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Mahmudova is the co-founder and creative director of YARAT, a non-profit contemporary art organization in Baku, which was established with a group of artists in 2011. Her solo exhibition "ELYSIUM" opened at the Museum of Modern Art on November 13 2015 == Style == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year !! Title !! Location |- | 2015 || Passing By… || New York, NY<ref name=":1" /> |- | 2013 || Internal Peace || Barbarian Art Gallery, Zurich, Switzerland Kichik GalArt, Baku, Azerbaijan<ref name=":1" /> |}
2016-04-05T12:55:05Z
Aida Mahmudova was born 1982 in Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan, niece of the the third president of Azerbaijan, Heydar Aliyev. In 2006, she graduated from Central Saint Martin`s College of Art and Design in London with a BA Degree in Fine Art. In 2009, she graduated from the American Intercontinental University with a BA Degree in Fashion Marketing. Moreover, Mahmudova is the co-founder and creative director of YARAT, a non-profit contemporary art organization in Baku, which was established with a group of artists in 2011. That promotes Azeri contemporary art both on a national and international level, support creativity of young people and helps to foster cultural dialogue between Azerbaijan and other countries. Furthermore, she is the Curatorial Director of the Baku Museum of Modern Art since 2012. Recently, she was mainly focused on YARAT and created artworks. Beside from artworks innovation, she partitcipated in exhibitions with other Artists, her works has been exhibited internationally and uses a variety of techniques from painting and photography to video installation. In 2015, she started her first solo exhibition ‘Passing By’ in the US at Leila Heller Gallery. == Stylet == In 2015, Aida Mahmudova’s first solo exhibition in the United States, Passing By…, were on view at Leila Heller Gallery, 568 West 25th Street, from May 28 – July 3. The exhibition will feature seven new paintings that build on the themes of nostalgia and memory found in her past work and draw inspiration from the landscape and architecture of Azerbaijan where she currently lives and works.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.leilahellergallery.com/exhibitions/aida-mahmudova-passing-by|title=Aida Mahmudova: Passing By... - Exhibitions - Leila Heller Gallery|website=www.leilahellergallery.com|access-date=2016-04-05}}</ref> In this exhibition, the seven paintings is displayed. The theme of the paintings is inspired by the previous work. Also, it is inspired by the built environment and the landscapes of her living space.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.leilahellergallery.com/exhibitions/aida-mahmudova- passing-by|title=|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>Base on the paintings, it is quite obvious that with the feature of the Azerbajian’s cityscapes, the urban context and the surrounding. Not only the architectural aspect. The memory is also the source of the inspiration. The quote “memory is the material of my work.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.leilahellergallery.com/exhibitions/aida-mahmudova- passing-by|title=|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>(2). Memory is more like an abstract thing. In her work, the memory is the core component and it is also the link to the reality.
2016-04-05T13:35:28Z
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Gunn's girlfriend, Edie Hart ([[Lola Albright]]), is a sultry singer employed at Mother's; she opens her own place in season 3. His pet name for Edie is "Silly". [[Herschel Bernardi]] costarred as Lieutenant Jacoby, a somber police detective and friend of Gunn. Occasionally he refers people to Gunn as clients. Bernardi received his only [[Emmy]] nomination for the role. [[Hope Emerson]] appeared as "Mother", who had been a singer and piano player in [[Speakeasy|speakeasies]] during [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]]. She received an Emmy nomination for the role. For the second season, "Mother" was played by [[Minerva Urecal]]. Associate producer Byron Kane portrayed Barney, the bartender; Kane was never credited for playing this role. Bill Chadney appeared as Emmett, the piano player at Mother's. (Chadney and Albright married in 1961.)<ref name=Ct>{{citation|last=Snauffer|first=Douglas|url=http://books.google.com/?id=PTRxMv8LQosC|title=Crime television|pages=22–24|date=September 2006|isbn=978-0-275-98807-4}}</ref>
2016-04-01T18:49:12Z
Gunn's girlfriend, Edie Hart ([[Lola Albright]]), is a sultry singer employed at Mother's; she opens her own place in season 3. His pet name for Edie is "Silly". [[Herschel Bernardi]] costarred as Lieutenant Charles "Chuck" Jacoby, a somber police detective and friend of Gunn. Occasionally he refers people to Gunn as clients. Bernardi received his only [[Emmy]] nomination for the role. [[Hope Emerson]] appeared as "Mother", who had been a singer and piano player in [[Speakeasy|speakeasies]] during [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]]. She received an Emmy nomination for the role. For the second season, "Mother" was played by [[Minerva Urecal]]. Associate producer Byron Kane portrayed Barney, the bartender; Kane was never credited for playing this role. Bill Chadney appeared as Emmett, the piano player at Mother's. (Chadney and Albright married in 1961.)<ref name=Ct>{{citation|last=Snauffer|first=Douglas|url=http://books.google.com/?id=PTRxMv8LQosC|title=Crime television|pages=22–24|date=September 2006|isbn=978-0-275-98807-4}}</ref>
2016-04-01T18:49:44Z
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| native_name = 谢镜丰 '''Steve Chia Kiah Hong''' ({{zh|c=谢镜丰}}; born 3 November 1970) is a [[politician]] from [[Singapore]]. He is the former [[Secretary-General]] of the [[Opposition (politics)|opposition]] [[National Solidarity Party (Singapore)|National Solidarity Party]] (NSP). He served as a [[Non-constituency Member of Parliament|Non-Constituency Member of Parliament]] (NCMP) from 2001 to 2006, during which time the NSP was part of the [[Singapore Democratic Alliance]] (SDA).
2016-03-31T12:47:50Z
| native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|zh-hans|谢镜丰}}}} '''Steve Chia Kiah Hong''' ({{zh|s=谢镜丰|zh|t=謝鏡豐|p=Xiè Jìng Fēng}}; born 3 November 1970) is a [[politician]] from [[Singapore]]. He is the former [[Secretary-General]] of the [[Opposition (politics)|opposition]] [[National Solidarity Party (Singapore)|National Solidarity Party]] (NSP). He served as a [[Non-constituency Member of Parliament|Non-Constituency Member of Parliament]] (NCMP) from 2001 to 2006, during which time the NSP was part of the [[Singapore Democratic Alliance]] (SDA).
2016-04-05T14:21:37Z
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|Ship boats=18 x [[Landing Craft Assault]]s, 1 x [[List_of_United_States_Navy_amphibious_warfare_ships#Landing_Craft_Medium_.28LCM.29|Landing craft, Medium]] (''Empire Battleaxe'', HMS ''Empire Battleaxe'', HMS ''Donovan'')
2015-10-11T16:45:04Z
|Ship boats=18 x [[Landing Craft Assault]]s, 1 x [[Landing Craft Mechanized]] (''Empire Battleaxe'', HMS ''Empire Battleaxe'', HMS ''Donovan'')
2016-03-30T14:06:39Z
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===Notes===
2016-03-03T06:45:48Z
==Notes==
2016-04-02T16:12:37Z
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* [[Linden Ashby]] as Sheriff Stilinski * [[Ian Bohen]] as Peter Hale * [[Dylan Sprayberry]] as Liam Dunbar * [[Meagan Tandy]] as Braeden * [[Ryan Kelley]] as Deputy Jordan Parrish * [[Orny Adams]] as Bobby Finstock * [[J.R. Bourne]] as Chris Argent * [[Jill Wagner]] as Kate Argent * [[Melissa Ponzio]] as Melissa McCall * [[Khylin Rhambo]] as Mason Hewitt * [[Cody Saintgnue]] as Brett Talbot * [[Seth Gilliam]] as Dr. Alan Deaton * Tom T. Choi as Ken Yukimura * [[Maya Eshet]] as Meredith Walker * Mason Dye as Garrett * [[Matthew Del Negro]] as Agent Rafael McCall * [[Samantha Logan]] as Violet * [[Tamlyn Tomita]] as Noshiko Yukimura * [[Lily Mariye]] as Satomi Ito * [[Susan Walters]] as Natalie Martin * [[Joseph Gatt]] as the Mute * [[Ivonne Coll]] as Araya Calavera * Ivo Nandi as Severo Calavera * Aaron Hendry as Brunski * Rahnuma Panthaky as Ms. Fleming * [[Ian Nelson (actor, born 1995)|Ian Nelson]] as young Derek Hale * John Posey as Dr. Fenris * [[Steven Brand]] as Dr. Valack }}
2016-03-11T13:03:30Z
*
2016-03-25T00:20:26Z
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| years1 = 2015- | clubs1 = [[Hull City A.F.C.|Hull City]] | caps1 = 0 | goals1 = 0
2016-04-02T16:21:23Z
| years1 = 2015– | clubs1 = [[Hull City A.F.C.|Hull City]] | caps1 = 0 | goals1 = 0 [[Category:Hull City A.F.C. players]] [[Category:Cambridge United F.C. players]]
2016-04-02T17:29:19Z
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*[[Goh Kun]], South Korean politician
2016-01-04T13:13:46Z
*[[Goh Kun]], South Korean politicians
2016-03-28T22:49:21Z
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<gallery>
2016-03-13T07:31:34Z
<gallery caption="Huichon Machine Tool Factory">
2016-03-13T07:32:21Z
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| name = KANG SEUNG YOON | image = [[File:Kang Seung Yoon from NII 2015 Winter Collection.jpg|thumb|]] | caption = Kang Seung Yoon from NII 2015 Winter Collection }} | alias = | origin = }}
2016-03-17T06:38:39Z
| name = Seungyoon | image = Kang Seung-yoon from acrofan.jpg | caption = Seungyoon at Samsung's Life is Tab showcase event, in January 2011 | alias = | origin = }}}}
2016-03-17T08:03:37Z
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[[Phobia]] of [[pregnancy]] and [[childbirth]], as with any phobia, can manifest through a number of symptoms including [[nightmares]], difficulty in concentrating on work or on family activities, [[panic attacks]] and [[psychosomatic]] complaints. Often the fear of childbirth motivates a request for an [[Caesarean delivery on maternal request|elective caesarean section]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Garrod|first1=Debbie|title=Rebuilding confidence in women's abilities in birth|journal=British Journal of Midwifery|date=December 2011|volume=19|issue=12|page=830|doi=10.12968/bjom.2011.19.12.830|accessdate=13 December 2015}}</ref> Fear of labor pain is strongly associated with the fear of [[pain]] in general; a previous complicated childbirth, or inadequate [[pain relief]], may cause the phobia to develop. A fear of [[pregnancy]] itself can result in an avoidance of pregnancy or even, as [[birth control]] methods are never 100% effective, an avoidance of sexual intercourse[ or asking for [[hysterotomy]].
2016-04-07T03:42:15Z
[[Phobia]] of [[pregnancy]] and [[childbirth]], as with any phobia, can manifest through a number of symptoms including [[nightmares]], difficulty in concentrating on work or on family activities, [[panic attacks]] and [[psychosomatic]] complaints. Often the fear of childbirth motivates a request for an [[Caesarean delivery on maternal request|elective caesarean section]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Garrod|first1=Debbie|title=Rebuilding confidence in women's abilities in birth|journal=British Journal of Midwifery|date=December 2011|volume=19|issue=12|page=830|doi=10.12968/bjom.2011.19.12.830|accessdate=13 December 2015}}</ref> Fear of labor pain is strongly associated with the fear of [[pain]] in general; a previous complicated childbirth, or inadequate [[pain relief]], may cause the phobia to develop. A fear of [[pregnancy]] itself can result in an avoidance of pregnancy or even, as [[birth control]] methods are never 100% effective, an avoidance of sexual intercourse or asking for [[hysterotomy]].
2016-04-07T03:42:50Z
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|ambassador = [[William Crosbie]]
2012-12-10T01:20:36Z
|ambassador = [[William Crosbie (diplomat)|William Crosbie]]
2016-04-09T16:49:43Z
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Since the last glaciation, the glacier generally retreated. However slight climatic changes happened and, in 1860, the glacier was 3&nbsp;km longer and the ice level 200 m higher.<ref>[http://www.pronatura.ch/aletsch/dokumente/glacier_fr.pdf Le Grand Glacier d’Aletsch] pronatura.ch</ref> As for many other glaciers, records show a major longer-term retreat trend.<ref>[http://glaciology.ethz.ch/messnetz/glaciers/aletsch.html Glaciology.ethz.ch]</ref><ref>[http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/research/glaciology/glacier_change/gz_variations_gr_aletschgretscher Aletschgletscher ethz.ch]</ref> The {{lang|de|Aletsch}} Glacier receded by {{convert|100|m|ft|abbr=on}} between 2005 and 2006.<ref>Swissinfo: [http://www.swissinfo.org/eng/front/detail/Experts_size_up_glaciers_as_they_melt_away.html?siteSect=105&sid=7930981&cKey=1184586834000&ty=st Experts size up glaciers as they melt away]</ref>
2016-03-18T17:10:01Z
Since the last glaciation, the glacier generally retreated. However slight climatic changes happened and, in 1860, the glacier was 3&nbsp;km longer and the ice level 200 m higher.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pronatura-aletsch.ch/global-warming |title=A glacier starts to melt... |publisher=Pro Natura Center Aletsch |location=Riederalp, VS, Switzerland |website=pronatura.ch |accessdate=2016-03-18}}</ref> As for many other glaciers, records show a major longer-term retreat trend.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://glaciology.ethz.ch/messnetz/glaciers/aletsch.html?locale=en |title=Grosser Aletschgletscher, Naters / Ried-Mörel (VS) |publisher=Swiss Galcier Monitoring VAW/ETHZ & EKK/SCNAT |location=Zurich, Switzerland |website=glaciology.ethz.ch |accessdate=2016-03-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://glaciology.ethz.ch/messnetz/lengthvariation.html |title=Glacier length variation |publisher=Swiss Galcier Monitoring VAW/ETHZ & EKK/SCNAT |location=Zurich, Switzerland |website=glaciology.ethz.ch |accessdate=2016-03-18}}</ref> The Aletsch Glacier receded by {{convert|100|m|ft|abbr=on}} between 2005 and 2006.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.swissinfo.org/eng/front/detail/Experts_size_up_glaciers_as_they_melt_away.html?siteSect=105&sid=7930981&cKey=1184586834000&ty=st |title=Experts size up glaciers as they melt away |author=Luigi Jorio |publisher=swissinfo.ch – the international service of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation |location=Berne, Switzerland |date=16 July 2007 |accessdate=2016-03-18}}</ref> A record retreat of {{convert|116.4|m}} happend in 2006 only.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://glaciology.ethz.ch/messnetz/glacierlist?year=2006&submit=Go!&order=desc&field=length |title=Glacier length variations of the year 2006 |publisher=Swiss Galcier Monitoring VAW/ETHZ & EKK/SCNAT |location=Zurich, Switzerland |website=glaciology.ethz.ch |accessdate=2016-03-18}}</ref>
2016-03-18T17:33:34Z
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| youthyears1 = 2006–2008 | youthclubs1 = [[Woking F.C.|Woking]] {{reflist}} {{Crawley Town F.C. squad}}
2016-01-06T20:00:29Z
| youthyears1 = 2006–2008 | youthclubs1 = [[Woking F.C.|Woking]] {{reflist}} {{Crawley Town F.C. squad}}
2016-04-09T14:40:28Z
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'''''Lizard Lick Towing''''' was an American reality television series. The network behind the show, [[truTV]], state that their series "feature real-life inspired situations," unlike other reality shows "which often involve contests or other highly staged events."<ref>{{cite web|title=truTV Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://www.trutv.com/about/faq.html |publisher=truTV.com|accessdate=May 29, 2014}}</ref> The show is a spin-off of the truTV series ''[[All Worked Up]]'', and follows Ron, Amy, Bobby and their team of [[repossession]] agents in the [[Raleigh, North Carolina|Raleigh]] suburb of [[Wendell, North Carolina]] (the town that has jurisdiction over the ''Lizard Lick'' unincorporated area). The show is known for frequent fights and brawls that take place during the repossessions of vehicles. Many people suspected scenes in the show of being staged.<ref name="salem">{{cite news|url=http://www.journalnow.com/relishnow/tim-clodfelter/tim-s-top-tv-shows-set-in-north-carolina/article_0bf3ac30-4cf5-11e5-aea8-7f01ab9b01fe.html|title=Tim’s Top 5: TV shows set in North Carolina|last=Clodfelter|first=Tim|work=Winston-Salem Journal|accessdate=30 March 2016}}</ref>
2016-03-30T16:05:06Z
'''''Lizard Lick Towing''''' was an American reality television series. The network behind the show, [[truTV]], state that their series "feature real-life inspired situations," unlike other reality shows "which often involve contests or other highly staged events."<ref>{{cite web|title=truTV Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://www.trutv.com/about/faq.html |publisher=truTV.com|accessdate=May 29, 2014}}</ref> The show is a spin-off of the truTV series ''[[All Worked Up]]'', and follows Ron, Amy, Bobby and their team of [[repossession]] agents in the [[Raleigh, North Carolina|Raleigh]] suburb of [[Wendell, North Carolina]] (the town that has jurisdiction over the ''Lizard Lick'' unincorporated area). The show is known for frequent fights and brawls that take place during the repossessions of vehicles. Many people suspected scenes in the show of being staged.<ref name="salem">{{cite news|url=http://www.journalnow.com/relishnow/tim-clodfelter/tim-s-top-tv-shows-set-in-north-carolina/article_0bf3ac30-4cf5-11e5-aea8-7f01ab9b01fe.html|title=Tim’s Top 5: TV shows set in North Carolina|last=Clodfelter|first=Tim|work=Winston-Salem Journal|accessdate=30 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="houston">{{cite news|url=http://www.houstonpress.com/arts/reality-bites-lizard-lick-towing-6371853|title=Reality Bites: Lizard Lick Towing|last=Vonder Haar|first=Pete|date=JANUARY 18, 2012|work=Houston Press|accessdate=30 March 2016}}</ref>
2016-03-30T16:09:55Z
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===Scanning electron microscopy===
2015-12-18T15:03:50Z
===electron microscopy===
2016-03-14T19:45:04Z
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The [[Soomro|Sumra tribe]] revolted against [[Mas'ud I of Ghazni|Masud]], ruler of the [[Ghaznavids]]. They were superseded by the [[Samma dynasty]]|[[Jadeja]]<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=114}}</ref>
2016-03-29T12:48:21Z
The [[Soomro|Sumra tribe]] revolted against [[Mas'ud I of Ghazni|Masud]], ruler of the [[Ghaznavids]]. They were superseded by the [[Samma dynasty]]|[[Jadeja]]. Sumra thereafter accepted the Jadeja Ruler Dynasty as a new powerful & bigger able dynasty as their sovereign head of Sindh and became the Jagirdar's / Zamindar's. Then later on kept migrating with Jadeja Rulers to Kutch & Halar. today this community is found in Kutch & Halar regions of Gujarat State in India. <ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=114}}</ref>
2016-03-29T12:51:53Z
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'''British India Corporation''' Limited (BIC) is a [[Public Sector Undertaking]] (PSU) of the [[Ministry of Textiles (India)|Ministry of Textiles]], [[Government of India]]. The company produces [[textiles]] for use by civilians and [[Indian army|armed forces]]. It manufactures the popular "Lal-imli" and "Dhariwal" brands of woollen products. The company was established in 1920 as a public limited company, and in 1981 was nationalised and taken over by the government of India.{{r|finexpress}} It has not generated a profit since 1989.{{r|Reuters}}
2016-04-07T14:14:55Z
'''British India Corporation''' Limited (BIC) is a [[Public Sector Undertaking]] (PSU) of the [[Ministry of Textiles (India)|Ministry of Textiles]], [[Government of India]]. The company produces [[textiles]] for use by civilians and the Indian [[Indian army|armed forces]]. It manufactures the popular "Lal-imli" and "Dhariwal" brands of woollen products. The company was established in 1920 as a public limited company, and in 1981 was nationalised and taken over by the government of India.{{r|finexpress}} It has not generated a profit since 1989.{{r|Reuters}}
2016-04-07T14:28:02Z
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*{{flagicon|YUG}} [[Vojimir Turak]] *{{flagicon|YUG}} [[Franko Mileta]] *{{flagicon|YUG}} [[Darko Dunato]] *{{flagicon|YUG}} [[Boris Dragičević]] *{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Marin Mišković]] *{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Damir Bogdanović]] *{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Dean Ožbolt]] *{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Marin Miculinić]]
2016-03-10T20:31:21Z
*{{flagicon|YUG}}{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Darko Dunato]] *{{flagicon|YUG}}{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Boris Dragičević]] *{{flagicon|YUG}}{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Marin Mišković]] *{{flagicon|YUG}}{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Damir Bogdanović]] *{{flagicon|YUG}}{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Dean Ožbolt]] *{{flagicon|YUG}}{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Marin Miculinić]]
2016-03-10T20:36:01Z
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Alfvén's work was disputed for many years by the senior scientist in space physics, the British [[mathematician]] and [[Geophysics|geophysicist]] [[Sydney Chapman (astronomer)|Sydney Chapman]].<ref>S. Chapman and J. Bartels, ‘’Geomagnetism,’’ Vol. 1 and 2, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1940.</ref> Alfvén's disagreements with Chapman stemmed in large part from trouble with the [[peer review]] system. Alfvén rarely benefited from the acceptance generally afforded senior scientists in [[scientific journal]]s. He once submitted a paper on the theory of [[magnetic storm]]s and [[Auroral light|aurora]]s to the American journal ''[[Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity]]'' only to have his paper rejected on the ground that it did not agree with the theoretical calculations of conventional physics of the time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hannes Alfvén (1908-1995) |url=http://public.lanl.gov/alp/plasma/people/alfven.html |accessdate=22 May 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222214748/http://public.lanl.gov/alp/plasma/people/alfven.html |archivedate=3 June 2014 }}</ref> He was regarded as a person with [[Fringe science|unorthodox opinion]]s in the field by many physicists,<ref>{{cite book | last = Miller | first = DJ |author2=Hersen M | pages = http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0471520683&id=sw9QeD–bvJgC&pg=PA10 10] | title = Research Fraud in the Behavioral and Biomedical Sciences | date = 1992| isbn = 0471520683 }}</ref> R. H. Stuewer noting that "... he remained an embittered outsider, winning little respect from other scientists even after he received the Nobel Prize..."<ref>{{cite journal | first = RH | last = Stuewer | url = http://www.springerlink.com/link.asp?id=qg36424630186274 | title = Book Reviews | date = 2006 | journal = Physics in Perspective | volume = 8 | issue = 1| pages = 104–112|bibcode = 2006PhP.....8..104S |doi = 10.1007/s00016-005-0251-5 }}</ref> and was often forced to publish his papers in obscure journals. Alfvén recalled: <blockquote>When I describe the [plasma phenomena] according to this formulism most referees do not understand what I say and turn down my papers. With the referee system which rules US science today, this means that my papers are rarely accepted by the leading US journals.<ref>Hannes Alfvén, "Memoirs of a Dissident Scientist", ''American Scientist'', Volume 76, No 3, May–June 1988, pp. 249–251. Quoted in Joseph Paul Martino, ''[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN1560000333&id=UdQBSffyTTwC&pg=PA131&lpg=PA131&vq=alfven&dq=alfven+unorthodox&sig=gkvPNCpUc_kwNu7hJW3jhVpNHTc Science Funding: Politics and Porkbarrel]'' 1992, Transaction Publishers, ISBN 1-56000-033-3</ref></blockquote>
2016-02-01T05:27:29Z
Alfvén's work was disputed for many years by the senior scientist in space physics, the British [[mathematician]] and [[Geophysics|geophysicist]] [[Sydney Chapman (astronomer)|Sydney Chapman]].<ref>S. Chapman and J. Bartels, ‘’Geomagnetism,’’ Vol. 1 and 2, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1940.</ref> Alfvén's disagreements with Chapman stemmed in large part from trouble with the [[peer review]] system. Alfvén rarely benefited from the acceptance generally afforded senior scientists in [[scientific journal]]s. He once submitted a paper on the theory of [[magnetic storm]]s and [[Auroral light|aurora]]s to the American journal ''[[Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity]]'' only to have his paper rejected on the ground that it did not agree with the theoretical calculations of conventional physics of the time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hannes Alfvén (1908-1995) |url=http://public.lanl.gov/alp/plasma/people/alfven.html |accessdate=22 May 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222214748/http://public.lanl.gov/alp/plasma/people/alfven.html |archivedate=3 June 2014 }}</ref> He was regarded as a person with [[Fringe science|unorthodox opinion]]s in the field by many physicists,<ref>{{cite book | last = Miller | first = DJ |author2=Hersen M | pages = https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0471520683&id=sw9QeD–bvJgC&pg=PA10 10] | title = Research Fraud in the Behavioral and Biomedical Sciences | date = 1992| isbn = 0471520683 }}</ref> R. H. Stuewer noting that "... he remained an embittered outsider, winning little respect from other scientists even after he received the Nobel Prize..."<ref>{{cite journal | first = RH | last = Stuewer | url = http://www.springerlink.com/link.asp?id=qg36424630186274 | title = Book Reviews | date = 2006 | journal = Physics in Perspective | volume = 8 | issue = 1| pages = 104–112|bibcode = 2006PhP.....8..104S |doi = 10.1007/s00016-005-0251-5 }}</ref> and was often forced to publish his papers in obscure journals. Alfvén recalled: <blockquote>When I describe the [plasma phenomena] according to this formulism most referees do not understand what I say and turn down my papers. With the referee system which rules US science today, this means that my papers are rarely accepted by the leading US journals.<ref>Hannes Alfvén, "Memoirs of a Dissident Scientist", ''American Scientist'', Volume 76, No 3, May–June 1988, pp. 249–251. Quoted in Joseph Paul Martino, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=UdQBSffyTTwC&pg=PA131 Science Funding: Politics and Porkbarrel]'' 1992, Transaction Publishers, ISBN 1-56000-033-3</ref></blockquote>
2016-03-21T19:43:54Z
0
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=712948816
| owner = [[Boyd Gaming]]
2016-04-01T00:25:14Z
| owner = Westward Ho Casino, LLC
2016-04-01T00:29:02Z
0
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=710694424
===Mixtapes, EPs, singles===
2016-03-18T14:04:38Z
===Mixtapes, EPs, and singles===
2016-03-18T14:04:57Z
0
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=713327848
| caps1 = 22 | pcupdate = {{date|2016-3-21}} {{Persondata | NAME = Mladenović, Bogdan | ALTERNATIVE NAMES = | SHORT DESCRIPTION = Serbian footballer | DATE OF BIRTH = 4 April 1996 | PLACE OF BIRTH = Belgrade, FR Yugoslavia }}
2016-03-21T12:39:34Z
| caps1 = 23 | pcupdate = {{date|2016-4-2}}
2016-04-03T10:22:16Z
1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=712553785
On the February 1, 2016 episode of ''Raw'', Sasha Banks announced her departure from Team B.A.D. and Naomi and Tamina attacked her, officially ending their association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pwinsider.com/ViewArticle.php?id=99460&p=3|title=WWE RAW REPORT: DID ANYTHING HAPPEN WITH THE MAIN EVENTERS AT FASTLANE?, MIZTV LEADS TO A MATCH ON SMACKDOWN, AND MORE|author=Richard Trionfo|website=Pro Wrestling Insider|date=February 1, 2016|accessdate=February 1, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pwinsider.com/article/99519/wwe-main-event-report-eight-man-tag-reunites-the-prime-time-players-divas-tag-match-and-more.html?p=1|title=WWE MAIN EVENT REPORT: EIGHT MAN TAG REUNITES THE PRIME TIME PLAYERS, DIVAS TAG MATCH, AND MORE|author=Richard Trionfo|website=Pro Wrestling Insider|date=February 3, 2016|accessdate=February 3, 2016}}</ref> The [[Feud (professional wrestling)|feud]] between Tamina and Naomi and Banks would continue throughout February,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pwinsider.com/article/99545/wwe-smackdown-report-double-duty-big-match-next-week-when-friends-are-not-friends-more-with-goldust-and-r-truth-and-more.html?p=1|title=WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT: DOUBLE DUTY, BIG MATCH NEXT WEEK, WHEN FRIENDS ARE NOT FRIENDS, MORE WITH GOLDUST AND R TRUTH, AND MORE|author=Trionfo, Richard|website=Pro Wrestling Insider|date=February 4, 2016|accessdate=February 4, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pwinsider.com/ViewArticle.php?id=99663&p=3|title=WWE RAW REPORT: DANIEL BRYAN GIVES HIS RETIREMENT SPEECH|author=Trionfo, Richard|website=Pro Wrestling Insider|date=February 8, 2016|accessdate=February 8, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pwinsider.com/article/99752/wwe-smackdown-report-the-jericho-and-styles-show-wyatt-foreshadows-a-feud-and-more.html?p=1|title=WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT: THE JERICHO AND STYLES SHOW, WYATT FORESHADOWS A FEUD?, AND MORE|author=Trionfo, Richard|website=Pro Wrestling Insider|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 11, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pwinsider.com/article/99935/wwe-smackdown-report-did-jericho-accept-the-challenge-what-did-brock-do-on-his-return-to-smackdown-and-more.html?p=1|title=WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT: DID JERICHO ACCEPT THE CHALLENGE?, WHAT DID BROCK DO ON HIS RETURN TO SMACKDOWN?, AND MORE|author=Trionfo, Richard|website=Pro Wrestling Insider|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 18, 2016}}</ref> and would lead to a [[Professional wrestling match types#Tag team match|tag team match]] at [[Fastlane (2016)|Fastlane]], where Tamina and Naomi lost to Banks and her partner Becky Lynch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pwinsider.com/article/100003/heyman-hypes-main-event-live-ongoing-wwe-fast-lane-ppv-coverage.html?p=1|title=TEAM BAD VS. SASHA & BECKY: LIVE, ONGOING WWE FAST LANE PPV COVERAGE|author=Johnson, Mike|website=Pro Wrestling Insider|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016}}</ref> After being helped by [[Lana (wrestling)|Lana]] during a [[Professional wrestling match types#Team matches|tag team match]] on the March 14 episode of ''Raw'', both Naomi and her aligned themselves with Lana, following a backstage confrontation with [[Paige (wrestler)|Paige]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pwinsider.com/ViewArticle.php?id=100546&p=2|title=WWE RAW REPORT: SHANE AND TAKER, HHH IN ACTION, TAG TITLE MATCH, DEAN AND BROCK, CHALLENGES MADE FOR WRESTLEMANIA, AND MORE|last=Richard|first=Trionfo|date=March 14, 2016|accessdate=March 14, 2016|work=PWInsider}}</ref> On the March 22 episode of ''Main Event'', she and Naomi, along with Lana, aligned themselves with [[Summer Rae]] and the returning [[Emma (wrestler)|Emma]], after a reconciliation between Lana and Rae and agreed that the five of them would concentrate on having their "WrestleMania moment" at [[WrestleMania 32]].<ref name="Main Event 22/3/16">{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/wwemainevent/article/emma-surprise-return-leads-vicious-attack|title=Emma's surprise return on WWE Main Event leads to attack on 'Total Divas'|date=March 22, 2016|last=WWE.com|first=Editorial Staff|accessdate=March 23, 2016|publisher=[[WWE|WWE.com]]}}</ref> The following week, she along Naomi, Lana and Summer accompanied Emma to her match against Paige on the March 28 episode of ''Raw'', where she emerged victorious after being helped by Lana. Post-match, she along her allies attack Brie Bella, Natalya, Alicia Fox and Paige, before they were saved by a returning [[Eva Marie]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pwinsider.com/ViewArticle.php?id=100908&p=3|title=WWE RAW REPORT: IS THE ROAD TO WRESTLEMANIA PAVED IN GOLD OR SOMETHING ELSE?, WHO IS THE TENTH IN THE DIVAS TAG MATCH?, AND MORE|last=Richard|first=Trionfo|date=March 28, 2016|accessdate=March 29, 2016|work=PWInsider}}</ref> As a result, a [[Professional wrestling tag team match types#Multiple man teamed matches|10-Diva tag team match]] between the [[Total Divas]] team (Brie, Fox, Natalya, Eva and Paige) and team [[Team B.A.D.|B.A.D. & Blonde]] (Naomi, Tamina, Lana, Emma, and Rae) was announced for the pre-show [[pay-per-view]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/32/divas-tag-team-match|title=The Total Divas vs. B.A.D. & Blonde|date=March 28, 2016|last=John|first=Clapp|accessdate=March 29, 2016|publisher=[[WWE|WWE.com]]}}</ref><!-- DO NOT ADD WEEK-BY-WEEK EVENTS, RUMORS OR SPECULATION. THIS INCLUDES ANNOUNCED MATCHES THAT HAVE NOT YET OCCURRED. WIKIPEDIA IS NOT A NEWS SITE BUT AN ONLINE ENCYCLOPEDIA. Please see the articles "Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not" and "Wikipedia:Guide to writing better articles" for more information. -->
2016-03-29T19:47:31Z
On the February 1, 2016 episode of ''Raw'', Sasha Banks announced her departure from Team B.A.D. and Naomi and Tamina attacked her, officially ending their association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pwinsider.com/ViewArticle.php?id=99460&p=3|title=WWE RAW REPORT: DID ANYTHING HAPPEN WITH THE MAIN EVENTERS AT FASTLANE?, MIZTV LEADS TO A MATCH ON SMACKDOWN, AND MORE|author=Richard Trionfo|website=Pro Wrestling Insider|date=February 1, 2016|accessdate=February 1, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pwinsider.com/article/99519/wwe-main-event-report-eight-man-tag-reunites-the-prime-time-players-divas-tag-match-and-more.html?p=1|title=WWE MAIN EVENT REPORT: EIGHT MAN TAG REUNITES THE PRIME TIME PLAYERS, DIVAS TAG MATCH, AND MORE|author=Richard Trionfo|website=Pro Wrestling Insider|date=February 3, 2016|accessdate=February 3, 2016}}</ref> The [[Feud (professional wrestling)|feud]] between Tamina and Naomi and Banks would continue throughout February,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pwinsider.com/article/99545/wwe-smackdown-report-double-duty-big-match-next-week-when-friends-are-not-friends-more-with-goldust-and-r-truth-and-more.html?p=1|title=WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT: DOUBLE DUTY, BIG MATCH NEXT WEEK, WHEN FRIENDS ARE NOT FRIENDS, MORE WITH GOLDUST AND R TRUTH, AND MORE|author=Trionfo, Richard|website=Pro Wrestling Insider|date=February 4, 2016|accessdate=February 4, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pwinsider.com/ViewArticle.php?id=99663&p=3|title=WWE RAW REPORT: DANIEL BRYAN GIVES HIS RETIREMENT SPEECH|author=Trionfo, Richard|website=Pro Wrestling Insider|date=February 8, 2016|accessdate=February 8, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pwinsider.com/article/99752/wwe-smackdown-report-the-jericho-and-styles-show-wyatt-foreshadows-a-feud-and-more.html?p=1|title=WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT: THE JERICHO AND STYLES SHOW, WYATT FORESHADOWS A FEUD?, AND MORE|author=Trionfo, Richard|website=Pro Wrestling Insider|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 11, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pwinsider.com/article/99935/wwe-smackdown-report-did-jericho-accept-the-challenge-what-did-brock-do-on-his-return-to-smackdown-and-more.html?p=1|title=WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT: DID JERICHO ACCEPT THE CHALLENGE?, WHAT DID BROCK DO ON HIS RETURN TO SMACKDOWN?, AND MORE|author=Trionfo, Richard|website=Pro Wrestling Insider|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 18, 2016}}</ref> and would lead to a [[Professional wrestling match types#Tag team match|tag team match]] at [[Fastlane (2016)|Fastlane]], where Tamina and Naomi lost to Banks and her partner Becky Lynch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pwinsider.com/article/100003/heyman-hypes-main-event-live-ongoing-wwe-fast-lane-ppv-coverage.html?p=1|title=TEAM BAD VS. SASHA & BECKY: LIVE, ONGOING WWE FAST LANE PPV COVERAGE|author=Johnson, Mike|website=Pro Wrestling Insider|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016}}</ref> After being helped by [[Lana (wrestling)|Lana]] during a [[Professional wrestling match types#Team matches|tag team match]] on the March 14 episode of ''Raw'', both Naomi and her aligned themselves with Lana, following a backstage confrontation with [[Paige (wrestler)|Paige]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pwinsider.com/ViewArticle.php?id=100546&p=2|title=WWE RAW REPORT: SHANE AND TAKER, HHH IN ACTION, TAG TITLE MATCH, DEAN AND BROCK, CHALLENGES MADE FOR WRESTLEMANIA, AND MORE|last=Richard|first=Trionfo|date=March 14, 2016|accessdate=March 14, 2016|work=PWInsider}}</ref> On the March 22 episode of ''Main Event'', she and Naomi, along with Lana, aligned themselves with [[Summer Rae]] and the returning [[Emma (wrestler)|Emma]], after a reconciliation between Lana and Rae and agreed that the five of them would concentrate on having their "WrestleMania moment" at [[WrestleMania 32]].<ref name="Main Event 22/3/16">{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/wwemainevent/article/emma-surprise-return-leads-vicious-attack|title=Emma's surprise return on WWE Main Event leads to attack on 'Total Divas'|date=March 22, 2016|last=WWE.com|first=Editorial Staff|accessdate=March 23, 2016|publisher=[[WWE|WWE.com]]}}</ref> The following week, she along Naomi, Lana and Summer accompanied Emma to her match against Paige on the March 28 episode of ''Raw'', where she emerged victorious after being helped by Lana. Post-match, she along her allies attack Brie Bella, Natalya, Alicia Fox and Paige, before they were saved by a returning [[Eva Marie]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pwinsider.com/ViewArticle.php?id=100908&p=3|title=WWE RAW REPORT: IS THE ROAD TO WRESTLEMANIA PAVED IN GOLD OR SOMETHING ELSE?, WHO IS THE TENTH IN THE DIVAS TAG MATCH?, AND MORE|last=Richard|first=Trionfo|date=March 28, 2016|accessdate=March 29, 2016|work=PWInsider}}</ref> As a result, a [[Professional wrestling tag team match types#Multiple man teamed matches|10-Diva tag team match]] between the [[Total Divas]] team (Brie, Fox, Natalya, Eva and Paige) and team B.A.D. & Blonde (Naomi, Tamina, Lana, Emma, and Rae) was announced for the pre-show [[pay-per-view]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/32/divas-tag-team-match|title=The Total Divas vs. B.A.D. & Blonde|date=March 28, 2016|last=John|first=Clapp|accessdate=March 29, 2016|publisher=[[WWE|WWE.com]]}}</ref><!-- DO NOT ADD WEEK-BY-WEEK EVENTS, RUMORS OR SPECULATION. THIS INCLUDES ANNOUNCED MATCHES THAT HAVE NOT YET OCCURRED. WIKIPEDIA IS NOT A NEWS SITE BUT AN ONLINE ENCYCLOPEDIA. Please see the articles "Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not" and "Wikipedia:Guide to writing better articles" for more information. -->
2016-03-29T19:47:59Z
0
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=713074912
{{Certification Table Entry|region=United States|nocert=true|type=album|relyear=2015|salesamount=404,000|salesref=<ref name="Sales"/>}}
2016-03-23T04:54:51Z
{{Certification Table Entry|region=United States|type=album|relyear=2015|award=Platinum|salesamount=404,000|salesref=<ref name="Sales"/>}}
2016-04-01T20:10:20Z
0
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=710920647
On April 29, 2006, after the final match of the ''[[K-1 World Grand Prix 2006 in Las Vegas]]'', Lesnar announced his intent to join [[K-1]]'s [[mixed martial arts]] league, [[Hero's]]. He trained with [[Minnesota Martial Arts Academy]] under Greg Nelson and [[University of Minnesota|Minnesota]] Assistant Head wrestling coach Marty Morgan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Brock-Lesnar-17522|title=Brock Lesnar profile|publisher=Sherdog |accessdate=March 21, 2008}}</ref> Lesnar announced on August 12 in Las Vegas that he had signed a deal with the K-1 promotion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mmaweekly.com/brock-lesnar-joins-k-1|title=Brock Lesnar joins K-1|publisher=MMAWeekly.com|date= August 13, 2006|accessdate=April 26, 2007}}</ref> His first fight was scheduled against [[Choi Hong-man]] of Korea on June 2, 2007, at the K-1 [[Dynamite!! USA]] show.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mmaweekly.com/gracie-lesnar-at-l-a-coliseum-official-2|title=Gracie & Lesnar at L.A. Coliseum Official|publisher=MMAWeekly.com|accessdate=April 26, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmaringreport.com/other-event-news/other-event-news/rumble-in-the-cage-16-at-the-roadhouse-nite-club-3.html|title=Brock Lesnar Good to Go With Hero's|publisher=MMA Ring Report|accessdate=April 26, 2007}}</ref> However, prior to the match, Hong-Man was replaced by [[Kim Min-Soo (judoka)|Min Soo Kim]]. Lesnar submitted Soo Kim with strikes in 1:09 of the first round to win his first official [[mixed martial arts|MMA]] match.<ref name="MMA1"/>
2016-03-19T12:46:59Z
On April 29, 2006, after the final match of the ''[[K-1 World Grand Prix 2006 in Las Vegas]]'', Lesnar announced his intent to join [[K-1]]'s [[mixed martial arts]] league, [[Hero's]]. He trained with [[Minnesota Martial Arts Academy]] under Greg Nelson and [[University of Minnesota|Minnesota]] Assistant Head wrestling coach Marty Morgan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Brock-Lesnar-17522|title=Brock Lesnar profile|publisher=Sherdog |accessdate=March 21, 2008}}</ref> Lesnar announced on August 12 in Las Vegas that he had signed a deal with the K-1 promotion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mmaweekly.com/brock-lesnar-joins-k-1|title=Brock Lesnar joins K-1|publisher=MMAWeekly.com|date= August 13, 2006|accessdate=April 26, 2007}}</ref> His first fight was scheduled against [[Choi Hong-man]] of Korea on June 2, 2007, at the K-1 [[Dynamite!! USA]] show.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mmaweekly.com/gracie-lesnar-at-l-a-coliseum-official-2|title=Gracie & Lesnar at L.A. Coliseum Official|publisher=MMAWeekly.com|accessdate=April 26, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmaringreport.com/other-event-news/other-event-news/rumble-in-the-cage-16-at-the-roadhouse-nite-club-3.html|title=Brock Lesnar Good to Go With Hero's|publisher=MMA Ring Report|accessdate=April 26, 2007}}</ref> However, prior to the match, Hong-Man was replaced by [[Kim Min-Soo (judoka)|Min Soo Kim]]. Lesnar submitted Soo Kim with strikes in 1:09 of the first round to win his first official MMA match.<ref name="MMA1"/>
2016-03-19T21:26:50Z
0
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=712100370
| ''[[EkBar Bolo Valobasi|Ekbar Bolo Bhalobashi]]'' || Badiul Alam|| Toma Mirza, [[Apu Biswas]] || || | ''[[Ek Mon Ek Pran]]'' || Sohanur Rahman || Toma Mirza, Apu Biswas || ||
2016-03-25T23:00:37Z
| ''[[Ekbar Bolo Valobasi|Ekbar Bolo Bhalobashi]]'' || Badiul Alam|| [[Apu Biswas]], Toma Mirza|| || | ''[[Ek Mon Ek Pran]]'' || Sohanur Rahman || [[Apu Biswas]], Toma Mirza|| ||
2016-03-26T23:31:12Z
0
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=710886254
The 1993 study by [[Dean Hamer|Hamer]] examined 114 families of [[Homosexuality|gay]] men in the United States and found increased rates of homosexuality among maternal uncles and cousins, but not among paternal relatives. This pattern of inheritance suggested that there might be linked genes on the [[x-chromosome]], since males always inherit their copy of the x-chromosome from their mothers. Polymorphisms of [[genetic markers]] of the x-chromosome were analyzed for 40 families to see if a specific marker was shared by a disproportionate amount of brothers who were both gay. The results showed that among gay brothers, the concordance rate for markers from the Xq28 region were significantly greater than expected for random Mendelian segregation, indicating that a link did exist in that small sample<ref name=Science />
2016-03-19T17:01:13Z
The 1993 study by [[Dean Hamer|Hamer]] examined 114 families of [[Homosexuality|gay]] men in the United States and found increased rates of homosexuality among maternal uncles and cousins, but not among paternal relatives. This pattern of inheritance suggested that there might be linked genes on the [[x-chromosome]], since males always inherit their copy of the x-chromosome from their mothers. Polymorphisms of [[genetic markers]] of the x-chromosome were analyzed for 40 families to see if a specific marker was shared by a disproportionate amount of brothers who were both gay. The results showed that among gay brothers, the concordance rate for markers from the Xq28 region were significantly greater than expected for random Mendelian segregation, indicating that a link did exist in that small sample.<ref name=Science />
2016-03-19T17:04:06Z
0
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=714061760
[[Simon Wells]] co wrote a screenplay and was set to direct the sequel for the 1995 film ''Casper'', but Ambiln cancel it feeling that the standard movie goer wouldn't be invested in a sequel, and actress Christina Ricci claim that she wouldn't return. As a result, was the release of the animated spin-off/sequel to the film and the as well as the two direct-to-video prequels that are unrelated to the film. There were monsters in the film like the [[Giant Anaconda]] [[Weretiger]] [[Giant Short Faced Bear]] [[Minotaur]] [[Centaur]] [[The Hodag]] [[Dragon]] [[U.W.H]] [[Merman]] [[Mermaid]]
2016-04-07T11:26:01Z
[[Simon Wells]] co wrote a screenplay and was set to direct the sequel for the 1995 film ''Casper'', but Ambiln cancel it feeling that the standard movie goer wouldn't be invested in a sequel, and actress Christina Ricci claim that she wouldn't return. As a result, was the release of the animated spin-off/sequel to the film and the as well as the two direct-to-video prequels that are unrelated to the film.
