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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=712852577 | *[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10469829/'Sea monster' whale fossil unearthed] by [[BBC]] | 2016-03-31T13:30:09Z | *[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10469829/ 'Sea monster' whale fossil unearthed] by [[BBC]] | 2016-03-31T13:31:10Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=709881850 | | image = Aishwarya Sakhuja.jpg | 2016-03-11T14:37:25Z | | image = http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/photo/34158008.cms | 2016-03-13T17:51:56Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=714143221 | '''Veronica Elizabeth "Ronnie" Mitchell''' (<!-- Do not change to Cotton, Ronnie stated on 30/12/14 that she would be keeping the Mitchell name and credits reflect this -->also '''Branning'''), is a fictional character from the [[BBC]] soap opera ''[[EastEnders]]'', played by [[Samantha Womack]]. She and her sister [[Roxy Mitchell|Roxy]] (played by [[Rita Simons]]) were introduced by executive producer [[Diederick Santer]] in July 2007. Ronnie is the "ice" to Roxy's "fire". As an extension to the already established Mitchell family, Ronnie quickly became a prominent character, taking over the nightclub. Not long after that, she formed a relationship with her business partner, [[Jack Branning]] ([[Scott Maslen]]). Womack left the role and made her last appearance on 7 July 2011, but on 17 May 2013, show bosses announced that Womack would return to ''EastEnders'' as Ronnie for six months. Womack filmed her first scenes in summer 2013 and return on screen for two three-month-long stints, from 9 September 2013 to 1 January 2014 and from 3 March to 23 June 2014. She returned to filming full-time on 24 July 2014 and returned to screens on 25 September. Since her return, Ronnie has murdered, been married, had an affair, a child, a breakdown and a reunion with Jack. | 2016-04-07T20:09:55Z | '''Veronica Elizabeth "Ronnie" Mitchell''' (<!-- Do not change to Cotton, Ronnie stated on 30/12/14 that she would be keeping the Mitchell name and credits reflect this -->also '''Branning'''), is a fictional character from the [[BBC]] soap opera ''[[EastEnders]]'', played by [[Samantha Womack]]. She and her sister [[Roxy Mitchell|Roxy]] (played by [[Rita Simons]]) were introduced by executive producer [[Diederick Santer]] in July 2007. Ronnie is the "ice" to Roxy's "fire". As an extension to the already established Mitchell family, Ronnie quickly became a prominent character, taking over the nightclub. Not long after that, she formed a relationship with her business partner, [[Jack Branning]] ([[Scott Maslen]]). Womack left the role and made her last appearance on 7 July 2011, but on 17 May 2013, show bosses announced that Womack would return to ''EastEnders'' as Ronnie for six months. Womack filmed her first scenes in summer 2013 and return on screen for two three-month-long stints, from 9 September 2013 to 1 January 2014 and from 3 March to 23 June 2014. She returned to filming full-time on 24 July 2014 and returned to screens on 25 September. Since her return, Ronnie has murdered, been married, had an affair, a child, a breakdown and a reunion with Jack. On 7 April 2016 [[Les Coker]] recieved an email saying that ronnie had ''died'' in an accident and that her funeral needed planning, meaning now that Ronnies stalker is still out there and wants her dead | 2016-04-07T22:11:53Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=714054454 | |image= [[File:Campeonato Uruguayo.png|120px]] | 2015-08-18T15:33:11Z | |image= | 2016-04-07T10:35:08Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=710273719 | '''Björn Freiberg''' (* [[1970]] [[March 28th]] in [[Isny im Allgäu]]) is a [[Germany|German]] [[actor]], painter, author, translator and former University teacher. He is known as actor and German voice in ''[[Son of Saul]]''.<ref>[http://m.kisalfold.hu/gyori_hirek/gyori_szinesz_saul_tarsa/2431690/ Győri színész Saul társa at kisalfold.hu], 2015 june 14th (as of 2015 june 14th).</ref> In 2015 the film won the Grand Prize of the Jury at [[Cannes Film Festival]] as well as the award of the [[International Federation of Film Critics]].<ref>[http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cannes-son-saul-masaan-take-797339 ''Cannes: 'Son of Saul', 'Masaan' Take Fipresci Prizes''] bei hollywoodreporter.com, 2015 May 23rd (as of 2015 May 23rd).</ref> The film was selected as being on of the five last candidates for a [[Best Foreign Language Film]] [[Academy Award|Oscar]] at the [[Academy Awards]] 2016. He also plays a ''NASA Staff Member'' in ''[[The Martian]]'' (2015) directed by [[Ridley Scott]]. | 2016-03-11T13:02:21Z | '''Björn Freiberg''' (* [[1970]] [[March 28th]] in [[Isny im Allgäu]]) is a [[Germany|German]] [[actor]], painter, author, translator and former University teacher. He is known as actor and German voice in ''[[Son of Saul]]''.<ref>[http://m.kisalfold.hu/gyori_hirek/gyori_szinesz_saul_tarsa/2431690/ Győri színész Saul társa at kisalfold.hu], 2015 june 14th (as of 2015 june 14th).</ref> In 2015 the film won the Grand Prize of the Jury at [[Cannes Film Festival]] as well as the award of the [[International Federation of Film Critics]].<ref>[http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cannes-son-saul-masaan-take-797339 ''Cannes: 'Son of Saul', 'Masaan' Take Fipresci Prizes''] bei hollywoodreporter.com, 2015 May 23rd (as of 2015 May 23rd).</ref> The film won [[Best Foreign Language Film]] [[Academy Award|Oscar]] at the [[Academy Awards]] 2016. He also plays a ''NASA Staff Member'' in ''[[The Martian]]'' (2015) directed by [[Ridley Scott]]. | 2016-03-16T00:17:05Z | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=714252949 | '''4197 Morpheus''', provisional designation 1982 TA, is an extremely eccentric stony [[asteroid]] and [[near-Earth object]] from to the subgroup of [[Apollo asteroid]]s, about 3 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by American astronomers [[Eleanor Helin]] and [[Eugene Shoemaker]] at the U.S. [[Palomar Observatory]], California, on 11 October 1982.<ref name="MPC-Morpheus" />
The asteroid has a well-defined [[rotation period]] of 3.54 hours. In 1996 during the body's close approach to Earth within 0.1 AU, a photometric [[light-curve]] analysis performed by Czech astronomer [[Petr Pravec]] at the [[Ondřejov Observatory]] gave a period of {{val|3.5380}} hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.49 in [[Magnitude (astronomy)|magnitude]] ({{small|1=U=[[LCDB quality code|3]]}}). At the same time, astronomers at the [[Goldstone Observatory]] analysed it using [[radar]] delay-[[Dopplergraph|Doppler imaging]]. The resultant images are not very clear, but they show that the body has a roughly triangular shape, and a 3-hour rotation period.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} Seven years later, during the asteroid's next close approach in 2003, it was observed for five nights by Slovak astronomer [[Adrián Galád]] at the [[Modra Observatory]]. The light-curve rendered a period of {{val|3.5387}} hours and an amplitude of 0.4 in magnitude ({{small|1=U=[[LCDB quality code|3]]}}).<ref name="Galad-2004" />
[[Category:Numbered asteroids|004197]] | 2016-03-16T09:06:35Z | '''4197 Morpheus''', provisional designation 1982 TA, is an extremely eccentric stony [[asteroid]] and [[near-Earth object]] from to the subgroup of [[Apollo asteroid]]s, about 3 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by American astronomers [[Eleanor Helin]] and [[Eugene Shoemaker]] at the U.S. [[Palomar Observatory]], California, on 11 October 1982.<ref name="MPC-Morpheus" />
The asteroid has a well-defined [[rotation period]] of 3.54 hours. In 1996 during the body's close approach to Earth within 0.1 AU, a photometric [[light-curve]] analysis performed by Czech astronomer [[Petr Pravec]] at the [[Ondřejov Observatory]] gave a period of {{val|3.5380}} hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.49 in [[Magnitude (astronomy)|magnitude]] ({{small|1=U=[[LCDB quality code|3]]}}). At the same time, astronomers at the [[Goldstone Observatory]] analysed it using [[radar]] delay-[[Dopplergraph|Doppler imaging]]. The resultant images are not very clear, but they show that the body has a roughly triangular shape, and a 3-hour rotation period.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} Seven years later, during the asteroid's next close approach in 2003, it was observed for five nights by Slovak astronomer [[Adrián Galád]] at the [[Modra Observatory]]. The light-curve rendered a period of {{val|3.5387}} hours and an amplitude of 0.4 in magnitude ({{small|1=U=[[LCDB quality code|3]]}}).<ref name="Galad-2004" />
[[Category:Numbered minor planets|004197]] | 2016-04-08T16:23:49Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=713785837 | {{player2 | num = 4 | first = Tony | last = Battie | pos = C | ft = 6 | in = 11 | lbs = 230 | college = Texas Tech | nat = USA }} | 2016-04-03T23:27:13Z | {{player2 | num = 4 | first = Tony | last = Battie | pos = F/C | ft = 6 | in = 11 | lbs = 230 | college = Texas Tech | nat = USA }} | 2016-04-05T21:54:58Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=709877588 | A few years later, after Baffinland's original environmental assessments had been approved, Baffinland announced that a fall in ore prices meant they could no longer justify the high capital cost of building the railway. Instead they proposed spending a smaller sum to construct a ''"tote road"'' that would allow ore to be trucked to Milne Inlet. They ended up building the road and the harbour at Milne Inlet (at {{coord|71|53|10|N|80|53|26|W|region:CA-NU_type:landmark|display=inline|name=Mine Inlet}}). The bulk carrier [[Federal Tiber]] departed from Milne Inlet on August 8, 2015, with the first shipment of ore from the mine. | 2016-03-13T17:10:50Z | A few years later, after Baffinland's original environmental assessments had been approved, Baffinland announced that a fall in ore prices meant they could no longer justify the high capital cost of building the railway. Instead they proposed spending a smaller sum to construct a ''"tote road"'' that would allow ore to be trucked to Milne Inlet. They ended up building the road, and the harbour at Milne Inlet (at {{coord|71|53|10|N|80|53|26|W|region:CA-NU_type:landmark|display=inline|name=Mine Inlet}}).<ref>[https://ssl.panoramio.com/photo/59154077 Milne Camp at Assomption Harbour The sandy point in middle foreground is proposed dock site] by N John Olyslager, 2011</ref> The bulk carrier [[Federal Tiber]] departed from Milne Inlet on August 8, 2015, with the first shipment of ore from the mine. | 2016-03-13T17:16:54Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=709978827 | <!-- Please do not remove or change this AfD message until the issue is settled -->
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=711224477 | *[http://kakutougi.info/content/view/291/ Recent Interview]{{Dead link|date=March 2016}}
*[http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=1669&a=303346&previousRenderType=6 Martin about shattered olympic medal dream from athens]{{Dead link|date=March 2016}}
*[http://www.tv4.se/letsdance/cecilia_martin Martin's let's dance page, Tv4.se]{{Dead link|date=March 2016}} | 2016-03-19T17:45:14Z | *[http://web.archive.org/web/20071028143958/http://kakutougi.info/content/view/291/ Recent Interview]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20070405060751/http://www.dn.se:80/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=1669&a=303346&previousRenderType=6 Martin about shattered olympic medal dream from athens]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20070408042221/http://tv4.se:80/letsdance/cecilia_martin Martin's let's dance page, Tv4.se] | 2016-03-21T16:33:24Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=710653942 | Ujjwal Nikam was born in a [[Maratha]] family at [[Dombivli]], Maharashtra to Barrister Deoraoji Nikam. His father was a judge and a lawyer by profession and mother was a housewife. Nikam completed his Bachelors in Science and received his law degree from the K.C.E Society's [[S.S. Maniyar Law College]] of Jalgaon. He served as District Government Prosecutor of Jalgaon. | 2016-03-08T05:54:32Z | Ujjwal Nikam was born in a [[Maratha]] family at [[Jalgaon]], Maharashtra to Barrister Deoraoji Nikam. His father was a judge and a lawyer by profession and mother was a housewife. Nikam completed his Bachelors in Science and received his law degree from the K.C.E Society's [[S.S. Maniyar Law College]] of Jalgaon. He served as District Government Prosecutor of Jalgaon. | 2016-03-18T06:28:57Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=709654754 | {{noref}} | 2016-03-12T05:58:36Z | {{noref|date=March 2016}} | 2016-03-12T06:18:38Z | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=712893064 | The '''Stifterverband der Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft''' (Donor Federation of the Emergency Association of German Science) was founded on 14 December 1920 to collect donations for the ''[[Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft]]'' through its representatives in industry or through political influence. From 1920 to 1945, R. Fellinger of [[Siemens]] was the managing director. Contributions to the Federation were small compared to grants from the government, especially because of competing organizations, such as ''Helmholtz-Gesellschaft'' (today, the [[Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres]]), founded by [[Albert Vögler]] in 1920, and the ''Fördergesellschaft der Deutschen Industrie'' (Society for the Advancement of German Industry).<ref> Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix A; see the entry for the ''Stifterverband''.</ref>
*1920 – 1934: [[Carl Friedrich von Siemens]]<ref> Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix A; see the entry for the ''Stifterverband''.</ref>
*1934 – 1935: [[Carl Duisberg]]<ref> Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix A; see the entry for the ''Stifterverband''.</ref>
*1935 – 1945: [[Friedrich Schmidt-Ott]]<ref> Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix A; see the entry for the ''Stifterverband''.</ref> | 2016-01-29T02:03:44Z | The '''Stifterverband der Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft''' (Donor Federation of the Emergency Association of German Science) was founded on 14 December 1920 to collect donations for the ''[[Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft]]'' through its representatives in industry or through political influence. From 1920 to 1945, R. Fellinger of [[Siemens]] was the managing director. Contributions to the Federation were small compared to grants from the government, especially because of competing organizations, such as ''Helmholtz-Gesellschaft'' (today, the [[Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres]]), founded by [[Albert Vögler]] in 1920, and the ''Fördergesellschaft der Deutschen Industrie'' (Society for the Advancement of German Industry).<ref>Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix A; see the entry for the ''Stifterverband''.</ref>
*1920 – 1934: [[Carl Friedrich von Siemens]]<ref>Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix A; see the entry for the ''Stifterverband''.</ref>
*1934 – 1935: [[Carl Duisberg]]<ref>Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix A; see the entry for the ''Stifterverband''.</ref>
*1935 – 1945: [[Friedrich Schmidt-Ott]]<ref>Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix A; see the entry for the ''Stifterverband''.</ref> | 2016-03-31T18:18:33Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=712782527 | *[[Mike Nacua|Mike "Pekto" Nacua]] (2003–2008) was discovered by Joey De Leon. Nacua was a former segment host of a defunct [[TV5 (Philippines)|ABC-5]] (now TV5) [[Gag Show]], ''[[Wow Mali]]'' later ''[[Wow Maling Mali]]''.
*[[John Feir]] (2004–2008, also the show's associate producer) was winner of the show's beauty pageant segment "30 Gays". | 2016-03-30T08:14:21Z | *[[Mike Nacua|Mike "Pekto" Nacua]] (Cookie) (2003–2008) was discovered by Joey De Leon. Nacua was a former segment host of a defunct [[TV5 (Philippines)|ABC-5]] (now TV5) [[Gag Show]], ''[[Wow Mali]]'' later ''[[Wow Maling Mali]]''.
*[[John Feir]] (Belli Flori) (2004–2008, also the show's associate producer) was winner of the show's beauty pageant segment "30 Gays". | 2016-03-31T02:57:45Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=709713051 | * 1924 – [[Jacob Israël de Haan]]is assassinated by the [[Haganah]] for his anti-Zionist political activities and contacts with Arab leaders.<ref>Laurel Plapp. [https://books.google.it/books?id=f7SMLhQjzGMC&pg=PR8 ''Zionism and Revolution in European-Jewish Literature,''] Taylor & Francis, 2008 p.viii.</ref><ref>Yoram Peri, [https://books.google.it/books?id=4Vna5R9K3ogC&pg=PA69 ''The Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin,''] Stanford University Press, 2000 p.69.</ref> | 2016-03-12T16:25:47Z | * 1924 – [[Jacob Israël de Haan]] is assassinated by the [[Haganah]] for his anti-Zionist political activities and contacts with Arab leaders.<ref>Laurel Plapp. [https://books.google.it/books?id=f7SMLhQjzGMC&pg=PR8 ''Zionism and Revolution in European-Jewish Literature,''] Taylor & Francis, 2008 p.viii.</ref><ref>Yoram Peri, [https://books.google.it/books?id=4Vna5R9K3ogC&pg=PA69 ''The Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin,''] Stanford University Press, 2000 p.69.</ref> | 2016-03-12T16:26:18Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=709740540 | [[Archaeology|Archaeological]] records indicate the presence of [[First Nations|Aboriginal people]] in the Vancouver area from 8,000 to 10,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web|last=Thom |first=Brian |year=1996 |url=http://home.istar.ca/~bthom/LONGTERM-FIN.htm |title=Stó:lo Culture – Ideas of Prehistory and Changing Cultural Relationships to the Land and Environment |accessdate=23 November 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070718061334/http://home.istar.ca:80/~bthom/LONGTERM-FIN.htm |archivedate=18 July 2007 }}
The settlement which came to be called Gastown grew up quickly around the original makeshift [[tavern]] established by "Gassy" [[John Deighton|Jack Deighton]] in 1867 on the edge of the Hastings Mill property.<ref name="Horizons"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gastown.org/history/index.html |title=Welcome to Gastown |date=28 March 2008 |publisher=Gastown Business Improvement Society |accessdate=5 December 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20091125034053/http://www.gastown.org:80/history/index.html |archivedate=25 November 2009 }}
The highest temperature ever recorded at the airport was {{convert|34.4|°C|°F|abbr=on}} set on 30 July 2009,<ref>{{cite news|title=Temperature record broken in Lower Mainland — again |url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/british-columbia/story/2009/07/30/bc-090730-heat-record.html |publisher=CBC News |date=30 July 2009 |accessdate=9 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110604141209/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/british-columbia/story/2009/07/30/bc-090730-heat-record.html |archivedate=4 June 2011 }}
Winters in Greater Vancouver are the fourth mildest of Canadian cities after nearby [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]], [[Nanaimo]] and [[Duncan, British Columbia|Duncan]], all on Vancouver Island.<ref>{{cite web|title=Weather Winners — Mildest Winters |publisher=Environment Canada |url=http://climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/winners/categorydata_e.html?SelectedCategory=4 |accessdate=9 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20111125151335/http://climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/winners/categorydata_e.html?SelectedCategory=4 |archivedate=25 November 2011 }} | 2016-03-10T23:38:07Z | [[Archaeology|Archaeological]] records indicate the presence of [[First Nations|Aboriginal people]] in the Vancouver area from 8,000 to 10,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web|last=Thom |first=Brian |year=1996 |url=http://home.istar.ca/~bthom/LONGTERM-FIN.htm |title=Stó:lo Culture – Ideas of Prehistory and Changing Cultural Relationships to the Land and Environment |accessdate=23 November 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718061334/http://home.istar.ca:80/~bthom/LONGTERM-FIN.htm |archivedate=18 July 2007 }}
The settlement which came to be called Gastown grew up quickly around the original makeshift [[tavern]] established by "Gassy" [[John Deighton|Jack Deighton]] in 1867 on the edge of the Hastings Mill property.<ref name="Horizons"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gastown.org/history/index.html |title=Welcome to Gastown |date=28 March 2008 |publisher=Gastown Business Improvement Society |accessdate=5 December 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091125034053/http://www.gastown.org:80/history/index.html |archivedate=25 November 2009 }}
The highest temperature ever recorded at the airport was {{convert|34.4|°C|°F|abbr=on}} set on 30 July 2009,<ref>{{cite news|title=Temperature record broken in Lower Mainland — again |url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/british-columbia/story/2009/07/30/bc-090730-heat-record.html |publisher=CBC News |date=30 July 2009 |accessdate=9 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604141209/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/british-columbia/story/2009/07/30/bc-090730-heat-record.html |archivedate=4 June 2011 }}
Winters in Greater Vancouver are the fourth mildest of Canadian cities after nearby [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]], [[Nanaimo]] and [[Duncan, British Columbia|Duncan]], all on Vancouver Island.<ref>{{cite web|title=Weather Winners — Mildest Winters |publisher=Environment Canada |url=http://climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/winners/categorydata_e.html?SelectedCategory=4 |accessdate=9 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125151335/http://climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/winners/categorydata_e.html?SelectedCategory=4 |archivedate=25 November 2011 }} | 2016-03-12T20:12:22Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=710983088 | |image = Richardbruton.jpg | 2016-03-15T17:20:38Z | |image = Richard Bruton 2011.jpg | 2016-03-20T07:52:50Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=709777938 | One of the citizens is elected Mugnaia (miller's daughter). Legend has it that Ivrea was once ruled by an evil duke (identified by historians with Guido III, against which the population really arose, demolishing his castle, in [[1194]]). After the miller's daughter (la "Mugnaia") Violetta got married, the duke claimed his [[droit du seigneur]], the right to spend a night with each newly wed woman, and forced her into his castle. Once in the duke's rooms, Violetta used the opportunity to cut his head off, starting a revolution that eventually brought to the destruction of the castle. Today the carriages represent the duke's army and the orange throwers the revolutionaries. | 2016-03-12T12:32:18Z | One of the citizens is elected Mugnaia (miller's daughter). Legend has it that Ivrea was once ruled by an evil duke (identified by historians with Guido III, against which the population really arose, demolishing his castle, in 1194). After the miller's daughter (la "Mugnaia") Violetta got married, the duke claimed his [[droit du seigneur]], the right to spend a night with each newly wed woman, and forced her into his castle. Once in the duke's rooms, Violetta used the opportunity to cut his head off, starting a revolution that eventually brought to the destruction of the castle. Today the carriages represent the duke's army and the orange throwers the revolutionaries. | 2016-03-13T01:08:58Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=710511069 | The '''Rolex Awards''' is a series of biennial awards "aimed at fostering a spirit of enterprise around the world", promoted by the [[Swiss]] [[wristwatch]] company [[Rolex]]. The awards recognize outstanding achievement, particularly in the areas of science and medicine, technology and innovation, exploration and discovery,; the environment, and cultural heritage.
The awards are given to five Laureates and five Associate Laureates for pioneering efforts to expand knowledge and improve human life. Laureates receive US$ 100,000 each; the Associate Laureates, US$ 50,000.
* [[Elizabeth Nicholls]], Canada, Exploration, a paleontologist who excavated a 23 meter ichtyosaur fossil | 2015-12-04T14:51:28Z | The '''Rolex Awards''' is a series of biennial awards "aimed at fostering a spirit of enterprise around the world", promoted by the [[Swiss]] [[wristwatch]] company [[Rolex]]. The awards recognize outstanding achievement, particularly in the areas of science and medicine, technology and innovation, exploration and discovery,; the environment, and cultural heritage.
The awards are given to five Laureates and five Associate Laureates for pioneering efforts to expand knowledge and improve human life. Laureates receive US$100,000 each; the Associate Laureates, US$50,000.
* [[Elizabeth Nicholls]], Canada, Exploration, a paleontologist who excavated a 23-meter ichtyosaur fossil | 2016-03-17T10:50:32Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=713556844 | [[Category:Kutná Hora District]] | 2013-11-16T14:34:42Z | [[Category:Populated places in Kutná Hora District]] | 2016-04-04T18:57:57Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=713476898 | * [[Elena Pucić-Sorkočević]] (1786–1865) was the first female composer in the Republic of Ragusa (Republic of Dubrovnik). | 2016-04-04T08:13:04Z | * [[Elena Pucić-Sorkočević]] (1786–1865) was the first female composer in the Republic of Ragusa (Republic of Dubrovnik) | 2016-04-04T08:13:34Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=713299333 | On December 30, 2015, three [[Felony#Classification by seriousness|Class II Felony]] charges of aggravated indecent assault were filed against Cosby in [[Montgomery County, Pennsylvania|Montgomery County]], [[Pennsylvania]]<ref name="bigstory.ap.org">{{cite web |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/df3cf7cb94494542bcbd58e3dc2b9748/results-bill-cosby-criminal-inquiry-be-announced |title=Bill Cosby charged with sexually assaulting a woman |last=Dale |first=Maryclaire |date=December 30, 2015 |work=Associated Press |access-date=December 30, 2015}}</ref> based on allegations by Constand concerning incidents in January 2004.
{{cite news |author=staff |date=July 19, 2015 |title=Excerpts From Bill Cosby's Deposition in 2005 and 2006 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/07/18/arts/bill-cosby-deposition-excerpts.html|newspaper=The New York Times |location=New York |access-date=January 3, 2016}}</ref> Cosby admitted knowing it was illegal at the time to dispense the drug to other people. Amar would later have his medical license revoked in California and New York; he died in 2002.<ref name="Moghe"/><ref name=Dale>{{cite web|last1=Dale|first1=Maryclaire|title=Cosby said he got drugs to give women for sex|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/6d90b1f473f147ed9f0048f9e9ac2287/apnewsbreak-cosby-said-he-got-drugs-give-women-sex|work=Associated Press|accessdate=July 7, 2015}}</ref>
Attorneys for Cosby, on January 11, 2016, filed a motion to dismiss the sexual assault charges stating that the local district attorney’s office had promised in 2005 that Cosby would not be prosecuted.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bowley |first=Graham |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/12/arts/television/bill-cosbys-lawyers-seek-dismissal-of-sexual-assault-charges.html?_r=0 |title=Bill Cosby’s Lawyers Seek Dismissal of Sexual Assault Charges |newspaper=The New York Times |date=January 11, 2016 |accessdate=April 3, 2016}}</ref> In testimony involving Cosby's motion to dismiss the charges Castor defended his decision not to bring charges, citing among other things Constand's year-long delay in reporting the allegations, her continued contact with Cosby, and suggestions that she and her mother might have tried to extort the TV star.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://6abc.com/news/cosby-lawyer-says-comedian-was-assured-he-was-in-the-clear/1183142/ |title=Judge refuses to throw out sex assault case against Cosby |publisher=WPVI |date=2016-02-03 |accessdate=2016-04-03}}</ref>
On February 3, 2016, Judge Steven O'Neill ruled "there was no basis" to dismiss the case based on Cosby's assertions. The judge scheduled a preliminary hearing for March 8.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cooper |first=Aaron |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/03/us/bill-cosby-andrea-constand-sex-assault-charges/ |title=Bill Cosby case: Judge says prosecution can go forward |publisher=CNN |date=2016-02-03 |accessdate=2016-04-03}}</ref> On February 12, 2016, Cosby's legal team filed a notice of appeal in the county court. They want the argument heard by Pennsylvania Superior Court. "If Mr. Cosby is successful on appeal, the case would be terminated immediately," they wrote.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philly.com/philly/news/20160213_Cosby_launches_appeal__seeks_to_halt_case.html |title=Cosby launches appeal, seeks to halt case |publisher=Philly.com |date=2016-02-14 |accessdate=2016-04-03}}</ref> On March 1, 2016, the Pennsylvania Superior Court issued an order temporarily staying Bill Cosby's March 8 preliminary hearing in his Pennsylvania sexual assault trial until it can rule on Cosby's appeal asking for the case to be dismissed.<ref>{{cite web|last=Weisensee |first=Nicole |url=http://www.people.com/article/bill-cosby-criminal-case-pennsylvania-court-temporary-hold |title=Bill Cosby Sex Assault Charges: Pennsylvania Court Halts Case |work=People |date=March 1, 2016 |accessdate=2016-04-03}}</ref>
Lawyers representing the alleged victims plan on deposing 27-time [[Grammy Award]] winner [[Quincy Jones]]. They believe Jones, who has been a friend of Cosby for more than 50 years and collaborated with him on ''Cosby Show'' songs, may have information vital to the plaintiff's case. Jones is expected to be deposed on March 21, 2016.<ref name=Qunicy_Jones_Deposition>>{{cite news|url=http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2016/03/bill_cosby_accusers_plan_to_de.html|title=Bill Cosby accusers seek to depose music producer Quincy Jones in abuse case|publisher=MassLive|date=March 1, 2016|accessdate=March 1, 2016}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=April 2016}} In addition to Jones, plaintiffs intend to depose and/or subpoena documents from [[William Morris Endeavor]], Cosby’s former attorneys Martin D. Singer and John P. Schmitt and his publicist David Brokaw.<ref name=Plaintiff>>{{cite news|url=http://news.yahoo.com/bill-cosby-libel-accusers-want-depose-quincy-jones-050034691.html;_ylt=A0LEVyHjeNhWIpwAzqRXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTEyaDkyMWp1BGNvbG8DYmYxBHBvcwMxBHZ0aWQDQjE3OTNfMQRzZWMDc2M-|title=Bill Cosby Libel Accusers Want to Depose Quincy Jones, WME|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=March 1, 2016|accessdate=March 1, 2016}}</ref> Cammarata says he hopes to depose Bill Cosby soon after Camille Cosby finishes her deposition, although no date has been set.<ref name=Plaintiff2>>{{cite news|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/camille-cosbys-2nd-deposition-postponed-until-april-18/|title=Camille Cosby’s 2nd deposition postponed until April 18|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=Seattle Times|date=March 10, 2016|accessdate=March 10, 2016}}</ref>
On November 2, 2015, Los Angeles Superior Court Judge Debre Katz Weintraub ruled Cosby and his former lawyer Martin Singer must give a deposition despite their efforts to have the case thrown out (Singer is not named as a defendant in the case). The ruling states Dickinson's lawyers can only seek answers as to whether the denials were made maliciously, and Cosby and Singer can assert attorney-client privilege and refuse to answer some questions.<ref name=dickinson_deposition>{{cite news|url=http://news.yahoo.com/judge-orders-cosby-deposition-janice-dickinson-lawsuit-171745138.html|title=Judge orders Cosby deposition in Janice Dickinson lawsuit|agency=Associated Press|date=November 2, 2015|accessdate=November 2, 2015}}</ref> Singer was scheduled to be deposed November 19 in Los Angeles, with Cosby's deposition occurring on November 23 in Boston.<ref name=dickinson_deposition_nov23>{{cite news|url=http://www.etonline.com/news/175819_bill_cosby_s_deposition_janice_dickinson_defamation_case_to_take_place_on/|title=Bill Cosby's Deposition in Janice Dickinson Defamation Case Scheduled to Take Place on Nov. 23|work=ET Online|date=November 11, 2015|accessdate=November 11, 2015}}</ref> On November 12, a California appeals court temporarily halted an order requiring them to testify. Both parties are required to provide information by the end of this month to state their cases as to why or why not the deposition should proceed. "We are confident that once the Court of Appeals hears full argument on the issues it will allow the deposition of Mr. Cosby and his attorney to go forward," Dickinson's attorney Lisa Bloom wrote in an email. An email sent to Cosby's Attorney seeking comment was not answered.<ref name=Deposition_Delayed_dickinson>{{cite news|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/8620422041ff4c719824ed8cf2fc3eaf/appeals-court-temporarily-halts-upcoming-cosby-deposition|title=Appeals court temporarily halts upcoming Cosby deposition|work=Associated Press|date=November 12, 2015|accessdate=November 12, 2015}}</ref> Marty Singer announced that he was planning a new legal move of his own. "I'm looking forward to pursuing claims against Janice Dickinson and Lisa Bloom after I prevail in this action," Singer told Deadline tonight.<ref name=singer_plans_action_dickinson>{{cite news|url=http://deadline.com/2015/11/bill-cosby-marty-singer-defamation-lawsuit-janice-dickinson-response-1201632462/|title=Bill Cosby Ex-Attorney Marty Singer Plans Legal Action Against Janice Dickinson|work=Deadline Hollywood|date=November 21, 2015|accessdate=November 21, 2015}}</ref>
In his 1992 book ''Childhood'', Cosby devotes an entire chapter to Spanish fly, recalling how enamored he was with the concept as a pubescent boy. A young Cosby asks what Spanish fly looks like, how to give it to a girl ("In a sandwich of somethin'?"), and how much of it to use, to which one of Cosby's childhood friends replies, "Soon as her clothes come off, that's enough."<ref name=jezebel_reading>{{cite web|url=http://jezebel.com/reading-bill-cosby-the-wit-and-wisdom-of-an-accused-se-1679809081|title=Reading Bill Cosby: The Wit And Wisdom Of An Accused Serial Rapist|author=Ellie Shechet|work=Jezebel}}</ref> ''Kirkus Reviews'' summarized the book and chapter mentioning Spanish fly stating: "From musical beds with Russell to a pubescent hunt for fabled Spanish Fly, it's all contrived and easy enough reading for both those now caught in the undertow of childhood and their seniors who somehow survived it long ago. With a book that's transparent, easily digested, low calorie, and inoffensive, Cosby is still selling [[Jell-O]]."<ref>{{cite web|last=Cusack |first=Joan |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/bill-cosby/6827/ |title=CHILDHOOD by Bill Cosby |publisher=Kirkus Reviews |date=1991-08-01 |accessdate=2016-04-03}}</ref> | 2016-04-03T05:23:58Z | On December 30, 2015, three [[Felony#Classification by seriousness|Class II Felony]] charges of aggravated indecent assault were filed against Cosby in [[Montgomery County, Pennsylvania|Montgomery County]], [[Pennsylvania]]<ref name="bigstory.ap.org">{{cite web |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/df3cf7cb94494542bcbd58e3dc2b9748/results-bill-cosby-criminal-inquiry-be-announced |title=Bill Cosby charged with sexually assaulting a woman |last=Dale |first=Maryclaire |date=December 30, 2015 |agency=Associated Press |access-date=December 30, 2015}}</ref> based on allegations by Constand concerning incidents in January 2004.
