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Damián Massanet was a Spanish Franciscan priest who co-founded the College of Santa Cruz de Querétaro, the first missionary college in New Spain. Biography --------- Not much is known of Massanet's early life, but he is trusted to have been born in Majorca. After traveling to New Spain, Massanet was one of the Franciscan priests who founded the College of Santa Cruz in what is present day Querétaro, Mexico, in 1683. He would later establish Mission San Bernardino de la Caldera near the Coahuila–Nuevo León border. In April 1689, Massanet accompanied Alonso De León, the governor of Coahuila, on his fourth and final expedition in search of Fort St. Louis, which had been abandoned by the French by that time. The following year, after having been named comisario for the planned East Texas missions, he assisted in the creation of Mission San Francisco de los Tejas. Later that year saw the establishment of Mission Santísimo Nombre de María, also near the Neches River. Massanet would soon leave East Texas due to a disagreement with De León over the size of the military contingent at San Francisco de los Tejas. He would return to the region in 1691, but would continue to challenge authority; one such incident involved his unwillingness to provide horses to Domingo Terán de los Ríos, the first governor of Spanish Texas, for his return voyage to Mexico. In October 1693, after problems such as crop failure, floods, supply shortages, and hostilities with the Nabedache, who blamed the Europeans for bringing epidemics such as smallpox to the region, Massanet and the remaining priests chose to bury San Francisco de los Tejas's cannon and bells, and burned and abandoned the site. The party would reach Monclova in February 1694, at which point Massanet was asked by the viceroy to propose new sites for missions in Coahuila. He declined, noting that, without proper support, such efforts would be a failure similar to that seen at San Francisco de los Tejas. Massanet would later return to Querétaro, and it is surmised that he spent the remainder of his life there.
Decisive battle between Qara Qoyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu Turkomans \| * v * t * e Campaigns of Uzun Hassan \| \| --- \| \| * Diyarbakir * River Kelkit * Şebinkarahisar * 1st Georgia * Hasankeyf * 2nd Georgia * Kharput * Chapakchur * Qarabagh * Karaman * Tercan * Otlukbeli * 3rd Georgia \| The Battle of Chapakchur (Turkish:Sancak Muharebesi; Azerbaijani:Səncəq döyüşü) was a decisive battle fought between Qara Qoyunlu (Black Sheep Turkomen) under the leadership of Jahan Shah and Aq Qoyunlu (White Sheep Turkomen) under the leadership of Uzun Hasan. Jahan Shah was defeated by Uzun Hasan in a battle near the sanjak of Çapakçur in present-day eastern Turkey on October 30 (or November 11), 1467. Background ---------- The conflict between Qara Qoyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu had reached its zenith under the leadership of the former group named Jahan Shah and latter group named Uzun Hassan. Aq Qoyunlu and Qara qoyunlu had been vying for power and regional supremacy for most of the 14th century and 15th century. Both groups were Turkmen. Qara qoyunlu were vassals of the Jalayirid dynasty in Baghdad and Tabriz from about 1375, when the leader of their leading tribe, ruled over Mosul. Aq Qoyunlu was brought to the region by the invasions of Timur the Lame and Kara Koyunlu were uprooted from power. However, after the death of Timur, they returned and hastened the downfall of the Jalayirids whom they had once served. During Jahan Shah's reign the Kara Koyunlu's territory reached its largest extent, including huge swaths of land in Anatolia, most of present-day Iraq, central Iran, and even eventually Kerman. Uzun Hasan, meanwhile, was restricted initially to Diyarbakir but gradually expanded his territory in Anatolia. After clever diplomacy and regional alliances he managed to stave off the Ottoman Turks and even fought several battles against Qara qoyunlu defeating Jahan Shah on the river Tigris in May 1457. Uzun Hasan avoided all out war with the Ottoman Empire by allowing them to conquer his ally Empire of Trebizond, while he consolidated his power and prepared for the defense of his territory. It was during this time that Jahan Shah wanted to defeat the Aq Qoyunlu ruler Uzun Hasan and make him his vassal. So with that in mind he secured his eastern borders with a peace treaty with the Timurid leader of Samarkand, Abu Sa'id Mirza and then invaded Aq Qoyunlu territory to his west. Battle ------ Jahan Shah set out from Tabriz with a great army on May 16, 1466, and came to the basin of Lake Van. While there, he was furious to learn that Uzun Hassan was raiding his lands with 12,000 cavalry. Meanwhile, Uzun Hassan, worried that Jahan Shah was planning to attack him, had carefully guarded the mountain passes. Envoys went back and forth between them, but because of Jahan Shah's heavy demands, an agreement could not be reached. Having advanced as far as Muş, Jahan Shah had to postpone his attack because of the onset of winter. As his troops began to mutiny, he decided to withdraw to a winter residence. Uzun Hassan caught his army by surprise and totally defeated them in a sudden attack on October 30 (or November 11), 1467. Jahan Shah was killed while trying to flee, and with his death the great era of Qara Qoyunlu history came to an end.
American Thoroughbred racehorse Timber Country (foaled April 12,1992 in Kentucky - February 24, 2016) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse who was the first horse to ever win the Breeders' Cup Juvenile and American Triple Crown Classic Race when he won the 1995 Preakness Stakes. Background ---------- Timber Country, a bay horse with three white socks and a small nose snip, was born April 12, 1992, in Kentucky. A son of Irish champion Woodman, he was out of the mare Fall Aspen, a daughter of Pretense. Fall Aspen, who won the 1978 Matron Stakes, was also the dam of Grade I winner and champion Bianconi, Grade I winner Northern Aspen, and Grade II winners Elle Seule and Colorado Dancer. Timber Country grew to be a large horse, standing 17 hands high at maturity. Timber Country is closely related to the Dubai World Cup winner, Dubai Millennium, a son of Mr. Prospector and Timber Country's half-sister, Colorado Dancer. Bred by Lowquest Stud, Timber Country sold for $500,000 at the 1993 Keeneland July yearling sale. Future Hall of Fame trainer D. Wayne Lukas had seen Tmber Country before the sale and planned to buy him. Lukas was having dinner at the home of William Young, owner of Overbrook Farm, along with Graham Beck of Gainesway Farm, when he asked to excuse himself to return to the sale. Lukas said, "Graham Beck followed me to my car and asked who the colt was and I said he was out of Fall Aspen. He asked who I was buying him for and I said, 'I don't know but I'm going to buy him.' He said for me to go ahead and buy him and they would put something together." At the sale, he was purchased by Lukas for a partnership between Overbrook Farm, Gainesway Stable, and Robert and Beverly Lewis. Racing career ------------- ### 1994: two-year-old season Racing at age two in California, the colt won four of his seven starts. At Del Mar Racetrack, he won the Balboa Stakes and was third in the Del Mar Futurity. Sent East, Timber Country won the Grade I Champagne Stakes at Belmont Park in Elmont, New York, while running on the lead setting the pace. His victory made him the betting favorite for the most important race of the year for his age group, the Breeders' Cup Juvenile. In that race, Timber Country came from well back to win going away. His 1994 performances earned him U.S. Champion 2-Yr-Old Colt honors. ### 1995: three-year-old season In the spring of 1995 at Santa Anita Park in Arcadia, California, three-year-old Timber Country ran third in the San Rafael Stakes and second in the San Felipe Stakes. Going into the Kentucky Derby the colt was winless in all three of his 1995 starts and was up against a field that included strong competition such as Tejano Run, who had finished third to Timber Country in the Breeders' Cup Juvenile; Thunder Gulch, who was also trained by D. Wayne Lukas and who had won that spring's Fountain of Youth Stakes and Florida Derby; Talkin Man, the Canadian Two-Year-Old Champion coming off an impressive win in the Wood Memorial Stakes; plus the future Hall of Fame filly Serena's Song, who was owned by Robert and Beverly Lewis, one of Timber Country's owners. Drawing the difficult post position seventeen in the Kentucky Derby's nineteen-horse field, Timber Country was among the trailers for most of the race. A horse who liked to come from behind (although he won on the lead setting the pace in the 1994 Champagne Stakes), entering the homestretch he was still only in tenth place and, bunched between a congestion of challengers, lost time when he had to swing to the outside to find some running room. In the stretch drive jockey Pat Day and Timber County made a late move to get between horses and came on strongly enough to finish third behind runner-up Tejano Run and winner Thunder Gulch. In the Preakness Stakes, the second leg of the U.S. Triple Crown series, Timber Country was the parimutuel betting favorite. The colt won the race after he passed five horses through the turn and homestretch and won by half a length over runner-up Oliver's Twist and third-place finisher Thunder Gulch. Timber Country's win marked the first time since the establishment of the Breeders' Cup Juvenile in 1984 that a winner of that race went on to win one of the American Classic races. Made the heavy favorite to win the third and final leg of the Triple Crown, Timber Country had to be withdrawn from the Belmont Stakes on the day before the race as a result of a high fever from a virus that saw his temperature nearing 103 degrees. After returning to training post-fever, he suffered a tendon injury, and was retired. Stud career ----------- Retired to stud duty, Timber Country was first sent Shadai Farm, a breeding operation located in Hokkaido, Japan, owned by brothers Teruya and Katsumi Yoshida. While there, he was also shuttled to Australia, where he notably sired Eremein, a five-time Group One winner with career earnings in excess of A$4 million. In 2001, Timber Country stood in Dubai, then was returned to Japan, this time standing at Lex Stud in Hokkaido, where he remained. Timber Country was not a consistent stallion, though he sired a Grade I winner in all three countries he stood in. His best foal is Japanese-born son Admire Don, who won seven Grade I races in Japan and was named Japanese Champion Two-Year-Old Colt of 2001 and Champion Older Male Horse of 2003 and 2004. He is also the sire of Australian gelding Eremein, a five-time Grade I winner with career earnings in excess of A$4 million. He is the sire of filly Balletto, born in Dubai, who won the Grade I Frizette Stakes in the United States. Timber Country is the damsire of Mukhadram, who won the 2014 Eclipse Stakes in Great Britain, Copano Rickey, two-time winner of the February Stakes in Japan, and Sweet Idea, who won The Galaxy Stakes in Australia. Death ----- Timber Country died the night of February 24, 2016, at around 10:00 PM. The 24-year-old, who had suffered from cardiac issues during his last years of life, died of heart failure. "We extend our heartfelt condolences to him," said Akira Maeda, mager of Lex Stud. "We will erect a monument to his memory in Cherry Blossoms Park near our Lex Stud." D. Wayne Lukas said of Timber Country, "He was a beautiful horse, with a great disposition and great to train." Timber Country was buried at Sakuramaima Park, an equestrian center, near Lex Stud. Pedigree -------- Pedigree of Timber Country\| SireWoodman chestnut 1983 \| Mr. Prospector bay 1970 \| Raise A Native chestnut 1961 \| Native Dancer \| \| Raise You \| \| Gold Digger bay 1962 \| Nashua \| \| Sequence \| \| Playmate chestnut 1975 \| Buckpasser bay 1963 \| Tom Fool \| \| Busanda \| \| Intriguing chestnut 1964 \| Swaps \| \| Glamour \| \| DamFall Aspen chestnut 1976 \| Pretense dark brown 1963 \| Endeavour dark brown 1942 \| British Empire \| \| Himalaya \| \| Imitation chestnut 1951 \| Hyperion \| \| Flattery \| \| Change Water chestnut 1969 \| Swaps chestnut 1952 \| Khaled \| \| Iron Reward \| \| Portage bay 1952 \| War Admiral \| \| Carillon \|
Archeological find in Kfar Monash, Israel Copper Weapons & Tools, Kefar Monash Copper Hoard, 2950-2650 BC The Kfar Monash Hoard is a hoard of metal objects dated to the Early Bronze Age (the third millennium BCE) found in the spring of 1962 by the agriculturalist Zvi Yizhar in Kfar Monash, Israel. Kfar Monash is located 3.3 km south-east of Tel Hefer (Tell Ishbar) in the Plain of Sharon or in modern terms 9 km/6 mi northeast of Netanya, which is roughly located along the Israeli coast between Netanya and Haifa. The Monash Hoard consists of: \| object \| amount \| \| --- \| --- \| \| Axes \| 6 \| \| Small Adzes \| 7 \| \| Large Adzes \| 4 \| \| Chisels \| 3 \| \| --square bars \| (2) \| \| --circular bar \| (1) \| \| Saw \| 1 \| \| Small Knife \| 1 \| \| Peg \| 1 \| \| Crescent \| 1 \| \| Long curved knives \| 2 \| \| Spear Heads \| 4 \| \| Daggers \| 4 \| \| Mace-Head \| 1 \| \| Copper Plates \| 800 \| \| Silver Mirror? \| 1 \| \| Carnelian Beads? \| Several \| \| \| \| \| Crescentic Axehead \| 1 \| \| The Crescentic Axehead was found about 5 years later at about 200m distance. As of June 2006, the Kfar Monash Hoard was on display in the Israel Museum. Identification of the 800 Copper Plates --------------------------------------- Copper Scale Armor, Kefar Monash Hoard. Israel Museum, Jerusalem There has been conflicting ideas to the purpose of the 800 copper plates. Although they have been assumed to be scales of armor from an Egyptian army unit, as proposed by archaeologist Shmuel Yeivin, recent reevaluations have confuted this claim. Archaeologist William A. Ward proposed that the scales were means of barter or a reserve supply of metal from the Syro-Palestinian area. Ward arrived at this conclusion through several pieces of evidence: the scales were not attached to any jacket, body armor was generally not used by the Egyptians until the New Kingdom, copper was still very rare, and the plates were too thin for body armor. 2023 analysis ------------- Egyptian type copper axes, Kefar Monash Copper Hoard. Israel Museum, Jerusalem Several metal objects similar to those in the Kfar Monash hoard were found in this general area of the Levant. They were subject to metallurgical analysis, and generally dated to the Early Bronze Age. For example, objects from Ashkelon-Afridar, and from Tell esh-Shuna (the Jordan Valley) were seen as similar. Also the axes from early EB I Yiftah’el are seen as relevant. Kfar Monash objects were also dated, based on typological considerations, to EB IB, similarly to the axes from Tel Beth Shean. The study of Kfar Monash hoard indicated that some of them were made of unalloyed copper. The source of this unalloyed copper was found likely to be in Wadi Feynan, in southern Jordan. Such unalloyed copper was apparently mainly used for the production of tools. Other objects were made using a CuAsNi alloy. This is the copper-arsenic-nickel alloy that is especially characteristic of Chalcolithic period Arslantepe in Eastern Anatolia (the upper Euphrates region). Nevertheless, the adzes that were made of this alloy were determined to be of "an Egyptian type". Objects from Arslantepe using such polymetallic ores are mainly ascribed to Level VIA (3400–3000 BCE), dating to the Uruk period.
Tunisian lawyer and politician Mohamed Abbou (Arabic: محمد عبو), born on 10 May 1966 in Tunis, is a Tunisian lawyer and politician. He was an adviser to the prime minister. From December 2011 to June 2012, Abbou was in charge of administrative reform in Jebali Cabinet. From May 2012 to March 2013, he was general secretary of the General Conference for the Republic (CPR). Abbou held the same position in his own party, the Democratic Current, until March 2016 and then continued until April 2019. Training -------- After receiving his master's degree of law and a DEA in criminology, on 28 August 2012 he presented a doctoral thesis on private law, at Tunis – El Manar University. The subject of his thesis was Limits of freedom of the press. Activities ---------- His actions as a lawyer at the Court of Cassation of Tunis made Mohamed Abou known by his activism for human rights. He was also a member of the National Council for Liberties in Tunisia. At the same time, he was a member of the steering committee of the Young Lawyers Association. A young member of the executive board of the Tunis Center for the independence of the judiciary and the bar, also a leading member of his political party, Congress for the Republic. Following his articles that were published on Tunisnews, a website of opposition to the regime of Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali, he was arrested on 1 March 2005 and on 29 April was sentenced to three years and six months in prison. This was especially for the articles titled Ben Ali – Sharon in which he compared Ben Ali to Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon. Political responsibilities -------------------------- After the 2011 revolution and the overthrow of the Ben Ali regime, he was elected on 23 October 2011 as a member of the Constituent Assembly of Tunisia in the Nabeul 1 constituency before being appointed on 24 December as adviser to the Prime Minister, in charge of Administrative Reform in the Hamadi Jebali government. Following the latter appointment, he preferred to resign from the Constituent to devote himself to his ministry. On 13 May 2012, the national council of the CPR elected Abbou as its secretary general. He replaced Abderraouf Ayadi. On 13 May 2012, CPR's national council elected Abbou as the party ‘s Secretary General. He succeeded Abderraouf Ayadi5. On 30 June, however, at a press conference at the CPR headquarters, he announced his resignation from the government. He declared that his decision was an objection to the limited prerogatives that did not allow him to fight corruption. On 26 August, at the end of the party's congress, he was reinstated as Secretary General of the CPR. On 27 March 2016, Ghazi Chaouachi succeeded him as Secretary General of the Democratic Movement. On 21 April 2019, he took over the head of the party to become a candidate for the 2019 Tunisian presidential election, at the second national congress. Private life ------------ Mohamed Abbou is married to Samia Abbou, who is a member of constitution Assembly. They have three children.
Arresthausplatz, site of the former church St. Elisabeth's Church (German: Elisabethkirche) or Lithuanian Church (Litauische Kirche) was a church in the Sackheim quarter of Königsberg, Germany. History ------- St. Elisabeth's was first documented in 1420 as the chapel of Sackheim's Saint Elizabeth Hospital, administered by a Catholic convent. The Duchy of Prussia was established in 1525 during the Protestant Reformation, and it is unknown what the building was used for during the remainder of the 16th century. After the Reformation, Königsberg's Lutheran Polish- and Lithuanian-speaking communities attended St. Nicholas' Church in Steindamm. Disputes between the two groups were common, however, and once the Jesuits began to express interest, the Lutheran Königsberg Consistory granted St. Elisabeth's to parishioners of Lithuanian native language as their own church in 1603. The first Lithuanian-speaking pastor at the church was Lazarus Sengstock (1562-1621), a native of Lübeck who learned the language in Memel. Sengstock was succeeded by Johannes Rhesa (1576-1629). Most attendees of the church were laborers, domestic workers, and beggars. Unlike the other churches of Königsberg, St. Elisabeth's was too poor to have its own school. St. Elisabeth's was converted into a prison (Arresthaus) in 1807 when the number of attendees dwindled. By 1896 it was used as an administrative building of the Prussian Army and during the Weimar era it was a library for Wehrkreis I. In 1933 the nearby square, Arresthausplatz, was renamed Elisabeth-Platz. The former church finally served as a pension office before the destruction of Königsberg during World War II.
American railroad magnate (1821–1900) Collis Potter Huntington (October 22, 1821 – August 13, 1900) was an American industrialist and railway magnate. He was one of the Big Four of western railroading (along with Leland Stanford, Mark Hopkins, and Charles Crocker) who invested in Theodore Judah's idea to build the Central Pacific Railroad as part of the first U.S. transcontinental railroad. Huntington helped lead and develop other major interstate lines, such as the Southern Pacific Railroad and the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway (C&O), which he was recruited to help complete. The C&O, completed in 1873, fulfilled a long-held dream of Virginians of a rail link from the James River at Richmond to the Ohio River Valley. The new railroad facilities adjacent to the river there resulted in expansion of the former small town of Guyandotte, West Virginia into part of a new city which was named Huntington in his honor. Turning attention to the eastern end of the line at Richmond, Huntington directed the C&O's Peninsula Extension in 1881–82, which opened a pathway for West Virginia bituminous coal to reach new coal piers on the harbor of Hampton Roads for export shipping. He also is credited with the development of Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company, as well as the incorporation of Newport News, Virginia as a new independent city. After his death, both his nephew Henry E. Huntington and his stepson Archer M. Huntington continued his work at Newport News. All three are considered founding fathers in the community, with local features named in honor of each. Much of the railroad and industrial development which Collis P. Huntington envisioned and led are still important activities in the early 21st century. The Southern Pacific is now part of the Union Pacific Railroad, and the C&O became part of CSX Transportation, each major U.S. railroad systems. West Virginia coal is still transported by rail to be loaded onto colliers at Hampton Roads. Nearby, Huntington Ingalls Industries operates the massive shipyard at Newport News. From his base in Washington, Huntington was a lobbyist for the Central Pacific and the Southern Pacific in the 1870s and 1880s. The Big Four had built a powerful political machine, which he had a large role in running. He was generous in providing bribes to politicians and congressmen. Revelation of his misdeeds in 1883 made him one of the most hated railroad men in the country. Huntington defended himself: > The motives back of my actions have been honest ones and results have redounded far more to the benefit of California than they have to my own. > > In 1968, Huntington was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum. Biography --------- ### Education and early career Collis Potter Huntington was born in Harwinton, Connecticut, on October 22, 1821. His family farmed and he grew up helping. In his early teens, he did farm chores and odd jobs for neighbors, saving his earnings. At age 16, he began traveling as a peddler. About this time, he visited rural Newport News in Warwick County, Virginia in his travels as a salesman. He never forgot what he thought was the untapped potential of the area, where the James River emptied into the large harbor of Hampton Roads. In 1842 he and his brother Solon Huntington, of Oneonta, New York, established a successful business in Oneonta, selling general merchandise there until about 1848. When Huntington saw opportunity in America's West, he set out for California. He set up as a merchant in Sacramento at the start of the California Gold Rush. Huntington succeeded in his California business. He teamed up with Mark Hopkins selling miners' supplies and other hardware. ### Building the first U.S. transcontinental railroad Main article: First Transcontinental Railroad In the late 1850s, Huntington and Hopkins joined forces with two other successful businessmen, Leland Stanford and Charles Crocker, to pursue the idea of creating a rail line that would connect America's east and west. In 1861, these four businessmen (sometimes referred to as The Big Four) pooled their resources and business acumen, and formed the Central Pacific Railroad company to create the western link of America's First transcontinental railroad. Of the four, Huntington had a reputation for being the most ruthless in pursuing the railroad's business; he ousted his partner, Stanford. Huntington negotiated in Washington, D.C. with Grenville Dodge, who was supervising railroad construction from the East, over where the railroads should meet. They completed their agreement in April 1869, deciding to meet at Promontory Summit, Utah. On May 10, 1869, at Promontory, the tracks of the Central Pacific Railroad joined with the tracks of the Union Pacific Railroad, and America had a transcontinental railroad. The joining was celebrated by the driving of the golden spike, provided for the occasion as a gift to the CPRR by San Francisco banker and merchant David Hewes. ### Southern Pacific Railroad CSX (the former C&O Railway) Huntington Division Headquarters, with a statue of Collis P. Huntington by Gutzon Borglum in the foreground. Main article: Southern Pacific Railroad Beginning in 1865, Huntington was also involved in the establishment of the Southern Pacific Railroad with the Big Four principals of the Central Pacific Railroad. The railroad's first locomotive C. P. Huntington, (transferred from the CPR), was named in his honor. With rail lines from New Orleans to the Southwest and into California, Southern Pacific expanded to more than 9,000 miles of track. It also controlled 5,000 miles of connecting steamship lines. Using the Southern Pacific Railroad, Huntington endeavored to prevent the port at San Pedro from becoming the main Port of Los Angeles in the Free Harbor Fight. ### Chesapeake and Ohio Railway, new cities and a shipyard Main articles: Peninsula Extension; Chesapeake and Ohio Railway; and Huntington, West Virginia Following the American Civil War, efforts were renewed in Virginia to complete a canal or railroad link between Richmond and the Ohio River Valley. Before the war, the Virginia Board of Public Works and the Virginia Central Railroad had provided financial assistance to construct a state-owned link through the Blue Ridge Mountains. It had been completed along this route as far as the upper reaches of the Shenandoah Valley when the War broke out. Officials of the Virginia Central, led by company president Williams Carter Wickham, realized that they would have to get capital from outside the economically devastated South in order to rebuild. They tried to attract British interests, without success. Finally, Major Wickham succeeded in getting Collis Huntington interested helping to complete the line. Beginning in 1871, Huntington oversaw completion of the newly formed Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O) from Richmond across Virginia and West Virginia to reach the Ohio River. There, with his brother-in-law D.W. Emmons, he established the planned city of Huntington, West Virginia. He became active in developing the emerging southern West Virginia bituminous coal business for the C&O. Beginning in 1865, Huntington had been acquiring land in Virginia's eastern Tidewater region, an area not served by extant railroads. In 1880, he formed the Old Dominion Land Company and turned these holdings over to it. Share of the Chesapeake, Ohio and Southwestern Railroad Company, issued 18 August 1882, signed by Huntington Huntington in later life. Beginning in December 1880, he led the building of the C&O's Peninsula Subdivision, which extended from the Church Hill Tunnel in Richmond east down the Virginia Peninsula through Williamsburg to the southeastern end of the Peninsula on the harbor of Hampton Roads in Warwick County, Virginia. Through the new railroad and his land company, coal piers were established at Newport News Point. It may have taken more than 50 years after Virginia's first railroad operated for the lower Peninsula to get a railroad, but once work started, it progressed quickly. In a manner he had previously deployed, notably with the transcontinental railroad, and the line to the Ohio River, work began at both Newport News and Richmond. The crews at each end worked toward each other. The crews met and completed the line 1.25 miles west of Williamsburg on October 16, 1881, although temporary tracks had been installed in some areas to speed completion. Huntington and his associates had promised they would provide rail service to Yorktown where the United States was celebrating the centennial of the surrender of the British troops under Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown in 1781, an event considered most symbolic of the end of American Revolutionary War. Three days after the last spike ceremony, on October 19, the first passenger train from Newport News took local residents and national officials to the Cornwallis Surrender Centennial Celebration at Yorktown on temporary tracks that were laid from the main line at the new Lee Hall Depot to Yorktown. No sooner had the tracks to the new coal pier at Newport News been completed in late 1881 than the same construction crews were put to work on what would later be called the Peninsula Subdivision's Hampton Branch. It ran easterly about 10 miles into Elizabeth City County toward Hampton and Old Point Comfort, where the U.S. Army base at Fort Monroe guarded the entrance to the harbor of Hampton Roads from the Chesapeake Bay (and the Atlantic Ocean). The tracks were completed about 9 miles to the town which became Phoebus in December 1882, named in honor of its leading citizen, Harrison Phoebus. The new branch line served both the older Hygeia Hotel and the new Hotel Chamberlain, popular destinations for civilians. During the first half of the 20th century, excursion trains were operated to reach nearby Buckroe Beach, where an amusement park was among the attractions for both church groups and vacationers. At the formerly sleepy little farming community of Newport News Point, Huntington began other, building the landmark Hotel Warwick and founding the Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company. This became the largest privately owned shipyard in the United States. Huntington is largely credited with vision and the combination of developments which created and built a vibrant and progressive community. The 15 years of rapid growth and development led to the incorporation of Newport News, Virginia as a new independent city in 1896. It is one of only two independent cities in Virginia that were so formed without developing first as an incorporated town.[] Near the tracks of the C&O's Hampton Branch was a normal school, dedicated in its earliest years to training teachers to educate the South's many African-American freedmen after the Civil War and abolition of slavery. Both adults and children were eager to learn. Most southern blacks had been denied opportunities for education literacy before the Civil War. The school which developed to become modern-day Hampton University was first led by former Union General Samuel Chapman Armstrong. Perhaps the best known of General Armstrong's students was a youth named Booker T. Washington. He later was hired as principal of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, another historically black college, and developed it into Tuskegee University. When Sam Armstrong suffered a debilitating paralysis in 1892 while in New York, he returned to Hampton in a private railroad car provided by Huntington, with whom he had collaborated on black education projects. In the lower Peninsula, Collis and other Huntington family members and their Old Dominion Land Company were involved in many aspects of life and business. They founded schools, museums, libraries and parks among their many contributions. In Williamsburg, Collis' Old Dominion Land Company owned the historic site of the 18th-century capital buildings. This was transferred to the women who were the earliest promoters of what became Preservation Virginia (formerly known as the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities). This site was later a key piece of the Abby and John D. Rockefeller Jr.'s massive restoration of the former colonial capital city. They developed Colonial Williamsburg, one of the world's major tourist attractions. The mausoleum of Collis P. Huntington in Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York) Huntington did not neglect his namesake city at the other end of the C&O. In order to supply freight cars to the C&O, and by extension to the Southern Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads as well, Huntington was a major financier behind Ensign Manufacturing Company. He based the company in Huntington, West Virginia, directly connecting to the C&O; Ensign was incorporated on November 1, 1872. After Huntington's death in 1900, his nephew, Henry E. Huntington, assumed leadership of many of his industrial endeavors. The younger man quickly sold off all of the Southern Pacific holdings. He and other family members also continued and expanded many of the senior Huntington's cultural and philanthropic projects, in addition to developing their own. Historian Howard Jay Graham has summarized Huntington's business acumen: > Huntington's career affords unique opportunity for study of the promoter's function—for observing "the entrepreneur as innovator"—hedging into the Central through a cautiously conceived wagon road to the booming Comstock; gaining state and county aid, cost data, experience in construction and finance; thus discovering the immense liberality of the federal subsidy; mobilizing every resource and building through to Ogden on a revolving fund basis; netting perhaps a million by these means; then, half-reluctantly, beginning over, making the C.P. build > the S.P. and when it had, reversing the favorable leases, fattening up the Southern, reaping a second harvest from its bonds and stocks, also taken originally on construction contracts. > > ### Death Huntington died at his "camp," Pine Knot, in the Adirondack Mountains on August 13, 1900. He is interred in a Classical-style mausoleum at the Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx, New York. Politics -------- In addition to his railroad building, Huntington is best known for his political activity in Washington, D.C. and California. At this stage he was based mostly in New York, and visited California about once a year. Stanford remained president, first of the Central Pacific and then of the Southern Pacific Company, until 1890. Huntington was agent and attorney for the Southern Pacific Railroad, vice-president and general agent for the Central Pacific Railroad, first vice-president of the Southern Pacific Company, and a director of the two lines. His main duties were selling company stocks and bonds and acting as the chief lobbyist in Washington, where his two main challenges were to block federal support for a proposed rival transcontinental route, the Texas and Pacific Railway (in which he succeeded) and to postpone payment of the $28 million in cash loans the government had made to the Central Pacific (in which he did not). He first asked to delay payments for fifty years, then for a hundred years. His proposal to cancel the loans created a firestorm of opposition in California, covered colorfully in the newspapers by Ambrose Bierce; when it was defeated in Congress in 1897, the governor of California celebrated by declaring a public holiday. Huntington lost the battle in Congress in 1899 and the Southern Pacific finally paid off the loans in 1909. Huntington described his activities in a series of private letters to David D. Colton, a senior financial official of his railroads. After Colton's death, litigation opened his files in 1883 and Huntington's letters proved a huge embarrassment, with their detailed descriptions of lobbying, payoffs, and bribes to government officials. They showed Huntington to be an active, profane, and cynical promoter of his companies and display his eagerness to use money to bribe congressmen. The letters did not demonstrate that any cash actually changed hands with any official, but they revealed the tenor of Huntington's morals. His biographer says, > he was vindictive, sometimes untruthful, interested in comparatively few things outside of business, and disposed to resist the idea that his railroad enterprises were to any degree burdened with public obligations. There is, on the other hand, no question with respect to his indomitable energy, his shrewdness in negotiation, his independence of thought and raciness of expression, and his grasp of large business problems. He was the dominant spirit among the small group of men who built up the Southern Pacific system, and that great organization remains his monument. > > According to historian Richard J. Orsi, > [Huntington] was an ardent opponent of racial prejudice and discrimination....Huntington had been an abolitionist before the Civil War, and he later donated hundreds of thousands of dollars to support African American churches in California, and schools and colleges in the southern states....Though it was politically unwise, Huntington ordered his companies to give equal employment and pay to black workers, and he publicly opposed the exclusions of black and other non-white children from public schools, as well as other "Jim Crow" restrictions then being enacted in the South and elsewhere. In newspaper columns and public speeches in the West, Huntington praised the Chinese for their culture and industry, and condemned state and federal discrimination against American Indians and Chinese, Filipino, and Japanese immigrants. "If we deny to the individual, no matter what his creed, his color or his nationality, the right to justice which every man possesses," he told a gathering of California civic and railway leaders in 1900, "there will be no enduring prosperity and [the nation’s] decline will surely follow. > > Family relationships -------------------- Bust of Collis made by Anna Hyatt Huntington in the collection at The Mariners Museum. Collis Huntington was the son of William and Elizabeth (Vincent) Huntington; born October 22, 1821, in Harwinton, Connecticut. His siblings were: 1. Mary (February 17, 1810 – March 9, 1874); married Daniel Sammis of Warsaw, New York. 2. Solon (January 13, 1812 – August 11, 1890); married Harriet Saunders of Saratoga, New York. 3. Rhoda (October 13, 1814 – May 22, 1888); married Riley Dunbar of Wolcottville. 4. Phebe (September 17, 1817 – February 4, 1900); married Henry Pardee of Oneonta, New York. 5. Elizabeth (December 19, 1819 – 1903); married Hiram Yaker of Kortright, New York. 6. Collis Potter (October 22, 1821 – August 13, 1900) 7. Joseph (March 23, 1823 – February 23, 1849); never married 8. Susan Lovinia (August 28, 1826 – 1902); married William Porter, M.D. of New Haven, Connecticut 9. Ellen Maria (August 12, 1835 – October 22, 1920); married Isaac E. Gates of Orange, New Jersey. She was known as a poet and hymn writer. Collis Huntington married Elizabeth Stillman Stoddard (1823–1883), of Cornwall, Connecticut, on September 16, 1844. She lived until 1883. They adopted her niece, Clara Elizabeth Prentice, born in Sacramento in 1860. Clara Elizabeth Prentice-Huntington (1860–1928), as she was called, married Prince Franz Edmund Joseph Gabriel Vitus von Hatzfeldt-Wildenburg, a.k.a. Francis Hatzfeldt of the House of Hatzfeld, Germany, on October 28, 1889. They made their home at Draycot House, Draycot Cerne, Wiltshire, England. Huntington remarried on July 12, 1884, to Arabella D. Worsham (1851–1924). She brought to the marriage her son Archer Milton Worsham, from her first marriage, whom Huntington adopted that year. At fourteen, he became known as Archer Milton Huntington. There were rumors that Huntington had a longer relationship with Arabella and that he was the biological father of her son. Huntington died at his Camp Pine Knot, in the Adirondacks, August 13, 1900. Archer M. Huntington became a well-known Hispanist and founded The Hispanic Society of America, a museum and rare-books library dedicated to Spanish and Portuguese history, art, and culture, based in upper Manhattan, in New York City. Archer and his second wife, sculptor Anna Hyatt Huntington, founded Brookgreen Gardens sculpture and botanical gardens near Murrells Inlet, South Carolina. He also founded the Mariners' Museum in Newport News, one of the largest of its kind in the world. Huntington's nephew, Henry E. Huntington (1850–1927), was also a railway magnate and founder of the Huntington Library, Art Collections and Botanical Gardens in San Marino, California. He was active in Los Angeles, California, where he was the main force behind development of the Pacific Electric system. He was also related to Clarence Huntington, a president of the Virginian Railway who succeeded Urban H. Broughton. He was the son-in-law of the VGN's founder, industrialist Henry Huttleston Rogers. Charity ------- He acquired a substantial collection of art, and was generally recognized as one of the country's foremost art collectors. He left most of his collection, valued at $3 million, to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, to pass into the museum's hands after the death of his stepson, Archer. His last will directed that if his stepson should die childless (which he did), Huntington's Fifth Avenue mansion or the proceeds from the sale of the property would go to Yale University. He also made specific bequests totaling $125,000 to Hampton University (then Hampton Institute) and to the Chapin Home for the Aged. Namesake locations ------------------ Huntington Falls, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco ### Buildings * Collis P. Huntington High School, Newport News, Virginia * Huntington Hotel – San Francisco, California * Huntington Free Library and Reading Room – Bronx, New York * Collis P. Huntington Academic Building; Tuskegee University, Alabama (Destroyed in a fire) * Huntington Dorm; Tuskegee University, Alabama * Collis P. Huntington House, New York City * C. P. Huntington Primary School in Sacramento, California * Collis Potter and Howard Edwards Huntington Memorial Hospital in Pasadena, California * Huntington Hall – U.S. Navy enlisted housing and USO 3100 Huntington Avenue, Newport News, Virginia * Collis P. Huntington Memorial Library – Hampton University Now, the Hampton University Museum, Hampton, Virginia * Huntington Hall; Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, Georgia ### Inhabited places * Huntington, West Virginia + Collis and Huntington Avenues in Huntington, West Virginia * Huntington, Texas in Angelina County, Texas * Huntingdon, Abbotsford, neighborhood in Abbotsford, British Columbia * North End Huntington Heights Historic District, residential district in Newport News, Virginia ### Other * Camp Pine Knot, also known as Camp Huntington, on Raquette Lake, New York, which is now owned by the State University of New York at Cortland * Collis P. Huntington State Park, Redding and Bethel, Connecticut * Huntington Park, and Huntington Avenue, Newport News, Virginia * Huntington Park, the site of his San Francisco home that was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire * Mount Huntington, a peak in Fresno County, California * Collis Place in Bronx County, New York, which is located several blocks from Huntington's riverside mansion. * Tugboat Huntington – retired 1994, now a floating exhibit and classroom at the Palm Beach Maritime Museum, Palm Beach, Florida * Collis Avenue, a residential street that starts at Huntington Drive in the El Sereno district of the City of Los Angeles and ends in the City of South Pasadena, California * Huntington Boulevard in Fresno, California * C.P. Huntington, a 4-2-4T steam locomotive currently owned by the California State Railroad Museum In popular culture ------------------ He was referred to in Black Beetles in Amber by Ambrose Bierce as "Happy Hunty". Huntington was also referenced in Carl Sandburg's poem, Southern Pacific. In the AMC series Hell on Wheels he is played by actor Tim Guinee. References and further reading ------------------------------ * Ambrose, Stephen E. (2000). Nothing Like It In The World; The men who built the Transcontinental Railroad 1863–1869. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-84609-8. Note: the factual accuracy of this book has been widely criticized. See Stephen E. Ambrose#Criticism. * Carman, Harry J. and Charles H. Mueller. "The Contract and Finance Company and the Central Pacific Railroad." Mississippi Valley Historical Review (1927): 326–341. in JSTOR * Daggett, Stuart. "Huntington, Collis Potter," Dictionary of American biography (1932), vol. 5 * Deverell, William. Railroad Crossing: Californians and the Railroad, 1850–1910 (1994) online * Evans, Cerinda W. Collis Potter Huntington (2 vols. 1954), A major biography online volume 1 * Huddleston, Eugene L. "Huntington, Collis Potter", American National Biography Online (2014). Access Date: Jan 26 2016 * Lavender, David, The great persuader: the biography of Collis P. Huntington, University Press of Colorado, 1998 reprint, first published 1970. ISBN 0-87081-476-1 * Lewis, Oscar. The Big Four: The story of Huntington, Stanford, Hopkins, and Crocker, and of the Building of the Central Pacific (1938) * Rayner, Richard, The Associates: Four Capitalists Who Created California, Norton, 2007. ISBN 0-393-05913-8 * Traxler Jr, Ralph N. "Collis P. Huntington and the Texas and Pacific Railroad Land Grant." New Mexico Historical Review 34.2 (1959): 117–133. online * Williams, R. Hal. The Democratic Party and California Politics, 1880–1896 (1973) online. * White, Richard. "Corporations, Corruption, and the Modern Lobby: A Gilded Age Story of the West and the South in Washington, D.C.", Southern Spaces, video of lecture by Richard White, Stanford University, April 16, 2009. * White, Richard (2011). Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-06126-0. * "Collis Potter Huntington" in: Prominent and progressive Americans; an encyclopædia of contemporaneous biography. Compiled by Mitchell Charles Harrison. Publisher: New York Tribune, 1902
1991 video game 1988 video game *Master of Monsters* is a turn-based strategy game developed by SystemSoft for the MSX and NEC PC8801. It was ported to a variety of consoles and PCs including the PC Engine CD, NEC PC9801, and Sega Genesis/Mega Drive. While it never had the same success as its SystemSoft stablemate Daisenryaku, the game garnered a loyal following. Its success in the North American market on the Sega Genesis proved sufficient for a sequel on the Sega Saturn, and an anime art-style enhanced Sony PlayStation version titled Disciples of Gaia with a Japanese role-playing game feel. Master of Monsters: Disciples of Gaia was released in 1998. Gameplay -------- Gameplay engages players by permitting them to summon and move monsters around a board in an effort to capture towers and to eventually defeat the opponents (which are controlled either by other humans or by the computer program). Moves are based on a hexagonal board structure, such that every tile on the board is adjacent to six other tiles. Other notable features were the large variety of monsters, upgrading ("leveling up") of veteran units and control of a "Master" character who, if killed, can end the game for that player. The focus of the game is strategic, despite the fantasy-type characters that might imply an RPG element. Other than the existence of the Master character and magic in the game, the gameplay is very similar to System Soft's more hardcore modern warfare strategic wargame series Daisenryaku, with the exception that some versions of the Master of Monsters (such as Master of Monsters – Final) series allow equippable items, weapons and armor. Comparisons ----------- The later Lords of Chaos by Julian Gollop of Mythos Games shares many of the same elements of summoning and tactics, along with the earlier title Chaos from 1985. David White, creator of the open-source turn-based strategy game The Battle for Wesnoth, cited Master of Monsters as an inspiration. Master of Monsters was also compared to later games such as the role-playing video game series Pokémon (which also revolves around commanding monsters) and the real-time strategy game StarCraft. Updates ------- System Soft Alpha returned the game to its strategy-based roots, and the two entries in the Master of Monsters series as originally popularized on the NEC 9801 PC were updated by System Soft Alpha with new graphics and gameplay features. Two more sequels were made for Japanese Windows. Released on Japanese language Windows-based systems, the remakes include マスターオブモンスターズIII Special Edition, マスターオブモンスターズ4 ～光と闇の争覇～, Master of Monsters Value Edition (the original game, updated and with expansion packs added in), and 真・マスターオブモンスターズ Final. A spin-off of the game targeted towards the younger audience was titled Masumon Kids. A mobile version of the game was released in Japan.
American LGBT rights activist (1949–2021) Carmen Vázquez (January 13, 1949 – January 27, 2021) was an American activist, writer, and community intellectual. Early life and family --------------------- The oldest of seven children, Carmen Vázquez was born in Puerto Rico and raised in Harlem. She attended the City University of New York, earning a bachelor's degree in English and a masters in education. Career and activism ------------------- After graduating, Vázquez moved to San Francisco where she lived and worked for almost two decades, becoming a leading activist in causes ranging from immigrant rights to lesbian health. While in San Francisco, Vázquez co-founded The Women's Building, became the executive director of the National Network for Immigrant and Refugee Rights and then the Coordinator of Lesbian and Gay Health Services for the San Francisco Department of Public Health. She was also the co-founder and co-chair of Somos Hermanas, a Central American Women's Solidarity Network. Vázquez returned to New York City in 1994 where she continued her activist work as Director of Public Policy for the LGBT Community Center (1994–2003), as deputy director for Empire State Pride Agenda (2003–2007) and in her post as Coordinator of the LGBT Health and Human Services Unit of the AIDS Institute, New York Department of Health. She was the government and public policy director of the New York City LGBT Community Services Center, a founding member of the New York State LGBT Health and Human Services Network, a board member of the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, a board member of the Funding Exchange's OUT Fund and a co-chair of Equality Federation from 2004 to 2006. She was a founder of Causes in Common, a national coalition of LGBT Liberation and Reproductive Justice Activists. She was honored by CUNY School of Law with an honorary degree in 2004. Her essays have been published in several anthologies. Carmen served on the Advisory Council of the Woodhull Freedom Foundation since its founding in 2003 and served as the co-chairperson of the board of directors. Death ----- Vázquez died from COVID-19 related causes on January 27, 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City. Writings and bibliography ------------------------- Some of her work regarding liberation is published in conmoción, a Latina lesbian magazine created in part by tatiana de la tierra to build a platform for Latina lesbian conversation and visibility.
American baseball player (born 1989) Not to be confused with Kevin Millar. Baseball player Kevin Andrew Pillar (/pɪˈlɑːr/) (born January 4, 1989) is an American professional baseball outfielder for the Chicago White Sox of Major League Baseball (MLB). He has previously played in MLB for the Toronto Blue Jays, San Francisco Giants, Boston Red Sox, Colorado Rockies, New York Mets, Los Angeles Dodgers, and Atlanta Braves. Pillar was an All-American center fielder in college. He set the NCAA Division II record with a 54-game hitting streak in 2010, and established his school's all-time record with a career batting average of .367. Pillar was drafted by the Blue Jays in the 32nd round (979th overall) of the 2011 Major League Baseball draft. In 2011, he batted .347, winning the Appalachian League batting title and leading the organization in batting average in his first minor league season, and was named an Appalachian League All-Star. In 2012 Pillar batted .323, while stealing 51 bases (second-most in the organization), and was named the Midwest League MVP, a mid-season and a post-season All-Star, the best hitting prospect in the league by Baseball America, and a Topps Class A All-Star and MiLB.com Organization All-Star. In 2013, he led the organization in hits for the second consecutive year, and Baseball America designated him the "Best Hitter for Average" among the Blue Jays' prospects. He made his major league debut for the Blue Jays in August 2013. In 2014, he led the International League in doubles while batting .323, and was named an IL post-season All-Star. In his minor league career through 2016, he batted .324. In 2015, Pillar led all major league outfielders in putouts, and was named the Wilson Defensive Player of the Year for center field. In 2016, he was awarded the Fielding Bible Award for the center field position. In 2017, his .997 fielding percentage as a center fielder was the best in the American League. Early life ---------- Pillar was born in the Los Angeles district of West Hills, California, to Mike and Wendy Pillar. He grew up a Los Angeles Dodgers fan. Pillar is Jewish and had a Bar Mitzvah; his mother is Jewish, whereas his father is Christian. Through 2022, he was 5th in career steals on the all-time list of Jewish major leaguers (directly behind Brad Ausmus, and ahead of Gabe Kapler), 9th in career doubles (behind Sid Gordon), and 10th in career hits (behind Kevin Youkilis). His nickname is K.P. In high school at Chaminade College Prep, Pillar moved from the infield to the outfield in his junior year for the baseball team. He batted just under .400 for his high school career, with a high of .463 in his senior year. He also played on offense, defense, and special teams with the football team, as well as point guard on the basketball team, and earned first-team all-league honors in each sport. College career -------------- Pillar attended California State University, Dominguez Hills, in Carson, California. There, he majored and graduated with a degree in mathematics and business, and played center field for the Toros baseball team, for which he was an All-American. As a freshman in 2008 he hit .379, the fifth-highest average in the California Collegiate Athletic Association (he was also third in the league with 20 doubles, and fifth in the league with 17 steals), and was named to the All-CCAA 2nd team. As a sophomore in 2009 he batted .329 and was again named a 2nd-Team All-CCAA selection, while stealing 18 bases in 19 attempts. In 2010, as a junior he set an NCAA Division II record at the school, with a 54-game hitting streak, five games more than the prior record. During Pillar's streak he came to the plate eight times needing a hit in his final at bat, and got one. Batting .379 for the season, he was also named a Rawlings/ABCA National Gold Glove Award winner, ESPN the Magazine/CoSIDA Academic 1st-team All-District, an Honorable Mention All-American by NCBWA, 1st-team Daktronics/NCAA, NCBWA and Rawlings/ABCA All-West Region, and 1st-team All-CCAA selection, giving him three All-CCAA honors in three years. In his senior year, he batted .369 with a 1.000 fielding percentage. Pillar finished his college career as the school's all-time batting leader, with a .367 average. Minor league career ------------------- Pillar was drafted by the Toronto Blue Jays in the 32nd round (979th overall) of the 2011 Major League Baseball draft. His signing bonus of $1,000 was so little, after taxes, that he needed to ask his mom for some additional money so that he could have enough to buy an iPhone. When he was promoted to the majors two years later, Blue Jays general manager Alex Anthopoulos said: "Clearly ... and I say that respectfully, we got him wrong. Just because, if he has a chance to get to the big leagues, you don't wait for the [32nd] round to select him." Pillar played for the Bluefield Blue Jays in 2011, and batted .347 over 60 games, winning the Appalachian League batting title and leading the organization in batting average. He was also 4th in the league in hits (82), and 6th in slugging percentage (.534). He was named an Appalachian League All Star. He holds the team's all-time records for batting average, on-base percentage (.377), and slugging percentage. He was then called up to play for the Vancouver Canadians in its playoff run, and batted .391 to help the team win the Northwest League title. Pillar with the Lansing Lugnuts in 2012. Pillar began the 2012 minor league season with the Single-A Lansing Lugnuts of the Midwest League, where he recorded a .322 batting average (3rd in the league) with a .390 on base percentage (4th in the league), and stole 35 bases (5th in the league; while being caught 6 times) in 86 games. He was then promoted to the Advanced-A Dunedin Blue Jays, where he batted .323 and stole 16 bases (while being caught 3 times) in 42 games. His total of 51 steals in 2012 was the second-most in the Blue Jays organization, and 10th-most in the minor leagues. Considered an excellent defensive player, he played all three outfield positions. He was named the 2012 Midwest League Most Valuable Player, after also garnering mid-season and post-season All Star honors, and being named the best hitting prospect in the Midwest League by Baseball America. He was also named a Topps Class A All Star and an MiLB.com Organization All Star. He then played for the Salt River Rafters in the Arizona Fall League, batting a team-leading .371. Pillar was promoted to the Double-A New Hampshire Fisher Cats before the start of the 2013 minor league season. He played 71 games for the team, and made 12 outfield assists. He was considered one of the most consistent hitters and defenders in the Eastern League, "with great instincts, a powerful and accurate throwing arm," and showed speed on the base paths. Richie Hebner, his hitting coach, said: "He is the best player in the league. He does everything well." He batted .313 (3rd in the league) with 5 home runs and 30 RBIs, and was leading the Eastern League with 95 hits, before he was promoted to the Triple-A Buffalo Bisons. Through his first 11 games, Pillar batted .391 and had more doubles (8) than singles (7). During his time in Buffalo he had more extra-base hits (27) than any other player in AAA over that timespan. In 123 games between New Hampshire and Buffalo, he had 39 doubles and 155 hits which, at the time of his August 2013 promotion, were the second- and third-highest totals, respectively, in the minor leagues. Buffalo manager Marty Brown said: "I am impressed with how he has swung the bat, for sure. But he also always seems to be in the right place at the right time defensively. He's a very heads-up baserunner." Pillar was ranked the 16th-best prospect in the Blue Jays organization by MLB.com in July 2013. Pillar had not previously ranked in the top 20 on MLB.com's rankings. Baseball America ranked him as the team's 12th-best prospect. In 2013, his 155 hits in the minors led the organization for the second consecutive year. In December 2013, Baseball America designated him the "Best Hitter for Average" among the Blue Jays' prospects. In 2014 with the Bisons he batted .323 (3rd in the league) in 100 games (missing 35 games during his two call-ups to the majors), leading the International League in doubles (39; second-most in the Bisons' modern era to Jhonny Peralta's 44 in 2004), 3rd in extra-base hits (52), and 5th in slugging percentage (.509) and stolen bases (27), with 10 home runs and 59 RBIs. Pillar had both a 21-game hitting streak (the longest in the league for the season) and an 18-game hitting streak, making him the first player in Buffalo's modern era to put together two hitting streaks of 18 games or more. He was named International Player of the Week twice (on May 5 and August 6), an International League post-season All-Star, and the 2014 Buffalo Bisons MVP. In his minor league career through 2016, Pillar batted .324 with a slugging percentage of .479 and an OPS of .846 in 413 games. Major league career ------------------- ### Toronto Blue Jays #### 2013 Pillar was called up to the Blue Jays for the first time in his career on August 14, 2013, after center fielder Colby Rasmus was placed on the 15-day disabled list and utility player Emilio Bonifacio was traded to the Kansas City Royals. He was the first member of Toronto's 2011 draft to reach the majors, and as of April 2015, was the lowest selection of his major league draft class to get to the majors. General manager Alex Anthopoulos stated that, at the time of his call-up, he considered Pillar a "legit center option". Pillar made his major league debut that night against the Boston Red Sox. He was given uniform number 22. He was 0-for-4 with one strikeout, and made a diving catch in the outfield in the Blue Jays' 4–3 extra innings win. Pillar recorded his first career hit and RBI in a doubleheader against the New York Yankees on August 20. On August 24, Pillar hit his first career home run, a three-run shot off Houston Astros starter Brad Peacock. #### 2014 In 2014, after starting the season with the Blue Jays, Pillar was optioned to the Buffalo Bisons on March 22. He was called up to the Blue Jays on May 13, after Jonathan Diaz was optioned to Triple-A. Pillar had reached base safely in a league-high 26 straight games with Buffalo, and posted a triple slash of .305/.344/.461 in 34 games, while leading the league in doubles and leading Triple-A with an 18-game hitting streak. On June 9, Pillar hit a walk-off single, scoring Erik Kratz to give the Blue Jays a 5–4 win over the Minnesota Twins. On June 24 he was sent back down to Buffalo for throwing his bat after manager John Gibbons removed him for pinch hitter Anthony Gose. He was recalled on August 26 when Nolan Reimold was designated for assignment. #### 2015 In the 2015 offseason, the Blue Jays acquired Michael Saunders from the Seattle Mariners, and Pillar was expected to compete for the fourth outfielder role heading into spring training. However, after Saunders tore his meniscus before the start of spring training Pillar stepped in as the starting left fielder. Pillar made several highlight reel catches throughout the season, including scaling the left field wall to rob Tim Beckham of a home run on April 15. Blue Jays fans voted it the play of the year and Pillar called the catch a "life-changing moment" that brought him from obscurity to prominence in Toronto and around the league. On June 2, Pillar recorded his first career two-home run game, and became the first right-handed batter to hit two home runs in one game off of Washington Nationals' ace Max Scherzer. He was named the Blue Jays Player of the Month for June, as voted on by the Toronto Chapter of the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA), for a month in which he batted .365 (4th in the AL) with 5 stolen bases (tied for 7th in the AL) and 18 RBIs (tied for 10th in the AL). On September 28, Pillar was named the American League Player of the Week for September 21–27. He batted .524 with 2 home runs, 6 RBIs, and 5 stolen bases during that week. Pillar played his first full Major League season in 2015 and set several career-highs. He finished the regular season batting .278 with 12 home runs, 56 RBIs, and 25 stolen bases (5th in the AL), as his 86.21 stolen base percentage was 4th-best in the league. On defense, he led all MLB outfielders in putouts. Pillar played in all 5 games of the 2015 American League Division Series against the Texas Rangers, and batted .333 with 1 home run and 4 RBIs. Pillar and the Blue Jays then lost the American League Championship Series in 6 games to the Kansas City Royals, who went on to win the World Series. On October 29, Pillar was announced as a finalist for the Gold Glove award in center field, along with Kevin Kiermaier and Mike Trout, with the award eventually going to Kiermaier. On November 11, Pillar was named the 2015 Wilson Defensive Player of the Year for center field. #### 2016 Pillar squaring for a bunt during 2016 spring training. Pillar opened the season as the Blue Jays' lead-off hitter, but struggled, hitting .188 with no walks through April 16, and was moved down in the order by manager John Gibbons. In early August, Pillar was placed on the disabled list with a left thumb injury incurred while stealing a base; he later underwent offseason surgery to repair a torn thumb ligament. To that point in the season, Pillar had played in 109 of 112 games, and his 2.6 Wins Above Replacement (WAR) was second only to Josh Donaldson on the team. On September 6, Pillar was announced as the Blue Jays' nominee for the Roberto Clemente Award. Pillar appeared in 146 games for the Blue Jays in 2016, and hit .266 with seven home runs, 53 RBIs, and 14 stolen bases. On defense, he ranked # 1 among major league center fielders with 21 Defensive Runs Saved and a UZR (Ultimate Zone Rating) of 21.4. He led all MLB center fielders in defensive value according to Fangraphs, and was only surpassed in defensive value by shortstops Brandon Crawford and Francisco Lindor. Pillar struggled with the bat in the postseason, going 3-for-32 at the plate with one home run and two RBIs. Pillar was named as a finalist for the Gold Glove Award in center field, along with Jackie Bradley Jr. and Kevin Kiermaier. On October 28, he was awarded the Fielding Bible Award for the center field position. #### 2017 On February 8, 2017, Pillar was announced as the cover athlete for the Canadian version of R.B.I. Baseball 17. During the offseason, Pillar worked to improve his plate discipline, with the goal of becoming the lead-off hitter for the Blue Jays. Early in the season, he split time at the lead-off role with Devon Travis; however, Travis struggled in the role and Pillar became the everyday lead-off hitter in late April. On May 13, Pillar became the American League leader in hits with 47, after a 3-for-4 performance against the Seattle Mariners. The following day, Pillar hit the first walk-off home run of his career, a solo shot off Mariners closer Edwin Díaz to give Toronto a 3–2 victory. In the Blue Jays’ 8–4 loss to the Atlanta Braves on May 17, Braves pitcher Jason Motte struck out Pillar with a quick pitch. Pillar then called Motte a homophobic slur, Motte and Braves catcher Kurt Suzuki confronted him, and both dugouts rushed onto the field. Following the game, Pillar publicly apologized to Motte. The next day, the Blue Jays held a press conference at which Pillar apologized again, and the team announced that Pillar would be suspended for two games; he was also fined an undisclosed amount by MLB. For the 2017 season, Pillar batted .256/.300/.404 with career-highs in doubles (37) and home runs (16), as he scored 72 runs and stole 15 bases. His .997 fielding percentage as a center fielder was the best in the league, and his eight assists as a center fielder were second-most in the AL. On October 28, he was named a center field Gold Glove award finalist. #### 2018 On January 12, 2018, Pillar signed a one-year, $3.25 million contract with the Blue Jays, avoiding salary arbitration. In Toronto's 5–3 victory over the New York Yankees on March 31, Pillar became the first Blue Jay to steal three bases in one inning, when he stole second, third, and home plate in the eighth. It was also the team's first successful straight steal of home since Aaron Hill did so in 2007. On July 1 he made a wall-leaping home-run-robbing catch that was rated the # 2 defensive play of the year on MLB Network's "Top 100 Plays of 2018". He was placed on the disabled list on July 15 after spraining his right sternoclavicular joint (where his collarbone attaches to his chest wall) on a diving catch. Pillar finished the 2018 season leading the team in batting average (.252), doubles (40; a career high), and stolen bases (14), while coming in 10th in the American League in stolen-base percentage (83.25%). He also hit 15 home runs and 59 RBIs. With the team trading pitcher Aaron Loup during the season, Pillar became – at 29 years of age – the longest-tenured active Blue Jay. In the fall of 2018, Pillar played as an MLB All-Star in the 2018 MLB Japan All-Star Series, batting .333 in 12 at bats. #### 2019 In January 2019, Pillar signed a one-year, $5.8 million contract with the Blue Jays, avoiding arbitration. He played five games for the team in 2019 before being traded. He concluded his Toronto career with a seven-year stolen base percentage of 75.82%, 8th-best all-time of all Blue Jays. ### San Francisco Giants (2019) On April 2, 2019, the Blue Jays traded Pillar to the San Francisco Giants for Alen Hanson, Derek Law, and Juan De Paula. Pillar hit his first career grand slam against the San Diego Padres on April 8. On May 4, Pillar earned an MLB Play of the Week award catching Nick Senzel's would-be home run by scaling the center field wall. Pillar assumed the position of everyday center fielder, as Steven Duggar's continued injury problems forced him into a few stints on the injured list. On August 17, Pillar had a career-high 5 hits against the Arizona Diamondbacks. For the 2019 season with the Giants, he batted .264/.293/.442 with 37 doubles (8th in the NL), 21 home runs, 87 RBIs, and 6 sacrifice flies (8th) while stealing 14 bases; his 161 games played for the season were 6th in the majors, while his 6.9 at bats per strikeout were 7th. On defense, he was 3rd in the league in both his range factor/game as an outfielder (2.30) and his fielding percentage as a center fielder (.986). He led the Giants (or tied for the lead) in runs, doubles, triples, home runs, RBIs, and stolen bases. In September, Pillar received the Willie Mac Award, given to the team's most inspirational player, as voted on by players, coaches, trainers, and fans. In November, Pillar received one vote for 2019 National League Most Valuable Player. San Francisco opted not to tender Pillar a contract on December 2, 2019, making him a free agent. ### Boston Red Sox (2020) On February 14, 2020, Pillar signed a one-year, $4.25 million contract with the Boston Red Sox. With the Red Sox during the first half of the delayed-start 2020 season, Pillar batted .274 in 117 at bats over 30 games with 20 runs, seven doubles, two triples (3rd in the AL at the time of the trade), four home runs, and 13 RBIs. On defense he played error-less baseball and had two assists from right field (3rd), as he played 24 games in right field, six games in center field, and two games in left field. ### Colorado Rockies (2020) At the trade deadline of the 2020 season, August 31, Boston traded Pillar to the Colorado Rockies in exchange for pitcher Jacob Wallace. In 2020 for Colorado, Pillar batted .308/.351/.451 with 2 home runs, 14 runs, and 13 RBIs in 91 at bats, as on defense he played almost exclusively center field. In the pandemic-shortened 2020 season, between Boston and Colorado combined, Pillar batted .288/.336/.462 with 6 home runs, 34 runs, and 26 RBIs in 206 at bats. ### New York Mets (2021) Pillar putting on his black protective mask prior to running the bases during a June 19, 2021, game against the Padres. On February 21, 2021, Pillar signed a one-year contract with the New York Mets with player and club options for 2022. The contract guaranteed Pillar $3.6 million in 2021. The player option is worth $2.9 million with no buyout, and the club option is worth $6.4 million with a $1.4 million buyout. On May 17, Pillar was struck in the face by a 94 miles per hour (151 km/h) fastball thrown by Atlanta Braves pitcher Jacob Webb in a game at Truist Park, with the bases loaded, forcing in a run. Pillar immediately suffered severe bleeding, and was removed from the game. Pillar posted on his Twitter account after the incident: "Thanks to everyone that has reached out! Scary moment but I’m doing fine! #RBI #gamewinner". Pillar suffered "multiple nasal fractures," and was placed on the 10-day injured list. He was activated from the injured list on May 31, and hit a single in his first plate appearance since the injury. Pillar said that he would wear a protective mask in the field and on the bases for several weeks after returning. After initially wearing a clear mask, he switched to a black mask designed using face-scanning software, which improved his vision. In 2021 with the Mets he batted .231/.277/.415 with 15 home runs (4th on the Mets) and 47 RBIs in 325 at bats. With runners in scoring position, he batted .300/.352/.588. On defense he played error-less baseball, as he played 57 games in center field, 52 games in left field, 22 games in right field, and pitched in one game (retiring the one batter he faced). ### Los Angeles Dodgers (2022) On March 22, 2022, Pillar signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers. He began the season with the AAA Oklahoma City Dodgers, batting .315/.412/.622 in 127 at bats. Pillar was called up to the majors on May 28. He had one hit (a double) in 12 at bats for the Dodgers. On June 1, 2022, Pillar fractured his left shoulder sliding into third base in a game against the Pittsburgh Pirates, stayed in the game and scored on a groundout, and was subsequently placed on the injured list. He underwent successful surgery on June 7. He worked his way back post-surgery, and played in six minor league rehab games at the end of September, batting 7-for-22 with a home run and six RBIs. For the 2022 season with Oklahoma City, he batted .315(8th in the Pacific Coast League)/.398/.604(6th) in 149 at bats with 42 runs, 10 home runs, 40 RBIs, 20 walks, and 22 strikeouts, playing primarily center field. ### Atlanta Braves (2023) On January 18, 2023, Pillar signed a minor league contract with the Atlanta Braves organization, with his contract stipulating that he would earn $3 million if he were to be put on the Braves major league roster. On March 30, Pillar had his contract selected by the Braves after making the Opening Day roster. Pillar hit his 100th career home run in a game against the Baltimore Orioles on May 5, 2023. In 2023, Pillar batted .228/.248/.416 in 197 at bats, with 9 home runs and 32 RBIs, as he stole four bases in five attempts. He played 64 games in left field, 13 games in right field, and 3 games in center field. ### Chicago White Sox On February 2, 2024, Pillar signed a minor league contract with the Chicago White Sox, and was a non-roster invitee to spring training. He was to earn a $3 million base salary if he were put on the team's major league roster. Pillar was released by Chicago on March 22; however, two days later he was re-signed by the team on a major league contract. Honors ------ In 2018, Pillar was inducted into the Southern California Jewish Sports Hall of Fame. Personal life ------------- Pillar married his college sweetheart Amanda Gulyas in October 2014. His wife gave birth to a daughter, Kobie, in October 2017. She was named after NBA star Kobe Bryant, one of Pillar's idols growing up.
Motor vehicle The Saviem JL was a range of heavy/medium trucks manufactured by the French manufacturer Saviem, a subsidiary of Renault. Characteristics --------------- The Saviem JL range was based on the JL range from Somua. The JL was initially powered by engines from Alfa Romeo and other suppliers. In 1961, it adopted a revised front with double head lamps and was fitted with the Fulgur engines assembled at the Limoges factory, which would be part of Saviem. In 1963, as part of Saviem's agreements, some JL models incorporated MAN engines, changing its denomination and forming the new JM range. The ones which preserved the Fulgur engines were renamed as S (S9). The JL denomination was still sporadically used afterwards. Engines ------- The JL started using a variety of engines, including Renaults, Henschels and Alfa Romeos. In 1961 it standardised the use of two Fulgur diesel units of 4.8L and 6.8L with a power output of 100 bhp and 150 bhp respectively. References and sources ---------------------- * The entry incorporates text translated from the Saviem French entry. 1. 1 2 3 Commercial Motor. Temple Press. 116: 39. 1962. ISSN 0010-3063. `{{cite journal}}`: Missing or empty `\|title=` (help) 2. 1 2 3 4 Carroll, John; Davies, Peter James (2007). Complete Book Tractors and Trucks. Hermes House. pp. 66–67. ISBN 978-1-843-09689-4. 3. ↑ Europe, France Outremer (in French) (372): 39. 1960. `{{cite journal}}`: Missing or empty `\|title=` (help) \| * v * t * e Saviem \| \| --- \| \| Light commercial vehicles \| * Galion * Goélette * Super Galion * Super Goélette \| \| \| Trucks \| * H1 * J1 * JL * JM * S * SM (SM8) * SM Europe * PS * PX \| \| Buses/coaches \| * E71 * S451 * S531 * SC101 \| \| * 1Also sold with RVI badge. \|
Slovene mathematician Klavdija Kutnar is a Slovene mathematician. She received her PhD at the University of Primorska (UP) in 2008. She is Rector of the University of Primorska. Biography --------- Klavdija Kutnar was born 23 December 1980, in Ljubljana, Slovenia. She graduated from the Faculty of Education of the University of Ljubljana in 2003, and in 2008 received her PhD in mathematics at the University of Primorska under the supervision of Dragan Marušič. From 2010 to 2012 she was head of the Department of Mathematics at the University of Primorska Institute Andrej Marušič (UP IAM). In 2012, she was elected dean of the University of Primorska Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technology (UP FAMNIT) and since 2015 has concurrently been assistant director of UP IAM. In 2018 she was granted the titles of Research Counsellor and Full Professor in Mathematics at the University of Primorska. In 2019 she was elected the fourth rector of the University of Primorska. Research -------- Kutnar's main research area is algebraic graph theory. At the beginning of her research career, she also worked in mathematical chemistry. She is noted for her contribution to the study of the structural properties of particular families of symmetric graphs and in particular, her role in developing the original method of embedding graphs on surfaces to solve special cases of the well-known Lovász conjecture: the problem of finding Hamiltonian paths and cycles in vertex-transitive and Cayley graphs. She is a member of the research program P1-0285, financed by the Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency (ARIS) and led by Dragan Marušič. In 2018, she was the first Slovenian female mathematician to obtain a basic research project financed by the ARIS (J1-9110). Selected publications --------------------- * H. H. Glover, K. Kutnar, A. Malnič and D. Marušič, Hamilton cycles in (2, odd, 3)-Cayley graphs, Proc. London Math. Soc. 104 (Issue 6) (2012), 1171–1197, doi:10.1112/plms/pdr042. * K. Kutnar and D. Marušič, Hamilton paths and cycles in vertex-transitive graphs - current directions, Discrete Math. 309 (Issue 17) (2009), 5491–5500, doi:10.1016/j.disc.2009.02.017. * K. Kutnar and D. Marušič, A complete classification of cubic symmetric graphs of girth 6, J. Combin. Theory Ser B 99 (Issue 1) (2009), 162–184, doi: 10.1016/j.jctb.2008.06.001. * K. Kutnar and D. Marušič, Odd extensions of transitive groups via symmetric graphs – the cubic case, J. Combin. Theory, Ser. B 136 (2019) 170–192, doi.org/10.1016/j.jctb.2018.10.003. Selected conference talks ------------------------- * K. Kutnar, Plenary talk at the G2 conference 2016, Novosibirsk, Russia On colour-preserving automorphisms of Cayley graphs Professional work ----------------- Kutnar has been a member of the editorial board of the journal Ars Mathematica Contemporanea since 2016, serving as editor-in-chief from 2018. She is also a member of the editorial boards of the Bulletin of the Institute of Combinatorics and its Applications and Algebraic Combinatorics, and managing editor of the scientific journal ADAM – The Art of Discrete and Applied Mathematics. She was a Deputy Chair of the Organizing Committee of the 8th European Congress of Mathematics in 2021, and a member of International Advisory Committee for the International Congress of Mathematicians 2022, originally scheduled to take place in St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a founding member and the secretary of the Slovenian Discrete and Applied Mathematics Society. Since 2017, she has been a member of the Council of the InnoRenew CoE (Center of Excellence for research and innovation in the field of renewable materials and a healthy living environment), and the leader of the investment project "Renewable Materials and Healthy Environments Research and Innovation Center of Excellence – InnoRenew CoE" at UP FAMNIT. In 2017, Kutnar was appointed by the Minister to the Working Group to support the Peer-Counseling Project on the financing of higher education in Slovenia. She is also a member of the Council of the Republic of Slovenia for prizes and awards for outstanding achievements in science, research and development. In 2019, she became the President of the Council of the Republic of Slovenia for Higher Education. Personal life ------------- Klavdija Kutnar has a twin sister, Andreja, who received the 2018 Zois Award for important scientific achievements in the field of wood science, and is the director of the InnoRenew CoE.
Official portrait, 2024 Robert C. Nowakowski is a Rear Admiral in the United States Navy, who is currently serving as the deputy commander of Naval Education and Training Command. Education --------- Nowakowski attended Northwestern University and graduated in 1992 with a Bachelor of Science in Biomedical Engineering. He later earned a Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering from San Diego University, a Master of Business Administration from California State University San Marcos, and a Technical Engineer Program Management Certification from Stanford University. Career ------ Nowakowski's prior flag officer billet from October 2019 thru September 2021 was as Deputy Commander, Naval Education and Training Command Force Development and Deputy Commander, Navy Recruiting Command. From November 2020 thru May 2021, he was concurrently assigned as the Navy's Global Mine Warfare Commander (MIWC). From April 2021 thru May 2022, he was concurrently assigned as Task Force LCS, which is charged with improving the littoral combat ship program. In March 2023, he was nominated for promotion to rear admiral (upper half) with assignment as deputy commander, Naval Education and Training Command Force Development.
Yulia Slonimskaya Sazonova (Russian: Юлия Леонидовна Слонимская Сазонова, 19 September 1884 – 18 November 1957) was a Russian-born writer, theater critic and historian, actress, and puppeteer. Fleeing Russia after the October Revolution, she moved to France and continued her craft. She wrote and performed marionette shows in Europe and was one of the most prolific women dance and theater critics of the first half of the twentieth century. When World War II broke out, she moved to Portugal and later the United States, before returning to Paris. Early life ---------- Yulia Leonidovna Slonimskaya, known as Ditia, was born on 19 September 1884 in Saint Petersburg, in the Russian Empire to Faina Afanasievna (née Vengerova) and Leonid Zinovevich Slonimsky. The couple had at least 8 children, though only four survived, after Faina lost a set of triplets in 1887. Ditia was the second child in the family, after Alexander (born 1881) and was followed by Nicolas (born 1894), Vladimir (1895-1915), and Michael (1897-1972). Slonimskaya’s father was an editor of the Messenger of Europe and had trained to be a lawyer. Her mother had trained to be a medical doctor, though she did not complete her studies, and came from an artistic and literary family, including the pianist Isabella Vengerova, historian Semyon Vengerov, and Zinaida Vengerova, a noted translator and specialist on English and French literature. Her maternal grandmother, Pauline (née Epstien) Vengeroff, had written a book about Jewish family life, Rememberings, in 1913, noted for being an early work giving a woman’s perspective. Though her maternal family had strong Jewish roots, Slonimskaya's mother, denied her heritage, often causing confusion for the siblings. Raised in Saint Petersburg, Slonimskaya attended the Bestuzhev Courses and, at her mother's insistence, pursued mathematical studies, though she also studied dance at the Imperial Ballet School and drama at the Imperial Theater School. After completing a course at the Theater School under Vladimir Davydov (ru) and Konstantin Stanislavski between 1905 and 1906, Slonimskaya was given the lead in a play written by Evgeny Chirikov, Jews in the theater company of Lidia Yavorskaya [ru]. During the performance, she met the actor, Peter Sazonov, who she would later marry in 1908. Graduating after completion of her mathematics studies, Slonimskaya chose to focus on ballet and acting and was soon touring the provinces with productions and writing about history of dance and theater. Career ------ After her marriage, in the early 1910s, Sazonova began publishing articles on Russian puppet theater and critiques of ballet and ballet history in the magazine, Apollo (Russian: Аполлон), challenging theories that they originated as art form of elites. Instead, she argued that the roots were in festivals and folk culture. In 1915, she wrote an analysis of Alexander Ostrovsky's work for the Imperial Theater Yearbook in which she argued that his plays could not be evaluated on the basis of the words alone, but that one must look for the symbolism behind the words to find the struggle for the human soul. In 1916, Sazonova staged an opulent production of The Forces of Love in Magic at the cabaret, "Comedian’s Halt" in Saint Petersburg. The play, based on a seventeenth-century French work, was jointly created by Sazonova and her husband and featured costumes and scenery designed by famous designers and music by noted musicians. That same year, she published an article evaluating marionettes in Apollo, which provided substantial historical information on the craft. In spite of the war situations, the Sazonovs tried to introduce the innovations being created in the craft to Russia over the next few years, but by 1920, Sazonova fled. She first went to the Crimea, where she met the artist Nicolas Millioti [fr]. The two began an affair and Sazonova discovered she was pregnant. She fled to Constantinople and then arrived in Sofia in 1921, where she gave birth to Millioti's son, Dmitri Petrovich Sazonov, giving him her husband’s name. By 1923, the couple were in Paris and Sazonova had begun staging marionette plays again. One of Sazonova's first productions was a shadow play based on a traditional Turkish theme produced in 1924 by Natalia Goncharova. Between 1925 and 1926, she was extremely ill, after developing an infection as the result of an appendectomy. The experience changed her outlook on life in general, but specifically on art, which from that point forward, she maintained that traditions were improved by a fusion of cultural experiences. She maintained that people living in exile viewed their own cultures with an enhanced lens, because the interaction of cultures enhanced the best parts of diverse traditions and believed that censorship harmed artistic creation. By 1926, she had recovered sufficiently to take her puppet theater on the road, where her small wooden marionettes performed for the first time in The Hague. By 1930, Sazonova was writing works evaluating the performances of Sergei Diaghilev, La Chorégraphie des ballets de Diaghilew, for the literary journal Čisla, reviewed the work of Anna Pavlova in a work of the same name for La Revue Musicale in 1931 and in 1937, published La Vie de la danse. Du ballet comique de La Reine á Icare, in which she analyzed the transmission of ballet from France to Russia and then back to France and the impact Serge Lifar had in that multi-layered process. Sazonova was one of the most recognized women critics of dance in Paris in the first half of the twentieth century, publishing articles in La Nouvelle Revue Française and La Revue Musicale on a regular basis. With the outbreak of World War II, Sazonova moved to Portugal and then to the United States. In spite of her limited skill with English, she found work as a teacher and continued writing. She returned to France in 1955 and was reunited with Millioti and her son, who were living in Paris. Death and legacy ---------------- Sazonova died on 18 November 1957 and was buried in the Russian cemetery of Saint Genevieve-de-Bois, near Paris.