2016-04-07T11:26:49Z
0
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This was once territory of the Anasagunticook (or [[Androscoggin (tribe)|Androscoggin]]) [[Abenaki]] [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indians]], whose main village was Rockameko, located on Canton Point. They were decimated by [[smallpox]] in 1757. The township was then granted by the [[Massachusetts General Court]] to Captain Joseph Phipps and 63 others for their services in the [[French and Indian War]]. Called Phipps-Canada, the plantation was not settled until after the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]]. On February 26, 1795, Phipps-Canada was incorporated as Jay for [[John Jay]],<ref>{{cite book | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9V1IAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA168#v=onepage&q&f=false | title=The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States | publisher=Govt. Print. Off. | author=Gannett, Henry | year=1905 | pages=168}}</ref> the first [[Chief Justice of the United States|chief justice]] of the [[United States Supreme Court|Supreme Court]]. In 1821, [[Canton, Maine|Canton]] was set off and incorporated as a town.<ref name=Coolidge>{{Cite book | last = Coolidge | first = Austin J.|author2=John B. Mansfield | title = A History and Description of New England| year = 1859| location = Boston, Massachusetts| pages = 164–165| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=OcoMAAAAYAAJ&lpg=PA9&dq=coolidge%20mansfield%20history%20description%20new%20england%201859&pg=PA164#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> The Town of Jay is governed by a five member board of select men and a town manager. Town of Jay Board of Selectmen are put in a numerical order according to seniority on the board. Selectmen serve three year terms and not limited to the number of terms they serve. Selectmen's meeting are held every other Monday in Selectmen's Room at the town office. The current selectmen are listed as followed: The Jay School Department is owned by The Town of Jay and is governed by a five member school committee and one superintendent. The district consists of one elementary, middle and high school. In 2010 the estimated the districtwide student population was approximately 700 students. Jay School Department is recognized as the third smallest school district (with the exception of unorganized territory school districts) in the State of Maine. Because of the size of the school district and excellent ratings the school districts receives extra federal funding for being one of America's Top Performing School Districts with a population of under 1,000.
2015-09-25T22:02:34Z
This was once territory of the Anasagunticook (or [[Androscoggin (tribe)|Androscoggin]]) [[Abenaki]] [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indians]], whose main village was Rockameko, located on Canton Point. They were decimated by [[smallpox]] in 1757. The township was then granted by the [[Massachusetts General Court]] to Captain Joseph Phipps and 63 others for their services in the [[French and Indian War]]. Called Phipps-Canada, the plantation was not settled until after the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]]. On February 26, 1795, Phipps-Canada was incorporated as Jay for [[John Jay]],<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9V1IAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA168#v=onepage&q&f=false | title=The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States | publisher=Govt. Print. Off. | author=Gannett, Henry | year=1905 | pages=168}}</ref> the first [[Chief Justice of the United States|chief justice]] of the [[United States Supreme Court|Supreme Court]]. In 1821, [[Canton, Maine|Canton]] was set off and incorporated as a town.<ref name=Coolidge>{{Cite book | last = Coolidge | first = Austin J.|author2=John B. Mansfield | title = A History and Description of New England| year = 1859| location = Boston, Massachusetts| pages = 164–165| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OcoMAAAAYAAJ&lpg=PA9&dq=coolidge%20mansfield%20history%20description%20new%20england%201859&pg=PA164#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> The Town of Jay is governed by a five-member board of select men and a town manager. Town of Jay Board of Selectmen are put in a numerical order according to seniority on the board. Selectmen serve three year terms and not limited to the number of terms they serve. Selectmen's meeting are held every other Monday in Selectmen's Room at the town office. The current selectmen are listed as followed: The Jay School Department is owned by The Town of Jay and is governed by a five-member school committee and one superintendent. The district consists of one elementary, middle and high school. In 2010 the estimated the districtwide student population was approximately 700 students. Jay School Department is recognized as the third smallest school district (with the exception of unorganized territory school districts) in the State of Maine. Because of the size of the school district and excellent ratings the school districts receives extra federal funding for being one of America's Top Performing School Districts with a population of under 1,000.
2016-04-07T20:43:51Z
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BOKF has a market value of approximately $4.5 billion [[USD]] as October 14, 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://investor.bokf.com/CorporateProfile.aspx?iid=100003|title=BOK Financial Corporation |accessdate=October 14, 2014}}</ref>
2016-04-07T20:27:52Z
BOKF has a market value of approximately $3,422.88 million [[USD]] as April 7, 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://investor.bokf.com/CorporateProfile.aspx?iid=100003|title=BOK Financial Corporation |accessdate=April 7, 2016}}</ref>
2016-04-07T20:39:49Z
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In [[computer science]], an '''abstract state machine''' ('''ASM''') is a [[state machine]] operating on [[state (computer science)|states]] which are arbitrary data structures ([[mathematical structure|structure]] in the sense of [[mathematical logic]], that is a nonempty [[Set (mathematics)|set]] together with a number of [[function (mathematics)|functions]] ([[operation (mathematics)|operations]] over the set) and [[relation (mathematics)|relations]]). Since ASMs model algorithms at arbitrary levels of abstraction, they can provide high-level, low-level and mid-level views of a hardware or software design. ASM specifications often consist of a series of ASM models, starting with an abstract ''ground model'' and proceeding to greater levels of detail in successive [[Program refinement|refinements]] or coarsenings.
2015-08-28T05:51:24Z
In [[computer science]], an '''abstract state machine''' ('''ASM''') is a [[state machine]] operating on [[state (computer science)|states]] which are arbitrary data structures ([[mathematical structure|structure]] in the sense of [[mathematical logic]], that is a nonempty [[Set (mathematics)|set]] together with a number of [[function (mathematics)|functions]] ([[operation (mathematics)|operations]] over the set) and [[relation (mathematics)|relations]]). Since ASMs model algorithms at arbitrary levels of abstraction, they can provide high-level, low-level and mid-level views of a hardware or software design. ASM specifications often consist of a series of ASM models, starting with an abstract ''ground model'' and proceeding to greater levels of detail in successive [[Program refinement|refinements]] or coarsenings.
2016-03-18T02:13:23Z
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| name = Sri Guru Granth Sahib
2016-03-24T18:27:23Z
| name = Hi joey
2016-03-24T18:29:10Z
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The [[Mayor]] of Young Shire Council is [[Councillor|Cr.]] Stuart Freudenstein, an [[Independent (politician)|independent]] politician.
2016-04-01T04:02:35Z
The [[Mayor]] of Young Shire Council is [[Councillor|Cr.]] Brian Ingram, an [[Independent (politician)|independent]] politician.
2016-04-01T04:03:37Z
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The island is administered by the [[Taiwan|Republic of China]] (ROC), as part of [[Cijin District, Kaohsiung|Cijin]], [[Kaohsiung]]. It marks the southern most point of the ROC territory. It is also claimed by the [[People's Republic of China]], the [[Philippines]] and [[Vietnam]]. {{refimprove-section|date=March 2016}} Additional facilities located on the island include a shelter for fishermen, a hospital (including a civilian doctor), weather stations, satellite telecommunications facilities, radar surveillance equipment, and other communications equipment. Five public telephones are connected via satellite. The island also has Internet connectivity. Mobile phone reception is available for individuals with international roaming; a signal from Vietnam Military Electronics and Telecommunications ([[Viettel Mobile]]) reaches the island from a GSM base station on [[Namyit Island]], and a signal from [[China Mobile]] can be accessed from a GSM base station located on Nanxun Reef. In 2013, Taiwan's [[Chunghwa Telecom]] established a satellite-based cellular base station on the island to provide the coast guard with communication services.{{fact|date=March 2016}} Bridge piers were constructed in 1992, but are damaged and have yet to be repaired. Since many reefs are around the island, and the surrounding water is too shallow, transportation and supply vessels are unable to dock with the island itself. Supplies are loaded on to rafts and taken to and from shore from an anchorage about {{convert|1.2|nmi}} from the island. Supplies are transferred with a safety load of 10 tons, and there is a high degree of difficulty due to the risk of large waves; rubber rafts carrying supplies and maintenance require time-consuming and difficult manual handling.{{fact|date=March 2016}} Three ROC Coast Guard boats of the M8 model, designated ''Nanhai 4'', ''Nanhai 5'', and ''Nanhai 6'' ({{zh|c=南海四號,南海五號,南海六號}}, "Nanhai" literally translates to "South Sea" or "[[South China Sea]]"), respectively, are prepared to patrol the island but are not considered sufficient to adequately monitor the island's surroundings. In December 2006, rebuilding began on a damaged L-shaped pier, the Southern Star Ferry Pier ({{zh|c=南星碼頭}}), in order to improve the transportation and supply of materials for the Coast Guard. Currently,{{when|date=June 2014}} a military supply ship services the island during a single voyage in April and November each year, anchoring for one day to deliver personnel and military supplies. Additionally, a civil merchantman arrives with general goods every 20 days, anchoring for 1 to 2 days at a time. This ship may be used as a transport for stationed personnel.{{fact|date=March 2016}} The island has a helicopter platform that is not used frequently. The [[Taiping Island Airport]] features an airstrip which caters for C-130 transport planes of the ROC Air Force, with one sortie arriving every two months. No re-fueling facilities are available. Depending on sources, the runway is either 1150 or 1200 metres long, 30 metres wide, and has a large hard-standing area capable of accommodating two C-130 aircraft. A number of plans have been proposed to lengthen the runway.{{fact|date=March 2016}} [[Taiwan]] (ROC) maintains a large meteorological station on Taiping island. The station collects weather information using surface instruments, launching weather balloons daily.<ref>{{cite web|title=ROC to upgrade weather stations in disputed Spratlys|url=http://taiwaninfo.nat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=59686&CtNode=103&htx_TRCategory=&mp=4|publisher=Government of Taiwan|accessdate=2015-03-17}}</ref> The ROC Central Weather Bureau has an employee presence on the island.{{fact|date=March 2016}}
2016-03-23T18:14:04Z
The island is administered by the [[Taiwan|Republic of China]] (ROC), as part of [[Cijin District, Kaohsiung|Cijin]], [[Kaohsiung]]. It marks the southernmost point of the ROC territory. It is also claimed by the [[People's Republic of China]], the [[Philippines]] and [[Vietnam]]. {{refimprove section|date=March 2016}} Additional facilities located on the island include a shelter for fishermen, a hospital (including a civilian doctor), weather stations, satellite telecommunications facilities, radar surveillance equipment, and other communications equipment. Five public telephones are connected via satellite. The island also has Internet connectivity. Mobile phone reception is available for individuals with international roaming; a signal from Vietnam Military Electronics and Telecommunications ([[Viettel Mobile]]) reaches the island from a GSM base station on [[Namyit Island]], and a signal from [[China Mobile]] can be accessed from a GSM base station located on Nanxun Reef. In 2013, Taiwan's [[Chunghwa Telecom]] established a satellite-based cellular base station on the island to provide the coast guard with communication services.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} Bridge piers were constructed in 1992, but are damaged and have yet to be repaired. Since many reefs are around the island, and the surrounding water is too shallow, transportation and supply vessels are unable to dock with the island itself. Supplies are loaded on to rafts and taken to and from shore from an anchorage about {{convert|1.2|nmi}} from the island. Supplies are transferred with a safety load of 10 tons, and there is a high degree of difficulty due to the risk of large waves; rubber rafts carrying supplies and maintenance require time-consuming and difficult manual handling.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} Three ROC Coast Guard boats of the M8 model, designated ''Nanhai 4'', ''Nanhai 5'', and ''Nanhai 6'' ({{zh|c=南海四號,南海五號,南海六號}}, "Nanhai" literally translates to "South Sea" or "[[South China Sea]]"), respectively, are prepared to patrol the island but are not considered sufficient to adequately monitor the island's surroundings. In December 2006, rebuilding began on a damaged L-shaped pier, the Southern Star Ferry Pier ({{zh|c=南星碼頭}}), in order to improve the transportation and supply of materials for the Coast Guard. Currently,{{when|date=June 2014}} a military supply ship services the island during a single voyage in April and November each year, anchoring for one day to deliver personnel and military supplies. Additionally, a civil merchantman arrives with general goods every 20 days, anchoring for 1 to 2 days at a time. This ship may be used as a transport for stationed personnel.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} The island has a helicopter platform that is not used frequently. The [[Taiping Island Airport]] features an airstrip which caters for C-130 transport planes of the ROC Air Force, with one sortie arriving every two months. No re-fueling facilities are available. Depending on sources, the runway is either 1150 or 1200 metres long, 30 metres wide, and has a large hard-standing area capable of accommodating two C-130 aircraft. A number of plans have been proposed to lengthen the runway.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} [[Taiwan]] (ROC) maintains a large meteorological station on Taiping island. The station collects weather information using surface instruments, launching weather balloons daily.<ref>{{cite web|title=ROC to upgrade weather stations in disputed Spratlys|url=http://taiwaninfo.nat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=59686&CtNode=103&htx_TRCategory=&mp=4|publisher=Government of Taiwan|accessdate=2015-03-17}}</ref> The ROC Central Weather Bureau has an employee presence on the island.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}
2016-03-27T18:45:27Z
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The name "Ku Klux Klan" began to be used by several independent groups. They had no connection with the second KKK, except they copied the terminology and costumes. Beginning in the 1950s, for instance, individual Klan groups in [[Birmingham, Alabama]], began to resist social change and blacks' efforts to improve their lives by bombing houses in transitional neighborhoods. There were so many bombings in Birmingham of blacks' homes by Klan groups in the 1950s that the city's nickname was "Bombingham".<ref name="McWhorter"/>
2016-03-26T01:07:33Z
The name "Ku Klux Klan" began to be used by several independent groups. They had no connection with the second KKK, except they copied the terminology and costumes. Beginning in the 1950s, for instance, individual Klan groups in [[Birmingham, Alabama]], began to resist social change and blacks' efforts to improve their lives by bombing houses in transitional neighborhoods. There were so many bombings in Birmingham of blacks' homes by Klan groups in the 1950s that the city's nickname was "[[Bombingham]]".<ref name="McWhorter"/>
2016-03-26T04:00:10Z
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{{NFLplayer|43|Derrick Clark|FB}}
2014-12-23T03:11:57Z
{{NFLplayer|43|Derrick Clark|d=American football|FB}}
2016-04-02T20:26:36Z
0
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[[File:Madonna1010 (22091324562).jpg|thumb|left|200px|Madonna performing the song during the Rebel Heart Tour]]
2016-04-08T17:16:04Z
[[File:Madonna1010 (22091324562).jpg|thumb|left|Madonna performing the song during the Rebel Heart Tour]]
2016-04-09T08:10:36Z
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| image = Sikatan matari.JPG
2014-07-14T21:10:15Z
| image = Culicicapa helianthea - Mt.Mahawu (2).JPG
2016-03-26T09:58:53Z
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Levine grew up in [[Calgary]], Alberta and moved to Edmonton to study chemistry at the University of Alberta where she earned a master's degree in 1959.<ref name="CanEncy" /> In 1961, she moved to Regina with her husband, Sidney Levine.<ref>{{cite web|title=Marilyn Levine|url=http://sknac.ca/index.php?page=ArtistDetail&id=132|website=Saskatchewan NAC|accessdate=8 March 2016}}</ref> While in Regina she taught high school chemistry and studied ceramics through the [[University of Saskatchewan]]'s extension program.<ref name="CanEncy" /> After a trip to California in 1968, she decided to make pottery her career, and she moved to California a year later. She studied sculpture at [[University of California, Berkeley]] under the tutelage of [[Peter Voulkos]]<ref name="CanEncy" />. It was during this time that she began to develop her trademark realistic style. It was dualso ring her time in California that she became associate with the [[funk art]] movement.<ref name="NYT">{{cite news|last1=Smith|first1=Roberta|title=Marilyn Levine, 69, Sculptor of Leathery Works|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C05E0DF153EF933A25757C0A9639C8B63|accessdate=11 March 2016|work=[[New York Times]]|date=10 April 2005}}</ref> She completed two degrees at the University of California Berkley (MA, 1970; MFA, 1971).
2016-03-13T06:08:47Z
Levine grew up in [[Calgary]], Alberta and moved to Edmonton to study chemistry at the University of Alberta where she earned a master's degree in 1959.<ref name="CanEncy" /> In 1961, she moved to Regina with her husband, Sidney Levine.<ref>{{cite web|title=Marilyn Levine|url=http://sknac.ca/index.php?page=ArtistDetail&id=132|website=Saskatchewan NAC|accessdate=8 March 2016}}</ref> Because she was unable to find sufficient employment in the field of chemistry, Levine enrolled in drawing, painting, art history, and pottery courses through the University of Saskatchewan Extension Program.<ref name="CanEncy" /> After a trip to California in 1968, she decided to make pottery her career, and she moved to California a year later. She studied sculpture at [[University of California, Berkeley]] under the tutelage of [[Peter Voulkos]]<ref name="CanEncy" />. It was during this time that she began to develop her trademark realistic style. It was dualso ring her time in California that she became associate with the [[funk art]] movement.<ref name="NYT">{{cite news|last1=Smith|first1=Roberta|title=Marilyn Levine, 69, Sculptor of Leathery Works|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C05E0DF153EF933A25757C0A9639C8B63|accessdate=11 March 2016|work=[[New York Times]]|date=10 April 2005}}</ref> She completed two degrees at the University of California Berkley (MA, 1970; MFA, 1971).
2016-03-13T06:12:08Z
0
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In 1950 [[Ian Hamilton (lawyer)|Ian Hamilton]] ([[Charlie Cox]]), an ardent member of the [[Scottish independence|Scottish nationalist]] organisation, the [[Scottish Covenant Association]], hopes to end what he sees as the political and economic subjugation of Scotland by England. Frustrated and saddened by the complacency of his fellow Scots who seem to accept the status quo, he looks forward to a time when Scotland is no longer merely referred to as "[[North Britain]]". After a petition to the [[British Parliament]] for the establishment of Scottish [[home rule]] is rejected, Hamilton decides to perform a symbolic act to put heart into the movement. With his friend, Bill Craig ([[Billy Boyd (actor)|Billy Boyd]]), he creates a daring scheme to bring the [[Stone of Scone]] back to Scotland from [[Westminster Abbey]] in London, where it has resided for centuries following English military victories over the Scots in the [[Middle Ages]].
2016-03-23T11:29:01Z
In 1950 [[Ian Hamilton (lawyer)|Ian Hamilton]] ([[Charlie Cox]]), an ardent member of the [[Scottish independence|Scottish nationalist]] organisation, the [[Scottish Covenant Association]], hopes to end what he sees as the political and economic subjugation of Scotland by England. Frustrated and saddened by the complacency of his fellow Scots who seem to accept the status quo, he looks forward to a time when Scotland is no longer merely referred to as "[[North Britain]]". After a petition to the [[British Parliament]] for the establishment of Scottish [[home rule]] is rejected, Hamilton decides to perform a symbolic act to put heart into the movement. With his friend, Bill Craig ([[Billy Boyd (actor)|Billy Boyd]]), he creates a daring scheme to bring the [[Stone of Scone|Stone of Destiny]] back to Scotland from [[Westminster Abbey]] in London, where it has resided for centuries following English military victories over the Scots in the [[Middle Ages]].
2016-04-07T03:59:25Z
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* [[Toronto Blue Jays]] ({{By|1981}}–{{By|1989}}) * [[New York Yankees]] ({{By|1989}}–{{By|1992}}) * [[Yomiuri Giants]] ({{By|1993}}) Selected by the Blue Jays in the ninth round of the [[1977 Major League Baseball Draft|1977 amateur draft]], Barfield debuted in the majors in 1981, where he hit .232 in just 25 games. He was a regular the following season, and hit .246 with 18 home runs and 58 RBIs, including the first pinch hit [[home run|grand slam]] in franchise history. He finished eighth in American League Rookie of the Year voting, and solidified himself as a regular in the lineup for years to come. In 1983, Barfield hit .253 with 27 home runs and 58 RBIs, and the following year, increased his average to .284 with 14 home runs and 49 RBIs. In 1985, he helped Toronto reach the playoffs for the first time in franchise history. He hit a career-high .289 with 27 homers and 84 RBIs that season, and became the first player in franchise history to hit 20 homers and [[Stolen base|steal]] 20 bases in the same season.<ref>{{cite web|author=Roger Schlueter |url=http://cleveland.indians.mlb.com/news/print.jsp?ymd=20101202&content_id=16239732&vkey=news_cle&c_id=cle |title=Stat Speak: Tribe kings of 20-20 outfielders |publisher=Cleveland.indians.mlb.com |date= |accessdate=2014-08-06}}</ref> In his only playoff appearance, Barfield hit .280 with a home run, four RBIs, and a stolen base. Despite the Blue Jays' failure to defend their division title from the previous year, Barfield enjoyed his best personal season in 1986. He collected career-highs in [[batting average]] (.289), [[Run batted in|RBI]] (108), [[Run (baseball statistics)|runs]] (107), [[Hit (baseball statistics)|hits]] (170) [[Double (baseball)|doubles]] (35), and wRC+ (147). He also hit a career-best 40 home runs, leading the major leagues and setting a team record which lasted one year. In addition, Barfield was awarded the [[Gold Glove Award]], [[Silver Slugger Award]] and selected to the [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game|American League All-Star]] team. * [[List of top 300 Major League Baseball home run hitters]] * [[List of Major League Baseball home run champions]]
2016-02-02T00:44:33Z
* [[Toronto Blue Jays]] ({{Baseball year|1981}}–{{Baseball year|1989}}) * [[New York Yankees]] ({{Baseball year|1989}}–{{Baseball year|1992}}) * [[Yomiuri Giants]] ({{Baseball year|1993}}) Selected by the Blue Jays in the ninth round of the [[1977 Major League Baseball draft|1977 amateur draft]], Barfield debuted in the majors in 1981, where he hit .232 in just 25 games. He was a regular the following season, and hit .246 with 18 home runs and 58 RBIs, including the first pinch hit [[home run|grand slam]] in franchise history. He finished eighth in American League Rookie of the Year voting, and solidified himself as a regular in the lineup for years to come. In 1983, Barfield hit .253 with 27 home runs and 58 RBIs, and the following year, increased his average to .284 with 14 home runs and 49 RBIs. In 1985, he helped Toronto reach the playoffs for the first time in franchise history. He hit a career-high .289 with 27 homers and 84 RBIs that season, and became the first player in franchise history to hit 20 homers and [[Stolen base|steal]] 20 bases in the same season.<ref>{{cite web|author=Roger Schlueter |url=http://cleveland.indians.mlb.com/news/print.jsp?ymd=20101202&content_id=16239732&vkey=news_cle&c_id=cle |title=Stat Speak: Tribe kings of 20-20 outfielders |website=Cleveland Indians|publisher=MLB|date= |accessdate=2014-08-06}}</ref> In his only playoff appearance, Barfield hit .280 with a home run, four RBIs, and a stolen base. Despite the Blue Jays' failure to defend their division title from the previous year, Barfield enjoyed his best personal season in 1986. He collected career-highs in [[batting average]] (.289), [[Run batted in|RBI]] (108), [[Run (baseball)|runs]] (107), [[Hit (baseball)|hits]] (170) [[Double (baseball)|doubles]] (35), and wRC+ (147). He also hit a career-best 40 home runs, leading the major leagues and setting a team record which lasted one year. In addition, Barfield was awarded the [[Gold Glove Award]], [[Silver Slugger Award]] and selected to the [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game|American League All-Star]] team. * [[List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders]] * [[List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders]]
2016-04-01T10:19:35Z
0
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#REDIRECT [[Andrew L. Lewis, Jr.]] {{r with possibilities}}
2015-06-15T03:45:50Z
#REDIRECT [[Andrew L. Lewis Jr.]] {{r with possibilities}}
2016-04-04T06:00:40Z
0
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The U.S. often opposed [[Third World]] movements that it viewed as Soviet-sponsored. American troops fought communist [[People's Liberation Army|Chinese]] and [[North Korea]]n forces in the [[Korean War]] of 1950–53.<ref name="Proxy" /> The Soviet Union's 1957 launch of the [[Sputnik 1|first artificial satellite]] and its 1961 launch of the [[Vostok 1|first manned spaceflight]] initiated a "[[Space Race]]" in which the United States became the first nation to [[Apollo 11|land a man on the moon]] in 1969.<ref name="Proxy">{{cite book |last=Collins |first=Michael |authorlink=Michael Collins (astronaut) |title=Liftoff: The Story of America's Adventure in Space |location=New York |publisher=Grove Press |year=1988}}</ref> A proxy war in Southeast Asia eventually evolved into full American participation, as the [[Vietnam War]].{{refn|group=fn|Beginning between 1945, 1954, 1962 (depending on different sources) and ending in the mid-1970s. Several start dates of the war are given by different sources: 1945,<ref>{{cite book|author=Gary Donaldson|title=America at War Since 1945: Politics and Diplomacy in Korea, Vietnam, and the Gulf War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jOHR0neab58C&pg=PA208|date=January 1, 1996|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-95660-8|page=208}}</ref> 1954,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/battlefieldvietnam/timeline/ |title=Battlefield: Timeline |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=Battlefield Vietnam Web Site |publisher=Public Broadcasting Service |accessdate=October 31, 2014}}</ref> 1959,<ref>{{cite book|author=R. J. Rummel|title=Death by Government|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aYBrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA255|date=January 1, 1997|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-56000-927-6|page=255}}</ref> and 1962;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/vietnam/ |title=Vietnam War 1962–75 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=Australian War Memorial |publisher=Government of Australia |accessdate=October 31, 2014}}</ref> the end date is also debated. Major U.S. involvement stopped in 1973,<ref>{{cite news |last=Ip |first=Michael |date=March 29, 2013 |title=Looking Back: The End of the Vietnam War |url=http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2013/03/looking-back-the-end-of-the-vietnam-war/ |newspaper=ABC News |accessdate=October 31, 2014 }}</ref> yet most recognize the end of the Second Indochina War as when the Republic of Vietnam was toppled in 1975.<ref>{{cite book|author=Allan Todd|title=History for the IB Diploma: The Cold War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoapyhfmsHkC&pg=PT172|date=May 19, 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-18932-3|page=172}}</ref>}}
2016-03-18T06:01:17Z
The U.S. often opposed [[Third World]] movements that it viewed as Soviet-sponsored. American troops fought communist [[People's Liberation Army|Chinese]] and [[North Korea]]n forces in the [[Korean War]] of 1950–53.<ref name="Proxy" /> The Soviet Union's 1957 launch of the [[Sputnik 1|first artificial satellite]] and its 1961 launch of the [[Vostok 1|first manned spaceflight]] initiated a "[[Space Race]]" in which the United States became the first nation to [[Apollo 11|land a man on the moon]] in 1969.<ref name="Proxy">{{cite book |last=Collins |first=Michael |authorlink=Michael Collins (astronaut) |title=Liftoff: The Story of America's Adventure in Space |location=New York |publisher=Grove Press |year=1988}}</ref> A proxy war in Southeast Asia eventually evolved into full American participation, as the [[Vietnam War]].
2016-03-18T06:02:16Z
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| Name = Testosterone 17beta-dehydrogenase (NADP+) '''Testosterone 17beta-dehydrogenase (NADP+)''' ({{EC number|1.1.1.64}}, ''17-ketoreductase'', ''NADP-dependent testosterone-17beta-oxidoreductase'', ''testosterone 17beta-dehydrogenase (NADP)'') is an [[enzyme]] with system name ''17beta-hydroxysteroid:NADP+ 17-oxidoreductase''.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Separation of a triphosphopyridine nucleotide-specific from a diphosphopyridine-specific 17&beta;-hydroxy (testosterone) dehydrogenase of guinea pig liver |author = Endahl, G.L., Kochakia, C.D. and Hamm, D. |journal = J. Biol. Chem. |date = 1960 |volume = 235 |pages = 2792-2796 |pmid = 13696735}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Preparation and characterisation of the enzyme which converts testosterone to androstendione |author = Sweat, M.L., Samuels, L.T. and Lumry, R. |journal = J. Biol. Chem. |date = 1950 |volume = 185 |pages = 75-84 |pmid = 15436478}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Some properties of the pyridine nucleotide-specific 17&beta;-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase of guinea pig liver |author = Villee, C.A. and Spencer, J.M. |journal = J. Biol. Chem. |date = 1960 |volume = 235 |pages = 3615-3619 |pmid = 13781425}}</ref> This enzyme [[catalysis|catalyses]] the following [[chemical reaction]]
2016-03-30T00:29:30Z
| Name = Testosterone 17beta-dehydrogenase (NADP<sup>+</sup>) '''Testosterone 17beta-dehydrogenase (NADP<sup>+</sup>)''' ({{EC number|1.1.1.64}}, ''17-ketoreductase'', ''NADP-dependent testosterone-17beta-oxidoreductase'', ''testosterone 17beta-dehydrogenase (NADP)'') is an [[enzyme]] with system name ''17beta-hydroxysteroid:NADP<sup>+</sup> 17-oxidoreductase''.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Separation of a triphosphopyridine nucleotide-specific from a diphosphopyridine-specific 17&beta;-hydroxy (testosterone) dehydrogenase of guinea pig liver |author = Endahl, G.L., Kochakia, C.D. and Hamm, D. |journal = J. Biol. Chem. |date = 1960 |volume = 235 |pages = 2792-2796 |pmid = 13696735}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Preparation and characterisation of the enzyme which converts testosterone to androstendione |author = Sweat, M.L., Samuels, L.T. and Lumry, R. |journal = J. Biol. Chem. |date = 1950 |volume = 185 |pages = 75-84 |pmid = 15436478}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Some properties of the pyridine nucleotide-specific 17&beta;-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase of guinea pig liver |author = Villee, C.A. and Spencer, J.M. |journal = J. Biol. Chem. |date = 1960 |volume = 235 |pages = 3615-3619 |pmid = 13781425}}</ref> This enzyme [[catalysis|catalyses]] the following [[chemical reaction]]
2016-03-30T00:30:56Z
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*"Time in a Bottle" was used in a [[List of The Last Man on Earth episodes#Season 2 (2015)|season 2]] episode of the [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] [[post-apocalyptic]] comedy series ''[[The Last Man on Earth (TV series)|The Last Man on Earth]]'', entitled "Dead Man Walking", during the funeral of a minor character named Gordon (portrayed by [[Will Ferrell]]). The episode aired 11 October 2015.
2016-03-18T01:53:22Z
*"Time in a Bottle" was used in ''[[The Last Man on Earth (TV series)|The Last Man on Earth]]'' episode "Dead Man Walking", during the funeral of a minor character named Gordon (portrayed by [[Will Ferrell]]).
2016-03-18T01:59:19Z
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|[[H-class destroyer|H-class destroyer]]
2016-03-28T04:44:15Z
|[[H-class destroyer]]
2016-03-28T06:47:05Z
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''As the young people of the community explained when they finally got the chance, their health and identity were inextricably bound up in their ability to follow in the footsteps of their forebears - fishing and paddling in the same waters, collecting kelp in the same tidal zones in the outer coastal islands, hunting in the same forests, and collecting medicines in the same meadows. Which is why Northern Gateway was seen not simply as a threat to the local fishery but as the possible undoing of all this intergenerational healing work. And therefor as another wave of colonial violence.
2016-03-27T11:34:47Z
''As the young people of the community explained when they finally got the chance, their health and identity were inextricably bound up in their ability to follow in the footsteps of their forebears - fishing and paddling in the same waters, collecting kelp in the same tidal zones in the outer coastal islands, hunting in the same forests, and collecting medicines in the same meadows. Which is why Northern Gateway was seen not simply as a threat to the local fishery but as the possible undoing of all this intergenerational healing work. And therefor as another wave of colonial violence<ref>Klein, Naomi. This Changes Everything. 2014. </ref>.
2016-03-27T11:36:05Z
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| current_members = Tonico (João Salvador Perez) <br> Tinoco (José Perez)
2015-06-30T20:47:44Z
| current_members = Tonico (João Salvador Perez) <br> Tinoco (José Salvador Perez)
2016-03-18T22:27:25Z
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| birth_place = [[Valenzuela, Philippines|Valenzuela]], [[Metro Manila]], [[Philippines]]<ref name=womfullnatteam>{{cite web|title=Women's Full National Team|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630083107/http://www.philfootball.info/wnt.html|website=Philfootballinfo.com|publisher=Philippine Football Federation|accessdate=14 August 2015}}</ref>
2016-03-10T21:39:30Z
| birth_place = [[Valenzuela, Philippines|Valenzuela]], [[Metro Manila]], [[Philippines]]<ref name=womfullnatteam>{{cite web|title=Women's Full National Team |url=http://www.philfootball.info/wnt.html |website=Philfootballinfo.com |publisher=Philippine Football Federation |accessdate=14 August 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630083107/http://www.philfootball.info/wnt.html |archivedate=June 30, 2007 }}</ref>
2016-04-01T01:21:24Z
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}}</ref> he said "I have to take a look and find out what I can say and what I can't", because, he said, financial matters are "delicate".<ref name=NG/> He told them his assets result from business activities many years ago, even "before [[perestroika]]".<ref name=NG/> He also said that money in the accounts was used to subsidize the House of Music in St Petersburg.<ref name=NG/> According to the BBC, the Russian public didn't take the media accusations against Putin's close friends seriously, making hundreds of jokes on social networks about their intention to send their own children to the [[music school]] to be trained as a cello player in order to become a millionaire later, with reference to [[Sergei Roldugin|Roldugin]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.com/russian/society/2016/04/160404_tr_panama_leaks_russia_reaction |title=Кредит за виолончель: реакция соцсетей на "панамское досье" |trans-title=A loan for a cello: a reaction of the social networks to "Panamanian dossier" |work=[[BBC Russian Service]] |date=April 4, 2016 |accessdate=April 6, 2016 |language=ru}}</ref> Putin spokesperson [[Dmitry Peskov]] said that Western mainstream media reporting of the Panama Papers was engaged in "Putinophobia". He said the primary target of the leak was [[Vladimir Putin]] and the Panama Papers were part of a conspiracy against Russia, orchestrated by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], the [[United States Department of State]] and others.<ref name=Putinphobia2>{{cite news|last1=Harding|first1=Luke|title=Kremlin dismisses revelations in Panama Papers as 'Putinphobia'|url=http://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/apr/04/kremlin-reaction-putin-dmitry-peskov-panama-papers-putinphobia|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|date=April 4, 2016 |accessdate=April 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Russia says Putin is main target of Panama Papers|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2016/04/04/russia-says-putin-main-target-panama-papers/82600272/|work=USA TODAY}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Vladimir Putin's spokesperson blames 'Putinophobia' for Panama leak|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/panama-papers-vladimir-putins-spokesperson-blames-putinophobia-for-financial-tax-cellist-allegations-a6967796.html|work=The Independent|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kremlin Blasts Panama Papers As Putinophobic 'Attack' On Russia Orchestrated By CIA|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/kremlin-blasts-panama-papers-putinophobic-attack-russia-orchestrated-cia-2347912|work=International Business Times}}</ref> The Russian TV network [[RT (TV network)|RT]] reported that despite the absence of Putin's name in any records, 76% of the UK media coverage of Panama Papers was about Vladimir Putin.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://on.rt.com/7927 |title=Putinophobia hits boiling point: Kremlin says ‘insinuations’ in Panama leak don’t need response |work=[[RT (TV network)|RT]] |date=April 4, 2016 |accessdate=April 6, 2016}}</ref> According to RT, the focus on Putin was also noticed and angered many on international [[social media]].<ref name="RT Putin">{{cite news |url=http://on.rt.com/792a |title='Goebbels had less-biased articles': Public slams MSM for Putin focus after Panama papers leak |work=[[RT (TV network)|RT]] |date=April 4, 2016 |accessdate=April 6, 2016}}</ref> President Putin has denied "any element of corruption" over the Panama Papers leaks, saying his opponents are trying to destabilise Russia.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35989560|title=Panama Papers: Putin rejects corruption allegations
2016-04-08T16:56:52Z
}}</ref> he said "I have to take a look and find out what I can say and what I can't", because, he said, financial matters are "delicate".<ref name=NG/> Putin spokesperson [[Dmitry Peskov]] said that Western mainstream media reporting of the Panama Papers was engaged in "Putinophobia". He said the primary target of the leak was [[Vladimir Putin]] and the Panama Papers were part of a conspiracy against Russia, orchestrated by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], the [[United States Department of State]] and others.<ref name=Putinphobia2>{{cite news|last1=Harding|first1=Luke|title=Kremlin dismisses revelations in Panama Papers as 'Putinphobia'|url=http://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/apr/04/kremlin-reaction-putin-dmitry-peskov-panama-papers-putinphobia|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|date=April 4, 2016 |accessdate=April 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Russia says Putin is main target of Panama Papers|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2016/04/04/russia-says-putin-main-target-panama-papers/82600272/|work=USA TODAY}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Vladimir Putin's spokesperson blames 'Putinophobia' for Panama leak|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/panama-papers-vladimir-putins-spokesperson-blames-putinophobia-for-financial-tax-cellist-allegations-a6967796.html|work=The Independent|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kremlin Blasts Panama Papers As Putinophobic 'Attack' On Russia Orchestrated By CIA|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/kremlin-blasts-panama-papers-putinophobic-attack-russia-orchestrated-cia-2347912|work=International Business Times}}</ref> President Putin has denied "any element of corruption" over the Panama Papers leaks, saying his opponents are trying to destabilise Russia.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35989560|title=Panama Papers: Putin rejects corruption allegations
2016-04-08T17:43:49Z
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''A Tour Through the Island of Mann'' (1798) {{sic}} was a travel work, about the [[Isle of Man]].<ref>{{cite book|author=John Feltham|title=A Tour Through the Island of Mann, in 1797 and 1798|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-3IWHSoA_FAC|year=1798|publisher=R. Cruttwell}}</ref> Feltham and his patron Joseph Haskins had undertaken a large-scale walking tour in 1797, and this book resulted from part of it.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Timothy D. Whelan |title=Politics, Religion and Romance: The Letters of Benjamin Flower and Eliza Gould Flower, 1794–1808 |year=2008|publisher=National Library of Wales|isbn=9781862250703|pages=xxXii–xxxiii}}</ref> It was edited with notes by Robert Airey for the Manx Society, in 1861, as ''Feltham's Tour through the Isle of Man, in 1797 and 1798''.<ref>{{cite book|author=John Feltham|title=A tour through the island of Mann, in 1797 and 1798. With notes by R. Airey|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=WfoHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA102|year=1861|page=102}}</ref> A work on monumental inscriptions in the Isle of Man was published for the first time in 1868.<ref name="Whelan"/> ''The Picture of London'', an annual guide book, appeared by 1802, an edition that is noted in particular for a historical dissertation, "The Porter Brewery", on the drink [[porter (beer)|porter]]. An influential account, attributing to Ralph Harwood in 1722 the origination of this variety of beer, it is no longer given much credence.<ref>{{cite book|author=Garrett Oliver|title=The Oxford Companion to Beer|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gYVLHMmplRcC&pg=PA422|date=9 September 2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-536713-3|page=422}}</ref> An edition by [[John Britton (antiquarian)|John Britton]], ''The Original Picture of London'', appeared in 1826, but the title had become generic soon after Feltham died.<ref name="Britton1826">{{cite book|author=Britton|title=The original picture of London re-edited by J. Britton|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=890KgHp53iMC|year=1826}}</ref> [[John Badcock (writer)|John Badcock]] had published ''A Living Picture of London'' in 1818.<ref>{{cite ODNB|id=1014|title=Badcock, John|first=Dennis|last=Brailsford}}</ref> ''Leigh's New Picture of London'' ([[Samuel Leigh (bookseller)|Samuel Leigh]]) also appeared by 1818, ''Mogg's New Picture of London'' ([[Edward Mogg]]) in 1848.<ref>{{cite book|author=Samuel Leigh|title=Leigh's new picture of London; or, A view of the ... British metropolis |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kRIHAAAAQAAJ|year=1818}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Edward Mogg|title=Mogg's new picture of London; or, Strangers' guide to the British metropolis|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gRUHAAAAQAAJ|year=1848}}</ref> ''A View of London, or, The stranger's guide through the British metropolis'' had appeared by 1804.<ref>{{cite book|title=A view of London, or, The stranger's guide through the British metropolis|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=l8UHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA124|year=1804|page=124}}</ref> *''The English Enchiridion, a selection of apothegms, moral maxims, &c.'' (1799)<ref>{{cite book|author=John Feltham|title=The English Enchiridion, a selection of apothegms, moral maxims, &c.|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kckDAAAAQAAJ|year=1799}}</ref> *''A Popular View of the Structure and Economy of the Human Body'' (1803)<ref>{{cite book|author=John Feltham|title=A Popular View of the Structure and Economy of the Human Body, etc|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Wb9YAAAAcAAJ|year=1803}}</ref> *''Guide to all the Watering and Sea-bathing Places'' (1813)<ref>{{cite book |title=Guide to all the Watering and Sea-bathing Places |location=London|author= John Feltham|year=1813|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=ZAkHAAAAQAAJ}}</ref>
2015-04-26T19:07:15Z
''A Tour Through the Island of Mann'' (1798) {{sic}} was a travel work, about the [[Isle of Man]].<ref>{{cite book|author=John Feltham|title=A Tour Through the Island of Mann, in 1797 and 1798|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3IWHSoA_FAC|year=1798|publisher=R. Cruttwell}}</ref> Feltham and his patron Joseph Haskins had undertaken a large-scale walking tour in 1797, and this book resulted from part of it.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Timothy D. Whelan |title=Politics, Religion and Romance: The Letters of Benjamin Flower and Eliza Gould Flower, 1794–1808 |year=2008|publisher=National Library of Wales|isbn=9781862250703|pages=xxXii–xxxiii}}</ref> It was edited with notes by Robert Airey for the Manx Society, in 1861, as ''Feltham's Tour through the Isle of Man, in 1797 and 1798''.<ref>{{cite book|author=John Feltham|title=A tour through the island of Mann, in 1797 and 1798. With notes by R. Airey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfoHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA102|year=1861|page=102}}</ref> A work on monumental inscriptions in the Isle of Man was published for the first time in 1868.<ref name="Whelan"/> ''The Picture of London'', an annual guide book, appeared by 1802, an edition that is noted in particular for a historical dissertation, "The Porter Brewery", on the drink [[porter (beer)|porter]]. An influential account, attributing to Ralph Harwood in 1722 the origination of this variety of beer, it is no longer given much credence.<ref>{{cite book|author=Garrett Oliver|title=The Oxford Companion to Beer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gYVLHMmplRcC&pg=PA422|date=9 September 2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-536713-3|page=422}}</ref> An edition by [[John Britton (antiquarian)|John Britton]], ''The Original Picture of London'', appeared in 1826, but the title had become generic soon after Feltham died.<ref name="Britton1826">{{cite book|author=Britton|title=The original picture of London re-edited by J. Britton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=890KgHp53iMC|year=1826}}</ref> [[John Badcock (writer)|John Badcock]] had published ''A Living Picture of London'' in 1818.<ref>{{cite ODNB|id=1014|title=Badcock, John|first=Dennis|last=Brailsford}}</ref> ''Leigh's New Picture of London'' ([[Samuel Leigh (bookseller)|Samuel Leigh]]) also appeared by 1818, ''Mogg's New Picture of London'' ([[Edward Mogg]]) in 1848.<ref>{{cite book|author=Samuel Leigh|title=Leigh's new picture of London; or, A view of the ... British metropolis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kRIHAAAAQAAJ|year=1818}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Edward Mogg|title=Mogg's new picture of London; or, Strangers' guide to the British metropolis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gRUHAAAAQAAJ|year=1848}}</ref> ''A View of London, or, The stranger's guide through the British metropolis'' had appeared by 1804.<ref>{{cite book|title=A view of London, or, The stranger's guide through the British metropolis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8UHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA124|year=1804|page=124}}</ref> *''The English Enchiridion, a selection of apothegms, moral maxims, &c.'' (1799)<ref>{{cite book|author=John Feltham|title=The English Enchiridion, a selection of apothegms, moral maxims, &c.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kckDAAAAQAAJ|year=1799}}</ref> *''A Popular View of the Structure and Economy of the Human Body'' (1803)<ref>{{cite book|author=John Feltham|title=A Popular View of the Structure and Economy of the Human Body, etc|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wb9YAAAAcAAJ|year=1803}}</ref> *''Guide to all the Watering and Sea-bathing Places'' (1813)<ref>{{cite book |title=Guide to all the Watering and Sea-bathing Places |location=London|author= John Feltham|year=1813|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAkHAAAAQAAJ}}</ref>
2016-03-15T03:29:33Z
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[[File:RusPortraits v2-089 Le Prince Serge Petrowitch Troubetzkoi.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Trubetskoy in the 1830s, by</br> [[Nikolay Bestuzhev]]]]
2016-04-06T21:20:32Z
[[File:RusPortraits v2-089 Le Prince Serge Petrowitch Troubetzkoi.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Trubetskoy in the 1830s, by<br /> [[Nikolay Bestuzhev]]]]
2016-04-07T04:08:47Z
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| accessdate =2014-10-03}}</ref> Workers are responsible for hunting and foraging, while queens are responsible for laying eggs, and have the most developed [[ovary|ovaries]]. When hunting for prey, workers rely heavily on visual and [[insect olfaction|olfactory]] cues.<ref>{{doi|10.1007/BF00295151}}</ref> Prey include arthropods such as green and brown [[caterpillars]].