{{cite news |author=staff |date=July 19, 2015 |title=Excerpts From Bill Cosby's Deposition in 2005 and 2006 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/07/18/arts/bill-cosby-deposition-excerpts.html|newspaper=The New York Times |location=New York |access-date=January 3, 2016}}</ref> Cosby admitted knowing it was illegal at the time to dispense the drug to other people. Amar would later have his medical license revoked in California and New York; he died in 2002.<ref name="Moghe"/><ref name=Dale>{{cite web|last1=Dale|first1=Maryclaire|title=Cosby said he got drugs to give women for sex|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/6d90b1f473f147ed9f0048f9e9ac2287/apnewsbreak-cosby-said-he-got-drugs-give-women-sex|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=July 7, 2015}}</ref>
Attorneys for Cosby, on January 11, 2016, filed a motion to dismiss the sexual assault charges stating that the local district attorney’s office had promised in 2005 that Cosby would not be prosecuted.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bowley |first=Graham |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/12/arts/television/bill-cosbys-lawyers-seek-dismissal-of-sexual-assault-charges.html|title=Bill Cosby’s Lawyers Seek Dismissal of Sexual Assault Charges |newspaper=The New York Times |date=January 11, 2016 |accessdate=April 3, 2016}}</ref> In testimony involving Cosby's motion to dismiss the charges Castor defended his decision not to bring charges, citing among other things Constand's year-long delay in reporting the allegations, her continued contact with Cosby, and suggestions that she and her mother might have tried to extort the TV star.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://6abc.com/news/cosby-lawyer-says-comedian-was-assured-he-was-in-the-clear/1183142/ |title=Judge refuses to throw out sex assault case against Cosby |publisher=WPVI |date=2016-02-03 |accessdate=2016-04-03}}</ref>
On February 3, 2016, Judge Steven O'Neill ruled "there was no basis" to dismiss the case based on Cosby's assertions. The judge scheduled a preliminary hearing for March 8.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cooper |first=Aaron |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/03/us/bill-cosby-andrea-constand-sex-assault-charges/ |title=Bill Cosby case: Judge says prosecution can go forward |publisher=CNN |date=2016-02-03 |accessdate=2016-04-03}}</ref> On February 12, 2016, Cosby's legal team filed a notice of appeal in the county court. They want the argument heard by Pennsylvania Superior Court. "If Mr. Cosby is successful on appeal, the case would be terminated immediately," they wrote.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philly.com/philly/news/20160213_Cosby_launches_appeal__seeks_to_halt_case.html |title=Cosby launches appeal, seeks to halt case |work=Philadelphia Daily News |date=2016-02-14 |accessdate=2016-04-03}}</ref> On March 1, 2016, the Pennsylvania Superior Court issued an order temporarily staying Bill Cosby's March 8 preliminary hearing in his Pennsylvania sexual assault trial until it can rule on Cosby's appeal asking for the case to be dismissed.<ref>{{cite web|last=Weisensee |first=Nicole |url=http://www.people.com/article/bill-cosby-criminal-case-pennsylvania-court-temporary-hold |title=Bill Cosby Sex Assault Charges: Pennsylvania Court Halts Case |work=People |date=March 1, 2016 |accessdate=2016-04-03}}</ref>
Lawyers representing the alleged victims plan on deposing 27-time [[Grammy Award]] winner [[Quincy Jones]]. They believe Jones, who has been a friend of Cosby for more than 50 years and collaborated with him on ''Cosby Show'' songs, may have information vital to the plaintiff's case. Jones is expected to be deposed on March 21, 2016.<ref name=Qunicy_Jones_Deposition>>{{cite news|url=http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2016/03/bill_cosby_accusers_plan_to_de.html|title=Bill Cosby accusers seek to depose music producer Quincy Jones in abuse case|publisher=MassLive|date=March 1, 2016|accessdate=March 1, 2016}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=April 2016}} In addition to Jones, plaintiffs intend to depose and/or subpoena documents from [[William Morris Endeavor]], Cosby’s former attorneys Martin D. Singer and John P. Schmitt and his publicist David Brokaw.<ref name=Plaintiff>>{{cite news|url=http://news.yahoo.com/bill-cosby-libel-accusers-want-depose-quincy-jones-050034691.html;_ylt=A0LEVyHjeNhWIpwAzqRXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTEyaDkyMWp1BGNvbG8DYmYxBHBvcwMxBHZ0aWQDQjE3OTNfMQRzZWMDc2M-|title=Bill Cosby Libel Accusers Want to Depose Quincy Jones, WME|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=March 1, 2016|accessdate=March 1, 2016}}</ref> Cammarata says he hopes to depose Bill Cosby soon after Camille Cosby finishes her deposition, although no date has been set.<ref name=Plaintiff2>>{{cite news|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/camille-cosbys-2nd-deposition-postponed-until-april-18/|title=Camille Cosby’s 2nd deposition postponed until April 18|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=The Seattle Times|date=March 10, 2016|accessdate=March 10, 2016}}</ref>
On November 2, 2015, Los Angeles Superior Court Judge Debre Katz Weintraub ruled Cosby and his former lawyer Martin Singer must give a deposition despite their efforts to have the case thrown out (Singer is not named as a defendant in the case). The ruling states Dickinson's lawyers can only seek answers as to whether the denials were made maliciously, and Cosby and Singer can assert attorney-client privilege and refuse to answer some questions.<ref name=dickinson_deposition>{{cite news|url=http://news.yahoo.com/judge-orders-cosby-deposition-janice-dickinson-lawsuit-171745138.html|title=Judge orders Cosby deposition in Janice Dickinson lawsuit|agency=Associated Press|date=November 2, 2015|accessdate=November 2, 2015}}</ref> Singer was scheduled to be deposed November 19 in Los Angeles, with Cosby's deposition occurring on November 23 in Boston.<ref name=dickinson_deposition_nov23>{{cite news|url=http://www.etonline.com/news/175819_bill_cosby_s_deposition_janice_dickinson_defamation_case_to_take_place_on/|title=Bill Cosby's Deposition in Janice Dickinson Defamation Case Scheduled to Take Place on Nov. 23|work=ET Online|date=November 11, 2015|accessdate=November 11, 2015}}</ref> On November 12, a California appeals court temporarily halted an order requiring them to testify. Both parties are required to provide information by the end of this month to state their cases as to why or why not the deposition should proceed. "We are confident that once the Court of Appeals hears full argument on the issues it will allow the deposition of Mr. Cosby and his attorney to go forward," Dickinson's attorney Lisa Bloom wrote in an email. An email sent to Cosby's Attorney seeking comment was not answered.<ref name=Deposition_Delayed_dickinson>{{cite news|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/8620422041ff4c719824ed8cf2fc3eaf/appeals-court-temporarily-halts-upcoming-cosby-deposition|title=Appeals court temporarily halts upcoming Cosby deposition|agency=Associated Press|date=November 12, 2015|accessdate=November 12, 2015}}</ref> Marty Singer announced that he was planning a new legal move of his own. "I'm looking forward to pursuing claims against Janice Dickinson and Lisa Bloom after I prevail in this action," Singer told Deadline tonight.<ref name=singer_plans_action_dickinson>{{cite news|url=http://deadline.com/2015/11/bill-cosby-marty-singer-defamation-lawsuit-janice-dickinson-response-1201632462/|title=Bill Cosby Ex-Attorney Marty Singer Plans Legal Action Against Janice Dickinson|work=Deadline Hollywood|date=November 21, 2015|accessdate=November 21, 2015}}</ref>
In his 1992 book ''Childhood'', Cosby devotes an entire chapter to Spanish fly, recalling how enamored he was with the concept as a pubescent boy. A young Cosby asks what Spanish fly looks like, how to give it to a girl ("In a sandwich of somethin'?"), and how much of it to use, to which one of Cosby's childhood friends replies, "Soon as her clothes come off, that's enough."<ref name=jezebel_reading>{{cite web|url=http://jezebel.com/reading-bill-cosby-the-wit-and-wisdom-of-an-accused-se-1679809081|title=Reading Bill Cosby: The Wit And Wisdom Of An Accused Serial Rapist|author=Ellie Shechet|work=Jezebel}}</ref> ''Kirkus Reviews'' summarized the book and chapter mentioning Spanish fly stating: "From musical beds with Russell to a pubescent hunt for fabled Spanish Fly, it's all contrived and easy enough reading for both those now caught in the undertow of childhood and their seniors who somehow survived it long ago. With a book that's transparent, easily digested, low calorie, and inoffensive, Cosby is still selling [[Jell-O]]."<ref>{{cite web|last=Cusack |first=Joan |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/bill-cosby/6827/ |title=CHILDHOOD by Bill Cosby |work=Kirkus Reviews |date=1991-08-01 |accessdate=2016-04-03}}</ref> | 2016-04-03T05:26:01Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=712377535 | {{Use mdy dates|date=October o2013ióouipoop}}
|name = Bonjourpi8po|screenshot = | 2016-03-28T19:12:51Z | {{Use mdy dates|date=October 2013}}
|name = Bonjour
|screenshot = | 2016-03-28T19:15:01Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=710363958 | | [[China Eastern Airlines]] | [[Baotou Erliban Airport|Baotou]], [[Beijing Capital International Airport|Beijing-Capital]], [[Changchun Longjia International Airport|Changchun]], [[Changsha Huanghua International Airport|Changsha]], [[Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport|Chengdu]], [[Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport|Chongqing]], [[Dali Airport|Dali]], [[Dalian Zhoushuizi International Airport|Dalian]], [[Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport|Guangzhou]], [[Guiyang Longdongbao International Airport|Guiyang]], [[Haikou Meilan International Airport|Haikou]], [[Harbin Taiping International Airport|Harbin]], [[Hohhot Baita International Airport|Hohhot]], [[Huai'an Lianshui Airport|Huai'an]],<ref>{{cite news|title=东航10月26日起开通淮安—南京航线|url=http://www.ceair.com/about/dhxw/t20141016_18772.html|accessdate=8 January 2015|work=中国东方航空官方网站|publisher=中国东方航空公司|date=16 October 2014}}</ref> [[Kunming Changshui International Airport|Kunming]], [[Lanzhou Zhongchuan Airport|Lanzhou]], [[Lijiang Sanyi Airport|Lijiang]], [[Nanchang Changbei International Airport|Nanchang]], [[Nanning Wuxu International Airport|Nanning]], [[Qingdao Liuting International Airport|Qingdao]], [[Sanya Phoenix International Airport|Sanya]], [[Shanghai Pudong International Airport|Shanghai-Pudong]], [[Shenyang Taoxian International Airport|Shenyang]] (Begins 27 March 2016),{{citation needed|reason=Sources are mandatory for new flights|date=March 2016}} [[Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport|Shenzhen]], [[Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport|Shijiazhuang]], [[Taiyuan Wusu International Airport|Taiyuan]], [[Ürümqi Diwopu International Airport|Urumqi]], [[Xiamen Gaoqi International Airport|Xiamen]], [[Xi'an Xianyang International Airport|Xi'an]], [[Xining Caojiabu Airport|Xining]], [[Xishuangbanna Gasa Airport|Xishuangbanna]], [[Yancheng Nanyang Airport|Yancheng]], [[Yantai Penglai International Airport|Yantai]], [[Yinchuan Hedong Airport|Yinchuan]], [[Zhengzhou Xinzheng International Airport|Zhengzhou]], [[Zhuhai Sanzao Airport|Zhuhai]], [[Zunyi Xinzhou Airport|Zunyi]]<br>'''Seasonal:''' [[Tongren Fenghuang Airport|Tongren]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.carnoc.com/list/319/319535.html|title=东航加开南京至贵州旅游航线 空客A320执飞_民航新闻_民航资源网|work=carnoc.com}}</ref> | 2016-03-16T14:44:36Z | | [[China Eastern Airlines]] | [[Baotou Erliban Airport|Baotou]], [[Beijing Capital International Airport|Beijing-Capital]], [[Changchun Longjia International Airport|Changchun]], [[Changsha Huanghua International Airport|Changsha]], [[Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport|Chengdu]], [[Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport|Chongqing]], [[Dali Airport|Dali]], [[Dalian Zhoushuizi International Airport|Dalian]], [[Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport|Guangzhou]], [[Guiyang Longdongbao International Airport|Guiyang]], [[Haikou Meilan International Airport|Haikou]], [[Harbin Taiping International Airport|Harbin]], [[Hohhot Baita International Airport|Hohhot]], [[Huai'an Lianshui Airport|Huai'an]],<ref>{{cite news|title=东航10月26日起开通淮安—南京航线|url=http://www.ceair.com/about/dhxw/t20141016_18772.html|accessdate=8 January 2015|work=中国东方航空官方网站|publisher=中国东方航空公司|date=16 October 2014}}</ref> [[Kunming Changshui International Airport|Kunming]], [[Lanzhou Zhongchuan Airport|Lanzhou]], [[Lijiang Sanyi Airport|Lijiang]], [[Nanchang Changbei International Airport|Nanchang]], [[Nanning Wuxu International Airport|Nanning]], [[Qingdao Liuting International Airport|Qingdao]], [[Sanya Phoenix International Airport|Sanya]], [[Shanghai Pudong International Airport|Shanghai-Pudong]], [[Shenyang Taoxian International Airport|Shenyang]] (Begins 27 March 2016),<ref>[http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzAwMDgxMjMxNA==&mid=404341939&idx=1&sn=6f74854657b4d0544e051d14192acf3d&3rd=MzA3MDU4NTYzMw==&scene=6#rd 东航江苏公司夏秋换季新航线早知晓]</ref> [[Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport|Shenzhen]], [[Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport|Shijiazhuang]], [[Taiyuan Wusu International Airport|Taiyuan]], [[Ürümqi Diwopu International Airport|Urumqi]], [[Xiamen Gaoqi International Airport|Xiamen]], [[Xi'an Xianyang International Airport|Xi'an]], [[Xining Caojiabu Airport|Xining]], [[Xishuangbanna Gasa Airport|Xishuangbanna]], [[Yancheng Nanyang Airport|Yancheng]], [[Yantai Penglai International Airport|Yantai]], [[Yinchuan Hedong Airport|Yinchuan]], [[Zhengzhou Xinzheng International Airport|Zhengzhou]], [[Zhuhai Sanzao Airport|Zhuhai]], [[Zunyi Xinzhou Airport|Zunyi]]<br>'''Seasonal:''' [[Tongren Fenghuang Airport|Tongren]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.carnoc.com/list/319/319535.html|title=东航加开南京至贵州旅游航线 空客A320执飞_民航新闻_民航资源网|work=carnoc.com}}</ref> | 2016-03-16T14:45:26Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=710011055 | |city = [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]]
* November 9, 1985: [[Ced Landrum]] was signed as an amateur free agent by the Cubs.<ref>[http://www.baseball-reference.com/players/l/landrce01.shtml Ced Landrum page at Baseball Reference]</ref>
* December 11, 1985: [[Dave Owen]] was traded by the Cubs to the [[San Francisco Giants]] to the Chicago Cubs for [[Manny Trillo]].<ref>[http://www.baseball-reference.com/t/trillma01.shtml Manny Trillo page at Baseball Reference]</ref>
* January 13, 1986: Larry Whitford (minors) and Rich Rembielak (minors) were traded by the Cubs to the [[Milwaukee Brewers]] for [[Mike Martin (catcher)|Mike Martin]].<ref>[http://www.baseball-reference.com/m/martimi01.shtml Mike Martin page at Baseball Reference]</ref>
* January 14, 1986: [[Jerome Walton]] was drafted by the Cubs in the 2nd round of the [[1986 Major League Baseball Draft]]. Player signed May 12, 1986.<ref>[http://www.baseball-reference.com/w/waltoje01.shtml Jerome Walton page at Baseball Reference]</ref>
* January 15, 1986: [[Steve Christmas]] was signed as a free agent by the Cubs.<ref>[http://www.baseball-reference.com/c/chrisst01.shtml Steve Christmas page at Baseball Reference]</ref>
* January 17, 1986: Gary Jones (minors) and John Cox (minors) were traded by the Cubs to the [[Oakland Athletics]] for [[Phil Stephenson]] and Bob Bathe (minors).<ref>[http://www.baseball-reference.com/s/stephph01.shtml Phil Stephenson page at Baseball Reference]</ref>
* February 1, 1986: [[Matt Keough]] was signed as a free agent by the Cubs.<ref name=keough>[http://www.baseball-reference.com/k/keougma02.shtml Matt Keough page at Baseball Reference]</ref>
* May 2, 1986: [[Terry Francona]] was signed as a free agent by the Cubs.<ref>[http://www.baseball-reference.com/f/francte01.shtml Terry Francona page at Baseball Reference]</ref>
* July 15, 1986: [[Steve Lake]] was released by the Cubs.<ref>[http://www.baseball-reference.com/l/lakest01.shtml Steve Lake page at Baseball Reference]</ref>
{{See also|Minor league baseball}}
|level18=[[Single-A (baseball)|A]] |team18=[[Peoria Chiefs]]|league18=[[Midwest League]]|manager18=[[Pete Mackanin]]
|level19=[[Minor league baseball#Class A-Short Season|Short-Season A]]|team19=[[Geneva Cubs]]|league19=[[New York-Penn League]]|manager19=[[Jay Loviglio]]
|level20=[[Minor league baseball#Rookie|Rookie]]|team20=[[Wytheville Cubs]]|league20=[[Appalachian League]]|manager20=[[Tony Franklin (baseball)|Tony Franklin]]
<small>LEAGUE CHAMPIONS: Winston-Salem</small><ref>Johnson, Lloyd, and Wolff, Miles, ed., ''The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball,'' 2nd edition. Durham, N.C.: Baseball America, 1997</ref>
*[http://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/CHC/1986.shtml 1986 Chicago Cubs season at Baseball Reference] | 2016-01-03T02:17:15Z | |city = [[Chicago]]
* November 9, 1985: [[Ced Landrum]] was signed as an amateur free agent by the Cubs.<ref>[http://www.baseball-reference.com/players/l/landrce01.shtml Ced Landrum] at ''Baseball Reference''</ref>
* December 11, 1985: [[Dave Owen]] was traded by the Cubs to the [[San Francisco Giants]] to the Chicago Cubs for [[Manny Trillo]].<ref>[http://www.baseball-reference.com/t/trillma01.shtml Manny Trillo] at ''Baseball Reference''</ref>
* January 13, 1986: Larry Whitford (minors) and Rich Rembielak (minors) were traded by the Cubs to the [[Milwaukee Brewers]] for [[Mike Martin (catcher)|Mike Martin]].<ref>[http://www.baseball-reference.com/m/martimi01.shtml Mike Martin] at ''Baseball Reference''</ref>
* January 14, 1986: [[Jerome Walton]] was drafted by the Cubs in the 2nd round of the [[1986 Major League Baseball draft]]. Player signed May 12, 1986.<ref>[http://www.baseball-reference.com/w/waltoje01.shtml Jerome Walton] at ''Baseball Reference''</ref>
* January 15, 1986: [[Steve Christmas]] was signed as a free agent by the Cubs.<ref>[http://www.baseball-reference.com/c/chrisst01.shtml Steve Christmas] at ''Baseball Reference''</ref>
* January 17, 1986: Gary Jones (minors) and John Cox (minors) were traded by the Cubs to the [[Oakland Athletics]] for [[Phil Stephenson]] and Bob Bathe (minors).<ref>[http://www.baseball-reference.com/s/stephph01.shtml Phil Stephenson] at ''Baseball Reference''</ref>
* February 1, 1986: [[Matt Keough]] was signed as a free agent by the Cubs.<ref name=keough>[http://www.baseball-reference.com/k/keougma02.shtml Matt Keough] at ''Baseball Reference''</ref>
* May 2, 1986: [[Terry Francona]] was signed as a free agent by the Cubs.<ref>[http://www.baseball-reference.com/f/francte01.shtml Terry Francona] at ''Baseball Reference''</ref>
* July 15, 1986: [[Steve Lake]] was released by the Cubs.<ref>[http://www.baseball-reference.com/l/lakest01.shtml Steve Lake] at ''Baseball Reference''</ref>
{{See also|Minor League Baseball}}
|level18=[[Single-A (baseball)|A]]|team18=[[Peoria Chiefs]]|league18=[[Midwest League]]|manager18=[[Pete Mackanin]]
|level19=[[Class A-Short Season|A-Short Season]]|team19=[[Geneva Cubs]]|league19=[[New York–Penn League]]|manager19=[[Jay Loviglio]]
|level20=[[Rookie League|Rookie]]|team20=[[Wytheville Cubs]]|league20=[[Appalachian League]]|manager20=[[Tony Franklin (baseball)|Tony Franklin]]
<small>LEAGUE CHAMPIONS: Winston-Salem</small><ref>Johnson, Lloyd, and Wolff, Miles, ed., ''The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball'', 2nd edition. Durham, North Carolina: Baseball America, 1997</ref>
*[http://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/CHC/1986.shtml 1986 Chicago Cubs season] at ''Baseball Reference'' | 2016-03-14T12:30:18Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=713887396 | | currentclub = {{Rut Free State Cheetahs}}
'''Ruan van Rensburg''' (born {{birth date|1993|05|31|df=y}} in [[Pretoria]], [[South Africa]]) is a South African [[rugby union]] player, currently playing with the {{Rut Free State Cheetahs}}.<ref name="SARU Player Profile Ruan van Rensburg">{{cite web | url=http://www.sarugby.net/index.php?option=com_players&view=player&id=119151 | title=SARU Player Profile Ruan van Rensburg | work=South African Rugby Union | accessdate=19 August 2015}}</ref>{{refn | group=note | name="Ruan Janse van Rensburg" | The [[South African Rugby Union|SARU]] website erroneously included Ruan Janse van Rensburg,<ref name="SARU Player Profile Ruan Janse van Rensburg">{{cite web | url=http://www.sarugby.net/index.php?option=com_players&view=player&id=53085 | title=SARU Player Profile Ruan Janse van Rensburg | work=South African Rugby Union | accessdate=19 August 2015}}</ref> a flanker that represented the {{Rut Griffons}} at the 2011 [[Craven Week]], instead of Ruan van Rensburg in some squads. Some match reports, etc., might refer to this incorrectly-linked player.}} His regular position is scrum-half.
{{Free State Cheetahs squad}} | 2016-03-31T14:49:21Z | | currentclub = {{Rut Cheetahs}}
'''Ruan van Rensburg''' (born {{birth date|1993|05|31|df=y}} in [[Pretoria]], [[South Africa]]) is a South African [[rugby union]] player, currently playing with the {{Rut Cheetahs}}.<ref name="SARU Player Profile Ruan van Rensburg">{{cite web | url=http://www.sarugby.net/index.php?option=com_players&view=player&id=119151 | title=SARU Player Profile Ruan van Rensburg | work=South African Rugby Union | accessdate=19 August 2015}}</ref>{{refn | group=note | name="Ruan Janse van Rensburg" | The [[South African Rugby Union|SARU]] website erroneously included Ruan Janse van Rensburg,<ref name="SARU Player Profile Ruan Janse van Rensburg">{{cite web | url=http://www.sarugby.net/index.php?option=com_players&view=player&id=53085 | title=SARU Player Profile Ruan Janse van Rensburg | work=South African Rugby Union | accessdate=19 August 2015}}</ref> a flanker that represented the {{Rut Griffons}} at the 2011 [[Craven Week]], instead of Ruan van Rensburg in some squads. Some match reports, etc., might refer to this incorrectly-linked player.}} His regular position is scrum-half. | 2016-04-06T11:04:11Z | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=713105152 | {{Redirect3|TV5 Manila|for the article about the television network, see [[TV5 Network Inc.]]}}
{{About||the radio station|DWET-FM|other uses|DWET (disambiguation)}} | 2016-03-13T19:13:55Z | {{redirect|TV5 Manila|the television network|TV5 Network Inc.}}
{{about||the radio station|DWET-FM|other uses|DWET (disambiguation)}} | 2016-04-01T23:52:05Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=714416658 | She is currently a full professor at [[Fryderyk Chopin University of Music]] where she had also been elected as the dean of the university's Department of Piano, Harpsichord and Organ along as the Head of Chair of Piano. For several years Szraiber had also conduced master classes in her native Poland as well as abroad, and has also been a jury member in several piano competitions. She also has presented a series of concert-lectures and reminiscences called “Nestors of Polish Piano Playing”.<ref name=biochopin/> The result of which led to the publications which include biographies and reminiscences of several Polish pianists. Her interests in teaching allowed her to prepare a monograph on the book ''On Educating the Artist-Performer at the College Level of Piano Studies''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maria Szraiber – the artist and the educator|url=https://www.emi.pl/maria-szraiber2/?lang=en|publisher=Wanda Pazdan|date=17 July 2008|accessdate=9 April 2016}}</ref> | 2016-04-09T16:26:49Z | She is currently a full professor at [[Fryderyk Chopin University of Music]] where she had also been elected as the dean of the university's Department of Piano, Harpsichord and Organ along as the Head of Chair of Piano. For several years Szraiber had also conduced master classes in her native Poland as well as abroad, and has also been a jury member in several piano competitions. She also has presented a series of concert-lectures and reminiscences called ''Nestors of Polish Piano Playing''.<ref name=biochopin/> The result of which led to the publications which include biographies and reminiscences of several Polish pianists. Her interests in teaching allowed her to prepare a monograph on the book ''On Educating the Artist-Performer at the College Level of Piano Studies''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maria Szraiber – the artist and the educator|url=https://www.emi.pl/maria-szraiber2/?lang=en|publisher=Wanda Pazdan|date=17 July 2008|accessdate=9 April 2016}}</ref>
==Works==
* {{cite book|last1=Szraibler|first1=Maria|last2=Sloan|first2=Anthony|last3=Młożniak|first3=Ewa|title=Nestors of Polish pianistics|volume=2|year=2005|publisher=Fryderyk Chopin Academy of Music in Warsaw|isbn=978-83-89444-42-4}} | 2016-04-09T16:55:46Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=710449129 | '''USS ''Alice''''' may refer to:
| 2013-03-23T09:47:09Z | '''USS ''Alice''''' may refer to: | 2016-03-17T01:09:01Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=712993642 | | spouse=Isabel Wilson (1949–1965; divorced; 2 children)<br />Dorothy Herzka (1968–1997; his death) | 2016-03-19T13:18:02Z | | spouse=Isabel Wilson (1949–1965; divorced; two children)<br />Dorothy Herzka (1968–1997; his death) | 2016-04-01T07:47:20Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=714306838 | The '''Eclipse Foundation''' is a not-for-profit, member supported corporation that acts as the steward of Eclipse, an open source community working to build a development platform consisting of the frameworks, tools and run-times needed for "building, deploying and managing software across the lifecycle." The most well-known of the [[List of Eclipse projects|Eclipse projects]] is the [[Eclipse (software)|Eclipse platform]], a multi-language software development environment and [[Integrated development environment|IDE]].<ref name="foundation">{{cite web|title=About the Eclipse Foundation|url=//www.eclipse.org/org/|publisher=The Eclipse Foundation|accessdate=14 January 2012}}</ref> | 2016-02-19T05:48:23Z | The '''Eclipse Foundation''' is a [[501(c)(6)]] not-for-profit, member supported corporation that acts as the steward of Eclipse, an open source community working to build a development platform consisting of the frameworks, tools and run-times needed for "building, deploying and managing software across the lifecycle." The most well-known of the [[List of Eclipse projects|Eclipse projects]] is the [[Eclipse (software)|Eclipse platform]], a multi-language software development environment and [[Integrated development environment|IDE]].<ref name="foundation">{{cite web|title=About the Eclipse Foundation|url=//www.eclipse.org/org/|publisher=The Eclipse Foundation|accessdate=14 January 2012}}</ref> | 2016-04-08T22:50:32Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=711666950 | ; Brooklyn Ross: Newsreader - Started position in 2015.
; Jamie Travers: Creative Content Producer - Started position in 2016.
; Mike Santos (American Mike): Imaging Producer - Started position in 2015, ended December 2015. (Currently KIIS Imaging Producer Melbourne) | 2016-02-24T00:21:47Z | ; Brooklyn Ross: Newsreader - Started position in January 2015.
; Mike Santos (American Mike): Imaging Producer - Started position in January 2015, ended December 2015.