American painter Edmund Archer (1904–1986) was an American artist best known for his portraits of African Americans. He was born in Richmond, Virginia, to parents who were both culturally and socially prominent in that city. Having taken an early interest in painting, he took art classes continually from childhood into his adult years. His long career included periods spent in Richmond, Paris, New York, and Washington, D.C. In addition to painting, he served as an assistant curator at the Whitney Museum of American Art and an instructor at the Corcoran School of Art. His portrait style tended toward a poster-like flatness early in his career and later toward a more traditional modeled style. He painted with a high degree of realism throughout his career and rarely experimented with any degree of abstraction. Galleries and museums gave him frequent exhibitions and both individual and institutional collectors provided him with income from sales. In 1938, a critic said he was then considered to be "one of the best of the young artists in the United States". A few months later, another critic credited his success to hard work: "Edmund Minor Archer has had advantages. His success story is no Horatio Alger tale. It is a story of an earnest and deeply talented artist who has worked and studied in humility and devotion, and has early reached the top, hard step by hard step". Early life and education ------------------------ Archer was born in Richmond on 28 September 1904. He attended the Chamberlayne School for Boys and graduated in 1916. Between 1913 and 1916, he took art classes taught by two local artists, Adèle Clark and Nora Houston, at the Richmond Art Club. Houston later recalled that "his construction was good from his fourteenth year, his portrait studies having bones and muscles, and reflecting a distaste for the trite prettiness so admired by earlier generations". In the summer of 1916, he traveled to Cape Cod to attend Charles Hawthorne's art school. In 1918, he began full-time study at a new school established by Houston and Clark. That year, he won first prize in a local bond drive poster contest, and the next year a painting of his received honorable mention in an exhibition of the school's students. Leaving the school run by Houston and Clark in 1922, he studied for two terms at the University of Virginia and then traveled to New York to study at the Art Students League under Kenneth Hayes Miller and Allen Tucker. Having both talent and preference for depicting the human figure, he obtained his first portrait commission in 1924 and at this time the Art Students League bought a figure study of his called "Reclining Nude" for its permanent collection. The following year the League bought another painting, this one, called "The Three Graces", showing three heads. During 1926 and 1927, he traveled in Europe, spending time in Rome and Arezzo, studying Renaissance artists, and in Paris, working at the Académie Colarossi and in a studio he rented. Career in art ------------- (1) Edmund Archer, Buying Flowers, 1930, oil on canvas, 31 x 26 1/16 inches(2) Edmund Archer, Organdy Collar, 1936, oil on canvas, 19 x 16 inches(3) Edmund Archer, Waiting for the Departure, 1932, oil on canvas, 33 x 38 inches On his return from Europe in December 1926, Archer rented a Richmond studio that had once belonged to the sculptor, Edward Virginius Valentine. There, he continued making portraits and figure studies and began to use African Americans as models. Over three years, between 1927 and 1929, Archer's paintings were included in exhibitions held by the Whitney Studio Club in New York. The first year, he showed a painting he had made while living in New York called "Bathers, East River", the second, he showed a painting he had made in his Paris studio, "Man from Bordeaux", and the third, he showed a charcoal drawing called "Cornfield Negroes". For a few years, beginning in 1928, he exhibited regularly in local shows at the Richmond Woman's Club. In 1930, a painting of Archer's called "Show Girl" won third prize in a competition held at the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. Of it, a critic for the New York Times wrote, "'Show Girl', by Edmund Archer, is so powerful a painting, so brilliant in its contrasts of color, so sound in its drawing, that it strikes a distinct note in modern art. For a painting to recall Ingres and Van Gogh at once, is for it to have accomplished a tour de force in art. This, the painting of Edmund Archer's has done. Writing in The American Magazine of Art, another critic said the painting "holds no illusion... The canvas is hard in outline and blatant in its color range". A year later, the Richmond League of Fine Arts bought the painting and when the League merged into the new Richmond Academy of Arts, it was put on display in its permanent collection. In 1930, Archer was named an assistant director of the new Whitney Museum of American Art and a year later he contributed paintings to the museum's opening exhibition. Between 1932 and 1938, the museum held a series of biennial exhibitions that were modeled on the Corcoran Biennials but on a smaller scale. Paintings of Archer's were included in these exhibitions and in the series of annuals that succeeded them. On three occasions, the museum used its purchase fund to buy Archer's paintings. Archer's 1930 oil, "Buying Flowers", shown above (1), was one of the first of these acquisitions. It shows the flat style for which he was known early in his career. Another of the museum's purchases was a portrait called "Organdy Collar", acquired in 1938. Shown above (2), it is in the modeled style of most of his later work. During the early 1930s, Archer showed frequently in commercial galleries: in Boston at the Pancoast Gallery in 1929 and in New York at the Macbeth Gallery in 1933, the Seligmann Galleries in 1934, the Rehn and Ferargil Galleries in 1935 A critic called attention to his painting, "Brick Carrier", in the Seligmann show, calling it "remarkable depiction of a sturdy Negro's back and arms as his figure proceeded up a ladder bearing the burden of building material upon his head, and for the brilliant coloring employed". A commissioned painting of two children also drew attention in this show. Painted in a flat style with brilliant coloring, it was dubbed a "portrait mural". In covering the show, the New York Times included a photograph of this work, labeling it "The most beautiful creation seen last week". During the 1934 World's Fair held in Chicago, a painting of Archer's called "Waiting for the Departure" was included in a comprehensive exhibition of paintings from American collections held at the Art Institute. This work is shown above (3). Other names given the painting were ""At the Window" and "Waiting for the Procession". When Life magazine reproduced the painting in its issue for May 26, 1941, the image caption referred to Archer as "Virginia's most important contemporary artist". It received first prize and was voted most popular painting at the Norfolk Museum of Fine Arts and Painting exhibition of 1950. Between 1936 and 1940, Archer showed periodically in exhibitions at the Art Students' League. Capt. Francis Eppes Making Friends with the Appomattox IndiansEdmund Archer, Capt. Francis Eppes Making Friends with the Appomattox Indians, mural, 1939, oil on canvas In 1938, the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts gave him a solo exhibition that included a mural, "Captain Francis Eppes Making Friends with the Appomattox Indians", which he had made for a post office in Hopewell, Virginia, as part of the Depression-era United States post office murals project. Meant to inspire confidence at a time when many Americans felt despair, the mural, shown above, depicts an English adventurer, Francis Wayles Eppes VI, clasping the hand of the chief of the Appomattox Indians. A contemporary describes the painting's uplifting and romantic subject: "The Englishman and the Indian, half-reclining, face each other on a vast stretch of beach and clasp hands in a gesture of great strength and grace. Eppes gestures with his right hand at his ship on the water, its sails white against a light-bathed sky. The Indian is a beautiful fellow, and just behind him are smaller, symbolic figures of other Indians on the water. It is a wonderfully lively, noble and happy picture, from the bright virgin look of the fresh beach to the thin, symbolic line of the city of the future on the horizon". Other critics viewed Archer's heroic treatment of his subject as absurd and one of them noted that the friendly greeting that he showed between Eppes and the chief was a myth. The Appomattox did not welcome the English settlers. At the time Eppes first arrived from England, they had been defending themselves against incursions by the colonists in a series of conflicts known as the Anglo-Powhatan Wars. Far from treating them as brothers, Eppes led an attack on the tribe in 1627, only a few years after his arrival. The 1938 solo exhibition also contained fifteen paintings having African-American subjects. At the time, Archer told an interviewer that he preferred African-American models because he found in them a vitality he could not find in other figural subjects adding that he hoped American artists would take advantage of the "vitality, exuberance and color" of African-American culture to help make "great art" that would rival the art of European painters. During this exhibition, a reporter said Archer was "considered Virginia's greatest contemporary painter, and one of the best of the young artists in the United States". In 1939, a solo exhibition at the Gertrude Herbert Institute of Art, Augusta, Georgia, also featured paintings of African-Americans Archer left his position at the Whitney Museum in 1940 and moved to Washington, D.C. where he lived during World War II. In 1944 he remained in the city, taking a position as an art instructor at the Corcoran School of Art and occasionally also teaching at nearby George Washington University. In 1957, a critic referred to him as the Corcoran faculty's most conservative painter. During the late 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s, he continued painting portraits. During these years he exhibited freely in group shows at the Corcoran. He was given a solo exhibition of portraits at Richmond's Valentine Museum in 1957 and six years later he helped to found a gallery called the Hand Workshop Art Center, in that city. He retired from teaching in 1968 and returned to live in Richmond. ### Artistic style > > Edmund Archer one of the younger artists who has only recently been included in the shows held at the Rehn Galleries, contributes one of the exhibition's outstanding canvasses—a portrait study of a Negro Wrestler. Mr. Archer is a Southerner and although he frequently paints Negro subjects, he does not emphasize the exotic or decorative qualities of his subject, as is too frequently case with the Northern cult of the Negro in art. His pictures carry with them the conviction of real experience, he knows his subject and the Negroes whom he paints are people and personalities. Added to this is his vigorous, almost sculptural, treatment of form. > > > Helen Appleton Read in the Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 5 May 1935 Archer's preference for figure studies and portraits was formed at an early age. Writing in 1934, a critic referred to his work as realistic and free of abstraction but, all the same, "far from being what is generally termed academic". In the mid-1930s, he began using a flat technique with bright colors that one critic called "mural style" and another described as having "flat planes and overlapping patterns". Nonetheless, most of his portraits and figure studies convey an illusion of three-dimensionality. One critic said some of these paintings showed "vigorous, almost sculptural, treatment of form". Another wrote: "His sitters seem to move in the picture space and almost come forward into the room, and their strongly modeled forms demand lots of room". In 1941, Archer was photographed using an unusual technique in which he placed his easel next to his model and painted using a brush attached to a long pole. Throughout his career, there was considerable discussion of his paintings of African Americans. In praising these works, one critic said, "His pictures carry with them the conviction of real experience, he knows his subject and the Negroes whom he paints are people and personalities". Another said, "Mr. Archer paints with a superb pleasure in the shape, the strength, the flesh color of these People. They are solid, harmonious and powerful masses of strong, rich humanity, and each body stands out from the canvas with actuality that is amazing". Some of his late portraits were unusually large while still displaying the sculptural style for which he had become known. A critic said these works were, "approximately life-size, with convincing individuality in the former and sound knowledge of anatomy in his figure paintings". Personal life and family ------------------------ Archer was born in Richmond on 28 September 1904. His father was William Wharton Archer (1854–1928). He had been editor of two newspapers, the Richmond Standard (published between 1878 and 1882) and the Richmond State (also known as The State and published between 1876 and 1897) and was later associated with the Life Insurance Company of Virginia. His mother was Rosalie Harrison Pleasants Archer (1864–1945). For many years she was head of an amateur theater company that her first-born son, Adair, had founded in 1917. Her obituary also noted that she was "active in interracial work", having served on a Richmond committee on interracial relations and a council devoted to the prevention of lynching. Archer had two brothers, Adair Pleasants Archer (1894–1918), the founder of Richmond's first amateur theater company who and died of Spanish flu in an Illinois Army base, and William Wharton Archer, Jr. (1902–2000), an engineer. He was known to family and friends as "Ned". In the early 1920s, Archer performed in plays staged by the amateur company presided over by his mother and throughout his life, reporters noted his social promenence in Richmond and New York. During World War II, Archer served in the 603rd Engineering Battalion, a unit of the U.S. Army responsible for camouflage and other visual deception that was made up largely of artists, illustrators, and designers. Late in the war, he joined the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey in Washington, D.C. as a mapmaker. Archer died in Richmond on 13 July 1986.
Canadian ice hockey player (1939–2022) Ice hockey player James Joseph Pappin (September 10, 1939 – June 29, 2022) was a Canadian professional ice hockey right winger who played 14 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Toronto Maple Leafs, Chicago Black Hawks, California Golden Seals, and Cleveland Barons from 1963 to 1977. After retiring he worked as a scout for the Black Hawks, St. Louis Blues, and Anaheim Ducks, and briefly served as head coach of the Milwaukee Admirals. Pappin was signed by the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1960 and played for its Rochester Americans affiliate throughout his eight seasons with the franchise. He was part of Rochester's Calder Cup-winning sides in 1965, 1966, and 1968, and won the Stanley Cup with the Leafs in 1964 and 1967, scoring the Cup-winning goal in the latter championship series. After being traded to the Black Hawks, he had the best statistical season of his career in 1972–73 and reached two more Stanley Cup Finals in 1971 and 1973. He later played for the Golden Seals and Barons before retiring in 1976. Early life ---------- Pappin was born in Copper Cliff in Greater Sudbury, Ontario, on September 10, 1939. His father, Joseph Gerard Pappin, was employed as a machinist for a mining company; his mother was Geraldine Fitzgerald. Pappin began his junior career by playing two seasons for the Toronto Marlboros of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) from 1958 to 1960. He then joined the Sudbury Wolves in the middle of the 1959–60 season. Career ------ ### Rochester Americans (1960–1968) Pappin began his professional hockey career in 1960 with the Rochester Americans in the American Hockey League (AHL). He played on its Calder Cup-winning teams in 1965, 1966, and 1968. He scored the most goals during the 1965 and 1966 playoffs, including the game-winning goals in the both Cup-clinching games. He went on to score 134 goals in 275 regular-season games for the Americans and was later inducted into the team's hall of fame in 1996. ### Toronto Maple Leafs (1963–1968) Pappin was added to the Toronto Maple Leafs roster during the 1963–64 season. He made his NHL debut for the franchise on November 23, 1963, against the Boston Bruins at Maple Leaf Gardens. He continued to go back and forth between the Leafs and its Rochester affiliate throughout his tenure with the franchise. He won his first Stanley Cup in 1964, and played in his first NHL All-Star Game later that year. During the 1966–67 season, Pappin led the league in game-winning goals (7) and finished eighth in shooting percentage (15.3) and power-play goals (6). However, he had a poor relationship with general manager and coach Punch Imlach, who sent Pappin down to Rochester in February 1967 after he scored only six goals. He was recalled to Toronto after six games, around the time when Imlach temporarily stepped aside due to illness and King Clancy became interim coach. Pappin thrived with Clancy at the helm, scoring 15 goals in the last 22 games of the regular season. He went on to win his second Stanley Cup championship that same season, scoring the series-winning goal in Game 6. At the time of his death in 2022, it was the Leafs' most recent championship-clinching goal. Although his shot was deflected in off the skate of teammate Pete Stemkowski and credit was given to the latter at first, they privately agreed to give Pappin the goal as he was in the running for a contract bonus should he score the most goals in that year's Stanley Cup playoffs. He ultimately scored the most goals (7) and points (15), and recorded the highest shooting percentage (15.9) of any player in that series. Pappin reportedly accorded Stemkowski unlimited access to the backyard pool that he constructed with the bonus payment. Pappin was also in line for a C$1,000 bonus after scoring a combined 25 goals in the NHL and AHL, but Imlach refused to honour the agreement. In the offseason, Imlach raised Pappin's salary to $22,000, which was $3,000 less than what the latter had requested. He appeared in his second All-Star Game in 1968, but was also sent down to the Americans again by Imlach. He was traded to the Chicago Black Hawks on May 23 that same year in exchange for Pierre Pilote. The move – which was instigated by Imlach – aggrieved Pappin and spurred him to give his 1967 championship ring to his father-in-law. ### Chicago Black Hawks (1968–1975) Pappin made a strong start with the Black Hawks, scoring six goals in his first three games and accumulating 19 goals by Christmas. He also recorded his first hat-trick in the NHL, achieving this on October 16, 1968, against the Minnesota North Stars. During his first season with the franchise, he finished fourth in the NHL in game-winning goals (7) and fifth in shooting percentage (17.7). He scored ten goals during the 1971 playoffs, helping the team advance to the Stanley Cup Finals which they lost to the Montreal Canadiens in seven games. Pappin later set a franchise record by scoring two goals within six seconds against the Philadelphia Flyers on February 16, 1972. In the 1972–73 season – arguably Pappin's best season as a professional – he recorded career-highs in goals (41), assists (51), and points (92). He finished third in the league in shooting percentage (22.5), sixth in goals, seventh in goals per game (0.54), eighth in points per game (1.21), and tenth in points. He was also named to his third All-Star Game that year. The Black Hawks reached the 1973 Stanley Cup Finals on the back of Pappin's eight goals and seven assists during the playoffs, but lost to the Canadiens again. Pappin proceeded to lead the NHL in games played with 78 the following season, and was again selected to the All-Star Game that year. He played in his fifth and final All-Star Game in 1975 and posted the second-best shooting percentage (23.1) in the league that year after Peter McNab. ### Later years Pappin was traded to the California Golden Seals on June 1, 1975, in exchange for Joey Johnston. He played his final two seasons for the franchise, which relocated to Cleveland to become the Cleveland Barons in 1976. He played his final NHL game on December 11, 1976, at the age of 37. Three days later, he notified general manager Bill McCreary Sr. of his retirement. Post-playing career ------------------- After retiring from professional hockey, Pappin worked as a scout for the Black Hawks. He continued in that capacity until the middle of the 1984–85 season, when he was hired as a replacement head coach for the Milwaukee Admirals of the International Hockey League. During his tenure, the team posted a record of 12 wins and 14 losses. He subsequently returned to the Black Hawks as its director of U.S. scouting. He later scouted for the St. Louis Blues and Anaheim Ducks. Aside from hockey, Pappin had a keen interest in harness racing and owned several standardbred horses. He also ran a tennis facility in his hometown of Sudbury. His 1967 Stanley Cup ring – which his father-in-law lost at a beach during the 1970s – was found in 2007 by treasure hunter Mark DesErmia in the Gulf of Mexico. Pappin eventually struck a deal with the treasure hunter and the ring was returned for a reward. Personal life ------------- During the NHL offseason, Pappin operated a hockey school that also functioned as a horse-riding camp. His first marriage was to Karen Kyrzakos. Together, they had three children: Arne, Merrill, and Mary. They eventually divorced in 1982. He married Peggy two years later. He developed Bell's palsy during his time with the Black Hawks and Golden Seals. Pappin died on June 29, 2022, at his home in Palm Desert, California. He was 82, and was diagnosed with cancer shortly before his death. Career statistics ----------------- ### Regular season and playoffs \| \| \| Regular season \| \| Playoffs \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Season \| Team \| League \| GP \| G \| A \| Pts \| PIM \| GP \| G \| A \| Pts \| PIM \| \| 1958–59 \| Toronto Marlboros \| OHA \| 54 \| 17 \| 18 \| 35 \| 86 \| 5 \| 2 \| 3 \| 5 \| 4 \| \| 1959–60 \| Toronto Marlboros \| OHA \| 48 \| 40 \| 34 \| 74 \| 126 \| 4 \| 3 \| 0 \| 3 \| 20 \| \| 1959–60 \| Sudbury Wolves \| EPHL \| 4 \| 1 \| 0 \| 1 \| 4 \| 3 \| 0 \| 1 \| 1 \| 0 \| \| 1960–61 \| Sudbury Wolves \| EPHL \| 46 \| 17 \| 20 \| 37 \| 74 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 1960–61 \| Rochester Americans \| AHL \| 22 \| 7 \| 4 \| 11 \| 4 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 1961–62 \| Rochester Americans \| AHL \| 69 \| 28 \| 21 \| 49 \| 105 \| 2 \| 1 \| 0 \| 1 \| 2 \| \| 1962–63 \| Rochester Americans \| AHL \| 72 \| 34 \| 23 \| 57 \| 100 \| 2 \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 2 \| \| 1963–64 \| Rochester Americans \| AHL \| 16 \| 10 \| 6 \| 16 \| 16 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 1963–64 \| Toronto Maple Leafs \| NHL \| 50 \| 11 \| 8 \| 19 \| 33 \| 11 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| 1964–65 \| Rochester Americans \| AHL \| 22 \| 14 \| 11 \| 25 \| 36 \| 10 \| 11 \| 5 \| 16 \| 32 \| \| 1964–65 \| Toronto Maple Leafs \| NHL \| 44 \| 9 \| 9 \| 18 \| 33 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 1965–66 \| Rochester Americans \| AHL \| 63 \| 36 \| 51 \| 87 \| 116 \| 12 \| 8 \| 3 \| 11 \| 13 \| \| 1965–66 \| Toronto Maple Leafs \| NHL \| 7 \| 0 \| 3 \| 3 \| 8 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 1966–67 \| Rochester Americans \| AHL \| 6 \| 4 \| 3 \| 7 \| 4 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 1966–67 \| Toronto Maple Leafs \| NHL \| 64 \| 21 \| 11 \| 32 \| 89 \| 12 \| 7 \| 8 \| 15 \| 12 \| \| 1967–68 \| Rochester Americans \| AHL \| 5 \| 1 \| 5 \| 6 \| 16 \| 11 \| 2 \| 6 \| 8 \| 32 \| \| 1967–68 \| Toronto Maple Leafs \| NHL \| 58 \| 13 \| 15 \| 28 \| 37 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 1968–69 \| Chicago Black Hawks \| NHL \| 75 \| 30 \| 40 \| 70 \| 49 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 1969–70 \| Chicago Black Hawks \| NHL \| 66 \| 28 \| 25 \| 53 \| 68 \| 8 \| 3 \| 2 \| 5 \| 6 \| \| 1970–71 \| Chicago Black Hawks \| NHL \| 58 \| 22 \| 23 \| 45 \| 40 \| 18 \| 10 \| 4 \| 14 \| 24 \| \| 1971–72 \| Chicago Black Hawks \| NHL \| 64 \| 27 \| 21 \| 48 \| 38 \| 8 \| 2 \| 5 \| 7 \| 4 \| \| 1972–73 \| Chicago Black Hawks \| NHL \| 76 \| 41 \| 51 \| 92 \| 82 \| 16 \| 8 \| 7 \| 15 \| 24 \| \| 1973–74 \| Chicago Black Hawks \| NHL \| 78 \| 32 \| 41 \| 73 \| 76 \| 11 \| 3 \| 6 \| 9 \| 29 \| \| 1974–75 \| Chicago Black Hawks \| NHL \| 71 \| 36 \| 27 \| 63 \| 94 \| 8 \| 0 \| 2 \| 2 \| 2 \| \| 1975–76 \| California Golden Seals \| NHL \| 32 \| 6 \| 13 \| 19 \| 12 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 1976–77 \| Cleveland Barons \| NHL \| 24 \| 2 \| 8 \| 10 \| 12 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| NHL totals \| 767 \| 278 \| 295 \| 573 \| 667 \| 92 \| 33 \| 34 \| 67 \| 101 \| \| Sources: \|
Canadian artist Theodore Gegoux Theodore Gegoux was born November 19, 1850, in St-Clement Beauharnois, Canada East. Gegoux was a commercial success as a portrait artist in and around Watertown New York during the latter half of the 19th century. So prolific was he, that by the age of 32 he claimed 1300 completed portraits. For 30 years Gegoux lived in northern New York state, producing portraits; still lifes; and occasionally landscapes; one of the most noted artists in Watertown. In 1890, Hamilton Child wrote in his Gazetteer that Gegoux had established himself at Watertown, New York as, ".. one of the best oil, pastel, and crayon portrait artists in the city." Gegoux also painted still life, frequently fruits and flowers. Marine paintings were another topic, Gegoux painted both oceans Atlantic and Pacific. He also painted scenes of Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River. There are many more works of art, lost works, than have thus far been catalogued. Each year more are discovered. Gegoux painted various subjects or differing types of media; as can be further evidenced by a letter from Prof Gerdts, author of Art Across America. > Gegoux is -- and understandably -- a "provincial" artist -- not a primitive, but not really "high style" academic either. But fascinating for his straightforward renderings of themes that more sophisticated painters might shy away from. Having said that, I must say that his still lifes are really beautifully done -- very, very skillfully rendered, though in a manner more similar to that "realism" of the 1850s-'70s, than the more either radically modernist or poetic approach of his own time. -- William H. Gerdts, 1990, Professor Emeritus of Art History, City University of New York > > Gegoux worked with oils on canvas and crayon on linen backed paper. Gegoux also used many other media and varied subject material. Gegoux once painted a portrait on plate glass which was mounted into a wall like a window to catch the morning sun. He painted flowers on wooden panels. He painted oil on artist board; and he executed still life in watercolors on paper. Gegoux painted portraits of the deceased from old photos; verbal descriptions; and from views of the corpse. He was often summoned by parents who wanted an image to memorialize their departed child. He painted a pet portrait of his son's cat "Hims", oil on canvas. Gegoux painted nocturnal scenes of structure fires. He also painted several doublets, which are two identical portraits. As such, two family members would each have a portrait. In 1984, John A. Haddock wrote in his Centennial History of Jefferson County, New York, regarding the portrait of Justin W. Weeks 1889 .. "The artist Gegoux, has painted an heroic sized portrait of Mr. Weeks, which has attained deserved popularity as a fine work of art -- reflecting great credit upon the artist, for he has made a picture that seems just ready to walk out of the frame, to become the very living man himself. The writer lately examined that picture with great interest. Nothing finer in the way of portraiture is seen in any of the great galleries of Europe -- a thing easy to say, but which any observing European traveler will verify." Gegoux painted at least three Presidents, although none from life. Lincoln's portrait survives at the Jefferson County Historical Society, New York. Gegoux's U.S. Grant portrait was eight feet tall; it was hung on the Armory at the Watertown, New York Armory the day of Grant's National Funeral. The Grant portrait was later gifted to the Joe Spratt G.A.R Post at Watertown. Gegoux's portrait of President Garfield was as a civil war general. Gegoux also painted five other Civil War Generals, although none from life. His portrait of General Meade "being as near perfection as a likeness can be. It almost seems capable of speaking so life-like is the expression and color". In addition to Meade, Generals Burnside, Hancock, Logan, and McClellan were executed in oil, all sized 4' x 3' for the G.A.R. Post. Gegoux's "A Young Paganini" was accepted for the 1896 First Annual International Carnegie Exhibition at Pittsburgh. This period was the height of Gegoux's success and fame. One of Gegoux's finest portraits is a "The Portrait of Two Sisters" 1908, which is a portrait of Agnes Louis Flanders (1905–1979) and Helen Mary Flanders (1903–1994) commissioned by their grandfather and executed in oil on canvas. One of Gegoux's finest pastel works is the "Keewaydin Mansion in Moonlight" c. 1895. A nocturnal scene in moonlight from the perspective of a boat on the St Lawrence River depicting a once famous home, which was later destroyed by fire. The Mansion once stood on the grounds of what is now the Keewaydin State Park. Gegoux did not attain significant notice beyond his local area; although these years in New York were a financial success. Gegoux wanted to join the New York City art scene, but he never got closer than Schenectady. Seeking a new frontier to revitalize his career, in the fall of 1909 Gegoux secretly left his wife and two grown boys for Oregon. His whereabouts were a mystery to his family and friends for more than two years. Unbeknownst to anyone who knew him, Gegoux had arrived at Portland in early 1910. Finding the "Haunted Castle" vacant, Gegoux chose Piggott's folly for his residence and studio. In those early days of the 20th Century, every resident of Portland, Oregon knew about the "haunted castle". This was some much the case that, in 1910 the census taker listed this address as the "haunted castle". The census found Gegoux living there. In 1911 Gegoux told an Oregonian reporter at the Haunted Castle, "... I am up here where it is quiet, where no one disturbs me and I can work to the best advantage." This reporter went on to provide a rare account of the artist's physical appearance, "Mr. Gegoux is a man below the ordinary size and his hair and mustache are plentifully mixed with the silver that marks the other side of the crest of life. He is very quiet, although he exhibits high nervous temperament that determination and close application to his work has subdued." The Haunted Castle is where Gegoux started work on the portraits of the "Early Mayors of Portland"; a collection of 29 works; all oil on canvas; all sized 26" by 21". This collection was completed in 1915 while Gegoux was living in Southern California with his youngest son Frank. Only two of these portraits were individually sold. The remaining collection has been property of the Oregon Historical Society since 1927. In 1916 Gegoux returned to Oregon where, guided by George Himes secretary of the Oregon Historical Society, began work on "The Inception of the Birth of Oregon". This largest of Gegoux's work, oil on canvas, measures 80" x 103". The principle work was finished and copyrighted in 1920. The hand carved frame and date were added in 1923. The painting composition was informed by discussions with George Himes; it faithfully depicts the so-called "Meek Myth" version of the settlers meeting at Champoeg in May 1843. George Himes and a long list of historians did not think this version a myth. Rather, they believed it to be true history. When it came time to vote, these pioneers were a mass of settlers too unruly to be accurately counted. They were divided into two groups by Joe Meek with a wave of his hat and a call to "divide". Two French Canadians, F. X. Matthieu and Etienne Lucier, joined the Americans at the last minute to win the vote for organization. This version of events is still hotly debated today. What is not debated is that from the moment of that meeting, that historic vote, Oregon was never again without a civil organization. The Oregonian newspaper of December 16, 1900, reported on the significance of this meeting, ".. the spirit of those resolute, patriotic, and competent common wealth fathers has fitting expression in an enduring monument." To commemorate this meeting a granite monument was placed at Champoeg on May 5, 1901. The Morning Oregonian newspaper account, on that date, implied that a commemorative painting of this meeting could ".. be a matter of great interest." This news copy was likely written by George Himes, described a vision for a historic painting of this Champoeg meeting ".. if its personnel could be given with reasonable accuracy, and the full significance of what has grown out of that gathering of incongruous elements adequately portrayed, would give a subject for a great historical painting." Gegoux painted the scene of the pioneer settlers gathered at the McLoughlin Warehouse near the settlement of Champoeg. Unfortunately that warehouse and the town ".. hugged too closely the bank of the Willamette River for permanence, and in the swirl of waters known as the flood of 1861 its frail buildings were washed away." Gegoux was arguably an unlikely artist for this project. He called on George Himes at the rooms of the Oregon Historical Society carrying a portrait of Portland's mayor. He appeared little more than an itinerant artist, giving the "haunted castle" as his address. Himes must have seen something in Gegoux. Himes had recruited two previous artists, both candidates, W. H. Gilstrap (1849–1914) and George O'Brien (1853–1914), died before work began. First in 1902, Himes and Gilstrap discussed creating a large canvas scene for the Lewis and Clark exposition of 1905. Trips to Champoeg were conducted and discussions ensued but no paint touched canvas, likely due to a lack of funding. Regarding George O'Brien, as late as 1912 Mr. Himes was still in discussions with this artist who eventually took a portrait commission from the Mayo physicians of Wisconsin, were Mr. O'Brien died. Gegoux was the third artist that Himes had recruited, but the only one to produce the painting. Gegoux painted under most challenging conditions; and he chose an unlikely location for his studio. Few other artists would have chosen the former Jette tavern in the woods within the flood plains of the Willamette River. He painted in a building that was so ill-suited a wall had to be knocked out to give the artist a proper perspective of the picture. The historic work was nearly lost to fire, when that "studio" caught fire on a spring morning in 1918. The historic painting was saved from flames; some have said that Arthur Jette and his young son entered the burning structure to recover the painting. Gegoux had wanted a place for his masterpiece in the State Capitol, but the State voted against buying the painting. Which turned out to be a fortunate fate when the Capitol burned, nearly to the ground, in 1935. At the time of the State Capitol fire, the "Birth of Oregon" was safely rolled up at Bekins Moving and Storage in Portland. This historic painting survives. Gegoux considered this work his masterpiece; this historic painting reflects the culmination of all this artist's skill and ability. The painting is now exhibited at the Champoeg visitors' center. Stricken by dementia in his final years, Gegoux is not believed to have painted after 1926. He died on July 3, 1931, at the "County Farm", which is now Rancho Los Amigos Medical Center, Downey California. Gallery ------- * The Inception of the Birth of Oregon, 1923 by T. Gegoux, oil on canvas, 80 ins x 103 ins, exhibited at Visitor's Center, Champoeg State Park, OregonThe Inception of the Birth of Oregon, 1923 by T. Gegoux, oil on canvas, 80 ins x 103 ins, exhibited at Visitor's Center, Champoeg State Park, Oregon * The Portrait of Two Sisters, 1908, T. Gegoux, oil on canvas, 30 ins x 22 ins, Agnes Louis Flanders (1905–1979) and Helen Mary Flanders (1903–1994)The Portrait of Two Sisters, 1908, T. Gegoux, oil on canvas, 30 ins x 22 ins, Agnes Louis Flanders (1905–1979) and Helen Mary Flanders (1903–1994) * Keewaydin Mansion in Moonlight .. circa 1895, T. Gegoux, pastel crayon on paper, 27 ins x 40 ins, exhibited at Keewaydin State Park, Alexandria Bay, New YorkKeewaydin Mansion in Moonlight .. circa 1895, T. Gegoux, pastel crayon on paper, 27 ins x 40 ins, exhibited at Keewaydin State Park, Alexandria Bay, New York * The Portrait of Hims circa 1901, T. Gegoux, oil on canvas, 14 ins x 12 ins, Private CollectionThe Portrait of Hims circa 1901, T. Gegoux, oil on canvas, 14 ins x 12 ins, Private Collection * Apple Still Life with Knife, 1902, T. Gegoux, oil on canvas, 6.75 ins x 9.75 ins, Private CollectionApple Still Life with Knife, 1902, T. Gegoux, oil on canvas, 6.75 ins x 9.75 ins, Private Collection * The Blessing of Wheat at Artois, 1882 copied by Gegoux, oil on canvas, 50.05 ins by 125.5 ins, original by Jules Breton (1827–1906)The Blessing of Wheat at Artois, 1882 copied by Gegoux, oil on canvas, 50.05 ins by 125.5 ins, original by Jules Breton (1827–1906) Bibliography ------------ * "19th Century Paintings, Drawings and Watercolors", by Christie's East, October 25, 1988 * "A Creative Capitalist" by Boni Shafer, January 31, 2012 - NNY (Northern New York) Business, January 2012 edition page 44 & 45. * "Art Across America" in 3 volumes, by William Gerdts, 1990 * "Artists in California, 1786-1940 - 3rd Edition", by Edan Hughes, 2002 * "Artists of the Pacific Northwest, a biographical dictionary", by Maria Sharylen, 1993 * "Catalog of Copyright Entries" by Library of Congress, Copyright Office - 1920 * "Catalogue, First Annual Exhibition", by Carnegie Art Galleries, 1896 * "Gazetteer of Jefferson County, N.Y. ", by Hamilton Child, July 1890, page 296 * "Champoeg: Place of Transition", by John A. Hussey, 1967 * "Davenport Art Reference", by Raymond Davenport, 2003-2004 * "History of the Oregon Country" in six volumes, by Harvey W. Scott, 1924 * "Oregon Painters, Landscape to Modernism (1859–1959) 2nd Edition", by Ginny Allen & Jody Klevit, 2021, page 174 & 175. * "Oregon Painters, the first hundred years (1859–1959)", Ginny Allen & Jody Klevit, 1999 * "Record of the Carnegie Institute's International Exhibitions 1896-1996", by Peter Hastings Falk, 1998 * "The Autobiography of Theodore Gegoux", by Theodore Gegoux, 1926 * "The Centennial History of Jefferson County, New York", by John Haddock, 1894 * "The Pacific Northwest Landscape - a painted history" by Kitty Harmon & Jonathan Rabin, 2001 * "Theodore Gegoux Painted the Steamboat St. Lawrence, Who Was He?" by Richard F. Palmer October 13, 2018 - Thousand Island Life ()
Former school for the deaf in Vermont, United States The Austine School for the Deaf, now closed, in Brattleboro, Vermont, was an independent, coeducational day and residential school for deaf and hard-of-hearing children age four to eighteen from New England and New York. History ------- In the late 1800s, U.S. Army Colonel William Austine retired to Brattleboro, Vermont. In his will, the Colonel specified a sum of $50,000 to establish a hospital for the treatment of strangers or local residents with extraordinary circumstances. Complying with this wish and under trusteeship, five prominent local citizens incorporated the Austine Institution in 1904. After debate, the Vermont Attorney General, who was also the administrator of the Colonel's will, prevailed with his suggestion to open a school for deaf and blind students. Support was gained from the Vermont General Assembly to purchase a 200-acre (0.81 km2) farm. In the fall of 1912 the Austine School opened with 16 students. In 1914, Alexander Graham Bell delivered Austine School's first commencement address. During the late 1950s and early 60s, the school experienced expansive growth. A new elementary school was added followed by a new high school wing. Soon after, the high school boys' and girls' dormitories were completed. In 1970, the construction of Vermont Hall upgraded the dormitories for the younger children and added administrative offices, a modern kitchen, dining room and health facility. On April 11, 2014, The Vermont Center for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (VCDHH) Board of Directors voted to close both the Williams Center and the Austine School for the Deaf. The organization had continued financial issues due to declining enrollment over the years. In January 2016, Winston Prouty Center was approved by the US Bankruptcy Court to purchase the former Austine School campus. ### Vermont Center In 1975 the Education for All Handicapped Children Act was passed. This legislation greatly impacted how persons with special needs are educated. As public schools began struggling to accommodate deaf and hard-of-hearing students in mainstream classrooms, Austine School leadership increasingly realized that their education expertise and guidance could be invaluable in helping school systems and families achieve their education goals. Thus the Vermont Center was created to provide statewide, location-based support for deaf education through a consulting network. Programs the Austine School had founded over the years to meet the needs of the deaf community beyond the classroom were grouped under the Vermont Center. ### Williams Center With mainstreaming underway, the Austine School recognized a marked increase in the percentage of its students who face multiple physical and education challenges. In response, The William Center was created as a separate school licensed by the Department for Children and Families and housed on the Austine Campus as a residential facility for emotionally disturbed deaf children. Academics and education philosophy ---------------------------------- The Austine School was led by principal Anne Potter and offered residential and day student programs. The elementary school program used a combination of the Montessori Method, the State of Vermont Framework of Standards and Learning Opportunities (VFSLO) and the VCDHH curriculum to develop within students a solid foundation of knowledge, communication proficiency, critical thinking and conflict resolution skills, as well as a level of maturity to transition into middle school and beyond. The middle and high school continued to focus on the whole student and adhere to curricula based on the VFSLO. Core classes were English, Reading, Math, Science, Social Studies, Art, Health, Keyboarding and Physical Education. Electives were provided. Austine provided specialized classes for students with multiple disabilities or special learning needs. Each student was encouraged to explore and discover the art of both independent and collaborative learning. Additional opportunities were made available through a career exploration class, a business education class, work-based learning, vocational assessment and transition planning. High school students participated in Austine's innovative supported onsite learning program at Brattleboro Union High School and could apply to the Southeast Vermont Career Education Center in Brattleboro for courses that developed specific employment skills in 16 fields. Striving to prepare students for entry to college and career by making learning relevant to everyday life, the school provided a challenging academic program tailored to meet the individual needs of each student. The ultimate goal for every Austine student was to experience a happy, healthy and successful adulthood. Austine's idyllic campus provided opportunities for a rich student life, ranging from onsite ropes courses, hiking and swimming, and varsity sports (the Austine Arrows), to participation in Deaf Academic Bowl at Gallaudet University. Austine has a vibrant alumni community, many of whom chose to stay in Brattleboro after graduation. Language Policy --------------- From its establishment, the Austine school was intended to be run by the oral method of teaching: "It is to be a pure oral school, and the trustees hope to make it a first-class school in every respect". This implies that only spoken and written English were used in the classroom by instructors and students. It appears this was the policy until the mid-1960s, when the high school was established. According to the Austine News (1965), sign language was allowed in the high school: "Simultaneous communication was determined as the basic communication method in the high school area. This method employs the media of speech, speechreading (lipreading), amplification through group or individual hearing aids, writing, dramatics, pantomime, finger-spelling and the language of signs. This means that students with little residual hearing can see the manual symbols on the hands; those who are proficient lipreaders can follow oral conversation clues; those who have a usable residue of hearing can follow auditory clues. All conversation is given at a normal rate of speed. The simultaneous method reduces the need for numerous repetitions and augments our traditionally strong program in speech, lipreading, and auditory training." At this time sign language was actively discouraged in the elementary school and preschool programs. However, the high school program was such a success, sign language instruction quickly spread throughout all the programs and by 1971 the entire school was encouraging the use of sign language. In 1990, Austine officially adopted the Bilingual-Bicultural Approach. Notable alumni -------------- * Dr. Clayton Valli (1971): linguistics professor at Gallaudet University and sign language poet
Building in Los Angeles Front-on view Façade Corner view 34°03′22″N 118°14′35″W / 34.056°N 118.243°W / 34.056; -118.243 The Hall of Justice in Los Angeles is located at 211 W. Temple Street in the Civic Center district of Downtown Los Angeles. It occupies the southern two-thirds of the block between Temple and First streets and between Broadway and Spring streets. Built in 1925, it was together with Los Angeles City Hall the first two large buildings opened in what would over the following decades demolish and transform the late-19th-century Central Business District to a Civic Center of modern landmark buildings and plazas. The Hall of Justice was designed in Beaux-Arts style by the Allied Architects Association, a coalition of Los Angeles-based architects founded in 1921 to design public buildings. Participating architects included Octavius Morgan, Reginald Davis Johnson, George Edwin Bergstrom, David C. Allison, Myron Hunt, Elmer Grey, Sumner Hunt and Sumner Spaulding. It was the centerpiece of the Los Angeles County justice system until it was damaged in the Northridge earthquake. It was the home of Los Angeles County courts, the Los Angeles County Coroner, the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Office, and the Los Angeles County District Attorney's Office, and was for many years the primary Los Angeles County Jail. The Beaux-Arts 1925 building was featured on television shows including Dragnet, Perry Mason and Get Smart. It was also featured in Visiting... with Huell Howser Episode 1014. Notable residents of the Hall of Justice included Charles Manson, Sirhan Sirhan, and Shorty Rossi, star of the Animal Planet show Pit Boss, along with being the venue where the Supreme Court case Cohen v. California began, with the defendant wearing a coarse statement against the military draft on his blazer while walking its halls and being arrested for disturbing the peace. Autopsies performed at the Hall of Justice include those of actress Marilyn Monroe and the assassinated presidential candidate and former United States Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy. It was used as a filming location for the 1997 Clint Eastwood movie Absolute Power, as the Washington, D.C. police headquarters. The Hall of Justice was shut down after January 1994 after sustaining damage because of the 1994 Northridge earthquake. In 2015, the building re-opened after undergoing a complete restoration and seismic retrofitting. The restoration and retrofit of the building was performed by the design build team consisting of Clark Construction, AC Martin Architects, and Englekirk Structural Engineers. The offices of the Los Angeles County Sheriff and the District Attorney returned to the building with its reopening.
St John the Baptist shown in Ninian Comper's east window Pusey House (/ˈpjuːzi/) is an Anglican religious institution and charitable incorporated organisation located on St Giles', Oxford, United Kingdom, immediately to the south of Pusey Street. It is firmly rooted in the Anglo-Catholic Prayer Book tradition of the Church of England and was founded in 1884 in memory of Edward Bouverie Pusey, Regius Professor of Hebrew at Oxford University and one of the leaders of the Oxford Movement. The house was established as a "House of Piety of Learning" with a library and chapel, both of which remain open and in use today. One of the original intentions of Pusey House was to house Pusey's collection of books and, since its foundation, the house has come to possess many artifacts relating to Pusey and the Oxford Movement, with the house's library and Archive holding one of the country's most significant collections of material pertaining to Anglo-Catholicism. The house holds daily services in its chapel, as well as regular lectures and events. Pusey House is closely associated with Oxford University, especially St Cross College which moved onto the Pusey House site in 1981, but is not itself a permanent private hall or constituent college. History ------- Pusey Memorial House was opened on 9 October 1884 as a memorial to Edward Bouverie Pusey, Regius Professor of Hebrew at Oxford University, a canon of Christ Church Cathedral and for 40 years a leading figure in the Oxford Movement, a movement of the mid-19th century which sought to bring the Church of England to a deeper understanding of its witness as part of the universal ("Catholic") church. It was also intended to continue the work of Pusey in restoring the Church of England's Catholic life and witness. It was established with a fund of £50,000 to provide a building for Pusey's library, purchase it and create an endowment so that two or more clergy could take charge of it and promote religious life in the university. The first principal was Charles Gore, who founded the Community of the Resurrection at the house in 1892. The Community moved to Mirfield (where it remains) when Gore resigned as Principal in 1897. The house flourished in the following years and came to experiment with forms of quasi-monastic life. Vincent Stuckey Stratton Coles, principal from 1897 to 1909, later recorded that "for a moment it seemed as if the Pusey House was trying to become a monastery. Silence was observed at dinner on Fridays. Great regularity of attendance at the chapel offices, and regulations as to the times of retirement and rising, began to be practised." Coles had been the first priest librarian along with F. E. Brightman when Gore was principal. Edward King, Bishop of Lincoln, famously quipped that "Brightman would dust the books, Gore would read them, and Coles would talk about them." During the pincipalship of Darwell Stone, a new building was commissioned which was eventually designed by Temple Moore, a leading Anglo-Catholic architect of his time. The house continued its work as the centre of Anglo-Catholicism in Oxford in the new buildings, attracting undergraduates including John Betjeman and Harold Macmillan. Since 1981, a portion of the Pusey House site has been occupied by St Cross College on a 999-year lease.[] Buildings --------- From 1884 until 1912, Pusey House occupied two townhouses on St Giles' on the site of the current building. Following a 1903 benefaction of £70,000 from a Leeds solicitor, John Cudworth, and with a growing ministry to the university, Pusey House was able to consider rebuilding. In 1910, the governors took advantage of the falling in of a lease at a neighbouring townhouse which was subsequently bought and demolished to make way for the new buildings. The Chapel of the Blessed Sacrament with Ninian Comper's baldacchino and stained glass The principal at the time, Darwell Stone, requested that the new building should include a chapel "of good and simple architecture to hold about 200 and a side chapel to hold about thirty" alongside lecture rooms, domestic ranges, a library, and museum. Four architects were approached to submit designs: Harold Brakspear, Walter Tapper, Giles Gilbert Scott, and Temple Moore. After inspecting the four proposals the building committee chose Moore's designs, formally appointing him as architect in October 1911. Moore designed a large Gothic building around a quadrangle, its centrepiece being the two vaulted chapels separated by a stone pulpitum which he based on those found in 'medieval Franciscan priories'. The chapel and part of the library were complete by 1914, and most of the remaining portions of the building were finished in 1918. The south range of the quadrangle remained unexecuted at the time of Moore's death in 1920, and was only finished in 1925 to sympathetic designs by John Coleridge. The smaller Chapel of the Blessed Sacrament was reordered between 1935 and 1939 by Sir Ninian Comper. Comper's work in the chapel included the construction of a gilded baldacchino surmounted by the resurrected Christ and attendant angels, and the stained glass in the east window. In the east window, Comper depicted a Tree of Jesse commemorating Pusey. The window contains figures of Old Testament prophets and Church Fathers surrounding Christ in Majesty and the Virgin and Child. The figure of Pusey can be seen, kneeling at the base of the second light from the right. Comper also designed vestments for Pusey House, and specially designed his "strawberry" pattern for the chapel. Library ------- The library is a theological and historical collection of 75,000 volumes which includes Pusey's library and a large collection of other theological and historical volumes. Pusey's own books, bought after his death, originally formed the heart of Pusey House Library. Since then, by gift and purchase, the library has grown into a collection which has been recognised by the National Archives as a leading specialist library not only in Oxford but in the United Kingdom. In addition to its primary source material and books on the Anglo-Catholic Movement (Tractarian and Oxford movements), the library also has collections of material for the study of patristics, church history, liturgy, doctrine, monasticism and Anglican Catholic organisations. The archive contains extensive material on the Tractarians and the Oxford Movement: the records of a number of Anglo-Catholic societies; communities of monks and nuns; letters and papers of notable Anglicans, as well as the archive of Pusey himself. The manuscripts include papers of many notable figures, organisations and societies connected with the Oxford Movement in the 19th and 20th centuries. The most significant holdings are those of E. B. Pusey, H. P. Liddon, and S. L. Ollard, but there are also papers relating to other notable people such as William Ewart Gladstone, John Henry Newman, Frederic Hood, F. L. Cross, and John Keble. Worship ------- High Mass in the chapel Worship in the Chapel of the Resurrection is in accordance with the Anglo-Catholic tradition in the Church of England and is open to all, especially to members of the university. Alongside its reputation for dignified and traditional liturgy, Pusey House is also recognised for its musical tradition, most visible at the Solemn Mass on Sundays and solemnities. ### Services and observances * Compline each Tuesday evening during full term * Low Mass daily during full term, with a BCP celebration on Fridays * Morning Prayer and Evening Prayer, daily during full term * Solemn High Mass every Sunday and on major festivals during full term with the Ordinary of the Mass sung by the choir Music ----- The Choir of Pusey House is formed of eight choral scholars, largely students who are or recently have been members of college chapel choirs from across the University. The choir is responsible for singing at term-time Sundays (0-9th week), some weekday feasts, and other out of term services such as occasional evensongs, carol services and services through Holy Week. Most Sundays, the choir will sing a polyphonic mass setting (which in Lent and Advent is normally replaced with plainsong) and an anthem, plainsong propers as well as support the hymns and congregationally sung Gloria and Creed. The choir's repertoire is made up of predominantly chant, Renaissance polyphony, such as that by Byrd, Tallis and Lassus, as well as later Romantic and Modern composers of English church music, Stanford, Bairstow, and Peter Tranchell. Occasionally, the choir performs works by continental 19th and 20th century composers such as Vierne and Duruflé. Pusey House commissioned a new mass setting for its 125th anniversary celebrations from the composer Alexander Campkin. Another House commission is a setting of the Hæc Dies for Easter Day by Sydney Watson. In the past, the choir has recorded several CDs. Service music in the vacation is provided by a cantor or by musicians from the congregation often with support from members of the regular choir. One musical highlight of the year is the choral Communion on the feast of Charles, King and Martyr according to the 1662 Book of Common Prayer. This service normally features Tudor and Jacobean and Early English Baroque music works, and choral responses to the Commandments. The choir takes part in the "Pusey Goes to London" trips that take place every few years, often in All Saints, Margaret Street. This normally involves both current and former choir members. The House owns an Edwardian organ originally built by J.W. Walker for St. Paul's, Slough in 1908. It was moved to the House in 2014 by Peter Collins. The House previously had an instrument by Rest Cartwright & Son of two manuals and pedals that has since been removed. The current Master of Music is Ed Gaut. Pusey House regularly hosts concerts and rehearsals for several Oxford-based and student ensembles and choirs. Principals ---------- * 1884–1893: Charles Gore * 1893–1897: Robert Lawrence Ottley * 1897–1909: Vincent Stuckey Stratton Coles * 1909–1934: Darwell Stone * 1934–1951: Archibald Frederic Hood * 1951–1970: Francis Hugh Maycock * 1970: Barry Marshall (died before installation) * 1970–1981: Cheslyn Peter Montague Jones * 1982–2002: Philip Ursell * 2003–2013: Jonathan Baker * 2013–present: George Westhaver Priest librarians ----------------- The office of priest librarian dates from the foundation of the house in 1884- the following is an incomplete list of those who have served in this role: Upper Library, Pusey House * 1884–1897 V. S. S. Coles * 1884–? F. E. Brightman\* * 1895–1908 H. F. B. Mackay * 1908–1919 Darwell Stone\* * 1921–1924 Mark Carpenter-Garnier * 1922–1923 Maurice Child * 1927–1944 F. L. Cross\* * 1929–1937 Humphry Beevor * 1941–1946 Eric Kemp\* * 1935–1952 Tom Parker\* * 195?–1955 Barry Marshall * 1952–1957 Cheslyn Jones\* * 1957–1961 Robert Catling\* * 1960–1969 Donald Allchin * 1961–1965 Rodney Hunter * 1968–1971 & 1976-1978 Peter Cobb * 1983–1994 Harry Smythe * 1994–2011 William Davage * 2001–2014 Barry Orford Those marked with an asterisk acted as library custodian. Notable people -------------- * Donald Allchin * Jonathan Baker * Humphrey Beevor * John Betjeman * Frank Edward Brightman * Walter Carey * Mark Carpenter-Garnier * Maurice Child * F. L. Cross * Percy Dearmer * Tom Driberg * Austin Farrer * Charles Gore * Archibald Frederic Hood * Rodney Hunter * John Toshimichi Imai * Cheslyn Jones * Eric Kemp * Margaret Heather Laird * C. S. Lewis * Henry Parry Liddon * Frederick Lygon, 6th Earl Beauchamp * Charles Abdy Marcon * Robert MacCarthy * Harold Macmillan * Robert Lawrence Ottley * Dorothy L. Sayers * Darwell Stone * J. R. R. Tolkien * Cuthbert Turner * Philip Waggett * Evelyn Waugh * David Williams * Charles Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax Gallery ------- * Pusey House from St Giles'Pusey House from St Giles' * Pusey House in the 1920sPusey House in the 1920s * A view of the rood from the Chapel of the Blessed SacramentA view of the rood from the Chapel of the Blessed Sacrament * The Chapel of the Blessed SacramentThe Chapel of the Blessed Sacrament * The east range and Chapel from the QuadThe east range and Chapel from the Quad * The QuadThe Quad Further reading --------------- * Lepine, A. (2016). Modern Gothic and the House of God: Revivalism and Monasticism in Two Twentieth-Century Anglican Chapels. Visual Resources, 32(1-2), 1-26. * Orford, Barry A. Davage, William, and Ursell, Philip. Piety and Learning : The Principals of Pusey House 1884-2002 : Essays Presented to The Revd Philip Ursell. Oxford: Pusey House, 2002. * "The Pusey Memorial at Oxford," Times, 26 June 1885, p. 12. The Times Digital Archive, Retrieved 16 July 2019.
1988 video game *MicroProse Soccer* is an association football video game published by MicroProse in 1988. The original Commodore 64 version was developed by Sensible Software and ported to other systems. In the United States, the game was released as *Keith Van Eron's Pro Soccer, named after Keith Van Eron. Designed by Jon Hare and programmed by Chris Yates, they adapted the gameplay format of arcade video game Tehkan World Cup* (1985) while adding their own elements to create MicroProse Soccer. It is the forerunner of the 16-bit Sensible Soccer series. Gameplay -------- The game can simulate a full 11-a-side game of football on a grass pitch, or 6-a-side soccer, based on the American indoor league of the time. A single player can work through a World Cup (or Indoor League) tournament, or take on a series of increasingly tougher computer teams. A two-player friendly can be played head to head. The control method was designed to be as simple as possible, lending itself to fast and flowing football (in the manner of the later Sensible Soccer). A quick tap of the fire button passed forward, a longer hold of the button chipped the ball at height. Pushing backwards and fire did an overhead kick. Pushing forwards and fire took a shot. Most unusual was the "banana kick", the strength of which could be varied among three settings in the options menu. By pushing diagonally as a shot was taken, the ball would swerve in the air to get round defenders and goalkeeper. Rival game Kick Off would also add this after-touch feature. Most versions featured a simulated "action replay" after a goal was scored, with the C64 version featuring black & white stripes to resemble a video rewinding. Development ----------- The game was designed by Jon Hare and programmed by Chris Yates. Hare cited the arcade video game Tehkan World Cup, released by Tehkan (Tecmo) in 1985, as the basis and the inspiration for the game. He referred to it as an "arcade conversion" of Tehkan World Cup, but said it was not "a carbon copy" as they also added their "own elements" to the gameplay. Tehkan World Cup used a trackball to control the direction and speed of the shot, which they incorporated into the game by adapting the game physics for more conventional joystick controls. Preview pictures of the game appeared in an issue of Zzap!64 magazine, with a plea for a publisher to come forward.[] The Electronic Pencil Company ported the game to the Amiga and Atari ST. The programmer created a 6502 emulator, transferring the game code and logic to the 16-bit machines.[] Reception --------- Reception Review scores\| Publication \| Score \| \| --- \| --- \| \| Crash \| 90% \| \| Sinclair User \| 75% \| \| Your Sinclair \| 82% \| \| Zzap!64 \| 97% \| Awards\| Publication \| Award \| \| --- \| --- \| \| Zzap!64 \| Gold Medal \| \| Crash \| Crash Smash \| Crash gave 90% for the game. The game was voted Best 8-bit Simulation of the Year at the Golden Joystick Awards. In the Spectrum sales charts, it briefly reached the number one position before being replaced by Kenny Dalglish Soccer Manager. In the all-formats charts, the game was kept off the top position by Robocop, which had been at number one for a record eighteen weeks. Legacy ------ MicroProse Soccer was the basis for the Sensible Soccer series, which was created by the same designer Jon Hare and programmer Chris Yates.
Aircraft takeoff and landing done vertically "Heli-Jet" redirects here. For the helicopter airline based in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, see Helijet. For rocket vertical takeoff and landing, see VTVL. A vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft is one that can take off and land vertically without relying on a runway. This classification can include a variety of types of aircraft including helicopters as well as thrust-vectoring fixed-wing aircraft and other hybrid aircraft with powered rotors such as cyclogyros/cyclocopters and gyrodynes. Some VTOL aircraft can operate in other modes as well, such as CTOL (conventional take-off & landing), STOL (short take-off & landing), or STOVL (short take-off & vertical landing). Others, such as some helicopters, can only operate as VTOL, due to the aircraft lacking landing gear that can handle taxiing. VTOL is a subset of V/STOL (vertical or short take-off & landing). Some lighter-than-air aircraft also qualify as VTOL aircraft, as they can hover, takeoff and land with vertical approach/departure profiles. Electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft, or eVTOLs, are being developed along with more autonomous flight control technologies and mobility-as-a-service (MaaS) to enable advanced air mobility (AAM), that could include on-demand air taxi services, regional air mobility, freight delivery, and personal air vehicles (PAVs). Besides the ubiquitous helicopters, there are currently two types of VTOL aircraft in military service: tiltrotor aircraft, such as the Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey, and thrust-vectoring airplanes, such as the Harrier family and new F-35B Lightning II Joint Strike Fighter (JSF). In the civilian sector currently only helicopters are in general use (some other types of commercial VTOL aircraft have been proposed and are under development as of 2017[update]). Generally speaking, VTOL aircraft capable of STOVL use it wherever possible, since it typically significantly increases takeoff weight, range or payload compared to pure VTOL. History ------- ### Props, proprotors and advanced rotorcraft See also: Helicopter § History, and Tiltrotor § History The idea of vertical flight has been around for thousands of years, and sketches for a VTOL (helicopter) show up in Leonardo da Vinci's sketch book. Manned VTOL aircraft, in the form of primitive helicopters, first flew in 1907, but would take until after World War Two to be perfected. In addition to helicopter development, many approaches have been tried to develop practical aircraft with vertical take-off and landing capabilities, including Henry Berliner's 1922–1925 experimental horizontal rotor fixed wing aircraft, and Nikola Tesla's 1928 patent, and George Lehberger's 1930 patent for relatively impractical VTOL fixed wing airplanes with a tilting engines. In the late 1930s British aircraft designer Leslie Everett Baynes was issued a patent for the Baynes Heliplane, another tilt rotor aircraft. In 1941 German designer Heinrich Focke's began work on the Focke-Achgelis Fa 269, which had two rotors that tilted downward for vertical takeoff, but wartime bombing halted development. Convair XFY-1 Pogo in flight In May 1951, both Lockheed and Convair were awarded contracts in the attempt to design, construct, and test two experimental VTOL fighters. Lockheed produced the XFV, and Convair producing the Convair XFY Pogo. Both experimental programs proceeded to flight status and completed test flights 1954–1955, when the contracts were cancelled. Similarly, the Ryan X-13 Vertijet flew a series of test flights between 1955 and 1957, but also suffered the same fate. The use of vertical fans driven by engines was investigated in the 1950s. The US built an aircraft where the jet exhaust drove the fans, while British projects not built included fans driven by mechanical drives from the jet engines.[] Bell XV-15 NASA has flown other VTOL craft such as the Bell XV-15 research craft (1977), as have the Soviet Navy and Luftwaffe. Sikorsky tested an aircraft dubbed the X-Wing, which took off in the manner of a helicopter. The rotors would become stationary in mid-flight, and function as wings, providing lift in addition to the static wings. Boeing X-50 is a Canard Rotor/Wing prototype that utilizes a similar concept. Fairey Jet Gyrodyne A different British VTOL project was the gyrodyne, where a rotor is powered during take-off and landing but which then freewheels during flight, with separate propulsion engines providing forward thrust. Starting with the Fairey Gyrodyne, this type of aircraft later evolved into the much larger twin-engined Fairey Rotodyne, that used tipjets to power the rotor on take-off and landing but which then used two Napier Eland turboprops driving conventional propellers mounted on substantial wings to provide propulsion, the wings serving to unload the rotor during horizontal flight. The Rotodyne was developed to combine the efficiency of a fixed-wing aircraft at cruise with the VTOL capability of a helicopter to provide short haul airliner service from city centres to airports. U.S. Marines jump from a Bell-Boeing V-22 Osprey, the first production tiltrotor aircraft Canadair CL-84 Dynavert CL-84-1 (CX8402) on display at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum in Ottawa, Ontario The CL-84 Dynavert was a Canadian V/STOL turbine tilt-wing monoplane designed and manufactured by Canadair between 1964 and 1972. The Canadian government ordered three updated CL-84s for military evaluation in 1968, designated the CL-84-1. From 1972 to 1974, this version was demonstrated and evaluated in the United States aboard the aircraft carriers USS Guam and USS Guadalcanal, and at various other centres. These trials involved military pilots from the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada. During testing, two of the CL-84s crashed due to mechanical failures, but no loss of life occurred as a result of these accidents. No production contracts resulted. Although tiltrotors such as the Focke-Achgelis Fa 269 of the mid-1940s and the Centro Técnico Aeroespacial "Convertiplano" of the 1950s reached testing or mock-up stages, the Bell-Boeing V-22 Osprey is considered the world's first production tiltrotor aircraft. It has one three-bladed proprotor, turboprop engine, and transmission nacelle mounted on each wingtip. The Osprey is a multi-mission aircraft with both a vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) and short takeoff and landing capability (STOL). It is designed to perform missions like a conventional helicopter with the long-range, high-speed cruise performance of a turboprop aircraft. The FAA classifies the Osprey as a model of powered lift aircraft. Attempts were made in the 1960s to develop a commercial passenger aircraft with VTOL capability. The Hawker Siddeley Inter-City Vertical-Lift proposal had two rows of lifting fans on either side. However, none of these aircraft made it to production after they were dismissed as too heavy and expensive to operate.[unreliable source?] In 2018 Opener Aero demonstrated an electrically powered fixed-wing VTOL aircraft, the Blackfly, which the manufacturer claims is the world's first ultralight fixed-wing, all-electric, vertical take-off and landing aircraft. #### Modern drones A Schiebel Camcopter S-100, a modern VTOL unmanned aerial vehicle In the 21st century, unmanned drones are becoming increasingly commonplace. Many of these have VTOL capability, especially the quadcopter type. ### Jet lift The Ryan X-13 #### Tail-sitters In 1947, Ryan X-13 Vertijet, a tailsitter design, was ordered by the US Navy, who then further issued a proposal in 1948 for an aircraft capable of vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aboard platforms mounted on the afterdecks of conventional ships. Both Convair and Lockheed competed for the contract but in 1950, the requirement was revised, with a call for a research aircraft capable of eventually evolving into a VTOL ship-based convoy escort fighter. #### Conventional design "Flying Bedstead"- Rolls-Royce Thrust Measuring Rig Another more influential early functional contribution to VTOL was Rolls-Royce's Thrust Measuring Rig ("flying bedstead") of 1953. This led to the first VTOL engines as used in the first British VTOL aircraft, the Short SC.1 (1957), Short Brothers and Harland, Belfast which used four vertical lift engines with a horizontal one for forward thrust. The Short SC.1 a VTOL delta aircraft The Short SC.1 was the first British fixed-wing VTOL aircraft. The SC.1 was designed to study the problems with VTOL flight and the transition to and from forward flight. The SC.1 was designed to meet a Ministry of Supply (MoS) request for tender (ER.143T) for a vertical take-off research aircraft issued in September 1953. The design was accepted by the ministry and a contract was placed for two aircraft (XG900 and XG905) to meet Specification ER.143D dated 15 October 1954. The SC.1 was also equipped with the first "fly-by-wire" control system for a VTOL aircraft. This permitted three modes of control of the aerodynamic surfaces or the nozzle controls. The Republic Aviation AP-100 was a prototype VTOL 6x General Electric J85 Turbojet engined nuclear capable strike fighter concept designed by Alexander Kartveli that had 3x ducted fans in the centre of its fuselage and tail as a possible contender for the TFX Program. Another design was the A400 AVS that used variable geometry wings but was found too complicated, however it led to the development of the AFVG which in turn helped the development of the Panavia Tornado. The Soviet Union's VTOL aircraft, the Yakovlev Yak-38 The Yakovlev Yak-38 was a Soviet Navy VTOL aircraft intended for use aboard their light carriers, cargoships, and capital ships. It was developed from the Yakovlev Yak-36 experimental aircraft in the 1970s. Before the Soviet Union broke up, a supersonic VTOL aircraft was developed as the Yak-38's successor, the Yak-141, which never went into production. A German V/STOL VJ101 on display at the Deutsches Museum, Munich, Germany Do 31 E3 on display at the Deutsches Museum, Germany In the 1960s and early 1970s, Germany planned three different VTOL aircraft. One used the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter as a basis for research for a V/STOL aircraft. Although two models (X1 and X2) were built, the project was canceled due to high costs and political problems as well as changed needs in the German Air Force and NATO. The EWR VJ 101C did perform free VTOL take-offs and landings, as well as test flights beyond mach 1 in the mid- and late 60s. One of the test-aircraft is preserved in the Deutsches Museum in Munich, Germany, another outside Friedrichshafen Airport. The others were the VFW-Fokker VAK 191B light fighter and reconnaissance aircraft, and the Dornier Do 31E-3 (troop) transport. The LLRV was a spacecraft simulator for the Apollo lunar lander. It was designed to mimic the flight characteristics of the lunar module (LEM), which had to rely on a reaction engine to land on the Moon. The idea of using the same engine for vertical and horizontal flight by altering the path of the thrust was conceived by Michel Wibault. It led to the Bristol Siddeley Pegasus engine which used four rotating nozzles to direct thrust over a range of angles. This was developed side by side with an airframe, the Hawker P.1127, which became subsequently the Kestrel and then entered production as the Hawker Siddeley Harrier, though the supersonic Hawker Siddeley P.1154 was canceled in 1965. The French in competition with the P.1154 had developed a version of the Dassault Mirage III capable of attaining Mach 1. The Dassault Mirage IIIV achieved transition from vertical to horizontal flight in March 1966, reaching Mach 1.3 in level flight a short time later. #### V/STOL Landing of Harrier jump jet with Indian Naval Air Arm The Harrier is usually flown in STOVL mode, which enables it to carry a higher fuel or weapon load over a given distance. In V/STOL the VTOL aircraft moves horizontally along the runway before taking off using vertical thrust. This gives aerodynamic lift as well as thrust lift and permits taking off with heavier loads and is more efficient. When landing the aircraft is much lighter due to the loss of propellant weight and a controlled vertical landing is possible. An important aspect of Harrier STOL operations aboard naval carriers is the "ski jump" raised forward deck, which gives the craft additional vertical momentum at takeoff. The March 1981 cover of Popular Science showed three illustrations for its "Tilt-engine V/STOL - speeds like a plane, lands like a copter" front-page feature story.; a followup story was part of the April 2006 issue that mentioned "the fuel-consumption and stability problems that plagued earlier plane/copter." Retired from the British Royal Navy in 2006, the Indian Navy continued to operate Sea Harriers until 2016, mainly from its aircraft carrier INS Viraat. The latest version of the Harrier, the BAE Harrier II, was retired in December 2010 after being operated by the British Royal Air Force and Royal Navy. The United States Marine Corps and the Italian and Spanish navies all continue to use the AV-8B Harrier II, an American-British variant. Replacing the Harrier II/AV-8B in the air arms of the US and UK is the STOVL variant of the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II, the F-35B. #### Rockets Main article: VTVL SpaceX developed several prototypes of Falcon 9 to validate various low-altitude, low-velocity engineering aspects of its reusable launch system development program. The first prototype, Grasshopper, made eight successful test flights in 2012–2013. It made its eighth, and final, test flight on October 7, 2013, flying to an altitude of 744 metres (2,441 ft) before making its eighth successful VTVL landing. This was the last scheduled test for the Grasshopper rig; next up will be low altitude tests of the Falcon 9 Reusable (F9R) development vehicle in Texas followed by high altitude testing in New Mexico. On November 23, 2015, Blue Origin's New Shepard booster rocket made the first successful vertical landing following an uncrewed suborbital test flight that reached space. On December 21, 2015, SpaceX Falcon 9 first stage made a successful landing after boosting 11 commercial satellites to low Earth orbit on Falcon 9 Flight 20. These demonstrations opened the way for substantial reductions in space flight costs. Rotorcraft ---------- ### Helicopter Main article: Helicopter The helicopter's form of VTOL allows it to take off and land vertically, to hover, and to fly forwards, backwards, and laterally. These attributes allow helicopters to be used in congested or isolated areas where fixed-wing aircraft would usually not be able to take off or land. The capability to efficiently hover for extended periods of time is due to the helicopter's relatively long, and hence efficient rotor blades, and allows a helicopter to accomplish tasks that fixed-wing aircraft and other forms of vertical takeoff and landing aircraft could not perform at least as well until 2011. On the other hand, the long rotor blades restrict the maximum speed to about 250 miles per hour (400 km/h) of at least conventional helicopters, as retreating blade stall causes lateral instability. ### Autogyro Main article: Autogyro Autogyros are also known as gyroplanes or gyrocopters. The rotor is unpowered and rotates freely in the airflow as the craft travels forward, so the craft needs a conventional powerplant to provide thrust. An autogyro is not intrinsically capable of VTOL: for VTO the rotor must be spun up to speed by an auxiliary drive, and vertical landing requires precise control of rotor momentum and pitch. ### Gyrodyne Main article: Gyrodyne Gyrodynes are also known as compound helicopters or compound gyroplanes. A gyrodyne has the powered rotor of a helicopter with a separate forward thrust system of an autogyro. Apart from take-off and landing the rotor may be unpowered and autorotate. Designs may also include stub wings for added lift. ### Cyclogyro Main article: Cyclogyro A cyclogyro or cyclocopter has a rotary wing whose axis and surfaces remain sideways across the airflow, as with a conventional wing. Powered lift ------------ Main article: Powered lift ### Convertiplane Main article: Convertiplane A convertiplane takes off under rotor lift like a helicopter, then transitions to fixed-wing lift in forward flight. Examples of this include the Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey #### Tiltrotor Main article: Tiltrotor A tiltrotor or proprotor tilts its propellers or rotors vertically for VTOL and then tilts them forwards for horizontal wing-borne flight, while the main wing remains fixed in place. #### Tilting ducted fan Similar to tiltrotor concept, but with ducted fans. As it can be seen in the Bell X-22. #### Tiltwing Main article: Tiltwing A tiltwing has its propellers or rotors fixed to a conventional wing and tilts the whole assembly to transition between vertical and horizontal flight. ### Tail-sitter Main article: Tail-sitter A tail-sitter sits vertically on its tail for takeoff and landing, then tilts the whole aircraft forward for horizontal flight. ### Vectored thrust Main article: Thrust vectoring Thrust vectoring is a technique used for jet and rocket engines, where the direction of the engine exhaust is varied. In VTOL, the exhaust can be varied between vertical and horizontal thrust. #### Tiltjet Main article: Tiltjet Similar to tiltrotor concept, but with turbojet or turbofan engines instead of ones with propellers. ### Lift jets Main article: Lift jet A lift jet is an auxiliary jet engine used to provide lift for VTOL operation, but may be shut down for normal wing-borne flight. The Yak-38 is the only production aircraft to employ lift jets. ### Lift fans Main article: Lift fan Lift fan is an aircraft configuration in which lifting fans are located in large holes in an otherwise conventional fixed wing or fuselage. It is used for V/STOL operation. The aircraft takes off using the fans to provide lift, then transitions to fixed-wing lift in forward flight. Several experimental craft have been flown, but only the F-35 Lightning II entered into production. ### Lift via Coandă effect Main article: Coandă effect Aircraft in which VTOL is achieved by exploiting the Coandă effect are capable of redirecting air much like thrust vectoring, but rather than routing airflow through a duct, the airflow is simply routed along an existing surface, which is usually the body of the craft allowing less material and weight. The Avro Canada VZ-9 Avrocar, or simply the VZ-9, was a Canadian VTOL aircraft developed by Avro Aircraft Ltd. which utilizes this phenomenon by blowing air into a central area, then it is directed down over the top surface, which is parabolic and resembles a bowed flying saucer. Due to the Coandă effect, the airflow is attracted to the nearest surface and continues to move along that surface despite the change in the surface's direction away from the airflow. The craft is designed to direct the airflow downward to provide lift. Jetoptera announced a proposed line of aircraft based on what it called fluidic propulsion that employs the Coandă effect. The company claims an Oswald efficiency number of 1.45 for its boxwing design. Other claims include increased efficiency, 30% lower weight, reduced complexity, as much as 25 dBA lower (and atonal) noise, shorter wings, and scalability. Jetoptera says its approach yields thrust augmentation ratios exceeding 2.0 and 50% fuel savings when compared to a turbofan in static or hovering conditions. Its efflux can be used for Upper Surface Blown architectures to boost the Lift Coefficient to values exceeding 8.0. Gallery ------- * X-35B Demonstrator flight, transition to STOVL configuration, vertical take off, inflight re-fueling, vertical hover and landing * X-35B Demonstrator vertical landing
2007 children's fantasy novel by Katherine Marsh *The Night Tourist* is a 2007 children's fantasy novel by Katherine Marsh. It is the first book in the Jack Perdu series and received the Edgar Award for Best Juvenile Mystery. Plot summary ------------ 9th Grader Jack Perdu lives with his father on the Yale campus. After Jack encounters a near fatal accident when he got hit by a car one winter night, his father sends him to New York City to visit a mysterious doctor (Dr. Lyons) who specializes in death. After an unusually brief meeting with Dr. Lyons, Jack returns to Grand Central Station to catch a train back home. He decides that it would be a shame to leave NYC without sightseeing first and squeezes himself into a nearby tour group by some pillars. While the group moves on with the tour, Jack stays behind and meets a girl named Euri. She offers to give him a tour of Grand Central Station and take him to places only 'True Urban Explorers' would know of. Euri shows him a secret door on the sixth track which leads to a bunch of stairs. 9 floors down, Jack discovers the New York Underworld. A place where the dead gather to solve their problems before they move on to Elysium. Jack and Euri are chased by two security guards and their big three headed dog Cerberus. Euri pulls Jack into a corner to hide and confesses that she is actually a ghost and she wants to live again. Jack promises Euri that he will help her escape to the human world. He tells Euri about his mother and Euri promises to help him find her. In the end, Jack meets his mother and helps her move on. He tries to bring Euri back to the Human World but fails in doing so. Jack and his father move back to NYC, Jack starts school there, and he becomes friends with a girl in his Latin Class. He temporarily loses his ability to see ghosts but soon regains it when he sees Euri sitting on a windowsill, watching him. He tries to apologize to her for not being able to bring her back with him but she puts her finger on her lips, indicating that she already knows what he's going to say. Reception --------- The Night Tourist was positively received. Publishers Weekly described this book as being both compelling and satisfying, describing it as a reworking of the Orpheus and Eurydice myth. As well, this novel won the Edgar Award for Best Work of Juvenile Fiction (2008). Film adaptation --------------- In 2010, Illumination Entertainment acquired the rights to an animated adaption of the book.
Village and civil parish in the English county of Derbyshire This article is about Crich historic village. For the nearby tramway museum and recreated Victorian street, see National Tramway Museum. For other uses, see Crich (disambiguation). Human settlement in England Crich /ˈkraɪtʃ/ ⓘ is a village in the English county of Derbyshire. The population at the 2001 Census was 2,821, increasing to 2,898 at the 2011 Census (including Fritchley and Whatstandwell). It has the National Tramway Museum inside the Crich Tramway Village and, at the summit of Crich Hill above, a memorial tower for those of the Sherwood Foresters regiment who died in battle, particularly in World War I. Built in 1923 on the site of an older tower called Crich Stand, the memorial tower is the destination of an annual pilgrimage on the first Sunday in July. It is 1,000 feet (300 m) above sea level and has 58 steps to the top. From there, seven counties can be seen (Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire, Yorkshire, Leicestershire, Staffordshire, Lancashire and Lincolnshire), including landmarks such as Lincoln Cathedral and the Humber Bridge. History ------- In 1009 King Æthelred the Unready signed a charter at the Great Council which recognised the position and boundaries of Weston-on-Trent and several other manors including Crich. The charter shows that Weston controlled the nearby crossings of the Trent. The land was listed as eight hides at Weston upon Trent, and a hide at Crich, Morley, Smalley, Ingleby and Kidsley. This land was then given to Morcar, the King's chief minister, and he was unusually given rights that were normally reserved for the King alone. He was given the responsibility for justice and exemption from the Trinoda necessitas, he alone could decide a fate of life or death without the need of the authority of the King or his sheriff. Morcar was given further lands in Derbyshire. Weston (and Crich?) again come under the control of Æþelræd Unræd, when Morcar and his brother were murdered by Eadric in 1015. Parts of the Church of England parish church of Saint Mary are Norman, with later Decorated Gothic and Perpendicular Gothic alterations from the 14th century. Crich has also a Wesleyan Chapel that was built in 1770. A workhouse was opened in 1734 on the edge of Nether Common. It could accommodate 40 inmates, and accepted paupers from other parishes, including Melbourne, Pentrich, Willington, Mercaston and Denby. Chase Cliffe is a Tudor Revival house on the road from Crich to Whatstandwell. It was designed by Benjamin Ferrey and built in 1859–61. ### Quarrying Geologically, Crich lies on a small inlier of Carboniferous limestone (an outcrop on the edge of the Peak District surrounded by younger Upper Carboniferous rocks). Quarrying for limestone probably began in Roman times. In 1791 Benjamin Outram and Samuel Beresford bought land for a quarry to supply limestone to their new ironworks at Butterley. This became known as Hilt's Quarry, and the stone was transported down a steep wagonway, the Butterley Company Gangroad, to the Cromford Canal at Bullbridge. Near there they also built lime kilns for supplying farmers and for the increasing amount of building work. Apart from a period when it was leased to Albert Banks, the quarry and kilns were operated by the Butterley Company until 1933. Quarrying in the early 1900s The gangroad, descending some 300 feet in about a mile, was at first worked by gravity, a brakeman "spragging" the wheels of the wagons, which were returned to the summit by horses. However, in 1812 the incline was the scene of a remarkable experiment, when William Brunton, an engineer for the company, produced his Steam Horse locomotive. In 1840 George Stephenson, in building the North Midland Railway, discovered deposits of coal at Clay Cross and formed what later became the Clay Cross Company. He realised that burning lime would provide a use for the coal slack that would otherwise go to waste. He leased Cliff Quarry and built limekilns at Bullbridge. They were connected by another wagonway including a section known as "The Steep", a 550 yards (500 m) self-acting incline at a slope of 1 in 5. Cliff Quarry closed in 1957, though it restarted at the western end until 2010 when it was mothballed. The eastern end was bought by the Tramway Museum in 1959. Hilt's Quarry closed in 1933 and is derelict. For 38 years, Rolls-Royce used it for dumping low-level radioactive waste such as enriched uranium, cobalt-60 and carbon-14. Following a campaign and blockades by villagers in the Crich and District Environment Action Group, dumping ceased in 2002. In 2004 the Government backed an Environment Agency document banning further dumping, and Rolls-Royce will be required to restore and landscape the site. Memorial tower -------------- Memorial tower Main article: Crich Stand The memorial tower ('Crich Stand') was completed in 1923. The large plaque in the foreground dedicates the tower to the memory of the soldiers from the Sherwood Foresters (Nottinghamshire & Derbyshire) Regiment who died in World War I and World War II. Two further plaques are found beneath the railings, either side of the door. One further dedicates the memorial to those who died serving in the Sherwood Foresters regiment from 1945 to 1970, while the other further dedicates it to those who died serving the Worcestershire and Sherwood Foresters Regiment from 1970 to 2007 and the Mercian Regiment since 2007. The small plaque to the left is dedicated to Brigadier J.H.M. Hackett, 'Last Colonel The Sherwood Foresters 1965 – 1970 and First Colonel The Worcestershire and Sherwood Foresters Regiment'. In popular culture ------------------ The village was a location for the setting for the ITV drama series Peak Practice (along with Ashover for a time). Images of the village also appear in the 2007 film And When Did You Last See Your Father? starring Colin Firth. In the film Firth is seen riding a motorbike up Chapel Lane. Archives -------- A collection of title deeds relating to land and property in Crich is held at the Cadbury Research Library, University of Birmingham. Gallery ------- * Crich Stand in 2014, also showing overhead power cables for tramway carsCrich Stand in 2014, also showing overhead power cables for tramway cars * The Cliff InnThe Cliff Inn * Crich CrossCrich Cross * Further reading --------------- * Pevsner, Nikolaus; Williamson, Elizabeth (1978) [1953]. Derbyshire. The Buildings of England. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. pp. 156–157. ISBN 0-14-071008-6.
