new text in bold and unwanted text clearly marked for deletion.", "Sponsors are strongly encouraged to submit draft resolutions/decisions in electronic format by e-mail. However, procedures established by the General Assembly and the Main Committees may vary. Please contact the Secretary of the respective Main Committee regarding a particular submission procedure (see pages 25-32).", "5. How can a Member State co-sponsor a draft resolution/ decision?", "Member States wishing to co-sponsor a particular draft resolution/decision must sign the co-sponsorship form with: (a) the Member State coordinating the draft resolution; or (b) the staff member of the General Assembly Affairs Branch responsible for draft resolutions/decisions in the General Assembly Hall during plenary meetings; or at the following locations during the main part of the session (September to December): room NL-01033 in the North Lawn Building; during the resumed part of the session: room IN-0615B in the Innovation Building (6th floor). Co-sponsorship cannot be done through any kind of correspondence, e-mail etc.", "Note that co-sponsorship cannot be accepted after the adoption of the draft resolution.", "6. Where can I get a blank copy of the co-sponsorship form?", "A blank copy of the co-sponsorship form can be obtained from the offices of the General Assembly Affairs Branch, room IN-0636B, or in the General Assembly Hall during plenary meetings.", "7. What is the procedure to reflect in the PV records how a Member State intended to vote on a draft resolution/decision?", "A member of the delegation can fill out a form provided by the General Assembly Affairs Branch and a footnote will be added to the PV record of the meeting.", "8. Where can I get a copy of the voting record on the resolution/decision adopted?", "Voting records are distributed to all Member States in the General Assembly Hall immediately after the adoption. Copies can also be obtained from the General Assembly Affairs Branch in room IN-0636B. The voting record is also available online using the relevant resolution number (entered, for example, as A/RES/64/148) at http://www.un.org/ga/search/voting.asp.", "9. Where can I get a copy of the resolution/decision adopted?", "A few weeks after adoption, resolutions are published in the A/RES/ series of documents. Until then, the text is contained in the “L” document, on the ODS or in the report of the relevant Committee and on the website of the General Assembly (www.un.org/ga) (see page 44). Text of resolutions and decisions are published as supplement no. 49 to the official records of the session in three volumes (e.g. A/65/49 (vol. I) to (vol. III)). Generally, volumes I and II contain resolutions and decisions adopted during the main part of the session, respectively, and volume III contains resolutions and decisions adopted during the resumed part.", "10. Where can I find the list of candidates for General Assembly elections?", "The list of candidates is available for delegations on the CandiWeb (https://eroom.un.org/eRoom). To access the CandiWeb, please send an e-mail to [email protected] or fax to 1 212 963 0952. For queries on plenary elections, please contact Ms. Mary Muturi at: 212 963 2337, fax: 212 963 3783 or [email protected].", "11. What is the procedure for requesting the inclusion of an item in the agenda?", "A request for the inclusion of an item in the agenda should be addressed to the Secretary-General and if possible with copies to the General Assembly Affairs Branch. A request for inclusion of an item in the provisional agenda of a forthcoming regular session, in accordance with rule 13 of the rules of procedure, should be made at least sixty days before the opening of the session. A request for inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda, in accordance with rule 14 of the rules of procedure, should be made at least thirty days before the opening of the session. In accordance with rule 20 of the rules of procedure, any items proposed for inclusion in the agenda must be accompanied by an explanatory memorandum and, if possible, by basic documents or a draft resolution.", "12. How can I find out the programme of work of the General Assembly and the respective Main Committees?", "The draft calendar of the programme of work of the plenary is issued in July, covering September to December. The calendar is updated in late September, during the general debate under an INF document symbol (e.g. A/INF/66/3). You may contact the Secretary of the respective Main Committee for the programme of work (see pages 25-32). The Secretaries’ names, office locations and telephone numbers are available in document A/INF/66/2.", "13. How do I request the granting of observer status?", "The General Assembly, by its decision 49/426, decided that, the granting of observer status should “in the future be confined to States and to those intergovernmental organizations whose activities cover matters of interest to the Assembly”. The request for the granting of observer status needs to emanate from a Member State, or Member States, in the form of a letter to the Secretary-General containing a request for the inclusion of an item in the agenda of the General Assembly. Taking into account the requirement for the item to be considered in the Sixth Committee (resolution 54/195), which meets during the main part of the session between September and December, such requests are normally submitted in time for inclusion in the provisional agenda of the forthcoming session, or the supplementary list thereto. The list of the observers can be found in document A/INF/65/5.", "14. How do I request a videotape of my head of State’s statement in the General Assembly Hall? Photographs?", "For videotaping, delegations may request one NTSC DVD of each statement free of charge. Digital files formats such as MPEG2 and MPEG4 (H.264) are also available on demand and can be downloaded online. Additional copies of NTSC DVD, NTSC Betacam SP, back orders or any other special requests are subject to a charge. Tapes that have been ordered in advance will generally be available on the day the statement is made. Tapes ordered afterwards will be available as soon as possible. All requests are handled in the order in which they are received. To request a videotape of a statement, contact: United Nations Video Library (telephone 212 963 1561, 212 963 0656; fax 212 963 4501; e-mail: [email protected]). Live television feeds will be available through commercial carriers. For information, contact United Nations Television (telephone 212 963 7650; fax 212 963 3860).", "For photographs, photographs in digital format (jpg) will be available for download free of charge on the United Nations photo website (www.un.org/av/photo). Photo enquiries and requests should be addressed to the United Nations Photo Library, room IN-0506B (telephone 212 963 6927, 212 963 0034; fax 212 963 1658; e-mail: [email protected]). Special requests for other coverage may be addressed to Mark Garten, Chief, United Nations Photo Unit (room: Studio 4; telephone: 917 367 9652; [email protected]). Efforts will be made to accommodate such requests within the staffing constraints (see page 61).", "Delegates’ Handbook", "[     ]", "Delegates’ Handbook", "Sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly of the United Nations", "[] United Nations New York, September 2011-September 2012 Note", "This booklet contains information of a general nature about United Nations Headquarters and is applicable throughout the sixty-sixth session. Changes or suggestions to the booklet should be addressed to the General Assembly Affairs Branch, room IN-0615B, ext. 3.2337, fax: 212 963 3783. This booklet is also available on the Internet at the United Nations Delegates website (www.un.int/wcm/content/site/ portal/home) as well as the General Assembly website under quick links (www.un.org/ga/).", "http://www.un.org/geninfo).", "ST/CS/61 September 2011-September 2012", "Contents", "Page", "I. General information", "Entrance 4", "United Nations building passes and admission to meetings 4", "Department of Safety and Security 7", "Information (telephones and desk locations) 9", "Medical Services 10", "Protocol and Liaison Service 11", "Credentials 17", "II. The General Assembly and its Main Committees", "General Assembly (Office of the President) 21", "General Assembly (Secretariat arrangements) 22", "General Assembly (Plenary and General Committee meetings) 23", "General Assembly (Main Committees) 25", "Other organs 34", "III. Conference services", "Meetings services 35", "Use and care of United Nations electronic equipment 37", "Seating protocol according to the first seat 37", "Journal of the United Nations 38", "Interpretation 39", "Records of meetings 41", "Statements (prepared texts) 43", "Documents facilities 44", "IV. Media, public and library services", "Spokesperson for the Secretary-General 49", "Public information 50", "Radio and television services and facilities 58", "Video and photo services and facilities 58", "United Nations information centres,", "services provided by 61", "Civil society, services to 61", "Public relations 62", "United Nations Depository Libraries 68", "Maps and geographic information services 69", "V. Facilities and services for delegations", "Travel entitlements 71", "Travel services 74", "Delegates’ cloakrooms 74", "Delegates’ lounges 75", "Meditation room 75", "Delegates’ quiet room 75", "Dining room and cafeteria facilities 76", "Delegates’ guests 78", "Photocopier for delegates’ use 79", "Sound reinforcement systems 79", "Sound recordings 79", "Video projection 80", "Videoconferencing 80", "Mail and messenger services 80", "Computer-related services 81", "Telecommunication services 82", "United Nations Postal Administration 83", "Parking 85", "Transportation (local) 89", "United Nations Institute for Training and Research 90", "United Nations International School (UNIS) 91", "City liaison 93", "Hospitality 95", "Banking facilities 95", "Newsstand 98", "United Nations Bookshop 98", "Publications, sale of 99", "United Nations Gift Centre 100", "United Nations premises, request for use of 100", "Disabled, facilities for the 102", "Index 104", "I. General information", "United Nations Headquarters occupies an 18-acre tract of land on Manhattan Island. The site is bounded on the south by 42nd Street, on the north by 48th Street, on the west by what was formerly a part of First Avenue and is known now as United Nations Plaza, and on the east by the East River and Franklin D. Roosevelt Drive. The site is owned by the United Nations and is international territory.", "The Headquarters, which is currently undergoing renovation, comprises six main structures that are all interconnected: the General Assembly Building, which contains the plenary hall on the second floor, and interim rooms for the Security Council on the concourse level; the North Lawn Building, a temporary structure, where during the current phase of the renovation, the ECOSOC Chamber, the conference rooms, as well as the offices of the Secretary-General and the President of the General Assembly are located; the Library Building with the Dag Hammarskjöld Auditorium, where press conferences are held; the South Annex Building, housing the Main Cafeteria and the temporary Delegates’ Dining Room; the long, low Conference Building parallel to the river, which is closed for renovation, and the 39-storey Secretariat building, which is also currently closed. All conference rooms, council chambers and the plenary hall may be reached from the Delegates’ Entrance in the General Assembly Building. There is also a direct entrance to the North Lawn Building close to 48th Street, and one to the Library and South Annex Buildings near 42nd Street.", "Several buildings adjacent to the Headquarters, which is currently closed for renovation, house United Nations offices including:", "Streets[11]", "46th Streets[12]", "A United Nations shuttle service operates between the United Nations Headquarters and 380 Madison Avenue. Below are the pick-up points:", "Albano, Alcoa, and 300 E. 42nd Street is in front of Visitors’ Entrance Gate (1st Avenue and 45th Street)", "(between Madison and 5th Avenue)", "Should you have any queries, please contact the Local Transportation Team at 212 963 5585/9182.", "Telephone: To call from outside the United Nations, the extension prefix “3” should be replaced by “212 963” and the prefix “7” by “917 367”.", "Entrance", "Pedestrian — the entrance for delegations to the General Assembly Hall is located at First Avenue and 45th Street.", "Cars — cars require United Nations diplomatic licence plates (“D” plates) as well as an identification decal for the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly, in order to enter and to park at United Nations Headquarters. (For more information, please see Parking on pages 85-89.)", "United Nations building passes and admission to meetings", "1. Accreditation for members of official delegations", "Passes for members of official delegations to regular and special sessions of the General Assembly and all other calendar meetings at Headquarters are authorized by the Protocol and Liaison Service (Tel: 212 963 7181) and processed by the Pass and Identification Unit, located at First Avenue and 45th Street. Registration Forms for members of delegations to temporary meetings (Form SG.6) may be accessed through the Protocol and Liaison Service website (www.un.int/protocol) in English, French and Spanish or picked up at the Protocol Office (Room NL-02058).", "Types of passes[20]", "1. VIP pass without photo issued from Protocol Office for Heads of State/Government, Vice-Presidents, Crown Princes/Princesses and spouses.", "2. VIP pass with photo issued from Protocol Office for Deputy Prime Ministers, Cabinet Ministers and spouses.", "3. Gold pass for Heads of delegations processed at the Pass Office.", "4. Blue pass for all delegates processed at the Pass Office.", "5. Protocol pass issued from Protocol Office for one day and/or for a short duration with photo.[21]", "Protocol requirements for issuance of passes", "For Heads of State/Government, Vice-Presidents, Crown Princes/Princesses and spouses:", "Letter of request for pass from the Permanent Mission, indicating names and titles and specifying the duration of stay. Neither photos nor SG.6 Forms are required.", "For Deputy Prime Ministers and Cabinet Ministers and spouses:", "1. Letter of request for pass from the Permanent Mission, indicating names and functional titles and specifying the duration of stay. SG.6 Forms are not required.", "2. Two colour passport-size photographs.", "For delegates:", "1. Registration of members of delegations to temporary meetings (Form SG.6).", "2. Covering letter addressed to the Chief of Protocol and signed by Head of Chancery or principal administrative officer, indicating names (no initials) and functional titles.", "For Protocol passes:", "1. Letter of request for pass addressed to the Chief of Protocol and signed by the permanent representative or the chargé d’affaires, a.i., indicating names, functional titles, reason for visit and duration of stay (SG.6 forms are not required).", "2. Two colour passport-size photographs.", "2. Accreditation for media correspondents", "Accreditation for media correspondents with the written and online press, film, television, photo, radio and other media organizations is the responsibility of the Media Accreditation and Liaison Unit of the News and Media Division/Department of Public Information (DPI) (room L-0248), extension 3.6934 (see page 54). For Press Accreditation requirements, please refer to: www.un.org/media/accreditation.", "3. Accreditation for non-governmental organizations", "(a) Grounds passes to designated representatives of non-governmental organizations in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council are issued through the Non-Governmental Organizations Section of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs (room DC1-1480, ext. 3.3192).", "(b) Grounds passes to designated representatives of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) associated with DPI are issued on an annual basis through the NGO Relations Cluster, DPI (DPI/NGO Resource Centre, room GA-037, ext. 3.7234, 3.7078 and 3.7233).", "Department of Safety and Security", "The United Nations Security and Safety Service operates on a 24-hour basis.", "Ext. Fax Room", "Office of Security and Safety Service", "Chief", "Mr. David J. Bongi 7.9520 3.6850 NL-02071", "Security Operations Centre 3.6666 NL-01005", "Takes enquiries for same-day lost and found items, requests for opening doors after regular office hours or on weekends and returning, after the close of business, IDs previously left at the Visitors Information Desk before it closes for the day. All in-person enquiries should be directed initially to the Security Operations Centre.", "In addition to providing security and safety on a 24-hour basis at Headquarters, the Service will:", "(a) Issue grounds passes, which members of delegation may obtain on the First Floor of the UNITAR Building, 45th Street and First Avenue (First Avenue entrance) from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m., after being authorized by the Protocol and Liaison Service;", "(b) Receive official telephone calls, telegrams and cables requiring follow-up action after normal working hours;", "(c) Assist in locating and notifying the Organization’s senior officials in an emergency;", "(d) Liaise with national security representatives regarding protection arrangements for dignitaries;", "(e) Liaise with local authorities whenever outside emergency assistance (e.g. ambulance, medical, police) is required;", "(f) Handle lost and found property. During regular working hours, same-day lost property should be handed over or claimed from NL-01005 (ext. 3.6666). At all other times from the first floor of the UNITAR Building (ext. 3.7533).", "Grounds passes will be checked at all entry points. Delegates are expected to wear their grounds passes visibly on their outermost garment while on the premises.", "Missing grounds passes should be reported without delay to the Pass and Identification Unit (UNITAR Building, room U-100, ext. 3.7533).", "Delegates are reminded not to leave briefcases or any valuable items unattended in conference rooms.", "Information", "(Telephones and desk locations)", "The Information Unit (ext. 3.7113) will advise on:", "(a) The location and telephone numbers of delegations;", "(b) The office or official to be contacted for technical or substantive queries;", "(c) The location and telephone extensions of services, information media and United Nations clubs.", "For information concerning the location and telephone numbers of Secretariat members, dial “0”. (For further information regarding the telephone system of various offices in the United Nations, please see page 82).", "Information desks", "• General Assembly Building Public lobby (ext. 3.7758)", "• Delegates’ Entrance (ext. 3.8902)", "• North Lawn Delegates’ Lounge NL-01026 (ext. 3.8902)", "• DC1 building Office lobby (ext. 3.8998)", "• DC2 building Office lobby (ext. 3.4989)", "• UNICEF House Office lobby (212 326 7524)", "Bulletin boards displaying the programme of meetings are located on the first floor of the General Assembly Building just inside the Delegates’ Entrance and in the North Lawn Building.", "Medical Services", "The Medical Services Division provides emergency medical assistance to delegates and members of diplomatic missions to the United Nations.", "Locations and working hours of the Medical Clinics:", "1. Innovation Building, 300 East 42nd Street, entrance from 2nd Avenue, 7th floor Room IN-0703, Telephone 212 963 7090", "Monday to Friday from 8.30 a.m. to 5.30 p.m.", "Physicians are available from 9 a.m. to 5.30 p.m.", "2. DC1 Building Room DC1-1190, Telephone 212 963 8990", "Monday to Friday from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.", "3. UNICEF House Room H-0545, Telephone 212 326 7541", "Monday to Friday from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.", "During the General Assembly (September to December) the operating hours of the Medical Services Division at the Innovation Building remain the same.", "In addition, a Satellite Clinic will be opened Monday to Friday 9 a.m. to 11.30 p.m. and Saturday 11 a.m. to 7 p.m. at the North Lawn Building, Room NL-01022. The clinic will be closed on Sunday.", "In case of an emergency within and outside normal working hours:", "– Call United Nations Fire and Safety Unit at extension 3.5555 or call 911.", "Protocol and Liaison Service", "The Protocol and Liaison Service is part of the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management.", "Ext. Room", "Chief of Protocol Mr. Desmond Parker 3.7170 NL-02056", "I. Deputy Chief of Protocol (Vacant)", "II. Protocol and Liaison Officers", "A. Mr. Paulose T. Peter (a.i.) 3.7180 NL-02058J", "Algeria", "Armenia", "Austria", "Bahrain", "Belgium", "Belize", "Benin", "Botswana", "Burkina Faso", "Burundi", "Cambodia", "Cape Verde", "Central African Republic", "Chad", "Comoros", "Congo", "Côte d’Ivoire", "Croatia", "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Djibouti", "France", "Gabon", "Ghana", "Guinea", "Guinea-Bissau", "Jordan", "Lebanon", "Liechtenstein", "Luxembourg", "Madagascar", "Maldives", "Mali", "Mauritania", "Monaco", "Mozambique", "Namibia", "Niger", "Rwanda", "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines", "Senegal", "Seychelles", "Somalia", "South Africa", "Suriname", "Swaziland", "Trinidad and Tobago", "United Republic of Tanzania", "United States of America", "Observers", "African Development Bank", "African Union", "Community of Sahelo-Saharan States", "Economic Community of Central African States", "Economic Community of West African States", "East African Community", "International Conference on the Great Lakes Region", "International Hydrographic Organization", "International Organization of la Francophonie", "International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL)", "League of Arab States", "Organization of Eastern Caribbean States", "Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development", "Organization of the Islamic Conference", "Pacific Islands Forum", "Partners in Population and Development", "Regional Centre on Small Arms and Light Weapons in the Great Lakes Region, the Horn of Africa and Bordering States", "South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation", "South Centre", "Southern African Development Community", "Ext. Room", "B. Ms. Marybeth Curran (a.i.) 3.7178 NL-02056", "Andorra", "Antigua", "Argentina", "Bahamas", "Bolivia (Plurinational State of)", "Chile", "Colombia", "Costa Rica", "Cuba", "Cyprus", "Dominica", "Dominican Republic", "Ecuador", "El Salvador", "Equatorial Guinea", "Fiji", "Germany", "Guatemala", "Haiti", "Honduras", "Iceland", "India", "Israel", "Italy", "Kiribati", "Kuwait", "Mexico", "Morocco", "Nauru", "New Zealand", "Nicaragua", "Pakistan", "Palau", "Panama", "Paraguay", "Peru", "Philippines", "Samoa", "Spain", "Switzerland", "Togo", "Tonga", "Tunisia", "Tuvalu", "United Arab Emirates", "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland", "Uruguay", "Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)", "Observers", "Holy See", "Palestine", "Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean", "Andean Community", "Asian Development Bank", "Association of Caribbean States", "Caribbean Community (CARICOM)", "Central American Integration System", "Council of Europe", "Customs Cooperation Council", "European Community", "Ibero-American Conference", "Inter-American Development Bank", "Italian-Latin American Institute", "Latin American Economic System (SELA)", "Latin American Integration Association", "Latin American Parliament", "OPEC Fund for International Development", "Organization of American States", "Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe", "Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean", "Ext. Room", "C. Ms. Nicole Bresson-Ondieki 7.4320 NL-02058K", "Angola", "Australia", "Bangladesh", "Barbados", "Bhutan", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Brazil", "Brunei Darussalam", "Cameroon", "Canada", "China", "Czech Republic", "Denmark", "Estonia", "Finland", "Gambia", "Grenada", "Guyana", "Hungary", "Indonesia", "Ireland", "Jamaica", "Kenya", "Latvia", "Liberia", "Malawi", "Malaysia", "Malta", "Marshall Islands", "Nepal", "Netherlands", "Nigeria", "Norway", "Oman", "Papua New Guinea", "Portugal", "Qatar", "Republic of Korea", "San Marino", "Sierra Leone", "Singapore", "Solomon Islands", "South Sudan", "Sri Lanka", "Sudan", "Sweden", "Timor-Leste", "Vanuatu", "Zimbabwe", "Observers", "African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States", "Asian-African Legal Consultative Organization", "Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)", "Common Fund for Commodities", "Commonwealth", "Community of Portuese-speaking Countries", "Conference on Interaction and Confidence- Building Measures in Asia", "Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf", "Energy Charter Conference", "Hague Conference on Private International Law", "Indian Ocean Commission", "International Centre for Migration Policy Development", "International Organization for Migration", "International Union for the Conservation of Nature", "Permanent Court of Arbitration", "Shanghai Cooperation Organization", "University for Peace", "Ext. Room", "D. Mr. Fariz Mirsalayev 3.7177 NL-02058I", "Afghanistan", "Albania", "Azerbaijan", "Belarus", "Bulgaria", "Democratic People’s Republic of Korea", "Egypt", "Eritrea", "Ethiopia", "Georgia", "Greece", "Iran (Islamic Republic of)", "Iraq", "Japan", "Kazakhstan", "Kyrgyzstan", "Lao People’s Democratic Republic", "Lesotho", "Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Lithuania", "Mauritius", "Micronesia (Federated States of)", "Mongolia", "Montenegro", "Myanmar", "Poland", "Republic of Moldova", "Romania", "Russian Federation", "Saint Kitts and Nevis", "Saint Lucia", "Sao Tome and Principe", "Saudi Arabia", "Serbia", "Slovakia", "Slovenia", "Syrian Arab Republic", "Tajikistan", "Thailand", "The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", "Turkey", "Turkmenistan", "Uganda", "Ukraine", "Uzbekistan", "Viet Nam", "Yemen", "Zambia", "Observers", "Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization", "Collective Security Treaty Organization", "Commonwealth of Independent States", "Economic Cooperation Organization", "Eurasian Development Bank", "Eurasian Economic Community", "Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and", "Malaria", "GUAM", "International Committee of the Red Cross", "International Criminal Court", "International Development Law Organization", "International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies", "International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea", "International Humanitarian Fact-Finding", "Conference", "International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance", "International Olympic Committee", "Inter-Parliamentary Union", "International Seabed Authority", "International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea", "Islamic Development Bank Group", "Sovereign Military Order of Malta", "Credentials", "Credentials are required for representatives of Member States of the General Assembly, the Security Council and the Economic and Social Council.", "For the sessions of the General Assembly, credentials of representatives (issued by the head of State or Government or by the Minister for Foreign Affairs) should be submitted to the Secretary-General not less than one week before the opening of the session through the Secretary of the Credentials Committee, Office of Legal Affairs (Madison Building, room M-13051, 380 Madison Avenue) and copied to the Protocol and Liaison Service (North Lawn Building, room NL-02058) for publication.