; Jamie Travers: Creative Content Producer - Started position in January 2016, ended March 2016. | 2016-03-24T04:37:36Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=713454735 | In the run-up to the [[2016 U.S. presidential election]], Warren's name was put forward by liberal Democrats as a possible presidential candidate. However, Warren repeatedly stated that she was not running for President in 2016.<ref name=nightmare/><ref name=coulddefinitely/><ref name=notgoingtorun/><ref>[http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/DC-Decoder/Decoder-Buzz/2014/1215/Is-Elizabeth-Warren-really-truly-not-running-for-president-video Is Elizabeth Warren really truly not running for president?]</ref><ref>[http://www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/why-isnt-elizabeth-warren-running-president Why Isn't Elizabeth Warren Running for President?]</ref> Her only endorsement was in October 2013, when she joined with the other fifteen Senate Democratic women in signing a letter that encouraged [[Hillary Clinton]] to run.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/188687-report-democratic-women-senators-sign-letter-urging-hillary-clinton-to-run|title=Run, Hillary, run, say Senate's Dem women|publisher=The Hill|author=Alexandra Jaffe|date=October 30, 2013|accessdate=April 4, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2014/04/27/elizabeth-warren-i-hope-hillary-clinton-runs-for-president/|title=Elizabeth Warren: I hope Hillary Clinton runs for president|work=The Washington Post|author=Wesley Lowery|date=April 27, 2014|accessdate=April 4, 2015}}</ref> Warren has not endorsed a 2016 presidential candidate. She is the only female senator of the Democratic Party to not endorse Clinton. Despite her ideology being similar to Sanders, she has remained neutral. | 2016-04-04T04:03:16Z | In the run-up to the [[2016 U.S. presidential election]], Warren's name was put forward by liberal Democrats as a possible presidential candidate. However, Warren repeatedly stated that she was not running for President in 2016.<ref name=nightmare/><ref name=coulddefinitely/><ref name=notgoingtorun/><ref>[http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/DC-Decoder/Decoder-Buzz/2014/1215/Is-Elizabeth-Warren-really-truly-not-running-for-president-video Is Elizabeth Warren really truly not running for president?]</ref><ref>[http://www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/why-isnt-elizabeth-warren-running-president Why Isn't Elizabeth Warren Running for President?]</ref> Her only endorsement was in October 2013, when she joined with the other fifteen Senate Democratic women in signing a letter that encouraged [[Hillary Clinton]] to run.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/188687-report-democratic-women-senators-sign-letter-urging-hillary-clinton-to-run|title=Run, Hillary, run, say Senate's Dem women|publisher=The Hill|author=Alexandra Jaffe|date=October 30, 2013|accessdate=April 4, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2014/04/27/elizabeth-warren-i-hope-hillary-clinton-runs-for-president/|title=Elizabeth Warren: I hope Hillary Clinton runs for president|work=The Washington Post|author=Wesley Lowery|date=April 27, 2014|accessdate=April 4, 2015}}</ref> | 2016-04-04T04:08:18Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=713144570 | | SHORT DESCRIPTION = Albanian diplmat | 2015-11-21T07:55:11Z | | SHORT DESCRIPTION = Albanian diplomat | 2016-04-02T06:00:58Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=712253488 | [[Category:1998 World Aquatics Championships|Backstroke Women 200]] | 2015-04-07T10:49:37Z |
[[Category:Swimming at the 1998 World Aquatics Championships]] | 2016-03-28T00:25:29Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=711713684 | '''Frutarom Industries Ltd.''' is one of the ten largest [[flavor]] and [[fragrance]] companies in the world, in 2015 it had sales of over $872 million.<ref>{{Citation | 2016-03-17T15:21:42Z | '''Frutarom Industries Ltd.''' is a [[flavor]] and [[fragrance]] company based in [[Haifa]], Israel. In 2015 it had sales of over $872 million.<ref>{{Citation | 2016-03-24T10:57:05Z | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=713980427 | |{{sort|{{age in days nts|month1=5|day1=1|year1=2013}} | 2016-04-06T22:35:03Z | |{{sort|{{age in days nts|month1=5|day1=11|year1=2013}} | 2016-04-06T22:36:28Z | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=712849145 | ==Past transport link with the post== | 2016-03-31T13:00:53Z | ==Past transport link with the post== | 2016-03-31T13:01:53Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=712841667 | |[http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/159435-1/Rick+Bragg.aspx October 15, 2000]||[[Rick Bragg]]||''Somebody Told Me: The Newspaper Stories of Rick Bragg''||[[Journalism]]
|[http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/159630-1/Bonnie+Angelo.aspx November 5, 2000]||[[Bonnie Angelo]]||''First Mothers''||
|[http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/160224-1/William+Duiker.aspx November 12, 2000]||[[William Duiker]]||''Ho Chi Minh: A Life''||[[Ho Chi Minh]]
|[http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/160022-1/Maya+Lin.aspx November 19, 2000]||[[Maya Lin]]||''Boundaries''||'''[[Memoir]]/[[Autobiography]]'''; [[Architecture]]; [[Public art]]; [[Vietnam Veterans Memorial]] | 2016-03-31T11:54:22Z | |[http://www.c-span.org/video/?159435-1/book-discussion-somebody-told October 15, 2000]||[[Rick Bragg]]||''Somebody Told Me: The Newspaper Stories of Rick Bragg''||[[Journalism]]
|[http://www.c-span.org/video/?159630-1/book-discussion-first-mothers November 5, 2000]||[[Bonnie Angelo]]||''First Mothers''||
|[http://www.c-span.org/video/?160224-1/book-discussion-ho-chi-minh-life November 12, 2000]||[[William Duiker]]||''Ho Chi Minh: A Life''||[[Ho Chi Minh]]
|[http://www.c-span.org/video/?160022-1/book-discussion-boundaries November 19, 2000]||[[Maya Lin]]||''Boundaries''||'''[[Memoir]]/[[Autobiography]]'''; [[Architecture]]; [[Public art]]; [[Vietnam Veterans Memorial]] | 2016-03-31T11:58:12Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=714247237 | '''Epilepsy''' is a group of [[neurological disorder|neurological disease]]s characterized by [[epileptic seizure]]s.<ref name=NEJM2003>{{cite journal | author = Chang BS, Lowenstein DH | title =Epilepsy | year = 2003 | journal = N. Engl. J. Med. | volume = 349 | issue = 13 | pages = 1257–66 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMra022308 | pmid = 14507951}}</ref><ref name=Fisher2014>{{cite journal |last=Fisher |first=Robert S |author2=Acevedo, C; Arzimanoglou, A; Bogacz, A; Cross, JH; Elger, CE; Engel J, Jr; Forsgren, L; French, JA; Glynn, M; Hesdorffer, DC; Lee, BI; Mathern, GW; Moshé, SL; Perucca, E; Scheffer, IE; Tomson, T; Watanabe, M; Wiebe, S |title=ILAE Official Report: A practical clinical definition of epilepsy |journal=Epilepsia |date=April 2014 |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=475–82 |pmid=24730690 |doi=10.1111/epi.12550 |url=http://www.ilae.org/Visitors/Centre/documents/Definition2014-RFisher.pdf}}</ref> Epileptic seizures are episodes that can vary from brief and nearly undetectable to long periods of vigorous shaking.<ref name=WHO2016/> These episodes can result in physical injuries including occasionally [[Bone fracture|broken bones]].<ref name=WHO2016/> In epilepsy, seizures tend to recur, and have no immediate underlying cause.<ref name=NEJM2003/> Isolated seizures that are provoked by a specific cause (e.g. poisoning) are not deemed to represent epilepsy.<ref name=Fisher2005/> People with epilepsy in some areas of the world experience [[stigma]] due to the condition.<ref name=WHO2016/> | 2016-04-08T07:57:10Z | '''Epilepsy''' is a group of [[neurological disorder|neurological disease]]s characterized by [[epileptic seizure]]s.<ref name=NEJM2003>{{cite journal | author = Chang BS, Lowenstein DH | title =Epilepsy | year = 2003 | journal = N. Engl. J. Med. | volume = 349 | issue = 13 | pages = 1257–66 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMra022308 | pmid = 14507951}}</ref><ref name=Fisher2014>{{cite journal |last=Fisher |first=Robert S |author2=Acevedo, C; Arzimanoglou, A; Bogacz, A; Cross, JH; Elger, CE; Engel J, Jr; Forsgren, L; French, JA; Glynn, M; Hesdorffer, DC; Lee, BI; Mathern, GW; Moshé, SL; Perucca, E; Scheffer, IE; Tomson, T; Watanabe, M; Wiebe, S |title=ILAE Official Report: A practical clinical definition of epilepsy |journal=Epilepsia |date=April 2014 |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=475–82 |pmid=24730690 |doi=10.1111/epi.12550 |url=http://www.ilae.org/Visitors/Centre/documents/Definition2014-RFisher.pdf}}</ref> Epileptic seizures are episodes that can vary from brief and nearly undetectable to long periods of vigorous shaking.<ref name=WHO2016/> These episodes can result in physical injuries including occasionally [[Bone fracture|broken bones]].<ref name=WHO2016/> In epilepsy, seizures tend to recur, and have no immediate underlying cause.<ref name=NEJM2003/> Isolated seizures that are provoked by a specific cause such as poisoning are not deemed to represent epilepsy.<ref name=Fisher2005/> People with epilepsy in some areas of the world experience [[stigma]] due to the condition.<ref name=WHO2016/> | 2016-04-08T15:45:46Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=713816277 | [[Category:American basketball coaches]] | 2015-12-24T13:22:41Z | [[Category:American women's basketball coaches]] | 2016-04-06T01:15:19Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=712211084 | The '''Tibet Mirror''' (in Tibetan ''Yulchog Soseu Sargyour Mélong'', in Wylie transcription: ''yul phyogs so so'i gsar 'gyur gyi me long'') is the English name of a Tibetan-language newspaper that was published in Kalimpong, India, from 1925 to 1962 and circulated in Tibet. Its originator was Gergan Tharchin who was at the same time its journalist, editor and manager. | 2014-09-30T03:52:08Z | The '''Tibet Mirror''' (in Tibetan ''Yulchog Soseu Sargyour Mélong'', in Wylie transcription: ''yul phyogs so so'i gsar 'gyur gyi me long'') is the English name of a Tibetan-language newspaper that was published in Kalimpong, India, from 1925 to 1962 and circulated in Tibet. Its originator was Gergan Tharchin who was at the same time its journalist, editor and manager,
Dr. Lobsang Sangyal. | 2016-03-27T18:31:05Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=712228966 | |Record = 7–8
|ConfRecord = 0–0
|-
| March 15 || #19 [[2016 Clemson Tigers baseball team|Clemson]]* || Joseph P. Riley, Jr. Park • Charleston, SC || || || || || || ||
|-
| March 16 || #19 Clemson* || Joseph P. Riley, Jr. Park • Charleston, SC || || || || || || ||
|-
| March 18 || {{CBSB link|year=2016|team=Presbyterian Blue Hose|title=Presbyterian}}* || Joseph P. Riley, Jr. Park • Charleston, SC || || || || || || ||
|-
| March 19 || Presbyterian* || Joseph P. Riley, Jr. Park • Charleston, SC || || || || || || ||
|-
| March 20 || Presbyterian* || Joseph P. Riley, Jr. Park • Charleston, SC || || || || || || ||
|-
| March 22 || USC Upstate* || Joseph P. Riley, Jr. Park • Charleston, SC || || || || || || ||
|-
| March 25 || at {{CBSB link|year=2016|team=VMI Keydets|title=VMI}} || [[Gray–Minor Stadium]] • [[Lexington, Virginia|Lexington, VA]] || || || || || || ||
|-
| March 26 || at VMI || Gray–Minor Stadium • Lexington, VA || || || || || || ||
|-
| March 27 || at VMI || Gray–Minor Stadium • Lexington, VA || || || || || || ||
| April 15 || at {{CBSB link|year=2016|team=Wofford Terriers|title=Wofford}} || [[Russell C. King Field]] • [[Spartanburg, South Carolina|Spartanburg, SC]] || || || || || || || | 2016-03-22T22:49:54Z | |Record = 11–13
|ConfRecord = 2–1
|-bgcolor=ffbbb
| March 15 || #19 [[2016 Clemson Tigers baseball team|Clemson]]* || Joseph P. Riley, Jr. Park • Charleston, SC || '''L''' 1–12 || Higginbotam (2–0) || '''Bialakis (0–1)''' || ''None'' || 5,524 || 7–9 ||
|-bgcolor=ffbbb
| March 16 || #19 Clemson* || Joseph P. Riley, Jr. Park • Charleston, SC || '''L''' 4–5 || Bostic (2–0) || '''Smith (1–1)''' || ''None'' || 4,689 || 7–10 ||
|-bgcolor=ccffcc
| March 18 || {{CBSB link|year=2016|team=Presbyterian Blue Hose|title=Presbyterian}}* || Joseph P. Riley, Jr. Park • Charleston, SC || '''W''' 2–1 || '''Sears (3–1)''' || Kehner (4–1) || '''Lavery (4)''' || 324 || 8–10 ||
|-bgcolor=ffbbb
| March 19 || Presbyterian* || Joseph P. Riley, Jr. Park • Charleston, SC || '''L''' 6–7 || Kyzar (2–0) || '''P. Watcher (0–1)''' || Deal (3) || 458 || 8–11 ||
|-bgcolor=ccffcc
| March 20 || Presbyterian* || Joseph P. Riley, Jr. Park • Charleston, SC || '''W''' 7–2 || '''J. Watcher (3–1)''' || McLaughlin (0–1) || ''None'' || 303 || 9–11 ||
|-bgcolor=ffbbb
| March 22 || at USC Upstate* || [[Cleveland S. Harley Baseball Park]] • [[Spartanburg, South Carolina|Spartanburg, SC]] || '''L''' 1–14 || Jackson (3–2) || '''Spence (0–2)''' || ''None'' || 57 || 9–12 ||
|-bgcolor=ccffcc
| March 25 || at {{CBSB link|year=2016|team=VMI Keydets|title=VMI}} || [[Gray–Minor Stadium]] • [[Lexington, Virginia|Lexington, VA]] || '''W''' 10–2 || '''Sears (4–1)''' || Eagle (5–1) || ''None'' || 272 || 10–12 || 1–0
|-bgcolor=ffbbb
| March 26 || at VMI || Gray–Minor Stadium • Lexington, VA || '''L''' 3–8 || Barbery (3–2) || '''Byelick (0–2)''' || ''None'' || 269 || 10–13 || 1–1
|-bgcolor=ccffcc
| March 27 || at VMI || Gray–Minor Stadium • Lexington, VA || '''W''' 4–2 || '''J. Watcher (4–1)''' || Winder (3–2) || '''Lavery (5)''' || 204 || 11–13 || 2–1
| April 15 || at {{CBSB link|year=2016|team=Wofford Terriers|title=Wofford}} || [[Russell C. King Field]] • Spartanburg, SC || || || || || || || | 2016-03-27T21:07:00Z | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=710081655 | On May 19, 2003, Parker became the second crossword editor of ''[[USA Today]]'' following Charles Preston. Parker also founded [http://www.puzzlesociety.com/ The Puzzle Society], [[Universal Uclick]], and is the founder and senior editor of the [[Universal Uclick]] line of crossword puzzles and games, which are syndicated around the world both in print and online. | 2016-03-14T17:49:59Z | On May 19, 2003, Parker became the second crossword editor of ''[[USA Today]]'' following Charles Preston. Parker also founded [http://www.puzzlesociety.com/ The Puzzle Society], [[Universal Uclick]], and is the founder and senior editor of the [[Universal Uclick]] line of crossword puzzles and games, which are syndicated around the world both in print and online.
On March 4, 2016, the website [[FiveThirtyEight]], in an article by Oliver Roeder, said it had found similarities in thematic answers between 1,537 of the 15,000 puzzles Parker edited and published through [[USA Today]] and [[Universal Uclick]] and ones previously published. 92 were similar to ones published by the [[The New York Times]]. In 699 cases, the previous publisher was either USA Today or Universal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/plagiarism-scandal-leaves-the-crossword-community-puzzled|title=Plagiarism Scandal Leaves the Crossword Community Puzzled|date=2016-03-05|website=Atlas Obscura|access-date=2016-03-13}}</ref> 1,090 Universal puzzles and 447 USA Today puzzles were at least a 75 percent match for their major thematic answers to an earlier puzzle in the database.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/a-plagiarism-scandal-is-unfolding-in-the-crossword-world|title=A Plagiarism Scandal Is Unfolding In The Crossword World|last=Roeder|first=Oliver|website=FiveThirtyEight|language=en-US|access-date=2016-03-13}}</ref> | 2016-03-14T21:16:47Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=711003516 | |''[[Haikyū!!]]''
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-03-16/haikyu-volleyball-tv-anime-gets-season-3-in-fall/.99844|title=Haikyu!! Volleyball TV Anime Gets Season 3 in Fall|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|date=16 March 2016|accessdate=16 March 2016}}</ref> | 2016-03-20T11:32:05Z | |''[[Haikyū!!|Haikyū!! Karasuno High School vs Shiratorizawa Academy]]''
|<ref>
* {{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-03-16/haikyu-volleyball-tv-anime-gets-season-3-in-fall/.99844|title=Haikyu!! Volleyball TV Anime Gets Season 3 in Fall|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|date=16 March 2016|accessdate=16 March 2016}}
* {{cite web|last=Komatsu|first=Mikikazu|url=http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2016/03/18-1/haikyu-tv-anime-3rd-season-set-for-autumn-2016|title="Haikyu!!" TV Anime 3rd Season Set for Autumn 2016|date=19 March 2016|website=[[Crunchyroll]]|accessdate=20 March 2016}}</ref> | 2016-03-20T11:37:22Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=711648198 | | genre =
| notable_work = Keepin it high and tight | 2016-03-24T02:02:39Z | | genre =
| notable_work = | 2016-03-24T02:02:40Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=709700950 | # ''The Apocalyptic Vision: Four New Images -'' Exhibiton Catalogue for a group show at Galleri Bellman in 1983. | 2016-03-05T16:37:25Z | # ''The Apocalyptic Vision: Four New Images -'' Exhibition Catalogue for a group show at Galleri Bellman in 1983. | 2016-03-12T14:51:13Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=709693019 | This lane is normally very quiet except when there are children going to and from the school. The school is a high school up to the tenth grade. The school itself boasts of cent percent results almost every year. The school is a convent run by the nuns of the [[Carmelite]] order. the building is composed of a three story structure which is L-shaped. In the 1970s, the school was just being built. At that time, the building consisted of only the ground floor. As funds floored in, the authorities managed to build it is into what it is today. | 2016-03-12T13:37:42Z | The school is a high school up to the tenth grade. The school itself boasts of cent percent results almost every year. The school is a convent run by the nuns of the [[Carmelite]] order. the building is composed of a three story structure which is L-shaped. In the 1970s, the school was just being built. At that time, the building consisted of only the ground floor. As funds floored in, the authorities managed to build it is into what it is today. | 2016-03-12T13:38:18Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=714117472 | ''Shorts: The Adventures of the Wishing Rock'' was released on DVD and Blu-ray on November 24, 2009 by [[Warner Home Video]]. A [[Nintendo DS]] video game of the same name was announced on June 23, 2009, with a prospective July release date in advance of the movie but the video game was canceled.<ref name="Majesco Entertainment">{{cite news|title=Majesco Entertainment Announces 'Shorts' for Nintendo DS|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/majesco-entertainment-announces-shorts-for-nintendo-dstm-is-now-available-at-retail-62249912.html|publisher=[[Majesco Entertainment]]|agency=PR Newsire|accessdate=2009-06-23}}</ref> | 2016-03-15T03:38:41Z | ''Shorts: The Adventures of the Wishing Rock'' was released on DVD and Blu-ray on November 24, 2009 by [[Warner Home Video]]. An [[Xbox]] video game of the same name was announced on June 23, 2009, with a prospective July release date in advance of the movie but the video game was canceled.<ref name="Majesco Entertainment">{{cite news|title=Majesco Entertainment Announces 'Shorts' for Nintendo DS|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/majesco-entertainment-announces-shorts-for-nintendo-dstm-is-now-available-at-retail-62249912.html|publisher=[[Majesco Entertainment]]|agency=PR Newsire|accessdate=2009-06-23}}</ref> | 2016-04-07T19:01:18Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=712076824 | | affiliations = [[FOX News Radio]] | 2016-03-26T19:55:03Z | | affiliations = [[AccuWeather]]<br>[[FOX News Radio]] | 2016-03-26T20:00:15Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=711121904 | According to tradition, the birds and the bees is a metaphorical story sometimes told to children in an attempt to explain the mechanics and good consequences of sexual intercourse through reference to easily observed natural events. For instance, bees carry and deposit pollen into flowers, a visible and easy-to-explain parallel to male [[fertilisation]]. Another example, birds lay eggs, a similarly visible and easy-to-explain parallel to female [[ovulation]]. | 2016-03-21T00:44:52Z | According to tradition, the birds and the bees is a metaphorical story sometimes told to children in an attempt to explain the mechanics and good consequences of sexual intercourse through reference to easily observed natural events. For instance, bees carry and deposit pollen into flowers, a visible and easy-to-explain parallel to male [[fertilisation]]. Another example, birds lay eggs, a similarly visible and easy-to-explain parallel to female [[ovulation]]. Lastly, this may allude to the fact that birds have fat vaginas and bee stingers resemble male genitalia. | 2016-03-21T00:48:16Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=713747241 | | 12,669+
| As of September 4, 2015<ref>{{cite web|title=''Days of Our Lives'' Episode Schedule|url=http://www.nbcumv.com/programming/nbc-entertainment/days-our-lives/episodes-schedule?network=33129|publisher=[[NBC]]|date=September 4, 2015|accessdate=September 4, 2015}}</ref> | 2016-04-03T00:58:54Z | | 12,818+
| As of April 5, 2016<ref>{{cite web|title=''Days of Our Lives'' Episode Schedule|url=http://www.nbcumv.com/programming/nbc-entertainment/days-our-lives/episodes-schedule?network=33129|publisher=[[NBC]]|date=September 4, 2015|accessdate=September 4, 2015}}</ref> | 2016-04-05T17:32:37Z | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=710113526 | | caption = (L to R: Eric Mun, Jun Jin, Lee Min-woo, Andy Lee, Kim Dong-wan, Shin Hye-sung) | 2015-12-29T07:25:34Z | | caption = (L to R: Edwin Mun, Jun Chin, Lee Win-moo, Andrew Lee, Kim Ding-wan, Shin Hong-sing) | 2016-03-15T01:17:49Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=712072484 | Benyaer has appeared in Feature Films, including: ''[[Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen|Revenge of the Fallen]]’', ''[[G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra]]'', and ''[[Postal (film)|Postal]]''. In 2016, Benyaer portrayed the character [[Warlord]] in 20th Century Fox's world-wide hit ''[[Deadpool (film)|Deadpool]].
| 2016-03-26T19:10:59Z | Benyaer has appeared in Feature Films, including: ''[[Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen]]'', ''[[G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra]]'', and ''[[Postal (film)|Postal]]''. In 2016, Benyaer portrayed the character [[Warlord]] in 20th Century Fox's world-wide hit ''[[Deadpool (film)|Deadpool]].
| 2016-03-26T19:21:57Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=712732059 | Born in London, England, Hope arrived in America with his mother and mother Gnatalie Schroeder and Kayla.Lynn84 at the age of four and grew up in [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]]. He began his career in show business in the early 1920s, initially on stage, and began appearing on the radio and in films in 1934. He was praised for his comedy timing, specializing in [[one-liner joke|one-liners]] and rapid-fire delivery of jokes—which were often self-deprecating, with Hope building himself up and then tearing himself down. Celebrated for his long career performing [[United Service Organizations]] (USO) shows to entertain active service American k-9 personnel—he made 57 tours for the USO between 1941 and 1991—Hope was declared an honorary veteran of the [[United States Armed Forces]] in 1997 by act of the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]].<ref name="Library of Congress" /> He also appeared in numerous specials for [[NBC]] television, starting in 1950, and was one of the first users of [[cue card]]s. | 2016-03-29T17:40:17Z | Born in London, England, Hope arrived in America with his mother and mother Gnatalie Schroeder and Kayla Lynn at the age of four and grew up in [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]]. He began his career in show business in the early 1920s, initially on stage, and began appearing on the radio and in films in 1934. He was praised for his comedy timing, specializing in [[one-liner joke|one-liners]] and rapid-fire delivery of jokes—which were often self-deprecating, with Hope building himself up and then tearing himself down. Celebrated for his long career performing [[United Service Organizations]] (USO) shows to entertain active service American k-9 personnel—he made 57 tours for the USO between 1941 and 1991—Hope was declared an honorary veteran of the [[United States Armed Forces]] in 1997 by act of the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]].<ref name="Library of Congress" /> He also appeared in numerous specials for [[NBC]] television, starting in 1950, and was one of the first users of [[cue card]]s. | 2016-03-30T20:28:02Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=713645652 | Outside the studio, there are many political artworks which are mostly related with Hong Kong political problems, like "Women Liberation".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://travel.sina.com.hk/news/1/2/2/46708/1.html|title=一個人跑場﹕Space in the making|website=travel.sina.com.hk|access-date=2016-03-29}}</ref>
"One Country, Two System" which sold for US$8,000 at Saatchi in 2010, "June 4th" and "1st July - March for Democracy".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.winniedavies.com/politicalissues.html|title=Political Issues|website=www.winniedavies.com|access-date=2016-03-29}}</ref> She drew a lot of artwork that inspired her because of the poverty gap. In May 2013, the city has the highest-priced real estate market in the world. Though these products, it reflected the different issues, such as social injustice and political incorrect in Hong Kong. | 2016-04-05T06:12:25Z | Winnie Siu has been criticised by the public due to her artworks mostly are imply and satirise the social issues. It could leave some space for public to think behind the scene.
Besides, outside the studio, there are many political artworks which are mostly related with Hong Kong political problems, like "Women Liberation".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://travel.sina.com.hk/news/1/2/2/46708/1.html|title=一個人跑場﹕Space in the making|website=travel.sina.com.hk|access-date=2016-03-29}}</ref>
"One Country, Two System" which sold for US$8,000 at Saatchi in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.winniedavies.com/politicalissues.html|title=Political Issues|website=www.winniedavies.com|access-date=2016-03-29}}</ref> It describe the political situation in Hong Kong. In May 2013, the city has the highest-priced real estate market in the world. She drew a lot of artwork that inspired her because of the increasingly poverty gap between the rich and the poor.
"June 4th" and "1st July - March for Democracy". It claimed that Hong Kong can still enjoy the freedom like horse racing and dancing after 1997 but now people still continue to compensate the demand for "democracy".
Though these products, it reflected the different issues, such as social injustice and political incorrect in Hong Kong. | 2016-04-05T06:30:05Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=710887563 | |- style="background:#FFFFCC;" | 2016-03-13T14:21:43Z | |- | 2016-03-19T17:14:46Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=710229685 | | country = {{flag|United States}}
| language = [[English language|English]] | 2015-03-12T16:45:57Z | | country = United States
| language = English | 2016-03-15T19:02:19Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=709739645 | * [[Piyush Mishna]]
* Bakhtyar
| 2016-03-12T18:18:09Z | * [[Piyush Mishra]]
* Arabic | 2016-03-12T20:05:47Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=714378070 | In 2011, Gunčíková became a finalist on the [[Česko Slovenská SuperStar 2011|second season]] of the Czech-Slovak version of ''[[Pop Idol]]'', titled ''[[SuperStar (Czech and Slovak TV series)|Česko Slovenská SuperStar]]''. She ended up as the show's runner-up, placing behind the Slovak winner Lukáš Adamec.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurovisionary.com/eurovision-2016-talent-shows/|title=Talent shows as stepping stone for Eurovision Song Contest|publisher=EuroVisionary|date=21 March 2016|last=Argyriou|first=Giannis}}</ref> She was the highest placing Czech contestant during the season. Following the show's ending, she was signed to [[Universal Music Group]] and released her debut album ''Dvojí tvář'' later in the year. Gunčíková appeared on the [[Let's Dance 5 (Slovakia)|fifth season]] of Slovak reality series [[Let's Dance (Slovak TV series)|Dancing with the Stars]], which began airing on September 9, 2011. She was paired with professional dancer Peter Modrovský until the dance couple was eliminated on October 14,2011 and finished on 7th place and become one of the highest placing Czech celebrity in Slovak Dancing with the Stars. She went on to win the New Artist award at the 2011 [[Český slavík]] awards, also known as the Czech [[Grammys]].<ref name=2011slavik/> | 2016-04-09T09:06:20Z | In 2011, Gunčíková became a finalist on the [[Česko Slovenská SuperStar 2011|second season]] of the Czech-Slovak version of ''[[Pop Idol]]'', titled ''[[SuperStar (Czech and Slovak TV series)|Česko Slovenská SuperStar]]''. She ended up as the show's runner-up, placing behind the Slovak winner Lukáš Adamec.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurovisionary.com/eurovision-2016-talent-shows/|title=Talent shows as stepping stone for Eurovision Song Contest|publisher=EuroVisionary|date=21 March 2016|last=Argyriou|first=Giannis}}</ref> She was the highest placing Czech contestant during the season. Following the show's ending, she was signed to [[Universal Music Group]] and released her debut album ''Dvojí tvář'' later in the year. Gunčíková appeared on the [[Let's Dance 5 (Slovakia)|fifth season]] of the Slovak version of ''[[Dancing with the Stars]]'', ''[[Let's Dance (Slovak TV series)|Let's Dance]]'', which began airing on 9 September 2011. She was paired with professional dancer Peter Modrovský until the dance couple was eliminated on 14 October 2011, finishing in seventh place. She become one of the highest placing Czech celebrities on the show. Gunčíková went on to win the New Artist award at the 2011 [[Český slavík]] awards, also known as the Czech [[Grammys]].<ref name=2011slavik/> | 2016-04-09T11:21:09Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=709401095 | Elizabeth Eaton Converse was born in [[Laconia, New Hampshire]], in 1924. She grew up in [[Concord, New Hampshire|Concord]] as the middle child in a strict Baptist family; her father was a minister. She attended [[Concord High School (New Hampshire)|Concord High School]], where she was valedictorian and won eight academic awards.<ref name="Vigil, Delfin">{{cite news | url=http://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/The-musical-mystery-of-Connie-Converse-3248530.php | title=The musical mystery of Connie Converse | work=SFGate | date=8 March 2009 | agency=San Francisco Chronicle | accessdate=9 August 2015 | author=Vigil, Delfin}}</ref> She was awarded an academic scholarship to [[Mount Holyoke College]] in [[Massachusetts]]. After two years' study, she left the College and moved to [[New York City]].<ref name="The Awl 2010">{{cite news | url=http://www.theawl.com/2010/08/the-story-of-connie-converse | title=The Story of Connie Converse | date=August 3, 2010 | accessdate=1 June 2013 | last=Jefferson | first=Cord | newspaper=The Awl}}</ref>
Her music came to the notice of animator and amateur recording engineer [[Gene Deitch]], who had made tape recordings of [[John Lee Hooker]] and [[Pete Seeger]] in the 1940s.
Deitch made a number of tape recordings of Converse in the kitchen of his house in [[Hastings-on-Hudson]] in the mid-1950s. But she failed to attract any commercial interest in her music. Her only public performance was a brief television appearance in 1954 on "The Morning Show" on [[CBS]] with [[Walter Cronkite]], which Deitch helped to arrange.<ref name="The Awl 2010"/>
In 1961, she left New York for [[Ann Arbor, Michigan]], where her brother [[Philip Converse]] was a professor of political science at the [[University of Michigan]].
She worked in a secretarial job, and then as Managing Editor of the ''[[Journal of Conflict Resolution]]'' in 1963.<ref name="The Awl 2010"/> Her only musical involvement continued to be playing for friends at parties.
The journal, which meant so much to her, had left Michigan for [[Yale University|Yale]] at the end of 1972, after being "auctioned off" without her knowledge. She was facing the need for major surgery.<ref name="The Awl 2010"/> In August 1974, she wrote a series of letters to her family and friends, in which she mentioned her intention to make a new life somewhere else. By the time the letters were delivered, she had packed her belongings in her [[Volkswagen Beetle]] and driven away, never to be heard from again.<ref name="The Awl 2010"/>
Two of Garland's listeners, Dan Dzula and David Herman, were inspired to track down any additional recordings of Converse.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.theawl.com/2011/12/the-connie-converse-double-album-that-never-got-crowd-funded | title=The Connie Converse Double Album That Never Got Crowd-Funded | publisher=The Awl | date=2 December 2011 | accessdate=8 August 2015 | author=Anderson, L.V.}}</ref> They found two sources for Converse's music: Deitch's collection in Prague, and a filing cabinet in Ann Arbor containing recordings Converse had sent to her brother, Philip, in the late 1950s.<ref name="Forster, Robert">{{cite news | url=https://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2009/june/1274511577/robert-forster/lost-women-found | title=Lost Women Found | work=The Monthly: Australian Politics, Society & Culture | date=June 2009 | agency=The Monthly | accessdate=8 August 2015 | author=Forster, Robert | location=Australia}}</ref> In March 2009, ''How Sad, How Lovely'', containing 17 songs by Converse, was released by Lau derette Recordings.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tony-sachs/50-years-late-connie-conv_b_173386.html | title=50 Years Late, Connie Converse Is Music's Next Big Thing | publisher=Huffington Post | work=HuffPost Entertainment | date=10 April 2009 | accessdate=8 August 2015 | author=Sachs, Tony}}</ref> That same month, [[WNYC]]'s ''Spinning on Air'' broadcast an hourlong special about the life and music Connie Converse. The show's host, [[David Garland]], also explored the mystery surrounding Converse's disappearance with recordings from Converse's brother, Philip Converse, and readings of her letters by actor [[Amber Benson]].<ref name="Garland, David">{{cite web | url=http://www.wnyc.org/story/62099-connie-converse-walking-in-the-dark/ | title=Connie Converse Walking In the Dark | publisher=WNYC | work=Spinning on Air | date=15 March 2009 | accessdate=8 August 2015 | author=Garland, David}}</ref> | 2016-01-20T00:54:40Z | Elizabeth Eaton Converse was born in [[Laconia, New Hampshire]] in 1924. She grew up in [[Concord, New Hampshire|Concord]] as the middle child in a strict Baptist family. Her father was a minister and her mother was "musical", according to music historian [[David Garland (musician)|David Garland]]. She attended [[Concord High School (New Hampshire)|Concord High School]], where she was valedictorian and won eight academic awards<ref name="Vigil, Delfin">{{cite news | url=http://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/The-musical-mystery-of-Connie-Converse-3248530.php | title=The musical mystery of Connie Converse | work=SFGate | date=8 March 2009 | agency=San Francisco Chronicle | accessdate=9 August 2015 | author=Vigil, Delfin}}</ref> including an academic scholarship to [[Mount Holyoke College]] in [[Massachusetts]]. After two years' study, she left the Holyoke and moved to [[New York City]].<ref name="The Awl 2010">{{cite news | url=http://www.theawl.com/2010/08/the-story-of-connie-converse | title=The Story of Connie Converse | date=August 3, 2010 | accessdate=1 June 2013 | last=Jefferson | first=Cord | newspaper=The Awl}}</ref>
Her music came to the notice of animator and amateur recording engineer and cartoonist [[Gene Deitch]], who had made tape recordings of [[John Lee Hooker]] and [[Pete Seeger]] in the 1940s.