Sri Lankan lawyer Arittha R Wikramanayake is an attorney at law specialising in corporate law, securities law and trade law. Family ------ Wikramanayake's family association with law can be traced back to Crown Proctorship in Galle in 1848. Education school ---------------- Like his brothers Eric Wikramanayake and Athula Wikramanayake, father Elanga Wikramanayake (Solicitor General ), grandfather (Senator E. B. Wikramanayake, Minister of Justice) and great-grandfather he was educated at S. Thomas' College, Mt Lavinia Sri Lanka. Wikramanayake represented the school in First XI Cricket in the Royal-Thomian rivalry, in a side which were All Island Interschool Cricket Champions where teammates included Saliya Ahangama, Guy de Alwis, Michael Jayasekera and Ishak Shahabdeen, captained the second XI cricket team coached by Quentin Israel and was a school prefect. Among his teachers were Arisen Ahubudu, and D.S. Jayasekera while contemporaries in school included Richard de Zoysa, Chanaka Amaratunga, Uthum Herat, Saliya Ahangama, Guy de Alwis, Devaka Fernando Palitha Kohona, Mendaka Samarasinghe and PL Munasinghe. He later served on the board of governors of the college. Education professional ---------------------- Wikramanayake was admitted to the bar in Sri Lanka in 1980, having attended the Sri Lanka Law College. He later obtained master's degrees in law from the schools of law at the Vrije Universitiet, Brussels, Belgium, the University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, US, and Master of Arts in Law and Diplomacy (MALD) from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, Massachusetts, US, and a Ph.D. in law from the University of Colombo. Professional career ------------------- Wikramanayake joined the Attorney General's Department of Sri Lanka as a state counsel and left the Attorney General's Department to take up an appointment as the director general of the Securities and Exchange Commission of Sri Lanka. He held this position as chief executive officer of the SEC while as director general of the SEC, he held positions as a member of the Public Enterprises Reform Commission of Sri Lanka and the Sri Lanka Accounting and Auditing Standards Board. In 1997 he resigned from public service and established the law firm Nithya Partners. Wikramanayake contributes to national bodies through service in committees for formulating codes on corporate governance established by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Sri Lanka, the Securities and Exchange Commission of Sri Lanka and committees on corporate law appointed by the Government of Sri Lanka and the National Review Committee, to which he was appointed by the Ministry of Finance to review performance of State owned enterprises. In 2009, Wikramanayake was appointed by the Central Bank of Sri Lanka to a four-member expert panel to advise financial institutions on making use of a stimulus package offered by the Government of Sri Lanka to overcome the effects of the financial crisis. He continues to speak and write on issues of national interest. He is also the author of Company Law in Sri Lanka and a co-author of Law and Philanthropy in South Asia. Contributions to conservation ----------------------------- He is also known for his photography and publications on wildlife. His publications include Butterflies of Sri Lanka (co authored with his daughter, Ariesha Wikramanayake) and Wildflowers of Sri Lanka, continuing an association (comparable to that with the law and S. Thomas' College, Mt Lavinia) lasting 3 generations or more (his grandfather E. B. Wikramanayake founder president of the Wildlife Protection Society of Sri Lanka and also served as a member of the S. Thomas' College, Mt Lavinia board of governors).
Species of plant *Mischogyne elliotiana* is a species of plant in the Annonaceae family. It is native to Cameroon, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Zaire. Adolf Engler and Ludwig Diels, the German botanists who first formally described the species using the basionym Uvaria elliotiana, named it after George Scott-Elliot the botanist who collected the specimen they examined. Description ----------- Photograph of Mischogyne elliotiana fruit It is a bush reaching 4-7 meters in height. Its elliptical leaves are 8-17 by 4-8 centimeters. Its hairless leaves are wedge shaped at their point of attachment and come to a long tapering point at their tips. The leaves have a papery to leathery texture and are glossy green on their upper side and lighter on their underside. The leaves have 7-13 pairs of secondary veins emanating from either side of their midribs. Its hairless petioles are 5-7 millimeters long. Its flowers are solitary or in groups of 2-4. The flowers are on 0.7-1.5 centimeter pedicels that are covered in fine hairs and occur in axillary positions. The pedicels are subtended by a small bract. Its oblong sepals are 10 by 3.5-4 millimeters, covered in fine hairs on both sides, and come to a shallow point at their tips. Its flowers have 6 white petals arranged in two rows of three. The outer, oblong petals are 15 by 3-4 millimeters, and covered in woolly hairs on both sides. The inner petals are slightly shorter. Its flowers have cylindrical receptacles that are 3-4 millimeters long. Its flowers have numerous oblong stamens that are 2-2.5 millimeters long. The tissue that connects the theca is hairy an terminates in a tuft of hairs at the top of the anthers. Its flowers have 4-5 oblong, carpels that are 5-7 millimeters long and covered in hairs. Its stigmas are bilobed. The carpels contain numerous ovules in two rows. Its are green to yellow with white spots, 6-10 by 4-6 centimeters, and have a contour that is constricted around the seeds. Its fruit have 6-12 seeds that are 2-2.8 by 1.2-1.5 by 0.3-0.5 centimeters, arranged in 1 or two rows. The seeds are flat on one side, semi-circular on the opposite side, and covered in a white membrane. ### Reproductive biology The pollen of M. elliotiana is shed as permanent tetrads. ### Habitat and distribution It has been observed growing in evergreen or semideciduous forests that receive 100-400 centimeters of rain per year. ### Uses Gosline and colleagues report the white flesh of the fruits as being edible.
Prime minister of the Maratha Empire (reigned 1720–40) Bajirao I (Bajirao Ballal; Marathi pronunciation: [bad͡ʒiɾaːʋ bəlːaːɭ]; 18 August 1700 – 28 April 1740), born as Visaji, was the 7th Peshwa of the Maratha Confederacy. He is credited with expanding the Maratha Empire tenfold from 3% to 30% of the modern Indian landscape during 1720–1740. He fought over 41 battles before his death in April 1740 and is reputed to have never lost any. During his 20-year tenure as a Peshwa, his strategic prowess expanded Maratha influence in crucial regions, he engaged in several military conflicts such as Nizam's Carnatic campaigns (1725–27) and the Maratha invasion of Deccan (1739). In Bundelkhand, he rescued the Bundela ruler Chhatrasal from a Mughal siege, gaining independence for Bundelkhand. Gratefully, Chhatrasal granted Bajirao a jagir and his daughter's hand in marriage. In the 1730s, Bajirao asserted Maratha tax rights in Gujarat, defeating rebel Trimbak Rao Dabhade in the 1731 Battle of Dabhoi; he aided and intervened in the Janjira war of succession of 1733, reclaiming parts of Konkan for the Marathas in the process; and also engaged in a diplomatic mission to persuade Rajput courts for chauth payments. Further efforts to establish Maratha dominance in the Subcontinent saw him responsible for the Maratha raid on Delhi (1737) and conflicts with the Portuguese such as the Luso–Maratha War of 1729–1732. Bajirao's adventurous life has been picturized in Indian cinema and also featured in novels. Bajirao's relationship with his second wife Mastani is a controversial subject; very little is known with certainty about it. She was generally referenced cryptically in books, letters or documents from that era. Early life ---------- Bajirao hunting with his father Balaji Vishwanath. Bajirao was born into the Bhat Family in Sinnar, near Nashik. His father Balaji Vishwanath was the Peshwa of Shahu I and his mother was Radhabai Barve. Bajirao had a younger brother, Chimaji Appa, and two younger sisters, Anubai and Bhiubai. Anubai was married to Venkatrao Ghorpade (Joshi) of Ichalkaranji and Bhiubai was married to Abaji Naik Joshi of Baramati.[] Being born in a Brahmin family, his education included reading, writing and learning Sanskrit however, he did not remain confined to his books. Bajirao displayed a passion for the military at an early age and often accompanied his father on military campaigns.[] He was with his father when his father was imprisoned by Damaji Thorat before being released for a ransom. Bajirao had been on the expedition to Delhi in 1719 with his father and was convinced the Mughal Empire was disintegrating and would be unable to resist northward Maratha expansion. When Balaji Vishwanath died in 1720, Shahu appointed the 20-year-old Bajirao as Peshwa despite opposition from other chieftains. Personal life ------------- Bajirao's first wife was Kashibai, the daughter of Mahadji Krishna Joshi and Bhawanibai of Chas (a wealthy banking family). Bajirao always treated his wife Kashibai with love and respect. Their relationship was healthy and happy. They had four sons: Balaji Bajirao (also called Nanasaheb), Ramachandra Rao, Raghunath Rao and Janardhan Rao, who died at an early age. Nanasaheb was appointed Peshwa by Shahu in 1740, succeeding his father. Bajirao took Mastani as his wife, the daughter of Rajput king Chhatrasal, born from his Muslim concubine. The relationship was a political one, arranged to please Chhatrasal. Mastani had a son, Krishna Rao, in 1734. Since his mother was Muslim, Hindu priests refused to conduct the upanayana ceremony and he became known as Shamsher Bahadur. After the deaths of Bajirao and Mastani in 1740, Kashibai raised six-year-old Shamsher Bahadur as her own. Shamsher received a portion of his father's dominion of Banda and Kalpi. In 1761, he and his army fought alongside the Peshwa in the Third Battle of Panipat between the Marathas and the Afghans. Wounded in the battle, Shamsher died several days later in Deeg. Bajirao moved his base of operations from Saswad to Pune in 1728, laying the foundation for the transformation of the kasba into a large city. He began the construction of Shaniwar Wada in 1730.[] Stone fortress, with people in front for scaleBajirao I's handwriting in Modi script. Bajirao was appointed Peshwa, succeeding his father, by Shahu on 17 April 1720. By the time of his appointment, the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah had upheld Maratha claims to the territories held by Shivaji at his death. A treaty gave the Marathas the right to collect taxes (chauth) in the Deccan's six provinces. Bajirao convinced Shahu that the Maratha Empire had to go on the offensive against its enemies to defend itself. He believed the Mughal Empire was in decline, and wanted to take advantage of the situation with aggressive expansion into North India. Bajirao compared the Mughals' declining fortune to a tree which, if attacked at its roots, would collapse. He is reported to have said: > Let us strike at the trunk of the withering tree and the branches will fall off themselves. Listen but to my counsel and I shall plant the Maratha flag on the walls of Attock. > > As a new Peshwa, however, he faced several challenges. Bajirao promoted young men like himself, such as Malhar Rao Holkar, Ranoji Shinde, the Pawar brothers and Fateh Singh Bhosle, as commanders; these men did not belong to families who were hereditary Deshmukhs in the Deccan sultanates. T The Mughal viceroy of the Deccan, Asaf Jah I, Nizam of Hyderabad, had created a de facto autonomous kingdom in the region. He challenged Shahu 's right to collect taxes on the pretext that he did not know whether Shahu or his cousin, Sambhaji II of Kolhapur, was the rightful heir to the Maratha throne. The Marathas needed to assert their rights over the nobles of newly acquired territories in Malwa and Gujarat. Several nominally-Maratha areas were not actually under the Peshwa's control; for example, the Siddis controlled the Janjira fort. Wars of Bajirao --------------- ### The Nizam Main articles: Nizam's Carnatic campaigns (1725-27), Battle of Palkhed, and Battle of Balapur Colour-coded mapTroop movements of Bajirao I and Asaf Jah I (Nizam-ul-Mulk) in the Battle of Palkhed At the outset of Bajirao's Peshwa rule, the Mughal leaders, led by Nizam-ul-Mulk, rebelled against the Sayyid Brothers. To quell the uprising, the Sayyid brothers sought assistance from the Marathas. However, in the Battle of Balapur, where Bajirao, Malhar Rao Holkar, and Khanderao Dabhade were present, the combined forces of the Sayyid Brothers and the Marathas were defeated by the Nizam's forces. Sankarji Malhar was captured as a prisoner of war, marking Bajirao's first significant military engagement as Peshwa. On 4 January 1721, Bajirao met Nizam of Hyderabad at Chikhalthana to resolve their disputes. However, the Nizam refused to recognize the Maratha right to collect taxes from the Deccan provinces. He was made vizier of the Mughal Empire in 1721 by emperor Muhammad Shah, who, alarmed at his increasing power, transferred him from the Deccan to Awadh in 1723. The Nizam rebelled against the order, resigned as vizier and marched towards the Deccan. The emperor sent an army against him, which the Nizam defeated at the Battle of Sakhar-kheda; this forced the emperor to recognise him as viceroy of the Deccan. The Marathas, led by Bajirao, helped the Nizam win this battle. For his valor, Bajirao was honored with a robe, a 7,000-man mansabdari, an elephant, and a jewel. After the battle, the Nizam tried to appease the Maratha Chhatrapati Shahu and the Mughal emperor; in reality, however, he wanted to carve out a sovereign kingdom and considered the Marathas his rivals in the Deccan. In 1725, the Nizam sent an army to clear Maratha revenue collectors from the Carnatic region. The Marathas dispatched a force under Fateh Singh Bhosle to counter him; Bajirao accompanied Bhosle, but according to Stewart Gordon, Bajirao did not command the army. However, Bajirao was the Peshwa of the Marathas and his involvement in this campaign had severe importance. The Marathas were defeated and forced to retreat; they launched a second campaign after the monsoon season, but again were unable to prevent the Nizam from ousting the Maratha collectors. In the Deccan, Sambhaji II of Kolhapur State had become a rival claimant to the title of Maratha King. The Nizam took advantage of the internal dispute, refusing to pay the chauth because it was unclear who was the real Chhatrapati (Shahu or Sambhaji II) and offering to arbitrate. Shripatrao Pant Pratinidhi advised Shahu to begin negotiations and agree to arbitration. Sambhaji II was supported by Chandrasen Jadhav, who had fought Bajirao's father a decade earlier. Bajirao convinced Shahu to refuse the Nizam's offer and instead launch an assault. The Nizam invaded Pune, where he installed Sambhaji II as the King. He then marched out of the city, leaving behind a contingent headed by Fazal Beg.[] The Nizam plundered Loni, Pargaon, Patas, Supa and Baramati, using his artillery.[] On 27 August 1727, Bajirao began a retaliatory guerilla attack on the Nizam with his trusted lieutenants Malhar Rao Holkar, Ranoji Shinde and the Pawar brothers.[] He began to destroy the towns held by the Nizam; leaving Pune, he crossed the Godavari River near Puntamba and plundered Jalna and Sindkhed. Bajirao destroyed Berar, Mahur, Mangrulpir and Washim before turning north-west to Khandesh.[] He crossed the Tapi River at Kokarmunda and entered eastern Gujarat, reaching Chota Udaipur in January 1728.[] After hearing that the Nizam had returned to Pune, Bajirao feinted toward Burhanpur; he thought that after hearing about the threat to the strategically-important Burhanpur, the Nizam would try to save it. Bajirao did not enter Burhanpur, however, arriving at Betawad in Khandesh on 14 February 1728.[] When the Nizam heard that his northern territories had been devastated by Bajirao, he left Pune and marched towards the Godavari to meet Bajirao on an open plain where his artillery would be effective. The Nizam went on ahead of his artillery; on 25 February 1728, the armies of Bajirao and the Nizam faced each other at Palkhed, a town about 30 miles (48 km) west of Aurangabad. The Nizam was quickly surrounded by Maratha forces and trapped, his lines of supply and communication were cut. He was forced to make peace; he signed the Treaty of Mungi Shevgaon on 6 March, recognising Shahu as the King and the Maratha right to collect taxes in the Deccan. This event is considered as an example of brilliant execution of military strategy. In his Military History of India, Jadunath Sarkar wrote: "This campaign gives a classic example of what the predatory horse, when led by a genius, could achieve in the age of light artillery." ### Deccan Equestrian statue of Peshwa Bajirao I outside Shaniwar Wada, Pune The Maratha invasion of Deccan in 1739, led by Peshwa Bajirao, was a military campaign of the Maratha Confederacy. Bajirao's Maratha forces invaded Hyderabad' territory Between 1738 and 1740, Nader Shah launched an invasion of India. In response to this threat, Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah summoned the Nizam of Hyderabad, Asaf Jah, to Delhi. Accepting the emperor's request, Asaf Jah mobilized his army and marched to Delhi in a bid to resist the invasion. In the absence of the Nizam, Bajirao, the then Peshwa of the Maratha Empire, launched an attack on Hyderabad with the aim of capturing the six provinces of Deccan. Having already secured Malwa through the Battle of Bhopal from Jai Singh II, Bajirao sought to expand Maratha influence by targeting Hyderabad in the absence of the Nizam. ### Bundelkhand Main article: Battle of Bundelkhand In Bundelkhand, Chhatrasal rebelled against the Mughal Empire and established an independent kingdom. In December 1728, a Mughal force led by Muhammad Khan Bangash attacked him and besieged his fort and family. Although Chhatrasal repeatedly sought Bajirao's assistance, he was busy in Malwa at the time. He compared his dire situation to that of Gajendra Moksha. In his letter to Bajirao, Chhatrasal wrote the following words: > Know you, that I am in the same sad plight in which the famous elephant was when caught by the crocodile. My valiant race is on point of extinction. Come and save my honour, O Baji Rao. > > In March 1729, the Peshwa responded to Chhatrasal's request and marched towards Bundelkhand with 25,000 horsemen and his lieutenants Pilaji Jadhav, Tukoji Pawar, Naro Shankar, and Davalji Somwanshi. Bangash was later forced to leave, signing an agreement that "he would never attack Bundelkhand again".[] Chhatrasal's position as ruler of Bundelkhand was restored. He granted a large jagir to Bajirao, and gave him his daughter Mastani. Before Chhatrasal's death in December 1731, he ceded one-third of his territories to the Marathas. ### Gujarat Main article: Battle of Dabhoi 20th century depiction of Bajirao in battle After consolidating Maratha influence in central India, Bajirao decided to assert the Maratha right to collect taxes from the wealthy province of Gujarat and sent a Maratha force under Chimaji Appa there in 1730. Sarbuland Khan, the province's Mughal governor, ceded the right to collect chauth to the Marathas. He was soon replaced by Abhay Singh, who also recognized the Maratha right to collect taxes. This irked Shahu's senapati (commander-in-chief), Trimbak Rao Dabhade, whose ancestors had raided Gujarat several times and asserted their right to collect taxes from the province. Annoyed at Bajirao's control of what he considered his family's sphere of influence, he rebelled against the Peshwa. Two other Maratha nobles from Gujarat, Damaji Rao Gaekwad and Kadam Bande, also sided with Dabhade. After Girdhar Bahadur's defeat in 1728, the Mughal emperor had appointed Jai Singh II to subdue the Marathas. Jai Singh recommended a peaceful agreement; the emperor disagreed, replacing him with Muhammad Khan Bangash. Bangash formed an alliance with the Nizam, Trimbak Rao and Sambhaji II. Bajirao learned that Dabhade and Gaikwad had made preparations for an open fight on the plain of Dabhoi with a force of 40 thousand, while Bajirao's numbers hardly reached 25 thousand in all. Bajirao repeatedly sent messages to Dabhade to solve the dispute amicably in the presence of Shahu.[] Bajirao resolved the dispute with Sambhaji II on 13 April by signing the Treaty of Warna, which demarcated the territories of Shahu and Sambhaji II. The Nizam met Bajirao at Rohe-Rameshwar on 27 December 1732, and promised not to interfere with Maratha expeditions. Shahu and Bajirao avoided a rivalry with the powerful Dabhade clan after subduing Trimbak Rao; Trimbak's son, Yashwant Rao, was appointed as Shahu's senapati. The Dabhade clan were allowed to continue collecting chauth from Gujarat if they deposited half the revenue in Shahu's treasury. ### Siddis The Siddis of Janjira controlled a small, strategically-important territory on India's west coast. Although they originally held only the Janjira fort, after Shivaji's death they expanded their rule to a large part of central and northern Konkan. After the death of Siddi chief Yakut Khan in 1733, a war of succession broke out among his sons; one, Abdul Rehman, asked Bajirao for help. Bajirao sent a Maratha force led by Sekhoji Angre, son of Kanhoji Angre. The Marathas regained control of several portions of the Konkan, and besieged Janjira. Their strength was diverted after Peshwa's rival, Pant Pratinidhi, occupied Raigad Fort (near Janjira) in June 1733. Sekhoji Angre died in August (further weakening the Maratha position), and Bajirao signed a peace treaty with the Siddis. He allowed the Siddis to retain control of Janjira if they accepted Abdul Rehman as the ruler; they were also allowed to retain control of Anjanvel, Gowalkot and Underi. The Marathas retained Raigad, Rewas, Thal and Chaul. The Siddis launched an offensive to regain their lost territories soon after the Peshwa returned to Satara, then Bajirao dispatched a force to prevent them from taking over Raigad Fort in June 1734. Chimnaji made a surprise attack on a Siddi camp near Rewas on 19 April 1736, killing about 1,500 (including their leader, Siddi Sat). in June 1736, Bajirao dispatched a force under Yesaji Gaikwad, Dhanaji Thorat and Sidoji Barge to gain the control territories like Gowalkot. On 25 September of that year, the Siddis signed a peace treaty which confined them to Janjira, Gowalkot and Anjanvel. ### Rajputana With Shahu's consent, Bajirao began a northward journey on 9 October 1735. Accompanied by his wife, Kashibai, he intended to visit Rajput courts and persuade them to pay chauth. Bajirao arrived at Mewar's southern frontier in January 1736, where Rana Jagat Singh II had made arrangements for his visit. Diplomatic talks got underway. Bajirao also visited Jagmandir Palace, in the centre of Pichola Lake (at Rana Jagat Singh's invitation), and Nath-Dwara. After resolving matters in Mewar, Bajirao advanced towards Jaipur. Jai Singh hastened south with his forces, and they met in Bhambholao (near Kishangarh). Their meeting lasted for several days, with talks about chauth and the cession of Malwa from the Mughal Emperor. Bajirao then returned to the Deccan. The emperor did not agree to his demands, however, and he planned to march on Delhi to force him to agree. ### March to Delhi Main article: Maratha raid on Delhi (1737) Bajirao I riding a horse into battle c.1720–1740 Bajirao and Malhar Rao Holkar c.18th century After the death of Trimbak Rao, Bangash's alliance against the Marathas fell apart. The Mughal emperor recalled him from Malwa, and re-appointed Jai Singh II as the governor of Malwa. However, the Maratha chief Holkar defeated Jai Singh in the 1733 Battle of Mandsaur. After two more battles, the Mughals decided to offer the Marathas the right to collect the equivalent of ₹22 lakh in chauth from Malwa. On 4 March 1736, Bajirao and Jai Singh reached an agreement at Kishangad. Jai Singh convinced the emperor to agree to the plan, and Bajirao was appointed deputy governor of the region. Jai Singh is believed to have secretly informed Bajirao that it was a good time to subdue the weakening Mughal emperor. Learning of the advancing Maratha army, the Mughal emperor asked Saadat Ali Khan I to march from Agra and check the advance. The Maratha chiefs Malhar Rao Holkar, Vithoji Bule and Pilaji Jadhav crossed Yamuna and plundered the Mughal territories in the Doab. Saadat Khan led a force of 150,000, defeated them at Jalesar, and retired to Mathura. Malhar Rao Holkar rejoined Bajirao's army near Gwalior. Samsam-ud-Daulah, Mir Bakshi and Muhammad Khan Bangash invited Saadat Ali Khan to a banquet in Samsam-ud-Daulah's tent in Mathura, thinking that the Marathas had retreated to the Deccan. During the feast, they learnt Bajirao had slipped along the Jat and Mewati hill route (avoiding the direct Agra-Delhi route) and was at Delhi. The Mughal commanders left the feast and began a hasty return to capital. The Mughal emperor dispatched a force, led by Mir Hasan Khan Koka, to check Bajirao's advance. The Marathas defeated his force in the 28 March 1737 Battle of Delhi. Bajirao then retreated from the capital, concerned about the approach of a larger Mughal force from Mathura. However, he was defeated at Badshahpur by the Mughal Vizier Qamar-ud Din Khan and lost 30 men. Bajirao's dash on Delhi was executed with such daring and audacity that neither the Mughal generals nor the Mughal intelligence could comprehend or predict his moves. ### Battle of Bhopal Main article: Battle of Bhopal Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah sought help from the Nizam after Bajirao's march to Delhi; the Nizam set out from the Deccan, met Bajirao's returning force at Sironj, and told the Peshwa he was going to Delhi to repair his relationship with the Mughal emperor. The Nizam was joined by other Mughal chiefs, and a 30,000-man Mughal army (reinforced by artillery), was dispatched against Bajirao. The Peshwa assembled an 80,000-man force. To counter aid to the Nizam from the Deccan, Bajirao stationed a force of 10,000 (under Chimaji Appa) on the Tapti River with instructions to prevent Nasir Jung from advancing beyond Burhanpur. He and his forces crossed the Narmada in early December 1737, communicating with agents and spies posted to observe enemy moves. The Nizam sheltered in Bhopal, a fortified town with a lake at his rear, to keep his army and artillery secure. The Nizam, unable to hold out any longer, signed a peace agreement at Doraha on 7 January 1738. Malwa was ceded to the Marathas; the Mughals agreed to pay the equivalent of ₹5,000,000 in reparations, with the Nizam swearing on the Quran to abide by the treaty. ### The Portuguese Main article: Luso–Maratha War (1729–1732) The Luso–Maratha War of 1729–1732 was an armed conflict between the Portuguese Empire and the Maratha Confederacy, who invaded Portuguese territory in India.. This Resulted in Portuguese victory. The Marathas withdrew from Portuguese territory. Nevertheless, Bajirao planned to resume hostilities against the Portuguese with an attack on Salcette Island on 13 March 1733.[] Peace would prove to be short, as five years later the Marathas would again invade Portuguese territory and attack Bassein. Battle tactics and character ---------------------------- Seal of Bajirao I Stone fortress, with people in front for scaleThe Shaniwar Wada fortress in Pune was built as the seat of the Peshwa rulers during Bajirao's reign. Bajirao was known for rapid tactical movements in battle, using cavalry inherited from Maratha generals such as Santaji Ghorpade and Dhanaji Jadhav. British field marshal Bernard Montgomery studied Bajirao's tactics in the Palkhed campaign, particularly his rapid movements and his troops' ability to live off the land (with little concern about supply and communication lines) while conducting "maneuver warfare" against the enemy. In his book, A Concise History of Warfare, Montgomery wrote the following about Bajirao's victory at Palkhed: > They (Marathas) were at their best in the eighteenth century, and the Palkhed campaign of 1727–28 in which Baji Rao I outgeneralled Nizam-ul-Mulk, is a masterpiece of strategic mobility. Baji Rao's army was a purely mounted force, armed only with sabre, lance, a bow in some units and a round shield. There was a spare horse for every two men. The Marathas moved unencumbered by artillery, baggage, or even handguns and defensive armour. They supplied themselves by looting. > > Montgomery further wrote, > Baji Rao resented the Nizam's rule over the Deccan and it was he who struck the first blow. In October 1727, as soon as rainy season ended, Baji Rao burst into the territories of Nizam. The lightly equipped Marathas moved with great rapidity, avoiding the main towns and fortresses, living off the country, burning and plundering. They met one reverse at the hands of Nizam's able lieutenant, Iwaz Khan, at the beginning of November 1727, but within a month they had fully recovered and were off again, dashing east, north, west, with sudden changes in direction. The Nizam had mobilised his forces, and for a time pursued them, but he was bewildered by the swift unpredictable movements of Marathas, and his men became exhausted. > > Bajirao is considered one of celebrated personality in the history of Maratha Empire by many historians. In his introduction to Bajirao I: The Great Peshwa, K. M. Panikkar wrote: > Baji Rao, the great Peshwa, was without doubt the most outstanding statesman and general India produced in [the] 18th century. If Shivaji Maharaj was the founder of Maratha State, Baji Rao could claim that he was the one who saved it from disruption and transformed what was national state in[to] an Empire. > > He is also considered to be one of the greatest military generals of his time. Jadunath Sarkar called Bajirao, "a heavenly-born cavalry leader". Also describing his twenty years military career, Jadunath Sarkar wrote: > Twenty years spent in breathless activity and tireless journeys across the Indian continent, from Delhi to Srirangpatan and Gujarat to Hyderabad, wore out the most wonderful man of action that the Hindu race has produced since the days of the great Shivaji Maharaj. > > Shahu also had an implicit faith on Bajirao. On the other occasion he has called Bajirao as "the man with iron nerves". * Bajirao's letter to Chimaji Appa Bajirao's letter to Chimaji Appa * 31 Mar 1739; Bajirao asks his brother Chimaji Appa to send reencorcements to Delhi to counter Nadir Shah31 Mar 1739; Bajirao asks his brother Chimaji Appa to send reencorcements to Delhi to counter Nadir Shah * Signatures of the Marathas line 3 is the handwriting of BajiraoSignatures of the Marathas line 3 is the handwriting of Bajirao Death ----- Exterior of Baji Rao's tombBaji Rao I memorial at Raverkhedi Bajirao's body was exhausted due to ceaseless wars and military campaigns. He was cremated the same day on the bank of Narmada River. Balaji Bajirao ordered Ranoji Shinde to build a chhatri as a memorial. The memorial is enclosed by a dharmashala. The compound has two temples, dedicated to Nilkantheshwar Mahadev (Shiva) and Rameshwar (Rama). In popular culture ------------------ * Character of Bajirao is portrayed in Marathi audio web series 'Shrimant Kashibai Bajirao Peshwe' created by Cultural Legacy of India. * Bajirao Mastani, a 1925 Indian silent film about the Peshwa directed by Nanubhai B. Desai and Bhalji Pendharkar. * Rau, a 1972 fictional Marathi novel by Nagnath S. Inamdar, featured a love story of Bajirao I and Mastani. * Mastani, 1955 film directed by Dhirubhai Desai. It starred Nigar Sultana, Manher Desai, Shahu Modak and Agha. * The 2015 historical drama film Bajirao Mastani, directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali, starred Ranveer Singh as Bajirao I. * Shrimant Peshwa Bajirao Mastani, another Indian TV series broadcast on ETV Marathi in 2015. * Peshwa Bajirao, a 2017 TV series starring Rudra Soni as young Bajirao and Karan Suchak as the adult Bajirao, aired on Sony TV. * "The Era Of Bajirao", a book written by Uday S. Kulkarni on the life and tenure of Peshwa Bajirao I. * "Shahmatpanah Bajirav", a Marathi book written by Kaustubh S. Kasture on the life of Bajirao I. Further reading --------------- * Palsokar, R. D.; Reddy, T. Rabi (1995). Bajirao I: An Outstanding Cavalry General. Reliance Publishing House. ISBN 978-8185972947. * Paul, E. Jaiwant (2000). Baji Rao: The Warrior Peshwa. Roli Books. ISBN 978-8174361295. * Kulkarni, Uday S (2016). The Era of Baji rao. Mula-Mutha Publishers. ISBN 978-8192108032. * Vidhate, Kaka (2019). देवयोद्धा(novel). Prafullata Prakashan. ISBN 978-8193829332. * Godse, D. G. (1989). मस्तानी [Mastani] (in Marathi). Popular Prakashan Pvt. Limited. ISBN 978-8171853632.
American baseball player (born 1941) Baseball player Andrew John Kosco (born October 5, 1941) is a former professional baseball outfielder. He played in Major League Baseball for the Minnesota Twins, New York Yankees, Los Angeles Dodgers, Milwaukee Brewers, California Angels, Boston Red Sox, and Cincinnati Reds. Formative years --------------- Kosco was born in Youngstown, Ohio, an industrial center located near the Pennsylvania border. At six-foot-three and 215 pounds, Kosco was drawn to sports, but also seriously considered pursuing a degree in law. While at Struthers High School in Struthers, OH, Kosco was dominant at many sports. He averaged 25 points a game in basketball, and as a senior he had a .715 batting average. Michigan State University offered to have him play baseball and basketball, while Ohio State University offered for him to play baseball and football. Early career ------------ Shortly before the 1959 season, Kosco was signed by the Detroit Tigers as an amateur free agent. He was released by Detroit in January 1964, and promptly signed on as a free agent with the Minnesota Twins. In August 1965, Minnesota picked him from its AAA Denver club to replace injured player Harmon Killebrew. Kosco, who had largely reconsidered his plans to pursue law, accepted the opportunity. As sports author Jim Thielman notes, it was common at the time for baseball's commissioner to have input on World Series rosters, and Commissioner Ford Frick suggested the Twins bring their roster to 25 men by dropping a player who had not participated for the entire season. As a late-season replacement who played in the outfield, where the Twins were well-stocked with veterans, Kosco was kept off the World Series roster. Later career ------------ In October 1967, Kosco was purchased by the Oakland Athletics. A month later, however, he was drafted by the New York Yankees. As a Yankee in 1968, Kosco appeared in 131 games and had 492 plate appearances, playing the outfield and first base, hitting .240 with 15 home runs and 59 runs batted in. In December 1968, he was traded by the Yankees to the Los Angeles Dodgers for Mike Kekich. Kosco admitted that he was not happy when he had been told that the Yankees traded him away. He felt a great amount of pride playing for the Yankees, and loved being around Mickey Mantle. Upon leaving the Yankees, Kosco said, "I consider Mickey the most courageous person I've ever known. I loved being a Yankee." In February 1971, the Dodgers traded Kosco to the Milwaukee Brewers for Al Downing. He was traded again to the California Angels (for Tommie Reynolds) and to the Boston Red Sox (for Chris Coletta) before completing his professional baseball career with the Cincinnati Reds, with whom he batted .280 in 118 at-bats in 1973 on a team that won the National League West title but lost to the New York Mets in the NLCS. Kosco went 3-for-10 in that Series, including collecting the only two Reds hits in Jon Matlack's Game Two shutout. Kosco played for the Toledo Mud Hens in 1975 when the team was the AAA-affiliate of the Phillies. Personal -------- Kosco's two sons, Bryn and Dru, both played professional baseball. Bryn also played in the College World Series for NC State.
American chemist (1902–1995) Russell Earl Marker (March 12, 1902 – March 3, 1995) was an American chemist who invented the octane rating system when he was working at the Ethyl Corporation. Later in his career, he went on to found a steroid industry in Mexico when he successfully made semisynthetic progesterone from chemical constituents found in Mexican yams in a process known as Marker degradation. This eventually led to the development at Syntex of the combined oral contraceptive pill and synthetic cortisone – and to the development of the Mexican barbasco trade. Biography --------- He was born on March 12, 1902, in Hagerstown, Maryland. He received his B.S. in 1923 from the University of Maryland and an M.S. in physical chemistry in 1924 from the same institution. In 1926, he married Mildred Collins (1899–1985) and worked as an analytical chemist at the Naval Powder Factory in Indian Head, Maryland. He then began work at the Ethyl Corporation where he came up with the concept of the octane rating. In 1937 he coauthored the article, "Sterols. X. Cholesterol Derivatives," with Oliver Kamm, George H. Fleming, Alexander H. Popkin, and Eugene L. Wittle in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, April 1, 1937 In 1938, he proposed a new molecular structure for sarsasapogenin where the side chain was chemically reactive due to the two oxygen atoms connected to the same carbon. The newly found reactivity of the side chain can be used to remove most of the atoms in the side chain. After most of the atoms are removed from the side chain, a steroid ring is left. After a few chemical modifications, a steroid ring can lead to the creation of progesterone. This was the first practical synthesis of progesterone. It was also a precursor in the preparation of cortisone. When Marker found that there was a similar structure to sarsasapogenin in Beth Roots,[] a member of the lily family,[] he began his work to develop the Marker degradation. In March 1944 he formed Syntex. He left the company in May 1945 to found Botanica-Mex. In 1949 he left Botanica-Mex. He died on Friday, March 3, 1995. Marker degradation ------------------ Emeric Somlo, Federico Lehmann and Russell Marker came together to make a new company in Mexico named Syntex SA. This company used Mexican plant, Cabeza de Negro (Dioscorea mexicana), to create progesterone. Species of the genus Dioscorea contain diosgenin: a saponin similar to the structure of sarsasapogenin found in beth root. In March 1944, the company made the first kilo of progesterone, which was sold at $50/gram. After a dispute in the company in 1945, Marker severed ties with Syntex SA. Because Marker was the only person in the company who knew how to do the synthesis of progesterone, they could no longer produce the drug. Marker however went to work with Botanica-mex, a company based in Texcoco. The company later was sold to Gedeon Richter Ltd. where they started using both cabeza de negro and barbasco (yam) to make progesterone. Today, progesterone can be used to make cortisone and oral contraceptives. Honors ------ * Mexican Chemical Society at the VI International Symposium on the Chemistry of Natural Products in Mexico City (1969) * Chemical Congress of North America (1975) * Lecture series in astronomy, astrophysics, chemistry, evolutionary biology, genetics, math, and physical sciences are held annually at Penn State in Russell Marker's honor. * The University of Maryland Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry presents the Russell E. Marker Outstanding Freshman Award to a single freshman student each year for outstanding academic and laboratory achievement.
American rapper from California (born 1989) For other uses, see Lil B (disambiguation). Musical artist Brandon Christopher McCartney (born August 17, 1989), professionally known as Lil B and as his alter ego the BasedGod, is an American rapper. McCartney has recorded both solo and with Bay Area group the Pack. His solo work spans several genres, including hip hop, new age, jazz, indie rock and choral music. He describes his work as "based", a term which denotes a lifestyle of positivity and tolerance; and is noted for his extensive use of social media to build an online cult following. Early life ---------- McCartney was born on August 17, 1989, in Berkeley, California, and attended high school at Albany High in Albany. He adopted the name Lil B, and began rapping at age 15 with San Francisco Bay Area based hip hop group The Pack. After two locally successful mixtapes, at the peak of the Bay Area's hyphy movement, the group's song "Vans" became a surprise hit. The song was ranked as the fifth best of 2006 by Rolling Stone magazine. The strength of "Vans" led the group to release the Skateboards 2 Scrapers EP, featuring a "Vans" remix with Bay Area rappers Too $hort and Mistah F.A.B. In 2007, McCartney and The Pack released their first album, Based Boys. Music career ------------ ### 2009–10: Solo success and collaborations On September 24, 2009, McCartney released his first digital album, I'm Thraxx, via independent label Permanent Marks. On December 22, 2009, McCartney released his second digital album, 6 Kiss, to critical reception. On March 25, 2010, McCartney released his debut mixtape Dior Paint. On April 3, 2010, McCartney officially signed to fellow artist Soulja Boy's label SODMG Entertainment. On May 7, 2010, McCartney released a mixtape entitled Base World Pt. 1. On July 5, 2010, McCartney released a collaboration mixtape with Soulja Boy entitled Pretty Boy Millionaires. McCartney had recorded over 1,500 tracks as of July 2010, including hits "Like A Martian", "Wonton Soup", "Pretty Bitch", "I'm God", all of which were released for free. On September 21, 2010, McCartney released his debut studio album, Rain in England, through Weird Forest Records; it was described by The Guardian as "a beatless, Beat poetry-style set where McCartney, voice a-quiver with earnestness, ponders love, beauty and all the bad things in the world over naïf new-age synth washes". ### 2010–present: Mixtapes McCartney in 2012 On December 29, 2010, it was announced and confirmed that McCartney apparently signed an album deal with Amalgam Digital. On July 10, 2011, McCartney released the EP Paint, through his label BasedWorld Records. On January 18, 2011, McCartney released his fourth digital album entitled Angels Exodus, through Amalgam Digital. On April 14, 2011, McCartney announced that his next album would be entitled I'm Gay, which caused a degree of controversy. On June 29, 2011, McCartney released his fifth digital album, I'm Gay (I'm Happy), through Amalgam Digital; the album entered the Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart at number 56 and the Heatseekers Albums chart at number 20 for the week of July 16, 2011. On May 17, 2012, McCartney released his first instrumental album, Choices and Flowers, under the alias "The Basedgod". On September 16, 2012, McCartney released a rock single entitled "California Boy". On December 30, 2012, McCartney released his second instrumental album entitled Tears 4 God, also under the alias "The Basedgod". On December 24, 2013, McCartney released the mixtape 05 Fuck Em, which contained 101 songs. On June 1, 2014, McCartney released a mixtape entitled Hoop Life, which would be known for containing a track entitled "F\ck KD" that called out NBA player Kevin Durant. On October 14, 2014, McCartney released the Ultimate Bitch* mixtape, featuring the song "No Black Person Is Ugly." On July 19, 2015, McCartney and Chance the Rapper announced that they recorded a new collaborative mixtape. McCartney was featured in Terror Jr's remix of their song "Come First" released, in 2017. On August 17, 2017, McCartney released Black Ken, describing it as his "first official mixtape." The mixtape reached number 24 on the Top Heatseekers chart and number 44 on the Independent Albums chart for the week of September 2, 2017. Artistry -------- McCartney at Coachella music festival in 2011 McCartney and music critics refer to his rapping style as "based", a word that McCartney also uses to describe a positive, tolerant lifestyle. "Based" is a reclaimed word, as described by McCartney in Complex: > Based means being yourself. Not being scared of what people think about you. Not being afraid to do what you wanna do. Being positive. When I was younger, based was a negative term that meant like dopehead, or basehead. People used to make fun of me. They was like, "You're based." They'd use it as a negative. And what I did was turn that negative into a positive. I started embracing it like, "Yeah, I'm based." I made it mine. I embedded it in my head. Based is positive. > > ### Rapping technique Slate columnist Jonah Weiner labeled him as one of a "growing number of weird-o emcees", calling him a "brilliantly warped, post-Lil Wayne deconstructionist from the Bay Area". Musical critic Willy Staley described McCartney's work as "variegated", because it ranges from critical parodies of the hip-hop genre to "half new age, half spoken word". He further notes that McCartney draws from a large variety of genres, especially those not commonly used by other rappers. In an interview with Staley, McCartney agrees with this analysis, saying, "I can do 'Swag OD' but then my favorite musical artist right now could be Antony and the Johnsons. That's the difference between me and these other rappers, and other musical artists in general." Other ventures -------------- ### Author Takin' Over by Imposing the Positive! is a book written by McCartney and published through Kele Publishing in 2009. The book is a collection of and written in the form of e-mails and text messages, and is written in such a way that the author is e-mailing the reader. Subjects include positivity, optimism, and living what he calls a "Based Lifestyle". The book was passed out in an unscripted NYU lecture in March 2012. On March 30, 2013, McCartney announced that he was in the process of writing his second book. ### Motivational speaker McCartney has given motivational lectures at several colleges, including MIT and Carnegie Mellon University. They are generally focused around his personal experience in life and current events. On May 28, 2015, the rapper gave a lecture at UCLA, where he touched on subjects like money, the media, technology, space, awareness, and love. ### Basedmoji and vegEMOJI apps McCartney launched the "Basedmoji" app on January 16, 2015. On January 17, 2015, McCartney released "vegEMOJI", in cooperation with vegan company "Follow Your Heart", despite the fact that McCartney is not yet a vegan, he has stated that he is cutting down on his consumption of processed foods, and that he is "ashamed of eating meat". Personal life ------------- On January 16, 2015, McCartney's apartment building in Contra Costa County, California, caught on fire early in the morning on Thursday after an electrical fire spread through the building. McCartney and six other people were saved by 15-year-old Mateo Ysmael, who ran through the building to wake everyone up. For the 2016 U.S. presidential election, he endorsed Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders, citing his civil rights record. Controversies and feuds ----------------------- ### Solicitation of branded pictures of underage women McCartney has asked multiple women for pictures of their feet, hands, chests, hands, and thighs, with "I love Lil B" written on it. One Twitter post had people asking for the woman's age, with McCartney responding: "That's grown woman with her own place and fam she taking care of". It is not known if the woman is a legal adult. In 2018, McCartney sent private Twitter messages to a 17-year-old, asking for pictures of her body with "I love Lil B" written on it, failing to ask for her age. Other young women came forward, saying they were asked for pictures to post on his Twitter and Instagram. ### I'm Gay When McCartney released his fifth album, titled I'm Gay, he received several death threats. Although he is heterosexual, he says the title is a message of support to the LGBT community. Referring to the original definition of gay, he says he is gay because he is happy, and subsequently changed the title to I'm Gay (I'm Happy). ### Joe Budden In 2010, a number of exchanges between McCartney and Joe Budden were had over Twitter. Budden had been seeming to speak mockingly about McCartney's "Based" movement and his tweets, to which McCartney responded, initially friendly but then with insults. McCartney went on to release a diss track called "T Shirts & Buddens", which was then featured on his "Everything Based" mixtape. McCartney later apologized for his insults and noted his respect for Budden, calling him a "legend". ### The Game In 2011, after hearing a verse from McCartney on the Lil Wayne mixtape Sorry 4 the Wait, Compton rapper Game referred to McCartney as the "wackest rapper of all time." McCartney responded by calling Game "irrelevant," to which Game then threatened to knock out McCartney. Game targeted McCartney in his verse in his track "Martians vs Goblins" featuring Lil Wayne and Tyler, the Creator, with the line "Tie McCartney up to a tank full of propane, swag, now watch him cook". McCartney addressed this on his track "Tank of Propaine" on his "White Flame" mixtape. Several weeks later, the two settled their differences through Twitter after which McCartney urged fans to purchase Game's The R.E.D. Album. ### Joey Bada$$ McCartney took offense to the lyrics in the song "Survival Tactics" by late rapper Capital STEEZ, a founding member of the group Pro Era. In this, he raps, "They say hard work pays off / Well, tell the BasedGod don't quit his day job." McCartney responded with a song titled "I'm The Bada$$". Joey Bada$$ then responded with a song titled "Don't Quit Your Day Job!" When the feud became public on Twitter, Joey became a target of a lot of attacks from McCartney's fans, which ended up with Joey deleting his Twitter account, though restoring it later. In an interview with WWPR-FM, Joey Badass denied that he deleted his Twitter account because of McCartney's fans. Later, in an interview with VladTV, Joey admitted the feud was created for publicity, and admitted he's a fan of McCartney's more serious work. ### Kevin Durant In 2011, NBA superstar Kevin Durant tweeted his befuddlement with McCartney's popularity, and McCartney responded by "cursing" Durant that he would never win the NBA championship. The curse had been rescinded in 2012 but then reinstated in 2014. The feud between the two has simmered since then, resulting in McCartney releasing the diss track "Fuck KD" in 2014 and a commercial on NBA TV, where McCartney calls out Kevin Durant. McCartney has claimed the "curse of the Based God" to be responsible for Durant and his Oklahoma City Thunder team's loss to the Golden State Warriors in the Western Conference Finals of the 2016 NBA Playoffs. The Thunder had been up 3 games to 1 in a best-of-7 series, but then went on to lose the series in stunning fashion after losing the next 3 games in a row. On July 4, 2016, following the announcement of Durant leaving the Thunder for the Golden State Warriors, McCartney rescinded the curse again. Durant proceeded to win NBA Championships the following two years, in 2017 and 2018. ### James Harden During the Western Conference Finals of the 2015 NBA Playoffs, McCartney began questioning NBA superstar James Harden's "cooking dance", a dance allegedly coined by McCartney which he had been doing all season long, and tweeted that if he doesn't receive an answer from Harden regarding that dance then Harden will receive the "Based God curse" similar to Kevin Durant. McCartney attributed the Houston Rockets loss to the Golden State Warriors with the score of 99–98 in Game 2, and again in Game 3 with the score of 115–80, to the curse. On May 24, 2015, McCartney announced on TMZ Sports that he has placed Harden under the "Based God curse" for the remainder of the playoffs and until further notice. On May 27, 2015, McCartney was present at Oracle Arena for Game 5 where the Warriors ultimately defeated the Rockets with the score of 104–90, becoming the Western Conference champions. Additionally, during this same game Harden set an NBA Playoff record of 13 turnovers, prompting McCartney to publicly consider lifting the curse. On June 4, 2017, McCartney announced on a live taping of First Take that he has lifted the curse from Harden. ### A Boogie wit da Hoodie and PnB Rock At the 2017 Rolling Loud Bay Area festival, McCartney was forced to cancel his set due to an alleged altercation with A Boogie wit da Hoodie backstage. Upon taking the stage to announce the cancellation of his set, he told the crowd he was attacked by "A Boogie and his whole crew" and that his equipment was also stolen, attributing the event to his criticism of New York hip hop in a recent Tweet. Footage of the altercation subsequently surfaced, and McCartney fans immediately expressed outrage on social media. Witnesses backstage also accused PnB Rock of being involved in the attack. Despite the incident, McCartney maintained a positive stance and even urged his supporters to forgive A Boogie later that day on Twitter. The incident led to an immediate wave of support of McCartney from fans and other figures in the music industry. Schoolboy Q and Travis Scott, fellow performers at the festival, expressed their support for the rapper upon taking the stage for their respective sets. Other artists including Big Sean, Skepta, G-Eazy, 6lack, Kreayshawn, A-Trak, Alison Wonderland, SpaceGhostPurrp, Lupe Fiasco, Kaytranada, and Mike Dean also expressed their support of the rapper on social media. Amidst the fallout of the incident, PnB Rock was pulled from the festival's lineup and replaced by Kreayshawn. McCartney and A Boogie officially ended the feud two days later, through a phone call initiated by Kilo Curt of the late Mac Dre's Thizz Entertainment. Both artists took to Twitter to announce the end of the feud. Selected discography -------------------- Main article: Lil B discography * 6 Kiss (2009) * Rain in England (2010) * Angels Exodus (2011) * I'm Gay (I'm Happy) (2011) * Choices and Flowers (2012) * Tears 4 God (2012)
Norwegian bishop and theologian Johan Nicolai Støren (22 July 1871 – 14 November 1956) was a Norwegian bishop and theologian. Education and career -------------------- Støren was born in Trysil, Hedmark county, Norway, the son of vicar Abraham Wilhelm Støren and his wife Lagertha Johanne Diriksdatter. He had eleven siblings, including the brother Kristoffer Støren and a first cousin of engineer Ragnvald Støren. His first cousin Petter Johan Nicolay Støren was the father of high-ranking Nazi civil servant Finn Støren, making Johan and Finn first cousins once removed. He was sent to Kristiania Cathedral School at age 13, and took his examen artium in 1889. He then graduated from the Norwegian Military Academy in 1890 and from the Royal Frederick University with the cand.theol. degree in 1895. He studied in Germany from 1898 to 1899. He started his pastoral career in 1896 as curate serving under his vicar father in Meldal, not far from Støren where his family originated. After the period in Germany, Støren was vicar in Brønnøy and Skjerstad between 1899 and 1901, seaman's priest in Leith, Scotland, from 1901 to 1908 and then as a curate in Biri from 1908 to 1913. From 1913 he was the vicar of Tynset, and in August 1915 he was promoted to dean of Østerdalen. There were tumultuous times for the church, with conservatives protesting the growing influence of liberals. Støren was slightly on the conservative side, but was a compromise candidate for Bishop of the Diocese of Hålogaland in 1918. Støren was originally the fourth-most favored candidate among the local clergy, but the favored candidate Johan Beronka was a pacifist Kven and therefore out of the question for the Council of State (who appointed bishops in Norway at that time), number two rejected the offer and number three was seen as too liberal. He was appointed in July and ordained in September 1918. He remained here until being appointed as the more prestigious Bishop of the Diocese of Nidaros in 1928. Støren was due to retire from old age in July 1941, but in October 1940 the authorities prolonged his term by one year. This was during the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, which started in April 1940. On 24 February 1942 all bishops stepped down in protest against the Nazi regime. Five bishops including Støren were fired in a meeting of 12 March 1942; Støren was the only one who was allowed by the Nazis to keep his title and honorifics. After the end of the Nazi regime in May 1945, the new regime held that Nazi-instigated changes of office were illegal, but by Royal Resolution of 12 June 1945 Støren was declared as retired since 12 March 1942. Støren lived at Smestad in his later life, and died in November 1956. He outlived his wife Sophie Castberg (1875–1952), whom he had married in October 1899 in Kristiania. His wife was a second cousin once removed of Johan Christian Tandberg Castberg and third cousin of Torgrim and Johan Castberg.
The Kalands Brethren, Kalandbrüder in German, Fratres Calendarii in Latin, were religious and charitable associations of priests and laymen, especially numerous in Northern and Central Germany, which held regular meetings for religious edification and instruction, and also to encourage works of charity and prayers for the dead. From Germany the Kaland confraternities spread to Denmark, Norway, Hungary, and France. History ------- Originally an extension of the meetings of the clergy of the separate deaneries usually held on the first day of each month (Kalendæ, hence their title Kaland), after the thirteenth century these meetings developed in many cases into special, organized societies to which both priests and the laity, men and women, belonged. Statutes regulated the conduct of the society, its reunions, the duties of the directors in promoting the religious life and Christian discipline, the services to be held, the administration of funds, and their application to charitable purposes. A dean was the head of each association, and a treasurer administered the revenues. The associations were encouraged by the bishops, who assigned particular churches or at least special altars for Divine Service. The offering of prayers and the Sacrifice of the Mass for deceased members was especially fostered. The oldest known Kaland confraternity is that of Ottbergen near Höxter (in Westphalia) in 1226. The "Calendarii" flourished in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, but later decayed. A banquet was introduced at the meetings, which subsequently degenerated in many instances into a revel, leading in certain neighbourhoods to abuses. In the sixteenth century the Reformation led to the dissolution of the majority; the rest gradually disappeared, only one being now known to exist, that of Münster in Westphalia. Sources ------- * This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Kalands Brethren". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
American economist (1882–1971) Edgar Lawrence Smith (May 6, 1882 – June 19, 1971) was an economist, investment manager and author of the influential 1924 book Common Stocks as Long Term Investments, which promoted the then-surprising idea that stocks excel bonds in long-term yield. Smith was born and raised in Cambridge, Massachusetts, graduated from Cambridge Latin School (now Cambridge Rindge and Latin School) and received an A.B. from Harvard University in 1905. He worked in banking and other financial endeavors in the years after college, then signed on in 1922 as an adviser to the brokerage firm Low, Dixon & Company. While there, he later recounted in his Harvard class's 50th reunion yearbook, "I tried to write a pamphlet on why bonds were the best form of long term investment. But supporting evidence for this thesis could not be found." This discovery led to the 1924 publication of "Common Stocks as Long Term Investments." The book was widely reviewed and praised, and became a key intellectual support for the 1920s stock market boom. Its success enabled Smith to launch a mutual fund firm, Investment Managers Company. It also garnered him an invitation from the economist John Maynard Keynes, who had favorably reviewed the book in The Nation and Atheneum, to join the Royal Economic Society. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 brought a turn in Smith's fortunes. Investment Managers was sold to a subsidiary of Irving Trust Company, and in 1931 Smith resigned as its president. After that he devoted his time to research, writing, and painting. Subsequent studies of the relative long-term performance of stocks vs. bonds, by Alfred Cowles in 1939 and Roger G. Ibbotson and Rex Sinquefield in 1976, backed up Smith's 1924 conclusions. In retirement Smith lived with his wife, Mary née Zender, in Drexel Hill, Pennsylvania. He died in a nursing home in Media, Pennsylvania. Upon his death he was survived by his widow, a son, three daughters, seven grandchildren, and a great-grandchild. Quotes ------ As The New York Times put it, the book "has laid down a principle which so reverses the accepted estimate of the relative investment value of bonds and common stocks as to have aroused the keen interest of Wall Street and investment bankers in general." [This quote needs a citation] In Smith's own summary for the New York Times, he wrote > I have been unable to find any twenty-year period within which diversification of common stocks has not, in the end, shown better results, both as to income return and safety of principal, than a similar investment in bonds. It was a surprise to me, for my studies were undertaken with the intention of proving the probably future advantage to be gained from bonds over stocks. > > Smith said that the "bond tradition" was supported "up to 1897, when the purchasing power of the dollar reached its highest point," but failed to take into account the fact that the dollar "is a fluctuating measure of value." Books ----- * Common Stocks As Long Term Investments, originally published 1924, reprinted (2003) by Kessinger Publishing, ISBN 0-7661-6073-4 * Tides in the Affairs of Men. An Approach to the Appraisal of Economic Change, originally published 1940, reprinted (1989) by Fraser Publishing, ISBN 0-87034-090-5 (In this book, he sought to establish a connection between economic booms/busts and changes in the weather.) * Common Stocks and Business Cycles, by The William-Frederick Press
South African-born opera singer This article is about the opera singer. For the doctor, see Elizabeth Connell (doctor). Frances Elizabeth Connell (22 October 1946 – 18 February 2012) was a South African-born operatic mezzo-soprano, and later soprano, whose career took place mainly in the United Kingdom and Australia. Connell was born in Port Elizabeth, South Africa in 1946, to a Catholic father from South Africa and a Protestant mother from Port Elizabeth, one of five children. She read music at the University of the Witwatersrand, and after taking her degree, taught music and geography in secondary school. Connell attained an opera scholarship to the London Opera Centre, and came to the UK in 1970. Her teachers there included Otakar Kraus, who told her that 'one day you'll be a dramatic soprano'. In 1972, she was a winner of the Maggie Teyte prize for young musicians, and also made her professional debut at Wexford Festival Opera, as she was not able initially to appear in British opera houses, as a white South African during the era of apartheid. She attained Irish citizenship via her grandfather. She read music at the University of the Witwatersrand, and after taking her degree, taught music and geography in secondary school. At the invitation of Edward Downes, she sang at the opening of the Sydney Opera House in Prokofiev's War and Peace in 1973, as Princess Marya, and continued to have a special relationship with Opera Australia for the rest of her career. Her UK career attained greater prominence after her appearance at the 1975 First Night of The Proms in Mahler's Symphony No 8. She then had a regular five-year association with English National Opera. In 1983, Connell transitioned to singing full-time as a soprano, by cancelling all of her engagements for mezzo parts, and taking time to avoid speaking or singing, with subsequent gradual transition into soprano roles. Her early performances as a soprano included Corine from Luigi Cherubini's Anacréon, Fiordiligi (Così fan tutte) and Julia in Gasparo Spontini's La Vestale. Her The Metropolitan Opera debut was in 1985, as Vitellia (La clemenza di Tito), and her Opéra de Paris debut was in 1987 as Senta (The Flying Dutchman). In 2004, she sang Leonore in a performance of Fidelio by Cape Town Opera staged at Robben Island, 10 years after the release of Nelson Mandela from prison there. Connell's final performance was a recital on 27 November 2011 in Hastings. She had intended to retire to Australia, but the diagnosis of her cancer prevented this. She died in London on 18 February 2012, aged 65. She married baritone Robert Eddie in 1987; the marriage ended in dissolution. Her three brothers John, Peter, and Paul, and her sister Rosemary survive her. Legacy ------ Her will provided an endowment to assist aspiring dramatic sopranos. Named the Elizabeth Connell prize in her honour, it is administered by the Joan Sutherland & Richard Bonynge Foundation. Recordings ---------- Her many recordings include Rossini's Guglielmo Tell (Decca, Riccardo Chailly), Mahler's Eighth Symphony (EMI, Klaus Tennstedt), Mendelssohn's Second Symphony (DG, Claudio Abbado), Franz Schreker's Die Gezeichneten (Decca, Lothar Zagrosek), Gaetano Donizetti's Poliuto(NuovaEra, Jan Latham-Koenig, Live Opera di Roma), Giuseppe Verdi's I due Foscari (Philips, Lamberto Gardelli), Schoenberg's Gurre-Lieder (Denon, Eliahu Inbal), Richard Wagner's Tristan und Isolde (Squires Productions, Eve Queler, Carnegie Hall Live 1997) and Schubert Lieder with Graham Johnson, as part of Hyperion Records Complete Schubert Edition. In 2008, two important CD releases were added to her discography: Her first operatic recital, singing great scenes by Wagner and Strauss for ABC Classics, conducted by Muhai Tang, and Benjamin Britten's Owen Wingrave, conducted by Richard Hickox. Elizabeth Connell also recorded portions of Sir Granville Bantock's "The Song of Songs" under the baton of Vernon Handley, for Hyperion. And opera performance's TV recordings are also released as DVD. Lohengrin (1982 Bayreuth Festival, dir Götz Friedrich, EuroArts), Nabucco (1996 Opera Australia/Sydney Opera House, ABC - Opus Arte/Kultur), Hänsel und Gretel (1998, The Royal Opera/Royal Opera House, Opus Arte, DVD/Blu-ray).
Chinese engineer (1936–2022) For the military officer, see Zou Jing (Eastern Han). In this Chinese name, the family name is Zou. Zou Jing (Chinese: 邹竞; 9 February 1936 – 9 June 2022) was a Chinese engineer specializing in photosensitive materials, and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. She was a delegate to the 8th National People's Congress and a member of the 9th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. Biography --------- Zou was born in Shanghai, on 9 February 1936, while her ancestral home is in Pinghu, Zhejiang. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, her family moved to Suzhou to escape from the war. She secondary studied at Suzhou High School. After studying a year of Russian language at Beijing Russian College in 1955, she was sent to study at the Saint Petersburg State Institute of Film and Television on government scholarships. Zou returned to China in 1960 and that same year became an engineer at Baoding Film Factory (now China Lucky Film). She joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in August 1987. In May 2010, she joined the faculty of School of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University. On 15 March 2011, she was hired as director of the Printing Electronics Research Center of Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication. On 9 June 2022, she died from an illness in Tianjin, at the age of 86. Contributions ------------- In the 1960s, Zou successfully developed three kinds of special infrared films urgently needed by national defense and military industry, which filled the gap in China; Since the 1970s, she had presided over the development of three generations of lucky color films, which had achieved a great breakthrough in domestic color films from scratch and achieved remarkable economic and social benefits; Since the beginning of the 21st century, she had successively developed general-purpose medical green X-ray film, medical infrared laser image films, silver salt transparent conductive film, solar cell back film, and other functional film materials. Honours and awards ------------------ * 1988 State Science and Technology Progress Award (First Class) * 1992 State Science and Technology Progress Award (Second Class) * 1994 Member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE) * 1996 Science and Technology Progress Award of the Ho Leung Ho Lee Foundation
Children's book by Elvira Bauer *Trust No Fox on his Green Heath and No Jew on his Oath! A Picture Book for Old and Young* (Original title in German: Trau keinem Fuchs auf grüner Heid und keinem Jud auf seinem Eid! ein Bilderbuch für Gross und Klein) is an antisemitic children's picture book published in November 1936 in Nazi Germany. The book was written and illustrated by Elvira Bauer [de] (1915 – after 1943), a kindergarten teacher, art student, and Nazi supporter. It was the first of three children's books to be published by Julius Streicher, the editor of the infamously antisemitic newspaper Der Stürmer, who was later executed for war crimes. Through stereotypical Nazi caricatures, primitive nursery rhymes and colorful illustrations, children—and adults—are told what a Jew supposedly is and looks like according to the Nazi Party; the Jews are represented as "children of the devil," evil creatures who cannot be trusted, and a contrast to idealized "Aryans." Works of Nazi propaganda such as this were used to indoctrinate the youth of Germany in Nazi racial ideology. Trust No Fox on his Green Heath went through seven editions, and at least 70,000 copies were printed. After Bauer moved to Berlin in 1943 and reported to an art school under the Reich Chamber of Culture and Fine Arts (Reichskammer der bildenden Künste) there are no known records of her later life or activities. Background ---------- Further information: Propaganda in Nazi Germany The Nazi Party and its leader, Adolf Hitler, had taken complete control of the Reichstag—the German Parliament—in 1933. This allowed Hitler to implement laws restricting and limiting the rights of different races and religions, including antisemitic laws—such as the Nuremberg Laws in 1935. After the formation of the Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda in 1933, antisemitic publications in the forms of books, newspapers, radio broadcasts, and speeches were commissioned by the state. Joseph Goebbels, the propaganda minister, described the new ministry as a way of uniting the government and the people. The Nazi Party believed that they, by using propaganda, could unite the German people as a nation supporting their beliefs. By 1935, the Jews in particular had become second-class citizens within Germany. This was both due to laws passed by the Nazi Party and the attitude of the Gentile population. The number of boycotts of Jewish business, throughout the 1930s, showed the antisemitic tendency within the German population. Antisemitism was allowed to spread; antisemitism and other forms of bigotry were codified and went unpunished in the German legal system. Historian Richard Grunberger argued that many in Germany wanted to see social change, and the idea of "folk community" was popular at the time. Antisemitism and many of the stereotypes used for the Jewish population was already present in much of Germany before the Nazis came to power. After enacting the "editorial law" (Schriftleitergesetz) and other antisemitic publishing legislation, all forms of publication were censored by the Reich Chamber of Culture (Reichskulturkammer), and non-"Aryans" were forbidden from working as journalists, strengthening antisemitism among Gentiles in Germany. By the end of the 1930s Germany had created a racist system, where some areas of public life were reserved for "Aryans" and some for Jews, privileging "Aryans." During the Nuremberg Trials against major German war criminals after the Second World War, Trust No Fox on his Green Heath was used as documentation of the deadly antisemitism in Nazi Germany. > It is pitiful and terrifying to think that tens of thousands of German children are poisoned – literally poisoned – by this disgusting product of vileness and imbecility. But since it unfortunately exists, and is in the hands of the German children, we should use it, too, as the strongest imaginable method of propaganda against the Reich of Hitler and Streicher. > > — Klaus Mann on Trust No Fox On The Green Field And No Jew On His Oath, in Jewish Frontier 1937-09 > If you want to know if something is good or bad, all you have to do is listen to what the Jew has to say. When the Jews of the world are railing against that picture book, it is a proof of its great value. > > — The publisher's response to the foreign criticism of the book, Der Stürmer No. 10, March 1937 Title ----- A Nazi propaganda postcard from the 1930s showing a mural in Nuremberg illustrating an old anti-Jewish saying attributed to Martin Luther: "Don't trust a fox whate'er you do, nor yet the oath of any Jew." The title Trau keinem Fuchs auf grüner Heid und keinem Jud bei seinem Eid ("Don't trust a fox whate'er you do, nor yet the oath of any Jew.") refers to a rhymed antisemitic folk wisdom attributed to Martin Luther: "Trau keinem Wolf auf wilder Heiden / Auch keinem Juden auf seine Eiden / Glaub keinem Papst auf sein Gewissen / Wirst sonst von allen Drein beschissen" ("Trust no wolf in wild heathland / Also no Jew on his oath / Believe no Pope on his conscience / Otherwise, you will be screwed by all three"). Analysis -------- Trau keinem Fuchs auf grüner Heid und keinem Jud auf seinem Eid is aimed at children. It tells children what a Jew is and how to identify them. This is done both through the text and the illustrations that accompany the text. Throughout the book, the author made a clear distinction between Germans and Jews. On the front cover, there is a picture of a fox and a picture of a man depicted as a Jew—he has a big nose, big ears and a chubby hand with a Star of David next to him. The book is divided into ten sections: * The Father of the Jews is the Devil * The Eternal Jew * Jewish names * Once a Jew, always a Jew * The Cattle Jew * The Sabbath * The Jewish Lawyer * The Servant Girl * The Jewish Doctor * The Führer's Youth ### The Father of the Jews is the Devil In this section, Bauer wrote that the Jew works for the devil and that they can never be trusted. She asserted that "The Devil brought them to Germany" and that "like thieves, they stole our [Germany's] land." She described the Jew to always be "cursing and swearing with bent backs and oversized slippers." This is intended to inculcate in children, from an early age, the negative stereotype of Jews. Bauer also described a German in this section. A German "stands up" and "is a proud young man able to work and fight." This distinguishes the German as strong and the Jew as weak. Illustrations on the page further demonstrate this. The German, who has blond hair, is standing tall with a spade in his hand and a muscular body. The Jew, on the other hand, is fat, smoking and has big feet and big hands. The first section of this book is also written in rhyme, making it easier for children to understand it. ### The Eternal Jew In this section, Bauer linked Christianity to antisemitism. She blamed Jews for the death of Jesus and that since then they have "borne a curse" and should be avoided. They are seen "everywhere as a pest" like a fox and that "children to keep a look out." This taught Gentile children to fear and avoid Jews and Jewish children, since they might catch the Jewish curse. The illustration on this page depicts a man with scruffy hair, a big nose and a dark coat; he is surrounded by flames which links him to the Devil in the previous section. The medieval character of the "Wandering Jew" was also demonized in book and exhibition (1937) and a documentary (1940), all called The Eternal Jew (Der Ewige Jude), and other antisemitic Nazi propaganda. ### Jewish Names In this section, Bauer showed how to spot a Jew by their name. She described how Jews can be cunning with their names, and although some may sound German there are few differences. This represents another way in which children are being taught how to spot a Jew. ### Once a Jew, always a Jew In this section, Bauer told a story of a Jew who converts to being a Christian, but on a Friday he eats a goose. He claims that as he converted, a goose can be converted into a fish. She argued that as a goose cannot be a fish, a Jew cannot be a Christian and will always be a Jew. This was reinforced by the illustration as a man with a big nose, big feet, and big hands is eating meat on a Friday in front of a priest. This taught children that a Jew is sneaky and a liar. ### The Cattle Jew This section represents a Jew as greedy and only thinking about money; it taught children that Jews will always try to cheat Germans. The illustration is a colorful picture of a farmyard and the Jew taking animals off a German. ### The Sabbath In this section Bauer described how Jews are lazy and that on Sabbath they expect Germans to do all the work. She taught that Jews are dishonest and keep all their money hidden away. The illustrations in this section again show a Jew to be fat, thus reinforcing what a Jew supposedly looks like. One of the pictures also shows the Jew with a fox, a common link used by the Nazi propaganda to represent them as sly and stealthy. ### The Jewish Lawyer This section tells how a Jewish lawyer took all a farmer's produce away so he could be represented in court. In the end the Jew becomes fat and the farmer has nothing left. The illustration for this section shows two scenes. The first scene is of a well-dressed farmer and a small, thin Jew. The second scene however shows a fat Jew and a poor-looking farmer. The story taught Gentile children that a Jew will take all their money and produce and leave them with nothing. ### The Servant Girl This section taught Gentile children about Gentile-Jew relationships. It depicted Jews as forcing themselves on Gentile women, contrasted with Gentile men refusing any relationship with Jewish women. This section taught Gentile girls to fear Jewish romantic and sexual advances and Gentile boys to fear any seduction from Jewish women. ### The Jewish Doctor In this section, Bauer portrayed a Jewish doctor as someone who will kill a German to save a Jew as he makes sure "that not one more Jew is saved from Hell." Bauer believed that a Jew will always go to Hell when they die, and the Jewish doctor is trying to stop that. This taught children that anything a Jew does is bad and imitating a Jew will send them to Hell. This section praises Der Stürmer for its antisemitic stance. The colorful illustrations include depictions of Jews in a huddle next to crows, apparently plotting, while Der Stürmer is on the wall behind them. This illustrates the supposed untrustworthiness of Jews, characterized as "sneaky." This section also exhorts children—and their families—not to buy from Jewish shops, explaining the purported reasons for the absence of Jewish children from schools. The final part of this section idealized the removal of Jews in German society, creating a perfect "Fatherland." ### The Führer’s Youth The final section urged German youth join the Hitler Youth (Jungvolk for boys aged 10–14 and Hitlerjugend for boys aged 14–18) to stand together as one nation. On the other hand, the Jews are told to go away. A picture of grumpy-looking Jews walking under a sign that says "one-way road. Hurry. Hurry. The Jews are our misfortune" and in the text the phrase "what a disgusting picture" is used. This promoted a sense of urgency in ridding Jews in German society. Symbolism --------- Bauer used a number of animals to symbolize Jews throughout the book. The two animals that were used frequently are the fox and the crow. The fox in Greek legend often represented the devil but in Nazi Germany, other connotations were often given to the fox. Foxes were seen as sneaky and crafty[] and therefore fit well into antisemitic propaganda. The fox was also viewed as a carrier of rabies. By linking the fox with a Jew, it reinforced the idea that Judaism is a disease, like rabies. The fox was very common within German propaganda, and films such as Reynard the Fox and The Jew Animal[] were produced depicting the link between the fox and the Jew. The other animal used throughout the book is the crow. They were often seen alongside Jews. Crows were associated with the Devil's work and connoting them with Jews implied that Jews were working with the Devil.[]
The segankuru is a bowed trough zither, bar zither or musical bow, a string instrument found in Botswana and other areas of South Africa, and found under many names. It consists of a wooden body attached to a tin can resonator, with a single metal string played with a bow. The instruments main role is for self or group entertainment for young men, while herding cattle, etc. It is known as the segaba, sebinjolo and segankuru among the Tswana people, the sekgobogobo or setseketseke among the Pedi people. Also called the setinkane or stinkane. Characteristics --------------- ### Type A The instrument consists of a long straight stick, carved with a trough in the top, strung with a string from the end of the instrument to a tuning peg at the top, and a 5-liter sized metal can covering the bottom of the instrument (and flattened to hold it on). The trough is carved into the stick to change the sound. The tin can acts as a resonator. An instrument might be 86 Cm long x 6 cm wide. It is played with a bow, made from a stick and strung with animal hair. The instrument has been used in the past using the musicians mouth as a resonator. Rings can be attached to the instrument to vibrate as it is played. Because of the trough, this can be considered a trough zither. It could also be considered a bar zither. It is too inflexible to be considered a musical bow. ### Type B This instrument uses a one-gallon sized can for a resonator. The stick is inserted through the pouring hole and bent into an arch. The top of the stick is tied to a hole in the can by the string or wire. A sound hole is in the side. It is played with a bow. Without a trough, this isn't a trough zither. This instrument could be considered a musical bow or a pluriarc played with a bow. However, with only one arm, it would be a uniarc. ### Type C Also called sebinjola. This instrument resembled type A, a straight stick. However, the instrument lacks a trough and is shorter. This could be considered a bar zither. It is too inflexible to be considered a musical bow. With a trough, it could be considered a trough zither. ### Fiddle Segaba has also used to been refer to a fiddle.
Australian public servant Stanley Michael Foley (8 December 1923 – 3 March 1975) was an Australian public servant. He rose to become a District Commissioner in the Territory of Papua and New Guinea, also serving as an official member of the territory's House of Assembly. Biography --------- Foley was born in Warwick, Queensland in December 1923. He studied at the Australian School of Pacific Administration, before moving to New Guinea in December 1942, joining the Australian New Guinea Administrative Unit in March 1943. He was demobilised in May 1948 and became a patrol officer for the Department of District Services and Native Affairs, working in Gasmata, New Britain, Rabaul and Talasea. In 1955 he moved to Kainantu, where he was promoted to Assistant District Officer. In 1967 he was appointed District Commissioner of Chimbu District. Following the 1968 elections he was appointed to the House of Assembly as one of the official members, serving in the legislature until 1972. In 1969 he transferred to become District Commissioner of Western Highlands. He was appointed to a senior position in the Northern Territory, but suffered a heart attack in 1973 and resigned from the civil service before taking up the new role. He subsequently moved to Sydney, where he died in 1975. He was survived by his wife Pam and five children.
Photo of Jo Maeder with Mama Jo, subject of the memoir "When I Married My Mother"Jo Maeder is an American writer and voiceover artist. Biography --------- Maeder is the author of the memoir When I Married My Mother. She has written for The New York Times, Vanity Fair, and More Magazine. In 1977, after spotting station bumper stickers and giving away prizes as Y100/Miami's "Y-onic Woman", she became their first female disc jockey, and one of the first female Top 40 DJs in the United States. Her air name was "The Madame." She was the first woman in that market to host a morning drive radio program: "Up and At 'Em with the Madame" on WINZ-FM/I-95. In 1984 she joined Jay Thomas as co-host of the WKTU/New York morning show. On July 13, 1985, WKTU became WXRK/K-Rock and she became known as "The Rock and Roll Madame". In addition to playing classic rock, she hosted "Knockin' On Dylan's Door", a weekly show that showcased and discussed the music of Bob Dylan, and "Bluesbreakers" that highlighted several blues songs. Her show often followed Howard Stern's in the six more years she remained with the station. In 1993 she co-hosted a talk show on WABC as herself, and in 1995 she joined Z100 using her real name. From 1995 to 2000 she taught a course on radio for N.Y.U.'s continuing education department. Her interview subjects included Bob Marley, Michael Jackson, Willie Dixon, Stevie Ray Vaughan, George Michael, the Bee Gees and many more. On April 13, 2011, she organized and hosted the first Triad "Bookup" at Bin 33 restaurant in Greensboro, NC, to "promote long-form reading in a short-form world." The public was invited to show up with any book of their choosing and read it to themselves. Maya Angelou issued a statement supporting the concept. Opposites Attack was published April 22, 2013. Her novel Naked DJ, based on her long radio career, was published May 18, 2016. Zerk 'Em and Pull the Push Rods: A Wry Squint at Aviation in the Mid-20th Century was co-authored with her late father 33 years after his passing and published September 25, 2018. On August 21, 2012, Maeder opened Mama Jo's House of Dolls on collectibles site Ruby Lane to find homes for her mother's vast doll collection. While all dolls were sold, many can be seen on the Facebook page for the shop and Pinterest page. Her essay about the pain and joy of doing this appeared in The New York Times on May 9, 2013. A short film about the dolls, Jacob Rosdail's The Doll Dilemma', was shown in several film festivals. She is a licensed auctioneer and fundraising consultant for charity benefits nationwide.