[22]", "Permanent Missions to the United Nations handbook “Blue Book”", "This handbook, published once a year, lists the diplomatic personnel of Member States, the staff of intergovernmental organizations accredited to the United Nations as observers and the staff of liaison offices of United Nations specialized agencies, as well as the membership of the principal organs of the United Nations.", "All interim movements of personnel and changes in address, telephone/fax numbers, national holiday, etc., in the “Blue Book” are updated online as soon as the Protocol and Liaison Service is notified of such changes by the Missions.", "Protocol and Liaison Service website", "The Protocol and Liaison Service website (www.un.int/protocol) includes the most updated version of the “Blue Book”, lists of Permanent Representatives, Heads of State/Government and Ministers for Foreign Affairs and a list of senior United Nations officials. It also contains the “Manual of Protocol”.", "II. The General Assembly and its Main Committees", "Sixty-sixth regular session", "Information on the General Assembly is available at the United Nations website: www.un.org/ga or at:", "Arabic: www.un.org/arabic/ga", "Chinese: www.un.org/chinese/ga", "French: www.un.org/french/ga", "Russian: www.un.org/russian/ga", "Spanish: www.un.org/spanish/ga", "The President of the General Assembly for the sixty-sixth session", "His Excellency Nassir Abdulaziz Al-Nasser (Qatar).", "At its sixty-fifth regular session, on 22 June 2011, pursuant to rule 30 of the rules of procedure, the General Assembly elected the President for the sixty-sixth session.", "Office of the President", "The Office is located on the second floor of the North Lawn Building.", "Ext. Fax Room", "Office of the President 212 963 7555 212 963 3301 NL-02080", "Spokesperson 212 963 0755 212 963 3301 NL-02080", "Vice-Presidents", "Pursuant also to rule 30, the General Assembly elected the 21 Vice-Presidents for the sixty-sixth session:", "Vice-Presidents of the General Assembly for the sixty-sixth session", "1. Australia 12. Kuwait", "2. Austria 13. Liberia", "3. Benin 14. Malawi", "4. Bolivia 15. Mauritius (Plurinational 16. Morocco State of) 17. Republic of Korea", "5. Chad 18. Russian Federation", "6. China 19. United Kingdom of", "7. Fiji Great Britain and", "8. France Northern Ireland", "9. Haiti 20. United States of", "10. Hungary America", "11. Iran (Islamic 21. Uruguay Republic of)", "Secretariat arrangements for the General Assembly", "The Secretary-General acts in his capacity as Chief Administrative Officer of the Organization at all meetings of the General Assembly.", "Overall responsibilities for the work of the Secretariat in connection with the General Assembly are vested in the Under-Secretary-General for General Assembly and Conference Management.", "The Director of the General Assembly and ECOSOC Affairs Division coordinates the work of the session. The Director also assumes direct responsibility for the servicing of plenary meetings and the meetings of the General Committee.", "Specific responsibility for the work of the Main Committees and other committees or organs is vested in the representatives of the Secretary-General to those committees, namely, the under-secretaries-general or other officials listed below under the appropriate committee. The secretaries of the Main Committees and other committees or organs of the General Assembly, who are also listed below, are provided by the appropriate departments or offices of the Secretariat.", "Plenary meetings of the General Assembly and meetings of the General Committee", "Ext. Fax Room", "Under-Secretary-General for General Assembly and Conference Management", "Mr. Shaaban M. Shaaban 3.8362 3.8196 IN-0632", "Questions relating to the work of the Assembly should be referred to the General Assembly and ECOSOC Affairs Division.", "Director", "Mr. Ion Botnaru 3.0725 IN-0618", "e-mail: [email protected]", "General Assembly Affairs Branch", "Programme of work of the General Assembly, coordination, procedures, organizational matters, plenary elections and candidatures", "Tel: 212 963 2332 (General)", "Fax: 212 963 3783", "Chief", "Mr. Saijin Zhang 3.2336 IN-0610", "e-mail: [email protected]", "Ext. Fax Room", "Mr. Kenji Nakano 3.5411 IN-0619C", "e-mail: [email protected]", "Ms. Sonia Elliott 3.2338 IN-0616", "e-mail: [email protected]", "Mr. Ziad Mahmassani 3.2333 IN-0636A", "e-mail: [email protected]", "Ms. Anne Kwak 3.3818 IN-0624", "e-mail: [email protected]", "Arrangements for the list of speakers", "Ms. Mériem Heddache 3.5063 3.3783 IN-0613A", "e-mail: [email protected]", "Information on plenary elections and candidatures[23]", "Ms. Mary Muturi 3.2337 3.3783 IN-0615B", "e-mail: [email protected]", "Membership of Main Committees[24]", "Mr. Carlos Galindo 3.5307 3.3783 IN-0608C", "e-mail: [email protected]", "While meetings of the General Assembly are in progress, most of the staff listed above may be reached at ext. 3.7786/3.7787/3.9110, fax: 3.4423.", "All those listed above deal with matters relating to plenary meetings of the General Assembly and meetings of the General Committee.", "Questions relating to General Assembly documentation should be addressed to the staff of the Documents Planning Unit listed below.", "Documents Planning Unit", "Fax: 212 963 3696", "Ext. Room", "Chief Mr. Valeri Kazanli 3.3657 AB-0909", "e-mail: [email protected]", "Mr. Manny Abraham 7.5793 AB-0902D", "e-mail: [email protected]", "Ms. Faika Jackson 3.9221 AB-0902H", "e-mail: [email protected]", "Ms. Monika Plasota 3.6577 AB-0902D", "email: [email protected]", "Ms. AyeAye Than 3.2345 AB-0902G", "e-mail: [email protected]", "Questions on other matters should be referred to the appropriate offices listed below.", "Main Committees of the General Assembly", "Pursuant also to rule 30, the First Committee, the Special Political and Decolonization (Fourth) Committee, the Second Committee, the Third Committee, the Fifth Committee and the Sixth Committee elected their respective Chairs. See under each Main Committee for details.", "Ext. Fax Room", "First Committee", "Chair: H.E. Mr. Jarmo Viinanen (Finland)", "High Representative for Disarmament Affairs Mr. Sergio de Queiroz Duarte", "3.1570 3.4066 DN-2502", "Deputy Secretary of the First Committee Mr. Sergei Cherniavsky 3.3051 3.5305 IN-0629C", "Secretary of the Disarmament Commission[25]", "Mr. Sergei Cherniavsky 3.3051 3.5305 IN-0629C", "Special Political and Decolonization Committee (Fourth Committee)", "Chair: H.E. Mrs. Simona Mirela Miculescu (Romania)", "Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations", "Mr. Hervé Ladsous 3.8079 3.9222 DC1-1526", "Under-Secretary-General for Field Support", "Ms. Susana Malcorra 3.2199 3.1379 DC1-1518", "Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs", "Mr. B. Lynn Pascoe 3.5055 3.5065 NL-02060", "Under-Secretary-General for Communiations and Public Information", "Mr. Kiyotaka Akasaka 3.2912 3.4361 DC1-0530", "Commissioner-General of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), Gaza", "Mr. Filippo Grandi 3.2255 935 7899 DC1-1265*", "One UN Plaza", "Secretary of the Special Political and Decolonization Committee", "Ms. Emer Herity 7.5816 3.5305 IN-0613C", "Second Committee", "Chair: H.E. Mr. Abulkalam Abdul Momen (Bangladesh)", "Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs", "Mr. Sha Zukang 3.5958 3.1010/ DC2-2320 3.4324", "Under-Secretary-General and High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States", "Mr. Cheick Sidi Diarra 3.9078 3.0419 DC1-1218", "Executive Secretary of the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE), Geneva", "Mr. Ján Kubiš 3.6905 3.1500 DC2-1862[26]", "Executive Secretary of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), Bangkok", "Ms. Noeleen Heyzer 3.6905 3.1500 DC2-1862*", "Executive Secretary of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Santiago", "Ms. Alicia Bárcena 3.6905 3.1500 DC2-1862*", "Executive Secretary of the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), Addis Ababa", "Mr. Abdoulie Janneh 3.6905 3.1500 DC2-1862*", "Executive Secretary of the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA), Beirut", "Ms. Rima Khala 3.6905 3.1500 DC2-1862[27]", "Executive Director of the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)", "Mr. Anthony Lake 326 7028 326 7758 H-1380", "UNICEF House", "Executive Director of the World Food Programme", "Ms. Josette Sheeran", "646 556 6901 646 556 6932 733 3rd Avenue* 23rd Floor", "Secretary-General of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Geneva", "Mr. Supachai Panitchpakdi 3.4319 3.0027 DC2-1120*", "Two UN Plaza", "Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)", "Ms. Helen Clark 906 5791 906 5778 DC1-2128", "One UN Plaza", "Executive Director of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)", "Ms. Thoraya Obaid 297 5111 297 4911 DN-1901", "220 East 42nd St.", "Executive Director of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Nairobi", "Mr. Achim Steiner 3.2111 3.7341 DC2-0816[28]", "Two UN Plaza", "Executive Director of the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), Geneva", "Mr. Carlos Lopes 3.9683 3.9686 DC1-0603*", "One UN Plaza", "Rector of the United Nations University (UNU), Tokyo", "Prof. Dr. Konrad Osterwalder", "3.6345 371 2144 DC2-2060*", "Two UN Plaza", "Under-Secretary-General, Executive Director of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme", "Mr. Joan Clos 3.4200 3.8721 DC2-0943*", "Two UN Plaza", "Secretary of the Second Committee", "Ms. Jennifer De Laurentis 3.4640 3.5935 IN-622", "300 East 42nd Street", "6th Floor", "Third Committee", "Chair: H.E. Mr. Hussein Hanif (Malaysia)", "Under-Secretary-General, Director-General of the United Nations Office at Vienna, and Executive Director of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime", "Mr. Yuri Fedotov 3.5631 3.4185 DC1-0613[29]", "One UN Plaza", "Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs", "Mr. Sha Zukang 3.5958 3.1010/ DC2-2320 3.4324", "Executive Director of the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)", "Mr. Anthony Lake 5.7028 5.7758 H-1380", "UNICEF House", "United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (Geneva)", "Ms. Navanethem Pillay 3.5931 3.4097 DC1-516*", "United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Geneva", "Mr. António Manuel de Oliveira Guterres", "3.6200 3.0074 DN-3000*", "Daily News Building", "Under-Secretary-General/Executive Secretary of UN‑Women", "Ms. Michelle Bachelet", "646 781 4502 646 781 4567 DN-17th Floor*", "Daily News Building", "Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict", "Ms. Radhika Coomaraswamy", "3.3178 3.0807 DC1-623A", "Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children", "Ms. Marta Santos Pais 5.7400 5.7194 H-504", "UNICEF House", "Acting Secretary of the Third Committee", "Mr. Otto Gustafik 3.9963 3.5935 IN-0620C", "Fifth Committee", "Chair: H.E. Mr. Michel Tommo Monthe (Cameroon)", "Under-Secretary-General for Management", "Ms. Angela Kane 3.2410 3.8424 L-0303", "Under-Secretary-General for Internal Oversight Services", "Ms. Carman L. Lapointe", "3.6196 3.7010 M-10036", "Assistant Secretary-General for Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts, and Controller", "Mr. Jun Yamazaki 7.9949 3.8061 DC2-0520", "Assistant Secretary-General for Human Resources Management", "Ms. Catherine Pollard 3.8081 3.1944 M-09035", "Assistant Secretary-General for Central Support Services", "Mr. Warren Sach 3.5569 3.4168 DC2-2508", "Assistant Secretary-General and Executive Director, Capital Master Plan", "Mr. Michael Adlerstein 3.1889 7.5377 L-1B102", "Secretary of the Fifth Committee", "Ms. Sharon Van Buerle 3.2021 3.0360 L-0321", "Sixth Committee", "Chair: H.E. Mr. Hernán Salinas Burgos (Chile)", "Under-Secretary-General for Legal Affairs, The Legal Counsel", "Ms. Patricia O’Brien 3.5338 3.6430 M-13031", "Assistant Secretary-General for Legal Affairs", "Mr. Stephen Mathias 3.5528 3.6430 M-13047", "Secretary of the Sixth Committee Mr. Václav Mikulka 3.5331 3.1963 M-13065", "Economic and Social Council", "The Bureau of the Economic and Social Council is elected by the Council at large at the beginning of each annual session. The Bureau’s main functions are to propose the agenda, draw up a programme of work and organize the session with the support of the ECOSOC secretariat. Information on the Council is available electronically at www.un.org/docs/ecosoc.", "The President of the Economic and Social Council is elected in January of each year.", "Office of the President", "The office is located on the ground floor of the North Lawn Building.", "Office of the President 212 963 9326 212 963 8647 NL-01021", "Secretary to the President 212 963 7569", "Secretariat arrangements for the Economic and Social Council", "The Chief of the ECOSOC Affairs Branch, General Assembly and ECOSOC Affairs Division, Department for General Assembly and Conference Management (DGACM), coordinates the work of the Council, and assumes direct responsibility for the management of plenary meetings and the meetings of the subsidiary bodies of the Council.", "Substantive responsibility for the work of the Council and its subsidiary bodies is coordinated by the Director, Office for ECOSOC Support and Coordination, Department of Economic and Social Affairs.", "Plenary meetings of the Economic and Social Council", "ECOSOC Affairs Branch, General Assembly and ECOSOC Affairs Division:", "Ext. Fax Room", "Chief and Secretary of the Council:", "Ms. Jennifer De Laurentis", "3.4640 3.5395 IN-0622", "300 East 42nd Street", "6th Floor", "Office for ECOSOC Support and Coordination, Department of Economic and Social Affairs:", "Director:", "Mr. Nikhil Seth 3.1811 3.1712 DC1-1428", "One UN Plaza", "e-mail: [email protected]", "Other organs", "Credentials Committee", "Under-Secretary-General for Legal Affairs, The Legal Counsel", "Ms. Patricia O’Brien 3.5338 3.6430 M-13031", "Secretary", "Mr. Stadler Trengove 3.1107 3.6430 M-13051", "Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions", "Executive Secretary", "Ms. Shari Klugman 3.7456 3.6943 NL-02084", "Committee on Contributions", "Secretary", "Mr. Lawrence Jituboh 3.0293 FF-0606", "Ad Hoc Committee of the General Assembly for the Announcements of Voluntary Contributions to the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East", "Secretary", "Ms. Emer Herity 7.5816 3.5305 IN-0613C", "III. Conference services", "Meetings services", "DGACM is responsible for providing the following meeting services to meetings held in conference rooms located in the North Lawn Building and in the General Assembly Building:", "Contact to answer general enquiries on meeting services: Meetings Management Section (MMS) (room DC2-0887, ext. 3.8114)", "Contact to answer general enquiries regarding documents: Documents Control (room AB-903, ext. 3.6579)", "Programme of meetings", "Prepared by the Meetings Management Section (ext. 3.8114 or 3.7351), the daily programme of meetings for the following day with information on conference rooms and services is printed in the Journal (see page 38). This information is displayed on electronic screens alongside the corridors.", "All authorized requesting parties, including Permanent Missions to the United Nations, wishing to book conference rooms and interpretation services should contact the MMS programme team (at the numbers mentioned above) to ascertain availability of services and to receive a prebooking confirmation through e-Meets 2.0. Receipt of a prebooking confirmation through e-Meets 2.0 does not automatically guarantee approval of conference-servicing facilities. Confirmation of meeting requests by the Meetings Management Section is also done via e-Meets.", "Duration of meetings", "As a rule, morning meetings are scheduled from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. and afternoon meetings from 3 p.m. to 6 p.m.", "Punctuality: Owing to the heavy demand for meetings and the limited facilities available, it is essential that meetings should start on time and that the above schedule be respected to the fullest extent possible. Therefore, delegations are urged to be present at the meetings on time.", "Scheduling of meetings: It is advisable to schedule related meetings consecutively whenever possible, to ensure the maximum utilization of available services. For ease of transition, however, there should be a short gap between unrelated meetings.", "Cancellations: In the event a scheduled meeting is cancelled, the organizers are urged to inform MMS immediately to enable re-allocation of resources.", "Meetings of regional and other major groupings of Member States and other informal meetings can be accommodated only if and when services originally earmarked for meetings of Charter or mandated bodies are released.", "Use and care of United Nations electronic equipment", "Delegates and other meeting participants are requested not to place water and/or other liquids on tables or surfaces in conference rooms where simultaneous interpretation audio systems are installed. Spillages might occur thus causing serious malfunction. Care should also be taken in utilizing microphones, channel selectors, voting switches and audio earphones as these are sensitive electronic devices. Placing a cellular phone near the microphone may also interfere with the sound quality.", "Use of cameras and cellular phones", "Members of delegations are reminded that no photographs are allowed in conference rooms or in the General Assembly Hall and that Security will be instructed to strictly enforce this rule. Members are also reminded to refrain from making or accepting cellular phone calls at their delegation tables (see page 40).", "Seating protocol according to the first seat", "The Secretary-General on 22 June 2011 drew the name of Turkmenistan among the Member States to occupy the first seat in the General Assembly Hall during the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly. Consequently, the delegation of Turkmenistan will be seated at the first desk in the front row at the right of the President. Delegations of the other Member States will follow in the English alphabetical order of names, in accordance with established practice. The same seating arrangement applies to meetings of the Main Committees.", "Copies of the floor plan will be available at the Documents Counter located in room NL-1006 (ext. 3.7373).", "Journal of the United Nations (room IN-0908, 300 East 42nd Street)", "All queries may be made from 3 p.m. onwards at ext. 3.3888.", "The Journal of the United Nations is issued daily on working days in English and French. During the main part of the General Assembly session, it is published in the six official languages (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish).", "The Journal, is available on the website of the United Nations, the Official Document System (ODS), Twitter (www.twitter.com/Journal_UN_ONU) and Facebook (Journal of the United Nations), or by e‑mail subscription (undocs.org). It features:", "(a) Programme of meetings and agenda;", "(b) Summary of meetings;", "(c) Signatures and ratifications for multilateral treaties deposited with the Secretary-General;", "(d) Announcements;", "(e) Daily list of and direct link to documents issued at Headquarters;", "(f) List of Chairs of regional groups for each month;", "(g) List of websites.", "Material for insertion in the Journal should be communicated by e-mail ([email protected]). The deadline for the inclusion of all material for the Journal issue of the next day is 6:30 p.m. for the programme of meetings and 7 p.m. for the summaries.", "Interpretation", "(a) Statements made in any of the six official languages of the United Nations are interpreted into the other official languages: for written statements it is essential that the delegations provide interpreters with copies of their texts to the Meetings Servicing Assistant in order to ensure the quality of the interpretation (see page 43). Speakers are requested to deliver the statement at a speed that is interpretable.", "(b) In cases where statements are made in a language other than the official languages, (rule 53 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly): delegations must provide either an interpreter or a written text of the statement in one of the official languages. The interpretation into the other official languages by United Nations interpreters will be based on the interpretation or written text accepted by the Secretariat as representing the official text of the statement. A “pointer”, a person who knows the language in which the statement is to be delivered and the official language into which it has been translated, should be made available by the delegation, to guide the interpreter throughout the translated text and to ensure synchronization between the speaker and the interpreter.", "Written translations of statements delivered in official languages", "“Read out verbatim” or “check against delivery”, should be specified on the first page of the text when delegations provide a written translation of their statement. For written texts provided in more than one official language, delegations should indicate clearly which of these is to be accepted as the official text.", "Read out verbatim: interpreters will follow the translation. Therefore, any deviation from the text on the part of the speaker, including omissions and additions, are unlikely to be reflected in the interpretation (see page 41).", "Check against delivery: interpreters will follow the speaker and not the translation. If the speaker deviates from the text, delegations should be aware that the interpretation heard by the audience will not necessarily correspond to the translation that they may have distributed to the audience and the press.", "Microphones start to operate only when the representative taking the floor has been called upon to speak and the delegate has pushed the button. To ensure the best possible recording and interpretation of the statement, representatives should speak directly and clearly into the microphone, particularly when giving figures, quotations or highly technical material, or when reading from a prepared text (see also page 43). Tapping on the microphone to test if it is working, turning pages and making or answering cellular phone calls should be avoided (see page 37).", "Delivering the statement: while delegations are increasingly given a time frame in which to deliver their statements, they are kindly requested to do so at a normal speed if possible,[30] to enable the interpreters to give an accurate and complete rendition of their statements. When statements are delivered at a fast pace to comply with the time limit, the quality of the interpretation may suffer.", "Records of meetings", "Meeting records are provided for the plenary meetings of principal organs, for meetings of the Main Committees of the General Assembly and, on a limited and selective basis, for meetings of certain other bodies. Meeting records are in two forms: verbatim records (PVs) or summary records (SRs). The records are prepared by the Secretariat and are subject to correction by delegations. However, corrections that add to, or alter the sense of, a statement as actually delivered cannot be accepted.", "languages other than the original.", "Delegates are advised that if any portion of a written statement is not actually read out, it will not appear in the record of that meeting.", "not intended to include each intervention, or to reproduce statements textually.", "The provision of written records (verbatim or summary) for United Nations bodies is regulated by a number of decisions of the General Assembly and other principal organs.", "In addition, sound recordings of meetings are made and may be consulted (see page 79).", "Corrections to meeting records", "DC2-0766, Two United Nations Plaza.", "Corrections to both PVs and SRs should be indicated in a memorandum. If corrections are inserted in a copy of the record, the front page of the corrected record should bear the signature and title of an authorized official of the delegation concerned.", "Delegations are requested to make sure that, when the corrections are made by hand, they are written clearly and that the place in which they are to be inserted is indicated precisely.", "statements as actually delivered, that is, in the original language. When a request is submitted for a correction, a check is made against the sound recording of the relevant speech.", "lengthy additions that would upset the general balance of the summary record.", "The text of a speech should not be submitted in lieu of corrections.", "Issuance of corrections", "Records of United Nations bodies are reissued as corrected only in certain cases. These include records of meetings of the Security Council and plenary meetings of the Economic and Social Council. For other bodies, including the General Assembly and its Main Committees, records are issued only once and approved corrections are reflected in a single corrigendum issued periodically. Only in cases of serious errors or omissions materially affecting the course of the proceedings may a correction be issued immediately. In the case of verbatim records, such exceptional corrections will be resorted to only to revise errors or omissions in the original language version of a statement. Other language versions would be brought into conformity, if necessary, with the corrected text in the original language.", "Copies of prepared texts of statements in plenary meetings and in meetings of the Main Committees", "In advance: 30 copies (minimum) should be given to the conference officer to help the Secretariat provide the best possible service or failing this,", "Right before the speaker takes the floor: 10 copies should be provided urgently for interpreters and record-writers. Copies of the scripts should also be provided, if films or other visual materials are used.", "For distribution in the General Assembly Hall 300 copies and in the Main Committee conference rooms: 250 copies, if delegations wish to have the statement distributed to delegations, specialized agencies, observers, interpreters, record-writers and press officers. Statements should be delivered to the documents counter on the left side of the Hall or to the Meetings Servicing Assistant.", "Documents facilities", "Translation and reproduction of documents", "Delegations wishing to submit documents for consideration by a United Nations body should present them to the Secretary-General or to the secretary of the body concerned. The staff of Documents Control is not authorized to accept documents for translation or reproduction directly from delegations.", "The categories of documents are as follows:", "(a) The “General” series;", "(b) The “Limited” (L) series followed by the serial number: this series comprises documents of a temporary nature such as draft resolutions and amendments thereto. When such documents are submitted during a meeting and are required urgently, advance versions marked “Provisional” are translated and reproduced immediately by special arrangements and distributed to participants only. Edited texts and revised translations are issued later;", "(c) The “Restricted” (R) series followed by the serial number: this series contains only those documents whose content requires at the time of issuance that they should not be made public;", "(d) Conference room papers (CRPs) or working papers (WPs): are informal papers, in one or more languages, used in the course of a meeting and distributed only to participants and other interested recipients attending the meetings.", "Distribution of documents for delegations", "Delegations’ pick-up area is located at the service entrance to the North Lawn complex from 7.30 a.m. to 9.30 a.m. on weekdays.", "Special requests for distribution should be addressed to the Chief of the Publishing Section (room GA-3B704C, ext. 3.1807).", "The daily list of documents distributed at Headquarters is issued in the Journal. Documentation distributed daily to delegations in accordance with stated requirements will be available for pick-up at the address above.", "The Documents Counter located in room NL‑01006 on the first floor of the North Lawn Building (ext. 3.7373) is open for secondary requests during working hours on weekdays.", "A limited number of copies of documents containing draft proposals for action during the meetings in progress will be available in the conference rooms.", "To obtain hard copies of any documents, please contact the Publishing Section via e-mail at: [email protected] with the following specific instructions: document symbol, languages required, quantity of each document, and your physical delivery address.", "Only United Nations documents may be distributed during the meetings (see FAQ/3).", "Electronic versions of official documents can be accessed from the United Nations official document system (ODS) free of charge by all Permanent Missions to the United Nations and other government offices. Documents in all official languages stored in the official document system are indexed following the structure of the United Nations Bibliographic Information System (UNBIS) and can be retrieved for viewing, printing and/or downloaded (see pages 66-67).", "Information on the official document system can be requested from ext. 3.6439.", "Communications from Member States for issuance as a document of the General Assembly", "Delegations requesting issuance of communications as documents of the General Assembly should ensure that they are addressed to the Secretary-General and/or the President of the General Assembly, and signed by the Permanent Representative or Chargé d’affaires of the Permanent Mission to the United Nations. The communications should indicate the session of the General Assembly, and the number and title of the agenda item under which circulation is requested, using the latest agenda.