Deitch made a number of tape recordings of Converse in the kitchen of his house in [[Hastings-on-Hudson]] in the mid-1950s. Unfortunately this did not attract record labels, and although she was very introverted, she was also popular with friends and other artists, including [[Susan Reed (singer)|Susan Reed]] who covered her songs on stage. Her only known public performance was a brief television appearance in 1954 on "The Morning Show" on [[CBS]] with [[Walter Cronkite]], which Deitch helped to arrange.<ref name="The Awl 2010"/> She most likely played quite often at social dinner parties of friends and other small, informal gatherings.
In 1961, the same year that [[Bob Dylan]] moved to Greenwich Village and quickly met mainstream success, she left New York for [[Ann Arbor, Michigan]], where her brother [[Philip Converse]] was a professor of political science at the [[University of Michigan]].
She worked in a secretarial job, and then as Managing Editor of the ''[[Journal of Conflict Resolution]]'' in 1963<ref name="The Awl 2010"/> which she also wrote for<ref>{{Cite journal|last = Converse|first = Elizabeth|date = 1968-01-01|title = The War of All against All: A Review of The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 1957-1968|url = http://www.jstor.org/stable/173462|journal = The Journal of Conflict Resolution|volume = 12|issue = 4|pages = 471–532}}</ref>. She also continued playing music for friends at parties.
The journal, which meant so much to her, had left Michigan for [[Yale University|Yale]] at the end of 1972, after being "auctioned off" without her knowledge. She was facing the need for major surgery.<ref name="The Awl 2010"/> In August 1974, she wrote a series of letters to her family and friends, in which she mentioned her intention to make a new life somewhere else. She was expected to go on an annual family trip to a lake with family, but by the time the letters were delivered, she had packed her belongings in her [[Volkswagen Beetle]] and driven away, never to be heard from again.<ref name="The Awl 2010"/> In one of the letters, she write "Let me go. Let me be if I can. Let me not be if I can’t. [...] Human society fascinates me & awes me & fills me with grief & joy; I just can't find my place to plug into it." It is entirely unknown what happened of her, but her younger brother hired a private investigator who told him that even if he found her, it was her right to disappear and he could not simply bring her back.<ref name=":0" /> He suspects she may have taken her own life, but again, it is unknown.
Two of Garland's listeners, Dan Dzula and David Herman, were inspired to track down any additional recordings of Converse.<ref name=":0">{{cite web | url=http://www.theawl.com/2011/12/the-connie-converse-double-album-that-never-got-crowd-funded | title=The Connie Converse Double Album That Never Got Crowd-Funded | publisher=The Awl | date=2 December 2011 | accessdate=8 August 2015 | author=Anderson, L.V.}}</ref> They found two sources for Converse's music: Deitch's collection in Prague, and a filing cabinet in Ann Arbor containing recordings Converse had sent to her brother, Philip, in the late 1950s.<ref name="Forster, Robert">{{cite news | url=https://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2009/june/1274511577/robert-forster/lost-women-found | title=Lost Women Found | work=The Monthly: Australian Politics, Society & Culture | date=June 2009 | agency=The Monthly | accessdate=8 August 2015 | author=Forster, Robert | location=Australia}}</ref> In March 2009, ''How Sad, How Lovely'', containing 17 songs by Converse, was released by Lau derette Recordings.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tony-sachs/50-years-late-connie-conv_b_173386.html | title=50 Years Late, Connie Converse Is Music's Next Big Thing | publisher=Huffington Post | work=HuffPost Entertainment | date=10 April 2009 | accessdate=8 August 2015 | author=Sachs, Tony}}</ref> That same month, [[WNYC]]'s ''Spinning on Air'' broadcast an hourlong special about the life and music Connie Converse. The show's host, [[David Garland]], also explored the mystery surrounding Converse's disappearance with recordings from Converse's brother, Philip Converse, and readings of her letters by actor [[Amber Benson]].<ref name="Garland, David">{{cite web | url=http://www.wnyc.org/story/62099-connie-converse-walking-in-the-dark/ | title=Connie Converse Walking In the Dark | publisher=WNYC | work=Spinning on Air | date=15 March 2009 | accessdate=8 August 2015 | author=Garland, David}}</ref> | 2016-03-10T18:28:35Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=713931854 | {{reflist|2}} | 2016-03-23T13:30:12Z | {{reflist|30em}} | 2016-04-06T16:42:28Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=714266713 | '''Hotspot''' or '''Hot spot''' may refer to: | 2016-01-24T01:55:45Z | '''Hotspot''' or '''Hot spot''' may refer to:an area to get free wifi for kik instagram facebook or twitter
| 2016-04-08T17:51:20Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=710319390 | [[File:CompositeJesus.JPG|right|thumb|220px|There is no scholarly agreement on the appearance of Jesus; over the centuries, he has been depicted in a multitude of ways.]]
Various theories about the [[Race (classification of humans)|race]] of Jesus have been advanced and debated.<ref name=Strauss114 /><ref name=SKelly70 >''Racializing Jesus: Race, Ideology and the Formation of Modern Biblical Scholarship'' by Shawn Kelley 2002 ISBN 0-415-28373-6 pages 70-73</ref> By the [[Middle Ages]] a number of documents, generally of unknown or questionable origin, had been composed and were circulating with details of the appearance of Jesus. Now these documents are mostly considered forgeries.<ref name="Bible' page 41">''The Oxford companion to the Bible'' 1993 ISBN 0-19-504645-5 page 41</ref><ref name="New Testament' pages 3-4">''Making Sense of the New Testament'' by Craig L. Blomberg 2004 ISBN 0-8010-2747-0 pages 3-4</ref><ref name="Pontius Pilate pages 6-9">''Pontius Pilate: portraits of a Roman governor'' by Warren Carter 2003 ISBN 0-8146-5113-5 pages 6-9</ref> While many people have a fixed mental image of Jesus, drawn from his artistic depictions, these images often conform to ethnic-European stereotypes which are not grounded in any serious research on the historical Jesus, but are based on second- or third-hand interpretations of spurious sources.<ref name=Kidd44 >''The forging of races: race and scripture in the Protestant Atlantic world'' by Colin Kidd 2006 ISBN 0-521-79324-6 pages 44-45 [http://books.google.com/books?id=aNT3q1HjY_MC&pg=PA51&dq=race+of+jesus+scholars&hl=en&ei=O8mKTpzlCI6K4gTEk639Aw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBDgK#v=onepage&q=race%20jesus&f=false]</ref>
By the 19th century, theories that Jesus was non-[[Semitic people|Semitic]], and in particular [[Aryan race|Aryan]], were developed.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Arvidsson|first=Stefan|date=June 1999|title=Aryan Mythology As Science and Ideology|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion|publisher=Oxford University Press|volume=67|issue=2|pages=327–354|url=http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1465740?uid=3739560&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21102661972913|accessdate=Sep 18, 2013|doi=10.1093/jaarel/67.2.327}}</ref> However, as in other cases of the assignment of race to Biblical individuals, these claims have been mostly subjective, based on cultural [[stereotypes]] and societal trends rather than on scientific analysis.<ref name=Kidd18 /> For two millennia a wide range of artistic depictions of Jesus have appeared, often influenced by cultural settings, political circumstances and theological contexts.<ref name=LHoulden63 /><ref name=Perkinson30 /> There is no major disagreement that he was ethnically [[Middle Eastern]]. Though some question what exactly that looked like at that time, there is a general scholarly consensus that first-century Hebrews from [[Judea]] were [[Levant]]ine Middle Easterners.<ref name=AmyJ/>
[[File:Alexandr Ivanov 015.jpg|right|thumb|250px|left|Transfiguration by [[Alexander Andreyevich Ivanov|Alexandr Ivanov]], 1824]]
The [[New Testament]] includes no descriptions of Jesus' everyday appearance before his death and the [[Gospels|Gospel]] narratives are generally indifferent to people's racial appearance or features.<ref name=JensenBWell >Robin M. Jensen "Jesus in Christian art", Chapter 29 of ''The Blackwell Companion to Jesus'' edited by Delbert Burkett 2010 ISBN 1-4051-9362-X page 477-502</ref><ref name=Perkinson30 >''The likeness of the king: a prehistory of portraiture in late medieval France'' by Stephen Perkinson 2009 ISBN 0-226-65879-1 page 30</ref><ref name=Kidd48 >''The forging of races: race and scripture in the Protestant Atlantic world'' by Colin Kidd 2006 ISBN 0-521-79324-6 pages 48-51</ref>
The [[Synoptic Gospels]] include the account of the [[Transfiguration of Jesus]], during which he was glorified with "his face shining as the sun."<ref name=Barton132 >The Cambridge companion to the Gospels'' by Stephen C. Barton ISBN pages 132-133</ref><ref name= Nobbs >''The Content and the Setting of the Gospel Tradition'' by Mark Harding, Alanna Nobbs 2010 ISBN 978-0-8028-3318-1 pages 281-282</ref>
These variations have been explained in various ways, and have been co-opted to make assertions about race. For example, Ana Echevarría notes that medieval Spanish writer [[Jiménez de Rada]] in his ''Historia arabum'' chooses a version to emphasise that Jesus is whiter than Muhammad, quoting the Ibn Abbas version: "I saw Jesus, a man of medium height and moderate complexion inclined to the red and white colours and of lank hair". Echevarría comments that "Moses and Jesus are portrayed as specimens of a completely different 'ethnic type', fair and blond; 'ethnic' or 'racial' differences between them and Muhammad are thus highlighted."<ref>Ana Echevarría, "Eschatology Or Biography? Alfonso X, Muhammad’s Ladder And A Jewish Go-Between", in Cynthia Robinson & Leyla Rouhi (eds), ''Under the Influence: Questioning the Comparative in Medieval Castile'', Brill, Boston, 2005, p.140.</ref>
Despite the lack of direct biblical or [[historical method|historical references]], from the second century onward various theories about the appearance of Jesus were advanced, but early on these focused more on his physical appearance than on race or ancestry. Larger arguments of this kind have been debated for centuries.<ref name=SKelly70 />
[[Justin Martyr]] argued for the [[genealogy of Jesus]] in the biological [[Davidic line]] from Mary, as well as from his non-biological father Joseph.<ref name=Strauss114 >''The Life of Jesus, Critically Examined'' by David Friedrich Strauss 2010 ISBN 1-61640-309-8 pages 114-116</ref> But this only implies a general Jewish ancestry, acknowledged generally by authors.
The focus of many early sources was on Christ's physical unattractiveness rather than his [[beauty]]. The second century anti-Christian philosopher [[Celsus]] wrote that Jesus was "ugly and small"<ref>Robert E. Van Voorst, ''Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence'', Eerdmans Publishing, 2000, p.66.</ref> and similar descriptions are presented in a number of other sources as discussed extensively by Eisler,<ref>Eisler, Robert. ''The Messiah Jesus and John the Baptist''. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd., 1931.</ref> who in turn often quotes from Dobschütz’ monumental ''Christusbilder''.<ref>Dobschütz, Ernst von, ''Christusbilder: Untersuchungen zur christlichen Legende'', Leipzig, 1899.</ref> Tertullian states that Christ’s outward from was despised, that he had an ignoble appearance and the slander he suffered proved the ‘abject condition’ of his body.<ref>''The Catholic Encyclopedia'', http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0315.htm, Tertullian, On the Flesh of Christ, 9.</ref> According to Irenaeus he was a weak and inglorious man<ref>''The Catholic Encyclopedia'', http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103.htm, Irenaeus, ‘Adversus haereses,’ IV.XXXIII.12.</ref> and in ''The Acts of Peter'' he is described as small and ugly to the ignorant.<ref>Eisler, p. 439.</ref> Andrew of Crete relates that Christ was bent or even crooked<ref>Ibid., p. 412.</ref> and in ''The Acts of John'' he is described as bald-headed and small with no good looks.<ref>Barnstone, Willis. ‘The Acts of John – Christ’s Earthly Appearance,’ in ''The Other Bible''. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers, 1984, p. 417.</ref>
As quoted by Eisler,<ref>Eisler, pp. 393-394, 414-415.</ref> both Hierosolymitanus and John of Damascus claim that “the Jew Josephus” described Christ as having had connate eyebrows with goodly eyes and being long-faced, crooked and well-grown. In a letter of certain bishops to the Emperor Theophilus, Christ’s height is described three cubits (four feet six), which was also the opinion of Ephrem Syrus (320–379 CE), “God took human form and appeared in the form of three human ells (cubits); he came down to us small of stature.” Theodore of Mopsuhestia likewise claimed that the appearance of Christ was smaller than that of the children of Jacob (Israel).
In the apocryphal Lentulus letter (see below) Christ is described as having had a reddish complexion, matching Muslim traditions in this respect. Christ’s prediction that he would be taunted “Physician, heal yourself”<ref>Luke 4:23.</ref> may suggest that Christ was indeed physically deformed (‘crooked’ or hunch-backed) as claimed in the early Christian texts listed above. In fact, Justin Martyr, [[Tertullian]], and [[Ambrose]] actually considered lack of physical attractiveness in Jesus as fulfilling the Messianic prophecy "Suffering Servant" narrative of [[Isaiah 53]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Astell|first=Anne W.|title=Eating Beauty: The Eucharist and the Spiritual Arts of the Middle Ages|year=2006|publisher=Cornell University Press|pages=81}}</ref>
In explaining the development of racial theories in the context of [[scripture]], [[Colin Kidd]], in his book ''The forging of races'', argues that the assignment of race to biblical individuals has been a mostly subjective practice based on cultural stereotypes and societal trends rather than on scientific methods.<ref name=Kidd18 >''The forging of races: race and scripture in the Protestant Atlantic world'' by Colin Kidd 2006 ISBN 0-521-79324-6 page 18</ref> Kidd reviews a number of theories about the race of Jesus, ranging from a white Aryan Jesus to a black African Jesus, illustrating that there is no general agreement among scholars on the race of Jesus.<ref name=Kidd43 >''The forging of races: race and scripture in the Protestant Atlantic world'' by Colin Kidd 2006 ISBN 0-521-79324-6 pages 43-50</ref>
[[File:Henry Ossawa Tanner - Jesus and nicodemus.jpg|thumb||260px|A black Jesus with [[Nicodemus]], by [[Henry Ossawa Tanner|Tanner]], 1899]]
By the 19th century theories that Jesus was of the [[Aryan race|Aryan]] race, and in particular of [[Nordic race|Nordic]] appearance, were developed and later appealed to advocates of the new [[racial antisemitism]], who wanted nothing Jewish about Jesus. [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] posited Jesus was of [[Amorite]]-Germanic extraction.<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/6962] [[Hans Jonas]], ''New York Review of Books'', 1981</ref> [[Madison Grant]] claimed Jesus for the Nordic race.<ref name=Kidd48 /><ref>''The Aryan Jesus: Christian theologians and the Bible in Nazi Germany'' by Susannah Heschel 2008 ISBN 0-691-12531-7 page 32</ref><ref>Louis P. Masur ''The challenge of American history'' 1999, p. 319</ref> This found its most extreme form in the [[Nazism|Nazi]] theology of [[Positive Christianity]]. Scholars supporting the radical Aryan view also argued that being a Jew by religion was distinguishable from being a Jew by race or ethnicity.<ref>''The Symbolic Jesus: Historical Scholarship, Judaism and the Construction of Contemporary Identity'' by William Edward Arnal 2005 ISBN 1-84553-007-1 pages 46-47</ref> These theories usually also include the reasoning that Jesus was Aryan because [[Galilee]] was a supposedly a non-Jewish region speaking an unknown Indo-European language, but this has not gained scholarly acceptance (in fact, Galilee had a significant non-Jewish minority, but these spoke various local Semitic languages).<ref name="Kidd48"/><ref name=Goguel255 >''Jesus and the origins of Christianity'' by Maurice Goguel, New York, Harper, 1960 page 255</ref>
By the 20th century, theories had also been proposed that Jesus was black, but not necessarily of descendent of any specific black African ethnicity, e.g. based on the argument that the [[Israelites|ancient Israelites]], as a group, were in whole or part originally a black people.<ref name=Kidd43 /><ref name=WChrist >"The Black Christ" Chapter 25 of ''The Blackwell Companion to Jesus'' edited by Delbert Burkett 2010 ISBN 1-4051-9362-X pages 410-420</ref> [[Martin Luther King]] was a proponent of the "Black Christ" movement and identified the struggle of Jesus against the authorities of the time with the struggle of African Americans in the southern parts of the United States, as he questioned why the white church leaders did not voice concern for racial equality.<ref name=WChrist /> For some, this blackness was due to Jesus's identification with black people, not the color of his skin,<ref name=WChrist /> while others such as [[Albert Cleage]] argued that Jesus was ethnically black.<ref>''Christology from the margins'' by Thomas Bohache 2009 ISBN 0-334-04058-2 page 69</ref><!--In the 21st century Harvey and Blum argued that the assumptions about the race of Jesus influenced a number of American immigrants and shaped the emerging American culture.<ref>Paul Harvey and Edward Blum "The Color of Christ: The Son of God and the Saga of Race in America" 2012 ISBN 978-0-8078-3572-2</ref>-->
A study on the 2001 [[BBC]] series ''[[Son of God (TV series)|Son of God]]'' attempted to determine what Jesus's race and appearance may have been.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/1244037.stm|title=Why do we think Christ was white?|date=27 March 2011|publisher=[[BBC News]]|location=[[London]]|accessdate=13 October 2011}}</ref> Assuming Jesus to be a Galilean [[Semitic people|Semite]], the study concluded in conjunction with [[Mark Goodacre]] that his skin would have been "olive-coloured"<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/3958241.stm|title=So what color was Jesus?|first=Giles|last=Wilson|date=27 October 2004|publisher=[[BBC News]]|location=[[London]]|accessdate=20 November 2011}}</ref> and "swarthy"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Selznick|first=Barbara J.|year=2007|title=The Complete Story: Religion and Race in Global Non-Fiction Programming|journal=[[Global Media Journal]]|volume=6|issue=11|page=|location=[[Indiana]]|publisher=[[Purdue University Calumet]]|editor1-first=Yahya R.|editor1-last=Kamalipour|editor1-link=Yahya R. Kamalipour|issn=1550-7521|oclc=315922706|accessdate=11 December 2011|url=http://lass.calumet.purdue.edu/cca/gmj/fa07/gmj-fa07-selznick.htm}}</ref>—these results were criticised by some media outlets for being "dismissive" and "dumbed down".<ref name=Preston>{{Cite news|title=The Dumbed Down Shall Be Raised Up|first=John|last=Preston|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-19189778.html|newspaper=[[The Sunday Telegraph]]|publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group|Telegraph Media]]|location=[[London]]|issn=9976-1874|oclc=436617201|date=8 April 2001|accessdate=15 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=It's the greatest story ever told. Pity no one had a camera|first=Catherine|last=Bennett|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,3604,464732,00.html|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|publisher=[[Guardian Media Group|Guardian Media]]|location=[[London]]|issn=0261-3077|oclc=476290235|date=29 March 2001|accessdate=3 November 2011}}</ref> However, this type of analysis suggests, that even though broadly [[White people|Caucasian]], Jesus may not have fit into all modern definitions of [[Whiteness studies|whiteness]] in the Western world.
It is most commonly argued that Jesus was probably of Middle Eastern descent because of the geographic location of the events described in the [[Gospel]]s, and, among some modern Christian scholars, the [[genealogy of Jesus|genealogy]] ascribed to him. For this reason, he has been portrayed as an olive-skinned individual typical of the [[Levant]] region. In 2001, a new attempt was made to discover what the true race and face of Jesus might have been. The study, sponsored by the [[BBC]], [[France 3]] and [[Discovery Channel]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2001/mar/27/broadcasting.uknews2|title=Is this the real face of Jesus Christ?|first=Matt|last=Wells|date=March 27, 2001|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|publisher=[[Guardian News and Media|Guardian]]|location=[[London]]|issn=0261-3077|oclc=60623878|accessdate=May 12, 2011}}</ref> used one of three first-century Jewish skulls from a leading department of [[forensic science]] in [[Israel]]. A face was constructed using [[forensic anthropology]] by Richard Neave, a retired medical artist from the Unit of Art in Medicine at the [[University of Manchester]].<ref name=CNN/> The face that Neave constructed suggested that Jesus would have had a broad face and large nose, and differed significantly from the traditional depictions of Jesus in renaissance art.<ref name=BBC>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/3958241.stm|title=So what color was Jesus?|first=Giles|last=Wilson|date=October 27, 2004|publisher=[[BBC News]]|location=[[London]]|accessdate=May 12, 2011}}</ref>
Additional information about Jesus's skin color and hair was provided by [[Mark Goodacre]], a senior lecturer at the Department of Theology and Religion at the [[University of Birmingham]].<ref name=BBC/> Using third-century images from a synagogue—the earliest pictures of Jewish people<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2001/03/27/tech/main281914.shtml|title=Experts Reconstruct Face Of Jesus|date=March 27, 2001|publisher=[[CBS]]|location=[[London]]|accessdate=May 12, 2011}}</ref>—Goodacre proposed that Jesus's skin color would have been darker and swarthier than his traditional Western image. He also suggested that he would have had short, curly hair and a short cropped beard.<ref name="Popular Mechanics">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/health/forensics/1282186|title=The Real Face Of Jesus|first=Mike|last=Fillon|date=December 7, 2002|journal=[[Popular Mechanics]]|publisher=[[Hearst Corporation|Hearst]]|location=[[San Francisco]]|issn=0032-4558|oclc=3643271|accessdate=May 12, 2011}}</ref> This is also confirmed in the [[First Epistle to the Corinthians]], where [[Paul the Apostle]] states that it is "disgraceful" for a man to have long hair.<ref>[[s:Bible (King James)/1 Corinthians#11:14|1 Corinthians 11:14]]. [[King James Version]]: Oxford Standard (1769)</ref> As Paul allegedly knew many of the disciples and members of Jesus's family, it is unlikely that he would have written such a thing had Jesus had long hair.<ref name="Popular Mechanics"/>
Although not literally the face of Jesus,<ref name=CNN>{{Cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/TECH/science/12/25/face.jesus/|title=From science and computers, a new face of Jesus|first=Jeordan|last=Legon|date=December 25, 2002|publisher=[[CNN]]|accessdate=May 12, 2011}}</ref> the result of the study determined that Jesus's skin would have been more olive-colored than white,<ref name=BBC/> and that he would have most likely probably looked like a typical Galilean Semite of his day. Among the points made was that the Bible records that Jesus's disciple Judas had to point him out to those arresting him. The implied argument is that if Jesus's physical appearance had differed markedly from his disciples, then he would have been relatively easy to identify.<ref name="Popular Mechanics"/> [[James H. Charlesworth]] states Jesus' face was "most likely dark brown and sun-tanned", and his stature "may have been between five feet five [1.65 m] and five feet seven [1.70 m]".<ref>{{cite book|first=James H.|last= Charlesworth |title= The Historical Jesus: An Essential Guide |publisher= Abingdon Press |year= 2008 | page= 72 |isbn=978-0-687-02167-3}}</ref>
[[File:Spas vsederzhitel sinay.jpg|right|thumb|left|170px|The oldest surviving ''[[Christ Pantocrator]]'' icon, 6th century, [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]], [[Egypt]].<ref>''God's human face: the Christ-icon'' by Christoph Schoenborn 1994 ISBN 0-89870-514-2 page 154</ref><ref>''Sinai and the Monastery of St. Catherine'' by John Galey 1986 ISBN 977-424-118-5 page 92</ref>]]
Despite the lack of biblical references or historical records, for two millennia a wide range of depictions of Jesus have appeared, often influenced by cultural settings, political circumstances and theological contexts.<ref name=LHoulden63 /><ref name=Perkinson30 /><ref name=Erricker44 >''Teaching Christianity: a world religions approach'' by Clive Erricker 1987 ISBN 0-7188-2634-5 page 44</ref> As in other [[Christian art]], the earliest depictions date to the late second or early third century, and are primarily found in [[Rome]].<ref name=Benedetto51 >''The New Westminster Dictionary of Church History'' by Robert Benedetto 2006 ISBN 0-8264-8011-X pages 51-53</ref> In these early depictions, Jesus is usually shown as a youthful figure without a beard and with curly hair, sometimes with different features from the other men in the scenes, e.g. his disciples or the Romans.<ref name=JensenBWell /> However bearded depictions also appear from very early on, perhaps drawing on an existing stereotype from the Greek world of the appearance of the many itinerant charismatic philosophers.
[[File:ChineseJesus.jpg|thumb|The representation of the race of Jesus has been influenced by cultural settings.<ref name=LHoulden63 >''Jesus: the complete guide'' by Leslie Houlden 2006 082648011X pages 63-100</ref><ref name=Erricker44 /> A Chinese illustration, [[Beijing]], 1879]]
More recent artistic and cinematic portrayals have also made an effort to characterize Jesus as an ancient [[Middle East]]ern resident. In the 2004 movie, ''[[The Passion of the Christ]]'', Jesus was portrayed by [[Jim Caviezel]] who wore a [[prosthetic]] nose during filming and had his blue eyes digitally changed to brown to give him a more Middle Eastern appearance. According to designer Miles Teves, who created the prosthesis: "Mel (Gibson) wanted to make the actor playing Jesus, [[James Caviezel]], look more ethnically Middle Eastern, and it was decided that we could do it best by changing the shape of his nose."<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Rickitt|first1=Richard|title=Designing Movie Creatures and Characters: Behind the Scenes With the Movie Masters|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NH1OPgAACAAJ|accessdate=June 18, 2011|edition=illustrated|year=2006|publisher=[[RotoVision]]|location=[[Hove]]|isbn=978-2-940361-39-7|oclc=475780266|ref=harv|laysummary=http://www.graphics.com/modules.php?name=Sections&op=viewarticle&artid=501|laydate=February 20, 2007}}</ref><ref>[http://juice.box.sk/newsread.php?newsid=717 James Caviezel was given a prosthetic nose and a raised hairline. His blue eyes were digitally changed to brown on film.] {{wayback|url=http://juice.box.sk/newsread.php?newsid=717 |date=20070412043206 }}</ref>
==References==
{{Ibid|date=March 2016}}
{{Reflist|30em}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Ehrman|first1=Bart D.|authorlink1=Bart D. Ehrman|editor1-first=Bart D|editor1-last=Ehrman|editor1-link=Bart D. Ehrman|title=The New Testament: a Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings, Part 1|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=oxUw86gZO4oC|accessdate=June 18, 2011|edition=3rd, illustrated|year=2004|publisher=[[Oxford University Press|Oxford University]]|location=[[New York City]]|isbn=978-0-19-515462-7|oclc=52430805|ref=harv}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Glasgow|first1=James|title=The Apocalypse Translated and Expounded|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=t6ebQwAACAAJ|accessdate=June 18, 2011|year=2010|origyear=1872|publisher=[[T&T Clark]]|location=[[Edinburgh]]|isbn=978-1-153-28844-6|oclc=557904029|ref=harv}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Mosley|first1=William|title=What Color Was Jesus?|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=wqonAQAAMAAJ&q|accessdate=June 18, 2011|edition=1st|year=1987|publisher=African American Images|location=[[Chicago]]|isbn=978-0-913543-09-2|oclc=17281825|ref=harv}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Niehaus|first1=Jeffrey Jay|title=God at Sinai: Covenant and Theophany in the Bible and Ancient Near East|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nvUUjTrGrwwC|accessdate=June 18, 2011|year=1995|publisher=[[Zondervan]]|series=Studies in Old Testament Biblical Theology|location=[[Grand Rapids, Michigan]]|isbn=978-0-310-49471-3|oclc=31434584|ref=harv}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Rodriguez|first1=Clara E.|title=Changing Race: Latinos, the Census, and the History of Ethnicity in the United States|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mSj28ikZQpUC|accessdate=June 18, 2011|edition=illustrated|series=Critical America|year=2000|publisher=[[New York University]]|location=[[New York City]]|isbn=978-0-8147-7547-9|oclc=43684476|ref=harv}}
*{{Cite journal|title=So What Colour Was Jesus?|first=Giles|last=Wilson|accessdate=June 18, 2011|year=2004|journal=[[BBC Knowledge (magazine)|BBC Knowledge]]|publisher=[[BBC Worldwide]]|location=[[London]]|issn=1757-9929|oclc=264714934|ref=harv}}
*{{Cite book|last1=York|first1=Malachi Z.|authorlink1=Dwight York|title=What Race Was Jesus?|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ftXdAAAACAAJ|accessdate=June 18, 2011|year=1993|publisher=[[Egipt Publishers|Egipt]]|isbn=978-1-59517-030-9|ref=harv|laysummary=http://web.archive.org/web/20051216055959/http://www.afromerica.com/knowledge/religion/doctrine/blkjesus.php|laydate=2004}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Race Of Jesus}} | 2016-03-16T06:46:45Z | [[File:CompositeJesus.JPG|right|thumb|There is no scholarly agreement on the appearance of Jesus; over the centuries, he has been depicted in a multitude of ways.]]