2016-03-18T07:59:57Z
| accessdate =2014-10-03}}</ref> Workers are responsible for hunting and foraging, while queens are responsible for laying eggs, and have the most developed [[ovary|ovaries]]. When hunting for prey, workers rely heavily on visual and [[insect olfaction|olfactory]] cues.<ref>{{cite journal|year=1985|title=Predatory behavior of Polybia sericea (Olivier), a tropical social wasp (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)|quote=Olfactory cues were more likely to elicit landing than were visual cues.|journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology|volume=16|issue=2|pages=165-170|doi=10.1007/BF00295151}}</ref> Prey include arthropods such as green and brown [[caterpillars]].
2016-03-18T08:10:28Z
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[[Category:British fencers]]
2012-11-09T19:15:39Z
[[Category:British male fencers]]
2016-04-04T11:51:43Z
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All types (except Theater version) will include a bonus DVD with a Full MV of main track, which will not be available on YouTube until next single release.
2016-03-31T16:37:30Z
All types (except Theater version) will include a bonus DVD with a Full MV of main track, which will not be available on YouTube until next single release. Prior to its release, only a short version will be published.
2016-03-31T16:38:35Z
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|date = <span style="font-size:93%">24 February 2016</span>
2016-03-13T20:28:11Z
|date = 27 February 2016
2016-03-13T20:28:41Z
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[[File:Model sondaży.png|thumb|Election polls]] {|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;line-height:14px" |- style="height:42px; background-color:#E9E9E9" |+ |- style="height:42px; background-color:#E9E9E9" ! rowspan="2" style="width:100px;" | Date ! rowspan="2" style="width:120px;" | Polling firm ! [[Civic Platform|<span style="font-size:95%;">PO</span>]] ! [[Law and Justice|<span style="font-size:95%;">PiS</span>]] ! [[Polish People's Party|<span style="font-size:95%;">PSL</span>]] ! [[Democratic Left Alliance|<span style="font-size:95%;">SLD</span>]] ! [[Your Movement|<span style="font-size:95%;">TR</span>]] ! [[United Left (Poland)|<span style="font-size:95%;">ZL</span>]] ! [[Kukiz'15|<span style="font-size:95%;">K'15</span>]] ! [[Modern (political party)|<span style="font-size:95%;">.N</span>]] ! [[Coalition for the Renewal of the Republic - Liberty and Hope|<span style="font-size:95%;">KORWiN</span>]] ! [[Partia Razem|<span style="font-size:95%;">Razem</span>]] ! Others ! Lead |- ! style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; width:40px;" | ! style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; width:40px;" | ! style="background:{{Polish People's Party/meta/color}}; width:40px;" | ! style="background:{{Democratic Left Alliance/meta/color}}; width:40px;" | ! style="background:{{Palikot's Movement/meta/color}}; width:40px;" | ! style="background:{{United Left (Poland)/meta/color}}; width:40px;" | ! style="background:#FFFF00; width:40px;" | ! style="background:{{Modern (political party)/meta/color}}; width:40px;" | ! style="background:#5D8AA8; width:40px;" | ! style="background:#880088; width:40px;" | ! ! style="background:{{Others/meta/color}}; width:40px;" | |- |- style="background:#EFEFEF; font-weight:bold;" | 25 October | 2015 general election | 24.1% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''37.6%''' | 5.1% | colspan="2" | <small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> | 7.6% | 8.8% | 7.6% | 4.8% | 3.6% | 0.8% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " | 13.5% |- | 25 October | '''Late polls'''<br />[http://www.tvn24.pl/wyniki-wyborow-2015-late-poll-z-90-proc-badanych-komisji,589098,s.html Ipsos] | 23.6% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''37.7%''' | 5.2% | colspan="2" | <small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> | 7.5% | 8.7% | 7.7% | 4.9% | 3.9% | 0.8% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " | 14.1% |- | 25 October | '''Exit polls'''<br />[http://www.tvn24.pl/wybory-parlamentarne-2015-sondaz-pis-rzadzi-samodzielnie,589041,s.html Ipsos] | 23.4% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''39.1%''' | 5.2% | colspan="2" | <small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> | 6.6% | 9.0% | 7.1% | 4.9% | 3.9% | 0.8% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " | 15.7% |- | 22–23 October | [http://www.radiozet.pl/Wybory-2015/Sondaz-Radia-ZET-23.10.2015.-WYNIKI-wyborow-kto-wygra-00013290 IBRiS] | 22.4% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''37.4%''' | 5.5% | colspan="2" | <small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> | 8.9% | 10.2% | 7.8% | 3.7% | 3.4% | 0.7% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " | 15.0% |- | 22 October | [http://www.se.pl/wiadomosci/polityka/nowy-sondaz-super-expressu-gigantyczny-sukces-zandberga_709816.html IBRiS] | 24.4% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''35.3%''' | 4.7% | colspan="2" | <small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> | 8.1% | 6.7% | 6.2% | 4.4% | 2.5% | 7.7% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " | 10.9% |- | 21–22 October | [http://polska.newsweek.pl/sondaz-kto-wygra-wybory-parlamentarne-sondaz-poparcia-dla-partii,artykuly,372754,1.html Estymator] | 23% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''37%''' | 6% | colspan="2" | <small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> | 8% | 8% | 6% | 6% | 5% | 1% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " | 14% |- | 20–22 October | [http://fakty.tvn24.pl/ogladaj-online,60/tylko-jedna-partia-moze-byc-pewna-sukcesu-ostatni-przedwyborczy-sondaz-millward-brown-sa-dla-faktow-tvn-i-tvn24,588255.html Millward Brown] | 20% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''32%''' | 5% | colspan="2" | <small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> | 9% | 6% | 8% | 6% | 1% | 13% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " | 12% |- | 17–22 October | [http://www.tvp.info/22304010/szesc-partii-w-nowym-sejmie-ostatni-sondaz-przedwyborczy-dla-wiadomosci-tvp1 Ipsos] | 22.1% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''38.3%''' | 6.5% | colspan="2" | <small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> | 8.1% | 12.5% | 6.6% | 3.5% | 1.7% | 0.7% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " | 16.2% |- | 21 October | [http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/tylko-w-onecie/ostatni-przedwyborczy-sondaz-ibris-dla-onetu-pis-zwycieza/3ejse3 IBRiS] | 23.0% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''37.0%''' | 5.1% | colspan="2" | <small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> | 8.9% | 5.9% | 6.4% | 4.1% | 3.9% | 5.7% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " | 14.0% |- | 21 October | [http://www.fakt.pl/politycy/sondaz-tns-polska-dla-fakt24-pl-po-traci-po-debacie,artykuly,585754.html TNS Poland] | 24.1% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''37.8%''' | 4.8% | colspan="2" | <small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> | 8.6% | 9.1% | 6.6% | 4.9% | 3.5% | 0.6% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " | 13.7% |- | 15–21 October | [http://www.pap.pl/aktualnosci/news,421265,cbos-pis---36-proc-po---25-proc.html CBOS] | 25% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''36%''' | 5% | colspan="2" | <small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> | 6% | 6% | 5% | 4% | 1% | 11% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " | 11% |- | 19–20 October | [http://wyborcza.pl/1,75478,19061937,tns-dla-wyborczej-w-nowym-sejmie-trzy-czy-siedem-partii.html TNS Poland] | 26.3% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''32.5%''' | 4.8% | colspan="2" | <small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> | 7.5% | 10.4% | 6.1% | 5.3% | 0.3% | 7.1% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " | 6.2% |- | 19 October | [http://niezalezna.pl/72044-sondaz-pis-wygra-wybory IBRiS] | 22% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''36%''' | 6% | colspan="2" | <small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> | 11% | 6% | 6% | 4% | 1% | 9% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " | 14% |- | 16–19 October | [http://www.gk24.pl/zachodniopomorskie/art/9021051,sondaz-polska-press-grupy-platformie-zostaly-dwie-wyspy,id,t.html Dobra Opinia] | 24.5% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''39.5%''' | 6.0% | colspan="2" | <small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> | 9.0% | 7.5% | 6.0% | 4.5% | 2.0% | 1.0% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " | 15.0% |- | 16 October | [http://www.radiozet.pl/Wybory-2015/Wybory-parlamentarne-Sondaz-NOWY-00012851 IBRiS] | 22.9% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''35.3%''' | 5.5% | colspan="2" | <small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> | 10.7% | 5.3% | 7.1% | 3.8% | 0.9% | 8.5% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " | 12.4% |- | 14–15 October | [http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kraj/sondaz-dla-wiadomosci-tvp1-po-traci-poparcie-pis-niezmiennie-na-czele/xb6990 IPSOS] | 22% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''36%''' | 5% | colspan="2" | <small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> | 8% | 8% | 4% | 5% | 1% | 11% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " | 14% |- | 13–15 October | [http://fakty.tvn24.pl/fakty-ekstra,52/siedem-ugrupowan-w-sejmie-nieznacznie-maleje-przewaga-pis-nad-po-najnowszy-sondaz-millward-brown-sa-dla-faktow-tvn-i-tvn24,586255.html Millward Brown] | 22% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''32%''' | 5% | colspan="2" | <small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> | 10% | 5% | 7% | 5% | 1% | 13% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " | 10% |- | 7–15 October | [http://fakty.interia.pl/raporty/raport-wybory-parlamentarne-2015/aktualnosci/news-sondaz-cbos-platforma-zmniejsza-dystans-do-pis,nId,1905258 CBOS] | 27% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''34%''' | 3% | colspan="2" | <small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> | 6% | 8% | 7% | 3% | 1% | 11% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " | 7% |- | 14 October | [http://wyborcza.pl/1,75478,19030384,sondaz-tns-po-odrabia-straty-ale-pis-moglby-wciaz-rzadzic.html TNS Poland] | 30.1% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''38.9%''' | 5.5% | colspan="2" | <small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> | 7.9% | 5.5% | 6.7% | 4.7% | 0.0% | 0.7% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " | 8.8% |- | 13–14 October | [http://ewybory.eu/sondaz-estymator-dla-newsweeka-polska-15-10-2015/ Estymator] | 24% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''40%''' | 6% | colspan="2" | <small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> | 9% | 6% | 4% | 7% | 1% | 3% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " | 16% |- | 13 October | [http://ewybory.eu/sondaz-ibris-dla-onetu-14-10-2015/ IBRiS] | 20.3% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''36.2%''' | 6.4% | colspan="2" | <small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> | 11.1% | 5.9% | 8.4% | 3.1% | 0.5% | 7.9% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " | 15.9% |- | 8 October | [http://ewybory.eu/sondaz-ibris-dla-radia-zet-09-10-2015/ IBRiS] | 22.2% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''35.8%''' | 6.7% | colspan="2" | <small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> | 9.3% | 6.2% | 8.6% | 2.3% | 0.2% | 8.1% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " | 13.6% |- | 7–8 October | [http://www.tvp.info/22045059/sondaz-dla-wiadomosci-tvp1-szesc-partii-w-sejmie-pis-zdecydowanie-przed-platforma Ipsos] | 25% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''36%''' | 6% | colspan="2" |<small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> | 8% | 7% | 5% | 3% | 0% | 10% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " | 11% |- | 7–8 October | [http://fakty.tvn24.pl/fakty-ekstra,52/sondaz-poparcia-dla-partii-powieksza-sie-przewaga-pis-nad-po,584129.html Millward Brown] | 19% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''35%''' | 5% | colspan="2" |<small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> | 11% | 5% | 8% | 5% | 1% | 12% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " | 16% |- | 7 October | [http://wyborcza.pl/1,75478,18993401,samodzielna-wiekszosc-dla-pis-w-sondazu-tns-polska.html TNS Poland] | 27.7% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''42%''' | 3.7% | colspan="2" |<small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> | 8.8% | 6% | 8% | 3.1% | 0.0% | 0.7% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " | 14.3% |- | 2–7 October | [http://wpolityce.pl/polityka/268155-nowy-sondaz-tns-polska-pis-wysoko-przed-platforma-w-sejmie-tylko-trzy-partie-sprawdz-wyniki TNS Poland] | 24% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''36%''' | 4% | colspan="2" |<small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> | 4% | 6% | 4% | 3% | 0% | 19% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " | 12% |- | 6 October | [http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/tylko-w-onecie/sondaz-ibris-dla-onetu-najwieksi-traca-w-sejmie-az-szesc-partii/9p0qg0 IBRiS] | 23.8% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''33.4%''' | 6.6% | colspan="2" |<small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> | 9.5% | 5.8% | 9.3% | 3.2% | 0.0% | 8.5% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " | 9.4% |- | 30 Sep – 5 Oct | [http://wiadomosci.radiozet.pl/Wiadomosci/Kraj/Wybory-parlamentarne-2015.-Sondaz-poparcie-podzial-mandatow-00012454 Dobra Opinia] | 25.8% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''38.2%''' | 5.3% | colspan="2" |<small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> | 8.6% | 9.2% | 6.6% | 4.7% | 1.3% | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " | 12.4% |- | 2–3 October | [http://www4.rp.pl/Wybory-parlamentarne-2015/310059781-Sondaz-Klopoty-PiS-mali-korzystaja.html IBRiS] | 24% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''34%''' | 6% | colspan="2" |<small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> | 10% | 8% | 9% | 3% | 1% | 5% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " | 10% |- | 1 October | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1342,title,Sondaz-IBRiS-dla-Radia-Zet-PiS-ze-zdecydowana-przewaga-W-Sejmie-szesc-partii,wid,17884739,wiadomosc.html?ticaid=115b1c IBRiS] | 23.2% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''35.6%''' | 6.2% | colspan="2" | <small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> | 9.3% | 7% | 8.1% | 2.5% | 0.5% | 7.6% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " | 12.4% |- | 30 Sept. – 1 Oct | [http://fakty.tvn24.pl/fakty-ekstra,52/sondaz-poparcia-dla-partii-wciaz-duza-przewaga-pis-nad-po,582050.html Millward Brown] | 22% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''32%''' | 4% | colspan="2" | <small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> | 12% | 7% | 6% | 5% | 3% | 9% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " | 10% |- | 29 September | [http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/tylko-w-onecie/najnowszy-sondaz-ibris-dla-onetu-pis-i-po-dystansuja-konkurentow/fx9ejg IBRiS] | 24.3% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''36%''' | 6.6% | colspan="2" | <small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> | 7.3% | 6.9% | 8.1% | 3% | 0.7% | 7.1% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " | 11.7% |- | 28–29 September | [http://ewybory.eu/sondaz-estymator-dla-newsweeka-polska-30-09-2015/ Estymator] | 26% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''42%''' | 6% | colspan="2" | <small>[[United Left (Poland)|w.ZL]]</small> | 7% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 1% | 3% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " | 16% |- | 24–25 September | [http://pressmix.eu/2015/10/01/najnowszy-sondaz-wyborczy-a-imie-jego-czterdziesci-i-cztery/ PressMix] | 21% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''44%''' | 6% | colspan="2" | <small>[[United Left (Poland)|w.ZL]]</small> | 6% | 4% | 5% | 2% | 2% | 10% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 23% |- | 24 September | [http://www.parlamentarny.pl/badania-opinii-i-rankingi/sondaz-ibris-zwyciestwo-pis-sejm-bez-zjednoczonej-lewicy,715.html IBRiS] | 27.3% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''37.6%''' | 5% | colspan="2" | <small>[[United Left (Poland)|w.ZL]]</small> | 7.8% | 5% | 6% | 3.6% | 0.6% | 7% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 10.3% |- | 23–24 September | [http://www.tvp.info/21783027/sondaz-dla-wiadomosci-tvp1-pis-na-czele-i-samodzielnie-rzadzi-lewica-poza-sejmem IPSOS] | 26% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''38%''' | 6% | colspan="2" | <small>[[United Left (Poland)|w.ZL]]</small> | 5% | 7% | 6% | 3% |1% | 8% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 12% |- | 17–23 September | [http://www.tvp.info/21772754/zwyciestwo-pis-i-piec-partii-w-sejmie-najnowszy-sondaz-cbos CBOS] | 30% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''34%''' | 5% | colspan="2" | <small>[[United Left (Poland)|w.ZL]]</small> | 5% | 7% | 6% | 4% |1% | 8% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 4% |- | 22 September | [http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/tylko-w-onecie/sondaz-ibris-dla-onetu-pawel-kukiz-poza-sejmem/yrgm9c IBRiS] | 25.5% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''36.9%''' | 5.8% | colspan="2" | <small>[[United Left (Poland)|w.ZL]]</small> | 8.3% | 4.7% | 7.3% | 3.6% |0.9% | 7% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 11.4% |- | 17–21 September | [http://www.polskatimes.pl/artykul/8221232,sondaz-polska-press-grupy-pis-wygrywa-ale-na-samodzielne-rzadzenie-nie-ma-szans-video,id,t.html Dobra Opinia] | 25.7% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''39.2%''' | 5.8% | colspan="2" | <small>[[United Left (Poland)|w.ZL]]</small> | 8.1% | 9.8% | 5.5% | 4.7% |1.2% | 0% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 13.5% |- | 19–20 September | [http://fakty.tvn24.pl/fakty-ekstra,52/najnowszy-sondaz-dla-faktow-tvn-i-tvn24-mniejsze-partie-odbieraja-glosy-pis-i-po,579060.html Millward Brown] | 22% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''33%''' | 6% | colspan="2" | <small>[[United Left (Poland)|w.ZL]]</small> | 8% | 5% | 6% | 7% |2% | 11% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 11% |- | 16–20 September | [http://ewybory.eu/sonda-uliczna-21-09-2015/ ewybory.eu] | 25% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''38.4%''' | 5% | colspan="2" | <small>[[United Left (Poland)|w.ZL]]</small> | 12.8% | 6.7% | 4.5% | 4.2% |0.9% | 2.5% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 13.4% |- | 18–19 September | [http://www.fakt.pl/polityka/nowy-sondaz-ibris-pis-wygrywa-i-bierze-39-proc,artykuly,574480.html IBRiS] | 22% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''39%''' | 5% | colspan="2" | <small>[[United Left (Poland)|w.ZL]]</small> | 8% | 4% | 6% | – | – | 16% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 17% |- | 13 September | [http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/tylko-w-onecie/sondaz-ibris-dla-onetu-zdecydowana-przewaga-pis/pylx26 IBRiS] | 21.8% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''36.4%''' | 5.2% | colspan="2" | <small>[[United Left (Poland)|w.ZL]]</small> | 8.8% | 6.1% | 5.7% | 3.0% |1.3% | 13.1% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 14.6% |- | 9–13 September | [http://ewybory.eu/sonda-uliczna-13-09-2015/ ewybory.eu] | 24.2% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''37.1%''' | 5.5% | colspan="2" | <small>[[United Left (Poland)|w.ZL]]</small> | 15.3% | 5.5% | 4% | 6.3% |0.1% | 2.1% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 12.9% |- |- | 10–11 September | [http://www.fakt.pl/polityka/najnowszy-sondaz-pis-rzadziloby-samodzielnie-,artykuly,572806.html IPSOS] | 24% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''35%''' | 5% | colspan="2" | <small>[[United Left (Poland)|w.ZL]]</small> | 6% | 9% | 4% | 4% | – | 13% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 11% |- | 4–9 September | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1342,title,Najnowszy-sondaz-TNS-Polska-Sejm-bez-lewicy-i-PSL,wid,17840295,wiadomosc.html?ticaid=115914 TNS Poland] | 23% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''38%''' | 2% | colspan="2" | <small>[[United Left (Poland)|w.ZL]]</small> | 3% | 7% | 2% | 2% | – | 23% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 15% |- | 7 September | [http://ewybory.eu/sondaz-millward-brown-07-09-2015/ Millward Brown] | 25% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''38%''' | 5% | colspan="2" | <small>[[United Left (Poland)|w.ZL]]</small> | 9% | 6% | 7% | 5% | – | ? | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 13% |- | 3–7 September | [http://www.gfk.com/pl/news-and-events/press-room/press-releases/strony/zachowania-i-preferencje-wyborcze-polakow-we-wrzesniu-2015.aspx GfK Polonia] | 31.1% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''43.3%''' | 3.9% | colspan="2" | <small>[[United Left (Poland)|w.ZL]]</small> | 5.5% | 6.8% | 2.7% | 3.2% | 0.1% | 3.4% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 12.2% |- | 4–6 September | [http://wyborcza.pl/1,75478,18725112,pis-po-i-lewica-nieznacznie-w-dol-rosnie-nowoczesnapl-kukiz.html Millward Brown] | 25% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''36%''' | 4% | colspan="2" | <small>[[United Left (Poland)|w.ZL]]</small> | 10% | 6% | 7% | 3% | 1% | 10% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 11% |- | 4–5 September | [http://ewybory.eu/sondaz-ibris-10-09-2015/ IBRiS] | 23% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''38%''' | 5% | colspan="2" | <small>[[United Left (Poland)|w.ZL]]</small> | 8% | 6% | 5% | 3% | – | 12% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 15% |- | 28 August | [http://fakty.interia.pl/raporty/raport-wybory-parlamentarne-2015/sondaze/news-dwa-rownolegle-sondaze-pis-w-gore,nId,1876575 IBRiS] | 19% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''39.1%''' | 5.2% | colspan="2" | <small>[[United Left (Poland)|w.ZL]]</small> | 8.3% | 7% | 5.6% | 2.5% |0.4% | 3.7% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 20.1% |- | 26–27 August | [http://polska.newsweek.pl/najnowszy-sondaz-kto-wygra-wybory-pis-prowadzi-w-sondazach-,artykuly,369492,1.html Estymator] | 26% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''43%''' | 7% | colspan="2" | <small>[[United Left (Poland)|w.ZL]]</small> | 8% | 4% | 4% | 2% | – | 6% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 17% |- | 17–24 August | [http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kraj/cbos-w-wyborach-do-sejmu-pis-36-proc-po-27-proc/8zcqph CBOS] | 27% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''36%''' | 4% | colspan="2" | <small>[[United Left (Poland)|w.ZL]]</small> | 4% | 12% | 4% | 1% | – | 11% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 9% |- | 24 August | [http://fakty.tvn24.pl/fakty-ekstra,52/sondaz-poparcia-dla-partii-millward-brown-dla-faktow-tvn-i-tvn24,571540.html Millward Brown] | 27% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''37%''' | 4% | colspan="2" | <small>[[United Left (Poland)|w.ZL]]</small> | 11% | 6% | 5% | 4% | – | 5% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 10% |- | 17–23 August | [http://ewybory.eu/sonda-uliczna-23-08-2015/ ewybory.eu] | 21.2% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''46.9%''' | 5% | colspan="2" | <small>[[United Left (Poland)|w.ZL]]</small> | 12% | 4.5% | 2.9% | 2.8% |0.1% | 4.6% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 25.7% |- | 20 August | [http://www.se.pl/wiadomosci/polityka/triumf-pis-i-upadek-kukiza-co-z-lewica-najnowszy-sondaz-dla-super-expressu_665634.html IBRIS] | 19% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''40.4%''' | 5.4% | colspan="2" | <small>[[United Left (Poland)|w.ZL]]</small> | 9.5% | 4.7% | 6.5% | 2.2% | – | 12.3% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 21.4% |- | 15 August | [http://www4.rp.pl/Wiadomosci/308179853-Najnowszy-sondaz-Kukiz-wciaz-traci-poparcie.html IBRIS] | 24% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''36%''' | 6% | colspan="2" | <small>[[United Left (Poland)|w.ZL]]</small> | 8% | 6% | 6% | 0% |1.1% | 14% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 14% |- | 14 August | [http://polska.newsweek.pl/poparcie-dla-partii-politycznych-sondaze-ruchu-pawla-kukiza,artykuly,368817,1.html Estymator] | 28% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''41%''' | 6% | colspan="2" | <small>[[United Left (Poland)|w.ZL]]</small> |6% | 6% | 4% | 2% | – | 7% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 13% |- | 14 August | [http://tajnikipolityki.pl/zyski-pis-i-po-a-polska-w-ruinie/ Arianda] | 25.4% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''36.1%''' | 3.9% | 3.8% | 0% | {{N/A}} | 13.5% | 4.1% | 2.9% | – | 10.1% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 10.7% |- | 7–12 August | [http://ewybory.eu/sondaz-tns-polska-18-08-2015/ TNS Poland] | 22% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''41%''' | 4% | colspan="2" align="center" | <small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> | 4% | 11% | 1% | 2% | – | 14% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 19% |- | 10 August | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1342,title,Najnowszy-sondaz-Kukiz15-traci-poparcie-PSL-poza-Sejmem,wid,17770884,wiadomosc.html?ticaid=11563f Millward Brown] | 26% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''35%''' | 3% | colspan="2" align="center" | <small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> |8% | 12% | 5% | 3% | – | 9% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 9% |- | 6–10 August | [http://polska.newsweek.pl/wybory-parlamentarne-2015-sondaz-gfk-pis-traci-poparcie,artykuly,369649,1.html GfK Polonia] | 29.9% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''42.3''' | 4.1% | colspan="2" align="center" | <small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> |4.2% | 9.8% | 2.3% | 3.8% | – | 3.6% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 12.4% |- | 8 August | [http://wpolityce.pl/polityka/261971-sondaz-tns-polska-pis-bliski-samodzielnych-rzadow-zjednoczona-lewica-poza-parlamentem TNS Poland] | 21.9% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''34.4%''' | – | colspan="2" align="center" | <small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> |7.4% | 10.1% | 5.2% | 0% | – | ? | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 12.5% |- | 3–8 August | [http://ewybory.eu/sonda-uliczna-09-08-2015/ ewybory.eu] | 24.5% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''45.1%''' | 4.4% | colspan="2" align="center" | <small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> |10.5% | 5.5% | 1.8% | 3.2% | – | 3.7% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 20.6% |- | 3 August | [http://wpolityce.pl/polityka/261237-najnowszy-sondaz-pis-z-gigantyczna-przewaga-nad-platforma-kukiz-traci-prawie-polowe-poparcia-sprawdz-wyniki IBRiS] | 23% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''35%''' | 6% | colspan="2" align="center" | <small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> |7% | 7% | 5% | 0% | – | 17% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 12% |- | 24–31 July | [http://ewybory.eu/sonda-uliczna-31-07-2015/ ewybory.eu] | 26.7% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''40.3%''' | 4% | colspan="2" align="center" | <small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> |9.2% | 8.5% | 1.8% | 4.3% | – | 4.1% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 13.6% |- | 30 July | [http://polska.newsweek.pl/pis-na-czele-ruch-kukiza-wciaz-na-czele-nowy-sondaz-dla-newsweeka,artykuly,367778,1.html Estymator] | 29% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''43%''' | 5% | colspan="2" align="center" | <small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> |4% | 9% | 4% | 2% | – | 3% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 14% |- | 29 July | [http://europejczycy.info/60141/wiadomosci/polska/nowy-sondaz-tylko-3-partie-w-sejmie-pis-z-47-proc-poparcia/ GfK Polonia] | 30% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''47%''' | 3.7% | colspan="2" align="center" | <small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> |1.1% | 10.5% | 1% | 2.2% | – | 4.5% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 17% |- | 25 July | [http://prostozmostu.net/kraj/kolejny-sondaz-prowadzi-pis-korwin-w-sejmie Arianda] | 23% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''37%''' | 4% | 6% | 0% | {{N/A}} | 16% | 4% | 5% | – | 5% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 14% |- | 18 July | [http://ewybory.eu/sondaz-ibris-21-07-2015/ IBRiS] | 24% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''35%''' | 4% | 3% | 1% | {{N/A}} | 13% | 6% | 1% | – | 1% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 11% |- | 17 July | [http://polska.newsweek.pl/sondaz-parlamentarny-trzy-partie-w-sejmie-i-niska-frekwencja,artykuly,367005,1.html TNS Poland] | 23% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''37%''' | 3% | 3% | 0% | {{N/A}} | 14% | 1% | 1% |1% | 2% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 14% |- | 16 July | [http://300polityka.pl/news/2015/07/16/zjednoczona-lewica-silniejsza-10-punktow-przewagi-pis-nad-po-w-sondazu-mb-dla-faktow-tvn Millward Brown] | 23% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''33%''' | 5% | colspan="2" align="center" | <small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> |7% | 18% | 5% | 4% |1% | 5% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 10% |- | 16 July | [http://polska.newsweek.pl/sondaz-partyjny-newsweeka-wybory-2015-jakie-poparcie-po-i-pis-,artykuly,366899,1.html Estymator] | 28% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''43%''' | 5% | 5% | 0% | {{N/A}} | 10% | 4% | 2% | – | ? | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 15% |- | 8 July | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1342,title,Sondaz-CBOS-36-proc-dla-PiS-29-proc-dla-PO,wid,17698882,wiadomosc.html?ticaid=115325 CBOS] | 29% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''36%''' | 3% | 3% | 1% | {{N/A}} | 11% | 4% | 3% |1% | 10% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 7% |- | 7 July | [http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kraj/sondaz-dla-rzeczpospolitej-pis-na-czele-potezny-spadek-poparcia-dla-kukiza/tpl618 IBRiS] | 26% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''33%''' | 4% | 2% | 0% | {{N/A}} | 14% | 6% | 3% | – | 2% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 7% |- | 5 July | [http://niezalezna.pl/68723-jest-nowy-sondaz-pis-sporo-przed-po Millward Brown] | 25% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''34%''' | 5% | colspan="2" align="center" | <small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> |6% | 16% | 6% | 4% | – | 1% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 9% |- | 2 July | [http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kraj/sondaz-dla-wiadomosci-w-sejmie-trzy-partie-pis-mogloby-rzadzic-samodzielnie/mvzbyf TNS Poland] | 27% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''38%''' | 2% | colspan="2" align="center" | <small>w.[[United Left (Poland)|ZL]]</small> | 3% | 13% | 0% | 3% | – | 1% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 11% |- | 29 June | [http://ewybory.eu/sondaz-gfk-29-06-2015/ GfK Polonia] | 28.8% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''43.1%''' | 3.2% | 2.6% | 0.3% | {{N/A}} | 15.1% | 2.1% | 2% | – | 0.5% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 14.3% |- | 27 June | [http://wpolityce.pl/polityka/257660-nowy-sondaz-pis-dalej-rosnie-w-sile-i-ma-juz-36-platforma-traci-11-pp-trzeci-ruch-kukiza-sprawdz-wyniki Estymator] | 25% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''36%''' | 6% | 4% | 1% | {{N/A}} | 20% | 0% | 2% | – | ? | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 11% |- | 23 June | [http://www.polskieradio.pl/5/3/Artykul/1467832,Najnowszy-sondaz-PiS-moze-rzadzic-samodzielnie-z-Pawlem-Kukizem-zmienia-konstytucje Dobra Opinia] | 25.8% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''37.2%''' | 4% | 3.5% | 0.9% | {{N/A}} | 19.3% | 4.6% | 3.8% | – | 0.9% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 11.4% |- | 24 June | [http://wiadomosci.radiozet.pl/Wiadomosci/Kraj/Sondaz-Radia-ZET-25.06.2015.-PiS-przed-PO-i-Kukizem-00007481 IBRiS] | 24% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''35.5%''' | 4.2% | 2.9% | 0.7% | {{N/A}} | 18.3% | 5.2% | 1.6% | – | ? | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 11.5% |- | 23 June | [http://fakty.tvn24.pl/fakty-ekstra,52/sondaz-poparcia-dla-partii-pis-wciaz-wyprzedza-po-w-sejmie-znow-psl,554124.html Millward Brown] | 23% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''33%''' | 5% | 4% | 1% | {{N/A}} | 19% | 8% | 3% | – | 3% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 10% |- | 21 June | [http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kraj/sondaz-ibris-dla-rzeczpospolitej-pis-nadal-na-prowadzeniu/y1yrqg IBRiS] | 26% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''28%''' | 5% | 4% | 0% | {{N/A}} | 21% | 5% | 2% | – | ? | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 2% |- | 17 June | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1342,title,TNS-Polska-trzy-partie-w-parlamencie-PiS-34-proc-PO-20-proc-formacja-Kukiza-17-proc,wid,17654456,wiadomosc.html?ticaid=115177 TNS Poland] | 20% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''34%''' | 3% | 4% | 1% | {{N/A}} | 17% | 1% | 2% | – | 1% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 14% |- | 17 June | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1342,title,Nowy-sondaz-CBOS-W-Sejmie-trzy-partie-nadal-spada-poparcie-dla-PO,wid,17646445,wiadomosc.html?ticaid=11511a CBOS] | 25% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''31%''' | 4% | 4% | 1% | {{N/A}} | 19% | 4% | 2% | – | 8% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 6% |- | 11 June | [http://fakty.interia.pl/polska/news-sondaz-pis-przed-kukizem-po-ponizej-20-proc,nId,1834215 Estymator] | 19% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''33%''' | 4% | 4% | 2% | {{N/A}} | 29% | 3% | 2% | – | ? | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 4% |- | 11 June | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1342,title,Sondaz-po-dymisjach-piec-partii-w-sejmie-wygrywa-PiS,wid,17625262,wiadomosc.html?ticaid=115073 Millward Brown] | 19% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''30%''' | 3% | 5% | 3% | {{N/A}} | 24% | 7% | 4% | – | 1% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 6% |- | 9 June | [http://polska.newsweek.pl/sondaz-poparcia-dla-partii-pis-prowadzi-po-druga,artykuly,364748,1.html TNS Poland] | 24% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''32%''' | 3% | 2% | 0% | {{N/A}} | 20% | 3% | 2% | – | 1% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 8% |- | 8 June | [http://pl.blastingnews.com/polityka/2015/06/sondaz-wybory-parlamentarne-2015-kukiz-idzie-po-zwyciestwo-w-wyborach-00429621.html IBRiS] | 21% | 24% | 3% | 3% | 0% | {{N/A}} | style="background:#FFFF00; color:black" |'''24.2%''' | 8% | 3% | – | ? | style="background:#FFFF00; color:black" | 0.2% |- | 4 June | [http://ewybory.eu/sonda-uliczna-04-06-2015/ ewybory.eu] | 19.3% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''35.1%''' | 2.1% | 4.6% | 2.2% | {{N/A}} | 28% | 2.5% | 4.1% | – | 0.8% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 7.1% |- | 3 June | [http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kraj/najnowszy-sondaz-cbos-pis-33-proc-po-31-proc/bl3pbk CBOS] | 31% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''33%''' | 1% | 4% | 1% | {{N/A}} | 14% | 3% | 2% | – | 0% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 2% |- | 1 June | [http://fakty.tvn24.pl/fakty-ekstra,52/sondaz-poparcia-pis-prowadzi-duza-strata-po-kukiz-na-drugim-miejscu,547700.html Millward Brown] | 17% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''25%''' | 3% | 4% | 2% | {{N/A}} | 20% | 10% | 4% | – | 14% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 5% |- | 27–28 May | [http://telewizjarepublika.pl/partia-pawla-kukiza-wyprzedza-platforme-najnowszy-sondaz,20340.html Estymator] | 20% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''36%''' | 4% | 5% | 1% | {{N/A}} | 25% | 4% | 1% | – | 1% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 11% |- | colspan="19" style="background:#D0D0D0; color:black" | '''[[Polish presidential election, 2015]] – second round (24 May)''' |- | 22–23 May | [http://www.rp.pl/artykul/99645,1204915-Notowania-nowej-partii-Kukiza-wysokie--PO-i-PiS-traca.html IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}" |'''29%''' | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''29%''' | 4% | 3% | 0% | {{N/A}} | 10% | 0% | 4% | – | 1% | '''Tie''' |- | 21 May | [http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kraj/sondaz-ibris-dla-se-pis-cieszy-sie-najwiekszym-poparciem-kukiz-dogania-po/re6nqr IBRiS] | 22.4% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''29.7%''' | 3.2% | 4% | 0% | {{N/A}} | 21.3% | 5.7% | 0% | – | ? | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 4.3% |- | 14–20 May | [http://www.tokfm.pl/Tokfm/1,103087,17964377,Nowy_sondaz_CBOS__W_wyborach_parlamentarnych_PiS_wyzej.html CBOS] | 34% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''35%''' | 5% | 4% | 2% | {{N/A}} | 4% | 0% | 5% | – | 1% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 1% |- | 14 May | [http://pl.blastingnews.com/polityka/2015/05/sondaz-millward-brown-pis-i-po-rowno-lista-kukiza-ma-juz-20-00398255.html Millward Brown] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}" |'''25%''' | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''25%''' | 4% | 3% | 1% | {{N/A}} | 20% | 5% | 3% | – | ? | '''Tie''' |- | 9–14 May | [http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kraj/tns-polska-pis-35-proc-po-28-proc/6t89zv TNS Poland] | 28% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white " |'''35%''' | 4% | 8% | 2% | {{N/A}} | 0% | 0% | 4% | – | 16% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white" | 7% |- | 14 May | [http://www.tvn24.pl/sondaz-faktow-tvn-i-tvn24-tylko-trzy-partie-w-sejmie,542601,s.html Millward Brown] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}" |'''34%''' | 33% | 3% | 5% | 0% | {{N/A}} | 0% | 0% | 4% | – | 15+5% | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white" |1% |- |} {|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;line-height:14px" |- style="height:42px; background-color:#E9E9E9" ! style="width:100px;" rowspan="2"| Date ! style="width:120px;" rowspan="2"| Polling firm ! [[Civic Platform|<span style="font-size:95%;">PO</span>]] ! [[Law and Justice|<span style="font-size:95%;">PiS</span>]] ! [[Democratic Left Alliance|<span style="font-size:95%;">SLD</span>]] ! [[Polish People's Party|<span style="font-size:95%;">PSL</span>]] ! [[Congress of the New Right|<span style="font-size:95%;">KNP</span>]] ! [[Your Movement|<span style="font-size:95%;">TR</span>]] ! [[United Poland|<span style="font-size:95%;">SP</span>]] {{efn|name=PiS-SP-PR}} ! [[Poland Together|<span style="font-size:95%;">PR</span>]] {{efn|name=PiS-SP-PR}} ! [[Coalition for the Renewal of the Republic - Liberty and Hope|<span style="font-size:95%;">KORWiN</span>]] ! Others ! Lead |- ! style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; width:40px;"| ! style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; width:40px;"| ! style="background:{{Democratic Left Alliance/meta/color}}; width:40px;"| ! style="background:{{Polish People's Party/meta/color}}; width:40px;"| ! style="background:{{Congress of the New Right/meta/color}}; width:40px;"| ! style="background:{{Palikot's Movement/meta/color}}; width:40px;"| ! style="background-color:{{United Poland/meta/color}}; width:40px;"| ! style="background:{{Poland Together/meta/color}}; width:40px;"| ! style="background:#5D8AA8; width:40px;"| ! style="background:{{Others/meta/color}}; width:40px;"| ! style="background:{{Others/meta/color}}; width:40px;"| |- |colspan="17" style="background:#D0D0D0; color:black" | '''[[Polish presidential election, 2015]] – first round (10 May)''' |- | 8–9 May | [http://www.rp.pl/artykul/99645,1200828-Nowe-partie-pograzaja-PO.html IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"|'''37%''' | 35% | 5% | 5% | 1% | 1% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | 3% | 13% | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white"| 2% |- | 28–29 April | [http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kraj/sondaz-tns-dla-wiadomosci-po-na-czele-ludowcy-poza-sejmem/n70pjg TNS Poland] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''34%''' | 27% | 6% | 4% | 0% | 2% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | 5% | 22% | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white"|7% |- | 28 April | [http://wybory.millwardbrown.com/?context_id=partie-polityczne-parlament-krajowy#bar Millward Brown] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''35%''' | 31% | 6% | 3% | 1% | 2% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | 7% | 15% | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white"|4% |- | 24–25 April | [http://www.tvp.info/19842745/zaskakujacy-sondaz-parlamentarny-sld-poza-sejmem-po-wciaz-przed-pis IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''37%''' | 32% | 4% | 5% | – | – | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | 5% | 17% | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white"|5% |- | 16–22 April | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1342,title,Sondaz-CBOS-piec-partii-w-sejmie,wid,17479157,wiadomosc.html?ticaid=114c10 CBOS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''36%''' | 30% | 7% | 6% | 1% | 2% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | 6% | 12% | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white"|6% |- | 14–16 April | [http://polska.newsweek.pl/wybory-parlamentarne-2015-sondaz-parlamentarny-dla-newsweeka,artykuly,361522,1.html Estymator] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''40%''' | 34% | 7% | 8% | – | 2% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | 4% | 5% | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white"|6% |- | 11–16 April | [http://300polityka.pl/news/2015/04/20/tns-po-rosnie-o-5-pkt-i-przegania-pis-korwin-4-proc/ TNS Poland] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''35%''' | 30% | 6% | 6% | – | 1% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | 4% | 18% | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white"|5% |- | 9–13 April | [http://www.gfk.com/pl/news-and-events/press-room/press-releases/strony/zachowania-i-preferencje-wyborcze-polak%C3%B3w-w-kwietniu.aspx GfK Polonia] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''44.7%''' | 36.3% | 5.6% | 4.4% | 1.1% | 1% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | 2.5% | 4.4% | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white"|8.4% |- | 13 April | [http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,114871,17750889,Nowy_sondaz_Millward_Brown__Spada_poparcie_dla_PiS_.html Millward Brown] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''35%''' | 31% | 7% | 5% | – | 3% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | 8% | 11% | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white"|4% |- | April | [http://www.rp.pl/artykul/99645,1193302-Sondaz-partyjny-IBRiS---kwiecien-2015.html?referer=slider IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''36%''' | 31% | 8% | 6% | – | 3% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | 4% | 12% | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white"|5% |- | 7–8 April | [http://www.tvp.info/19617844/sondaz-tns-dla-wiadomosci-po-wyraznie-przed-pis-tylko-cztery-partie-w-nowym-sejmie TNS Poland] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''38%''' | 30% | 6% | 5% | 1% | 1% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | 4% | 15% | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white"|8% |- | 7 April | [http://300polityka.pl/news/2015/04/11/ibris-dla-super-expressu-kolejny-sondaz-w-ktorym-po-wygrywa-z-pis/ IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''38.2%''' | 33.2% | 6.3% | 5.2% | 0.2% | 1.7% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | 4.8% | 5.6% | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white"|5% |- | 30 March | [http://wyborcza.pl/1,75478,17686820,Najnowszy_sondaz___PO_i_PiS_ida_leb_w_leb__Traci_SLD.html Millward Brown] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''35%''' | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''35%''' | 6% | 5% | – | 3% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | 5% | 11% | '''Tie''' |- | 27–28 March | [http://ewybory.eu/sondaz-ibris-02-04-2015/ IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''36.3%''' | 30.2% | 6.8% | 7% | – | 1.8% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | 5.4% | 12.5% | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white"|6.1% |- | 16–18 March | [http://polska.newsweek.pl/poparcie-dla-partii-politycznych-sondaz-newsweeka,artykuly,359410,1.html Estymator] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''38%''' | 34% | 9% | 8% | 1% | 3% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | 5% | 2% | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white"|4% |- | 13–18 March | [http://wyborcza.pl/1,75478,17632091,Sondaz_TNS_Polska__PiS_nieznacznie_wyprzedza_PO.html TNS Poland] | 30% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''32%''' | 8% | 5% | 1% | 2% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | 2% | 20% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white"|2% |- | 11–18 March | [http://www.polskieradio.pl/5/3/Artykul/1402999,Sondaz-CBOS-coraz-mniejsza-przewaga-miedzy-PO-a-PiS CBOS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''42%''' | 29% | 7% | 5% | 1% | 1% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | 3% | 12% | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white"|13% |- | 16 March | [http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,114871,17581009,Sondaz_Millward_Brown__PiS_wygra_wybory_parlamentarne_.html?utm_source=RSS&utm_medium=RSS&utm_campaign=10199882 Millward Brown] | 32% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''34%''' | 11% | 4% | – | 4% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | 4% | 11% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white"|2% |- | 12–16 March | [http://www.gfk.com/pl/news-and-events/press-room/press-releases/strony/zachowania-i-preferencje-wyborcze-polakow-w-marcu-2015.aspx GfK Polonia] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''46.1%''' | 34.6% | 4.6% | 6.7% | 1.1% | 0.4% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | 1.9% | 4.6% | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white"|11.5% |- | 13–14 March | [http://ewybory.eu/sondaz-ibris-20-03-2015/ IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''34.5%''' | 31.3% | 8.3% | 7.6% | 0.3% | 0.8% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | 2.4% | 14.8% | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white"|3.2% |- | 10–11 March | [http://fakty.interia.pl/polska/news-sondaz-tns-polska-36-proc-dla-po-34-proc-dla-pis,nId,1697708 TNS Poland] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''36%''' | 34% | 5% | 6% | 1% | 1% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | 3% | 14% | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white"|2% |- | 5–11 March | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1342,title,Sondaz-CBOS-PO-miazdzy-rywali-Duzy-wzrost-poparcia,wid,17340824,wiadomosc.html?ticaid=1147ea CBOS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''46%''' | 27% | 6% | 5% | 1% | 1% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | 4% | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white"|19% |- | 27 February | [http://ewybory.eu/sondaz-ibris-02-03-2015/ IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''37%''' | 32.8% | 7.4% | 7.3% | 0.9% | 1.5% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | 3.3% | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white"|4.2% |- | 13–18 February | [http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kraj/sondaz-millward-brown-pis-wygrywa-partia-korwin-mikkego-przed-psl/54w2y Millward Brown] | 34% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''35%''' | 8% | 5% | 1% | 1% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | 6% | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white"|1% |- | 13–18 February | [http://www.polskieradio.pl/5/3/Artykul/1382844,Sondaz-TNS-Polska-PO-wyprzedza-PiS-SLD-prawie-z-takim-samym-poparciem-jak-PSL TNS Poland] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''33%''' | 27% | 9% | 8% | 2% | 1% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white"|6% |- | 15–17 February | [http://ewybory.eu/sondaz-estymator-20-02-2015/ Estymator] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''39%''' | 32% | 10% | 11% | 1% | 2% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | 4% | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white"|7% |- | 16 February | [http://www.tvn24.pl/wiadomosci-z-kraju,3/po-i-pis-bliskie-remisu-obie-partie-stracily-sondaz-dla-faktow-tvn-i-tvn24,515905.html Millward Brown] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''31%''' | 30% | 10% | 6% | 1% | 4% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | 5% | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white"|1% |- | 12–16 February | [http://www.gfk.com/pl/news-and-events/press-room/press-releases/strony/zachowania-i-preferencje-wyborcze-polak%C3%B3w-w-lutym.aspx GfK Polonia] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''38.9%''' | 38% | 6.5% | 8.9% | 0.5% | 1.3% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | 1.7% | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white"| 0.9% |- | 5–11 February | [http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kraj/najnowszy-sondaz-cbos-po-dziesiec-punktow-procentowych-przed-pis/7vhml CBOS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''38%''' | 28% | 8% | 11% | 4% | 3% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white"| 10% |- | 4–5 February | [http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,114871,17389615,Sondaz_TNS_dla_TVP1__PO_wyprzedza_PiS__Korwin_Mikke.html?lokale=local#BoxNewsImg/ TNS Poland] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''34%''' | 32% | 7% | 9% | 1% | 2% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | 1% | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white"| 2% |- | 30–31 January | [http://ewybory.eu/sondaz-ibris-01-02-2015/ IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''34.2%''' | 32.9% | 8.4% | 7.6% | 0.8% | 1.6% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | 3.5% | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white"| 1.3% |- | 16–21 January | [http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kraj/tns-polska-platforma-obywatelska-prowadzi-w-sondazach/gr397d TNS Poland] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''31%''' | 27% | 11% | 8% | 4% | 2% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | style="background:#D0D0D0; width:1px;" rowspan="7"| <small>''Did not exist''</small> | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white"| 4% |- | 15–18 January | [http://www.gfk.com/pl/news-and-events/press-room/press-releases/strony/zachowania-i-preferencje-wyborcze-polak%C3%B3w-w-styczniu-2015.aspx GfK Polonia] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''38.5%''' | 37.7% | 6.3% | 8.3% | 2.2% | 1.5% |colspan=2 align=center | 0.9% | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white"| 0.8% |- | 16–17 January | [http://ewybory.eu/sondaz-ibris-19-01-2015/ IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''35.6%''' | 34.7% | 10.2% | 7.8% | 3.7% | 1% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white"| 0.9% |- | 8–14 January | [http://cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2015/K_005_15.PDF CBOS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''40%''' | 29% | 6% | 7% | 4% | 0% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white"| 11% |- | 12–13 January | [http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kraj/sondaz-tns-polska-po-33-proc-dla-pis-i-po-twoj-ruch-poza-parlamentem/62dv4 TNS Poland] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''33%''' | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''33%''' | 8% | 6% | 3% | 1% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | | style="background:white; color:black"| '''Tie''' |- | 12 January | [http://ewybory.eu/sondaz-millward-brown-12-01-2015/ Millward Brown] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''34%''' | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''34%''' | 9% | 6% | 3% | 0% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | | style="background:white; color:black"| '''Tie''' |- | 2–3 January | [http://ewybory.eu/sondaz-homo-homini-08-01-2015/ IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''33.9%''' | 32% | 5.9% | 6.8% | 6.1% | 1.9% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white"| 1.9% |- |colspan="13" style="background:#D0D0D0; color:black" | '''2015''' |- | 18–19 December | [http://ewybory.eu/sondaz-homo-homini-23-12-2014/ IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''32.8%''' | 29.8% | 5.9% | 7.7% | 6.1% | 1.2% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | style="background:#D0D0D0; width:1px;" rowspan="77"| <small>''Did not exist''</small> | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white"| 3% |- | 10–11 December | [http://www.tvp.info/18065405/pis-przegania-po-w-najnowszym-sondazu-dla-wiadomosci-tvp1 TNS Poland] | 31% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''34%''' | 5% | 8% | 5% | 3% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white"| 3% |- | 4–11 December | [http://cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2014/K_168_14.PDF CBOS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''43%''' | 28% | 7% | 9% | 4% | 1% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white"| 15% |- | 5–10 December | [http://www.tvn24.pl/wiadomosci-z-kraju,3/sondaz-tns-polska-wzrost-poparcia-dla-po-partie-korwina-i-palikota-poza-sejmem,499109.html TNS Poland] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''34%''' | 29% | 9% | 9% | 3% | 2% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white"| 5% |- | 4–7 December | [http://www.gfk.com/pl/news-and-events/press-room/press-releases/strony/zachowania-i-preferencje-wyborcze-polakow-w-grudniu.aspx GfK Polonia] | 38.2% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''40%''' | 7% | 7.7% | 1% | 1.5% |colspan=2 align=center | 1.7% | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white"| 1.8% |- | 5–6 December | [http://www.rp.pl/artykul/99645,1163540-Sondaz-IBRiS-grudzien--PO-prowadzi-z-PiS.html IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''33%''' | 30% | 8% | 8% | 5% | – | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white"| 3% |- | 20–23 November | [http://www.gfk.com/pl/news-and-events/press-room/press-releases/strony/zachowania-i-preferencje-wyborcze-polakow-w-listopadzie.aspx GfK Polonia] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''38.2%''' | 35.9% | 6.6% | 8.1% | 3.9% | 2.3% |colspan=2 align=center | 1.6% | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white"| 2.3% |- | 21–22 November | [http://wiadomosci.dziennik.pl/polityka/artykuly/476111,najwiekszy-od-2012-roku-skok-notowan-po-sondaz-po-wyborach-2014.html IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"|'''36%''' | 31% | 7% | 8% | 5% | – | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 5% |- | 18–21 November | [http://wpolityce.pl/polityka/223404-sondaz-millward-brown-po-przed-pis-zaskakujaco-niskie-poparcie-psl Millward Brown] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"|'''33%''' | 30% | 10% | 9% | 3% | 2% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 3% |- |- style="background:#EFEFEF; font-weight:bold;" | 16 November | [http://karuzelapolityczna.blox.pl/2014/12/Pelne-wyniki-procentowe-wyborow-do-sejmikow.html Local election results] | 26.3% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''26.9%''' | 8.8% | 23.9% | 3.9% | 1% {{efn| name = TR}} | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 0.6% |- | 6–16 November | [http://cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2014/K_154_14.PDF CBOS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"|'''38%''' | 27% | 9% | 8% | 4% | 1% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 11% |- | 12–13 November | [http://www.tokfm.pl/Tokfm/1,130517,16967703,TNS__ostatni_sondaz_przed_wyborami__PiS_goni_PO__tylko.html TNS Poland] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"|'''32%''' | 28% | 7% | 5% | 5% | 2% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 4% |- | 7–13 November | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1342,title,Sondaz-TNS-29-proc-dla-PiS-razem-z-SP-i-PR-26-proc-dla-PO,wid,17043472,wiadomosc.html?ticaid=113d6a TNS Poland] | 26% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''29%''' | 11% | 9% | 3% | 2% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white"| 3% |- | 10–12 November | [http://newsweek.pl/po-przed-pis-sondaz-newsweek-pl,artykuly,351690,1.html#sg Estymator] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"|'''38%''' | 35% | 8% | 8% | 7% | 1% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 3% |- | 7–8 November | [http://ewybory.eu/sondaz-homo-homini-12-11-2014/ IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"|'''33%''' | 30% | 11% | 8% | 4% | 1% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 3% |- | 5 November | [http://www.tvp.info/17564270/po-wciaz-przed-pis-psl-i-knp-na-progu-wyborczym-sondaz-tns-polska-dla-wiadomosci-tvp1 TNS Poland] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"|'''32%''' | 27% | 9% | 5% | 5% | 1% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 5% |- | 17–18 October | [http://ewybory.eu/sondaz-homo-homini-21-10-2014/ IBRiS] | '''33%''' | '''33%''' | 9% | 5% | 4% | 1% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | | style="background:white; color:black;"| '''Tie''' |- | 16–19 October | [http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,114871,16837348,Sondaz_Millward_Brown_dla_300polityka__PO_w_gore_.html Millward Brown] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"|'''34%''' | 30% | 11% | 6% | 4% | 2% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 4% |- | 9–15 October | [http://cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2014/K_140_14.PDF CBOS] | '''34%''' | '''34%''' | 9% | 6% | 7% | 2% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | | style="background:white; color:black;"| '''Tie''' |- | 3–8 October | [http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kraj/najnowszy-sondaz-tns-polska-pis-i-po-ida-leb-w-leb/n56mk TNS Poland] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"|'''28%''' | 27% | 14% | 9% | 3% | 2% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 1% |- | 2–6 October | [http://www.gfk.com/pl/news-and-events/press-room/press-releases/strony/zachowania-i-preferencje-wyborcze-polakow-w-pazdzierniku.aspx GfK Polonia] | 37.6% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''37.8%''' | 8.4% | 7% | 3% | 1.1% |colspan=2 align=center | 1.5% | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white"| 0.2% |- | 3–4 October | [http://wiadomosci.dziennik.pl/polityka/artykuly/471792,sondaz-wyborczy-zapowiada-rewolucje-pis-traci-jkm-i-twoj-ruch-poza-sejmem.html IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"|'''34%''' | 32% | 10% | 6% | 4% | 1% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 2% |- | 2 October | [http://www.tvp.info/17125835/sondaz-tns-polska-dla-wiadomosci-piec-partii-w-sejmie-po-przed-pis TNS Poland] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"|'''34%''' | 28% | 8% | 6% | 5% | 2% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 6% |- | 19–20 September | [http://www.rp.pl/artykul/1143586-PiS-i-PO-w-gore--Partia-Palikota-na-dnie.html IBRiS] | '''33%''' | '''33%''' | 11% | 6% | 5% | 1% | 1% | 1% | | style="background:white; color:black;"| '''Tie''' |- | 11–17 September | [http://cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2014/K_126_14.PDF CBOS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"|'''38%''' | 33% | 6% | 7% | 6% | 2% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 5% |- | 5–9 September | [http://fakty.interia.pl/polska/news-sondaz-tns-polska-pis-31-proc-po-27-proc-poparcia,nId,1500317 TNS Poland] | 27% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''31%''' | 10% | 7% | 5% | 4% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 4% |- | 5–8 September | [http://wpolityce.pl/polityka/216308-sondaz-gfk-polonia-pis-wygrywa-wybory-tylko-trzy-partie-w-sejmie GfK Polonia] | 37.8% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''41.5%''' | 7.4% | 4.7% | 3.9% | 1.3% |colspan=2 align=center | 0.8% | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 3.7% |- | 4–5 September | [http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,114871,16602698,TNS_Polska__PO_odzyskuje_prowadzenie__Znaczna_przewaga.html TNS Poland] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"|'''34%''' | 28% | 9% | 5% | 5% | 2% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 6% |- | 2 September | [http://www.tvn24.pl/wiadomosci-z-kraju,3/pis-z-niewielka-przewaga-nad-po-przedterminowe-wybory-niekoniecznie-sondaz-dla-tvn24,464448.html Millward Brown] | 31% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''32%''' | 9% | 5% | 7% | 4% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 1% |- | 19–25 August | [http://cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2014/K_116_14.PDF CBOS] | 26% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''32%''' | 9% | 6% | 7% | 4% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 6% |- | 22–23 August | [http://ewybory.eu/sondaz-homo-homini-25-08-2014/ IBRiS] | 25% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''33%''' | 12% | 5% | 7% | 3% | 2% | 1% | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 8% |- | 8–14 August | [http://www.wirtualnemedia.pl/artykul/sondaz-wybory-parlamentarne-pis-31-proc-po-26-proc TNS Poland] | 26% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''31%''' | 12% | 7% | 3% | 2% | ''(PiS)'' | ''(PiS)'' | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 5% |- | 8–9 August | [http://300polityka.pl/news/2014/08/11/po-i-pis-traca-w-sondazu-homo-homini-dla-rz/ IBRiS] | 24% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''33%''' | 11% | 6% | 6% | 2% | 1% | 3% | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 9% |- | 25–26 July | [http://www.dziennik.com/wiadomosci/artykul/40-proc.-dla-zjednoczonej-prawicy IBRiS] | 25% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''36%''' | 9% | 4% | 6% | 2% | 1% | 3% | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 11% |- | 25 July | [http://m.wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,117915,16377107,Nowy_sondaz_GfK_Polonia__Prawo_i_Sprawiedliwosc_miazdzy.html GfK Polonia] | 27.7% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''42.4%''' | 9.6% | 5.9% | 5.4% | 2.2% | 1.3% | 1.1% | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 14.7% |- | 18 July | [http://www.wirtualnemedia.pl/artykul/pis-liderem-poparcie-dla-po-w-dol-w-sejmie-tylko-cztery-partie TNS Poland] | 23% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''35%''' | 8% | 4% | 5% | 2% | 2% | 2% | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 12% |- | 10–13 July | [http://m.wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,117915,16324869,Nowy_sondaz__Partia_Korwin_Mikkego_rosnie_w_sile_.html Millward Brown] | 26% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''33%''' | 8% | 4% | 10% | 2% | 1% | 2% | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 7% |- | 11–12 July | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1374,title,Platforma-przestaje-tracic-poparcie,wid,16754464,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | 25% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''31%''' | 11% | 5% | 8% | 3% | 3% | 2% | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 6% |- | 10 July | [http://cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2014/K_098_14.PDF CBOS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''29%''' | 24% | 8% | 6% | 6% | 2% | 1% | 2% | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 5% |- | 27–28 June | [http://www.rp.pl/artykul/1121778.html?print=tak&p=0 IBRiS] | 24% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''32%''' | 10% | 5% | 11% | 2% | 3% | 2% | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 8% |- | 23 June | [http://www.wirtualnemedia.pl/artykul/po-aferze-podsluchowej-pis-zyskalo-a-traci-po-knp-ma-az-10-proc-poparcia TNS Poland] | 24% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''31%''' | 8% | 5% | 10% | – | – | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 7% |- | 17 June | [http://www.tvn24.pl/wiadomosci-z-kraju,3/sondaz-dla-faktow-tvn-spada-poparcie-dla-po-coraz-wiecej-polakow-chce-glosowac-na-pis,441013.html Millward Brown] | 25% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''32%''' | 10% | 4% | 8% | 4% | 0% | 1% | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 7% |- | 13–14 June | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1342,title,Sondaz-IBRiS-Homo-Homini-poparcie-dla-PiS-ciagle-rosnie,wid,16685924,wiadomosc.html?ticaid=11356f IBRiS] | 28% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''32%''' | 9% | 7% | 5% | 2% | 3% | 2% | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 4% |- | 6–11 June | [http://www.wirtualnemedia.pl/artykul/pis-zdecydowanym-liderem-duza-przewaga-nad-po TNS Poland] | 28% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''36%''' | 10% | 5% | 4% | 2% | 2% | 1% | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 8% |- | 5–11 June | [http://cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2014/K_085_14.PDF CBOS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''32%''' | 24% | 5% | 6% | 5% | 3% | 1% | 1% | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 8% |- | 30–31 May | [http://wiadomosci.dziennik.pl/polityka/artykuly/461379,sondaz-homo-homini-30-do-26-dla-pis-partia-korwin-mikkego-w-sejmie.html IBRiS] | 26% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''30%''' | 11% | 5% | 6% | 2% | 3% | 2% | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 4% |- | 27 May | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,50352,title,Sondaz-WPPL-PiS-2-punkty-proc-przed-PO,wid,16638173,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | 28% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''30%''' | 11% | 7% | 7% | 2% | 2% | 3% | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 2% |- |- style="background:#EFEFEF; font-weight:bold;" | 25 May | [[European Parliament election, 2014 (Poland)|European Parliament election]] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| 32.1% | 31.8% | 9.5% | 6.8% | 7.1% | 3.6% | 4% | 3.2% | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 0.3% |- | 24–25 May | [http://www.tvpparlament.pl/sondaze/pis-pierwszy-w-kolejce-do-sejmu-wszedlby-takze-korwinmikke/15069985 IBRiS] | 25% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''30%''' | 13% | 5% | 5% | 3% | 3% | 2% | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 5% |- | 9–14 May | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1329,title,TNS-Polska-PiS-32-proc-PO-25-proc,wid,16615508,wiadomosc.html TNS Poland] | 25% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''32%''' | 9% | 6% | 3% | 5% | 1% | 2% | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 7% |- | 7–14 May | [http://cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2014/K_066_14.PDF CBOS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''27%''' | 23% | 9% | 4% | 5% | 3% | 1% | 2% | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 4% |- | 13 May | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,50352,title,Sondaz-WPPL-Nowa-Prawica-Janusza-Korwin-Mikkego-z-7-proc-poparciem,wid,16601908,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | 28% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''30%''' | 11% | 5% | 7% | 4% | 2% | 2% | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 2% |- | 8–10 May | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,27417,title,Platforma-dopadla-PiS-sondaz,wid,16601056,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | '''29%''' | '''29%''' | 12% | 5% | 6% | 3% | 3% | 2% | | style="background:white; color:black;"| '''Tie''' |- | 29 April | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,50352,title,Sondaz-WPPL-ta-sprawa-moze-zawazyc-na-poparciu-dla-PiS-i-PO,wid,16571914,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | 26% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''28%''' | 12% | 6% | 5% | 4% | 2% | 3% | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 2% |- | 24–25 April | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,27417,title,W-sejmie-Janusz-Korwin-Mikke-zamiast-Janusza-Palikota,wid,16579799,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | 25% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''30%''' | 13% | 5% | 5% | 3% | 3% | 2% | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 2% |- | 14 April | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,50352,title,Sondaz-WPPL-Platforma-juz-na-tym-nie-zyska,wid,16545442,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | 26% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''28%''' | 12% | 5% | 4% | 5% | 2% | 3% | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 2% |- | 8 April | [http://www.gazetaprawna.pl/artykuly/789894,sondaz-wyborczy-po-wygrywa-korwin-mikke-w-sejmie.html Millward Brown] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''31%''' | 29% | 8% | 7% | 6% | 7% | – | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 2% |- | 4–9 April | [http://www.rp.pl/artykul/1101952.html TNS Poland] | 29% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''32%''' | 10% | 5% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 3% |- | 3–9 April | [http://cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2014/K_045_14.PDF CBOS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''28%''' | 21% | 7% | 5% | 5% | 1% | 1% | 3% | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 7% |- | 2–3 April | [http://metapolls.net/2014/04/07/polish-parliamentary-election-6-april-2014-poll/ TNS Poland] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''31%''' | 30% | 12% | 6% | 6% | 6% | 3% | 3% | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 1% |- | 1 April | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,50352,title,Sondaz-WPPL-Platforma-tylko-3-punkty-proc-za-PiS,wid,16515200,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | 28% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''31%''' | 11% | 5% | 2% | 4% | 2% | 1% | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 3% |- | 20–21 March | [http://polska.newsweek.pl/sondaz-wyborczy-po-wyprzedza-pis-newsweek-pl,artykuly,282552,1.html Estymator] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''36%''' | 33% | 12% | 5% | 2% | 4% | 2% | 5% | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 3% |- | 18 March | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,50352,title,Sondaz-WPPL-Platforma-tylko-2-punkty-proc-za-PiS,wid,16483576,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | 27% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''29%''' | 11% | 5% | 2% | 4% | 2% | 1% | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 5% |- | 6–12 March | [http://cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2014/K_034_14.PDF CBOS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''26%''' | 24% | 7% | 4% | 3% | 3% | 2% | 2% | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 2% |- | 7–8 March | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,27417,title,PO-pnie-sie-w-gore-sondaz-IBRiS-Homo-Homini-dla-Rzeczpospolitej,wid,16461760,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | 25% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''30%''' | 11% | 5% | 5% | 3% | 2% | 1% | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 5% |- | 6–7 March | [http://wiadomosci.dziennik.pl/polityka/artykuly/452887,pis-nadal-liderem-najnowszy-sondaz-wyborczy.html TNS Poland] | 26% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''31%''' | 8% | 5% | 3% | 5% | 2% | 3% | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 5% |- | 4 March | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,50352,title,Sondaz-WPPL-poprawily-sie-notowania-PiS-i-PO,wid,16447556,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | 25% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''31%''' | 12% | 6% | 2% | 6% | 2% | 2% | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 6% |- | 18 February | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,50352,title,Sondaz-WPPL-PiS-dalej-prowadzi-ale-stracil-2-punkty-proc,wid,16415138,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | 23% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''30%''' | 12% | 4% | 3% | 5% | 3% | 2% | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 7% |- | 6–12 February | [http://cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2014/K_019_14.PDF CBOS] | 25% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''26%''' | 8% | 4% | 4% | 3% | 2% | 2% | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 1% |- | 6–7 February | [http://wiadomosci.dziennik.pl/polityka/artykuly/450419,spadek-poparcia-dla-pis-zyskuje-twoj-ruch-sondaz-wyborczy.html TNS Poland] | 26% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''29%''' | 10% | 3% | 4% | 8% | 3% | 3% | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 3% |- | 4 February | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,50352,title,Sondaz-WPPL-coraz-wieksza-przewaga-PiS-nad-PO,wid,16381557,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | 24% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''32%''' | 12% | 5% | 2% | 4% | 1% | 4% | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 8% |- | 24–26 January | [http://www.tvn24.pl/wiadomosci-z-kraju,3/sondaz-po-traci-przewaga-pis-rosnie,391849.html Millward Brown] | 24% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''32%''' | 10% | 7% | 4% | 7% | 1% | 2% | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 8% |- | 21 January | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,50352,title,Sondaz-WPPL-przewaga-PiS-nad-PO-niezagrozona,wid,16349626,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | 23% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''29%''' | 13% | 6% | 2% | 5% | 2% | 3% | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 6% |- | 15–16 January | [http://polska.newsweek.pl/sondaz-newsweeka-platforma-wyprzedza-pis-czytaj-na-newsweek-pl,artykuly,279158,1.html Estymator] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''33.5%''' | 31.6% | 13.9% | 8.2% | 1.9% | 3.3% | 1.7% | 5.4% | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 1.9% |- | 9–15 January | [http://cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2014/K_005_14.PDF CBOS] | 24% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''25%''' | 8% | 5% | 3% | 3% | 2% | 3% | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 1% |- | 10–11 January | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,24915,title,PO-szybko-goni-PiS-najnowszy-sondaz,wid,16332272,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | 27% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''29%''' | 14% | 5% | – | 2% | 0% | 3% | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 2% |- | 6 January | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,50352,title,Sondaz-WPPL-PO-goni-PiS,wid,16306428,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | 24% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''29%''' | 12% | 6% | – | 3% | 1% | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 5% |- |colspan="13" style="background:#D0D0D0; color:black" | '''2014''' |- | 17 December | [http://wiadomosci.dziennik.pl/polityka/artykuly/445833,sondaz-wyborczy-polska-razem-jaroslawa-gowina-poza-sejmem.html IBRiS] | 23% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''30%''' | 15% | 6% | – | 3% | 2% | – | style="background:#D0D0D0; width:1px;" rowspan="78"| <small>''Did not exist''</small> | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 7.3% |- | 16 December | [http://wiadomosci.dziennik.pl/polityka/artykuly/445833,sondaz-wyborczy-polska-razem-jaroslawa-gowina-poza-sejmem.html IBRiS] | 23.8% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''31.1%''' | 14.5% | 5% | – | 4.6% | 3% | 4% | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 7.3% |- | 13–16 December | [http://www.tvp.info/13353684/informacje/polska/po-odrabia-straty-pis-wciaz-na-czele/ TNS Poland] | 26% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''29%''' | 10% | 4% | 3% | 5% | 4% | 5% | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 3% |- | 5–12 December | [http://cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2013/K_171_13.PDF CBOS] | '''23%''' | '''23%''' | 10% | 6% | 2% | 3% | 2% | – | | style="background:white; color:black;"| '''Tie''' |- | 6–11 December | [http://www.wirtualnemedia.pl/artykul/sondaz-wyborczy-28-proc-dla-pis-23-proc-dla-po TNS Poland] | 23% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''28%''' | 9% | 4% | 3% | 6% | 3% | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 5% |- | 9–10 December | [http://polska.newsweek.pl/sondaz-wybory-sejm-newsweek-pl,artykuly,276794,1.html Estymator] | 28.2% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''31.5%''' | 13.4% | 7.3% | 3.9% | 5.4% | 3% | 6.6% | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 3.3% |- | 9 December | [http://www.tvn24.pl/wiadomosci-z-kraju,3/pis-przed-po-reszta-daleko-w-tyle-gowin-ponad-progiem,378308.html Millward Brown] | 25% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''31%''' | 10% | 5% | – | 6% | – | 6% | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 6% |- | 5–8 December | [http://www.wirtualnemedia.pl/artykul/pis-i-po-w-gore-traca-sld-i-psl GfK Polonia] | 33.8% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''39.5%''' | 9.8% | 5.8% | 2.3% | 3.2% | 2.4% | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white"| 5.7% |- | 3 December | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1329,title,Sondaz-WPPL-gigantyczna-przewaga-PiS-nad-PO,wid,16227448,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | 19% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''32%''' | 15% | 6% | – | 5% | 3% | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white"| 13% |- | 22–25 November | [http://wyborcza.pl/1,76842,12943324,Najnowszy_sensacyjny_sondaz__PiS_PO___remis_z_rozchwiania.html?order=najfajniejsze_odwrotnie TNS Poland] | '''28%''' | '''28%''' | 7% | 7% | – | 8% | – | – | | style="background:white; color:black;"| '''Tie''' |- | 22–23 November | [http://www.rp.pl/artykul/99645,1067681-Platforma-ponizej-20-proc-.html IBRiS] | 19% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''29%''' | 15% | 6% | 4% | 5% | 3% | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 10% |- | 20–21 November | [http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,114871,15002020,Sondaz_TNS_dla__Wiadomosci___PiS___36_proc___PO__.html TNS Poland] | 34% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''36%''' | 12% | 4% | 4% | 5% | 2% | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 2% |- | 8–15 November | [http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,114871,14976316,Sondaz_TNS_Polska__olbrzymia_przewaga_PiS_nad_PO_.html TNS Poland] | 22% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''31%''' | 12% | 5% | 2% | 5% | 3% | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 9% |- | 7–14 November | [http://cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2013/K_157_13.PDF CBOS] | 24% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''25%''' | 10% | 7% | 1% | 3% | 1% | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 1% |- | 8–9 November | [http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kraj/najnowszy-sondaz-wyborczy-po-znow-traci/h8zsr IBRiS] | 20% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''31%''' | 15% | 4% | 4% | 6% | 3% | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 11% |- | 25–26 October | [http://www.wirtualnemedia.pl/artykul/w-wiadomosciach-po-ma-9-pkt-proc-przewagi-nad-pis-w-faktach-pis-8-pkt-nad-po-analiza-i-opinie Millward Brown] | 27% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''35%''' | 9% | – | 5% | 7% | – | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 8% |- | 22–24 October | [http://wiadomosci.dziennik.pl/polityka/artykuly/441608,sondaz-wyborczy-platforma-przed-pis.html TNS Poland] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''41%''' | 32% | 11% | 3% | 3% | 5% | 2% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 9% |- | 22 October | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1329,title,Sondaz-WPPL-PiS-stoi-w-miejscu-Platforma-traci-poparcie,wid,16098796,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | 22% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''30%''' | 13% | 7% | – | 4% | 3% | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 8% |- | 18–19 October | [http://www.tvpparlament.pl/sondaze/referendum-nie-zaszkodzilo-pis-i-po/12765661 IBRiS] | 22% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''31%''' | 14% | 6% | – | 5% | – | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 9% |- | 3–9 October | [http://cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2013/K_140_13.PDF CBOS] | 22% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''28%''' | 8% | 6% | 4% | 4% | 2% | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 6% |- | 8 October | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1329,title,Sondaz-WPPL-rosnie-poparcie-dla-Platformy-PiS-traci,wid,16056894,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | 24% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''30%''' | 14% | 6% | – | 4% | 2% | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 6% |- | 20–21 September | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,27417,title,Spada-poparcie-dla-PiS-najnowszy-sondaz,wid,16020309,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | 24% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''30%''' | 13% | 5% | – | 5% | – | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 6% |- | 17 September | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1329,title,Sondaz-WPPL-wciaz-ogromna-przewaga-PiS-nad-PO,wid,15999092,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | 22% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''32%''' | 13% | 5% | – | 6% | 4% | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 10% |- | 13–15 September | [http://300polityka.pl/news/2013/09/23/millwardbrown-niewielkie-zmiany-w-notowaniach-partii-platforma-zmniejsza-dystans-wiemy-wiecej-o-profilu-niezdecydowanych/ Millward Brown] | 27% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''33%''' | 10% | 4% | 3% | 6% | 2% | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 6% |- | 5–12 September | [http://cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2013/K_124_13.PDF CBOS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''25%''' | 23% | 10% | 6% | 2% | 5% | 0% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 2% |- | 10 September | [http://www.tvn24.pl/pis-nadal-przed-po-ale-przewaga-maleje,353969,s.html Millward Brown] | 25% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''30%''' | 10% | 7% | 4% | 8% | 2% | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 5% |- | 10 September | [http://www.rp.pl/artykul/738665,1047147-PO-chudnie-po-Gowinie.html?p=1 IBRiS] | 20% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''31%''' | 15% | 5% | 3% | 2% | 3% | 4%{{efn|name=PR}} | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 11% |- | 7–10 September | [http://www.wirtualnemedia.pl/artykul/tns-pis-dogonilo-po TNS Poland] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''28%''' | 26% | 7% | 5% | 2% | 5% | 3% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 2% |- | 23–24 August | [http://www.polskieradio.pl/5/3/Artykul/918170,Najnowszy-sondaz-PiS-zwieksza-przewage-nad-Platforma IBRiS] | 22% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''33%''' | 15% | 5% | – | 3% | 3% | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 11% |- | 13 August | [http://www.tvp.info/12121760/informacje/polska/pis-odskakuje-po-cztery-partie-w-sejmie/ TNS Poland] | 32% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''43%''' | 12% | 5% | 2% | 3% | 1% | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 11% |- | 9 August | [http://wiadomosci.dziennik.pl/polityka/artykuly/435258,pis-zwieksza-przewage-nad-po-najnowszy-sondaz-polityczny.html IBRiS] | 25.6% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''33.8%''' | 14.1% | 6.2% | 3% | 6% | 2.2% | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 8.2% |- | 2–8 August | [http://www.tvn24.pl/wiadomosci-z-kraju,3/pis-przed-po-ale-obie-traca-w-sejmie-piec-partii,347176.html TNS Poland] | 25% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''29%''' | 10% | 5% | 3% | 5% | 4% | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 4% |- | 1–12 August | [http://cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2013/K_112_13.PDF CBOS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''25%''' | 24% | 9% | 5% | 2% | 2% | 2% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 1% |- | 6 August | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1329,title,Sondaz-WPPL-PiS-prowadzi-az-o-11-punktow-proc,wid,15877823,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | 24% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''35%''' | 15% | 5% | – | 3% | 3% | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 11% |- | 23 July | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1329,title,Sondaz-WPPL-PiS-prowadzi-o-6-punktow-proc,wid,15840415,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | 26% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''32%''' | 15% | 5% | – | 3% | 4% | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 6% |- | 19 July | [http://www.rp.pl/galeria/16,2,1031849.html IBRiS] | 24.7% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''30.4%''' | 14.3% | 5.1% | 0.7% | 4.9% | 3.3% | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 5.7% |- | 12–15 July | [http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,114871,14290870,Najnowszy_sondaz__40_proc__poparcia_dla_PiS__Ludowcy.html TNS Poland] | 34% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''40%''' | 13% | 2% | 1% | 6% | 2% | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 6% |- | 4–11 July | [http://www.cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2013/K_098_13.PDF CBOS] | 24% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''26%''' | 7% | 5% | 2% | 3% | 1% | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 2% |- | 5–10 July | [http://www.tvn24.pl/wiadomosci-z-kraju,3/sondaz-platforma-zyskuje-ale-wciaz-jest-daleko-za-pis,339038.html TNS Poland] | 26% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''30%''' | 9% | 4% | 2% | 5% | 2% | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 4% |- | 9 July | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1329,title,Sondaz-WPPL-PiS-prowadzi-az-o-8-punktow-proc,wid,15802528,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | 25% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''33%''' | 17% | 5% | – | 3% | 3% | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 8% |- | 3 July | [http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,114871,14223472,Najnowszy_sondaz_wyborczy__PiS_mocno_wyprzedza_PO.html Millward Brown] | 26% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''35%''' | 10% | 5% | – | 6% | – | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 9% |- | 26 June | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1329,title,Sondaz-WPPL-PiS-prowadzi-o-5-punktow-proc,wid,15765133,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | 27% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''32%''' | 16% | 7% | – | 3% | 5% | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 5% |- | 21 June | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,24915,title,Prawo-i-Sprawiedliwosc-znow-przed-Platforma-Obywatelska,wid,15760433,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | 26% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''31%''' | 15% | 6% | – | 6% | – | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 5% |- | 12–13 June | [http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,114871,14105678,Kolejny_sondaz_potwierdza_spora_przewage_PiS_nad_PO.html TNS Poland] | 32% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''39%''' | 9% | 6% | 3% | 2% | 2% | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 7% |- | 6–12 June | [http://cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2013/K_080_13.PDF CBOS] | 23% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''27%''' | 14% | 3% | 3% | 5% | 2% | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 4% |- | 11 June | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1329,title,Sondaz-WPPL-PiS-prowadzi-o-6-punktow-proc,wid,15724757,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | 26% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''32%''' | 15% | 4% | – | 4% | 5% | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 6% |- | 4–11 June | [http://www.tvpparlament.pl/sondaze/po-goni-pis-w-sondazach/11747337 CBOS] | 24% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''26%''' | 7% | 5% | 2% | 3% | 2% | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 2% |- | 28–29 May | [http://wyborcza.pl/1,76842,14019727,Rosnie_przewaga_PiS_nad_PO__Do_Sejmu_weszlaby_tez.html Millward Brown] | 26% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''30%''' | 16% | 5% | 5% | 10% | – | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 4% |- | 28 May | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1329,title,Sondaz-WPPL-PiS-prowadzi-o-3-punkty-proc,wid,15688111,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | 27% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''30%''' | 14% | 4% | – | 6% | 3% | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 3% |- | 24 May | [http://www.rp.pl/artykul/1013933-PiS-ucieka-Platformie.html IBRiS] | 27% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''32%''' | 14% | 6% | 2% | 6% | 3% | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 5% |- | 11–16 May | [http://polska.newsweek.pl/tns-polska--w-maju-to-pis-wygraloby-wybory--po-druga--psl-poza-sejmem,104528,1,1.html TNS Poland] | 25% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''28%''' | 12% | 4% | 3% | 8% | 3% | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 3% |- | 9–15 May | [http://www.cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2013/K_064_13.PDF CBOS] | 23% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''26%''' | 9% | 6% | 2% | 4% | 2% | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 3% |- | 10 May | [http://www.rp.pl/artykul/1009365-Partia-Gowina-podtopi-PO.html IBRiS] | 26% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''28%''' | 13% | 7% | 3% | 5% | 3% | 