[31]", "Electronic versions in Microsoft Word should be sent to [email protected], so as to facilitate the processing of communications. If versions in any other United Nations official languages are available, they should be included with a clear indication of the original language and/or which language versions are to be used for reference only. Materials that are easily accessible to the public on websites or through the media, such as statements, press releases and images, should be cited rather than included in the communications.", "Further information may be obtained by calling 917 367 5895, by e-mailing at [email protected] or referring to DGACM/CPCS/2008/1.", "IV. Media, public and library services", "Spokesperson for the Secretary-General", "Ext. Room", "Spokesperson for the Secretary-General", "Mr. Martin Nesirky 3.6172 SA-1B24", "Deputy Spokesperson", "Mr. Eduardo del Buey 3.1104 SA-1B22", "Press inquiries 3.7160/3.7161/3.7162 SA-1B15", "Press conferences", "Requests for press conferences should be addressed to the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General (room SA-1B15, ext. 3.7160, 3.7161 and 3.7162).", "Services to correspondents", "Daily press briefings: are given at noon in the Dag Hammarskjöld Auditorium by the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General. During General Assembly sessions, the Spokesperson for the President of the General Assembly also briefs the press on Assembly matters. These daily briefings are webcast live and are archived for on-demand viewing immediately afterwards (www.un.org/webcast). Highlights of the noon briefing can be found on the website of the Spokesperson’s Office (www.un.org/news/ossg/ hilites.htm). For other services, see www.un.org/ news/ossg.", "For additional services to correspondents, please see pages 52-54.", "Working facilities for correspondents are provided in the press areas on the 2nd floor of the Dag Hammarskjöld Library Building and, from 21 to 30 September 2011 only, a press area will be available in Conference Room 1 in the North Lawn Building.", "Public information", "The Department of Public Information (DPI) provides a wide range of services to representatives of the media, NGOs and the general public.", "Ext. Room", "Under-Secretary-General for Communications and Public Information", "Mr. Kiyo Akasaka 3.2912 DC1-0530", "News and Media Division Director", "Mr. Stéphane Dujarric 3.6945 IN-0518", "News and Content Deputy Director", "Mr. Alex Taukatch 3.7158 IN-0519", "Operations Acting Deputy Director", "Ms. Michele DuBach 3.6957 IN-0221", "United Nations Web Services Section (United Nations website information, www.un.org)", "Chief", "Mr. Mahbub Ahmad 3.6974 M-16043", "News Services Section (United Nations News Centre, www.un.org/news)", "Acting Chief", "Ms. Lydia Lobenthal 3.6447 IN-0517B", "Press Service", "Acting Chief", "Mr. Collinet Finjap Njinga 3.5850 NL-02066B", "Meetings Coverage Section (Press Releases)", "For English: www.un.org/en/unpress", "For French: www.un.org/fr/unpress", "Acting Chief", "Mr. Douglas Hand 3.7193 NL-02066Y", "Media Accreditation and Liaison Unit", "www.un.org/media/accreditation", "Acting Chief", "Ms. Isabelle Broyer 3.6934/ L-0248C", "3.6937", "Media Documents Centre", "[email protected]", "Ms. Sylvie Cohen 3.8711 SA-1B-12", "Radio Section", "Chief", "(Vacant)", "TV Section Chief Mr. Chaim Litewski 3.6952 IN-0514C", "Audiovisual Services Section", "Chief", "Mr. Hak-Fan Lau 3.2123 IN-0512B", "Strategic Communications Division", "Director", "Ms. Deborah Seward 3.6867 M-16019", "Communications Campaigns Service", "Chief", "Ms. Margaret Novicki 7.3214 M-16026", "Information Centres Service", "Chief", "Ms. Carolyn Schuler-Uluc 3.1072 M-16020", "Outreach Division", "Director", "Mr. Maher Nasser 3.3064 DC2-0852", "Partnerships and Public Engagement Deputy Director", "Committee on Information", "Secretary", "Mr. Ramu Damodaran 3.6173 DC2-0870", "Administration and Management Deputy Director", "Ms. Lena Dissin 3.4930 DC2-858", "Press releases, distribution of speeches", "The Meetings Coverage Section prepares:", "• Press release summaries in English and French of most open meetings held at United Nations Headquarters usually available within hours of the end of the meetings.", "• Releases on United Nations conferences and meetings held in other parts of the world. These releases, prepared for the use of information media, also contain background information, but are not official records.", "• English press releases are available on the United Nations website at: www.un.org/en/unpress/.", "• French press releases are at www.un.org/ fr/unpress/.", "The Media Documents Centre (SA-1B-15, ext. 3.7166).", "Accredited correspondents may obtain press releases, documents, press kits and other United Nations materials from the office above.", "Delegations wishing to provide texts of speeches or press releases to accredited correspondents should bring 25 copies to the above address where they will be disseminated to the media. These texts must be dated and issued on the letterhead of the mission.", "Delegations wishing to have their statements (made during the general debate of the General Assembly, special sessions or other major events at Headquarters) posted on the United Nations website should e‑mail the texts as early as possible to [email protected].", "The latest news on United Nations-related developments can be found at the United Nations News Centre at www.un.org/news. The Centre also features an e-mail news service and RSS feeds. The “Global Issues” pages provide one-stop access to information on 30 major topics (www.un.org/en/ globalissues). A list of street and e‑mail addresses, telephone and fax numbers of United Nations Permanent Missions is available at www.un.org/en/ members.", "The audio-visual pages at www.unmultimedia.org provide access to audio news files from United Nations radio, to video products and to photos. The United Nations website also offers access to research tools and links to the home pages of other parts of the United Nations system.", "Additional information can be obtained from the Web Services Section (ext. 3.0780).", "Accreditation and liaison to correspondents, film and television crews and photographers", "The Media Accreditation and Liaison Unit (room L-0248, ext. 3.6937/4, fax 3.4642), besides accreditation and liaison, provides the following services:", "• Seats (space permitting) in the press gallery to observe General Assembly, Security Council and other meetings. Members of the visual media can get booth positions for covering meetings and other events;", "• Arrangements for pool coverage during visits of Heads of State or Government. Clearance to film/TV crews and photographers for location filming. These requests should be made in advance in writing and faxed to 212 963 4642 or e-mailed to: [email protected].", "Communications campaigns and focal points", "Strategic Communications Division. Director’s Office (room M-16019, ext. 3.6867). This Division develops and coordinates strategic communications campaigns on priority issues, including major United Nations conferences and observances. For more detailed information, contact the Chief of the Communications Campaigns Service (room M-16026, ext. 7.3214). Some of the Department’s thematic websites are listed below:", "• Gateway to the United Nations System’s Work on the Millennium Development Goals: www.un.org/millenniumgoals/", "• Gateway to the United Nations System’s Work on Climate Change: www.un.org/climatechange/", "• UNiTE to End Violence Against Women: www.un.org/en/women/endviolence", "Publications", "All the above are available at www.un.org.", "Statute of the International Court of Justice (available at www.un.org/en/documents/charter)", "Declaration and the International Covenants on Civil and Political Rights and on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights)", "Some of the Department’s publications are listed below:", "Thematic publications", "• Africa Renewal (quarterly periodical)", "• Room M-16031, Ext. 3.6857 or 3.6833 Fax: 212 963 4556 E-mail: [email protected]", "• www.un.org/africarenewal", "• Peace and Security Updates", "Facts and figures, background notes and other materials about United Nations work on peacekeeping, peacebuilding, peacemaking and disarmament.", "• Room M-16030, Ext. 3.4481/3.0707 Fax: 212 963 9737 E-mail: [email protected]", "• www.un.org/peace", "• The UN and the Question of Palestine", "A booklet covering the role of the United Nations from 1947 until the present.", "• Room M-16028, Ext. 3.4353 Fax: 212 963 4556", "• www.un.org/Depts/dpa/qpal", "Institutional publications", "• UN Chronicle (quarterly Journal)", "Issues and activities of concern to the United Nations system", "• Room DC1-0904C, Ext. 3.5124", "Fax: 917 367 6075", "E-mail: [email protected]", "• www.un.org/chronicle", "• Yearbook of the United Nations: (annual compendium)", "Covers all major activities of the United Nations system and includes full texts of General Assembly, Security Council and Economic and Social Council resolutions.", "• Room IN-0910, Ext. 3.4851 Fax: 212 963 8013 E-mail: [email protected]", "• Basic Facts about the United Nations", "A comprehensive reference tool providing an overview of the history and ongoing efforts of the entire United Nations system.", "• Room IN-0912, Ext. 3.8275 Fax: 212 963 8013 E-mail: [email protected]", "• 60 Ways the United Nations Makes a Difference", "Through brief and specific examples, this online publication provides clear illustrations of some of the most important achievements and activities of the United Nations system from 1945 until today.", "• Room IN-0912, Ext. 3.8275 Fax: 212 963 8013 E-mail: [email protected]", "• www.un.org/un60/60ways", "• UN in Brief", "• Room IN-0522A, Ext. 3.4137 Fax: 212 963 2591 E-mail: [email protected]", "• www.un.org/Overview/brief.html", "• Image and Reality: Frequently asked questions and answers about the United Nations", "• Room IN-0522A, Ext. 3.4137 Fax: 212 963 2591 E-mail: [email protected]", "• www.un.org/geninfo.ir/index.html", "• DPI/NGO briefing update and website", "• Room GA-37, Ext. 3.7234, 3.7232, 3.7233", "• www.un.org/dpi/ngosection", "• Directory of NGOs Associated with DPI (online publication)", "• Room GA-37, Ext. 3.7234, 3.7232, 3.7233", "• www.un.org/dpi/ngosection", "• UN at a Glance", "• Room GA-057, Ext. 3.4475 Fax: 212 963 0071", "• www.un.org/aboutun", "Sale of DPI publications", "DPI flagship publications are available for sale in bookshops, through online retailers, at the United Nations Bookshop and from the United Nations publications e‑commerce site: www.un.org/publications.", "Radio and television services and facilities", "The News and Media Division produces many products and offers diverse services, including some limited radio and television facilities to delegates and accredited journalists, when such facilities are available. All products are accessible from www.unmultimedia.org or the respective URL addresses as indicated above.", "United Nations Radio", "United Nations Radio produces news content and feature programmes about the worldwide activities of the Organization every weekday in the six official languages, Portuguese and Kiswahili, for use by broadcasters around the world. These news stories can be heard on the United Nations website (http://www.unmultimedia.org/radio/english/). Also available on the website are weekly programmes produced in the official languages, as well as Bangla, French-Creole, Hindi, Indonesian and Urdu. For the very limited radio studio availability, contact United Nations Radio at ext. 3.7732, or 3.7005.", "Audio recordings of statements made at meetings of the Organization’s main bodies are available for download in digital format at www.unmultimedia.org/radio/library. For queries, contact the Audio Library (room IN‑0503C/D, ext. 3.9272 or 3.9269, fax: 212 963 4501, e‑mail: [email protected]).", "Audio archival material is handled by the Broadcast and Conference Support Section (room L-B1-30, ext. 3.9485) and is subject to duplication fees.", "United Nations Television", "UNTV provides live daily feeds of meetings, conferences and special events at the United Nations Headquarters in New York. The UNTV coverage is sent to international news syndicators — APTN, Reuters, the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) — and to rebroadcast organizations such as Ascent Media/Waterfront and The Switch. For queries, contact the TV News and Facilities Unit (room GA-027B, ext. 3.7650, e-mail: [email protected]). Daily programmes of UNTV are also webcast live daily at www.un.org/webcast.", "UNifeed broadcasts quality video files featuring breaking news stories and features on a variety of United Nations issues. It can be downloaded in both PAL and NTSC formats from www.unmultimedia.org/tv/unifeed/ and is also made available to broadcasters twice daily (2145-2155 GMT 0145-0155 GMT) via APTN’s Global Video Wire (GVW).", "Videotape duplications of UNTV’s coverage of General Assembly and Security Council meetings and other events are also available for sale to delegates and broadcasters. Prices vary depending on whether the material is ordered before or after the event. Current UNTV coverage and archival film and video materials dating back to 1945 can be ordered in NTSC DVD and NTSC Betacam. Royalties, transfer and screening fees are collected as applicable; shipping and delivery costs are borne by the requesting parties. For queries, contact the Video and Film Library (room GA-2BS35A, ext. 3.0656 and 3.1561, fax: 212 963 4501/3460. e‑mail: [email protected]).", "When available, studio facilities may be arranged for interviews or statements and satellite transmissions, which are paid by the requestor to an outside provider. Requests for bookings must be made in advance. For queries, contact the TV News and Facilities Unit (room GA-027B, ext. 3.7650, e-mail: [email protected]).", "United Nations Videos", "The Television Section produces news report and educational videos about the work of the United Nations and its specialized agencies. Many of these videos are available at United Nations offices around the world in appropriate standards and formats. For queries, contact the Audio-Visual Promotion and Distribution Unit (room IN-0503E, ext. 3.6939 or 3.6982, fax: 212 963 6869, e-mail: [email protected]).", "United Nations Photos", "Photos documenting the official United Nations meetings and the Organization’s activities on various issues are available for download at www.unmultimedia.org/photo. Photos may not be used in advertising. For queries, contact the Photo Library (room IN-0506A, ext. 3.6927, 3.0034, fax: 212 963 1658 and 963 3430, e-mail: [email protected]).", "Services provided by the network of United Nations information centres", "Information Centres Service (room M-16020, ext. 3.1072) (http://unic.un.org).", "Many of the services provided by offices at Headquarters are also available in individual Member States. DPI currently has 63 information centres (UNICs) and services around the world, including information services in Geneva and Vienna, the regional information centre (UNRIC) in Brussels, and information components in eight United Nations Offices.", "Services to civil society", "ECOSOC", "The Non-Governmental Organizations Section of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs (room DC1-1480, ext. 3.3192) acts as the focal point for non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council.", "DPI", "DPI’s Outreach Division engages and educates people and their communities worldwide to encourage support for the ideals and activities of the United Nations. The Division’s partnership and public engagement initiatives work with key constituencies, including NGOs, the academic community, private sector entities and the general public.", "The public website “deleGATE” (www.un.int), which is updated by the iSeek team, informs delegates about meetings, elections, major reports, documents, international days, training opportunities and events at United Nations Headquarters. It also includes content from iSeek, the United Nations Intranet. Password-protected pages provide access to information managed by the General Assembly Committees, to the United Nations Headquarters telephone book and to a searchable directory of staff contact information. For queries, e‑mail: [email protected].", "Advocacy and Special Events Cluster", "Within the Outreach Division, the Advocacy and Special Events Cluster is tasked with creating opportunities designed to highlight and explain the work and mandates of the United Nations. It includes the Creative Community Outreach Initiative, Messengers of Peace/Goodwill Ambassadors’ Programmes; the Holocaust and the United Nations Outreach Programme as well as special events such as the United Nations Day Concerts.", "Chief: Mr. Juan Carlos Brandt ([email protected], tel.: 212 963 8070, fax: 917 367 6075).", "Education Outreach Cluster", "The Education Outreach Cluster creates and disseminates educational material on the United Nations for students and teachers at all educational levels to build long-term support for the Organization. The Cluster organizes international student video conferences for middle and high school students as well as the annual Global Model United Nations conference for university-level students worldwide.", "Chief: Ms. Yvonne Acosta ([email protected], tel. 212 963 7214)", "e-mail: [email protected]", "Manager, Global Teaching and Learning Project: Mr. William Yotive ([email protected], 212 963 1400)", "e-mail: [email protected]", "www.cyberschoolbus.un.org", "Global Model United Nations:", "www.un.org/gmun", "United Nations Academic Impact Initiative", "The United Nations Academic Impact Initiative aligns institutions of higher education, scholarship and research with the United Nations, and with each other, to address priority issues before the United Nations, particularly the Millennium Development Goals. It provides a point of contact for ideas and initiatives relevant to the work of the Organization.", "Website: http://academicimpact.org", "Facebook: www.facebook.com/ImpactUN", "E‑mail: [email protected]", "Mr. Ramu Damodaran ([email protected], ext. 3.6173)", "NGO Relations Cluster", "The NGO Relations Cluster (ext. 3.5320, DPI/NGO Resource Centre, GA-37, ext. 3.7232) serves the associated non-governmental community by providing information about the work of the United Nations, including briefings by United Nations officials. It organizes an annual conference that takes place in September for NGOs on a major United Nations theme.", "Publications and Editorial Cluster", "The Publications and Editorial Cluster (ext. 3.4851) is responsible for the UN Chronicle, the Yearbook of the United Nations, The UN Today, and 60 Ways the United Nations makes a Difference. Through its publications, it serves as a forum to encourage debate on global issues and to provide factual and accurate information on the Organization’s activities.", "Secretariat of the Exhibits Committee", "Exhibits in the Visitors’ Lobby inform about priority issues on the United Nations agenda and follow the guidelines of the United Nations Exhibits Committee. For more information, contact the Secretary of the Committee, tel.: 212 963 5455, fax: 212 963 0077, e-mail: [email protected].", "Visitors’ Services", "Guided Tours: Monday through Friday from 9.30 a.m. to 4.45 p.m. Reservations: 212 963 4440 or via e-mail: [email protected]. Groups of 15 or more persons require advance reservations. Audio tours, available in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish, are conducted Monday through Friday from 9.45 a.m. to 4.45 p.m. and Saturdays and Sundays from 10 a.m. to 4.15 p.m.", "Group Programmes/Speakers’ Bureau (room GA-0305, ext. 3.7710, e-mail: [email protected]) arranges briefings by United Nations officials at Headquarters for visiting groups, including educational institutions, business associations, government representatives, journalists and civil society groups.", "Public Inquiries (room GA-057, ext. 3.4475, e‑mail: [email protected]) provides information about the United Nations and its activities in response to queries from the public and distributes information materials. Topical fact-sheets and answers to frequently asked questions (FAQs) can be accessed at http://visit.un.org.", "Reham Al-Farra Memorial Journalists’ Fellowship Programme", "Programme Coordinator: Mr. Zvi Muskal ([email protected], tel: 917 367 5142)", "Website: www.un.org/en/media/fellowship/", "Dag Hammarskjöld Library", "Corner of 42nd Street and First Avenue", "Open Monday to Friday during Secretariat working hours.", "The Library provides information support and assistance to the Permanent Missions and the Secretariat of the United Nations, including:", "United Nations documents and publications in all official languages and League of Nations documents in English and French.", "The following electronic and print collections are also available:", "• Resources from the specialized agencies, governments and other sources", "• Online information from commercial sources", "• Publications about the United Nations and on issues related to the current United Nations work programme", "• Statistical data", "• Sheet maps and atlases", "Workstations for online research are available in the reading room on the first floor of the Library (L-0105), in the North Lawn Branch (NL-02006), the Economic and Social Affairs Library (DC2-1143), the Legal Library (M‑10004) and the Map Library (DN-2436). Wireless Internet access is available at all locations.", "Information products of the Dag Hammarskjöld Library", "The United Nations Bibliographic Information System (UNBISnet: http://unbisnet.un.org) is the guide to the collections of the Library and provides access to United Nations documents and publications, including voting records and statements made during meetings of the General Assembly, Security Council and ECOSOC.", "UN Member States on the Record (www.un.org/Depts/dhl/unms/ provides information on the work and actions of individual Member States at the United Nations.", "The Library Home Page (www.un.org/Depts/dhl) includes information on services and collections and provides the following reference tools:", "(a) UN Pulse: an alert to just-released United Nations online information, including major reports, publications and documents;", "(b) United Nations Documentation Research Guide (www.un.org/Depts/dhl/resguide/): an overview of United Nations documentation and publications that provides guidance on how to locate and work with them and introduces researchers to major fields of United Nations activities.", "Training for delegations", "The Library offers the following training:", "ODS", "Customized programmes and coaching sessions may be arranged on demand to accommodate specific needs and interests. Training is offered on a continuing basis and is open to all delegates and government officials. Further information can be obtained on the Library website or by contacting [email protected].", "United Nations Depository Libraries", "The Library coordinates a network of more than 370 United Nations Depository Libraries in 145 Member States and territories.", "Depository Libraries Coordinator (ext. 3.7444, [email protected])", "Contacts", "Inquiries may be made to the following service points:", "Ext. Fax Room", "Reference services 3.7412 3.8861 L-0105", "e-mail: [email protected]", "Help Desk/loan services 3.7384 3.9256 L-0105", "e-mail: [email protected]", "Interlibrary loan 3.2015/3.2278 3.9256 L-0125J", "e-mail: [email protected]", "North Lawn Branch 3.1635 NL-2006", "Map Library 3.7425 3.2608 DN-2436", "e-mail: [email protected]", "Legal Library 3.5372 3.1770 M-10004", "e-mail: [email protected]", "Economic and Social Affairs Library", "3.8727 7.6030 DC2-1143", "e-mail: [email protected]", "Electronic Information Resources", "3.7448 3.2608 DN-2424", "e-mail: [email protected]", "Maps and geographic information services", "The Cartographic Section of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations produces small-scale maps with basic geographic information for the use of Member States and United Nations departments and agencies. For more information on additional services, please visit www.un.org/Depts/ Cartographic/english/htmain.htm. Cartographic information services as well as flag specifications are available from the Map Library (ext. 3.7425, room DN-2436).", "V. Facilities and services for delegations", "The United Nations Headquarters is presently undergoing extensive renovations, known as the Capital Master Plan. Until the project’s completion in 2014, certain facilities and services provided to Delegates will be restricted or withdrawn, and many services will be temporarily relocated to alternate spaces in the vicinity of United Nations Headquarters.", "Although all efforts will be made to ensure the continued provision of facilities and services, certain services will be affected by ongoing construction, including:", "Pedestrian and vehicle access to the complex", "Dining facilities", "Lounge facilities", "Postal services", "Garage parking", "Banking facilities", "Newsstand and gift store facilities", "Travel entitlements for delegations of least developed countries attending the sessions of the General Assembly", "In accordance with General Assembly resolution 1798 (XVII), as amended