Various theories about the [[Race (classification of humans)|race]] of Jesus have been advanced and debated.<ref name=Strauss114 /><ref name=SKelly70 >''Racializing Jesus: Race, Ideology and the Formation of Modern Biblical Scholarship'' by Shawn Kelley 2002 ISBN 0-415-28373-6 pages 70-73</ref> By the [[Middle Ages]] a number of documents, generally of unknown or questionable origin, had been composed and were circulating with details of the appearance of Jesus. Now these documents are mostly considered forgeries.<ref name="Bible' page 41">''The Oxford companion to the Bible'' 1993 ISBN 0-19-504645-5 page 41</ref><ref name="New Testament' pages 3-4">''Making Sense of the New Testament'' by Craig L. Blomberg 2004 ISBN 0-8010-2747-0 pages 3-4</ref><ref name="Pontius Pilate pages 6-9">''Pontius Pilate: portraits of a Roman governor'' by Warren Carter 2003 ISBN 0-8146-5113-5 pages 6-9</ref> While many people have a fixed mental image of Jesus, drawn from his artistic depictions, these images often conform to ethnic-European stereotypes which are not grounded in any serious research on the historical Jesus, but are based on second- or third-hand interpretations of spurious sources.<ref name="Kidd">{{cite book |author=Colin Kidd |year=2006 |title=The Forging of Races: Race and Scripture in the Protestant Atlantic World, 1600–2000 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, UK |isbn=978-0-521-79324-7}}</ref>{{rp|44–45}}
By the 19th century, theories that Jesus was non-[[Semitic people|Semitic]], and in particular [[Aryan race|Aryan]], were developed.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Arvidsson|first=Stefan|date=June 1999|title=Aryan Mythology As Science and Ideology|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion|publisher=Oxford University Press|volume=67|issue=2|pages=327–354|url=http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1465740?uid=3739560&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21102661972913|accessdate=Sep 18, 2013|doi=10.1093/jaarel/67.2.327}}</ref> However, as in other cases of the assignment of race to Biblical individuals, these claims have been mostly subjective, based on cultural [[stereotypes]] and societal trends rather than on scientific analysis.<ref name="Kidd"/>{{rp|18}} For two millennia a wide range of artistic depictions of Jesus have appeared, often influenced by cultural settings, political circumstances and theological contexts.<ref name=LHoulden63 /><ref name=Perkinson30 /> There is no major disagreement that he was ethnically [[Middle Eastern]]. Though some question what exactly that looked like at that time, there is a general scholarly consensus that first-century Hebrews from [[Judea]] were [[Levant]]ine Middle Easterners.<ref name=AmyJ/>
[[File:Alexandr Ivanov 015.jpg|right|thumb|left|Transfiguration by [[Alexander Andreyevich Ivanov|Alexandr Ivanov]], 1824]]
The [[New Testament]] includes no descriptions of Jesus' everyday appearance before his death and the [[Gospels|Gospel]] narratives are generally indifferent to people's racial appearance or features.<ref name=JensenBWell >Robin M. Jensen "Jesus in Christian art", Chapter 29 of ''The Blackwell Companion to Jesus'' edited by Delbert Burkett 2010 ISBN 1-4051-9362-X page 477-502</ref><ref name=Perkinson30 >''The likeness of the king: a prehistory of portraiture in late medieval France'' by Stephen Perkinson 2009 ISBN 0-226-65879-1 page 30</ref><ref name="Kidd"/>{{rp|48–51}}
The [[Synoptic Gospels]] include the account of the [[Transfiguration of Jesus]], during which he was glorified with "his face shining as the sun."<ref name=Barton132 >''The Cambridge companion to the Gospels'' by Stephen C. Barton ISBN pages 132-133</ref><ref name= Nobbs >''The Content and the Setting of the Gospel Tradition'' by Mark Harding, Alanna Nobbs 2010 ISBN 978-0-8028-3318-1 pages 281-282</ref>
These variations have been explained in various ways, and have been co-opted to make assertions about race. For example, Ana Echevarría notes that medieval Spanish writer [[Jiménez de Rada]] in his ''Historia arabum'' chooses a version to emphasise that Jesus is whiter than Muhammad, quoting the Ibn Abbas version: "I saw Jesus, a man of medium height and moderate complexion inclined to the red and white colours and of lank hair". Echevarría comments that "Moses and Jesus are portrayed as specimens of a completely different 'ethnic type', fair and blond; 'ethnic' or 'racial' differences between them and Muhammad are thus highlighted."<ref>Ana Echevarría, "Eschatology Or Biography? Alfonso X, Muhammad's Ladder And A Jewish Go-Between", in Cynthia Robinson & Leyla Rouhi (eds), ''Under the Influence: Questioning the Comparative in Medieval Castile'', Brill, Boston, 2005, p.140.</ref>
Despite the lack of direct biblical or [[historical method|historical references]], from the second century onward various theories about the appearance of Jesus were advanced, but early on these focused more on his physical appearance than on race or ancestry. Larger arguments of this kind have been debated for centuries.<ref name=SKelly70 />
[[Justin Martyr]] argued for the [[genealogy of Jesus]] in the biological [[Davidic line]] from Mary, as well as from his non-biological father Joseph.<ref name=Strauss114 >''The Life of Jesus, Critically Examined'' by David Friedrich Strauss 2010 ISBN 1-61640-309-8 pages 114-116</ref> But this only implies a general Jewish ancestry, acknowledged generally by authors.
The focus of many early sources was on Christ's physical unattractiveness rather than his [[beauty]]. The second century anti-Christian philosopher [[Celsus]] wrote that Jesus was "ugly and small"<ref>Robert E. Van Voorst, ''Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence'', Eerdmans Publishing, 2000, p.66.</ref> and similar descriptions are presented in a number of other sources as discussed extensively by Eisler,<ref name="Eisler">Eisler, Robert. ''The Messiah Jesus and John the Baptist''. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd., 1931.</ref> who in turn often quotes from Dobschütz' monumental ''Christusbilder''.<ref>Dobschütz, Ernst von, ''Christusbilder: Untersuchungen zur christlichen Legende'', Leipzig, 1899.</ref> Tertullian states that Christ's outward from was despised, that he had an ignoble appearance and the slander he suffered proved the 'abject condition' of his body.<ref>''The Catholic Encyclopedia'', http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0315.htm, Tertullian, On the Flesh of Christ, 9.</ref> According to Irenaeus he was a weak and inglorious man<ref>''The Catholic Encyclopedia'', http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103.htm, Irenaeus, 'Adversus haereses,' IV.XXXIII.12.</ref> and in ''The Acts of Peter'' he is described as small and ugly to the ignorant.<ref name="Eisler"/>{{rp|439}} Andrew of Crete relates that Christ was bent or even crooked<ref name="Eisler"/>{{rp|412}} and in ''The Acts of John'' he is described as bald-headed and small with no good looks.<ref>Barnstone, Willis. 'The Acts of John – Christ's Earthly Appearance,' in ''The Other Bible''. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers, 1984, p. 417.</ref>
As quoted by Eisler,<ref name="Eisler"/>{{rp|393–394, 414–415}} both Hierosolymitanus and John of Damascus claim that “the Jew Josephus” described Christ as having had connate eyebrows with goodly eyes and being long-faced, crooked and well-grown. In a letter of certain bishops to the Emperor Theophilus, Christ's height is described three cubits (four feet six), which was also the opinion of Ephrem Syrus (320–379 CE), “God took human form and appeared in the form of three human ells (cubits); he came down to us small of stature.” Theodore of Mopsuhestia likewise claimed that the appearance of Christ was smaller than that of the children of Jacob (Israel).
In the apocryphal Lentulus letter (see below) Christ is described as having had a reddish complexion, matching Muslim traditions in this respect. Christ's prediction that he would be taunted “Physician, heal yourself”<ref>Luke 4:23.</ref> may suggest that Christ was indeed physically deformed ('crooked' or hunch-backed) as claimed in the early Christian texts listed above. In fact, Justin Martyr, [[Tertullian]], and [[Ambrose]] actually considered lack of physical attractiveness in Jesus as fulfilling the Messianic prophecy "Suffering Servant" narrative of [[Isaiah 53]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Astell|first=Anne W.|title=Eating Beauty: The Eucharist and the Spiritual Arts of the Middle Ages|year=2006|publisher=Cornell University Press|pages=81}}</ref>
In explaining the development of racial theories in the context of [[scripture]], [[Colin Kidd]], in his book ''The forging of races'', argues that the assignment of race to biblical individuals has been a mostly subjective practice based on cultural stereotypes and societal trends rather than on scientific methods.<ref name="Kidd"/>{{rp|18}} Kidd reviews a number of theories about the race of Jesus, ranging from a white Aryan Jesus to a black African Jesus, illustrating that there is no general agreement among scholars on the race of Jesus.<ref name="Kidd"/>{{rp|43–50}}
[[File:Henry Ossawa Tanner - Jesus and nicodemus.jpg|thumb|A black Jesus with [[Nicodemus]], by [[Henry Ossawa Tanner|Tanner]], 1899]]
By the 19th century theories that Jesus was of the [[Aryan race|Aryan]] race, and in particular of [[Nordic race|Nordic]] appearance, were developed and later appealed to advocates of the new [[racial antisemitism]], who wanted nothing Jewish about Jesus. [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] posited Jesus was of [[Amorite]]-Germanic extraction.<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/6962] [[Hans Jonas]], ''New York Review of Books'', 1981</ref> [[Madison Grant]] claimed Jesus for the Nordic race.<ref name="Kidd"/>{{rp|48–51}}<ref>''The Aryan Jesus: Christian theologians and the Bible in Nazi Germany'' by Susannah Heschel 2008 ISBN 0-691-12531-7 page 32</ref><ref>Louis P. Masur ''The challenge of American history'' 1999, p. 319</ref> This found its most extreme form in the [[Nazism|Nazi]] theology of [[Positive Christianity]]. Scholars supporting the radical Aryan view also argued that being a Jew by religion was distinguishable from being a Jew by race or ethnicity.<ref>''The Symbolic Jesus: Historical Scholarship, Judaism and the Construction of Contemporary Identity'' by William Edward Arnal 2005 ISBN 1-84553-007-1 pages 46-47</ref> These theories usually also include the reasoning that Jesus was Aryan because [[Galilee]] was a supposedly a non-Jewish region speaking an unknown Indo-European language, but this has not gained scholarly acceptance (in fact, Galilee had a significant non-Jewish minority, but these spoke various local Semitic languages).<ref name="Kidd"/>{{rp|48–51}}<ref name=Goguel255 >''Jesus and the origins of Christianity'' by Maurice Goguel, New York, Harper, 1960 page 255</ref>
By the 20th century, theories had also been proposed that Jesus was black, but not necessarily of descendent of any specific black African ethnicity, e.g. based on the argument that the [[Israelites|ancient Israelites]], as a group, were in whole or part originally a black people.<ref name="Kidd"/>{{rp|43–50}}<ref name=WChrist >"The Black Christ" Chapter 25 of ''The Blackwell Companion to Jesus'' edited by Delbert Burkett 2010 ISBN 1-4051-9362-X pages 410-420</ref> [[Martin Luther King]] was a proponent of the "Black Christ" movement and identified the struggle of Jesus against the authorities of the time with the struggle of African Americans in the southern parts of the United States, as he questioned why the white church leaders did not voice concern for racial equality.<ref name=WChrist /> For some, this blackness was due to Jesus's identification with black people, not the color of his skin,<ref name=WChrist /> while others such as [[Albert Cleage]] argued that Jesus was ethnically black.<ref>''Christology from the margins'' by Thomas Bohache 2009 ISBN 0-334-04058-2 page 69</ref><!--In the 21st century Harvey and Blum argued that the assumptions about the race of Jesus influenced a number of American immigrants and shaped the emerging American culture.<ref>Paul Harvey and Edward Blum "The Color of Christ: The Son of God and the Saga of Race in America" 2012 ISBN 978-0-8078-3572-2</ref>-->
A study on the 2001 [[BBC]] series ''[[Son of God (TV series)|Son of God]]'' attempted to determine what Jesus's race and appearance may have been.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/1244037.stm|title=Why do we think Christ was white?|date=27 March 2011|publisher=[[BBC News]]|location=[[London]]|accessdate=13 October 2011}}</ref> Assuming Jesus to be a Galilean [[Semitic people|Semite]], the study concluded in conjunction with [[Mark Goodacre]] that his skin would have been "olive-coloured"<ref name="Wilson">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/3958241.stm|title=So what color was Jesus?|first=Giles|last=Wilson|date=27 October 2004|publisher=[[BBC News]]|location=[[London]]|accessdate=20 November 2011}}</ref> and "swarthy"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Selznick|first=Barbara J.|year=2007|title=The Complete Story: Religion and Race in Global Non-Fiction Programming|journal=[[Global Media Journal]]|volume=6|issue=11|page=|location=[[Indiana]]|publisher=[[Purdue University Calumet]]|editor1-first=Yahya R.|editor1-last=Kamalipour|editor1-link=Yahya R. Kamalipour|issn=1550-7521|oclc=315922706|accessdate=11 December 2011|url=http://lass.calumet.purdue.edu/cca/gmj/fa07/gmj-fa07-selznick.htm}}</ref>—these results were criticised by some media outlets for being "dismissive" and "dumbed down".<ref name=Preston>{{Cite news|title=The Dumbed Down Shall Be Raised Up|first=John|last=Preston|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-19189778.html|newspaper=[[The Sunday Telegraph]]|publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group|Telegraph Media]]|location=[[London]]|issn=9976-1874|oclc=436617201|date=8 April 2001|accessdate=15 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=It's the greatest story ever told. Pity no one had a camera|first=Catherine|last=Bennett|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,3604,464732,00.html|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|publisher=[[Guardian Media Group|Guardian Media]]|location=[[London]]|issn=0261-3077|oclc=476290235|date=29 March 2001|accessdate=3 November 2011}}</ref> However, this type of analysis suggests, that even though broadly [[White people|Caucasian]], Jesus may not have fit into all modern definitions of [[Whiteness studies|whiteness]] in the Western world.
It is most commonly argued that Jesus was probably of Middle Eastern descent because of the geographic location of the events described in the [[Gospel]]s, and, among some modern Christian scholars, the [[genealogy of Jesus|genealogy]] ascribed to him. For this reason, he has been portrayed as an olive-skinned individual typical of the [[Levant]] region. In 2001, a new attempt was made to discover what the true race and face of Jesus might have been. The study, sponsored by the [[BBC]], [[France 3]] and [[Discovery Channel]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2001/mar/27/broadcasting.uknews2|title=Is this the real face of Jesus Christ?|first=Matt|last=Wells|date=March 27, 2001|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|publisher=[[Guardian News and Media|Guardian]]|location=[[London]]|issn=0261-3077|oclc=60623878|accessdate=May 12, 2011}}</ref> used one of three first-century Jewish skulls from a leading department of [[forensic science]] in [[Israel]]. A face was constructed using [[forensic anthropology]] by Richard Neave, a retired medical artist from the Unit of Art in Medicine at the [[University of Manchester]].<ref name=CNN/> The face that Neave constructed suggested that Jesus would have had a broad face and large nose, and differed significantly from the traditional depictions of Jesus in renaissance art.<ref name="Wilson"/>
Additional information about Jesus's skin color and hair was provided by [[Mark Goodacre]], a senior lecturer at the Department of Theology and Religion at the [[University of Birmingham]].<ref name="Wilson"/> Using third-century images from a synagogue—the earliest pictures of Jewish people<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2001/03/27/tech/main281914.shtml|title=Experts Reconstruct Face Of Jesus|date=March 27, 2001|publisher=[[CBS]]|location=[[London]]|accessdate=May 12, 2011}}</ref>—Goodacre proposed that Jesus's skin color would have been darker and swarthier than his traditional Western image. He also suggested that he would have had short, curly hair and a short cropped beard.<ref name="Popular Mechanics">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/health/forensics/1282186|title=The Real Face Of Jesus|first=Mike|last=Fillon|date=December 7, 2002|journal=[[Popular Mechanics]]|publisher=[[Hearst Corporation|Hearst]]|location=[[San Francisco]]|issn=0032-4558|oclc=3643271|accessdate=May 12, 2011}}</ref> This is also confirmed in the [[First Epistle to the Corinthians]], where [[Paul the Apostle]] states that it is "disgraceful" for a man to have long hair.<ref>[[s:Bible (King James)/1 Corinthians#11:14|1 Corinthians 11:14]]. [[King James Version]]: Oxford Standard (1769)</ref> As Paul allegedly knew many of the disciples and members of Jesus's family, it is unlikely that he would have written such a thing had Jesus had long hair.<ref name="Popular Mechanics"/>
Although not literally the face of Jesus,<ref name=CNN>{{Cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/TECH/science/12/25/face.jesus/|title=From science and computers, a new face of Jesus|first=Jeordan|last=Legon|date=December 25, 2002|publisher=[[CNN]]|accessdate=May 12, 2011}}</ref> the result of the study determined that Jesus's skin would have been more olive-colored than white,<ref name="Wilson"/> and that he would have most likely probably looked like a typical Galilean Semite of his day. Among the points made was that the Bible records that Jesus's disciple Judas had to point him out to those arresting him. The implied argument is that if Jesus's physical appearance had differed markedly from his disciples, then he would have been relatively easy to identify.<ref name="Popular Mechanics"/> [[James H. Charlesworth]] states Jesus' face was "most likely dark brown and sun-tanned", and his stature "may have been between five feet five [1.65 m] and five feet seven [1.70 m]".<ref>{{cite book|first=James H.|last= Charlesworth |title= The Historical Jesus: An Essential Guide |publisher= Abingdon Press |year= 2008 | page= 72 |isbn=978-0-687-02167-3}}</ref>
[[File:Spas vsederzhitel sinay.jpg|right|thumb|left|upright|The oldest surviving ''[[Christ Pantocrator]]'' icon, 6th century, [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]], [[Egypt]].<ref>''God's human face: the Christ-icon'' by Christoph Schoenborn 1994 ISBN 0-89870-514-2 page 154</ref><ref>''Sinai and the Monastery of St. Catherine'' by John Galey 1986 ISBN 977-424-118-5 page 92</ref>]]
Despite the lack of biblical references or historical records, for two millennia a wide range of depictions of Jesus have appeared, often influenced by cultural settings, political circumstances and theological contexts.<ref name=LHoulden63 /><ref name=Perkinson30 /><ref name=Erricker44 >''Teaching Christianity: a world religions approach'' by Clive Erricker 1987 ISBN 0-7188-2634-5 page 44</ref> As in other [[Christian art]], the earliest depictions date to the late second or early third century, and are primarily found in [[Rome]].<ref name=Benedetto51 >''The New Westminster Dictionary of Church History'' by Robert Benedetto 2006 ISBN 0-8264-8011-X pages 51-53</ref> In these early depictions, Jesus is usually shown as a youthful figure without a beard and with curly hair, sometimes with different features from the other men in the scenes, e.g. his disciples or the Romans.<ref name=JensenBWell /> However bearded depictions also appear from very early on, perhaps drawing on an existing stereotype from the Greek world of the appearance of the many itinerant charismatic philosophers.
[[File:ChineseJesus.jpg|thumb|upright|The representation of the race of Jesus has been influenced by cultural settings.<ref name=LHoulden63 >''Jesus: the complete guide'' by Leslie Houlden 2006 082648011X pages 63-100</ref><ref name=Erricker44 /> A Chinese illustration, [[Beijing]], 1879]]
More recent artistic and cinematic portrayals have also made an effort to characterize Jesus as an ancient [[Middle East]]ern resident. In the 2004 movie, ''[[The Passion of the Christ]]'', Jesus was portrayed by [[Jim Caviezel]] who wore a [[prosthetic]] nose during filming and had his blue eyes digitally changed to brown to give him a more Middle Eastern appearance. According to designer Miles Teves, who created the prosthesis: "Mel (Gibson) wanted to make the actor playing Jesus, [[James Caviezel]], look more ethnically Middle Eastern, and it was decided that we could do it best by changing the shape of his nose."<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Rickitt|first1=Richard|title=Designing Movie Creatures and Characters: Behind the Scenes With the Movie Masters|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NH1OPgAACAAJ|accessdate=June 18, 2011|edition=illustrated|year=2006|publisher=[[RotoVision]]|location=[[Hove]]|isbn=978-2-940361-39-7|oclc=475780266|ref=harv|laysummary=http://www.graphics.com/modules.php?name=Sections&op=viewarticle&artid=501|laydate=February 20, 2007}}</ref><ref>[http://juice.box.sk/newsread.php?newsid=717 James Caviezel was given a prosthetic nose and a raised hairline. His blue eyes were digitally changed to brown on film.] {{wayback|url=http://juice.box.sk/newsread.php?newsid=717 |date=20070412043206 }}</ref>
*{{Cite book |last1=Ehrman |first1=Bart D. |authorlink1=Bart D. Ehrman |editor1-first=Bart D. |editor1-last=Ehrman |editor1-link=Bart D. Ehrman |title=The New Testament: a Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings, Part 1 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=oxUw86gZO4oC |accessdate=June 18, 2011 |edition=3rd, illustrated |year=2004 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=[[New York City]] |isbn=978-0-19-515462-7 |oclc=52430805 |ref=harv}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Glasgow |first1=James |title=The Apocalypse Translated and Expounded |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=t6ebQwAACAAJ |accessdate=June 18, 2011 |year=2010 |origyear=1872 |publisher=[[T&T Clark]] |location=[[Edinburgh]] |isbn=978-1-153-28844-6 |oclc=557904029 |ref=harv}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Mosley |first1=William |title=What Color Was Jesus? |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=wqonAQAAMAAJ&q |accessdate=June 18, 2011 |edition=1st |year=1987 |publisher=African American Images |location=[[Chicago]] |isbn=978-0-913543-09-2 |oclc=17281825 |ref=harv}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Niehaus |first1=Jeffrey Jay |title=God at Sinai: Covenant and Theophany in the Bible and Ancient Near East |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nvUUjTrGrwwC |accessdate=June 18, 2011 |year=1995 |publisher=[[Zondervan]] |series=Studies in Old Testament Biblical Theology |location=[[Grand Rapids, Michigan]] |isbn=978-0-310-49471-3 |oclc=31434584 |ref=harv}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Rodriguez |first1=Clara E. |title=Changing Race: Latinos, the Census, and the History of Ethnicity in the United States |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mSj28ikZQpUC |accessdate=June 18, 2011 |edition=illustrated |series=Critical America |year=2000 |publisher=[[New York University Press]] |location=[[New York City]] |isbn=978-0-8147-7547-9 |oclc=43684476 |ref=harv}}
*{{Cite book |last1=York |first1=Malachi Z. |authorlink1=Dwight York |title=What Race Was Jesus? |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ftXdAAAACAAJ |accessdate=June 18, 2011 |year=1993 |publisher=[[Egipt Publishers|Egipt]] |isbn=978-1-59517-030-9 |ref=harv |laysummary=http://web.archive.org/web/20051216055959/http://www.afromerica.com/knowledge/religion/doctrine/blkjesus.php |laydate=2004}}
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}} | 2016-03-16T07:18:26Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=714168614 | | ''Paradise Stop'' || Jann Turner || Rapulana Seiphemo, Kenneth Nkosi, Vusi Kunene || Comedy || English || | 2016-02-06T21:33:44Z | | ''Paradise Stop'' || [[Jann Turner]] || Rapulana Seiphemo, Kenneth Nkosi, Vusi Kunene || Comedy || English || | 2016-04-08T02:01:38Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=713160880 | {{Fs player|no= |nat=ARM|pos=MF|name=Hovhannes Panosyan}} | 2016-04-02T09:27:38Z | {{Fs player|no=26|nat=RUS|pos=FW|name=[[Magomed Muzayev]]}} | 2016-04-02T09:30:09Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=710519833 | !{{sort|Grambling State|[[Grambling State University|Gambling College]]}} | 2016-03-17T12:26:44Z | !{{sort|Grambling State|[[Grambling State University|Grambling College]]}} | 2016-03-17T12:27:09Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=712889367 | Despite [[Hamilton–Reynolds sex scandal|a well-publicized affair]] in 1791, the marriage lasted until Hamilton's death in a [[Burr–Hamilton duel|duel with Aaron Burr]] in 1804. Before the duel, he wrote her two letters, writing, "The consolations of Religion, my beloved, can alone support you; and these you have a right to enjoy. Fly to the bosom of your God and be comforted. With my last idea; I shall cherish the sweet hope of meeting you in a better world. Adieu best of wives and best of Women. Embrace all my darling Children for me."<ref>{{Cite web|title = From Alexander Hamilton to Elizabeth Hamilton, 4 July 1804|url = http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-26-02-0001-0248|website = Founders Online|accessdate = 2016-01-11}}</ref> | 2016-03-31T05:35:45Z | Despite [[Hamilton–Reynolds sex scandal|a well-publicized affair]] in 1791, the marriage lasted until Hamilton's death in a [[Burr–Hamilton duel|duel with Aaron Burr]] in 1804. Best of wives, Best of women.Before the duel, he wrote her two letters, writing, "The consolations of Religion, my beloved, can alone support you; and these you have a right to enjoy. Fly to the bosom of your God and be comforted. With my last idea; I shall cherish the sweet hope of meeting you in a better world. Adieu best of wives and best of Women. Embrace all my darling Children for me."<ref>{{Cite web|title = From Alexander Hamilton to Elizabeth Hamilton, 4 July 1804|url = http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-26-02-0001-0248|website = Founders Online|accessdate = 2016-01-11}}</ref> | 2016-03-31T17:55:28Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=714296091 | Norberg-Hodge lectures extensively in English, Swedish, German, French, Spanish, Italian and Ladakhi. Over the years, lecture tours have brought her to universities, government agencies and private institutions. She has made presentations to parliamentarians in Germany, Sweden, and England; at the White House and the US Congress; to UNESCO, the World Bank and the IMF; and at Cambridge, Oxford, Harvard, Cornell and numerous other universities. She also teaches regularly at Schumacher College in England. She frequently lectures and gives workshops for community groups around the world working on localization issues. | 2016-04-08T21:23:17Z | Norberg-Hodge lectures extensively in English, Swedish, German, French, Spanish, Italian and Ladakhi. Over the years, lecture tours have brought her to universities, government agencies and private institutions. She has made presentations to parliamentarians in Germany, Sweden, and England; at the White House and the US Congress; to UNESCO, the World Bank and the IMF; and at Cambridge, Oxford, Harvard, Cornell and numerous other universities. She also teaches regularly at [[Schumacher College]] in England. She frequently lectures and gives workshops for community groups around the world working on localization issues. | 2016-04-08T21:26:06Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=711777292 | The '''Michigan Liquor Control Commission''' is an agency of the U.S. state of [[Michigan]], within the [[Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs|Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs (LARA)]], responsible for regulating the sale and distribution of [[liquor]] in the state.<ref name="lara-lcc80yrs" /><ref name="lara-lcc-about" /> | 2016-03-24T06:52:46Z | The '''Michigan Liquor Control Commission''' is an agency of the U.S. state of [[Michigan]], within the [[Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs]] (LARA), responsible for regulating the sale and distribution of [[liquor]] in the state.<ref name="lara-lcc80yrs" /><ref name="lara-lcc-about" /> | 2016-03-24T20:41:36Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=714267541 | | publisher=Xbit laboratories}}</ref> with the latest being Update 15,<ref>[http://h20195.www2.hp.com/V2/GetDocument.aspx?docname=4AA3-5947ENW&cc=us&lc=en HP-UX 11i v3 Operating Environments: For workloads vital to the enterprise, because your business is always on. - Data sheet (Data sheet/4AA3-5947ENW.pdf)]. H20195.www2.hp.com (March 2015, Rev. 10) Retrieved on 2015-04-16.</ref> released in March 2016. HP has moved to a cadence of one major HP-UX operating system update per year. | 2016-04-08T17:25:52Z | | publisher=Xbit laboratories}}</ref> with the latest being Update 15,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://h20195.www2.hp.com/V2/GetDocument.aspx?docname=4AA3-5947ENW&cc=us&lc=en|title=Leverage the value of HP-UX 11i v3: For workloads vital to the enterprise|publisher=HP Enterprise|date=April 2016|accessdate=2016-04-08}}</ref> released in March 2016. HP has moved to a cadence of one major HP-UX operating system update per year. | 2016-04-08T17:57:52Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=713101309 | ==Early QSEAUX CHEF X PHARAOHTY ].<ref>[http://www.wavygravy.net/bio/biography.html Wavy's Biography<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> He attended [[Hall High School (Connecticut)|William Hall High School]] in [[West Hartford, Connecticut]]. In 1954, Romney volunteered for the military and was honorably discharged after 22 months in the [[United States Army]].<ref name="goodchange">Gravy, W. ''Something Good for a Change'' St. Martins Press 1992 pp.227-232</ref> | 2016-04-01T06:22:03Z | ==Early life==
Romney was born in [[East Greenbush, New York]] on May 15, 1936. As a child, he took walks around the blocks with [[Albert Einstein]].<ref>[http://www.wavygravy.net/bio/biography.html Wavy's Biography<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> He attended [[Hall High School (Connecticut)|William Hall High School]] in [[West Hartford, Connecticut]]. In 1954, Romney volunteered for the military and was honorably discharged after 22 months in the [[United States Army]].<ref name="goodchange">Gravy, W. ''Something Good for a Change'' St. Martins Press 1992 pp.227-232</ref> | 2016-04-01T23:20:57Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=714311892 | * 3× [[All-WNBA Team|All-WNBA Second Team]] (2008, 2010–2011)
* 9x [[WNBA All-Star Game|WNBA All-Star]] (2002, 2003, 2005–2007, 2009, 2011, 2014–2015)
[[Category:Olympic basketball players of the United States]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in basketball]] | 2016-01-22T07:24:13Z | * 3× [[All-WNBA Team|All-WNBA Second Team]] (2008, 2010, 2011)
* 9x [[WNBA All-Star Game|WNBA All-Star]] (2002, 2003, 2005–2007, 2009, 2011, 2014, 2015) | 2016-04-08T23:32:18Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=709519738 | {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=GK|name=[[Kristijan Naumovski]]|caps=6|goals=0|age={{Birth date and age|1988|09|17|df=y}}|club=[[Hong Kong Pegasus FC|Pegasus]]|clubnat=HKG|latest=v. {{fb|AUS}}, 30 March 2015}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Goran Siljanovski]] [[File:Cruz Roja.svg|8px|Injured]]|caps=2|goals=0|age={{birth date and age|1990|07|01|df=y}}|club=[[FK Rabotnički|Rabotnichki]]|clubnat=MKD|latest=v. {{fb|ESP}}, 8 September 2015}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Darko Velkovski]] [[File:Cruz Roja.svg|8px|Injured]]|caps=3|goals=0|age={{birth date and age|1995|06|21|df=y}}|club=[[FK Vardar|Vardar]]|clubnat=MKD|latest=v. {{fb|SVK}}, 14 June 2015}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Bojan Markovski|Bojan Markoski]]|caps=1|goals=0|age={{Birth date and age|1983|08|08|df=y}}|club=[[FK Rabotnički|Rabotnichki]]|clubnat=MKD|latest=v. {{fb|AUS}}, 30 March 2015}}