America comedian, actor and writer (born 1987) Elliott Christopher Morgan (born February 22, 1987) is an American stand up comedian, actor, writer, host, producer and YouTube personality. Morgan is best known for being a co-host of the YouTube channel SourceFed. Morgan attended the University of Florida. Early life ---------- Morgan was born on February 22, 1987. Morgan attended the Lois Cowles Harrison Center for the Visual and Performing Arts, graduating in 2005, and the University of Florida, graduating in 2009 with a Bachelor of Science in zoology. Career ------ ### SourceFed years (2012–2014) In 2011, YouTube began its funding of original channels, which was launched in 2012. One of these channels was SourceFed, which was created by YouTube celebrity Philip DeFranco, who also created the popular Philip DeFranco Show. DeFranco hired three hosts, Morgan being one of them, to write, produce, and present news videos that would be known as 20 Minutes or Less. The series would later be known as SourceFed, named after the channel. Morgan was hired after he came into casting and DeFranco "instantly fell in love" with him and SourceFed co-host Lee Newton. Around the channel's launch, Morgan began posting videos on his personal channel as well. SourceFed began airing other programs, such as One on One, which Morgan was a recurring host on. The channel grew, reaching 500,000 subscribers in August 2012. In June, Morgan obtained management representation with The Collective. Later in the year, Morgan joined DeFranco and SourceFed co-host Meg Turney during the channel's live program, Election Night 2012 #PDSLive. Morgan also appeared in videos breaking down political parties and debates, as part of YouTube's "Election Hub". In 2013 the SourceFed channel and its live event during YouTube's Election Hub were nominated for a total of four Streamy Awards, winning the Audience Choice for Best Series. Morgan's podcast, The Morganism, launched on March 20, 2013, debuted at #23, and peaked at #10 on the U.S. iTunes charts. On July 22, Morgan launched a new show on his personal channel, "Happy Hour", in which he broaches a topic stand-up comedy style all the while drinking a beverage "someone over the age of 21 would drink, or someone under the age of 2." In November, Morgan began a series of guest co-host appearances on the webseries Live from E!, one of which was replayed on TV on the E! Network on November 11, 2013. > > "It's like, there's a line from Jeff Winger in last week's Community episode, which you should watch if you haven't, where Jeff Winger says, 'Yeah, I mean it's over, but on the other hand it's over.'" > > > —Morgan discussing his departure from SourceFed, 2014. On April 2, 2014, Elliott announced his resignation from the SourceFed channel on his Facebook fan page, writing, "This is one of the most difficult decisions I've ever made and certainly the most bittersweet. I absolutely love the people I work with, and I'm incredibly proud of the content we’ve created over the past two plus years, not to mention the amazing audience that has supported me." During his time on SourceFed, Morgan appeared on the popular Internet series The Annoying Orange as Special Agent Cheese, on the web series H.A.C.K.S. as Lucas, and on an episode of SoulPancake's The FlipSide as Ryan. Aside from appearing, producing, and writing several Internet series, Morgan also appeared in the television series Marvin Marvin. ### Post-SourceFed (2014–present) On April 11, 2014, Morgan hosted his final video on the SourceFed channel. After his departure, Morgan continued his Happy Hour vlog series, which regularly featured several other SourceFed personalities, until October 2015. On April 12, 2014, Morgan began hosting the newly-launched Mashable Minute on Mashable's YouTube channel, a series produced by Collective Digital Studio. Morgan later hosted Monumental, a second online series produced by CDS under Mashable's online catalogue. In October 2014, Morgan began hosting the weekly series, Misconceptions, on the Mental Floss YouTube channel. In addition to this series, Morgan began occasionally appearing in "Mental Floss: List" videos and continued to do so after "Misconceptions" aired its final episode on February 19, 2016. In 2015, Morgan made a temporary return to SourceFed as the host of a weekly series called The Study. Prior to its debut, Morgan described the satire news/talk show as one that would feature "tight writing, irreverent humor, and a lot of dumb vape pen smoke." The Study premiered on August 22, 2015, and maintained high viewership until its final episode, entitled "Elliott C. Morgan Gets Cancelled!", was released on April 23 of 2016. In the same year, Morgan hosted a short-lived online revival of classic game show Beat the Clock(featuring various internet personalities as contestants) for YouTube's online channel Buzzr until 2016. In December 2015, Morgan recorded his first stand up comedy special entitled "Premature". The special premiered on Vimeo On-Demand December 10, with SUPERGRAVITY Pictures producing. The hourlong show included material outside of the usual from Morgan, but was well-received. Morgan used this special to kick-off his comedy tour while still regularly updating his personal YouTube channel and appearing as a guest on other channels. In the fall of 2016 Morgan once again took his comedy act on tour, alongside former SourceFed cohost Mike Falzone and friend Andrew Delman. In the same year Morgan began a comedy podcast with former SourceFed cohost Lee Newton, titled Shooting Stars. The show ran from March 2016 until August 2017. Since 2017, Morgan has been a collaborator with YouTube channel Sugar Pine 7, appearing in their Alternative Lifestyle vlog series, as well as their short horror film, The Woods, in October 2017. In December 2017, Morgan appeared in an hourlong TLC special called I Catfished My Kid. Inspired by MTV's Catfish, I Catfished My Kid follows host Elliott Morgan as he guides parents through a confrontation with their children regarding their internet activity. In early 2018, Morgan began performing alongside Andrew Delman, Mike Falzone, Lee Newton, and others at Hollywood Improv as part of the show "Delman's Definitely Not Star Search". Morgan launched a new YouTube channel and production company The Valleyfolk, with friends and founding SourceFed members Steve Zaragoza, Lee Newton, and Joe Bereta on January 8, 2018. As part of the channel he hosts a feature show called Hot Take, which combines real-world news reporting with satirical commentary. In 2019, the Valleyfolk competed on the NBC comedy competition show Bring the Funny, winning the show's first season. On October 1 of 2019, Morgan released his second comedy special, titled Holy Shit. The special explores Morgan's religious upbringing and transition into the lifestyle of Hollywood, and was filmed in one continuous shot. The hourlong special was directed by Sharon Everitt and produced by FilmSignal. Personal life ------------- Morgan married in 2007 when he was 20 years old (proposing at 19) to his wife, Tiffany, whom he met at 14. Elliott announced on his podcast "Shooting Stars" that he and Tiffany had separated in September 2015 and their divorce became final in June 2017. On October 17, 2016, Morgan published a video endorsing Gary Johnson for President in the 2016 election. This video was primarily a response to Casey Neistat's video endorsing Hillary Clinton. Morgan volunteers weekly with the Born to Act Players, a Los Angeles-based charity that teaches acting and improv to special needs students. In early 2019, he announced via Instagram that he and fellow YouTuber and comedian Grace Helbig were dating. On February 28, 2021, Morgan announced via Instagram that he and Helbig were engaged. On October 2, 2022, both Helbig and Morgan announced via Instagram they had married the day before.
Place in Malaysia Gurun in Kuala Muda District Gurun Gurun is a mukim in Kuala Muda District, Kedah, Malaysia. "Gurun" in English means desert, however the town does not resemble in the slightest the meaning of its English translation. Rather, it derived its name from the word "gerun", which means terrify or "kurun" meaning elephant in the Siamese dialect. These words are associated with an incident during the reign of King Ekataat’s grandsons, Sultan Jaafar Mad Azam Syah, Sultan of the Islamic State of Ayutthia, who was killed in 1876 by the invading Thai armies when they crushed his body using an elephant. This incident took place behind the current Gurun Police Station. Government and politics ----------------------- Administratively, is under the district of Kuala Muda and falls within the local government administration of Sungai Petani Municipal Council. Gurun is designated as N22 for the Kedah State Legislative Council Zone and is represented by Baddrol Bakhtiar (Pakatan Nasional - PN) who defeated Firdaus Johari(Pakatan Harapan - PH) with majority of 6,684 votes in the 2022 General Election. Its Member of Parliament (P12 - Jerai) is Sabri Azit - incumbent (Pakatan Nasional - PN) who defeated Mejar Jeneral (B) Datuk Seri Jamil Khir Baharom (Barisan Nasional - BN), Zulhazmi Bin Shariff (Pakatan Harapan - PH) and Datuk Nizam Mahshar (Gerakan Tanah Air - GTA) by a majority of 33,192 votes. Geography --------- Gurun is located between Guar Chempedak to the north and Bedong to the south and can be reached via a highway; the North-South Expressway, and it even has its own train station. The main road junction in the town center connects the eastern part of Kedah to the town of Jeniang and the district of Sik. The junction was currently shifted to a new location situated in front of Gurun Post Office due to the construction of Malaysian double track railroad. The construction of Gurun Railway Station is a part of the Bukit Mertajam - Alor Setar railway extension project started in late 1912 and completed in 1915. The project was carried out under the Federated Malay States Railway Administration and the Pinang Tunggal to Gurun track was officially opened to the public on 1 March 1915 and the Gurun to Alor Star on 4 October 1915. The station was now demolished in order to make way for a new railway station located about 1 kilometer to north of the old station, which opened to public on 11 September 2015. Gunung Jerai, formerly known as Kedah Peak, is a massive limestone outcrop situated to the west of Gurun and is the highest point in Kedah rising 986 metres (3,235 ft). It is the main tourist attraction to Gurun. Economy ------- Gurun is well known for its corn stalls. Rows of these stalls stand along the federal trunk road from the town of Gurun to the town of Guar Chempedak. Gurun is also known for the starting point of Wan Mat Saman Canal, the longest canal in Malaysia with approximately 36 km that stretch out until Alor Setar town, where it connects Gurun River to Kedah River. The construction of the canal started on 13 August 1885 and was completed on 12 July 1896 and the soil that was dig out to create the canal formed "batas ban", which formed the foundation for the current federal trunk road to the state capital Alor Setar. Until the 1990s, Gurun is well known for its vegetables products and was recognised as the main vegetables and corn producer for Kedah. Apart from that, several rubber estates such Havard Estate and Jentayu Estate in the main commodity players for Kedah. Gurun also has its own iron ore mines located to the south of Gurun town, a place known as Bukit Merah. Gurun was designated as the industrial area for heavy industry in the 1980s by the government. Initially, the Perwaja Beam and Rolling Mill was set up. Then the landscape of Gurun slowly changed. Gurun is now the home of major factories, such as Stellantis, Naza, Modenas, Perwaja Steel, & Petronas Fertilizer Kedah. East of Gurun, at 5°48′45″N 100°32′06″E / 5.81250°N 100.53500°E / 5.81250; 100.53500, there is the HVDC static inverter plant of HVDC Thailand-Malaysia. The most remarkable feature of this facility is, that the static inverter hall of this facility looks like a Chinese building. History ------- During the period of Thai invasion in 1876-1881 and continued until the early 1900s, Gurun became well known as a base for local heroes such as Panglima Nayan, who operated from his hometown of Jeniang, about 10 miles to the east of Gurun. The strategic location of Gurun that connects every town in Kedah had enabled these warriors to plan and executed their activities freely without any fear from the occupying forces. During the Second World War, Gurun became the line of defense for the 11th Indian Division in the Battle of Gurun in early December, 1941. However, the British strategy was poorly executed and they were easily overrun by the Japanese army. During the Malayan Emergency period, Gurun was among the first areas declared as a "White Area". Gurun then served as the forward staging base for the Commonwealth forces launching their operations against communist insurgents. Horbart Camp, located on 8 mile peg of the Gurun-Jeniang road, was the base for these activities and also served as the training camp for units waiting to be sent into the jungle for operations. The Horbart Camp still functions as a training camp today. Infrastructure -------------- Probably the most prominent building in Gurun is the former United Transport Company (UTC) bus station. However today, the building is no longer functioned as bus station because it was turned into a grocery store. However the taxi station is still where it was 30 years ago. Gurun enjoyed treated water earlier than electricity. By the 1980s, majority of Gurun area enjoyed these two services. By the 1980s also North South Expressway project start to kick off which linked Gurun to Alor Setar. However the expressway exit was not at the present location but located at Kampung Guar Nenas. The original road for this exit is still exist today and still usable by the public. Gurun has a railway station which is served by KTM Intercity and KTM ETS trains. Schools ------- In 1911, Kedah State Government opened a Malay School in this town and the school still survives until now. It is now known as Sekolah Rendah Kebangsaan Gurun Pusat. The school provides a modern education for the rural folks in Central Kedah while the Islamic schools, the pondok, are mostly concentrated in Guar Chempedak and Yan area. Nevertheless, Kedah State Government has opened a modern Islamic school in Gurun in the 1970s which emulated the successful Maktab Mahmud in Alor Setar. The school which originally located nearby to Gurun Magistrate Court was later moved to the south of Gurun town, its present location. Before the liberation of Malaysian education in the 1990s, Gurun has its own private school known as Akademi Langkasuka. The school provides opportunity to students who failed their national examinations such as Sijil Rendah Pelajaran and Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia was then, to resit the said examinations because the public schools were unable to cater for this requirement. This school was then moved to Guar Chempedak in the mid-80s. The original location of this school in Gurun is now housed Institut Kemahiran Langkasuka, a vocational training institution. SJKC Choong Hwa, Gurun was established originally to the south of Shell Petrol Station in the 1960s following the need of education for the children of Chinese settlers which were relocated to Kampung Baru, Gurun following the Malayan Emergency. The school was then moved to Taman Gurun Jaya in 1999 following the school expansion program in order to cater for the increasing numbers of its students. Schools in Gurun or nearby include: * SMK Gurun, Gurun * SJKC Choong Hwa, Gurun (峨崙中华华小) * SJKC Mah Wah, Padang Lembu (马华华小) * SK Gurun Pusat, Gurun * SK Sri Jerai, Gurun * SK Batu Empat, Jalan Jeniang * SMK Batu Lima, Jalan Jeniang * SJKT Kalaivaani, Padang Lembu
United States historic place The Woonsocket Senior High and Junior High Schools is an historic school complex at 357 Park Place in Woonsocket, Rhode Island. Built in 1914 and enlarged several times, it served as the city's high school until 1967, and as the Woonsocket Middle School until its closure in 2009. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017. Description and history ----------------------- The former Woonsocket Senior High and Junior High Schools building is located in the city's Villa Nova neighborhood, south of the downtown, which is across the Blackstone River. It is a large E-shaped structure, present a long facade to the southeast, with wings extending to the northwest. The oldest portion of the building, its northeastern wing, was built in 1914 in the Classical Revival style, which was then continued in most of the subsequent additions and alterations to the building. An additional block of classrooms was added at the southern end of this wing in 1925, and the junior high school, an L-shaped structure, was added in 1927. At the center of the U shape created by these constructions is the 1952 Senior High School Gymnasium Annex. The most prominent entrance is that of the junior high school, facing southeast. It differs from the other construction in being mainly limestone, with four mammoth Doric pilasters supporting a wide lintel. The bays between the pilasters each house an entrance, above which are decorative panels incised (from left to right) with "Faith", "Hope", and "Charity". Woonsocket was incorporated as a town in 1867 and as a city in 1888. Its first high school, built in 1877, was located on Boyden Street in a building that also housed elementary grades. In 1902, the high school took over the entire building, but it was judged inadequate for the purpose by the school committee. It was not until 1913 that land for this school was purchased, with the first building completed in 1915. It was designed by Walter Fontaine, a local architect, who also designed the 1925 addition and the junior high school. The 1952 gymnasium annex was designed by Fontaine's son Oliver. By the 1960s it was overcrowded, and the present Woonsocket High School was opened in 1972. This building remained in use, housing lower grades, until 2009.
Resort in Nevada, United States Rising Star Sports Ranch Resort is a hotel resort and sports facility in Mesquite, Nevada. It originally began construction in 1996, as the Mesquite Star hotel-casino. Construction was delayed because of financial issues, but it began to pick up heavily in October 1997. The Mesquite Star opened on July 1, 1998, although owner NevStar Gaming faced further financial problems and filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in December 1999. The Mesquite Star closed in March 2000, followed by a series of legal issues. It was purchased by Virgin River Casino Corporation, which later operated the facility without a casino as the Virgin River Convention Center. The Lee family purchased the facility in 2013, and began remodeling it in 2015. It reopened on October 1, 2016, as the Rising Star, a non-gaming hotel resort that also serves as a facility for sports training and competitions. Mesquite had become known for its abundance of new sports facilities, which prompted the Lee family to include the sports element in the new resort. The Rising Star includes a 30,000 sq ft (2,800 m2) indoor sports facility known as The Barn, which can seat up to 3,000 spectators. The resort also has a grass field and outdoor courts for various sports games. History ------- ### Early years Construction of the Mesquite Star hotel-casino began in 1996, and the property was initially scheduled to open in January 1997. NevStar Gaming & Entertainment Corporation, the project owner, intended to launch an initial public offering (IPO) during 1996, but the company cancelled such plans because of low investor demand. Construction was subsequently stalled for several months while the developers tried to obtain financing. By the end of 1996, Hawaii businessman Richard Kelley had provided approximately $5 million in bridge financing to help the project while NevStar prepared for an IPO, expected for the first quarter of 1997. Kelley was the chairman of Outrigger Enterprises, which owned Outrigger Hotels & Resorts. Nevada real estate developer Richard Tam, a business partner of Kelley, was also an investor in the Mesquite Star. Tam had introduced Kelley to the project, and they subsequently became partners in it, as well as the largest shareholders in NevStar Gaming. NevStar later intended to launch its IPO in September 1997, to raise money for the project. Construction on the project picked up heavily in October 1997. By February 1998, NevStar had received a $5 million construction loan from the First Credit Bank of Los Angeles. By April 1998, NevStar reached an agreement for the hotel portion of the Mesquite Star to be operated under the Best Western brand in affiliation with the hotel chain. That month, the Nevada Gaming Control Board deferred approval of the project, citing NevStar's limited financial reserves. The control board was concerned about the possibility of the hotel-casino entering bankruptcy shortly after its opening, an event that had been scheduled for Memorial Day weekend. In June 1998, the control board recommended that NevStar be approved for a gaming license to operate the Mesquite Star, after the company demonstrated that it had a cash reserve of at least $2 million, including a $1 million line of credit from Kelley and Tam. The Nevada Gaming Commission gave final approval later that month. The Mesquite Star opened on July 1, 1998, becoming the fifth hotel-casino to open in Mesquite. The resort had an Old West theme. The facility included a 12,000 sq ft (1,100 m2) casino with table games and 452 slot machines, and 210 hotel rooms affiliated with Best Western. It also had three restaurants and a cocktail lounge. The resort opened with 300 employees. The Mesquite Star was intended to capitalize on local residents and middle-income customers travelling along Interstate 15, which ran alongside the resort. In February 1999, the Mesquite Star hosted a bluegrass music festival and horseshoes tournament, and the resort constructed horseshoe courts for the event. ### Financial problems and litigation NevStar struggled financially after opening the Mesquite Star. The project cost an approximate total of $23 million, including land acquisition, permits, and construction costs. A.F. Construction built the facility. In early 1999, A.F. Construction sued NevStar for $853,500 in unpaid construction costs. NevStar was in the process of obtaining a loan to pay off the debt. Around the same time, NevStar was planning to eventually develop a shopping and entertainment complex adjacent to the Mesquite Star. Tam died in August 1999. In November 1999, between 25 and 30 keno employees were laid off in an effort to streamline operations. NevStar had more than 200 creditors, and the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in December 1999. At the time, the filing was not expected to have an effect on operations at the Mesquite Star. NevStar offered a reorganization plan to a court, but it was rejected. On March 3, 2000, Randy Black Sr. was chosen by a court to operate the Mesquite Star on behalf of its creditors during the foreclosure process. Black applied for a temporary gaming license and was also considering a purchase of the hotel-casino. At the time, he also owned two other hotel-casino properties in Mesquite: the CasaBlanca and the Virgin River. The casino portion closed on March 6, 2000, followed by the rest of the property on March 10. The Mesquite Star had employed approximately 270 people at the time. Black was to serve as receiver for the property's second mortgage holders, Richard Kelley and the Richard Tam Estate; the latter two were subsequently surprised to learn about the resources that would be needed to operate the hotel-casino. Black said that nearly every item in the Mesquite Star was leased, "from slot machines and table games in the casino to beds, chairs and linen in the hotel." Black said that when NevStar filed for bankruptcy, there were trucks outside the Mesquite Star waiting to collect the leased property. The Mesquite Star owed an estimated $150,000 in gaming taxes, and a substantial amount of debt was also owed to the companies leasing various items to the property. Kelley and the Tam Estate were unable to provide the necessary financing to pay the debt and continue operations at the Mesquite Star. As a result, Black withdrew his request for a gaming license several days after he was appointed. The contents of the Mesquite Star were subsequently liquidated. As the liquidation process went forward, a Las Vegas casino supplier, Casino Data Systems, filed a lawsuit against NevStar. Casino Data Systems had previously provided video slot machines, signs, and other items to the Mesquite Star, but NevStar did not agree to release the items back to the casino supplier following the bankruptcy. The lawsuit sought to prevent NevStar from selling or removing the items. Virgin River Casino Corporation, a company owned by Black, purchased NevStar's $5.4 million debt with its primary creditor, First Credit. The purchase took place in April 2000. Simultaneously, A.F. Construction had won court approval to proceed with a sheriff's sale of the Mesquite Star, in order to collect the debt that it was owed. The sale had been scheduled for May 2000, but Virgin River found out about it and objected, as did four other creditors. In May 2000, Illinois-based AmeriResource Technologies announced that it would purchase the Mesquite Star. The acquisition would include vacant land that would be developed as a second phase, consisting of a 210-room hotel tower and a 300-pad RV park, both expected to be finished by the fourth quarter of 2000. AmeriResource was primarily involved in the construction industry, although it had intentions to branch out into other industries involving assisted care, apartments, mobile homes, and adult residences. A.F. Construction agreed to postpone its sale of the Mesquite Star after AmeriResource became interested in purchasing the property and paying off the creditors. At the end of May 2000, a $500,000 lawsuit was filed against NevStar by two former employees of the Mesquite Star. The suit was filed on behalf of 68 former employees, and it alleged that NevStar failed to cover health care costs for the workers. Sale negotiations with AmeriResource broke down in June 2000, and the creditors resumed separate, competing efforts to auction the Mesquite Star. A foreclosure sale of the Mesquite Star had been scheduled for July 2000, but it was postponed hours prior, due to a motion filed on behalf of approximately 100 former employees. According to the motion, the workers' health coverage had been regularly deducted from their paychecks, but the money was diverted to an unknown location, leaving workers without health coverage. The motion sought to ensure that the workers would be compensated for their deducted wages. At the same time, the three primary creditors – Virgin River Casino Corporation, A.F. Construction, and Kelley – were involved in a court battle to determine which of them would be prioritized for debt payment, following the eventual sale of the Mesquite Star. NevStar filed for bankruptcy again in July 2000, putting a temporary halt to all planned auctions of the property. At the time, AmeriResource stated that it still intended to buy the Mesquite Star and was working with NevStar to secure financing for the purchase. In September 2000, NevStar sued Black and Virgin River Casino Corporation, alleging that they conspired to get the Mesquite Star shut down and devalued, allowing Black to purchase the resort's debt at a discount. According to the suit, Black transferred Mesquite Star employees and patrons to his own hotel-casino properties in Mesquite following the closure in March 2000. The suit also stated that Black purchased NevStar's debt with First Credit at a discount price following negotiations, which Black had begun prior to his withdrawal as receiver. After purchasing the debt, Black then proceeded with a planned foreclosure sale. According to NevStar, the planned auction ultimately forced the company back into bankruptcy in July 2000. ### Virgin River ownership Virgin River Casino Corporation purchased the Mesquite Star in November 2000, and owned it for the next 12 years. Black said in January 2001 that he did not have a clear timetable for reopening the Mesquite Star because of ongoing financial problems associated with it, including foreclosure issues, and liens that had been placed on nearly every item inside the facility. By 2004, the facility had been operating without a casino as the Virgin River Convention Center. The facility was also sometimes used for overflow hotel guests from Black's other properties in Mesquite. As of 2010, Black had intentions to reopen the Mesquite Star. The Mesquite Star was mostly well maintained throughout the years, with the exception of some water leakage in the central roof. In December 2012, Virgin River Casino Corporation planned to sell the closed facility and property to Pilot Flying J, which intended to open a travel center on the land. Virgin River requested a zoning change that would allow for the travel center to operate on the site. At a city council public hearing, a majority of the residents in attendance expressed opposition to the proposed site for the travel center, voicing concerns that it would increase traffic in an area that was already busy. Former Mesquite mayor Susan Holecheck was also concerned about pollution being emitted from the new travel center. The zoning change would also be a deviation from the community's master plan. Intentions to open a travel center at the proposed location were cancelled in January 2013, when Pilot Flying J decided not to purchase the property. ### Rising Star In April 2013, the facility was sold to the Lee family, who also owned the Eureka hotel-casino in Mesquite. Deed restrictions meant that the Lee family could not implement large scale gaming at the resort, although Greg Lee did not consider this an issue, as he believed that gambling was not as popular as it used to be. Lee and his executive team thought about turning the facility into an assisted living home, but he said "that didn't excite me for the community's synergy and it wasn't a business I thought I would like." The Lee family eventually decided to renovate and reopen the property as a non-gaming hotel. Mesquite had become known in recent years for its variety of new sports facilities, and Lee had friends who would call about hotel rooms in the area for when their children would play in local sports tournaments. Once Lee realized how many ball and soccer fields there were in Mesquite, he began to consider the idea of turning the Mesquite Star into a sports-themed hotel resort. The location was considered ideal for the resort because of its proximity to Interstate 15, as well as Las Vegas and St. George, Utah. Lee said, "We want to make Mesquite a place teams want to drive an extra hour to play in." A team of sports-related advisors – including coaches, trainers and camp directors – was created to inform the owners what they would want in a sports-themed resort. The new property would serve as the center of nearby sporting facilities, including ball fields, golf courses, and the Mesquite Rec Center. Andre Carrier, the chief operating officer of the new resort, said the intention was to create a property that would benefit from the abundance of sports facilities in the area. Construction and remodeling began on August 3, 2015. In November 2015, it was announced that the property would be renamed Rising Star Sports Ranch Resort. Renovations proceeded at a rapid pace, ultimately putting the project ahead of schedule. The project was 90 percent complete as of August 2016, with only finishing touches remaining. The opening had been scheduled for December 2016, but it was moved closer because of the rapid renovation work. The Rising Star opened on October 1, 2016, and an official grand opening was held on November 16. Sports memorabilia is located throughout the resort. Lee described the Rising Star as a sports facility for training and competition, and a vacation resort for people travelling with athletes. Child athletes are a target demographic. The hotel has four floors, with a total of 210 rooms. Some are adjoined rooms with bunk beds, allowing large sports teams, as well as parents or chaperones, to stay together. A lighted grass field is located on-site, and it provides playing space for games such as football, lacrosse, and soccer. The property also includes a four-acre area outside the first-floor hotel rooms known as the Backyard. It features a swimming pool and picnic areas with barbecues, as well as various sporting areas, including courts for basketball, pickleball, and volleyball. The Backyard also includes a putting green, horseshoe pits, and chessboards. The resort also includes the Victory Kitchen restaurant, which can seat up to 400 people, and includes pizza and chicken wings among its menu items. An arcade is also located inside the resort, featuring more than 50 games and a two-lane bowling alley. The resort also features a 7,000 sq ft (650 m2) ballroom, capable of holding 400 guests. The Rising Star has several technologically advanced features, including room-service robots that have a pre-programmed map of the hotel and can deliver items to guests. Robots are stationed on each floor of the hotel. RFID wristbands are used for access to hotel rooms, the pool, and arcade games, and they can also be used to pay for restaurant meals. The resort was built with the intention that a majority of customers would be families from Las Vegas. Although the resort was successful in its early months, many of its customers were from neighboring states rather than Las Vegas. As a hotel without a casino, the Rising Star became popular as a suitable, non-gaming alternative for underage guests who were participating in local youth-sporting events. The Rising Star has hosted numerous sports events, including some with groups such as Nike and the Utah Youth Soccer Association. The resort has also hosted sports teams from Arizona, California, Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming. Planet Athlete, a basketball program, relocated from Phoenix, Arizona to the Rising Star. Through the program, students live at the resort and study at the Mesquite campus of the College of Southern Nevada. A baseball training facility opened in early November 2016, and includes 70-foot batting cages. A 30,000 sq ft (2,800 m2) indoor sports facility, known as The Barn, was under construction at the time of the resort's opening. The facility, designed to resemble a red barn, was opened in May 2017, marking the completion of the Rising Star resort. The interior of The Barn has a wood floor for games such as basketball, and the facility can be reconfigured to form multiple courts for games such as pickleball and volleyball. AstroTurf is used to cover the floor for sport games that require it. The Barn is air-conditioned, allowing athletes to play or practice inside during the hot summer season. The facility can seat up to 3,000 spectators, and is considered a major aspect of the resort. The Nevada Desert Dogs played basketball games at The Barn during 2018, and the UNLV Runnin' Rebels also stayed and practiced at the resort.
American operatic tenor Michael McCown is an American operatic tenor, based at the Oper Frankfurt. While many of the ninety roles in his repertoire are comprimario, he has portrayed lead roles such as Britten's Captain Vere, Abott and Tempter, and Nebukadnezar. Career ------ McCown was born in Abilene, Texas, the son of a pastor. He studied voice in Boston, and performed during his studies at the Aldeburgh Festival and at the Utah Opera. McCown became a member of the Oper Frankfurt in 2001. He has a repertoire of more than 90 roles, appearing in Frankfurt as Normanno in Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor, the Shepherd in Wagner's Tristan und Isolde, Antonio in The Tempest by Thomas Adès, the Shepherd in Enescu's Œdipe, the Duke of Cornwall in Reimann's Lear and the Prior in Angels in America [de] by Peter Eötvös. He also appeared as Don Alvar in Meyerbeer's L'Africaine, Fedotik Tri sestry by Eötvös. In 2016, he portrayed Captain Vere in Britten's Billy Budd and, according to a review, "conveyed all the conflicted forces preying on the character's mind". Roles in 2020 included the Second Jew in Salome staged by Barrie Kosky. In 2021 he first sang Leonard in a new production of Nielsen's Maskarade, Rouvel in Giordano's Fedora, and Tinca in Puccini's Il tabarro. He appeared in 2022 in new productions of Mozart's Die Zauberflöte as the First Armed Man, of Tchaikovsky's The Sorceress as Paisi, and of Puccini's Madama Butterfly as Yamadori. In 2023 he performed lead roles in a double bill of Britten's church parables at the Bockenheimer Depot, the double role of Abbot and Tempter in The Prodigal Son, and Nebuchadnezzar in The Burning Fiery Furnace. Axel Zibulski from the FAZ noted that McCown showed the "extreme lightness and luminous agility" ("extreme Leichtigkeit und leuchtende Wendigkeit") that characterised the voice of the composer's partner Peter Pears with whose voice in mind the music was written. He performed as a guest in Der Rosenkavalier by Richard Strauss at the Hessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden. He appeared as Walter von der Vogelweide in Wagner's Tannhäuser at the Aalto Theater in Essen, and as Scaramuccio in Ariadne auf Naxos by Richard Strauss at the Bavarian State Opera in Munich.
Musical artist Harald Andreas Halvorsen (born 20 June 1949 in Haugesund, Norway) is a Norwegian musician (trombonist), known from bands like Egil Monn Iversen's Big Band, The Gambian-Norwegian Friendship Orchestra, Jens Wendelboe Big Band, The Norwegian Radio Big Band and The Rainbow Band. Career ------ Halvorsen was raised in Haugesund, where he led his own big band in 1970'es, before he moved to Bergen to attend studies at the Bergen Musikkonservatorium (1978). In Bergen he had a quintet with saxophonist Øystein Søbstad (1971–73). They participated in Norwegian Jazz Association anniversary concerts 1973. He was also a member of the ensemble Lyderhorn (from 1972), led The Bergen Ballade Orkester (1973–74), which had its festival debut Kongsberg Jazzfestival 1974. He led his own quartet from 1974, besides participation in the band Octopus (until 1976), Bergen Big Band, Dag Arnesen Septet among others. Halvorsen translocated to Oslo in 1978, for employment in Forsvarets Stabsmusikk. As jazz musician he continued within bands like Østereng/Hurums Radiostorband (1978–90) with album releases in 1986 and 1987, Geir Hauger Sextet (1979–81) and Vestlandssekstetten (1980–81). In addition he collaborated with bands like Søyr (Molde 1979), Erling Aksdal (1980), Per Husby (1984), Monk Memorial (Kongsberg Jazzfestival 1987) dan Hansen/Gundhus Big Band (1988). He participated on recordings with The Gambian-Norwegian Friendship Orchestra (1982), Jens Wendelboe Big Band (1983), Kjell Karlsen Big Band (one recorded in 1984 and one released in 2001) and Jens Wendelboe Big Crazy Energy Band (1991–92). From 1990 Halvorsen was simultaneously active in three smaller bands, "Bone Brothers" with Frode Thingnæs, the octet Cool-In-West (1990–92), as well as a band holding his own name. In larger format, he participated on the album A tribute to Frank Sinatra with Bjørn Jørgensen Big Band (released 2006), Live at Lancelot with Storeslem and Takin' Off with Per Borthen Swing Dept, the last two recorded in 2007. In 2006–07 he collaborated with John Surman's Rainbow Band (Sessions released in 2011). Discography ----------- With Jan Eggum * 1977: Heksedans (Columbia Records) With Laila Dalseth * 1978: Glad There Is You (Talent Records) With Pål Thowsen * 1981: Carnival (NorDisc) With The Gambian-Norwegian Friendship Orchestra * 1983: Friendship (Odin Records) With Jens Wendelboe * 1983: 'Lone Attic (NOPA Records), within Jens Wendelboe Big Band * 1994: Big Crazy Energy Band, Vol. 2 (NOPA Records) With Sylfest Strutle * 1985: Live at Gildevangen (Camp Records) With The Norwegian Radio Big Band * 1986: The Norwegian Radio Big Band Meets Bob Florence (Odin Records) With Sigvart Dagsland * 1987: De Umulige (Kirkelig Kulturverksted) With Odd Riisnæs Project * 1996: Your Ship (Gemini Records) With Bjørn Johansen * 2001: Portrait of a Norwegian Jazz Artist (Gemini Records), Ppresented by the Oslo Jazz Circle With The Rainbow Band, directed by John Surman * 2011: The Rainbow Band Sessions (Losen Records)
Economic sector in Western Australia This article is about generation of energy in Western Australia. For Australia's energy policy and management, see Energy policy in Australia. Western Australia, like other Australian states and high-income countries, is a heavy energy user by global standards. The most distinctive features of Western Australia's energy systems are the massive export of natural gas, its independence from the interconnected cross-state gas and electricity networks in eastern Australia, and the presence of two separate large-scale grids and many microgrids to provide power for the sparsely populated state. Natural Gas ----------- Main article: Petroleum industry in Western Australia Western Australia is the source of over 60% of Australia's natural gas, and over 80% of this production is exported as liquified natural gas. The vast majority of production is from offshore wells off the north-western coast of the state. Domestic gas is piped to industry in the Pilbara and the major population centres in the south-west. There is, however, no pipeline connecting Western Australia's gas network to the eastern states of Australia. Western Australia has a domestic gas reservation policy that requires gas exporters to make 15% of export production available for domestic consumption. The policy is generally agreed to reduce Western Australia's domestic gas prices. However, it is unclear whether the policy is economically beneficial overall, with some modelling (supported in part by Woodside Petroleum, a major gas producer) suggesting otherwise. Electricity ----------- See also: List of power stations in Western Australia, South West Interconnected System, and North West Interconnected System Electricity generation WA 2015-2021 Western Australia's size and remoteness have resulted in two completely separate large-scale energy grids in different parts of the state. Large parts of the state are too remote and sparsely populated to justify connection to the centralized grids. ### History The first demonstration of electric lighting in Western Australia took place in 1888, when Government House, Perth was lit with electricity supplied by Western Australian Electric Light & Power Co. In 1894, the Perth Gas Company began to install electric lighting in Perth. Private companies in several other municipalities supplied power for electric lighting and trams. In 1912, the Perth Gas Company was acquired by the City of Perth, and electrification of the city's street lighting was completed by 1923. In 1938, a Royal Commission was held to investigate the desirability of a centralised power grid for the southwest, supplied by a large coal-fired power station supplied by the Collie coal deposits. Reporting in 1940, the commission ultimately recommended against such a scheme. In 1943, the State Electricity Commission of Western Australia was formed, and took over the Perth Gas Company operations by 1946. Generation and transmission was gradually centralised and expanded over this period, including the establishment of coal-fired power stations supplied by the Collie coalfields, conversion of AC power to the national standard of 50Hz, high-voltage transmission lines, and eventually gas-fired power. In 1994, gas and electricity was separated with the establishment of Western Power. ### Present day structure In the south-west of Western Australia, including the Perth metropolitan area, Western Power, a state-owned corporation operates the South West Interconnected System electricity grid. The SWIS is supplied by a combination of gas-fired, coal-fired, solar, wind, and tiny amounts of hydroelectricity generation. Outside the SWIS, grid services are supplied by Horizon Power, another state-owned corporation. The Pilbara mining region is supplied by the North West Interconnected System. Privately owned mining companies are major participants in this electricity grid. The majority of generation on this grid is currently gas-fired. There is a third, small interconnected grid (including the Ord River Hydro Power Station) in the far north of the state, and 34 additional microgrids operated by Horizon Energy supplying power to towns in the remoter parts of the state. Oil --- Main article: Petroleum industry in Western Australia Western Australia produces nearly 80% of Australia's petroleum and LPG, as a relatively minor product from the offshore gas fields. However, Western Australia has no local oil refineries, with the closure of BP's Kwinana refinery in 2021. The Kwinana refinery site now acts as a petroleum import terminal.
*Max* was a monthly magazine published in Italy published between 1985 and 2013. The magazine was part of the RCS MediaGroup and had a monthly circulation of about 200,000 copies.[] History ------- Aimed primarily at a male audience, Max debuted on newsstands in 1985 based in Milan by Paul Pietroni. This is the first public-facing[clarification needed] youth monthly appearing in Italy. Max mainly addressed issues related to travel, fashion, movies, music, and television shows, complemented by news and reports from around the world. Particularly famous[] is the history of the Max calendar, published annually since 1990, featuring celebrities from the entertainment world. Over the years, several celebrities took turns on its pages, including Monica Bellucci (photographed by Helmut Newton), Adriana Lima, Anna Falchi, Sabrina Ferilli, Alessia Marcuzzi, Nina Morić, Giorgia Palmas, Elisabetta Canalis, Megan Gale, Alena Seredova and Mara Carfagna in the calendar marketed to men, and Raul Bova and Alessandro Gassman in the one marketed to women. In 2008, the calendar changed its name to Book of the Year. In this new format, which featured the Argentine singer Lola Ponce, there were also personal photos, comments, and thoughts of the subjects. The 2008 edition was also the last year in which this work was published. In 2007 Max had a circulation of 152,155 copies. In 2012 RCS MediaGroup decided to integrate Max with sports daily La Gazzetta dello Sport, beginning on 11 April of that year. Max integrated its website with that of the sports newspaper, coordinating headings and interests. The magazine ceased publication in 2013.
Annual festival in Hastings, England The opening ceremony on Winkle Island Hastings Old Town Week is an annual summer event celebrated in the Old Town of Hastings, East Sussex. The Old Town week typically occurs during the first week of August and is officially opened on Winkle Island. During the week events such as concerts, street parties, charity races and Morris Dancing take place. The week ends with the Old Town Carnival procession, which contains 'floats', dancers, majorettes and marching bands and ends with a firework display in the evening. The carnival was first started in 1969 after Old Town residents felt the original Hastings Carnival should have included the Old Town in its route and decided to set up their own carnival. The Old Town event gradually got more popular and bigger, whilst the Hastings event became less popular and eventually stopped. As a parting gift the Old Town organisers were allowed to title the Carnival Queen "Miss Hastings". In 2018, the Carnival Court was rebranded the Sea Court and expanded to include a King, who carries the title Mr Hastings. Events ------ One of many activities during the Carnival Week[which?] The Seaboot Race is a race in which each entrant has to run from the start/finish line around a lobster pot and back, wearing seaboots and a top hat. The Bike Race is another race where the entrant has to ride up the steepest road in the Old Town, using a Butchers Bike in the quickest time possible, without taking their buttocks off the saddle. This event is undertaken in memory of a local fisherman who died during the Great Storm of 1987. Other events include the pram race, Best Dressed Window Competition, the High Street party, various eating competitions, a Gurning championship and the concluding Carnival Procession.
Several vector diagrams are often used to demonstrate the physics underlying the Foucault pendulum. Diagrams are provided to illustrate a pendulum located at the North Pole, equator, and 45 degrees N to show how the rotation of Earth in relation to the pendulum is observed, or not, at these locations. This is not a rigorous evaluation but is intended to convey information regarding the interaction of the two moving objects, the swinging pendulum and the rotating Earth. One of the great insights by Léon Foucault is that the time to observe a full rotation of the Earth increased by the inverse of the sine of the latitude. In the examples, the pendulums are of great size to aid in the visualization of the pendulum swing in relation to the Earth (shown as blue circles). The pendulum is drawn so that 90 degrees of pendulum arc sweeps out 90 degrees of arc on the surface of the Earth. Views from the side, the front, and above (right, center, left) are provided to aid in the interpretation of the diagrams and arrows are provided to show the direction of the Earth's rotation. The schematic at the bottom of the each figure represents the range of swing of the pendulum as viewed from above and normalized to a standard orientation. The smaller arrows depict the magnitude of the relative velocity vector for the point on the Earth's surface in-line with the pendulum bob projected to the center of the Earth (the magnitude is shown since the schematic is two-dimensional, not three-dimensional). The pendulum bob is always affected by the force of gravity directed towards the center of the Earth. The force associated with the connection of the pendulum to a support structure directs the pendulum bob along the swing of the arc. The support structure is dependent on the velocity of the surface of the Earth where it is located. The point of connection of the pendulum moves with the surface velocity vectors of the Earth at that latitude. At the equator the support-point moves with the equatorial rotation of the Earth and moves the pendulum swing along with this rotation. At the poles the support-point is located on the axis of the Earth so the support-point rotates but does not have a horizontal velocity component as it does at the equator (and a progressively less horizontal velocity component with increasing latitude). The plane of the pendulum swing, however, is independent of the surface velocity vectors underneath the swing since there is only one point of connection. The point of connection is configured such that the plane of pendulum swing is free to swing in any direction in relation to the structure of the connection point. The pendulum swing at the poles remains aligned toward a star if not forced to rotate with the support. As a result, it is observable that the Earth turns underneath the plane of swing of the pendulum. Coriolis effect --------------- The reason the rotation of the Earth in relation to the pendulum swing increases in time (decreases in effect) with decreasing latitude is related to the Coriolis Effect. As summarized in the Coriolis effect article, the effect is greatest in polar regions where the surface of the Earth is at right angles to the axis of rotation (the central axis of the pendulum aligns with the Earth's axis of rotation). The Coriolis effect decreases nearer the equator because the surface of the Earth is parallel to the axis of rotation (the central axis of the pendulum is perpendicular with the Earth's axis of rotation). Refer to the article discussing the Coriolis Effect for further details. The motion of ballistics with changing latitude is not helpful to understanding the change with latitude of the observed rotation time of the pendulum. (This discussion point is different from what is stated in the reference book.) There is only one point of connection to the Earth for the swinging pendulum and that point of connection doesn't move in relation to the Earth. Because the plane of the pendulum swing is free to swing in relation to the rotation of the structure of the connection point, the rotation of the Earth is observable as directly related to the magnitude of the Coriolis effect. The examples show that the Earth turns underneath the plane of the pendulum swing and how this change in relationship can be interpreted at different latitudes by evaluating the surface velocity components underneath the swing of the pendulum. Polar pendulum -------------- For a pendulum swing at the North Pole it is shown that the surface velocity vectors of the Earth underneath one side of the pendulum swing are directed in opposition to the velocity vectors underneath the other side of the swing (see Figure 1). The Earth's rotation can then be observed in relation to the pendulum swing. At the North Pole the support-point of the pendulum swing is located on the axis of rotation of the Earth. No matter what vertical orientation is established by the plane of the swing, the relative velocity vectors of the Earth's surface on opposite sides and equidistant from the center point of the swing will be in opposition. The Earth turns underneath the plane of the pendulum swing that is established. Figure one–Polar Pendulum The support-point of the connection turns with the Earth and is depicted as freely suspended above the Earth. The plane of the pendulum swing does not turn with the support point and is not affected by the turning of the support point. The bob is free to swing in any direction in relation to the support (refer to a Charron chuck). For a pendulum at the pole, the plane of swing remains aligned with a star that the bob is swinging toward. A spot on the bob, however, turns with the support since the bob is not independent of the support point. The spot on the bob does not remain aligned with a star that the bob is swinging toward. This occurs whether the pendulum is swinging or not. If the bob is not allowed to turn with the support-point one twist of the connecting wire will occur in one day at the pole. If the connection apparatus of the pendulum to the bob and to the support were in a fixed relationship (and the connection not allowed to twist, for example, using a rigid rod pinned into place between two sides of the support), then once the plane of the pendulum swing is established in one direction, that plane would be forced to turn with the support and connection. The Earth's rotation would not be observable in relation to the pendulum swing with this type of connection. Equatorial pendulum ------------------- At the equator the rotation of the Earth is not observable in relation to the pendulum swing because the plane of the pendulum swing is moving along with the rotation of the Earth and no net change in relationship occurs. It is shown by the diagrams that the surface velocity vectors of the Earth underneath the swing of the pendulum are either balanced in the same direction or included within the same plane as the pendulum swing. For the equatorial pendulum with a swing in the longitudinal (north-south) direction the surface velocity vectors on either side of the swing are balanced in the same direction and the center-point of the pendulum swing is moving along with the direction of rotation (see Figure 2A). Figure two (a)—Equatorial pendulum with longitudinal swing For the equatorial pendulum with a swing in the latitudinal direction (along the equator) the surface velocity vectors on either side of the swing are not balanced in the same direction but are acting within the same x-y plane as the pendulum swing (see Figure 2B). These vectors are all of the same magnitude, that of the equatorial velocity. On one side of the pendulum swing the surface velocity vectors are angled upwards but on the opposite side the vectors are angled downwards. Since these vectors are all in the same plane as the pendulum swing there is no change of the surface in relationship to the plane of the pendulum swing. Figure two (b)–Equatorial pendulum with latitudinal swing Information and the pendulum sine law ------------------------------------- The surface velocity due to the Earth's rotation is a maximum at the Equator and is equal to the circumference (pi × the diameter of the Earth) per 24 hours (or 3.14159 × 12,756 ÷ 24 = 1670 km/h = 1 equatorial velocity unit, EVU). The time of an Earth's rotation is inversely related to the angular velocity and the surface velocity (T = 1 day for 2 pi radians, or at the equator, 1 circumferential unit per 1 EVU = 40,075 km ÷ 1670 km/h ÷ 24 h/day = 1 day). At a given latitude the surface velocity is equal to pi times the chord length parallel to the equator per 24 hours. This is equivalent to the cosine of the latitude × 1 EVU. At the poles the surface velocity is zero since zero distance is traveled. For a given longitude the surface velocity varies from 1 EVU at the equator to zero at the pole even though the angular velocities are all the same. {\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{\frac {velocity\;vector\;at\;a\;given\;latitude}{velocity\;vector\;at\;equator}}\end{matrix}}} = {\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{\frac {1\;EVU\;\times \;cosine\;of\;latitude}{1\;EVU\;\times \;cosine\;of\;zero}}\end{matrix}}} = {\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{\frac {cosine\;of\;latitude}{1}}\end{matrix}}} The ratio of the surface velocity at two given latitudes is equal to the ratio of the cosine for the two given latitudes. {\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{\frac {velocity\;vector\;at\;latitude\;A}{velocity\;vector\;at\;latitude\;B}}\end{matrix}}} = {\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{\frac {1\;EVU\;\times \;cosine\;of\;latitude\;A}{1\;EVU\;\times \;cosine\;of\;latitude\;B}}\end{matrix}}} = {\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{\frac {cosine\;of\;latitude\;A}{cosine\;of\;latitude\;B}}\end{matrix}}} The time to observe one full rotation of the Earth in relation to the plane of a swinging pendulum is one day at the poles (the minimum time) and cannot be observed (infinitely long, the maximum time) at the equator. One of the great insights by Léon Foucault is to deduce that the time to observe a full rotation of the Earth increased by the inverse of the sine of the latitude. (ORTRP = observed rotation time in relation to the plane of the pendulum) {\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{\frac {ORTRP\;at\;a\;given\;latitude}{ORTRP\;at\;the\;North\;Pole}}\end{matrix}}} = {\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{\frac {1\;day\;\times \;sine\;of\;90}{1\;day\;\times \;sine\;of\;given\;latitude}}\end{matrix}}} = {\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{\frac {1}{sine\;of\;given\;latitude}}\end{matrix}}} The Pendulum Sine Law also defines that the ratio of the observed Earth's rotation time at two separate latitudes in relation to a pendulum swing is equal to the inverse ratio of the sine of the two latitudes. {\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{\frac {ORTRP\;at\;latitude\;A}{ORTRP\;at\;latitude\;B}}\end{matrix}}} = {\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{\frac {1\;day\;\times \;sine\;of\;latitude\;B}{1\;day\;\times \;sine\;of\;latitude\;A}}\end{matrix}}} = {\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{\frac {sine\;of\;latitude\;B}{sine\;of\;latitude\;A}}\end{matrix}}} The sine of the latitude also indicates the degree of alignment of the pendulum central axis to the Earth's axis of rotation. At the poles the pendulum axis is parallel or aligned to the Earth's axis and the sine of 90° = 1. At the equator the pendulum axis is perpendicular to the Earth's axis and the sine of 0° = 0. At intermediate latitudes the rotation of the Earth is observable in relation to the plane of the pendulum swing but the time to observe a full rotation depends on the latitude of the location. The time to observe a full rotation is equal to one day at the North Pole with the time increasing with decreasing latitude and not observable at the Equator (infinite length of time). The time increases because the central axis of the pendulum is aligned with the axis of rotation of the Earth at the North Pole and then the angle of misalignment increases as the latitude decreases to the point of perpendicularity at the Equator. The angular velocity in relation to the rotation of the Earth's axis that is imparted to the pendulum bob decreases with the cosine of the degree of misalignment of the central axis of the pendulum in comparison to the axis of rotation of the Earth. There are zero degrees of misalignment at the North Pole and the cosine of zero degrees equals 1. There are 90 degrees of misalignment at the Equator and the cosine of 90 degrees equals 0. {\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{\frac {rotational\;velocity\;vector\;at\;a\;given\;latitude}{rotational\;velocity\;vector\;at\;North\;Pole}}\end{matrix}}} = {\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{\frac {1\;RVU\;\times \;cosine\;of\;misalignment}{1\;RVU\;\times \;cosine\;of\;zero}}\end{matrix}}} = {\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{\frac {cosine\;of\;misalignment}{1}}\end{matrix}}} This equation is very similar to the equation for the reduction in surface velocity with longitude stated above. This is equivalent to stating that the angular velocity that is imparted to the pendulum bob decreases with the sine of the latitude of the location (the sine of 90 degrees latitude equals 1; the sine of zero degrees latitude equals 0). The time to observe a complete rotation is inversely proportional to the angular velocity that is imparted to the pendulum bob in comparison to the angular velocity of the Earth. The statements above are thus equivalent to the inverse sine law for the observed time for a full rotation of the pendulum in relation to the rotation of the Earth. There is only one point of connection to the Earth for the swinging pendulum and that point of connection doesn't move in relation to the Earth. To approach the Pendulum Sine Law in basic steps: * The Earth's surface velocity decreases with increasing latitude directly proportional with the cosine of the latitude. * The degree of alignment of the pendulum axis in comparison to the Earth's axis increases with increasing latitude directly proportional with the sine of the latitude. * The angular velocity for the Earth is related to the circumferential surface velocity (2 × pi radians per day = 40,075 km per day at the equator). + The observed apparent rotation of the pendulum has an angular velocity (e.g. for the set of points at the end of the pendulum swing). This angular velocity is related to the apparent circumferential surface velocity of the pendulum. * The time of an Earth's rotation is inversely related to the angular velocity (T = 1 day per 2 × pi radians; or as calculated at the equator, 1 circumferential unit per 1 EVU), and inversely related to the circumferential surface velocity of 1 EVU. + The time to observe a full rotation of the Earth in relation to the plane of the pendulum is inversely related to the angular velocity and inversely related to the apparent circumferential surface velocity. If it is proposed that; * The angular velocity that is observed for an Earth's rotation in relation to the plane of the pendulum is directly related to the degree of alignment of the pendulum axis to the Earth's axis (Coriolis effect). Then it follows that, * The angular velocity that is observed for an Earth's rotation in relation to the plane of the pendulum increases with increasing latitude directly proportional with the sine of the latitude. * The time required to observe an Earth's rotation in relation to the plane of a pendulum decreases with increasing latitude inversely proportional with the sine of the latitude (the Pendulum Sine Law). Forty-five-degrees north pendulum --------------------------------- For the 45° North pendulum with longitudinal swing (Figure 3A) the support point of the pendulum swing is moving along with the direction of rotation and the surface velocity vectors on either side of the swing are not balanced. The rotation of the Earth is observable in relation to the pendulum swing because a change in relationship to the surface occurs. At the south end of the pendulum swing the surface velocity vector (as projected to the center of the Earth) is that of the Equator, equal to 1 EVU. At the north end of the swing the velocity (as projected to the center of the Earth is that of the North Pole, equal to zero since zero distance is traveled in relation to the spinning Earth. Even though the surface velocities are different the angular velocities underneath the pendulum swing are all the same for this orientation. Figure three (a)–Forty-five-degrees north pendulum with longitudinal swing For the 45° North pendulum with latitudinal swing (Figure 3B) the support point of the pendulum swing is moving along with the direction of rotation and the surface velocity vectors on either side of the swing are not balanced. The rotation of the Earth is observable in relation to the pendulum swing because a change in relationship to the surface occurs. On one side of the pendulum swing the surface velocity vectors are angled upwards and to the side but on the other side the vectors are angled downwards and to the opposite side. Since these vectors are not all in the same plane as the pendulum swing and are not balanced in the same direction there is a change in relationship between the surface and the plane of the pendulum swing. Figure three (b)–Forty-five-degrees north pendulum with latitudinal swing Note: The schematic directly underneath the front view of the pendulum diagram is for velocity vectors projected towards the center of the Earth rather than straight down. It is much easier to interpret the magnitude of the vectors using the straight down projection that is shown on the right side of the diagram (the view from the top). Evaluation of surface velocity vectors -------------------------------------- The surface velocity vectors underneath the swing of the pendulum can be separated into three components (x, y, and z) for the 3-dimensional system in order to evaluate the vectors on opposite sides of the pendulum. The evaluation is to identify whether the vectors on each side of the pendulum swing are 1) balanced in the same direction, 2) acting in the same plane, or 3) unbalanced or in opposing directions. If the vector components on opposite sides of the pendulum swing are balanced in the same direction or act in the same plane of the pendulum then the rotation of the Earth will not be observable in relation to the swing of the pendulum. If the plane of the pendulum swing establishes the x-y plane then the z-component determines when the Earth's rotation will be observable and only if the z-component is not balanced in the same direction on each side. The magnitude of the opposing component is proportional to how long it takes for one full turn of the Earth to be observed in relation to the plane of the pendulum. The length of time is a minimum of one day at the poles, increases from the pole to the equator, and is not visible at the equator (infinitely long). For any two points in the pendulum swing that are equidistant from the center of the swing there are two related points projected onto the surface of the Earth. These points can be used to determine the corresponding surface velocity components that are in opposition and not acting in the same plane of the swing. The magnitude of the difference between these two points (for a given latitude of the center-point) is a relative measure of the time to observe one full rotation. The ratio of the velocity vector difference to the corresponding points at the North Pole with the same equidistance from the center of the swing and the same projection to the surface can then be determined. The inverse ratio will determine the time observed for one full rotation of the pendulum swing in comparison to the duration at the pole of one day. From the diagrams two points of the pendulum swing can be chosen to project straight down to two points on opposite sides of the Earth (180° apart). This makes it easy to obtain the velocity vector difference and then the time observed for a full rotation from the inverse ratio. The examples show that the Earth turns underneath the plane of the pendulum swing and how this change in relationship can be interpreted at different latitudes. * For the North Pole pendulum (Figure 1) the velocity vector by inspection is 1 EVU on one side of the swing (as projected to the equator) and 1 EVU in the opposite direction on the other side of the swing. The difference between these two points is 2 EVU for the North Pole pendulum. * Using the same projection for the equatorial pendulum with longitudinal swing (Figure 2A) the velocity vector is 0 EVU on one side of the swing (for the North Pole) and 0 EVU on the other side of the swing (for the South Pole). The difference between these two points is 0 EVU for this arrangement. The time to observe a full rotation is infinitely long since the ratio divides by zero. For any two equidistant points the difference between the two vectors is zero, meaning the vectors are balanced in the same direction on each side of the pendulum swing. * Using the same projection for the equatorial pendulum with latitudinal swing (Figure 2B) the velocity vector is 1 EVU on each side of the swing and are in opposite directions. Even though the difference in the velocity vectors is 2 EVU, these vectors are acting in the same plane as the pendulum, therefore, cannot be observed by the pendulum swing. The z-component determines when the Earth's rotation will be observable and these are both zero. * Using the same projection for the 45° North pendulum with longitudinal swing (Figure 3A) the velocity vector is 0.707 EVU on one side of the (corresponding to 45° North on the opposite side of the world from the center point) and 0.707 EVU in the opposite direction on the other side of the swing (corresponding to 45° South). The difference between these two vectors is 1.414 EVU. * Using the same projection for the 45° North pendulum with longitudinal swing (Figure 3B) the velocity vector is 1 EVU but the z-component is only 0.707 EVU since the x-y plane is at 45°on one side of the swing (corresponding to the equator). On the other side of the swing the velocity vector is 0.707 EVU in the opposite direction (corresponding to the equator with a tilt of 45° to the x-y plane). The difference between these two vectors is 1.414 EVU. * The ratio of the velocity vectors for 45° to that of the pole is 1.414 ÷ 2.0 which equals 0.707. The time to observe the full rotation is then the inverse, or 1.414 days for a pendulum at 45° on the Earth. Relative motion of the plane of the pendulum swing to the surface of the Earth ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ In order to observe the rotation of the Earth in relation to the plane of the pendulum swing there must be a basic difference in the two types of motion that are being compared. This basic difference is then manifested as (1) being able to 'observe' the change in position of the Earth in relation to the pendulum swing and (2) the time to observe a complete 'relative rotation' decreases with the sine of the latitude (decreases with an increase in the angle of alignment with the Earth's axis of rotation). At the North Pole: The central axis of the pendulum aligns with the axis of rotation of the Earth. The central axis of the pendulum is always determined by the force of gravity directed towards the center of the Earth. A pendulum bob at rest at the North Pole still has spin on the bob. If a pendulum bob is hanging vertically at the North Pole and held in place, the bob is stationary but is rotating (spinning) with the Earth. Once the bob is released (but not swinging) it will continue to rotate (spin) unless one stops the rotation (spin) by forcing a spot on the side of the bob to always line up or point to one star. If the rotation of the bob is stopped then the connection wire will twist one turn every day unless there is a connection that is free to rotate (spin) (at either end of the wire or the support structure). If the bob at the North Pole is allowed to continue to rotate (spin) then it will and the wire won't twist one turn in one day. The Foucault pendulum connection is constructed such that the pendulum is free to swing in any direction. This is not the same thing as the support connection being free to rotate (spin). The swing of the pendulum is different from the rotation (spin) of the bob. If a pendulum is hanging at the North Pole, before the bob is released, the bob is stationary but is rotating (spinning) with the Earth. Once the bob is released it will continue to rotate (spin) unless one stops the rotation (spinning) by forcing a spot on the side of the bob to always line up or point to one star. If the bob is displaced from the central axis of the pendulum in preparation for swinging and held in place, then the bob will revolve about the central axis of the pendulum along with the rotation of the Earth and has an angular velocity equal to that of the Earth's angular velocity. Before the bob is released there is a force that is exerted through the holding point of the bob that causes the bob to revolve about the pendulum axis and rotate (turn) with the Earth. This is because the holding point is attached to the surface of the Earth just like the structure of the pendulum is attached to the Earth. Once the bob is displaced from the central axis of the pendulum and then released there no longer is a force acting on the bob that causes it to revolve about the central axis of the pendulum and rotate (turn) with the Earth. As observed from an end-view of the swinging bob, the swing of the bob will always line up or swing towards one star (just like the axis of the Earth points at one star for the time periods considered) as the bob swings through the central axis of the pendulum. There can be a slight ellipsoid swing if the initial conditions of angular motion are not cancelled but there is no longer a force acting on the bob causing it to have an angular velocity after the bob is released. The plane of the swing of the pendulum bob is now independent of the surface of the earth which was imparting a force to the bob before it was released (through the holding point). As noted previously, the bob is still spinning with the Earth (a spot of the bob will spin with the Earth), even though the bob is no longer turning with the Earth. Thus the Earth continues to turn underneath the swing of the pendulum while the swing of the pendulum remains in a fixed plane that doesn't rotate (turn). The point of significance is that the force imparting an angular velocity to the pre-released bob is no longer acting on the swinging bob. At the North Pole, this force takes one day for the direction of the force to complete a full circle since it takes one day for the Earth to rotate. At the equator: The central axis of the pendulum is perpendicular with the axis of rotation of the Earth. The central axis of the pendulum is always determined by the force of gravity directed towards the center of the Earth. A pendulum bob at rest at the Equator is still rotating with the Earth and there is no spin on the bob. The pendulum is moving with the rotation of the Earth when located at the equator, as is the support structure, so one can't see the rotation of the Earth in relation to the pendulum. The observation of the relative motion of the Earth in relation to the pendulum depends on the location of the surface of the Earth where the initial conditions are established. If a pendulum bob is hanging vertically at the Equator and held in place, the bob is stationary relative to the Earth and is rotating (turning) with the Earth. Once the bob is released (but not swinging) it continues to rotate (turn) with the Earth. If the bob is displaced from the central axis of the pendulum in preparation for swinging and held in place, then the bob is still rotating (turning) with the Earth with the same angular velocity equal to that of the Earth's angular velocity. This is the same angular velocity when at rest. Since the central axis of the pendulum is perpendicular with the axis of rotation of the Earth this is not the same as the North Pole where the central axis is aligned with the axis of the Earth. The bob is not revolving about the axis of the pendulum when held in place. Before the bob is released there is a force that is exerted through the holding point of the bob that causes the bob to rotate (turn) with the Earth. This is because the holding point is attached to the surface of the Earth just like the structure of the pendulum is attached to the Earth. Once the bob is displaced from the central axis of the pendulum and then released there is still the same force acting on the bob that causes it to rotate (turn) with the Earth. As observed from an end-view of the swinging bob, the swing of the bob will not line up or swing towards one star as the bob swings through the central axis of the pendulum. There will not be a slight ellipsoid swing in relation to the Earth since the initial conditions of angular motion are not changed and there is still a force acting on the bob (transmitted through the support structure, pendulum wire, and gravity) causing it to have an angular velocity after the bob is released. The plane of the swing of the pendulum bob is independent of the surface of the earth but is not independent of the pendulum system which is still imparting the same force to the bob as before it was released through the single support point of the pendulum. As noted previously, there is no spin on the bob (a spot of the bob does not change with respect to the Earth) and the bob is not revolving about the axis of the pendulum. Thus the Earth continues to turn underneath the swing of the pendulum and the swing of the pendulum continues to turn with the Earth since there is still a force acting on the bob of the pendulum swing. The point of significance is that the same forces imparting an angular velocity to the pre-released bob are still acting on the swinging bob. At the Equator, the relative motion of the Earth is not observable because there is no change in the force imparting an angular velocity to the bob. This is because the central axis of the pendulum is perpendicular with the axis of rotation of the Earth. For a separate, imaginative arrangement, if one could imagine a large pendulum structure that is mounted at the North Pole and free to not rotate with Earth (e.g. mounted on a platform that is free of the rotation (spin) of the Earth) but has long arms that allows the pendulum to swing at the Equator then the Earth's surface would move underneath the pendulum. The Earth doesn't rotate (turn) under the pendulum swing like at the North Pole but the equatorial plane rotates perpendicular to the pendulum swing. This is a very large pendulum and an idealized situation. At intermediate latitudes: The rotation of the Earth is observable in relation to the plane of the pendulum swing but the time to observe a full rotation depends on the latitude of the location. The time to observe a full rotation is equal to one day at the North Pole with the time increasing with decreasing latitude and not observable at the Equator (infinite length of time). The time increases because the central axis of the pendulum is aligned with the axis of rotation of the Earth at the North Pole and then the angle of misalignment increases as the latitude decreases to the point of perpendicularity at the Equator. The angular velocity that is imparted to the pendulum bob about the axis of the pendulum prior to release decreases with the cosine of the degree of misalignment of the central axis of the pendulum in comparison to the axis of rotation of the Earth (zero degrees of misalignment at the North Pole, cosine of zero degrees equals 1; 90 degrees of misalignment at the Equator, cosine of 90 degrees equals 0). This is equivalent to stating that the angular velocity that is imparted to the pendulum bob prior to release decreases with the sine of the latitude of the location (the sine of 90 degrees latitude equals 1; the sine of zero degrees latitude equals 0). When the bob is released there is no longer a force acting on the bob causing it to revolve about the central axis of the pendulum. That force that is no longer applied is less than that applied at the North Pole where axis are fully aligned. The time to observe a complete rotation of the Earth is inversely proportional to the angular velocity that is not imparted to the pendulum bob. The statements above are thus equivalent to the inverse sine law for the observed time for a full rotation of the pendulum in relation to the rotation of the Earth. Final Note: There is only one point of connection to the Earth for the swinging pendulum and that point of connection doesn't move in relation to the Earth.
Town in Arkansas, United States Allport is a town in Lonoke County, Arkansas, United States. Although a black enclave in the largely-white Lonoke County since the 1870s, the town did not incorporate until 1967 in order to receive funding for municipal services. Located within Central Arkansas along Highway 165, the community's economy is strongly tied to agriculture. The population was 115 at the 2010 Census. History ------- Allport was incorporated in 1967 and its first Mayor was an African-American man and World War II veteran named Johnny E. Gay. Leading the movement to incorporate, he made several needed improvements to the town upon his election. The Allport community set aside a special day of celebration named Johnny E. Gay Day. Geography --------- Allport is located at 34°32′22″N 91°47′6″W / 34.53944°N 91.78500°W / 34.53944; -91.78500 (34.539548, -91.784977). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.5 km2 (0.2 mi2), all land. Demographics ------------ Historical population\| Census \| Pop. \| Note \| %± \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 1970 \| 307 \| \| — \| \| 1980 \| 295 \| \| −3.9% \| \| 1990 \| 188 \| \| −36.3% \| \| 2000 \| 127 \| \| −32.4% \| \| 2010 \| 115 \| \| −9.4% \| \| 2020 \| 86 \| \| −25.2% \| \| U.S. Decennial Census \| As of the census of 2000, there were 127 people, 44 households, and 30 families residing in the town. The population density was 272.4/km2 (710.1/mi2). There were 59 housing units at an average density of 126.6/km2 (329.9/mi2). The racial makeup of the town was 5.51% White and 94.49% Black or African American. There were 44 households, out of which 18.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 25.0% were married couples living together, 29.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.8% were non-families. 31.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.89 and the average family size was 3.77. In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.8% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 26.0% from 25 to 44, 23.6% from 45 to 64, and 14.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.8 males. The median income for a household in the town was $17,500, and the median income for a family was $18,333. Males had a median income of $23,125 versus $0 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,685. There were 35.7% of families and 32.5% of the population living below the poverty line, including 52.4% of under eighteens and 48.4% of those over 64. Education --------- Allport is in the Carlisle School District. It was served by the Humnoke School District,"Arkansas Department of Education school district maps, 1952-1954 Lonoke County, 1952-1954". Arkansas Digital Archives. Arkansas State Archives. (Download) until it merged into the Carlisle district on July 1, 1998.
American politician Fredrick Vieche (1832-1888) was a politician from the U.S. state of Indiana. Between 1880 and 1881 he served as acting lieutenant governor of Indiana. Life ---- Frederick W. Vieche was born on September 2, 1832, in Westphalia, Prussia, and emigrated with his father to the United States in 1845; they settled in the wilderness about 20 miles from Vincennes, Indiana. He attended Wittenberg Academy (now Wittenberg University) in Springfield, Ohio, for two years. While at Witteberg, he worked odd jobs and was a geometry and algebra tutor at Greenway High School. After obtaining a $125.00 loan from an educational fund, he moved to Noblesville, Indiana, and read law under Judge David Moss. After running out of money, he returned to Knox County. Using money he saved, Viehe purchased a copy of Kent's Commentaries to further his legal education, all the while teaching school. He was admitted to the practice of law in Indiana in 1859. He married the former Lizzie W. Sage, the daughter of Col. Sage of Bridgeport, Illinois, in 1872 and from this union were born three children - May, John and Fred. He joined the Democratic Party and was elected as city attorney in Vincennes, serving from 1869 to 1871, and then as prosecuting attorney for the 12th Judicial Circuit (1870). His first run at state-level office was as an independent candidate for the Indiana House of Representatives, and the election ended in a tie. This outcome necessitated a special runoff election which Viehe lost to the Democratic nominee Charles E. Crane. His second run was more fruitful, and he was elected to the Indiana House of Representatives in 1876 as a Democrat, representing Knox County. After serving a single term, Viehe was elected to the Indiana Senate in 1878 and 1880, representing Knox and Sullivan Counties, where he became the president pro tempore. In November 1880, Governor James D. Williams died and his Lieutenant Governor Isaac P. Gray followed him as new governor of Indiana. According to the state constitution, the now vacant position of the lieutenant governor was filled by the president pro tempore of the state senate, Frederick Viehe. He served in this position between November 20, 1880, and January 8, 1881, when his term ended. In his post-legislative career, Viehe returned to the practice of law, as well as serving on various civic, political and governmental boards. He served as a special judge in the Circuit Court of Knox County, and was a city councillor in Vincennes from 1886-1888. The month of his death in late 1888, Judge Viehe, as he was known, switched political affiliation from the Democratic Party to the Republican Party. This was the election where fellow Hoosier politician and favorite son Benjamin Harrison was elevated the presidency. Vieche died suddenly at his home on November 27, 1888, from a suspected accidental dose of ammonia. He was 56 years old and was interred at Greenlawn Cemetery in Vincennes.
Village in Shkodër, Albania Theth (Albanian: Thethi) is a small village within Shkodër County, Albania. Following the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Shkodër, and has been declared a Protected Historic Center by the Albanian Government. The community is at the centre of the Theth National Park, an area of outstanding natural beauty. A new official information center on Rruga Fushe near the Thethi bridge is set to open by the Albanian Protected Areas Agency (AKZM), and administered by the Shkoder County Protected Areas Administration (ADZM Shkoder ). History ------- Local tradition asserts a single common ancestor for the community (one Ded Nika) and suggests that the population moved to Theth some 300 to 350 years ago in order to preserve their (Catholic) Christian traditions. Visiting Theth in the early 20th century, the traveller Edith Durham said: > I think no place where human beings live has given me such an impression of majestic isolation from all the world. > > Durham described Theth as a "bariak" of some 180 houses and also observed that it was almost free from the tradition of blood feud (known in the Albanian language as Gjakmarrja) which so blighted other parts of the Albanian highlands. Other notable travellers visited Theth in the early 20th century, including Rose Wilder Lane, Franz Nopcsa, and others. These travelers often detailed and praised the environment, culture and lifestyles of the locals. Lock-in Tower of Thethi Grunas waterfall Thethi Blue Eye Theth remains remote. The single road leading there from the village of Boga has been recently paved and upgraded but is still mostly impassable during the winter months until April. Although the Kanun (traditional Albanian law) remains influential, Theth has not suffered from the recent (post-Communist) reappearance of the blood feud which has troubled other areas of Northern Albania. Theth boasts one of the very few remaining "lock-in towers", a historical form of protection for families that were "in blood". Depopulation represents a serious long-term challenge for the community. The population has been greatly reduced over the past few decades and the majority of those remaining occupy Theth only during the summer months. However, the community has a nine-grade school and recent efforts have been made to stimulate tourism. A number of local families offer board and lodging to visitors who come to Theth to hike in the National Park - or merely to admire the mountain scenery. Apart from the lock-in tower, other attractions include spectacular waterfalls, a working watermill (still used to grind the local inhabitants' corn) and a modest ethnographic museum. There are now two projects working in the vicinity, aiming at improving and helping the tourist infrastructure in the area. A Balkans Peace Park Project is working towards the creation of a park extending across the borders of Albania, and Kosovo and has taken a lead in recent years in encouraging sustainable and ecologically sensitive tourism in and around Theth (for example by funding the marking of footpaths). Project Albanian Challenge has built a new bridge, which connects Theth to the nearby Grunas waterfalls over river Nanrreth. The project has also improved the marking of the trail to Curraj i Epërm, and has marked another approx. 80 kilometers of brand new trails in the nearby valleys, and created an opensource, free map of the area. In media -------- The feature film The Forgotten Mountain (2018) by Ardit Sadiku was filmed in Theth while the last scene was filmed in Nderlysa. Burials ------- Grave site of Robert Elsie in Theth cemetery During his lifetime, Albanian studies scholar Robert Elsie developed a fondness for Theth, seeing it as an Albanian "Shangri-La". On October 18, 2017, he was buried in Theth Cemetery.
American politician from Idaho Scott Syme is an American politician from Idaho. Syme is a former Republican member of Idaho House of Representatives for District 11, seat A. Early life ---------- Syme was born in Weiser, Idaho. Syme is a 5th-generation native of Idaho. Syme graduated from Weiser High School. Education --------- In 1976, Syme earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Business Administration from the College of Idaho. Syme graduated from United States Army Command and General Staff College and also graduated from Combined Arms Services and Services Staff School. He attended University of Puget Sound. Career ------ In 1982, Syme served in the United States Army Reserve, until 2014. Syme has served two tours in Iraq. Syme retired from the military as a colonel. Syme also served as a consultant and advisor for the United States Army. In 1991, Syme became the owner of Syme Farm in Idaho (not to be confused with Syme Farms located in Weiser, Idaho). In 2008, Syme became the co-owner of Syme Real Estate in Caldwell, Idaho. On May 27, 2008, Syme sought for a seat in the United States Senate unsuccessfully in the Republican Primary Election. Syme was defeated by Jim Risch with 65.3% of the votes. Syme received 13.5% of the votes. On November 8, 2016, Syme won the election and became a Republican member of Idaho House of Representatives for District 11, seat A. Syme defeated Edward Savala with 80.4% of the votes. On November 6, 2018, as an incumbent, Syme won the election unopposed and continued serving District 11, seat A. Personal life ------------- Syme's wife is Patti Syme (who since June 2020 serves has Chair of Canyon County Republicans). They have four children. Syme and his family live in Wilder, Idaho.
Sidney Zoltak (born 1931 in Siemiatycze Poland), is a Polish-Canadian author, Holocaust educator and the subject of several films. Zoltak has been featured on CBC in a special done by the channel. Early life ---------- When Nazi Germany invaded Poland in the invasion that launched the Second World War, Zoltak's hometown of Siemiatycze was occupied by German troops. However under the terms of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, the Soviet-German non aggression agreement, much of Poland was divided into the Soviet sphere of influence. Then a surprise invasion by Germany on June 22, 1941 saw the Germans once again occupy Siemiatycze. The town's Jews were rounded up, forced to live in a ghetto, and by November, those left alive were shipped to Treblinka. Film: Reunions -------------- The documentary, produced in co-operation with The March of the Living Digital Archive Project, is about Zoltak's return to Poland to meet the people that saved his life. The film was screened at the Hamilton Jewish Film Festival, the Vancouver Jewish Film Festival, and the Big Sky Documentary Film Festival. His memoir, My Silent Pledge: A Journey of Struggle, Survival and Remembrance, was published by Guernica Editions, in 2013. In his book Witness: Passing the Torch of Holocaust Memory to New Generations author Eli Rubenstein recounts a scene from the film, told in the presence of the son of his rescuer and hundreds of March of the Living student and recorded at Treblinka, where nearly one million Jews were murdered. "When we got back to our hometown, less than one percent had survived. Less than 70 from a community of 7,000. The most difficult part for me was that none of my classmates, none of my friends survived. I am the only one. I think about it. The only reunion I can have is in this place among the memorial stones," Zoltak is quoted as saying.
Disused railway station in Ponciau, Wrexham Aberderfyn Halt railway station served the Aberderfyn Road area of Ponciau, a village that lies within the community of Rhosllanerchrugog. Opened in 1905 the halt had closed by 1915, partly as a result of WWI and also through road transport competition. On 1 August 1861 the GWR had opened a mineral branch from just north of Ruabon to serve the blast furnaces of the iron works at Aberderfyn and Ponciau. This line was extended to the village of Legacy on 27 August 1876. History ------- The branch lines of Ruabon in 1906 The station opened in June 1905 on the Wrexham to Ponkey (Ponciau) Branch of the Great Western Railway. It was one of three halts on the line south from Wrexham and Legacy, the others being at Fennant Road and Ponkey Crossing. The Ponkey (Ponciau) Crossing Halt to Legacy Halt line closed to all traffic on 18 January 1917 whilst the Ruabon portion of the Ponkey (Ponciau) branch continued to serve private sidings. Services -------- To try and cater for falling passenger numbers railmotors were introduced on 1 May 1905. These consisted of a carriage with a miniature locomotive at one end, partly contained within the body of the coach. Passenger services never ran south to Ruabon as indicated by the 1919-1924 map which shows a mineral line running south from Ponkey Crossing Halt. The 1906 timetable shows the line working as the 'Wrexham and Ponkey Crossing' branch, served by railmotors on weekdays only and only accommodating a single class. Trains from Wrexham first stopped at Rhostyllen and then Legacy before running down to Fennant Road and Ponkey Crossing. An impressive fifteen trains a day ran in each direction, roughly one an hour, with a short stop over at Ponkey Crossing before returning to Wrexham. The three halts were very close to each other with two minutes allowed between Fennant Road and Aberderfyn and only a single minute between Aberderfyn and Ponkey Crossing. Infrastructure -------------- The halt was located on a single track section of track just south of Aberderfyn Road and its level crossing. Given the early and late trains that ran lighting would have been provided at the station.[original research?] The site today -------------- Few signs remain of the trackbed to the north however on the southern side of Aberderfyn Road the station footprint is covered with trees and undergrowth (datum 2019). Sources ------- * Butt, R. V. J. (October 1995). The Directory of Railway Stations: details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-508-7. OCLC 60251199. OL 11956311M.