by resolutions 2128 (XX), 2245 (XXI), 2489 (XXIII), 2491 (XXIX), 41/176, 41/213, 42/214, section VI of 42/225, section IX of 43/217 and section XIII of 45/248, the United Nations shall pay the travel, but not subsistence expenses, in the following cases:", "(a) For not more than five representatives, including alternate representatives, of each Member State designated as a least developed country attending a regular session of the General Assembly;", "(b) For one representative or alternate representative of the Member States referred to in subparagraph (a) above attending a special or special emergency session of the General Assembly;", "(c) For the travel of a member of a permanent mission in New York who is designated as a representative or alternate representative to a session of the General Assembly, provided that such travel is within the limits noted in subparagraphs (a) and (b) above, that it is certified by a permanent representative to be in connection with the work of the particular session and that it take place either during or within three months before or after such a session. The entitlement in respect of a session shall not be increased by reason of the recessing and resuming of that session.", "Payment by the United Nations of travel expenses will be limited to the cost of journeys actually undertaken.", "Reimbursement is limited to the cost of round-trip travel, by most direct route, between the capital city of the Member State to Headquarters, for a maximum of one first-class ticket for the head of delegation and four tickets in the class immediately below first class for journeys exceeding 9 hours’ duration by air or four tickets at the least costly economy airfare for journeys under 9 hours’ duration by air for other members of the delegation accredited to the respective session of the General Assembly.", "When travel by sea or rail is involved for all or part of the journey, reimbursement shall be limited to the cost of air travel as specified above, unless the actual cost is less.", "Delegations entitled to reimbursement of transportation costs, in accordance with the provisions of the Rules Governing Payment of Travel Expenses and Subsistence Allowance in Respect of Organs or Subsidiary Organs of the United Nations (ST/SGB/107/Rev.6 of 25 March 1991) may submit claims on form F-56 (Reimbursement voucher for official travel of representatives of Member States). Such claims must be accompanied by original receipts, bills, vouchers, used ticket stubs and boarding passes. In accordance with a directive from the United Nations Accounts Division, all payments to Member States will be made via electronic funds transfer (EFT). Therefore, the bank account information of the Permanent Mission should also be included when the F.56 Claim is submitted. If requested, the United Nations would arrange transportation, wherever possible, between the capital city of a Member State to the place of the meeting; for this purpose, delegations should send a “Note verbale” indicating first and last names of the traveller(s) and their date of birth, dates of arrival to, and departure from, New York and should include the fax number and e-mail address of the traveller and/or contact person in New York. The United Nations will not be liable for any claim for reimbursement of travel expenses submitted later than 31 December of the year that follows the closing date of the session of the organ or subsidiary organs to which the claim relates.", "Reimbursement claims, requests for issuance of tickets and inquiries on travel entitlements should be addressed to:", "Executive Officer", "Department of Management", "Room L-0330", "United Nations", "New York, N.Y. 10017", "Tel.: 212 963 6580", "Fax: 212 963 3283", "Travel services", "American Express (Main line: 917 367 6280) Reception line: (ext. 7.3514)", "Located in the FF Building, 2nd Floor", "304 East 45th Street (between 1st and 2nd Avenues)", "Open from 8.30 a.m. to 6 p.m.", "The official travel agency of the United Nations in New York will assist delegations, to the extent possible, in making travel arrangements, ticketing and hotel reservations.", "Delegates’ cloakrooms", "General Assembly Building, Delegates’ Entrance (first floor)", "Open from 9 a.m. to 7 p.m., Monday to Friday, from October to May.", "A cloakroom is available to delegates. The United Nations is not responsible for money, jewellery, negotiable papers and other valuables left in cloakrooms. Such valuables should be removed from articles to be deposited.", "Self-service facilities are also available in various locations; the United Nations is not responsible for articles left in these areas and signs to this effect are posted.", "Delegates’ Lounges", "North Lawn Building (first floor)", "From the first day of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly (i.e. 13 September 2011) until its December 2011 recess, members of delegations are asked not to invite to the Delegates’ Lounge persons other than those holding valid United Nations identification.", "Meditation room", "North-west end of the entrance level of the General Assembly Building", "Open from 8 a.m. to 4.45 p.m., Monday to Friday.", "The security supervisor in the area will be available to assist with access to the room.", "Delegates’ quiet room", "In the General Assembly Building (1st basement level adjacent to the current temporary Security Council area)", "Dining room and cafeteria facilities", "Delegates’ Dining Room", "Secretariat Lobby (first floor, South Annex Building, South side)", "The executive buffet at the Delegates’ Dining Room is open from 11.30 a.m. to 2.30 p.m. (ext. 3.7625 or 3.7626).", "The Delegates’ Dining Room will open temporarily for six weeks during the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly from 19  September 2011 until 28 October 2011. The limited accommodation does not allow for block bookings of tables during the entire period.", "Private luncheons — Separate dining rooms may be available for parties of 10 guests or more. To ensure availability of these facilities, delegation members are requested to make reservations two weeks in advance. Arrangements and menus should be coordinated with the United Nations Catering Service (ext. 3.7029 or 3.7099).", "Children under 10 years of age cannot be accommodated in the Delegates’ Dining Room. Patrons are not permitted to take photographs. Proper attire is required at all times.", "Receptions or functions — Delegates wishing to hold evening receptions or functions at Headquarters should make the necessary arrangements through the United Nations Catering Service (ext. 3.7029 or 3.7099).", "When formal invitations are to be sent out, all arrangements should be made as far as possible in advance of the function. Invitation cards should stipulate that guests are required to present their cards at the Visitors’ Entrance and then to pass through a magnetometer. Guests will also be required to present their invitation cards at the entrance to the reception room. A list of the guests and a sample invitation should be submitted to the Chief, Security and Safety Service (room U-202C), well in advance of the reception.", "Main cafeteria", "Secretariat Building (first floor, South Annex, south side)", "Open from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m., Monday to Friday (Non-GA period).", "Open from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m., Monday to Friday (GA period).", "Closed on Saturdays and Sundays.", "Breakfast — 8 a.m. to 10 a.m.", "Lunch — 11.30 a.m. to 2.30 p.m.", "Snacks/coffee — during opening hours.", "The menu includes daily specials, pasta, deli sandwiches, salad bar and dishes from the grill.", "Staff café", "Closed due to the capital master plan", "Coffee Shop", "General Assembly Building (concourse level)", "Open from 8.45 a.m. to 4.45 p.m., Monday to Saturday (except on 17 and 24 September 2011).", "Café Austria", "North Lawn Building (Second Floor)", "Open from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m., Monday to Friday.", "Delegates’ guests", "Unaccompanied guests or visitors meeting a delegate during normal working hours from 9 a.m. to 4.45 p.m. will be directed as follows:", "Go to the Visitors’ Entrance located at 46th Street and pass through a security screening area before admission to the General Assembly or North Lawn Buildings;", "Deposit a photo identification at the visitors’ lobby, to be retrieved prior to leaving the premises;", "Staff on duty at the visitors’ desk will make arrangements for contacting the delegate. The unaccompanied guests or visitors will receive a guest pass, which must be worn at all times. Furthermore, they need to be accompanied by the Member of the delegation at all times inside the premises and escorted back to the visitors’ lobby at the time of departure to the Information Desk and exchange the guest pass for their official photo ID.", "Photocopier for delegates’ use", "There are photocopiers for delegates’ use in the following locations:", "Room 01033 (Suites A, B, C, D) in the North Lawn Building and on the second floor next to the Delegates’ Lounge.", "By the west wall of the General Assembly Hall, near the documents distribution counter.", "Sound reinforcement systems", "Broadcast and Conference Support Section, e‑mail: [email protected] (room L-B1-30, ext. 3.9485).", "Written requests for sound reinforcement systems (microphones, amplifiers, loudspeakers, etc.) should be addressed to the above address.", "Sound recordings", "Broadcast and Conference Support Section fax: 3.3103, e-mail: [email protected] (room GA-1B-13C, ext. 3.7658 or 3.9485).", "This Section maintains audio recordings of the proceedings of all plenary meetings, major commissions and committees.", "Copies of sound recordings are available other than for closed meetings. Written justification for copies of the sound recording of closed meetings may be made by the Chairman or Secretary and addressed to the Chief of the Section. Orders are accepted at the above address.", "Video projection", "Broadcast and Conference Support Section, e‑mail: [email protected] (room L-B1-30, ext. 3.9485).", "Multi-standard VCRs, DVD players, television sets and video projectors can be provided on a first-come, first-served basis. Owing to the limited amount of equipment available, one business day advance notice is required. Written requests should be directed to the above address.", "Videoconferencing", "Broadcast and Conference Support Section (room L-B1-30, ext. 3.9485, e-mail: [email protected]).", "International videoconferencing is possible from several locations at United Nations Headquarters. Written requests are required for this service.", "Mail and messenger services", "The Mail Operations Unit provides the following services to delegations:", "Distributes official correspondence of delegations intended for Secretariat internal office distribution. Delegations are requested to bring the mail to Post 6 X-ray, located in the Service Drive, telephone 212 963 9431.", "Processes United Nations Secretariat mail addressed to delegations. Delegations are requested to pick up mail from the Delegation Mail Pickup location, GA-3B-710, telephone 212 963 1741 between 7.30 a.m. and 10 a.m.", "Provides messenger services during the main session of the General Assembly meeting period. Service is confined to the area within the conference rooms and the General Assembly Hall area. Location: Delegates’ Entrance, telephone 212 963 8744.", "Computer-related services", "The Office of Information and Communications Technology (OICT) provides the following computer-related services to delegations:", "1. Internet e-mail — Each Permanent Mission may obtain an unlimited number of Internet e‑mail accounts from OICT.", "2. Member States portal (“deleGATE”) — OICT provides an Internet website, www.un.int, which serves as a Member States “portal” that consolidates all relevant information for delegates in New York.", "3. Website service — OICT hosts websites for Permanent Missions on www.un.int.", "4. Donation of equipment — OICT donates recycled computer equipment to interested Missions.", "5. Help Desk support — OICT provides a telephone number 212 963 3157 for assistance with OICT services from 9.30 a.m. to 5.30 p.m. on normal United Nations workdays.", "6. Computers with Internet access — OICT provides computers with Internet access in the Delegates’ Lounge.", "7. Wireless Internet access — OICT provides wireless Internet access (WiFi) in most public areas and conference rooms.", "For more information on the services listed above, please contact the Missions Support Help Desk at 212 963 3157 or e-mail us at:", "[email protected].", "Telecommunication services", "Telephone", "Main Number:", "212 963 1234. An operator responds to the main listed number during working days between 8 a.m. and 8 p.m. Calls are transferred to Security at all other times. In both cases, outside callers are transferred to the person or extension requested.", "Operator:", "dialing “0” from Secretariat extensions. The operator will then connect the call to the requested person or extension.", "United Nations Staff and Services:", "numbers that begin with 212 963 XXXX or 917 367 XXXX. If a caller is within the United Nations Secretariat buildings, these numbers can be reached by dialing the last 5 digits of the number (e.g. 3.XXXX or 7.XXXX, respectively).", "Nations Secretariat and are available as follows:", "in UNDP.", "in UNICEF.", "digit extension in UNFPA.", "Delegates:", "or 212 963 8741.", "Information Desk and delegates are paged on the loudspeaker system.", "located in the Delegates’ Lounge by first dialing “9” and then the 10-digit telephone number.", "United Nations Postal Administration", "Concourse level of the General Assembly Building (ext. 3.7698)", "Open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. seven days a week from March to December. Closed on weekends during January and February.", "Postage and philatelic sales", "United Nations stamps may be purchased for both postage and philatelic purposes at the United Nations Postal Administration sales counter. Facilities for posting mail are available at this counter.", "Philatelic office (room GA 35/36, ext. 3.7684)", "Services mail orders for stamps and other philatelic items. United Nations stamps are issued in three currencies, namely, United States dollars, Swiss francs and euros and are valid for mailing only from United Nations Headquarters, New York, the Palais des Nations, Geneva, and the Vienna International Centre, respectively.", "Personalized Stamp Shop", "Main level of the General Assembly Building (ext. 7.4070)", "Open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. (seven days a week) from March to December", "(Closed on weekends in January and February).", "The United Nations personalized stamps programme allows you to combine your own photo image together with a United Nations postage stamp. Available in sheets of 10 or 20 stamps.", "Post Office — Sub-branch of the United States Post Office", "As a result of the closure of the Secretariat Building due to the capital master plan, the United States Post Office at the United Nations closed after business on 27 August 2010. This is a temporary measure until the re-opening of the Secretariat Building, which is expected to be in early 2013.", "The United States Postal Service continues to operate retail facilities in the vicinity of United Nations Headquarters in Tudor City and at the corner of 47th Street and 2nd Avenue.", "The Post Office at Grand Central Station (45th Street and Lexington Avenue) is also available for specialized postal services, such as certified mail.", "The United Nations Postal Administration (UNPA) will continue to operate in the Visitors’ Lobby in the 1st Basement for the purchase of United Nations stamps, postcards and mailing of basic domestic and international letter mail (with UNPA stamps only). No specialized postal services are available at the UNPA counter.", "Parking", "The information provided below with regard to access arrangements and reserved area parking is subject to change due to construction. All users will be notified of any changes via broadcast e‑mails from the United Nations.", "Garage Administration (UNITAR Building, room U-210, ext. 3.6212/3)", "The Garage Administration will schedule delegations to apply for and pick up parking decals. All applications will require authorized Mission signature accompanied by the Mission seal.", "Decals of vehicles registered to the individual delegates: applications attaching a valid vehicle registration and current United Nations identification should be submitted to the Protocol and Liaison Service (room NL-02058, phone: 212 963 7172). After certification by the Protocol and Liaison Service, the application should be hand carried to the Garage Administration for processing. Only one decal will be issued per delegate for use on a vehicle with “D” plates. Although multiple vehicles may be listed, only one vehicle may be allowed to park at any given time. Decals will be issued only to members of delegations duly accredited to the United Nations.", "Vehicles registered to the Mission: applications with an authorized Mission signature accompanied by the Mission seal, attaching the valid vehicle registration, should be submitted directly to the Garage Administration office for processing.", "Only one special decal will be issued per Mission for the vehicle of the Permanent Representative allowing entry at the 43rd Street Gate. Any changes in vehicle usage must be reflected on the respective decals and as such should be brought to the Garage Administration for processing.", "Decals from observer State missions, intergovernmental and other organizations listed in chapters III, IV and V of the “Blue Book”: applications must be submitted to the Protocol and Liaison Service and thereafter to the Garage Administration for appropriate action. The issuance of parking decals to observer State missions, intergovernmental and other organizations will be limited to persons enjoying diplomatic status.", "Vehicles with “S” plates registered in the name of Mission staff will not be authorized to park in the United Nations compound.", "Temporary identification decal (light olive green) for the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly: Permanent Missions may apply for a temporary identification decal to admit vehicles rented from established and bona fide companies for use by accredited delegates, visiting dignitaries and diplomats officially attending meetings during the session. Entry for these decals is at the 43rd Street gate for drop-off/pick-up only, with no parking privileges. Application forms may be obtained from the Garage Administration office and thereafter submitted with a copy of the rental agreement to the Security Special Services Unit (room L-0113H) for clearance prior to submission to the Garage Administration for issuance.", "Parking decals must be displayed prominently and be clearly visible to Security Officers and Garage Administration staff at entry points and while the vehicles are on the premises. Vehicles not having or displaying a valid decal are liable to be towed off the premises.", "Prior to the issuance of decals for the new General Assembly session, all previously issued decals to delegations must be returned to the Garage Administration office. Also, decals belonging to delegates who are departing from Headquarters must be returned to the Garage Administration office prior to their departure. Any changes in vehicle usage must be reflected on the respective decals and as such should be brought to the Garage Administration for processing.", "Parking privileges of any delegate whose parking fees are in arrears by more than three months: pursuant to section II of General Assembly resolution 39/236, parking privileges will be suspended. Privileges will be restored once the arrears have been paid in full. Prior to a delegate’s departure, he/she should contact the Garage Administration office in order to settle any outstanding dues.", "Parking for delegation cars with United Nations diplomatic plates and identification decals valid for the current session of the General Assembly: these cars may park on the first level and designated area of the southern end of the second level, aisles A, B, C and half of D in the United Nations Garage without charge while representatives are on official business. The capital master plan renovation project at Headquarters has affected the garage space, therefore you are kindly requested to ensure that all designated diplomatic parking areas are filled to capacity prior to parking elsewhere. Roving capital master plan works in different areas within the Garage will necessitate temporary closure of up to 20 parking spaces at a time on short notice to carry out related installation, demolition or abatement. Therefore, you will need to be available to relocate your vehicle at any given time. It should also be noted that during the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly congestion is expected and, where possible, alternate modes of transport should be considered. If not, additional delays on entry should be expected.", "Overnight parking is not permitted. Exemptions for a limited number of Mission registered vehicles will be authorized upon written request by the Mission to the Garage Administration. The overnight fee is $2.50 per night. Invoices for this service are sent to the Mission shortly after the end of every month. These invoices are due upon receipt and should be settled by cash or cheque payable to the “United Nations” forwarding payments to the United Nations Garage Administration, 801 UN Plaza, Room U-210, New York, N.Y. 10017. Please be aware that unauthorized vehicles left over a 24-hour period in the United Nations Garage will be issued violations. Three violations will dictate revocation of parking privileges.", "Entrance to the grounds", "Secretariat entrance on First Avenue:", "(a) Vehicle of the Permanent Representative, identified by a special sticker. All occupants riding in the car will be required to display valid United Nations identification cards.", "(b) Rented vehicles which have been issued special decals, which permit drop-off/pick-up only. Such vehicles will not be permitted to park on United Nations premises.", "48th Street entrance: for all other vehicles bearing a decal. Delegation vehicles entering the premises are subject to a security check.", "Access to the garage", "Chauffeur-driven cars identified by special stickers issued to Permanent Representatives may use the ramp at the 43rd Street entrance for access to the garage.", "Chauffeurs should remain in the ready room, located in the first garage level, while on call by delegates. The Security Officer at the Delegates’ Entrance of the General Assembly Building pages chauffeurs whenever they are required.", "Liability for loss and damages", "In arranging for parking facilities to be available, the United Nations seeks to accommodate delegations. Garage users are warned that incidents of theft and vandalism have occurred inside the garage, as it is not possible to have all vehicles under surveillance all the time. The United Nations does not warrant or promise the safety of vehicles or property left in the garage, and users acknowledge and accept that the United Nations cannot guarantee the safety of any vehicles, or property inside them, left in the garage.", "Local transportation", "The United Nations does not provide cars for delegations. It is suggested that delegations requiring local transportation make their own arrangements.", "United Nations Institute for Training and Research", "UNITAR, Geneva Palais des Nations 1211 Geneva 10 Switzerland Website: www.unitar.org", "UNITAR New York Office: 1 United Nations Plaza (DC1-Room 603) Tel: 212 963 9196 Fax: 212 963 9686 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.unitar.org/ny Head of Office: Ms. Yvonne Lodico", "The Institute began operating in 1966, with activities primarily supporting the training of diplomats accredited to the United Nations in New York.", "The Institute was established “for the purpose of enhancing the effectiveness of the United Nations in achieving the major effectiveness of the Organization” through extensive training and research (UNITAR Statute). Operating as an autonomous body within the United Nations system, the Institute has become a leading provider of short-term executive training to national and local Government officials of Member States and representatives of civil society and the private sector, and reaches out yearly to some 25,000 beneficiaries around the world.", "At the United Nations in New York, UNITAR provides multilateral diplomacy training to assist delegates to perform effectively in the United Nations as well as engage in contemporary global challenges. Offered throughout the year, courses are concise, accessible and directly relevant to a delegate’s workload at the United Nations. They focus, inter alia, on: the United Nations system and its functioning; international law and policy, peace and security, migrations, negotiations, United Nations reform and sustainable development. Some courses are available online; most are offered through face-to-face learning. Most courses are fee-based, though fee waivers are available for developing and least developed countries. The annual course calendar is available on www.unitar.org/ny.", "The Institute is supported by voluntary contributions from governments, intergovernmental organizations, foundations, and other non‑governmental sources.", "United Nations International School (UNIS) founded in 1947", "Main campus location: 25th Street and the East River (Manhattan)", "Auxiliary facility location: 173-53 Croydon Road, Jamaica Estates (Queens)", "Office of the Assistant Secretary-General. Special Representative of the Secretary-General for UNIS: room DC1-646, tel: 212 963 8729, fax: 212 963 1276, e-mail: [email protected].", "The United Nations International School (UNIS), under the auspices of the United Nations, was founded on the extension of the philosophy of the United Nations that people who work and play together will also negotiate together. It serves mainly the children of United Nations staff and Delegation personnel. It also welcomes for enrolment a limited number of children from abroad and from the United States to make for a balanced educational exposure for all.", "Main campus: grades kindergarten through high school graduation (International Baccalaureate Degree).", "Auxiliary facility: grades kindergarten through eighth.", "English is the normal language of instruction, but all students learn French or Spanish as well, with the other official United Nations languages and German, Italian and Japanese within the curriculum. Mother tongue instruction is also offered when requested. The very multiplicity of languages spoken by the international faculty and students provides a rich cultural opportunity. Great emphasis is placed on the teaching of science in ways that are effective for students of high ability who have not yet achieved fluency in English. To that end, particular attention is paid to modern learning equipment, calculators, computers and the like.", "The scholastic standards are high. The High School is one of the few institutions of learning in the New York area that offers the International Baccalaureate Degree, which qualifies the recipient to attend colleges in the United States and abroad. The School is chartered by the New York State Board of Regents as a private school, is accredited by the Council of International Schools and recognized by the French Government for francophone students in grades 2 through 5.", "Manhattan tours are frequently