3%{{efn|name=PR}} | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 2% |- | 7 May | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1329,title,Sondaz-WPPL-PO-i-PiS-ida-leb-w-leb,wid,15552687,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''31%''' | 30% | 13% | 5% | – | 6% | 3% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 1% |- | 26 April | [http://www.rp.pl/artykul/99645,1006068.html IBRiS] | 30% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''31%''' | 13% | 6% | – | 3% | 4% | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 1% |- | 23 April | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1329,title,Sondaz-WPPL-PiS-przegonil-Platforme,wid,15519794,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | 28% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''29%''' | 12% | 6% | – | 6% | 5% | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 1% |- | 12 April | [http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kraj/sondaz-homo-homini-po-i-pis-z-rownym-poparciem/yxv37 IBRiS] | '''29%''' | '''29%''' | 13% | 6% | 3% | 4% | 3% | – | | style="background:white; color:black;"| '''Tie''' |- | 4–10 April | [http://cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2013/K_047_13.PDF CBOS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''25%''' | 23% | 8% | 6% | 2% | 2% | 3% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 2% |- | 9 April | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,119674,title,Sondaz-WPPL-spada-poparcie-dla-PiS-i-PO,wid,15483330,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''31%''' | 30% | 13% | 6% | – | 4% | 4% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 1% |- | 18 March | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1329,title,Sondaz-WPPL-PiS-dzieli-tylko-jeden-punkt-proc-od-Platformy,wid,15429157,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''32%''' | 31% | 15% | 5% | – | 5% | 3% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 1% |- | 18 March | [http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,114871,13594633,Remis_PO_i_PiS__Zyskuje_lewica__NAJNOWSZY_SONDAZ_.html Millward Brown] | '''28%''' | '''28%''' | 11% | 6% | 4% | 10% | 1% | – | | style="background:white; color:black;"| '''Tie''' |- | 7–13 March | [http://cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2013/K_035_13.PDF CBOS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''25%''' | 22% | 10% | 6% | 4% | 6% | 1% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 3% |- | 8 March | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,8311,title,Znikajace-poparcie-dla-Ruchu-Palikota-najnowszy-sondaz,wid,15415331,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''32%''' | 28% | 14% | 7% | – | 4% | 4% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 4% |- | 5 March | [http://www.tvn24.pl/wiadomosci-z-kraju,3/sondaz-platforma-o-wlos-przed-pis,310297.html Millward Brown] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''32%''' | 31% | 9% | 6% | – | 7% | 1% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 1% |- | 5 March | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1329,title,Sondaz-WPPL-tragicznie-niskie-notowania-premiera-i-rzadu,wid,15389928,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''32%''' | 30% | 14% | 5% | – | 6% | 4% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 2% |- | 22–26 February | [http://www.tvn24.pl/wiadomosci-z-kraju,3/sondaz-po-i-pis-traca-poparcie-tylko-sld-w-gore,309233.html TNS Poland] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''29%''' | 26% | 12% | 5% | 1% | 5% | 2% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 3% |- | 18 February | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1329,title,Sondaz-WPPL-rosnie-poparcie-dla-PO-i-PiS-Ruch-Palikota-poza-sejmem,wid,15349356,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''33%''' | 29% | 14% | 4% | – | 3% | 5% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 4% |- | 13–14 February | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1025897,title,Sondaz-PO-i-PiS-ida-leb-w-leb-PSL-poza-sejmem,wid,15339828,wiadomosc.html?ticaid=11406b TNS Poland] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''35%''' | 34% | 15% | 3% | 3% | 6% | 3% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 1% |- | 8–11 February | [http://www.tvn24.pl/wiadomosci-z-kraju,3/sondaz-pis-dogania-po-reszta-daleko-w-tyle,307007.html TNS Poland] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''33%''' | 29% | 6% | 6% | 2% | 6% | 2% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 5% |- | 8–9 February | [http://www.tvn24.pl/wiadomosci-z-kraju,3/po-zyskuje-niewiele-ale-jest-znow-przed-pis-palikot-poza-sejmem,306032.html IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''30%''' | 27% | 13% | 5% | – | 4% | 5% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 5% |- | 31 Jan – 6 Feb | [http://cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2013/K_016_13.PDF CBOS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''25%''' | 24% | 7% | 8% | 2% | 5% | 3% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 1% |- | 4 February | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1329,title,Sondaz-WPPL-spada-poparcie-dla-PO-i-PiS-tragiczne-notowania-premiera-i-rzadu,wid,15312203,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''30%''' | 28% | 13% | 5% | – | 7% | 6% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 2% |- | 30 January | [http://www.tvn24.pl/wiadomosci-z-kraju,3/pis-przed-po-sondaz-po-glosowaniu-nad-zwiazkami-partnerskimi,303356.html IBRiS] | 29% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''30%''' | 13% | 7% | 3% | 7% | 2% | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 1% |- | 26–27 January | [http://www.tvn24.pl/wiadomosci-z-kraju,3/sondaz-po-i-pis-traca-po-odrzuceniu-zwiazkow-partnerskich,303056.html Millward Brown] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''30%''' | 25% | 13% | 6% | – | 11% | 2% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 5% |- | 22 January | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1329,title,Sondaz-WPPL-poparcie-dla-PO-wzroslo-o-2-punkty-proc,wid,15276277,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''31%''' | 29% | 11% | 8% | – | 4% | 2% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 2% |- | 11–14 January | [http://www.tvn24.pl/wiadomosci-z-kraju,3/sondaz-spadek-poparcia-dla-glownych-partii,301657.html TNS Poland] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''29%''' | 23% | 10% | 6% | – | 7% | 4% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 6% |- | 3–9 January | [http://cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2013/K_004_13.PDF CBOS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''31%''' | 22% | 8% | 6% | 2% | 4% | 3% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 9% |- | 8 January | [http://www.tvn24.pl/wiadomosci-z-kraju,3/sondaz-pis-przegonil-po-poza-sejmem-ruch-palikota-i-solidarna-polska,299102.html IBRiS] | 29% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''31%''' | 13% | 7% | – | 4% | 2% | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 2% |- |colspan="13" style="background:#D0D0D0; color:black" | '''2013''' |- | 14–19 December | [http://www.tvn24.pl/wiadomosci-z-kraju,3/po-i-pis-w-dol-ale-rosnie-roznica,296048.html TNS Poland] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''32%''' | 22% | 9% | 6% | – | 6% | – | – | style="background:#D0D0D0; width:1px;" rowspan="58"| <small>''Did not exist''</small> | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 10% |- | 18 December | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1329,title,Sondaz-WPPL-poparcie-dla-PO-wzroslo-o-4-punkty-proc-dla-PiS-o-1-punkt-proc,wid,15192797,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''33%''' | 29% | 13% | 6% | – | 6% | 2% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 4% |- | 8–9 December | [http://www.tvn24.pl/wiadomosci-z-kraju,3/pis-znow-goni-po-sld-i-rp-ida-leb-w-leb,293733.html Millward Brown] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''33%''' | 28% | 8% | 6% | – | 8% | – | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 5% |- | 6–9 December | [http://www.wirtualnemedia.pl/artykul/sondaz-wyborczy-po-34-proc-pis-26-proc-poparcia TNS Poland] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''34%''' | 26% | 7% | 7% | 1% | 6% | 2% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 8% |- | 5–6 December | [http://www.polskieradio.pl/5/3/Artykul/740630,Kolejny-sondaz-Platforma-traci-PiS-zyskuje-SLD TNS Poland] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''36%''' | 31% | 14% | 6% | – | 8% | 2% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white"| 5% |- | 30 Nov – 6 Dec | [http://cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2012/K_163_12.PDF CBOS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''32%''' | 20% | 8% | 8% | 2% | 5% | 3% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 12% |- | 4 December | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1329,title,Najnowszy-sondaz-WPPL-poparcie-dla-PO-spadlo-az-o-7-punktow-proc,wid,15153082,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''29%''' | 28% | 13% | 7% | – | 4% | 3% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 1% |- | 29 November | [http://www.tvn24.pl/wiadomosci-z-kraju,3/tym-razem-w-sondazu-remis-po-i-pis-po-28-proc,291545.html TNS Poland] | '''28%''' | '''28%''' | 7% | 7% | – | 8% | – | – | | style="background:white; color:black;"| '''Tie''' |- | 20 November | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1329,title,Najnowszy-sondaz-WPPL-poparcie-dla-PO-wzroslo-az-o-5-punktow-proc,wid,15113921,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''36%''' | 27% | 9% | 4% | – | 4% | 3% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 9% |- | 19 November | [http://www.tvn24.pl/wiadomosci-z-kraju,3/pis-traci-po-nadal-sie-umacnia-psl-ledwo-nad-progiem,289618.html Millward Brown] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''37%''' | 26% | 11% | 6% | – | 9% | – | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 11% |- | 8–17 November | [http://cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2012/K_151_12.PDF CBOS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''34%''' | 18% | 9% | 7% | 2% | 4% | 3% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 16% |- | 13 November | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1329,title,Zaskakujace-wyniki-sondazu-na-zlecenie-Super-Expressu-PiS-wyprzedza-PO,wid,15086231,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | 29.4% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''30.3%''' | 13.5% | 5% | – | 6.1% | – | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 0.9% |- | 7–8 November | [http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,114873,12829165,Sondaz___Trotyl_nie_wysadzil_sceny_politycznej___PO.html TNS Poland] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''42%''' | 30% | 10% | 4% | 1% | 8% | 1% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 12% |- | 6 November | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1329,title,Najnowszy-sondaz-WPPL-PO-i-PiS-traca-odpowiednio-2-i-1-punkt-proc,wid,15068201,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''31%''' | 30% | 11% | 6% | – | 7% | 5% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 1% |- | 31 October | [http://www.tvn24.pl/wiadomosci-z-kraju,3/po-odrabia-straty-i-laduje-przed-pis-psl-i-sp-poza-sejmem,286125.html Millward Brown] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''33%''' | 29% | 10% | 4% | 2% | 6% | 4% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 4% |- | 23 October | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1329,title,Najnowszy-sondaz-WPPL-PO-i-PiS-zyskuja-odpowiednio-5-i-3-punkty-proc,wid,15035577,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''33%''' | 31% | 12% | 5% | – | 6% | 5% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 2% |- | 16 October | [http://www.tvn24.pl/wiadomosci-z-kraju,3/po-znow-odbija-od-pis,289020.html TNS Poland] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''34%''' | 23% | 8% | 5% | 1% | 6% | 3% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 3% |- | 5–12 October | [http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,114873,12655012,PiS_przed_PO_w_sondazu__Gazety_Wyborczej____Polacy.html TNS Poland] | 27% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''28%''' | 10% | 5% | – | 7% | – | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 1% |- | 11 October | [http://www.tvn24.pl/wiadomosci-z-kraju,3/pis-wciaz-przed-po-kolejne-sondaze,282091.html Millward Brown] | 27% | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}};color:white "|'''30%''' | 12% | 5% | – | 6% | 5% | – | | style="background:{{Law and Justice/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 3% |- | 4–10 October | [http://cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2012/K_135_12.PDF CBOS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''28%''' | 24% | 8% | 5% | – | 4% | 3% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 4% |- | 2 October | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1329,title,Najnowszy-sondaz-WPPL-PO-i-PiS-maja-takie-samo-poparcie,wid,14976915,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | '''28%''' | '''28%''' | 14% | 6% | – | 5% | 5% | – | | style="background:white; color:black;"| '''Tie''' |- | 18 September | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1329,title,Najnowszy-sondaz-WPPL-PO-zyskuje-1-punkt-proc-PiS-2-punkty-proc,wid,14939573,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''32%''' | 29% | 12% | 5% | – | 6% | 5% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 3% |- | 5–16 September | [http://cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2012/K_123_12.PDF CBOS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''31%''' | 23% | 8% | 5% | 1% | 4% | 3% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 8% |- | 7–10 September | [http://www.tvp.info/8503745/informacje/polska/po-28-proc-za-nia-pis-26-proc/ TNS Poland] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''28%''' | 26% | 7% | 5% | 2% | 5% | 3% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 2% |- | 4 September | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1329,title,Sondaz-WPPL-poparcie-dla-PO-wzroslo-o-1-punkt-proc-dla-PiS-spadlo-o-2-punkty-proc,wid,14898226,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''31%''' | 27% | 13% | 5% | – | 7% | 5% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 4% |- | 14–22 August | [http://cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2012/K_112_12.PDF CBOS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''36%''' | 22% | 8% | 6% | 2% | 5% | 2% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 14% |- | 21 August | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1329,title,Sondaz-WPPL-PiS-dogania-Platforme-dzieli-je-juz-tylko-1-punkt-proc,wid,14862406,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''30%''' | 29% | 13% | 5% | – | 6% | 4% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 1% |- | 2–5 August | [http://www.tvp.info/8216906/informacje/polska/poparcie-dla-po-lekko-w-dol/ TNS Poland] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''29%''' | 24% | 7% | 4% | 2% | 7% | 3% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 5% |- | 31 July | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1329,title,Sondaz-WPPL-PO-traci-2-proc-PiS-zyskuje-1-proc-PSL-bez-zmian,wid,14809747,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''32%''' | 26% | 12% | 6% | – | 6% | 4% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 6% |- | 17 July | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1329,title,Rekordowe-poparcie-dla-prezydenta-utrzymuja-sie-wysokie-notowania-PO,wid,14769454,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''34%''' | 25% | 13% | 6% | – | 6% | 4% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 9% |- | 5–12 July | [http://cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2012/K_095_12.PDF CBOS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''32%''' | 25% | 9% | 4% | – | 5% | 3% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 7% |- | 3 July | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1329,title,Utrzymuja-sie-wysokie-notowania-Platformy-rosnie-tez-PiS,wid,14728253,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''33%''' | 25% | 14% | 6% | – | 5% | 5% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 8% |- | 14–20 June | [http://cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2012/K_084_12.PDF CBOS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''32%''' | 20% | 9% | 6% | 1% | 3% | 3% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 12% |- | 19 June | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1329,title,Gwaltowny-spadek-poparcia-dla-PiS-zyskuje-Platforma-i-SLD-najnowszy-sondaz-WPPL,wid,14666798,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''33%''' | 23% | 14% | 7% | – | 8% | 4% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 10% |- | 14–17 June | [http://www.tvp.info/7778298/informacje/polska/sondaz-po-zyskala-pis-stracilo/ TNS Poland] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''30%''' | 23% | 8% | 6% | 1% | 9% | 1% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 7% |- | 5 June | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1022019,title,PO-i-PiS-ida-leb-w-leb-najnowszy-sondaz-WPPL,wid,14550403,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''29%''' | 28% | 11% | 6% | – | 7% | 5% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 1% |- | 10–16 May | [http://www.cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2012/K_068_12.PDF CBOS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''27%''' | 21% | 12% | 7% | 2% | 7% | 3% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 6% |- | 10–13 May | [http://www.tvp.info/7392300/informacje/polska/po-znowu-przed-pis-traci-solidarna-polska/ TNS Poland] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''28%''' | 25% | 7% | 3% | 1% | 10% | 2% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 3% |- | 9–10 May | [http://www.tvp.info/7335588/informacje/polska/pis-zrownalo-sie-z-po/ TNS Poland] | '''34%''' | '''34%''' | 12% | 5% | – | 9% | 3% | – | | style="background:white; color:black;"| '''Tie''' |- | 8 May | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,27419,title,Spada-poparcie-dla-PiS-rosnie-Platformie-zyskuje-Ziobro-sondaz-WPPL,wid,14468961,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''31%''' | 25% | 12% | 4% | – | 9% | 7% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 6% |- | 13–18 April | [http://www.wirtualnemedia.pl/artykul/jakie-poparcie-dla-partii-politycznych-w-polsce-rosnie-pis-i-solidarna-polska TNS Poland] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''30%''' | 25% | 7% | 3% | 2% | 9% | 4% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 5% |- | 12–18 April | [http://cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2012/K_053_12.PDF CBOS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''29%''' | 22% | 9% | 5% | 3% | 6% | 4% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 7% |- | 17 April | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,50352,title,Rosnie-poparcie-dla-PO-i-PiS-spada-lewicy-sondaz-WP,wid,14419982,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''30%''' | 27% | 12% | 5% | – | 10% | 5% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 3% |- | 3 April | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,50352,title,Poparcie-dla-PO-spadlo-az-o-4-maleje-dystans-do-PiS-sondaz-WP,wid,14388121,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''27%''' | 25% | 13% | 5% | – | 12% | 6% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 2% |- | 20 March | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,50352,title,Platforma-Obywatelska-stracila-1-PiS-stoi-w-miejscu-sondaz-WP,wid,14318980,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''31%''' | 26% | 11% | 9% | – | 10% | 4% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 5% |- | 16 March | [http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,114873,11364228,PiS_dogania_PO__Przewaga_partii_Tuska_jest_nieznaczna.html Millward Brown] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''29%''' | 26% | 11% | 4% | 3% | 14% | 1% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 3% |- | 8–14 March | [http://cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2012/K_037_12.PDF CBOS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''29%''' | 23% | 8% | 8% | 2% | 8% | 3% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 6% |- | 6 March | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,50352,title,Duzy-skok-poparcia-dla-PiS-najnowszy-sondaz,wid,14311964,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''32%''' | 26% | 11% | 8% | – | 11% | 5% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 6% |- | 1–4 March | [http://www.wirtualnemedia.pl/artykul/po-i-ruch-palikota-zyskuja-poparcie-traci-pis TNS Poland] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''29%''' | 22% | 9% | 5% | 1% | 12% | 2% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 7% |- | 8–9 February | [http://m.wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,117915,11119546,PO_ostro_w_dol__ziobrysci_w_Sejmie__SONDAZ_.html Millward Brown] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''27%''' | 22% | 10% | 6% | 2% | 17% | 5% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 5% |- | 3–9 February | [http://cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2012/K_020_12.PDF CBOS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''33%''' | 19% | 8% | 7% | 2% | 9% | 3% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 14% |- | 7 February | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,50352,title,Niewiarygodne-To-nie-PO-traci-poparcie,wid,14236517,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''35%''' | 21% | 12% | 8% | – | 11% | 3% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 14% |- | 2–6 February | [http://www.wirtualnemedia.pl/artykul/gwaltowny-spadek-poparcia-dla-po-pis-coraz-blizej TNS Poland] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''28%''' | 26% | 9% | 5% | 1% | 10% | 2% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 2% |- | 27 January | [http://www.wprost.pl/ar/290311/Sondaz-SMGKRC-traci-PO-traci-PiS/ Millward Brown] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''33%''' | 22% | 8% | 9% | – | 13% | 2% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 11% |- | 24 January | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,50352,title,Rekordowy-spadek-poparcia-dla-Tuska-i-jego-rzadu,wid,14196657,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''34%''' | 22% | 13% | 7% | – | 13% | 4% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 12% |- | 19–23 January | [http://www.wirtualnemedia.pl/artykul/sondaz-wyborczy-styczen-2012-po-37-proc-pis-22-proc# TNS Poland] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''37%''' | 22% | 6% | 4% | 1% | 8% | 1% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 15% |- | 5–11 January | [http://cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2012/K_006_12.PDF CBOS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''40%''' | 18% | 4% | 7% | 2% | 8% | 2% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 22% |- | 10 January | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,50352,title,Premier-i-rzad-w-tarapatach-Poparcie-spadlo-az-o,wid,14155675,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''36%''' | 23% | 11% | 7% | 2% | 9% | 4% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 13% |- |colspan="13" style="background:#D0D0D0; color:black" | '''2012''' |- | 20 December | [http://www.tvp.info/5912100/informacje/polska/rosnie-poparcie-dla-najwiekszych-partii/ TNS Poland] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''38%''' | 23% | 10% | 7% | – | 11% | – | – | style="background:#D0D0D0; width:1px;" rowspan="19"| <small>''Did not exist''</small> | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 15% |- | 8–11 December | [http://www.tvp.info/5912100/informacje/polska/rosnie-poparcie-dla-najwiekszych-partii/ TNS Poland] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''38%''' | 27% | 6% | 7% | – | 8% | 2% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 11% |- | 1–8 December | [http://cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2011/K_157_11.PDF CBOS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''43%''' | 21% | 5% | 7% | 1% | 6% | 2% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 22% |- | 1–6 December | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,50352,title,Mocno-spada-poparcie-dla-Platformy,wid,14057953,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''37%''' | 23% | 12% | 7% | – | 10% | – | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 14% |- | 1–4 December | [http://www.wirtualnemedia.pl/artykul/rekordowo-niskie-poparcie-pis-zyskuje-palikot TNS Poland] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''36%''' | 19% | 6% | 6% | 1% | 10% | 2% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 17% |- | 30 Nov – 1 Dec | [http://www.tvp.info/5777060/informacje/polska/solidarna-polska-jak-pjn/ TNS Poland] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''43%''' | 23% | 9% | 5% | – | 10% | 2% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 20% |- | 30 November | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,130876,title,Zaskakujacy-zwrot-Polacy-odwrocili-sie-od-Ziobry,wid,14042754,wiadomosc.html Millward Brown] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''37%''' | 25% | 8% | 7% | – | 9% | 3% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 12% |- | 22 November | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,50352,title,Rekordowe-poparcie-dla-Platformy,wid,14013001,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''42%''' | 24% | 8% | 7% | – | 11% | – | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 18% |- | 17–20 November | [http://www.tvn24.pl/wiadomosci-z-kraju,3/po-expose-premiera-platformie-spada,191750.html TNS Poland] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''34%''' | 24% | 9% | 5% | 1% | 8% | 3% | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 10% |- | 4–13 November | [http://cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2011/K_142_11.PDF CBOS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''42%''' | 21% | 7% | 7% | 1% | 9% | – | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 21% |- | 4–8 November | [http://www.tvpparlament.pl/sondaze/20-proc-przewagi-po-nad-pis/5639500 TNS Poland] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''42%''' | 22% | 7% | 5% | – | 7% | – | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 20% |- | 5–7 November | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,50352,title,Najnowszy-sondaz-zobacz-ile-PiS-stracil-po-rewolucji,wid,13968831,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''39%''' | 26% | 7% | 7% | – | 11% | – | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 13% |- | 4–5 November | [http://www.tvn24.pl/wiadomosci-z-kraju,3/pis-znow-goni-po-sld-i-rp-ida-leb-w-leb,293733.html Millward Brown] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''37%''' | 21% | 5% | 6% | – | 10% | 9%{{efn|name=SP}} | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 16% |- | 2–3 November | [http://tvp.info/informacje/polska/rosnie-poparcie-dla-po-spada-dla-pis/5606181 TNS Poland] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''44%''' | 26% | 8% | 7% | – | 10% | – | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 18% |- | 25 October | [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,50352,title,Kto-po-wyborach-najwiecej-zyskal-najnowszy-sondaz,wid,13927776,wiadomosc.html IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''38%''' | 29% | 8% | 7% | – | 13% | – | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 9% |- | 23 October | [http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,114873,10530176,Sondaz_SMG_KRC_dla_Gazeta_pl__PiS_traci__zyskuje_Ruch.html Millward Brown] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''39%''' | 27% | 7% | 8% | 2% | 12% | – | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 12% |- | 13–16 October | [http://tvp.info/informacje/polska/traca-po-pis-psl-i-sld-zyskuje-ruch-palikota/5504776 TNS Poland] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''45%''' | 25% | 8% | 6% | 1% | 12% | – | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 20% |- | 14 October | [http://www.fakt.pl/Najnowszy-sondaz-SLD-nie-weszloby-do-Sejmu,artykuly,133957,1.html IBRiS] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''38%''' | 28.6% | 4.5% | 5.6% | 2.4% | 12.5% | – | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 9.4% |- |- style="background:#EFEFEF; font-weight:bold;" | 9 October | [[Polish parliamentary election, 2011|2011 general election]] | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}"| '''39.2%''' | 29.9% | 8.2% | 8.4% | 1.1% | 10% | – | – | | style="background:{{Civic Platform/meta/color}}; color:white;"| 9.3% |- |colspan="13" style="background:#D0D0D0; color:black" | '''2011''' |- |} ;Notes {{notes | refs = {{efn | name = PiS-SP-PR | [[Law and Justice]], [[United Poland]], and [[Poland Together]] have concluded an [[electoral alliance]], and as such are considered a single entity by most pollsters. }} {{efn | name = TR | [[Your Movement]] did not present lists in all regions in the local elections. }} {{efn | name = SP | In this poll, the people surveyed were asked how they would vote in the hypothetical event of [[Zbigniew Ziobro]] launching his own party. }} {{efn | name = PR | In this poll, the people surveyed were asked how they would vote in the hypothetical event of [[Jarosław Gowin]] launching his own party. }} }}
2016-04-02T05:45:10Z
{{main|Opinion polling in the Polish parliamentary election, 2015}} [[File:Model sondaży.png|thumb|800px|centre|Election polls]] [[File:Polish Senate election results 2015.svg|thumb|Results of the Senate election by single-mandate districts.Blue represents Law and Justice, orange - Civic Platform, green - Polish People Party, grey - independents.]]
2016-04-02T10:24:15Z
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The political leaders, ministers and newspaper editors who shaped opinion resolved on a Double V Campaign: Victory over German and Japanese fascism abroad, and victory over discrimination at home. Black newspapers created the Double V Campaign to build black morale and head off radical action.<ref>Lee Finkle, "The Conservative Aims of Militant Rhetoric: Black Protest during World War II,: ''Journal of American History,'' December 1973, Vol. 60, Issue 3, pp. 692–713 [http://www.jstor.org/pss/1917685 in JSTOR]</ref> Most Black women had been farm laborers or domestics before the war.<ref>Maureen Honey, ''Bitter Fruit: African American Women in World War II'' (1999).</ref> Despite discrimination and segregated facilities throughout the South, they escaped the cotton patch and took blue-collar jobs in the cities. Working with the federal Fair Employment Practices Committee, the NAACP and CIO unions, these Black women fought a “Double V” campaign—against the Axis abroad and against restrictive hiring practices at home. Their efforts redefined citizenship, equating their patriotism with war work, and seeking equal employment opportunities, government entitlements, and better working conditions as conditions appropriate for full citizens.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Taylor Shockley | first1 = Megan | year = 2003 | title = Working For Democracy: Working-Class African-American Women, Citizenship, and Civil Rights in Detroit, 1940–1954 | url = | journal = Michigan Historical Review | volume = 29 | issue = | pages = 125–157 | doi=10.2307/20174036}}</ref> In the South black women worked in segregated jobs; in the West and most of the North they were integrated, but wildcat strikes erupted in Detroit, Baltimore, and Evansville where white migrants from the South refused to work alongside black women.<ref>D'Ann Campbell, ''Women at War with America'' (1984), pp. 128–9.</ref><ref>Daniel Kryder, ''Divided Arsenal: Race and the American State During World War II'' (2000), pp. 113–29.</ref>
2016-03-23T13:16:53Z
The political leaders, ministers and newspaper editors who shaped opinion resolved on a [[Double V campaign]]: Victory over German and Japanese fascism abroad, and victory over discrimination at home. Black newspapers created the Double V campaign to build black morale and head off radical action.<ref>Lee Finkle, "The Conservative Aims of Militant Rhetoric: Black Protest during World War II,: ''Journal of American History,'' December 1973, Vol. 60, Issue 3, pp. 692–713 [http://www.jstor.org/pss/1917685 in JSTOR]</ref> Most Black women had been farm laborers or domestics before the war.<ref>Maureen Honey, ''Bitter Fruit: African American Women in World War II'' (1999).</ref> Despite discrimination and segregated facilities throughout the South, they escaped the cotton patch and took blue-collar jobs in the cities. Working with the federal Fair Employment Practices Committee, the NAACP and CIO unions, these Black women fought a Double V campaign against the Axis abroad and against restrictive hiring practices at home. Their efforts redefined citizenship, equating their patriotism with war work, and seeking equal employment opportunities, government entitlements, and better working conditions as conditions appropriate for full citizens.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Taylor Shockley | first1 = Megan | year = 2003 | title = Working For Democracy: Working-Class African-American Women, Citizenship, and Civil Rights in Detroit, 1940–1954 | url = | journal = Michigan Historical Review | volume = 29 | issue = | pages = 125–157 | doi=10.2307/20174036}}</ref> In the South black women worked in segregated jobs; in the West and most of the North they were integrated, but wildcat strikes erupted in Detroit, Baltimore, and Evansville where white migrants from the South refused to work alongside black women.<ref>D'Ann Campbell, ''Women at War with America'' (1984), pp. 128–9.</ref><ref>Daniel Kryder, ''Divided Arsenal: Race and the American State During World War II'' (2000), pp. 113–29.</ref>
2016-03-24T19:57:16Z
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''[[The Film Daily]]'' gave the film a positive review, calling it "well done", and saying it "seizes the audience's attention at the outset and maintains it until the very end and getting off en route a few dozen compassionate, comic, slick and at various times intense moments of drama." They praised O'Brien's performance, as well as both the direction by Tetzlaff and Phil Ryan's production. The magazine felt that Rackin and Davis had done a fine job of adapting the story by Rankin.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=The Film Daily | title=Reviews: "Fighting Father Dunne" | date=May 12, 1948 | page=6 | url=http://archive.org/stream/filmdail93wids#page/n247/mode/2up/search/%22Father+Dunne%22 | accessdate=April 7, 2016}}{{Open access}}</ref> The picture also received a good review from ''[[Harrison's Reports]]'', which called it a "fine drama, with strong emotional appeal". They compared it favorably to ''[[Boys Town (film)|Boys Town]]'', which had been released a decade earlier. Calling O'Brien's performance excellent, they applauded the way the film blended pathos and comedy.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=Harrison's Reports | title="Fighting Father Dunne" with Pat O'Brien and Darryl Hickman | date=May 15, 1948 | page=78 | url=http://www.archive.org/stream/harrisonsreports30psha#page/78/mode/2up/search/%22Father+Dunne%22 | accessdate=April 7, 2016}}{{Open access}}</ref>
2016-04-07T03:21:30Z
''[[The Film Daily]]'' gave the film a positive review, calling it "well done", and saying it "seizes the audience's attention at the outset and maintains it until the very end and getting off en route a few dozen compassionate, comic, slick and at various times intense moments of drama." They praised O'Brien's performance, as well as both the direction by Tetzlaff and Phil Ryan's production. The magazine felt that Rackin and Davis had done a fine job of adapting the story by Rankin.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=The Film Daily | title=Reviews: "Fighting Father Dunne" | date=May 12, 1948 | page=6 | url=http://archive.org/stream/filmdail93wids#page/n247/mode/2up/search/%22Father+Dunne%22 | accessdate=April 7, 2016}}{{Open access}}</ref> The picture also received a good review from ''[[Harrison's Reports]]'', which called it a "fine drama, with strong emotional appeal". They compared it favorably to ''[[Boys Town (film)|Boys Town]]'', which had been released a decade earlier. Calling O'Brien's performance excellent, they applauded the way the film blended pathos and comedy.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=Harrison's Reports | title="Fighting Father Dunne" with Pat O'Brien and Darryl Hickman | date=May 15, 1948 | page=78 | url=http://www.archive.org/stream/harrisonsreports30psha#page/78/mode/2up/search/%22Father+Dunne%22 | accessdate=April 7, 2016}}{{Open access}}</ref> ''[[Modern Screen]]'' was less kind. Although they had an overall positive review, they felt that O'Brien's performance was simply adequate, and the script was mediocre. They did enjoy Una O'Connor's performance, and felt Hickman was brilliant as the young murderer.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=Modern Screen | title=Fighting Father Dunne | date=July 1948 | pages=21-22 | url=http://archive.org/stream/modernscreen3637unse#page/n717/mode/2up/search/%22Father+Dunne%22 | accessdate=April 7, 2016}}{{Open access}}</ref>
2016-04-07T03:27:52Z
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Simmons was born in [[London]], [[England]] and grew up in [[Bristol]]. He received a bachelor's degree from [[Goldsmiths College]], a [[constituent college]] of the [[University of London]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Keir Simmons - Biography and Images|url=http://tvnewsroom.org/biography-images/keir-simmons-4695/|publisher=TV Newsroom|accessdate=2 November 2015}}</ref>
2016-03-20T12:13:41Z
Simmons was born in [[London]] and grew up in [[Bristol]]. He received a bachelor's degree from [[Goldsmiths College]], a [[constituent college]] of the [[University of London]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Keir Simmons - Biography and Images|url=http://tvnewsroom.org/biography-images/keir-simmons-4695/|publisher=TV Newsroom|accessdate=2 November 2015}}</ref>
2016-03-20T12:13:59Z
0
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#REDIRECT [[List of minor planets: 34001–35000#701]] {{R from title without diacritics}}
2015-04-29T07:29:15Z
#REDIRECT [[List of minor planets: 34001–35000#701]] {{R avoided double redirect|34753 Zdeněkmatyáš}} {{R from title without diacritics}} {{R to list entry}} {{R to anchor}} {{R unprintworthy}} <!-- Do not categorize this page, to avoid duplication. -->
2016-03-30T15:22:08Z
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[[Kirk Cameron]] claims he was once an [[Atheism|atheist]],<ref>{{citation|title=Does God Exist? The Nightline Faceoff|journal=ABC News|author=Bashir, Martin|date=May 7, 2007|accessdate=April 4, 2009|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/Story?id=3148940}}</ref> but when he was 17, during the height of his career on ''Growing Pains'', became a born-again Christian.<ref name="CToday">{{cite web |url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/tc/2003/002/1.20.html |title=The Rebirth of Kirk Cameron |last=Ewald |first=Dan |date=March–April 2003 |work=[[Christianity Today|Today's Christian]] |accessdate=February 23, 2009|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080711143843/http://www.christianitytoday.com/tc/2003/002/1.20.html |archivedate = July 11, 2008|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billoreilly.com/show?action=viewTVShow&showID=758#7 |title=Back of Book Segment |date=April 12, 2006 |work=[[The O'Reilly Factor]] Flash |accessdate=December 8, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Way of the Master |last=Cameron |first=Kirk |author2=Ray Comfort |year=2004 |publisher=[[Tyndale House|Tyndale House Publishers, Inc]] |isbn=1-4143-0061-1 |page=Foreword |url=http://books.google.com/?id=ZTc6vclQWV0C&printsec=frontcover#PPR7}}</ref> After converting to Christianity, he began to insist that story lines be stripped of anything he thought too adult or racy in ''Growing Pains''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,469484,00.html |title=The Cast of 'Growing Pains:' Where Are They Now? |date=December 18, 2008 |publisher=Fox News |accessdate=February 27, 2009}}</ref><ref name="LATimes">{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2000/nov/03/entertainment/ca-46147 |title=TV Family’s Cast Gets Over Its Own 'Growing Pains' |last=Keck |first=William |date=November 3, 2000 |work=Los Angeles Times |accessdate=December 8, 2008}}</ref>
2016-03-11T04:52:02Z
[[Kirk Cameron]] was once an [[Atheism|atheist]],<ref>{{citation|title=Does God Exist? The Nightline Faceoff|journal=ABC News|author=Bashir, Martin|date=May 7, 2007|accessdate=April 4, 2009|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/Story?id=3148940}}</ref> but when he was 17, during the height of his career on ''Growing Pains'', became a born-again Christian.<ref name="CToday">{{cite web |url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/tc/2003/002/1.20.html |title=The Rebirth of Kirk Cameron |last=Ewald |first=Dan |date=March–April 2003 |work=[[Christianity Today|Today's Christian]] |accessdate=February 23, 2009|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080711143843/http://www.christianitytoday.com/tc/2003/002/1.20.html |archivedate = July 11, 2008|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billoreilly.com/show?action=viewTVShow&showID=758#7 |title=Back of Book Segment |date=April 12, 2006 |work=[[The O'Reilly Factor]] Flash |accessdate=December 8, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Way of the Master |last=Cameron |first=Kirk |author2=Ray Comfort |year=2004 |publisher=[[Tyndale House|Tyndale House Publishers, Inc]] |isbn=1-4143-0061-1 |page=Foreword |url=http://books.google.com/?id=ZTc6vclQWV0C&printsec=frontcover#PPR7}}</ref> After converting to Christianity, he began to insist that story lines be stripped of anything he thought too adult or racy in ''Growing Pains''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,469484,00.html |title=The Cast of 'Growing Pains:' Where Are They Now? |date=December 18, 2008 |publisher=Fox News |accessdate=February 27, 2009}}</ref><ref name="LATimes">{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2000/nov/03/entertainment/ca-46147 |title=TV Family’s Cast Gets Over Its Own 'Growing Pains' |last=Keck |first=William |date=November 3, 2000 |work=Los Angeles Times |accessdate=December 8, 2008}}</ref>
2016-04-07T14:27:21Z
0
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'''[[Goal post]]s''' were standardized in the NFL. They were to be between 3 to {{convert|4|in|cm}} in diameter, painted bright yellow, with two non-curved supports offset from the goal line, and uprights {{convert|20|ft}} above the crossbar. In {{nfly|1967}}, the new "[[slingshot]]" goal post was made standard, with one curved support from the ground. In {{nfly|1974}}, the goal posts were returned to the end line, and the uprights were extended to {{convert|30|ft}} above the crossbar, and to {{convert|35|ft|1}} in {{nfly|2014}}. <br />
2016-01-23T01:14:02Z
'''[[Goal post]]s''' were standardized in the NFL. They were to be between 3 and {{convert|4|in|cm}} in diameter, painted bright yellow, with two non-curved supports offset from the goal line, and uprights {{convert|20|ft}} above the crossbar. In {{nfly|1967}}, the new "[[slingshot]]" goal post was made standard, with one curved support from the ground. In {{nfly|1974}}, the goal posts were returned to the end line, and the uprights were extended to {{convert|30|ft}} above the crossbar, and to {{convert|35|ft|1}} in {{nfly|2014}}.
2016-03-28T16:28:20Z
0
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=710488903
Like most Civil Wars, Spain's ravaged the Spanish economy<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Collier|first1=Paul|title=On the economic consequences of civil war|journal=Oxford Economic Papers 51|date=1999|pages=168-183|accessdate=16 March 2016}}</ref>. Infrastructure had been damaged, workers killed, and daily business severely hampered. For more than a decade after Franco's victory, the devastated economy recovered very slowly. Franco initially pursued a policy of [[autarky]], cutting off almost all international trade. The policy had devastating effects, and the economy stagnated. Only black marketeers could enjoy an evident affluence.
2016-03-16T19:16:48Z
Like most Civil Wars, Spain's ravaged the Spanish economy.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Collier|first1=Paul|title=On the economic consequences of civil war|journal=Oxford Economic Papers 51|date=1999|pages=168–183|accessdate=16 March 2016}}</ref> Infrastructure had been damaged, workers killed, and daily business severely hampered. For more than a decade after Franco's victory, the devastated economy recovered very slowly. Franco initially pursued a policy of [[autarky]], cutting off almost all international trade. The policy had devastating effects, and the economy stagnated. Only black marketeers could enjoy an evident affluence.
2016-03-17T06:40:51Z
0
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*[[Bill Braudis|Braudis, Bill]]. ''Dr Katz: Hey I've Got My Own Problems'', Pocket, 1997. ISBN 0-671-00758-0.
2016-03-29T00:06:32Z
*[[Bill Braudis|Braudis, Bill]]. ''Dr. Katz: Hey I've Got My Own Problems'', Pocket, 1997. ISBN 0-671-00758-0.