Band Joy Electric is the brand label for a series of electropop/synthpop productions by Ronnie Martin. Martin began producing music under the Joy Electric name in 1994, after the demise of Dance House Children, a band Ronnie was in with his brother Jason Martin of Starflyer 59. Starflyer 59 bass player and Velvet Blue Music owner Jeff Cloud joined Joy Electric from 1996 until 2002. Joy Electric is currently a solo act. Pre-Joy Electric history ------------------------ Having experimented with live shows, formed countless after-school bands, and recorded an album that was never to be released under the moniker Morella's Forest with Randy Lamb, Ronnie and his brother Jason found their way onto Michael Knott's fledgling label, Blonde Vinyl, with a dance album to produce, Songs and Stories. After buying an old Akai sampler and a few synthesizers, Ronnie began crafting his own spin-off of current electronic "club" music. Still working with his brother Jason, Ronnie's new band, Dance House Children, posited cold, hypnotic electronica against quaint, old-fashioned lyrics. After producing another album, Jesus, Dance House Children found Jason leaving to pursue his own musical endeavors, Starflyer 59. With the help of a few friends, Ronnie turned from the club-oriented music to a more melodic, orchestrated sound. A large range of instruments were used on his third album, containing timpanis, Moog synthesizers, and far more exotic sounds than anything he had previously produced. It was evident that Martin was quickly moving beyond the level of pre-programmed keyboard sounds as he became more well-versed in the programming of his synthesizers. Rainbow Rider: Beautiful Dazzling Music No. 1, the name of his third album, formed the bridge between Martin's "techno"-like early days and his enigmatic Joy Electric creation. Rainbow Rider was part of the name of Ronnie's third album, rather than a change in the name of the musical group from Dance House Children.[] Melody and Five Stars for Failure --------------------------------- During the process of writing his fourth album - originally intended as Beautiful Dazzling Music No. 2, then Fairy Tale Melodies (some Tooth and Nail promotional material came out with this name), and then later to be renamed simply as Melody - Martin found the sound of his project changing radically. Of course, changes were quite evident during Beautiful Dazzling Music, but this fourth album carried things to the extreme. Analog synths began to dominate the studio floor-space. Furthermore, Martin began perfecting a clock-like musical technique that had a strange assortment of blips and whirls constantly rotating in the background. The fourth album resulted in several things: a new band name (Joy Electric), his signing with a new label (Tooth & Nail Records), and the launching of Martin's signature sound which he carries to this day. We Are the Music Makers and Old Wives Tales ------------------------------------------- By this time, Martin became increasingly fascinated with the idea of musical "purism". Finding inspiration in '70s electronic bands that were "purists" out of necessity (having nothing but simple analog synthesizers with which to assemble an entire collage of blurpy sounds), Martin delegated nearly his entire studio to the closet and vowed to build an album up, brick by brick, from the sounds of just one master synthesizer. Under this constraint he went to work—designing, programming, and storing all his sounds for the new album in a Roland JD-990. Putting all his eggs in one basket (or synthesizer in this case) left Martin particularly vulnerable to one perennial problem: his synthesizer's storage memory got wiped clean. It's uncertain how this happened, but halfway through the new album Martin found that all his work had been lost. Martin had to begin again from scratch. Taking this opportunity to reconsider his approach, he decided to move into an even more purist direction than before, determined to create a cohesive synthesizer concept album with a medieval, Tolkienesque feel. Since the first half-completed album is no longer in existence, it is impossible to gauge just how radical a change this was from Martin's original effort. We Are the Music Makers includes Arthurian songs of dim castles, assemblies of knights riding out to battle, dedications to monarchy, and crumbling recollections of Christendom. This Medieval theme was unusual subject matter for a mid-'90s electronic album. Of all his albums, Martin consistently cites this as his least favorite. (On top of feeling burnt out from the amount of work he put into the album, he came to feel in retrospect that the albums' more experimental sound concealed a somewhat subpar group of songs, in terms of hooks and melodies). Some find the album shows Martin's inexperience at this new "purist" model. However, other fans claim that this album contains some of Martin's most memorable and emblematic work, including "Burgundy Years," "Hansel (I Will Be Your Friend)," and "I Beam, You Beam". Martin quickly followed this album with yet another EP, this one titled Old Wives Tales. While retaining the Black Forest fairy-tale theme, he dropped the darker, gothic strains and produced a set of songs mixing pop and nostalgia. Joy Electric, in some way or another, has always been an escapist band, leading the listener into a sort of musical land largely unfamiliar and isolated. Old Wives Tales stands as the high-point of that escapism, and proved to be just what fans were looking for. Audiences began to grow, the EP sold in greater numbers, and favorable articles appeared in all sorts of music magazines []. Robot Rock and Christiansongs ----------------------------- Riding this building wave of popularity, Joy Electric began commanding greater respect both abroad and at home. This attention at Tooth & Nail was especially critical, leading to a series of albums that were designed to, and indeed succeeded in, garnering some degree of commercial success. Music videos were made and became more widely distributed. The music moved out of cult circles and picked up new fans in rapid numbers. Robot Rock was the first album to capitalize on this. The album moved away from the world of "bedroom production" and into professional studio hands. The vocals came across as polished and well-groomed. Having practiced on his analog synthesizers for years, Martin commanded better control of his synthesizers' sounds. To showcase these growing skills, the songs were generally more sparse. The entire album harked back, more than any other release, to his groundbreaking work in Melody. Following his pattern, Martin released an EP as well, titled The Land of Misfits, containing "Monosynth", two remixes of songs from Robot Rock, a remix of "The Cobbler" from Old Wives Tales EP and one new song. It was generally considered a disappointment by fans, containing only one new song along with reworkings of songs from Robot Rock. Eventually another EP materialized, the Children of the Lord maxi single. While still including covers on the EP, Martin this time brought some greater variety to the release. Two songs covered radically different influences: Punk rockers MxPx and seventies singer Keith Green. The last song was a Cloud2Ground remix of a song from the upcoming album. In 1999, Christiansongs was released. Concerning the title, Martin explained his frustration over Christian music groups attempting to downplay their religion in hopes for greater commercial success. Having grown up a Christian, Martin had rarely allowed his faith to intrude heavily upon his music. He nevertheless disapproved of statements like "we're Christians but we're not a Christian band". In contrast, and to set the record straight for any fans, Martin's new album title left no doubt concerning the matter. Christiansongs contained some of Joy Electric's most overt references to Christianity, exhorting believers to remain strong ("Lift Up Your Hearts"), singing musical prayers of religious dedication ("Make My Life a Prayer", which was a cover of a song written by Melody Green), and proclaiming general obedience to God ("True Harmony"). But the album contained deep lyrical divides. The religious songs were overwhelmingly religious. The other half of the album was, more or less, the usual Joy Electric fare. Christiansongs also demonstrated Martin's ability to move beyond bubbly-happy songs that critics condemned for being too shallow. The album showcased a wide range of feelings, spanning to familiar exuberant territory all the way into new, darker directions. The Legacy Series ----------------- 2001 saw the release of Legacy Volume 1: The White Songbook. A year and a half in the making, The White Songbook continued in the synthesized tradition of the past few albums by using nothing but a Roland System 100, but with many intricate and interwoven layers of sounds building on each other. The music was divided into four thematic chapters, and the very sparse artwork of the album was meant to invoke the sense of an old book. This album also brought the relatively successful single "We Are Rock." In spite of a level of critical success, Ronnie was miserable during the album's long and tedious production. The companion EP to this album is Starcadia, which has since gone out of print and become a much sought after collectible. The Legacy series continued with The Tick Tock Treasury, whose sparseness was a musical reaction to the thick and lush nature of The White Songbook. Instead of including lyrics in the booklet, Ronnie opted to include a short story which served as inspiration for the title of the album. As opposed to The White Songbook, The Tick Tock Treasury's placement in the Legacy series was found only in a small and passing liner note in the CD insert. The companion EP to this album is The Tick Tock Companion, a long-running set of experimental synthesizer music recorded in one take. The third Legacy album was Hello, Mannequin. Like its predecessor, its place in the Legacy series was only shown by a small liner note. This album brought a significantly more rigid structure to the songs, with basslines sometimes not changing for the duration of an entire track. The companion EP, Friend of Mannequin, contains remixes, several new songs, and a three-part interview. The Ministry of Archers, identified as a Legacy album only by the mark "lv4" (for Legacy Volume 4) in the liner notes, was also the first to be produced in the newly renovated Electric Joy Toy Company on Ronnie's new Moog synthesizer equipment. The new synthesizer brought a significant change in sound, though the album bears some resemblance to previous Legacy works. Namely, it is broken into chapters like The White Songbook and its lyrics are not printed in the sleeve, like The Tick Tock Treasury. The companion EP, Montgolfier and the Romantic Balloons, is split into two sections: an eponymous mini concept album, and a collection of remixes and extra tracks called "Other Archers." The Ministry of Archers was released on compact disc by Tooth & Nail Records on August 30, 2005, and on colored 12" vinyl by Republic of Texas Recordings and Somewherecold Records in October 2005. The Otherly Opus was released on March 20, 2007 as the fifth and final volume in the Legacy series, noted as "Moog Dynasty Years Volume 2". The album includes some of the most intricate vocal work on a Joy Electric album to date. Thematically, the album is split in two-halves. The first half is known as The Otherly Opus, while the second half is The Memory of Alpha, a mini concept album about antediluvian times. The album's companion EP, Their Variables, contains remixes of all songs on The Otherly Opus as well as two new songs. It was released on September 18, 2007. Moog Dynasty ------------ Continuing on the Moog tradition of the previous two albums, Joy Electric's album My Grandfather, The Cubist was released May 27, 2008. The following year, two EPs were released: Early Cubism is a digital download consisting of demos of three tracks from My Grandfather, The Cubist, while Curiosities and Such contains six new songs. In 2009, Joy Electric released "Favorites at Play", an album composed of covers of artists such as Coldplay, The Killers, Blink 182 and more. Dwarf Mountain Alphabet ----------------------- On March 20, 2012, Joy Electric announced that the new album would be released independently. A Kickstarter campaign was launched to raise $6,000 to fund the project. The goal was reached within nine hours. Dwarf Mountain Alphabet had been previously announced in an interview with Ronnie Martin in Fall 2011. The album was released on December 4, 2012. Discography ----------- ### Albums * Melody (1994) * We Are the Music Makers (1996) * Robot Rock (1997) * CHRISTIANsongs (1999) * Unelectric (2000) * The White Songbook (2001) * The Tick Tock Treasury (2003) * The Magic of Christmas (2003) * Hello, Mannequin (2004) * The Ministry of Archers (2005) * The Otherly Opus (2007) * My Grandfather, The Cubist (2008) * Favorites at Play (2009) * Dwarf Mountain Alphabet (2012) ### Compilations * Art Core, Vol. 1 (Tooth & Nail Records, 1995), track 1, "Sorcery" * Art Core, Vol. 2 (Tooth & Nail Records, 1996), track 3, "Transylvania" * Happy Christmas (BEC Recordings, 1998), track 2, "Winter Wonderland" * Moms Like Us Too, Volume 1 (1999), track 3, "Sugar Rush"; track 4, "Girl from Rosewood Lane (Remix)"; track 5, "Electric Car" * New Musiq, Volume 1 (Plastiq Musiq, 1999), track 12, "Come In, Brother" * New Musiq, Volume 2 (Plastiq Musiq, 2001), track 18, "Parlor Inventor" * The Art and Craft of Popular Music (2002) ### EPs and singles * Five Stars for Failure (EP) (1995) * Old Wives Tales (EP) (1996) * The Land of Misfits (EP) (1998) * Children of the Lord (Single) (1999) * The White Songbook: Unmixed/ Unmastered songs from the full length album (Single) (2001) * Starcadia (EP) (2002) * The Tick Tock Companion (EP) (2003) * Friend of Mannequin (EP) (2004) * Workmanship (7") (2005) * Montgolfier and the Romantic Balloons (EP) (2005) * Workmanship (CD reissue) (EP) (2007) * Their Variables (EP) (2007) * Early Cubism (EP; digital download) (2009) * Curiosities and Such (EP) (2009)
Asolando by Robert Browning "Summum Bonum" is a poem by Robert Browning. It was published in poet's last book, Asolando in 1889. It is a short poem or epigram. The title is a Latin phrase that means the highest good. Form ---- The poem is composed of eight lines. They are not equally long. Some are fifteen syllables long, while others are only six syllables long. The metre is anapaestic. The longer lines are built of five feet: ``` x x / x x / x x / x x / x x / ``` and the shorter of only two feet: ``` x x / x x / ``` while Browning frequently employs what might be considered cretic substitutions: ``` / x / / x / / x / Breath and bloom, shade and shine, wonder, wealth... ``` The lines rhyme according to the scheme ABABBCAC and also feature alliteration. Text ---- > All the breath and the bloom of the year in the bag of one bee: > > All the wonder and wealth of the mine in the heart of one gem: > > In the core of one pearl all the shade and the shine of the sea: > > Breath and bloom, shade and shine,—wonder, wealth, and—how far above them— > > Truth, that's brighter than gem, > > Trust, that's purer than pearl,— > > Brightest truth, purest trust in the universe—all were for me > > In the kiss of one girl. > > Critical reception ------------------ A Polish sociologist, Leon Winiarski, who was active at the end of the 19th century, was disgusted with the poem. In his view, Browning should not have written it, writing: "We have to laugh, when we read that this eighty-year-old man standing at the edge of a grave thinks that the greatest happiness in life is in 'kissing a girl'." Bibliography ------------ * Robert Browning, Asolando: fancies and facts, London 1890.
9th episode of the 1st season of Atlanta "Juneteenth" is the ninth episode of the first season of the American comedy-drama television series Atlanta. The episode was written by Stefani Robinson, and directed by Janicza Bravo. It was first broadcast on FX in the United States on October 25, 2016. The series is set in Atlanta and follows Earnest "Earn" Marks, as he tries to redeem himself in the eyes of his ex-girlfriend Van, who is also the mother of his daughter Lottie; as well as his parents and his cousin Alfred, who raps under the stage name "Paper Boi"; and Darius, Alfred's eccentric right-hand man. In the episode, Earn and Van attend a Juneteenth-themed party from one of Van's upper class friends. The party soon turns uncomfortable when they meet her white husband, Craig, who seems fascinated by the African-American culture. According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 0.651 million household viewers and gained a 0.3 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. The episode received extremely positive reviews from critics, who praised the writing, performances and exploration of the subject matter. Plot ---- After a one-night stand, Earn (Donald Glover) is picked up by Van (Zazie Beetz) so they can attend a Juneteenth-themed party, hosted by her upper class friend, Monique (Cassandra Freeman). At the party, they meet Monique's white husband, Craig (Rick Holmes), whose personality seems to annoy Earn. As Earn explores the mansion, he seems curious upon discovering Craig's study room, which is filled with African-American memorabilia. Craig takes pride on his knowledge of African-American culture, making Earn feel uncomfortable. He tells Van his frustrations, and she states that she wants to establish good relations with the upper class, telling him they must pretend to be more sophisticated. So they start pretending to be married in order to impress the guests. After one of the party guests asks Earn about him, he says Van does everything and is better than him. The situation prompts Van to go to the restroom, where she has a nervous breakdown. Van later talks with Monique, who is aware of Craig's behavior and fascination with the culture. Earn listens to Craig give a poem based on Jim Crow and leaves the room, where he is approached by two valets who recognize him as Alfred's manager. Craig immediately recognizes him because of this and despite Van's insistence, their cover is blown to Monique. Monique orders the valets off, irritated with the help, and seems upset at Earn's job and even insults Alfred when Craig brings up the shooting incident. Earn then calls out Monique and Craig and both Earn and Van leave the mansion. As they drive, Van has Earn pull the car over and they start having sex. Production ---------- ### Development > > "Why my Auntie trying to make me go to one of these bougie Junteenth parties again? I don't like them sadity people and I'm gonna miss my shows. Le sigh." > > > Official description in the press release for the episode. In September 2016, FX announced that the ninth episode of the season would be titled "Juneteenth" and that it would be written by Stefani Robinson, and directed by Janicza Bravo. This was Robinson's second writing credit, and Bravo's first directing credit. Reception --------- ### Viewers The episode was watched by 0.651 million viewers, earning a 0.3 in the 18-49 rating demographics on the Nielson ratings scale. This means that 0.3 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode. This was a 32% decrease from the previous episode, which was watched by 0.948 million viewers with a 0.4 in the 18-49 demographics. With DVR factored, the episode was watched by 1.62 million viewers with a 0.9 in the 18-49 demographics. ### Critical reviews "Juneteenth" received extremely positive reviews from critics. Joshua Alston of The A.V. Club gave the episode a "B+" and wrote, "It’s hard not to think about the narrative looseness during a moment like the closing scene, in which a soused Van tells Earn to pull the car over and initiates sex after hours spent needling Earn about their odd relationship. Their physical reunion feels heavy and earned, pardon the pun, but also like it might never be mentioned again. Atlanta is about savoring the moment." Alan Sepinwall of HitFix wrote, "'Juneteenth' is another remarkable half-hour of TV in a debut season full of them. It's one of the purely funniest episodes of Atlanta so far, as the Juneteenth party thrown by Van's friend turns into a parade of ridiculous people behaving ridiculously, and Earn and an increasingly drunk Van doing their best to hide their natural reactions to them. But it also works as an achingly poignant look at where things stand between the two of them now that Van is no longer the obvious breadwinner." Michael Arceneaux of Vulture gave the episode a perfect 5 star rating out of 5 and wrote, "I'll be honest: I don't know how these two are going to make it work. I don't even know if they can. I want them to last, though. They offer a good balance to each other, and although much of their tension is rooted in Earn's precarious place in life, I like watching them move together. Their relationship has led to some of the best aspects of Atlanta's inaugural season. Let's hope they get closer to figuring it out in next week's finale." Michael Snydel of Paste wrote, "'Juneteenth' continues the season's prevailing interest in race, class, and self-definition, but it also uses those political themes to dissect the way that relationships can become a series of obligations, even as two people care about each other." The episode drew attention for the character, Craig, who is played by Rick Holmes in the episode. TheWrap deemed Craig "the wokest white man we all love to hate", further adding "we applaud Craig for being woke and aware of the social injustices in the black community, but he's past being the cool ally and reached into dangerous territory of white privilege. Don't be Craig."
Canadian professional wrestler Richard Vigneault (born March 18, 1956) is a Canadian retired professional wrestler, trainer, and television presenter, better known by his ring name, Rick Martel. He is best known for his appearances with the American Wrestling Association, the World Wrestling Federation and World Championship Wrestling. Championships held by Martel over the course of his career include the AWA World Heavyweight Championship, WCW World Television Championship, and WWF World Tag Team Championship. Professional wrestling career ----------------------------- ### Early career (1973–1980) Martel is from a family of wrestlers, and made his professional debut at age seventeen when his brother Michel, a wrestler, asked him to replace an injured wrestler. Martel already was a skilled amateur wrestler, and quickly adapted to professional wrestling. Martel wrestled throughout the world, winning titles in Canada (in Stu Hart's Stampede Wrestling and Vancouver-based NWA All Star Wrestling), New Zealand, Japan, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico–based World Wrestling Council (WWC). His first real success in the United States came in the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA)'s Portland affiliate, Pacific Northwest Wrestling in 1979, where he became a top talent, holding the Canadian and PNW tag team titles simultaneously. He left PNW on August 16, 1980, when he lost a "loser leaves town" match to Buddy Rose. Martel also served a stint as a booker for a wrestling territory in Hawaii, where he would help the promotion set up matches and construct the storylines that would play out inside and outside of the ring. ### World Wrestling Federation (1980–1982) Martel in 1981 Martel debuted in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in July 1980. That fall, he formed a tag team with Tony Garea. On November 8, they defeated The Wild Samoans to capture the WWF Tag Team Championship. They successfully defended the title until dropping the belts to The Moondogs on March 17, 1981. They regained the title from The Moondogs on July 21. Their second reign came to an end on October 13, when they lost to Mr. Fuji and Mr. Saito. Though they would challenge the champions numerous times, Martel and Garea were unable to recapture the belts, and Martel left the WWF in April 1982. ### American Wrestling Association (1982–1986) Martel signed with the AWA in 1982 and quickly ascended through the ranks, defeating Jumbo Tsuruta to win the AWA World Heavyweight Championship on May 13, 1984. His reign as champion lasted nearly nineteen months (the third-longest title reign and the longest title reign of the 1980s), during which time he wrestled several matches with NWA World Champion Ric Flair, as well as with Jimmy Garvin, Nick Bockwinkel and King Tonga. His finishing move alternated between the slingshot splash and the combination atomic drop/back suplex. On December 29, 1985, Martel lost the title to Stan Hansen, who forced him to submit to the "Brazos Valley Backbreaker" (Hansen's version of the Boston crab). ### World Wrestling Federation (1986–1995) #### Can-Am Connection (1986–1987) Main article: Can-Am Connection In 1986, Martel returned to the WWF, with his tag team partner Tom Zenk. They were billed as The Can-Am Connection. The Can-Am Connection had been formed by Martel in the Montreal-based Lutte Internationale in 1986. Zenk was the boyfriend of Martel's sister-in-law, and had been introduced to Martel in the AWA by Curt Hennig. The Can-Am Connection with their youthful looks and high energy in-ring performances quickly garnered the affection of fans, and they looked likely to win the WWF Tag Team Title in the near future. At WrestleMania III in front of 93,173 fans at the Pontiac Silverdome, The Cam-Am connection defeated Ace Cowboy Bob Orton and The Magnificent Muraco in the opening match, when Martel pinned Muraco with a flying cross-body helped by what commentator Gorilla Monsoon called "a schoolboy trip from behind" by Zenk. They split shortly afterward; Zenk claimed Martel had secretly negotiated an individual contract worth three times more than his partner's contract (traditionally, tag teams are paid roughly equal salaries). Martel strongly disagreed. In Mad Dogs, Midgets and Screw Jobs, he said: "Ever since I had been fired by Jim Barnett, I decided not to discuss money matters with other wrestlers. .. I did the same thing with Tom, and he put it in his head, or some other people put it in his head, that I made more than him. But as far as Vince was concerned, if you were in a tag team, you earned the same amount of money." He also claimed Zenk "...was overwhelmed by it all... Wrestling is very hard on your body. Hard on you also mentally. It's hard physically. Tom wasn't mentally or physically hard as I thought he would be." #### Strike Force (1987–1989) Main article: Strike Force At the time of Zenk's departure, The Can-Am Connection was in a feud with The Islanders (Haku and Tama); Zenk's departure was worked into the feud, with the Islanders claiming that Zenk was a quitter and abandoned Martel because he knew they could never beat them. In July 1987, Martel defeated both Haku and Tama in singles competition. Then on the August 15, 1987, episode of Superstars of Wrestling after Martel defeated Barry Horowitz, he was jumped by The Islanders. Tito Santana, who was doing commentary in the Spanish broadcast booth, ran to the ring to help Martel fight off his attackers. Martel and Santana then formed a tag team called Strike Force. The team were played off as good looking pretty boys (a storyline that came directly from the Can-Am Connection), even using the theme called "Girls In Cars", which was originally made for the Can-Am Connection. The name Strike Force came from Santana's promise that as a team they would, "be striking (The Islanders) with force." Martel immediately came up with the team's name based on this. After winning their feud with The Islanders, Strike Force immediately challenged The Hart Foundation (Bret "Hitman" Hart and Jim "The Anvil" Neidhart) for the WWF World Tag Team Title. Strike Force won the titles on an episode of Superstars after Martel made Neidhart submit to a Boston crab. Strike Force would hold the titles for five months, defending primarily against the Hart Foundation and the Islanders, before losing to Demolition (Ax and Smash) at WrestleMania IV in Atlantic City when Smash pinned Martel as a result of Martel being hit on the back of the neck by Ax using Mr. Fuji's cane as a weapon when Martel had Smash in the Boston crab and the referee was distracted by Santana beating up Mr. Fuji on the ring apron. Shortly afterward, Martel (kayfabe) took time off due to injuries sustained in a title rematch against Demolition at a Prime Time Wrestling taping in Oakland, California, on June 1, 1988 (aired July 11). Smash hit Martel with a steel chair, then Demolition performed their "Demolition Decapitation" finisher on him at ringside, leaving him unconscious on the floor. On the June 18 Superstars, it was announced he suffered back injuries and a concussion. In the storyline, he briefly retired due to these injuries. In reality, he was granted leave from the WWF and took six months off to help care for his severely ill wife. Before returning to the WWF Martel returned briefly to the WWC where he defeated Kamala. Martel returned in January 1989 as a singles wrestler, before reforming Strike Force with Santana at WrestleMania V to face The Brain Busters (Arn Anderson and Tully Blanchard). During the match, Santana accidentally hit Martel with his signature flying forearm smash and knocked him out of the ring. A frustrated Martel refused to tag in and walked away, leaving Santana to be beaten down and pinned. Immediately after the match in an interview with "Mean" Gene Okerlund who asked him how he could leave his partner "high and dry" and said that Strike Force was "supposed to be a team, a team", an irate Martel said, "I'm sick and tired. I'm sick and tired of him. You know, I was doing great as a singles wrestler, but no, Mr. Tito wants to ride my coattails some more. You saw his timing was off". Then angrily addressing Santana he said "You're lucky that being the gentleman that I am that I just walked off. That could have been a lot worse for you Tito Santana." Following his heel turn, Martel acquired Slick as his manager. He feuded with Santana on and off over the next two years, losing to him in the finals of the 1989 King of the Ring tournament, then defeating him at The Main Event IV taping on October 30, 1990 (aired November 23). As 1989 came to a close, Martel's association with Slick quietly ended. #### The Model (1989–1995) In late 1989, Martel adopted a narcissistic gimmick, as the Model. Just before the 1989 Survivor Series (where in a continuation of their feud, Martel pinned Santana in the opening elimination match of the night), he introduced his own (fictional) brand of cologne called Arrogance, which he carried in a large atomizer and sprayed in the eyes of his opponents to blind them. He wore a turquoise sweater tied around his neck to the ring (later replaced by a turquoise sportcoat), with a large lapel pin that read "Yes, I am a model." Martel made his pay-per-view singles match debut at WrestleMania VI at the Skydome in Toronto, where he defeated Koko B. Ware via submission with his signature Boston Crab. Martel's most high-profile feud during his stint as the Model was with Jake "The Snake" Roberts, sparked when he blinded Roberts with Arrogance on "The Brother Love Show" in October 1990. Martel and Roberts captained opposing teams at the Survivor Series. "The Visionaries" (Martel, The Warlord and Power and Glory) defeated The Vipers (Roberts, Superfly Jimmy Snuka and The Rockers) in a 4-0 clean sweep, the first time this had happened in Survivor Series history. In the 1990 Survivor Series (unlike previous editions), the heel survivors faced off against the babyface survivors in a grand final "Match Of Survival". There "The Visionaries" teamed with "The Million Dollar Man" Ted Dibiase to face Tito Santana, Hulk Hogan and WWF World Heavyweight Champion The Ultimate Warrior. Martel was eliminated from the match after he got himself counted out by abandoning his team after receiving beatings from both Hogan and The Warrior. Martel continued to have the upper hand over Roberts in the 1991 Royal Rumble match, eliminating Roberts from the match en route to lasting (a then-record) 53 minutes, before being eliminated by the British Bulldog Davey Boy Smith. Roberts would ultimately get his revenge at WrestleMania VII, defeating Martel in a blindfold match. For the rest of 1991, Martel represented the WWF on Japanese tours for Super World Sports. In December 1991, he lost to Naoki Sano in a match to determine the inaugural SWS Junior Heavyweight Champion. In early 1992, Martel began a feud with Tatanka, leading to WrestleMania VIII, where Tatanka pinned him. He went on to work against Santana on house shows that spring. During that time he unsuccessfully challenged Bret Hart for the WWF Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship at UK Rampage (1992). Also that summer, Martel had a brief feud with Shawn Michaels, as both men sought the affections of Sensational Sherri. The feud ended with a chain of events that resulted in a double countout at SummerSlam 1992 held at the Wembley Stadium in London, England in front of what remains the SummerSlam record attendance of 80,355. The match carried a "no punching in the face" stipulation, mutually agreed upon and eventually disregarded by the two narcissistic heels. Martel then resumed his rivalry with Tatanka by stealing his sacred eagle feathers, to add to his wardrobe. The feud was resolved at the 1992 Survivor Series, where Tatanka again defeated Martel and reclaimed the feathers. In 1993, Martel mainly appeared on the lower undercard, and rarely on television, mostly on programs such as All-American Wrestling and Wrestling Challenge. However, at the September 27 Monday Night Raw taping, he was the co-winner (with Razor Ramon) of a battle royal (aired October 4) to decide the competitors in a match for the vacant Intercontinental Championship. He lost that match (aired the next week) to Ramon. After this, Martel began moving slightly up the card once again. Martel also briefly feuded with Bastion Booger, losing one of their matches when he got fed up with how Booger smelled and started spraying him with his Arrogance cologne. Martel also appeared at Survivor Series 1993 in a 4-4 elimination match, being eliminated by The 1-2-3 Kid and in the 1994 Royal Rumble as the 26th entrant before getting eliminated by his old rival Tatanka. Martel was set to appear in a 10-man tag team match at Wrestlemania X but the match was cancelled during the show due to the show running out of time. The match was later held 2 weeks and 1 day later on Monday Night Raw, with Martel's team victorious. This turned out to be his final WWF in-ring match. In August 1994, Martel dropped out of the WWF picture and won't be seen again until participating in the 1995 Royal Rumble (he was a substitute for Jim Neidhart, who was fired from WWF due to no-showing events). Martel's final appearance came the following month at a house show in Montreal, as his wrestling career began to slow as Martel pursued a career in real estate. In a shoot interview with RF video, Martel claimed that he and Don Callis were set to return to the WWF as 'The Supermodels' in 1997, before Callis turned on Martel, turning him face for the first time since 1989. However, after a pay dispute with WWF owner Vince McMahon, Martel signed with World Championship Wrestling (WCW). Callis confirmed that he and Martel were set to debut as a team during an interview with WWE.com in 2015. ### Other promotions (1994–1997) In 1994, Martel worked for a few appearances for International World Class Championship Wrestling (IWCCW) where in one of the matches defeated his former partner Tito Santana on September 9. After leaving WWF in 1995, Martel wrestled in the independent circuit in United States and Canada. He had a feud with Don Callis aka The Natural in Manitoba. Later that year he went to Germany to work for Catch Wrestling Association. He lost to Santana in a Texas Death match by count out for NWA New Jersey on October 14. In 1996 he wrestled in Malaysia. In 1997, Martel returned to Canada to teamed with Don Callis as the Supermodels feuding with a young Edge and Christian known as Adam Impact and Christian Cage. ### World Championship Wrestling (1998) Martel debuted for WCW in 1998 on the January 5 episode of Nitro, defeating Brad Armstrong in his debut. Martel feuded with Booker T for the World Television Championship, failing to win it at Souled Out before winning the championship on the February 16 episode of Nitro. Martel's comeback was cut short during his rematch with Booker T at SuperBrawl VIII on February 22, when he landed badly on a throw, hitting his leg on one of the ring ropes. He tore an inside ligament of his right knee, fractured his leg and suffered cartilage damage, effectively ending his in-ring career. He was originally booked to retain the Television Title in the match, intended to be a gauntlet match, by beating Booker and then Perry Saturn. Martel and Booker worked out a finish in the ring, and then Booker and Saturn worked the second half of the match entirely on the fly. Martel was out of action for several months. During his recovery, he worked briefly as a French language announcer alongside Marc Blondin and Michel Letourneur for the French-language WCW programming that was airing in Europe. After suffering another injury in his first match back on the July 13 episode of Nitro, against Booker T's Harlem Heat tag team partner (and real life older brother), Stevie Ray, Martel retired from the ring. ### Hawaiian Islands Wrestling Federation (1999) After WCW, Martel wrestled his last match in Kailua, Hawaii, for Hawaiian Islands Wrestling Federation defeating The Metal Maniac on March 23, 1999. ### Retirement (1999–2007) Martel in 2012 After retiring from the ring, Martel worked for WCW as a trainer, and as host of the French versions of WCW programming. Rick also manages commercial properties he invested in from his earnings when wrestling. After the main event of a house show in Quebec City on May 3, 2003, then WWE Champion Brock Lesnar introduced Martel to the ring as a surprise, and shook his hand. Martel, who received a standing ovation from his home fans, said he was honoured to be associated with WWE and thanked the fans. At WWE's Vengeance: Night of Champions pay-per-view in 2007, Martel, along with his former teammate Tony Garea, saved Jimmy Snuka and Sgt. Slaughter from a post-match attack at the hands of Deuce 'n Domino. Martel is a playable character in WWE 2K18 and WWE 2K19, the first video game appearance since Showdown: Legends of Wrestling. Championships and accomplishments --------------------------------- * 50th State Big Time Wrestling + NWA North American Heavyweight Championship (Hawaii version) (1 time) * All Japan Pro Wrestling + World's Strongest Tag Determination League Fighting Spirit Award (1986) – with Tom Zenk * American Wrestling Association + AWA World Heavyweight Championship (1 time) * Cauliflower Alley Club + Lou Thesz Award (2011) * Georgia Championship Wrestling + NWA Georgia Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Tommy Rich * Lutte Internationale + Canadian International Heavyweight Championship (1 time) * NWA All-Star Wrestling + NWA Canadian Tag Team Championship (Vancouver version) (1 time) – with Roddy Piper * NWA New Zealand + NWA British Commonwealth Heavyweight Championship (New Zealand version) (3 times) * New England Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame + Class of 2011 * Pacific Northwest Wrestling + NWA Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship (1 time) + NWA Pacific Northwest Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Roddy Piper * *Pro Wrestling Illustrated* + Ranked No. 48 of the 500 best singles wrestlers during the "PWI Years" in 2003 + Ranked No. 70 of the 100 best tag teams during the PWI years with Tito Santana in 2003 * Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame + Class of 2015 * Stampede Wrestling + Stampede International Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Lennie Hurst * Universal Superstars of America + USA Heavyweight Championship (1 time) * World Championship Wrestling + WCW World Television Championship (1 time) * World Championship Wrestling + NWA Austra-Asian Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Larry O'Dea * World Wrestling Council + WWC North American Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Pierre Martel * World Wrestling Federation + WWF Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Tony Garea (2 times), and Tito Santana (1 time) + Tag Team Tournament (1987) – with Tom Zenk
Species of legume The inflorescence is a raceme at the end of the stalk. Individual flowers are borne on 1–3.5 millimetres (0.039–0.138 in) long pedicels. The banner petal is oblong to circular, typically blue with the center white, 5–7 millimetres (0.20–0.28 in) long. *Lupinus bicolor* is a species of lupine known as the miniature lupine, Lindley's annual lupine, pigmy-leaved lupine, or bicolor lupine. It is a showy flowering annual or perennial plant native to western North America, from northwestern Baja California, throughout California, and north to British Columbia. It is found in diverse habitats below 3,000 feet (910 m), including: grasslands; chaparral; oak, mixed conifer and Joshua tree woodlands; coastal sage scrub; and open conifer forests. It often shares habitats with other prolifically blooming spring and early summer wildflowers, including the California poppy. Description ----------- Lupinus bicolor has a short, hairy stem and thin, palmately-arranged leaves. The inflorescence is short for a lupine, at up to 8 centimetres (3.1 in) tall. As its name suggests the flowers are usually two colors, with one often a deep blue. The other color is often white and sometimes a light purple or magenta. There are sometimes small speckles or spots on the petals. The plant's hairy pods are quite small, only a couple of centimeters long and very thin, and they contain tiny brownish peas. ### Varieties This plant can be variable in appearance, and there are several varieties/subspecies whose relationships are as yet unclear. Varieties include: * Lupinus bicolor var. rostratus — endemic to California. * Lupinus bicolor var. tridentatus — endemic to California. * Lupinus bicolor var. trifidus — endemic to California. * Lupinus bicolor var. umbellatus — endemic to California. Cultivation ----------- Lupinus bicolor is cultivated as an ornamental plant, from seed sown in native plant, drought tolerant, and wildlife gardens, and in natural landscaping and habitat restoration projects. The plants are of value to pollinators, including native bees and bumble bees. At a local spatial scale, Lupinus bicolor was found to increase the abundance of the native Yellow-faced bumble bee (Bombus vosnesenskii) at restoration sites in Santa Barbara, CA.
Danish stand-up comedian Ane Høgsberg (born 1988) is a Danish stand-up comedian. Performing since 2008, she won the talent prize at the Danish Zulu Comedy Galla [da] in 2016 and appeared in her first solo show in 2017. As a comedy writer, Høgsberg has contributed to TV shows for the Danish TV channel TV 2, including Nørgaards Netfix and City Singler. Biography --------- Raised in Tønder in Southern Jutland, Høgsberg has been performing as a stand-up comedian since 2008. Together with her colleague Mads Holm, in 2015 she put together Det store depressionsshow (The Great Depression Show). In 2016, she won the Talent Award at the Zulu Comedy Galla and went on to host the Danish Stand-up Championships the following year. She appeared in her first solo show, Dårlig Feminist (Bad Feminist), in early 2017, followed two years later by another one-woman show Døden har en årsag (Death Has a Cause). As a comedy writer, she has contributed to Nørgaards Netfix and to the show City Singler. Hosted by Høgsberg, the comedy series, Alle hader feminister (Everyone Hates Feminists) was broadcast on the Danish TV channel DR2 in the summer of 2020. While the show was generally well received, especially by schoolgirls, Høgsberg was upset by a number of threats and hate messages she received. In 2022, Høgsberg appeared in the comedy series on TV2 Fuhlendorff og de skøre riddere with Christian Fuhlendorff [da] who also assisted her with her solo shows. Høgsberg and her partner, the comedian Lasse Madsen had a son, Ebbe, in December 2020.
Municipality in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany Schutz is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Vulkaneifel district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Daun, whose seat is in the like-named town. Geography --------- ### Location The municipality lies in the Vulkaneifel, a part of the Eifel known for its volcanic history, geographical and geological features, and even ongoing activity today, including gases that sometimes well up from the earth. Schutz lies on the Burberg. The elevation is 528.5 m above sea level. ### Neighbouring municipalities Schutz’s neighbours are Wallenborn (5 km), Weidenbach (3.5 km), Bleckhausen (1.3 km) and Deudesfeld (3.5 km). History ------- In 1238, Schutz had its first documentary mention. Dietrich von Hanster (or Hanxler) was enfeoffed by Heinrich, Lord of Manderscheid and Kerpen with a castle at Manderscheid, a house in the dale and the estate and the mill "zu Schutze" ("at Schutz"). In 1570, the chapel, consecrated to Saint Wendelin, was mentioned. In 1723, there was a dispute among Schutz, Manderscheid, Bleckhausen and Niederstadtfeld over how the woodlands of Idler and Ruckbein should be divided. It led to a court case. In 1794, the village had 94 inhabitants. In 1803, Schutz became a branch of the Parish of Bleckhausen. In 1814, Schutz was grouped into the Bürgermeisterei ("Mayoralty") of Weidenbach in the Daun district in the Regierungsbezirk of Trier. In 1845, a new chapel was built. In 1854, Schutz had 18 houses with 114 inhabitants. The municipality had 547 Morgen (340 ha) of wooded land, 417 Morgen (106 ha) of scrub and wild land and 4 Morgen (1 ha) of other lands. To prevent famine, in 1915, the miller had to grind 82% of the grain. Bread was made from rye meal and potatoes. On 1 February, all cereal and meal stocks were seized, as were all the oats, for the army administration. Beginning at this time, everybody received a bread ticket entitling him or her to 200 g or half a Pfund (250 g) of bread each day. On 1 April everybody got a flour ticket. There was a bumper potato harvest. The winter was marked by petroleum shortages. Many people burnt candles and others obtained carbide lamps. On 1 December 1916, according to a census, Schutz had 147 inhabitants. In 1918, Schutz was stricken twice by floods within a short time, once in January and again in May. By the time the First World War ended, 7 men from Schutz had fallen. On 21 April 1923, electric light came to the village for the first time. On 9 November, a new bell was dedicated. In 1925, work began on the watermain. In 1931, lasting rainy weather destroyed 75% of the harvest. In 1939, the bathing beach was dedicated. In 1945, after the Second World War was over, once again, 7 men from Schutz had fallen, and 4 were missing. In 1953, a new bridge on the road to Deudesfeld was built. In 1965, the memorial to the fallen in both World Wars was dedicated. In 1988, the new municipal coat of arms was chosen. A fire station was built in 1995, and work began in 2003 on a community centre, which was dedicated the following year. Politics -------- ### Municipal council The council is made up of 6 council members, who were elected by majority vote at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman. ### Mayor Schutz’s mayor is Thomas Oertlin. ### Coat of arms The German blazon reads: Unter rotem Schildhaupt, darin ein goldener Zickzackbalken, in Silber ein grüner Berg, darin ein silbernes Mühlrad. The municipality’s arms might in English heraldic language be described thus: Argent a mount vert in base charged with a waterwheel of the field, on a chief gules a fess dancetty Or. The chief showing a gold fess dancetty (horizontal zigzag stripe) on a red field is a rendering of the arms formerly borne by the Counts of Manderscheid, although the tinctures are reversed (this might be to comply with the general rule in heraldry that holds that two colours or two metals must not touch). The village once belonged to this noble family, and then later to the Electoral-Trier Amt of Manderscheid. The green mount in base symbolizes the Burberg, which is the local landscape’s most striking feature. The green tincture stands for the scenic and heavily wooded municipal area. The waterwheel refers to the four mills that once stood in Schutz. The first was mentioned in a document as early as 1238. The Rutschmühle has found its way into local legend. The arms have been borne since 13 September 1988. Images ------ * West part of the municipality (winter 2003)West part of the municipality (winter 2003) * Saint Wendelin’s Chapel, pencil sketch (1999)Saint Wendelin’s Chapel, pencil sketch (1999) Culture and sightseeing ----------------------- Buildings: * Saint Barbara’s Catholic Church, Dorfstraße 3 – Gothic Revival aisleless church, late 19th century. * Burbergweg 2 – Quereinhaus (a combination residential and commercial house divided for these two purposes down the middle, perpendicularly to the street), apparently from 1824. * Hauptstraße – wayside cross, sandstone shaft cross from 1706. * Zur Lay 22 – former mill; house, stable-barn.
Druk Gyaltsuen of Bhutan since 2011 This article is about the Queen of Bhutan. For the sister of the Dalai Lama, see Jetsun Pema (born 1940). This name uses Bhutanese naming customs. Bhutanese people have two given names, neither of which is a surname or family name unless they are descended from royal or noble lineages. \| Bhutanese royal family \| \| --- \| \| \| \| * The Druk Gyalpo (Dragon King)The Druk Gyaltsuen (Dragon Queen) + The Druk Gyalsey (Dragon Prince) + Prince Jigme Ugyen + Princess Sonam Yangden --- * The Fourth Druk Gyalpo * Queen Mother Dorji Wangmo + Princess Sonam Dechen + Prince Jigyel Ugyen * Queen Mother Tshering Pem + Princess Chimi Yangzom + Princess Kesang Choden + Prince Ugyen Jigme * Queen Mother Tshering Yangdon + Princess Dechen Yangzom + Prince Jigme Dorji * Queen Mother Sangay Choden + Prince Khamsum Singye + Princess Euphelma Choden \| \| Family of theThird Druk Gyalpo (deceased)The Queen Grandmother * Princess Sonam Choden * Princess Dechen Wangmo * Princess Pema Lhaden * Princess Kesang Wangmo \| \| Family of theSecond Druk Gyalpo (deceased) * Princess Choki Wangmo * Prince Namgyel * Princess Deki Yangzom * Princess Pema Choden \| \| * v * t * e \| Jetsun Pema (Dzongkha: རྗེ་བཙུན་པདྨ་; Wylie: rje btsun padma, born on 4 June 1990) is the Druk Gyaltsuen (Dzongkha: Dragon Queen) of Bhutan, as the wife of King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck. She is currently the youngest queen consort in the world. She and the King have three children: Jigme Namgyel, the heir apparent to the Bhutanese throne, Jigme Ugyen, and Sonam Yangden. Early life and education ------------------------ Jetsun Pema was born at Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital in Thimphu on 4 June 1990.[] Her father, Dhondup Gyaltshen, is the grandson of two Trashigang Dzongpons, Thinley Topgay and Ugyen Tshering (governors of Trashigang). Her mother, Aum Sonam Choki, comes from the family of Bumthang Pangtey, one of Bhutan's oldest noble families. Sonam Choki's father was a half-brother of two queens consort of Bhutan, Phuntsho Choden (great-grandmother of the present king) and her sister Pema Dechen. Her ancestor is also the 48th Druk Desi and 10th Penlop of Trongsa Jigme Namgyal (father of King Ugyen Wangchuck and of her great-great-grandmother, Ashi Yeshay Choden). The King and Queen of Bhutan are distant cousins. Jetsun Pema is the second of five children. Her siblings are two brothers, Jigme Namgyel and Dasho Thinley Norbu (the eldest, who is the husband of the king's half-sister, Princess Ashi Euphelma Choden Wangchuck), and two sisters, Serchen Doma and Ashi Yeatso Lhamo (the eldest, who is married to the king's brother, Prince Gyaltshab Jigme Dorji Wangchuck). Jetsun Pema's early education took place in Thimphu at the Little Dragon School, the Sunshine School (1995–96) and finally the Changangkha Lower Secondary School (1997–98). She then received a convent education at St. Joseph's Convent in Kalimpong, West Bengal, India, in 1999–2000. She pursued her secondary education at the Lungtenzampa Middle Secondary School in Thimphu from 2001 to 2005 and moved to The Lawrence School, Sanawar, in Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India, in April 2006. She joined Lawrence as a Class-XI student and studied English, history, geography, economics, and painting. She completed her Higher Secondary education on 31 March 2008. She then began her tertiary education at Regent's University London, where she graduated with a degree in international relations, with psychology and art history as minor subjects. Marriage and family ------------------- ### Royal wedding Main article: Wedding of Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck and Jetsun Pema On 20 May 2011, during the opening of the Parliament's seventh session, the king announced their engagement, saying > "As King, it is now time for me to marry. After much thought I have decided that the wedding shall be later this year." > > Describing Jetsun Pema, he said > "Now, many will have their own idea of what a Queen should be like—that she should be uniquely beautiful, intelligent and graceful. I think with experience and time, one can grow into a dynamic person in any walk of life with the right effort. For the Queen, what is most important is that at all times, as an individual she must be a good human being, and as Queen, she must be unwavering in her commitment to serve the People and Country. As my queen, I have found such a person and her name is Jetsun Pema. While she is young, she is warm and kind in heart and character. These qualities together with the wisdom that will come with age and experience will make her a great servant to the nation." > > The couple married on 13 October 2011, at Punakha Dzong. The ceremony was held in Punakha, followed by a public celebration in Thimphu and Paro. During the ceremony, the King bestowed the Crown of the Druk Gyaltsuen on her, formally proclaiming her the Queen of the Kingdom of Bhutan. The wedding was held in traditional style with the "blessings of the guardian deities." Although Bhutan allows polygamy, the king said that he would never marry another woman. For their wedding, the Netherlands sent the royal couple tulips and named one "Queen of Bhutan" after her. ### Children The Druk Gyalsey with the King and Queen meeting Narendra Modi in New Delhi Jetsun Pema gave birth to her first child on 5 February 2016 at the Lingkana Palace. The King was present for the birth of the prince, known by the title Gyalsey. The baby's name, Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck, was announced on 16 April 2016. On 19 March 2020, the King and Queen's official Instagram accounts reported that she had given birth to her second son in Lingkana Palace in Thimphu. On 30 June 2020, the Royal Family announced that the second Gyalsey had been named Jigme Ugyen Wangchuck. On 9 September 2023, the King announced that the Queen had delivered their third child and only daughter at the Lingkana Palace. The baby's name, Sonam Yangden Wangchuck, was announced on 9 December 2023. Royal duties ------------ The King and Queen being received by the President of India at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi in 2013. Following her marriage to the King, Jetsun Pema has joined him on several visits abroad to India, Singapore, Japan and the United Kingdom. Jetsun Pema accompanied Jigme Khesar on several of his royal visits to various parts of Bhutan before their wedding, and as Queen of Bhutan, accompanies him on all such visits. The royal visits on road through the country involve meeting and interacting with as many local people, students and public servants as possible. Jetsun Pema is an advocate of environmental issues, and the Patron of the Royal Society for Protection of Nature (RSPN). She is also the UNEP Ozone Ambassador. She works closely with various organisations working with children with special needs as the patron of Ability Bhutan Society. She is the Patron of the Bhutan Kidney Association (Jigten Wangchuck Tshogpa) and the Bhutan Kidney Foundation. Since 2016 she has been the President of the Bhutan Red Cross Society (BRCS). Personal interests ------------------ The Queen with former Princess Mako of Japan at the inauguration of the 3rd Royal Bhutan Flower Exhibition in 2017 The Queen's interests include fine arts, painting, and basketball. She captained her school team in basketball games and maintains an interest in the sport. Her other diversions during her school days included participation in school bands and dance programs. Besides Dzongkha, the national language of Bhutan, she is fluent in English and Hindi.
American basketball coach Scott William Flemming (born 1958) is an American college professional basketball coach, who is currently the head coach and Technical Director of the NBA Academy in India. Prior to this he served as the Senior Director of Basketball Operations, NBA India. Before this he was the head coach of Northwest Nazarene University. He has also served as the head coach at Nyack College and Mount Vernon Nazarene University. His overall college record as a head coach is 448–291. Flemming made sports headlines internationally especially through his work as head coach of India’s national basketball team, which he coached from 2012 to 2015. He also served as the top assistant coach (2010–2012) for the Texas Legends, the NBA Development League team of the Dallas Mavericks. Flemming further directed numerous basketball camps and coached internationally in Sweden, Poland, Africa, Mexico and Jamaica. Coaching highlights and achievements ------------------------------------ ### India national team * Gold at the South Asian Championship (2014, 2015) * Gold Medal in the 2014 Lusofonia Games * Indian team beat China (in China) at the 2014 FIBA Asia Cup for the first time in history ### US college * Two Time National Coach of the Year (1998, 2000) * Teams won 3 Conference tournaments and 2 regular season championships * Teams were in the Top 20 National Rankings 10 different seasons, unanimous No. 1 in 1999 * Won the NCCAA National Championship over NCAA Div. I Gardner Webb
Type 903 replenishment ship **Qiandaohu (886)** is the lead ship of the Type 903 replenishment ship of the People's Liberation Army Navy. Development and design ---------------------- Main article: Type 903 replenishment ship Type 903 integrated supply ship (NATO called Fuchi-class supply ship) is a new large-scale integrated supply ship of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy, designed by Zhang Wende. The later improved model is called 903A. The difference with 903 is that the displacement has increased from 20,530 tons to 23,000 tons. All 9 ships have been built and are in service. The ship is a new generation of large-scale ocean-going integrated supply ship in China. Its supply equipment has been greatly improved compared to the earlier Type 905 integrated supply ship. It can be used for supply operations in horizontal, vertical, vertical, and sideways. It has two sides, three directions, and four stations. At the same time, the replenishment capability can complete fleet replenishment tasks in more complex situations. And the speed is higher than that of the Qinghaihu built with merchant ships as the standard, with a maximum speed of 20 knots, which can accompany fleet operations. The commissioning of this class of supply ship indicates that the People's Liberation Army Navy has a stable ocean-going combat capability, and this was proved in the subsequent Somalia escort missions. The 903 type integrated supply ship used some Russian equipment in the early stage, and later it was fully localized. This type of supply ship has undergone a comprehensive upgrade of electronic equipment, and has high formation communication capabilities, automatic statistics of materials, and the ability to report to formation command ships. In the late 1990s, China’s integrated supply ship Similan built for the Thai Navy's light aircraft carrier formation is generally considered to be an attempt by China to build a modern integrated supply ship. In the following years, China has learned experience and lessons. Improved on the basis of the Similan, and finally the Type 903 integrated supply ship was designed and finalized by the China State Shipbuilding Corporation. Construction and career ----------------------- She was launched on 21 July 2003 at Huangpu Shipyard in Shanghai and commissioned on 30 April 2004 into the East Sea Fleet. Qiandaohu participated in RIMPAC 2014. On 3 April 2015, Jinan, Yiyang, and Qiandaohu formed the twentieth escort fleet of the People's Liberation Army Navy and set sail from a military port in Zhoushan City, Zhejiang Province, and went to the Gulf of Aden and Somali waters to take over The nineteenth batch of escort formations performed escort missions. On 7 November 2015, Jinan, Qiandaohu and Yiyang held a six-hour joint exercise with the U.S. Navy. This was the first Sino-U.S. joint force in the Atlantic. The exercise was conducted in the Atlantic waters southeast of Mayport, Florida. The US Navy ships involved in the exercise were USS Mason, USS Stout and USS Monterey. On 30 September, she made a goodwill visit to Stockholm. Gallery ------- * Qiandaohu and ROKS Wang Geon on 25 July 2014.Qiandaohu and ROKS Wang Geon on 25 July 2014. * Qiandaohu and Haikou during RIMPAC on 12 July 2014.Qiandaohu and Haikou during RIMPAC on 12 July 2014. * Qiandaohu during RIMPAC on 21 July 2014.Qiandaohu during RIMPAC on 21 July 2014. * Qiandaohu during RIMPAC on 23 July 2014.Qiandaohu during RIMPAC on 23 July 2014. * Qiandaohu during RIMPAC on 28 July 2014.Qiandaohu during RIMPAC on 28 July 2014. * Qiandaohu during RIMPAC on 28 July 2014.Qiandaohu during RIMPAC on 28 July 2014. * Qiandaohu on 12 December 2014.Qiandaohu on 12 December 2014. * Qiandaohu in Mayport on 3 November 2015.Qiandaohu in Mayport on 3 November 2015. * Qiandaohu in Mayport on 3 November 2015.Qiandaohu in Mayport on 3 November 2015. * Qiandaohu in Stockholm on 30 September 2015.Qiandaohu in Stockholm on 30 September 2015. * Qiandaohu on 29 May 2020.Qiandaohu on 29 May 2020. * Qiandaohu on 22 June 2020.Qiandaohu on 22 June 2020.
Football club Ayat Rudny Mini-Football Club is a futsal club based in Rudny, a city of Kostanay Province. The club was founded in 1985 and its home court is the Gornyak Sportcomplex with capacity of 1,500 seated spectators. History ------- The club was created under the name "Stroitel" in 1985. ### Ayr "Stroitel"s of 1985 — 2002 In 1989 "Stroitel" takes the second place in Championship of the USSR on five-a-side, in 1995 in Grodno, (Belarus) on the International five-a-side tournament where teams from Poland, Belarus, Ukraine took part, the Stroitel takes the 1st place. In 1999 in the International five-a-side Championship of the Republic of Kazakhstan among teams of a superleague of "Stroitel" win gold medals, having become the first Champions of the Republic of Kazakhstan in this sport. In 1999 the Kazakhstan national futzal team from the club "Stroitel" (Talgat Baimuratov, Artem Glebov, Sergey Ilyukhin and Igor Klinov) played in the Championship of Asia (Malaysia) for its first time and taking home the bronze medal. In 2000 — the runner-up (Thailand). In the 2001-02 season won bronze medal of the championship. The club's next season was extremely unsuccessful. The club season record is 17 out of 19. After that season the club was disbanded. ### Renaissance of club 2007-present In 2007 the MFC "Ayat" is created. In 2007 following the results of Championship of Republic of Kazakhstan on a futsal among the first league teams in which 6 teams from all Republic took part the "Ayat" team wins first place and receives the permit in the top division. Same year the "Ayat" for a prize of the President of the Football Union of Kazakhstan on a futsal wins first place in a tournament. In 2008 participation in the X Republic of Kazakhstan Championship on a futsal among teams of the Premier League of a season of 2007 — 2008 takes the 5th place. In 2009 in XI Republic of Kazakhstan Championship on a futsal of a season of 2008/2009 the "Ayat" took the 4th place, lagging behind on only 2 points the third place. Two team players were [[Republic of Kazakhstan national team on a futsal Grigory Shamro, Askhat Alzhaksin. Sergey Starovoytov having become the member of youth team of Kazakhstan on a futsal, I participated in a final tournament of the European countries of youth teams, taking place in the city of St. Petersburg. In the same season the youth team of "Ayat-dubl" which showed good performance in the five-a-side Championship of the Kostanay Province was formed having taken 1 place. In 2010 for the first time in the history of "Ayat", having become the third in draw of the XV Cup on a futsal, I continued a "Bronze" series and in the XIII Championship of the Republic of Kazakhstan on a futsal among teams of the Premier League. Aleksandr Metelkin the legionary from Russia "Ayat" playing in structure is recognized as the top scorer of the Cup and the Republic of Kazakhstan Championship. Five players of club were a part of a national team of Kazakhstan on a futsal: Grigory Shamro, Nikolay Kazakov, Timur Murzabayev, Daniyar Kenzhegulov, Aleksandr Yakimenko. In a season 2011-12 team takes the 7th place, and in 2013 enters the five of the best. Performances in Championat of Kazakhstan ---------------------------------------- \| Season \| League \| Taken Place \| Games \| Victories \| Draws \| Losses \| +/- heads \| Points \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 1998–1999 \| Championat \| 1 \| 8 \| 6 \| 1 \| 1 \| 42-27 \| 19 \| \| 1999-00 \| Championat \| 5 \| 14 \| 6 \| 2 \| 6 \| 72-59 \| 20 \| \| 2000-01 \| Championat \| 3 \| 11 \| 8 \| 0 \| 3 \| 50-33 \| 24 \| \| 2001-02 \| Championat \| 20 \| 19 \| 2 \| 0 \| 17 \| 31-83 \| 6 \| \| 2002-03 \| didn't act \| \| 2003-04 \| didn't act \| \| 2004-05 \| didn't act \| \| 2006-07 \| didn't act \| \| 2007-08 \| Championat \| 5 \| 24 \| 8 \| 0 \| 16 \| 107-155 \| 24 \| \| 2008-09 \| Championat \| 4 \| 32 \| 11 \| 8 \| 13 \| 118-130 \| 41 \| \| 2009-10 \| didn't act \| \| 2010-11 \| Championat \| 3 \| 21 \| 7 \| 4 \| 10 \| 108-98 \| 25 \| \| 2011-12 \| Championat \| 7 \| 32 \| 10 \| 1 \| 21 \| 123-177 \| 31 \| \| 2012–2013 \| Championat \| 5 \| 36 \| 18 \| 3 \| 15 \| 208-170 \| 57 \| \| 2013–2014 \| Championat \| 3 \| 40 \| 19 \| 2 \| 19 \| 236-211 \| 59 \| \| 2014–2015 \| Championat \| 3 \| 32 \| 14 \| 0 \| 18 \| 238-163 \| 26 \| Current squad ------------- As of 4 May 2019 \| # \| Position \| Name \| Nationality \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 1 \| Goalkeeper \| Alexander Gurov \| Kazakhstan \| \| 4 \| Winger \| Alexey Lopatyuk \| Kazakhstan \| \| 5 \| Universal \| Carlos Recife \| Brazil \| \| 7 \| Pivot \| Azat Valiullin \| Kazakhstan \| \| 8 \| Winger \| Wanderson Silva \| Brazil \| \| 9 \| Winger \| Ersultan Sagyndykov \| Kazakhstan \| \| 10 \| Winger \| Hebbert de Jesus \| Brazil \| \| 11 \| Winger \| Eric Nascimento \| Brazil \| \| 13 \| Winger \| Ruslan Bulatov \| Kazakhstan \| \| 14 \| Defender \| Douglas Graciano \| Brazil \| \| 15 \| Pivot \| Vadim Buldin \| Kazakhstan \| \| 18 \| Winger \| Yeldos Dzhaksybaev \| Kazakhstan \| \| 19 \| Winger \| Ulan Zhaxylykov \| Kazakhstan \| \| 21 \| Goalkeeper \| Vadim Shivarov \| Kazakhstan \| \| 23 \| Goalkeeper \| Vasiliy Smolin \| Kazakhstan \| \| 28 \| Winger \| Mirambek Bikeev \| Kazakhstan \| \| 88 \| Winger \| Anton Ryndin \| Kazakhstan \| \| Honours ------- * Premier League Winners (1): 1998-99 Bronze (4): 2000-01, 2010-11, 2013-14, 2014-15 * Kazakhstani Futsal Cup Winners(1): 1999 Bronze (2): 2011, 2014 * Futsal World Tournament (Grodno) Winners(1): 1995 * Soviet Futsal Top League Runners-up (1): 1989
Alice Melin (9 August 1900 – 10 October 1985) was a Belgian socialist politician. The daughter of Henri Melin and Géraldine Danse, she was born in Ampsin. After attending public school, she took night courses in accounting, shorthand typing and languages, as well as courses given by Isabelle Blume and Alice Pels. An active socialist, she worked in the office of cooperatives in Amay and Liège. She received a diploma in social work from the Ecole ouvriere superieure in Brussels. From 1926, she taught in a vocational school founded by the Belgian Labour Party in Liège. From 1928 to 1965, she was secretary for the Femmes prévoyantes socialistes [fr] (FPS). She served on the national executive council for the FPS and was also a member of various other women's organizations. From 1928, she helped organize summer camps for the FPS. During the Spanish Civil War, she provided aid to Spanish children taking refuge in Belgium. During World War II, she helped raise funds for the underground socialist movement in Liège Province. From 1954 to 1958, she was a senator for Liège Province; from 1958 to 1961, she represented the Arrondissement of Liège in the senate. During her time in the senate, she worked for equal treatment for women. She was married twice: first to a Mr. Bruylandt who died in 1924 and later to Urbain Guilmain. Melin died in Huldenberg at the age of 85.
Property transfer to hinder debt collection \| Insolvency \| \| --- \| \| \| \| Processes \| \| * Administration * Bankruptcy * Chapter 7 (US) * CVA * Conservatorship * Dissolution * Examinership * IVA * Liquidation * Provisional liquidation * Receivership \| \| Officials \| \| * Insolvency practitioner * Tribunal * Regulatory agency * Liquidator * Referee in Bankruptcy * Trustee in bankruptcy \| \| Claimants \| \| * Creditor * Preferential creditor * Secured creditor * Unsecured creditor \| \| Restructuring \| \| * Administration (UK) * Chapter 11 (US) * Cram down * Restructuring * Scheme of arrangement \| \| Avoidance regimes \| \| * Fraudulent conveyance * Undervalue transaction * Unfair preference * Voidable floating charge \| \| Offences \| \| * Fraudulent trading * Misfeasance * Trading while insolvent * Wrongful trading \| \| Security \| \| * Floating charge * Lien * Mortgage * Second lien loan * Security interest \| \| International \| \| * Chapter 15 (US) * Cross-border insolvency * Insolvency Regulation * UNCITRAL Model Law \| \| By country \| \| * Anguilla * Australia * BVI * Canada * Cayman * China (Hong Kong) * India * Ireland * Russia * South Africa * Switzerland * United Kingdom * United States \| \| Other \| \| * Anti-deprivation rule * Bankruptcy alternatives * Creditors' rights * Chapter 9 (US) * Debtor * Default * Financial distress * History of bankruptcy law * List of bankrupts * Pari passu * Pre-packaged insolvency * Sovereign default * Subordination \| \| * v * t * e \| A fraudulent conveyance or fraudulent transfer is the transfer of property to another party to prevent, hinder, or delay the collection of a debt owed by or incumbent on the party making the transfer, sometimes by deliberately rendering the transferring party insolvent. It is generally treated as a civil cause of action that arises in debtor/creditor relations, typically brought by creditors or by bankruptcy trustees against insolvent debtors, but in some jurisdictions there is potential for criminal prosecution. Overview -------- A transfer will be fraudulent if made with actual intent to hinder, delay, or defraud any creditor. Thus, if a transfer is made with the specific intent to avoid satisfying a specific liability, then actual intent is present. However, when a debtor prefers to pay one creditor instead of another, that is not a fraudulent transfer.[] There are two types of fraudulent transfer—actual fraud and constructive fraud. Actual fraud typically involves a debtor who as part of an asset protection scheme donates his assets, usually to an "insider", and leaves himself nothing to pay his creditors. Constructive fraud does not relate to fraudulent intent, but rather to the underlying economics of the transaction, if it took place for less than reasonably equivalent value at a time when the debtor was in a distressed financial condition. It is important to note that the actual distinction between the two different types of fraud is what the intentions of the debtor were. For example, where the debtor has simply been more generous than they should have or, in business transactions, the business should have ceased trading earlier to preserve capital (see generally, wrongful trading). In a successful lawsuit, the plaintiff is entitled to recover the property transferred or its value from the transferee who has received a gift of the debtor's assets. Subsequent transferees may also be targeted, although they generally have stronger defenses than immediate transferees. Although fraudulent transfer law originally evolved in the context of a relatively simple agrarian economy, it is now widely used to challenge complex modern financial transactions such as leveraged buyouts. Fraudulent transfer liability will often turn on the financial condition of the debtor at a particular point in the past. This analysis has historically required "dueling" expert testimony from both plaintiffs and defendants, which often led to an expensive process and inconsistent and unpredictable results. Courts and scholars have recently developed market-based approaches to try to make this analysis simpler, more consistent across cases, and more predictable. ### Badges of fraud Evidence of actual intent is rarely available to a creditor for it would require proof of someone’s inner thoughts. Because of that, creditors often have to rely on circumstantial evidence of fraud. To prove actual intent, the courts have developed "badges of fraud", which, while not conclusive, are considered by the courts as circumstantial evidence of fraud:[full citation needed] * becoming insolvent because of the transfer; * lack or inadequacy of consideration; * family or insider relationship among parties; * the retention of possession, benefits or use of property in question; * the existence of the threat of litigation; * the financial situation of the debtor at the time of transfer or after transfer; * the existence or a cumulative effect of a series of transactions after the onset of debtor’s financial difficulties; * the general chronology of events; * secrecy of the transaction in question; and * deviation from the usual method or course of business. Individual jurisdictions ------------------------ ### Australia Under Australian law, if a transaction is entered into by a company which subsequently goes into liquidation, and the transaction was entered into by the company for the purpose of defeating, delaying or interfering with the rights of creditors during the 10 years prior to the relation back day, the courts may set it aside. The relation-back day is defined as either the day upon which the application for the company's winding-up was filed, or the date of the commencement of liquidation. ### Canada Canadian provinces have jurisdiction over property and civil rights, which includes conveyances of property. Many provinces have statutes prohibiting fraudulent conveyances. They also prohibit the granting of fraudulent preferences, which purport to give certain creditors priority over other creditors in bankruptcy. However, bona fide purchasers for value without notice are generally not liable for the actions of the fraudulent conveyer. ### United Kingdom See also: UK insolvency law * Fraudulent Conveyances Act 1571 (repealed by the Law of Property Act 1925) * Insolvency Act 1986 section 423 ### United States In Anglo-American law, the doctrine of Fraudulent Conveyance traces its origins back to Twyne's Case, in which an English farmer attempted to defraud his creditors by selling his sheep to a man named Twyne, while remaining in possession of the sheep, marking and shearing them. In the United States, fraudulent conveyances or transfers are governed by two sets of laws that are generally consistent. The first is the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act ("UFTA") that has been adopted by all but a handful of the states. The second is found in the Federal Bankruptcy Code. The UFTA and the Bankruptcy Code both provide that a transfer made by a debtor is fraudulent as to a creditor if the debtor made the transfer with the "actual intention to hinder, delay or defraud" any creditor of the debtor. There are two kinds of fraudulent transfer. The archetypal example is the intentional fraudulent transfer. This is a transfer of property made by a debtor with intent to defraud, hinder, or delay his or her creditors. The second is a constructive fraudulent transfer. Generally, this occurs when a debtor transfers property without receiving "reasonably equivalent value" in exchange for the transfer if the debtor is insolvent at the time of the transfer or becomes insolvent or is left with unreasonably small capital to continue in business as a result of the transfer. Unlike the intentional fraudulent transfer, no intention to defraud is necessary. The Bankruptcy Code authorizes a bankruptcy trustee to recover the property transferred fraudulently for the benefit of all of the creditors of the debtor if the transfer took place within the relevant time frame. The transfer may also be recovered by a bankruptcy trustee under the UFTA too, if the state in which the transfer took place has adopted it and the transfer took place within its relevant time period. Creditors may also pursue remedies under the UFTA without the necessity of a bankruptcy. Because this second type of transfer does not necessarily involve any actual wrongdoing, it is a common trap into which honest, but unwary debtors fall when filing a bankruptcy petition without an attorney. Particularly devastating and not uncommon is the situation in which an adult child takes title to the parents' home as a self-help probate measure (in order to avoid any confusion about who owns the home when the parents die and to avoid losing the home to a perceived threat from the state). Later, when the parents file a bankruptcy petition without recognizing the problem, they are unable to exempt the home from administration by the trustee. Unless they are able to pay the trustee an amount equal to the greater of the equity in the home or the sum of their debts (either directly to the Chapter 7 trustee or in payments to a Chapter 13 trustee), the trustee will sell their home to pay the creditors. In many cases, the parents would have been able to exempt the home and carry it safely through a bankruptcy if they had retained title or had recovered title before filing. Even good faith purchasers of property who are the recipients of fraudulent transfers are only partially protected by the law in the U.S. Under the Bankruptcy Code, they get to keep the transfer to the extent of the value they gave for it, which means that they may lose much of the benefit of their bargain, even though they have no knowledge that the transfer to them is fraudulent. Often fraudulent transfers occur in connection with leveraged buyouts (LBOs), where the management/owners of a failing corporation will cause the corporation to borrow on its assets and use the loan proceeds to purchase the management/owner's stock at highly inflated prices. The creditors of the corporation will then often have little or no unencumbered assets left upon which to collect their debts. LBOs can be either intentional or constructive fraudulent transfers, or both, depending on how obviously the corporation is financially impaired when the transaction is completed. Although not all LBOs are fraudulent transfers, a red flag is raised when, after an LBO, the company then cannot pay its creditors. Fraudulent transfer liability will often turn on the financial condition of the debtor at a particular point in the past. This analysis has historically required "dueling" expert testimony from both plaintiffs and defendants, which often led to an expensive process and inconsistent and unpredictable results. U.S. courts and scholars have recently developed market-based approaches to try to streamline the analysis of constructive fraud, and judges are increasingly focusing on these market based measures. ### Switzerland Main article: Insolvency law of Switzerland Under Swiss law, creditors who hold a certificate of unpaid debts against the debtor, or creditors in a bankruptcy, may file suit against third parties that have benefited from unfair preferences or fraudulent transfers by the debtor prior to a seizure of assets or a bankruptcy. ### South Korea Fraudulent conveyance or also known as action revocatoire or Pauline action (채권자취소권) is a right to preserve the debtor's property for all creditors by canceling an action by the debtor which reduces the debtor's property with a knowledge that the action harms the rights of the creditor. To exercise this right, the creditor must have a right against the debtor that is monetary and not unique and personal in nature. For instance, the right to demand to clear of the land of the building or the right to delivery the land involves land and unique and therefore not subject to Pauline action (Supreme Court of South Korea, February 10, 1995, 94da2534).
University professor Rishi Raj (born 21 July 1943) is an Indian university professor at the University of Colorado Boulder, and the pioneer of flash sintering technology and research. Academic background ------------------- Raj left India at the age of eighteen after completing a two years program in mathematics, chemistry and physics at Allahabad University. He proceeded to the University of Durham in England where he obtained a bachelor of science degree in Electrical Engineering with First Class Honors. In 1965, Raj commenced his doctoral studies at Harvard University and obtained a Ph.D in Applied Sciences in 1970 under the mentorship of Michael F. Ashby and David Turnbull Career ------ Rishi worked briefly at Standard Telephones and Cables (1964-1965) as a Staff Engineer, where he worked on Concorde control systems. Immediately after his doctoral studies, Rishi Raj joined Chase Brass and Copper Company in Cleveland worked there for a year before joining the University of Colorado Boulder as an assistant professor of Mechanical Engineering. He thereafter moved to the Materials Science Department at Cornell University in 1976. Raj returned to the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Colorado Boulder in 1996 after spending 21 years at Cornell University. Academic publications --------------------- Raj has published significantly in ceramics, first on their mechanical properties, and the processing of oxides and non-oxides at high temperature. His work at Boulder was initially focused on the unusual properties and nanostructure of polymer-derived-ceramics and influence of electric fields on defects phenomena in ceramics at high temperature. In 2010, Raj and his students - Marco Cologna and Boriana Rashkova - discovered the flash sintering technology which has been applied to different materials including ceramics, oxides, semiconductors, electronic conductors, ionic conductors and insulators. In November 2023, Rishi alongside his doctoral student, Emmanuel Bamidele and two others published the application of flash sintering method to tungsten, a first report of flash sintering in metals. The published report showed an unprecedented sintering of tungsten under a minute to a final density between 97-100% at room temperature. The work has been repeated on nickel and has been published in the same journal. Rishi Raj has been cited more than 30 000 times and has contributed more than 500 academic publications to knowledge. Few of the notable publications of Rishi Raj include: * On grain boundary sliding and diffusional creep * Intergranular Fracture at Elevated Temperature * Creep in polycrystalline aggregates by matter transport through a liquid phase * Development of a processing map for use in warm-forming and hot-forming processes * Joule Heating during flash sintering * Flash-sintering of cubic yttria-stabilized zirconia at 750 °C for possible use in SOFC manufacturing Flash sintering discovery ------------------------- Raj and his students first published a work on flash sintering in the Journal of the American Ceramic Society where they showed that yttrium-stabilized zirconia can be sintered in a few seconds at a furnace temperature of ~850 °C to full density. The advantage of this technique over other sintering techniques is the short time to achieve full density and the lower furnace temperature. Since its publication, flash sintering it has garnered over 657 citations funded by government agencies, private organizations and academic institutions all over the world. Flash sintering has been described as "the most significant discovery in the field of Ceramics over the last twenty-five years, with both scientific and technological implications for the coming decades". It has been commercialized by Lucideon Limited since 2012
British theatre set and costume designer Peter McKintosh Peter McKintosh is a British theatre set and costume designer. Background ---------- He obtained a degree in Theatre Studies at the University of Warwick and then trained at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School. His work as an assistant to Mark Thompson and Richard Hudson included: Joseph and the Technicolour Dreamcoat (Palladium), The Wind in the Willows, Arcadia, The Madness of George III (National Theatre), Eugene Onegin, Manon Lescaut (Glyndebourne), Samson et Dalila (Met) Career ------ Set and costume designs for theatre includes: Guys and Dolls (Marigny, Paris), 42nd Street (Chatelet, Paris), The Wind in The Willows, The 39 Steps, Guys and Dolls, The Importance of Being Earnest, Hay Fever, Harvey, Dirty Rotten Scoundrels, Another Country, Viva Forever!, Death and the Maiden, Butley, Love Story, Prick Up Your Ears, Entertaining Mr Sloane, Donkeys’ Years, The Dumb Waiter, Fiddler on the Roof, A Woman of No Importance, Educating Rita, Shirley Valentine (West End); Shadowlands, The Deep Blue Sea, Guys and Dolls, Uncle Vanya, Antony and Cleopatra, The Scarlet Letter, Just So, Pal Joey, Another Country (Chichester Festival Theatre); Hansel and Gretel, On the Town, Seven Brides for Seven Brothers, The Sound of Music, Crazy For You, Hello Dolly! (Regent’s Park Open Air Theatre); The Winslow Boy (Old Vic/Roundabout, NY); Noises Off (Old Vic/West End/UK tour); Our Country’s Good, The Doctors’ Dilemma, Honk!, Widowers’ Houses (National Theatre); The Heretic (Royal Court); King John, Brand, Pericles, Alice in Wonderland, The Merry Wives of Windsor (Royal Shakespeare Company); Splendour, My Night With Reg (also West End), Luise Miller, Serenading Louie, The Chalk Garden, Be Near Me, The Cryptogram, John Gabriel Borkman, Boston Marriage (Donmar Warehouse); The Turn of the Screw, The Knot of the Heart, Waste, Cloud Nine, Romance (Almeida Theatre). Set and costume designs for opera include: The Handmaid’s Tale (Royal Danish Opera/English National Opera/Canadian Opera); The Marriage of Figaro (English National Opera); Love Counts, The Silent Twins (Almeida opera). Awards and nominations ---------------------- * 2012 Olivier Award for Best Costume Design for CRAZY FOR YOU. * 2010 Olivier Award nomination for Best Costume Design for HELLO DOLLY! * 2008 Tony Award nomination for THE 39 STEPS, Best Scenic Design for a Play. * 2008 Tony Award nomination for THE 39 STEPS, Best Costume Design for a Play.