scheduled and given by appointment.", "Website: www.unis.org", "Department of Admissions:", "212 584 3071, fax: 212 685 5023", "E-mail: [email protected]", "Queens tours are also arranged by calling 718 658 6166, fax: 718 658 5742.", "Additional information, application forms and brochures are available in room DC1-646 or call 212 963 8729, fax: 212 963 1276 or e-mail: [email protected].", "City liaison", "Marjorie B. Tiven, Commissioner Bradford E. Billet, Deputy Commissioner", "Office of the Mayor", "New York City Commission for the United Nations", "Consular Corps and Protocol", "Two United Nations Plaza (DC2), 27th floor, New York, NY 10017", "Tel: 212 319 9300, fax: 212 319 3430.", "New York City greatly values its status of having the largest diplomatic and consular community in the world. The Commission serves as the City’s primary liaison between the City of New York and the United Nations, 193 Permanent Missions, and 112 Consulates. As an integral part of the Mayor’s Office, the Commission facilitates positive relations among members of the international community, local, state, and federal governments, and New Yorkers. It is comprised of the following divisions:", "Diplomatic and Consular Affairs serves as the conduit for the diplomatic and consular community to the respective City agencies able to assist in resolving issues encountered while in residence in New York City. These include legal inquiries related to consumer affairs, real estate, taxation, commercial transactions and legal procedure, as well as general information assistance on questions pertaining to life in New York City. This division also manages the Diplomatic Parking Program.", "Protocol extends hospitality due to Heads of State/Government, distinguished visitors, and other dignitaries. This office serves as a liaison between dignitaries and the Mayor with respect to requests for meetings and invitations to events.", "International Business assists foreign businesses in establishing operations in New York City by coordinating interaction with all city, state and federal agencies. Services provided include assistance in accessing appropriate bank institutions, real estate providers, construction companies, and insurance entities.", "New York City Global Partners, Inc. is a tax exempt non-profit organization co-located with the Commission. Its function is to promote international understanding through business, security and cultural exchanges between the City of New York and selected cities throughout the world.", "Hospitality", "Hospitality Committee for United Nations Delegations, Inc.", "Room GA-101 (ext. 3.7182, or 3.8751)", "The Committee is a private self-supporting and non-political organization devoted to helping delegates and their families feel welcome in New York and the surrounding area. Volunteers arrange programmes in American homes and visits to such places of interest as museums, schools, hospitals, courts, private art collections and other institutions. Complimentary tickets to cultural and civic events are often available.", "The Committee also offers day and evening courses at their English Language School. The programmes are open to the diplomatic corps associated with the United Nations. Two sessions are held in the fall and spring. Evening classes in Professional English are also offered.", "Information about these activities may also be obtained from our monthly calendar posted on www.hcund.org.", "Banking facilities", "Trust. Value. Confidence. Each describes the United Nations Federal Credit Union (UNFCU), a not-for-profit cooperative financial institution owned since 1947 by our members, who are the staff of the United Nations, its specialized agencies, retirees and their families. UNFCU offers a broad array of flexible and tailored products, financial solutions and consultative services to address the unique needs of this dynamic community worldwide. These include Internet Banking, eStatements, eWires, WebChat, 24/7 Telephone Banking, insurance, investments, mortgage and consumer lending products, including a globally compliant EMV (Europay-MasterCard VISA® credit card with a personal identification number, and a microprocessor-based chip, offering greater protection against fraud, and more. Financially strong, member shares are insured by the National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund up to $250,000.", "For additional information, please visit our website at www.unfcu.org, or one of our New York branches, or representative offices located in Vienna, Geneva, Nairobi and Rome. Speak with a member service representative by telephone at 347 686 6000 (international toll-free numbers are available on our website under “Contact Us”), Skype at UNFCU Skype, or contact us using WebChat at www.unfcu.org. You can also e‑mail us at [email protected]. To follow UNFCU, please visit us at unfcu.org/facebook.", "UNFCU branches in New York City and UNFCU ATM locations:", "New York, NY", "and 47th Street) New York, NY", "Entrance, 1st Floor and 2nd Floor, New York, NY 10017", "Cafeteria Entrance, Main Floor, New York, NY 10017 (ATM only)", "Street, 1st Floor, New York, NY 10010", "24‑01 44th Road, Long Island City, NY 11101-4605", "F, Lower Concourse adjacent to UNON Registry, Nairobi, Kenya (ATM only).", "Convenient, surcharge-free non-UNFCU ATMs in the United States of America, Canada, the United Kingdom, Greece, Guam, Italy, Japan, Puerto Rico and Spain are just a click away via our Branch/ATM Locator at www.unfcu.org. Please note: some ATMs may indicate that a surcharge will apply. Be assured that due to UNFCU’s arrangement with the CO-OP and Allpoint Networks, you will NOT incur a surcharge.", "The J. P. Morgan Chase Bank maintains several locations in the United Nations vicinity with one primary location dedicated to United Nations staff and diplomats:", "Chase Bank One United Nations Plaza — street level First Avenue and 44th Street", "Hours: Monday to Friday: 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. Telephone: 212 740 7093 Vestibule with four Deposit Friendly ATMs available 24 hours", "Deposit Friendly ATM services in Chinese, English, French, Greek, Italian, Korean, Polish, Portuguese, Russian and Spanish. Chase ATM cards access 150,000 network locations, NYCE®, MAC®, Plus®, Cirrus®, Pulse®, MasterCard®/Visa® cash machines, throughout the United States, Canada and worldwide for cash withdrawals and balance inquiries.", "Newsstand", "Located at the General Assembly Building (concourse level) inside the Gift Centre.", "Hours of operation: Open seven days a week from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. from March to December. Closed on weekends during January and February.", "Newspaper and confectionery items.", "United Nations Bookshop", "General Assembly Building (concourse level)", "Room GA-32", "Telephone: 212 963 7680", "Fax: 212 963 4910", "E-mail: [email protected]", "Open from 9 a.m. to 5.30 p.m., Monday to Friday. Weekends from 10 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. Closed on weekends during January and February.", "Delegates qualify for a 25 per cent discount on United Nations publications and a 10 per cent discount on all other items over $3. Orders can also be placed online at: www.un.org/bookshop.", "United Nations publications", "e-mail: [email protected]", "Website: www.un.org/publications", "United Nations publications are available in bookshops, through online retailers, at the United Nations Bookshop (see page 98) and from the United Nations publications e‑commerce site (www.un.org/publications). Popular United Nations titles are also available as e‑books and mobile apps. United Nations Development Business provides information on opportunities to supply products and services for projects financed by the United Nations, Member States and the world’s leading development agencies.", "Chief", "Ms. Valentina Kalk Tel: 3.8321", "e-mail: [email protected]", "United Nations Development Business", "e-mail: [email protected]", "website: www.devbusiness.com", "Ms. Nina Brandt Tel: 7.9110", "e-mail: [email protected]", "United Nations Gift Centre", "General Assembly Building (concourse level)", "Open seven days a week from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. from March to December. Closed on weekends during January and February.", "Twenty per cent discount for Delegates on all purchases upon presentation of valid United Nations identification.", "Request for use of United Nations premises", "Office of Central Support Services (room DC2-2508, ext. 3.5569, fax: 212 963 4168)", "Sponsoring events: in the interest of ensuring the security and safety of all concerned, as well as in the light of the increasing number of requests for use of facilities, representatives of Permanent Missions are asked to use the utmost discretion to ensure that these activities are of a non-commercial nature and consistent with the principles and aims of the United Nations. Missions should note that they are responsible for the content and conduct of any event they may sponsor.", "Sponsoring events on behalf of NGOs accredited with the United Nations: especially on these occasions, representatives of Missions should bear in mind that, notwithstanding the worthiness of the purpose of the event, no substantive business such as the passage of resolutions, holding of elections, presentation of awards or solicitation of funds, nor ceremonies of any kind, may be conducted.", "Director, Facilities and Commercial Services Division, OCSS, DM", "Requests for the use of the premises should be addressed to the above director of the division. Once approval has been obtained, a ranking member of the Mission must attend and/or preside over the meeting or event in its entirety. Any and all financial obligations arising from the meeting or event shall be the sole responsibility of the sponsoring mission.", "Director, General Assembly and ECOSOC Affairs Division, DGACM", "Requests for permission to use the General Assembly Hall should be addressed to the Director of the General Assembly and ECOSOC Affairs Division, DGACM. From September to December each year, with the exception of the United Nations Day Concert, the General Assembly Hall is used solely for the meetings of the General Assembly.", "For detailed procedures for requesting the use of premises for meetings, conferences, special events and exhibits as well as criteria for the use of United Nations premises costs for meetings and events, insurance, etc., please see United Nations document ST/AI/416.", "Facilities for the disabled", "Restrooms: (1) General Assembly Building first basement in the public concourse area; (2) In the “neck” previously linking the General Assembly Building and Conference Building in the First Basement; (3) At the rear of the General Assembly Hall; (4) In the North Lawn Building, on each floor.", "Elevators are attended to access the first floor of the General Assembly Building and all floors of the North Lawn Building.", "Ramps: at the Visitors’ Entrance at 46th Street and First Avenue giving access both to the General Assembly Building and the North Lawn Building and adjacent to Conference Room 8 at the First Basement Level of the General Assembly Building.", "Special ramps to access the conference room podiums are provided where required.", "Automatic teller machines, easily accessible, are located on the first and second floors of the North Lawn Building.", "Hearing aid equipment: requests to connect to conference room audio distribution systems should be addressed to the Broadcast and Conference Support Section (BCSS), room L-1B-30, ext. 3.9485 or 3.7453, e-mail: [email protected]. BCSS can also loan neck-worn induction loops for hearing aids equipped with a T-Switch.", "Index", "B", "Banking facilities 95", "Bookshop 98", "Building passes 4", "C", "Cafeteria 76", "City liaison 93", "Civil society, services to 61", "Cloakrooms 74", "Computer-related services 81", "Credentials 17", "D", "Dining room 76", "Disabled, facilities for 102", "Documents facilities 44", "E", "Entrance 4", "G", "General Assembly 21", "Gift Centre 100", "Guests 78", "H", "Hospitality 95", "I", "Information (telephones and desk locations) 9", "Internet (United Nations website) 50", "Interpretation 39", "J", "Journal 38", "L", "Library 66", "Lounges 75", "M", "Mail and messenger services 80", "Maps and geographic information 69", "Media services 49", "Medical Services 10", "Meditation room 75", "N", "Newsstand 98", "P", "Parking 85", "Photocopier 79", "Photo services and facilities 61", "Postal Administration 83", "President, Office of the 21", "Protocol 11", "Public information 50", "Public relations 62", "Publications, sale of 99", "Q", "Quiet room 75", "R", "Radio and television services and facilities 58", "Records of meetings (verbatim, summary, corrections) 41", "S", "Seating arrangements 37", "Security 7", "Services provided by the network of the United Nations Information Centres 61", "Sound recordings 79", "Sound reinforcement systems 79", "Speeches (prepared texts) 43", "Spokesperson for the Secretary-General 49", "T", "Telecommunication services 82", "Transportation (local) 89", "Travel entitlements 71", "Travel facilities 74", "U", "United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) 90", "United Nations International School (UNIS) 91", "United Nations premises, request for use of 100", "Use of United Nations electronic equipment 37", "V", "Videoconferencing 80", "Video projection 80", "11-43127 (E) 130911", "*1143127*", "[1] A/INF/66/4.", "[2] General Assembly resolution 65/238 and A/INF/66/4.", "[3] General Assembly resolution 65/160 and A/INF/66/4.", "[4] General Assembly resolution 65/279 and A/INF/66/4.", "[5] ¹ A guideline with tips for submission of draft resolutions in the General Assembly is available online at www.un.org/ga/65/resolutions.shtml.", "[6] Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO), Department of Field Support (DFS), Department of Public Information (DPI), Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States (UNHRLLS), Office of the Special Adviser on Africa (OSAA), Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict (OSRSG/CAAC), Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for the United Nations International School and Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA).", "[7] Department for General Assembly and Conference Management (DGACM), Department of Management (DM), DPI, Executive Office of the Secretary-General (EOSG), Regional Commissions New York Office and DESA.", "[8] DM.", "[9] DGACM and DM.", "[10] DPKO, DFS, DGACM, DM and DPI.", "[11] DFS, DPKO, DM, Department of Political Affairs (DPA), DPI, Department of Safety and Security, EOSG, Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) and Office of Legal Affairs (OLA).", "[12] DM, DPA and EOSG.", "[13] Office for Disarmament Affairs and DPKO.", "[14] United Nations Archives and Records Management Section.", "[15] DM and EOSG.", "[16] DGACM (Verbatim Records).", "[17] DGACM, DM, DPI, DSS, OLA, Office of Special Adviser Joseph Verner Reed and External Press office.", "[18] DPI (News and Media Division) and Office of the Spokesperson.", "[19] DGACM, DPA, DPI, DSS, EOSG, Office of the President of the General Assembly, Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions, Climate Change Support Team and Group of 77.", "[20] The requests and duly filled out SG.6 forms must be submitted at least 48 business hours in advance for proper accreditation and issuance of passes. Passes for those delegates who have been already entered into the electronic system may be picked up by a member of the Mission with proper identification. Spouses will be issued same type of passes as the principals.", "[21] Issuance of Protocol passes will be curtailed for the duration of the General Debate except under very special circumstances. Protocol passes are not issued for calendar meetings at Headquarters.", "[22] ¹⁷ The list of delegations to the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly will be available on ODS towards the end of December 2011. A provisional list of delegations can be found at the Protocol and Liaison Service website www.un.int/protocol at the opening of the General Debate.", "[23] ¹ CandiWeb (https://eroom.un.org/eRoomASP/DigChooseClient.asp) is the webpage that provides information on the list of candidates (GA Informal Working Paper) for the session.", "[24] ² The list of participants to the Main Committees is issued by each Main Committee (A/INF/66/2).", "[25] ³ The Disarmament Commission works in close cooperation with the First Committee and has similar agenda items on disarmament and international security issues.", "[26] * New York office.", "[27] * New York office.", "[28] * New York office.", "[29] * New York office.", "[30] * For instance, the normal speed in English is 100 to 120 words per minute.", "[31] A/65/150 or A/65/251. While the General Assembly is in session, communications will bear the symbol of the Main Committees if the agenda item(s) under which circulation is requested are allocated to a specific Committee." ]

[ "代表手册", "[]联合国大会第六十六届会议", "大会第六十六届会议开幕和闭幕日期", "2011年9月13日星期二下午3时至2012年9月17日星期一", "大会第六十六届会议一般性辩论[1]", "2011年9月21日星期三至2011年9月24日星期六", "2011年9月26日星期一至2011年9月27日星期二", "高级别会议", "预防和控制非传染性疾病高级别会议[2]", "2011年9月19日星期一至2011年9月20日星期二", "关于“在可持续发展和消除贫穷背景下处理荒漠化、土地退化和干旱问题”主题的高级别会议[3]", "2011年9月20日星期二", "为纪念《德班宣言和行动纲领》通过10周年而举行的大会高级别会议[4]", "2011年9月22日星期四", "常 问 问 题", "1. 如何与大会第六十六届会议主席联系？", "纳西尔·阿卜杜勒阿齐兹·纳赛尔(Nassir Abdulaziz Al-Nasser)先生阁下(卡塔尔)", "电话：212-963-7555；", "传真：212-963-3301。", "NL-2080室[主席办公室位于北草坪会议大楼二层](见第17页)。", "2. 在大会堂分发讲稿需要多少份？应向何处、于何时提供讲稿？", "在会议开始前，将讲稿交到大会堂左边的文件收发台或交给会议干事。", "300份，供一般分发；或", "30份，供最小范围分发；或", "至少15份，仅供口译员和新闻干事使用(见第32页)。", "3. 能否在大会堂分发与会议相关的文件或其他材料？", "会前或会议期间只能在大会堂分发联合国文件和发言者的讲稿。任何其他相关材料可在大会事务处处长批准后在大会堂分发(IN-0610室(创新大楼(Innovation Building)，东42街300号，出口在第二大道上)，电话分机3-2336；或GA-200室，电话分机3-9110)。", "4. 提交决议/决定草案应遵守何种程序？[5]", "• 载有决议/决定草案最后定本的电子版本和打印文本必须由代表团的正式派驻代表递交并在负责处理决议/决定草案的大会事务处工作人员面前签字；", "• 如有共同提案国，提出决议草案的代表团应提交共同提案国名单；", "• 如果新决议/决定草案是根据先前的决议，可从正式文件系统(http:// ods.un.org)下载旧案文并作必要改动，即，新案文用黑体显示，不需要的案文应标明以便删除。", "大力鼓励提案国通过电子邮件以电子格式提交决议/决定草案。但大会和各主要委员会的既定程序可能各不相同。关于提交草案的特定程序事宜，请洽主要委员会秘书(见第20-25页)。", "5. 会员国如何成为某一决议/决定草案的共同提案国？", "会员国如欲成为某一决议/决定草案的共同提案国，必须与下列各方签署共同提案国表格：(a) 协调该决议草案的会员国，或(b) 与大会事务处负责决议/决定草案的工作人员：全体会议举行期间在大会堂；届会主要会期期间(9月至12月)在北草坪会议大楼NL-1033室；届会续会期间在创新大楼IN-615B室(东42街300号，与第二大道交叉处，6层)。共同提案国事宜不能通过信函或电子邮件等联系。", "请注意，决议草案通过后不受理共同提案国事宜。", "6. 在何处取得共同提案国空白表格？", "可从大会事务处办公室IN-0636B室，或在全体会议举行期间在大会堂获取这些表格。", "7. 在逐字记录中反映会员国本打算如何就决议草案投票的程序为何？", "只要填写大会事务处提供的表格，就可在所涉会议逐字记录中加上脚注。", "8. 从何处获取已通过决议/决定的表决记录？", "表决记录在决议/决定通过之后立即在大会堂分发给所有会员国。也可向大会事务处IN-0636B室索取表决记录副本。表决记录也载于下列网址(键入有关决议号，如A/RES/64/148)：http://www.un.org/ga/search/voting.asp。", "9. 从何处获取已经通过的决议和决定文本？", "决议在通过之后几个星期，会作为A/RES系列文件印发。在此之前，决议案文载于“L”文件和正式文件系统(ODS)，或载于相关委员会的报告，并张贴在大会网站(www.un.org/ga)(见第33页)。决议和决定案文作为会议正式记录补编第49号印发，分为三卷(如A/65/49(Vol.I)to(Vol.III)。一般而言，卷一和卷二分别载有届会主要会期中通过的决议和决定，卷三则载有续会期间通过的决议和决定。", "10. 从何处获取大会选举候选人名单？", "各代表团可在CandiWeb(https://eroom.un.org/eRoom)上查阅候选人名单。若要登录CandiWeb，请发电子邮件至[email protected]或传真至1-212-963-0952。若需查询全体会议选举事宜，请洽Mary Muturi女士：电话：212-963-2337，传真：212-963-3783或电子邮件：[email protected]。", "11. 若请求将一项目列入议程，须遵循什么样的程序？", "若要将一项目列入议程，应以书面向秘书长提出请求，而且如果可能应抄送大会事务处。若要将一项目列入一即将举行的常会临时议程，则按照议事规则第13条的规定，应在该届会议开幕至少60天前提出请求。若要将一补充项目列入议程，则按照议事规则第14条的规定，应在该届会议开幕至少30天前提出请求。根据议事规则第20条的规定，对提出列入议程的任何项目，均须附有一份解释性备忘录，且如有可能，则还应附上基本文件或决议草案。", "12. 如何知道大会及其各主要委员会的工作方案？", "全体会议的工作方案日历草案于7月份印发，覆盖9月至12月这一时段。该日历于9月份下旬，即在一般性辩论期间更新，以“INF”文件号(如，A/INF/66/3)印发。给各主要委员会秘书打电话。A/INF/66/2号文件载有这些委员会秘书的姓名、办公室地点和电话号码(见第20-25页)。", "13. 如何申请观察员地位？", "在第49/426号决定中，大会决定观察员地位“今后仅给予其活动涉及大会所关心事项的国家和政府间组织”。请求获得观察员地位的申请形式是一个会员国或几个会员国发给秘书长的一封信函，内载将一个项目纳入大会议程的请求。考虑到该项目在第六委员会得到审议规定(第54/195号决议)，而第六委员会在9月至12月的届会主要会期期间开会，这种请求通常要及时提交，以便列入即将举行的届会的临时议程，或临时议程的补充项目表。可在A/INF/65/5上查阅观察员名单。", "14. 如何安排为我国国家元首在大会堂演讲录像？如何取得照片？", "录像：对每个演讲，代表团可要求免费获得一份NTSC制式的DVD。数字文件格式，如MPEG2，MPEG4(H.264)则按需提供，并可在线下载。NTSC制式DVD的更多拷贝、NTSC Betacam SP、存档录像带或任何其他特殊的要求需收费。提前订购的磁带一般会在演讲当天提供。之后订购的录像带将尽快提供。按收到的顺序处理所有的请求。若要求获得演讲的录像带，请联系联合国录像资料室(电话212-963-1561、212-963-0656；传真：212-963-4501；电子邮件：[email protected])。电视实况输送信号将通过商业传播公司提供。欲了解更多情况，请洽联合国电视台(电话：212-963-7650；传真：212-963-3860)。", "照片：可从联合国照片网站（http://www.un.org/av/photo）免费下载数字格式（jpg）的照片。关于照片的询问和要求，请向联合国照片资料室提出，IN-0506B室(电话：212-963-6927/963-0034，传真：212-963-1658；电子邮件：[email protected])。有关其他照片的特殊要求可向联合国照片股股长Mark Garten先生提出(第4演播室，电话：917-367-9652；[email protected])。将在人手允许的情况下努力考虑这些要求(见第44页)。", "代表手册", "代 表 手 册", "联合国大会第六十六届会议", "[]", "联 合 国 \n 2011年9月至2012年9月，纽约", "说明", "本手册载有联合国总部的一般性资料，整个第六十六届会议期间适用。如需更正手册内容或就手册内容提出建议，请通知大会事务处，IN-0615B室，电话分机：3-2337。传真：212-963-3783。本手册还可通过因特网联合国代表网址(www.un.int/wcm/content/site/portal/ home)以及大会快速链接网址(www.un.org/ga/)调阅。", "ST/CS/61", "2011年9月至2012年9月", "目录", "一. 一般信息 \n 进入总部 3 \n 联合国通行证和会议入场券 3 \n 安全和安保部 5 \n 问讯(电话和工作台地点) 6 \n 医疗服务 7 \n 礼宾和联络处 7 \n 全权证书 15\n 二. 大会及其主要委员会 \n 大会主席办公室 17\n 秘书处为大会作出的安排 18\n 大会全体会议和总务委员会会议 18\n 大会的主要委员会 20\n 其他机关 26\n 三. 会议事务 \n 会议事务 28\n 联合国电子设备的使用和维护 29\n 席位安排 29\n 联合国日刊 29\n 口译 30\n 会议记录 31\n 为全体会议和主要委员会会议上的发言写好的讲稿 32\n 文件处理 32\n 四. 媒体、公众和图书馆服务 \n 秘书长发言人 35\n 新闻 35\n 电台和电视事务及设施 43\n 联合国录像 44\n 联合国照片 44\n 联合国新闻中心网络提供的服务 45\n 向民间社会提供的服务 45\n 达格·哈马舍尔德图书馆 47\n 地图和地理资料服务 49\n 五. 为代表团提供的设施和服务 \n 最不发达会员国代表出席大会届会的可报销旅费 50\n 旅行服务 51\n 代表衣帽间 52\n 代表休息室 52\n 默思室 52\n 代表静室 52\n 餐厅和自助食堂 52\n 代表的宾客 54\n 供代表使用的影印机 54\n 扩音系统 54\n 录音 54\n 放映录像带 55\n 视像会议 55\n 邮件和投递服务 55\n 计算机服务 55\n 电信服务 56\n 联合国邮政管理处 57\n 停车 58\n 本地交通 60\n 联合国训练研究所(训研所) 60\n 联合国国际学校(国际学校) 61\n 纽约市联络机构 62\n 接待 63\n 银行 64\n 报摊 65\n 联合国书店 65\n 联合国出版物 66\n 联合国礼品中心 67\n 请求使用联合国场地 67\n 残疾人设施 68\n 索引 69", "一. 一般信息", "联合国总部位于曼哈顿岛，占地十八英亩，南以42街为界，北以48街为界，西面界限是原第一大道的一段，现称联合国广场，东面界限是东河和罗斯福驰车道。整个地段属于联合国所有，是国际领土。", "总部目前正在翻修。总部由六座相连的主要建筑物组成：大会大楼——包括位于的全体大会堂、以及位于汇合层供安全理事会使用的若干过渡房间；北草坪大楼，即一临时建筑，在当前装修阶段，该建筑为经社理事会厅、各会议室、以及秘书长办公厅和大会主席办公厅所在地；图书馆大楼，内有达格-哈马舍尔德礼堂，将在那里举行记者招待会；南辅楼，内设主自助餐厅和临时的代表餐厅；会议大楼——与东河平行的矮长建筑物，因进行翻修工程而关闭；也与三十九层的秘书处大楼平行，后者也因同一原因关闭。大会大楼的代表入口处可通达所有会议室、理事会会议厅和全体大会堂。还在靠近第48街的地方设有一个直通北草坪大楼的入口，而在第42街附近也设有一个直通图书馆和南辅楼的入口。", "联合国另有一些办公室分布于目前因翻修而关闭的总部附近的几个大楼里，包括：", "• DC1，联合国广场1号，第一大道787号[6]", "• DC2，联合国广场2号，东第44街323号[7]", "• FF大楼，东第45街304号[8]", "• 阿尔巴诺(Albano)大楼，东46街305号[9]", "• 美国铝业(Alcoa)大楼，联合国广场866号", "• “创新”(Innovation)大楼，东第42街300号[10]", "• 麦迪逊大楼，麦迪逊大道380号，位于第46和第47街之间[11]", "• “教师”(Teacher’s)大楼，第三大道730，位于第45和第46街之间[12]", "• 每日新闻(Daily News)大楼，东第42街220号[13]", "• 法尔基(Falchi)大厦，31-00 47th Avenue，LIC Queens[14]", "• Court广场(即UNFCU大楼)，地址为：2401 44th Road，LIC Queens[15]", "• 训研所大楼，联合国广场801号[16]", "• 图书馆大楼，第一大道与第42街交汇处[17]", "• 南辅楼，第一大道与第42街交汇处[18]", "• 北草坪会议楼[19]", "在联合国总部与麦迪逊大道380号之间设有联合国穿梭班车服务。以下是上车点：", "• DC1和DC2、训研所、乌干达之家、FF大楼，阿尔巴诺(Albano)大楼、美国铝业(Alcoa)大楼和东第42街300号的共同上车点设在联合国总部访客入口(第一大道与第45街交汇处)前面。", "• 麦迪逊大街的上车点设在第46街上的车库(第五大道与麦迪逊大道之间)。", "若有任何疑问，请联系当地运输小组，电话：212-963-5585/9182。", "电话：在联合国以外打电话，应以212-963取代3字头，用917-367取代7字头。", "进入总部", "步行——代表团成员进入大会堂的步行入口处位于第一大道和45街。", "车辆——代表团的汽车进入总部和在总部停车，必须悬挂联合国外交车牌(“D”车牌)并有大会第六十六届会议的标记。(详情见第58-60页“停车”部分。)", "联合国通行证和会议入场券", "1. 正式代表团成员核证", "各正式代表团成员出席大会常会和特别会议以及出席总部召开的其他排定会议的通行证，由礼宾和联络处(电话：212-963-7181)；批准，并由位于第一大道和45街的出入证和身份证股处理。代表团成员出席临时会议的登记表(SG.6表格)的英文、法文和西班牙文本可从网站(http://www.un.int/protocol)下载，或从礼宾和联络处(NL-02058室)索取。", "通行证类型：[20]", "1. 礼宾处发放给国家元首和政府首脑、副总统、王储/王妃及其配偶的不贴照片的要员通行证。", "2. 礼宾处发放给副总理和内阁部长及其配偶的贴照片的要员通行证。", "3. 发证室发放给代表团团长的金色通行证。", "4. 发证室发放给所有代表的蓝色通行证。", "5. 礼宾处发放的不带照片、一天有效的礼宾通行证和带照片、短期有效的礼宾通行证。[21]", "发放通行证的程序要求", "国家元首和政府首脑、副总统、王储/王妃及配偶：", "常驻代表团发请求函，注明姓名和头衔并说明停留期限。不需要照片或SG.6表格。", "副总理和内阁部长及配偶：", "1. 常驻代表团发请求函，注明姓名和职务并说明停留期限，不需要SG.6表格。", "2. 两张彩色护照用相片。", "代表：", "1. 代表团成员出席临时会议登记(SG.6表格)。", "2. 给礼宾处处长的送文函，由办事处主任或者首席行政干事签署，说明姓名(不得用首字母简写)和职务。", "礼宾通行证：", "1. 给礼宾处处长的请求函，由常驻代表或临时代办签署，注明姓名、职务、访问理由和停留期限(不需要SG.6表格)。", "2. 两张彩色护照用相片。", "2. 媒体记者核证", "报刊和在线新闻网、电影、电视、摄影、无线电和其他媒体组织记者的核证由新闻部新闻和媒体司媒体核证和联络股(L-0248室，电话分机：3-6934)负责办理(见第39页)。有关媒体核证要求，请查询：www.un.org/ media/accreditation。", "3. 非政府组织核证", "(a) 具有经济及社会理事会咨商地位的非政府组织指派的代表由经济和社会事务部非政府组织科(DC1-1480室，电话分机：3-3192)发给通行证。", "(b) 与新闻部有联系的非政府组织指派的代表每年由新闻部非政府组织关系组(新闻部/非政府组织资源中心，GA-037室，电话分机：3-7234、3-7078和3-7233)发给通行证。", "安全和安保部", "联合国安保和安全事务处一天24小时运作。", "电话分机 传真 办公室", "安保和安全事务处处长", "David J.Bongi先生 7-9520 3-6850 NL-02071", "安保事务中心 3-6666 NL-01005", "该中心负责处理当天的失物招領询问、正常办公时间之后或周末的开门请求、以及关于下班之后发还来客询问台当天关闭后仍留在询问台的身份证的请求等。所有需亲自询问事宜，应先接洽安保事务中心。", "该事务处除了24小时为总部提供安保和安全服务外，还负责：", "(a) 发通行证。经礼宾和联络处核可后，代表团成员可在上午9时至下午4时，在45街与第一大道训研所大楼一楼(第一大道入口)领取通行证；", "(b) 在正常办公时间之后接收需要采取后续行动的官方电话和电报；", "(c) 遇有紧急情况，协助找寻和通知本组织高级官员；", "(d) 与国家安全代表就保护贵宾的安排进行联系；", "(e) 必要时联系地方当局，以取得紧急援助(救护车、医疗服务、警察等)；", "(f) 处理失物招领事务。失物应于正常工作时间内暂时送交NL-01005室(电话分机：3-6666)或从该处认领。在其他时间则应向训研所(UNITAR)大楼一楼(电话分机：3-7533)认领。", "所有入口处均检查通行证。请各位代表在总部时将通行证挂在外衣明显可见之处。", "通行证遗失时应立即向通行证和核证股报告(训研所大楼U-100室，电话分机：3-7533)。", "请代表不要将公事包或任何贵重物品留在会议室内。", "问讯", "(电话和工作台地点)", "问讯股(电话分机：3-7113)可提供下列资料：", "(a) 各代表团的驻地和电话号码；", "(b) 可以回答技术性或实质性问题的办公室或负责人；", "(c) 各事务处、新闻机构和联合国社团的地点和电话分机号码。", "查询联合国秘书处人员的办公室和电话号码，请拨“0”。(关于联合国各办公室电话系统的进一步资料，请看第49页)。", "问讯工作台", "大会大楼", "公共前厅(电话分机：3-7758)", "• 代表入口(电话分机：3-8902)", "• 北草坪代表休息厅", "NL-01026(电话分机：3-8902)", "• DC 1号大楼", "办公大楼前厅(电话分机：3-8998)", "• DC 2号大楼", "办公大楼前厅(电话分机：3-4989)", "• 儿童基金会大楼", "办公大楼前厅(电话：212-326-7524)", "会议日程的布告板位于大会大楼一楼代表入口处附近，及北草坪大楼内。", "医疗服务", "医务司向派驻联合国的外交使团代表和成员提供紧急医务协助。", "医务室所在地点和工作时间：", "1. “创新”大楼，东第42街300号(入口在第二大道上)，7楼", "IN-0703室，电话：212-963-7090", "星期一至星期五上午8时30分至下午5时30分。医生诊治时间为上午9时至下午5时30分。", "2. DC1大楼", "DC1-1190室，电话：212-963-8990", "星期一至星期五上午9时至下午5时。", "3. 儿童基金会大楼", "H-0545室，电话：212-326-7541。", "星期一至星期五上午9时至下午5时。", "大会期间(9月至12月)，设在“创新”大楼的医疗事务司的办公时间不变。", "此外，还将在北草坪大楼NL-01022室开设一个卫星诊所，开放时间为星期一至星期五上午9时至晚11时30分，星期六为上午11时至晚7时。该诊所星期日不开放。", "不论是否在正常工作时间内，如遇紧急情况：", "礼宾和联络处", "联合国礼宾和联络处隶属于秘书长办公厅。", "电话分机 办公室", "礼宾处处长", "Desmond Parker先生 3-7170 NL-02056", "一. 礼宾处副处长", "(空缺)", "二. 礼宾和联络员", "A. Pavlose T.Petes先生(临时) 3-7180 NL-02058J", "阿尔及利亚 几内亚比绍", "亚美尼亚 约旦", "奥地利 黎巴嫩", "巴林 列支敦士登", "比利时 卢森堡", "伯利兹 马达加斯加", "贝宁 马尔代夫", "博茨瓦纳 马里", "布基纳法索 毛里塔尼亚", "布隆迪 摩纳哥", "柬埔寨 莫桑比克", "佛得角 纳米比亚", "中非共和国 尼日尔", "乍得 卢旺达", "科摩罗 圣文森特和格林纳丁斯", "刚果 塞内加尔", "科特迪瓦 塞舌尔", "克罗地亚 索马里", "刚果民主共和国 南非", "吉布提 苏里南", "法国 斯威士兰", "加蓬 特立尼达和多巴哥", "加纳 坦桑尼亚联合共和国", "几内亚 美利坚合众国", "观察员：", "非洲开发银行", "非洲联盟", "萨赫勒-撒哈拉国家共同体", "中非国家经济共同体", "西非国家经济共同体", "东非共同体", "大湖区问题国际会议", "国际水道测量组织", "法语国家国际组织", "国际刑事警察组织(刑警组织)", "阿拉伯国家联盟", "东加勒比国家组织", "经济合作与发展组织", "伊斯兰会议组织", "太平洋岛国论坛", "人口与发展伙伴", "大湖区、非洲之角及周边国家小武器和轻武器问题区域中心", "南亚区域合作联盟", "南方中心", "南部非洲发展共同体", "电话分机 办公室", "B. Marybeth Curran女士(临时) 3-7178 NL-02056", "安道尔 基里巴斯", "安提瓜 科威特", "阿根廷 墨西哥", "巴哈马 摩洛哥", "多民族玻利维亚国 瑙鲁", "智利 新西兰", "哥伦比亚 尼加拉瓜", "哥斯达黎加 巴基斯坦", "古巴 帕劳", "塞浦路斯 巴拿马", "多米尼克 巴拉圭", "多米尼加共和国 秘鲁", "厄瓜多尔 菲律宾", "萨尔瓦多 萨摩亚", "赤道几内亚 西班牙", "斐济 瑞士", "德国 多哥", "危地马拉 汤加", "海地 突尼斯", "洪都拉斯 图瓦卢", "冰岛 阿拉伯联合酋长国", "印度 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国", "以色列 乌拉圭", "意大利 委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国", "观察员：", "罗马教廷", "巴勒斯坦", "拉丁美洲和加勒比禁止核武器组织", "安第斯共同体", "亚洲开发银行", "加勒比国家联盟", "加勒比共同体(加共体)", "中美洲一体化体系", "欧洲委员会", "海关合作理事会", "欧洲共同体", "伊比利亚-美洲会议", "美洲开发银行", "意大利-拉丁美洲协会", "拉丁美洲经济体系(拉美经济体系)", "拉丁美洲一体化协会", "拉丁美洲议会", "欧佩克国际开发基金", "美洲国家组织", "欧洲安全与合作组织", "地中海议会大会", "电话分机 办公室", "C. Nicole Bresson-Ondieki女士 7-4320 NL-02058K", "安哥拉 马拉维", "澳大利亚 马来西亚", "孟加拉国 马耳他", "巴巴多斯 马绍尔群岛", "不丹 尼泊尔", "波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 荷兰", "巴西 尼日利亚", "文莱达鲁萨兰国 挪威", "喀麦隆 阿曼", "加拿大 巴布亚新几内亚", "中国 葡萄牙", "捷克共和国 卡塔尔", "丹麦 大韩民国", "爱沙尼亚 圣马力诺", "芬兰 塞拉利昂", "冈比亚 新加坡", "格林纳达 所罗门群岛", "圭亚那 南苏丹", "匈牙利 斯里兰卡", "印度尼西亚 苏丹", "爱尔兰 瑞典", "牙买加 东帝汶", "肯尼亚 瓦努阿图", "拉脱维亚 津巴布韦", "利比里亚", "观察员：", "非洲、加勒比和太平洋国家集团", "亚非法律协商组织", "东南亚国家联盟(东盟)", "商品共同基金", "英联邦", "葡语国家共同体", "亚洲相互协作与建立信任措施会议", "海湾阿拉伯国家合作委员会", "能源宪章会议", "海牙国际私法会议", "印度洋委员会", "国际移徙政策发展中心", "国际移徙组织", "国际自然保护联盟", "常设仲裁法院", "上海合作组织", "和平大学", "电话分机 办公室", "D. Fariz Mirsalayev先生 3-7177 NL-02058I", "阿富汗 朝鲜民主主义人民共和国", "阿尔巴尼亚 埃及", "阿塞拜疆 厄立特里亚", "白俄罗斯 埃塞俄比亚", "保加利亚 格鲁吉亚", "希腊 立陶宛", "伊朗伊斯兰共和国 毛里求斯", "伊拉克 密克罗尼西亚联邦", "日本 蒙古", "俄罗斯联邦 黑山", "圣基茨和尼维斯 缅甸", "圣卢西亚 波兰", "圣多美和普林西比 摩尔多瓦共和国", "沙特阿拉伯 罗马尼亚", "塞尔维亚 泰国", "斯洛伐克 前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国", "斯洛文尼亚 土耳其", "阿拉伯叙利亚共和国 土库曼斯坦", "塔吉克斯坦 乌干达", "哈萨克斯坦 乌克兰", "吉尔吉斯斯坦 乌兹别克斯坦", "老挝人民民主共和国 越南", "莱索托 也门", "阿拉伯利比亚民众国 赞比亚", "观察员：", "黑海经济合作组织", "集体安全条约组织", "独立国家联合体", "经济合作组织", "欧亚开发银行", "欧亚经济共同体", "全球抗击艾滋病、结核病和疟疾基金", "古阿姆集团", "红十字国际委员会", "国际刑事法院", "国际发展法组织", "红十字会与红新月会国际联合会", "拯救咸海国际基金", "国际人道主义实况调查会议", "国际民主和选举援助学会", "国际奥林匹克委员会", "各国议会联盟", "国际海底管理局", "国际海洋法法庭", "伊斯兰开发银行集团", "马耳他主权军事教团", "全权证书", "大会、安全理事会和经济及社会理事会的成员国代表需有全权证书。", "由国家元首或政府首脑或外交部长签发的出席大会届会代表的全权证书，应在届会开幕一个星期之前，通过法律事务厅全权证书委员会秘书(麦迪逊大楼，M-13051室，麦迪逊大道380号)提交给秘书长，并将副本送到礼宾和联络处(北草坪大楼，NL-02058室)，以便公布。