{{nat fs r player|no=23|pos=MF|name=[[Stefan Aškovski|Stefan Ashkovski]] [[File:Cruz Roja.svg|8px|Injured]]|caps=3|goals=0|age={{Birth date and age|1992|02|24|df=y}}|club=[[Kayseri Erciyesspor|Erciyesspor]]|clubnat=TUR|latest=v. {{fb|BLR}}, 12 October 2015}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Marjan Radeski]] [[File:Cruz Roja.svg|8px|Injured]]|caps=5|goals=0|age={{birth date and age|1995|2|10|df=y}}|club=[[FK Shkëndija|Shkendija]]|clubnat=MKD|latest=v. {{fb|ESP}}, 8 September 2015}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Artim Položani|Artim Polozhani]]|caps=14|goals=0|age={{Birth date and age|1982|06|25|df=y}}|club=[[FK Shkëndija|Shkendija]]|clubnat=MKD|latest=v. {{fb|AUS}}, 30 March 2015}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Blaže Todorovski|Blagoja Todorovski]]|caps=4|goals=0|age={{birth date and age|1985|06|11|df=y}}|club=[[FK Shkëndija|Shkendija]]|clubnat=MKD|latest=v. {{fb|AUS}}, 30 March 2015}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Jovan Kostovski]] [[File:Cruz Roja.svg|8px|Injured]]|caps=11|goals=2|age={{Birth date and age|1987|4|19|df=y}}|club=[[Oud-Heverlee Leuven|OH Leuven]]|clubnat=BEL|latest=v. {{fb|ESP}}, 8 September 2015}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Dejan Blaževski|Dejan Blazhevski]]|caps=4|goals=1|age={{Birth date and age|1985|12|06|df=y}}|club=[[FK Vardar|Vardar]]|clubnat=MKD|latest=v. {{fb|AUS}}, 30 March 2015}} | 2016-03-07T22:04:15Z | {{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Goran Siljanovski]]|caps=2|goals=0|age={{birth date and age|1990|07|01|df=y}}|club=[[FK Rabotnički|Rabotnichki]]|clubnat=MKD|latest=v. {{fb|ESP}}, 8 September 2015}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Darko Velkovski]]|caps=3|goals=0|age={{birth date and age|1995|06|21|df=y}}|club=[[FK Vardar|Vardar]]|clubnat=MKD|latest=v. {{fb|SVK}}, 14 June 2015}}
{{nat fs r player|no=23|pos=MF|name=[[Stefan Aškovski|Stefan Ashkovski]]|caps=3|goals=0|age={{Birth date and age|1992|02|24|df=y}}|club=[[Kayseri Erciyesspor|Erciyesspor]]|clubnat=TUR|latest=v. {{fb|BLR}}, 12 October 2015}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Marjan Radeski]]|caps=5|goals=0|age={{birth date and age|1995|2|10|df=y}}|club=[[FK Shkëndija|Shkendija]]|clubnat=MKD|latest=v. {{fb|ESP}}, 8 September 2015}}
{{nat fs r player|no=|pos=FW|name=[[Jovan Kostovski]]|caps=11|goals=2|age={{Birth date and age|1987|4|19|df=y}}|club=[[Oud-Heverlee Leuven|OH Leuven]]|clubnat=BEL|latest=v. {{fb|ESP}}, 8 September 2015}} | 2016-03-11T11:13:46Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=712999216 | In contrast to the pointillist impressionism of ''George'', the museum also features a "fine example of labor-intensive pointlessism",<ref name="newman"/> according to MOBA staff. Mari Newman's ''Juggling Dog in Hula Skirt'' (tempera and acrylic paint on canvas; donated by the artist), a recent addition,{{Update inline|date=March 2016}} inspired this description by MOBA: "We can only wonder what possesses an artist to portray a dog juggling bones while wearing a hula skirt."<ref name="newman">"[http://www.museumofbadart.org/collection/recent06.php Juggling Dog in Hula Skirt]". Museum of Bad Art, 2009. Retrieved on March 4, 2009.</ref> MOBA enjoys the mystery as much as any other aspect of art, however.<ref name="wilson"/> | 2016-03-24T21:00:16Z | In contrast to the pointillist impressionism of ''George'', the museum also features a "fine example of labor-intensive pointlessism",<ref name="newman"/> according to MOBA staff. Mari Newman's ''Juggling Dog in Hula Skirt'' (tempera and acrylic paint on canvas; donated by the artist), inspired this description by MOBA: "We can only wonder what possesses an artist to portray a dog juggling bones while wearing a hula skirt."<ref name="newman">"[http://www.museumofbadart.org/collection/recent06.php Juggling Dog in Hula Skirt]". Museum of Bad Art, 2009. Retrieved on March 4, 2009.</ref> MOBA enjoys the mystery as much as any other aspect of art, however.<ref name="wilson"/> | 2016-04-01T08:52:48Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=711210687 | On October 1, 2015 Urlacher announced his intention to seek the Republican nomination to run for State Senate in the 26th district to succeed [[Dan Duffy]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Edwards|first1=Brad|title=Urlacher Brother, Now Mayor Of Northwest Suburb, Eyes State Senate Seat|url=http://chicago.cbslocal.com/2015/10/01/urlacher-brother-now-mayor-of-northwest-suburb-eyes-state-senate-seat/|website=CBS Chicago|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=12 October 2015}}</ref> His attempt to get on the ballot was challenged, and state election officials invalidated more than 1000 of his collected signatures leaving him with only 48 above the minimum.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Riopell|first1=Mike|title=Brother of ex-Bear Urlacher can run for Illinois Senate, officials rule|url=http://www.dailyherald.com/article/20160120/news/160129891/|accessdate=21 January 2016|work=Daily Herald}}</ref> | 2016-03-06T09:14:27Z | On October 1, 2015 Urlacher announced his intention to seek the Republican nomination to run for State Senate in the 26th district to succeed [[Dan Duffy]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Edwards|first1=Brad|title=Urlacher Brother, Now Mayor Of Northwest Suburb, Eyes State Senate Seat|url=http://chicago.cbslocal.com/2015/10/01/urlacher-brother-now-mayor-of-northwest-suburb-eyes-state-senate-seat/|website=CBS Chicago|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=12 October 2015}}</ref> His attempt to get on the ballot was challenged, and state election officials invalidated more than 1000 of his collected signatures leaving him with only 48 above the minimum.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Riopell|first1=Mike|title=Brother of ex-Bear Urlacher can run for Illinois Senate, officials rule|url=http://www.dailyherald.com/article/20160120/news/160129891/|accessdate=21 January 2016|work=Daily Herald}}</ref> In March, 2016, Urlacher was defeated in a three way primary by Dan McConchie by over 1300 votes.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Graham|first1=Doug|title=Staff Writer|url=http://www.dailyherald.com/article/20160317/news/160318806/|accessdate=03/21/16|work=Daily Herald|date=03/17/16}}</ref> | 2016-03-21T14:51:56Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=711459565 | The [[Swan Coastal Plain]] north of Perth has become an important feeding area. There, cockatoos also forage in the Gnangara pine plantations, where they feed on the seeds of ''[[Pinus radiata]]'' and ''[[Pinus pinaster]]''. | 2016-03-23T00:35:36Z | The [[Swan Coastal Plain]] north of Perth has become an important feeding area. There, cockatoos also forage in the Gnangara pine plantations, where they feed on the seeds of ''[[Pinus radiata]]'' and ''[[Pinus pinaster]]''. Carnaby's black cockatoos have come to depend on these plantations since the early 20th century.<ref name = V&S/> | 2016-03-23T00:37:17Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=710262662 | Research includes into hypocretin gene therapy and hypocretin cell transplantation for narcolepsy-cataplexy.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.journalsleep.org/Articles/280612.pdf |title=Emerging Therapies in Narcolepsy-Cataplexy |accessdate=2011-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Weidong | first1 = W. | last2 = Fang | first2 = W. | last3 = Yang | first3 = Z. | last4 = Menghan | first4 = L. | last5 = Xueyu | first5 = L. | title = Two patients with narcolepsy treated by hypnotic psychotherapy | doi = 10.1016/j.sleep.2009.07.011 | journal = Sleep Medicine | volume = 10 | issue = 10 | pages = 1167–1167 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19766057 | pmc = }}</ref> | 2016-03-07T12:22:10Z | Research is being conducted on hypocretin gene therapy and hypocretin cell transplantation for narcolepsy-cataplexy.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.journalsleep.org/Articles/280612.pdf |title=Emerging Therapies in Narcolepsy-Cataplexy |accessdate=2011-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Weidong | first1 = W. | last2 = Fang | first2 = W. | last3 = Yang | first3 = Z. | last4 = Menghan | first4 = L. | last5 = Xueyu | first5 = L. | title = Two patients with narcolepsy treated by hypnotic psychotherapy | doi = 10.1016/j.sleep.2009.07.011 | journal = Sleep Medicine | volume = 10 | issue = 10 | pages = 1167–1167 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19766057 | pmc = }}</ref> | 2016-03-15T22:50:42Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=713399002 | '''Ila Pant''' is an Indian politician who was a Member of Parliament in 12th [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Uttarakhand]]<ref>{{cite web| url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ila-pants-lackluster-speeches-shorn-of-local-issues/1/263466.html|title=Electrion images: Ila Pant| publisher=India Today|date=23 February 1998}}</ref>region of then undivided [[Uttar Pradesh]]. | 2016-04-03T20:29:08Z | '''Ila Pant''' is an Indian politician who was a Member of Parliament in 12th [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Uttarakhand]]<ref>{{cite web| url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ila-pants-lackluster-speeches-shorn-of-local-issues/1/263466.html|title=Electrion images: Ila Pant| publisher=India Today|date=23 February 1998}}</ref> region of then undivided [[Uttar Pradesh]]. | 2016-04-03T20:29:39Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=713006559 | |Jeane Dixon claimed that Armageddon would take place in 2020 and [[Jesus]] will return to defeat the unholy Trinity of the [[Antichrist]], [[Satan]] and the [[False prophet]] between 2020 and 2037. Dixon also previously predicted the world would end on February 4, 1962. | 2016-03-31T01:49:10Z | |Jeane Dixon claimed that Armageddon would take place in 2020 and [[Jesus]] will return to defeat the unholy Trinity of the [[Antichrist]], [[Satan]] and the [[False prophet]] between 2020 and 2037. Dixon had also previously predicted the world would end on February 4, 1962. | 2016-04-01T10:20:42Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=713326362 | | years4 = 2015– | clubs4 = [[Police United F.C.|Police United]] | caps4 = | goals4 = | 2016-01-10T21:58:32Z | | years4 = 2015 | clubs4 = [[Police United F.C.|Police United]] | caps4 = 6 | goals4 = 0 | 2016-04-03T10:04:24Z | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=711793567 | The team play at [[Switchbacks Stadium]], adjacent to [[Security Service Field]], and in the summer of 2014 started a $3,000,000 renovation of the stadium after the team signed a 10-year lease with the City of Colorado Springs.<ref>http://switchbacksfc.com/sand-creek-stadium-ground-breaking-ceremony/</ref> | 2016-03-24T12:42:48Z | The team play at [[Sand Creek Stadium|Switchbacks Stadium]], adjacent to [[Security Service Field]], and in the summer of 2014 started a $3,000,000 renovation of the stadium after the team signed a 10-year lease with the City of Colorado Springs.<ref>http://switchbacksfc.com/sand-creek-stadium-ground-breaking-ceremony/</ref> | 2016-03-24T22:53:06Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=711776490 | The story of the expansion was well-received. ''PC World'' considered the expansion's climax satisfying and "as good as anything in the main ''Pillars of Eternity'' storyline".<ref name="PcWRev2" /> Gamespot also wrote that the expansion's conclusion was "epic".<ref name="GSpotRevWM2" /> ''The Escapist'' echoed this statement, noting that the scope of the expansion was impressive and that the story was almost as impactful as that of the base game, with the writer saying he felt he had almost the same impact on the world of Eora as in the final conversation with the base game's main antagonist.<ref name="escape2rev" /> Softpedia agreed, saying the way the player deals with the major threat has great consequences for the world of Eora.<ref name="Softpediarev2" /> IGN wrote that the expansion's quest line was engaging, and that the new settings were memorable.<ref name="IGNRev2WM" /> However, the reviewer felt the main quest was too focused to the point of almost being too linear.<ref name="IGNRev2WM" /> The new companion, Maneha, was praised by Softpedia, who wrote that she was "tightly integrated into the story", and further recommended keeping her in the party for the expansion's main quest and for her personal side quest.<ref name="Softpediarev2" /> Similarly, IGN's reviewer said he enjoyed Maneha's quest, finding it to be "one of the more engaging ones ''Pillars'' [''of Eternity''] has offered so far".<ref name="IGNRev2WM" /> However, ''PC World'' thought that her quest, along with the quests for the companions in ''Part I'', weren't fleshed out enough before their conclusions.<ref name="PcWRev2" /> | 2016-03-24T19:46:13Z | The story of the expansion was well-received. ''PC World'' considered the expansion's climax satisfying and "as good as anything in the main ''Pillars of Eternity'' storyline".<ref name="PcWRev2" /> Gamespot also wrote that the expansion's conclusion was "epic".<ref name="GSpotRevWM2" /> ''The Escapist'' echoed this statement, noting that the scope of the expansion was impressive and that the story was almost as impactful as that of the base game, with the writer saying he felt he had almost the same impact on the world of Eora as in the final conversation with the base game's main antagonist.<ref name="escape2rev" /> Softpedia agreed, saying the way the player deals with the major threat has great consequences for the world of Eora.<ref name="Softpediarev2" /> IGN wrote that the expansion's quest line was engaging and that the new settings were memorable; however, the reviewer felt the main quest was too focused to the point of almost being too linear.<ref name="IGNRev2WM" /> The new companion, Maneha, was praised by Softpedia, who wrote that she was "tightly integrated into the story", and further recommended keeping her in the party for the expansion's main quest and for her personal side quest.<ref name="Softpediarev2" /> Similarly, IGN's reviewer said he enjoyed Maneha's quest, finding it to be "one of the more engaging ones ''Pillars'' [''of Eternity''] has offered so far".<ref name="IGNRev2WM" /> However, ''PC World'' thought that her quest, along with the quests for the companions in ''Part I'', weren't fleshed out enough before their conclusions.<ref name="PcWRev2" /> | 2016-03-24T20:35:20Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=710549924 | | || || || || || | 2016-03-17T16:28:26Z | | 5|| 0|| 5 || 0 || 0 || | 2016-03-17T16:31:50Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=710657943 | |Title =
|WrittenBy = | 2016-03-18T07:13:26Z | |Title = Semper Fidelis
|WrittenBy = Luke Kalteux | 2016-03-18T07:15:17Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=709753452 | On 29 February 2016, France 2 announced that the French entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 would be "[[J'ai cherché]]" performed by [[Amir Haddad|Amir]].<ref name=Entry_announced>{{cite web|last1=Omelyanchuk|first1=Olena|title=Amir is the French choice for Stockholm!|url=http://www.eurovision.tv/page/news?id=amir_haddad_is_the_french_choice_for_stockholm|website=eurovision.tv|publisher=[[European Broadcasting Union]]|accessdate=29 February 2016|date=29 February 2016}}</ref> The song was written by Amir, Nazim Khaled and Johan Errami and contains lyrics in a bilingual mix of French and English.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Omelyanchuk|first1=Olena|title=The French entry to be announced on March 12th|url=http://www.eurovision.tv/page/news?id=the_french_entry_to_be_announced_on_march_12th|website=eurovision.tv|publisher=[[European Broadcasting Union]]|accessdate=4 February 2016|date=4 February 2016}}</ref> France 2 had originally planned to reveal the entry on 12 March 2016, however, information that Amir would represent France at the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 was leaked on 25 February 2016 during the D8TV talk show programme ''[[Touche pas à mon poste!]]'', hosted by [[Cyril Hanouna]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Eurovision 2016: Amir Haddad serait le candidat de la France|url=http://www.20minutes.fr/television/1794639-20160225-video-eurovision-2016-amir-haddad-candidat-france|website=20minutes.fr|publisher=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]]|accessdate=25 February 2016|language=French|date=25 February 2016}}</ref> The broadcaster considered two entries, "J'ai cherché" performed by Amir and "Alive" performed by Sasha, before finalising their decision internally on 10 January 2016.<ref name=song_details>{{cite web|last1=Decant|first1=Charles|title=Eurovision 2016 : Nathalie André évoque le choix d'Amir et la fuite dans "TPMP"|url=http://www.ozap.com/actu/eurovision-2016-nathalie-andre-evoque-le-choix-d-amir-et-la-fuite-dans-tpmp/491759|website=ozap.com|publisher=[[PureMédias]]|accessdate=3 March 2016|language=French|date=2 March 2016}}</ref> "J'ai cherché" was edited and remixed by Skydancers and Nazim Khaled at the request of the French broadcaster since the song exceeded three minutes in its original version, which had already been released as the first single from Amir's forthcoming album.<ref name=song_details/> The entry will be formally presented to the public on 12 March 2016 during the France 2 programme ''The DiCaire Show'', hosted by [[Véronic DiCaire]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Omelyanchuk|first1=Olena|title=French entry to be announced on The DiCaire Show, 12 March|url=http://www.eurovision.tv/page/news?id=the_french_entry_to_be_announced_on_march_12th|website=eurovision.tv|publisher=[[European Broadcasting Union]]|accessdate=24 February 2016|date=24 February 2016}}</ref> | 2016-03-03T02:59:23Z | On 29 February 2016, France 2 announced that the French entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 would be "[[J'ai cherché]]" performed by [[Amir Haddad|Amir]].<ref name=Entry_announced>{{cite web|last1=Omelyanchuk|first1=Olena|title=Amir is the French choice for Stockholm!|url=http://www.eurovision.tv/page/news?id=amir_haddad_is_the_french_choice_for_stockholm|website=eurovision.tv|publisher=[[European Broadcasting Union]]|accessdate=29 February 2016|date=29 February 2016}}</ref> The song was written by Amir, Nazim Khaled and Johan Errami and contains lyrics in a bilingual mix of French and English.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Omelyanchuk|first1=Olena|title=The French entry to be announced on March 12th|url=http://www.eurovision.tv/page/news?id=the_french_entry_to_be_announced_on_march_12th|website=eurovision.tv|publisher=[[European Broadcasting Union]]|accessdate=4 February 2016|date=4 February 2016}}</ref> France 2 had originally planned to reveal the entry on 12 March 2016, however, information that Amir would represent France at the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 was leaked on 25 February 2016 during the D8TV talk show programme ''[[Touche pas à mon poste!]]'', hosted by [[Cyril Hanouna]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Eurovision 2016: Amir Haddad serait le candidat de la France|url=http://www.20minutes.fr/television/1794639-20160225-video-eurovision-2016-amir-haddad-candidat-france|website=20minutes.fr|publisher=[[20 minutes (France)|20 minutes]]|accessdate=25 February 2016|language=French|date=25 February 2016}}</ref> The broadcaster considered two entries, "J'ai cherché" performed by Amir and "Alive" performed by Sasha, before finalising their decision internally on 10 January 2016.<ref name=song_details>{{cite web|last1=Decant|first1=Charles|title=Eurovision 2016 : Nathalie André évoque le choix d'Amir et la fuite dans "TPMP"|url=http://www.ozap.com/actu/eurovision-2016-nathalie-andre-evoque-le-choix-d-amir-et-la-fuite-dans-tpmp/491759|website=ozap.com|publisher=[[PureMédias]]|accessdate=3 March 2016|language=French|date=2 March 2016}}</ref> "J'ai cherché" was edited and remixed by Skydancers and Nazim Khaled at the request of the French broadcaster since the song exceeded three minutes in its original version, which had already been released as the first single from Amir's forthcoming album.<ref name=song_details/> The entry was formally presented to the public on 12 March 2016 during the France 2 programme ''The DiCaire Show'', hosted by [[Véronic DiCaire]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Omelyanchuk|first1=Olena|title=French entry to be announced on The DiCaire Show, 12 March|url=http://www.eurovision.tv/page/news?id=the_french_entry_to_be_announced_on_march_12th|website=eurovision.tv|publisher=[[European Broadcasting Union]]|accessdate=24 February 2016|date=24 February 2016}}</ref> | 2016-03-12T21:50:45Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=713281401 | Froch was born in [[Colwick]], [[Nottingham]], in 1977, the son of Carol (Douglas) and Frank Froch.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.leftlion.co.uk/articles.cfm/title/carl-froch/id/785 | work=Left Lion | location=Nottingham | title=Carl Froch | first=Jared | last=Wilson | date=7 December 2008 | accessdate=6 October 2014}}</ref> His paternal grandparents were Polish (his paternal grandfather also had German ancestry), while Carl's mother's family is English.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastsideboxing.com/weblog/news.php?p=5358&more=1|title=The Cobra Returns: Carl Froch speaks to East Side Boxing|publisher=|accessdate=22 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=gfDO56Izq6gC&pg=PA31&dq=%22surname,+Froch,+is+a+German+name%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=eYKLU_XqEcOJ8AG4oIH4AQ&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA|title=The Cobra|publisher=|accessdate=22 September 2014}}</ref> Early in his life Froch wanted to become a [[Association football|footballer]] and play for [[Nottingham Forest F.C.|Nottingham Forest]], his local football team, and has stated that he would love to fight at the City Ground. Froch is a fan of [[Johnny Cash]]. His Fiancee is Rachael Cordingley, a British glamour model, with whom he has a son, Rocco, and a daughter, Natalia.<ref name="nottinghampost">{{cite web|url=http://www.nottinghampost.com/pressure-stressed-Rachael-hang-gloves/story-20171298-detail/story.html |title=No pressure from 'stressed' Rachael Cordingley for Carl Froch to hang up gloves | Nottingham Post |date=25 November 2013 |publisher=nottinghampost.com|accessdate=14 April 2015}}</ref> On 11 September 2015, the couple welcomed a second daughter, Penelope. | 2016-04-03T01:53:26Z | Froch was born in [[Colwick]], [[Nottingham]], in 1977, the son of Carol (Douglas) and Frank Froch.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.leftlion.co.uk/articles.cfm/title/carl-froch/id/785 | work=Left Lion | location=Nottingham | title=Carl Froch | first=Jared | last=Wilson | date=7 December 2008 | accessdate=6 October 2014}}</ref> His paternal grandparents were Polish (his paternal grandfather also had German ancestry), while Carl's mother's family is English.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastsideboxing.com/weblog/news.php?p=5358&more=1|title=The Cobra Returns: Carl Froch speaks to East Side Boxing|publisher=|accessdate=22 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=gfDO56Izq6gC&pg=PA31&dq=%22surname,+Froch,+is+a+German+name%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=eYKLU_XqEcOJ8AG4oIH4AQ&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA|title=The Cobra|publisher=|accessdate=22 September 2014}}</ref> Early in his life Froch wanted to become a [[Association football|footballer]] and play for [[Nottingham Forest F.C.|Nottingham Forest]], his local football team, and has stated that he would love to fight at the City Ground. Froch is a fan of [[Johnny Cash]]. His fiancée is Rachael Cordingley, a British glamour model, with whom he has a son, Rocco, and a daughter, Natalia.<ref name="nottinghampost">{{cite web|url=http://www.nottinghampost.com/pressure-stressed-Rachael-hang-gloves/story-20171298-detail/story.html |title=No pressure from 'stressed' Rachael Cordingley for Carl Froch to hang up gloves | Nottingham Post |date=25 November 2013 |publisher=nottinghampost.com|accessdate=14 April 2015}}</ref> On 11 September 2015, the couple welcomed a second daughter, Penelope. | 2016-04-03T02:26:03Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=714141468 | | [[Union Station Bus Terminal|Union Station]]{{*}} [[Malton GO Station|Malton GO]]{{*}} [[Bramalea GO Station|Bramalea GO]]{{*}} [[Brampton Gateway Terminal|Brampton Gateway]]{{*}} [[Brampton GO Station|Brampton GO]]{{*}} [[Mount Pleasant GO Station|Mount Pleasant GO]]{{*}} [[Halton Hills|Norval]]{{*}} [[Georgetown GO Station|Georgetown GO]]{{*}} [[Acton GO Station|Acton GO]]{{*}} [[Guelph/Eramosa|Rockwood]]{{*}} [[Guelph Central Station|Guelph Central]]{{*}} [[University of Guelph]]
| [[Union Station Bus Terminal|Union Station]]{{*}} [[Brampton Gateway Terminal|Brampton Gateway]]{{*}} [[Brampton GO Station|Brampton GO]]{{*}} [[Mount Pleasant GO Station|Mount Pleasant GO]]{{*}} [[Halton Hills|Norval]]{{*}} [[Georgetown GO Station|Georgetown GO]]{{*}} [[Acton GO Station|Acton GO]]{{*}} [[Guelph/Eramosa|Rockwood]]{{*}} [[Guelph Central Station|Guelph Central]]{{*}} [[University of Guelph]]
| [[Georgetown GO Station|Georgetown GO]]{{*}} [[Acton GO Station|Acton GO]]{{*}} [[Guelph/Eramosa|Rockwood]]{{*}} [[Guelph Central Station|Guelph Central]]{{*}} [[University of Guelph]]
| [[Bramalea GO Station|Bramalea GO]]{{*}} [[Brampton Gateway Terminal|Brampton Gateway]]{{*}} [[Brampton GO Station|Brampton GO]]{{*}} [[Mount Pleasant GO Station|Mount Pleasant GO]]{{*}} [[Halton Hills|Norval]]{{*}} [[Georgetown GO Station|Georgetown GO]]{{*}} [[Acton GO Station|Acton GO]]{{*}} [[Guelph/Eramosa|Rockwood]]{{*}} [[Guelph Central Station|Guelph Central]]{{*}} [[University of Guelph]]
| [[Union Station Bus Terminal|Union Station]]{{*}} [[Malton GO Station|Malton GO]]{{*}} [[Bramalea GO Station|Bramalea GO]]{{*}} [[Brampton Gateway Terminal|Brampton Gateway]]{{*}} [[Brampton GO Station|Brampton GO]]{{*}} [[Mount Pleasant GO Station|Mount Pleasant GO]]{{*}} [[Halton Hills|Norval]]{{*}} [[Georgetown GO Station|Georgetown GO]]
| [[Union Station Bus Terminal|Union Station]]{{*}} [[Brampton GO Station|Brampton GO]]{{*}} [[Mount Pleasant GO Station|Mount Pleasant GO]]{{*}} [[Halton Hills|Norval]]{{*}} [[Georgetown GO Station|Georgetown GO]]
| [[Union Station Bus Terminal|Union Station]]{{*}} [[Mount Pleasant GO Station|Mount Pleasant GO]]{{*}} [[Georgetown GO Station|Georgetown GO]]
| [[Georgetown GO Station|Georgetown GO]]{{*}} [[Acton GO Station|Acton GO]]{{*}} [[Guelph/Eramosa|Rockwood]]{{*}} [[Guelph Central Station|Guelph Central]]{{*}} [[University of Guelph]]
| [[Brampton GO Station|Brampton GO]]{{*}} [[Mount Pleasant GO Station|Mount Pleasant GO]]{{*}} [[Halton Hills|Norval]]{{*}} [[Georgetown GO Station|Georgetown GO]]{{*}} [[Acton GO Station|Acton GO]]{{*}} [[Guelph/Eramosa|Rockwood]]{{*}} [[Guelph Central Station|Guelph Central]]{{*}} [[University of Guelph]]
| [[Mount Pleasant GO Station|Mount Pleasant GO]]{{*}} [[Halton Hills|Norval]]{{*}} [[Georgetown GO Station|Georgetown GO]]{{*}} [[Acton GO Station|Acton GO]]{{*}} [[Guelph/Eramosa|Rockwood]]{{*}} [[Guelph Central Station|Guelph Central]]{{*}} [[University of Guelph]] | 2016-04-07T21:38:12Z | | [[Union Station Bus Terminal|Union Station]]{{*}} [[Malton GO Station|Malton GO]]{{*}} [[Bramalea GO Station|Bramalea GO]]{{*}} [[Brampton Gateway Terminal|Brampton Gateway]]{{*}} [[Brampton GO Station|Brampton GO]]{{*}} [[Mount Pleasant GO Station|Mount Pleasant GO]]{{*}} [[Halton Hills|Norval]]{{*}} [[Georgetown GO Station|Georgetown GO]]{{*}} [[Halton Hills|Georgetown]]{{*}} [[Acton GO Station|Acton GO]]{{*}} [[Guelph/Eramosa|Rockwood]]{{*}} [[Guelph Central Station|Guelph Central]]{{*}} [[University of Guelph]]
| [[Union Station Bus Terminal|Union Station]]{{*}} [[Brampton Gateway Terminal|Brampton Gateway]]{{*}} [[Brampton GO Station|Brampton GO]]{{*}} [[Mount Pleasant GO Station|Mount Pleasant GO]]{{*}} [[Halton Hills|Norval]]{{*}} [[Georgetown GO Station|Georgetown GO]]{{*}} [[Halton Hills|Georgetown]]{{*}} [[Acton GO Station|Acton GO]]{{*}} [[Guelph/Eramosa|Rockwood]]{{*}} [[Guelph Central Station|Guelph Central]]{{*}} [[University of Guelph]]
| [[Georgetown GO Station|Georgetown GO]]{{*}} [[Halton Hills|Georgetown]]{{*}} [[Acton GO Station|Acton GO]]{{*}} [[Guelph/Eramosa|Rockwood]]{{*}} [[Guelph Central Station|Guelph Central]]{{*}} [[University of Guelph]]
| [[Bramalea GO Station|Bramalea GO]]{{*}} [[Brampton Gateway Terminal|Brampton Gateway]]{{*}} [[Brampton GO Station|Brampton GO]]{{*}} [[Mount Pleasant GO Station|Mount Pleasant GO]]{{*}} [[Halton Hills|Norval]]{{*}} [[Georgetown GO Station|Georgetown GO]]{{*}} [[Halton Hills|Georgetown]]
| [[Union Station Bus Terminal|Union Station]]{{*}} [[Malton GO Station|Malton GO]]{{*}} [[Bramalea GO Station|Bramalea GO]]{{*}} [[Brampton Gateway Terminal|Brampton Gateway]]{{*}} [[Brampton GO Station|Brampton GO]]{{*}} [[Mount Pleasant GO Station|Mount Pleasant GO]]{{*}} [[Halton Hills|Norval]]{{*}} [[Georgetown GO Station|Georgetown GO]]{{*}} [[Halton Hills|Georgetown]]
| [[Union Station Bus Terminal|Union Station]]{{*}} [[Brampton GO Station|Brampton GO]]{{*}} [[Mount Pleasant GO Station|Mount Pleasant GO]]{{*}} [[Halton Hills|Norval]]{{*}} [[Georgetown GO Station|Georgetown GO]]{{*}} [[Halton Hills|Georgetown]]
| [[Union Station Bus Terminal|Union Station]]{{*}} [[Mount Pleasant GO Station|Mount Pleasant GO]]{{*}} [[Georgetown GO Station|Georgetown GO]}
| [[Georgetown GO Station|Georgetown GO]]{{*}} [[Halton Hills|Georgetown]]{{*}} [[Acton GO Station|Acton GO]]{{*}} [[Guelph/Eramosa|Rockwood]]{{*}} [[Guelph Central Station|Guelph Central]]{{*}} [[University of Guelph]]
| [[Brampton GO Station|Brampton GO]]{{*}} [[Mount Pleasant GO Station|Mount Pleasant GO]]{{*}} [[Halton Hills|Norval]]{{*}} [[Georgetown GO Station|Georgetown GO]]{{*}} [[Halton Hills|Georgetown]]{{*}} [[Acton GO Station|Acton GO]]{{*}} [[Guelph/Eramosa|Rockwood]]{{*}} [[Guelph Central Station|Guelph Central]]{{*}} [[University of Guelph]]
| [[Mount Pleasant GO Station|Mount Pleasant GO]]{{*}} [[Halton Hills|Norval]]{{*}} [[Georgetown GO Station|Georgetown GO]]{{*}} [[Halton Hills|Georgetown]]{{*}} [[Acton GO Station|Acton GO]]{{*}} [[Guelph/Eramosa|Rockwood]]{{*}} [[Guelph Central Station|Guelph Central]]{{*}} [[University of Guelph]] | 2016-04-07T21:58:19Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=712311949 | Following the release of her twelfth studio album, ''[[MDNA (album)|MDNA]]'' (2012), Madonna embarked on [[The MDNA Tour]] to promote it.<ref name="touropens">{{cite press release |title=Madonna's MDNA Tour Now Opens in Tel Aviv on May 31st at Ramat Gan Stadium |url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/madonnas-mdna-tour-now-opens-in-tel-aviv-on-may-31st-at-ramat-gan-stadium-2012-04-26 |agency=[[PR Newswire]] |date=April 26, 2012 |accessdate=May 13, 2013|archiveurl=http://www.freezepage.com/1336961407DJMJODPWLZ |archivedate=May 13, 2012}}</ref> The tour courted many [[Controversy of The MDNA Tour|controversial subjects]] such as violence, firearms, human rights, nudity and politics. Lawsuits were created against Madonna from the concerts.<ref name="law">{{cite journal|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/madonna-fake-guns-violence-on-mdna-tour-are-symbols-20120828|title=Madonna: Fake Guns, Violence on MDNA Tour Are Symbols|last=Todd|first=Neil|date=August 28, 2012|accessdate=June 7, 2013|magazine=Rolling Stone}}</ref> She was enraged by many of these incidents, which she claimed was "injustice" against human beings.<ref>{{cite web |first=Sal |last=Cinquemani |url=http://www.slantmagazine.com/house/article/radical-chic-madonna-unveils-short-film-secretprojectrevolution|title=Radical Chic: Madonna Unveils Short Film secretprojectrevolution |work=[[Slant Magazine]]|date=September 24, 2013 |accessdate=March 24, 2014}}</ref> In September 2013, she released ''[[secretprojectrevolution]]'', a short film directed by her and [[Steven Klein (photographer)|Steven Klein]], dealing with artistic freedom and human rights. The film also launched a global initiative called Art for Freedom to promote [[freedom of speech|freedom of expression]].<ref>{{cite journal |first=Eriq |last=Gardner |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/madonnas-secret-project-revealed-pop-630428 |title=Madonna's Secret Project Revealed: Pop Superstar to Release Short Film Via BitTorrent to Aid Global 'Artistic Expression' |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=September 17, 2013 |accessdate=September 20, 2013}}</ref> She clarified on ''[[Vogue (magazine)|L'Uomo Vogue]]'' that her next album would be connected with Art for Freedom, saying that she "had" to be committed to the initiative and use her voice as an artist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vogue.it/en/uomo-vogue/cover-story/2014/05/madonna|title=L'Uomo Vogue Cover Story: Madonna|first=Francesco|last=Spampinato|work=[[Vogue (magazine)|L'Uomo Vogue]]|date=May 16, 2014|accessdate=May 26, 2014}}</ref>