Canadian political and religious demographer Eric Peter Kaufmann (born 11 May 1970) is a Canadian professor of politics from the University of Buckingham. He was appointed in October 2023, following his resignation from his post at Birkbeck, University of London, after two decades of service, citing political differences. He is a specialist on Orangeism in Northern Ireland, nationalism, and political and religious demography. He has authored, co-authored, and edited books and other publications on these subjects. Early life and education ------------------------ Eric Kaufmann was born in Hong Kong and raised in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada and Japan. His ancestry is half Jewish, one-quarter Chinese and one-quarter Costa Rican. His father Steve Kaufmann is of Jewish descent, the grandfather a secularist hailing from Prostějov in the modern Czech Republic. His mother is a lapsed Catholic; he himself attended Catholic school for only a year. He received his BA from the University of Western Ontario in 1991. He received his MA from the London School of Economics in 1994 where he subsequently also completed his PhD in 1998. Career and contributions ------------------------ Kaufmann was lecturer in comparative politics at the University of Southampton from 1999 to 2003. He was a fellow at the Belfer Center, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, for the 2008–09 academic year. Kaufmann joined Birkbeck College, University of London, in 2003. He became professor of politics there in 2011. He has been an adjunct fellow of the conservatarian Manhattan Institute think tank since 2020. In 2023, Kaufmann resigned from Birkbeck College after two decades in his posts and joined the University of Buckingham in October. ### Political demography Kaufmann has argued that in the Western world, as the second demographic transition occurred during the 1960s, people began moving away from traditional, communal values towards more expressive, individualistic outlooks, owing to access to and aspiration for higher education. These changing values were also influenced by the spread of lifestyles once practiced only by a tiny minority of cultural elites. The first demographic transition resulted from falling fertility due to urbanization and decreased infant mortality rates, which diminished the benefits and increased the costs of raising children. In other words, it made more economic sense to invest more in fewer children, as economist Gary Becker argued. Although the momentous cultural changes of the 1960s leveled off by the 1990s, the social and cultural environment of the very late twentieth-century was quite different from that of the 1950s. Such changes in values have had a major effect on fertility: member states of the European Economic Community saw a steady increase in not just divorce and out-of-wedlock births between 1960 and 1985 but also falling fertility rates. In 1981, a survey of countries across the industrialized world found that while more than half of people aged 65 and over thought that women needed children to be fulfilled, only 35% of those between the ages of 15 and 24 (younger Baby Boomers and older Generation X) agreed. As a consequence, Europe suffers from an aging population at the start of the twenty-first century. This problem is especially acute in Eastern Europe, whereas in Western Europe, it is alleviated by international immigration. In addition, an increasing number of children born in Europe have been born to non-European parents. Because children of immigrants in Europe tend to be about as religious as they are, this could slow the decline of religion (or the growth of secularism) in the continent as the twenty-first century progresses. In the United Kingdom, the number of foreign-born residents stood at 6% of the population in 1991. Immigration subsequently surged and has not fallen since (as of 2018). Research by Kaufmann and political scientists Roger Eatwell and Matthew Goodwin suggests that such a fast-paced ethno-demographic change is one of the key reasons behind the public backlash which has manifested itself in the form of national populism across rich liberal democracies, an example of which is the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, which led to a UK majority vote to leave the European Union. Brexit, and it occurred at 11pm, 31 January 2020. ### Religious demography See also: DesecularizationMuch of Kaufmann's research concerns the growth of religion around the world. Factors that determine how many children a woman has in her lifetime—that is, her completed or total fertility rate—include her educational attainment, her income, and how religious she is. For example, in the cities of the Middle East, women who supported Sharia law had 50% higher fertility than those who opposed it the most at the turn of the century. According to the World Religious Database, the proportion of the human population identifying with a religion increased from 81% in 1970 to 85% in 2000 and is predicted to rise to 87% in 2025. In addition, the Catholic Church has gained 12% additional followers between 2000 and 2010, mainly from Asia and Africa. In 2018, Muslims had a median age of 23, Hindus 26, Christians 30, Buddhists and the religiously unaffiliated 34, and Jews 36. For comparison, the median age of the global population was 28 in 2018. Overall, Christians have a fertility rate of 2.6, and Muslims 2.9. Islam is the world's fastest growing religion. Meanwhile, the expansion of secularism will slow in Europe as the twenty-first century progresses. For Kaufmann, religion can grow even in otherwise secular societies. For example, in Israel, the ultra-Orthodox Jews comprised just about five percent of the nation's primary schoolchildren in 1960, but by the start of the twenty-first century, one third of Jewish first graders in Israel came from this religious sect. Ultra-Orthodox Jewish women in Israel had on average 7.5 children compared to their more mainstream counterparts with just over two in the early 2000s. In Europe, immigration from the Middle East and Africa is an engine of religious growth. Children of immigrants tend to be about as religious as their parents and consider their religion to be a marker of their ethnic identity, thereby insulating themselves from the secularizing forces of the host society. The other engine is comparatively high fertility and religious endogamy. In France, a white Catholic woman had half a child more than her secular counterparts in the early 2000s; in Spain, that number was 0.77. In the Netherlands, the youngest villages belong to Orthodox Calvinists, who comprised 7% of the Dutch population by the early 2000s. In Finland, the Laestadian Lutherans maintained a significant fertility advantage over the average Finn during the mid- to late-1980s, 5.47 compared to 1.45, despite seeing declines during the course of the twentieth century. In Austria, the number of people below the age of 15 who were Muslims rose past the 10%-mark in the first decade of the twenty-first century. In the United Kingdom, over 90% of Muslims married other Muslims by the turn of the millennium, and it is well known that children born into an interfaith marriage tend to be less religious than their parents. Interfaith marriage is in fact a vehicle of secularization. In general, European religious groups arranged in order of decreasing fertility are Muslims, practicing Christians, non-observant Christians, and the secular. In the early 2000s, European Muslims typically have two to three times more children than whites as recent immigrants from high-fertility countries. However, the Christian-Muslim fertility gap is shrinking. Ultra-Orthodox Jews comprised just 12% of the British Jewish population but three quarters of Jewish births at the start of the twenty-first century. Kaufmann projected that this group would make up the majority of Anglo-American Jews by 2050. Similarly, he predicted that Catholicism will become the largest religion in the United States by 2040 despite considerable losses to secularization and conversion to Protestantism, thanks in no small part to the fact that Latino Catholics had a fertility rate of 2.83, compared to the national average of 2.03 in 2003. Kaufmann reported that in the United States, religious conservatism and participation play a key role in raising the relative level of fertility. Thus the more conservative of sects, such as the Mormons and conservative Protestant denominations, enjoy a total fertility advantage of at least one child over the rest of Americans. In particular, Mormons with higher levels of wealth and education tend to have more children than those who were poorer. Meanwhile, secular Americans tend to have the fewest children, 1.66 per couple on average in the 2000s, lower than any other group except Buddhists and Jews. He argued that such religious demographic changes will bring about social and political ramifications later in the century. Kaufmann noted that as the overall fertility rate of a given society continues to decline due to the second demographic transition, the fertility advantage enjoyed by the religious, especially the most devout of factions, grows. A total fertility ratio of five to four is only a 25% advantage, whereas a ratio of three to two is a 50% advantage. He gave the Mormons in the United States as an example of a group that maintained a one-child fertility premium over the rest of society, despite seeing some declines of their own. He has argued that once a critical mass is reached, a religious group will start influencing the overall demographic trend of its society. Political engagement -------------------- Kaufmann identifies as a liberal national conservative. He has called "woke" ideas "a battle for the foundations of our civilisation" and has expressed support for Florida governor Ron DeSantis, arguing at the 2022 British Conservative Party conference that the party should follow DeSantis's lead. For Kaufmann, although some of his educational policies "go too far", "DeSantis is the future of conservatism". Books ----- ### Rise and Fall of Anglo-America (2004) * Rise and Fall of Anglo-America. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 2004. ISBN 978-0674013032. Here, Kaufmann offers his views on how the Anglo-Protestants, the founding stock and once dominant ethnocultural group of the United States of America, lost its status of dominance. He rejects the conventional view that this is due primarily to comparatively low fertility rates, large-scale international migration, and the growth in cultural prominence of ethnically diverse newcomers. Nor have the Anglo-Protestants maintained their dominant status by incorporating other groups of European descent into their midst, Kaufmann argues. Rather, the fall of Anglo-America is a consequence of the characteristics that have come to define this group, namely expressive individualism and egalitarianism, which are antithetical to maintaining dominance. Historically, the early Anglo-Protestant settlers in the seventeenth century were the most successful, creating numerous surviving written records and political institutions that last till this day. For this reason, they became the dominant group, culturally, economically, and politically, and they maintained their dominance till the early twentieth century. Commitment to the ideals of the Enlightenment meant that they sought to assimilate newcomers from outside of the British Isles, but few were interested in adopting a pan-European identity for the nation, much less turning it into a global melting pot. But in the early 1900s, liberal progressives and modernists began promoting more inclusive ideals for what the national identity of the United States should be. While the more traditionalist segments of society continued to maintain their Anglo-Protestant ethnocultural traditions, universalism and cosmopolitanism started gaining favor among the elites. These ideals became institutionalized after the Second World War, and ethnic minorities started to gain rough institutional parity with the once dominant Anglo-Protestants. ### Shall the Religious Inherit the Earth? (2010) * Shall the Religious Inherit the Earth? Demography and Politics in the Twenty-First Century. Profile, 2010. ISBN 978-1846681448 In this 2010 book, Kaufmann argued that the answer to the question raised in the title is in the affirmative because demographic realities pose real challenges to the assumption of the inevitability of secular and liberal progress. He observed that devout factions tend to have a significant fertility advantage over their more moderate counterparts and the non-religious. For instance, white Catholic women in France have on average half a child more than their white secular counterparts while the Amish in the United States have three to four times more children than their fellow Christians on average. Highly religious groups tend to isolate themselves from the secularizing effects of modern mainstream Western society, making it more likely that the children will retain their parents' faiths. At the same time, secular people generally have rather low fertility rates by comparison for a variety of reasons, such as materialism, individualism, the preference for the here and now, feminism, environmentalism, or general pessimism. Kaufmann projected that secularism will have a mixed future in Europe. It will remain strong in most Catholic countries, notably Ireland and Spain, but has essentially ground to a halt in Protestant Europe and in France, and will falter in Northwestern Europe by mid-century. He told Mercator Net that the only way to buckle the trend involves "a creed that touches the emotional registers", which "can lure away the children of fundamentalists" and "a repudiation of multiculturalism." He suggested that "secular nationalism" and moderate religion associated with the nation-state could be part of the mix, but these traditions have been losing support at a considerable rate. He observed that moderate faith of the Abrahamic variety is under pressure from both secularists and fundamentalists as they find themselves living in the secularizing societies of the West. If it were only true that the religious were having more children than secular people, Kaufmann argues that the effects of the incoming demographic transformation would only be national, but because those who are having the most children tend to be intensely religious, he predicted that there would also be ramifications for international relations. However, Kaufmann rejected the increasingly popular notion that Islam will become the dominant religion in Europe by the end of the twenty-first century. Rather, Muslims would stabilize at around a fifth of the European population by 2100. ### Whiteshift (2018) * Whiteshift: Populism, Immigration and the Future of White Majorities. Harry N. Abrams, 2018. ISBN 978-1468316971 In the late twentieth and early twenty-first century, Kaufmann argues that, unlike Japan, the nations in Western Europe, North America, and Oceania did not experience a population decline despite having mostly sub-replacement fertility. This was due to a combination of extended longevity and international migration, and the latter comes with its own political risks. Eric Kaufmann's Whiteshift is an extensive study of how the migration-driven demographic transformation of the West affects the ballot box. The title of the 2018 book encodes Kaufmann's predictions that, as a result of international migration, Western countries will become ever more ethnically diverse and a growing number of people will be of mixed heritage. He further argues that the category of 'white people' will be enlarged to include more ethnically diverse individuals. For Kaufmann, one of the major schisms in the political landscape of the West at the time of writing is due to factions that want to speed up this process and those who want to slow it down. He suggested that the surge of nationalism and populism observed in many Western countries is due to the latter group. For decades, the norms of acceptable political demands had been established by the media, institutions of higher education, and mainstream political groups. Such norms include what he called "left modernism," a more precise term for what is commonly referred to as political correctness, and "asymmetrical multiculturalism," or the idea that all cultures present in a given society deserve to be preserved except the host culture. These norms have prevented mainstream politicians and political parties from responding to the concerns of large swathes of the voting population, giving nationalist populists an opportunity to rise to the front. Despite an emphasis on white reaction to demographic change and mass migration, Kaufmann gave Proposition 187, a 1994 California ballot initiative aimed at preventing taxpayers' money from going to illegal aliens, as an example of opposition from non-whites. Proposition 187 received support from a majority of Asians and blacks and a third of Hispanics. On release, The Times made Whiteshift the 'Book of the Week' but with a sceptical review by David Aaronovitch, who called it "a big controversial book about a big controversial subject". Publishers Weekly said it was "likely to make a big splash", and The Financial Times listed it as one of the 'Best books of 2018' in the politics genre. The New Yorker wrote that Kaufmann and Whiteshift were defending white identity politics. Daniel Trilling, in the London Review of Books, was critical of the book, describing Kaufmann's frame of reference as "both too broad and too narrow". Kenan Malik wrote that "Whiteshift is a hefty work crammed with data and graphs. The trouble with viewing the world primarily in demographic terms, though, is that, for all the facts and figures, it is easy to be blind to the social context." In a review symposium about Whiteshift published in the journal Ethnicities, political scientist Rob Ford wrote that "There is much to admire here. Kaufmann is methodologically catholic and draws on a rich range of different resources to examine and interrogate evolving white identity politics." However, he also noted "Kaufmann’s rather Manichean account of white ethnic politics involves some curious omissions and misunderstandings" and that "lack of balance is a recurring feature of Kaufmann’s discussions about the competing claims of ethno-cultural whites, cosmopolitan whites and ethnic minorities." Sociologist John Holmwood argued that the lack of any discussion of "settler colonialism or of the place of first Nation populations and enslavement of African Americans and Jim Crow segregation in the USA" represent "serious – in fact, fatal – omissions in a book concerned to rehabilitate symbols of white identity." Holmwood writes that "It is a very large book – 619 pages – but it is also poorly edited, repetitive and, I have suggested, partial." Other selected publications --------------------------- ### Authored * The Orange Order: A Contemporary Northern Irish History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007. ISBN 978-0199208487 * Unionism and Orangeism in Northern Ireland Since 1945: The Decline of the Loyal Family with Henry Patterson. Manchester University Press, Manchester, 2007. ISBN 978-0719074967 ### Co-authored and edited * Rethinking Ethnicity: Majority Groups and Dominant Minorities. Routledge, 2004. ISBN 978-0415315425 * Political Demography: How Population Changes Are Reshaping International Security and National Politics with Jack Goldstone and Monica Duffy Toft. Oxford University Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0199949229 * Whither the Child: Causes and Consequences of Low Fertility with W. Bradford Wilcox. Paradigm, 2012. ISBN 978-1612050935 * Nationalism and Conflict Management with Robert Schertzer and Eric Taylor Woods. Routledge, 2012. ISBN 978-0415520454 Further reading --------------- * Hartshorn, Max; Kaznatcheev, Artem; Shultz, Thomas (June 30, 2013). "The Evolutionary Dominance of Ethnocentric Cooperation". Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation. 16 (3). doi:10.18564/jasss.2176. * Malik, Kenan (2015). "The Failure of Multiculturalism - Community Versus Society in Europe". Foreign Policy. Retrieved July 13, 2020. * Eatwell, Roger; Goodwin, Matthew (2018). National Populism: The Revolt Against Liberal Democracy. Great Britain: Pelican. ISBN 978-0-241-31200-1.
American football player and coach (1920–2006) American football player Paul Albert Duhart (December 30, 1920 – January 18, 2006) was a Canadian-American professional football player. Duhart played college football for the University of Florida. Thereafter, he played professionally for the Green Bay Packers, Pittsburgh Steelers and Boston Yanks of the National Football League (NFL) for two seasons during the mid-1940s. Early life ---------- Duhart was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and is of French-Canadian descent. He attended Saint Peter's High School in Worcester, Massachusetts, where he was a standout high school football player. College career -------------- Duhart enrolled at the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida where he played for coach Tom Lieb's Florida Gators football team. Duhart's performance that season earned his varsity letter in 1942, before entering the U.S. Army in 1943. The Gators did not field a varsity football team in 1943, as most able-bodied men of college age either volunteered or were drafted into the U.S. Armed Services during the height of World War II. Professional career ------------------- After being discharged by the U.S. Army in 1944, Duhart was given special dispensation pursuant to a ruling by the NFL in order to sign with the Green Bay Packers, since his college team, the Florida Gators, had previously disbanded for the 1943 season, preventing Duhart from entering the NFL Draft that year. As a part-time starter, he helped the Packers to a championship season in 1944. The 1944 NFL Championship Game was played on December 17, 1944, at New York City's Polo Grounds. The Western Division champions, coach Curly Lambeau's Green Bay Packers (8–2), squared off against the Eastern Division champions, coach Steve Owen's New York Giants (8–1–1). Led by Green Bay's end Don Hutson, quarterback Irv Comp, and running back Ted Fritsch who scored two touchdowns, the Packers compiled a 14–7 victory over the Giants, prevailing over the Giants' star running back Bill Paschal and quarterback Arnie Herber. Duhart's last-minute interception of a "hail Mary" pass by Herber secured the Packers' victory. Prior to the 1945 NFL Draft, the NFL determined that Duhart would have to enter the draft, and he was selected in the first round (second pick overall) by the Pittsburgh Steelers. Duhart was the first college football player from the state of Florida to be selected in the first round of the NFL draft. After playing two games for the Steelers in 1945, the Boston Yanks purchased him, and he finished the 1945 season with the Yanks before injuries ended his NFL career. Duhart finished his two-season NFL career with sixty-eight carries for 200 rushing yards and three touchdowns, and nine receptions for 176 yards and two touchdowns. He also completed seven passes for sixty-nine yards. Life after the NFL ------------------ After retiring from the NFL, Duhart attended Boston College in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, and graduated with a bachelor's degree in history and English. In 1960, Duhart moved west from Southbridge, Massachusetts to become the athletic director and head varsity football coach for Arcadia High School in Arcadia, California. His 1961 Pacific League championship team was undefeated, extending his personal win streak to thirty games, and for the first time ever, the Arcadia Apaches defeated their cross-town rivals, the Monrovia High School Wildcats. Duhart led the Arcadia Apaches football program from 1960 through 1969, and also served as the head coach of the boys' varsity golf and girls' varsity tennis teams. He coached the girls' tennis team to the California Interscholastic Federation (CIF) tournament finals in 1992, and was later inducted into Arcadia High School's coaching Hall of Fame in 1998. Duhart was a published poet in his later years and was remembered as a mentor to many students during his long tenure at Arcadia High School. He spoke French fluently, and taught French and history classes at Arcadia. An accomplished athlete who loved sports, he continued to play golf and tennis long into his retirement. Duhart died at his home in Huntington Beach, California, in 2006; he was 85 years old.
Electors of the U.S. president and vice president For electoral colleges in general, see Electoral college. For other uses and regions, see Electoral college (disambiguation). Electoral votes, out of 538, allocated to each state and the District of Columbia for presidential elections to be held in 2024 and 2028 based on the 2020 census; every jurisdiction is entitled to at least 3. In the 2020 presidential election (held using 2010 census data) Joe Biden received 306 (●) and Donald Trump 232 (●) of the total 538 electoral votes. --- In Maine (upper-right) and Nebraska (center), the small circled numbers indicate congressional districts. These are the only 2 states to use a district method for some of their allocated electors, instead of a complete winner-takes-all party block voting. In the United States, the Electoral College is the group of presidential electors that is formed every four years for the sole purpose of voting for the president and vice president. The process is described in Article II of the U.S. Constitution. Each state appoints electors under the methods described by its legislature, equal in number to its congressional delegation (representatives and senators) totaling 535 electors. A 1961 amendment granted the federal District of Columbia three electors. Of the current 538 electors, a simple majority of 270 or more electoral votes is required to elect the president and vice president. If no candidate achieves a majority there, a contingent election is held by the House of Representatives to elect the president and by the Senate to elect the vice president. Federal office holders, including senators and representatives, cannot be electors. The states and the District of Columbia hold a statewide or district-wide popular vote on Election Day in November to choose electors based upon how they have pledged to vote for president and vice president, with some state laws prohibiting faithless electors. All states except Maine and Nebraska use a party block voting, or general ticket method, to choose their electors, meaning all their electors go to one winning ticket. Maine and Nebraska choose one elector per congressional district and 2 electors for the ticket with the highest statewide vote. The electors meet and vote in December, and the inauguration of the president and vice president take place in January. The merits of the electoral college system is a matter of ongoing debate in the United States since its inception at the Constitutional Convention in 1787, becoming more controversial by the latter years of the 19th century, up through to the present day. More resolutions have been submitted to amend the Electoral College mechanism than any other part of the constitution, with 1969–70 as the closest attempt to reform the Electoral College. Supporters argue that it requires presidential candidates to have broad appeal across the country to win, while critics argue that it is not representative of the popular will of the nation. Winner-take-all systems, especially with representation not proportional to population, do not align with the principle of "one person, one vote". Critics object to the inequity that, due to the distribution of electors, individual citizens in states with smaller populations have more voting power than those in larger states. This is because the number of electors each state appoints is equal to the size of its congressional delegation, each state is entitled to at least 3 regardless of its population, and the apportionment of the statutorily fixed number of the rest is only roughly proportional. This allocation has contributed to runners-up of the nationwide popular vote being elected president in 1824, 1876, 1888, 2000, and 2016. In addition, faithless electors may not vote in accord with their pledge. Further objection is that swing states receive the most attention from candidates. By the end of the 20th century, Electoral colleges had been abandoned by all other democracies around the world in favor of direct elections for an executive president.:215 Procedure --------- The New York electoral college delegation voting for Benjamin Harrison for president. In the 1888 election, Harrison became one of the five presidents elected without winning the popular vote. Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 of the United States Constitution directs each state to appoint a quantity of electors equal to that state's congressional delegation (the number of members of the House of Representatives plus two senators). The same clause empowers each state legislature to determine the manner by which that state's electors are chosen but prohibits federal office holders from being named electors. Following the national presidential election day on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November, each state, and the federal district, selects its electors according to its laws. After a popular election, the states identify and record their appointed electors in a Certificate of Ascertainment, and those appointed electors then meet in their respective jurisdictions and produce a Certificate of Vote for their candidate; both certificates are then sent to Congress to be opened and counted. In 48 of the 50 states, state laws mandate that the winner of the plurality of the statewide popular vote receive all of that state's electoral votes. In Maine and Nebraska, two electoral votes are assigned in this manner, while the remaining electoral votes are allocated based on the plurality of votes in each of their congressional districts. The federal district, Washington, D.C. allocates its 3 electoral votes to the winner of its single district election. States generally require electors to pledge to vote for that state's winning ticket; to prevent electors from being faithless electors, most states have adopted various laws to enforce the electors' pledge. The electors of each state meet in their respective state capital on the first Monday after the second Wednesday of December (between December 13 and 19) to cast their votes. The results are sent to and counted by the Congress, where they are tabulated in the first week of January before a joint meeting of the Senate and the House of Representatives, presided over by the current vice president, as president of the Senate. Should a majority of votes not be cast for a candidate, a contingent election takes place: the House holds a presidential election session, where one vote is cast by each of the fifty states; the Senate is responsible for electing the vice president, with each senator having one vote. The elected president and vice president are inaugurated on January 20. Since 1964, there have been 538 electors. States select 535 of the electors, this number matches the aggregate total of their congressional delegations. The additional three electors come from the Twenty-third Amendment, ratified in 1961, providing that the district established pursuant to Article I, Section 8, Clause 17 as the seat of the federal government (namely, Washington, D.C.) is entitled to the same number of electors as the least populous state. In practice, that results in Washington D.C. being entitled to three electors. Background ---------- The Electoral College was settled-on as the means of electing president towards the end of the Constitutional Convention due to pressure from slave states wanting to increase their voting power (since they could count slaves as 3/5 of a person when allocating electors) and by small states who increased their power due to the minimum of three electors per state. The compromise was reached after other proposals, including to get a direct election for president (as proposed by Hamilton among others), failed to get traction among slave states. Levitsky and Ziblatt describe it as "not a product of constitutional theory or farsighted design. Rather, it was adopted by default, after all other alternatives had been rejected." The Constitutional Convention in 1787 used the Virginia Plan as the basis for discussions, as the Virginia proposal was the first. The Virginia Plan called for Congress to elect the president.[non-primary source needed] Delegates from a majority of states agreed to this mode of election. After being debated, however, delegates came to oppose nomination by Congress for the reason that it could violate the separation of powers. James Wilson then made a motion for electors for the purpose of choosing the president.[non-primary source needed] Later in the convention, a committee formed to work out various details including the mode of election of the president, including final recommendations for the electors, a group of people apportioned among the states in the same numbers as their representatives in Congress (the formula for which had been resolved in lengthy debates resulting in the Connecticut Compromise and Three-Fifths Compromise), but chosen by each state "in such manner as its Legislature may direct". Committee member Gouverneur Morris explained the reasons for the change; among others, there were fears of "intrigue" if the president were chosen by a small group of men who met together regularly, as well as concerns for the independence of the president if he were elected by Congress.[non-primary source needed] However, once the Electoral College had been decided on, several delegates (Mason, Butler, Morris, Wilson, and Madison) openly recognized its ability to protect the election process from cabal, corruption, intrigue, and faction. Some delegates, including James Wilson and James Madison, preferred popular election of the executive.[non-primary source needed] Madison acknowledged that while a popular vote would be ideal, it would be difficult to get consensus on the proposal given the prevalence of slavery in the South: > There was one difficulty, however of a serious nature attending an immediate choice by the people. The right of suffrage was much more diffusive in the Northern than the Southern States; and the latter could have no influence in the election on the score of Negroes. The substitution of electors obviated this difficulty and seemed on the whole to be liable to the fewest objections. > > The Convention approved the committee's Electoral College proposal, with minor modifications, on September 6, 1787.[non-primary source needed] Delegates from states with smaller populations or limited land area, such as Connecticut, New Jersey, and Maryland, generally favored the Electoral College with some consideration for states.[non-primary source needed] At the compromise providing for a runoff among the top five candidates, the small states supposed that the House of Representatives, with each state delegation casting one vote, would decide most elections. In The Federalist Papers, James Madison explained his views on the selection of the president and the Constitution. In Federalist No. 39, Madison argued that the Constitution was designed to be a mixture of state-based and population-based government. Congress would have two houses: the state-based Senate and the population-based House of Representatives. Meanwhile, the president would be elected by a mixture of the two modes.[non-primary source needed] Alexander Hamilton in Federalist No. 68, published on March 12, 1788, laid out what he believed were the key advantages to the Electoral College. The electors come directly from the people and them alone, for that purpose only, and for that time only. This avoided a party-run legislature or a permanent body that could be influenced by foreign interests before each election.[non-primary source needed] Hamilton explained that the election was to take place among all the states, so no corruption in any state could taint "the great body of the people" in their selection. The choice was to be made by a majority of the Electoral College, as majority rule is critical to the principles of republican government. Hamilton argued that electors meeting in the state capitals were able to have information unavailable to the general public, in a time before telecommunications. Hamilton also argued that since no federal officeholder could be an elector, none of the electors would be beholden to any presidential candidate.[non-primary source needed] Another consideration was that the decision would be made without "tumult and disorder", as it would be a broad-based one made simultaneously in various locales where the decision makers could deliberate reasonably, not in one place where decision makers could be threatened or intimidated. If the Electoral College did not achieve a decisive majority, then the House of Representatives was to choose the president from among the top five candidates,[] ensuring selection of a presiding officer administering the laws would have both ability and good character. Hamilton was also concerned about somebody unqualified but with a talent for "low intrigue, and the little arts of popularity" attaining high office.[non-primary source needed] Additionally, in the Federalist No. 10, James Madison argued against "an interested and overbearing majority" and the "mischiefs of faction" in an electoral system. He defined a faction as "a number of citizens whether amounting to a majority or minority of the whole, who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adverse to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community." A republican government (i.e. representative democracy, as opposed to direct democracy) combined with the principles of federalism (with distribution of voter rights and separation of government powers), would countervail against factions. Madison further postulated in the Federalist No. 10 that the greater the population and expanse of the Republic, the more difficulty factions would face in organizing due to such issues as sectionalism.[non-primary source needed] Although the United States Constitution refers to "Electors" and "electors", neither the phrase "Electoral College" nor any other name is used to describe the electors collectively. It was not until the early 19th century that the name "Electoral College" came into general usage as the collective designation for the electors selected to cast votes for president and vice president. The phrase was first written into federal law in 1845, and today the term appears in 3 U.S.C. § 4, in the section heading and in the text as "college of electors".[non-primary source needed] History ------- ### Original plan Article II, Section 1, Clause 3 of the Constitution provided the original plan by which the electors voted for president. Under the original plan, each elector cast two votes for president; electors did not vote for vice president. Whoever received a majority of votes from the electors would become president, with the person receiving the second most votes becoming vice president. According to Stanley Chang, the original plan of the Electoral College was based upon several assumptions and anticipations of the Framers of the Constitution: 1. Choice of the president should reflect the "sense of the people" at a particular time, not the dictates of a faction in a "pre-established body" such as Congress or the State legislatures, and independent of the influence of "foreign powers". 2. The choice would be made decisively with a "full and fair expression of the public will" but also maintaining "as little opportunity as possible to tumult and disorder". 3. Individual electors would be elected by citizens on a district-by-district basis. Voting for president would include the widest electorate allowed in each state. 4. Each presidential elector would exercise independent judgment when voting, deliberating with the most complete information available in a system that over time, tended to bring about a good administration of the laws passed by Congress. 5. Candidates would not pair together on the same ticket with assumed placements toward each office of president and vice president. Election expert, William C. Kimberling, reflected on the original intent as follows: > "The function of the College of Electors in choosing the president can be likened to that in the Roman Catholic Church of the College of Cardinals selecting the Pope. The original idea was for the most knowledgeable and informed individuals from each State to select the president based solely on merit and without regard to State of origin or political party." > > According to Supreme Court Justice Robert H. Jackson, in a dissenting opinion, the original intention of the framers was that the electors would not feel bound to support any particular candidate, but would vote their conscience, free of external pressure. > "No one faithful to our history can deny that the plan originally contemplated, what is implicit in its text, that electors would be free agents, to exercise an independent and nonpartisan judgment as to the men best qualified for the Nation's highest offices." > > In support for his view, Justice Jackson cited Federalist No. 68: > 'It was desirable that the sense of the people should operate in the choice of the person to whom so important a trust was to be confided. This end will be answered by committing the right of making it, not to any pre-established body, but to men chosen by the people for the special purpose, and at the particular conjuncture... It was equally desirable, that the immediate election should be made by men most capable of analyzing the qualities adapted to the station, and acting under circumstances favorable to deliberation, and to a judicious combination of all the reasons and inducements which were proper to govern their choice. A small number of persons, selected by their fellow citizens from the general mass, will be most likely to possess the information and discernment requisite to such complicated investigations.' > > Dr. Philip J. VanFossen of Purdue University explains that the original purpose of the electors was not to reflect the will of the citizens, but rather to "serve as a check on a public who might be easily misled." Dr. Randall Calvert, the Eagleton Professor of Public Affairs and Political Science at Washington University in St. Louis, stated, "At the framing the more important consideration was that electors, expected to be more knowledgeable and responsible, would actually do the choosing."[better source needed] #### Breakdown and revision In spite of Hamilton's assertion that electors were to be chosen by mass election, initially, state legislatures chose the electors in most of the states. States progressively changed to selection by popular election. In 1824, there were six states in which electors were still legislatively appointed. By 1832, only South Carolina had not transitioned. Since 1864, electors in every state have been chosen based on a popular election held on Election Day. The popular election for electors means the president and vice president are in effect chosen through indirect election by the citizens. #### The emergence of parties and campaigns Main article: Political parties in the United States See also: George Washington's Farewell Address § Political parties The framers of the Constitution did not anticipate political parties. Indeed George Washington's Farewell Address in 1796 included an urgent appeal to avert such parties. Neither did the framers anticipate candidates "running" for president. Within just a few years of the ratification of the Constitution, however, both phenomena became permanent features of the political landscape of the United States.[] The emergence of political parties and nationally coordinated election campaigns soon complicated matters in the elections of 1796 and 1800. In 1796, Federalist Party candidate John Adams won the presidential election. Finishing in second place was Democratic-Republican Party candidate Thomas Jefferson, the Federalists' opponent, who became the vice president. This resulted in the president and vice president being of different political parties.[] In 1800, the Democratic-Republican Party again nominated Jefferson for president and also again nominated Aaron Burr for vice president. After the electors voted, Jefferson and Burr were tied with one another with 73 electoral votes each. Since ballots did not distinguish between votes for president and votes for vice president, every ballot cast for Burr technically counted as a vote for him to become president, despite Jefferson clearly being his party's first choice. Lacking a clear winner by constitutional standards, the election had to be decided by the House of Representatives pursuant to the Constitution's contingency election provision.[] Having already lost the presidential contest, Federalist Party representatives in the lame duck House session seized upon the opportunity to embarrass their opposition by attempting to elect Burr over Jefferson. The House deadlocked for 35 ballots as neither candidate received the necessary majority vote of the state delegations in the House (The votes of nine states were needed for a conclusive election.). On the 36th ballot, Delaware's lone Representative, James A. Bayard, made it known that he intended to break the impasse for fear that failure to do so could endanger the future of the Union. Bayard and other Federalists from South Carolina, Maryland, and Vermont abstained, breaking the deadlock and giving Jefferson a majority. Responding to the problems from those elections, Congress proposed on December 9, 1803, and three-fourths of the states ratified by June 15, 1804, the Twelfth Amendment. Starting with the 1804 election, the amendment requires electors to cast separate ballots for president and vice president, replacing the system outlined in Article II, Section 1, Clause 3.[] ### Evolution from unpledged to pledged electors Some Founding Fathers hoped that each elector would be elected by the citizens of a district, and that elector was to be free to analyze and deliberate regarding who is best suited to be president.[] In Federalist No. 68 Alexander Hamilton described the Founding Fathers' view of how electors would be chosen: > A small number of persons, selected by their fellow-citizens from the general mass, will be most likely to possess the information and discernment requisite to such complicated [tasks]... They [the framers of the constitution] have not made the appointment of the President to depend on any preexisting bodies of men [i.e. Electors pledged to vote one way or another], who might be tampered with beforehand to prostitute their votes [i.e. to be told how to vote]; but they have referred it in the first instance to an immediate act of the people of America, to be exerted in the choice of persons [Electors to the Electoral College] for the temporary and sole purpose of making the appointment. And they have EXCLUDED from eligibility to this trust, all those who from situation might be suspected of too great devotion to the President in office [in other words, no one can be an Elector who is prejudiced toward the president]... Thus without corrupting the body of the people, the immediate agents in the election will at least enter upon the task free from any sinister bias [Electors must not come to the Electoral College with bias]. Their transient existence, and their detached [unbiased] situation, already taken notice of, afford a satisfactory prospect of their continuing so, to the conclusion of it." > > However, when electors were pledged to vote for a specific candidate, the slate of electors chosen by the state were no longer free agents, independent thinkers, or deliberative representatives. They became, as Justice Robert H. Jackson wrote, "voluntary party lackeys and intellectual non-entities." According to Hamilton, writing in 1788, the selection of the president should be "made by men most capable of analyzing the qualities adapted to the station [of president]." Hamilton stated that the electors were to analyze the list of potential presidents and select the best one. He also used the term "deliberate." In a 2020 opinion of the U.S. Supreme Court, the Court additionally cited John Jay's view that the electors' choices would reflect "discretion and discernment." Reflecting on this original intention, a U.S. Senate report in 1826 critiqued the evolution of the system: > It was the intention of the Constitution that these electors should be an independent body of men, chosen by the people from among themselves, on account of their superior discernment, virtue, and information; and that this select body should be left to make the election according to their own will, without the slightest control from the body of the people. That this intention has failed of its object in every election, is a fact of such universal notoriety that no one can dispute it. Electors, therefore, have not answered the design of their institution. They are not the independent body and superior characters which they were intended to be. They are not left to the exercise of their own judgment: on the contrary, they give their vote, or bind themselves to give it, according to the will of their constituents. They have degenerated into mere agents, in a case which requires no agency, and where the agent must be useless... > > In 1833, Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story detailed how badly from the framers' intention the Electoral Process had been "subverted": > In no respect have the views of the framers of the constitution been so completely frustrated as relates to the independence of the electors in the electoral colleges. It is notorious, that the electors are now chosen wholly with reference to particular candidates, and are silently pledged to vote for them. Nay, upon some occasions the electors publicly pledge themselves to vote for a particular person; and thus, in effect, the whole foundation of the system, so elaborately constructed, is subverted. > > Story observed that if an elector does what the framers of the Constitution expected him to do, he would be considered immoral: > So, that nothing is left to the electors after their choice, but to register votes, which are already pledged; and an exercise of an independent judgment would be treated, as a political usurpation, dishonorable to the individual, and a fraud upon his constituents. > > ### Evolution to the general ticket Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 of the Constitution states: > Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector. > > According to Hamilton and Madison, they intended that this would take place district by district.[non-primary source needed] The district plan was last carried out in Michigan in 1892.[non-primary source needed] For example, in Massachusetts in 1820, the rule stated "the people shall vote by ballot, on which shall be designated who is voted for as an Elector for the district."[non-primary source needed] In other words, the name of a candidate for president was not on the ballot. Instead, citizens voted for their local elector. Some state leaders began to adopt the strategy that the favorite partisan presidential candidate among the people in their state would have a much better chance if all of the electors selected by their state were sure to vote the same way—a "general ticket" of electors pledged to a party candidate. Once one state took that strategy, the others felt compelled to follow suit in order to compete for the strongest influence on the election. When James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, two of the most important architects of the Electoral College, saw this strategy being taken by some states, they protested strongly.[non-primary source needed] Madison said that when the Constitution was written, all of its authors assumed individual electors would be elected in their districts, and it was inconceivable that a "general ticket" of electors dictated by a state would supplant the concept. Madison wrote to George Hay: > The district mode was mostly, if not exclusively in view when the Constitution was framed and adopted; & was exchanged for the general ticket [many years later]. > > Each state government was free to have its own plan for selecting its electors, and the Constitution does not explicitly require states to popularly elect their electors. However, Federalist No. 68, insofar as it reflects the intent of the founders, states that Electors will be "selected by their fellow-citizens from the general mass," and with regard to choosing Electors, "they [the framers] have referred it in the first instance to an immediate act of the people of America." Several methods for selecting electors are described below. Madison and Hamilton were so upset by the trend to "general tickets" that they advocated a constitutional amendment to prevent anything other than the district plan. Hamilton drafted an amendment to the Constitution mandating the district plan for selecting electors.[non-primary source needed] However, Hamilton's untimely death in a duel with Aaron Burr in 1804 prevented him from advancing his proposed reforms any further. "[T]he election of Presidential Electors by districts, is an amendment very proper to be brought forward," Madison told George Hay in 1823.[non-primary source needed] Madison also drafted a constitutional amendment that would insure the original "district" plan of the framers.[non-primary source needed] Jefferson agreed with Hamilton and Madison saying, "all agree that an election by districts would be the best."[non-primary source needed] Jefferson explained to Madison's correspondent why he was doubtful of the amendment being ratified: "the states are now so numerous that I despair of ever seeing another amendment of the constitution."[non-primary source needed] ### Evolution of selection plans In 1789, the at-large popular vote, the winner-take-all method, began with Pennsylvania and Maryland. Massachusetts, Virginia and Delaware used a district plan by popular vote, and state legislatures chose in the five other states participating in the election (Connecticut, Georgia, New Hampshire, New Jersey, and South Carolina).[failed verification][non-primary source needed] New York, North Carolina and Rhode Island did not participate in the election. New York's legislature deadlocked and abstained; North Carolina and Rhode Island had not yet ratified the Constitution. By 1800, Virginia and Rhode Island voted at large; Kentucky, Maryland, and North Carolina voted popularly by district; and eleven states voted by state legislature. Beginning in 1804 there was a definite trend towards the winner-take-all system for statewide popular vote.[non-primary source needed] By 1832, only South Carolina legislatively chose its electors, and it abandoned the method after 1860.[non-primary source needed] Maryland was the only state using a district plan, and from 1836 district plans fell out of use until the 20th century, though Michigan used a district plan for 1892 only. States using popular vote by district have included ten states from all regions of the country.[non-primary source needed] Since 1836, statewide winner-take-all popular voting for electors has been the almost universal practice.[non-primary source needed] Currently, Maine (since 1972) and Nebraska (since 1992) use a district plan, with two at-large electors assigned to support the winner of the statewide popular vote.[non-primary source needed] ### Correlation between popular vote and electoral college votes Since the mid-19th century, when all electors have been popularly chosen, the Electoral College has elected the candidate who received the most (though not necessarily a majority) popular votes nationwide, except in four elections: 1876, 1888, 2000, and 2016. In 1824, when there were six states in which electors were legislatively appointed, rather than popularly elected, the true national popular vote is uncertain. The electors in 1824 failed to select a winning candidate, so the matter was decided by the House of Representatives.[better source needed] ### Three-fifths clause and the role of slavery After the initial estimates agreed to in the original Constitution, Congressional and Electoral College reapportionment was made according to a decennial census to reflect population changes, modified by counting three-fifths of slaves. On this basis after the first census, the Electoral College still gave the free men of slave-owning states (but never slaves) extra power (Electors) based on a count of these disenfranchised people, in the choice of the U.S. president. At the Constitutional Convention, the college composition, in theory, amounted to 49 votes for northern states (in the process of abolishing slavery) and 42 for slave-holding states (including Delaware). In the event, the first (i.e. 1788) presidential election lacked votes and electors for unratified Rhode Island (3) and North Carolina (7) and for New York (8) which reported too late; the Northern majority was 38 to 35.[non-primary source needed] For the next two decades, the three-fifths clause led to electors of free-soil Northern states numbering 8% and 11% more than Southern states. The latter had, in the compromise, relinquished counting two-fifths of their slaves and, after 1810, were outnumbered by 15.4% to 23.2%. While House members for Southern states were boosted by an average of 1⁄3, a free-soil majority in the college maintained over this early republic and Antebellum period. Scholars further conclude that the three-fifths clause had low impact on sectional proportions and factional strength, until denying the North a pronounced supermajority, as to the Northern, federal initiative to abolish slavery. The seats that the South gained from such "slave bonus" were quite evenly distributed between the parties. In the First Party System (1795–1823), the Jefferson Republicans gained 1.1 percent more adherents from the slave bonus, while the Federalists lost the same proportion. At the Second Party System (1823–1837) the emerging Jacksonians gained just 0.7% more seats, versus the opposition loss of 1.6%. The three-fifths slave-count rule is associated with three or four outcomes, 1792–1860: * The clause, having reduced the South's power, led to John Adams's win in 1796 over Thomas Jefferson. * In 1800, historian Garry Wills argues, Jefferson's victory over Adams was due to the slave bonus count in the Electoral College as Adams would have won if citizens' votes were used for each state. However, historian Sean Wilentz points out that Jefferson's purported "slave advantage" ignores an offset by electoral manipulation by anti-Jefferson forces in Pennsylvania. Wilentz concludes that it is a myth to say that the Electoral College was a pro-slavery ploy. * In 1824, the presidential selection was passed to the House of Representatives, and John Quincy Adams was chosen over Andrew Jackson, who won fewer citizens' votes. Then Jackson won in 1828, but would have lost if the college were citizen-only apportionment. Scholars conclude that in the 1828 race, Jackson benefited materially from the Three-fifths clause by providing his margin of victory. The first "Jeffersonian" and "Jacksonian" victories were of great importance as they ushered in sustained party majorities of several Congresses and presidential party eras. Besides the Constitution prohibiting Congress from regulating foreign or domestic slave trade before 1808 and a duty on states to return escaped "persons held to service",[non-primary source needed] legal scholar Akhil Reed Amar argues that the college was originally advocated by slaveholders as a bulwark to prop up slavery. In the Congressional apportionment provided in the text of the Constitution with its Three-Fifths Compromise estimate, "Virginia emerged as the big winner [with] more than a quarter of the [votes] needed to win an election in the first round [for Washington's first presidential election in 1788]." Following the 1790 United States census, the most populous state was Virginia, with 39.1% slaves, or 292,315 counted three-fifths, to yield a calculated number of 175,389 for congressional apportionment.[non-primary source needed] "The "free" state of Pennsylvania had 10% more free persons than Virginia but got 20% fewer electoral votes." Pennsylvania split eight to seven for Jefferson, favoring Jefferson with a majority of 53% in a state with 0.1% slave population.[non-primary source needed] Historian Eric Foner agrees the Constitution's Three-Fifths Compromise gave protection to slavery. Supporters of the College have provided many counterarguments to the charges that it defended slavery. Abraham Lincoln, the president who helped abolish slavery, won a College majority in 1860 despite winning 39.8% of citizen's votes. This, however, was a clear plurality of a popular vote divided among four main candidates. Benner notes that Jefferson's first margin of victory would have been wider had the entire slave population been counted on a per capita basis. He also notes that some of the most vociferous critics of a national popular vote at the constitutional convention were delegates from free states, including Gouverneur Morris of Pennsylvania, who declared that such a system would lead to a "great evil of cabal and corruption," and Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts, who called a national popular vote "radically vicious". Delegates Oliver Ellsworth and Roger Sherman of Connecticut, a state which had adopted a gradual emancipation law three years earlier, also criticized a national popular vote. Of like view was Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, a member of Adams' Federalist Party, presidential candidate in 1800. He hailed from South Carolina and was a slaveholder. In 1824, Andrew Jackson, a slaveholder from Tennessee, was similarly defeated by John Quincy Adams, a strong critic of slavery. ### Fourteenth amendment Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment requires a state's representation in the House of Representatives to be reduced if the state denies the right to vote to any male citizen aged 21 or older, unless on the basis of "participation in rebellion, or other crime". The reduction is to be proportionate to such people denied a vote. This amendment refers to "the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States" (among other elections). It is the only part of the Constitution currently alluding to electors being selected by popular vote. On May 8, 1866, during a debate on the Fourteenth Amendment, Thaddeus Stevens, the leader of the Republicans in the House of Representatives, delivered a speech on the amendment's intent. Regarding Section 2, he said: > The second section I consider the most important in the article. It fixes the basis of representation in Congress. If any State shall exclude any of her adult male citizens from the elective franchise, or abridge that right, she shall forfeit her right to representation in the same proportion. The effect of this provision will be either to compel the States to grant universal suffrage or so shear them of their power as to keep them forever in a hopeless minority in the national Government, both legislative and executive. > > Federal law (2 U.S.C. § 6) implements Section 2's mandate. ### Meeting of electors See also: Electoral Count Act Cases of certificates of the electoral college votes confirming the results of the 2020 US election, after they had been removed from the House Chambers by congressional staff during the January 6 United States Capitol attack Article II, Section 1, Clause 4 of the Constitution authorizes Congress to fix the day on which the electors shall vote, which must be the same day throughout the United States. And both Article II, Section 1, Clause 3 and the Twelfth Amendment that replaced it specifies that "the President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted." In 1887, Congress passed the Electoral Count Act, now codified in Title 3, Chapter 1 of the United States Code, establishing specific procedures for the counting of the electoral votes. The law was passed in response to the disputed 1876 presidential election, in which several states submitted competing slates of electors. Among its provisions, the law established deadlines that the states must meet when selecting their electors, resolving disputes, and when they must cast their electoral votes. Since 1936, the date fixed by Congress for the meeting of the Electoral College is "on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December next following their appointment".[non-primary source needed] Article II, Section 1, Clause 2, disqualifies all elected and appointed federal officials from being electors. The Office of the Federal Register is charged with administering the Electoral College. After the vote, each state sends to Congress a certified record of their electoral votes, called the Certificate of Vote. These certificates are opened during a joint session of Congress, held on January 6[non-primary source needed] unless another date is specified by law, and read aloud by the incumbent vice president, acting in his capacity as president of the Senate. If any person receives an absolute majority of electoral votes, that person is declared the winner.[non-primary source needed] If there is a tie, or if no candidate for either or both offices receives an absolute majority, then choice falls to Congress in a procedure known as a contingent election. Modern mechanics ---------------- After the popular election in November, a state's Certificate of Ascertainment officially announces the state's electors for the Electoral College. The appointed Electoral College members later meet in the state capital in December to cast their votes. ### Summary Even though the aggregate national popular vote is calculated by state officials, media organizations, and the Federal Election Commission, the people only indirectly elect the president and vice president. The president and vice president of the United States are elected by the Electoral College, which consists of 538 electors from the fifty states and Washington, D.C. Electors are selected state-by-state, as determined by the laws of each state. Since the 1824 election, the majority of states have chosen their presidential electors based on winner-take-all results in the statewide popular vote on Election Day. As of 2020[update], Maine and Nebraska are exceptions as both use the congressional district method, Maine since 1972 and in Nebraska since 1992. In most states, the popular vote ballots list the names of the presidential and vice presidential candidates (who run on a ticket). The slate of electors that represent the winning ticket will vote for those two offices. Electors are nominated by the party and, usually, they vote for the ticket to which are promised.[non-primary source needed] Many states require an elector to vote for the candidate to which the elector is pledged, but some "faithless electors" have voted for other candidates or refrained from voting. A candidate must receive an absolute majority of electoral votes (currently 270) to win the presidency or the vice presidency. If no candidate receives a majority in the election for president or vice president, the election is determined via a contingency procedure established by the Twelfth Amendment. In such a situation, the House chooses one of the top three presidential electoral vote winners as the president, while the Senate chooses one of the top two vice presidential electoral vote winners as vice president. ### Electors #### Apportionment Further information: United States congressional apportionment Population per electoral vote for each state and Washington, D.C. (2020 census). A single elector could represent more than 700,000 people or under 200,000. A state's number of electors equals the number of representatives plus two electors for the senators the state has in the United States Congress. Each state is entitled to at least one representative, the remaining number of representatives per state is apportioned based on their respective populations, determined every ten years by the United States census. In summary, 153 electors are divided equally among the states and the District of Columbia (3 each), and the remaining 385 are assigned by an apportionment among states.[non-primary source needed] Under the Twenty-third Amendment, Washington, D.C. is allocated as many electors as it would have if it were a state but no more electors than the least populous state. Because the least populous state (Wyoming, according to the 2020 census) has three electors, D.C. cannot have more than three electors. Even if D.C. were a state, its population would entitle it to only three electors. Based on its population per electoral vote, D.C. has the third highest per capita Electoral College representation, after Wyoming and Vermont.[non-primary source needed] Currently, there are 538 electors, based on 435 representatives, 100 senators from the fifty states and three electors from Washington, D.C. The six states with the most electors are California (54), Texas (40), Florida (30), New York (28), Illinois (19), and Pennsylvania (19). The District of Columbia and the six least populous states—Alaska, Delaware, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont, and Wyoming—have three electors each.[non-primary source needed] #### Nominations The custom of allowing recognized political parties to select a slate of prospective electors developed early. In contemporary practice, each presidential-vice presidential ticket has an associated slate of potential electors. Then on Election Day, the voters select a ticket and thereby select the associated electors. Candidates for elector are nominated by state chapters of nationally oriented political parties in the months prior to Election Day. In some states, the electors are nominated by voters in primaries the same way other presidential candidates are nominated. In some states, such as Oklahoma, Virginia, and North Carolina, electors are nominated in party conventions. In Pennsylvania, the campaign committee of each candidate names their respective electoral college candidates (an attempt to discourage faithless electors). Varying by state, electors may also be elected by state legislatures or appointed by the parties themselves.[unreliable fringe source?] #### Selection process Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 of the Constitution requires each state legislature to determine how electors for the state are to be chosen, but it disqualifies any person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, from being an elector. Under Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment, any person who has sworn an oath to support the United States Constitution in order to hold either a state or federal office, and later rebelled against the United States directly or by giving assistance to those doing so, is disqualified from being an elector. However, Congress may remove this disqualification by a two-thirds vote in each House. All states currently choose presidential electors by popular vote. As of 2020, eight states name the electors on the ballot. Mostly, the "short ballot" is used; the short ballot displays the names of the candidates for president and vice president, rather than the names of prospective electors. Some states support voting for write-in candidates; those that do may require pre-registration of write-in candidacy, with designation of electors being done at that time. Since 1992, all but two states have followed the winner takes all method of allocating electors by which every person named on the slate for the ticket winning the statewide popular vote are named as presidential electors. Maine and Nebraska are the only states not using this method. In those states, the winner of the popular vote in each of its congressional districts is awarded one elector, and the winner of the statewide vote is then awarded the state's remaining two electors. This method has been used in Maine since 1972 and in Nebraska since 1992. The Supreme Court previously upheld the power for a state to choose electors on the basis of congressional districts, holding that states possess plenary power to decide how electors are appointed in McPherson v. Blacker, 146 U.S. 1 (1892). The Tuesday following the first Monday in November has been fixed as the day for holding federal elections, called the Election Day. After the election, each state prepares seven Certificates of Ascertainment, each listing the candidates for president and vice president, their pledged electors, and the total votes each candidacy received.[non-primary source needed] One certificate is sent, as soon after Election Day as practicable, to the National Archivist in Washington. The Certificates of Ascertainment are mandated to carry the state seal and the signature of the governor (or mayor of D.C.).[non-primary source needed] #### Meetings When the state's electors meet in December, they cast their ballots and record their vote on a Certificate of Vote, which is then sent to the U.S. Congress. (From the election of 1876) The Electoral College never meets as one body. Electors meet in their respective state capitals (electors for the District of Columbia meet within the District) on the same day (set by Congress as the Monday after the second Wednesday in December) at which time they cast their electoral votes on separate ballots for president and vice president.[non-primary source needed] Although procedures in each state vary slightly, the electors generally follow a similar series of steps, and the Congress has constitutional authority to regulate the procedures the states follow.[] The meeting is opened by the election certification official—often that state's secretary of state or equivalent—who reads the certificate of ascertainment. This document sets forth who was chosen to cast the electoral votes. The attendance of the electors is taken and any vacancies are noted in writing. The next step is the selection of a president or chairman of the meeting, sometimes also with a vice chairman. The electors sometimes choose a secretary, often not an elector, to take the minutes of the meeting. In many states, political officials give short speeches at this point in the proceedings.[non-primary source needed] When the time for balloting arrives, the electors choose one or two people to act as tellers. Some states provide for the placing in nomination of a candidate to receive the electoral votes (the candidate for president of the political party of the electors). Each elector submits a written ballot with the name of a candidate for president. Ballot formats vary between the states: in New Jersey for example, the electors cast ballots by checking the name of the candidate on a pre-printed card; in North Carolina, the electors write the name of the candidate on a blank card. The tellers count the ballots and announce the result. The next step is the casting of the vote for vice president, which follows a similar pattern.[non-primary source needed] Under the Electoral Count Act (updated and codified in 3 U.S.C. § 9), each state's electors must complete six certificates of vote. Each Certificate of Vote (or Certificate of the Vote) must be signed by all of the electors and a certificate of ascertainment must be attached to each of the certificates of vote. Each Certificate of Vote must include the names of those who received an electoral vote for either the office of president or of vice president. The electors certify the Certificates of Vote, and copies of the certificates are then sent in the following fashion:[non-primary source needed] * One is sent by registered mail to the President of the Senate (who usually is the incumbent vice president of the United States); * Two are sent by registered mail to the Archivist of the United States; * Two are sent to the states' secretary of state; and * One is sent to the chief judge of the United States district court where those electors met. A staff member of the President of the Senate collects the certificates of vote as they arrive and prepares them for the joint session of the Congress. The certificates are arranged—unopened—in alphabetical order and placed in two special mahogany boxes. Alabama through Missouri (including the District of Columbia) are placed in one box and Montana through Wyoming are placed in the other box. Before 1950, the Secretary of State's office oversaw the certifications, but since then the Office of Federal Register in the Archivist's office reviews them to make sure the documents sent to the archive and Congress match and that all formalities have been followed, sometimes requiring states to correct the documents. #### Faithless electors Main article: Faithless elector An elector votes for each office, but at least one of these votes (president or vice president) must be cast for a person who is not a resident of the same state as that elector. A "faithless elector" is one who does not cast an electoral vote for the candidate of the party for whom that elector pledged to vote. Faithless electors are comparatively rare because electors are generally chosen among those who are already personally committed to a party and party's candidate. Thirty-three states plus the District of Columbia have laws against faithless electors, which were first enforced after the 2016 election, where ten electors voted or attempted to vote contrary to their pledges. Faithless electors have never changed the outcome of a U.S. election for president. Altogether, 23,529 electors have taken part in the Electoral College as of the 2016 election; only 165 electors have cast votes for someone other than their party's nominee. Of that group, 71 did so because the nominee had died – 63 Democratic Party electors in 1872, when presidential nominee Horace Greeley died; and eight Republican Party electors in 1912, when vice presidential nominee James S. Sherman died. While faithless electors have never changed the outcome of any presidential election, there are two occasions where the vice presidential election has been influenced by faithless electors: * In the 1796 election, 18 electors pledged to the Federalist Party ticket cast their first vote as pledged for John Adams, electing him president, but did not cast their second vote for his running mate Thomas Pinckney. As a result, Adams attained 71 electoral votes, Jefferson received 68, and Pinckney received 59, meaning Jefferson, rather than Pinckney, became vice president. * In the 1836 election, Virginia's 23 electors, who were pledged to Richard Mentor Johnson, voted instead for former U.S. Senator William Smith, which left Johnson one vote short of the majority needed to be elected. In accordance with the Twelfth Amendment, a contingent election was held in the Senate between the top two receivers of electoral votes, Johnson and Francis Granger, for vice president, with Johnson being elected on the first ballot. Some constitutional scholars argued that state restrictions would be struck down if challenged based on Article II and the Twelfth Amendment. However, the United States Supreme Court has consistently ruled that state restrictions are allowed under the Constitution. In Ray v. Blair, 343 U.S. 214 (1952), the Court ruled in favor of state laws requiring electors to pledge to vote for the winning candidate, as well as removing electors who refuse to pledge. As stated in the ruling, electors are acting as a functionary of the state, not the federal government. In Chiafalo v. Washington, 591 U.S. \_\_\_ (2020), and a related case, the Court held that electors must vote in accord with their state's laws. Faithless electors also may face censure from their political party, as they are usually chosen based on their perceived party loyalty. ### Joint session of Congress Main articles: Electoral Count Act and Electoral Count Reform and Presidential Transition Improvement Act The Twelfth Amendment mandates Congress assemble in joint session to count the electoral votes and declare the winners of the election. The session is ordinarily required to take place on January 6 in the calendar year immediately following the meetings of the presidential electors. Since the Twentieth Amendment, the newly elected joint Congress declares the winner of the election; all elections before 1936 were determined by the outgoing House. The Office of the Federal Register is charged with administering the Electoral College. The meeting is held at 1 p.m. in the chamber of the U.S. House of Representatives. The sitting vice president is expected to preside, but in several cases the president pro tempore of the Senate has chaired the proceedings. The vice president and the speaker of the House sit at the podium, with the vice president sitting to the right of the speaker of the House. Senate pages bring in two mahogany boxes containing each state's certified vote and place them on tables in front of the senators and representatives. Each house appoints two tellers to count the vote (normally one member of each political party). Relevant portions of the certificate of vote are read for each state, in alphabetical order. Before an amendment to the law in 2022, members of Congress could object to any state's vote count, provided objection is presented in writing and is signed by at least one member of each house of Congress. In 2022, the number of members required to make an objection was raised to one-fifth of each House. An appropriately made objection is followed by the suspension of the joint session and by separate debates and votes in each House of Congress; after both Houses deliberate on the objection, the joint session is resumed. A state's certificate of vote can be rejected only if both Houses of Congress vote to accept the objection via a simple majority, meaning the votes from the State in question are not counted. Individual votes can also be rejected, and are also not counted. If there are no objections or all objections are overruled, the presiding officer simply includes a state's votes, as declared in the certificate of vote, in the official tally. After the certificates from all states are read and the respective votes are counted, the presiding officer simply announces the final state of the vote. This announcement concludes the joint session and formalizes the recognition of the president-elect and of the vice president-elect. The senators then depart from the House chamber. The final tally is printed in the Senate and House journals. #### Historical objections and rejections Objections to the electoral vote count are rarely raised, although it has occurred a few times. * In 1864, all votes from Louisiana and Tennessee were rejected because of the American Civil War. * In 1872, all votes from Arkansas and Louisiana plus three of the eleven electoral votes from Georgia were rejected, due to allegations of electoral fraud, and due to submitting votes for a candidate that had died. * After the crises of the 1876 election, where in a few states it was claimed there were two competing state governments, and thus competing slates of electors, Congress adopted the Electoral Count Act to regularize objection procedure. * During the vote count in 2001 after the close 2000 presidential election between Governor George W. Bush of Texas and Vice President Al Gore. The election had been controversial, and its outcome was decided by the court case Bush v. Gore. Gore, who as vice president was required to preside over his own Electoral College defeat (by five electoral votes), denied the objections, all of which were raised by representatives and would have favored his candidacy, after no senators would agree to jointly object. * Objections were raised in the vote count of the 2004 election, alleging voter suppression and machine irregularities in Ohio, and on that occasion one representative and one senator objected, following protocols mandated by the Electoral Count Act. The joint session was suspended as outlined in these protocols, and the objections were quickly disposed of and rejected by both Houses of Congress. * Eleven objections were raised during the vote count for the 2016 election, all by various Democratic representatives. As no senator joined the representatives in any objection, all objections were blocked by Vice President Joe Biden. * In the 2020 election, there were two objections, and the proceeding was interrupted by an attack on the U.S. Capitol by supporters of outgoing President Donald Trump. Objections to the votes from Arizona and Pennsylvania were each raised by a House member and a senator, and triggered separate debate in each chamber, but were soundly defeated. A few House members raised objections to the votes from Georgia, Michigan, Nevada, and Wisconsin, but they could not move forward because no senator joined in those objections. ### Contingencies Further information: Contingent election #### Contingent presidential election by House If no candidate for president receives an absolute majority of the electoral votes (since 1964, 270 of the 538 electoral votes), then the Twelfth Amendment requires the House of Representatives to go into session immediately to choose a president. In this event, the House of Representatives is limited to choosing from among the three candidates who received the most electoral votes for president. Each state delegation votes en bloc—each delegation having a single vote; the District of Columbia does not get to vote. A candidate must receive an absolute majority of state delegation votes (i.e. from 1959 (which is the last time a new state was admitted to the union), a minimum of 26 votes) in order for that candidate to become the president-elect. Additionally, delegations from at least two thirds of all the states must be present for voting to take place. The House continues balloting until it elects a president. The House of Representatives has been required to choose the president only twice: in 1801 under Article II, Section 1, Clause 3; and in 1825 under the Twelfth Amendment. #### Contingent vice presidential election by Senate If no candidate for vice president receives an absolute majority of electoral votes, then the Senate must go into session to choose a vice president. The Senate is limited to choosing from the two candidates who received the most electoral votes for vice president. Normally this would mean two candidates, one less than the number of candidates available in the House vote. However, the text is written in such a way that all candidates with the most and second-most electoral votes are eligible for the Senate election—this number could theoretically be larger than two. The Senate votes in the normal manner in this case (i.e. ballots are individually cast by each senator, not by state delegations). However, two-thirds of the senators must be present for voting to take place. Additionally, the Twelfth Amendment states a "majority of the whole number" of senators (currently 51 of 100) is necessary for election. Further, the language requiring an absolute majority of Senate votes precludes the sitting vice president from breaking any tie that might occur, although some academics and journalists have speculated to the contrary. The only time the Senate chose the vice president was in 1837. In that instance, the Senate adopted an alphabetical roll call and voting aloud. The rules further stated, "[I]f a majority of the number of senators shall vote for either the said Richard M. Johnson or Francis Granger, he shall be declared by the presiding officer of the Senate constitutionally elected Vice President of the United States"; the Senate chose Johnson. #### Deadlocked election Section 3 of the Twentieth Amendment specifies that if the House of Representatives has not chosen a president-elect in time for the inauguration (noon EST on January 20), then the vice president-elect becomes acting president until the House selects a president. Section 3 also specifies that Congress may statutorily provide for who will be acting president if there is neither a president-elect nor a vice president-elect in time for the inauguration. Under the Presidential Succession Act of 1947, the Speaker of the House would become acting president until either the House selects a president or the Senate selects a vice president. Neither of these situations has ever arisen to this day. #### Continuity of government and peaceful transitions of power See also: United States presidential assassination attempts and plots and United States federal government continuity of operations In Federalist No. 68, Alexander Hamilton argued that one concern that led the Constitutional Convention to create the Electoral College was to ensure peaceful transitions of power and continuity of government during transitions between presidential administrations. While recognizing that the question had not been presented in the case, the U.S. Supreme Court stated in the majority opinion in Chiafalo v. Washington (2020) that "nothing in this opinion should be taken to permit the States to bind electors to a deceased candidate" after noting that more than one-third of the cumulative faithless elector votes in U.S. presidential elections history were cast during the 1872 presidential election when Liberal Republican Party and Democratic Party nominee Horace Greeley died after the polls were held and vote tabulations were completed by the states but before the Electoral College cast its ballots, and acknowledging the petitioners concern about the potential turmoil that the death of a presidential candidate between Election Day and the Electoral College meetings could cause. In 1872, Greeley had carried the popular vote in 6 states (Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, Tennessee, and Texas) and had 66 electoral votes pledged to him, but after his death on November 29, 1872, 63 of the electors pledged to him voted faithlessly while 3 votes (from Georgia) that remained pledged to him were rejected at the Electoral College vote count on February 12, 1873, on the grounds that he had died. However, Greeley's running mate, B. Gratz Brown, still received the 3 electoral votes from Georgia for vice president that were rejected for Greeley, which brought Brown's number of electoral votes for vice president to 47 since he still received all 28 electoral votes from Maryland, Tennessee, and Texas and 16 other electoral votes from Georgia, Kentucky, and Missouri in total (while the other 19 electors from the latter states voted faithlessly for vice president). During the presidential transition following the 1860 presidential election, Abraham Lincoln had to arrive in Washington, D.C. in disguise and on an altered train schedule after the Pinkerton National Detective Agency found evidence that suggested a secessionist plot to assassinate Lincoln would be attempted in Baltimore. During the presidential transition following the 1928 presidential election, an Argentine anarchist group plotted to assassinate Herbert Hoover while Hoover was traveling through Central and South America and crossing the Andes from Chile by train, but were prevented because the plotters were arrested before the attempt was made. During the presidential transition following the 1932 presidential election, Giuseppe Zangara attempted to assassinate Franklin D. Roosevelt by gunshot while Roosevelt was giving an impromptu speech in a car in Miami, but instead killed Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak (who was also a passenger in the car) and wounded 5 bystanders. During the presidential transition following the 1960 presidential election, Richard Paul Pavlick plotted to assassinate John F. Kennedy while Kennedy was vacationing in Palm Beach, Florida by detonating a dynamite-laden car where Kennedy was staying, but Pavlick delayed his attempt and was subsequently arrested and committed to a mental hospital. During the presidential transition following the 2008 presidential election, Barack Obama was targeted in separate security incidents by an assassination plot and a death threat, after an assassination plot in Denver during the 2008 Democratic National Convention and an assassination plot in Tennessee during the election were prevented. Ratified in 1933, Section 3 of the 20th Amendment requires that if a President-elect dies before Inauguration Day that the Vice President-elect becomes the President. Akhil Amar has noted that the explicit text of the 20th Amendment does not specify when the candidates of the winning presidential ticket officially become the President-elect and Vice President-elect, and that the text of Article II, Section I and the 12th Amendment suggests that candidates for president and vice president are only formally elected upon the Electoral College vote count. Conversely, a 2020 report issued by the Congressional Research Service (CRS) stated that the balance of scholarly opinion has concluded that the winning presidential ticket is formally elected as soon as the majority of the electoral votes they receive are cast according to the 1932 House committee report on the 20th Amendment. If a vacancy on a presidential ticket occurs before Election Day—as in 1912 when Republican nominee for Vice President James S. Sherman died less than a week before the election and was replaced by Nicholas Murray Butler at the Electoral College meetings, and in 1972 when Democratic nominee for Vice President Thomas Eagleton withdrew his nomination less than three weeks after the Democratic National Convention and was replaced by Sargent Shriver—the internal rules of the political parties apply for filling vacancies. If a vacancy on a presidential ticket occurs between Election Day and the Electoral College meetings, the 2020 CRS report notes that most legal commentators have suggested that political parties would still follow their internal rules for filling the vacancies. However, in 1872, the Democratic National Committee did not meet to name a replacement for Horace Greeley, and the 2020 CRS report notes that presidential electors may argue that they are permitted to vote faithlessly if a vacancy occurs between Election Day and the Electoral College meetings since they were pledged to vote for a specific candidate. Under the Presidential Succession Clause of Article II, Section I, Congress is delegated the power to "by Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected." Pursuant to the Presidential Succession Clause, the 2nd United States Congress passed the Presidential Succession Act of 1792 that required a special election by the Electoral College in the case of a dual vacancy in the Presidency and Vice Presidency. Despite vacancies in the Vice Presidency from 1792 to 1886, the special election requirement would be repealed with the rest of the Presidential Succession Act of 1792 by the 49th United States Congress in passing the Presidential Succession Act of 1886. In a special message to the 80th United States Congress calling for revisions to the Presidential Succession Act of 1886, President Harry S. Truman proposed restoring special elections for dual vacancies in the Presidency and Vice Presidency, and while most of Truman's proposal was included in the final version of the Presidential Succession Act of 1947, the restoration of special elections for dual vacancies was not. Along with six other recommendations related to presidential succession, the Continuity of Government Commission recommended restoring special elections for president in the event of a dual vacancy in the Presidency and Vice Presidency due to a catastrophic terrorist attack or nuclear strike in part because all members of the presidential line of succession live and work in Washington, D.C. Under the 12th Amendment, presidential electors are still required to meet and cast their ballots for president and vice president within their respective states. Additionally, the CRS has noted in a separate report released in 2020 that members of the presidential line of succession after vice president only become an acting president under the Presidential Succession Clause and Section 3 of the 20th Amendment rather than fully succeeding to the Presidency. ### Current electoral vote distribution Electoral votes (EV) allocations for the 2024 and 2028 presidential elections. Triangular markers (IncreaseDecrease) indicate gains or losses following the 2020 census.\| EV × States \| States\* \| \| --- \| --- \| \| 54 × 1 = 54 \| DecreaseCalifornia \| \| 40 × 1 = 40 \| IncreaseIncreaseTexas \| \| 30 × 1 = 30 \| IncreaseFlorida \| \| 28 × 1 = 28 \| DecreaseNew York \| \| 19 × 2 = 38 \| DecreaseIllinois, DecreasePennsylvania \| \| 17 × 1 = 17 \| DecreaseOhio \| \| 16 × 2 = 32 \| Georgia, IncreaseNorth Carolina \| \| 15 × 1 = 15 \| DecreaseMichigan \| \| 14 × 1 = 14 \| New Jersey \| \| 13 × 1 = 13 \| Virginia \| \| 12 × 1 = 12 \| Washington \| \| 11 × 4 = 44 \| Arizona, Indiana, Massachusetts, Tennessee \| \| 10 × 5 = 50 \| IncreaseColorado, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, Wisconsin \| \| 9 × 2 = 18 \| Alabama, South Carolina \| \| 8 × 3 = 24 \| Kentucky, Louisiana, IncreaseOregon \| \| 7 × 2 = 14 \| Connecticut, Oklahoma \| \| 6 × 6 = 36 \| Arkansas, Iowa, Kansas, Mississippi, Nevada, Utah \| \| 5 × 2 = 10 \| Nebraska\\, New Mexico \| \| 4 × 7 = 28 \| Hawaii, Idaho, Maine\\, IncreaseMontana, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, DecreaseWest Virginia \| \| 3 × 7 = 21 \| Alaska, Delaware, District of Columbia\, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont, Wyoming \| \| = 538 \| Total electors \| \ The Twenty-third Amendment grants DC the same number of electors as the least populous state. This has always been three. \\ Maine's four electors and Nebraska's five are distributed using the Congressional district method. Chronological table ------------------- See also: Electoral vote changes between United States presidential elections Number of presidential electors by state and year\| Electionyear \| 1788–1800 \| 1804–1900 \| 1904–2000 \| 2004– \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| '88 \| '92 \| '96'00 \| '04'08 \| '12 \| '16 \| '20 \| '24'28 \| '32 \| '36'40 \| '44 \| '48 \| '52'56 \| '60 \| '64 \| '68 \| '72 \| '76'80 \| '84'88 \| '92 \| '96'00 \| '04 \| '08 \| '12'16'20'24'28 \| '32'36'40 \| '44'48 \| '52'56 \| '60 \| '64'68 \| '72'76'80 \| '84'88 \| '92'96'00 \| '04'08 \| '12'16'20 \| '24'28 \| \| # \| Total \| 81 \| 135 \| 138 \| 176 \| 218 \| 221 \| 235 \| 261 \| 288 \| 294 \| 275 \| 290 \| 296 \| 303 \| 234251 \| 294 \| 366 \| 369 \| 401 \| 444 \| 447 \| 476 \| 483 \| 531 \| 537 \| 538 \| \| \| State \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 22 \| Alabama \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3 \| 5 \| 7 \| 7 \| 9 \| 9 \| 9 \| 9 \| 0 \| 8 \| 10 \| 10 \| 10 \| 11 \| 11 \| 11 \| 11 \| 12 \| 11 \| 11 \| 11 \| 11 \| 10 \| 9 \| 9 \| 9 \| 9 \| 9 \| 9 \| \| 49 \| Alaska \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| \| 48 \| Arizona \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3 \| 3 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 10 \| 11 \| 11 \| \| 25 \| Arkansas \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 4 \| 4 \| 0 \| 5 \| 6 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 8 \| 9 \| 9 \| 9 \| 9 \| 9 \| 8 \| 8 \| 6 \| 6 \| 6 \| 6 \| 6 \| 6 \| 6 \| \| 31 \| California \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 4 \| 4 \| 5 \| 5 \| 6 \| 6 \| 8 \| 9 \| 9 \| 10 \| 10 \| 13 \| 22 \| 25 \| 32 \| 32 \| 40 \| 45 \| 47 \| 54 \| 55 \| 55 \| 54 \| \| 38 \| Colorado \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3 \| 3 \| 4 \| 4 \| 5 \| 5 \| 6 \| 6 \| 6 \| 6 \| 6 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 8 \| 9 \| 9 \| 10 \| \| 5 \| Connecticut \| 7 \| 9 \| 9 \| 9 \| 9 \| 9 \| 9 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 6 \| 6 \| 6 \| 6 \| 6 \| 6 \| 6 \| 6 \| 6 \| 6 \| 6 \| 7 \| 7 \| 7 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 7 \| 7 \| 7 \| \| – \| D.C. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| \| 1 \| Delaware \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| \| 27 \| Florida \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 0 \| 3 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 5 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 10 \| 10 \| 14 \| 17 \| 21 \| 25 \| 27 \| 29 \| 30 \| \| 4 \| Georgia \| 5 \| 4 \| 4 \| 6 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 9 \| 11 \| 11 \| 10 \| 10 \| 10 \| 10 \| 0 \| 9 \| 11 \| 11 \| 12 \| 13 \| 13 \| 13 \| 13 \| 14 \| 12 \| 12 \| 12 \| 12 \| 12 \| 12 \| 12 \| 13 \| 15 \| 16 \| 16 \| \| 50 \| Hawaii \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| \| 43 \| Idaho \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| \| 21 \| Illinois \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3 \| 3 \| 5 \| 5 \| 9 \| 9 \| 11 \| 11 \| 16 \| 16 \| 21 \| 21 \| 22 \| 24 \| 24 \| 27 \| 27 \| 29 \| 29 \| 28 \| 27 \| 27 \| 26 \| 26 \| 24 \| 22 \| 21 \| 20 \| 19 \| \| 19 \| Indiana \| \| \| \| \| \| 3 \| 3 \| 5 \| 9 \| 9 \| 12 \| 12 \| 13 \| 13 \| 13 \| 13 \| 15 \| 15 \| 15 \| 15 \| 15 \| 15 \| 15 \| 15 \| 14 \| 13 \| 13 \| 13 \| 13 \| 13 \| 12 \| 12 \| 11 \| 11 \| 11 \| \| 29 \| Iowa \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 8 \| 8 \| 11 \| 11 \| 13 \| 13 \| 13 \| 13 \| 13 \| 13 \| 11 \| 10 \| 10 \| 10 \| 9 \| 8 \| 8 \| 7 \| 7 \| 6 \| 6 \| \| 34 \| Kansas \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3 \| 3 \| 5 \| 5 \| 9 \| 10 \| 10 \| 10 \| 10 \| 10 \| 9 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 7 \| 7 \| 7 \| 6 \| 6 \| 6 \| 6 \| \| 15 \| Kentucky \| \| 4 \| 4 \| 8 \| 12 \| 12 \| 12 \| 14 \| 15 \| 15 \| 12 \| 12 \| 12 \| 12 \| 11 \| 11 \| 12 \| 12 \| 13 \| 13 \| 13 \| 13 \| 13 \| 13 \| 11 \| 11 \| 10 \| 10 \| 9 \| 9 \| 9 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| \| 18 \| Louisiana \| \| \| \| \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 5 \| 5 \| 5 \| 6 \| 6 \| 6 \| 6 \| 7 \| 7 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 9 \| 9 \| 10 \| 10 \| 10 \| 10 \| 10 \| 10 \| 10 \| 10 \| 9 \| 9 \| 8 \| 8 \| \| 23 \| Maine \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 9 \| 9 \| 10 \| 10 \| 9 \| 9 \| 8 \| 8 \| 7 \| 7 \| 7 \| 7 \| 6 \| 6 \| 6 \| 6 \| 6 \| 6 \| 5 \| 5 \| 5 \| 5 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| \| 7 \| Maryland \| 8 \| 10 \| 10 \| 11 \| 11 \| 11 \| 11 \| 11 \| 10 \| 10 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 7 \| 7 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 9 \| 9 \| 10 \| 10 \| 10 \| 10 \| 10 \| 10 \| 10 \| \| 6 \| Massachusetts \| 10 \| 16 \| 16 \| 19 \| 22 \| 22 \| 15 \| 15 \| 14 \| 14 \| 12 \| 12 \| 13 \| 13 \| 12 \| 12 \| 13 \| 13 \| 14 \| 15 \| 15 \| 16 \| 16 \| 18 \| 17 \| 16 \| 16 \| 16 \| 14 \| 14 \| 13 \| 12 \| 12 \| 11 \| 11 \| \| 26 \| Michigan \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3 \| 5 \| 5 \| 6 \| 6 \| 8 \| 8 \| 11 \| 11 \| 13 \| 14 \| 14 \| 14 \| 14 \| 15 \| 19 \| 19 \| 20 \| 20 \| 21 \| 21 \| 20 \| 18 \| 17 \| 16 \| 15 \| \| 32 \| Minnesota \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 5 \| 5 \| 7 \| 9 \| 9 \| 11 \| 11 \| 12 \| 11 \| 11 \| 11 \| 11 \| 10 \| 10 \| 10 \| 10 \| 10 \| 10 \| 10 \| \| 20 \| Mississippi \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3 \| 3 \| 4 \| 4 \| 6 \| 6 \| 7 \| 7 \| 0 \| 0 \| 8 \| 8 \| 9 \| 9 \| 9 \| 10 \| 10 \| 10 \| 9 \| 9 \| 8 \| 8 \| 7 \| 7 \| 7 \| 7 \| 6 \| 6 \| 6 \| \| 24 \| Missouri \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3 \| 3 \| 4 \| 4 \| 7 \| 7 \| 9 \| 9 \| 11 \| 11 \| 15 \| 15 \| 16 \| 17 \| 17 \| 18 \| 18 \| 18 \| 15 \| 15 \| 13 \| 13 \| 12 \| 12 \| 11 \| 11 \| 11 \| 10 \| 10 \| \| 41 \| Montana \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 4 \| \| 37 \| Nebraska \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 5 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 7 \| 6 \| 6 \| 6 \| 5 \| 5 \| 5 \| 5 \| 5 \| 5 \| 5 \| \| 36 \| Nevada \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 4 \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 6 \| \| 9 \| New Hampshire \| 5 \| 6 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 7 \| 7 \| 6 \| 6 \| 5 \| 5 \| 5 \| 5 \| 5 \| 5 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| \| 3 \| New Jersey \| 6 \| 7 \| 7 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 7 \| 7 \| 7 \| 7 \| 7 \| 7 \| 9 \| 9 \| 9 \| 10 \| 10 \| 12 \| 12 \| 14 \| 16 \| 16 \| 16 \| 16 \| 17 \| 17 \| 16 \| 15 \| 15 \| 14 \| 14 \| \| 47 \| New Mexico \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3 \| 3 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 5 \| 5 \| 5 \| 5 \| 5 \| \| 11 \| New York \| 8 \| 12 \| 12 \| 19 \| 29 \| 29 \| 29 \| 36 \| 42 \| 42 \| 36 \| 36 \| 35 \| 35 \| 33 \| 33 \| 35 \| 35 \| 36 \| 36 \| 36 \| 39 \| 39 \| 45 \| 47 \| 47 \| 45 \| 45 \| 43 \| 41 \| 36 \| 33 \| 31 \| 29 \| 28 \| \| 12 \| North Carolina \| \| 12 \| 12 \| 14 \| 15 \| 15 \| 15 \| 15 \| 15 \| 15 \| 11 \| 11 \| 10 \| 10 \| 0 \| 9 \| 10 \| 10 \| 11 \| 11 \| 11 \| 12 \| 12 \| 12 \| 13 \| 14 \| 14 \| 14 \| 13 \| 13 \| 13 \| 14 \| 15 \| 15 \| 16 \| \| 39 \| North Dakota \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3 \| 3 \| 4 \| 4 \| 5 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| \| 17 \| Ohio \| \| \| \| 3 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 16 \| 21 \| 21 \| 23 \| 23 \| 23 \| 23 \| 21 \| 21 \| 22 \| 22 \| 23 \| 23 \| 23 \| 23 \| 23 \| 24 \| 26 \| 25 \| 25 \| 25 \| 26 \| 25 \| 23 \| 21 \| 20 \| 18 \| 17 \| \| 46 \| Oklahoma \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 7 \| 10 \| 11 \| 10 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 7 \| 7 \| 7 \| \| 33 \| Oregon \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 5 \| 5 \| 6 \| 6 \| 6 \| 6 \| 6 \| 7 \| 7 \| 7 \| 7 \| 8 \| \| 2 \| Pennsylvania \| 10 \| 15 \| 15 \| 20 \| 25 \| 25 \| 25 \| 28 \| 30 \| 30 \| 26 \| 26 \| 27 \| 27 \| 26 \| 26 \| 29 \| 29 \| 30 \| 32 \| 32 \| 34 \| 34 \| 38 \| 36 \| 35 \| 32 \| 32 \| 29 \| 27 \| 25 \| 23 \| 21 \| 20 \| 19 \| \| 13 \| Rhode Island \| \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 5 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| \| 8 \| South Carolina \| 7 \| 8 \| 8 \| 10 \| 11 \| 11 \| 11 \| 11 \| 11 \| 11 \| 9 \| 9 \| 8 \| 8 \| 0 \| 6 \| 7 \| 7 \| 9 \| 9 \| 9 \| 9 \| 9 \| 9 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 9 \| 9 \| \| 40 \| South Dakota \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 5 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| \| 16 \| Tennessee \| \| \| 3 \| 5 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 11 \| 15 \| 15 \| 13 \| 13 \| 12 \| 12 \| 10 \| 10 \| 12 \| 12 \| 12 \| 12 \| 12 \| 12 \| 12 \| 12 \| 11 \| 12 \| 11 \| 11 \| 11 \| 10 \| 11 \| 11 \| 11 \| 11 \| 11 \| \| 28 \| Texas \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 0 \| 0 \| 8 \| 8 \| 13 \| 15 \| 15 \| 18 \| 18 \| 20 \| 23 \| 23 \| 24 \| 24 \| 25 \| 26 \| 29 \| 32 \| 34 \| 38 \| 40 \| \| 45 \| Utah \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 5 \| 5 \| 5 \| 6 \| 6 \| \| 14 \| Vermont \| \| 4 \| 4 \| 6 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 7 \| 7 \| 7 \| 6 \| 6 \| 5 \| 5 \| 5 \| 5 \| 5 \| 5 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 4 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| \| 10 \| Virginia \| 12 \| 21 \| 21 \| 24 \| 25 \| 25 \| 25 \| 24 \| 23 \| 23 \| 17 \| 17 \| 15 \| 15 \| 0 \| 0 \| 11 \| 11 \| 12 \| 12 \| 12 \| 12 \| 12 \| 12 \| 11 \| 11 \| 12 \| 12 \| 12 \| 12 \| 12 \| 13 \| 13 \| 13 \| 13 \| \| 42 \| Washington \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 4 \| 4 \| 5 \| 5 \| 7 \| 8 \| 8 \| 9 \| 9 \| 9 \| 9 \| 10 \| 11 \| 11 \| 12 \| 12 \| \| 35 \| West Virginia \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 5 \| 5 \| 5 \| 5 \| 6 \| 6 \| 6 \| 7 \| 7 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 8 \| 7 \| 6 \| 6 \| 5 \| 5 \| 5 \| 4 \| \| 30 \| Wisconsin \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 4 \| 5 \| 5 \| 8 \| 8 \| 10 \| 10 \| 11 \| 12 \| 12 \| 13 \| 13 \| 13 \| 12 \| 12 \| 12 \| 12 \| 12 \| 11 \| 11 \| 11 \| 10 \| 10 \| 10 \| \| 44 \| Wyoming \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| 3 \| \| # \| Total \| 81 \| 135 \| 138 \| 176 \| 218 \| 221 \| 235 \| 261 \| 288 \| 294 \| 275 \| 290 \| 296 \| 303 \| 234251 \| 294 \| 366 \| 369 \| 401 \| 444 \| 447 \| 476 \| 483 \| 531 \| 537 \| 538 \| Source: Presidential Elections 1789–2000 at Psephos (Adam Carr's Election Archive) Note: In 1788, 1792, 1796, and 1800, each elector cast two votes for president. This cartogram shows the number of electors from each state for the 2012, 2016 and 2020 presidential elections. Following the 2010 census, New York and Ohio lost two electoral votes, 8 states lost one, 6 states gained one, Florida gained two, and Texas gained four. Alternative methods of choosing electors ---------------------------------------- Methods of presidential elector selection, by state, 1789–1832\| Year \| \| AL \| CT \| DE \| GA \| IL \| \| IN \| KY \| LA \| ME \| MD \| \| MA \| MS \| MO \| NH \| NJ \| \| NY \| NC \| OH \| PA \| RI \| \| SC \| TN \| VT \| VA \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 1789 \| \| – \| L \| D \| L \| – \| \| – \| – \| – \| – \| A \| \| H \| – \| – \| H \| L \| \| – \| – \| – \| A \| – \| \| L \| – \| – \| D \| \| 1792 \| \| – \| L \| L \| L \| – \| \| – \| D \| – \| – \| A \| \| H \| – \| – \| H \| L \| \| L \| L \| – \| A \| L \| \| L \| – \| L \| D \| \| 1796 \| \| – \| L \| L \| A \| – \| \| – \| D \| – \| – \| D \| \| H \| – \| – \| H \| L \| \| L \| D \| – \| A \| L \| \| L \| H \| L \| D \| \| 1800 \| \| – \| L \| L \| L \| – \| \| – \| D \| – \| – \| D \| \| L \| – \| – \| L \| L \| \| L \| D \| – \| L \| A \| \| L \| H \| L \| A \| \| 1804 \| \| – \| L \| L \| L \| – \| \| – \| D \| – \| – \| D \| \| D \| – \| – \| A \| A \| \| L \| D \| A \| A \| A \| \| L \| D \| L \| A \| \| 1808 \| \| – \| L \| L \| L \| – \| \| – \| D \| – \| – \| D \| \| L \| – \| – \| A \| A \| \| L \| D \| A \| A \| A \| \| L \| D \| L \| A \| \| 1812 \| \| – \| L \| L \| L \| – \| \| – \| D \| L \| – \| D \| \| D \| – \| – \| A \| L \| \| L \| L \| A \| A \| A \| \| L \| D \| L \| A \| \| 1816 \| \| – \| L \| L \| L \| – \| \| L \| D \| L \| – \| D \| \| L \| – \| – \| A \| A \| \| L \| A \| A \| A \| A \| \| L \| D \| L \| A \| \| 1820 \| \| L \| A \| L \| L \| D \| \| L \| D \| L \| D \| D \| \| D \| A \| L \| A \| A \| \| L \| A \| A \| A \| A \| \| L \| D \| L \| A \| \| 1824 \| \| A \| A \| L \| L \| D \| \| A \| D \| L \| D \| D \| \| A \| A \| D \| A \| A \| \| L \| A \| A \| A \| A \| \| L \| D \| L \| A \| \| 1828 \| \| A \| A \| L \| A \| A \| \| A \| A \| A \| D \| D \| \| A \| A \| A \| A \| A \| \| D \| A \| A \| A \| A \| \| L \| D \| A \| A \| \| 1832 \| \| A \| A \| A \| A \| A \| \| A \| A \| A \| A \| D \| \| A \| A \| A \| A \| A \| \| A \| A \| A \| A \| A \| \| L \| A \| A \| A \| \| Year \| \| AL \| CT \| DE \| GA \| IL \| \| IN \| KY \| LA \| ME \| MD \| \| MA \| MS \| MO \| NH \| NJ \| \| NY \| NC \| OH \| PA \| RI \| \| SC \| TN \| VT \| VA \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Key \| A \| Popular vote, At-large \| D \| Popular vote, Districting \| L \| Legislative selection \| H \| Hybrid system \| Before the advent of the "short ballot" in the early 20th century (as described in Selection process) the most common means of electing the presidential electors was through the general ticket. The general ticket is quite similar to the current system and is often confused with it. In the general ticket, voters cast ballots for individuals running for presidential elector (while in the short ballot, voters cast ballots for an entire slate of electors). In the general ticket, the state canvass would report the number of votes cast for each candidate for elector, a complicated process in states like New York with multiple positions to fill. Both the general ticket and the short ballot are often considered at-large or winner-takes-all voting. The short ballot was adopted by the various states at different times; it was adopted for use by North Carolina and Ohio in 1932. Alabama was still using the general ticket as late as 1960 and was one of the last states to switch to the short ballot. The question of the extent to which state constitutions may constrain the legislature's choice of a method of choosing electors has been touched on in two U.S. Supreme Court cases. In McPherson v. Blacker, 146 U.S. 1 (1892), the Court cited Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 which states that a state's electors are selected "in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct" and wrote these words "operat[e] as a limitation upon the state in respect of any attempt to circumscribe the legislative power". In Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board, 531 U.S. 70 (2000), a Florida Supreme Court decision was vacated (not reversed) based on McPherson. On the other hand, three dissenting justices in Bush v. Gore, 531 U.S. 98 (2000), wrote: "[N]othing in Article II of the Federal Constitution frees the state legislature from the constraints in the State Constitution that created it." Extensive research on alternate methods of electoral allocation have been conducted by Collin Welke, Dylan Shearer, and Riley Wagie in 2019. ### Appointment by state legislature In the earliest presidential elections, state legislative choice was the most common method of choosing electors. A majority of the state legislatures selected presidential electors in both 1792 (9 of 15) and 1800 (10 of 16), and half of them did so in 1812. Even in the 1824 election, a quarter of state legislatures (6 of 24) chose electors. (In that election, Andrew Jackson lost in spite of having a plurality of both the popular vote and the number of electoral votes representing them; yet, as six states did not hold a popular election for their electoral votes, the full expression of the popular vote nationally cannot be known.) Some state legislatures simply chose electors, while other states used a hybrid method in which state legislatures chose from a group of electors elected by popular vote. By 1828, with the rise of Jacksonian democracy, only Delaware and South Carolina used legislative choice. Delaware ended its practice the following election (1832), while South Carolina continued using the method until it seceded from the Union in December 1860. South Carolina used the popular vote for the first time in the 1868 election. Excluding South Carolina, legislative appointment was used in only four situations after 1832: * In 1848, Massachusetts statute awarded the state's electoral votes to the winner of the at-large popular vote, but only if that candidate won an absolute majority. When the vote produced no winner between the Democratic, Free Soil, and Whig parties, the state legislature selected the electors, giving all 12 electoral votes to the Whigs (which had won the plurality of votes in the state). * In 1864, Nevada, having joined the Union only a few days prior to Election Day, had no choice but to legislatively appoint. * In 1868, the newly reconstructed state of Florida legislatively appointed its electors, having been readmitted too late to hold elections. * Finally, in 1876, the legislature of the newly admitted state of Colorado used legislative choice due to a lack of time and money to hold a popular election. Legislative appointment was brandished as a possibility in the 2000 election. Had the recount continued, the Florida legislature was prepared to appoint the Republican slate of electors to avoid missing the federal safe-harbor deadline for choosing electors. The Constitution gives each state legislature the power to decide how its state's electors are chosen and it can be easier and cheaper for a state legislature to simply appoint a slate of electors than to create a legislative framework for holding elections to determine the electors. As noted above, the two situations in which legislative choice has been used since the Civil War have both been because there was not enough time or money to prepare for an election. However, appointment by state legislature can have negative consequences: bicameral legislatures can deadlock more easily than the electorate. This is precisely what happened to New York in 1789 when the legislature failed to appoint any electors. ### Electoral districts Another method used early in U.S. history was to divide the state into electoral districts. By this method, voters in each district would cast their ballots for the electors they supported and the winner in each district would become the elector. This was similar to how states are currently separated into congressional districts. However, the difference stems from the fact that every state always had two more electoral districts than congressional districts. As with congressional districts, moreover, this method is vulnerable to gerrymandering. ### Congressional district method Projected results of the 2020 United States presidential election using one of the Congressional district methods There are two versions of the congressional district method: one has been implemented in Maine and Nebraska; another was used in New York in 1828 and proposed for use in Virginia. Under the implemented method, one electoral vote goes per the plurality of the popular votes of each congressional district (for the U.S. House of Representatives); and two per the statewide popular vote. This may result in greater proportionality. But it can give results similar to the winner-takes-all states, as in 1992, when George H. W. Bush won all five of Nebraska's electoral votes with a clear plurality on 47% of the vote; in a truly proportional system, he would have received three and Bill Clinton and Ross Perot each would have received one. In 2013, the Virginia proposal was tabled. Like the other congressional district methods, this would have distributed the electoral votes based on the popular vote winner within each of Virginia's 11 congressional districts; the two statewide electoral votes would be awarded based on which candidate won the most congressional districts. A similar method was used in New York in 1828: the two at large electors were elected by the electors selected in districts. A congressional district method is more likely to arise than other alternatives to the winner-takes-whole-state method, in view of the main two parties' resistance to scrap first-past-the-post. State legislation is sufficient to use this method.[non-primary source needed] Advocates of the method believe the system encourages higher voter turnout or incentivizes candidates, to visit and appeal to some states deemed safe, overall, for one party. Winner-take-all systems ignore thousands of votes; in Democratic California there are Republican districts, in Republican Texas there are Democratic districts. Because candidates have an incentive to campaign in competitive districts, with a district plan, candidates have an incentive to actively campaign in over thirty states versus about seven "swing" states. Opponents of the system, however, argue candidates might only spend time in certain battleground districts instead of the entire state and cases of gerrymandering could become exacerbated as political parties attempt to draw as many safe districts as they can. Unlike simple congressional district comparisons, the district plan popular vote bonus in the 2008 election would have given Obama 56% of the Electoral College versus the 68% he did win; it "would have more closely approximated the percentage of the popular vote won [53%]". However, the district plan would have given Obama 49% of the Electoral College in 2012, and would have given Romney a win in the Electoral College even though Obama won the popular vote by nearly 4% (51.1–47.2) over Romney. #### Implementation Of the 44 multi-district states whose 517 electoral votes are amenable to the method, only Maine (4 EV) and Nebraska (5 EV) apply it.[] Maine began using the congressional district method in the election of 1972. Nebraska has used the congressional district method since the election of 1992. Michigan used the system for the 1892 presidential election, and several other states used various forms of the district plan before 1840: Virginia, Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, North Carolina, Massachusetts, Illinois, Maine, Missouri, and New York. The congressional district method allows a state the chance to split its electoral votes between multiple candidates. Prior to 2008, neither Maine nor Nebraska had ever split their electoral votes. Nebraska split its electoral votes for the first time in 2008, giving John McCain its statewide electors and those of two congressional districts, while Barack Obama won the electoral vote of Nebraska's 2nd congressional district. Following the 2008 split, some Nebraska Republicans made efforts to discard the congressional district method and return to the winner-takes-all system. In January 2010, a bill was introduced in the Nebraska legislature to revert to a winner-take-all system; the bill died in committee in March 2011. Republicans had passed bills in 1995 and 1997 to do the same, which were vetoed by Democratic Governor Ben Nelson. #### Recent abandoned adoption in other states In 2010, Republicans in Pennsylvania, who controlled both houses of the legislature as well as the governorship, put forward a plan to change the state's winner-takes-all system to a congressional district method system. Pennsylvania had voted for the Democratic candidate in the five previous presidential elections, so this was seen an attempt to take away Democratic electoral votes. Democrat Barack Obama won Pennsylvania in 2008 with 55% of its vote. The district plan would have awarded him 11 of its 21 electoral votes, a 52.4% which was much closer to the popular vote percentage. The plan later lost support. Other Republicans, including Michigan state representative Pete Lund, RNC Chairman Reince Priebus, and Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker, have floated similar ideas. ### Proportional vote In a proportional system, electors would be selected in proportion to the votes cast for their candidate or party, rather than being selected by the statewide plurality vote. Impacts and reception --------------------- Gary Bugh's research of congressional debates over proposed constitutional amendments to abolish the Electoral College reveals reform opponents have often appealed to tradition and the preference for indirect elections, whereas reform advocates often champion a more egalitarian one person, one vote system. Electoral colleges have been scrapped by all other democracies around the world in favor of direct elections for an executive president. Critics argue that the Electoral College is less democratic than a national direct popular vote and is subject to manipulation because of faithless electors; that the system is antithetical to a democracy that strives for a standard of "one person, one vote"; and there can be elections where one candidate wins the national popular vote but another wins the electoral vote, as in the 2000 and 2016 elections. Individual citizens in less populated states with 5% of the Electoral College have proportionately more voting power than those in more populous states, and candidates can win by focusing on just a few "swing states". ### Polling ~40% 21st century polling data shows that a majority of Americans consistently favor having a direct popular vote for presidential elections. The popularity of the Electoral College has hovered between 35% and 44%. ### Difference with popular vote This graphic demonstrates how the winner of the popular vote can still lose in an electoral college system similar to the U.S. Electoral College. Bar graph of popular votes in presidential elections (through 2020). Black stars mark the five cases where the winner did not have the plurality of the popular vote. Black squares mark the two cases where the electoral vote resulted in a tie, or the winner did not have the majority of electoral votes. An H marks each of two cases where the election was decided by the House; an S marks the one case where the election was finalized by the Supreme Court. Opponents of the Electoral College claim such outcomes do not logically follow the normative concept of how a democratic system should function. One view is the Electoral College violates the principle of political equality, since presidential elections are not decided by the one-person one-vote principle. While many assume the national popular vote observed under the Electoral College system would reflect the popular vote observed under a National Popular Vote system, supporters contend that is not necessarily the case as each electoral institution produces different incentives for, and strategy choices by, presidential campaigns. #### Notable elections See also: List of United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote The elections of 1876, 1888, 2000, and 2016 produced an Electoral College winner who did not receive at least a plurality of the nationwide popular vote. In 1824, there were six states in which electors were legislatively appointed, rather than popularly elected, so it is uncertain what the national popular vote would have been if all presidential electors had been popularly elected. When no presidential candidate received a majority of electoral votes in 1824, the election was decided by the House of Representatives and so could be considered distinct from the latter four elections in which all of the states had popular selection of electors. The true national popular vote was also uncertain in the 1960 election, and the plurality for the winner depends on how votes for Alabama electors are allocated. Elections where the popular vote and electoral college results differed * 1800: Jefferson won with 61.4% of the popular vote; Adams had 38.6%\* * 1824: Adams won with 30.9% of the popular vote; Jackson had 41.4%\* * 1836 (only for vice president): Johnson won with 63.5% of the popular vote; Granger had 30.8%\* * 1876: Tilden (D) received 50.9% of the vote, Hayes (R) received 47.9% * 1888: Cleveland (D) received 48.6% of the vote, Harrison (R) received 47.8% * 2000: Gore (D) received 48.4% of the vote, Bush (R) received 47.9% * 2016: Clinton (D) received 48.2% of the vote, Trump (R) received 46.1% \These popular vote tallies are partial because several of the states still used their legislature to choose electors not a popular vote. In both elections a tied electoral college threw the contest over to Congress to decide.* ### Favors largest swing states Main article: Swing state These maps show the amount of attention given to each state by the Bush and Kerry campaigns (combined) during the final five weeks of the 2004 election: each waving hand (purple map) represents a visit from a presidential or vice presidential candidate; each dollar sign (green map) represents one million dollars spent on TV advertising. The Electoral College encourages political campaigners to focus on a few so-called swing states while ignoring the rest of the country. Populous states in which pre-election poll results show no clear favorite are inundated with campaign visits, saturation television advertising, get-out-the-vote efforts by party organizers, and debates, while four out of five voters in the national election are "absolutely ignored", according to one assessment. Since most states use a winner-takes-all arrangement in which the candidate with the most votes in that state receives all of the state's electoral votes, there is a clear incentive to focus almost exclusively on only a few key undecided states. ### Not all votes count the same Each state gets a minimum of three electoral votes, regardless of population, which has increasingly given low-population states more electors per voter (or more voting power). For example, an electoral vote represents nearly four times as many people in California as in Wyoming. On average, voters in the ten least populated states have 2.5 more electors per person compared with voters in the ten most populous states. In 1968, John F. Banzhaf III developed the Banzhaf power index (BPI) which argued that a voter in the state of New York had, on average, 3.3 times as much voting power in presidential elections as the average voter outside New York. Mark Livingston used a similar method and estimated that individual voters in the largest state (based on 1990 census) had 3.3 times more individual power to choose a president than voters of Montana.[better source needed] However, others argue that Banzhaf's method ignores the demographic makeup of the states and for treating votes like independent coin-flips. Critics of Banzhaf's method say empirically based models used to analyze the Electoral College have consistently found that sparsely populated states benefit from having their resident's votes count for more than the votes of those residing in the more populous states. ### Lowers turnout Except in closely fought swing states, voter turnout does not affect the election results due to entrenched political party domination in most states. The Electoral College decreases the advantage a political party or campaign might gain for encouraging voters to turn out, except in those swing states. If the presidential election were decided by a national popular vote, in contrast, campaigns and parties would have a strong incentive to work to increase turnout everywhere. Individuals would similarly have a stronger incentive to persuade their friends and neighbors to turn out to vote. The differences in turnout between swing states and non-swing states under the current electoral college system suggest that replacing the Electoral College with direct election by popular vote would likely increase turnout and participation significantly. ### Obscures disenfranchisement within states According to this criticism, the electoral college reduces elections to a mere count of electors for a particular state, and, as a result, it obscures any voting problems within a particular state. For example, if a particular state blocks some groups from voting, perhaps by voter suppression methods such as imposing reading tests, poll taxes, registration requirements, or legally disfranchising specific groups (like women or people of color), then voting inside that state would be reduced, but as the state's electoral count would be the same, disenfranchisement has no effect on its overall electoral power. Critics contend that such disenfranchisement is not penalized by the Electoral College. A related argument is the Electoral College may have a dampening effect on voter turnout: there is no incentive for states to reach out to more of its citizens to include them in elections because the state's electoral count remains fixed in any event. According to this view, if elections were by popular vote, then states would be motivated to include more citizens in elections since the state would then have more political clout nationally. Critics contend the electoral college system insulates states from negative publicity as well as possible federal penalties for disenfranchising subgroups of citizens. Legal scholars Akhil Amar and Vikram Amar have argued that the original Electoral College compromise was enacted partially because it enabled Southern states to disenfranchise their slave populations. It permitted Southern states to disfranchise large numbers of slaves while allowing these states to maintain political clout and prevent Northern dominance within the federation by using the Three-Fifths Compromise. They noted that James Madison believed the question of counting slaves had presented a serious challenge, but that "the substitution of electors obviated this difficulty and seemed on the whole to be liable to the fewest objections." Akhil and Vikram Amar added: > The founders' system also encouraged the continued disfranchisement of women. In a direct national election system, any state that gave women the vote would automatically have doubled its national clout. Under the Electoral College, however, a state had no such incentive to increase the franchise; as with slaves, what mattered was how many women lived in a state, not how many were empowered ... a state with low voter turnout gets precisely the same number of electoral votes as if it had a high turnout. By contrast, a well-designed direct election system could spur states to get out the vote. > > After the Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery, white voters in Southern states benefited from elimination of the Three-Fifths Compromise because with all former slaves counted as one person, instead of 3/5, Southern states increased their share of electors in the Electoral College. Southern states also enacted laws that restricted access to voting by former slaves, thereby increasing the electoral weight of votes by southern whites. Minorities tend to be disproportionately located in noncompetitive states, reducing their impact on the overall election and over-representing white voters who have tended to live in the swing states that decide elections. ### Americans in U.S. territories cannot vote See also: Voting rights in the United States § Overseas and nonresident citizens Roughly four million Americans in Puerto Rico, the Northern Mariana Islands, the U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and Guam, do not have a vote in presidential elections. Only U.S. states (per Article II, Section 1, Clause 2) and Washington, D.C. (per the Twenty-third Amendment) are entitled to electors. Various scholars consequently conclude that the U.S. national-electoral process is not fully democratic. Guam has held non-binding straw polls for president since the 1980s to draw attention to this fact. The Democratic and Republican parties, as well as other third parties, have, however, made it possible for people in U.S. territories to vote in party presidential primaries. ### Disadvantages third parties See also: Duverger's law and Causes of a two-party system In practice, the winner-take-all manner of allocating a state's electors generally decreases the importance of minor parties. ### Federalism and state power Half the U.S. population lives in 143 urban / suburban counties out of 3,143 counties or county equivalents (2019 American Community Survey) For many years early in the nation's history, up until the Jacksonian Era (1830s), many states appointed their electors by a vote of the state legislature, and proponents argue that, in the end, the election of the president must still come down to the decisions of each state, or the federal nature of the United States will give way to a single massive, centralized government, to the detriment of the States. In his 2007 book A More Perfect Constitution, Professor Larry Sabato preferred allocating the electoral college (and Senate seats) in stricter proportion to population while keeping the Electoral College for the benefit of lightly populated swing states and to strengthen the role of the states in federalism. Willamette University College of Law professor Norman R. Williams has argued that the Constitutional Convention delegates chose the Electoral College to choose the President largely in reaction to the experience during the Confederation period where state governors were often chosen by state legislatures and wanting the new federal government to have an executive branch that was effectively independent of the legislative branch. For example, Alexander Hamilton argued that the Electoral College would prevent, sinister bias, foreign interference and domestic intrigue in presidential elections by not permitting members of Congress or any other officer of the United States to serve as electors. Efforts to abolish or reform ---------------------------- Main article: Efforts to reform the United States Electoral CollegeSee also: Electoral College abolition amendment More resolutions have been submitted to amend the U.S. Electoral College mechanism than any other part of the constitution. Since 1800, over 700 proposals to reform or eliminate the system have been introduced in Congress. Proponents of these proposals argued that the electoral college system does not provide for direct democratic election, affords less-populous states an advantage, and allows a candidate to win the presidency without winning the most votes. None of these proposals have received the approval of two-thirds of Congress and three-fourths of the states required to amend the Constitution. Ziblatt and Levitsky argue that America has by far the most difficult constitution to amend, which is why reform efforts have only stalled in America. ### 1969-1970: Bayh–Celler amendment The closest the United States has come to abolishing the Electoral College occurred during the 91st Congress (1969–1971). The 1968 election resulted in Richard Nixon receiving 301 electoral votes (56% of electors), Hubert Humphrey 191 (35.5%), and George Wallace 46 (8.5%) with 13.5% of the popular vote. However, Nixon had received only 511,944 more popular votes than Humphrey, 43.5% to 42.9%, less than 1% of the national total.[non-primary source needed] Representative Emanuel Celler (D–New York), chairman of the House Judiciary Committee, responded to public concerns over the disparity between the popular vote and electoral vote by introducing House Joint Resolution 681, a proposed Constitutional amendment that would have replaced the Electoral College with a simpler plurality system based on the national popular vote. With this system, the pair of candidates (running for president and vice-president) who had received the highest number of votes would win the presidency and vice presidency provided they won at least 40% of the national popular vote. If no pair received 40% of the popular vote, a runoff election would be held in which the choice of president and vice president would be made from the two pairs of persons who had received the highest number of votes in the first election. On April 29, 1969, the House Judiciary Committee voted 28 to 6 to approve the proposal. Debate on the proposal before the full House of Representatives ended on September 11, 1969 and was eventually passed with bipartisan support on September 18, 1969, by a vote of 339 to 70. On September 30, 1969, President Nixon gave his endorsement for adoption of the proposal, encouraging the Senate to pass its version of the proposal, which had been sponsored as Senate Joint Resolution 1 by Senator Birch Bayh (D–Indiana). On October 8, 1969, the New York Times reported that 30 state legislatures were "either certain or likely to approve a constitutional amendment embodying the direct election plan if it passes its final Congressional test in the Senate." Ratification of 38 state legislatures would have been needed for adoption. The paper also reported that six other states had yet to state a preference, six were leaning toward opposition, and eight were solidly opposed. On August 14, 1970, the Senate Judiciary Committee sent its report advocating passage of the proposal to the full Senate. The Judiciary Committee had approved the proposal by a vote of 11 to 6. The six members who opposed the plan, Democratic senators James Eastland of Mississippi, John Little McClellan of Arkansas, and Sam Ervin of North Carolina, along with Republican senators Roman Hruska of Nebraska, Hiram Fong of Hawaii, and Strom Thurmond of South Carolina, all argued that although the present system had potential loopholes, it had worked well throughout the years. Senator Bayh indicated that supporters of the measure were about a dozen votes shy from the 67 needed for the proposal to pass the full Senate. He called upon President Nixon to attempt to persuade undecided Republican senators to support the proposal. However, Nixon, while not reneging on his previous endorsement, chose not to make any further personal appeals to back the proposal. On September 8, 1970, the Senate commenced openly debating the proposal, and the proposal was quickly filibustered. The lead objectors to the proposal were mostly Southern senators and conservatives from small states, both Democrats and Republicans, who argued that abolishing the Electoral College would reduce their states' political influence. On September 17, 1970, a motion for cloture, which would have ended the filibuster, received 54 votes to 36 for cloture, failing to receive the then-required two-thirds majority of senators voting. [non-primary source needed]A second motion for cloture on September 29, 1970, also failed, by 53 to 34. Thereafter, the Senate majority leader, Mike Mansfield of Montana, moved to lay the proposal aside so the Senate could attend to other business. However, the proposal was never considered again and died when the 91st Congress ended on January 3, 1971. ### Carter proposal On March 22, 1977, President Jimmy Carter wrote a letter of reform to Congress that also included his expression of abolishing the Electoral College. The letter read in part: > My fourth recommendation is that the Congress adopt a Constitutional amendment to provide for direct popular election of the President. Such an amendment, which would abolish the Electoral College, will ensure that the candidate chosen by the voters actually becomes President. Under the Electoral College, it is always possible that the winner of the popular vote will not be elected. This has already happened in three elections, 1824, 1876, and 1888. In the last election, the result could have been changed by a small shift of votes in Ohio and Hawaii, despite a popular vote difference of 1.7 million. I do not recommend a Constitutional amendment lightly. I think the amendment process must be reserved for an issue of overriding governmental significance. But the method by which we elect our President is such an issue. I will not be proposing a specific direct election amendment. I prefer to allow the Congress to proceed with its work without the interruption of a new proposal. > > President Carter's proposed program for the reform of the Electoral College was very liberal for a modern president during this time, and in some aspects of the package, it went beyond original expectations. Newspapers like The New York Times saw President Carter's proposal at that time as "a modest surprise" because of the indication of Carter that he would be interested in only eliminating the electors but retaining the electoral vote system in a modified form. Newspaper reaction to Carter's proposal ranged from some editorials praising the proposal to other editorials, like that in the Chicago Tribune, criticizing the president for proposing the end of the Electoral College. In a letter to The New York Times, Representative Jonathan B. Bingham (D-New York) highlighted the danger of the "flawed, outdated mechanism of the Electoral College" by underscoring how a shift of fewer than 10,000 votes in two key states would have led to President Gerald Ford winning the 1976 election despite Jimmy Carter's nationwide 1.7 million-vote margin. ### Recent proposals to abolish Since January 3, 2019, joint resolutions have been made proposing constitutional amendments that would replace the Electoral College with the popular election of the president and vice president. Unlike the Bayh–Celler amendment, with its 40% threshold for election, these proposals do not require a candidate to achieve a certain percentage of votes to be elected.[non-primary source needed] ### National Popular Vote Interstate Compact Main article: National Popular Vote Interstate Compact See also: Constitutionality of the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact As of May 2023, sixteen states plus the District of Columbia have joined the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact.[better source needed] Those joining the compact will, acting together if and when reflecting a majority of electors (at least 270), pledge their electors to the winner of the national popular vote. The compact applies Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 of the Constitution, which gives each state legislature the plenary power to determine how it chooses electors. Some scholars have suggested that Article I, Section 10, Clause 3 of the Constitution requires congressional consent before the compact could be enforceable; thus, any attempted implementation of the compact without congressional consent could face court challenges to its constitutionality. Others have suggested that the compact's legality was strengthened by Chiafalo v. Washington, in which the Supreme Court upheld the power of states to enforce electors' pledges. The seventeen adherents of the compact have 205 electors, which is 76% of the 270 required for it to take effect, or be considered justiciable.[better source needed] ### Litigation based on the 14th amendment It has been argued that the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution bars the winner-takes-all apportionment of electors by the states; according to this argument, the votes of the losing party are discarded entirely, thereby leading to an unequal position between different voters in the same state. Lawsuits have been filed to this end in California, Massachusetts, Texas and South Carolina, though all have been unsuccessful. Works cited ----------- * Final Report of the Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol (PDF) (Report). U.S. Government Publishing Office. December 22, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2023. * Report on the Electoral Count Act of 1887: Proposals for Reform (PDF) (Report). United States House Committee on House Administration. 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 18, 2023. Retrieved May 18, 2023. * Rybicki, Elizabeth; Whitaker, L. Paige (December 8, 2020). Counting Electoral Votes: An Overview of Procedures at the Joint Session, Including Objections by Members of Congress (Report). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved July 5, 2023. * Neale, Thomas H. (October 9, 2020). Presidential Elections: Vacancies in Major-Party Candidacies and the Position of President-Elect (Report). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved July 5, 2023. * Report on Russian Active Measures Campaigns and Interference in the 2016 U.S. Election, Volume 5: Counterintelligence Threats and Vulnerabilities (PDF) (Report). United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. August 18, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2023. * Neale, Thomas H. (July 14, 2020). Presidential Succession: Perspectives and Contemporary Issues for Congress (Report). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved July 19, 2023. * Report On The Investigation Into Russian Interference In The 2016 Presidential Election, Volume II of II (PDF) (Report). United States Department of Justice. June 19, 2020. Retrieved July 1, 2023. * Report On The Investigation Into Russian Interference In The 2016 Presidential Election, Volume I of II (PDF) (Report). United States Department of Justice. June 19, 2020. Retrieved July 1, 2023. * Report on Russian Active Measures Campaigns and Interference in the 2016 U.S. Election, Volume 2: Russia's Use of Social Media with Additional Views (PDF) (Report). United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. October 8, 2019. Retrieved June 23, 2023. * Report on Russian Active Measures Campaigns and Interference in the 2016 U.S. Election, Volume 1: Russian Efforts Against Election Infrastructure with Additional Views (PDF) (Report). United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. July 25, 2019. Retrieved June 21, 2023. * Preserving Our Institutions: The Continuity of the Presidency (PDF) (Report). Continuity of Government Commission. June 2009. Retrieved May 18, 2023. * Rossiter, Clinton, ed. (2003). The Federalist Papers. Signet Classics. ISBN 9780451528810. * "Third Session of the 42nd Congress". United States Senate Journal. 68. Library of Congress: 334–346. February 12, 1873. Retrieved July 1, 2023. Further reading --------------- * Eric Foner, "The Corrupt Bargain" (review of Alexander Keyssar, Why Do We Still Have the Electoral College?, Harvard, 2020, 544 pp. ISBN 978-0674660151; and Jesse Wegman, Let the People Pick the President: The Case for Abolishing the Electoral College, St Martin's Press, 2020, 304 pp. ISBN 978-1250221971), London Review of Books, vol. 42, no. 10 (May 21, 2020), pp. 3, 5–6. Foner concludes (p. 6): "Rooted in distrust of ordinary citizens and, like so many other features of American life, in the institution of slavery, the electoral college is a relic of a past the United States should have abandoned long ago." * Erikson, Robert S.; Sigman, Karl; Yao, Linan (2020). "Electoral College bias and the 2020 presidential election". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (45): 27940–944. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11727940E. doi:10.1073/pnas.2013581117. PMC 7668185. PMID 33106408. * Michael Kazin, "The Creaky Old System: Is the real threat to American democracy one of its own institutions?" (review of Alexander Keyssar, Why Do We Still Have the Electoral College?, Harvard, 2020, 544 pp. ISBN 978-0674660151), The Nation, vol. 311, no. 7 (October 5/12, 2020), pp. 42–44. Kazin writes: "James Madison [...] sought to replace [the Electoral College] with a national popular vote [...]. [p. 43.] [W]e endure with the most ridiculous system [on earth] for producing our head of state and government [...]." (p. 44.) * George C. Edwards III, Why the Electoral College is Bad for America, second ed. New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0300166491.
Track in South Australia "Kintore Avenue" redirects here. For Kintore Avenue in Adelaide, see Gawler Place, Adelaide. Mount Davies Road is a remote unsealed outback track which runs from Mount Davies (Pipalyatjara) in the far north-west corner of South Australia to Anne's Corner on the Anne Beadell Highway 397 kilometres to the south-east. It was built during 1956 and 1957 by the Gunbarrel Road Construction Party (GRCP) surveyed and led by Len Beadell, for the Weapons Research Establishment at Woomera, South Australia. Road survey ----------- As a result of British atomic tests at Emu Field in 1953, a weather station was needed to the far north-west of the test sites, to determine when suitable weather conditions existed for future tests. Len Beadell was given the task of selecting a team and constructing access roads from the test locality to the future weather station. The weather station was named Giles, after the explorer Ernest Giles who had explored that part of the remote inland. The access road began at Victory Downs in the Northern Territory and became known as the Gunbarrel Highway. The construction party reached Mount Davies in the Tomkinson Ranges at the north-west corner of South Australia in December 1955. In June 1956, after the Gunbarrel Highway had reached Giles, and the airstrip was laid out, Beadell returned to Mount Davies to begin a solo reconnaissance towards the south-east to survey a route for another road to link up with Emu Field. There had been recent rains which made the going tough, and early in the journey he suspected that a front axle of his four-wheel drive vehicle was broken due to slow progress in moist sand. He continued on as he had seen a cluster of rocky mountains in the distance, Mount Lindsay, which was useful as a survey trig point. The mountains reminded him of Ayers Rock by the smooth rounded shape of the formation. After scaling the highest point he noticed water in a creek below, which he later explored from the Land Rover. The vehicle sank into soft sand and it took him until the next day to extricate himself, as only the rear wheels were driving. He decided that the new road would pass by this feature due to the good supply of water. He pressed on through thick scrub, and was more than half way to the destination when he noticed that fuel usage was greater than normal because of the moist ground. He began to doubt if there was sufficient fuel left to make it Emu Field. The vehicle was equipped with a high frequency radio, so he was still able to contact his base, but suddenly the rear axle broke and further progress ceased with 110 kilometres to go. Beadell used his theodolite at night for astronomical observations, and calculated his exact location the next morning which he was able to pass to base via radio. It was a week before a rescue team arrived. The wrong parts had been brought, so the vehicle was left where it was. It was repaired at a later date, and the survey was able to be completed. Road building ------------- Beadell sign at Annes Corner Beadell returned to Mount Davies in July 1956 and led the GRCP with a bulldozer and grader back towards Emu Field, to begin construction of the new road. The supply truck and fitter's truck experienced mechanical problems early on, so they had to be towed by the grader until Beadell was able to drive to Giles to pick up vital spares, after they had been delivered by aircraft. Near Mt. Lindsay, the bulldozer became bogged in soft ground, and almost simultaneously the grader was bogged some distance away. It took two days of hard work to extricate both machines. Sites for a mobile meteorological station were surveyed at Mount Lindsay and Coffin Hill in August. In September, work was halted while British scientists visited Giles, and was not restarted until the following year in June 1957. A point on a previously made road 48 kilometres west of Emu Field was reached in July, with the corner named Anne's Corner, after Beadell's future wife. In 1958, work continued on the Gunbarrel Highway. Kintore Avenue -------------- Four years after the Mount Davies Road was completed, Beadell and the GRCP built a new road connecting the Gunbarrel Highway to the Mount Davies Road, in order to shorten travelling time from the east. They started just south of the Mann Ranges on 10 May 1961. They proceeded in a southerly direction and intercepted the Mount Davies Road about 50 kilometres south of Mount Lindsay on 6 June, a distance of 153 km. It was named Kintore Avenue after Mount Kintore, a feature visible on the eastern side of the new road. Present conditions ------------------ The entire length of the Mount Davies Road lies within the Anangu Pitjantjatjara lands. A note on the reference map states "All roads and tracks in the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Land area are not accessible by the general public."
Species of beetle *Carabus intricatus, the blue ground beetle, is a species of ground beetle found in Europe. It is a large beetle (24–35 millimetres or 0.9–1.4 inches in length), with a metallic purple or blue and roughly surfaced elytra; the second pair of wings (which are used by beetles for flying) under the elytra are reduced. In Britain it was only recorded three times in the twenty years up to 1993 and was considered extinct there. But in 1994 it was found in a couple of places near Dartmoor. Carabus intricatus* are nocturnal carnivores that are mainly active in the spring and early summer. Tests have shown they prefer slugs from the genus Limax, especially Limax marginatus. They were also found to have a taste for liver, dog food, and crabsticks. In the wild, the adults are found under bark on dead wood, and under rocks. It does not require ground vegetation, and likes damp, rotten, moss-covered wood. The beetles seem to be active throughout the year and a fully-grown larva has been found in summer. This specimen also ate slugs prior to pupating, and emerged as an adult some three weeks later. It is thought that it may take two years to complete its life cycle. The adults are very long-lived.
İsmail Tayfun Uzbay (born September 1959) is a Turkish neuropsychopharmacologist. Life ---- Uzbay graduated from Ünye High School and received his bachelor's degree in the Faculty of Pharmacy from Istanbul University in 1982. He completed his doctorate in 1992 at Gülhane Military Medical Academy (GATA) in the field of Medical Pharmacology. He received the title of Associate Professorship in 1995. He worked in the field of Pharmacology in the Institute of Medical Sciences in North Texas University with scholarships from both TÜBİTAK and North Texas University. In 1999, he won a scholarship and worked as a research assistant in the department of Toxicology in the Faculty of Pharmaceutics in Cagliari University in Italy. He received the title of Professorship in 2003.[where?][] Between the years 2003 and 2011, he worked as the Head of the Department of Medical Pharmacology in GATA. From 2011 until 2013, he worked as a member of High Science Council in GATA. He retired from the Turkish Armed Forces in 2013. Today he is still working as the Head of the Departments of Molecular Biology and Genetics and Neuroscience in Üsküdar University, as well as the director of Neuropsychopharmacology Research and Application Center. Prof. Dr. Uzbay, who resumes his studies in the field of neuropsychopharmacology, has seven books in Turkish and one book in English. He has received the Roche Medical Research Prize (1994), Pharmacy Academy Science Prize (2005), Prof. Dr. Rasim Adasal Science Prize (2005), Popular Science Prize (2007), Brain Research Foundation Publication Promotion Prize (2008). Uzbay patented three molecules which are candidate drugs to the generation of schizophrenia disorder, its diagnosis and treatment. His work in this field have been honoured by the Turkish Armed Forces by the New Inventions Strip Badge and the Headquarters Outstanding Service Award. Prof. Dr. Uzbay has worked on the subject of Alcohol and Substance Dependence and has significant publications in this field as well. Prof. Dr. Tayfun Uzbay is married and the father of one child. Awards ------ Uzbay has received the following awards: * (1994) Roche Psychiatry Science Award * (2005) Academy of Pharmacy (Turkish Pharmacist Association) Science Award * (2005) Turkish Social Psychiatry Association, Professor Rasim Adasal Science Award * (2008) Popular Science Award, Health Science * (2008) Brain Research Society Publication Award * (2009) Specific solutions: Project Marketing and Awards (Ege Üniversity, EBİLTEM, TÜBİTAK and ELGİNKAN Foundation), First Degree * (2015) The Best Scientists Award of Turkey (TAF NETWORK, Turkish Academic Fellowship) * (2016) Friend of Schizophrenics award (Mental Health and Treatment Foundation of Turkey) * (2016) Incentive and Honor Award (BAYEV) Publications ------------ Uzbay has written the following book in English: * Uzbay, I.T. (ed.), A New Approach to Etiopathogenezis of Depression: Neuroplasticity. NOVA Publishers, New York City, 2011 (ISBN 978-1-61209-554-7).
Place in Nineveh, Iraq Hamam al-Alil (also: Hammam al-Alil; Arabic: حمام العليل "fresh bath") is a spa town south of Mosul about 27 KM in the Nineveh Governorate in Iraq, on the western bank of the Tigris River. It is referred to as the largest town south of the city. It is well-known with its mineral water springs that located on the side of the river and many people have been visited the town from all over Iraq to get the treatment of its water due to its various medical benefits of this water. Recent history -------------- Main article: Hamam al-Alil massacre In 2014 the area seized by ISIL along with neighbouring Mosul. On 11 February 2014, 15 Iraqi soldiers were killed in a pre-dawn assault on an army camp guarding an oil pipeline near Hamam al-Alil. In July 2016, F16 fighters of the international coalition against ISIL had destroyed bases of the terrorist organisation in the area. During the 2016 Battle of Mosul the town was attacked by the Iraqi Army in the final days of October 2016 and reportedly "90 percent surrounded". Also it was reported that ISIL executed 42 civilians in the town. A combination of Iraqi, federal police and elite interior ministry forces reportedly liberated the town from ISIL on 7 November 2016.
American businessman and academic (born 1951) William W. George is an American businessman and academic. He is a professor of management practice, and a Henry B. Arthur Fellow of Ethics at Harvard Business School. He previously served as chairman and chief executive officer of Medtronic. Early life and education ------------------------ George graduated with a Bachelor in Industrial and Systems Engineering with high honors from the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1964. At Georgia Tech, George was a member of the Beta Psi chapter of the fraternity Sigma Chi. He received a Master of Business Administration with high distinction from Harvard University in 1966; where he was a Baker Scholar. Career ------ He started his career in the United States Department of Defense where he was Assistant to the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Comptroller) and later as Special Civilian Assistant to the Secretary of the Navy. He later served as president of Litton Microwave Cooking Products from 1969-1978 and as Executive Vice President of Honeywell and also President of Honeywell Europe. In 1989, he joined Medtronic as president and chief operating officer. He was elected chief executive officer in 1991 and chairman of the board in 1996. He was a professor at the Harvard Business School in Boston from 2004 to 2016 and is currently a senior fellow. In 2002–2003 he was a professor at the International Institute for Management Development and the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne in Switzerland. He also served as executive-in-residence at the Yale School of Management. He served on the boards of directors of Target Corporation, Novartis, ExxonMobil, Mayo Clinic and Goldman Sachs. He currently serves on the advisory council for CFK Africa. Awards and memberships ---------------------- In 2014, he was awarded the Bower Award for Business Leadership by the Franklin Institute. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2012 for applying engineering principles to manufacturing to advance health care. He sits on the executive committee of the board of YMCA of the North and the Guthrie Theater. He has served as chair of the board of Allina Health System, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, United Way of the Greater Twin Cities, and AdvaMed. Previously, he served on the board of Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, the World Economic Forum USA. He has received honorary degrees from the Mayo Clinic, Georgia Tech, St. Thomas University, Augsburg College, and Bryant University. He has been named one of "Top 25 Business Leaders of the Past 25 Years" by PBS; "Executive of the Year—2001" by the Academy of Management; and "Director of the Year—2001–2002" by the National Association of Corporate Directors. In 2018, Bill George received the Larry Foster Award for Integrity in Public Communication at the second annual Arthur W. Page Center Awards in New York City. Management Style ---------------- As CEO, Bill George championed a management style focused on authenticity and well-being. He defined 5 dimensions to shape this management namely purpose, values, heart, relationships and self-discipline. Publications ------------ * Authentic Leadership: Rediscovering the Secrets to Creating Lasting Value, ISBN 978-0-7879-6913-4, 2003. * True North: Discover Your Authentic Leadership, ISBN 978-0-7879-8751-0, with Peter Sims, 2007. * True North Groups: A Powerful Path to Personal and Leadership Development, ISBN 978-1-60994-007-2, with Doug Baker, 2008. * Finding Your True North: A Personal Guide, ISBN 978-0-470-26136-1, with Andrew McLean and Nick Craig, 2008. * 7 Lessons for Leading in Crisis, ISBN 978-0-470-53187-7, 2009. * Discover Your True North, ISBN 978-1-119-08294-1, 2015. * The Discover Your True North Fieldbook: A Personal Guide to Becoming an Authentic Leader, ISBN 978-1-119-10355-4, with Nick Craig and Scott Snook, 2015. * Clayton, Zach; George, Bill (August 30, 2022). True North: Leading Authentically in Today's Workplace, Emerging Leader Edition. ISBN 978-1119886105. * George, Bill; Schwenk, Lauren; Hall, Josh (November 2022). True North Fieldbook, Emerging Leader Edition: The Emerging Leader's Guide to Leading Authentically in Today's Workplace. ISBN 978-1-119-88627-3.
The National Academy for Social Prescribing is a UK government-funded body promoting health and wellbeing. It was launched by the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care, Matt Hancock, on 23 October 2019. The Academy was tasked with establishing partnerships to promote health and wellbeing at a national and local level. NHS England provided around £650,000 for the initial set-up costs and the Department of Health and Social Care provided a £5m grant to the academy in 2020/21. Activities ---------- In November 2020, the Academy, in collaboration with Sport England, ukactive and NHS England, announced that 500,000 hours of activity would be made available at no cost as part of social prescribing services. In November 2020, the Academy, in collaboration with Arts Council England, announced the launch of a new £1.4 million Thriving Communities Fund, designed to develop local social prescribing activities across the country. The Academy contributed £1.15 million to the fund, with £250,000 provided by the Arts Council, which administered the fund. Governance ---------- As of April 2021, the Academy was overseen by a Board with four members. * Prof Helen Stokes-Lampard (chair) * Baroness Tanni Grey-Thompson, director * Phoebe Vela-Hitchcox, director * Jonathan Badyal, director
Helen Fairchild (November 21, 1885 – January 18, 1918) was an American nurse who served as part of the American Expeditionary Force during World War I, and who became known for her wartime letters to her family in the U.S. which vividly depicted the realities of combat nursing during World War I. She died of post-operative complications after surgery for a gastric ulcer while on duty with British base hospital #10/#16 on the Western Front. Biography --------- Helen was born in Turbot Township, Milton, in central Pennsylvania to Ambrose and Adda Dunkle Fairchild in 1885. She was the fourth of seven children and worked on the family farm in her earlier years. In 1913, Fairchild graduated from Pennsylvania Hospital and worked as a nurse. After the United States joined World War I, Fairchild and 63 other nurses from the hospital volunteered for the American Expeditionary Forces. In May 1917, Fairchild sailed from New York to London, and then went on to her posting in France at the Pennsylvania Base Hospital No. 10 at Le Treport, arriving in June 1917. She volunteered for front-line duty for the Third Battle of Ypres and moved to a casualty clearing station in Dozinghem. She served as a combat nurse and was exposed to heavy shelling including the use of mustard gas. On the night of 17 August, the casualty clearing station was bombed by German aircraft and the medical staff were evacuated back to Le Treport. Fairchild had a medical history of abdominal pain, which worsened after her combat experience. By Christmas 1917 she was vomiting after every meal. X-rays revealed that a large gastric ulcer was obstructing her pylorus. She underwent surgery for the ulcer on January 13, 1918. At first she recovered well but then lapsed into a coma and died five days later. The post-mortem examination suggested that she died as a result of hepatic complications from the chloroform used as the anesthesia during her operation, possibly worsened by her previous exposure to mustard gas. She was buried with full military honours in a cemetery in Le Treport and later shifted to Somme American Cemetery and Memorial in Bony, France. ### Honors The Nurses' Post of the American Legion in Philadelphia was named the Helen Fairchild Nurses' Post #412 in her honor. She is registered in the Women in Military Service for America Memorial at Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia. The Watsontown, Pa. bridge was named the Nurse Helen Fairchild Memorial Bridge. It is an arched bridge over 1,000 feet long, over the West Branch of the Susquehanna River. It is on the National Trust for its construction and design. A plaque on a stand is located in Belgium near the village of West Vleteran, not far from Poperinge. It stands just outside the wall of Dozinghem British Military Cemetery, the former location of Nurse Helen's casualty clearing station No. 4 from June to November 1917. The plaque shows her portrait and gives her history in English and Dutch. The plaque was unveiled and placed in August 2010. The unveiling was attended by a number of high ranking Belgian and other officials, including a representative of the American Embassy and the villagers from West Vleteren. Legacy ------ In 2018, Fairchild was the subject of the short documentary Nurse Helen Fairchild: Killed in Action? directed by Eliciana Nascimento and produced by Daniel Bernardi with the collaboration of El Dorado Films and the Veteran Documentary Corps.
R&D center in the University of Hong Kong Founded in January 2002, the Center for E-Commerce Infrastructure Development (CECID) is a research and development center in the University of Hong Kong committed to promoting e-commerce infrastructure development and standardization. A member of OASIS, W3C, RosettaNet, and the ebXML Asia Committee, CECID actively takes part in the development and implementation of international standards, such as Universal Business Language, Web Services, and RosettaNet. Through participation in these international and regional standards bodies, CECID follows closely the latest developments in e-commerce technology standards and promotes Hong Kong's e-commerce technology to technical communities overseas. CECID's operation is primarily financed by R&D grants from the Innovation and Technology Commission of the Hong Kong Government for its two flagship research projects, namely Project Phoenix and Project Pyxis. In its completed Project Phoenix, CECID has produced several software packages that implement major ebXML specifications. These software packages include Hermes Message Service Handler, ebMail, and ebXMLRR Registry/Repository and are currently released under open source licenses on the freebXML.org website that CECID established in 2002. Commenced in 2004, Project Pyxis targets to develop enabling technology for e-business interoperability between trading partners and within large enterprises using various complementary and competing Web Services standards.
Henry Hamilton Hadley (July 19, 1826 – August 1, 1864) was an American theologian. Early years and education ------------------------- Hadley was born in Fairfield, New York, on July 19, 1826. He was the youngest son of Prof. James Hadley, of Buffalo, New York, and the brother of philologist James Hadley. He graduated from Yale College in 1847. Career ------ After graduation, he pursued for one year a general course of study at Yale, and then entered the Theological Department of the college. In Sept. 1850 he went to Andover Theological Seminary, where he completed his studies in preparation for the ministry in 1851. In May of that year, he became Tutor in Yale College, and continued in this office until Dec. 1852. At the beginning of the year 1853, owing to doubts in regard to his fitness for the pastoral work, he turned his attention to the study of law, and removed to the city of New York. His scholastic tendencies, however, were too strong to be resisted, and in 1854 he returned to New Haven, where he devoted himself for four years to the careful study of the Hebrew language and the Old Testament Scriptures. For part of this period he was also employed as an instructor in Greek and Latin at the New Haven Collegiate and Commercial Institute. In 1858 he was appointed instructor in Hebrew, in Union Theological Seminary in New York, and in 1862 he became assistant professor of Hebrew in that institution. He continued in that position till the time of his death. In 1861, after the death of Prof. Gibbs, he was elected to the Professorship of the Hebrew language and literature in this college, but he held this office only for a single year, and during that time discharged its duties in connection with the duties of his place in New York. He had already become one of the most successful and promising scholars in the country in his department, and in his death the cause of theological learning sustained a loss which is not easily measured. His devotion to the cause of the country in the American Civil War was manifested from the very outset. He was with great difficulty, and only by the urgent advice of his friends, prevented from enlisting as a soldier in the Union Army; and, when at length he gave up going himself, he provided successively two substitutes to serve in his place. Not content with this, after the close of the Seminary year in June 1865, he engaged in the work of the United States Sanitary Commission, and served in one of the Hospitals at City Point, Virginia. Here he was prostrated by sickness, and, after lingering for a while, was compelled to return homeward. He had pursued his journey only as far as Washington DC, when his death occurred, Aug, 1, 1864. Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from the Yale Obituary Record.
Mosque in United Kingdom The East London Mosque (ELM) is situated in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets between Whitechapel and Aldgate East. Combined with the adjoining London Muslim Centre and Maryam Centre, it is one of the largest mosques in Western Europe accommodating more than 7,000 worshippers for congregational prayers. The mosque was one of the first in the UK to be allowed to use loudspeakers to broadcast the adhan. Building details ---------------- Construction of the three-storey East London Mosque began in 1982 on land left empty after bombing during World War II, and was completed in 1985. The architect was John Gill Associates. The exterior is a distinctive brick pattern in two colours, with the front facing Whitechapel Road and the rear on Fieldgate Street. The mosque is capped with a golden dome of about 8.5m diameter. The minaret rises to about 28.5m above ground level, and the main entrance is finished with two smaller copies of the minaret. The mosque has two large halls, a gallery, classrooms, offices and a retail unit. Construction for phase 1 of the mosque's expansion, called the London Muslim Centre, began in 2002 and was completed in 2004. Adjoining and connected to the mosque, it is a six-storey building with a prominent entrance featuring a sweeping mosaic pattern. The centre has two multipurpose halls, a seminar suite, a nursery, classrooms, a fitness centre, a small Islamic library, a radio station, retail units and offices. It was designed by Markland Klaschka Limited. In 2009 phase 2 commenced, a nine-storey addition on the Fieldgate Street side to be known as the Maryam Centre, on a site originally used by the mosque's funeral services, designed by the same architect. The Maryam Centre opened to the public on 4 July 2013, adding a new main prayer hall, improved funeral services, a visitor centre, and over five floors of facilities for women including prayer spaces, education facilities, a fitness centre, and support services. History ------- Black and white photograph of kneeling menThe prayer room of the original East London Mosque during the Eid ul Fitr celebrations in 1941 ### 1910–1939: The London Mosque Fund At the beginning of the 20th century, London was the capital of the extensive British Empire, which contained many millions of Muslims, but had no mosque for Muslim residents or visitors. On 9 November 1910, at a meeting of Muslims and non-Muslims at the Ritz Hotel, the London Mosque Fund was established with the aims of organising weekly Friday prayers and providing a permanent place of worship for Muslims in London. People associated with the London Mosque Fund over the years include: * Syed Ameer Ali, the first Indian Privy Counsellor, was the Chairman of the Fund's executive committee until his death in 1928 * Sir Hassan Suhrawardy also served as the Chairman of the executive committee * The Aga Khan III served as life president of the board of trustees * Both Abdullah Yusuf Ali and Mohammed Marmaduke Pickthall, translators of the Quran, were trustees of the Fund * Nathan Rothschild served as a trustee * Lord Lamington became Vice-Chairman * Historian T. W. Arnold became its secretary, and was later replaced by Sir Ernest Houston * Sir John Woodhead became its treasurer * The Earl Winterton was also a trustee of the Fund ### 1940–1974: The original East London Mosque From 1910 to 1940 various rooms had been hired for Jumu'ah prayers on Fridays. Finally, in 1940, three houses were purchased at 446–448 Commercial Road in the east end of London as a permanent place of prayer. On 2 August 1941 the combined houses were inaugurated as the 'East London Mosque and Islamic Culture Centre' at a ceremony attended by the Egyptian Ambassador, Colonel Sir Gordon Neal (representing the Secretary of State for India). The first prayer was led by the Ambassador for Saudi Arabia, Shaikh Hafiz Wahba. The number of East Pakistanis in Britain, one of the largest Muslim ethnic groups in the country, rose from 2,000 in 1951 to 6,000 in 1961. The increase was due mainly to immigration from the small towns of Sylhet division, in what became Bangladesh in 1971. During the 1970s, the Bangladeshi-origin population in Britain grew from 22,000 to 65,000. ### 1975–1984: Preparing for a purpose-built mosque In 1975 the local authority bought the properties in Commercial Road under a compulsory purchase order, in return providing a site with temporary buildings on Whitechapel Road next to the Fieldgate Street Great Synagogue. The local community set about raising funds to erect a purpose-built mosque on the site. King Fahd of Saudi Arabia donated £1.1 million of the £2 million fund, and the governments of Kuwait and Britain also donated to the fund. Seven years later, the building of the new mosque commenced, with foundations laid in 1982 and construction completed in 1985. ### 1985–2000: The new East London Mosque It was one of the first mosques in the United Kingdom to broadcast the adhan (call to prayer) from the minaret using loudspeakers. Some local non-Muslim residents protested it as noise pollution, leading to coverage by the Daily Mail and the Daily Star; in response, local Church of England clerics gave their support for the adhan in a letter to the East London Advertiser. It had a capacity of 2,000, with prayer areas for men and women, and classroom space for supplementary education. However, by the 1990s the capacity was already insufficient for the growing congregation and for the range of projects based there. The land next to the mosque had been left vacant after bomb damage during World War II, and was used as a car park. Under the leadership of chairman Haji Akbor Ali, the mosque launched a campaign to buy the land; the purchase was completed in 1999. ### 2001–2008: The London Muslim Centre London Muslim Centre front entrance In 2001 Prince Charles launched the project to build the London Muslim Centre (LMC). Construction began in 2002, and the new centre opened on 11 June 2004, with over 15,000 people attending the opening prayers. The prayer capacity of the mosque and centre rose to about 5,000, with a greatly increased range of services. The building cost £10.4 million, funding was provided by the London Development Agency, European Development Fund, London Borough of Tower Hamlets and Sure Start. Around £4 million was donated by members of the public. London Muslim centre rear view On the opening day Sheikh Abdur Rahman Al-Sudais, Imam of the Great Mosque of Mecca, led the Friday prayer. Amongst the guests were Racial Equality Minister Fiona Mactaggart, the chair of the Equality and Human Rights Commission Trevor Phillips and senior officials from the Muslim Council of Britain. Prince Charles, who was in Washington for the funeral of former US president Ronald Reagan, sent a video message of support. In July 2004 the Malaysian prime minister, Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, visited the mosque and centre. In November 2004 Prince Charles returned to see the centre. The following month Elizabeth II featured excerpts of his visit in her Christmas message. Following the 7 July 2005 London bombings, on 22 July, the mosque was evacuated due to a bomb hoax. The hoax was blamed on extremist Muslims after it condemned the 7/7 bombings and opposed extremist teaching. In July 2008 the Lord Chief Justice, Lord Phillips, delivered a speech on "Equality Before The Law" at an event highlighting the pro bono legal service at the LMC. In October 2008 the East London Mosque and London Muslim Centre won Islam Channel's Super Model Mosque award presented at the Global Peace and Unity event at the Excel Centre. In December 2008 the East London Mosque planned to allow Noor Pro Media to hold a conference on 1 January 2009 which would include a videotaped lecture by Anwar al-Awlaki. Former Shadow Home Secretary Dominic Grieve expressed concern over al-Awlaki's involvement. A spokesman for the mosque said that "Mr Awlaki has not been proven guilty in a court of law. Everyone is entitled to their point of view", and that "We didn't organise this event, they are just using our facilities." But the controversy brought the mosque management to review and tighten its booking procedures for private hire of facilities by third-party groups; subsequently, publicity materials were to be approved previous to booking mosque space for events. This was accompanied by a strong statement: "The mosque will not tolerate its facilities being used for extremist groups or speakers and is now vetting all speakers and publicity materials." Shortly after, at the end of January 2009 Awlaki published his views on Jihad and more information about him gradually emerged. The mosque then decided to ban all materials from Awlaki; people who had already hired the mosque's facilities for public events an were planning to use Awlaki's materials had to remove said materials from their program. Later in 2009, Al-Awlaki expressed support of the Fort Hood murders; the mosque issued a statement condemning his extreme views and renewed that condemnation at the end of 2009 when possible connections to Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab emerged. It also prohibited the sale or distribution of Awlaki materials in the mosque and its centre. ### From 2009: The Maryam Centre and the neighbouring Synagogue 19 Jun 2009: construction began of the mosque's Phase 2 expansion, the 'Maryam Centre'. 4 Mar 2010: hosted 'The BIG Read' organised with IF Charity, Islamic Forum Europe, Muslim Aid, and Tower Hamlets Council, and broke the world record for 'Most children reading with an adult', with 3,234 children listened to readings from Roald Dahl's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. 5 Mar 2010: hosted the BBC's weekly live topical debate Any Questions?, chaired by Jonathan Dimbleby and with panellists Ken Livingstone (former Mayor of London), Shadow Business Secretary Kenneth Clarke, Mehdi Hasan (senior politics editor at the New Statesman) and Julia Goldsworthy (Liberal Democrat spokesperson on Communities and Local Government). 25 Aug 2010: subject of a BBC documentary, Middle EastEnders, that "chronicles the setbacks and triumphs of an institution which has shaped the identity of a corner of London", timed to anticipate the centenary of the mosque. 4 Sep 2010: the mosque raised over £1.1 million in one night in Ramadan on Channel S, breaking the record for ethnic television for the third year in a row, in an appeal for the building of their Phase 2 expansion. 24 Jun 2011: first beehive installed on roof of London Muslim Centre. 3 Sep 2011: the English Defence League (EDL) wanted to march past the mosque, but after widespread opposition were prevented by a ban imposed by Home Secretary Theresa May. The EDL instead held a static demonstration in Aldgate, and were stopped by police from entering Tower Hamlets, whilst a larger 'United East End' counter-demonstration was held by an alliance of groups and organisations. 20 Jan 2012: the president of the International Court of Justice, Hisashi Owada, delivered the keynote speech at Evolving World at the London Muslim Centre. 4 Jul 2013: the Maryam Centre opens to the public, increasing the capacity for prayers to over 7,000 people. 28 Oct 2013: the president of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bakir Izetbegović visited the Mosque and Centre for an evening dinner reception. He delivered a key note speech to guests and dignitaries in attendance. 15 Jan 2015: launch of Britain's first ever Muslim archives in a joint project with The National Archives, with guests Jeff James, CEO of The National Archives, Simon Hughes and Sadiq Khan. June 2015: Purchase of the Fieldgate Street Great Synagogue 30 Sep 2015: subject of BBC documentary Welcome to the Mosque by filmmaker Robb Leech. Management ---------- Colour photograph of the mosque and neighbouring buildings on Whitechapel RoadThe East London Mosque and London Muslim Centre in their wider setting on Whitechapel Road The East London Mosque Trust is a registered charity (previously registered as The London Mosque Fund) and a private company (limited by guarantee, no share capital). The mosque is managed by trustees who are elected biennially by its members at the Annual General Meeting. The Director is Dilowar Hussain Khan, The Khatib and Head Imam of the mosque is Abdul Qayum, the CEO is Junaid Ahmed, and the Chairman is Abdul-Hayee Murshad. External relations ------------------ The mosque is a member of the Tower Hamlets Inter Faith Forum, a founding member of The East London Communities Organisation (TELCO), and an affiliate of the Muslim Council of Britain. The Islamic Forum of Europe (IFE) and the mosque are very closely intertwined, the organisation was created in 1989 by Muslims involved in the running of the East London Mosque. Some of the mosque's practices reflect the Hanafi school of law. Gay rights campaigners accused the mosque of hosting homophobic speakers, although the mosque had earlier condemned homophobia. In 2014 Oxfam cancelled an event at the mosque after it learned the headline speaker, Ibrahim Hewitt, had written a book in 1994 for GCSE students, What does Islam say, calling homosexuality a "great sin" and saying gay people should be "severely punished" under Islamic law. In July 2017 the mosque and others complained to Pride London about placards displayed in their march by the Council of Ex-Muslims of Britain (CEMB), claiming they were Islamophobic. Gay rights campaigner Peter Tatchell defended the CEMB and criticised the mosque's record on homophobia, writing "In the last two years, I and my colleagues at the Peter Tatchell Foundation have 11 times contacted the mosque and LMC, requesting them to have a dialogue with the LGBT community: to build bridges and solidarity between LGBTs and Muslims to combat the prejudice, discrimination and violence that both communities suffer. All our requests have been rebuffed." In reply, the mosque stated it had met with LGBT groups, and also with Tatchell himself in 2012. Prominent visitors ------------------ Prominent imams and Muslim scholars who have visited the mosque: Abdul Rahman Al-Sudais and Saud Al-Shuraim (imams of Masjid al-Haram), Salah Al Budair (imam of Al-Masjid al-Nabawi and a judge of the High Court of Madina), Adel Salem Al Kalbani (former Imam of Masjid al-Haram), Mustafa Cerić (Grand Mufti of Bosnia), Delwar Hossain Sayeedi (former MP of Bangladesh and one of the leaders of the Jamaat-e-Islami), Ismail ibn Musa Menk (Mufti of Zimbabwe). British politicians who have visited the mosque: Fiona MacTaggart (former Home Office Minister), Sadiq Khan (Mayor of London), Simon Hughes (former Minister of State for Justice and Civil Liberties) and Boris Johnson (then Mayor of London). Other visitors include Prince Charles, Prince William, Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (former Prime Minister of Malaysia), Dzulkefly Ahmad, (Health Minister of Malaysia), Brendan Barber (Secretary General of TUC), Louis Susman (United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom), Sarah Mullally (Church of England, Bishop of London). Services -------- Dome of the mosque viewed from the rear The interior of the dome in the mosque The mosque has a stated mission to: > "serve, educate and inspire." > > — Annual Review 2013–14, East London Mosque Trust The Friday sermon is delivered in Arabic, Bengali and English. Services provided to the community include: nursery, primary and secondary schools; supplementary education; library; fitness centres; wedding and conference hire; support for deaf children and adults; ICT Training and English classes; advice and counselling; and exhibitions and open days. The mosque previously ran Muslim Community Radio (MCR), in partnership with the Islamic Forum of Europe, which started to broadcast in 1998 through an RSL, then through Spectrum. In the month of Ramadan from 2001 to 2013 MCR broadcast 24 hours a day across parts of east London. In 2005 it moved into a new studio in the London Muslim Centre. It was run by volunteers, and provided programmes in English, Bengali and Arabic.
Sir William Huddesfield, detail from his monumental brass in Shillingford St George Church, Devon. On his tabard are displayed his arms: Argent, a fess between three boars passant facing sinister sable a crescent for difference Left: Arms of Huddesfield: Argent, a fess between three boars passant facing sinister sable; right: crest of Huddesfield: A boar passant, detail from monumental brass of Sir William Huddesfield in Shillingford St George Church Sir William Huddesfield (died 1499) of Shillingford St George in Devon, was Attorney General for England and Wales to Kings Edward IV (1461–1483) and Henry VII (1485–1509). He built the tower of St George's Church, Shillingford. Origins ------- He was the son of William Huddesfield of Shillingford by his wife Alice Gold, daughter of John Gold (alias Gould) of Seaborough and Sampit in Dorchester, MP for Dorchester in 1391, and was the grandson of William Huddesfield of Honiton, Devon. Marriages and children ---------------------- Huddesfield heraldic window, 19th century, south side of chancel of Shillingford St George Church. He married twice: ### First marriage Firstly to Jennet (or Elizabeth) Bosome, daughter and heiress of John Bosome (alias Bosom, Bozun, Bosum, etc.) of Bosom's Hele, in the parish of Dittisham, Devon, and widow of Sir Baldwin de Fulford (died 1476) of Great Fulford in the parish of Dunsford, Devon, Sheriff of Devon in 1460, a Knight of the Sepulchre and Under-Admiral to John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter (died 1447), High Admiral of England. By Jennet Bosome he had one daughter, according to Pole (died 1635): * Katherine Huddesfield (died 1499), wife of Sir Edmund Carew (1465–1513), Baron Carew of Mohuns Ottery in the parish of Luppitt, Devon, knighted by King Henry VII at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, and killed in 1513 at the Siege of Thérouanne, in Artois, part of the Battle of the Spurs or Battle of Guinegate. She was the grandmother of Admiral Sir George Carew (c. 1504 – 1545) who died in the sinking of the Royal Navy flagship Mary Rose at the Battle of the Solent during an attempted French invasion in the Italian War of 1542–1546, and of his brother Sir Peter Carew (c. 1514 – 1575), an adventurer who took part in the Tudor conquest of Ireland. ### Second marriage Secondly (as her third husband) to Katherine Courtenay (died 1514), a daughter of Sir Philip Courtenay (died 1463) of Powderham, Devon, by his wife Elizabeth Hungerford, daughter of Walter Hungerford, 1st Baron Hungerford (died 1449), and sister of Peter Courtenay (died 1492) Bishop of Exeter and of Sir Philip Courtenay (b.1445) of Molland, MP and Sheriff of Devon in 1471. She requested in her will to be buried in the Greyfriars Church, Exeter "before St Francis beside the High Altar", but was probably buried at Shillingford with her husband. A monumental brass of Huddesfield and his second wife Katherine Courtenay survives in Shillingford St George Church. His sister-in-law Phillipa Courtenay married his step-son Sir Thomas Fulford (died 1489), the eldest son and heir of Sir Baldwin de Fulford (died 1476) by his first wife Jane Bosome By his second wife Katherine Courtenay he had one daughter, according to Pole: * Elizabeth Huddesfield, wife of Sir Anthony Poyntz (died 1534) of Iron Acton, Gloucestershire. Death and burial ---------------- He died on 20 March 1499, and was buried in Shillingford St George's Church, where his chest tomb survives against the north chancel wall. Monumental brass ---------------- Monumental brass of Sir William Huddesfield (died 1499) and of his wife Katherine Courtenay (died 1514), Shillingford St George Church, Devon. Right: 19th century drawing or rubbing Easter Sepulchre monument (remade 19th century) to Sir William Huddesfield and his wife Katherine Courtenay. North wall of chancel, Shillingford St George Church. It contains two monumental brasses: one affixed to the wall and one to the slab A monumental brass of Huddesfield and his second wife Katherine Courtenay survives in Shillingford St George Church, and the arms of Bosome (Azure, three bird bolts in pale points downward or) survive in a stained glass window in the same church. The brass is affixed to the wall on the north side of the chancel, above a chest tomb, with grey marble slab on top, set into an Easter Sepulchre style alcove remade in the 19th century. Around the edge of the slab is an ident for an inscription in brass, now lost, but transcribed in 1630 by the Devon historian Thomas Westcote (c. 1567 – c. 1637) as follows: "here lieth Sir William Huddiffeild, knight, Attorney-general to King Edward IV, and of the Council to King Henry VII, and Justice of Oyer and Determiner, which died the 10th day of march in the year of Our Lord 1499, on whose soul Jesus have mercy, Amen. Honor Deo et Gloria". The brass depicts a knight and a lady, both kneeling under a double canopy, with a son and two daughters. The bare headed knight is fully dressed in armour, over which he wears a tabard showing the arms of Huddesfield with a crescent for difference, with sword and spurs. in front of him is a prie dieu, on which is an open book, and his gauntlets are on the floor by his side, with his helmet on top of which is his crest, a boar rampant. The lady wears a pedimental head-dress and lappets, with gown, ornamented girdle with pomander hanging therefrom. Over all she wears a robe of estate showing the arms of Courtenay: Or, three torteaux a label of three points azure. Behind her kneels her only son by her second husband George Rogers, and behind him her two daughters Elizabeth and Katherine. The following inscription, partly in Latin, appears below (with abbreviations extended): Conditor et Rede(m)ptor corporis et anime sit mihi medicus et custos utriusque. Dame Kateryn ye wife of Sr Willm Huddesfeld & dought of S'r Phil' Courtnay, kny'kt. A framed rubbing of the brass hangs in the chapel of Powderham Castle.
Julius (Israel Lazarus) Mombach (1813 – February 1880) was a 19th-century English synagogue composer. Tunkel (2012) regards him as "the most important of the composers of synagogue music in the Anglo-Jewish tradition of the 19th Century" whilst Elton (2003) doesn't even restrict this assessment to England. His compositions started from the traditional modes of synagogue music, but extended to include German and English folk song and contemporary classical themes. His style was influenced by Mendelssohn, and motifs from Elijah appear in a number of his pieces. Life ---- Mombach was born in Pfungstadt, Germany in 1813, the son of a cantor. Pfungstadt is a small town to the south of Darmstadt in central Germany. The family name comes from the town of Mombach near Mainz. In 1827 or 1828, Enoch Binom Elias (Enoch Eliasson) from Darmstadt was appointed cantor at the Great Synagogue, Duke's Place, London. A condition of his appointment as cantor was that he should bring a boy accompanist (or meshorrer) with him. The cantor traditionally sang in a trio with a meshorrer and a bass. In 1827, Mombach would have been 14, and it is unknown whether his voice had broken; in practice this was not a major issue, as the meshorrer could be either a treble or a tenor. Within two years, Elias had caught a chill which damaged his voice. In 1829, he left his position and took up an appointment as Director of Concerts at the Lyceum Theatre. Mombach remained at the Synagogue and took musical instruction from Elias. The post of cantor remained vacant until 1832, when Simon Ascher of Gröningen was appointed. He had "a fine, clear tenor, whose florid style of recitative with frequent roulades long remained a beloved memory with London Jews". After Salomon Sulzer pioneered the use of a full choir in the synagogue in Vienna in 1825, Jewish communities all over Europe followed his example. However, at the Great Synagogue in London, Chief Rabbi Solomon Hirschell expressly forbade the use of sheet music (which he referred to as the "Book of Strokes") and the tuning fork. Hirschell would not permit the repetition by the new choir of the word Hallelujah unless the last syllable, embodying the Divine name, were omitted until the close. Following the Rabbi's death in 1840, the resulting change in leadership spurred on by Henry Hyman Cohen allowed a full choir to be formed the following year. Mombach was appointed choirmaster, a post he held for the next forty years until his death. He led the choir as a tenor, joined by Samuel Lewis —the last bass from the traditional trio, and a stalwart of the choir for another 50 years— and youngsters recruited by Ascher and trained to sing the treble and alto parts. With a new choir, Mombach was able, or needed, to compose music for it. During the 1860s, he started dividing his time between the Great Synagogue and the New Synagogue in Great St Helens. On Sabbath mornings, he started at the New, then he would make his appearance in Duke's Place during the reading of the Haphtarah, and the congregation would rise in his honour as he entered. He died, it would seem quite suddenly, in 1880. His wife predeceased him by some 17 years, and they had had no children. Works ----- Mombach's principal work was as the choirmaster and composer at the Great Synagogue. He never published any of his work; that task was left to the Reader of the Great Synagogue, the Rev. Moses Keizer. In 1881, the latter published Ne'im Zemirot Yisrael (The Sacred Musical Compositions of I. L. Mombach). The work was short lived and only ran to one edition, because in 1899 the United Synagogue published The Voice Of Prayer And Praise, a compendium of synagogue music dominated by Mombach's work. It purports to be the definitive compendium of his compositions and arrangements, but there is much in it claimed for Mombach that he did not compose (nor perhaps even arrange), including certain melodies which other sources would indicate had been in use at the Great in at least 1800 if not earlier. A great deal of the Ashkenazi synagogue service music was composed by him, and he remains a consistent source of melodies for services throughout the Jewish year (see The Voice Of Prayer And Praise, United Synagogue, London, 1933). Some of his compositions, such as Mechalkeil for Yamim Noraim, Baruch Haba (processional), and Ladonai Ha'aretz (Psalm 24), have become 'standard' pieces in Anglo-Jewish communities, where they are still regularly sung. Mombach melodies are sung in English-speaking communities the world over (with the general exception of the USA) by appreciative congregations who have almost certainly never heard of him by name and do not know that what they are singing is anything other than 'traditional'. Indeed, they may well be traditional in origin. Mombach's setting of Ma'oz Tzur is an arrangement of an earlier piece, parts of which come from a chorale by Martin Luther (the Christian reformer) Nun freut Euch Ihr lieben Christen. Luther had, in his turn, adapted an old German folksong So weiss ich eins was mich erfreut, das pluemlein auff preyter heyde. Mombach's influence extended beyond London to the whole of England and beyond into the Empire. He was noted as a fine pianist. Beyond the two synagogues, he taught Chazanut (the cantor's art) at Jews' College and he also taught singing to the pupils of the Sabbath classes of the Association for Religious Instruction. He conducted concerts at the Jewish Workingmen's Club in Aldgate, and served as a member of the Committee for the Diffusion of Religious Knowledge. Mombach arranged choirs for all the main events that took place in the religious life of the Ashkenazi communities throughout England, and many of his pupils went on to become cantors in English and colonial synagogues. With the exception of those selections written in the traditional modes, most of his settings are a blend of the popular German and English folk song. Tunkel (2012) writing on the Zemel Choir's website, says that "Mombach is very singable (in melody and harmony) and it is for that reason that so much has indeed survived as the traditional backbone of Anglo-Jewish synagogue music. His compositional style owes quite a bit to Mendelssohn, and it is noteworthy that motifs from Elijah appear in a number of his pieces." Roth (1950) summarises his importance by saying that as a composer of synagogue music Mombach was equalled only by Solomon Sulzer of Vienna, and a large proportion of the now-famous Anglo-Jewish choral melodies were first familiarised by him and his collaborators. To him is due in large measure that dignified, simple tradition of sacred music which, spreading from the Great Synagogue, has become characteristic of the Anglo-Jewish synagogal tradition everywhere to our own day. Recordings ---------- The Zemel Choir recorded one of his several settings for Psalm 24 (L'Dovid Mizmor) on The English Tradition of Jewish Choral Music. Several of his pieces (including the Boruch Habo) are included in a recording of Music of the Victorian Synagogue by the London Jewish Male Choir and The Old Synagogue Singers.