[22]", "常驻联合国代表团手册(蓝皮书)", "该手册每年出版一次。手册列有各会员国外交人员、派驻联合国担任观察员的政府间组织人员、联合国各专门机构联络处工作人员和联合国各主要机关成员的名单。", "礼宾和联络处接到代表团的变更通知后，便立即会在线公布“蓝皮书”所列人员的所有临时往来以及地址、电话/传真号码、国家假日等的变动。", "礼宾和联络处网址", "礼宾和联络处网址(www.un.int/protocol)除提供的信息包括《蓝皮书》、常驻代表名单、国家元首/政府首脑和外交部长名单以及联合国高级官员名单最新版本。也载有《礼宾手册》。", "二. 大会及其主要委员会", "大会第六十六届常会", "关于大会的一般信息，可查阅联合国网站(www.un.org/ga)，或：", "阿拉伯文：www.un.org/arabic/ga", "中文：www.un.org/chinese/ga", "法文：www.un.org/french/ga", "俄文：www.un.org/russian/ga", "西班牙文：www.un.org/spanish/ga", "大会第六十六届会议主席", "纳西尔·阿卜杜勒阿齐兹·纳赛尔阁下(卡塔尔)。", "大会第六十五届会议于2011年6月22日按照议事规则第30条的规定，选出第六十六届会议主席。", "大会主席办公室", "办公室位于北草坪大楼二楼。", "电话分机 传真 办公室", "大会主席办公室 212-963-7555 212-963-3301 NL-02080", "发言人 212-963-0755 NL-02080", "副主席", "还按照议事规则第30条的规定，选出第六十六届会议21个副主席如下：", "大会第六十六届会议副主席", "1. 澳大利亚 6. 中国", "2. 奥地利 7. 斐济", "3. 贝宁 8. 法国", "4. 多民族玻利维亚国 9. 海地", "5. 乍得 10. 匈牙利", "11. 伊朗伊斯兰共和国 17. 大韩民国", "12. 科威特 18. 俄罗斯联邦", "13. 利比里亚 19. 联合王国", "14. 马拉维 20. 美国", "15. 毛里塔尼亚 21. 乌拉圭", "16. 摩洛哥", "秘书处为大会作出的安排", "秘书长在大会所有会议上担任本组织行政首长的职务。", "秘书处与大会有关的工作由主管大会和会议管理事务副秘书长全面负责。", "大会和经社理事会事务司司长负责协调当届会议的工作。另外司长还直接承担为全体会议和总务委员会会议提供服务的责任。", "各主要委员会和其他委员会或机关工作的特定责任分别交给秘书长派至这些委员会的代表，即列在下面各委员会之下的副秘书长或其他官员。大会各主要委员会和其他委员会或机关的秘书由秘书处的有关部厅提供，这些秘书的名单也开列在下面。", "大会全体会议和总务委员会会议", "电话分机 传真 办公室", "主管大会和会议管理事务副秘书长 3-8362 3-8196 IN-0632 沙班·穆罕默德·沙班先生", "有关大会工作的问题请向大会和经社理事会事务司查询。", "司长", "扬·博特纳鲁先生 3-0725 IN-0618", "电子邮件：botnaru＠un.org", "大会事务处", "大会工作方案、协调、程序、组织事项、全体会议选举及候选人资格", "电话：(212)963-2332(一般情况)", "传真：212-963-3783", "电话分机 传真 办公室", "处长", "张赛进先生 3-2336 IN-0610", "电子邮件：zhangs＠un.org", "中野健司先生 3-5411 IN-0619C", "电子邮件：nakano＠un.org", "Sonia Elliott女士 3-2338 IN-0616", "电子邮件：elliotts＠un.org", "Ziad Mahmassani先生 3-2333 IN-0636A", "电子邮件：[email protected]", "Anne Kwak女士 3-3818 IN-0624", "电子邮件：[email protected]", "发言次序的安排", "Mériem Heddache女士 3-5063 3-3783 IN-0613A", "电子邮件：heddachem＠un.org", "全体会议选举及候选人资格信息[23]", "Mary Muturi女士 3-2337 3-3783 IN-0615B", "电子邮件：muturi＠un.org", "各主要委员会成员[24]", "Carlos Galindo先生 3-5307 3-3783 IN-0608C", "电子邮件：galindo＠un.org", "在大会会议开会时，可以打电话分机3-7786/3-7787/3-9110找到上述大多数工作人员，传真号码：3-4423。", "上述所有人员处理大会全体会议及总务委员会会议事项。", "有关大会文件问题应向下面文件规划股工作人员查询。", "文件规划股", "传真：212-963-3696", "电话分机 办公室", "股长", "Valeri Kazanli先生 3-3657 AB-0909", "电子邮件：kazanliv＠un.org", "Manny Abraham先生 7-5793 AB-0902D", "电子邮件：abrahamm＠un.org", "Faika Jackson女士 3-9221 AB-0902H", "电子邮件：jacksonf＠un.org", "Monika Plasota女士 3-6577 AB-0902D", "电子邮件：olasota＠un.org", "其他事项请向下列有关办事处查询。", "大会的主要委员会", "同样，按照规则30，第一委员会、特别政治和非殖民化委员会(第四委员会)、第二委员会、第三委员会、第五委员会和第六委员会分别选出委员会主席和主席团成员。详见每一主要委员会条目。", "电话分机 传真 办公室", "第一委员会", "主席：亚尔莫·维纳宁先生阁下(芬兰)", "裁军事务高级代表", "塞尔吉奥·德凯罗斯·杜阿尔特先生 3-1570 3-4066 DN-2502", "第一委员会秘书 IN-611", "谢尔盖·切尔尼亚夫斯基先生 3-3051 3-5305 IN-0629C", "裁军审议委员会[25] 秘书", "谢尔盖·切尔尼亚夫斯基先生 3-3051 3-5305 IN-0629C", "特别政治和非殖民化委员会(第四委员会)", "主席：西蒙娜·米雷拉·米库列斯库夫人阁下(罗马尼亚)", "主管维持和平行动副秘书长", "埃尔韦·拉德苏先生 3-8079 3-9222 DC1-1526", "主管外勤支助事务副秘书长", "苏珊娜·马尔科拉女士 3-2199 3-1379 DC1-1518", "主管政治事务副秘书长", "林恩·帕斯科先生 3-5055 3-5065 NL-02060", "主管传播和新闻副秘书长", "赤阪清隆先生 3-2912 3-4361 DC1-0530", "联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处主任专员(加沙)", "菲利波·格兰迪先生 3-2255 935-7899 DC1-1265^(* )联合国广场一号", "特别政治和非殖民化委员会秘书", "Emer Herity女士 7-5816 3-5305 IN-0613C", "第二委员会", "主席：阿布卡拉姆·阿卜杜勒·穆明先生阁下(孟加拉国)", "主管经济及社会事务副秘书长", "沙祖康先生 3-5958 3-1010/ DC2-2320 3-4324", "副秘书长兼最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表", "谢克·西迪·迪亚拉先生 3-9078 3-0419 DC1-1218", "欧洲经济委员会(欧洲经委会)执行秘书(日内瓦)", "扬·库比什先生 3-6905 3-1500 DC2-1862^(*)", "亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)执行秘书(曼谷)", "诺埃琳·海泽女士 3-6905 3-1500 DC2-1862^(*)", "拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会(拉加经委会)执行秘书(圣地亚哥)", "阿莉西亚·巴尔塞纳女士 3-6905 3-1500 DC2-1862^(*)", "非洲经济委员会(非洲经委会)执行秘书(亚的斯亚贝巴)", "阿卜杜利奇·詹纳先生 3-6905 3-1500 DC2-1862^(*)", "西亚经济社会委员会(西亚经社会)执行秘书(贝鲁特)", "Rima Khalaf女士 3-905 3-1500 DC2-1862^(*)", "联合国儿童基金会(儿童基金会)执行主任", "安东尼·莱克先生 326-7208 326-7758 H-1380 儿童基金会大楼", "世界粮食计划署执行主任", "乔塞特·希兰女士 646-556- 646-556- 第三大道733号，^(*) 6901 6932 23楼", "联合国贸易和发展会议(贸发会议)秘书长(日内瓦)", "素帕猜·巴尼巴滴先生 3-4319 3-0027 DC2-1120^(* )联合国广场二号", "联合国开发计划署(开发署)署长", "海伦·克拉克女士 906-5791 906-5778 DC1-2128 联合国广场一号", "^(*) 纽约办事处。", "联合国人口基金(人口基金)执行主任", "托拉雅·奥贝德女士 297-5111 297-4911 DN-1901 东42街220号", "联合国环境规划署(环境规划署)执行主任(内罗毕)", "阿希姆·施泰纳先生 3-2111 3-7341 DC2-0816^(* )联合国广场二号", "联合国训练研究所(训研所)执行主任(日内瓦)", "卡洛斯·洛佩斯先生 3-9683 3-9686 DC1-0603^(* )联合国广场一号", "联合国大学校长(东京)", "康拉德·奥斯特瓦德教授 3-6345 371-2144 DC2-2060^(* )联合国广场二号", "副秘书长、联合国人类住区规划署执行主任", "Joan Clos先生 3-4200 3-8721 DC2-0943^(* )联合国广场二号", "第二委员会秘书", "珍妮弗·德劳伦蒂斯女士 3-4640 3-5935 IN-622 东42街300号，6楼", "第三委员会", "主席：侯赛因·哈尼夫先生阁下(马来西亚)", "副秘书长、联合国维也纳办事处主任兼联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室执行主任", "尤里·费多托夫先生 3-5631 3-4185 DC1-0613^(* )联合国广场一号", "^(*) 纽约办事处。", "主管经济及社会事务副秘书长", "沙祖康先生 3-5958 3-1010/ DC2-2320 3-4324", "联合国儿童基金会(儿童基金会)执行主任", "安东尼·莱克先生 5-7028 5-7758 H-1380 儿童基金会大楼", "联合国人权事务高级专员(日内瓦)", "纳瓦尼特姆·皮莱女士 3-5931 3-4097 DC1-516^(*)", "联合国难民事务高级专员(难民专员)(日内瓦)", "安东尼奥·曼维尔德·奥利维拉·古特雷斯先生 3-6200 3-0074 DN-3000^(* )每日新闻大楼", "副秘书长/妇女署执行秘书", "米歇尔·巴切莱特女士 646-781- 646-781- DN-17楼^(* 4502 4567 )每日新闻大楼", "儿童与武装冲突问题秘书长特别代表", "拉迪卡·库马拉斯瓦米女士 3-3178 3-0807 DC1-623A", "暴力侵害儿童行为问题秘书长特别代表", "玛尔塔·桑托斯·派斯女士 5-7400 5-7194 H-504 儿童基金会大楼", "第三委员会代理秘书", "Otto Gustafik先生 3-9963 3-5935 IN-0620C", "第五委员会", "主席：米歇尔·托莫·蒙特先生阁下(喀麦隆)", "主管管理事务副秘书长", "安格拉·凯恩女士 3-2410 3-8424 L-0303", "^(*) 纽约办事处。", "主管内部监督事务副秘书长", "Carman L.Lapointe女士 3-6196 3-7010 M-10036", "主管方案规划、预算和会计助理秘书长兼主计长", "山崎纯先生 7-9949 3-8061 DC2-0520", "主管人力资源管理助理秘书长", "凯瑟琳·波拉德女士 3-8081 3-1944 M-09035", "主管中央支助事务助理秘书长", "沙伦·萨克先生 3-5569 3-4168 DC2-2508", "助理秘书长兼基本建设总计划执行主任", "迈克尔·阿德勒斯坦先生 3-1889 7-5377 L-1B102", "第五委员会秘书", "Sharon Van Buerle女士 3-2021 3-0360 L-0321", "第六委员会", "主席：Hernan Salinas Burgos夫人阁下(智利)", "主管法律事务副秘书长、法律顾问", "帕特里夏·奥布赖恩女士 3-5338 3-6430 M-13031", "主管法律事务助理秘书长", "Stephen Mathias先生 3-5528 3-6430 M-13047", "第六委员会秘书", "瓦奇拉夫·米库尔卡先生 3-5331 3-1963 M-13065", "经济及社会理事会", "经济及社会理事会主席团由理事会全体成员在每届会议开始时选出。主席团的主要职能是在经社理事会秘书处的协助下提出议程，起草工作方案，安排会议。关于理事会的电子信息请查阅：www.un.org/　docs/ecosoc。", "经济及社会理事会主席每年1月选出。", "主席办公室", "办公室位于北草坪大楼地面层。", "主席办公室 212-963-9326 212-963-8647 NL-01021", "主席秘书 212-963-7569", "秘书处为经济及社会理事会作出的安排", "大会和会议管理部(大会部)的大会和经社理事会事务司经社理事会事务处处长协调理事会工作，直接负责管理全体会议和理事会附属机构的会议。", "实质负责理事会及其附属机构的工作由经济和社会事务部经社理事会支助和协调办公室主任协调。", "经济及社会理事会全体会议", "大会和经社理事会事务司经社理事会事务处：", "电话分机 传真 办公室", "处长和理事会秘书", "珍妮弗·德劳伦蒂斯女士 3-4640 3-5395 IN-0622 东42街300号，6楼", "经济和社会事务部经社理事会支助和协调办公室：", "主任", "尼基尔·塞思先生 3-1811 3-1712 DC1-1428 联合国广场一号", "电子邮件：[email protected]", "其他机关", "全权证书委员会", "主管法律事务副秘书长、法律顾问", "帕特里夏·奥布赖恩女士 3-5338 3-6430 M-13031", "秘书", "Stadler Trengove先生 3-1107 3-6430 M-13051", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会", "执行秘书", "Shari Klugman女士 3-7456 3-6943 NL-02084", "会费委员会", "秘书", "Lawrence Jituboh先生 3-0293 FF-0606", "宣布为联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和 工程处提供自愿捐款的大会特设委员会", "秘书", "Emer Herity女士 7-5816 3-5305 IN-0613C", "三. 会议事务", "会议事务", "大会部负责向在北草坪大楼和大会大楼内的各会议室举行的会议提供下列会议服务：", "• 口译", "• 会议记录", "• 编辑", "• 翻译", "• 复制", "• 文件分发", "有关会议事务的一般问题查询：会议管理科(DC2-0887室，电话分机：3-8114)", "有关文件的问题查询：文件管理科(AB-903室，电话分机：3-6579)", "会议日程", "由会议管理科(电话分机：3-8114或3-7351)编制。列明会议室和服务有关资料的次日会议日程，印在《日刊》(参看第29页)里面。这些资料显示在走廊的电子屏幕上。", "所有经授权的请求者，包括请求使用会议室及口译服务的各国常驻联合国代表团，均应(通过上述电话号码)与会议管理科日程安排小组联系，以确保获得服务，并通过e-Meets2.0收到预定。通过e-Meets2.0获得预定的收据未必肯定能得到会议服务设施的批准。会议管理科对会议请求的确认也通过e-Meets作出。", "会议时间", "上午会议时间一般是上午10时至下午1时，下午会议时间是下午3时至下午6时。", "准时：由于会议需求量大，而可用的设施有限，会议必须准时开始，上述时间规定要尽可能遵守。因此，敦请各代表团准时出席。", "会议安排：最好尽可能将有关会议排在一起，以便使提供的服务获得最大的利用。但为便利转换场地，不相关的会议之间应有短暂间隔时间。", "取消：如要取消预定的会议，请主办方立即通知会议管理科，以便重新分配资源。", "只有当原定供宪章或法定机构会议使用的服务不再需要时，会员国区域集团和其他主要集团会议和其他非正式会议才可加以利用。", "联合国电子设备的使用和维护", "在装有同声传译声频系统的会议室，各位代表和其他与会者请勿将水和(或)其他液体放在桌面或平面上。液体可能会溢出，从而造成严重故障。此外还应谨慎使用麦克风、频道转换开关、表决开关及耳机等敏感的电子装置。把手机放在话筒附近可能也会干扰音质。", "照相机和手机的使用", "谨提醒代表团成员，勿在会议室内或大会堂内拍照。将责成安保部门严格执行这一规则。还提醒成员们，勿在代表团坐席用手机打电话或接电话(见第31页)。", "席位安排", "2011年6月22日，秘书长经抽签选中土库曼斯坦在大会第六十六届会议期间在大会堂的第一个席位就坐。因此，土库曼斯坦代表团将坐在第一排主席席位的右侧第一个席位。依惯例其他会员国代表团将按国名的英文字母顺序依次安排席位。各主要委员会的席位也适用同一安排。", "平面图可向文件柜台(NL-1006室，电话分机：3-7373)索取。", "联合国日刊(IN-0908室，东42街300号)", "下午3时后所有问询请打电话分机3-3888。", "《联合国日刊》于工作日每日以英文和法文印发。在大会主要会期用六种正式语文(阿拉伯文、中文、英文、法文、俄文和西班牙文)印发。", "《日刊》还可在联合国网址、正式文件系统（ODS）、推特<www.twitter.　com/ournal_UN_ONU>和脸书<Journal of the United Nations>查阅，或通过电子邮件订阅。《日刊》的内容包括：", "(a) 会议日程和议程；", "(b) 会议纪要；", "(c) 交存秘书长的多边条约签署和批准情况；", "(d) 通告；", "(e) 总部发布的每日文件一览表和直接链接；", "(f) 各区域集团每月主席名单；", "(g) 网站清单。", "需列入《日刊》的材料应以电子邮件传送([email protected]；cc：[email protected])。列入次日《日刊》的所有材料截止日期为：会议日程下午6时30分，摘要下午7时。", "口译", "(a) 以联合国的六种正式语文的任何一种所作发言都口译成其他正式语文。就书面发言而言，为确保口译质量，代表团应向口译员提供发言稿，交给会议服务助理(参看第32页)。发言者需注意讲话速度，以便口译员能够跟上。", "(b) 如果代表用正式语文以外的一种语文发言(大会议事规则第五十三条)，有关代表团必须提供口译或以正式语文之一提交书面发言稿。秘书处接受此口译或书面发言稿为发言正式文本，由联合国口译员据此译成其他正式语文。有关代表团应提供懂得该发言所使用的语文和该发言所译成的正式语文的人员(“指示员”)，在整个译稿宣读的过程中指引口译员，保证发言和口译同步。", "正式语文的发言译稿", "代表团如果为其发言提供了译稿，应在译稿首页标明“照稿宣读”，或“以实际发言为准”。如果发言稿以一种以上正式语文提供，代表团应明确指定哪一个发言稿为正式文本。", "照稿宣读：口译员将按译稿宣读。发言者的讲话如与讲稿有任何出入，增删部分就不可能在口译中反映出来(参看第30页)。", "以实际发言为准：口译员以发言者的讲话而不以译稿为准。如果发言者的讲话与讲稿有出入，代表团应该知道听众所听到的口译将不一定与代表团分发给听众和新闻界的译稿一样。", "话筒要等到请代表发言和代表按下按钮时才发生扩音作用。为了确保发言的录音和口译做得尽可能好，请代表对准话筒清楚发言，在提到数字、引述或者述说高度技术性的事情时以及在宣读讲稿(另参看第43页)时，尤其请这样做。请勿敲打话筒，掀翻文件，或用手机接电话(参看第29页)。", "发言：各代表团发言限时的情况不断增加，但恳请各位尽可能以正常速度^(*) 发言，使口译可以准确、完整地翻译发言。由于时限而加快发言速度，口译质量将受影响。", "会议记录", "对于各主要机关的全体会议、大会主要委员会的会议以及某些其他机关的有限和选择性的会议，都制作会议记录。会议记录分两种：逐字记录(PV)和简要记录(SR)。这些记录由秘书处编制，各代表团可以加以更正。不过，对实际发言作出增补或改动其原意的更正不能受理。", "• 逐字记录是利用原文以外的其他语文的口译，全文记载会议的情况。", "请代表注意，如书面发言稿的任何部分没有实际宣读，就不会载入该次会议的记录中。", "• 简要记录是以精简、节略的方式，记载会议的情况，其目的并非要记载每一个发言，或记载发言的全文。", "联合国各机构的书面记录(逐字记录或简要记录)按照大会和其他主要机关作出的一些决定制作。", "此外，尚有会议录音可供参考(见第54页)。", "会议记录的更正", "• 逐字记录的更正：U-506室逐字记录处处长。", "• 简要记录的更正：联合国广场二号DC2-0766室正式记录编辑科科长。", "逐字记录和简要记录的更正均应在备忘录中写明。如果更正写在记录的副本里，有关代表团的一名经授权的官员应在作了更正的记录的封面上签名，并注明官衔。", "^(*) 例如，英语的正常语速为每分钟100至200字。", "更正如用手写，请代表团确保书写清晰，并清楚标明应该加插在什么地方。", "• 逐字记录的更正只限于针对实际发言、即只针对发言原文有错漏之处。如有代表团要求更正，将与有关发言的录音核对。", "• 简要记录的更正不应包括文体修正，也不应增添长篇文字，这样会影响简要记录的总体平衡。", "发言稿不得替代更正提交。", "更正的印发", "联合国各机构的记录，只有在若干情况下才更正重发，并且仅限于安全理事会的会议和经济及社会理事会全体会议的记录。其他机构包括大会及其各主要委员会的记录只印发一次，经核可的更正将汇集成一个更正本，定期印发。只有在错漏严重，实质上影响到会议的进行时，才立即印发更正。在逐字记录发生上述情况时，这种例外更正措施只针对发言原文的错漏。如有必要，其他文本将根据经改正的原文文本加以订正。", "为全体会议和主要委员会会议上的发言写好的讲稿", "事先：30份(至少)讲稿交给会议事务干事，帮助秘书处尽量提供最佳服务。如果未能这样做：", "在发言开始之前：10份讲稿紧急送交口译员和记录员。如果使用影视材料，也应提供播音稿。", "讲稿的电子版最好以MS WORD格式作为附件电邮送至[email protected]和[email protected]，供联合国网址登载。", "代表团如果希望将讲稿分发给各国代表团、各专门机构、观察员、口译员、记录员和新闻干事，可在大会堂分发讲稿300份，在主要委员会会议室分发250份。须将讲稿交到大会堂左边的文件收发台或交给会议服务助理。", "文件处理", "文件的翻译和印制", "代表团若想将文件提交联合国任何机构审议，请交给秘书长或有关机构的秘书。文件管制处的工作人员无权直接接受代表团的文件加以翻译或复制。", "文件的类别如下：", "(a) “普通(General)”文件；", "(b) “限量(Limited)”文件，其编号前有英文字母L。这类文件属暂时性质，例如决议草案及其修正案。开会时提出的这类文件，如果迫切需要，便立即通过特别安排加以翻译，印制预发本，标记为“临时(Provisional)”文件，只发给与会者。经过编辑的文本和经过审校的译件会在较后印发；", "(c) “限发(Restricted)”文件，其编号前有英文字母R，这类文件只包括在印发时其内容不便公开的那些文件；", "(d) 会议室文件或工作文件，其编号前用“CRP”或“WP”英文字母标明。这些文件只是非正式文件，用一种或一种以上的语文编写，在一次会议或多次会议的过程中使用，并且只发给出席讨论这些文件的会议与会者和其他有关的人。", "向代表团分发文件", "代表团文件领取点设在北草坪区车辆入口处，文件可于工作日上午7时30分至9时30分领取。", "有关分发的特别要求：请洽出版科科长(GA-3B704C室，电话分机：7-1807)。", "总部每日文件一览表载于《日刊》。根据所提出的要求，每日分发给代表团的文件可于工作日上午7时30分至9时30分，在上述地点领取。", "设在北草坪大楼一层的代表文件台(NL-01006室，电话分机：3-7373)，工作日办公时间开放，可再领文件。", "会议室备有份数有限的文件，这些文件载有提议草案供进行中的会议采取行动。", "若要获取任何文件的打印文本，请通过下列电子邮件地址联系出版科：[email protected]，须具体说明以下内容：文件符号、使用的语文、每个文件的数量、以及你的送交地址。", "在会议上只可以分发联合国的文件(见常问问题3)。", "正式文件电子版：各国常驻联合国代表团及其他政府办事处均可免费查阅联合国正式文件系统(ODS)。以所有正式语文储存于正式文件系统的文件已按联合国书目资料系统编制索引，可供检索、调阅、打印和(或)下载(参看第48-49页)。", "关于正式文件系统的详情可打电话分机：3-6439查询。", "会员国函件作为大会文件印发", "代表团如请求将其函件作为大会文件印发，应确保将函件致送秘书长或大会主席，由常驻联合国代表或常驻联合国代表团临时代办签署。代表团应参考最新议程，[26] 在请求分发的函件中注明与该函件有关的大会会议届次以及议程项目号和标题。", "函件的MS Word电子版应送至[email protected]，以便利函件处理。如果函件附有任何其他联合国正式语文版本，则应清楚说明何者为原文，及(或)何者为仅供参考。公众通过网站或媒体很容易调阅的材料，如声明、新闻稿和图像，应予以引述，而不要列入函件。", "详情请洽：电话917-367-5895；电子邮件[email protected]；或参考DCAGM/CPCS/2008/1。", "四. 媒体、公众和图书馆服务", "秘书长发言人", "电话分机 办公室", "秘书长发言人", "Martin Nesirky先生 3-6172 SA-1B24", "副发言人", "Eduardo del Buey先生 3-1104 SA-1B22", "记者讯问处 3-7160/3-7161/3-7162 SA-1B15", "记者招待会", "有关记者招待会的要求应向秘书长发言人办公室(SA-1B15室，电话分机：3-7160、3-7161和3-7162)提出。", "向记者提供的服务", "秘书长发言人每日中午在达格·哈马舍尔德礼堂发布新闻。在大会届会期间，大会主席发言人也向新闻界简介大会情况。这些每日简报有实况网播，并随即存档，供索取查阅(www.un.org/webcasts)。中午简介要点可在发言人办公室网址(www.un.org/news/ossg/hilites.htm)找到。其他服务请见www.un.org/news/ossg。", "为记者提供的其他服务(请参看第38-39页)。", "达格·哈马舍尔德图书馆大楼2楼记者工作区设有记者工作用的设备。自2010年9月20日起至30日止，将在北草坪大楼第一会议室设有一个记者工作区。", "新闻", "新闻部向新闻记者、非政府组织代表和大众提供各种各样的服务。", "电话分机 办公室", "主管传播和新闻事务副秘书长", "赤阪清隆先生 3-2912 DC1-0530", "新闻和媒体司司长", "斯特凡·迪雅里克先生 3-6945 IN-0518", "新闻和内容副司长", "亚历克斯·陶卡奇先生 3-7158 IN-0519", "业务代理副司长", "Michele DuBach女士 3-6957 IN-0221", "联合国网站服务科(联合国网站信息，www.un.org)", "科长", "马赫布卜·艾哈迈德先生 3-6974 M-16043", "新闻事务科(联合国新闻中心，www.un.org/news)", "代理科长", "Lydia Lobenthal女士 3-6447 IN-0517B", "新闻处", "代理处长", "Collinet Finjap Njinga先生 3-5850 NL-02066B", "会议报道科(新闻稿)", "英文：www.un.org/en/unpress", "法文：www.un.org/fr/unpress", "代理科长", "Douglas Hand先生 3-7193 NL-02066Y", "记者核证和联络股", "www.un.org/media/accreditation", "代理股长", "Isabelle Broyer女士 3-6934/ L-0248C 3-6937", "媒体文件中心", "[email protected]", "Sylvie Cohen女士 3-8711 SA-1B-12", "无线电科", "科长", "(空缺)", "电视科", "科长", "Chaim Litewski先生 3-6952 IN-0514C", "视听事务科", "科长", "刘克凡先生 3-2123 IN-0512B", "战略传播司", "司长", "Deborah Sewar女士 3-6867 M-16019", "传播运动处", "处长", "Margaret Novicki女士 7-3214 M-16026", "新闻中心处", "处长", "Carolyn Schuler-Uluc女士 3-1072 M-16020", "外联司", "司长", "Maher Nasser先生 3-3064 DC2-0852", "伙伴和公众参与", "副司长", "新闻委员会", "秘书", "Ramu Damodaran先生 3-6173 DC2-0870", "行政与管理", "副司长", "Lena Dissin女士 3-4930 DC2-858", "新闻稿、演讲词的分发", "会议报道科负责：", "• 以英文和法文编制在联合国总部举行的大部分公开会议的新闻稿摘要，通常在会议结束后数小时内发布。", "• 编制联合国在世界其他地点举行的各种会议的新闻稿。这些新闻稿也载有背景资料，供媒体使用，而非正式记录。", "• 英文新闻稿通过联合国网站提供：www.un.org/en/unpress/。", "• 法文新闻稿见www.un.org/fr/unpress。", "媒体文件中心(SA-1B-15，电话分机：3-7166)", "核准采访的记者可以从上述办公室取得新闻稿、文件、新闻资料袋和联合国其他材料。", "代表团如果要向核准采访的记者提供演讲词或新闻稿，请将25份送到上述地址，向媒体散发。这类文件必须注明日期，并用印有有关代表团名称的纸张印发。", "代表团如果要在联合国网站刊登其(在大会一般性辩论、特别会议或总部其他大型活动期间的)发言稿，应尽早以电子邮件送至[email protected]。", "与联合国有关的发展情况的新闻可在联合国新闻中心网址www.un. org/news上调阅。新闻中心还提供电子邮件新闻服务和简易新闻聚合服务(RSS feeds)。“全球议题”网页提供关于30个重大议题的综合信息(www.un.org/globalissues)。可从www.un.org/en/members查找各国常驻联合国代表团驻地街名、电子邮件地址、电话号码和传真号码。", "视听页(www.unmultimedia.org)提供联合国电台的录音新闻档案、各种录像节目和照片。联合国网站还提供研究工具和进入联合国系统其他机构主页的链接。", "进一步信息可向网站服务科(电话分机：3-0780)索取。", "记者、电影和电视摄制人员和摄影师的核证和联络", "媒体核证和联络股(L-0248室，电话分机：3-6937/4，传真：3-4642)除核证和联络外，还提供下列服务：", "• 在新闻记者席上为新闻记者安排座位(如空间许可)，让他们观察大会、安全理事会和其他会议。为影视媒体工作人员提供工作间，让他们报道会议和其他活动。", "• 在国家元首或政府首脑访问期间安排集体报道。为电影和电视工作人员及摄影师的现场拍摄提供许可证。这些要求必须预先以书面形式提出，并传真到212-963-4642，或用电子邮件发至：[email protected]。", "宣传活动和协调中心", "战略传播司司长办公室：M-16019室，电话分机3-6867。该司负责安排和协调优先事项的多媒体新闻宣传活动，包括宣传联合国主要会议和纪念活动。如需要更详细的资料，请洽传播运动处处长(M-16026室，电话分机：7-3214)。新闻部的部分专题网站列出如下：", "• 联合国系统千年发展目标工作网关：www.un.org/millennium goals/", "• 联合国系统气候变化工作网关；www.un.org/climatechange/", "• “联合起来制止暴力侵害妇女行为”专题网址：www.un.org/en/ women/endviolence", "出版物", "• 维持和平", "• 人权", "• 经济和社会发展", "• 非洲事态", "• 巴勒斯坦问题", "• 新闻资料袋", "• 小册子", "• 特稿", "• 教材", "上述所有资料均可从www.un.org调阅。", "• 《联合国宪章》(六种正式语文)和《国际法院规约》(可从www.un.　org/en/document/charter调阅)", "• 《世界人权宣言》", "• 《国际人权宪章》(包括《世界人权宣言》、《公民及政治权利国际公约》和《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》)", "新闻部的一些出版物如下：", "专题出版物", "• 《非洲复兴》(季刊)", "• M-16031室，电话分机：3-6857或3-6833", "传真：212-963-4556", "电子邮件：[email protected]", "• www.un.org.africarenewal", "• 《和平与安全最新简报》", "关于联合国维持和平、缔造和平与建立和平以及裁军工作的背景资料、数据、简介和其他材料。", "• M-16030室，电话分机：3-4481/3-0707", "传真：212-963-9737", "电子邮件：[email protected]", "• www.un.org/peace", "• 《联合国与巴勒斯坦问题》", "叙述联合国1947年迄今的作用的小册子。", "• M-16028室，电话分机：3-4353", "传真：212-963-4556", "• www.un.org/Depts/dpa/qpal", "基本出版物", "• 《联合国纪事》（季刊）", "介绍联合国系统关注的事项和活动", "• DC1-0904C室，电话分机：3-5124", "传真：917-367-6075", "电子邮件：[email protected]", "• www.un.org/chronicle", "• 《联合国年鉴》（年度简编）", "介绍联合国系统所有主要活动，并刊载大会、安全理事会、经济及社会理事会决议全文。", "• IN-0910室，电话分机：3-4851", "传真：212-963-8013", "电子邮件：[email protected]", "• 《联合国概况》", "综合参考工具，全面介绍整个联合国系统的历史和当前工作。", "• IN-0912室，电话分机：3-8275", "传真：212-963-8013", "电子邮件：bellando＠un.org", "• 《联合国发挥作用的60种方式》", "这个网上出版物通过简单而具体的例证清晰地描绘了联合国系统自1945年至今的一些重大成就和活动。", "• IN-0912室，电话分机：3-8275", "传真：212-963-8013", "电子邮件：bellando＠un.org", "• www.un.org/un60/60ways", "• 《联合国简报》", "• IN-0522A室，电话分机：3-4137", "传真：212-963-2591", "电子邮件：paterniti＠un.org", "• www.un.org/Overview/brief.html", "• 《形象与现实：联合国问答》", "• IN-0522A，电话分机：3-4137", "传真：212-963-2591", "电子邮件：paterniti＠un.org", "• www.un.org/geninfo.ir/index.html", "• 《新闻部/非政府组织最新简报和网站》", "• GA-37室，电话分机：3-7234、3-7232、3-7233", "• www.un.org/dpi/ngosection", "• 《与新闻部有联系的非政府组织名录》(在线出版物)", "• GA-37室，电话分机：3-7234、3-7232、3-7233", "• www.un.org/dpi/ngosection", "• 《联合国一瞥》", "• GA-057室，电话分机：3-4475", "传真：212-963-0071", "• www.un.org/aboutun", "新闻部出版物的销售", "书店、在线零售商、联合国书店和联合国出版物电子商务网站（www.　un.org/publications）均出售新闻部的龙头出版物。", "电台和电视事务及设施", "新闻和媒体司制作许多产品，提供各种服务，包括在设备有空时，向代表和已登记的记者提供有限的电台和电视设施。所有产品均可从www.multimedia.org或从上文标明的相关网址调阅。", "联合国电台", "联合国电台每工作日以六种联合国正式语言、葡萄牙语和斯瓦希里语制作关于联合国在世界各地活动的新闻内容和专题节目，供世界各地广播电台使用。联合国网站(www.unmultimedia.org/radio/english)播放这些新闻。网站也播放以各种正式语言、孟加拉语、克里奥尔法语、印度语、印度尼西亚语和乌尔都语制作的每周节目。播音室供使用的机会十分有限，详情请洽联合国电台：电话分机3-7732或3-7005。", "可在http://www.unmultimedia.org/radio/library以数字格式下载在联合国主要机关会议上发言的录音。问询请洽音频资料室(IN-0503C/D室，电话分机：3-9272或3-9269，传真：212-963-4501，电子邮件：[email protected])。", "音频档案材料由广播和会议支助科处理(L-B1-30室，电话分机：3-9485)，可付费要求复制。", "联合国电视台", "联合国电视台提供纽约联合国总部各种会议和特别活动的每日直播资料。联合国电视台的报道发给国际新闻组织，如美联社电视新闻网、路透社、欧洲广播联盟等，并发给重播组织，如Ascent Media/Waterfront和The Switch。如要问询，请洽电视新闻和设施股(GA-027B室，电话分机：3-7650，电子邮件：[email protected])。联合国电视台每天的节目有每日实况网播：www.un.org/webcast。", "联合国卫星广播用高质量视频文件播出关于联合国各种议题的即时新闻和专题节目。卫星广播节目可从http://www.unmultimedia.org/　tv/unifeed/以PAL制式或NTSC制式下载，并每日两次(格林尼治时间21:45-21:55和01:45-01:55)通过美联社电视新闻全球视频网(GVW)向各广播机构提供。", "各国代表和广播机构可以购买联合国电视台报道大会和安全理事会会议以及其他活动的实况的录像带录制品。活动前后订购材料价格不同。联合国电视台的当前报道和1945年以来的档案电影和视频材料可以定购，制式为NTSC DVD和NTSC Betacam。酌情收取版税、转让费和放映费；运输和递送费用由定购方支付。问询请洽视频和电影资料室(GA-2BS35A室，电话分机：3-0656或3-1561，传真：212-963-4501/3460，电子邮件：[email protected])。", "在演播室设施空闲时，可以作出安排，供访谈或发表声明及卫星转播之用，但要求者需向外部提供服务商支付费用。使用设施的请求必须预先提出。如要问询，请洽电视新闻和设施股(GA-027B室，电话分机：3-7650，电子邮件：[email protected])。", "联合国录像", "电视科制作关于联合国及其各专门机构工作的新闻报道和教育录像。许多按适当标准和制式制作的这种录像可在联合国在世界各地的办事处索取。如要问询，请洽音像材料推广和分发股(IN-0503E室，电话分机：3-6939或3-6982，传真：212-963-6869，电子邮件：[email protected])。", "联合国照片", "可在www.unmultimedia.org/photo下载记载联合国正式会议和联合国关于各种议题的活动的照片。照片不得用于广告。问询请洽照片资料室(IN-0506A室，电话分机：3-6927、3-0034，传真：212-963-1658和963-3430，电子邮件：[email protected])。", "联合国新闻中心网络提供的服务", "新闻中心处(M-16020室，电话分机：3-1072)(http:/unic.un.org)。", "总部办公室提供的许多服务在一些会员国里也可以获得。新闻部目前在全世界设有63个新闻中心和新闻处，包括日内瓦和维也纳的新闻处、布鲁塞尔区域新闻中心，并在八个联合国办事处设有新闻单位。", "向民间社会提供的服务", "经社理事会", "经济和社会事务部非政府组织科(DC1-1480室，电话分机：3-3192)是具有经济及社会理事会咨商地位的非政府组织的联络中心。", "新闻部", "新闻部外联司与世界各地公众和社区互动协作，对他们进行教育，鼓励他们支持联合国的理想和活动。该司通过伙伴关系和公众参与倡议与包括非政府组织、学术界、私营部门实体和一般公众在内的关键服务对象协同工作。", "一个由iSeek小组负责更新的公开网站“deleGate”(www.un.int)向代表们介绍有关会议、选举、重要报告、文件、国际日、联合国总部培训机会和活动。该网站还载有联合国内联网iSeek的内容。有密码保护的网页提供由大会主要委员会管理的信息、联合国总部电话簿以及可查询的工作人员联系名册等信息。查询请电邮：[email protected]。", "宣传和特别活动组", "外联司内设宣传和特别活动组，负责创造各种机会宣传、强调和解释联合国的工作和使命。该组包括社区创新外联倡议；和平信使/亲善大使方案；大屠杀和联合国外联方案；以及诸如联合国日音乐会等其他特别活动。", "负责人：Juan-Carlos Brandt先生([email protected]，电话：212-963-8070，传真：917-367-6075)。", "教育外联组", "教育外联组为大中小学师生制作分发关于联合国的材料，以培养对联合国的长期支持。该组为中学生和高中生举办国际学生视频会议，并每年为全世界大学生举办全球模拟联合国会议。", "组长：Yvonne Acosta女士([email protected]，电话：212-963-7214)", "电子邮件：[email protected]", "全球教学项目经理：", "William Yotive先生([email protected]，212-963-1400)", "电子邮件：[email protected]", "www.cyberschoolbus.un.org", "全球模拟联合国：", "www.un.org/gmun", "联合国学术影响倡议", "联合国学术影响倡议使高等教育、奖学金和研究机构与联合国协调，并相互协调，以解决联合国面前的重大优先问题，尤其是联合国千年发展目标。该倡议为与本组织工作相关的思想和倡议提供一个联络点。", "网站：http//academicimpact.org", "脸书：http//www.facebook.com/ImpactUN", "电子邮件：[email protected]", "Ramu Damodaran先生([email protected].分机号码：3-6173)。", "非政府组织关系组", "非政府组织关系组(电话分机：3-5320，新闻部/非政府组织资料中心，GA-37，电话分机：3-7232)为相关非政府组织服务，提供关于联合国工作的资料，包括由联合国官员简报情况。该组每年9月为非政府组织举办一次关于联合国某一主题的会议。", "出版物和编辑组", "出版物和编辑组(电话分机：3-4851)负责编制《联合国纪事》、《联合国年鉴》、《今日联合国》、《联合国发挥作用的60种方式》等。该组通过其出版物，作为一个论坛，鼓励大家就联合国和全球事项举行辩论，并提供关于联合国活动的精确的事实资料。", "展览委员会秘书处", "游客大厅的展览向公众宣传联合国议程中的优先事项，并遵循联合国展览委员会的导则。详情请洽委员会秘书处(电话：212-963-5455，传真：212-963-0077，电子邮件：[email protected])。", "游客服务", "导游服务：星期一至星期五——每天早上9时30分至下午4时45分。预约：212-963-4440或通过电子邮件：[email protected]。15人以上团体必须预约。星期一至星期五上午9:45至下午4:45以及周六和周日上午10:00至下午4:15有阿拉伯文、中文、英文、法文、俄文和西班牙文的音频游览服务。", "团体参观/讲演办公室(GA-0305室，电话分机：3-7710，电子邮件：[email protected])在总部为包括学术机构、商业协会、政府代表、记者和民间社会团体等在内的参观团体安排联合国官员介绍情况。", "公众问询股(GA-057室，电话分机：3-4475，电子邮件：inquiries@un.　org)回答公众提出的问题，提供关于联合国及其活动的信息，分发信息资料。专题概况介绍和对常问问题的答复可查阅visit.un.org。", "纪念莱赫姆·法拉记者研究金方案", "方案协调员：Zvi Muskal先生([email protected]，电话：(917)367-5142)", "网站：http://www.un.org/en/media/fellowship/", "达格·哈马舍尔德图书馆", "座落于第42街和第一大道交叉口", "星期一至星期五在工作时间内开放。", "图书馆参考资料服务组为各国常驻代表团及联合国秘书处提供信息方面的支持和协助，包括：", "联合国文件和出版物(各种正式语文文本)和国际联盟文件(英、法文本)。", "下列电子格式的材料和印刷材料也供查阅：", "图书馆北草坪分馆(NL-02006)一层阅览室(L-0105)、经济和社会事务图书馆(DC2-1143)、法律图书馆(M-10004)及地图图书馆(DN-2436)设有可供上网搜索的工作站，所有地点均可无线上网。", "达格·哈马舍尔德图书馆编制的资讯材料", "联合国书目资料系统(UNBISnet，http://unbisnet.un.org)是图书馆藏书的指南，可用以查阅联合国文件和出版物，包括大会、安全理事会和经社理事会表决记录和发言。", "联合国会员国记录(www.un.org/Depts/dhl/unms/)提供联合国各会员国的工作及其采取的行动的资料。", "图书馆主页(www.un.org/Depts/dhl)载有关于服务内容和馆藏文献的资料，并提供下列检索工具：", "(a) 《联合国动向》：通报刚刚公布的联合国在线信息，包括主要报告、出版物和文件。", "(b) 联合国文件研究指南(www.un.org/Depts/dhl/resguide/)：联合国文件和出版物概述，提供关于如何查找和利用这些文献的指导，并向研究人员介绍联合国的主要活动领域。", "代表团培训班", "图书馆提供下列培训：", "• 联合国文献的管理和使用，包括正式文件系统(ODS)", "• 联合国和外部在线数据库和资源的使用", "如果有人提出要求，也可以安排特别方案和辅导，以配合使用者的具体需要和兴趣。培训班常年举行，欢迎代表及政府官员参加。详情请在图书馆网站[email protected]查询或联络。", "联合国文献收藏图书馆", "图书馆协调145个会员国和领土的370多个联合国文献收藏图书馆的事务。", "文献收藏图书馆协调员(电话分机：3-7444，电子邮件：[email protected])", "联络", "如有问题可向下列服务点查询：", "电话分机 传真 办公室 电子邮件", "查询 3-7412 3-8861 L-0105 [email protected]", "求助服务台/借阅 3-7384 3-9256 L-0105 [email protected] 服务", "图书馆间借阅服务 3-2015 3-9256 L-0125J [email protected] 3-2278", "北草坪分馆 3-1635 NL-2006", "地图图书馆 3-7425 3-2608 DN-2436 [email protected]", "法律图书馆 3-5372 3-1770 M-10004 [email protected]", "经济和社会事务图书馆 3-8727 7-6030 DC2-1143 [email protected]", "电子信息资源 3-7448 3-2608 DN-2424 [email protected]", "地图和地理资料服务", "维持和平行动部制图科制作供会员国以及联合国各部门和各机构使用、包含基本地理信息的小比例尺地图。详情请查看www.un.org/Depts/　Cartographic/english/htmain.htm。地图资料服务以及旗帜规格由地图图书馆提供(电话分机：3-7425；DN-2436室)。", "五. 为代表团提供的设施和服务", "联合国总部目前正在进行称为基本建设总计划的全面翻修。在2014年该项目完成之前，向代表提供的某些设施和服务将受到限制或暂停，许多服务将暂时搬到联合国总部附近的周转房。", "将尽一切努力确保继续提供设施和服务，但某些服务将受到正在进行的施工的影响，包括：", "行人和车辆出入总部", "用餐", "休息室", "邮局", "停车场泊车", "银行", "报摊和礼品店", "最不发达会员国代表出席大会届会的可报销旅费", "根据大会第1798(XVII)号决议以及第2128(XX)、2245(XXI)、2489(XXIII)、2491(XXIX)、41/176、41/213、42/214、42/225(第六节)、43/217(第九节)和45/248(第十三节)号决议的修订，联合国应支付下列人员的旅费，但不包括生活费用：", "(a) 定为最不发达国家的每一会员国，至多五名代表(包括副代表)出席大会常会；", "(b) 上文(a)分段所指会员国的一名代表或副代表出席大会特别会议或特别紧急会议；", "(c) 常驻纽约代表团的一名成员经指定为出席大会届会的代表或副代表的旅行，但此项旅行须在上文(a)和(b)分段所述范围内，由常驻代表证实是与该届会议的工作有关，且旅行时间是在该届会议前后三个月之内。一届会议的可报销旅费不能因该届会议休会或续会而增加。", "联合国支付的旅费只限于实际付出的旅行费用。", "旅费报销限于会员国首都至总部之间最直接途径的往返旅费，最多包括代表团团长一张头等舱机票，奉派到大会该届会议的代表团其他成员空中旅程超过九小时者四张仅次于头等舱的座舱机票，或空中旅程不到九小时者四张经济舱机票。", "如果全部或部分旅程是使用海轮或铁路，可报销旅费最多只能是上文所述的空中旅费，或少于该数额的实际费用。", "有权要求报销旅费的代表团，可按照支付联合国机构或附属机构成员旅费和生活津贴规则(1991年3月25日ST/SGB/107/Rev.6)的规定填写F-56表格(会员国代表公务旅行报销凭单)要求偿还。报销时必须附上原始收据、账单、收据、票根和登记证。根据联合国账户司指令，付给会员国的所有款项均应通过电子资金转账支付。因此，提交F-56表格时，应列入常驻代表团的银行账户信息。遇有请求，联合国在可能情况下，将安排从会员国首都至会议地点的交通。为此目的，代表团应提交一份“普通照会”，说明旅行者的姓名，生日，抵达和离开纽约的日期，以及旅行者和(或)在纽约联系人的传真号码和电子邮件地址。在有关机关或附属机关的会议结束当年的12月31日之后才提出的旅费报销申请，联合国将不受理。", "关于报销申请、要求发给机票和旅费报销的问题请洽：", "Executive Officer", "Department of Management", "Room L-0330", "United Nations", "New York，N.Y.10017", "电话：212-963-6580", "传真：212-963-3283", "旅行服务", "美国运通(电话主线：917-367-6280；接待分线：7-3514)", "位于FF大楼2楼东第45街304号(第一和第二大道之间)", "营业时间：上午8时30分至下午6时", "纽约联合国公务旅行社将会尽力协助代表团安排旅程、购票和预订旅馆。", "代表衣帽间", "大会大楼(一楼)代表入口", "开放时间为10月至5月，星期一至星期五，上午9时至下午7时。", "设有代表专用衣帽间。联合国对留在衣帽间的钱币、珠宝、可转让票据和其他贵重物品概不负责。这类贵重物品请在寄放衣物之前取出。", "许多地方都设有自助的存放设备；联合国对存放在这些地方的物品概不负责，这些地方贴有概不负责告示。", "代表休息室", "北草坪大楼(一楼)", "从大会第六十六届会议第一天(即2011年9月13日)至2011年12月休会为止，请代表团成员不要邀请没有联合国有效身份证明的人员到代表休息室。", "默思室", "大会大楼入口层的西北端", "开放时间：星期一至星期五上午8时至下午4时45分。", "负责该区的警卫人员可以为进入该室提供协助。", "代表静室", "在大会大楼内(地下一层，邻近目前临时安全理事会区)。", "餐厅和自助食堂", "代表餐厅", "秘书处大楼一层大厅(南辅楼南侧一楼)", "代表餐厅自助餐的开放时间：上午11时30分至下午2时30分(分机号：3-7625或3-7626)。", "在大会第六十六届会议期间，代表餐厅将临时开放6周，即自2011年9月19日至10月28日。由于空间有限，整个期间将不能接受集体订座。", "私人午宴——单间餐室可供宾客10位以上的团体举行私人午宴。为了确保能订到这些餐室，代表团成员请在两个星期以前预订。所需的安排和菜单应与联合国饮食供应事务处(电话分机：3-7029或3-7099)协调。", "10岁以下儿童恕不招待。代表餐厅内不准照相。任何时候都要求衣着整齐。", "招待会或活动——代表如想晚上在总部举行招待会或活动，请通过联合国饮食供应事务处(电话分机：3-7029或3-7099)作出必要安排。", "如果要发出正式请柬，须尽早在宴会之前作出一切安排。请柬应注明客人在访客进口处必须出示请柬，然后通过磁强计。客人还必须在接待室进口出示请柬。客人的名单和请柬样本应早在宴会之前提交警卫和安全事务处处长(U-202C室)。", "主要自助食堂", "秘书处大楼(南边南附楼一楼)", "非大会期间开放时间：星期一至星期五上午8时至下午4时。", "大会期间开放时间：星期一至星期五上午8时至下午6时。", "星期六和星期日不开放。", "早餐：上午8时至10时", "中餐：上午11时30分至下午2时30分", "小吃/咖啡茶点：开放期间", "菜单包括每日特色菜、面食、自选三明治、沙拉吧和烧烤。", "工作人员咖啡厅", "因实施基本建设总计划而关闭。", "咖啡店", "大会大楼(汇合层)", "开放时间：星期一至星期六（2011年9月17日和24日除外）上午8时45分至下午4时45分。", "奥地利咖啡厅", "北草坪大楼(二楼)", "开放时间：星期一至星期五上午8时至下午6时。", "代表的宾客", "正常工作时间从上午9:00至下午4:45，无代表带引的宾客或访客，如想会见代表，请按下列步骤：", "前往位于46街的访客进口处，经由安全检查区，进入大会大楼或北草坪大楼；", "在访客前厅交存带照片的身份证，离开前取回；", "问讯处当值人员会作出安排，同代表联系；无人陪伴宾客或访客获得访客通行证，访问期间须始终佩戴此证。此外，在联合国范围内代表团成员必须始终陪伴客人，并在他们离开时护送他们回到访客前厅的问讯处并交回访客通行证，换回他们自己正式带照片的身份证。", "供代表使用的影印机", "供代表使用的影印机位于如下各地点：", "北草坪大楼01033室(A、B、C、D室)和代表休息室旁的二楼。", "大会堂西墙文件分发台附近。", "扩音系统", "广播和会议支助科，电子邮件：[email protected](L-B1-30　室，电话分机：3-9485)。", "如需扩音系统(麦克风、扩音机、扬声器等)，应向该科提出书面申请。", "录音", "广播和会议支助科，传真：3-3103，电子邮件：request-for-services@un.　org(GA-1B-13C室，电话分机：3-7658或3-9485)。", "该科保管所有全体会议和主要委员会会议的录音。", "除非公开会议外，其他会议复制录音带可供索取。如要索取非公开会议的复制录音带，可由主席或秘书书面提出理由，发给该科科长。索取请求请提交上述地址。", "放映录像带", "广播和会议支助科，电子邮件：[email protected](L-B1-30室，电话分机：3-9485)。", "多制式录像机、DVD播放机、电视机以及录像放映机以先到先拿的方式提供。由于数量有限，必须提前一个工作日预先申请。书面申请须向该科提出。", "视像会议", "广播和会议支助科(L-B1-30室，电话分机：3-9485，电子邮件：request-　[email protected])", "可以从联合国总部的若干个地点举行国际视像会议。如需此项服务，请提出书面申请。", "邮件和投递服务", "邮件收发股为代表团提供下列服务：", "分发各代表团打算通过秘书处内部办公室分发系统递送的正式信件。请各代表团将信件送往位于服务车道的第6X光站。电话号码：212-963-9431。", "处理联合国秘书处发给各代表团的函件。请各代表团在上午7时30分至10时之间到GA-3B-710室代表团邮件收取点收取。电话号码：212-963-1741。", "在大会主要会期提供投递服务。投递服务仅限于会议室和大会堂。地点：代表入口；电话号码：212-963-8744。", "计算机服务", "信息和通信技术厅向各代表团提供下列计算机服务：", "1. 因特网电子邮件——每一常驻代表团均可从信息和通信技术厅得到无限量的因特网电子邮件账户。", "2. 会员国门户网站(“deleGATE”)——信息和通信技术厅提供一个因特网网址(www.un.int)，作为会员国“门户网站”，其中为与在纽约的代表综合提供所有相关信息。", "3． 网址服务——信息和通信技术厅为各常驻代表团网站提供主机服务www.un.int。", "4． 捐献设备——信息和通信技术厅向有兴趣的代表团捐献回收的计算机。", "5． 服务台支助——信息和通信技术厅在正常联合国工作日上午9时30分至下午5时30分提供信息和通信技术支助，电话号码是：212-963-3157。", "6． 可接通因特网的计算机——信息和通信技术厅在代表休息室提供计算机。", "7. 无线因特网接驳——信息和通信技术厅在大多数公共地点和会议室提供无线因特网接驳。", "以上所列各项服务的详情可询问代表团支助服务台：212-963-3157，或发送电子邮件至missions­[email protected]。", "电信服务", "电话", "总机号码", "联合国总机的号码为212-963-1234。工作日早8时至晚8时有接线员在总机服务。其他时间，电话将转到保安。在这两种情况下，外线打进的电话均转到所要求的人或分机。", "接线员", "在秘书处内部分机可拨“0”接通联合国秘书处接线员。接线员可接通所要求的人或分机。", "联合国工作人员和服务", "联合国工作人员和服务的电话号码为212-963-XXXX或917-367-　XXXX。从联合国秘书处大楼内拨打最后五位数即可(如3-XXXX或7-XXXX)。", "请注意，各基金和方案的分机与联合国秘书处不同：", "开发署：先拨“4”，再拨开发署的四位数分机号码；", "儿童基金会：先拨“5”，再拨儿童基金会的四位数分机号码；", "人口基金：先拨“63”，再拨人口基金的四位数分机号码。", "代表", "代表休息室问讯处的号码是212-963-8902或212-963-8741。", "打到代表休息室的电话由问讯处接，并用扩音系统呼唤要找的代表的名字。", "如要打本地电话，可用电话亭的电话或代表休息室内的电话，先拨“9”，再拨10位数电话号码。", "联合国邮政管理处", "大会大楼汇合层(电话分机：3-7698)", "开放时间是3月至12月每周七天，上午9时到下午5时；1月和2月期间，周末关闭。", "邮票和集邮", "为寄信或集邮目的购买联合国邮票可以到联合国邮政管理处销售台办理。在该台也可投寄邮件。", "集邮办公室(GA-35/36室，电话分机：3-7684)", "办理集邮者邮购邮票的事务和其他集邮项目。联合国邮票以三种货币发行，即美元、瑞士法郎和欧元，只能用来分别在纽约联合国总部、日内瓦万国宫和维也纳国际中心投寄邮件。", "个人特制邮票店", "大会大楼主层(电话分机：7-4070)", "开放时间：上午9时至下午5时", "3月至12月每周七天(1月和2月周末关闭)", "联合国个人特制邮票方案使你能够将自己的照片与联合国邮票印在一起。每份有10张邮票或20张邮票。", "邮局——美国邮政局的一个支局", "由于秘书处大楼因基本建设总计划而关闭，美国邮政局设在联合国的分局在2010年8月27日办公结束后即已关闭。