2016-03-29T00:06:59Z
0
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In response to the [[1963 South Vietnamese coup|coup against President Ngô Đình Diệm]] in South Vietnam Prince Sihanouk cancelled on November 20, 1963 all American aid, and on January 15, 1964 the US MAAG aid program was suspended when Cambodia adopted a neutrality policy,<ref>''The rise of the Eagle Flights'' in ''Vietnam, the air war over south-east Asia'' (2016), p. 26.</ref> so the ARK continued to rely on French military assistance but at the same time turned to the Soviet Union, China, [[Czechoslovakia]], Britain, Belgium, and West Germany for weapons, equipment and training.
2016-03-11T17:05:31Z
In response to the [[1963 South Vietnamese coup|coup against President Ngô Đình Diệm]] in South Vietnam Prince Sihanouk cancelled on November 20, 1963 all American aid, and on January 15, 1964 the US MAAG aid program was suspended when Cambodia adopted a neutrality policy.<ref>''The rise of the Eagle Flights'' in ''Vietnam, the air war over south-east Asia'' (2016), p. 26.</ref> The ARK continued to rely on French military assistance but at the same time turned to the Soviet Union, China, [[Czechoslovakia]], Britain, Belgium, and West Germany for weapons, equipment and training.
2016-03-28T22:10:51Z
0
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|office3 = Co-President of [[Centrist Democrat International]] <br><small>alongside [[Pier Ferdinando Casini]]</small> |spouse = Lilian de la Concha <br> (m. 1969–1990, divorced)<br>[[Marta Sahagún]] <br> (m. 2001–present) |occupation = [[Businessperson|Businessman]]; [[Politician]]
2016-03-11T22:38:46Z
|office3 = Co–President of [[Centrist Democrat International]]<br /><small>alongside [[Pier Ferdinando Casini]]</small> |spouse = {{marriage|Lilian de la Concha|1969|1990|end=divorced}}<br />{{marriage|[[Marta Sahagún]]|2001}} |occupation = {{Flatlist| *[[Businessperson|Businessman]] *[[Politician]] }}
2016-03-21T21:28:25Z
0
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=710463217
Julie Lemieux has provided the voice for characters such as [[List of minor Sailor Moon characters#Shingo Tsukino|Sammy Tsukino]] and Young [[Black Moon Clan#Blue Saphir|Sapphire]] in ''[[Sailor Moon]]'', Young [[Tuxedo Mask|Darien Shields]] in ''[[Sailor Moon R: The Movie|Sailor Moon R the Movie: Promise of the Rose]]'', and [[Sailor Moon Supers: The Movie#Perle|Peruru]] in ''[[Sailor Moon Supers: The Movie|Sailor Moon Supers the Movie: Black Dream Hole]]''. She has also played Funshine Bear ''[[Care Bears: Journey to Joke-a-lot]]''. She was also the voice of Dumpty in ''Polka Dot Shorts'', and [[Rupert Bear]], in the animated TV series of the same name. Lemieux also acted as Warren in ''[[Monster by Mistake]]'' and Toby of the new anime production ''[[Pandalian]]''. She has recently worked on the television series ''[[What It's Like Being Alone]]''; She has voiced Hunter Steele in the [[English language|English]] version of ''[[Spider Riders]]'' Ikki in ''[[Medabots: Spirits]]'', and Wilbur the Cow in ''Wilbur''. She is also the voice for Renee in the TV series ''[[Jacob Two-Two (TV series)|Jacob Two-Two]]'', [[Mariah Wong]] in the English anime version of [[Beyblade]], Runo in ''[[Bakugan]]'', Antique Annie in [[Producing Parker]], Louise in ''[[Max and Ruby]]'', Bounce in ''[[Miss Spider's Sunny Patch Friends]]'', Chance Happening in ''[[Grojband]]'', Mrs. Jewls in ''[[Wayside]]'', Greta in ''[[Detentionaire]]'', Dabs Looman in ''[[Skatoony]]'', Cali in ''[[PAW Patrol]]'', and Josee and Kelly in ''[[Total Drama Presents: The Ridonculous Race]]''.
2016-03-17T02:32:47Z
Julie Lemieux has provided the voice for characters such as [[List of minor Sailor Moon characters#Shingo Tsukino|Sammy Tsukino]] and Young [[Black Moon Clan#Blue Saphir|Sapphire]] in ''[[Sailor Moon]]'', Young [[Tuxedo Mask|Darien Shields]] in ''[[Sailor Moon R: The Movie|Sailor Moon R the Movie: Promise of the Rose]]'', and [[Sailor Moon Supers: The Movie#Perle|Peruru]] in ''[[Sailor Moon Supers: The Movie|Sailor Moon Supers the Movie: Black Dream Hole]]''. She has also played Funshine Bear ''[[Care Bears: Journey to Joke-a-lot]]''. She was also the voice of Dumpty in ''Polka Dot Shorts'', and [[Rupert Bear]], in the animated TV series of the same name. Lemieux also acted as Warren in ''[[Monster by Mistake]]'' and Toby of the new anime production ''[[Pandalian]]''. She has recently worked on the television series ''[[What It's Like Being Alone]]''; She has voiced Hunter Steele in the [[English language|English]] version of ''[[Spider Riders]]'' Ikki in ''[[Medabots: Spirits]]'', and Wilbur the Cow in ''Wilbur''. She is also the voice for Renee in the TV series ''[[Jacob Two-Two (TV series)|Jacob Two-Two]]'', [[Mariah Wong]] in the English anime version of [[Beyblade]], Runo in ''[[Bakugan]]'', Antique Annie in [[Producing Parker]], Louise in ''[[Max and Ruby]]'', Bounce in ''[[Miss Spider's Sunny Patch Friends]]'', Chance Happening in ''[[Grojband]]'', Mrs. Jewls in ''[[Wayside]]'', Greta in ''[[Detentionaire]]'', Bud Compson in ''[[Arthur]]'', Dabs Looman in ''[[Skatoony]]'', Cali in ''[[PAW Patrol]]'', and Josee and Kelly in ''[[Total Drama Presents: The Ridonculous Race]]''.
2016-03-17T02:48:11Z
0
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''[[Voyager 1]]'' was unable to visit Uranus because investigation of [[Saturn]]'s moon [[Titan (moon)|Titan]] was considered vital. This trajectory took ''Voyager&nbsp;1'' out the plane of the [[ecliptic]], ending its planetary science mission.<ref name="Swift1997">{{cite book|author=David W. Swift|title=Voyager Tales: Personal Views of the Grand Tour|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E-NGFqfq1LsC&pg=PA69|date=1 January 1997|publisher=AIAA|isbn=978-1-56347-252-7|page=69}}</ref>{{rp|118}}
2016-04-04T18:17:23Z
''[[Voyager 1]]'' was unable to visit Uranus because investigation of [[Saturn]]'s moon [[Titan (moon)|Titan]] was considered vital and more of a priority. This trajectory took ''Voyager&nbsp;1'' out the plane of the [[ecliptic]], ending its planetary science mission.<ref name="Swift1997">{{cite book|author=David W. Swift|title=Voyager Tales: Personal Views of the Grand Tour|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E-NGFqfq1LsC&pg=PA69|date=1 January 1997|publisher=AIAA|isbn=978-1-56347-252-7|page=69}}</ref>{{rp|118}}
2016-04-04T18:42:06Z
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| occupation = Model, actress, | years_active = 2002&nbsp;– present
2016-04-03T17:46:52Z
| occupation = Film actress, Model | years_active = 2002&nbsp;– present
2016-04-03T17:48:59Z
0
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=713710462
{{Nihongo|'''''Aldnoah.Zero'''''|アルドノア・ゼロ|Arudonoa Zero|lead=yes}}, stylized as '''ΛLDNOΛH.ZERO''', is a [[mecha anime]] television and print series created by [[Olympus Knights]]{{citation needed (lead)|date=March 2016}} and [[A-1 Pictures]]. It presents the fictional story of the Vers empire's 37 clans of Orbital Knights' attempted reconquest of [[earth]]—enabled by the empowering title Aldnoah energy/[[Ion thruster|drive]] technology—following return to earth as a more technologically advanced people after a human [[diaspora]] to the planet [[Mars]]. Created by [[Gen Urobuchi]] with direction by [[Ei Aoki]], the series features principle Japanese [[voice acting]] by [[Natsuki Hanae]], [[Kensho Ono]], and [[Sora Amamiya]], with animated relational and battle scenes set on or in the fictional earth of 2014, the orbital castles of Vers Empire's Orbital Knights, Vers bases on a shattered remnant of earth's [[moon]], and occasionally, the Vers palace of its failing [[emperor]] on Mars. The series began in July 2014, and as of March 2016, had presented two full 12-episode seasons, with Urobuchi, Katsuhiko Takayama, and Shinsuke Onishi, and then [[Hiroyuki Sawano]] and [[Kalafina]], respectively, receiving principle [[script]]-writing and music credits. In the accompanying [[manga]], Olympus Knights and [[Kiyokazu Satake]], and then [[Pinakes]] and [[Mahi Fuyube]], respectively, receive writing and illustration credits.{{citation needed (lead)|date=March 2016}}
2016-04-04T16:03:05Z
{{Nihongo|'''''Aldnoah.Zero'''''|アルドノア・ゼロ|Arudonoa Zero|lead=yes}}, stylized as '''ΛLDNOΛH.ZERO''', is a [[mecha anime]] television and print series created by [[Olympus Knights]]{{citation needed (lead)|date=March 2016}} and [[A-1 Pictures]]. It presents the fictional story of the Vers empire's 37 clans of Orbital Knights' attempted reconquest of [[earth]]—enabled by the empowering title Aldnoah energy/[[Ion thruster|drive]] technology—following return to earth as a more technologically advanced people after a human [[diaspora]] to the planet [[Mars]]. Created by [[Gen Urobuchi]] with direction by [[Ei Aoki]], the series features principle Japanese [[voice acting]] by [[Natsuki Hanae]], [[Kensho Ono]], and [[Sora Amamiya]], with animated relational and battle scenes set on or in the fictional earth of 2014, the orbital castles of Vers Empire's Orbital Knights, Vers bases on a shattered remnant of earth's [[moon]], and occasionally, the Vers palace of its failing [[emperor]] on Mars. The series began in July 2014, and as of March 2016, had presented two full 12-episode seasons, with Urobuchi, Katsuhiko Takayama, and Shinsuke Onishi, and then [[Hiroyuki Sawano]] and [[Kalafina]], respectively, receiving principle [[Screenplay|script]]-writing and music credits. In the accompanying [[manga]], Olympus Knights and [[Kiyokazu Satake]], and then [[Pinakes]] and [[Mahi Fuyube]], respectively, receive writing and illustration credits.{{citation needed (lead)|date=March 2016}}
2016-04-05T14:28:08Z
0
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=710451794
The puzzle is played on a typically rectangular grid of cells, some of which contain numbers. Cells are initially of unknown color, but can only be black or white. Two same-color cells are considered "connected" if they are adjacent vertically or horizontally, but not diagonally. Connected white cells form "walls", while connected black cells form "a stream". Human solvers will typically dot the non-numbered cells they've determined to be certain to belong to a wall, while trying to solve the puzzle.
2014-08-15T09:34:18Z
The puzzle is played on a typically rectangular grid of cells, some of which contain numbers. Cells are initially of unknown color, but can only be black or white. Two same-color cells are considered "connected" if they are adjacent vertically or horizontally, but not diagonally. Connected white cells form "walls", while connected black cells form "a stream". Human solvers will typically dot the non-numbered cells they've determined to be certain to belong to a wall, while trying to solve the puzzle.
2016-03-17T01:27:37Z
0
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=713217937
'''Yādav''' refers to a grouping of traditionally non-elite,<ref name="Bayly2001-p383"/><ref name="Bayly2001-p200">{{cite book|last=Bayly|first=Susan|title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&pg=PA200|accessdate=7 October 2011|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-79842-6|page=200}} Quote: "In southern[[Awadh]], eastern [[North-Western Provinces]], and much of [[Bihar]], non-labouring gentry groups lived in tightly knit enclaves among much larger populations of non-elite 'peasants' and labouring people. These other grouping included 'untouchable' Chamars and newly recruited 'tribal' labourers, as well as non-elite tilling and cattle-keeping people who came to be known by such titles as Kurmi, Koeri and Goala/Ahir."</ref><ref name="Luce2008">{{cite book|last=Luce|first=Edward|authorlink=Edward Luce|title=In Spite of the Gods: The Rise of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oMYeyhrgd_wC&pg=PT133|accessdate=9 October 2011|year=2008|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-1-4000-7977-3|page=133}} Quote: "The Yadavs are one of India's largest 'Other Backward Classes,' a government term that covers most of India's [[Shudra|Sudra]] castes. Yadavs are the traditional cowherd caste of North India and are relatively low down on the traditional pecking order, but not as low as the untouchable Mahars or Chamars."</ref><ref name=michelutti-2004>{{Citation|last=Michelutti|first=Lucia|title='We (Yadavs) are a caste of politicians': Caste and modern politics in a north Indian town|journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology|year=2004|volume=38|issue=1-2|pages=43–71|doi=10.1177/006996670403800103}} Quote: "The Yadavs were traditionally a low-to-middle-ranking cluster of pastoral-peasant castes that have become a significant political force in Uttar Pradesh (and other northern states like Bihar) in the last thirty years."</ref> [[peasant]]-[[pastoral]] communities, or [[Indian caste system|castes]], and certain elite communities <ref>{{cite book |title= Sons of Krishna: the politics of Yadav community formation in a North Indian town |publisher= University of London Phd thesis of Dr Lucia Michelutti |page= 302 |url= http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2106/1/U613338.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= Rise of a Folk God: Vitthal of Pandharpur |publisher= Oxford University |page= 240 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jUeeAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Rise+of+a+Folk+God:+Vitthal+of+Pandharpur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiyl66P3OvLAhVV82MKHfYCD14Q6AEIHTAA#v=onepage&q=Rise%20of%20a%20Folk%20God%3A%20Vitthal%20of%20Pandharpur&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= The cattle and stick: An Ethnographic profile of the raut of chhatisgarh |publisher= Oxford University |page= 13 |url= https://books.google.co.in/books?id=wT-BAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Ahirs</ref> <ref><nowiki>{{</nowiki>cite book |title= The cattle and stick: An Ethnographic profile of the raut of chhatisgarh |publisher=  Oxford University |page= 13 |url= https://books.google.co.in/books?id=wT-BAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Ahirs</ref> in India that since the 19th and 20th centuries<ref name=pinch-p90/><ref name="Hutton1969"/> has unified politically under a single caste name using claimed descent from the mythological King [[Yadu]] as a part of a movement of social and political resurgence.<ref name="socialesAnthropology2001">{{cite book|last1=Jassal|first1=Smita Tewari|author2=École pratique des hautes études (France). Section des sciences économiques et sociales|author3=University of Oxford. Institute of Social Anthropology|title=Contributions to Indian sociology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jA0tAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=7 October 2011|year=2001|publisher=Mouton|pages=319–351|chapter=Caste in the Colonial State: Mallahs in the census}} Quote: "The movement, which had a wide interregional spread, attempted to submerge regional names such as Goala, Ahir, Ahar, Gopa, etc., in favour of the generic term Yadava (Rao 1979). Hence a number of pastoralist castes were subsumed under Yadava, in accordance with decisions taken by the regional and national level caste sabhas. The Yadavas became the first among the shudras to gain the right to wear the janeu, a case of successful sanskritisation which continues till date. As a prominent agriculturist caste in the region, despite belonging to the shudra varna, the Yadavas claimed Kshatriya status tracing descent from the Yadu dynasty. The caste's efforts matched those of census officials, for whom standardisation of overlapping names was a matter of policy. The success of the Yadava movement also lies in the fact that, among the jaati sabhas, the Yadava sabha was probably the strongest, its journal, ''Ahir Samachar'', having an all-India spread. These factors strengthened local efforts, such as in Bhojpur, where the Yadavas, locally known as Ahirs, refused to do ''[[begar]]'', or forced labour, for the landlords and simultaneously prohibited liquor consumption, child marriages, and so on."</ref> The term 'Yadav' now covers many traditional pastoral castes such as [[Ahirs]] of the [[Hindi belt]], the [[Gavli]] of Maharashtra,<ref name=Jaffrelot2003p187>{{cite book |title=India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India |page=187 |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |authorlink=Christophe Jaffrelot|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. |location=London |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-85065-670-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC |accessdate=2011-08-16}}</ref> the [[Golla (caste)]] of Andhra and the [[Konar (caste)|kuruba]] of south India. In the Hindi belt, "Ahir," "Gwala," and "Yadav" are often used synonymously.<ref name="Bayly2001-p383">{{cite book|author=[[Susan Bayly]]|title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&pg=PA383|accessdate=7 October 2011|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-79842-6|page=383}} Quote: '''Ahir''': Caste title of North Indian non-elite 'peasant'-pastoralists, known also as Yadav."</ref><ref name="Swartzberg1979">{{cite book|last=Swartzberg|first=Leon|title=The north Indian peasant goes to market|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCUuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA11|accessdate=7 October 2011|year=1979|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|location=Delhi|page=11}} Quote: "As far back as is known, the Yadava were called Gowalla (or one of its variants, Goalla, Goyalla, Gopa, Goala), a name derived from Hindi ''gai'' or ''go'', which means "cow" and ''walla'' which is roughly translated as 'he who does'."</ref> The Yadav are included in the category [[Other Backward Class]]es (OBCs) in many Indian states.
2016-04-02T17:19:19Z
'''Yādav''' refers to a grouping of traditionally non-elite,<ref name="Bayly2001-p383"/><ref name="Bayly2001-p200">{{cite book|last=Bayly|first=Susan|title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&pg=PA200|accessdate=7 October 2011|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-79842-6|page=200}} Quote: "In southern[[Awadh]], eastern [[North-Western Provinces]], and much of [[Bihar]], non-labouring gentry groups lived in tightly knit enclaves among much larger populations of non-elite 'peasants' and labouring people. These other grouping included 'untouchable' Chamars and newly recruited 'tribal' labourers, as well as non-elite tilling and cattle-keeping people who came to be known by such titles as Kurmi, Koeri and Goala/Ahir."</ref><ref name="Luce2008">{{cite book|last=Luce|first=Edward|authorlink=Edward Luce|title=In Spite of the Gods: The Rise of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oMYeyhrgd_wC&pg=PT133|accessdate=9 October 2011|year=2008|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-1-4000-7977-3|page=133}} Quote: "The Yadavs are one of India's largest 'Other Backward Classes,' a government term that covers most of India's [[Shudra|Sudra]] castes. Yadavs are the traditional cowherd caste of North India and are relatively low down on the traditional pecking order, but not as low as the untouchable Mahars or Chamars."</ref><ref name=michelutti-2004>{{Citation|last=Michelutti|first=Lucia|title='We (Yadavs) are a caste of politicians': Caste and modern politics in a north Indian town|journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology|year=2004|volume=38|issue=1-2|pages=43–71|doi=10.1177/006996670403800103}} Quote: "The Yadavs were traditionally a low-to-middle-ranking cluster of pastoral-peasant castes that have become a significant political force in Uttar Pradesh (and other northern states like Bihar) in the last thirty years."</ref> [[peasant]]-[[pastoral]] communities, or [[Indian caste system|castes]], in India that since the 19th and 20th centuries<ref name=pinch-p90/><ref name="Hutton1969"/> has claimed descent from the mythological King [[Yadu]] as a part of a movement of social and political resurgence.<ref name="socialesAnthropology2001">{{cite book|last1=Jassal|first1=Smita Tewari|author2=École pratique des hautes études (France). Section des sciences économiques et sociales|author3=University of Oxford. Institute of Social Anthropology|title=Contributions to Indian sociology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jA0tAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=7 October 2011|year=2001|publisher=Mouton|pages=319–351|chapter=Caste in the Colonial State: Mallahs in the census}} Quote: "The movement, which had a wide interregional spread, attempted to submerge regional names such as Goala, Ahir, Ahar, Gopa, etc., in favour of the generic term Yadava (Rao 1979). Hence a number of pastoralist castes were subsumed under Yadava, in accordance with decisions taken by the regional and national level caste sabhas. The Yadavas became the first among the shudras to gain the right to wear the janeu, a case of successful sanskritisation which continues till date. As a prominent agriculturist caste in the region, despite belonging to the shudra varna, the Yadavas claimed Kshatriya status tracing descent from the Yadu dynasty. The caste's efforts matched those of census officials, for whom standardisation of overlapping names was a matter of policy. The success of the Yadava movement also lies in the fact that, among the jaati sabhas, the Yadava sabha was probably the strongest, its journal, ''Ahir Samachar'', having an all-India spread. These factors strengthened local efforts, such as in Bhojpur, where the Yadavas, locally known as Ahirs, refused to do ''[[begar]]'', or forced labour, for the landlords and simultaneously prohibited liquor consumption, child marriages, and so on."</ref> The term 'Yadav' now covers many traditional pastoral castes such as [[Ahirs]] of the [[Hindi belt]], the [[Gavli]] of Maharashtra,<ref name=Jaffrelot2003p187>{{cite book |title=India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India |page=187 |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |authorlink=Christophe Jaffrelot|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. |location=London |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-85065-670-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC |accessdate=2011-08-16}}</ref> the [[Gavli|Goala]] of Andhra and the [[Konar (caste)|Konar]] of Tamil Nadu. In the Hindi belt, "Ahir," "Gwala," and "Yadav" are often used synonymously.<ref name="Bayly2001-p383">{{cite book|author=[[Susan Bayly]]|title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&pg=PA383|accessdate=7 October 2011|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-79842-6|page=383}} Quote: '''Ahir''': Caste title of North Indian non-elite 'peasant'-pastoralists, known also as Yadav."</ref><ref name="Swartzberg1979">{{cite book|last=Swartzberg|first=Leon|title=The north Indian peasant goes to market|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCUuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA11|accessdate=7 October 2011|year=1979|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|location=Delhi|page=11}} Quote: "As far back as is known, the Yadava were called Gowalla (or one of its variants, Goalla, Goyalla, Gopa, Goala), a name derived from Hindi ''gai'' or ''go'', which means "cow" and ''walla'' which is roughly translated as 'he who does'."</ref> The Yadav are included in the category [[Other Backward Class]]es (OBCs) in many Indian states.
2016-04-02T18:06:22Z
0
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A colossal volcanic eruption in the [[Volcanic explosivity index|VEI6]] range is believed to have taken place in late 1808 and is suspected of contributing to a period of global cooling that lasted for years.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mysterious Volcanic Eruption of 1808 Described|work=[[Science Daily]]|publisher=[[University of Bristol]]|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/09/140918111220.htm|access-date=26 September 2015}}</ref>
2016-04-04T12:20:39Z
A colossal volcanic eruption in the [[Volcanic explosivity index|VEI6]] range{{Failed verification|date=April 2016}} is believed to have taken place in late 1808 and is suspected of contributing to a period of global cooling that lasted for years.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mysterious Volcanic Eruption of 1808 Described|work=[[Science Daily]]|publisher=[[University of Bristol]]|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/09/140918111220.htm|access-date=26 September 2015}}</ref>
2016-04-05T20:30:14Z
1
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'''Donald Evans''' may refer to: *[[Don Evans]] (Donald Thomas Evans, born 1938), playwright, educator *[[Donald Evans]] (born 1946), 34th United States Secretary of Commerce
2016-03-20T16:45:24Z
'''[[Donald Evans]]''' (born 1946) is 34th United States Secretary of Commerce. '''Donald Evans''' may also refer to: *[[Don Evans]] (Donald Thomas Evans, 1938–2003), playwright, educator *[[Donald D. Evans]] (born 1927), Canadian educator, psychotherapist and spiritual counsellor
2016-03-20T16:48:09Z
0
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[[Category:Greenhouses in the United States]] [[Category:Agricultural buildings and structures in Illinois]]
2016-03-12T21:50:04Z
[[Category:Greenhouses in Illinois]]
2016-03-12T21:59:21Z
0
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*'''[[Pale (heraldry)|Pale]]''': a vertical stripe right down the middle of the shield. * '''[[Fess]]''': a horizontal stripe, as in the [[coat of arms of Austria]].
2016-03-28T11:04:26Z
*'''[[Pale (heraldry)|Pale]]''': a vertical stripe right down the middle of the shield. Typically 1/5th to 1/3rd the width of the field. * '''[[Fess]]''': a horizontal stripe, as in the [[coat of arms of Austria]]. Typically 1/5th to 1/3rd the height of the field.
2016-03-28T11:29:00Z
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A '''camisole''' is a sleeveless [[undergarment]] for women, normally extending to the waist. The camisole is usually made of [[satin]], [[nylon]], or [[cotton]]. In modern usage a camisole or '''cami''' is a loose-fitting<ref name="Compact_OED_2009">{{cite web |url=http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/camisole |title=AskOxford: camisole |work=Compact Oxford English Dictionary of Current English |publisher=Oxford University Press |quote=a woman’s loose-fitting undergarment for the upper body. — ORIGIN French, from Latin camisia ‘shirt or nightgown’. |accessdate=2009-01-15 }}</ref><ref name="Patent_4798557_Loosefitting">{{cite web |url=http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/4798557/description.html |title=Camisole underwire bra garment description - US Patent 4798557 |author=Scott, Lucretia M. |date=1987-09-22 |quote=Up until the present time when a woman wished to wear a camisole due to its loose fitting nature and she still required support for her breasts, she was required to wear a bra underneath her camisole to achieve the desired results. |accessdate=2009-01-15 }}</ref> sleeveless woman's undergarment which covers the top part of the body but is shorter than a [[Chemise#Modern_usage_of_the_term|chemise]]. A camisole normally extends to the waist but is sometimes cropped to expose the [[midriff]], or extended to cover the entire pelvic region. Camisoles are manufactured from light materials,<ref name="Webster_1970">{{cite book |editor=Thatcher, Virginia S. |others=McQueen, Alexander |title=The New Webster Encyclopedic Dictionary of The English Language |publisher=Consolidated Book Publishers |location=Chicago |year=1970 |page=116 |quote=A short light garment worn by ladies when dressed in ''negligee'';strait jacket for lunatics or criminals condemned to the guillotine. |isbn=0-8326-0021-0 |accessdate=2009-01-15 }}</ref> commonly [[cotton]]-based, occasionally satin or silk, or stretch fabrics such as [[lycra]], [[nylon]], or [[spandex]].
2016-04-05T19:33:00Z
A '''camisole''' is a sleeveless [[undershirt]] for women, normally extending to the waist. The camisole is usually made of [[satin]], [[nylon]], or [[cotton]]. In modern usage a camisole or '''cami''' is a loose-fitting<ref name="Compact_OED_2009">{{cite web |url=http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/camisole |title=AskOxford: camisole |work=Compact Oxford English Dictionary of Current English |publisher=Oxford University Press |quote=a woman’s loose-fitting undergarment for the upper body. — ORIGIN French, from Latin camisia ‘shirt or nightgown’. |accessdate=2009-01-15 }}</ref><ref name="Patent_4798557_Loosefitting">{{cite web |url=http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/4798557/description.html |title=Camisole underwire bra garment description - US Patent 4798557 |author=Scott, Lucretia M. |date=1987-09-22 |quote=Up until the present time when a woman wished to wear a camisole due to its loose fitting nature and she still required support for her breasts, she was required to wear a bra underneath her camisole to achieve the desired results. |accessdate=2009-01-15 }}</ref> sleeveless woman's undershirt which covers the top part of the body but is shorter than a [[Chemise#Modern_usage_of_the_term|chemise]]. A camisole normally extends to the waist but is sometimes cropped to expose the [[midriff]], or extended to cover the entire pelvic region. Camisoles are manufactured from light materials,<ref name="Webster_1970">{{cite book |editor=Thatcher, Virginia S. |others=McQueen, Alexander |title=The New Webster Encyclopedic Dictionary of The English Language |publisher=Consolidated Book Publishers |location=Chicago |year=1970 |page=116 |quote=A short light garment worn by ladies when dressed in ''negligee'';strait jacket for lunatics or criminals condemned to the guillotine. |isbn=0-8326-0021-0 |accessdate=2009-01-15 }}</ref> commonly [[cotton]]-based, occasionally satin or silk, or stretch fabrics such as [[lycra]], [[nylon]], or [[spandex]].
2016-04-06T01:19:16Z
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"'''Start Choppin'''" is a song by [[Dinosaur Jr.]] written by J. Mascis and taken from their fifth album ''[[Where You Been]]''.<ref name="sputnik">{{cite web|url=http://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/14353/Dinosaur-Jr.-Where-You-Been/|title=Dinosaur Jr. - Where You Been (album review )|publisher=[[Sputnikmusic]]|accessdate=21 June 2013}}</ref> It was released through [[Blanco y Negro Records|Blanco Y Negro]] in Europe and as a promo by Warner Brothers in the US.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Dinosaur Jr* - Start Choppin (UK)|url = http://www.discogs.com/Dinosaur-Jr-Start-Choppin/release/763605|website = Discogs|accessdate = 2015-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Dinosaur Jr* - Start Choppin (US release)|url = http://www.discogs.com/Dinosaur-Jr-Start-Choppin/release/4270883|website = Discogs|accessdate = 2015-09-25}}</ref>
2015-09-25T15:34:46Z
"'''Start Choppin'''" is a song by [[Dinosaur Jr.]] written by [[J Mascis]] and taken from their fifth album ''[[Where You Been]]''.<ref name="sputnik">{{cite web|url=http://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/14353/Dinosaur-Jr.-Where-You-Been/|title=Dinosaur Jr. - Where You Been (album review )|publisher=[[Sputnikmusic]]|accessdate=21 June 2013}}</ref> It was released through [[Blanco y Negro Records|Blanco Y Negro]] in Europe and as a promo by Warner Brothers in the US.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Dinosaur Jr* - Start Choppin (UK)|url = http://www.discogs.com/Dinosaur-Jr-Start-Choppin/release/763605|website = Discogs|accessdate = 2015-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Dinosaur Jr* - Start Choppin (US release)|url = http://www.discogs.com/Dinosaur-Jr-Start-Choppin/release/4270883|website = Discogs|accessdate = 2015-09-25}}</ref>
2016-03-31T13:36:43Z
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| tenants = [[Minnesota State Mavericks]] ([[NCAA]]) (1995–present)<br>Minnesota Purple Rage ([[Indoor Football League (1999–2000)|IFL]]) (2000)<br>[[Minnesota Havok]] ([[Indoor Football League|IFL]]) (2016–future)
2016-01-29T21:24:50Z
| tenants = [[Minnesota State Mavericks]] ([[NCAA]]) (1995–present)<br>Minnesota Purple Rage ([[Indoor Football League (1999–2000)|IFL]]) (2000)<br>
2016-03-11T20:29:38Z
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[[Category:St. Louis MetroLink]]
2016-03-10T17:03:35Z
[[Category:MetroLink (St. Louis)]]
2016-03-17T05:55:11Z
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{{About|the marine invertebrate|other uses|Man o' war (disambiguation){{!}}Man o' war}} {{Taxobox | name = Portuguese man o' war | image = Portuguese Man-O-War (Physalia physalis).jpg | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Cnidaria]] | classis = [[Hydrozoa]] | ordo = [[Siphonophora]] | familia = Physaliidae | genus = ''[[Physalia]]'' | species = '''''P. physalis''''' | binomial = ''Physalia physalis'' | binomial_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758) }} The Atlantic '''Portuguese man o' war''' (''Physalia physalis''), also known as the '''Man-of-War''', '''blue bubble''', or '''floating terror''', is a [[Marine biology|marine]] [[cnidaria]]n of the family [[Physalia|Physaliidae]] found in the [[Atlantic Ocean]], as well as the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Its venomous [[Tentacle#Cnidarians|tentacles]] can deliver a painful (and sometimes fatal) [[Cnidocyte|sting]]. Despite its outward appearance, the Portuguese man o' war is not a [[jellyfish]] but a [[Siphonophorae|siphonophore]], which is distinguished from jellyfish in that it is not a single [[multicellular organism]], but a [[Colony (biology)|colonial organism]] made up of specialized minute individual organisms called [[zooid]]s.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Grzimek|first1=B.|first2=N.|last2=Schlager|first3=D.|last3=Olendorf|date=2003|encyclopedia=Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopaedia|publisher=Thomson Gale}}</ref> These zooids are attached to one another and physiologically integrated to the extent that they cannot survive independently and function as if they were an individual organism. The '''[[Physalia utriculus|Indo-Pacific Portuguese Man-of-War]]''' (''Physalia utriculus''), or '''blue bottle''', is a related very similar-looking species found throughout the [[Indian Ocean|Indian]] and [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] oceans. ==Etymology== The name "man o' war" comes from the [[man-of-war]], an 18th-century armed sailing ship,<ref>{{cite book|title=Marine Science Textbook|first=Thomas F.|last=Greene}}</ref> and the cnidarian's supposed resemblance to the Portuguese version at full sail.<ref>{{cite news|title=Surge in number of men o'war being washed up on beaches|first=David|last=Millward|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthnews/9526551/Surge-in-number-of-men-owar-being-washed-up-on-beaches.html|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=8 September 2012|accessdate=7 September 2012}}</ref> In other languages it is known as the 'Portuguese war-ship' ({{lang-nl|portugees oorlogsschip}}, {{lang-no|portugisisk krigsskip}}, {{lang-fi|portugalinsotalaiva}}, {{lang-zh|葡萄牙戰艦}}), the 'Portuguese [[galley]]' ({{lang-de|portugiesische Galeere}}, {{lang-hu|portugál gálya}}), the 'Portuguese [[caravel]]' ({{lang-pt|caravela portuguesa}}, {{lang-es|carabela portuguesa}}, {{lang-it|caravella portoghese}}), the 'Portuguese little boat' ({{lang-ru|португальский кораблик}}), the 'monk's hat jellyfish' ({{lang-zh|僧帽水母}}), or the '[[Skipjack tuna|skipjack]]'s eboshi-hat' ({{lang-ja|鰹の烏帽子}}). ==Habitat== The Atlantic Portuguese man o' war lives at the surface of the [[Sea|ocean]]. The gas-filled bladder, or pneumatophore, remains at the surface, while the remainder is submerged.<ref name="Clark1961">{{cite journal|last=Clark|first=F. E.|author2=C. E. Lane |year=1961|title=Composition of float gases of Physalia physalis|journal=Fed. Proc.|volume=107|issue=3|pages=673–674|doi=10.3181/00379727-107-26724}}</ref> Since the Portuguese man o' war has no means of propulsion, it can only move with assistance from a combination of winds, currents, and tides. Although it is most commonly found in the [[Pelagic zone|open ocean]] in tropical and subtropical regions, it has been found as far north as the [[Bay of Fundy]] and the [[Hebrides]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Halstead|first=B.W.|title=Poisonous and Venomous Marine Animals of the World|date=1988|publisher=Darwin Press}}</ref> Strong winds may drive them into bays or onto beaches. Often the finding of a single Portuguese man o' war results in the finding of many others in the vicinity.<ref name="Portuguese Man-of-War">{{cite web|url=http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/portuguese-man-of-war.html|title=Portuguese Man-of-War|publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]}}</ref> They must be treated with caution, and the discovery of a man o' war washed up on a beach may lead to the closure of the whole beach.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/7569233.stm|title=Dangerous jellyfish wash up|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=2008-08-18|accessdate=2011-09-07}}/</ref> ==Structure== [[File:Physalia physalis1.jpg|thumb|''Physalia physalis'']] The Portuguese man o' war is composed of three types of medusoids (gonophores, siphosomal nectophores and vestigial siphosomal nectophores) and four types of polypoids (free gastrozooids, gastrozooids with tentacles, gonozooids and gonopalpons), grouped into cormidia beneath the [[pneumatophore]], a sail shaped structure filled with gas.<ref name="Portuguese Man-of-War"/><ref name=taxonomic>{{cite journal | last1 =Bardi | first1 =Juliana | last2 =Marques | first2 =Antonio C | title =Taxonomic redescription of the Portuguese man-of-war, Physalia physalis (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Siphonophorae, Cystonectae) from Brazil | journal =Iheringia, Sér. Zool. | volume =97 | issue =4 | pages = | publisher =Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul | location = | date = | language = | url =http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0073-47212007000400011&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en. | jstor = | issn =1678-4766 | doi = | id = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = | access-date =8 February 2016}}</ref> The pneumatophore should probably not be considered a polyp as it develops from the [[planula]], unlike the other polyps.<ref name="Kozloff1990">{{cite book|first=Eugene N.|last=Kozloff|title=Invertebrates|year=1990|publisher=Saunders College|isbn=978-0-03-046204-7|page=116}}</ref> This sail is [[Symmetry in biology#Bilateral symmetry|bilaterally symmetrical]], with the tentacles at one end. It is translucent, and is tinged blue, purple, pink, or [[mauve]]. It may be {{convert|9|to|30|cm|abbr=on}} long and may extend as much as {{convert|15|cm|abbr=on}} above the water. The Portuguese man o' war generates carbon monoxide in its gas gland, filling its gas bladder with up to 14% carbon monoxide. The remainder is nitrogen, oxygen, and argon, atmospheric gases that diffuse into the gas bladder. Carbon dioxide occurs at trace levels.<ref name=Wittenberg1960>{{Cite journal|issn=0022-0949|volume=37|issue=4|pages=698–705|last=Wittenberg|first=Jonathan B.|title=The Source of Carbon Monoxide in the Float of the Portuguese Man-of-War, Physalia physalis L|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|accessdate=2013-02-12|date=1960-01-12|url=http://jeb.biologists.org/content/37/4/698}}</ref> The sail is equipped with a siphon. In the event of a surface attack, the sail can be deflated, allowing the organism to briefly submerge.<ref name=ng>{{cite web|author=Physalia physalis|url=http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/printable/portuguese-man-of-war.html|title=Portuguese Man-of-War Printable Page work=National Geographic Animals|publisher=[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]]|accessdate=2009-12-07}}</ref> The other three polyp types are known as dactylozooid (defense), gonozooid (reproduction), and gastrozooid (feeding).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aloha.com/~lifeguards/portugue.html|title=Portuguese Man-of-War (Bluebottle - ''Physalia spp.'' - Hydroid)|publisher=Aloha.com|accessdate=2011-09-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527142429/http://www.aloha.com/~lifeguards/portugue.html|archivedate=2012-05-27}}</ref> These polyps are clustered. The dactylzooids make up the tentacles that are typically {{convert|10|m|abbr=on}} in length, but can reach over {{convert|30|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Portuguese Man-of-War"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/portuguese-man-o-war.html|title=What is a Portuguese Man o’ War?|work=[[National Ocean Service]]|date=27 July 2015|accessdate=8 February 2016}}</ref> The long tentacles "fish" continuously through the water, and each tentacle bears stinging, venom-filled [[Cnidocyte|nematocysts]] (coiled, thread-like structures), which sting and kill adult or larval squids and fishes. Large groups of Portuguese man o' war, sometimes over 1,000 individuals, may deplete fisheries.<ref name=taxonomic/><ref name=ng/> Contractile cells in each tentacle drag the prey into range of the digestive polyps, the gastrozooids, which surround and digest the food by secreting enzymes that break down proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, while the gonozooids are responsible for reproduction. ==Venom== This species and the smaller Indo-Pacific man o' war (''[[Physalia utriculus]]'') are responsible for up to 10,000 human stings in [[Australia]] each summer, particularly on the east coast, with some others occurring off the coast of [[South Australia]] and [[Western Australia]].<ref name="Fenner1996">{{cite journal|last=Fenner|first=Peter J.|first2=John A.|last2=Williamson|date=December 1996|title=Worldwide deaths and severe envenomation from jellyfish stings|journal=Medical Journal of Australia|volume=165|issue=11–12|pages=658–661|issn=0025-729X|url=http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/dec2/fenner/fenner.html|accessdate=2009-09-04|quote=In Australia, particularly on the east coast, up to 10 000 stings occur each summer from the bluebottle (''Physalia spp.'') alone, with others also from the "hair jellyfish" (''Cyanea'') and "blubber" (''Catostylus''). Common stingers in South Australia and Western Australia, include Bluebottle as well the four-tentacled cubozoa or box jellyfish, the "jimble" (''Carybdea rastoni'')|pmid=8985452}}</ref> The stinging, venom-filled nematocysts in the tentacles of the Portuguese man o' war can paralyze small fish and other prey.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yanagihara|first1=Angel A.|last2=Kuroiwa|first2=Janelle M.Y.|last3=Oliver|first3=Louise M.|last4=Kunkel|first4=Dennis D.|title=The ultrastructure of nematocysts from the fishing tentacle of the Hawaiian bluebottle, ''Physalia utriculus'' (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Siphonophora)|journal=[[Hydrobiologia]]|volume=489|issue=1–3|pages=139–150|date=December 2002|url=http://www5.pbrc.hawaii.edu/pcrl/pdf/ultrastructure_physalia_Hydrobiologia.pdf|doi=10.1023/A:1023272519668}}</ref> Detached tentacles and dead specimens (including those that wash up on shore) can sting just as painfully as the live organism in the water and may remain potent for hours or even days after the death of the organism or the detachment of the tentacle.<ref name="Auerbach1997">{{cite journal|last=Auerbach|first=Paul S.|title=Envenomation from jellyfish and related species|journal=[[Journal of Emergency Nursing|J Emerg Nurs]]|volume=23|pages=555–565|date=December 1997|doi=10.1016/S0099-1767(97)90269-5|issue=6|pmid=9460392}}</ref> Stings usually cause severe pain to humans, leaving whip-like, red welts on the skin that normally last two or three days after the initial sting, though the pain should subside after about 1 to 3 hours (depending on person). However, the venom can travel to the [[lymph node]]s and may cause, depending on the amount of venom, a more intense pain.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} Venom effects may mimic an allergic reaction but this is not due to true allergy which is defined by serum IgE. There can also be [[Anaphylactoid|serious effects]], including fever, shock, and interference with heart and lung function. Stings may also cause death,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Stein|first1=Mark R.|last2=Marraccini|first2=John V.|last3=Rothschild|first3=Neal E.|last4=Burnett|first4=Joseph W.|title=Fatal Portuguese man-o'-war (''Physalia physalis'') envenomation|journal=[[Annals of Emergency Medicine|Ann Emerg Med]]|volume=18|issue=3|pages=312–315|date=March 1989|pmid=2564268|doi=10.1016/S0196-0644(89)80421-4}}</ref> although this is extremely rare. Medical attention may be necessary, especially if pain persists or is intense, the reaction is extreme, the rash worsens, a feeling of overall illness develops, a red streak develops between swollen lymph nodes and the sting, or either area becomes red, warm, and tender. ===Treatment of stings=== Stings from the Portuguese man o' war may result in severe [[dermatitis]], characterized by extremely painful, long, thin open wounds that resemble those caused by a whip,<ref>{{cite web|title=Image Collection: Bites and Infestations: 26. Picture of Portuguese Man of War Sting|url=http://www.medicinenet.com/image-collection/portuguese_man_of_war_sting_picture/picture.htm|website=MedicineNet|publisher=©1996-2014 MedicineNet, Inc|accessdate=13 June 2014|quote=The sting of the Portuguese man-of-war. One of the most painful effects on skin is the consequence of attack by oceanic hydrozoans known as Portuguese men-of-war, which are amazing for their size, brilliant color, and power to induce whealing. They have a small float that buoys them up and from which hang long tentacles. The wrap of these tentacles results in linear stripes, which look like whiplashes, caused not by the force of their sting but from deposition of proteolytic venom toxins, urticariogenic and irritant substances.}}</ref> but are not caused by any impact or cutting action, but rather irritating [[Urticaria|urticariogenic]] substances in the tentacles.<ref name="Andrews">{{cite book|last1=James|first1=William D.|last2=Berger|first2=Timothy G.|first3=Dirk M.|last3=Elston|first4=Richard B.|last4=Odom|title=Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology|publisher=Saunders Elsevier|location=|date=2006|page=429|isbn=0-7216-2921-0|oclc=|doi=|accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="Bolognia">{{cite book|last1=Rapini|first1=Ronald P.|last2=Bolognia|first2=Jean L.|last3=Jorizzo|first3=Joseph L.|title=Dermatology: 2-Volume Set|publisher=Mosby|location=St. Louis|year=2007|pages=|isbn=1-4160-2999-0|oclc=|doi=|accessdate=}}</ref> Treatment for a Portuguese man o' war sting includes the application of salt water and hot water to the affected area.<ref>specialist from the University of Southampton appearing on [[BBC]] Breakfast program, date: 8am, Tue 19 August 2008.</ref><ref name="Slaughter">{{cite journal|last1=Slaughter|first1=R.J.|last2=Beasley|first2=D.M.|last3=Lambie|first3=B.S.|last4=Schep|first4=L.J.|title=New Zealand's venomous creatures|journal=[[New Zealand Medical Journal]]|volume=122|issue=1290|pages=83–97|date=2009|pmid=19319171}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yoshimoto|first1=C.M.|last2=Yanagihara|first2=A.A.|title=Cnidarian (coelenterate) envenomations in Hawai’i improve following heat application|journal=Transactions of the Royal Society for Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|volume=96|issue=3|pages=300–303|date=May–June 2002|pmid=12174784|doi=10.1016/s0035-9203(02)90105-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Loten|first1=Conrad|last2=Stokes|first2=Barrie|last3=Worsley|first3=David|last4=Seymour|first4=Jamie E.|last5=Jiang|first5=Simon|last6=Isbister|first6=Geoffrey K.|title=A randomised controlled trial of hot water (45&nbsp;°C) immersion versus ice packs for pain relief in bluebottle stings|journal=[[Medical Journal of Australia]]|volume=184|issue=7|pages=329–333|date=3 April 2006|pmid=16584366|url=https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2006/184/7/randomised-controlled-trial-hot-water-45-c-immersion-versus-ice-packs-pain-relief}}</ref> Vinegar has been shown to inactivate undischarged cnidae on tentacles. Vinegar has also been shown to inactivate venom.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for the whole sentence|date=August 2015}} Still there exists contention in the literature in that other isolated studies suggest that <ref name="Slaughter"/> vinegar dousing increases toxin delivery and worsens symptoms of stings<ref>http://www.ambulance.nsw.gov.au/Media/docs/090730bluebottle-eee3bc83-ce7c-4281-a095-b427eb01e6d0-0.pdf</ref> from the nematocysts of this species. Vinegar has also been claimed to provoke hemorrhaging when used on the less severe stings of [[cnidocyte]]s of smaller species.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Exton|first=D.R.|title=Treatment of ''Physalia physalis'' envenomation|journal=[[Medical Journal of Australia]]|volume=149|issue=1|page=54|date=1988|pmid=2898725}}</ref> ==Predators and prey== The Portuguese man o' war is a carnivore.<ref name="Portuguese Man-of-War"/> Using its venomous tentacles, a man o' war traps and paralyzes its prey. It typically feeds on small marine organisms, such as fish and plankton. [[File:Physalia physalis, Tayrona national park, Colombia.jpg|thumb|Portuguese man o' war in [[Tayrona National Natural Park]], Colombia]] The [[Loggerhead Sea Turtle|loggerhead turtle]] feeds on the Portuguese man o' war, a common part of the loggerhead's diet.<ref>{{cite book|author=Brodie|title=Venomous Animals|publisher=Western Publishing Company|date=1989}}</ref> The turtle's skin is too thick for the sting to penetrate. The sea slug ''[[Glaucus atlanticus]]'' also feeds on the Portuguese man o' war,<ref>{{cite web|first1=Carla|last1=Scocchi|first2=James B.|last2=Wood|url=http://www.thecephalopodpage.org/MarineInvertebrateZoology/Glaucusatlanticus.html|title=''Glaucus atlanticus'', Blue Ocean Slug|publisher=Thecephalopodpage.org|accessdate=2009-12-07}}</ref> as does the violet snail ''[[Janthina janthina]]''.<ref name="M&S">{{cite book|last=Morrison|first=Sue|authorlink=|last2=Storrie|first2=Ann|title=Wonders of Western Waters: The Marine Life of South-Western Australia|year=1999|publisher=[[Department of Conservation and Land Management|CALM]]|isbn=0-7309-6894-4|page=68}}</ref> The [[blanket octopus]] is immune to the venom of the Portuguese man o' war; young individuals carry broken man o' war tentacles, presumably for offensive and/or defensive purposes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Tremoctopus&contgroup=Argonautoid_families|title=Tremoctopus|publisher=Tolweb.org|accessdate=2009-12-07}}</ref> The [[ocean sunfish]]'s primary diet consists of jellyfish, but it can also consume Portuguese man o' war. ==Commensalism and symbiosis== A small fish, ''[[Nomeus gronovii]]'' (the man-of-war fish or shepherd fish), is partially immune to the venom from the stinging cells and can live among the tentacles. It seems to avoid the larger, stinging tentacles but feeds on the smaller tentacles beneath the gas bladder. The Portuguese man o' war is often found with a variety of other marine fish, including [[clownfish]] and [[yellow jack]]. The [[clownfish]] can swim among the tentacles with impunity, possibly owing to their mucus, which does not trigger the [[nematocysts]]. All of these fish benefit from the shelter from predators provided by the stinging tentacles, and for the Portuguese man o' war the presence of these species may attract other fish on which to feed.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|authorlink=Ross Piper|last=Piper|first=Ross|date=2007|encyclopedia=Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals|publisher=[[Greenwood Press (publisher)|Greenwood Press]]}}</ref> ==Gallery== <gallery> File:Portuguese Man O' War Miami March 2008.jpg|Portuguese man o' war in [[Miami, Florida]] File:Bluebottles, Maroubra Beach.jpg|Portuguese men o' war washed ashore on [[Maroubra Beach]] File:Portuguese-m ayaro.JPG|Portuguese man o' war captured live in [[Mayaro Beach]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]] File:Portuguese Man o' War at Palm Beach FL by Volkan Yuksel DSC05878.jpg|Portuguese man o' war at [[Palm Beach, Florida]] </gallery> ==See also== *''[[Physalia utriculus]]'', the Indo-Pacific Portuguese Man-of-War *[[Chondrophore]]s (porpitids), a different [[hydrozoa]]n [[Colony (biology)|colonial organism]] *[[Gigabolt Man-O-War]]* ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Further reading== {{cite journal|last1=Mapstone|first1=Gillian|title=Global Diversity and Review of Siphonophorae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa)|journal=PLOS ONE|date=February 6, 2014|volume=9|issue=2|pages=1–37|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0087737|accessdate=1 May 2015}} ==External links== {{wikispecies|Physalia physalis}} {{Commons category|Physalia physalis}} * [http://www.siphonophores.org/ Siphonophores.org] General information on siphonophores, including the Portuguese man-of-war * [http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/portuguese-man-of-war.html National Geographic: Portuguese Man-of-War] * [http://lifeinthefastlane.com/2008/12/blue-bottle-sting-australia/ Life In The Fast Lane: Blue bottle] * [http://portuguesemanofwar.com Contact: Myrtle Beach, South Carolina] {{DEFAULTSORT:Portuguese Man O' War}} [[Category:Siphonophorae]] <!-- [[Category:Venomous animals]] already includes all species in "category:Cnidarian" --> [[Category:Animals described in 1758]] [[Category:Fauna of the Atlantic Ocean]]
2016-03-26T01:05:32Z
They eat stuff like chicken so i feed them feathers they are really caring not dangerous at all its ok to touch them i am pretty sure anyway they dont sting or anything ive tried touching one and it just tickles :) so anyway hope this helped.