A few days later Madonna posted the image of a sunset with the words "Rebel Heart" on them, and a caption which the media interpreted as lyrics of a new song. The lines posted were: "Day turns into night. I won't give up the fight. Don't want to get to the end of my days... saying I wasn't amazed."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idolator.com/7511148/madonna-new-song-rebel-heart-tease|title=Is Madonna Teasing New Song 'Rebel Heart'?|last=Williot|first=Carl|date=March 24, 2014|accessdate=May 26, 2014|publisher=[[Idolator (website)|Idolator]]}}</ref> Further images showed Madonna with singer [[Natalia Kills]] in front of a microphone, and also with [[Martin Kierszenbaum]], the founder and chairman of Cherrytree Records and senior executive of A&R for [[Interscope Records]], Madonna's label.<ref name="bbmartin"/> By mid-April 2014, she also revealed the names of songwriters [[Toby Gad]] and [[Mozella]] and record producer [[Symbolyc One (S1)|Symbolyc One]] on Instagram with images of the group working in studio.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a565600/madonna-working-with-miley-cyrus-wrecking-ball-writer-mozella.html|title=Madonna working with Miley Cyrus 'Wrecking Ball' writer MoZella|last=Levine|first=Nick|date=April 18, 2014|accessdate=May 27, 2014|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]. [[Hearst Corporation]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idolator.com/7514712/madonna-new-album-collaborators-mozella-s1-toby-gad|title=Madonna List of New Album Collaborators Grows To Include MoZella, S1 And Toby Gad|last=Wass|first=Mike|date=April 17, 2014|accessdate=May 26, 2014|publisher=Idolator}}</ref> The list of personnel extended to include producer [[Ariel Rechtshaid]] and sound engineer Nick Rowe.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://attitude.co.uk/madonna-teams-haimsky-ferreira-producer-ariel-rechtshaid/|title=Madonna teams up with Haim/Sky Ferreira producer|first=Nick|last=Levine|date=May 11, 2014|accessdate=May 26, 2014|magazine=[[Attitude (magazine)|Attitude]]|publisher=Attitude Media Ltd}}</ref> In an interview with [[Sirius XM Radio]], Kierszenbaum described the recording process:
Thematically, Caryn Ganz from ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' felt that the album focused on two subjects: listening to one's heart and being a rebel. Madonna explained that these concepts were not the initial inspiration, but emerged during the sessions with Avicii. One group of musicians explored an upbeat approach to songwriting, while the other team chose darker chords. Madonna observed two distinct themes emerging organically, and felt the need to express that.<ref name="rsrebel"/> So the record was titled as ''Rebel Heart'', since it dealt with two different facades of the singer—her rebellious and renegade side, and her romantic side. She wanted it to be a dual album with each part representing these facades.<ref name="bbint">{{cite news|last=Caulfield|first=Keith|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6414043/madonna-interview-rebel-heart-leaks-sony-grammys-new-music|title=Madonna on New 'Rebellious and Romantic' Music, Demo Leaks, 'Possibly' Crashing the Grammys and the 'Crazy' Sony Hack|date=December 21, 2014|accessdate=December 22, 2014|work=Billboard}}</ref> With French radio ''[[NRJ]]'', she explained that ''Rebel Heart'' could be both autobiographical as well as fiction, since while writing songs she mixed both her own experiences as well as imaginary narratives. The title also stemmed from Madonna's belief that contemporary music artists are not encouraged or inspired to be rebellious, take risks or speak-up and she wanted to highlight it. However, she understood the importance of having love in the rebellious nature, so added the word ''Heart'' along with ''Rebel''.<ref name="nrj">{{cite news|url=http://www.nrj.fr/artistes-509/fiches-artistes-522/artiste/actu/445-madonna.html?actu_id=322648_madonna-craque-encore-pour-un-francais|title=Madonna Interview Again for NRJ|date=January 30, 2015|accessdate=January 31, 2015|work=[[NRJ]]}}</ref>
The fifth song, "[[Illuminati (Madonna song)|Illuminati]]", was inspired after Madonna came to know that people alluded to her with the [[Illuminati|eponymous term]]. So she researched about the real Illuminati and wrote the song.<ref name="rsrebel"/><ref name="ggtheft"/> Lyrically it refers to the Illuminati [[conspiracy theory]], the [[Egyptian pyramids]], the [[Phoenix (mythology)|Phoenix]], the [[Age of Enlightenment]], and the [[Eye of Providence]] among others, with the chorus lyrics: "It's like everybody in this party is shining like Illuminati".<ref name="hitfix"/><ref name="ibtimes">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/madonna-sings-about-barack-obama-queen-elizabeth-oprah-leaked-track-illuminati-1480181|title=Madonna sings about Barack Obama, Queen Elizabeth, Oprah in leaked track 'Illuminati'|author=Kahn, Maria|date=December 18, 2014|work=[[International Business Times]]|accessdate=December 19, 2014}}</ref> According to Madonna, [[Kanye West]] who produced the track had loved the melody and changed the composition as he found best suited.<ref name="rsrebel"/> Minaj appears on the sixth track, "Bitch I'm Madonna", where she raps, asking everybody to "go hard or go home", while Madonna shouts lyrics like, "I just want to have fun tonight, I wanna blow up this house tonight". Produced by Diplo and [[Sophie (musician)|Sophie]], the track has a tearing sound alongside the "bleepy electro" and "churning [[dubstep]]" composition.<ref name="muu">{{cite web|url=http://www.muumuse.com/2014/12/madonna-rebel-heart-track-by-track-first-listen-part-one.html/|title=Madonna, 'Rebel Heart': Track-By-Track (Part One)|last=Stern|first=Bradley|date=December 20, 2014|accessdate=December 23, 2014|publisher=[[MuuMuse]]}}</ref><ref name="hitfix">{{cite news|url=http://www.hitfix.com/news/queen-of-pop-says-bitch-im-madonna-dropping-six-new-tracks-from-rebel-heart|title=Queen of Pop Says 'Bitch I'm Madonna' Dropping Six New Tracks From 'Rebel Heart'|last=Ellwood|first=Gregory|date=December 20, 2014|accessdate=December 21, 2014|publisher=[[HitFix]]}}</ref><ref name="nypost">{{cite news|url=http://nypost.com/2014/12/20/madonna-surprises-with-six-new-song-release/|title=Madonna surprises with six new song release|last=Phull|first=Hardeep|date=December 20, 2014|accessdate=December 21, 2014|work=[[New York Post]]|publisher=New York Media}}</ref> During the writing sessions Minaj had to rewrite the lyrics until she could get the correct sentiment per Madonna.<ref name="rsrebel"/> "Hold Tight" consists of an "arresting" chorus and a drum beat sound, described by Sam C. Mac of ''Slant Magazine'' as "innocuous, lyrically platitudinous pop that briefly works itself up into something exciting when it threatens to become a gospelized stomp."<ref name="slant3">{{cite news|url=http://www.slantmagazine.com/house/article/madonna-releases-three-more-songs-from-rebel-heart-joan-of-arc-iconic-hold-tight|title=Madonna Releases Three More Songs from Rebel Heart: 'Joan of Arc', 'Iconic', & 'Hold Tight'|last=Mac|first=Sam C.|work=Slant Magazine|accessdate=February 26, 2015|date=February 9, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6465705/madonna-new-songs-chance-the-rapper-mike-tyson|title=Madonna Drops 3 New Songs, Including Chance the Rapper/Mike Tyson Track|first=Joe|last=Lynch|date=February 9, 2015|accessdate=February 25, 2015|magazine=Billboard}}</ref> Track eight, "[[Joan of Arc (Madonna song)|Joan of Arc]]", is a ballad where Madonna talks about the media scrutiny of her life, singing "Each time they take a photograph, I lose a part of me I can't get back". It also references the [[Roman Catholic saint]] [[Joan of Arc|of the same name]].<ref name="spinrebel">{{cite news|url=http://www.spin.com/articles/madonna-rebel-heart-itunes-surprise-album-stream/|title=Madonna Just Surprise Released Six New Songs on iTunes|work=Spin|date=December 20, 2014|accessdate=December 20, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.showbiz411.com/2014/12/18/madonnas-leaked-album-may-be-her-best-glue-sniffing-salvation-and-a-joan-of-arc-complex|title=Madonna's Leaked Album May Be Her Best: Glue Sniffing Salvation and A Joan of Arc Complex|last=Friedman|first=Roger|publisher=[[Showbiz411]]|date=December 18, 2014|accessdate=December 20, 2014}}</ref> Madonna's hushed, vibrato-tinged vocals and confessional lyrics in "Joan of Arc" are enhanced by a new beat and utilizes strings in the bridge and acoustics.<ref name="slant3"/>
On December 20, 2014, the album became available for pre-order on [[iTunes Store]]. When ordered, six tracks (five in the United Kingdom) were automatically downloaded. Madonna stated that the songs were meant to be "an early Christmas gift" with the final release on March 10, 2015. Originally, "[[Living for Love]]" was intended to serve as the lead single from the album. It was to be released on [[Valentine's Day]], with the rest of the record slated for the spring. However, due to the leak the release date had to be pushed up.<ref name="rollstonetwentith">{{cite news|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/madonna-responds-to-rebel-heart-leak-by-releasing-six-songs-20141220|title=Madonna Responds to 'Rebel Heart' Leak by Releasing Six Songs|date=December 20, 2014|work=[[Rolling Stone]]|accessdate=December 20, 2014}}</ref> Oseary recalled that they did not receive a confirmation until Friday night whether the pre-release could be executed, since iTunes was closing for the Christmas weekend. After much discussion on the pros and cons of the release, and with the aid of Interscope vice-chairman Steve Berman, and [[Apple Inc.]]'s Robert Kondrk, they were able to go live slowly.<ref name="golive">{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/business/6422319/guy-oseary-circus-show-madonnas-rebel-heart-release|title=Madonna's 'Devastating' Album Leak: Guy Oseary on the 'Circus Show' of Getting 'Rebel Heart' to Fans|last=Hampp|first=Andrew|date=December 29, 2014|magazine=Billboard|accessdate=January 4, 2015}}</ref> The six songs Madonna chose had to be polished, and since the producers of the tracks were unavailable, Madonna [[audio mastering|mastered]] and [[audio mixing (recorded music)|mixed]] them on her own.<ref name="insidebb">{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6436370/madonna-rebel-heart-leak-inside-story|title=The Inside Story of How Madonna Turned Her 'Rebel Heart' Leak into a Global Hit|last=Hampp|first=Andrew|date=January 9, 2015|magazine=Billboard|accessdate=January 9, 2015}}</ref> The album's release was compared to Beyoncé's [[Beyoncé (album)|self-titled]] surprise release in 2013, with ''[[The Guardian]]'' calling it a "partial ''Beyoncé''".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/dec/20/madonna-releases-six-tracks-leak-demos|title=Madonna achieves 'partial Beyoncé' by releasing tracks after leak that was 'artistic rape'|author=Pengelly, Martin and Johnston, Chris|date=December 20, 2014|work=[[The Guardian]]|publisher=Guardian News and Media|accessdate=December 20, 2012}}</ref> Still the leaks continued with 14 new demos being revealed from December 23–27.<ref name="billboard2">{{cite journal|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6415165/madonna-more-rebel-heart-leaks-pharrell|title=14 More Madonna Songs Leak From 'Rebel Heart,' Including Pharrell Collabo|first=Joe|last=Lynch|date=December 24, 2014|accessdate=December 25, 2014|magazine=Billboard}}</ref> Three new tracks—"Hold Tight", "Joan of Arc" and "Iconic"—became available following Madonna's Grammy performance.<ref name="accessholly">{{cite news|url=http://www.accesshollywood.com/madonna-releases-3-new-songs-including-mike-tyson-track_article_103998|title=Madonna Releases 3 New Songs, Including Mike Tyson Track|first=Erin|last=O'Sullivan|date=February 8, 2015|accessdate=February 25, 2015|work=[[Access Hollywood]]}}</ref>
Madonna partnered with [[geosocial networking]] app, [[Grindr]], where a contest was held for five users of the app to be selected for an exclusive interview with the artist as promotion for ''Rebel Heart''. The contest included re-creating the artwork for ''Rebel Heart'' and post it as the Grindr profile picture. Other winners would receive signed copies of the album.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/madonna-turns-to-grindr-for-rebel-heart-competition-20150212|title=Madonna Turns to Grindr for 'Rebel Heart' Contest|date=February 12, 2015|accessdate=February 13, 2015|first=Jon|last=Blistein|journal=Rolling Stone}}</ref> Joe Stone from ''The Guardian'' considered this to be a "savvy" promotional method, by directly connecting with the singer's gay audience.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2015/feb/12/madonna-grindr-game-embraces-the-pink-pound-perfectly|title=Why Madonna's Grindr contest is a savvy appeal to the 'pink pound'|date=February 12, 2015|accessdate=February 13, 2015|first=Joe|last=Stone|journal=The Guardian}}</ref> Madonna appeared for her first UK television interview in three years, ''[[The Jonathan Ross Show]]'' on February 26, 2015 (aired on March 14), where she performed an edited version of "Living for Love", as well as "Ghosttown" for the first time.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/madonna-to-appear-on-the-jonathan-ross-show-115021800090_1.html|title=Madonna to appear on 'The Jonathan Ross Show'|date=February 18, 2015|accessdate=February 24, 2015|work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-31656354|title=Madonna 'suffered whiplash' after Brits fall|date=February 27, 2015|accessdate=September 26, 2015|publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6502217/watch-madonna-perform-living-for-love-and-ghosttown-on-jonathan-ross|title=Watch Madonna Perform 'Living For Love' and 'Ghosttown' on 'The Jonathan Ross Show'|date=March 16, 2015|accessdate=March 16, 2015|first=Michell|last=Peters|journal=Billboard}}</ref> On March 1, she travelled to Italy for an appearance on the television show ''[[Che tempo che fa]]'' (aired on March 8), where she performed "[[Devil Pray]]" and "Ghosttown" while talking with host [[Fabio Fazio]] on numerous topics including the album's development process.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2015/03/09/madonna-a-che-tempo-che-fa-ciccone-contro-fazio-che-8-marzo/1488647/|title=Madonna a ‘Che tempo che fa’ – Ciccone contro Fazio: che 8 marzo!|language=Italian|work=Il Fatto Quotidiano|first=Andrea|last=Scanzi|date=March 9, 2015|accessdate=September 26, 2015}}</ref><ref name="raitv">{{cite web|url=http://www.rai.tv/dl/RaiTV/programmi/media/ContentItem-8ca149ea-9394-4f37-8c44-3be3a1f19ab2.html|title=Madonna – Che tempo che fa del 08/03/2015|language=Italian|work=[[Che tempo che fa]]|publisher=[[RAI]]|first=Fabio|last=Fazio|authorlink=Fabio Fazio|date=March 8, 2015|accessdate=March 9, 2015}}</ref> Next day she appeared on France's ''[[Le Grand Journal (Canal+)|Le Grand Journal]]'' show, performing an edited version of "Living for Love" and "Ghosttown".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spin.com/articles/madonna-ghost-town-live-tv-performance-le-grand-journal-watch/|title=Watch Madonna Debut 'Ghost Town' on French TV Without Falling|date=March 3, 2015|accessdate=March 3, 2015|work=Spin}}</ref> Another interview aired on ''[[Today (U.S. TV program)|The Today Show]]'' on March 9 and 10, 2015,<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/madonnas-35-city-rebel-heart-tour-announced-for-north-america-and-europe-300043216.html|title=Madonna's 35 City 'Rebel Heart' Tour Announced For North America and Europe|date=March 2, 2015|accessdate=March 2, 2015|agency=[[PR Newswire]]}}</ref> where she spoke about the ''Rebel Heart'' leaks to host [[Carson Daly]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.idolator.com/7583907/madonna-rebel-heart-today-show-interview-watch|title=Madonna Talks 'Rebel Heart' Album Leak & Her Kids On 'Today Show': Watch|date=March 10, 2015|accessdate=March 10, 2015|publisher=Idolator}}</ref> Madonna appeared for the first time at ''[[The Howard Stern Show]]'' on March 11, 2015, scheduled at a special time for the singer.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.howardstern.com/news/madonna-on-howard-wednesday-at-a-special-time|title=Madonna on Howard! Wednesday at a Special Time|date=March 10, 2015|accessdate=March 10, 2015|work=[[The Howard Stern Show]]|last=Stern|first=Howard|authorlink=Howard Stern}}</ref> She discussed about her life, and personal relationships, as well as confirmed "Ghosttown" as the second single from ''Rebel Heart''.<ref name="atlanta">{{cite news|url=http://music.blog.ajc.com/2015/03/11/madonna-opens-her-heart-to-howard-stern/|title=Madonna opens her heart to Howard Stern|last=Rugieri|first=Melissa|date=March 11, 2015|accessdate=March 11, 2015|work=[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]}}</ref>
Madonna appeared and performed on ''[[The Ellen DeGeneres Show]]'' in US, for the entire week of March 16 to 20. Songs performed included "Living for Love" where DeGeneres herself joined the singer onstage,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Strecker|first1=Erin|title=Madonna to Play 'Ellen' for a Full Week|journal=Billboard|date=March 2, 2015|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6487573/madonna-ellen-degeneres-week|accessdate=March 2, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Madonna Brings 'Living for Love' to 'Ellen'|journal=Billboard|date=March 18, 2015|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6502393/madonna-living-for-love-ellen|accessdate=March 18, 2015}}</ref> a stripped down version of "Joan of Arc" and "Ghosttown",<ref>{{cite news|last=Corner|first=Lewis|title=Madonna performs emotional 'Joan of Arc' live for the first time|work=Digital Spy|date=March 19, 2015|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a636394/madonna-performs-emotional-joan-of-arc-live-for-the-first-time.html|accessdate=March 19, 2015}}</ref> and finally her 1985 single "[[Dress You Up]]", during the bathroom concert sequence with DeGeneres.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.eonline.com/news/637870/madonna-and-ellen-degeneres-sing-dress-you-up-in-matching-bathrobes-watch-now|title=Madonna and Ellen DeGeneres Sing 'Dress You Up' in Matching Bathrobes—Watch Now!|last=Bacardi|first=Francesca|date=March 20, 2015|accessdate=March 21, 2015|publisher=E!}}</ref> On March 29, 2015, Madonna performed "Ghosttown" at the [[2nd iHeartRadio Music Awards]] at Los Angeles, where she was joined by singer [[Taylor Swift]] onstage playing guitar.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/madonna-rihanna-sam-smith-to-perform-at-iheartradio-awards-20150309|title=Madonna, Rihanna, Sam Smith to Perform at iHeartRadio Awards|date=March 10, 2015|accessdate=March 10, 2015|first=Daniel|last=Kreps|journal=Rolling Stone}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/iheartradio-awards-2015-madonna-sings-785215|title=iHeartRadio Awards 2015: Madonna Sings "Ghosttown" With Taylor Swift|last=Lee|first=Ashley|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=March 29, 2015|accessdate=March 29, 2015}}</ref> Two days later [[BBC]]'s [[Jo Whiley]] interviewed her for Radio 2, the singer's first radio interview in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://radiowise.uk/jo-whiley-to-interview-madonna-on-radio-2/|title=Jo Whiley to interview Madonna on Radio 2|last=Martin|first=Roy|date=March 27, 2015|accessdate=March 27, 2015|publisher=Radio Wise. [[BBC News]]}}</ref> Madonna appeared on ''[[The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon]]'' on April 9, 2015, singing "Bitch, I'm Madonna" and her 1983 single, "[[Holiday (Madonna song)|Holiday]]".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.people.com/article/madonna-jimmy-fallon-tonight-show-holiday-video|title=Madonna and Jimmy Fallon Sing 'Holiday' Using Classroom Instruments|last=Blumm|first=Kevin C|date=April 10, 2015|accessdate=April 10, 2015|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6531161/watch-madonna-diplos-pelvis-pumping-performance-of-bitch-im|title=Watch Madonna & Diplo's Pelvis-Pumping Performance of 'Bitch I'm Madonna'|date=April 9, 2015|accessdate=April 15, 2015|work=Billboard}}</ref>
| rev9Score = 6/10<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spin.com/reviews/madonna-rebel-heart/ |title=Review: Madonna Becomes the Heel of Pop on the Admirably Shameless 'Rebel Heart' |last=Unterberger |first=Andrew |date=March 10, 2015 |work=Spin|access-date=March 10, 2015}}</ref>
Upon its release, ''Rebel Heart'' received positive reviews from critics.<ref name="digitalspy">{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a634191/madonnas-new-album-rebel-heart-what-do-the-critics-say.html|title=Madonna's new album Rebel Heart: What do the critics say?|last=Corner|first=Lewis|date=March 9, 2015|accessdate=March 9, 2015|work=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref> At [[Metacritic]], which assigns a [[weighted mean]] rating out of 100 to reviews from music critics, the album received an average score of 68, which indicates "generally favorable reviews", based on 29 critics.<ref name="metacritic">{{cite web|title=Reviews for Rebel Heart|url=http://www.metacritic.com/music/rebel-heart/madonna|publisher=[[Metacritic]]|accessdate=March 20, 2015}}</ref> ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' writer Neil McCormick, Andy Gill of ''[[The Independent]]'', [[AllMusic]]'s [[Stephen Thomas Erlewine]], and Lauren Murphy from ''[[The Irish Times]]'' all gave the album 4 out of 5 stars. McCormick felt that "For the first time in years, [Madonna] doesn't sound desperate", praising it in comparison to ''Hard Candy'' and ''MDNA''.<ref name=TelegraphReview>{{cite news|last1=McCormick|first1=Neil|title=Madonna, Rebel Heart, review: 'she's in the game again'|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/cdreviews/11431568/Madonna-Rebel-Heart-review-shes-in-the-game-again.html|accessdate=March 5, 2015|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=February 24, 2015}}</ref> Saeed called it "a fine collection of sturdy pop tunes in which Madonna finally allows herself to look back and sometimes pilfer from her peak periods of the late 80s and early 2000s".<ref name="national">{{cite news|last1=Saeed|first1=Saeed|title=Track-by-track review: Rebel Heart Madonna|url=http://www.thenational.ae/arts-lifestyle/music/track-by-track-review-rebel-heart---madonna|accessdate=March 6, 2015|work=The National|date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> Murphy wrote "the indisputable pop icon is back with a tentative bang" after ''MDNA'' had "few memorable pop hits".<ref name=IrishReview>{{cite news|last1=Murphy|first1=Lauren|title=Madonna: Rebel Heart|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/music/madonna-rebel-heart-album-review-1.2127285|accessdate=March 6, 2015|work=The Irish Times|date=March 5, 2015}}</ref> For Gill, the most impressive factor about ''Rebel Heart'' was Madonna's vocals,<ref name="indereview">{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/madonna-rebel-heart--album-review-a-confirmation-of-madonnas-sustained-musical-relevance-10090878.html |title=Madonna, Rebel Heart – album review: A confirmation of Madonna's sustained musical relevance |last=Gill |first=Andy |date=March 6, 2015 |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |access-date=March 6, 2015}}</ref> while Erlewine found ''Rebel Heart'' to be a revival of Madonna's defiant side and her confessional mood.<ref name="allmusic"/>
According to Andrew Hampp from ''Billboard'', the pre-order received warm response commercially after its release to iTunes Stores around the world. In the United States, three of the six released tracks debuted on ''Billboard''{{'}}s [[Dance/Electronic Songs]] chart dated January 3, 2015—"Living for Love", "Bitch I'm Madonna", and "Unapologetic Bitch"—despite being available for two days.<ref name="insidebb"/> The six songs have sold a combined 146,000 digital downloads, according to [[Nielsen SoundScan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.crom/2015/01/22/arts/music/when-music-is-purloined-artists-try-to-exploit-opportunity.html?_r=0|title=When Digital Thieves Strike, Artists Act Quickly to Seize Opportunity|last=Coscarelli|first=Joe|date=January 23, 2015|accessdate=January 23, 2015|work=The New York Times}}</ref> The album's pre-orders were estimated at around 50,000 to 60,000 copies, according to industry prognosticators.<ref name="insidebb"/> The album debuted at number two on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] chart with 121,000 [[Billboard 200#Incorporation of streaming data and track sales|equivalent album units]], behind the soundtrack of the TV series ''[[Empire (2015 TV series)|Empire]]''. While ''Rebel Heart'' was the best-selling album of the week—ranking number one on ''Billboard''{{'}}s Top Album Sales chart with pure album sales of 116,000 copies (96% of overall units)—it fell behind the soundtrack when it came to streaming and track equivalent album units, with just over 1,000 and 4,000 respectively. It became Madonna's 21st top-ten album, but was her first studio release not to debut atop the chart since 1998's ''[[Ray of Light]]''. ''Rebel Heart''{{'}}s concert tour bundle amounted to less than 10,000 copies compared to the 180,000 copies sold for previous album, ''MDNA''.<ref name="USdebut">{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6502441/empire-soundtrack-number-one-madonna-number-two|title='Empire' Soundtrack Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart, Madonna Arrives at No. 2|last=Caulfield|first=Keith|date=March 17, 2015|accessdate=March 17, 2015|work=Billboard}}</ref> The release also prompted Madonna to debut at number 7 on the [[List of number-one artists on the Billboard Artist 100|''Billboard'' Artist 100]] chart, moving up by 2,919% in overall Artist 100 points and gaining by 31% in social media activity.<ref name="artost100">{{cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/6502535/madonna-vaults-onto-billboard-artist-100-at-no-7-taylor-swift-still-no-1|title=Madonna Vaults Onto Billboard Artist 100 at No. 7, Taylor Swift Still No. 1|last=Trust|first=Gary|date=March 20, 2015|accessdate=March 20, 2015|work=Billboard}}</ref> In Canada, ''Rebel Heart'' debuted at number one on the [[Canadian Albums Chart]] with 18,000 copies sold in the first week, making it her seventh number-one there during the SoundScan era.<ref name="canada">{{cite web|url=https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/67270545/Canadian%20Newsletters/2015/nielsen_music_canadian_update_Mar18_2015.pdf |title=Madonna Scores Number One Top Album Debut|format=PDF|date=March 18, 2015|first=Paul|last=Tuch|publisher=[[Nielsen SoundScan]]|accessdate=March 19, 2015|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6X8cWypM8|archivedate=March 19, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ajournalofmusicalthings.com/weekly-music-sales-report-and-analysis-18-march-2015/|title=Weekly Music Sales Report and Analysis: 18 March 2015|last=Cross|first=Alan|publisher=A Journal of Musical Things|date=March 21, 2015|accessdate=March 27, 2015|authorlink=Alan Cross}}</ref> The next week, the album dropped 19 places on the ''Billboard'' 200, while in Canada it dropped only one position.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-200/2015-04-04|title=Billboard 200: Week of April 4, 2015|work=Billboard|accessdate=March 26, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/canadian-albums/2015-04-04|title=Canadian Albums: Week of April 4, 2015|work=Billboard|accessdate=March 26, 2015}}</ref> ''Billboard'' reported that the sales dropped down by 78% to 26,000 units, due to the high pre-orders during first week.<ref name="secondweekdrop">{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6516787/billboard-200-chart-moves-fifty-shades-of-grey-mark-knopfler|title=Billboard 200 Chart Moves: 'Fifty Shades' Album Whips Past Half-Million in Sales|last=Caulfield|first=Keith|date=March 28, 2015|accessdate=March 28, 2015|work=Billboard}}</ref> The album gradually dropped down the next two weeks. On the fifth week it received a boost in sales from Madonna's appearance on ''The Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon'', jumping from number 57 to 41 on the ''Billboard'' 200.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.idolator.com/7589255/madonna-rebel-heart-album-album-chart-tonight-show|title=Madonna's 'Rebel Heart' Album Jumps Up Chart Following 'Tonight Show' Appearance & Coachella Kiss|last=Daw|first=Robbie|date=April 17, 2015|accessdate=April 17, 2015|publisher=Idolator}}</ref> The album was present for a total of 10 weeks on the chart, and ranked at number 151 on the ''Billboard'' 200 year end chart for 2015.<ref name="bb200"/><ref name="usbb200yearend"/>
In Australia, ''Rebel Heart'' debuted at the top of the [[ARIA Charts|ARIA Albums Chart]] with sales of 6,962 copies, becoming Madonna's eleventh number-one album in the country and tying her with [[U2]], as the act with most number-one albums since the establishment of ARIA in 1983.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ariacharts.com.au/news/40998/30-years-of-the-aria-charts----u2,-madonna-and-kylie-have-most-|title=30 Years of the ARIA Charts – U2, Madonna and Kylie Have Most #1s|publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association|accessdate=March 13, 2015}}</ref><ref name="noise11"/> It became Madonna's 19th week atop the chart, ranking her at number 24 on the list of artists with most accumulated weeks at the top.<ref name="noise11">{{cite web|url=http://www.noise11.com/news/aria-albums-madonna-rebel-heart-is-no-1-in-australia-20150315|title=ARIA Albums: Madonna Rebel Heart Is No 1 In Australia|publisher=[[Paul Cashmere|Noise11.com]]|last=Ryan|first=Gavin|date=March 15, 2015|accessdate=March 15, 2015}}</ref> The album had a sharp drop the next week, selling 1,312 copies and climbing down to number 18 on the album chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.noise11.com/news/madonna-stiffs-in-australia-and-heads-the-same-way-in-usa-20150324|title=Madonna Stiffs in Australia And Heads The Same Way in USA|publisher=Noise11.com|last=Cashmere|first=Paul|date=March 24, 2015|accessdate=March 24, 2015}}</ref> In New Zealand, it debuted at number seven on the [[Official New Zealand Music Chart]].<ref name="NZchart"/> In Japan, ''Rebel Heart'' debuted at number eight on the [[Oricon Albums Chart]] with first-week sales of 7,548 physical units, becoming her 23rd top-ten album there.<ref name="japan"/> It also entered the Oricon International Albums Chart at number one, staying there for a second week.<ref name="japanintl">{{cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/wa/w/2015-03-30/|title=週間 洋楽アルバムランキング|language=Japanese|publisher=[[Oricon]]|date=March 23, 2015|accessdate=March 19, 2015 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6YA9Y5FGk |archivedate=April 29, 2015}}</ref> In South Korea, ''Rebel Heart'' gave Madonna two top-ten entries simultaneously on the [[Gaon Music Chart|Gaon International Albums Chart]], with the deluxe edition at number one and the standard edition at number seven.<ref name="korea"/> As of May 2015, the album has sold an estimated 650,000 copies worldwide.<ref name="rebelww">{{cite news|url=http://www.chartsinfrance.net/Madonna/news-97120.html|title=Madonna choisit "Bitch I'm Madonna" comme nouveau single, sa "chanson préférée". Ecoutez !|date=May 11, 2015|accessdate=May 29, 2015|publisher=PureCharts in France|language=French}}</ref>