这是一项临时措施，将实施至秘书处大楼重新开放(预计会在2013年初)为止。", "美国邮政局在联合国总部附近继续开设零售设施，地点在“图德城”楼区(Tudor City)及第47街与第二大道交汇处。", "位于大中央车站(Grand Central Station)，即第45街与莱克星敦大道交汇处的美国邮政局分局仍可办理特殊邮政服务，如挂号信。", "联合国邮政管理处将继续在地下一层的访客大厅营业，销售联合国邮票、明信片以及邮寄基本的国内和国际信件(仅限使用联合国邮票)。联合国邮政管理处不办理特殊邮政服务。", "停车", "下面提供的关于进入联合国房地的安排和预留停车区安排的信息因施工而可随时有所变更。所有使用者将通过联合国的群发电子邮件得到关于任何更改的通知。", "停车场管理处(训研所大楼U-210室，电话分机：3-6212/3)", "停车场管理处将安排各国代表团申请和领取停车证。所有申请均需有授权的代表团签名和代表团盖章。", "代表个人登记的车辆：申请应附有有效车辆登记证和现有联合国证件，提交给礼宾和联络处(NL-02058室，电话：1-212-963-7172)。申请书经礼宾和联络处核证后，必须亲手送交停车场管理处办理。每一个代表只能领取一个停车证并且只供“D”车牌的车辆使用。虽然一个停车证上可列多部车辆，但只有一部汽车可以凭此证停车。停车证只发给正式派驻联合国的代表团成员。", "代表团登记的车辆：申请应有代表团授权人员签名并加盖代表团印章，附有有效的车辆登记证，直接提交停车场管理处。", "将向每一代表团发放一个供常驻代表专车使用的特殊停车证，凭该停车证可从43街大门进入联合国。车辆用途如有变动，必须在相应停车证上注明，因此应交由停车场管理处处理。", "列在本“蓝皮书”第三、第四和第五章的观察员国家代表团、政府间组织和其他组织的停车证：申请须向礼宾和联络处提出，再由停车场管理处采取适当行动。停车证只发给观察员国家代表团、政府间组织和其他组织具有外交官地位者。", "以代表团工作人员姓名注册的“S”车牌车辆不准停在联合国。", "大会第六十六届会议期间临时车证(浅橄榄绿色)：常驻代表团可申请临时车证，用于正式派驻代表和大会期间正式出席会议的要员和外交官所租用的汽车上。租车公司必须诚实可靠。有这些车证的车辆只允许从43街大门进入，并且只能让乘客上车或下车，没有停车权。申请表可向停车场管理处领取，填妥后和租约副本一并提交安全特别事务股(L-0113H室)审核，然后提交停车场管理处。", "车辆到达入口处和停在联合国时，停车证必须置于显而易见处，便于警卫和停车场管理处的工作人员识别。没有展示有效停车证的车辆会被拖离联合国。", "在新的大会届会车证发放之前，以前发放给各代表团的所有车证须交回停车场管理处。此外，离开总部的代表的车证必须在代表离开之前交回停车场管理处。车辆使用上的任何改变都必须反映在车证上，因此须请停车场管理处处理。", "拖欠停车费超过三个月：按照大会第39/236号决议第二节的规定，任何代表如果拖欠停车费超过三个月，将暂停其停车权利。拖欠的停车费缴清之后将恢复停车权利。代表在离任前，应与停车场管理处联系，解决未清费用问题。", "悬挂联合国外交牌照及有本届大会的证明车证的代表团车辆：此类车辆可于代表办理公事时免费停在停车场第一层以及第二层南端的指定地区，过道A、B、C和过道D的一半。总部在根据基本建设总计划实施翻修期间，停车场车位受到影响，因此要求先在指定外交停车区域停满后，再在其他区域停车。基本建设总计划施工在停车场不同区域流动进行，有时要通知后立即临时关闭约20个车位，以进行安装、拆除及清除。因此，要求务必能随叫随到移动车辆。还应注意，大会第六十六届会议期间预计会很拥挤，应尽可能考虑使用其他交通方式，否则入口处可能出现堵塞。", "不允许在停车场过夜停车。数量有限的代表团登记车辆经代表团向停车场管理处书面申请后，可过夜停车，每晚收费2.50美元。代表团在每月结束后不久将收到这项账单，应于收到后即将现金或开具“United Nations”抬头的支票交给联合国停车场管理处(纽约，联合国广场801号U-210室，邮编10017)。请注意，对未经授权在停车场停车超过24小时的车辆将发违章通知，违章三次将取消其停车权利。", "进入总部", "位于第一大道的秘书处进口：", "(a) 只限于贴有常驻代表特别标签的汽车通行。汽车内的所有乘客都必须出示有效的联合国身份证。", "(b) 领有特别车证的租用车辆仅可暂时停留让乘客上下车。这种车辆不得在联合国内停车。", "48街入口：供有车证的所有其他车辆通行。代表团车辆在进入总部时须接受安全检查。", "出入停车场", "司机驾驶的贴有发给常驻代表的特别标签的汽车可以使用43街进口的坡道进入停车场。", "司机在等候召唤的时候应该留在停车场第一层的候召室。需要司机时，大会大楼代表入口的警卫人员会代为召唤。", "遗失和损坏的责任", "联合国安排提供停车的便利，是要方便代表团。停车场使用者必须警觉停车场内盗窃和故意破坏情事曾经发生，因为不可能24小时监视所有车辆。联合国不能保证或承诺停车场内的汽车或财物的安全。使用者必须认识到并且接受联合国无法保障停车场内任何车辆和留在车内的财物的安全。", "本地交通", "联合国不向代表团供应车辆。建议需要本地交通工具的代表团自行作出安排。", "联合国训练研究所", "训研所，日内瓦", "Palais des Nations", "1211 Geneva 10", "Switzerland", "网站：www.unitar.org", "训研所纽约办事处：", "联合国广场1号(DC1-603室)", "电话：212-963-9196", "传真：212-963-9686", "电邮：[email protected]", "网站：www.unitar.org/ny", "办事处主任：Yvonne Lodico女士", "训研所于1966年开始运作，主要活动为支持派驻到纽约联合国的外交官的培训。", "成立训研所的目的是通过广泛培训和研究，“提高联合国在实现本组织的各项目标方面的效力”。训研所是联合国系统内的一个自治机构，已经成为向会员国国家和地方政府官员以及民间社会和私人部门代表提供短期行政培训的主要提供者，每年在全世界约有25 000位受益者。", "在纽约联合国，训研所提供多边外交培训，以协助代表在联合国环境中有效履职并参与应对当前全球面对的挑战。全年授课，课程简明、方便且与代表在联合国的工作内容直接有关。其重点是：联合国系统及其运作、国际法和政策、和平与安全、移徙、谈判、联合国改革、可持续发展。有些课程可在网上教授，大多数则是面授课程。大多数课程都是收费的，但为发展中国家和最不发达国家减免费用。每年的课程表见www.unitar.org/ny。", "训研所的资金来自各国政府、政府间组织、基金会和其他非政府来源的自愿捐款。", "联合国国际学校(国际学校)(建于1947年)", "主校园地点：第25街，濒临东河(曼哈顿)", "附属设施地点：Croydon Road，Jamaica Estates(皇后区)", "秘书长联合国国际学校事务特别代表(助理秘书长)办公室：DC1-646室；电话：212-963-8729，传真：212-963-1276，电子邮件：[email protected]。", "联合国国际学校(国际学校)由联合国赞助，联合国的以下信念是其建校宗旨：一起工作一起游戏的人也会一起谈判。国际学校主要为联合国工作人员和代表团人员的子女服务。不过国际学校也接受数量有限的外国和美国学生，以便为所有学生创造平衡的教育环境。", "主校园：年级设置为学前班到高中毕业班。", "附属设施：年级设置为学前班到八年级。", "国际学校通常以英语教学，不过所有学生也学习法语或西班牙语，学校课程包括其他联合国语文以及德文、意大利文和日文。如果有要求，还提供母语教学。学校的国际师生员工说各种各样的语言，提供了丰富的文化机会。学校非常强调采取切实有效的方法，向天资聪慧但英文尚不流利的学生教授科学课程。为此，学校特别注意运用现代教学设备、计算器、计算机等手段。", "学校的教育水准高。高中提供国际大学入学考试学位，纽约地区只有少数几个教育机构提供该文凭。该学位获得者可在美国和国外上大学。国际学校被纽约州评议会批准为私立学校，获得国际学校理事会认可，并且国际学校为法语学生开设的2至5级课程获得法国政府的承认。", "曼哈顿校园经常安排预约参观。", "网站：www.unis.org", "招生部：", "212-584-3071，传真：212-685-5023", "电子邮件：[email protected]", "可联系以下号码安排参观皇后区校园：", "(718)658-6166，传真：(718)658-5742", "可从DC1-646室索取更多的资料、申请表和介绍手册，或者电话联系212-963-8729，传真：212-963-1276或电子邮件：[email protected]。", "纽约市联络机构", "主任：Marjorie B.Tiven", "副主任：Bradford E.Billet", "市长办公室", "纽约市联合国、领事使团和礼宾事务委员会", "Two United Nations Plaza(DC2)，27th floor，", "New York，N.Y.10017", "电话：212-319-9300，传真：212-319-3430", "纽约市拥有世界上最多的外交和领事使团，纽约市非常珍视这一地位。纽约市联合国、领事使团和礼宾事务委员会是纽约市与联合国、193个常驻代表团和112个领事馆联络的主要机构。该委员会隶属市长办公室，其工作是促使在国际社会成员、地方、州和联邦政府以及纽约居民之间形成积极的关系。委员会构成如下：", "外交和领事使团事务处：该处协助外交和领事使团与纽约市各机构联系，帮助解决在纽约市居住期间遇到的问题。该处的服务包括同消费者事务、房地产、税务、商业交易和法律程序有关的法律咨询，以及同在纽约市生活的问题相关的一般信息援助。该处还管理外交泊车方案。", "礼宾事务处：该处接待国家元首/政府首脑、贵宾和其他要人，在处理会见要求和活动邀请方面，是要人与市长之间的联络渠道。", "国际商务处：通过协调市、州和联邦机构的互动，协助外国企业在纽约市建立业务。该处提供的服务包括协助与适当的银行机构、房地产商、建筑公司和保险机构取得联系。", "纽约市全球伙伴协会是一个免税的非营利组织，与委员会设在同一地点。该协会的职能是在纽约市和世界各地选定的城市之间进行工商、安保和文化交流，增进国际谅解。", "接待", "联合国代表团接待委员会", "GA-101室(电话分机：3-7182或3-8751)", "接待委员会是一个自筹经费的非政治性私人组织，致力于协助代表及其眷属感到他们在纽约和周围环境中是受欢迎的。志愿工作人员安排访问美国家庭的活动，或到博物馆、学校、医院、法院、私人艺术收藏和其他机构参观。此外常常还提供文娱和公民节目的优待券。", "委员会还通过其英语学校举办各种白天和晚间课程。与联合国有关的外交使团人员均可报名。春季和秋季举办两期。专业英语设晚间课程。", "有关这些活动的消息，也可查询我们在www.hcund.org网址上公布的活动月历。", "银行", "信托。价值。信心。这几个字说明了联合国联邦存款互助会(互助会)的特点，这是一个成立于1947年的非营利合作金融机构，其成员为联合国及其专门机构工作人员和退休人员及其家属。互助会提供灵活以及定制的产品、金融解决方案和咨询服务，以满足联合国这一充满活力的全球社区各种各样的独特需求。这包括网上银行、电子月结单、电子汇款、网谈、每周七天每天24小时的电话银行、保险、投资、抵押贷款和消费贷款产品，其中包括全球通用、有个人身份号码、基于微处理机系统芯片、加强了防诈骗保护的EMV (Europay-MasterCard VISA®)信用卡等等。互助会具有雄厚经济实力，其成员股份由全国信贷联盟股份保险基金投保高达25万美元。", "有关其他信息，请登录我们的网站www.unfcu.org，或者访问我们在纽约各分会、或在维也纳、日内瓦、内罗毕和罗马的代表处。请致电347-686-6000(可在我们的网站上“联系我们”(“Contact US”)的链接下查到国际免费电话号码)，或通过UNFCU skype，或通过www.unfcu.org上的网谈室，与会员服务代表交谈。也可发电子邮件至[email protected]。若关注UNFCU，请到unfcu.org/facebook访问我们。", "互助会在纽约市的分行和互助会的自动取款机地点：", "• 纽约州纽约市联合国广场2号3楼(东第44街，第一和第二大道之间)", "• 麦迪逊大道分会，位于纽约州纽约市麦迪逊大道380号20楼(第46和第47街之间)", "• 北草坪：北草坪大楼，秘书处访客入口处旁，一楼和二楼，纽约州纽约市，邮编10017", "• 秘书处大楼礼品中心(地下一层)和一楼自助食堂入口(仅设自动取款机)，纽约州纽约市，邮编10017", "• 纽约州纽约市第二大道820号，街道层，(仅设自动取款机)", "• 联合国国际学校：纽约州纽约市FDR大道与25街交汇处，一层，邮编10010", "• 互助会总部：24-01 44th Road，Long Island City，NY 11101-4605", "• 内罗毕办事处，位于肯尼亚内罗毕联合国大道，“Gigiri”，F座下汇合层，紧挨着联合国内罗毕办事处的登记台(仅设自动取款机)", "仅需点击www.unfcu.org，即可通过我们的分会/自动取款机定位器(Branch/ATM Locator)找到在美国、加拿大、英国、希腊、关岛、意大利、日本、波多黎各和西班牙的非互助会自动取款机，服务方便而且免附加费。请注意：一些自动取款机可能会显示要收取一个附加费。但请放心，因互助会与CO-OP网络及Allpoint网络已经作出安排，实际不会对你收取附加费。", "大通银行(J.P.Morgan Chase Bank)在联合国附近设有若干分行，其中一个主要地点专门为联合国工作人员及外交官提供服务：", "大通银行", "联合国广场1号街道层，第一大道与44街交汇处。", "营业时间：星期一至星期五：上午8时至下午6时", "电话：212-740-7093", "内厅设有四部便于存款的电子自动取款机，24小时开放。", "便于存款的自动取款机可以用中文、英文、法文、希腊文、意大利文、朝鲜文、波兰文、葡萄牙文、俄文和西文提供服务。使用大通银行的自动取款卡，即可在全美国、加拿大和世界各地150 000个网点的NYCE、MAC、Plus、Cirrus、Pulse、MasterCard/Visa提款机上提款和查询结余。", "报摊", "位于大会大楼(汇合层)内的礼品中心。", "营业时间：3月至12月每周七天上午9时至下午5时。1月和2月的周末关闭。", "此处出售报刊和糖果类货物。", "联合国书店", "大会大楼(汇合层)", "GA-32室", "电话：212-963－7680", "传真：212-963－4910", "电子邮件：[email protected]", "营业时间：星期一至星期五上午9时至下午5时30分，周末上午10时至下午5时30分。1月和2月期间，周末关闭。", "• 出版物(联合国和各专门机构)", "• 书籍", "• 纪念品", "• 各种贺卡", "• 儿童用品", "• 音乐用品", "• 旅游指南", "• 海报", "• 文具", "代表在书店购买联合国出版物可享有25%折扣，所有其他3美元以上物品可享有10%折扣优待。还可以通过网站定购：www.un.org/bookshop。", "联合国出版物", "电子邮件：[email protected]", "网址：www.un.org/publications", "书店、在线零售商、联合国书店(见65页)和联合国出版物电子商务网站(www.un.org/publications)出售联合国出版物。受欢迎的联合国出版物也作为电子书籍和手机应用程序出售。", "联合国发展业务负责介绍向联合国会员国和世界主要发展机构资助的项目提供产品和服务的机会信息。", "组长", "Valentina Kalk女士", "电话：3-8321 电子邮件：[email protected]", "联合国发展业务", "电子邮件：[email protected]", "网址：www.devbusiness.com", "Nina Brandt女士 电话：7-9110", "电子邮件：[email protected]。", "联合国礼品中心", "大会大楼(汇合层)", "营业时间：3月至12月每周七天上午9时至下午5时。1月和2月周末停止营业。", "• 艺术品和手工艺品", "• 仿真首饰", "• 纪念品", "• 联合国纪念章", "• 会员国国旗", "• 报刊和糖果类货物", "代表购买所有物品可享20%的折扣，但须出示有效的联合国证件。", "请求使用联合国场地", "中央支助事务厅(DC2-2508室，电话分机：3-5569，传真：212-963-4168)", "举办活动：为了确保所有有关人员的安全，同时鉴于要求使用联合国设施的请求越来越多，希望各常驻代表团的代表在举办活动时尽量考虑到它们是不是非商业性并且符合联合国的宗旨和目标。代表团应注意到，它们对所举办的任何活动的内容和进行方式负有责任。", "替经联合国认可的非政府组织举办活动：尤其是在这种场合，代表团的代表应考虑到，不管活动的目的多么有价值，也不要进行任何实质性的事务，例如通过决议、举行选举、颁奖、募款或举行任何纪念仪式。", "管理事务部中央支助事务厅设施和商务司司长", "使用场地的申请：申请应向上述司长提出。申请经核可后，在举行会议或活动的整个过程中，代表团的一名高级成员必须在场出席和/或担任主席。会议或活动所引起的任何财务责任，全部应由举办活动的代表团负责。", "大会部大会和经济及社会理事会事务司司长", "使用大会堂的请求应向大会部大会和经济及社会理事会事务司司长提出。每年9月至12月，除联合国日音乐会外，大会堂均仅为大会会议专用。", "关于请求使用总部房舍举行会议、大型会议、特别活动及展览的详细程序、以及联合国房舍使用、会议及活动费用及保险等方面的标准，请参看联合国文件ST/AI/416。", "残疾人设施", "盥洗间：⑴ 大会大楼第一地下层公众汇合处；⑵ 第一地下层原先接连大会大楼和会议大楼的“颈形”通道；⑶ 大会堂后边；⑷ 北草坪大楼每一楼层。", "电梯：大会大楼一楼和北草坪大楼各楼层电梯有专人负责。", "坡道：设在46街和第一大道的游客进口，用以进出大会大楼和北草坪大楼，另设在位于大会大楼地下一层的第8会议室旁。", "特别坡道：需要时，用以出入会议室讲台。", "自动提款机：方便使用，设于北草坪大楼第一和第二层。", "助听设备：如需将助听设备接入会议室传声系统，请与广播和会议支助科接洽，L-1B-30室，电话分机：3-9485或3-7453，电子邮址：[email protected]。广播和会议支助科还可出借配有T开关的助听器颈项感应圈。", "索引", "(按汉语拼音排序)", "A", "安保 5", "B", "报摊 65", "本地交通 60", "C", "残疾人设施 68", "餐厅和自助食堂 52", "联合国出版物 66", "媒体、公众和图书馆服务 35", "D", "大会 17", "大会主席办公室 17", "代表的宾客 54", "代表静室 52", "代表休息室 52", "代表衣帽间 52", "供代表使用的影印机 54", "地图和地理资料服务 49", "电信服务 56", "F", "发言(写好的讲稿 32", "放映录像带 55", "H", "会议记录(逐字记录、简要记录、更正) 31", "J", "计算机服务 55", "接待 63", "进入总部 3", "K", "口译 30", "扩音系统 54", "L", "礼宾和联络处 7", "联合国礼品中心 67", "联合国电子设备的使用和维护 29", "联合国国际学校(国际学校) 61", "联合国训练研究所(训研所) 60", "联合国日刊 29", "联合国新闻中心网络提供的服务 44", "联合国邮政管理处 57", "联合国照片 44", "最不发达会员国代表出席大会届会的可报销旅费 50", "旅行服务 51", "录音 54", "M", "秘书长发言人 35", "默思室 52", "N", "纽约市联络机构 62", "Q", "请求使用联合国场地 67", "全权证书 15", "S", "视像会议 55", "联合国书店 65", "T", "停车 58", "联合国通行证和会议入场券 3", "达格·哈马舍尔德图书馆 47", "W", "文件处理 32", "问讯(电话和工作台地点) 6", "电台和电视事务及设施 43", "X", "席位安排 29", "向民间社会提供的服务 45", "为全体会议和主要委员会会议上的发言写好的讲稿 32", "新闻 35", "Y", "医疗服务 7", "银行 64", "邮件和投递服务 55", "11-43126 (C) 060911 130911", "*1048205*", "[1] A/INF/66/4。", "[2] 大会第65/238号决议和A/INF/66/__。", "[3] 大会第65/160号决议和A/INF/66/__。", "[4] 大会第65/279号决议和A/INF/66/__。", "[5] 关于如何向大会提交决议草案的须知指南可在网上查询，网址：http://www.un.org/ga/65/ resolutions.shtml。", "[6] 维持和平行动部(维和部)、外勤支助部(外勤部)、新闻部、联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)、联合国最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处(最不发达等国家高代办)、非洲问题特别顾问办公室(非洲顾问办)、负责儿童与武装冲突问题的秘书长特别代表办公室(儿童与冲突问题特代办)、负责联合国国际学校问题的秘书长特别代表办公室、以及经济和社会事务部(经社部)。", "[7] 大会和会议管理部(大会部)、管理事务部(管理部)、新闻部、秘书长办公厅、区域委员会纽约办事处、以及经社部。", "[8] 管理部。", "[9] 大会部和管理部。", "[10] 维和部、外勤部、大会部、管理部和新闻部。", "[11] 外勤部、维和部、管理部、政治事务部(政治部)、新闻部、安全和安保部(安保部)、秘书长办公厅、人道主义事务协调厅(人道协调厅)、内部监督事务厅(监督厅)、以及法律事务厅(法律厅)。", "[12] 管理部、政治部和秘书长办公厅。", "[13] 裁军事务厅和维和部。", "[14] 联合国档案和记录管理科。", "[15] 管理部和秘书长办公厅。", "[16] 大会部(逐字记录)。", "[17] 大会部、管理部、政治部、新闻部、安保部、法律部、特别顾问Joseph Verner Reed办公室、以及对外新闻办公室。", "[18] 新闻部(新闻和媒体司)和发言人办公室。", "[19] 大会部、政治部、新闻部、安保部、秘书长办公厅、大会主席办公室、行政和预算问题咨询委员会、气候变化支助小组和77国集团。", "[20] 须至少提前48个工作小时提出要求并填妥SG.6表格，以便适当核证并发放通行证。资料已输入电子系统的代表，他的通行证可由具有适当身份证件的代表团成员代取。配偶将获发与本人类型相同的通行证。", "[21] 除非常特殊的情况外，在一般性辩论期间将限制发放礼宾通行证。不为总部排定的会议发放礼宾通行证。", "[22] 出席大会第六十六届会议代表团名单在2011年12月底左右也可从正式文件系统(ODS)中调阅。一般性辩论开始时，可在礼宾和联络处的网站(www.un.int/protocol)查阅代表团临时名单。", "[23] Candiweb(https://secln069.un.org/candiweb)是提供会议候选人名单(大会非正式工作文件)信息的网页。", "[24] 各主要委员会与会名单由每一主要委员会印发(A/INF/65/2)。", "[25] 裁军审议委员会与第一委员会密切合作，并在裁军和国际安全问题方面有相似的议程项目。", "^(*) 纽约办事处。", "[26] A/65/150或A/65/251。大会开会时，如果与分发的函件有关的议程项目分配给某一委员会，则函件上将标有该主要委员会的文号。" ]

[ "大会第六十六届会议开幕和闭幕日期\n2011年9月13日星期二下午3时至2012年9月17日星期一", "[1] 2011年9月21日星期三至2011年9月24日星期六\n2011年9月26日星期一至2011年9月27日星期二", "高级别会议\n预防和控制非传染性疾病高级别会议[2]\n2011年9月19日星期一至2011年9月20日星期二\n关于“在可持续发展和消除贫穷的背景下处理荒漠化、土地退化和干旱问题”主题的高级别会议[3]\n2011年9月20日,星期二,纽约\n大会纪念《德班宣言和行动纲领》通过十周年高级别会议[4]\n2011年9月22日星期四,纽约", "自由提问", "1. 联合国 我如何同大会第六十六届会议主席联系?", "纳西尔·阿卜杜勒阿齐兹·纳赛尔先生阁下(卡塔尔)", "电话:212 963 7555;传真:212 963 3301。", "房间 NL-02080 [主席办公室位于北草坪大楼2楼](见第21页)。", "2. 联合国 在大会堂分发发言稿需要多少份? 我何时何地送货?", "在会议开始前,向大会堂左边的文件柜台或会议干事发言。", "300份,供普遍分发;或", "30份,至少分发;或", "仅供口译员和新闻干事使用至少15份(见第43页)。", "3个 能否在大会堂为会议提供与会议有关的文件或其他材料?", "只有联合国文件和发言者才能在会前或会议期间在大会堂分发。 任何其他相关材料可经大会事务处处长核准后在大会堂提供(电话分机:3.2336,IN-0610室(创新大楼,东42街300号,第二大道出入口),或GA-200分机:3.9110)。", " 4.四. 提交决议/决定草案的程序是什么? [5]", "决议/决定草案的最后案文必须由代表团委派的代表提交,并由大会事务处负责处理决议/决定草案的工作人员在场后签署;", "旧案文可从联合国正式文件系统(ODS)http://ods.un.org下载,并作出必要的修改,即用粗体和不想要的案文标明新案文,以便删除。", "大力鼓励提案国通过电子邮件以电子方式提交决议/决定草案。 但大会和各主要委员会所制定的程序可能有所不同。 请就具体提交程序同主要委员会秘书联系(见第25至32页)。", "5 (韩语). 会员国如何成为决议/决定草案的共同提案国?", "希望成为某一决议草案/决定草案共同提案国的会员国必须在共同提案国表格上签署:(a) 协调决议草案的会员国;或(b) 全体会议期间大会事务处负责决议/决定草案的工作人员;或在届会主要会期期间(9月至12月)在下列地点:北草坪大楼NL-01033室;续会:创新大楼IN-0615B室(6楼)。 共同赞助不能通过任何信件、电子邮件等方式进行。", "请注意,在通过决议草案后,无法接受共同提案国。", "6. 国家 共同提案国表格的空白副本在哪里?", "可从大会事务处办公室(IN-0636B室)或全体会议期间在大会堂索取共同提案国表格的空白副本。", "7. 联合国 在PV记录中反映一个会员国打算如何对决议草案/决定草案进行表决的程序是什么?", "代表团成员可填写大会事务处提供的表格,并将在会议PV记录上添加脚注。", "8. 联合国 从何处获得所通过的决议/决定的表决记录?", "表决记录在通过后立即在大会堂分发给所有会员国。 另可向大会事务处IN-0636B室索取。 表决记录还使用有关决议号在线查阅(例如,见A/RES/64/148),网址是http://www.un.org/ga/search/voting.asp。", "9. 国家 从哪里得到通过的决议/决定的副本?", "决议在通过几周后以A/RES/系列文件印发。 在此之前,案文载于“L”文件、正式文件系统或有关委员会的报告和大会网站(www.un.org/ga)(见第44页)。 决议和决定案文分三卷(如A/65/49(Vol.I)至(Vol.III))作为本届会议正式记录补编第49号印发。 一般而言,第一和第二卷分别载有本届会议主要会期通过的决议和决定,第三卷载有续会期间通过的决议和决定。", "10个 我在哪里能找到大会选举的候选人名单?", "各代表团的候选人名单可在CandiWeb(https://eroom.un.org/eRoom)上查阅。 如欲进入CandiWeb,请发电子邮件至[email protected]或传真至1 212 963 0952。 关于全体会议选举的询问,请与Mary Muturi女士联系:212-963-2337,传真:212-963-3783或[email protected]。", "11个 请求将一个项目列入议程的程序是什么?", "将一个项目列入议程的请求应向秘书长提出,并在可能的情况下向大会事务处提出副本。 根据议事规则第13条,请求将一个项目列入下届常会临时议程的请求,应至少在会议开幕前60天提出。 根据议事规则第14条,请求在议程内列入一个补充项目,应至少在会议开幕前三十天提出。 根据议事规则第20条,任何提议列入议程的项目必须附有解释性备忘录,并在可能的情况下附有基本文件或决议草案。", "12个 我如何知道大会和各主要委员会的工作方案?", "全体会议工作方案草案于7月印发,涵盖9月至12月。 日历于9月下旬在一般性辩论期间以INF文号(如A/INF/66/3)更新。 你可以就工作方案与各主要委员会的秘书联系(见第25至32页)。 秘书的姓名、办公地点和电话号码见A/INF/66/2号文件。", "13个 我如何请求给予观察员地位?", "大会在其第49/426号决定中决定,给予观察员地位“今后应限于其活动涉及大会所关心事项的国家和政府间组织”。 给予观察员地位的请求需要来自一个或一个会员国,其形式是致函秘书长,请求将一个项目列入大会议程。 考虑到在9月至12月届会主要会期期间开会的第六委员会需要审议该项目(第54/195号决议),这种请求通常会及时提交,以便列入即将举行的届会的临时议程或补充项目表。 观察员名单见A/INF/65/5号文件。", "14个 我如何要求我的国家元首在大会堂发言的录像带? 照片吗?", "对于录像,各代表团可免费索取每份发言的一盘NTSC DVD。 MPEG2和MPEG4(H.264)等数字文件格式也按需提供,可在线下载. NTSC DVD,NTSC Betacam SP,后置订单或任何其他特殊请求的额外拷贝都要收费. 事先订购的磁带一般在发言当天提供。 之后订购的磁带将尽快提供。 所有请求都按收到的顺序处理。 如欲索要发言录像带,请洽:联合国录像图书馆(电话:212 963 1561、212 963 0656;传真:212 963 4501;电子邮件:[email protected])。 将通过商业航空公司提供实况电视转播。 详情请洽联合国电视台(电话:212-963-7650;传真:212-963-3860)。", "对于照片,数字格式的照片(jpg)可在联合国照片网站(www.un.org/av/photo)免费下载。 如需索取照片,请洽联合国照片图书馆,IN-0506B室(电话:212 963 6927、212 963 0034;传真:212 963 1658;电子邮件:[email protected])。 有关其他报道的特别要求可向联合国照片股股长Mark Garten(第4工作室;电话:917 367 9652;[email protected])提出。 将努力在人员配置限制范围内满足这些要求(见第61页)。", "代表手册", "[     ]", "代表手册", "联合国大会第六十六届会议", "[] 联合国,纽约,2011年9月至2012年9月 说明", "该小册子载有关于联合国总部的一般性资料,适用于第六十六届会议。 对小册子的修改或建议,请向大会事务处提出,IN-0615B室,电话分机:3.2337,传真:212 963 3783。 这份小册子还可在联合国代表网站(www.un.int/wcm/content/site/port/home)上查阅,也可从大会网站(www.un.org/ga/)上查阅。", "http://www.un.org/geninfo. (中文(简体) ).", "ST/CS/61 2011年9月至2012年9月", "目录", "页次", "一. 一般资料", "进口 4", "B. 联合国大楼出入证和参加会议 4", "安全和安保部 7", "信息(电话和服务台地点) 第9条", "医务 10", "礼宾和联络处 11", "全权证书. 17", "二. 大会及其主要委员会", "大会(主席办公室) 21", "大会(秘书处安排) 22个", "大会(全体会议和总务委员会会议) 第23条", "大会(主要委员会) 25", "其他机关", "三. 会议事务", "B. 会议服务 35", "联合国电子设备的使用和保养", "1. 第一个席位的席位安排 37", "联合国日刊 38", "口译 39", "十一、会议的记录................... 41", "发言(发言稿) 第43条", "十三、文件设施................... 44", "四、结 论 媒体、公共和图书馆服务", "秘书长发言人 49", "新闻. 50", "广播和电视服务及设施", "录像和相片服务及设施 58", "联合国新闻中心、", "提供的各项服务", "民间社会,服务 61", "公共关系 第62条", "联合国托存图书馆 68", "地图和地理信息服务 69", " V. 向代表团提供的设施和服务", "旅行应享权利 页:1", "旅行事务 73", "代表衣帽间 74", "代表休息室 75", "默思室 75", "代表静室 73", "餐厅和自助餐厅 76", "代表的来宾 78", "供代表使用的复印机 79", "音响加固系统 79", "录音记录 页:1", "视频投影 80", "电视会议 80", "邮件和送信服务 80个", "与计算机有关的服务", "电信服务", "联合国邮政管理处 83", "停车 85", "运输(当地) 89", "联合国训练研究所 90", "联合国国际学校", "城市联络", "招待费 95", "银行设施", "报摊 98", "联合国书店 98", "出版物,销售 99", "联合国礼品中心 100", "联合国房地,使用请求 100", "残疾人设施 102", "指数 104", "一. 一般资料", "联合国总部占地18英亩,位于曼哈顿岛。 该地以42街为南界,以48街为北界,以原第一大道的一部分为西界,现取名\"联合国广场\";以东以东为东江道和富兰克林道罗斯福道. 该网站属于联合国所有,是国际领土。", "总部目前正在翻修之中,由六所相互连接的主要建筑组成:大会大楼,其中二楼为全体大会堂,汇合层为安全理事会临时会议厅;北草坪大楼,在翻修的目前阶段为临时结构,即经社理事会会议厅、会议室以及秘书长和大会主席办公室所在地;图书馆大楼和达格·哈马舍尔德礼堂,举行新闻发布会;南配楼,主食堂和临时代表楼所在地。 餐厅;与河道平行的长而低的会场大楼,因装修而关闭;39层的秘书处大楼,目前也关闭. 大会大楼的代表入口处可通达所有会议室、理事会会议厅和全体大会堂。 北草坪大楼靠近48街也有直出入口,42街附近的图书馆和南配楼也有直出入口.", "总部附近的几所大楼目前关闭供翻修,这些大楼设有联合国办公室,包括:", "街道[11]", "第46街道[12]", "联合国总部和麦迪逊大道380号之间设有联合国穿梭服务。 以下是取出点:", "阿尔巴诺、阿尔科亚和300 E. 42 街在访客入口门前(一大道和45街)", "(在麦迪逊和第五大道之间)", "如有任何问题,请联系当地运输队(电话:212 963 5585/9182)。", "电话: 如欲从联合国以外拨打,分机号前缀“3”应改为“212 963”,前缀“7”改为“917 367”。", "入口", "行人——代表团进入大会堂的入口位于第一大道和45街。", "汽车-汽车需要联合国外交牌照(“D”牌照)以及大会第六十六届会议的识别标记,才能进入联合国总部并停放。 (详情见第85-89页《泊车》。 )", "联合国大楼通行证和参加会议", "1. 联合国 正式代表团成员的核证", "出席大会常会和特别会议以及总部所有其他排定会议的公务代表团成员的通行证由礼宾和联络处(电话:212 963 7181)核准,由第一大道和45街的出入证和身份证股处理。 代表团成员参加临时会议(SG.6表格)的登记表可通过礼宾和联络处网站(www.un.int/protocol)取自英文、法文和西班牙文本,或在礼宾办公室取自(NL-02058室)。", "通行证类型[20]", "1. 联合国 礼宾处发给国家元首、政府首脑、副总统、王储/王储和配偶不带照片的要人通行证。", "2. 礼宾办公室为副总理、内阁部长和配偶发放带相片的要人通行证。", "3个 在通行证办公室办理代表团团长金质通行证。", " 4.四. 在通行证办公室为所有代表办理了蓝色通行证。", "5 (韩语). 礼宾处发放的礼宾通行证,为期一天和/或短时间带相片。 [21]", "签发通行证的礼宾要求", "国家元首/政府首脑、副总统、王储/王储和配偶:", "常驻代表团的通行证请求书,注明姓名和头衔并注明停留期限。 不需要照片或SG.6表格。", "副总理和内阁部长及配偶:", "1. 联合国 常驻代表团的通行证请求书,注明姓名和职称并注明停留期限。 联合国 不需要表格。", "2. 联合国 两张彩色护照尺寸的照片。", "代表:", "1. 联合国 代表团成员出席临时会议登记(SG.6表格)。", "2. 联合国 致礼宾处处长的封面信,由办公厅主任或主要行政干事签署,注明姓名(无首字母)和职称。", "礼宾通行证:", "1. 联合国 给礼宾处处长、由常驻代表或临时代办签署的通行证申请函,注明姓名、职衔、访问理由和逗留期限(不需要SG.6表格)。", "2. 联合国 两张彩色护照尺寸的照片。", "2. 联合国 媒体记者核证", "书面和在线报刊、电影、电视、照片、广播和其他媒体组织的媒体记者的核证由新闻部新闻和媒体司媒体核证和联络股负责(L-0248室),电话分机:3.6934(见第54页)。 关于新闻核证要求,请查阅:www.un.org/media/accreditation。", "3个 非政府组织的认可", "(a) 具有经济及社会理事会咨商地位的非政府组织的指定代表的出入证由经济和社会事务部非政府组织科(DC1-1480室,电话分机:3.3192)发给。", "(b) 每年通过新闻部非政府组织关系小组(新闻部/非政府组织资源中心,GA-037室,电话分机:3.7234、3.7078和3.7233)发放与新闻部有关的非政府组织指定代表的通行证。", "安全和安保部", "联合国安保和安全处24小时运作。", "电话分机. 传真室", "安保和安全处", "处长", "戴维·邦吉先生", "安保行动中心 3.6666 NL-01005", "对当天丢失和发现的物品进行查询,要求在正常办公时间后或周末开门,并在下班后将以前留在访客问讯处的身份证退回,然后关闭一天。 所有当面询问应首先向安保业务中心提出。", "除24小时在总部提供安保和安全外,该处还将:", "(a) 经礼宾和联络处核准后,于上午9时至下午4时在45街和一大道训研所大楼一楼(第一大道出入口)发放通行证;", "(b) 在正常工作时间后接收需要采取后续行动的官方电话、电报和电报;", "(c) 在紧急情况下协助寻找和通知联合国高级官员;", "(d) 就保护要人的安排与国家安全代表联络;", "(e) 在需要紧急援助(如救护车、医疗、警察)之外时,与地方当局联络;", "(f) 处理丢失和发现的财产。 在正常工作时间内,应移交同一天损失的财产或从NL-01005(电话分机:3.6666)处索赔。 在其他所有时间,从训研所大楼一楼(电话分机:3.7533)。", "所有入境点都检查通行证。 代表应在会场内佩戴最外衣的通行证。", "通行证遗失后应立即向出入证和身份证股(训研所大楼U-100室,电话分机:3.7533)报告。", "请代表不要将公文包或任何贵重物品留在会议室内。", "资料", "(电话和办公桌地点)", "新闻股(电话分机:3.7113)将就下列事项提供意见:", "(a) 国家 代表团的地点和电话号码;", "(b) 国家 拟与办公室或官员联系进行技术性或实质性询问;", "(c)) 服务、新闻媒体和联合国俱乐部的地点和电话分机号码。", "如欲了解秘书处工作人员的地址和电话号码,请拨“0”。 (关于联合国各办公室电话系统的进一步资料,请见第82页)。", "问讯台", "• 大会大楼公共前厅(电话分机:3.7758)", "* 代表入口(电话分机:3.8902)", "• 北草坪代表休息室NL-01026(电话分机:3.8902)", "• DC1大楼办公室前厅(电话分机:3.8998)", "• DC2大楼办公室前厅(电话分机:3.4989)", "• 儿童基金会大楼办公室前厅(212 326 7524)", "会议日程的布告板位于大会大楼一楼代表入口处正下方和北草坪大楼。", "医务", "医务司向驻联合国外交使团的代表和成员提供紧急医疗援助。", "诊所的地点和工作时间:", "1. 创新大楼,东42街300号,从2大道出入口,7楼,IN-0703室,电话:212-963-7090", "星期一至星期五上午8时30分至下午5时30分", "医生上午9时至下午5时30分。", "2. DC1大楼DC1-1190室,电话:212-963-8990", "星期一至星期五上午9时至下午5时", "3个 儿童基金会H-0545室,电话:212 326 7541", "星期一至星期五上午9时至下午5时", "在大会期间(9月至12月),创新大楼医务司的工作时间保持不变。", "此外,卫星诊所将于星期一至星期五上午9时至下午11时30分和星期六上午11时至下午7时在北草坪大楼NL-01022室开放。 诊所将于星期日关闭。", "在正常工作时间内外发生紧急情况时:", "- 打电话给联合国消防和安全股,分机号为3.55555或911。", "礼宾和联络处", "礼宾和联络处是大会和会议管理部的一部分。", "电话分机", "礼宾处处长 德斯蒙德·帕克先生 3.7170 NL-02056", "I. 礼宾处副处长(瓦坎特)", "二. 礼宾和联络官", "A. Paulese T. Peter先生(代理) 3.7180 NL-02058J", "阿尔及利亚", "亚美尼亚", "奥地利", "巴林语", "比利时", "伯利兹", "贝宁", "博茨瓦纳", "布基纳法索", "布隆迪", "柬埔寨", "佛得角", "中非共和国", "乍得", "科摩罗", "刚果", "科特迪瓦", "克罗地亚", "刚果民主共和国", "吉布提", "法国", "加蓬", "加纳", "几内亚", "几内亚比绍", "约旦", "黎巴嫩", "列支敦士登", "卢森堡", "马达加斯加", "马尔代夫", "马里", "毛里塔尼亚", "摩纳哥", "莫桑比克", "纳米比亚", "尼日尔", "卢旺达", "圣文森特和格林纳丁斯", "塞内加尔", "塞舌尔", "索马里", "南非", "苏里南", "斯威士兰", "特立尼达和多巴哥", "坦桑尼亚联合共和国", "美利坚合众国", "观察员", "非洲开发银行", "非洲联盟", "萨赫勒-撒哈拉国家共同体", "中非国家经济共同体", "西非国家经济共同体", "东非共同体", "大湖区问题国际会议", "国际水文学 组织", "法语国家国际组织", "国际刑事警察组织(国际刑警组织)", "阿拉伯国家联盟", "东加勒比国家组织", "经济合作与发展组织", "伊斯兰会议组织", "太平洋岛屿论坛", "人口与发展伙伴组织", "大湖区、非洲之角及周边国家小武器和轻武器区域中心", "南亚区域合作联盟", "南方中心", "南部非洲发展共同体", "电话分机", "B. Marybeth Curran女士(代理) 3.7178 NL-02056", "安道尔", "安提瓜", "联合国", "巴哈马", "多民族玻利维亚国", "邮件地址", "哥伦比亚", "哥斯达黎加", "古巴", "塞浦路斯", "多米尼克", "多米尼加共和国", "厄瓜多尔", "萨尔瓦多", "赤道几内亚", "斐济", "德国", "危地马拉", "海地", "洪都拉斯", "冰岛", "印度", "以色列", "意大利", "基里巴斯", "科威特", "墨西哥", "摩洛哥", "瑙鲁", "新西兰", "尼加拉瓜", "巴基斯坦", "帕劳", "巴拿马", "巴拉圭", "秘鲁", "菲律宾", "萨摩亚", "页:1", "瑞士", "多哥", "汤加", "突尼斯", "图瓦卢", "阿拉伯联合酋长国", "大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国", "乌拉圭", "委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国", "观察员", "罗马教廷", "巴勒斯坦", "拉丁美洲和加勒比禁止核武器组织", "安第斯共同体", "亚洲开发银行", "加勒比国家联盟", "加勒比共同体(加共体)", "中美洲一体化体系", "欧洲委员会", "海关合作理事会", "欧洲共同体", "伊比利亚-美洲会议", "美洲开发银行", "意大利-拉丁美洲协会", "拉丁美洲经济体系(拉美经济体系)", "拉丁美洲一体化协会", "拉丁美洲议会", "欧佩克国际开发基金", "美洲国家组织", "欧洲安全与合作组织", "地中海议会大会", "电话分机", "C. Nicole Bresson-Ondieki女士 7.4320 NL-02058K", "安哥拉", "澳大利亚", "孟加拉国", "巴巴多斯", "不丹", "波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那", "联合国", "文莱达鲁萨兰国", "喀麦隆", "加拿大", "中国", "捷克共和国", "丹麦", "爱沙尼亚", "芬兰", "冈比亚", "格林纳达", "圭亚那", "匈牙利", "印度尼西亚", "爱尔兰", "牙买加", "肯尼亚", "拉脱维亚", "利比里亚", "马拉维", "马来西亚", "马耳他", "马绍尔群岛", "尼泊尔", "荷兰", "尼日利亚", "挪威", "阿曼", "巴布亚新几内亚", "葡萄牙", "卡塔尔", "大韩民国", "圣马力诺", "塞拉利昂", "新加坡", "所罗门群岛", "南苏丹", "斯里兰卡", "苏丹", "瑞典", "东帝汶", "瓦努阿图", "津巴布韦", "观察员", "非洲、加勒比和太平洋国家集团", "亚非法律协商组织", "东南亚国家联盟(东盟)", "商品共同基金", "英联邦", "葡萄牙语国家共同体", "亚洲相互协作与建立信任措施会议", "海湾阿拉伯国家合作委员会", "能源宪章会议", "海牙国际私法会议 法律", "印度洋委员会", "国际移徙政策发展中心", "国际移徙组织", "国际自然保护联盟", "常设仲裁法院", "上海合作组织", "和平大学", "电话分机", "D. 法里兹·米尔萨拉耶夫先生 3.7177 NL-02058 一、导 言", "阿富汗", "阿尔巴尼亚", "阿塞拜疆", "白俄罗斯", "保加利亚", "朝鲜民主主义人民共和国", "埃及", "厄立特里亚", "埃塞俄比亚", "格鲁吉亚", "希腊", "伊朗伊斯兰共和国", "伊拉克", "日本", "哈萨克斯坦", "吉尔吉斯斯坦", "老挝人民民主共和国", "莱索托", "阿拉伯利比亚民众国", "立陶宛", "毛里求斯", "密克罗尼西亚联邦", "蒙古国", "黑山", "缅甸", "波兰", "摩尔多瓦共和国", "罗马尼亚", "俄罗斯联邦", "圣基茨和尼维斯", "圣卢西亚", "圣多美和普林西比", "沙特阿拉伯", "塞尔维亚", "斯洛伐克", "斯洛文尼亚", "阿拉伯叙利亚共和国", "塔吉克斯坦", "泰国", "前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国", "土耳其", "土库曼斯坦", "乌干达", "乌克兰", "乌兹别克斯坦", "越南", "也门", "赞比亚", "观察员", "黑海经济合作组织", "集体安全条约组织", "独立国家联合体", "经济合作组织", "欧亚发展 银行", "欧亚经济共同体", "全球抗击艾滋病、结核病和疟疾基金", "疟疾", "古阿姆集团", "红十字国际委员会", "国际刑事法院", "国际发展法组织", "红十字会与红新月会国际联合会", "拯救咸海国际基金", "国际人道主义 实况调查", "会议", "国际民主和选举援助学会", "国际奥林匹克委员会.", "各国议会联盟", "国际海底管理局", "国际海洋法法庭", "伊斯兰开发银行集团", "马耳他主权军事教团", "全权证书", "大会、安全理事会和经济及社会理事会的会员国代表需要全权证书。", "大会届会代表的全权证书(由国家元首或政府首脑或外交部长签发)应在会议开幕前至少一星期由法律事务厅全权证书委员会秘书(麦迪逊大楼,麦迪逊大道380号M-13051室)提交秘书长,并抄送礼宾和联络处(北草坪大楼,NL-02058室)出版。 [22]", "常驻联合国代表团手册“蓝皮书”", "该手册每年出版一次,列出会员国外交人员、派驻联合国的政府间组织观察员工作人员、联合国专门机构联络处工作人员以及联合国各主要机关的成员。", "\" 蓝皮书 \" 所载人员的所有临时调动以及地址、电话/传真号码、国家假日等的变动,一旦礼宾和联络处接到代表团关于这些变动的通知,即立即在网上更新。", "礼宾和联络处网站", "礼宾和联络处网站(www.un.int/protocol)载有最新版《蓝皮书》、常驻代表、国家元首/政府首脑和外交部长名单以及联合国高级官员名单。 它还载有“议定书手册”。", "二. 大会及其主要委员会", "第六十六届常会", "有关大会的信息可在联合国网站查阅:www.un.org/ga或:", "联合国", "联合国", "安全理事会关于反恐怖主义的第1373(2001)号决议所设委员会:", "联合国", "页:1", "大会第六十六届会议主席", "纳西尔·阿卜杜勒阿齐兹·纳赛尔先生阁下(卡塔尔)。", "2011年6月22日,大会第六十五届会议根据议事规则第30条,选举第六十六届会议主席。", "庭长办公室", "该办公室位于北草坪大楼二楼。", "电话分机. 传真室", "庭长办公室 212 963 7555 212 963 3301 NL-02080", "发言人 212 963 0755 212 963 3301 NL-02080", "副主席", "此外,根据第30条,大会选出第六十六届会议的21名副主席:", "大会第六十六届会议副主席", "1. 联合国 澳大利亚 12. 科威特", "2. 奥地利 13. 利比里亚", "3个 贝宁 14. 马拉维", "4. 玻利维亚 15. 毛里求斯(多民族) 17. 大韩民国", "5 (韩语). 乍得 18. 俄罗斯联邦", "6. 国家 中国 19. 联合王国", "7. 斐济大不列颠及北爱尔兰", "8. 联合国 法国 北爱尔兰", "20. 美利坚合众国", "10个 美国", "11个 伊朗(伊斯兰21. 乌拉圭共和国", "秘书处为大会所作的安排", "秘书长在大会所有会议上以本组织行政首长的身份行事。", "秘书处与大会有关的工作由主管大会和会议管理事务副秘书长全面负责。", "大会和经社理事会事务司司长负责协调本届会议的工作。 主任还直接负责为全体会议和总务委员会的会议提供服务。", "各主要委员会和其他委员会或机关的工作由秘书长派驻这些委员会的代表,即下列各委员会的副秘书长或其他官员具体负责。 各主要委员会和大会其他委员会或机关的秘书由秘书处有关部厅提供,这些秘书名单也开列如下。", "大会全体会议和总务委员会会议", "电话分机. 传真室", "主管大会和会议管理事务副秘书长", "沙班·沙班先生", "有关大会工作的问题请向大会和经社理事会事务司查询。", "司长", "扬·博特纳鲁先生", "电子邮件:[email protected]", "大会事务处", "大会工作方案、协调、程序、组织事项、全体会议选举和候选人提名", "电话:212 963 2332(一般)", "传真:212 963 3783", "处长", "张赛进先生", "电子邮件:[email protected]", "电话分机. 传真室", "中野健二先生", "电子邮件:[email protected]", "索尼娅·埃利奥特女士", "电子邮件:[email protected]", "齐亚德·马赫马萨尼先生", "电子邮件:[email protected]", "安妮·克瓦克女士", "电子邮件:[email protected]", "发言名单的安排", "梅里姆·赫达奇女士", "电子邮件:[email protected]", "全体会议选举和候选人资料[23]", "玛丽·穆图里女士", "电子邮件:[email protected]", "各主要委员会的成员[24]", "卡洛斯·加林多先生", "电子邮件:[email protected]", "在大会会议进行期间,上述工作人员大多数可在电话分机(212)上找到。 3.7786/3.7787/3.9110,传真:3.4423.", "上述各方均处理与大会全体会议和总务委员会会议有关的事项。", "与大会文件有关的问题应向下列文件规划股工作人员提出。", "文件规划股", "传真:212 963 3696", "电话分机", "瓦莱里·卡赞利先生", "电子邮件:[email protected]", "曼尼·亚伯拉罕先生", "电子邮件:[email protected]", "费卡·杰克逊女士 页:1", "电子邮件:[email protected]", "莫尼卡·普拉索塔女士", "电子邮件:[email protected]", "阿耶·丹女士", "电子邮件:[email protected]", "其他事项请向下列有关办事处查询。", "大会各主要委员会", "还根据第30条,第一委员会、特别政治和非殖民化委员会(第四委员会)、第二委员会、第三委员会、第五委员会和第六委员会选出了各自的主席。 详见每个主要委员会下。", "电话分机. 传真室", "第一委员会", "主席:亚尔莫·维纳宁先生阁下(芬兰)", "裁军事务高级代表塞尔吉奥·德凯罗斯·杜阿尔特先生", "3.1570 3.4066 DN-2502 导弹", "谢尔盖·切尔尼亚夫斯基先生", "裁军审议委员会秘书[25]", "谢尔盖·切尔尼亚夫斯基先生", "特别政治和非殖民化委员会(第四委员会)", "主席:西蒙娜·米雷拉·米库列斯库夫人阁下(罗马尼亚)", "主管维持和平行动副秘书长", "埃尔韦·拉德苏先生 DC1-1526", "主管外勤支助事务副秘书长", "苏珊娜·马尔科拉女士", "主管政治事务副秘书长", "林恩·帕斯科先生", "主管通讯和新闻事务副秘书长", "赤阪清中先生 DC1-0530", "联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处(近东救济工程处)主任专员,加沙", "菲利波·格兰迪先生", "联合国广场一号", "特别政治和非殖民化委员会秘书", "埃默尔·赫里蒂女士", "第二委员会", "主席: 阿布卡拉姆·阿卜杜勒·穆明先生阁下 (孟加拉国)", "主管经济和社会事务副秘书长", "沙祖康先生 DC2-2320", "副秘书长兼最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表", "谢克·西迪·迪亚拉先生", "欧洲经济委员会(欧洲经委会)执行秘书,日内瓦", "扬·库比什先生", "亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)执行秘书,曼谷", "诺埃琳·海泽女士", "拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会(拉加经委会)执行秘书,圣地亚哥", "艾丽西亚·巴尔塞纳女士", "非洲经济委员会(非洲经委会)执行秘书,亚的斯亚贝巴", "阿卜杜利·詹纳先生", "西亚经济社会委员会(西亚经社会)执行秘书,贝鲁特", "里马·哈拉女士 DC2-1862[27]", "联合国儿童基金会(儿童基金会)执行主任", "安东尼·莱克先生 326 7028 326 7758 H-1380", "儿童基金会 房屋", "世界粮食计划署执行主任", "约塞特·希兰女士", "646 556 6901 646 556 6932 733 三大道* 23楼", "联合国贸易和发展会议(贸发会议)秘书长,日内瓦", "素帕猜·巴尼巴滴先生", "联合国广场2号", "联合国开发计划署(开发署)署长", "海伦·克拉克女士", "联合国广场一号", "联合国人口基金(人口基金)执行主任", "苏拉亚·奥贝德女士", "东42街220号 圣罗.", "联合国环境规划署(环境规划署)执行主任,内罗毕", "阿希姆·施泰纳先生", "联合国广场2号", "联合国训练研究所(训研所)执行主任,日内瓦", "卡洛斯·洛佩斯先生 DC1-0603*", "联合国广场一号", "东京联合国大学校长", "康拉德·奥斯特瓦尔德博士教授", "3.6345 371 2144 DC2-260*", "联合国广场2号", "副秘书长、联合国人类住区规划署执行主任", "琼·克洛斯先生 DC2-0943*", "联合国广场2号", "第二委员会秘书", "珍妮弗·德劳伦蒂斯女士", "东42街300号", "6楼", "第三委员会", "主席: 侯赛因·哈尼夫先生阁下 (马来西亚)", "副秘书长、联合国维也纳办事处主任和联合国毒品和犯罪问题办事处执行主任", "尤里·费多托夫先生", "联合国广场一号", "主管经济和社会事务副秘书长", "沙祖康先生 DC2-2320", "联合国儿童基金会(儿童基金会)执行主任", "安东尼·莱克先生 H-1380", "儿童基金会 房屋", "联合国人权事务高级专员(日内瓦)", "纳瓦尼特姆·皮莱女士", "联合国难民事务高级专员(难民署),日内瓦", "安东尼奥·曼努埃尔·德奥利维拉·古特雷斯先生", "3.6200 3.0074 DN-3000* (中文(简体) ).", "每日新闻大楼", "副秘书长/妇女署执行秘书", "米歇尔·巴切莱特女士", "646 781 4502 646 781 4567 DN-17楼*", "每日新闻大楼", "负责儿童与武装冲突问题的秘书长特别代表", "拉迪卡·库马拉斯瓦米女士", "DC1-623A DC1-623A", "暴力侵害儿童问题秘书长特别代表", "玛尔塔·桑托斯·派斯女士 5.7400 5.7194 H-504级", "儿童基金会 房屋", "第三委员会代理秘书", "Otto Gustafik先生 3.9963 3.5935 IN-0620C", "第五委员会", "主席:米歇尔·托莫·蒙特先生阁下(喀麦隆)", "主管管理事务副秘书长", "安格拉·凯恩女士 L-0303", "主管内部监督事务副秘书长", "卡曼·拉普安特女士", "3.6196 3.7010 M-10036", "主管方案规划、预算和账户助理秘书长兼主计长", "山崎纯先生 DC2-0520", "主管人力资源管理助理秘书长", "凯瑟琳·波拉德女士 M-09035", "主管中央支助事务助理秘书长", "沃伦·萨克先生 DC2-2508", "助理秘书长兼基本建设总计划执行主任", "迈克尔·阿德勒斯坦先生 L-1B102", "第五委员会秘书", "沙龙女士 范比尔 3.2021 3.0360 L-0321", "第六委员会", "主席:埃尔南·萨利纳斯·布尔戈斯先生阁下(智利)", "主管法律事务副秘书长、法律顾问", "帕特里夏·奥布莱恩女士 M-13031", "主管法律事务助理秘书长", "斯蒂芬·马蒂亚斯先生 M-13047", "第六委员会秘书 Václav Mikulka先生", "经济及社会理事会", "经济及社会理事会主席团由理事会全体成员在每届年会开始时选出。 主席团的主要职能是提出议程、拟订工作方案和在经社理事会秘书处的支持下组织会议。 关于理事会的资料可以电子方式查阅:www.un.org/docs/ecosoc。", "经济及社会理事会主席于每年一月选出。", "庭长办公室", "办公室位于北草坪大楼一楼.", "庭长办公室 212-963-9326-212-963-8647 NL-01021", "主席秘书 212 963 7569", "经济及社会理事会的秘书处安排", "大会和会议管理部(大会部)大会和经社理事会事务司经社理事会事务处处长负责协调理事会的工作,并直接负责管理全体会议和理事会附属机构的会议。", "理事会及其附属机构工作的实质性责任由经济和社会事务部经社理事会支助和协调办公室主任协调。", "经济及社会理事会全体会议", "经社理事会 大会和经社理事会事务司事务处:", "电话分机. 传真室", "理事会主任和秘书:", "珍妮弗·德劳伦蒂斯女士", "3.4640 3.5395 IN-0622", "东42街300号", "6楼", "经济和社会事务部经社理事会支助和协调办公室:", "主任:", "尼基尔·塞思先生", "联合国广场一号", "电子邮件:[email protected]", "其他机关", "全权证书委员会", "主管法律事务副秘书长、法律顾问", "帕特里夏·奥布莱恩女士 M-13031", "秘书", "斯塔德勒·特伦戈夫先生", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会", "执行秘书", "沙里·克卢格曼女士", "会费委员会", "秘书", "劳伦斯·吉图博赫先生", "宣布向联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处提供自愿捐款的大会特设委员会", "秘书", "埃默尔·赫里蒂女士", "三. 会议事务", "会议服务", "大会部负责为在北草坪会议大楼会议室和大会大楼举行的会议提供下列会议服务:", "联系人,回答关于会议服务的一般性询问: 会议管理科(MMS)(DC2-0887室,电话分机:3.8114)", "联系人,回答有关文件的一般性询问: 文件管制处(AB-903室,电话分机:3.6579)", "会议日程", "会议管理科(电话分机:3.8114或3.7351)编写的次日每日会议日程及会议室和服务的资料已印入《日刊》(见第38页)。 这些信息被显示在走廊旁的电子屏幕上。", "所有经授权请求方,包括常驻联合国代表团,如希望预订会议室和口译服务,应(按上述号码)与会议管理事务处方案小组联系,以确定是否提供服务,并通过e-Meets 2.0获得预定确认。 通过e-Meets 2.0收到预订确认书并不能自动保证会议服务设施的核准。 会议管理科还通过e-Meets确认会议要求。", "会期", "通常上午的会议安排在上午10时至下午1时,下午的会议安排在下午3时至下午6时。", "纯度 : 由于对会议的需求很大,可用的设施有限,会议必须准时开始,并尽可能地遵守上述时间表。 因此,促请各代表团准时出席会议。", "会议时间安排: 最好尽可能连续安排有关会议,以确保最大限度地利用现有服务。 然而,为了便于过渡,不相关的会议之间应该有短暂的间隔。", "取消次数 : 如果取消排定的会议,则敦促组织者立即通知管理部,以便能够重新分配资源。", "会员国区域集团和其他主要集团的会议以及其他非正式会议只有在最初指定用于《宪章》机构会议或已获授权机构的会议的服务获得释放时才能举行。", "联合国电子设备的使用和护理", "请代表和其他与会者不要在安装同声传译音频系统的会议室将水和(或)其他液体放入桌子或地表。 可能会发生螺旋状,从而造成严重故障。 还应注意使用麦克风、频道选择器、投票开关和耳机,因为这些是敏感的电子设备。 把手机放在麦克风附近也可能干扰音质.", "使用相机和移动电话", "请代表团成员注意,会议室或大会堂内不得拍照,并将指示警卫严格执行这一规则。 还提醒各位成员不要在代表团座位上打或接受移动电话(见第40页)。", "根据第一个席位的席位安排", "2011年6月22日,秘书长从会员国中抽取土库曼斯坦的名字,以便在大会第六十六届会议期间在大会堂中占据第一个席位。 