2016-04-02T04:05:47Z
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''Chôros No. 8'' was composed in Rio de Janeiro in 1925, and the score is dedicated to the pianist Tomás Terán. It was premiered in Paris on 24 October 1927, at the Salle Gaveau. with the composer conducting the Orchestre des Concerts Colonne with Aline van Barentzen and Tomás Terán, pianos. The first American performance took place on 12 April 1929 in Philadelphia, again with Barentzen and Terán playing the pianos, and the Philadelphia Orchestra conducted by [[Leopold Stokowski]] {{harv|''Villa-Lobos, sua obra''|2009|loc=24}}. Despite these documented performances, the year of composition has been called into question by one scholar, who asserts that the work was conceived in Paris in 1925, but completed only after the composer's return to Rio de Janeiro in 1930 {{harv|Mellers|2001|loc=88}}.
2016-03-31T01:56:57Z
''Chôros No. 8'' was composed in Rio de Janeiro in 1925, and the score is dedicated to the pianist Tomás Terán. It was premiered in Paris on 24 October 1927, at the Salle Gaveau. with the composer conducting the Orchestre des Concerts Colonne with Aline van Barentzen and Tomás Terán, pianos. The first American performance took place on 12 April 1929 in Philadelphia, again with Barentzen and Terán playing the pianos, and the [[Philadelphia Orchestra]] conducted by [[Leopold Stokowski]] {{harv|''Villa-Lobos, sua obra''|2009|loc=24}}. Despite these documented performances, the year of composition has been called into question by one scholar, who asserts that the work was conceived in Paris in 1925, but completed only after the composer's return to Rio de Janeiro in 1930 {{harv|Mellers|2001|loc=88}}.
2016-03-31T01:58:56Z
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| coach_years3 = 2009–2016 | coach_team4= Georgia Tech
2016-04-08T03:35:48Z
| coach_years3 = 2009–present
2016-04-08T03:38:02Z
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| team = Atenienses de Manatí | number = 10
2016-03-18T09:39:56Z
| team = Leones de Ponce | number = 97
2016-04-07T02:13:00Z
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| 1977||1981||[[Stanislas Lefebvre de Laboulaye|Francois Lefebvre de Laboulaye]]
2015-12-15T06:35:09Z
| 1977||1981||[[Francois Lefebvre de Laboulaye]]
2016-03-27T16:08:15Z
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{{s-rail-national|previous=Chelmsford|next=Shenfield |toc=Abellio Greater Anglia |route=[[Great Eastern Main Line]]}} {{s-rail-national|toc=AR|route=[[London Crosslink]]|next=Romford|previous=Chelmsford|status=Historical|rows1=2|rowsmid=2}} {{s-rail-national|toc=AR|route=[[London Crosslink]]|next=Stratford|previous=Chelmsford|status=Historical|hide1=yes|hidemid=yes}}
2015-09-21T18:58:42Z
{{s-rail-national|previous=Shenfield|next=Chelmsford |toc=Abellio Greater Anglia |route=[[Great Eastern Main Line]]}} {{s-rail-national|toc=AR|route=[[London Crosslink]]|next=Chelmsford|previous=Romford|status=Historical}}
2016-03-13T17:38:20Z
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{{Fs player|no= 4|pos=MF|nat=MNE|name=[[Andrija Kaludjerović]]}}
2016-04-08T21:32:16Z
{{Fs player|no= 4|pos=MF|nat=MNE|name=Andrija Kaluđerović}}
2016-04-08T21:33:22Z
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Name =Windsor Royals|
2016-03-28T14:52:37Z
Name =Windsor Royals Baseball Club
2016-03-28T14:55:46Z
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Within one week of the original broadcast, the [[YouTube]] video of the segment had surpassed 20 million views making the segment Olivers most watched<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/09/business/media/trump-segment-on-john-oliver-show-explodes-on-youtube.html?_r=0</ref>. By comparison, the previous episode's segment on [[abortion]] had a little over four million views on YouTube by that date.<ref>{{cite web | title=Forget ‘Donald Drumpf.’ This new John Oliver segment is well worth a few minutes of your time. | website=The Washington Post | date=March 7, 2016 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/03/07/forget-donald-trump-this-new-john-oliver-segment-is-well-worth-a-few-minutes-of-your-time/ | accessdate=March 8, 2016}}</ref> By March 8, the website had sold over 35,000 "Make Donald Drumpf Again" hats, comprising all of the inventory on hand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/09/business/media/trump-segment-on-john-oliver-show-explodes-on-youtube.html|title=John Oliver Sells Out of ‘Make Donald Drumpf Again’ Caps|work=The New York Times|first=John|last=Koblin|date=March 8, 2016|accessdate=March 8, 2016}}</ref> Other merchandise satirizing Trump had been sold by other retailers as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bustle.com/articles/145839-other-amazing-donald-drumpf-merchandise-you-can-buy-because-pissing-off-donald-trump-is-priceless
2016-03-23T18:27:22Z
Within one week of the original broadcast, the [[YouTube]] video of the segment had surpassed 20 million views making the segment Olivers most watched<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/09/business/media/trump-segment-on-john-oliver-show-explodes-on-youtube.html?_r=0</ref>. By comparison, the previous episode's segment had a little over four million views on YouTube by that date.<ref>{{cite web | title=Forget ‘Donald Drumpf.’ This new John Oliver segment is well worth a few minutes of your time. | website=The Washington Post | date=March 7, 2016 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/03/07/forget-donald-trump-this-new-john-oliver-segment-is-well-worth-a-few-minutes-of-your-time/ | accessdate=March 8, 2016}}</ref> By March 8, the website had sold over 35,000 "Make Donald Drumpf Again" hats, comprising all of the inventory on hand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/09/business/media/trump-segment-on-john-oliver-show-explodes-on-youtube.html|title=John Oliver Sells Out of ‘Make Donald Drumpf Again’ Caps|work=The New York Times|first=John|last=Koblin|date=March 8, 2016|accessdate=March 8, 2016}}</ref> Other merchandise satirizing Trump had been sold by other retailers as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bustle.com/articles/145839-other-amazing-donald-drumpf-merchandise-you-can-buy-because-pissing-off-donald-trump-is-priceless
2016-03-23T18:28:37Z
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In 2000 he was joint winner of ''[[The Times]]'' Student News Journalist of the Year award for his work on the Cambridge student newspaper ''[[Varsity (Cambridge)|Varsity]]''. After university he joined the ''[[New Statesman]]'', where he worked between 2001 and 2003, and then wrote two columns a week for ''The Independent''. At the 2003 ''Press Gazette'' Awards, he won Young Journalist of the Year.<ref name="Spanner">{{cite news |last=Spanner |first=Huw |title=Let The Fiery Columns Glow |work=[[Third Way Magazine]] |pages=16–19 |date=November 2004}}</ref> A play by Hari, ''Going Down in History'', was performed at the [[Garage Theatre]] in [[Edinburgh]], and his book ''God Save the Queen?'' was published by Icon Books in 2002.<ref name="Spanner" />
2016-03-15T00:32:02Z
In 2000 he was joint winner of ''[[The Times]]'' Student News Journalist of the Year award for his work on the Cambridge student newspaper ''[[Varsity (Cambridge)|Varsity]]''. After university he joined the ''[[New Statesman]]'', where he worked between 2001 and 2003, and then wrote two columns a week for ''The Independent''. At the 2003 ''[[Press Gazette]]'' Awards, he won Young Journalist of the Year.<ref name="Spanner">{{cite news |last=Spanner |first=Huw |title=Let The Fiery Columns Glow |work=[[Third Way Magazine]] |pages=16–19 |date=November 2004}}</ref> A play by Hari, ''Going Down in History'', was performed at the [[Garage Theatre]] in [[Edinburgh]], and his book ''God Save the Queen?'' was published by Icon Books in 2002.<ref name="Spanner" />
2016-03-15T00:33:28Z
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| current_members = [[Johnny Borrell]]<br/>[[David 'Skully' Sullivan Kaplan]]<br/>Gus Robertson<br/>João Mello<ref name=anniversary>{{cite news|title=Razorlight to play London date on 10th anniversary of debut album|url=http://www.nme.com/news/razorlight/76637|accessdate=9 September 2014|work=[[NME]]|date=10 April 2014}}</ref> | past_members = Björn Ågren<br/>Carl Dalemo<br/>[[Christian Smith-Pancorvo]]<br/>[[Andy Burrows]]<br/>[[Freddie Stitz]] '''Razorlight''' are an [[England|English]] [[indie rock]] band formed in 2002 by lead singer and rhythm guitarist [[Johnny Borrell]]. The band are primarily known in the UK, having topped the charts with the 2006 single "[[America (Razorlight song)|America]]" and its parent [[Razorlight (album)|self-titled album]], their second. Along with Borrell, the current lineup of the band consists of drummer [[David 'Skully' Sullivan Kaplan]], bass player João Mello and lead guitarist Gus Robertson. === Work on new material and hiatus (2010–2015)=== Razorlight are due to headline at the AmpRocks festival on 3 July 2015 in Ampthill, Bedfordshire. This marks the 6th anniversary of AmpRocks and represents the festival gradually attracting bigger names over the years. They will be supported by Scouting For Girls and The Cuban Brothers.
2016-02-04T08:43:08Z
| current_members = [[Johnny Borrell]]<br/>David Sullivan Kaplan<br/>Gus Robertson<br/>João Mello | past_members = Björn Ågren<br/>Carl Dalemo<br/>[[Christian Smith-Pancorvo]]<br/>[[Andy Burrows]]<br/>Freddie Stitz '''Razorlight''' are an [[England|English]] [[indie rock]] band formed in 2002 by lead singer and rhythm guitarist [[Johnny Borrell]]. The band are primarily known in the UK, having topped the charts with the 2006 single "[[America (Razorlight song)|America]]" and its parent [[Razorlight (album)|self-titled album]], their second. Along with Borrell, the current lineup of the band consists of drummer David Sullivan Kaplan, bassist João Mello and lead guitarist Gus Robertson. === Work on new material and hiatus (2010–present)===
2016-03-10T18:06:32Z
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Involuntary Facial expressions can be hard to pick up and understand explicitly, and it is more of an implicit competence of the limbic brain. Daniel Goleman created a conclusion on the capacity of an individual to recognize their own, as well as other peoples emotions, and to discriminate emotions based on experience of feelings. This is part of Daniel Goleman's emotional intelligence. In EI attunement is an unconscious synchrony that guides empathy, and report. attunement relies heavily on nonverbal communication.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Emotional intelligence|last=Goleman|first=Daniel|publisher=Bantam Books|year=1995|isbn=|location=New York|pages=}}</ref> this is where facial expressions can elicit involuntary behavior, In the research motor mimicry there shows neurons that pick up on facial expressions and communicate with motor neurons responsible for muscles in the face to display the same facial expression. thus displaying a smile may elicit a micro expression of a smile on someone who is trying to remain neutral in their expression.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Social intelligence: the new science of human relationships|last=Goleman|first=Daniel|publisher=Bantam Books|year=2006|isbn=|location=New York|pages=}}</ref> through fMRI we can see the area where these neurons are located lights up when you show the subject an image a face expressing an emotion using a mirror. what is referred to as the top brain and the bottom brain is the relationship of the prefrontal cortex also known as the (executive mind) which is where cognitive thinking experience ad decision making take place. while the bottom brain refers to the unconscious processing of the limbic brain, the amygdala being part of the bottom brain is responsible for involuntary functions, habits, and emotions. Part of the bottom brain the amygdala can hijack the pre frontal cortex in a sympathetic response. In his book emotional intelligence Goleman uses the case of Jason Haffizulla ; (who assaulted his high school physics teacher because of a grade he received on a test) as an example of an emotional hijacking this is where rationality and better judgement can be impaired. <ref name=":0" />this is one example of how the bottom brain can interpret sensory memory and execute involuntary behavior. this is the purpose of microexpressions in attunement and how you can interpret the emotion that's shown in a fraction of a second. the microexpressions that's displayed to an individual will elicits the same emotion in them to a degree. Being able to introspect these emotions can have applications to having more accurate judgements on an individuals intentions. There is no sign of deceit itself. There is no gesture, facial expression, nor muscle twitch that in and of itself means that a person is lying. There are only clues that the person is poorly prepared and clues of emotions that don't fit what the person is saying. These are what provide leakage or deception clues.<ref>Ekman, P. (1991). Telling Lies Clues to deceit in the Marketplace, Politics, and Marriage. New York: W.W. Norton & Company Inc., p.80.</ref> Microexpressions are used as a way to detect if there is something off in a statement that a person mentions. They do not determine a lie but are a form of detecting concealed emotion. Dr. [[David Matsumoto]] explains that one must not conclude that someone is lying if a microexpression is detected but that there is more to the story than is being told.<ref>Matsumoto, D. (2010, March 21). Dr. David Matsumoto: How to Tell a Lie with the Naked Eye. Retrieved from Spying for Lying: http://www.spyingforlying.com/2010/03/dr-david-matsumoto-how-to-tell-lie-with.html</ref>
2016-04-07T03:33:31Z
Involuntary Facial expressions can be hard to pick up and understand explicitly, and it is more of an implicit competence of the limbic brain. Daniel Goleman created a conclusion on the capacity of an individual to recognize their own, as well as other peoples emotions, and to discriminate emotions based on experience of feelings. This is part of Daniel Goleman's emotional intelligence. In EI attunement is an unconscious synchrony that guides empathy, and report. attunement relies heavily on nonverbal communication.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Emotional intelligence|last=Goleman|first=Daniel|publisher=Bantam Books|year=1995|isbn=|location=New York|pages=}}</ref> this is where facial expressions can elicit involuntary behavior, In the research motor mimicry there shows neurons that pick up on facial expressions and communicate with motor neurons responsible for muscles in the face to display the same facial expression. thus displaying a smile may elicit a micro expression of a smile on someone who is trying to remain neutral in their expression.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Social intelligence: the new science of human relationships|last=Goleman|first=Daniel|publisher=Bantam Books|year=2006|isbn=|location=New York|pages=}}</ref> through fMRI we can see the area where these neurons are located lights up when you show the subject an image a face expressing an emotion using a mirror. What is referred to as the top and the bottom brain; is the relationship of the prefrontal cortex also known as the (executive mind) which is where cognitive thinking experience and decision making take place. While the bottom refers to the unconscious processing of the limbic brain, the amygdala being part of the bottom brain is responsible for involuntary functions, habits, and emotions. Part of the bottom brain the amygdala can hijack the pre frontal cortex in a sympathetic response. In his book emotional intelligence Goleman uses the case of Jason Haffizulla ; (who assaulted his high school physics teacher because of a grade he received on a test) as an example of an emotional hijacking this is where rationality and better judgement can be impaired. <ref name=":0" />this is one example of how the bottom brain can interpret sensory memory and execute involuntary behavior. this is the purpose of microexpressions in attunement and how you can interpret the emotion that's shown in a fraction of a second. the microexpressions that's displayed to an individual will elicits the same emotion in them to a degree what is reffered to a s an emotional contgion<ref name=":1" />. Being able to introspect these emotions can have applications to having more accurate judgements on an individuals intentions. There is no sign of deceit itself. There is no gesture, facial expression, nor muscle twitch that in and of itself means that a person is lying. There are only clues that the person is poorly prepared and clues of emotions that don't fit what the person is saying. These are what provide leakage or deception clues.<ref>Ekman, P. (1991). Telling Lies Clues to deceit in the Marketplace, Politics, and Marriage. New York: W.W. Norton & Company Inc., p.80.</ref> micro expressions don't show what intentions or thoughts the deceiver is trying to conceal. they only provide that their was an emotional arousal in the context of the situation. if an individual displays fear or surprise in the form of a micro expression, it doesn't mean that the individual is concealing information that's relevant to an investigation, this is very similar to how polygraph test fail to some degree because there is a sympathetic response due to the fear of being disbelieved as innocent. The same goes for micro expressions, when there is a concealed emotion there is no information revealed on why that emotion was felt. They do not determine a lie but are a form of detecting concealed information. Dr. [[David Matsumoto]] explains that one must not conclude that someone is lying if a microexpression is detected but that there is more to the story than is being told.<ref>Matsumoto, D. (2010, March 21). Dr. David Matsumoto: How to Tell a Lie with the Naked Eye. Retrieved from Spying for Lying: http://www.spyingforlying.com/2010/03/dr-david-matsumoto-how-to-tell-lie-with.html</ref> Paul Ekman created a made a paradigm to determine the confidence in deception apprehension due to the context of the situation and the person to be the liar themselves. the situational factors can be the type of person, their relationship, or the type of lie they are telling; weather it be withholding information or telling a false information. If a lie is successful it can be followed by duping delight which is when happiness is expressed in the satisfaction of the deceiver, or deception guilt which can come on as a expression of fear or sadness. There are also behavioral signs of false expressions or when an emotional expression isn't genuinely being felt. * Fear: when there is absence of the reliable forehead expression * Sadness: when there is absence of the reliable forehead expression * Happiness: lack of wrinkle around the eye (eye muscles not being involved) * Enthusiasm * negative emotions: absence of sympathetic somatic response. * any emotions: asymmetrical expression, onset of expression incongruent or abrupt.
2016-04-07T16:35:08Z
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The 21st-century debates about animals can be traced back to the ancient world, and the idea of a divine hierarchy. In the ''[[Book of Genesis]]'' 1:26 (5th or 6th century BCE), [[Adam (Bible)|Adam]] is given "dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth." Dominion need not entail property rights, but it has been interpreted, by some, over the centuries to imply ownership.<ref>Francione (1995), p. 36.</ref> However, [[Bernard Rollin]] writes that "''dominion'' does not entail or allow abuse any more than does dominion a parent enjoys over a child."<ref name="Rollin">{{cite book|last=Rollin|first=Bernard E.|title=Animal Rights and Human Morality|accessdate=3 December 2014|publisher=[[Prometheus Books]]|isbn=978-1-61592-211-6|page=117}}</ref> Rollin further states that the [[Biblical Sabbath]] requirement promulgated in the [[Ten Commandments]] "required that animals be granted a day of rest along with humans. Correlatively, the Bible forbids 'plowing with an ox and an ass together' (Deut. 22:10–11). According to the rabbinical tradition, this prohibition stems from the hardship that an ass would suffer by being compelled to keep up with an ox, which is, of course, far more powerful. Similarly, one finds the prohibition against 'muzzling an ox when it treads out the grain' (Deut. 25:4–5), and even an environmental prohibition against destroying trees when besieging a city (Deut. 20:19–20). These ancient regulations, virtually forgotten, bespeak of an eloquent awareness of the status of animals as ends in themselves", a point also corroborated by [[Norm Phelps]].<ref name="Rollin"/><ref name="Phelps2002">{{cite book|last=Phelps|first=Norm|title=Animal Rights According to the Bible|accessdate=3 December 2014|year=2002|publisher=Lantern Books|isbn=978-1-59056-009-9|page=70|quote=The Bible's most important reference to the sentience and will of nonhuman animals is found in Deuteronomy 25:4, which became the scriptural foundation of the rabbinical doctrine of ''tsar ba'ale chayim'', "the suffering of the living," which makes relieving the suffering of animals a religious duty for Jews. "You shall not muzzle the ox while he is threshing." The point of muzzling the ox was to keep him from eating any of the grain that he was threshing. The point of the commandment was the cruelty of forcing an animal to work for hours at a time with his face only inches from delicious food while not allowing him to eat any of it. From time immemorial, Jew have taken great pride in the care they provide their animals.}}</ref> The philosopher and mathematician, [[Pythagoras]] (c. 580–c. 500 BCE), urged respect for animals, believing that human and nonhuman souls were [[Reincarnation|reincarnated]] from human to animal, and vice versa.<ref>Steiner (2005), p. 47; Taylor (2009), p. 37.</ref> Against this, [[Aristotle]] (384–322 BCE), student to the philosopher [[Plato]], argued that nonhuman animals had no interests of their own, ranking them far below humans in the [[Great Chain of Being]]. He was the first to create a taxonomy of animals; he perceived some similarities between humans and other species, but argued for the most part that animals lacked reason (''logos''), reasoning (''logismos''), thought (''dianoia'', ''nous''), and belief (''doxa'').<ref name=Sorabji7>Sorabji (1993), p. 12ff.; [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9007642/animal-rights Wise (2007)].</ref> [[Theophrastus]] (c. 371 – c. 287 BCE), one of Aristotle's pupils, argued that animals also had reasoning (''logismos''), he opposed eating meat on the grounds that it robbed them of life and was therefore unjust.<ref name=Taylor35>Taylor (2009), p. 37.</ref><ref>Sorabji (1993) p. 45 ff.</ref> Theophrastus did not prevail; [[Richard Sorabji]] writes that current attitudes to animals can be traced to the heirs of the Western Christian tradition selecting the hierarchy that Aristotle sought to preserve.<ref name="Sorabji7"/> [[File:Frans Hals - Portret van René Descartes.jpg|left|thumb|130px|[[René Descartes|Descartes]]'s ideas about animals remained influential into the 20th century.<ref name=Midgley1999/>]] [[File:Jean-Jacques Rousseau (painted portrait).jpg|left|thumb|130px|[[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] argued for the inclusion of animals in [[natural law]].]] [[File:Jeremy Bentham by Henry William Pickersgill detail.jpg|right|thumb|130px|[[Jeremy Bentham]]: "The time will come, when humanity will extend its mantle over every thing which breathes."<ref>Bentham (1781), Part III.</ref>]] [[File:Badger-baiting2.jpg|thumb|left|240px|[[Badger baiting]], one of the rural sports campaigners sought to ban from 1800 onwards]] From 1800 onwards, there were several attempts in England to introduce animal protection legislation. The first was a bill against [[bull baiting]], introduced in April 1800 by a Scottish MP, Sir [[Sir William Pulteney, 5th Baronet|William Pulteney]] (1729–1805). It was opposed ''inter alia'' on the grounds that it was anti-working class, and was defeated by two votes. Another attempt was made in 1802, this time opposed by the Secretary at War, [[William Windham]] (1750–1810), who said the Bill was supported by Methodists and Jacobins who wished to "destroy the Old English character, by the abolition of all rural sports." In 1809, [[Thomas Erskine, 9th Earl of Kellie|Lord Erskine]] (c. 1746–1828) introduced a bill to protect cattle and horses from malicious wounding, wanton cruelty, and beating. He told the House of Lords that animals had protection only as property: "They have no rights. [It is] that defect in the law which I seek to remedy." The Bill was passed by the Lords, but was opposed in the Commons by Windham, who said it would be used against the "lower orders" when the real culprits would be their employers.<ref>Phelps (2007), pp. 96–98. Richard Martin soon realized that magistrates did not take the Martin Act seriously, and that it was not being reliably enforced. Several members of parliament decided to form a society to bring prosecutions under the Act. The Reverend Arthur Broome, formerly of [[Balliol College, Oxford]] and recently appointed the vicar of Bromley-by-Bow, arranged a meeting in Old Slaughter's Coffee House in [[St. Martin's Lane]], a London café frequented by artists and actors. The group met on June 16, 1824, and included a number of MPs: Richard Martin, Sir [[James Mackintosh]] (1765–1832), Sir [[Sir Thomas Buxton, 1st Baronet|Thomas Buxton]] (1786–1845), [[William Wilberforce]] (1759–1833), and Sir [[Sir James Graham, 2nd Baronet|James Graham]] (1792–1861), who had been an MP, and who became one again in 1826. They decided to form a "Society instituted for the purpose of preventing cruelty to animals"; the [[RSPCA|Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals]], as it became known. It determined to send men to inspect slaughterhouses, [[Smithfield Market]], where livestock had been sold since the 10th century, and to look into the treatment of horses by coachmen.<ref name=RSPCAhistory>Anonymous (1972). [http://www.animallaw.info/historical/articles/arukrspcahist.htm "The History of the RSPCA"], reproduced by the Animal Legal and Historical Center, Michigan State University College of Law, retrieved March 25, 2008.</ref> The Society became the Royal Society in 1840, when it was granted a royal charter by Queen Victoria, herself strongly opposed to [[vivisection]].<ref name=Legge47>Legge and Brooman 1997, p. 47. The development in England of the concept of animal rights was strongly supported by the German philosopher, [[Arthur Schopenhauer]] (1788–1860). He wrote that Europeans were "awakening more and more to a sense that beasts have rights, in proportion as the strange notion is being gradually overcome and outgrown, that the animal kingdom came into existence solely for the benefit and pleasure of man." He stopped short of advocating vegetarianism, arguing that, so long as an animal's death was quick, men would suffer more by not eating meat than animals would suffer by being eaten. Nevertheless, he applauded the animal protection movement in England—"To the honor, then, of the English, be it said that they are the first people who have, in downright earnest, extended the protecting arm of the law to animals."<ref>Phelps 2007, p. 153–154. [[File:1878 Darwin photo by Leonard from Woodall 1884 - cropped grayed partially cleaned.jpg|thumb|left|150px|alt=portrait|[[Charles Darwin]] wrote in 1837: "Do not slave holders wish to make the black man other kind?"]] [[File:Nietzsche187a.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Nietzsche]] [[File:International Anti-Vivisection Congress, 1913.jpg|thumb|240px|[[Lizzy Lind af Hageby]] (centre, seated) in 1913]] In response, anti-vivisection campaigners commissioned a statue of the dog to be erected in Battersea Park in 1906, with the plaque: "Men and Women of England, how long shall these Things be?" The statue caused uproar among medical students, leading to frequent vandalism of the statue and the need for a 24-hour police guard. The affair culminated in riots in 1907 when 1,000 medical students clashed with police, suffragettes and trade unionists in Trafalgar Square. Battersea Council removed the statue from the park under cover of darkness two years later.<ref name=Mason1997>Mason (1997).</ref> [[Coral Lansbury]] (1985) and [[Hilda Kean]] (1998) write that the significance of the affair lay in the relationships that formed in support of the "Brown Dog Done to Death", which became a symbol of the oppression the women's suffrage movement felt at the hands of the male political and medical establishment. Kean argues that both sides saw themselves as heirs to the future. The students saw the women and trade unionists as representatives of anti-science sentimentality, while the women saw themselves as progressive, with the students and their teachers belonging to a previous age.<ref>Lansbury (1985), pp. 152–169; Kean (1998), pp. 142–143.</ref> {{main|Veganism|List of vegans}} Members of the English Vegetarian Society who avoided the use of eggs and animal milk in the 19th and early 20th century were known as strict vegetarians. The International Vegetarian Union cites an article informing readers of alternatives to shoe leather in the Vegetarian Society's magazine in 1851 as evidence of the existence of a group that sought to avoid [[animal product]]s entirely. There was increasing unease within the Society from the start of the 20th century onwards with regards to egg and milk consumption, and in 1923 its magazine wrote that the "ideal position for vegetarians is [complete] abstinence from animal products." [[Mahatma Gandhi]] (1869–1948) argued in 1931 before a meeting of the Society in London that vegetarianism should be pursued in the interests of animals, and not only as a human health issue. He met both Henry Salt and Anna Kingsford, and read Salt's ''A Plea for Vegetarianism'' (1880); Salt wrote in the pamphlet that "a Vegetarian is still regarded, in ordinary society, as little better than a madman."<ref>[http://www.ivu.org/history/europe19b/salt_a_plea_for_vegetarianism.pdf Salt (1880)], p. 7.</ref> In 1944, several members, led by [[Donald Watson]] (1910–2005), decided to break from the Vegetarian Society over the issue of egg and milk use. Watson coined the term "vegan" for those whose diet included no animal products, and they formed the British [[Vegan Society]] on November 1 that year.<ref name=Leneman>Leneman (1999) Shortly before the ''Tierschutzgesetz'' was introduced, vivisection was first banned, then restricted. Animal research was viewed as part of "Jewish science" and "internationalist" medicine, indicating a mechanistic mind that saw nature as something to be dominated, rather than respected. [[Hermann Göring]] first announced a ban on August 16, 1933, but Hitler's personal physician, Dr. Morrel, persuaded Hitler that this was not in the interests of German research, and in particular defence research.<ref name=Sax112/> The ban was therefore revised three weeks later, when eight conditions were announced under which animal tests could be conducted, with a view to reducing pain and unnecessary experiments.<ref>Uekoetter (2006), pp. 55–56.</ref> Primates, horses, dogs, and cats were given special protection, and licenses to conduct vivisection were to be given to institutions, not to individuals.<ref name=Arluke1992/> The removal of the ban was justified with the announcement: "It is a law of every community that, when necessary, single individuals are sacrificed in the interests of the entire body."<ref name=Sax112/> Despite the proliferation of animal protection legislation, animals still had no legal rights. Debbie Legge writes that existing legislation was very much tied to the idea of human interests, whether protecting human sensibilities by outlawing cruelty, or protecting property rights by making sure animals were not damaged. The over-exploitation of fishing stocks, for example, is viewed as harming the environment for people; the hunting of animals to extinction means that humans in the future will derive no enjoyment from them; poaching results in financial loss to the owner, and so on.<ref name="Legge50"/> Notwithstanding the interest in animal welfare of the previous century, the situation for animals arguably deteriorated in the 20th century, particularly after the Second World War. This was in part because of the increase in the numbers used in animal research—300 in the UK in 1875, 19,084 in 1903, and 2.8 million in 2005 (50–100 million worldwide), and a modern annual estimated range of 10 million to upwards of 100 million in the US<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/24_07_06_animaltesting.pdf "Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals, Great Britain, 2005"], Her Majesty's Stationery Office. The book's publication triggered a groundswell of scholarly interest in animal rights. [[Richard D. Ryder|Richard Ryder]]'s ''Victims of Science: The Use of Animals in Research'' (1975) appeared, followed by [[Andrew Linzey]]'s ''Animal Rights: A Christian Perspective'' (1976), and [[Stephen R. L. Clark]]'s ''The Moral Status of Animals'' (1977). A Conference on Animal Rights was organized by Ryder and Linzey at Trinity College, Cambridge, in August 1977. This was followed by [[Mary Midgley]]'s ''Beast And Man: The Roots of Human Nature'' (1978), then ''Animal Rights–A Symposium'' (1979), which included the papers delivered to the Cambridge conference. From 1982 onwards, a series of articles by [[Tom Regan]] led to his ''[[The Case for Animal Rights]]'' (1984), in which he argues that nonhuman animals are "subjects-of-a-life", and therefore possessors of moral rights, a work regarded as a key text in animal rights theory.<ref name=Garner2004p3/> Regan wrote in 2001 that philosophers had written more about animal rights in the previous 20 years than in the 2,000 years before that.<ref>Regan (2001), p. 67.</ref> Garner writes that Charles Magel's bibliography, ''Keyguide to Information Sources in Animal Rights'' (1989), contains 10 pages of philosophical material on animals up to 1970, but 13 pages between 1970 and 1989 alone.<ref>Garner (2004), p. 2. {{main|Animal Liberation Front|Timeline of ALF actions}} [[File:Amina Abaza with Dog.jpg|thumb|175px|[[Amina Tharwat Abaza]] - Animal rights activist. Founder of [[Society for Protection of Animal Rights in Egypt]] holding a street dog]] There are a number of positions that can be defended from a consequentalist or deontologist perspective, including the [[Capability approach|capabilities approach]], represented by [[Martha Nussbaum]], and the [[Egalitarianism|egalitarian approach]], which has been examined by Ingmar Persson and [[Peter Vallentyne]]. The capabilities approach focuses on what individuals require to fulfill their capabilities: Nussbaum (2006) argues that animals need a right to life, some control over their environment, company, play, and physical health.<ref>Nussbaum (2006), pp. 388ff, 393ff; also see Nussbaum (2004), p. 299ff.</ref> [[Stephen R. L. Clark]], [[Mary Midgley]], and [[Bernard Rollin]] also discuss animal rights in terms of animals being permitted to lead a life appropriate for their kind.<ref>Weir (2009): see Clark (1977); Rollin (1981); Midgley (1984).</ref> Egalitarianism favors an equal distribution of happiness among all individuals, which makes the interests of the worse off more important than those of the better off.<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/stable/25115834 Vallentyne (2005)]; Vallentyne (2007).</ref> Another approach, [[virtue ethics]], holds that in considering how to act we should consider the character of the actor, and what kind of moral agents we should be; [[Rosalind Hursthouse]] has suggested an approach to animal rights based on virtue ethics.<ref>Rowlands (2009), p. 98ff; Hursthouse (2000a); Hursthouse (2000b), p. 146ff.</ref> [[Mark Rowlands]] has proposed a [[Social contract|contractarian]] approach.<ref name=Rowlands1998p118/><!--expand Clark, Nussbaum, virtue ethics--> Commentators on all sides of the debate now accept that animals suffer and feel pain, although it was not always so. [[Bernard Rollin]], professor of philosophy, animal sciences, and biomedical sciences at Colorado State University, writes that Descartes' influence continued to be felt until the 1980s. Veterinarians trained in the US before 1989 were taught to ignore pain, he writes, and at least one major veterinary hospital in the 1960s did not stock narcotic analgesics for animal pain control. In his interactions with scientists, he was often asked to "prove" that animals are conscious, and to provide "scientifically acceptable" evidence that they could feel pain.<ref name=Rollin117>Rollin (1989), pp. xii, pp. 117–118; [http://www.nature.com/embor/journal/v8/n6/full/7400996.html Rollin (2007)].</ref> Scientific publications have made it clear since the 1980s that the majority of researchers do believe animals suffer and feel pain, though it continues to be argued that their suffering may be reduced by an inability to experience the same dread of anticipation as humans, or to remember the suffering as vividly.<ref>Singer (1990), pp. 10–17, citing Stamp Dawkins (1980), Walker (1983), and Griffin (1984); Garner (2005), pp. 13–14.</ref> The problem of animal suffering, and animal consciousness in general, arose primarily because it was argued that animals [[animal language|have no language]]. Singer writes that, if language were needed to communicate pain, it would often be impossible to know when humans are in pain, though we can observe pain behavior and make a calculated guess based on it. He argues that there is no reason to suppose that the pain behavior of nonhumans would have a different meaning from the pain behavior of humans.<ref>Singer (1990) p. 12ff.</ref> Tom Regan, professor emeritus of philosophy at North Carolina State University, argues in ''The Case for Animal Rights'' (1983) that nonhuman animals are what he calls "subjects-of-a-life", and as such are bearers of rights.<ref name=Regan243>Regan (1983), p. 243.</ref> He writes that, because the moral rights of humans are based on their possession of certain [[Cognition|cognitive]] abilities, and because these abilities are also possessed by at least some nonhuman animals, such animals must have the same moral rights as humans. Although only humans act as moral agents, both marginal-case humans, such as infants, and at least some nonhumans must have the status of "moral patients". Moral patients are unable to formulate moral principles, and as such are unable to do right or wrong, even though what they do may be beneficial or harmful. Only moral agents are able to engage in moral action. Animals for Regan have "[[Intrinsic value (animal ethics)|intrinsic value]]" as subjects-of-a-life, and cannot be regarded as a means to an end, a view that places him firmly in the abolitionist camp. His theory does not extend to all animals, but only to those that can be regarded as subjects-of-a-life.<ref name=Regan243/> He argues that all normal mammals of at least one year of age would qualify: [[Mark Rowlands]], professor of philosophy at the University of Florida, has proposed a contractarian approach, based on the [[original position]] and the [[veil of ignorance]]—a "state of nature" thought experiment that tests intuitions about justice and fairness—in [[John Rawls]]'s ''[[A Theory of Justice]]'' (1971). In the original position, individuals choose principles of justice (what kind of society to form, and how primary social goods will be distributed), unaware of their individual characteristics—their race, sex, class, or intelligence, whether they are able-bodied or disabled, rich or poor—and therefore unaware of which role they will assume in the society they are about to form. The idea is that, operating behind the veil of ignorance, they will choose a social contract in which there is basic fairness and justice for them no matter the position they occupy. Rawls did not include species membership as one of the attributes hidden from the decision makers in the original position. Rowlands proposes extending the veil of ignorance to include rationality, which he argues is an undeserved property similar to characteristics including race, sex and intelligence.<ref name=Rowlands1998p118>Rowlands (1998), p. 118ff, particularly pp. 147–152.</ref> The modern animal advocacy movement has a similar representation of women, though Garner (2005) writes that they are not invariably in leadership positions: during the March for Animals in Washington, D.C., in 1990—the largest animal rights demonstration held until then in the United States—most of the participants were women, but most of the platform speakers were men.<ref name=Garner2005p142>Garner (2005), pp. 142–143.</ref> Nevertheless, several influential animal advocacy groups have been founded by women, including the [[British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection]] by Cobbe in London in 1898; the [[Animal Welfare Board of India]] by [[Rukmini Devi Arundale]] in 1962; and [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals]], co-founded by [[Ingrid Newkirk]] in 1980. In the Netherlands, [[Marianne Thieme]] and [[Esther Ouwehand]] were elected to parliament in 2006 representing the [[Parliamentary group for Animals]]. The preponderance of women in the movement has led to a body of academic literature exploring feminism and animal rights; feminism and vegetarianism or veganism; the oppression of women and animals; and the male association of women and animals with nature and emotion, rather than reason—an association that several feminist writers have embraced.<ref name="Lansbury et al"/> [[Lori Gruen]] writes that women and animals serve the same symbolic function in a patriarchal society: both are "the used"; the dominated, submissive "[[Other]]".<ref>Gruen (1993), p. 60ff.</ref> When the British feminist [[Mary Wollstonecraft]] (1759–1797) published ''[[A Vindication of the Rights of Woman]]'' (1792), [[Thomas Taylor (neoplatonist)|Thomas Taylor]] (1758–1835), a Cambridge philosopher, responded with an anonymous parody, ''A Vindication of the Rights of Brutes'' (1792), claiming that Wollstonecraft's arguments for women's rights could be applied equally to animals, a position he intended as ''[[reductio ad absurdum]]''.<ref>Singer (1990), p. 1.</ref><!--add something about language; treatment of female animals; feminist care ethic; suffragettes--> [[Roger Scruton]], the British philosopher, argues that rights imply obligations. Every legal privilege, he writes, imposes a burden on the one who does not possess that privilege: that is, "your right may be my duty." Scruton therefore regards the emergence of the animal rights movement as "the strangest cultural shift within the liberal worldview", because the idea of rights and responsibilities is, he argues, distinctive to the human condition, and it makes no sense to spread them beyond our own species. He accuses animal rights advocates of "pre-scientific" [[anthropomorphism]], attributing traits to animals that are, he says, [[Beatrix Potter]]-like, where "only man is vile." It is within this fiction that the appeal of animal rights lies, he argues. The world of animals is non-judgmental, filled with dogs who return our affection almost no matter what we do to them, and cats who pretend to be affectionate when, in fact, they care only about themselves. It is, he argues, a fantasy, a world of escape.<ref name=Scruton>Scruton, Roger. [http://www.city-journal.org/html/10_3_urbanities-animal.html "Animal Rights"], ''City Journal'', summer 2000. [[Evolution]]ary studies have provided explanations of [[altruism|altruistic behaviours]] in humans and nonhuman animals, and suggest similarities between humans and some nonhumans.<ref>Lawrence (2004) Animal Acts: Configuring the Human in Western History. Journal of Popular Culture, 37(3), 555</ref> Scientists such as [[Jane Goodall]] and [[Richard Dawkins]] believe in the capacity of nonhuman [[great apes]], humans' closest relatives, to possess rationality and self-awareness.<ref>The Great Ape Project: Equality beyond humanity. 1993. Fourth Estate publishing, London, England.</ref> In 2010, research led by psychologist [[Diana Reiss]] and zoologist Lori Marino was presented to a conference in San Diego, suggesting that [[dolphin]]s are second in intelligence only to human beings, and concluded that they should be regarded as nonhuman persons. Marino used [[magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] scans to compare the dolphin and primate brain; she said the scans indicated there was "psychological continuity" between dolphins and humans. Reiss's research suggested that dolphins are able to solve complex problems, use tools, and pass the [[mirror test]], using a mirror to inspect parts of their bodies.<ref>{{Cite journal {{clear}}