Patrons of Watier's, The Dandy Club, Circa 1818 Watier's Club was a gentlemen's Club established in 1807 and disbanded in 1819. It was located at 81 Piccadilly on the corner of Bolton Street in west London. Prior to its occupation as a gaming hall and restaurant, it was a private residence, and the headquarters of a small singing club. The Prince of Wales suggested the creation of a club using his new chef, Jean-Baptiste Watier, whom the club was named after. Amongst the members in the early days were Henry Mildmay, Baron Alvanley, Beau Brummell and Henry Pierrepont. > At the opposite corner of Bolton Street stood, from 1807 to 1819, Watier's Gambling Club. Concerning the origin of this club—or rather, gaming house, for it was nothing more—the following anecdote is told by Captain Gronow:—"Upon one occasion, some gentlemen of both 'White's' and 'Brooks's' had the honour to dine with the Prince Regent, and during the conversation the Prince inquired what sort of dinners they got at their clubs; upon which Sir Thomas Stepney, one of the guests, observed that their dinners were always the same, the eternal joints or beef-steaks, the boiled fowl with oyster sauce, and an apple tart. 'That is what we have at our clubs, and very monotonous fare it is.' The Prince, without further remark, rang the bell for his cook, Watier, and in the presence of those who dined at the royal table, asked him whether he would take a house and organise a dinner-club. Watier assented, and named the Prince's page, Madison, as manager, and Labourie, from the royal kitchen, as cook. The club flourished only a few years, owing to the night-play that was carried on there. The favourite game played there was 'Macao.'" The Duke of York patronised it, and was a member. Tom Moore also tells us that he belonged to it. The dinners were exquisite; the best Parisian cooks could not beat Labourie. > > > Mr. John Timbs, in his account of this club, remarks, with sly humour, "In the old days, when gaming was in fashion, at Watier's Club both princes and nobles lost or gained fortunes between themselves;' and by all accounts "Macao" seems to have been a far more effective instrument in the losing of fortunes than either "Whist" or "Loo." > > > > Mr. Raikes, in his "Journal," says that Watier's Club, which had originally been established for harmonic meetings, became, in the time of "Beau" Brummell, the resort of nearly all the fine gentlemen of the day. "The dinners," he adds, "were superlative, and high play at 'Macao' was generally introduced. It was this game, or rather losses which arose out of it, that first led the 'Beau' into difficulties." Mr. Raikes further remarks, with reference to this club, that its pace was "too quick to last," and that its records show that none of its members at his death had reached the average age of man. The club was closed in 1819, when the house was taken by a set of "black-legs" who instituted a common bank for gambling. This caused the ruin of several fortunes, and it was suppressed in its turn, or died a natural death. > > — Mansions in Piccadilly, Old and New London: Volume 4. 1878. pp. 273–290. Retrieved 11 June 2010. It was at the behest of the Prince Regent, (later King George IV), that Brummell was named the club's president. As one biographer put it, > but at that time, anything emanating, as this did, from the Carlton House was regarded as being due to his [Brummell's] influence. There is no doubt that 'the beau' reigned supreme there, 'laying down the law in dress, in manners, and in those magnificent snuff boxes, for which, there was a rage; he fomented the excesses, ridiculed the scruples, patronised the novices, and exercised paramount dominion over all' according to Raikes, one of the members. The same authority tells us some anecdotes bearing on this: how, for instance, Tom Sheridan once came into the club, and although not a habitual gambler, laid £10 at macao. Brummell happened to drop in from the opera at that moment and proposed that he take Sheridan's place, promising to go half-shares with him in any winnings he might receive. This being agreed to as Brummell's luck at this particular game was notoriously phenomenal, the beau added £200 to his friend's modest stakes, and in ten minutes had won £1,500. Here, he stopped, and handing £750 to Sheridan remarked, 'There, Tom, now go home and give your wife and brats a supper and never play again.' Another story concerns Brummell at this club. One night, his usual luck deserted him and he lost a large sum, whereupon he affected, in his farcical way, (it is Raikes who relates the story) a very tragic air, and called to the waiter: 'bring me a flat candlestick and a pistol', upon which Bligh, an eccentric member, whose ways were the talk of the place, calmly produced two loaded pistols and exclaimed, 'Mr. Brummell, if you are really anxious to put a period to your existence, I am extremely happy to offer you the means without troubling the waiter.' As the narrator adds, 'the effect upon those present may be easily imagined, at finding themselves in the company of a known madman, who had loaded weapons upon him.' > > — E Beresford Chancellor (1926). Life in Regency and Early Victorian Times. p. 65. ISBN 9781905217786. The game "Macao", referenced above, was a precursor of the French card game, baccarat. The club carried the affectionate nickname, "The Dandies Club," which was bestowed by Lord Byron who remarked, "I like the dandies, they were always very civil to me." The club had a short life, eventually closing in 1819. It had become the haven for 'blackguards' and fortunes were being lost to a 'common bank' that had been set up by a group of members and guaranteed ruin for others.
Executed American serial killer Leroy Keith (1907 – July 23, 1959) was an American criminal and serial killer who killed three people in Ohio and New York during robberies. Originally sentenced to death twice in Ohio, he was released on parole and went on to kill two more people before being summarily executed at Sing Sing in 1959. Murders ------- ### Fred Greist On July 24, 1934, 52-year-old mill worker Fred Greist was sitting in his parked car in front of a movie theatre in Warren, Ohio when he was approached by a young man who demanded that he get out of the car. Whilst it is unclear if Greist had protested, when he exited the vehicle, he was shot in the heart and died instantly. In the subsequent investigation, police officers arrested a man named Ernest Baugh, who claimed that the killer had been Leroy Keith, a local man who had previous convictions for auto theft and burglary. According to Baugh, Keith had planned to rob a local store and needed a car when he came across the unfortunate Greist. A short time later, Keith was captured by police officers after they saw him in a car which had been reported stolen in Akron. He was brought to trial, and sentenced to death by Justice Lynn B. Griffith. Keith was later given a new trial, but was again sentenced to death. His lawyers submitted an appeal to the Ohio Supreme Court, and managed to have their client's conviction reduced to second degree murder and changing his sentence to life imprisonment, which he would serve at the Ohio State Penitentiary. In the following years, Keith would garner reputation as a dangerous prisoner who would frequently attack fellow inmates, usually with four razor blades at once (handling two blades in each hand). Because of this, he received the nickname "Cut". On December 7, 1936, while still at the Ohio State Penitentiary, Keith and several inmates, including fellow lifer Joseph Filkowski, played a role in an ultimately unsuccessful escape attempt that involved overpowering two guards and taking them as hostages. In 1945, he was first considered for parole, but was denied, with Justice Griffith writing to the parole board that "Under no consideration should [Keith] be placed on parole as he is a dangerous character and a menace to every law abiding citizen..." In October 13, 1953, Keith was transferred to the London Correctional Facility in London. Three years after his transfer, he was considered for parole yet again, but this time, the parole board didn't consult with Griffith, and he was released on March 6, 1956. At his first, he was to live with relatives in New York, but later changed the location back to Ohio. On August 5, he wrote to members of the parole board that his leniency "would be remembered to all eternity". ### Coburn Von Gunten Keith was reportedly living with relatives in Youngstown, doing odd jobs for a living, his last one being at the county engineer's office. In November, with the help of ex-convict Louis Johnson, 27, and 16-year-old Joseph Reinthaler, Keith planned several robberies in the Youngstown and Akron areas, but none of them came to fruition. Deciding that they would need a getaway vehicle, the trio cruised the streets in search for a suitable victim on the night before Thanksgiving, when Keith found 40-year-old Coburn Von Gunten, an executive member for the McNeil Machine & Engineering Company who was returning home from an office party. When the man refused to let Keith take his car, he was shot twice, but still managed to start up the car's engine. He was shot another time, but before he could be finished off, a passing police cruiser chased after his assailant and the accomplice. After exchanging gunfire, the officers lost sight of Keith, but managed to capture Reinthaler. Von Gunten was transported to the Summa St. Thomas Hospital, where he died from his injuries an hour and a half after being admitted. The detectives questioned Reinthaler, who identified the two men as Leroy Keith, a recently-paroled murderer, and the other man was ex-convict Louis Johnson. Wanted bulletins were issued for both men, with Akron police scrutinizing the Ohio parole board members after learning that they had failed to consult Justice Griffith on the inmate's rap sheet. On the next day, Johnson turned himself in to the Youngstown police. He was queried as to whether he and Keith had anything to do with a recent double murder committed in a Uniontown grocery, where the owner Reynaldo Amodio and clerk Paul Cain had been shot dead and robbed. Johnson denied responsibility, claiming that he had been with a girlfriend in Farrell, Pennsylvania, an alibi later proven by several acquaintances. Ballistics tests later concluded that the killings were unrelated. While Johnson and Reinthaler were charged with Von Gunten's murder, the manhunt for Keith continued. Louis Johnson was later convicted of first degree murder in Ohio, but avoided execution after the jury in his case recommended mercy. Reinthaler was tried as a juvenile and sentenced to an indeterminate term in the Ohio Reform School. ### David Suro Photograph of David Suro, provided by the family Detectives examining the Suro crime scene Inspection of damage done to the vehicle About a month after the Von Gunten killing, the New York City police were alerted that Keith might be residing in the city, as a recent wave of liquor store and service station robberies matched his modus operandi. They were informed to stake out an apartment in The Bronx, where his mother was living, believing that their fugitive might appear there. Unbeknownst to them, on December 19, a 49-year-old cab driver named David Suro was cruising around Harlem when he was hailed at Seventh Avenue. He picked up two men and two women: one of the men was referred to as "Frisco Keith" by his companions. While driving through the heavy traffic and reaching Webster Avenue, the two men took out guns and told Suro that this was a stick-up. However, noticing that there was a police car parked nearby, the driver crashed the taxi into them, causing the robbers to exit. However, Keith fired two shots at Suro while exiting, hitting him in the chest and abdomen. Shortly after, Leroy Keith was engaged in hot pursuit by a multitude of patrolmen throughout the crowded streets, both sides exchanging gunfire but miraculously avoiding any civilian casualties. Keith was eventually cornered at a parked car and surrounded by five officers. Refusing to back down, he fired four times, but missed each shot. In response, Sgt. Richard Boland and officer James J. Connelly returned fire, with five of the bullets hitting the murderer in the chest, midsection and legs, effectively immobilizing him. Patrolman Joseph Ratomski's cruiser; David Suro crashed into it in order to prevent the stick-up Detectives surrounding Keith following his capture Both Keith and Suro were driven to Fordham Hospital, while the police handled the remaining accomplices in the botched robbery. The other man, 22-year-old James T. Morris of Riverheard, was arrested soon after, as well as the two women. Suro passed away the following day from his injuries. Meanwhile, Keith, who had to undertake an operation to remove the bullets from his body, fiercely resisted and swore at the doctors. Despite his protests, he was restrained and the slugs successfully removed, saving his life. Not long after receiving the news that they had captured their fugitive, detectives from Akron were dispatched to question Keith, who refused to cooperate with them. As a sign of their gratitude for Suro's heroic act, the $2,500 award for Keith's capture was given to the deceased's widow. Trial, imprisonment and execution --------------------------------- After spending the majority of 1957 recovering from his injuries and undergoing mental examinations, Leroy Keith was finally brought to trial in January 1958. After only 13 days, he was found guilty by a jury verdict, and sentenced to death. Keith was sent to Sing Sing to await execution, where, during the 18 months he spent there, he was never visited by anybody. His execution was delayed twice by Governors Nelson Rockefeller and Malcolm Wilson after him, but in the end, the date was set for July 23, 1959. After he walked in the execution room, Leroy Keith's last reported words were: "Sooner or later, we all come to justice. I was disappointed in Governor Rockefeller." He was then strapped to the electric chair, and summarily executed, the news of his death and his crimes reported in the local news. Bibliography ------------ * Front Page Detective, April 1957 Issue, by Calvin E. Dewey
South African legal case *Union Government v Vianini Ferro-Concrete Pipes (Pty) Ltd* is an important case in South African contract law, heard in the Appellate Division by De Wet CJ, Watermeyer JA, Tindall JA, Centlivres JA and Feetham JA on 25 September – 15 October 1940. Facts ----- In prior legal proceedings between the parties, it had been held that, upon a true construction of a certain written contract, the defendant government was under an obligation to purchase its requirements of certain concrete pipes from the plaintiff Vianini. Two declarations claiming in one case the price of certain pipes which it was alleged the Government required but had purchased elsewhere and in the other case damages in respect of a similar purchase of other pipes, the main plea was to the effect that the written contract was not the complete contract between the parties. The government pleaded in the alternative that, if the court found that the written contract was in fact the contract between the parties, by agreement between the parties the contract was subject to the suspensive condition that it would only come into operation when the requirements of the government had been ascertained and when it had been ascertained that Vianini represented the most economical and convenient source of supply in comparison with certain other named suppliers. Judgment -------- An exception having been allowed to this alternative plea, the court noted that > if what [... the defendant] pleads were a true condition it could validly be pleaded as a defence. But when the plea is examined it appears that defendant is not pleading a true condition: he is really challenging the construction placed upon the contract in the earlier case, which decided that the defendant was bound to purchase the requirements of the departments concerned in the contract from the plaintiff. This plea in effect sets up the case that there was an agreement between the parties (apparently contemporaneous with or prior to the written agreement) which modified the defendant's obligation [...] and left the defendant free to purchase its requirements from time to time from plaintiff or from certain other firms according as one or other proved to be the most economical source of supply. > > The court held that the plea did not set up a true suspensive condition, but rather an agreement between the parties which modified the government's obligation to purchase all of its requirements from the plaintiff, and that such an agreement could not be set up as a defence inasmuch as the government, for the purposes of this plea, admitted that the written contract was the whole contract between the parties: "The exception to the alternative plea was therefore rightly upheld." In a further alternative plea, the government said that Vianini was estopped from claiming by reason of the fact that, before the government entered into the contract, it had notified Vianini, who had agreed thereto, that it proposed entering into similar contracts with various other firms in respect of its requirements of pipes and that it would purchase either from Vianini or from such other firms; that such contracts were entered into; and that, if Vianini had not agreed to the government entering into such contracts, the government would not, as Vianini knew, have entered into the contract claimed on. The court held that, as a plea of estoppel, the plea was had inasmuch as no representation made by the plaintiff was alleged. If the plea was intended to raise the exceptio doli, it was also bad, inasmuch as the defendant accepted the written contract as a true and valid contract and the plea in its present form merely set up an oral agreement inconsistent with the written contract and made before the written contract was executed. The decision of the Transvaal Provincial Division in Vianini Ferro Concrete Pipes (Pty.) Ltd v Union Government was thus confirmed. Parol evidence rule ------------------- The case is consulted today primarily for its articulation of the parol evidence rule: > Now this Court has accepted the rule that when a contract has been reduced to writing, the writing is, in general, regarded as the exclusive memorial of the transaction and in a suit between the parties no evidence to prove its terms may be given save the document or secondary evidence of its contents, nor may the contents of such document be contradicted, altered, added to or varied by parol evidence. > > The principle was determined, and applied to the facts of this case, that the contractual document may not be varied by extrinsic evidence.
Drăgaica fair, by Carol Szathmari, mid-19th century. Drăgaica is the traditional Midsummer fair held annually in Buzău, Romania. It takes place every year between 10 and 24 June. History ------- The Drăgaica fair was initially a wool trading fair held in the mountain side of the Buzău River valley, every year, after the sheep shearing. Eventually, the fair moved to Buzău, as shown by a document dated 26 August 1778 issued by Alexandru Ipsilanti by which full jurisdiction on the organization and the tax collection rights for the fair were granted to the Buzău bishopric. Mihai Şuţu reinforced the bishopric's privileges on the collection of taxes from the fair in a 1792 letter: > The fair held every year in Buzău on June 24th... is named Drăgaica and lasts for three days. No customs collector or ispravnic or any servant of the hospodar should interfere, and the tax should be collected by the Bishopric. > > In 1806, Buzău was burnt to the ground by the Ottoman army during the Russo-Turkish War of 1806-1812, and the city's inhabitants took refuge in the villages in the nearby hills. The fair was thus suspended until 1829, when it was resumed in a rebuilt Buzău. The Drăgaica fair is still being held in Buzău, once a year, for two weeks, in June.
Ottoman French-language newspaper The *Moniteur ottoman* was a newspaper written in French and first published in 1831 on the order of Mahmud II. It was the first official gazette of the Ottoman Empire, edited by Alexandre Blacque at the expense of the Sublime Porte. Its name perhaps referred to the French newspaper Le Moniteur Universel. It was issued weekly. Mahmud II wished to influence Europeans. Takvim-i vekayi was published a few months later, intended as a translation of the Moniteur into Ottoman Turkish. History ------- The Moniteur ottoman was the first Ottoman bulletin. It was apparently inspired by Muhammad Ali's Al-Waqa'i' al-Misriyya, published in Egypt since 1828. After having been edited by former Consul for Denmark "M. Franceschi", and later on by "Hassuna de Ghiez", it was lastly edited by Lucien Rouet. However, facing the hostility of embassies, it was closed in the 1840s. The title of the publication was used in Othōmanikos Mēnytōr (Greek: Οθωμανικός Μηνύτωρ), the Greek edition of Takvim-i vekayi. Sources ------- * Annuaire des deux mondes : histoire générale des divers États. * Ubicini. A. État présent de l'empire ottoman. * L'ami de la religion.
Diplomatic relations between the Portuguese Republic and Romania Bilateral relations The diplomatic relations between the Portuguese Republic and Romania date back to 1917, having been interrupted following World War II, before being re-established in June 1974, following the Carnation Revolution in Portugal. Since then, the relations between the two countries have been stable and friendly. Both nations are members of the Council of Europe, European Union, NATO and the United Nations. History ------- Portugal and Romania, although countries located at the two extremes of Europe, had at one point been part of the Roman Empire and have had numerous approaches and connections throughout history. The two counties find a common heritage in the Roman Empire, and the language of the two countries is the most visible element of their shared heritage, as both the Portuguese and Romanian Languages are Romance Languages, having evolved from Latin throughout the centuries. In 1880, Portugal recognized the independence of Romania after the Romanian War of Independence from the Ottoman Empire. Diplomatic relations between the two countries were established on August 31, 1917. That same year, Romania established a resident embassy in Lisbon. In December 1919, Portugal opened the Portuguese Legation to the Balkans, based in Bucharest, and with jurisdiction over Serbia and Greece, as well as Romania. The deposed king of Romania, Carol II, would live in Estoril, in Portugal during his exile, where he would eventually pass away. During World War II, diplomatic relations were not interrupted between both nations, however, soon after the war, Portugal broke diplomatic relations with Romania after that nation became a communist country. On May 31, 1974, diplomatic relations were resumed, and they have remained stable ever since. Romania was the first Eastern European country to restore relations with Portugal after the Carnation Revolution. Throughout the first decades of the 21st century, a storing increase of Romanian immigration in Portugal was registered, with the Romanian community in Portugal amounting to 40 000 people in 2011, a significant increase since 2000, when only 370 Romanian citizens lived in Portugal. Since 2011 the number of Romanians in Portugal has had a slight decrease, and in 2021, approximately 30 000 Romanian citizens were registered as residing in Portugal, with the Romanian community being the 4th largest community of foreign residents in the country. Since the end of the Romanian Revolution in 1989, bilateral relations between both nations have increased. Portugal supported Romania's entry into the European Union, for which Romania was admitted to in 2007. In 2017, both nations celebrated 100 years since the establishment of diplomatic relations. Bilateral agreements -------------------- Since the re-establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries, several bilateral agreements were signed, including: * Cultural Agreement, on January 6, 1975 * Agreement for Cooperation in the field of Tourism, on March 15, 1975 * Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation and Agreement for Economic, Technical and Scientific long term cooperation, both on June 14, 1975 * Agreement regarding the international transportation of goods and people, on July 22, 1979 * Agreement on the Mutual Protection and Promotion of Investments, and Agreement for Economic, Industrial and Technical-Scientific Cooperation, both on November 17, 1993 * Agreement for military cooperation, on July 10, 1995; * Agreement for Education, Science, Culture, Sports, Youth, Tourism and Media Cooperation, on September 16, 1997 * Convention on the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Prevention of Tax Evasion on matters of Taxes on Income and Capital Gains, on September 17, 1997 * Convention on Social Security, on August 1, 2006 High-level visits ----------------- Following the re-establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries in 1974, several high level visits took place, starting in 1975, with Official Visits being carried out in that year by the respective Heads of State. ### Visits from Portuguese statesmen to Romania * June 13–15, 1975, Francisco Costa Gomes, President of the Portuguese Republic * March 21–23, 1979, António Ramalho Eanes, President of Portugal * March 3–6, 2000, Jorge Sampaio, President of Portugal * May 15, 2014, Bruno Maçães, Secretary of State for European Affairs * September 29, 2014, Paulo Portas, Vice Prime-Minister * June 18 and 19, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, President of Portugal * May 25 and 26, 2017, Margarida Marques, Secretary of State for European Affairs * November 6 and 7, João Gomes Cravinho, Minister for National Defence ### Visits from Romanian statesmen to Portugal * October 28–31, Nicolae Ceausescu, President of Romania * July 5, 1991, Ion Iliescu, President of Romania * December 2 and 3, 1996, Emil Constantinescu, President of Romania * June 29, 2001, Adrian Năstase, Prime-Minister * October 29 to November 1, 2003, Ion Iliescu, President of Romania * July 13, 2007, Calin Popescu-Tariceanu, Prime-Minister * June 2, 2014, Titus Corlatean, Minister of Foreign Affairs * September 26, 2017, George Ciamba, Secretary of State for European Affairs * October 23, 2017, Klaus Iohannis, President of Romania * June 7, 2018, Vasilica Viorica Dăncilă, Prime-Minister Economic Relations ------------------ Portugal and Romania have a sturdy economic relation, as both countries are member states of the European Union, and consequently of the European single market. In 2020 the total value of the Portuguese exports to Romania was of 475.5 million euro, while the imports amounted to 238.2 million euro, which represents a surplus for the Portuguese side of 273.3 million euro. The volume of commercial exchanges between the two countries has been increasing, with an annual average growth during the 2016-2020 period of 5.1% in the exports and of 19.6% in the exports, from the Portuguese perspective. The main products exported from Portugal to Romania in 2020 were Vehicles and other transportation material, and Machinery, while the main product groups exported from Romania to Portugal were Vegetable Products and Vehicles and other transportation material. In 2019, Romania was the 19th largest importer and 33rd largest exporter from and to Portugal, while Portugal was, in the same year, the 39th largest importer and 27th largest exporter from and to Romania. Cultural Relations ------------------ The Portuguese cultural institute, the Camões Institute is represented in Romania, and has Portuguese Language Centres in the cities of Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca, Constanța and Timisoara, as well as an Academic Chair in Bucharest, and Lectureships in the Universities of Bucharest, Babes-Bolyai, Ovidius de Constanța and Timisoara The Romanian cultural institute, the Institutul Cultural Român is also present in Portugal, in the city of Lisbon. European Union -------------- Portugal joined the EU in 1986. Romania joined the EU in 2007. NATO ---- While Portugal was one of the founding members of NATO, Romania joined NATO in 2004. Resident diplomatic missions ---------------------------- * Portugal has an embassy in Bucharest. * Romania has an embassy in Lisbon. Romania also has 2 Honorary Consulates in Portugal, in Porto and Estoril. * Embassy of Portugal in BucharestEmbassy of Portugal in Bucharest
Musical artist Evelyn Turrentine-Agee (born February 4, 1946, as Ruth Evelyn Tyler), is an American gospel musician and artist. She started her music career, in 1992, with the release of In God's Own Time by A&M Records. She has released eight more albums, since her first release, with an assortment of labels, which are World Wide Gospel, Atlanta International Records, Light Records, WOS Recordings, Ophir Gospel, Shanachie Records. Five albums have charted on the Billboard magazine charts, which have primarily come on the Gospel Albums chart. Early life ---------- Turrentine-Agee was born Ruth Evelyn Tyler on February 4, 1946, in St. Louis, Missouri, She was born as the third sibling in an eighteen sibling household. Her father, Cleveland Tyler, was a minister in the church, and her mother is Ruthie Mae Tyler. She started singing on stage at the age of three because her father was in a quartet, and later they formed a family gospel girl group, The Tylerettes. She graduated high school by seventeen, and this enabled her to make her first record. Her education would not get forsaken because of her musical acumen and prowess because she graduated with a bachelor's degree in industrial psychology that she earned at the University of Detroit. Many gospel music groups tried to get her to join them, but her stay with them was rather brief because she had a strong desire for a solo music career. Music career ------------ Her solo musical recording career started in 1992, with A&M Records releasing, In God's Own Time, and this was her Billboard magazine debut charting release on the Gospel Albums chart. She would go on to release eight more albums, and the four others to chart were the following: God Did It in 2000, It's Already Done in 2003, Go Through in 2005, Born to Worship in 2013. Personal life ------------- While in college, she married Curtis Turrentine, and together they have survived her husband having alcoholism that he was delivered from 1993, while she survived a stroke in 1997. They have 11 children and 40 grandchildren that are living. Discography ----------- ### Studio albums List of selected studio albums, with selected chart positions\| Title \| Album details \| Peak chart positions \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| USGos \| \| In God's Own Time \| * Released: 1992 * Label: A&M * CD, digital download \| 31 \| \| God Did It! \| * Released: February 1. 2000 * Label: World Wide * CD, digital download \| 28 \| \| It's Already Done \| * Released: March 4, 2003 * Label: Atlanta International * CD, digital download \| 12 \| \| Go Through \| * Released: 2005 * Label: Light * CD, digital download \| 50 \| \| Born to Worship \| * Released: 2013 * Label: Ophir * CD, digital download \| 25 \| \| God Gave His Best \| * Released: 2018 * Label: Asah Entertainment, Inc * digital download \| \|
This article is about the village in Suffolk, England. For the town in the United States, see Reydon, Oklahoma. Human settlement in England Reydon is a village and civil parish, 1.0 mile (1.6 km) north-west of Southwold and 2.5 miles (4.0 km) south-east of Wangford, in the East Suffolk district and the ceremonial county of Suffolk, England. Its population of 2,567 in 2001 including Easton Bavents eased up to 2,582 at the 2011 Census, and was estimated at 2,772 in 2018. The name probably means Rye Hill, Rey meaning rye and -don being an old word for hill or rise). The village is close to the cliffs at Easton Bavents, a village now much eroded. Both were established before neighbouring Southwold. The parish church is St Margaret of Antioch. The parish of Easton Bavents was merged with Reydon in 1987, when part of Southwold was also transferred. Communications and services --------------------------- There are three main roads through Reydon, around which the village is built: A1095 Halesworth heading west to Blythburgh and Halesworth, B1126 Wangford heading north-west through Reydon to Wangford, and B1127 Lowestoft heading north-east to Wrentham and Lowestoft. The village of Reydon lies to the north of the town of Southwold. The three main roads converge at Reydon Corner, about 100 metres from Mights Bridge across Buss Creek, which provides the only road entry to Southwold. Reydon has two shops. Local opposition could not prevent the sub-post office from closing on 11 February 2008, but the associated shop continues. It also has a pub/hotel with restaurant, The Randolph Hotel, in Wangford Road. It was renamed "The Cricketers", due to the adjacent locality of Southwold's former Eversley School cricket ground and playing fields, but reverted to its original name. The cricket ground was sold for housing and has now been built upon. Further along is a group of new houses on the site of a former senior school, Reydon Modern, renamed Reydon High after converting into a comprehensive in 1978, but closed in 1990. Continuing towards Wangford, there is St Margaret's Church (see below), then Reydon Hall, at one time the home of the writers Elizabeth Strickland, Agnes Strickland, Jane Margaret, Catharine Parr, Susanna Moodie and Samuel Strickland. Reydon Wood is popular with walkers, especially when carpeted with bluebells in the spring. There is sheltered accommodation in Lowestoft Road. Education --------- Reydon Primary School caters for 200 children aged three to eleven, from the village and surrounding area. At age 11, most pupils moved on to Sir John Leman High School in Beccles, with some choosing to attend Bungay High School. However, after a 2019 decision by Suffolk County Council on eligibility for free school transport, the default 11–16 secondary school for Reydon students is now Pakefield High School in Lowestoft. Up to 1990, secondary education was provided by Reydon High School. After its closure in that year, students were then bussed to other schools in the area, and the land sold for housing development. The school playing fields are still in use, with the original school canteen building being used for changing rooms. Plans to extend the fields have been adopted by Waveney District Council. Saint Felix School on the Halesworth Road is independent. Founded as a girls' public school in 1897, it now takes pupils of both sexes aged 1–18. The independent St George's School on the same site closed in 2004. Development and building ------------------------ Reydon has seen much new housing construction recently, due mainly to rising house prices in Southwold and the popularity of Reydon itself as a retirement village. Housing replaced the former Eversley School playing field to the south of the Randolph Hotel, and further construction is planned on other vacant plots throughout the village, and on adjacent farmland. According to figures in the 2011 Census, Reydon's permanent population has risen to more than double that of Southwold. The spread of new homes has lost Reydon much of its village atmosphere. Additionally, rising house prices in Southwold have led to several properties in Reydon being purchased as second homes, often unoccupied for long periods. However, this is unlikely to affect the increase in permanent population, at least in the short term. In 2004, a 4400 m2 distribution centre for Adnams Brewery was constructed on the western edge of Reydon on the site of an old open-cast sand quarry. The Church of St Margaret ------------------------- St Margaret's Church, Reydon in the snow The parish church, dedicated to St Margaret of Antioch, stands in Wangford Road, to the north-west of the village. One of its striking features is a large, unnamed bronze angel inscribed "To Fanny my beloved wife". The present building is mainly from the early 14th century. The tower was built about 1325. The chancel was restyled in the 15th century, and has many niches for saints in the window splays. The church suffered damage during the Reformation and the Civil War and was much altered in succeeding centuries. More drastic was the restoration and re-roofing of 1875–1887, which robbed the church of most of its old furnishings and architectural detail. The replacement roof is of a plain, simple design. The royal arms displayed are those of Queen Anne and date from 1713. In 1988 a large extension was built onto the north side of the nave using the original north door, which was reopened when the organ was moved into the chancel to allow for the building. The building is the frequently-used parish room. The rood loft stairs are open but partly bricked up at the top. The Victorian organ is in the chancel, for want of space in the nave, but it clutters the space and distracts attention from some Victorian stained glass. Behind the organ is a blocked entrance, also apparent from the outside. The small chapel to which it led has vanished. The font, of no great age, stands at the base of the tower, having been moved there from the nave in 1988 to improve access to a new parish room. The font cover, donated in 1922, was once suspended from the ceiling in the nave and operated by a system of weights; the wood in the roof still shows this. In 1999, the parish of Reydon became part of the Sole Bay Team Ministry. ### The church bells 'Gabriel' in the 'up' position, set ready for ringing The tower originally held three bells, two of which were sold in 1792 to fund repairs to the church. In 1991 an appeal was launched to restore the tower, replace the two missing bells and procure a further three. These were dedicated at a service in December 1996. The original 15th-century bell, "Gabriel", has been joined by "Michael", "Raphael", "Peter", "Mary" and "Seraph", all cast at the Whitechapel Bell Foundry in 1995 and 1996. The tenor (the largest) weighs 517 kg and the treble (the smallest) about a third of that. The bells hang in a two-tier steel frame, installed in 1995. The bells are hung for the traditional English art of change ringing. Ringing takes place from ground level with the font in the centre of the rope circle. The tower is affiliated to the Suffolk Guild of Ringers. The bells are rung regularly for practice, Sunday services, weddings and other special occasions. Notable residents ----------------- In birth order: * John Youngs (c. 1598–1672), cleric and founder of Southold, New York, was born in Reydon. * Agnes Strickland (1796–1874), historical writer and poet, lived at Reydon Hall. * Susanna Moodie, née Strickland (1803–1885), Canadian author and younger sister of Agnes, lived at Reydon Hall. * Alexander Hyatt King (1911-1995), musicologist, lived in Southwold and is buried in Reydon churchyard. * Lewis Blake (born 1946), poet * Geoffrey Munn OBE, MVO (born 1953), presenter on the BBC Antiques Roadshow, local historian, and author of Southwold – an Earthly Paradise
Stadium in White City, London, England For the Bulgarian stadium nicknamed Loftus Road, see Stadion Todor Diev. Loftus Road (currently known as MATRADE Loftus Road Stadium for sponsorship reasons) is a football stadium in White City, London, England, which is home to Queens Park Rangers. In 1981, it became the first stadium in British professional football to have an artificial pitch of Omniturf installed. This remained in use until 1988, after which a natural grass pitch was reintroduced. Rugby union team London Wasps shared the ground with QPR between 1996 and 2002 and Premier League football club Fulham shared it from 2002 to 2004 while Craven Cottage was closed for reconstruction. AFC Wimbledon started the 2020–2021 season sharing the ground while they waited for their new stadium in Merton to be finished. Other users of the stadium have included the Jamaican and Australian national football teams. In 1985, Barry McGuigan defeated Eusebio Pedroza for the World Boxing Association featherweight championship at the stadium. On 7 June 2019, the club gifted the naming rights to the stadium to The Kiyan Prince Foundation, a charity set up in honour of former QPR youth player Kiyan Prince, resulting in the stadium becoming known as the Kiyan Prince Foundation Stadium. On 25 May 2022, the club announced that the stadium name would revert to Loftus Road ahead of the 2022–23 season. On 26 October 2023, the club announced that it had signed a three-year agreement to sell the naming rights of the stadium to MATRADE; thus Loftus Road will be known as the "MATRADE Loftus Road Stadium" until the 2025–26 season. History ------- The ground was first used on 11 October 1904 by Shepherd's Bush, an amateur side that was disbanded during the First World War. QPR moved to Loftus Road in 1917, having had their ground at Park Royal commandeered by the army in February 1915. At that time the ground was an open field with a pavilion. One stand from Park Royal was dismantled and re-erected in 1919, forming the Ellerslie Road stand. This stand was the only covered seating in the ground until 1968 and was replaced in 1972. It had a capacity of 2,950. QPR moved out of Loftus Road at the start of the 1931–32 season, moving to nearby White City Stadium, but after a loss of £7,000, the team moved back for the start of the 1933–34 season. In 1938, a new covered terrace for 6,000 spectators was constructed by a company called Framed Structures Ltd at the Loftus Road end, taking the overall ground capacity up to 30,000. It cost £7,000 (with £1,500 donated by the QPR Supporters Club) and was opened by the Rt Hon Herbert Morrison, the leading Labour MP and future wartime Home Secretary, at the match against Crystal Palace on 29 October. The covered section of the terracing was concreted at that time; the uncovered section was concreted in 1945. In April 1948, after winning the Third Division (South) championship, the club bought the freehold of the stadium plus 39 houses in Loftus Road and Ellerslie Road for £26,250, financed by a share flotation that raised £30,000. When the club's finances were under pressure in the late 1950s the houses had to be sold. On 5 October 1953 floodlights were used at Loftus Road for the first time for a friendly game against Arsenal. In summer 1966 the original floodlights were replaced by much taller floodlight pylons. In summer 1980 these in turn were replaced with new floodlights. QPR experimented once again with a move to White City Stadium in the 1962–63 season, but moved back to Loftus Road once more after less than one full season. In the summer of 1968 the South Africa Road stand was constructed at a cost of £150,000 to replace the old open terracing. In 1972 a new stand was completed in Ellerslie Road, replacing the tin-roofed grandstand erected in 1919, and first used in the match against Oxford United on 2 December 1972. The changing rooms and offices were moved to South Africa Road and the television gantry moved in the other direction. The stadium's highest recorded attendance of 35,353 was in a game against Leeds United on 27 April 1974. The following summer the paddock of the South Africa Road stand was converted from terracing to seating with the installation of 4,600 seats, thus lowering the capacity of the stadium to the 31,002 present for the last home match of the 1975/6 season against Leeds United on 24 April 1976. During the summer of 1981 an artificial pitch of Omniturf was installed at Loftus Road, the first such surface to be used in British professional football. The surface was not favoured by everyone, with QPR keeper Peter Hucker describing it as "basically a bit of carpet over two feet of concrete", and stated that as a goalkeeper, he strongly disliked diving onto it saying that "I'd have close to third degree burns because the pitch would totally rip the skin off." Rangers lost the first league match played on the new surface 1-2 versus Luton Town on 1 September 1981. During the time that Loftus Road had the Omniturf pitch installed, QPR reached two cup finals and became Second Division champions, something that critics claimed was caused by the advantage the pitch presented, and QPR's home games in the 1984–85 UEFA Cup were played at Arsenal's Highbury Stadium. It was claimed that manager Terry Venables would let opposition teams train on the pitch when it was dry, and then deliberately dampen the pitch so that the ball played differently to what they expected at kick off. It was removed in April 1988 because of football legislation and replaced with grass.[] There were just three other league stadiums in the whole country with a plastic pitch, and by 1994 all of these had been ripped up. Loftus Road Stadium, South Africa Road entrance. New stands were opened at the School End in the summer of 1980 and one year later at the Loftus Road end. At the same time as the new Loftus Road stand was built executive boxes were installed in the lower tier of the South Africa Road stand and the artificial pitch laid. The stadium capacity at this time was 27,000 and it was one of the most modern and advanced stadiums in Britain having been completely reconstructed over a 13-year period from 1968 to 1981. Between the summer of 1994 and the start of 2022–23 season; Loftus Road ground was an all-seater stadium with the construction of seating in the lower Loftus Road stand. The last match where home spectators were able to watch the match from terracing was on 16 April 1994 against Everton. Standing returned to Loftus Road in 2022 when the club introduced rail seating in the ML, NL & PL blocks in the Lower Loft and the R Block in the Stanley Bowles Stand. The owning company, also called Loftus Road, of QPR, London Wasps and the stadium itself, went into the red in the late 1990s only a couple of seasons after it was formed in 1996. In 2001, there were concerns that Queens Park Rangers and the stadium would need to be sold separately when the club went into administration. There was interest from commercial buyers and housing developers. A supporter's trust was set up to keep the club at Loftus Road, and to fight the suggested move out of the stadium and to Milton Keynes. One further suggestion was a merger between QPR and fellow London club Wimbledon, with the newly merged club playing at Loftus Road, but this idea was abandoned following the response from supporters. A £1 million payment by QPR's long time local rivals Fulham in 2002 helped to alleviate the financial problems in return for a ground sharing agreement while Craven Cottage was developed. Loftus Road briefly became home to non-league football club Yeading as they faced Premiership club Newcastle United in the third round of the 2005 FA Cup. The decision was made as Yeading felt that their home stadium could not suitably segregate the fans. Despite holding out for fifty minutes, Yeading went on to lose the match, 2–0. In a fundraiser for the Grenfell Tower fire, which happened on 14 June 2017, Loftus Road stadium hosted a special match – appropriately named 'Game 4 Grenfell' – for the people who died. Celebrities participating included Olly Murs, Sir Mo Farah and many more. This took place on 2 September 2017. On 7 June 2019, following nominations and a fan vote from a shortlist, it was announced that Loftus Road Stadium would be renamed the 'Kiyan Prince Foundation Stadium' in honour of the former QPR youth team member Kiyan Prince who was fatally stabbed in 2006. In December 2021, it was announced that the Ellerslie Road Stand would be renamed the Stanley Bowles Stand. In February 2022 the club announced a fundraising campaign, asking supporters to pay for the planned renaming costs. Ahead of the 2022–23 season, the club installed just under 1000 rail seats in the ML, NL & PL blocks in the Lower Loft and the R Block in the Stanley Bowles Stand as well as the upper tier of the School End stand used by visiting supporters. In the summer of 2023 the old "Blue and White Club" bar in the Lower Loftus Road stand was renamed the "Forever Rs bar", after the former players, managers and coaches association that had been created in 2016. The bar contains memorabilia donated by both fans and the club and is used to host talks with former players and other fan related events. It also lists all of the more than 100 former players, managers and coaches inducted to "Forever Rs" since its creation. Rail seating in the lower loft ### The future Following a number of years of uncertainty about whether the club would expand the capacity of the stadium, or relocate to a new site in the event of a return to the Premier League, chairman Tony Fernandes announced, on 28 November 2011, that the club was investigating the possibility of relocating to a new site in West London in order to build a larger stadium. The current capacity of the stadium is 18,439. It was not the first time that an owner had suggested moving out of Loftus Road, with director Antonio Caliendo suggesting, in March 2006, a potential site for a new shopping and leisure development near the BBC Television Centre, and then QPR manager, Luigi De Canio, suggesting in 2008 that the team needed to leave the stadium in order to fulfil its ambitions. In August 2013, QPR started discussions with Hammersmith and Fulham Council about moving into a new stadium, believed to be at Old Oak Common, and soon after, in December, confirmed that they would be leaving Loftus Road for the short move across west London. However, in July 2014, those plans suffered a setback, with the current tenants at Old Oak – Car Giant – suggesting the club's plans were "speculative and presumptuous". The new stadium was planned to be called New Queens Park. Loftus Road before a game against Nottingham Forest in 2019 Structures and facilities ------------------------- The stadium has a capacity of 18,439. The four stands are the Loftus Road End (often shortened to The Loft), The Stanley Bowles Stand, Bhatia Stand and the Achilleus Security Stand, the Upper Tier of which is used by away supporters with the lower tier also allocated when demand justifies it. Because of the size of the stadium, supporters find themselves much closer to the pitch compared to many other stadiums. All four of the modern stands meet with no gaps, giving the overall impression of a tightly enclosed stadium. All the stands have two tiers, with the exception of the Stanley Bowles Stand. The Bhatia stand, formerly known as the South Africa Road stand, is the biggest of the four stands. It is a two tier stand which includes The Paddocks and contains a row of executive boxes separating The Paddocks and the upper tier. It also houses the dugouts, changing rooms, executive suites, tunnel, club offices, club shop, box office and press conference rooms. The Paddocks area is the cheapest in the ground, whereas the upper tier is the most expensive. The exclusive W12 and C Clubs are located here. The Stanley Bowles Stand at Loftus Road The Loft is a two tier stand built in 1981 behind the goal and is traditionally where most members and season ticket holders sit. The lower tier became a Family Stand in the summer of 2012. This is the third most expensive stand to sit in. QPR generally opt to attack this end in the second half because it is believed to be good luck. The police crowd observation box is located in this stand and it is home to the members' bar in the ground, The Blue and White Bar. A new colour scoreboard is located at this end, installed in Summer 2008, on the advertising boards between the upper and lower tiers. As of August 2022 The Lower Loft contains 726 rail seats used for safe standing in Blocks ML, NL and PL. The Stanley Bowles Stand, formerly known as the Ellerslie Road stand, was rebuilt in 1972. It is a single tiered stand and is the smallest in height, but not in noise and capacity. It is home to the "Q Block" where, along with the Loft's P and R blocks QPR's loudest and most partisan following are located. The R Block contains 237 rail seats so the rowdiest fans can stand during the game. This stand is a favourite of some fans because of the view and atmosphere, and is the second most expensive stand in the stadium. It is also home to the commentary and television camera gantry, and is the only stand whose seat colours are not arranged in blue and white hoops, spelling out "QPR" instead and chants of "captain jack" can be heard echoing around the stadium At the west end of the stadium is the Achilles Security Stand which has been all seated since 1990 after the Taylor Report. The Upper Tier Has 1,850 seats which are allocated to away supporters for league matches with away teams given the lower tier if demand requires it. Other uses ---------- Loftus Road was home to professional rugby union team London Wasps from September 1996 to the end of the 2001–02 season, having moved from their home in Sudbury, Middlesex, as part of the deal in which Chris Wright took control of both Wasps and QPR. Wasps won the English Premiership in their first season at Loftus Road. It was part of a 7-year ground share deal negotiated by Chris Wright who had just bought Wasps as rugby union became professional. Wasps agreed to move out, to Wycombe Wanderers' Adams Park ground, at the end of the 2001–02 season to allow Fulham F.C. to rent for 2 seasons between 2002 and 2004, while their ground, Craven Cottage, was redeveloped. It was Fulham's preferred temporary ground, with the other suggested alternative being West Ham's Upton Park. It was open for Wasps to return, but Wasps decided not to move back after Fulham left. It has also been used to host the final of the British Universities and Colleges Sport football tournaments. The venue has also been used to host boxing in the past, with the most notable bout being between Irishman Barry McGuigan and Panamanian Eusebio Pedroza on 8 June 1985 for the WBA featherweight championship in front of a sold out capacity of 27,000 spectators. The stadium was transformed into a little bit of Ireland for the evening, with the Ireland's Saturday Night on sale, and man dressed as a leprechaun dancing around the ring before the main event. McGuigan knocked the Panamanian down in the 7th round en route to a unanimous decision win: Pedroza was making the nineteenth defense of his title, and Ireland had not had a boxing world champion for 35 years. The band Yes performed at the stadium on 10 May 1975, which was recorded and featured on The Old Grey Whistle Test. ### Internationals Loftus Road hosted two England B internationals. The first was against France B in 1992 with the hosts winning, 2–0, and the other was against Russia-2 in 1998 and won, 4–1. It was the first 'neutral' venue to capitalise on hosting international friendlies not involving England. A testimonial match for Simon Barker saw QPR lose to the Jamaica national team by 2–1 in March 1998, with the national team returning to Loftus Road in 2002 to play Nigeria where they lost, 1–0. Israel requested to play their Euro 2004 qualifying match against Cyprus as UEFA had banned Israel from hosting home games on its own territory due to security concerns. The application was rejected as there were already five scheduled matches over the course of thirteen days as it was during the time that QPR were sharing Loftus Road with Fulham. QPR themselves played the Iranian national team in a pre-season friendly on 23 July 2005. On 14 November 2006, Australia drew 1–1 with Ghana in an international friendly at the ground. In 2007 Denmark won, 3–1, against Australia at Loftus Road. In 2008, Australia played another friendly at Loftus Road against South Africa, the match ended 2–2. South Korea won, 2–0, against Ivory Coast at Loftus Road on 3 March 2010. Loftus Road hosted the 2015 Saudi Super Cup between Al Nassr and Al Hilal, marking the first time that the competition was held outside of Saudi Arabia. The stadium hosted two rugby league internationals. The first was a 2004 Rugby League Tri-Nations match between Australia and New Zealand on Saturday 23 October 2004 with Australia winning, 32–16. The other was a 2005 Rugby League Tri-Nations match between Great Britain and New Zealand on 29 October 2005 with New Zealand winning, 42–26. #### List of international football matches A corner taken during the Australia vs South Africa international in 2008. \| Date \| Team #1 \| Score \| Team #2 \| Ref \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 2002 \| Nigeria \| 1–0 \| Jamaica \| \| \| 2006 \| Australia \| 1–1 \| Ghana \| \| \| 2006 \| Trinidad and Tobago \| 2–0 \| Iceland \| \| \| 2007 \| Denmark \| 3–1 \| Australia \| \| \| 2008 \| Australia \| 2–2 \| South Africa \| \| \| 2010 \| South Korea \| 2–0 \| Ivory Coast \| \| Transport --------- There are several London Underground stations near the stadium, the closest being White City, which is on the Central line, about five minutes walk away from the stadium. A further two minutes walk away is Wood Lane on the Hammersmith & City line. Shepherd's Bush Market is also on the Hammersmith & City line. Other nearby stations include those at Shepherd's Bush on the Central line, and Shepherd's Bush which operates trains on the London Overground and Southern networks. The Underground stations have on rare occasions been a means for Away teams to arrive, e.g. Coventry City's players arrived via the tube station in 2008 after their coach got stuck in traffic. A number of London Bus routes run near the stadium. From South Africa Road to the north, the 228 runs in both directions, terminating at Maida Hill and Central Middlesex Hospital. On the same road, the 283 runs through to East Acton, and although it does not stop when running in the other direction on South Africa Road, it does stop on the adjacent Bloemfontein Road. Other buses nearby are the 260, 207 and SL8, each of which run down the Uxbridge Road.
Former municipality in Aargau, Switzerland Gallenkirch is a former municipality in the district of Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Gallenkirch, Linn, Oberbözberg and Unterbözberg merged to form the new municipality of Bözberg. History ------- Gallenkirch is first mentioned in 1338 as Gallenkilch. During the Middle Ages, Gallenkirch was part of the district of Hornussen under the city of Bad Säckingen. Religiously, until the Reformation the residents were also part of the parish of Hornussen. The local chapel was dedicated to Saint Gall, but is no longer standing. Portions of the structure were incorporated into a later building. After the Reformation the village became part of the reformed parish of Bözberg. Under Bernese rule (1460-1798) the village was part of the Thalheim court. In the 19th and 20th century, several attempts to merge Gallenkirch into the village of Linn failed. However, since 1917, children attend the local school in Linn, and other infrastructure problems are solved through inter-municipal cooperation. In Gallenkirch there is no shopping or other economy. Today's inhabitants are farmers or commuters to the nearby industrial centers. Geography --------- Gallenkirch had an area, as of 2009[update], of 1.4 square kilometers (0.54 sq mi). Of this area, 1.04 square kilometers (0.40 sq mi) or 74.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.26 square kilometers (0.10 sq mi) or 18.6% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.1 km2 (25 acres) or 7.1% is settled (buildings or roads). Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 3.6% and transportation infrastructure made up 3.6%. 17.9% of the total land area is heavily forested. Of the agricultural land, 52.9% is used for growing crops and 17.9% is pastures, while 3.6% is used for orchards or vine crops. The former municipality is located in the Brugg district, west of the mountain pass through which the modern Bözbergstrasse runs. Gallenkirch is 5 kilometers (3.1 mi) from downtown Brugg, the district seat. The municipality is bounded with Unterbözberg in the northeast, Linn to the south and Effingen to the northeast. Coat of arms ------------ The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Per pale Or a Trunk couped ragully proper and Azure a Latin Cross patte couped Or. The trunk of wood is from Saint Gall, who according to legend carried a wooden staff, while the cross is for the Gallus Chapel, from which the village derives its name. Demographics ------------ Gallenkirch had a population (as of 2011[update]) of 133. As of June 2009[update], 6.5% of the population are foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1997–2007) the population has changed at a rate of 31.1%. Most of the population (as of 2000[update]) speaks German (95.9%), with Portuguese being second most common ( 1.7%) and Polish being third ( 1.7%). The age distribution, as of 2008[update], in Gallenkirch is; 10 children or 7.0% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 20 teenagers or 14.1% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 21 people or 14.8% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 25 people or 17.6% are between 30 and 39, 21 people or 14.8% are between 40 and 49, and 20 people or 14.1% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 17 people or 12.0% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 6 people or 4.2% are between 70 and 79, there are 2 people or 1.4% who are between 80 and 89. As of 2000[update] the average number of residents per living room was 0.53 which is about equal to the cantonal average of 0.57 per room. In this case, a room is defined as space of a housing unit of at least 4 m2 (43 sq ft) as normal bedrooms, dining rooms, living rooms, kitchens and habitable cellars and attics. About 64% of the total households were owner occupied, or in other words did not pay rent (though they may have a mortgage or a rent-to-own agreement). As of 2000[update], there were 5 homes with 1 or 2 persons in the household, 21 homes with 3 or 4 persons in the household, and 24 homes with 5 or more persons in the household. The average number of people per household was 2.42 individuals. In 2008[update] there were 21 single family homes (or 35.6% of the total) out of a total of 59 homes and apartments. There were a total of 0 empty apartments for a 0.0% vacancy rate. As of 2007[update], the construction rate of new housing units was 14.8 new units per 1000 residents. In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 41.7% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (18.5%), the Green Party (12.1%) and the Other (10.1%). The historical population is given in the following table: Historical population\| Year \| Pop. \| ±% \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 1764 \| 66 \| — \| \| 1850 \| 109 \| +65.2% \| \| 1900 \| 92 \| −15.6% \| \| 1950 \| 79 \| −14.1% \| \| 1970 \| 65 \| −17.7% \| \| 2000 \| 121 \| +86.2% \| Education --------- In Gallenkirch about 81.4% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). There are no schools in Gallenkirch, the nearest school is the primary school in Unterbözberg. Economy ------- As of 2007[update], Gallenkirch had an unemployment rate of 0%. As of 2005[update], there were 11 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 4 businesses involved in this sector. 2 people are employed in the secondary sector and there is 1 business in this sector. 26 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 4 businesses in this sector. As of 2000[update] there was a total of 66 workers who lived in the municipality. Of these, 50 or about 75.8% of the residents worked outside Gallenkirch while 27 people commuted into the municipality for work. There were a total of 43 jobs (of at least 6 hours per week) in the municipality. Of the working population, 10.1% used public transportation to get to work, and 56.5% used a private car. Religion -------- From the 2000 census[update], 33 or 27.3% were Roman Catholic, while 67 or 55.4% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church.
In algebra, an Okubo algebra or pseudo-octonion algebra is an 8-dimensional non-associative algebra similar to the one studied by Susumu Okubo. Okubo algebras are composition algebras, flexible algebras (A(BA) = (AB)A), Lie admissible algebras, and power associative, but are not associative, not alternative algebras, and do not have an identity element. Okubo's example was the algebra of 3-by-3 trace-zero complex matrices, with the product of X and Y given by aXY + bYX – Tr(XY)I/3 where I is the identity matrix and a and b satisfy a + b = 3ab = 1. The Hermitian elements form an 8-dimensional real non-associative division algebra. A similar construction works for any cubic alternative separable algebra over a field containing a primitive cube root of unity. An Okubo algebra is an algebra constructed in this way from the trace-zero elements of a degree-3 central simple algebra over a field. Construction of Para-Hurwitz algebra ------------------------------------ Unital composition algebras are called Hurwitz algebras. If the ground field K is the field of real numbers and N is positive-definite, then A is called a Euclidean Hurwitz algebra. ### Scalar product If K has characteristic not equal to 2, then a bilinear form (a, b) = 1/2[N(a + b) − N(a) − N(b)] is associated with the quadratic form N. ### Involution in Hurwitz algebras Assuming A has a multiplicative unity, define involution and right and left multiplication operators by {\displaystyle \displaystyle {{\bar {a}}=-a+2(a,1)1,\,\,\,L(a)b=ab,\,\,\,R(a)b=ba.}} Evidently is an involution and preserves the quadratic form. The overline notation stresses the fact that complex and quaternion conjugation are partial cases of it. These operators have the following properties: * The involution is an antiautomorphism, i.e. a b = b a * a a = N(a) 1 = a a * L(a) = L(a)\, R(a) = R(a)\, where \* denotes the adjoint operator with respect to the form ( , ) * Re(a b) = Re(b a) where Re x = (x + x)/2 = (x, 1) * Re((a b) c) = Re(a (b c)) * L(a2) = L(a)2, R(a2) = R(a)2, so that A is an alternative algebra These properties are proved starting from polarized version of the identity (a b, a b) = (a, a)(b, b): {\displaystyle \displaystyle {2(a,b)(c,d)=(ac,bd)+(ad,bc).}} Setting b = 1 or d = 1 yields L(a) = L(a)\* and R(c) = R(c)\. Hence Re(a b) = (a b, 1) = (a, b) = (b a, 1) = Re(b a). Similarly (a b, c) = (a b, c) = (b, a c) = (1, b* (a c)) = (1, (b a) c) = (b a, c). Hence Re(a b)c = ((a b)c, 1) = (a b, c) = (a, c b) = (a(b c), 1) = Re(a(b c)). By the polarized identity N(a) (c, d) = (a c, a d) = (a a c, d) so L(a) L(a) = N(a). Applied to 1 this gives a a = N(a). Replacing a by a gives the other identity. Substituting the formula for a in L(a) L(a) = L(a a) gives L(a)2 = L(a2). ### Para-Hurwitz algebra Another operation ∗ may be defined in a Hurwitz algebra as x ∗ y = x y The algebra (A, ∗) is a composition algebra not generally unital, known as a para-Hurwitz algebra. In dimensions 4 and 8 these are para-quaternion and para-octonion algebras. A para-Hurwitz algebra satisfies {\displaystyle (x\y)\x=x\(y\x)=\langle x\|x\rangle y\ .} Conversely, an algebra with a non-degenerate symmetric bilinear form satisfying this equation is either a para-Hurwitz algebra or an eight-dimensional pseudo-octonion algebra. Similarly, a flexible algebra satisfying {\displaystyle \langle xy\|xy\rangle =\langle x\|x\rangle \langle y\|y\rangle \ } is either a Hurwitz algebra, a para-Hurwitz algebra or an eight-dimensional pseudo-octonion algebra.
Tribe of moths The Nacophorini are one of the smaller tribes of geometer moths in the subfamily Ennominae. They are the most diverse Ennominae of Australia and are widespread in the Americas. If the African genera tentatively placed herein indeed belong here, the distribution of the Nacophorini is distinctly Gondwanan, with their probable origin either of Australia, South America or even Antarctica (which was not ice-covered until a few million years ago). In Eurasia, they are rare by comparison. Despite the lack of thorough study of this tribe in modern times, as traditionally delimited they are probably nearly monophyletic, requiring only a few genera to be moved in and out of this group to make it correspond to a clade; as this involves the type species, the correct name for this clade might be Lithinini or maybe Campaeini, which are both liable to be eventually merged with the Nacophorini. The Azelinini, Ennomini and perhaps the Caberini are probably their closest living relatives, and a more radical approach to monophyly would be to merge the Nacophorini, Lithinini and possibly the Campaeini into the Ennomini. Description ----------- Nacophorini are generally robust and quite hairy geometer moths, though some species are more delicate. Exceptional among their subfamily, many have slim wings. They typically rest with the hindwings tucked under the forewings. Nacophorini have long antennae, and most if not all have terminal sensillae shaped like stout pegs and sensillae basiconicae on the flagellomeres or rami. The "horn" between the antenna sockets which is present in many geometer moths is usually exceptionally well developed in the Nacophorini. Some have a crest of thorns on their thorax, and a few have a spine at the tip of their foreleg tibia. The hindleg tibia is usually swollen in males, which also often have a "penciltip" of hairs tucked into a groove. Together with a comb of setae on the third abdominal segment, these structures probably serve to distribute pheromones, and while the abdominal comb is found in many Ennominae, the full set of structures is rarely found outside of the Nacophorini, which usually possess at least a swollen tibia or tibial "pencil", and often both. Wnile the female genitalia are rather nondescript, there are a number of features of the male genitalia that are usually not exclusive to Nacophorini, but in combination are quite characteristic. Like in most Boarmiini, the valval costa typically has a batch of bristles on its underside near the tip, whereas the harpe or "clasper" of Nacophorini lacks the complex modifications found in Boarmiini. The aedeagus has a pointed tip in almost all members of this tribe, displaying little of the variation found in related geometer moths. The anellus usually has extensions at the side, which extend from the edge of the juxta and can be lobes or spines, small or large, covered in bristles or nude. But unlike the similar-looking but probably analogous structures found in Ourapterygini these "furcae" are entirely or almost symmetrical in Nacophorini. The Lithinini and the Tasmanian Ennominae traditionally placed in the Archiearinae also have such symmetrical furcae, indicating the close relationship between them and the Nacophorini. Ecology ------- Larval food plants are mainly Rosidae. Caterpillars of the Australian and South American genera feed predominantly on Myrtaceae, including Campomanesia, Eucalyptus, Eugenia and guavas (Psidium). A rather notorious nacophorine species from the tropical Americas is the Brazilian eucalyptus brown looper (Thyrinteina arnobia), which can be a commercially significant pest in eucalyptus plantations. Faboideae and Mimosoideae have also been recorded as food plants. Caterpillars of the African species tentatively placed in this tribe have been recorded from Cunoniaceae, Ericaceae, Fabaceae and Thymelaceae. Caterpillars of Declana from New Zealand, also tentatively placed in the Nacophorini, have been found on Myrtaceae (eucalyptus, Kunzea and Leptospermum), Pinaceae – larches (Larix), pines (Pinus, notably Monterey pine, P. radiata) and coast Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) –, and southern beeches (Nothofagaceae). In addition, they were found on a species of Olearia, the only euasterid recorded as food plant of Nacophorini to date. Systematics ----------- The genera Oratha, usually placed in the Nacophorini, is in many aspects suspiciously similar to Pero of the Azelinini and Rhinodia of the Caberini. It is liable to be moved to either of these tribes. Phaeoura, which includes Nacophora nowadays, appears to be closer to the Ennomini. As this includes the type species Phaeoura quernaria, Lithinini which might warrant merging with the Nacophorini would then supersede the name "Nacophorini", which would become a junior synonym of the Ennomini. The enigmatic genus Hoplosauris, of uncertain placement in the Ennominae, is in some respects intermediate between the Nacophorini and the Ennomini. While the taxonomic and systematic questions are in need of thorough study, the situation regarding the Lithinini is more clear. Their genus Idiodes and some species formerly placed in the paraphyletic Metrocampa (at least "M." ada and "M." biplaga) appear very close to nacophorine genera – to Thalaina, and to Conosara and Corula, respectively. The Lithinini and the Nacophorini share the same apomorphies of the male genitalia, and their caterpillars are also very similar. It is unknown whether the somewhat more distinct Campaeini would warrant inclusion in this group too. The Tasmanian genera Acalyphes and Dirce and possibly the South American Archiearides, traditionally placed in the subfamily Archiearinae, seem to be close relatives of the Australian nacophorines Niceteria and Paralaea and would probably need to be moved to the present tribe. And finally, there are some African genera as well as Declana from New Zealand which are tentatively assigned to the Nacophorini. ### Selected genera As numerous ennomine genera have not yet been assigned to a tribe, the genus list should be considered preliminary. Clara's satin moth, Thalaina clara * Achagua * Aconcagua * Acrasia (tentatively placed here) * Aethaloida * Amelora * Amphiclasta * Amphicrossa * Androchela * Animomyia * Anischnopteris * Aphantes * Aphilopota (tentatively placed here) * Aporoctena * Archephanes * Argidava * Argyrophora (tentatively placed here) * Authaemon * Betulodes * Bradyctena * Callioratis (tentatively placed here) * Canelo * Capusa * Cassythaphaga * Ceratonyx * Charca * Chiricahua * Chlenias * Chlenomorpha * Chrysomima * Ciampa * Cidariophanes * Conosara * Corula * Cryphaea * Crypsiphila * Cycloprorodes * Declana (tentatively placed here) * Dectochilus * Diptychis (tentatively placed here) * Dolabrossa * Drepanogynis (tentatively placed here) * Drymoptila * Dysbatus * Epicompsa * Erilophodes * Fisera * Furcatrox * Gabriola * Gastrina * Hasodima * Hebdomophruda (tentatively placed here) * Hemimorina * Hemnypia * Holochroa * Illa (tentatively placed here) * Ischnopteris * Kunanyia * Lackrana * Mauna (tentatively placed here) * Melanodes * Microligia (tentatively placed here) * Mictodoca * Mnesampela * Mochlotona * Nazca * Niceteria * Nisista * Oratha (probably belongs in Azelinini or Caberini) * Pachycnemoides (tentatively placed here) * Palleopa * Papago * Paralaea * Parexcelsa * Phaeoura (probably belongs in Ennomini, includes Nacophora) * Plesanemma * Pseudomaenas (tentatively placed here) * Rhynchopsota * Rucana * Smyriodes * Stibaroma * Thalaina * Thyrinteina * Veniliodes (tentatively placed here) * Yermoia * Zerenopsis (tentatively placed here) As noted above, Acalyphes, Dirce and possibly Archiearides would seem to need moving here from the Archiearinae, and at least some Lithinini and perhaps Campaeini seem to belong here too.
American rock band For other uses, see Dictator (disambiguation). The Dictators are an American rock band formed in New York City in 1973. Critic John Dougan said that they were "one of the finest and most influential proto-punk bands to walk the earth." Origins ------- The band was formed in 1972 by Andy "Adny" Shernoff, who was attending the State University of New York at New Paltz, and Ross "The Boss" Friedman who was playing in a local band called Total Crudd. Scott "Top Ten" Kempner was asked to join, and the trio rented a house in Kerhonkson, New York, where they lived and rehearsed with various drummers. The original recording line-up consisted of vocalist/bassist/songwriter Andy Shernoff, lead guitarist Ross Friedman (aka Ross Funicello), rhythm guitarist Scott Kempner, and drummer Stu Boy King. It was this line-up–along with roadie/occasional vocalist and "Secret Weapon" Handsome Dick Manitoba–which recorded the band's 1975 debut album, The Dictators Go Girl Crazy! for Epic Records, produced by Sandy Pearlman and Murray Krugman (best known for their work with Blue Öyster Cult). The album sold poorly at the time but is now considered to be a starting point for American punk rock. Entertainment Weekly wrote, "Go Girl Crazy's junk-generation culture and smart-aleck sensibility did provide an essential blueprint for '70s punk. With its TV references and homely vocals, this ground-breaking and long-unavailable album continues to inspire underground groups everywhere." In a 2006 book, The Heebie-Jeebies at CBGB's, Steven Beeber argued that this all-Jewish band was an early musical expression in rock music of the New York sarcasm and toughness found among this alienated population, who significantly contributed to punk rock (humor of Lenny Bruce, Jonathan Richman, Suicide, Lou Reed, Hilly Kristal (founder of CBGB), Danny Fields, the Ramones). Frustrated by the lack of sales, the band broke up for a few months in late 1975, but reconvened in early 1976, with bassist Mark "The Animal" Mendoza replacing Shernoff and Ritchie Teeter replacing King. After a few months Shernoff was persuaded to return to the group as the group's keyboardist. This line-up soon secured a contract with Asylum Records (at least partly due to the notoriety the group had developed following a well-publicized brawl between Manitoba and Jayne County) and released their second album, Manifest Destiny, in 1977. The album was produced by Pearlman and Krugman with songs written by Shernoff. Early in 1978, Mendoza had left the band (he soon joined Twisted Sister), and Shernoff had returned to his original position on bass guitar. It was this line-up of Manitoba, Shernoff, Friedman, Kempner, and Teeter which recorded Bloodbrothers (yet again produced by Pearlman and Krugman with songs written by Shernoff). It was the first album to feature Manitoba as the group's vocalist on all the songs, though Bruce Springsteen–a big fan of the group to this day–can be heard counting "1-2-1-2-3-4" during the album's opening track, "Faster and Louder."[] The album's "Baby, Let's Twist" was a minor hit on a number of East Coast radio stations, but the lack of mainstream success caused the band to split again the following year. Shortly before the split, drummer Mel Anderson had left Twisted Sister and joined The Dictators, replacing Teeter. 1980s ----- After the break-up, Manitoba drove a taxi cab, Shernoff worked as a record producer and songwriter and Friedman worked first with the French hard-rock band Shakin' StreetWhat Goes On, then became a founding member of Manowar in 1982 (with whom he recorded the band's first six albums, leaving the band after the 1988 album Kings of Metal), and producing the first demo for Anthrax. The members of the band began reuniting occasionally and in 1981, ROIR released the cassette-only Fuck 'Em If They Can't Take a Joke produced by Andy Shernoff, which featured numbers from all three of the group's studio albums, covers of the Velvet Underground's "What Goes On" and Mott the Hoople's "The Moon Upstairs," plus two new Shernoff numbers, "Loyola" and "New York New York". Other than occasional reunion shows, little was heard from The Dictators during the next five years. However, in late 1986 Shernoff and Manitoba (along with guitarist Daniel Rey) formed Wild Kingdom, releasing a version of "New York New York" on the 1988 soundtrack to Mondo New York. 1990s ----- In 1990, MCA Records released the Wild Kingdom debut, ...And You? written and produced by Andy Shernoff, though they were now billed as Manitoba's Wild Kingdom to avoid a lawsuit from the TV show Wild Kingdom. By this time Rey had left the group and had been replaced by Friedman (the group was rounded out by drummer J.P. Patterson). ...And You? - a brief 25 minutes in length - received excellent reviews, with Rolling Stone calling it "the first great punk rock album of the '90s." The ...And You? album cover was a source of some controversy, since it was lifted from a World War II Nazi recruiting poster. It was not the first time members of the band (most of whom were Jewish) had been associated with charges of this sort since Go Girl Crazy had featured the songs "Master Race Rock" and "Back to Africa." By the 1990s, much about the lives of the band's members had changed markedly. Shernoff recorded and toured with The Fleshtones in 1989 and 1990, wrote and recorded with The Ramones, became a successful record producer and worked as a sommelier. Manitoba opened an East-Village bar called Manitoba's in 1999. Kempner had developed a certain degree of respect from roots-rock audiences due to his 1980s work with The Del-Lords. In 1992, he released his solo album Tenement Angels and joined The Brandos in 1993. Friedman's work with Manowar and Brain Surgeons had given him a certain cachet with heavy metal audiences.[] However, the group - first with Frank Funaro on drums, then again with Patterson - began recording a new Dictators album written and produced by Andy Shernoff in the late 1990s, which was eventually released as D.F.F.D. in 2001. AllMusic called the album a "non-stop barrage of spitfire precision rock. The material is, unbelievably, their best and most consistent ever for an album". 2000s ----- The Dictators continued to perform to a devoted audience releasing a live album, Viva Dictators in 2005, produced by Shernoff. In 2007, they compiled an album of demos, rarities, and unreleased songs which were recorded at various times over their thirty-plus year career called Every Day Is Saturday on Norton Records. The title was a line in the song "Weekend" from the band's first album The Dictators Go Girl Crazy. Shernoff formed The Master Plan with The Fleshtones' Keith Streng, releasing Colossus of Destiny on Alive-Total Energy Records in 2003, and Maximum Respect on Green Mist Records in 2011. Manitoba sang with the surviving members of the MC5 and worked as a DJ in Little Steven's Underground Garage on Sirius XM Radio, till he was fired, then re-hired to work on Steven's station, which did not work out, as he left in January 2018. In October 2006, the band (Manitoba, Shernoff, Friedman, Patterson, Kempner) headlined the second and third to last shows ever at CBGB. The second to last show featured Blondie on the bill as well, and during the Dictators final song on the CBGB stage, they were joined by Tommy Ramone, the last surviving original member of The Ramones for a rendition of the Ramones song "Blitzkrieg Bop". In November 2007, Manitoba, along with author Amy Wallace, put out The Official Punk Rock Book of Lists on BackBeat Books, a small book company owned by Hal Leonard Publishing. Manitoba's Wild Kingdom reunited in May 2008 to play at the Joey Ramone Birthday Bash at The Fillmore New York at Irving Plaza, with a lineup featuring Manitoba, Shernoff, Friedman and Patterson. In July 2008, Kempner released his second solo album Saving Grace. In October 2008, The Dictators reunited for a series of four concerts in Spain. Ross The Boss released his debut solo album, New Metal Leader, in August 2008. He and his band have released their second album Hailstorm in 2010. Patterson released his second album, entitled The LP Is Dead, in November 2009 via No Fun Records. 2010s ----- Kempner and the rest of The Del-Lords re-united in early 2010 for a successful tour of Spain and began working on an album of all new material. Kempner's first solo album, Tenement Angels, was released on March 1, 2011, on GB Music. The release is on CD (remastered with a bonus track) and on vinyl. The LP is a limited edition on 500, and comes with a digital download and a hand signed poster by Kempner. Manitoba, Ross the Boss, Dean Rispler (ex-Murphys Law), JP Paterson, and Daniel Rey formed Manitoba in January 2012. In April 2013, the band changed its name to The Dictators NYC. A single "Supply and Demand," composed by Boss, Manitoba, and Manitoba's son Jake, and backed with a live version of the MC5's "Kick Out the Jams," was released in November 2015. In July 2017, it was announced that the band name would be changed back to Manitoba, "due to legal threats by ex-bandmates, Andy Shernoff and Scott Kempner". In December of that year the band announced it had broken up. Shernoff released his first solo EP Don't Fade Away on Yazoo Squelch Records in 2012. Critic Mark Deming wrote "the man is still writing excellent songs and singing them straight from the heart, which is what his best work has always been about, and it's great news that well over three decades into his career, he's still got fresh and worthwhile things to say." He released his second EP On The First Day, Man Created God in 2013 again on Yazoo Squelch records. In August 2015, he released a video collaboration with Lydia Lunch for the song "A Good Night To Say Goodbye". Another video to celebrate Joey Ramone's 65th birthday was released on May 15, 2016. Former member Richard Teeter, who played drums for The Dictators between 1976 and 1979, died on April 10, 2012, due to complications from esophageal cancer. He was 61. In November 2015, Go Girl Crazy! received an expanded and remastered CD reissue, featuring several unreleased selections and remixes of three tunes by Andrew W.K. On May 1, 2018, the Dictators original drummer, Stuart 'Stu Boy' King, died from pancreatic cancer. In November 2019, Manitoba released his first solo album Born in the Bronx. 2020s ----- On May 28, 2020, Andy Shernoff announced that the Dictators were reforming to record some new material and possibly play live, with a line-up comprising Shernoff on bass and vocals, Ross The Boss and Kempner on guitars and Albert Bouchard (formerly of Blue Öyster Cult) on drums. On January 8, 2021, Shernoff announced on Facebook that a new Dictators song and video would be released on January 15. On April 6 that year, the Dictators announced "Scott Kempner will be leaving the band due to health reasons." On October 18, the band announced that Keith Roth (David Johansen, Earl Slick, Cherie Currie, Cheetah Crome) would join the band on vocals and guitar. Kempner died from complications of dementia in a nursing home in Connecticut on November 29, 2023, at the age of 69. Members ------- ### Current * Ross "The Boss" Friedman – lead guitar, backing vocals (1973–1975, 1976–1980, 1995–2008, 2020-present) * Andy Shernoff – bass guitar (1973–1975, 1978–1980, 1995–2008, 2020-present), keyboards (1976–1980, 1995–2008), lead and backing vocals (1973–1975, 1976–1980, 1995–2008, 2020-present) * Albert Bouchard – drums, occasional lead vocals (2020-present) * Keith Roth – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (2021-present) ### Former * Richard Manitoba – backing vocals (1974—1975), lead vocals (1974–1975, 1976–1980, 1995–2008) * Scott "Top Ten" Kempner – rhythm guitar (1973–1975, 1976–1980, 1995–2008, 2020–2021; died 2023) * Stu Boy King – drums (1974–1975, died 2018) * Ritchie Teeter – drums (1976–1979; died 2012) * Mark Mendoza – bass guitar, backing vocals (1976–1977) * Mel "Starr" Anderson – drums (1979–1980) * Frank Funaro – drums (1995–1998) * J.P. Patterson – drums (1998–2008) ### Timeline Discography ----------- ### Studio albums * Go Girl Crazy! (1975) * Manifest Destiny (1977) #193 Billboard Top 200 Albums * Bloodbrothers (1978) * ...And You? (1990) (as Manitoba's Wild Kingdom) * D.F.F.D. (2001) ### Live albums * Fuck 'Em If They Can't Take a Joke (ROIR, 1981) * The Dictators Live, New York, New York (ROIR, 1998) * Viva Dictators (2005) ### Singles/EPs * "Search & Destroy" (1977) * "Hey Boys" (1977) * "Heartache" (1977) * "I Am Right" (1996) * "Who Will Save Rock 'N' Roll?" (1997) * "Avenue A" (2001) * "16 Forever" (2007) * "The Next Big Thing" EP (2015) * "God Damn New York" (2021) * "Let's Get the Band Back Together" (2021) * "Festivus" (2021) * "Crazy Horses" (2023) ### Compilations * Every Day Is Saturday (2007) * Faster... Louder - The Dictators' Best 1975-2001 (2014)
American-bred Thoroughbred racehorse For the film, see Fit to Fight (film). Fit to Fight (April 5, 1979 in Kentucky – May 30, 2008) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse who won the Handicap Triple Crown (also called the New York Handicap Triple) in 1984. Background ---------- Sired by Chieftain, a son of Bold Ruler, in turn a grandson of Nearco, Fit to Fight was out of the mare Hasty Queen II, the 1983 Kentucky Broodmare of the Year. His damsire, One Count, won the 1952 Belmont Stakes and shared U.S. Horse of the Year honors. One Count was a son of the 1943 U.S. triple Crown champion, Count Fleet. Racing career ------------- Racing at age three, Fit to Fight won his first major graded stakes race, the 1982 Jerome Handicap. The following year he was second to A Phenomenon in the Vosburgh Stakes but ahead of third-place finisher, Deputy Minister. In the Tom Fool Stakes, Fit to Fight took another second but this time to winner Deputy Minister then the two horses reversed their finishes with Fit to Fight capturing the Stuyvesant Handicap. In 1984, Fit to Fight had his best year. Ridden by Jerry Bailey, the five-year-old became only the fourth horse in history to win the Handicap Triple Crown (also called the New York Handicap Triple), joining U.S. Racing Hall of Famers, Whisk Broom II (1913), Tom Fool (1953), and Kelso (1961). Fit to Fight finished behind winner Slew o' Gold in the voting for 1984's Eclipse Award for Outstanding Older Male Horse. Stud career ----------- Retired from racing, in 1985 Fit to Fight became one of the original stallions to stand at stud at Lane's End Farm in Versailles, Kentucky. The sire of 39 Stake race winners, he was pensioned in 2005 and sent to retirement at Blue Ridge Farm in Middleburg, Virginia. On May 30, 2008, at the age of 29, he was euthanized due to the infirmities of old age.
Portrait of Poet Jan Vos by Jan Lievens. Jan Jansz. Vos (baptised 4 March 1612 in Amsterdam – buried 12 July 1667 in Amsterdam) was a Dutch playwright and poet. A glassmaker by trade (in that position he provided all windows for the new city hall on the Dam), he also played an important role as stage-manager and director of the theatre. He organized, on the mayors' orders, processions and splendid decorated floats, which sometimes drew disapproval, criticism, and derision. Life ---- On 20 February 1639, at the old City Hall of Amsterdam, he married Grietje Gerrets (1616 - 1651), already pregnant by him. They had two children: Jan (who only lived a few days) and Maria (who in 1664 laid the first stone for the new theatre). Jan Vos was of good family and lived in the Kalverstraat at no. 202. He prided himself on knowing no other languages than Dutch. With his Aran and Titus of 1641 his name, previously all but unknown, was made. Casper van Baerle admired the work, despite, or because, it featured a prince served as a pudding, a baked Moor and some apparitions. (The subject is the same as in Shakespeare's Titus Andronicus). In his Klucht van Oene ("The Farce of Oene", 1642), a number of dishonest practices by Amsterdam merchants and industrialists are criticized - bakers of bread short-selling their customers, tailors filching pieces of cloth owned by their patrons, glassmakers cheating with glass quantities, dyers of silk tampering with their material. In addition, house-agents, pawnbrokers, cashiers, notaries public and secretaries, landlords, millers, doctors, barbers, pharmacists and booksellers enter the stage. Jan Vos was a sought-after table companion of such leading families as those of De Graeff, Bicker, Joan Huydecoper van Maarsseveen and Jan Six. He wrote occasional poems for them , and this has led to his often being characterized as "a family poet". One of his huge patrons was burgomaster Andries de Graeff. In 1651 he was among the compilers of the Verscheyde Nederduytse gedichten ("Sundry Poems in Dutch") collection of poems, an attempt to bring together painters and poets of different schools and religions. In 1657, he was an honoured guest at the marriage of Jan J. Hinlopen and Leonora Huydecoper. Jan Vos was head of the Theatre of Van Campen for nineteen years, together with Tobias van Domselaer [nl] and Johannes Serwouters [nl]. Vos was part of the Muiderkring, a group of literary people meeting at a castle where the a member of the Bicker family had been appointed "drost" (keeper of the castle). He directed plays by Vondel. Jan Vos had a good eye for the public taste, and was repeatedly entrusted by the city authorities with designing and overseeing pageants and spectacles. In 1654, Vos organized ten performances celebrating the Treaty of Westminster. In 1659, Amalia van Solms, the Regent's wife, and her daughter visited Amsterdam, seeing twenty performances especially designed for the occasions. Nicolas Tulp, however, vehemently opposed the appearance of pagan gods and goddesses during the visitors' festive arrival. At the visit of Maria Henrietta Stuart, the widow of William II, it turned out that one of the floats represented the beheading of Charles I of England, Mary's late father. Jan Vos, who led the processions on horseback, became a target for criticism.

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