因此,土库曼斯坦代表团将坐在主席右后排第一桌。 其他会员国代表团将按国名英文字母顺序按照惯例依次排列。 各主要委员会的会议也适用同样的座位安排。", "可在NL-1006室(电话分机:3-7373)的文件分发台索取楼层图。", "《联合国日刊》(IN-0908室,东42街300号)", "下午3时起,所有查询均可在电话分机3.3888提出。", "《联合国日刊》于工作日每日以英文和法文发布。 在大会主要会期期间,以六种正式语文(阿拉伯文、中文、英文、法文、俄文和西班牙文)印发。", "《日刊》可在联合国网站、正式文件系统(ODS)、Twitter(www.twitter.com/Journal_UN_ONU)和Facebook(《联合国杂志》)上查阅,也可通过电子邮件订阅(undocs.org)。 它的特点是:", "(a) 会议日程和议程;", "(b) 会议纪要;", "(c) 交存秘书长的多边条约的签署和批准;", "(d) 通知;", "(e) 总部印发的每日文件清单和直接链接;", "(f) 各区域集团每月主席名单;", "(g) 网站清单。", "需要列入《日刊》的材料应通过电子邮件送交([email protected])。 列入次日《日刊》所有材料的截止时间是会议日程下午6:30和纪要下午7:00。", "口译", "(a) 以联合国六种正式语文中任何一种语文所作的发言被口译成其他正式语文:书面发言的代表团必须向口译员提供发言稿副本给会议服务助理,以确保口译质量(见第43页)。 请发言者以可口译的速度发言。", "(b) 国家 以正式语文以外的语文发言(大会议事规则第53条):代表团必须提供口译或以正式语文之一提供书面发言稿。 联合国口译员将依据秘书处接受的作为发言正式文本的口译或书面文本,将发言译成其他正式语文。 代表团应提供一名“指点者”,即知道发言所用语文和发言所译成的正式语文的人,在整个翻译文本中指导口译员并确保发言者和口译员之间的同步。", "正式语文发言的书面译文", "“逐字宣读”或“以发言为准”,在代表团提供其发言的书面译文时,应在案文第一页注明。 对于以一种以上正式语文提供的书面案文,各代表团应明确说明哪一种案文被接受为正式案文。", "逐字记录:口译员将遵照翻译。 因此,发言者对案文的任何偏离,包括疏漏和添加,都不大可能反映在口译中(见第41页)。", "以发言为准:口译员将跟随发言者而不是翻译。 如果发言者偏离案文,各代表团应知道,听众听到的口译不一定与他们可能已经分发给听众和新闻界的译文相符。", "麦克风只有在要求代表发言和代表按下按钮时才开始使用。 为确保发言的录音和口译尽可能好,代表们应直接和明确地用麦克风发言,特别是在提供数字、引文或高度技术性的材料时,或在宣读已准备好的案文时(又见第43页)。 应避免窃听麦克风以测试其是否有效、翻页和拨打或接电话(见第37页)。", "发言:虽然各代表团的发言时间越来越长,但恳请它们尽可能以正常速度发言,[30] 使口译员能够准确、完整地翻译发言。 如发言速度快以遵守时限,口译质量可能会受到影响。", "会议记录", "为主要机关的全体会议、大会各主要委员会的会议以及在有限制和有选择性的基础上为某些其他机构的会议提供会议记录。 会议记录有两种形式:逐字记录(PV)或简要记录(SR)。 这些记录由秘书处编写的,各代表团可加以更正。 但是,增加或改变实际发言感的更正不能接受。", "原文以外的语言。", "各位代表请注意,如书面发言稿的任何部分未实际宣读,则不记录在会议记录中。", "无意列入每次发言,或转载发言稿。", "联合国各机构的书面记录(逐字记录或简要记录)由大会和其他主要机关的若干决定规定。", "此外,还提供会议录音,并可查阅(见第79页)。", "会议记录更正", "DC2-0766,联合国广场2号。", "逐字记录和简要记录的更正应在一份备忘录中注明。 如更正插入记录副本,更正后记录的首页应有有关代表团授权官员的签名和职衔。", "请各代表团确保,在用手作更正时,文字清楚,并准确标明要插入的地方。", "实际发言,即原文。 提出更正请求时,会参照有关发言的录音核对。", "篇幅过长,会破坏简要记录的总体平衡。", "发言稿不应以提交代替更正。", "更正的印发", "联合国机构的记录仅在某些情况下经更正后重新印发。 这些记录包括安全理事会和经济及社会理事会全体会议的记录。 对其他机构,包括大会及其主要委员会,只印发一次记录,经核准的更正将汇编成一份更正文件,定期印发。 只有在重大错误或疏漏对会议进行有实质影响时,才立即印发更正。 就逐字记录而言,这种例外的更正只用于更正发言原文中的错误或遗漏。 如有必要,其他语文文本将与已更正的原文文本保持一致。", "已准备好的全体会议和主要委员会会议发言稿副本", "事先:应向会议干事提供30份(最少),以帮助秘书处提供尽可能好的服务,否则,", "在发言者发言之前:应紧急向口译员和记录员提供10份。 如果使用电影或其他视觉材料,还应提供剧本的副本。", "供在大会堂和主要委员会会议室分发:250份,如果代表团希望将发言稿分发给各代表团、专门机构、观察员、口译员、记录员和新闻干事。 应向大会堂左边的文件柜台或会议服务助理发言。", "文件设施", "文件的翻译和复制", "各代表团如想将文件提交联合国机构审议,请向秘书长或有关机构的秘书提出。 文件管制处工作人员无权直接接受代表团的文件供翻译或复制。", "文件的类别如下:", "(a) 国家 “一般”系列;", "(b) “有限”(L)系列,后为序号:该系列由诸如决议草案及其修正案等临时性文件组成。 在会议期间提交这类文件时,如果迫切需要,则立即通过特别安排翻译和复制预发本,标有“临时”字样,仅分发给与会者。 已编辑的文本和订正的译文将在稍后印发;", "(c) “受限制的”(R)系列,后为序号:该系列仅收录在印发时内容要求不得公开的文件;", "(d) 会议室文件(CRPs)或工作文件(WPs):是非正式文件,用一种或多种语文编写,在会议期间使用,只分发给与会者和其他感兴趣的与会者。", "向代表团分发文件", "代表团取车区设在北草坪建筑群服务入口处,工作日上午7时30分至9时30分。", "请向出版科科长(GA-3B704C室,电话分机:3.1807)提出分发的特别要求。", "总部每日分发的文件清单载于《日刊》。 按照上述要求每日分发给各代表团的文件可在上述地址领取。", "位于北草坪大楼一楼NL-01006室(电话分机:3.7373)的文件柜台在平日工作时段开放供索取。", "会议室内将备有数量有限的文件,其中载有提议草案,供进行中的会议采取行动。", "如欲获取任何文件的硬拷贝,请通过电子邮件联系出版科,地址是:[email protected],具体指示如下:文件编号、所需语文、每份文件的数量以及实际发送地址。", "在会议期间只能分发联合国文件(见FAQ/3)。", "正式文件的电子版可供所有常驻联合国代表团和其他政府办事处免费取用。 以所有正式语文储存在正式文件系统中的文件均按联合国书目信息系统(书目信息系统)的结构编制索引,可供检索取阅、印刷和(或)下载(见第66-67页)。", "有关正式文件系统的资料请从电话分机3.6439查询。", "会员国函件作为大会文件印发", "各国代表团如请求将其函件作为大会文件印发,应确保将函件致送秘书长和(或)大会主席,由常驻联合国代表或常驻联合国代表团代办签署。 函件应参考最新议程,注明与该函件分发有关的大会会议届次以及议程项目编号和标题。 [31]", "微软电子版本 请将函件发至[email protected],以便利来文的处理。 如函件附有任何其他联合国正式语文版本,应清楚说明何者为原文,及(或)何者仅供参考。 公众可以通过网站或通过媒体容易获得的材料,如声明、新闻稿和图像,应当加以引用,而不是列入来文。", "如需进一步信息,可拨打917 367 5895电话,电子邮箱:[email protected]或查询DGACM/CPS/2008/1。", "四、结 论 媒体、公共和图书馆服务", "秘书长发言人", "电话分机", "秘书长发言人", "马丁·内西尔基先生", "副发言人", "爱德华多·德布伊先生", "新闻查询 3.7160/3.7161/3.7162 SA-1B15", "新闻发布会", "记者招待会的要求应向秘书长发言人办公室(SA-1B15室,电话分机:3.7160、3.7161和3.7162)提出。", "向记者提供的服务", "秘书长发言人每天中午在达格·哈马舍尔德礼堂作新闻简报。 在大会届会期间,大会主席发言人还就大会事项向新闻界作简报。 这些每日简报会通过网络直播,随后立即存档供点播观看(www.un.org/webcast)。 中午简报会的要点可在发言人办公室网站(www.un.org/news/ossg/hilites.htm)上查阅。 其他服务见www.un.org/news/ossg。", "为记者提供的其他服务见第52-54页。", "达格·哈马舍尔德图书馆大楼2楼记者区设有记者工作设施,仅2011年9月21日至30日,北草坪大楼第1会议室设有记者区。", "新闻", "新闻部向媒体、非政府组织和一般公众提供各种服务。", "电话分机", "主管传播和新闻事务副秘书长", "赤阪清也先生", "新闻和媒体司司长", "斯特凡·杜贾里克先生", "新闻和内容副主任", "亚历克思·陶克奇先生", "业务代理副主任", "米凯勒·杜巴赫女士", "联合国网址服务科(联合国网站信息,www.un.org)", "处长", "马布卜·艾哈迈德先生 M-16043", "新闻事务科(联合国新闻中心,www.un.org/news)", "代理处长", "莉迪亚·洛本塔尔女士", "新闻处", "代理处长", "科林特·菲尼亚普·恩金加先生", "会议报道科(新闻稿)", "英语:www.un.org/en/unpress", "法文: www.un.org/fr/unpress", "代理处长", "道格拉斯·汉德先生 Y", "媒体核证和联络股", "www.un.org/media/accreditation 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2013-12-02.", "代理处长", "伊莎贝尔·布罗耶女士 L-0248C", "3.6937", "媒体文档 中间", "页:1", "西尔维·科恩女士", "无线电科", "处长", "(瓦坎特语)", "电视科科长Chaim Litewski先生", "视听事务科", "处长", "刘学范先生 3.2123 IN-0512B", "战略传播司", "司长", "德博拉·苏厄德女士 M-16019", "传播运动处", "处长", "玛格丽特·诺维奇女士 M-16026", "新闻中心处", "处长", "卡罗琳·舒勒-乌卢克女士 M-16020", "外联司", "司长", "马希尔·纳赛尔先生 DC2-0852", "伙伴关系和公众参与副主任", "新闻委员会", "秘书", "拉穆·达莫达兰先生", "行政和管理副主任", "莱娜·迪辛女士 DC2-858", "新闻稿、发言的分发", "会议报道科编写:", "二. 支助 在联合国总部举行的大多数公开会议的新闻稿摘要通常在会议结束后数小时内以英文和法文提供。", "• 关于在世界其他地方举行的联合国各种会议的新闻稿。 这些新闻稿也载有背景资料,但并非正式记录,供新闻媒体使用。", "• 英文新闻稿可在联合国网站查阅:www.un.org/en/unpress/。", "二. 支助 法国新闻稿见www.un.org/fr/unpress/。", "媒体文件中心(SA-1B-15,电话分机:3.7166)。", "经认可的记者可从上述办公室获得新闻稿、文件、新闻资料袋和其他联合国材料。", "各代表团如想向特派记者提供发言稿或新闻稿,请将25份副本送至上述地址,向媒体分发。 这些案文必须注明日期,并用代表团的信头印发。", "希望(在大会一般性辩论、特别会议或总部其他重大活动期间)发言的代表团请尽早将发言稿发至[email protected]。", "有关联合国事态发展的最新消息可在联合国新闻中心www.un.org/news上查阅。 该中心还提供电子邮件新闻服务和RSS接口。 “全球问题”网页提供关于30个主要专题的一站式信息(www.un.org/en/globalissues)。 联合国常驻代表团街道和电子邮件地址、电话号码和传真号码清单见www.un.org/en/成员。", "视听网页www.unmultimedia.org提供联合国电台的音频新闻档案、视频产品和照片。 联合国网站还提供研究工具和联合国系统其他部门主页的链接。", "详情可向网络服务科(电话分机:3.0780)索取。", "记者、电影和电视工作人员及摄影师的核证和联络", "媒体核证和联络股(L-0248室,电话分机:3.6937/4,传真:3.4642)除核证和联络外,还提供下列服务:", "• 记者席的座位(空间允许),以观察大会、安全理事会和其他会议。 视像媒体成员可获得工作间,报道会议和其他活动;", "• 在国家元首或政府首脑访问期间安排集体报道。 准许电影/电视摄制人员和摄影师进行地点拍摄。 这些请求应事先以书面形式提出,并传真至212 963 4642或电子邮件至:[email protected]。", "宣传运动和协调中心", "战略传播司. 司长办公室(M-16019室,电话分机:3.6867)。 该司发展和协调关于优先问题的战略宣传运动,包括联合国主要会议和纪念活动。 详情请与传播运动处处长接洽(M-16026室,电话分机:7.3214)。 新闻部的一些专题网站如下:", "• 联合国系统千年发展目标工作网关:www.un.org/millenniumgoals/", "• 联合国系统气候变化工作网关:www.un.org/climatechange/", "• 联合起来制止对妇女暴力行为:www.un.org/en/women/endviolence", "出版物", "以上内容可在www.un.org查阅。", "《国际法院规约》(见www.un.org/en/documents/charter)", "《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》和《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》)", "新闻部的一些出版物开列如下:", "专题出版物", "• 《非洲复兴》(季刊)", "• M-16031室,电话分机:3.6857或3.6833 传真:212 963 4556 电子邮件:[email protected]", "• www.un.org/africarenewal", "• 和平与安全最新情况", "关于联合国维持和平、建设和平、建立和平和裁军工作的事实和数字、背景说明和其他材料。", "• M-16030室,电话分机:3.4481/3.0707 传真:212 963 9737 电子邮件:[email protected]", "• www.un.org/peace(和平)", "• 联合国和巴勒斯坦问题", "关于1947年至今联合国作用的小册子。", "• M-16028室,电话分机:3.4353 传真:212 963 4556", "• www.un.org/Depts/dpa/qpal", "机构出版物", "• 《联合国纪事》(季刊)", "联合国系统关切的问题和活动", "二. 支助 DC1-0904C室,电话分机:3.5124", "传真:917 367 6075", "电子邮件:[email protected]", "• www.un.org/chronicle", "• 《联合国年鉴》:(年度简编)", "涵盖联合国系统所有主要活动,并包括大会、安全理事会和经济及社会理事会决议全文。", "• IN-0910室,电话分机:3.4851 传真:212 963 8013 电子邮件:[email protected]", "• 《联合国概况》", "全面参考工具,概述整个联合国系统的历史和正在作出的努力。", "• IN-0912室,电话分机:3.8275 传真:212 963 8013 电子邮件:[email protected]", "• 60种联合国发挥作用的方法", "通过简短和具体的例子,这一在线出版物清楚地说明了1945年至今天联合国系统的一些最重要成就和活动。", "• IN-0912室,电话分机:3.8275 传真:212 963 8013 电子邮件:[email protected]", "• www.un.org/un60/60ways", "• 《联合国简报》", "二. 支助 IN-0522A室,电话分机:3.4137 传真:212 963 2591 电子邮件:[email protected]", "• www.un.org/Overview/brief.html", "• 形象与现实:经常问及的关于联合国的问答", "二. 支助 IN-0522A室,电话分机:3.4137 传真:212 963 2591 电子邮件:[email protected]", "• www.un.org/geninfo.ir/index.html。", "• 新闻部/非政府组织简报最新情况和网站", "• GA-37室,电话分机:3.7234、3.7232、3.7233", "• www.un.org/dpi/ngosection", "• 《与新闻部有联系的非政府组织名录》(在线出版物)", "• GA-37室,电话分机:3.7234、3.7232、3.7233", "• www.un.org/dpi/ngosection", "• 《联合国一览》", "• GA-057室,电话分机:3.4475 传真:212 963 0071", "• www.un.org/aboutun", "新闻部出版物的销售", "新闻部旗舰出版物可在书店、在线零售商、联合国书店和联合国出版物电子商务网站(www.un.org/publications)出售。", "广播和电视服务及设施", "新闻和媒体司制作许多产品,并提供各种服务,包括提供一些有限的广播和电视设施,供代表和经认可的记者使用。 所有产品均可从www.unmultimedia.org或上述各自的URL地址获得。", "联合国电台", "联合国电台每周以六种正式语文(葡萄牙语和斯瓦希里语)制作有关本组织全球活动的新闻内容和专题节目,供世界各地的广播公司使用。 这些新闻报道可在联合国网站(http://www.unmultimedia.org/radio/english/)上收听。 网站上还有以官方语言以及孟加拉语、法语-克里奥尔语、印地语、印度尼西亚语和乌尔都语制作的每周节目。 无线电播音室有限,请与联合国电台联系,电话分机:3.7732或3.7005。", "本组织主要机构会议发言的录音可以数字格式下载,网址是:www.unmultimedia.org/radio/library。 如需询问,请洽音频图书馆(IN‐0503C/D室,电话分机:3.9272或3.9269,传真:212-963-4501,电子邮件:[email protected])。", "音频档案材料由广播和会议支助科(L-B1-30室,电话分机:3.9485)处理,可收取复制费。", "联合国电视台", "联合国电视台每天提供在纽约联合国总部举行的会议和特别活动的实况转播。 联合国电视台的报道发给国际新闻联合体——APTN、路透社、欧洲广播联盟(EBU),并转播诸如Ascent Media/Waterfront和The Switch等组织。 如需询问,请洽电视新闻和设施股(GA-027B室,电话分机:3.7650,电子邮件:[email protected])。 联合国电视台的每日节目也每天通过www.un.org/webcast实况网播。", "联合国电视广播平台播放高质量的录像文件,介绍联合国各种问题的突发新闻和专题报道。 可从www.unmultimedia.org/tv/unifeed/上以PAL和NTSC两种格式下载,并通过APTN的全球视频网每天两次(格林尼治平时2145-2155格林尼治平时0145-0155格林尼治平时)提供给广播公司。", "也向代表和广播机构出售联合国电视台报道大会和安全理事会会议和其他活动的录像带。 价格因材料是在事件发生之前还是之后订购而异. 目前联合国电视台的报导和1945年的档案影片和录像材料可以用NTSC DVD和NTSC Betacam订购。 特许权使用费、转让费和筛选费酌情收取;运费和交货费由请求方承担。 如需询问,请洽录像和电影资料室(GA-2BS35A室,电话分机:3.0656和3.1561,传真:212-963-4501/3460,电子邮件:[email protected])。", "如有工作室设施,可安排采访或陈述以及卫星传送,由请求人向外部提供者支付费用。 预订申请必须事先提出. 如需询问,请洽电视新闻和设施股(GA-027B室,电话分机:3.7650,电子邮件:[email protected])。", "联合国录像", "电视科制作有关联合国及其专门机构工作的新闻报道和教育录像。 联合国在世界各地的办事处可以以适当的标准和格式提供其中许多录像。 如需询问,请洽视听推广和分发股(IN-0503E室,电话分机:3.6939或3.6982,传真:212-963-6869,电子邮件:[email protected])。", "联合国照片", "记录联合国正式会议和联合国有关各种问题的活动的照片可在www.unmultimedia.org/photo下载。 照片不得用于广告. 如需询问,请洽照片图书馆(IN-0506A室,电话分机:3.6927、3.0034,传真:212-963-1658和963-3430;电子邮件:[email protected])。", "联合国新闻中心网络提供的服务", "新闻中心处(M-16020室,电话分机:3.1072)(http://unic.un.org)。", "总部各办事处提供的许多服务也提供给个别会员国。 新闻部目前在世界各地设有63个新闻中心和新闻处,包括日内瓦和维也纳的新闻服务、布鲁塞尔的区域新闻中心和八个联合国办事处的新闻部门。", "向民间社会提供的服务", "经社理事会", "非政府组织 经济和社会事务部组织科(DC1-1480室,电话分机:3.3192)是具有经济及社会理事会咨商地位的非政府组织的协调中心。", "新闻部", "新闻部外联司与全世界人民及其社区接触并对他们进行教育,鼓励支持联合国的理想和活动。 该司的伙伴关系和公众参与倡议与包括非政府组织、学术界、私营部门实体和一般公众在内的主要服务对象合作。", "由iSeek小组更新的“deleGATE”公共网站(www.un.int)向代表们介绍联合国总部的会议、选举、主要报告、文件、国际日、培训机会和活动。 它还包括联合国内联网iSeek的内容。 密码保护网页提供大会各委员会管理的信息、联合国总部的电话簿和可查询的工作人员联系信息目录。 关于询问,电邮:[email protected]。", "宣传和特别活动组", "在外联司内,宣传和特别活动组的任务是创造机会来突出和解释联合国的工作和任务。 其中包括创意社区外联倡议、和平信使/善意大使。 方案;大屠杀和联合国外联方案以及特别活动,如联合国日音乐会。", "主任:Juan Carlos Brandt先生([email protected],电话:212-963-8070,传真:917 367 6075)。", "教育外联组", "教育外联组为各级教育的学生和教师制作并散发关于联合国的教材,以建立对本组织的长期支持。 该组为中学生和高中学生组织国际学生视频会议,并为世界各地的大学生组织年度全球模拟联合国会议。", "主任:Yvonne Acosta女士([email protected],电话:212-963-7214)", "电子邮件:[email protected]", "全球教学项目经理:William Yotive先生([email protected],212-963-1400)", "电子邮件:[email protected]", "http://www.cyberschoolbus.un.org", "全球模拟联合国:", "联合国", "联合国学术影响倡议", "联合国学术影响倡议将高等教育机构、奖学金和研究机构与联合国以及彼此协调,以解决联合国面临的优先问题,特别是千年发展目标。 它为与本组织工作有关的想法和倡议提供了一个联络点。", "网站:http://academic-impact.org", "脸书:www.facebook.com/ImpactUN", "电子邮件:学术影响@un.org", "拉穆·达莫达兰先生([email protected],电话分机:3.6173)", "非政府组织关系组", "非政府组织关系小组(电话分机:3.5320,新闻部/非政府组织资源中心,GA-37,电话分机:3.7232)向有关的非政府组织提供有关联合国工作的信息,包括联合国官员的简报。 它每年9月为非政府组织举办一次关于联合国一个重要主题的会议。", "出版物和编辑组", "出版物和编辑组(电话分机:3.4851)负责《联合国纪事》、《联合国年鉴》、《今日联合国》和《联合国发挥作用的60个方式》。 它通过其出版物,作为一个论坛,鼓励就全球问题进行辩论,并提供关于本组织活动的事实和准确的资料。", "展览委员会秘书处", "游客前厅的展览介绍联合国议程上的优先问题并遵循联合国展览委员会的准则。 详情请与委员会秘书接洽,电话:212 963 5455,传真:212 963 0077,电子邮件:[email protected]。", "来访事务", "导游:星期一至星期五上午9时30分至下午4时45分。 预定时间:212-963-4440或通过电子邮件:[email protected]。 15人或15人以上的团体需要预先预订。 每周一至周五上午9时45分至下午4时45分,星期六和周日上午10时至下午4时15分,以阿拉伯文、中文、英文、法文、俄文和西班牙文提供音频导游服务。", "团体节目/演讲者局(GA-0305室,电话分机:3.7710,电子邮件:[email protected])安排联合国总部官员为来访团体,包括教育机构、商业协会、政府代表、记者和民间社会团体作简报。", "公众问询(GA-057室,电话分机:3.4475,电子邮件:qui询@un.org)提供关于联合国及其活动的资料,以答复公众的询问并分发新闻材料。 专题概况介绍和常见问题的答复可在http://visit.un.org上查阅。", "纪念莱赫姆·法拉记者研究金方案", "方案协调员: Zvi Muskal先生([email protected],电话:917 367 5142)", "网址:www.un.org/en/media/fellowship/", "达格·哈马舍尔德图书馆", "第42街和第一大道交叉口", "星期一至星期五在秘书处工作时间开放。", "图书馆向各常驻代表团和联合国秘书处提供信息支助和协助,包括:", "以所有正式语文编写的联合国文件和出版物以及以英文和法文编写的国际联盟文件。", "还提供下列电子和印刷品:", "二. 支助 专门机构、政府和其他来源的资源", "二. 支助 来自商业来源的在线信息", "• 关于联合国以及与当前联合国工作方案有关的问题的出版物", "• 统计数据", "二. 支助 工作表地图和地图集", "图书馆一楼(L-0105)、北草坪分馆(NL-02006)、经济和社会事务图书馆(DC2-1143)、法律图书馆(M-10004)和地图图书馆(DN-2436)设有在线研究工作站。 所有地点都有无线因特网接入。", "达格·哈马舍尔德图书馆的信息产品", "联合国书目信息系统(书目信息系统:http://unbisnet.un.org)是图书馆藏书的指南,可供查阅联合国文件和出版物,包括大会、安全理事会和经社理事会会议期间的表决记录和发言。", "记录上的联合国会员国(www.un.org/Depts/dhl/unms/)提供关于个别会员国在联合国的工作和行动的信息。", "图书馆主页(www.un.org/Depts/dhl)载有关于服务和收藏的资料,并提供下列参考工具:", "(a) 联合国脉冲:提醒注意刚刚发布的联合国在线信息,包括主要报告、出版物和文件;", "(b) 《联合国文件研究指南》(www.un.org/Depts/dhl/resguide/):联合国文件和出版物概览,就如何找到和与之合作提供指导,并向研究人员介绍联合国主要活动领域。", "代表团培训", "图书馆提供下列培训:", "正式文件系统", "可根据需要安排定制的方案和辅导会,以适应具体的需要和利益。 培训持续进行,向所有代表和政府官员开放。 详情请上图书馆网站或联系[email protected]。", "联合国收藏图书馆", "图书馆协调145个会员国和领土的370多所联合国托存图书馆网络。", "托存图书馆协调员(电话分机:3.7444;[email protected])", "联系人", "可向下列服务点查询:", "电话分机. 传真室", "参考资料服务 3.7412 3.8861 L-0105", "电子邮件:[email protected]", "服务台/贷款服务", "电子邮件:[email protected]", "图书馆间借出", "电子邮件:[email protected]", "北草坪分会 3.1635 NL-2006", "地图图书馆 3.7425 3.2608 DN-2436", "电子邮件:[email protected]", "法律图书馆 M-10004", "电子邮件:[email protected]", "经济和社会事务图书馆", "3.8727 7.6030 DC2-1143 (英语).", "电子邮件:[email protected]", "电子信息资源", "3.7448 3.2608 DNA-2424", "电子邮件:[email protected]", "地图和地理信息服务", "维持和平行动部制图科制作带有基本地理信息的小型地图,供会员国和联合国各部门和机构使用。 关于其他服务的详情,请访问www.un.org/Depts/Cographic/english/htmain.htm。 地图图书馆(电话分机:3.7425,DN-2436室)提供制图信息服务以及国旗规格。", " V. 向代表团提供的设施和服务", "联合国总部目前正在进行广泛的翻修,称为基本建设总计划。 在该项目于2014年完成之前,向代表提供的某些设施和服务将受到限制或撤销,许多服务将暂时搬迁到联合国总部附近的其他空间。", "虽然将尽一切努力确保继续提供设施和服务,但某些服务将受到正在建设的影响,包括:", "行人和车辆进入建筑群", "餐厅", "休息室设施", "邮政服务", "停车场停放", "银行设施", "报摊和礼品店设施", "最不发达国家代表团出席大会届会的应享旅费", "根据大会第2128(XX)、2245(XXI)、2489(XXIII)、2491(XXIX)、41/176、41/213、42/214、42/225第六节、43/217第九节和45/248第十三节所修正的大会第1798(XVII)号决议,联合国在下列情况下应支付旅费,但不支付生活费:", "(a) 被指定为最不发达国家的每一会员国不超过五名代表,包括候补代表,出席大会常会;", "(b) 上文(a)分段所述会员国的一名代表或副代表出席大会特别会议或特别紧急会议;", "(c) 在纽约的常驻代表团成员被指定为出席大会届会的代表或副代表的旅行,但此种旅行须在上文(a)和(b)分段所述限度内,经常驻代表证明与该届会议的工作有关,且旅行应在该届会议之前或之后三个月内进行。 一届会议的应享待遇不得因该届会议休会和续会而增加。", "联合国支付的旅费将限于实际旅行的费用。", "报销额限于会员国首都至总部之间最直接路线的往返旅费,最多为代表团团长一张头等舱机票;超过9小时的空中旅行最多四张头等舱机票;或经认可出席大会该届会议的代表团其他成员在9小时以下的空中旅行最多四张经济舱机票。", "全部或部分旅程涉及海上或铁路旅行时,除实际费用较少外,报销应限于上述空中旅行费用。", "依照《支付联合国机关或附属机构旅费和生活津贴规则》(1991年3月25日ST/SGB/107/Rev.6)的规定,有权报销交通费的代表团可填写F-56号表格(会员国代表公务旅行报销凭单)。 这种报销必须附有原始收据、账单、凭单、用过的票根和登机证。 根据联合国账户司的一项指示,对会员国的所有付款将通过电子资金转账方式支付。 因此,在提交F.56索赔时,还应列入常驻代表团的银行账户资料。 如果接到请求,联合国将尽可能安排从会员国首都到会议地点的交通;为此目的,各代表团应发一份“普通照会”,说明旅行者的名和姓及其出生日期、抵达和离开纽约的日期,并附上旅行者和(或)纽约联系人的传真号码和电子邮件地址。 联合国将不受理在索赔所涉机关或附属机构会议闭幕后一年的12月31日之前提出的旅费报销申请。", "报销申请、发票申请和旅行应享待遇查询应针对:", "执行干事", "管理事务部", "L-0330室", "联 合 国", "纽约,N.Y.10017", "电话:212 963 6580", "传真:212 963 3283", "旅行服务", "美国快铁(主线:917 367 6280) 接驳线: (电话分机:7.3514)", "位于FF大楼2楼", "东45街304号(一大道和二大道之间)", "开放时间:上午8时30分至下午6时", "纽约联合国公务旅行机构将尽可能地协助各代表团安排旅行、购票和预订旅馆。", "代表衣帽间", "大会大楼代表入口(一楼)", "开放时间:星期一至星期五上午9时至下午7时,10月至5月。", "代表可使用衣帽间。 联合国对留在衣帽间的钱、珠宝、可转让票据和其他贵重物品不负责。 此类贵重物品应取出存放的物品.", "各地也设有自助设施;联合国对留在这些地区的物品不负责,并贴出这方面的标志。", "代表休息室", "北草坪大楼(一楼)", "从大会第六十六届会议第一天(即2011年9月13日)起至2011年12月休会,请代表团成员不要邀请代表与会。 除持有有效联合国身份证明的人外的休息室人员。", "默思室", "大会大楼入口层西北端", "开放时间:星期一至星期五上午8时至下午4时45分。", "该地区的安保主管将协助进入房间。", "代表静室", "在大会大楼(地下一层,毗邻目前的安全理事会临时区)", "餐厅和食堂设施", "代表餐厅", "秘书处前厅(南配楼一楼南侧)", "代表餐厅的行政自助餐从上午11时30分至下午2时30分开放(电话分机:3.7625或3.7626)。", "代表餐厅将在大会第六十六届会议期间临时开放六周,从2011年9月19日至2011年10月28日。 有限的住所不允许在整个期间对桌子进行整块预订。", "私人午宴——可为10名或10名以上来宾的宴会提供单独的餐厅。 为确保这些设施可供使用,请代表团成员提前两周预订。 安排和菜单应与联合国饮食供应事务处(电话分机:3.7029或3.7099)协调。", "10岁以下儿童不能在代表处住宿。 饭厅. 代表不得拍照. 任何时候都需要穿好衣服。", "招待会或活动——希望于晚上在总部举行招待会或活动的代表应通过联合国饮食供应事务处(电话分机:3.7029或3.7099)作出必要安排。", "在发出正式邀请时,应尽可能提前作出一切安排。 邀请卡应规定客人必须在访客处出示邀请卡。 进入,然后通过磁强计。 客人还必须在接待室入口处出示邀请卡。 客人名单和邀请书样本应在接待前及早提交警卫和安全处处长(U-202C室)。", "主要餐厅", "秘书处大楼(南配楼一楼,南侧)", "开放时间:星期一至星期五上午8时至下午4时(非大会期间)。", "开放时间:星期一至星期五上午8时至下午6时(大会期间)。", "星期六和星期日不开放。", "早餐 -- -- 上午8时至10时", "午餐——上午11时30分至下午2时30分", "(原始内容存档于2017-10-21). Snacks/coffee——开通时间.", "菜单包括每日特餐、面食、脱脂三明治、沙拉棒和烤盘上的菜肴。", "工作人员咖啡馆", "因基本建设总计划而关闭", "咖啡店", "大会大楼(汇合层)", "开放时间:星期一至星期六(除2011年9月17日和24日外)上午8时45分至下午4时45分。", "奥地利咖啡馆", "北草坪大楼(二楼)", "开放时间:星期一至星期五上午8时至下午6时。", "代表来宾", "上午9时至下午4时45分在正常工作时间会见代表的无陪同来宾或来访者将指示如下:", "到访客那里去 入口位于46街,在进入大会大楼或北草坪大楼前经过安全检查区;", "在访客前厅存有照片的身份证,出门前取回;", "来访服务台的值班工作人员将作出安排与代表联系。 无人陪同的来宾或访客将领取客人通行证,必须随时佩戴. 此外,他们需要随时由代表团成员陪同,在出发前往问讯处时护送他们回访客大厅,并交换来宾通行证取出他们的官方照片身份证。", "供代表使用的复印机", "在下列地点有供代表使用的复印机:", "北草坪大楼和代表休息室二楼01033室(A、B、C、D楼)。", "大会堂西墙旁边,文件分发台附近。", "音响加固系统", "广播和会议支助科,电子邮件:[email protected](L-B1-30室,电话分机:3.9485)。", "有关声音加固系统(麦克风、扩音器、扬声器等)的书面请求应向上述地址提出。", "录音记录", "广播和会议支助科传真:3.3103,电子邮件:[email protected](GA-1B-13C室,电话分机:3.7658或3.9485)。", "该科保存所有全体会议、主要委员会和委员会的录音记录。", "除非公开会议外,还可提供录音记录的副本。 主席或秘书可向科长书面说明复制非公开会议录音的理由。 命令在上述地址接受。", "视频投影", "广播和会议支助科,电子邮件:[email protected](L-B1-30室,电话分机:3.9485)。", "多标准录像机、DVD播放器、电视机和录像放映机可先到先收。 由于可用的设备数量有限,需要提前一天通知。 应向上述地址提出书面请求。", "视频会议", "广播和会议支助科(L-B1-30室,电话分机:3.9485,电子邮件:[email protected])。", "国际视像会议可以从联合国总部的若干地点举行。 此项服务需要书面申请。", "邮件和送信服务", "邮件操作 该股向各代表团提供下列服务:", "分发代表团拟在秘书处内部分发的公文。 请各代表团将邮件送到位于服务道的6X光站,电话:212 963 9431。", "处理联合国秘书处给各代表团的邮件。 请各代表团在上午7时30分至上午10时之间从GA-3B-710的代表团邮件收发处取取邮件。", "在大会主要会议期间提供信使服务。 服务仅限于会议室和大会堂内的区域。 地点:代表入口,电话:212-963-8744。", "计算机服务", "信息和通信技术厅向各代表团提供下列与计算机有关的服务:", "1. 联合国 因特网电子邮件——每个常驻代表团均可从信通厅获得数目不限的因特网电子邮件帐户。", "2. 会员国门户网站(“deleGATE”)——信通厅提供因特网网站www.un.int,作为会员国的“门户网站”,汇总纽约代表的所有相关信息。", "3个 网站服务——信通厅为常驻代表团提供的网站主机:www.un.int。", "4. 捐赠设备——信通厅向感兴趣的代表团捐赠回收的计算机设备。", "5 (韩语). 服务台支助——信通厅在正常联合国工作日上午9时30分至下午5时30分提供电话212 963 3157,协助信通厅提供服务。", "6. 国家 有因特网接入的计算机——信通厅在代表休息室为计算机提供因特网接入。", "7. 联合国 无线互联网接入——信通厅在大多数公共场所和会议室提供无线互联网接入(WiFi).", "欲了解上述服务的详情,请与代表团支助服务台联系,电话:212-963-3157;电子邮件:", "任务-支助@un.int.", "电信服务", "电话", "主数 :", "212 963 1234 (英语). 接线员在上午8时至下午8时之间的工作日中回复主要上市号码。 在所有其他时间,电话都转到安保部门。 在这两种情况下,外部打电话者都转到请求的人或延期。", "运算符 :", "从秘书处分机拨“0”。 接线员然后将呼叫连接到被请求的人或扩展名.", "联合国工作人员和事务处:", "数字从212 963 XXXX或917 367 开始。 如果一个打电话者在联合国秘书处大楼内,可通过拨打号码的最后5个数字(例如分别为3....或7....)来拨打这些号码。", "联合国秘书处可提供以下服务:", "在开发计划署。", "儿童基金会。", "人口基金数字分机。", "各位代表:", "或 212 963 8741。 (简体中文)", "问讯处和代表用扩音系统呼救。", "驻代表处 休息室先拨“9”再拨10位数的电话号码。", "联合国邮政管理处", "大会大楼汇合层(电话分机:3.7698)", "营业时间为3月至12月每周七天的上午9时至下午5时. 1月和2月期间周末关闭。", "邮票和集邮销售", "联合国邮票可在联合国邮政管理处销售柜台为邮资和集邮目的购买。 该柜台提供邮寄邮件的便利。", "集邮办公室(GA 35/36室,电话分机:3.7684)", "提供邮票和其他集邮物品的邮购服务。 联合国邮票以美元、瑞士法郎和欧元等三种货币发行,仅适用于分别从纽约联合国总部、日内瓦万国宫和维也纳国际中心邮寄的邮票。", "个性化邮票店", "大会大楼主楼(电话分机:7-4070)", "开放时间:上午9时至下午5时(每周七天),3月至12月", "(1月和2月周末关闭).", "联合国的个性化邮票方案使你能够将自己的相片形象与联合国邮票结合起来。 有10个或20个邮票。", "邮政局——美国邮政局分局.", "由于基本建设总计划导致秘书处大楼关闭,美国联合国邮政局于2010年8月27日下班后关闭。 这是在秘书处大楼重新启用之前的一项临时措施,预计2013年初启用。", "美国邮政局继续在图多尔市联合国总部附近以及47街和2大道一角经营零售设施.", "大中央站的邮局(45街和列克星敦大道)也提供专门的邮政服务,如认证邮件.", "联合国邮政管理处(邮管处)将继续在地下一层游客前厅运作,以购买联合国邮票、明信片并邮寄基本的国内和国际信件(仅使用邮管处邮票)。 邮管处柜台没有专门的邮政服务。", "停车", "下文提供的关于出入安排和预留区停车的资料因施工而有变动。 联合国将通过广播电子邮件通知所有用户任何更改。", "停车场管理处(训研所大楼,U-210室,电话分机:3.6212/3)", "停车场管理处将安排各代表团申请并领取停车标记。 所有申请均需经代表团授权签字并加盖代表团印章。", "向个别代表登记的车辆的停车证:须向礼宾和联络处(NL-02058室,电话:212 963 7172)提交附有有效车辆登记和当前联合国身份证的申请。 申请书经礼宾和联络处核证后,应亲手送交停车场管理处处理。 每个代表只发给一个标记,供“D”牌照车辆使用。 虽然可以列出多辆车,但任何特定时间只能允许一辆车停车. 标记只发给正式派驻联合国的代表团成员。", "向代表团登记的车辆:申请须有代表团授权签字并附有代表团印章并附有有效车辆登记簿,并直接提交停车场管理处处理。", "每个代表团只为常驻代表的车辆发放一个特别停车证,允许进入43街大门。 车辆使用上的任何变化都必须反映在相应的标记上,因此应提交停车场管理处处理。", "观察员的标记 “蓝皮书”第三、第四和第五章所列的国家代表团、政府间组织和其他组织:申请须向礼宾和联络处提出,然后由停车场管理处采取适当行动。 向观察员国家代表团、政府间组织和其他组织发放停车标记仅限于享有外交地位的人。", "以代表团工作人员的名义注册的“S”牌照的车辆将无权在联合国大院内停车。", "大会第六十六届会议临时身份证(浅橄榄绿):常驻代表团可申请临时身份证,以接纳从老牌公司和善意公司租用的车辆,供正式出席会议的代表、来访要人和外交官使用。 这些标记的入场地点是43街大门,仅供下车/上车,没有停车特权。 申请表可向停车场管理处办公室索取,然后连同租赁协议副本一并提交安保特别事务股(L-0113H室)审核后再提交停车场管理处签发。", "停车标记必须突出显示,在入境点和车辆停在联合国时,警卫和停车场管理处工作人员可以清楚地看到。 没有或展示有效标记的车辆可能被拖出房舍。", "在发放新的大会届会的标记之前,以前发给各代表团的所有标记都必须退回停车场管理处。 此外,代表离开总部的标记必须在代表离开前退还停车场管理处。 车辆使用上的任何变化都必须反映在相应的标记上,因此应提交停车场管理处处理。", "拖欠停车费超过三个月的任何代表的停车特权:根据大会第39/236号决议第二节,将暂停停车特权。 一旦拖欠款项全部付清,将恢复特权。 代表离开前,应同停车场管理处联系,结清任何未付款项。", "配有联合国外交牌照并具有本届大会有效证件标记的代表团车辆停放:这些车辆可在代表办理公务时免费在联合国停车场的A、B、C道和D道半南端指定区域停放。 总部的基本建设总计划翻修项目已影响到停车场空间,因此请你确保所有指定的外交停车区在其他地方停车前都填满。 由于基本建设总计划在停车场内不同地区的施工需要临时关闭最多20个停车位,以便进行相关的安装、拆除或拆除。 因此,您需要随时可以搬走您的车辆。 还应当指出,预计大会第六十六届会议期间会出现交通拥堵现象,并在可能的情况下应考虑采用其他运输方式。 如果没有,则预计会出现更多的入境延误。", "不允许过夜停车。 经代表团向停车场管理处提出书面请求后,将核准对代表团登记数目有限的车辆实行豁免。 过夜费为每晚2.50元. 每月月底后不久向特派团发出这项服务的发票。 这些发票收到后即应付款,并应以现金或支票结算,这些现金或支票应支付给“联合国”向联合国停车场管理处转交付款,地址是:联合国广场801号,U-210室,纽约,N.Y.10017。 请注意,凡未经核准而在联合国停车场停留24小时以上的车辆,将受到违反规定行为的影响。 三次违规将取消停车特权。", "进入战场", "第一大道的秘书处入口:", "(a) 贴有特别标签的常驻代表车辆。 上车的所有乘客都必须出示有效的联合国身份证。", "(b) 已发给特别标记的租用车辆,只允许上下下车。 不允许这些车辆在联合国房地停车。", "第48次会议 出入口:供所有其他带有标记的车辆使用。 代表团车辆进入房地时需接受安全检查。", "出入停车场", "司机驾驶的汽车,如贴有发给常驻代表的特别标签,可使用43街出入口的坡道进入停车场。", "司机应留在停车场第一层的候召室。 需要司机时,请向大会大楼代表入口处的警卫。", "损失和损害的赔偿责任", "在安排提供停车设施时,联合国设法为各代表团提供方便。 停车场使用者被警告说,停车场内发生了盗窃和破坏行为,因为不可能一直监视所有车辆。 联合国不保证或保证停车场内车辆或财产的安全,用户承认并接受联合国不能保证停车场内任何车辆或车辆内财产的安全。", "当地交通", "联合国不向代表团提供汽车。 建议需要当地交通的代表团自行安排。", "联合国训练研究所", "训研所,日内瓦万国宫", "训研所 纽约办事处:1 United Nations Plaza(DC1- Room 603) 电话:212 963 9196 传真:212 963 9686 电子邮件:[email protected] 网站:www.unitar.org/ny 办公室主任:伊冯娜·洛迪科女士", "研究所于1966年开始运作,活动主要支助培训派驻纽约联合国的外交官。", "1. 设立训研所是为了通过广泛的培训和研究“提高联合国实现本组织主要效力的效力”(训研所章程)。 作为联合国系统内的一个自主机构,研究所已成为向会员国国家和地方政府官员以及民间社会和私营部门代表提供短期行政培训的主要提供者,每年向全世界约25 000名受益者提供培训。", "在纽约的联合国,训研所提供多边外交培训,协助代表们在联合国有效开展工作并应对当代的全球挑战。 全年开设的课程简明扼要,可进入,直接涉及代表在联合国的工作量。 其重点是:联合国系统及其运作;国际法律和政策;和平与安全;移徙;谈判;联合国改革和可持续发展。 有些课程在网上提供;大多数课程是通过面对面学习提供的。 大多数课程是收费的,但发展中国家和最不发达国家可以免收费用。 年度课程日历见www.unitar.org/ny。", "研究所由政府、政府间组织、基金会和其他非政府来源的自愿捐款支助。", "联合国国际学校(国际学校)成立于1947年", "主要校园地点: 第25街和东河 (曼哈顿)", "附属设施地点:牙买加地产区克罗伊登道173-53号(皇后区)", "助理秘书长办公室。 负责新闻处的秘书长特别代表:DC1-646室,电话:212 963 8729,传真:212 963 1276,电子邮件:[email protected]。", "联合国国际学校(联合国国际学校)是在联合国主持下建立的,其宗旨是扩大联合国的宗旨,即共同工作与游戏的人也将共同谈判。 它主要为联合国工作人员和代表团人员的子女服务。 委员会还欢迎来自国外和美国的有限儿童入学,使所有人都能接受均衡的教育。", "主校区:从幼儿园到高中毕业(国际学士学位)。", "附属设施:幼儿园至八年级。", "英语是正常的教学语言,但所有学生都学习法语或西班牙语,课程中包括其他联合国正式语文以及德语、意大利语和日语。 如有要求,也提供母语教学。 国际教职员工和学生所讲的多种语言提供了丰富的文化机会。 大力强调以对能力高而英语尚不流利的学生有效的方式教授科学. 为此,特别注意现代学习设备、计算器、计算机等。", "学习标准很高。 高中是纽约地区提供国际学士学位的少数教育机构之一,该学位获得者有资格在美国和国外的学院就读. 学校被纽约州摄政委员会特许为私立学校,获得国际学校理事会的认可并被法国政府承认为2至5年级法语学生.", "曼哈顿旅游经常安排和预约。", "网址:www.unis.org", "招生部:", "212 584 3071,传真:212 685 5023", "电子邮件:[email protected]", "皇后区旅游也通过拨打718 658 6166,传真:718 658 5742来安排.", "其他资料、申请表和小册子可在DC1-646室索取,或拨打212 963 8729,传真:212 963 1276或电子邮件:[email protected]。", "城市联络", "Marjorie B. Tiven, 布拉德福德·比尔特专员, 副专员", "市长办公室", "纽约市联合国委员会", "领事使团和礼宾", "联合国广场2号,27楼,纽约,NY 10017", "电话:212 319 9300,传真:212 319 3430。", "纽约市非常珍视其拥有世界上最大的外交和领事团体的地位。 该委员会是纽约市与联合国、193个常驻代表团和112个领事馆之间的主要联络机构。 作为市长办公室的一个组成部分,委员会促进国际社会成员、地方、州和联邦政府以及纽约人之间的积极关系。 该委员会由下列司组成:", "外交和领事事务是外交和领事团体与纽约市各机构联系的渠道,这些机构能够协助解决在纽约市居住时遇到的问题。 其中包括与消费者事务、房地产、税收、商业交易和法律程序有关的法律调查,以及与纽约市生活有关的问题的一般信息援助。 该司还管理外交泊车方案。", "礼宾处招待国家元首/政府首脑、贵宾和其他要人。 该办公室是贵宾与市长就会议要求和活动邀请书的联络机构。", "国际商业通过协调与所有城市、州和联邦机构的互动,协助外国企业在纽约市建立业务。 提供的服务包括协助联系适当的银行机构、房地产供应商、建筑公司和保险实体。", "纽约市全球伙伴公司是一个免税非营利组织,与委员会合署办公。 其职能是通过纽约市与世界各地特定城市之间的商业,安全和文化交流来增进国际谅解.", "招待费", "联合国代表团招待委员会", "GA-101室(电话分机:3.7182或3.8751)", "该委员会是一个自负盈亏的非政治性私人组织,致力于帮助代表及其家人感到在纽约和周边地区受到欢迎。 志愿人员在美国家中安排节目,并参观博物馆、学校、医院、法院、私人艺术收藏机构和其他机构。 文化和公民活动的优待券经常提供。", "委员会还在其英语学校提供昼夜课程。 这些方案向与联合国有关的外交使团开放。 秋季和春季举行两会. 还提供专业英语的晚间课程。", "有关这些活动的信息也可从我们公布在www.hcund.org的每月日历上查阅。", "银行设施", "信得过. 价值. 信心无碍. 每一个机构都描述了联合国联邦信用社,这是1947年以来由我们的成员拥有的一个非营利性合作金融机构,他们是联合国及其专门机构的工作人员、退休人员及其家属。 联合国基金会提供各种灵活和量身定制的产品、财政解决方案和咨询服务,以满足全世界这一充满活力的社区的独特需要。 其中包括因特网银行业务、电子申报、电子网络、WebChat、24/7电话银行业务、保险、投资、抵押贷款和消费贷款产品,包括符合全球要求的EMV(Europay-MasterCard VISA)信用卡,个人身份证号码,以及一个微处理器芯片,为防范欺诈提供更大的保护,等等。 金融实力雄厚,会员股份由全国信用社股份保险基金参保25万元.", "详情请访问我们的网站:www.unfcu.org,或我们在纽约的一个分支机构,或设在维也纳、日内瓦、内罗毕和罗马的代表处。 电话347 686 600(国际免费电话号码可在我们的网站“联系我们”栏目下提供),Skype在UNFCU Skype,或使用WebChat(www.unfcu.org)与我们联系。 也可在电子邮件@unfcu.com上发电子邮件给我们。 请访问unfcu.org/facebook。", "联合会在纽约市的分会和联合会自动取款机地点:", "纽约", "纽约,纽约", "1楼和2楼入口,纽约州纽约市10017", "餐厅入口,纽约主楼,NY 10017(仅自动取款机)", "纽约一楼街10010号", "长岛市44路,NY 11101-4605", "F. 与内罗毕内罗毕办事处书记官处相邻的下层汇合层,肯尼亚内罗毕(仅自动取款机)。", "美利坚合众国、加拿大、联合王国、希腊、关岛、意大利、日本、波多黎各和西班牙境内方便、免费的非联合国海关组织自动取款机只是通过我们的分公司/自动取款机Locator www.unfcu.org点击。 请注意:一些自动取款机可能表明将适用附加收费。 请放心,由于联合国信用社联合会与CO-OP和Allpoint Networks的安排,您不会收取附加费。", "摩根法官 大通银行在联合国附近设有几个地点,有一个主要地点专门供联合国工作人员和外交官使用:", "大通银行 联合国广场1号 -- -- 第一大道和44街", "电话:212 740 7093 四台方便存放的自动取款机24小时可用", "提供中文、英文、法文、希腊文、意大利文、韩文、波兰文、葡萄牙文、俄文和西班牙文的友好自动取款机服务。 大通自动取款机卡可进入美国、加拿大和全世界15万个网络地点、NYCE-、MAC-X、Plus-X、Cirrus-X、Pulse-X、MasterCard-/Visa-X等现金机取出现金和查询余额。", "报摊", "位于礼品中心内的大会大楼(汇合层)。", "营业时间: 从3月到12月每周开放7天,从上午9时至下午5时. 1月和2月期间周末关闭。", "报纸和糖果物品。", "联合国书店", "大会大楼(汇合层)", "GA-32会议室", "电话:212 963 7680", "传真:212 963 4910", "电子邮件:[email protected]", "开放时间:星期一至星期五上午9时至下午5时30分。 周末为上午10时至下午5时30分。 1月和2月期间周末关闭。", "代表们有资格获得联合国出版物25%的折扣和3美元以上所有其他项目的10%的折扣。 订单也可上网查阅:www.un.org/bookshop。", "联合国出版物", "电子邮件:出版物@un.org", "网址:www.un.org/publications", "联合国出版物可在书店、在线零售商、联合国书店(见第98页)和联合国出版物电子商务网站(www.un.org/publications)上查阅。 受欢迎的联合国标题还有电子书籍和移动应用程序。 联合国发展业务处提供关于为联合国、会员国和世界主要发展机构所资助的项目提供产品和服务的机会的资料。", "处长", "瓦伦蒂娜·卡尔克女士 电话:3.8321", "电子邮件:[email protected]", "联合国发展业务", "电子邮件:[email protected]", "网址:www.devbusiness.com", "尼娜·勃兰特女士 电话:7.9110", "电子邮件:[email protected]", "联合国礼品中心", "大会大楼(汇合层)", "从3月到12月每周开放7天,从上午9时至下午5时. 1月和2月期间周末关闭。", "在所有采购中,代表凭有效的联合国身份证享受20%的折扣。", "请求使用联合国房地", "中央支助事务厅(DC2-2508室,电话分机:3.5569,传真:212 963 4168)", "主办活动:为了确保所有有关人员的安全,并鉴于使用设施的请求日益增多,请各常驻代表团代表尽量谨慎行事,确保这些活动非商业性,并符合联合国的原则和目标。 代表团应注意到,它们对它们可能主办的任何活动的内容和进行情况负责。", "代表联合国认可的非政府组织主办活动:特别是在这些场合,代表团代表应铭记,尽管活动的目的有其价值,但不得进行任何实质性活动,如通过决议、举行选举、颁奖或募捐,也不得举行任何仪式。", "管理部中央支助事务厅设施和商务司司长", "使用场地的申请,应当向上述司长提出. 一旦获得批准,代表团的一名高级成员必须出席和(或)主持整个会议或活动。 会议或活动引起的任何财务责任由赞助代表团全权负责。", "大会部大会和经社理事会事务司司长", "使用大会堂的请求应向大会部大会和经社理事会事务司司长提出。 每年9月至12月,除联合国日音乐会外,大会堂仅用于大会会议。", "关于申请使用会场、会议、特别活动和展览的详细程序,以及使用联合国场地会议和活动费用的标准、保险等,请见联合国文件ST/AI/416。", "残疾人设施", "洗手间: (1) 大会大楼地下一层,公共汇合处; (2) 在以前连接地下一层大会大楼和会议大楼的 \" 紧缺 \" 中;(3) 在大会堂后方;(4) 在北草坪大楼,每层。", "电梯可进入大会大楼一楼和北草坪大楼所有楼层。", "停机坪:位于46街和一大道的游客入口处,可进入大会大楼和北草坪大楼,并靠近大会大楼地下一层第8会议室。", "必要时提供进入会议室讲台的特别坡道。", "自动取款机方便取用,位于北草坪大楼一楼和二楼.", "助听设备:如要求连接会议室音频分发系统,请洽广播和会议支助科(BCSS),L-1B-30室,电话分机:3.9485或3.7453,电子邮件:[email protected]。 BCSS还可以为配有T-Switch的助听器出借颈骨感应回路.", "指数", "页:1", "银行设施", "书店 98", "4号楼通行证", "C级", "食堂 76", "城市联络", "民间社会,服务 61", "衣帽间 74", "与计算机有关的服务", "全权证书. 17", "D级", "餐厅 76", "残疾人,102个设施", "十三、文件设施................... 44", "页:1", "进口 4", "G级", "大 会 21", "礼品中心 100", "来宾", "页:1", "招待费 95", "一、导 言", "信息(电话和服务台地点) 第9条", "因特网(联合国网站) 50", "口译 39", "页:1", "《日刊》38", "L", "图书馆 66", "休息室 75", "联合国", "邮件和送信服务 80个", "地图和地理信息 69", "媒体服务 49", "医务 10", "默思室 75", "无", "报摊 98", "页:1", "停车 85", "复印机", "照片事务和设施", "邮政管理处 83", "21世纪大会主席", "第11号议定书", "新闻. 50", "公共关系 第62条", "出版物,销售 99", "Q 问", "静室 75", "区域", "广播和电视服务及设施", "会议记录(逐字记录、简要记录、更正) 第41条", "页:1", "席位安排 第37条", "警卫 7", "联合国新闻中心网络提供的服务 61", "录音记录 页:1", "音响加固系统 79", "发言(发言稿) 第43条", "秘书长发言人 49", "T级", "电信服务", "运输(当地) 89", "旅行应享权利 页:1", "旅行设施", "吴", "联合国训练研究所(训研所) 90 (韩语).", "联合国国际学校", "联合国房地,使用请求 100", "联合国电子设备的使用", "五、结 论", "电视会议 80", "视频投影 80", "11-43127(英)130911", "*1143127*", "[1] A/INF/66/4。", "[2] 大会第65/238号决议和A/INF/66/4。", "[3] 大会第65/160和A/INF/66/4号决议。", "[4] 大会第65/279和A/INF/66/4号决议。", "[5] 1 关于向大会提交决议草案的提示准则可上网查阅:www.un.org/ga/65/ress.shtml。", "[6] 维持和平行动部(维和部)、外勤支助部(外勤部)、新闻部(新闻部)、联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)、联合国最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处(最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处)、非洲问题特别顾问办公室(非洲顾问办)、负责儿童与武装冲突问题的秘书长特别代表办公室(儿童与武装冲突问题特别代表办公室)、负责联合国国际学校和经济和社会事务部(经社部)的秘书长特别代表办公室。", "[7] 大会和会议管理部(大会部)、管理事务部(管理部)、新闻部、秘书长办公厅(秘书长办公厅)、区域委员会纽约办事处和经社部。", "[8] DM.", "[9] 大会部和管理事务部。", "[10] 维和部、外勤部、大会部、管理部和新闻部。", "[11] 外勤部、维和部、管理事务部、政治事务部(政治部)、新闻部、安全和安保部、秘书长办公厅、人道主义事务协调厅(人道协调厅)、内部监督事务厅(监督厅)和法律事务厅(法律厅)。", "[12] 管理部、政治部和秘书长办公厅。", "[13] 裁军事务厅和维和部。", "[14] 联合国档案和记录管理科。", "[15] 管理部和EOSG.", "[16] 大会部(维也纳记录)。", "[17] 大会部、管理部、新闻部、安保部、法律厅、特别顾问办公室、约瑟夫·凡尔纳·里德和外部新闻办公室。", "[18] 新闻部(新闻和媒体司)和发言人办公室。", "[19] 大会部、政治部、新闻部、安保部、秘书长办公厅、大会主席办公室、行政和预算问题咨询委员会、气候变化支助小组和77国集团。", "[20] 申请表和正式填写的SG.6表格必须至少提前48个工作小时提交,以便适当核证和发放通行证。 已经进入电子系统的代表的出入证可由代表团一名持有适当证件的成员领取。 配偶将获得与校长相同的通行证。", "[21] 除非常特殊的情况外,在一般性辩论期间将限制发放礼宾通行证。 总部不发放会议日历所列会议的礼宾通行证。", "[22] 17 出席大会第六十六届会议的代表团名单将于2011年12月底在正式文件系统上公布。 代表团暂定名单见一般性辩论开始时礼宾和联络处网站www.un.int/protocol。", "[23] 1 CandiWeb(https://eroom.un.org/eRoomASP/DigChooseClient.asp)是提供本届会议候选人名单(大会非正式工作文件)信息的网页。", "[24] 2 各主要委员会的与会者名单由每个主要委员会印发(A/INF/66/2)。", "[25] 3 裁军审议委员会同第一委员会密切合作,并有关于裁军和国际安全问题的类似议程项目。", "[26] * 纽约办事处。", "[27] * 纽约办事处。", "[28] * 纽约办事处。", "[29] * 纽约办事处。", "[30] * 例如,英语的正常速度为每分钟100到120个字.", "[31] A/65/150或A/65/251。 在大会开会期间,如果要求分发的议程项目分配给某一个委员会,则来文将具有各主要委员会的文号。" ]