2016-04-03T00:44:54Z
The 21st-century debates about animals can be traced back to the ancient world, and the idea of a divine hierarchy. In the ''[[Book of Genesis]]'' 1:26 (5th or 6th century BCE), [[Adam (Bible)|Adam]] is given "dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth." Dominion need not entail property rights, but it has been interpreted, by some, over the centuries to imply ownership.<ref>Francione (1995), p. 36.</ref> Contemporary philosopher [[Bernard Rollin]] writes that "''dominion'' does not entail or allow abuse any more than does dominion a parent enjoys over a child."<ref name="Rollin">{{cite book|last=Rollin|first=Bernard E.|title=Animal Rights and Human Morality|accessdate=3 December 2014|publisher=[[Prometheus Books]]|isbn=978-1-61592-211-6|page=117}}</ref> Rollin further states that the [[Biblical Sabbath]] requirement promulgated in the [[Ten Commandments]] "required that animals be granted a day of rest along with humans. Correlatively, the Bible forbids 'plowing with an ox and an ass together' (Deut. 22:10–11). According to the rabbinical tradition, this prohibition stems from the hardship that an ass would suffer by being compelled to keep up with an ox, which is, of course, far more powerful. Similarly, one finds the prohibition against 'muzzling an ox when it treads out the grain' (Deut. 25:4–5), and even an environmental prohibition against destroying trees when besieging a city (Deut. 20:19–20). These ancient regulations, virtually forgotten, bespeak of an eloquent awareness of the status of animals as ends in themselves", a point also corroborated by [[Norm Phelps]].<ref name="Rollin"/><ref name="Phelps2002">{{cite book|last=Phelps|first=Norm|title=Animal Rights According to the Bible|accessdate=3 December 2014|year=2002|publisher=Lantern Books|isbn=978-1-59056-009-9|page=70|quote=The Bible's most important reference to the sentience and will of nonhuman animals is found in Deuteronomy 25:4, which became the scriptural foundation of the rabbinical doctrine of ''tsar ba'ale chayim'', "the suffering of the living," which makes relieving the suffering of animals a religious duty for Jews. "You shall not muzzle the ox while he is threshing." The point of muzzling the ox was to keep him from eating any of the grain that he was threshing. The point of the commandment was the cruelty of forcing an animal to work for hours at a time with his face only inches from delicious food while not allowing him to eat any of it. From time immemorial, Jew have taken great pride in the care they provide their animals.}}</ref> The philosopher and mathematician, [[Pythagoras]] (c. 580–c. 500 BCE), urged respect for animals, believing that human and nonhuman souls were [[Reincarnation|reincarnated]] from human to animal, and vice versa.<ref>Steiner (2005), p. 47; Taylor (2009), p. 37.</ref> Against this, [[Aristotle]] (384–322 BCE), student to the philosopher [[Plato]], argued that nonhuman animals had no interests of their own, ranking them far below humans in the [[Great Chain of Being]]. He was the first to create a taxonomy of animals; he perceived some similarities between humans and other species, but argued for the most part that animals lacked reason (''logos''), reasoning (''logismos''), thought (''dianoia'', ''nous''), and belief (''doxa'').<ref name=Sorabji7>Sorabji (1993), p. 12ff.; [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9007642/animal-rights Wise (2007)].</ref> [[Theophrastus]] (c. 371 – c. 287 BCE), one of Aristotle's pupils, argued that animals also had reasoning (''logismos''), he opposed eating meat on the grounds that it robbed them of life and was therefore unjust.<ref name=Taylor35>Taylor (2009), p. 37.</ref><ref>Sorabji (1993) p. 45 ff.</ref> Theophrastus did not prevail; [[Richard Sorabji]] writes that current attitudes to animals can be traced to the heirs of the Western Christian tradition selecting the hierarchy that Aristotle sought to preserve.<ref name="Sorabji7"/> [[File:Jean-Jacques Rousseau (painted portrait).jpg|thumb|130px|[[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] argued for the inclusion of animals in [[natural law]].]] [[File:Jeremy Bentham by Henry William Pickersgill detail.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Jeremy Bentham]]: "The time will come, when humanity will extend its mantle over every thing which breathes."<ref>Bentham (1781), Part III.</ref>]] [[File:Badger-baiting2.jpg|thumb|240px|[[Badger baiting]], one of the rural sports campaigners sought to ban from 1800 onwards.]] From 1800 onwards, there were several attempts in England to introduce animal protection legislation. The first was a bill against [[bull baiting]], introduced in April 1800 by a Scottish MP, Sir [[Sir William Pulteney, 5th Baronet|William Pulteney]] (1729–1805). It was opposed ''inter alia'' on the grounds that it was anti-working class, and was defeated by two votes. Another attempt was made in 1802, this time opposed by the Secretary at War, [[William Windham]] (1750–1810), who said the Bill was supported by Methodists and Jacobins who wished to "destroy the Old English character, by the abolition of all rural sports."<ref>Phelps (2007), pp. 96–98. *''Speeches in Parliament, of the Right Honourable William Windham. Volume I''. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown (1812), pp. 303, 340–356.</ref> In 1809, [[Thomas Erskine, 9th Earl of Kellie|Lord Erskine]] (c. 1746–1828) introduced a bill to protect cattle and horses from malicious wounding, wanton cruelty, and beating. He told the House of Lords that animals had protection only as property: "They have no rights. [It is] that defect in the law which I seek to remedy." The Bill was passed by the Lords, but was opposed in the Commons by Windham, who said it would be used against the "lower orders" when the real culprits would be their employers.<ref>Phelps (2007), pp. 96–98. Richard Martin soon realized that magistrates did not take the Martin Act seriously, and that it was not being reliably enforced. Several members of parliament decided to form a society to bring prosecutions under the Act. The Reverend Arthur Broome, formerly of [[Balliol College, Oxford]] and recently appointed the vicar of Bromley-by-Bow, arranged a meeting in Old Slaughter's Coffee House in [[St. Martin's Lane]], a London café frequented by artists and actors. The group met on June 16, 1824, and included a number of MPs: Richard Martin, Sir [[James Mackintosh]] (1765–1832), Sir [[Sir Thomas Buxton, 1st Baronet|Thomas Buxton]] (1786–1845), [[William Wilberforce]] (1759–1833), and Sir [[Sir James Graham, 2nd Baronet|James Graham]] (1792–1861), who had been an MP, and who became one again in 1826.<ref name=RSPCAhistory>Anonymous (1972). [http://www.animallaw.info/historical/articles/arukrspcahist.htm "The History of the RSPCA"], reproduced by the Animal Legal and Historical Center, Michigan State University College of Law, retrieved March 25, 2008.</ref> They decided to form a "Society instituted for the purpose of preventing cruelty to animals"; the [[RSPCA|Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals]], as it became known. It determined to send men to inspect slaughterhouses, [[Smithfield Market]], where livestock had been sold since the 10th century, and to look into the treatment of horses by coachmen.<ref name=RSPCAhistory>Anonymous (1972). [http://www.animallaw.info/historical/articles/arukrspcahist.htm "The History of the RSPCA"], reproduced by the Animal Legal and Historical Center, Michigan State University College of Law, retrieved March 25, 2008.</ref> The Society became the Royal Society in 1840, when it was granted a royal charter by Queen Victoria, herself strongly opposed to [[vivisection]].<ref name=Legge47>Legge and Brooman 1997, p. 47. The development in England of the concept of animal rights was strongly supported by the German philosopher, [[Arthur Schopenhauer]] (1788–1860). He wrote that Europeans were "awakening more and more to a sense that beasts have rights, in proportion as the strange notion is being gradually overcome and outgrown, that the animal kingdom came into existence solely for the benefit and pleasure of man."<ref>Phelps 2007, p. 153–154. *Schopenhauer wrote in ''The Basis of Morality'': "It is asserted that beasts have no rights&nbsp;... that 'there are no duties to be fulfilled towards animals.' Such a view is one of revolting coarseness, a barbarism of the West, whose source is Judaism." A few passages later, he called the idea that animals exist for human benefit a "Jewish stence." See Phelps, ''op cit''.</ref> He stopped short of advocating vegetarianism, arguing that, so long as an animal's death was quick, men would suffer more by not eating meat than animals would suffer by being eaten. He applauded the animal protection movement in England—"To the honor, then, of the English, be it said that they are the first people who have, in downright earnest, extended the protecting arm of the law to animals."<ref>Phelps 2007, p. 153–154. [[File:1878 Darwin photo by Leonard from Woodall 1884 - cropped grayed partially cleaned.jpg|thumb|150px|alt=portrait|[[Charles Darwin]] wrote in 1837: "Do not slave holders wish to make the black man other kind?"]] [[File:International Anti-Vivisection Congress, 1913.jpg|thumb|240px|[[Lizzy Lind af Hageby]] (centre, seated) in 1913.]] In response, anti-vivisection campaigners commissioned a statue of the dog to be erected in Battersea Park in 1906, with the plaque: "Men and Women of England, how long shall these Things be?" The statue caused uproar among medical students, leading to frequent vandalism of the statue and the need for a 24-hour police guard. The affair culminated in riots in 1907 when 1,000 medical students clashed with police, suffragettes and trade unionists in Trafalgar Square. Battersea Council removed the statue from the park under cover of darkness two years later.<ref name=Mason1997>Mason (1997).</ref> [[Coral Lansbury]] (1985) and [[Hilda Kean]] (1998) write that the significance of the affair lay in the relationships that formed in support of the "Brown Dog Done to Death", which became a symbol of the oppression the women's suffrage movement felt at the hands of the male political and medical establishment. Kean argues that both sides saw themselves as heirs to the future. The students saw the women and trade unionists as representatives of anti-science sentimentality, while the women saw themselves as progressive, with the students and their teachers belonging to a previous age.<ref>Lansbury (1985), pp. 152–169; Kean (1998), pp. 142–143.</ref> {{main|Veganism}} Members of the English Vegetarian Society who avoided the use of eggs and animal milk in the 19th and early 20th century were known as strict vegetarians. The International Vegetarian Union cites an article informing readers of alternatives to shoe leather in the Vegetarian Society's magazine in 1851 as evidence of the existence of a group that sought to avoid [[animal product]]s entirely. There was increasing unease within the Society from the start of the 20th century onwards with regards to egg and milk consumption, and in 1923 its magazine wrote that the "ideal position for vegetarians is [complete] abstinence from animal products."<ref>[http://www.ivu.org/history/europe19b/salt_a_plea_for_vegetarianism.pdf Salt (1880)], p. 7.</ref> [[Mahatma Gandhi]] (1869–1948) argued in 1931 before a meeting of the Society in London that vegetarianism should be pursued in the interests of animals, and not only as a human health issue. He met both Henry Salt and Anna Kingsford, and read Salt's ''A Plea for Vegetarianism'' (1880). Salt wrote in the pamphlet that "a Vegetarian is still regarded, in ordinary society, as little better than a madman."<ref>[http://www.ivu.org/history/europe19b/salt_a_plea_for_vegetarianism.pdf Salt (1880)], p. 7.</ref> In 1944, several members, led by [[Donald Watson]] (1910–2005), decided to break from the Vegetarian Society over the issue of egg and milk use. Watson coined the term "vegan" for those whose diet included no animal products, and they formed the British [[Vegan Society]] on November 1 that year.<ref name=Leneman>Leneman (1999) Shortly before the ''Tierschutzgesetz'' was introduced, vivisection was first banned, then restricted. Animal research was viewed as part of "Jewish science" and "internationalist" medicine, indicating a mechanistic mind that saw nature as something to be dominated, rather than respected. [[Hermann Göring]] first announced a ban on August 16, 1933, but Hitler's personal physician, Dr. Morrel, persuaded Hitler that this was not in the interests of German research, and in particular defence research.<ref name=Sax112/> The ban was therefore revised three weeks later, when eight conditions were announced under which animal tests could be conducted, with a view to reducing pain and unnecessary experiments.<ref>Uekoetter (2006), pp. 55–56.</ref> Primates, horses, dogs, and cats were given special protection, and licenses to conduct vivisection were to be given to institutions, not to individuals.<ref name=Arluke1992/> The removal of the ban was justified with the announcement: "It is a law of every community that, when necessary, single individuals are sacrificed in the interests of the entire body."<ref name=Sax112/> Despite the proliferation of animal protection legislation, animals still had no legal rights. Debbie Legge writes that existing legislation was very much tied to the idea of human interests, whether protecting human sensibilities by outlawing cruelty, or protecting property rights by making sure animals were not damaged. The over-exploitation of fishing stocks, for example, is viewed as harming the environment for people; the hunting of animals to extinction means that humans in the future will derive no enjoyment from them; poaching results in financial loss to the owner, and so on.<ref name="Legge50"/> Notwithstanding the interest in animal welfare of the previous century, the situation for animals arguably deteriorated in the 20th century, particularly after the Second World War. This was in part because of the increase in the numbers used in animal research—300 in the UK in 1875, 19,084 in 1903, and 2.8 million in 2005 (50–100 million worldwide), and a modern annual estimated range of 10 million to upwards of 100 million in the US<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/24_07_06_animaltesting.pdf "Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals, Great Britain, 2005"], Her Majesty's Stationery Office. The book's publication triggered a groundswell of scholarly interest in animal rights. [[Richard D. Ryder|Richard Ryder]]'s ''Victims of Science: The Use of Animals in Research'' (1975) appeared, followed by [[Andrew Linzey]]'s ''Animal Rights: A Christian Perspective'' (1976), and [[Stephen R. L. Clark]]'s ''The Moral Status of Animals'' (1977). A Conference on Animal Rights was organized by Ryder and Linzey at Trinity College, Cambridge, in August 1977. This was followed by [[Mary Midgley]]'s ''Beast And Man: The Roots of Human Nature'' (1978), then ''Animal Rights–A Symposium'' (1979), which included the papers delivered to the Cambridge conference.<ref name=Garner2004p3/> From 1982 onwards, a series of articles by [[Tom Regan]] led to his ''[[The Case for Animal Rights]]'' (1984), in which he argues that nonhuman animals are "subjects-of-a-life", and therefore possessors of moral rights, a work regarded as a key text in animal rights theory.<ref name=Garner2004p3/> Regan wrote in 2001 that philosophers had written more about animal rights in the previous 20 years than in the 2,000 years before that.<ref>Regan (2001), p. 67.</ref> Garner writes that Charles Magel's bibliography, ''Keyguide to Information Sources in Animal Rights'' (1989), contains 10 pages of philosophical material on animals up to 1970, but 13 pages between 1970 and 1989 alone.<ref>Garner (2004), p. 2. {{main|Animal Liberation Front}} {{Main|Animals in Islam}} [[File:Amina Abaza with Dog.jpg|thumb|175px|Amina Tharwat Abaza - Animal rights activist. Founder of [[Society for Protection of Animal Rights in Egypt]] holding a street dog]] There are a number of positions that can be defended from a consequentalist or deontologist perspective, including the [[Capability approach|capabilities approach]], represented by [[Martha Nussbaum]], and the [[Egalitarianism|egalitarian approach]], which has been examined by Ingmar Persson and [[Peter Vallentyne]]. The capabilities approach focuses on what individuals require to fulfill their capabilities: Nussbaum (2006) argues that animals need a right to life, some control over their environment, company, play, and physical health.<ref>Nussbaum (2006), pp. 388ff, 393ff; also see Nussbaum (2004), p. 299ff.</ref> [[Stephen R. L. Clark]], [[Mary Midgley]], and [[Bernard Rollin]] also discuss animal rights in terms of animals being permitted to lead a life appropriate for their kind.<ref>Weir (2009): see Clark (1977); Rollin (1981); Midgley (1984).</ref> Egalitarianism favors an equal distribution of happiness among all individuals, which makes the interests of the worse off more important than those of the better off.<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/stable/25115834 Vallentyne (2005)]; Vallentyne (2007).</ref> Another approach, [[virtue ethics]], holds that in considering how to act we should consider the character of the actor, and what kind of moral agents we should be. [[Rosalind Hursthouse]] has suggested an approach to animal rights based on virtue ethics.<ref>Rowlands (2009), p. 98ff; Hursthouse (2000a); Hursthouse (2000b), p. 146ff.</ref> [[Mark Rowlands]] has proposed a [[Social contract|contractarian]] approach.<ref name=Rowlands1998p118/><!--expand Clark, Nussbaum, virtue ethics--> Commentators on all sides of the debate now accept that animals suffer and feel pain, although it was not always so. [[Bernard Rollin]], professor of philosophy, animal sciences, and biomedical sciences at Colorado State University, writes that Descartes' influence continued to be felt until the 1980s. Veterinarians trained in the US before 1989 were taught to ignore pain, he writes, and at least one major veterinary hospital in the 1960s did not stock narcotic analgesics for animal pain control. In his interactions with scientists, he was often asked to "prove" that animals are conscious, and to provide "scientifically acceptable" evidence that they could feel pain.<ref name=Rollin117>Rollin (1989), pp. xii, pp. 117–118; [http://www.nature.com/embor/journal/v8/n6/full/7400996.html Rollin (2007)].</ref> Scientific publications have made it clear since the 1980s that the majority of researchers do believe animals suffer and feel pain, though it continues to be argued that their suffering may be reduced by an inability to experience the same dread of anticipation as humans, or to remember the suffering as vividly.<ref>Singer (1990), pp. 10–17, citing Stamp Dawkins (1980), Walker (1983), and Griffin (1984); Garner (2005), pp. 13–14.</ref> The problem of animal suffering, and animal consciousness in general, arose primarily because it was argued that animals [[animal language|have no language]]. Singer writes that, if language were needed to communicate pain, it would often be impossible to know when humans are in pain, though we can observe pain behavior and make a calculated guess based on it. He argues that there is no reason to suppose that the pain behavior of nonhumans would have a different meaning from the pain behavior of humans.<ref>Singer (1990) p. 12ff.</ref> Tom Regan, professor emeritus of philosophy at North Carolina State University, argues in ''The Case for Animal Rights'' (1983) that nonhuman animals are what he calls "subjects-of-a-life", and as such are bearers of rights.<ref name=Regan243>Regan (1983), p. 243.</ref> He writes that, because the moral rights of humans are based on their possession of certain [[Cognition|cognitive]] abilities, and because these abilities are also possessed by at least some nonhuman animals, such animals must have the same moral rights as humans. Although only humans act as moral agents, both marginal-case humans, such as infants, and at least some nonhumans must have the status of "moral patients".<ref name=Regan243/> Moral patients are unable to formulate moral principles, and as such are unable to do right or wrong, even though what they do may be beneficial or harmful. Only moral agents are able to engage in moral action. Animals for Regan have "[[Intrinsic value (animal ethics)|intrinsic value]]" as subjects-of-a-life, and cannot be regarded as a means to an end, a view that places him firmly in the abolitionist camp. His theory does not extend to all animals, but only to those that can be regarded as subjects-of-a-life.<ref name=Regan243/> He argues that all normal mammals of at least one year of age would qualify: [[Mark Rowlands]], professor of philosophy at the University of Florida, has proposed a contractarian approach, based on the [[original position]] and the [[veil of ignorance]]—a "state of nature" thought experiment that tests intuitions about justice and fairness—in [[John Rawls]]'s ''[[A Theory of Justice]]'' (1971). In the original position, individuals choose principles of justice (what kind of society to form, and how primary social goods will be distributed), unaware of their individual characteristics—their race, sex, class, or intelligence, whether they are able-bodied or disabled, rich or poor—and therefore unaware of which role they will assume in the society they are about to form.<ref name=Rowlands1998p118>Rowlands (1998), p. 118ff, particularly pp. 147–152.</ref> The idea is that, operating behind the veil of ignorance, they will choose a social contract in which there is basic fairness and justice for them no matter the position they occupy. Rawls did not include species membership as one of the attributes hidden from the decision makers in the original position. Rowlands proposes extending the veil of ignorance to include rationality, which he argues is an undeserved property similar to characteristics including race, sex and intelligence.<ref name=Rowlands1998p118>Rowlands (1998), p. 118ff, particularly pp. 147–152.</ref> The modern animal advocacy movement has a similar representation of women, though Garner (2005) writes that they are not invariably in leadership positions: during the March for Animals in Washington, D.C., in 1990—the largest animal rights demonstration held until then in the United States—most of the participants were women, but most of the platform speakers were men.<ref name=Garner2005p142>Garner (2005), pp. 142–143.</ref> Nevertheless, several influential animal advocacy groups have been founded by women, including the [[British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection]] by Cobbe in London in 1898; the [[Animal Welfare Board of India]] by [[Rukmini Devi Arundale]] in 1962; and [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals]], co-founded by [[Ingrid Newkirk]] in 1980. In the Netherlands, [[Marianne Thieme]] and [[Esther Ouwehand]] were elected to parliament in 2006 representing the Parliamentary group for Animals. The preponderance of women in the movement has led to a body of academic literature exploring feminism and animal rights; feminism and vegetarianism or veganism, the oppression of women and animals, and the male association of women and animals with nature and emotion, rather than reason—an association that several feminist writers have embraced.<ref name="Lansbury et al"/> [[Lori Gruen]] writes that women and animals serve the same symbolic function in a patriarchal society: both are "the used"; the dominated, submissive "[[Other]]".<ref>Gruen (1993), p. 60ff.</ref> When the British feminist [[Mary Wollstonecraft]] (1759–1797) published ''[[A Vindication of the Rights of Woman]]'' (1792), [[Thomas Taylor (neoplatonist)|Thomas Taylor]] (1758–1835), a Cambridge philosopher, responded with an anonymous parody, ''A Vindication of the Rights of Brutes'' (1792), claiming that Wollstonecraft's arguments for women's rights could be applied equally to animals, a position he intended as ''[[reductio ad absurdum]]''.<ref>Singer (1990), p. 1.</ref><!--add something about language; treatment of female animals; feminist care ethic; suffragettes--> [[Roger Scruton]], the British philosopher, argues that rights imply obligations. Every legal privilege, he writes, imposes a burden on the one who does not possess that privilege: that is, "your right may be my duty." Scruton therefore regards the emergence of the animal rights movement as "the strangest cultural shift within the liberal worldview", because the idea of rights and responsibilities is, he argues, distinctive to the human condition, and it makes no sense to spread them beyond our own species.<ref name=Scruton/> He accuses animal rights advocates of "pre-scientific" [[anthropomorphism]], attributing traits to animals that are, he says, [[Beatrix Potter]]-like, where "only man is vile." It is within this fiction that the appeal of animal rights lies, he argues. The world of animals is non-judgmental, filled with dogs who return our affection almost no matter what we do to them, and cats who pretend to be affectionate when, in fact, they care only about themselves. It is, he argues, a fantasy, a world of escape.<ref name=Scruton>Scruton, Roger. [http://www.city-journal.org/html/10_3_urbanities-animal.html "Animal Rights"], ''City Journal'', summer 2000. [[Evolution]]ary studies have provided explanations of [[altruism|altruistic behaviours]] in humans and nonhuman animals, and suggest similarities between humans and some nonhumans.<ref>Lawrence (2004) Animal Acts: Configuring the Human in Western History. Journal of Popular Culture, 37(3), 555</ref> Scientists such as [[Jane Goodall]] and [[Richard Dawkins]] believe in the capacity of nonhuman [[great apes]], humans' closest relatives, to possess rationality and self-awareness.<ref>The Great Ape Project: Equality beyond humanity. 1993. Fourth Estate publishing, London, England.</ref> In 2010, research led by psychologist [[Diana Reiss]] and zoologist Lori Marino was presented to a conference in San Diego, suggesting that [[dolphin]]s are second in intelligence only to human beings, and concluded that they should be regarded as nonhuman persons. Marino used [[magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] scans to compare the dolphin and primate brain; she said the scans indicated there was "psychological continuity" between dolphins and humans. Reiss's research suggested that dolphins are able to solve complex problems, use tools, and pass the [[mirror test]], using a mirror to inspect parts of their bodies.<ref>{{Cite journal
2016-04-03T03:27:21Z
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The Abraham story cannot be definitively related to any specific time.{{sfn|McNutt|1999|p=41-42}} A common hypothesis among scholars is that it was composed in the early Persian period (late 6th century BC) as a result of tensions between Jewish landowners who had stayed in [[Yehud Medinata|Judah]] during the [[Babylonian captivity]] and traced their right to the land through their "father Abraham", and the returning exiles who based their counter-claim on [[Moses]] and [[the Exodus]] tradition.{{sfn|Ska|2006|p=227-228, 260}} Whatever its origins, scholars are generally agreed that the [[patriarchal age]], along with the [[The Exodus|exodus]] and the period of the judges, is a literary construct.{{sfn|McNutt|1999|p=41-42}}
2016-03-26T20:48:00Z
The Abraham story cannot be definitively related to any specific time.{{sfn|McNutt|1999|p=41-42}} A common hypothesis among scholars is that it was composed in the early Persian period (late 6th century BCE) as a result of tensions between Jewish landowners who had stayed in [[Yehud Medinata|Judah]] during the [[Babylonian captivity]] and traced their right to the land through their "father Abraham", and the returning exiles who based their counter-claim on [[Moses]] and [[the Exodus]] tradition.{{sfn|Ska|2006|p=227-228, 260}} Whatever its origins, scholars are generally agreed that the [[patriarchal age]], along with the [[The Exodus|exodus]] and the period of the judges, is a literary construct.{{sfn|McNutt|1999|p=41-42}}
2016-03-26T20:48:36Z
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[[Category:Properties of religious function on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama]]
2016-03-09T16:13:42Z
{{Underlinked|date=April 2016}} [[Category:Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama]]
2016-04-06T05:42:30Z
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The newspaper was first published on 14 October 1758, after county Governor [[Gustaf Adolf Lagerfelt]] sent an application to the [[Government Office (Sweden)|Office of His Majesty]], which issued the privilege on 15 September 1758.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Loos|first=Viggo|year=1958|title=En avisa genom två sekler. Norrköpings Tidningar 1758–1958|pages=12–13|publisher=Norrköpings Tidningar|location=Norrköping|isbn=9969020714}}</ref> In 1959, the evening ''[[Östergötlands Dagblad]]'' was acquired and combined. In 1967, circulation exceeded 50,000 copies for the first time. The newspaper attempted to expand into southern [[Södermanland]], establishing a local office in [[Katrineholm]] and publishing a special local edition. However, publication in Södermanland ceased the next year due to costs and a low subscription rate.<ref>{{cite book|last=Henrikson|first=Gunnar|year=1998|title=En avisa för nytt sekel: Norrköpings tidningars historia|publisher=Norrköpings Tidningar|location=Norrköping|pages=172–174|isbn=91-630-6264-X}}</ref>
2015-06-11T20:41:23Z
The newspaper was first published on 14 October 1758, after county Governor [[Gustaf Adolf Lagerfelt]] sent an application to the [[Government Office (Sweden)|Office of His Majesty]], which issued the privilege on 15 September 1758.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Loos|first=Viggo|year=1958|title=En avisa genom två sekler. Norrköpings Tidningar 1758–1958|pages=12–13|publisher=Norrköpings Tidningar|location=Norrköping}}</ref> In 1959, the evening ''[[Östergötlands Dagblad]]'' was acquired and combined. In 1967, circulation exceeded 50,000 copies for the first time. The newspaper attempted to expand into southern [[Södermanland]], establishing a local office in [[Katrineholm]] and publishing a special local edition. However, publication in Södermanland ceased the next year due to costs and a low subscription rate.<ref>{{cite book|last=Henrikson|first=Gunnar|year=1998|title=En avisa för nytt sekel: Norrköpings tidningars historia|publisher=Norrköpings Tidningar|location=Norrköping|pages=172–174|isbn=91-630-6264-X}}</ref>
2016-04-07T22:20:54Z
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In the Rising, Markievicz fought in [[St Stephen's Green]], where on the first morning—according to one diarist—she shot a member of the (unarmed) [[Dublin Metropolitan Police]], who later died of his injuries (other accounts place her at City Hall when the policeman was shot, only arriving at Stephen's Green later).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Matthews|first1=Ann|title=Renegades: Irish Republican Women 1900-1922|date=2010|publisher=Mercier Press Ltd.|isbn=1856356841|pages=129–30|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzYkTYi3JRgC&pg=PA129|accessdate=22 March 2016}}</ref><ref>Lauren Arrington [http://irishhistoriansinbritain.org/?p=18 Did Constance Markievicz Shoot the Policeman?] Conference of Irish Historians in Britain</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Constance Markievicz: Irish Revolutionary |last=Haverty |first=Anne |author-link=Anne Haverty|year=1988 |publisher=Pandora |location=London |isbn=0-86358-161-7 |page=148 }}</ref> She was generally thought to have been appointed second in command to [[Michael Mallin]].<ref>Ward (1983), p. 112</ref> However, the publication of military service pensions and archival material surfaced statements contradicting this, the rank instead belonging to Christopher Poole,<ref>Seamus Kavanagh, letter in Military Service Pensions Collection, Military Archive IE/MA/MSPC/MSP34REF10145</ref><ref>Statement by Christopher Crothers, Military Service Pensions Collection, Military Archive IE/MA/MSPC/MSP34REF2186</ref> a captain of the Irish Citizen Army and founding member of the army's executive committee.<ref>Matthews, Ann. ''The Irish Citizen Army'' (2014), p. 36</ref> Under Mallin, she supervised the setting-up of barricades as the Rising began and was in the middle of the fighting all around Stephen's Green, wounding a [[British army]] sniper.<ref>{{cite book|last1=McKenna|first1=Joseph|title=Guerrilla Warfare in the Irish War of Independence, 1919-1921|date=2011|publisher=McFarland|isbn=0786485191|page=112|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BxLb0aZOFOMC&pg=PA112|accessdate=22 March 2016}}</ref> Trenches were dug in the Green, sheltered by the front gate; however, after British machine gun and rifle fire from the rooftops of tall buildings on the north side of the Green including the Shelbourne Hotel, the Citizen Army troops withdrew to the [[Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland|Royal College of Surgeons]] on the west side of the Green.
2016-03-27T22:30:28Z
In the Rising, Markievicz fought in [[St Stephen's Green]], where on the first morning she shot and mortally wounded Michael Lahiff, an unarmed constable of the [[Dublin Metropolitan Police]] <ref>Lauren Arrington [http://irishhistoriansinbritain.org/?p=18 Did Constance Markievicz Shoot the Policeman?] Conference of Irish Historians in Britain</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Matthews|first1=Ann|title=Renegades: Irish Republican Women 1900-1922|date=2010|publisher=Mercier Press Ltd.|isbn=1856356841|pages=129–30|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzYkTYi3JRgC&pg=PA129|accessdate=22 March 2016}}</ref><ref>Richardson, Neil. ''According to Their Lights''. The Collins Press, 2015, Chapter 4</ref> . She was generally thought to have been appointed second in command to [[Michael Mallin]].<ref>Ward (1983), p. 112</ref> However, the publication of military service pensions and archival material surfaced statements contradicting this, the rank instead belonging to Christopher Poole,<ref>Seamus Kavanagh, letter in Military Service Pensions Collection, Military Archive IE/MA/MSPC/MSP34REF10145</ref><ref>Statement by Christopher Crothers, Military Service Pensions Collection, Military Archive IE/MA/MSPC/MSP34REF2186</ref> a captain of the Irish Citizen Army and founding member of the army's executive committee.<ref>Matthews, Ann. ''The Irish Citizen Army'' (2014), p. 36</ref> Under Mallin, she supervised the setting-up of barricades as the Rising began and was in the middle of the fighting all around Stephen's Green, wounding a [[British army]] sniper.<ref>{{cite book|last1=McKenna|first1=Joseph|title=Guerrilla Warfare in the Irish War of Independence, 1919-1921|date=2011|publisher=McFarland|isbn=0786485191|page=112|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BxLb0aZOFOMC&pg=PA112|accessdate=22 March 2016}}</ref> Trenches were dug in the Green, sheltered by the front gate; however, after British machine gun and rifle fire from the rooftops of tall buildings on the north side of the Green including the Shelbourne Hotel, the Citizen Army troops withdrew to the [[Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland|Royal College of Surgeons]] on the west side of the Green.
2016-03-27T22:32:19Z
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[[Europol]] provides annual statistics regarding terrorist attacks and terrorist related arrests in the EU, with data available from 2006.<ref name="Europol statistics">{{citation |title=Europol statistics|url=https://www.europol.europa.eu/latest_publications/37|accessdate=15 January 2015|publisher=''europol.europa.eu''}}</ref> According to these data the vast majority of terrorist attacks in the EU are affiliated with Ethno-national or separatist motives, followed by left-wing attacks and those that are registered as 'unspecified'. A significant number of terror attacks are motivated religiously or associated with right-wing groups. However, among those arrested on terror-related crimes most are religiously motivated and form the largest group, followed by separatist related terror suspects. The relatively high incidence of arrests related to religiously motivated terrorism (in comparison to the number of such attacks) is at least in part related to recruitment networks for violent action outside the EU and to the dissemination of terrorist propaganda.<ref name="Europol Terrorism Report 2014">{{citation |title=Europol Terrorism Report 2014|url=https://www.europol.europa.eu/content/te-sat-2014-european-union-terrorism-situation-and-trend-report-2014|accessdate=15 January 2015|publisher=''europol.europa.eu''}}</ref> Europol's reports do not provide a breakdown of the proportion of attacks that have been completed or the type of damage inflicted. In January 2015, [[The Economist]] compiled data regarding deaths due to political violence in western Europe since 2001. Terrorism in the EU seems to have a disturbing trend toward antisemetism caused by Muslim extremism with many of the attacks directed at Israeli targets. The European Jewish population is well assimilated and often physically indistinguishable from the general population so religious institutions and schools are often targeted. The data shows that the death toll associated with Islamist terror is particularly high, especially when compared with the overall proportion of religiously motivated attacks reported by Europol.<ref name="The Economist: Terror in western Europe">{{citation |title=The Economist: Terror in western Europe|url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2015/01/daily-chart-8|accessdate=17 January 2015|publisher=''economist.com''}}</ref>
2016-03-24T22:08:28Z
[[Europol]] provides annual statistics regarding terrorist attacks and terrorist related arrests in the EU, with data available from 2006.<ref name="Europol statistics">{{citation |title=Europol statistics|url=https://www.europol.europa.eu/latest_publications/37|accessdate=15 January 2015|publisher=''europol.europa.eu''}}</ref> According to these data the vast majority of terrorist attacks in the EU are affiliated with Ethno-national or separatist motives, followed by left-wing attacks and those that are registered as 'unspecified'. A significant number of terror attacks are motivated religiously or associated with right-wing groups. However, among those arrested on terror-related crimes most are religiously motivated and form the largest group, followed by separatist related terror suspects. The relatively high incidence of arrests related to religiously motivated terrorism (in comparison to the number of such attacks) is at least in part related to recruitment networks for violent action outside the EU and to the dissemination of terrorist propaganda.<ref name="Europol Terrorism Report 2014">{{citation |title=Europol Terrorism Report 2014|url=https://www.europol.europa.eu/content/te-sat-2014-european-union-terrorism-situation-and-trend-report-2014|accessdate=15 January 2015|publisher=''europol.europa.eu''}}</ref> Europol's reports do not provide a breakdown of the proportion of attacks that have been completed or the type of damage inflicted. In January 2015, [[The Economist]] compiled data regarding deaths due to political violence in western Europe since 2001. Terrorism in the EU seems to have a trend toward antisemetism caused by Muslim extremism with many of the attacks directed at Israeli targets. The European Jewish population is well assimilated and often physically indistinguishable from the general population so religious institutions and schools are often targeted. A significant death toll is caused by Islamist terrorism, especially when compared with the overall proportion of religiously motivated attacks reported by Europol.<ref name="The Economist: Terror in western Europe">{{citation |title=The Economist: Terror in western Europe|url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2015/01/daily-chart-8|accessdate=17 January 2015|publisher=''economist.com''}}</ref>
2016-03-24T22:32:53Z
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