| headline = ''Rebel Heart'' {{nobold|– [[Media Markt]] standard edition (bonus track)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mediamarkt.de/mcs/product/Madonna-Rebel-Heart-%28Exklusive-Standard-Edition-inkl.-Bonus-Track%29-Pop-CD,48353,463477,1906247.html?langId=-3|title=Madonna – Rebel Heart (Exklusive Standard Edition inkl. Bonus Track)|publisher=Media Markt|accessdate=February 16, 2015|language=German}}</ref>
| headline = ''Rebel Heart'' {{nobold|– [[Media Markt]] deluxe edition (bonus track)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mediamarkt.de/mcs/product/Madonna-Rebel-Heart-%28Exklusive-Deluxe-Edition-inkl.-Bonus-Track%29-Pop-CD,48353,463477,1906225.html?langId=-3|title=Madonna – Rebel Heart (Exklusive Deluxe Edition inkl. Bonus Track)|publisher=Media Markt|accessdate=February 16, 2015|language=German}}</ref>
| headline = ''Rebel Heart'' {{nobold|– Super deluxe edition (Disc 2)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amazon.de/gp/product/B00T73ATFW|title=Rebel Heart: Limited Super Deluxe Edition|accessdate=February 10, 2015|publisher=Amazon.com|location=Germany}}</ref> / Digital EP<ref>{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/rebel-heart-ep/id976319506 |title=Rebel Heart – EP by Madonna |publisher=iTunes Store |accessdate=March 16, 2015}}</ref>}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sanity.com.au/products/2292254/Rebel_Heart_BONUS_POSTCARDS |title=Buy Rebel Heart (Bonus Postcards) Madonna, Pop, CD |publisher=[[Sanity (music store)|Sanity]] |accessdate=February 15, 2015}}</ref>
* {{cite web|url=http://mediamarkt.de/mcs/product/Madonna-Rebel-Heart-%28Exklusive-Standard-Edition-inkl.-Bonus-Track%29-Pop-CD,48353,463477,1906247.html|title=Madonna Rebel Heart Exklusive Standard|publisher=[[Media Markt]]|accessdate=March 1, 2015}}
* {{cite web|url=http://mediamarkt.de/mcs/product/Madonna-Rebel-Heart-%28Exklusive-Deluxe-Edition-inkl.-Bonus-Track%29-Pop-CD,48353,463477,1906225.html|title=Madonna Rebel Heart Exklusive Deluxe|publisher=[[Media Markt]]|accessdate=March 1, 2015}}
* {{cite web|title=Rebel Heart Standard|accessdate=February 15, 2015|publisher=WOW Stores|url=http://wowhd.co.nz/CD/madonna-rebel-heart/dp/40748727#bc=1597}}
* {{cite web|title=Rebel Heart Deluxe|accessdate=February 15, 2015|publisher=WOW Stores|url=http://wowhd.co.nz/CD/madonna-rebel-heart-deluxe-edition/dp/40747127#bc=3d8a}}
* {{cite web|title=Rebel Heart Super Deluxe|accessdate=February 15, 2015|publisher=WOW Stores|url=http://wowhd.co.nz/CD/madonna-rebel-heart-super-deluxe-edition/dp/40812455#bc=ed94}}</ref>
* {{cite web|title=Rebel Heart Super Deluxe|accessdate=February 15, 2015|publisher=CD On|url=http://cdon.se/musik/madonna/rebel_heart_-_super_deluxe_edition_(2cd)-31920231}}</ref> | 2016-03-27T10:43:21Z | Following the release of her twelfth studio album, ''[[MDNA (album)|MDNA]]'' (2012), Madonna embarked on [[The MDNA Tour]] to promote it.<ref name="touropens">{{cite press release |title=Madonna's MDNA Tour Now Opens in Tel Aviv on May 31st at Ramat Gan Stadium |url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/madonnas-mdna-tour-now-opens-in-tel-aviv-on-may-31st-at-ramat-gan-stadium-2012-04-26 |agency=[[PR Newswire]] |date=April 26, 2012 |accessdate=May 13, 2013|archiveurl=http://www.freezepage.com/1336961407DJMJODPWLZ |archivedate=May 13, 2012}}</ref> The tour courted many [[Controversy of The MDNA Tour|controversial subjects]] such as violence, firearms, human rights, nudity and politics. Lawsuits were created against Madonna from the concerts.<ref name="law">{{cite journal|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/madonna-fake-guns-violence-on-mdna-tour-are-symbols-20120828|title=Madonna: Fake Guns, Violence on MDNA Tour Are Symbols|last=Todd|first=Neil|date=August 28, 2012|accessdate=June 7, 2013|magazine=Rolling Stone}}</ref> She was enraged by many of these incidents, which she claimed was "injustice" against human beings.<ref>{{cite web |first=Sal |last=Cinquemani |url=http://www.slantmagazine.com/house/article/radical-chic-madonna-unveils-short-film-secretprojectrevolution|title=Radical Chic: Madonna Unveils Short Film secretprojectrevolution |work=[[Slant Magazine]]|date=September 24, 2013 |accessdate=March 24, 2014}}</ref> In September 2013, she released ''[[secretprojectrevolution]]'', a short film directed by her and [[Steven Klein (photographer)|Steven Klein]], dealing with artistic freedom and human rights. The film also launched a global initiative called Art for Freedom to promote [[freedom of speech|freedom of expression]].<ref>{{cite journal |first=Eriq |last=Gardner |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/madonnas-secret-project-revealed-pop-630428 |title=Madonna's Secret Project Revealed: Pop Superstar to Release Short Film Via BitTorrent to Aid Global 'Artistic Expression' |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=September 17, 2013 |accessdate=September 20, 2013}}</ref> She clarified on ''[[Vogue (magazine)|L'Uomo Vogue]]'' that her next album would be connected with Art for Freedom, saying that she "had" to be committed to the initiative and use her voice as an artist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vogue.it/en/l-uomo-vogue/cover-story/2014/05/16/madonna/|title=L'Uomo Vogue Cover Story: Madonna|first=Francesco|last=Spampinato|work=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue Italia]]|date=May 16, 2014|accessdate=May 26, 2014}}</ref>
A few days later Madonna posted the image of a sunset with the words "Rebel Heart" on them, and a caption which the media interpreted as lyrics of a new song. The lines posted were: "Day turns into night. I won't give up the fight. Don't want to get to the end of my days... saying I wasn't amazed."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idolator.com/7511148/madonna-new-song-rebel-heart-tease|title=Is Madonna Teasing New Song 'Rebel Heart'?|last=Williot|first=Carl|date=March 24, 2014|accessdate=May 26, 2014|publisher=[[Idolator (website)|Idolator]]}}</ref> Further images showed Madonna with singer [[Natalia Kills]] in front of a microphone, and also with [[Martin Kierszenbaum]], the founder and chairman of Cherrytree Records and senior executive of A&R for [[Interscope Records]], Madonna's label.<ref name="bbmartin"/> By mid-April 2014, she also revealed the names of songwriters [[Toby Gad]] and [[Mozella]] and record producer [[Symbolyc One (S1)|Symbolyc One]] on Instagram with images of the group working in studio.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/music/news/a565600/madonna-working-with-miley-cyrus-wrecking-ball-writer-mozella.html|title=Madonna working with Miley Cyrus 'Wrecking Ball' writer MoZella|last=Levine|first=Nick|date=April 18, 2014|accessdate=May 27, 2014|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]. [[Hearst Corporation]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idolator.com/7514712/madonna-new-album-collaborators-mozella-s1-toby-gad|title=Madonna List of New Album Collaborators Grows To Include MoZella, S1 And Toby Gad|last=Wass|first=Mike|date=April 17, 2014|accessdate=May 26, 2014|publisher=Idolator}}</ref> The list of personnel extended to include producer [[Ariel Rechtshaid]] and sound engineer Nick Rowe.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://attitude.co.uk/madonna-teams-haimsky-ferreira-producer-ariel-rechtshaid/|title=Madonna teams up with Haim/Sky Ferreira producer|first=Nick|last=Levine|date=May 11, 2014|accessdate=May 26, 2014|magazine=[[Attitude (magazine)|Attitude]]|publisher=Attitude Media Ltd}}</ref> In an interview with [[Sirius XM Radio]], Kierszenbaum described the recording process:
Thematically, Caryn Ganz from ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' felt that the album focused on two subjects: listening to one's heart and being a rebel. Madonna explained that these concepts were not the initial inspiration, but emerged during the sessions with Avicii. One group of musicians explored an upbeat approach to songwriting, while the other team chose darker chords. Madonna observed two distinct themes emerging organically, and felt the need to express that.<ref name="rsrebel"/> So the record was titled as ''Rebel Heart'', since it dealt with two different facades of the singer—her rebellious and renegade side, and her romantic side. She wanted it to be a dual album with each part representing these facades.<ref name="bbint">{{cite news|last=Caulfield|first=Keith|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6414043/madonna-interview-rebel-heart-leaks-sony-grammys-new-music|title=Madonna on New 'Rebellious and Romantic' Music, Demo Leaks, 'Possibly' Crashing the Grammys and the 'Crazy' Sony Hack|date=December 21, 2014|accessdate=December 22, 2014|work=Billboard}}</ref> With French radio ''[[NRJ]]'', she explained that ''Rebel Heart'' could be both autobiographical as well as fiction, since while writing songs she mixed both her own experiences as well as imaginary narratives. The title also stemmed from Madonna's belief that contemporary music artists are not encouraged or inspired to be rebellious, take risks or speak-up and she wanted to highlight it. However, she understood the importance of having love in the rebellious nature, so added the word ''Heart'' along with ''Rebel''.<ref name="nrj">{{cite news|url=http://www.nrj.fr/artistes/madonna/actus/madonna-craque-encore-pour-un-francais-322648|title=Madonna Interview Again for NRJ|date=January 30, 2015|accessdate=January 31, 2015|work=[[NRJ]]}}</ref>
The fifth song, "[[Illuminati (Madonna song)|Illuminati]]", was inspired after Madonna came to know that people alluded to her with the [[Illuminati|eponymous term]]. So she researched about the real Illuminati and wrote the song.<ref name="rsrebel"/><ref name="ggtheft"/> Lyrically it refers to the Illuminati [[conspiracy theory]], the [[Egyptian pyramids]], the [[Phoenix (mythology)|Phoenix]], the [[Age of Enlightenment]], and the [[Eye of Providence]] among others, with the chorus lyrics: "It's like everybody in this party is shining like Illuminati".<ref name="hitfix"/><ref name="ibtimes">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/madonna-sings-about-barack-obama-queen-elizabeth-oprah-leaked-track-illuminati-1480181|title=Madonna sings about Barack Obama, Queen Elizabeth, Oprah in leaked track 'Illuminati'|author=Kahn, Maria|date=December 18, 2014|work=[[International Business Times]]|accessdate=December 19, 2014}}</ref> According to Madonna, [[Kanye West]] who produced the track had loved the melody and changed the composition as he found best suited.<ref name="rsrebel"/> Minaj appears on the sixth track, "Bitch I'm Madonna", where she raps, asking everybody to "go hard or go home", while Madonna shouts lyrics like, "I just want to have fun tonight, I wanna blow up this house tonight". Produced by Diplo and [[Sophie (musician)|Sophie]], the track has a tearing sound alongside the "bleepy electro" and "churning [[dubstep]]" composition.<ref name="muu">{{cite web|url=http://www.muumuse.com/2014/12/madonna-rebel-heart-track-by-track-first-listen-part-one.html/|title=Madonna, 'Rebel Heart': Track-By-Track (Part One)|last=Stern|first=Bradley|date=December 20, 2014|accessdate=December 23, 2014|publisher=[[MuuMuse]]}}</ref><ref name="hitfix">{{cite news|url=http://www.hitfix.com/news/queen-of-pop-says-bitch-im-madonna-dropping-six-new-tracks-from-rebel-heart|title=Queen of Pop Says 'Bitch I'm Madonna' Dropping Six New Tracks From 'Rebel Heart'|last=Ellwood|first=Gregory|date=December 20, 2014|accessdate=December 21, 2014|publisher=[[HitFix]]}}</ref><ref name="nypost">{{cite news|url=http://nypost.com/2014/12/20/madonna-surprises-with-six-new-song-release/|title=Madonna surprises with six new song release|last=Phull|first=Hardeep|date=December 20, 2014|accessdate=December 21, 2014|work=[[New York Post]]|publisher=New York Media}}</ref> During the writing sessions Minaj had to rewrite the lyrics until she could get the correct sentiment per Madonna.<ref name="rsrebel"/> "Hold Tight" consists of an "arresting" chorus and a drum beat sound, described by Sam C. Mac of ''Slant Magazine'' as "innocuous, lyrically platitudinous pop that briefly works itself up into something exciting when it threatens to become a gospelized stomp."<ref name="slant3">{{cite news|url=http://www.slantmagazine.com/house/article/madonna-releases-three-more-songs-from-rebel-heart-joan-of-arc-iconic-hold-tight|title=Madonna Releases Three More Songs from Rebel Heart: 'Joan of Arc', 'Iconic', & 'Hold Tight'|last=Mac|first=Sam C.|work=Slant Magazine|accessdate=February 26, 2015|date=February 9, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6465705/madonna-new-songs-chance-the-rapper-mike-tyson|title=Madonna Drops 3 New Songs, Including Chance the Rapper/Mike Tyson Track|first=Joe|last=Lynch|date=February 9, 2015|accessdate=February 25, 2015|magazine=Billboard}}</ref> Track eight, "[[Joan of Arc (Madonna song)|Joan of Arc]]", is a ballad where Madonna talks about the media scrutiny of her life, singing "Each time they take a photograph, I lose a part of me I can't get back". It also references the [[Roman Catholic saint]] [[Joan of Arc|of the same name]].<ref name="spinrebel">{{cite news|url=http://www.spin.com/2014/12/madonna-rebel-heart-itunes-surprise-album-stream/|title=Madonna Just Surprise Released Six New Songs on iTunes|work=Spin|date=December 20, 2014|accessdate=December 20, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.showbiz411.com/2014/12/18/madonnas-leaked-album-may-be-her-best-glue-sniffing-salvation-and-a-joan-of-arc-complex|title=Madonna's Leaked Album May Be Her Best: Glue Sniffing Salvation and A Joan of Arc Complex|last=Friedman|first=Roger|publisher=[[Showbiz411]]|date=December 18, 2014|accessdate=December 20, 2014}}</ref> Madonna's hushed, vibrato-tinged vocals and confessional lyrics in "Joan of Arc" are enhanced by a new beat and utilizes strings in the bridge and acoustics.<ref name="slant3"/>
On December 20, 2014, the album became available for pre-order on [[iTunes Store]]. When ordered, six tracks (five in the United Kingdom) were automatically downloaded. Madonna stated that the songs were meant to be "an early Christmas gift" with the final release on March 10, 2015. Originally, "[[Living for Love]]" was intended to serve as the lead single from the album. It was to be released on [[Valentine's Day]], with the rest of the record slated for the spring. However, due to the leak the release date had to be pushed up.<ref name="rollstonetwentith">{{cite news|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/madonna-responds-to-rebel-heart-leak-by-releasing-six-songs-20141220|title=Madonna Responds to 'Rebel Heart' Leak by Releasing Six Songs|date=December 20, 2014|work=[[Rolling Stone]]|accessdate=December 20, 2014}}</ref> Oseary recalled that they did not receive a confirmation until Friday night whether the pre-release could be executed, since iTunes was closing for the Christmas weekend. After much discussion on the pros and cons of the release, and with the aid of Interscope vice-chairman Steve Berman, and [[Apple Inc.]]'s Robert Kondrk, they were able to go live slowly.<ref name="golive">{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/business/6422319/guy-oseary-circus-show-madonnas-rebel-heart-release|title=Madonna's 'Devastating' Album Leak: Guy Oseary on the 'Circus Show' of Getting 'Rebel Heart' to Fans|last=Hampp|first=Andrew|date=December 29, 2014|magazine=Billboard|accessdate=January 4, 2015}}</ref> The six songs Madonna chose had to be polished, and since the producers of the tracks were unavailable, Madonna [[audio mastering|mastered]] and [[audio mixing (recorded music)|mixed]] them on her own.<ref name="insidebb">{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6436370/madonna-rebel-heart-leak-inside-story|title=The Inside Story of How Madonna Turned Her 'Rebel Heart' Leak into a Global Hit|last=Hampp|first=Andrew|date=January 9, 2015|magazine=Billboard|accessdate=January 9, 2015}}</ref> The album's release was compared to Beyoncé's [[Beyoncé (album)|self-titled]] surprise release in 2013, with ''[[The Guardian]]'' calling it a "partial ''Beyoncé''".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/dec/20/madonna-releases-six-tracks-leak-demos|title=Madonna achieves 'partial Beyoncé' by releasing tracks after leak that was 'artistic rape'|author=Pengelly, Martin and Johnston, Chris|date=December 20, 2014|work=[[The Guardian]]|publisher=Guardian News and Media|accessdate=December 20, 2012}}</ref> Still the leaks continued with 14 new demos being revealed from December 23–27.<ref name="billboard2">{{cite journal|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6415165/madonna-more-rebel-heart-leaks-pharrell|title=14 More Madonna Songs Leak From 'Rebel Heart,' Including Pharrell Collabo|first=Joe|last=Lynch|date=December 24, 2014|accessdate=December 25, 2014|magazine=Billboard}}</ref> Three new tracks—"Hold Tight", "Joan of Arc" and "Iconic"—became available following Madonna's Grammy performance.<ref name="accessholly">{{cite news|url=http://www.accesshollywood.com/articles/madonna-releases-3-new-songs-including-mike-tyson-track-157200/w|title=Madonna Releases 3 New Songs, Including Mike Tyson Track|first=Erin|last=O'Sullivan|date=February 8, 2015|accessdate=February 25, 2015|work=[[Access Hollywood]]}}</ref>
Madonna partnered with [[geosocial networking]] app, [[Grindr]], where a contest was held for five users of the app to be selected for an exclusive interview with the artist as promotion for ''Rebel Heart''. The contest included re-creating the artwork for ''Rebel Heart'' and post it as the Grindr profile picture. Other winners would receive signed copies of the album.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/madonna-turns-to-grindr-for-rebel-heart-competition-20150212|title=Madonna Turns to Grindr for 'Rebel Heart' Contest|date=February 12, 2015|accessdate=February 13, 2015|first=Jon|last=Blistein|journal=Rolling Stone}}</ref> Joe Stone from ''The Guardian'' considered this to be a "savvy" promotional method, by directly connecting with the singer's gay audience.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2015/feb/12/madonna-grindr-game-embraces-the-pink-pound-perfectly|title=Why Madonna's Grindr contest is a savvy appeal to the 'pink pound'|date=February 12, 2015|accessdate=February 13, 2015|first=Joe|last=Stone|journal=The Guardian}}</ref> Madonna appeared for her first UK television interview in three years, ''[[The Jonathan Ross Show]]'' on February 26, 2015 (aired on March 14), where she performed an edited version of "Living for Love", as well as "Ghosttown" for the first time.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/madonna-to-appear-on-the-jonathan-ross-show-115021800090_1.html|title=Madonna to appear on 'The Jonathan Ross Show'|date=February 18, 2015|accessdate=February 24, 2015|work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-31656354|title=Madonna 'suffered whiplash' after Brits fall|date=February 27, 2015|accessdate=September 26, 2015|publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6502217/watch-madonna-perform-living-for-love-and-ghosttown-on-jonathan-ross|title=Watch Madonna Perform 'Living For Love' and 'Ghosttown' on 'The Jonathan Ross Show'|date=March 16, 2015|accessdate=March 16, 2015|first=Michell|last=Peters|journal=Billboard}}</ref> On March 1, she travelled to Italy for an appearance on the television show ''[[Che tempo che fa]]'' (aired on March 8), where she performed "[[Devil Pray]]" and "Ghosttown" while talking with host [[Fabio Fazio]] on numerous topics including the album's development process.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2015/03/09/madonna-a-che-tempo-che-fa-ciccone-contro-fazio-che-8-marzo/1488647/|title=Madonna a ‘Che tempo che fa’ – Ciccone contro Fazio: che 8 marzo!|language=Italian|work=Il Fatto Quotidiano|first=Andrea|last=Scanzi|date=March 9, 2015|accessdate=September 26, 2015}}</ref><ref name="raitv">{{cite web|url=http://www.rai.tv/dl/RaiTV/programmi/media/ContentItem-8ca149ea-9394-4f37-8c44-3be3a1f19ab2.html|title=Madonna – Che tempo che fa del 08/03/2015|language=Italian|work=[[Che tempo che fa]]|publisher=[[RAI]]|first=Fabio|last=Fazio|authorlink=Fabio Fazio|date=March 8, 2015|accessdate=March 9, 2015}}</ref> Next day she appeared on France's ''[[Le Grand Journal (Canal+)|Le Grand Journal]]'' show, performing an edited version of "Living for Love" and "Ghosttown".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spin.com/2015/03/madonna-ghost-town-live-tv-performance-le-grand-journal-watch/|title=Watch Madonna Debut 'Ghost Town' on French TV Without Falling|date=March 3, 2015|accessdate=March 3, 2015|work=Spin}}</ref> Another interview aired on ''[[Today (U.S. TV program)|The Today Show]]'' on March 9 and 10, 2015,<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/madonnas-35-city-rebel-heart-tour-announced-for-north-america-and-europe-300043216.html|title=Madonna's 35 City 'Rebel Heart' Tour Announced For North America and Europe|date=March 2, 2015|accessdate=March 2, 2015|agency=[[PR Newswire]]}}</ref> where she spoke about the ''Rebel Heart'' leaks to host [[Carson Daly]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.idolator.com/7583907/madonna-rebel-heart-today-show-interview-watch|title=Madonna Talks 'Rebel Heart' Album Leak & Her Kids On 'Today Show': Watch|date=March 10, 2015|accessdate=March 10, 2015|publisher=Idolator}}</ref> Madonna appeared for the first time at ''[[The Howard Stern Show]]'' on March 11, 2015, scheduled at a special time for the singer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.howardstern.com/news/2015/3/10/madonna-on-howard-wednesday-at-a-special-time/|title=Madonna on Howard! Wednesday at a Special Time|date=March 10, 2015|accessdate=March 10, 2015|work=[[The Howard Stern Show]]|last=Stern|first=Howard|authorlink=Howard Stern}}</ref> She discussed about her life, and personal relationships, as well as confirmed "Ghosttown" as the second single from ''Rebel Heart''.<ref name="atlanta">{{cite news|url=http://music.blog.ajc.com/2015/03/11/madonna-opens-her-heart-to-howard-stern/|title=Madonna opens her heart to Howard Stern|last=Rugieri|first=Melissa|date=March 11, 2015|accessdate=March 11, 2015|work=[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]}}</ref>
Madonna appeared and performed on ''[[The Ellen DeGeneres Show]]'' in US, for the entire week of March 16 to 20. Songs performed included "Living for Love" where DeGeneres herself joined the singer onstage,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Strecker|first1=Erin|title=Madonna to Play 'Ellen' for a Full Week|journal=Billboard|date=March 2, 2015|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6487573/madonna-ellen-degeneres-week|accessdate=March 2, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Madonna Brings 'Living for Love' to 'Ellen'|journal=Billboard|date=March 18, 2015|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6502393/madonna-living-for-love-ellen|accessdate=March 18, 2015}}</ref> a stripped down version of "Joan of Arc" and "Ghosttown",<ref>{{cite news|last=Corner|first=Lewis|title=Madonna performs emotional 'Joan of Arc' live for the first time|work=Digital Spy|date=March 19, 2015|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a636394/madonna-performs-emotional-joan-of-arc-live-for-the-first-time.html|accessdate=March 19, 2015}}</ref> and finally her 1985 single "[[Dress You Up]]", during the bathroom concert sequence with DeGeneres.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.eonline.com/news/637870/madonna-and-ellen-degeneres-sing-dress-you-up-in-matching-bathrobes-watch-now|title=Madonna and Ellen DeGeneres Sing 'Dress You Up' in Matching Bathrobes—Watch Now!|last=Bacardi|first=Francesca|date=March 20, 2015|accessdate=March 21, 2015|publisher=E!}}</ref> On March 29, 2015, Madonna performed "Ghosttown" at the [[2nd iHeartRadio Music Awards]] at Los Angeles, where she was joined by singer [[Taylor Swift]] onstage playing guitar.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/madonna-rihanna-sam-smith-to-perform-at-iheartradio-awards-20150309|title=Madonna, Rihanna, Sam Smith to Perform at iHeartRadio Awards|date=March 10, 2015|accessdate=March 10, 2015|first=Daniel|last=Kreps|journal=Rolling Stone}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/iheartradio-music-awards-2015-madonna-785215|title=iHeartRadio Awards 2015: Madonna Sings "Ghosttown" With Taylor Swift|last=Lee|first=Ashley|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=March 29, 2015|accessdate=March 29, 2015}}</ref> Two days later [[BBC]]'s [[Jo Whiley]] interviewed her for Radio 2, the singer's first radio interview in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02n3p1g|title=Jo Whiley talks to Madonna|last=Martin|first=Roy|date=March 27, 2015|accessdate=March 27, 2015|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Madonna appeared on ''[[The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon]]'' on April 9, 2015, singing "Bitch, I'm Madonna" and her 1983 single, "[[Holiday (Madonna song)|Holiday]]".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.people.com/article/madonna-jimmy-fallon-tonight-show-holiday-video|title=Madonna and Jimmy Fallon Sing 'Holiday' Using Classroom Instruments|last=Blumm|first=Kevin C|date=April 10, 2015|accessdate=April 10, 2015|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6531161/watch-madonna-diplos-pelvis-pumping-performance-of-bitch-im|title=Watch Madonna & Diplo's Pelvis-Pumping Performance of 'Bitch I'm Madonna'|date=April 9, 2015|accessdate=April 15, 2015|work=Billboard}}</ref>
| rev9Score = 6/10<ref name="spinreview"/>
Upon its release, ''Rebel Heart'' received positive reviews from critics.<ref name="digitalspy">{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/music/news/a634191/madonnas-new-album-rebel-heart-what-do-the-critics-say.html|title=Madonna's new album Rebel Heart: What do the critics say?|last=Corner|first=Lewis|date=March 9, 2015|accessdate=March 9, 2015|work=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref> At [[Metacritic]], which assigns a [[weighted mean]] rating out of 100 to reviews from music critics, the album received an average score of 68, which indicates "generally favorable reviews", based on 29 critics.<ref name="metacritic">{{cite web|title=Reviews for Rebel Heart|url=http://www.metacritic.com/music/rebel-heart/madonna|publisher=[[Metacritic]]|accessdate=March 20, 2015}}</ref> ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' writer Neil McCormick, Andy Gill of ''[[The Independent]]'', [[AllMusic]]'s [[Stephen Thomas Erlewine]], and Lauren Murphy from ''[[The Irish Times]]'' all gave the album 4 out of 5 stars. McCormick felt that "For the first time in years, [Madonna] doesn't sound desperate", praising it in comparison to ''Hard Candy'' and ''MDNA''.<ref name=TelegraphReview>{{cite news|last1=McCormick|first1=Neil|title=Madonna, Rebel Heart, review: 'she's in the game again'|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/cdreviews/11431568/Madonna-Rebel-Heart-review-shes-in-the-game-again.html|accessdate=March 5, 2015|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=February 24, 2015}}</ref> Saeed called it "a fine collection of sturdy pop tunes in which Madonna finally allows herself to look back and sometimes pilfer from her peak periods of the late 80s and early 2000s".<ref name="national">{{cite news|last1=Saeed|first1=Saeed|title=Track-by-track review: Rebel Heart Madonna|url=http://www.thenational.ae/arts-lifestyle/music/track-by-track-review-rebel-heart---madonna|accessdate=March 6, 2015|work=The National|date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> Murphy wrote "the indisputable pop icon is back with a tentative bang" after ''MDNA'' had "few memorable pop hits".<ref name=IrishReview>{{cite news|last1=Murphy|first1=Lauren|title=Madonna: Rebel Heart|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/music/madonna-rebel-heart-album-review-1.2127285|accessdate=March 6, 2015|work=The Irish Times|date=March 5, 2015}}</ref> For Gill, the most impressive factor about ''Rebel Heart'' was Madonna's vocals,<ref name="indereview">{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/madonna-rebel-heart--album-review-a-confirmation-of-madonnas-sustained-musical-relevance-10090878.html |title=Madonna, Rebel Heart – album review: A confirmation of Madonna's sustained musical relevance |last=Gill |first=Andy |date=March 6, 2015 |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |access-date=March 6, 2015}}</ref> while Erlewine found ''Rebel Heart'' to be a revival of Madonna's defiant side and her confessional mood.<ref name="allmusic"/>
According to Andrew Hampp from ''Billboard'', the pre-order received warm response commercially after its release to iTunes Stores around the world. In the United States, three of the six released tracks debuted on ''Billboard''{{'}}s [[Dance/Electronic Songs]] chart dated January 3, 2015—"Living for Love", "Bitch I'm Madonna", and "Unapologetic Bitch"—despite being available for two days.<ref name="insidebb"/> The six songs have sold a combined 146,000 digital downloads, according to [[Nielsen SoundScan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/22/arts/music/when-music-is-purloined-artists-try-to-exploit-opportunity.html|title=Björk and Madonna Deal With Leaks of Album Tracks|last=Coscarelli|first=Joe|date=January 23, 2015|accessdate=January 23, 2015|work=The New York Times}}</ref> The album's pre-orders were estimated at around 50,000 to 60,000 copies, according to industry prognosticators.<ref name="insidebb"/> The album debuted at number two on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] chart with 121,000 [[Billboard 200#Incorporation of streaming data and track sales|equivalent album units]], behind the soundtrack of the TV series ''[[Empire (2015 TV series)|Empire]]''. While ''Rebel Heart'' was the best-selling album of the week—ranking number one on ''Billboard''{{'}}s Top Album Sales chart with pure album sales of 116,000 copies (96% of overall units)—it fell behind the soundtrack when it came to streaming and track equivalent album units, with just over 1,000 and 4,000 respectively. It became Madonna's 21st top-ten album, but was her first studio release not to debut atop the chart since 1998's ''[[Ray of Light]]''. ''Rebel Heart''{{'}}s concert tour bundle amounted to less than 10,000 copies compared to the 180,000 copies sold for previous album, ''MDNA''.<ref name="USdebut">{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6502441/empire-soundtrack-number-one-madonna-number-two|title='Empire' Soundtrack Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart, Madonna Arrives at No. 2|last=Caulfield|first=Keith|date=March 17, 2015|accessdate=March 17, 2015|work=Billboard}}</ref> The release also prompted Madonna to debut at number 7 on the [[List of number-one artists on the Billboard Artist 100|''Billboard'' Artist 100]] chart, moving up by 2,919% in overall Artist 100 points and gaining by 31% in social media activity.<ref name="artost100">{{cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/6502535/madonna-vaults-onto-billboard-artist-100-at-no-7-taylor-swift-still-no-1|title=Madonna Vaults Onto Billboard Artist 100 at No. 7, Taylor Swift Still No. 1|last=Trust|first=Gary|date=March 20, 2015|accessdate=March 20, 2015|work=Billboard}}</ref> In Canada, ''Rebel Heart'' debuted at number one on the [[Canadian Albums Chart]] with 18,000 copies sold in the first week, making it her seventh number-one there during the SoundScan era.<ref name="canada">{{cite web|url=https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/67270545/Canadian%20Newsletters/2015/nielsen_music_canadian_update_Mar18_2015.pdf |title=Madonna Scores Number One Top Album Debut|format=PDF|date=March 18, 2015|first=Paul|last=Tuch|publisher=[[Nielsen SoundScan]]|accessdate=March 19, 2015|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6X8cWypM8|archivedate=March 19, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ajournalofmusicalthings.com/weekly-music-sales-report-and-analysis-18-march-2015/|title=Weekly Music Sales Report and Analysis: 18 March 2015|last=Cross|first=Alan|publisher=A Journal of Musical Things|date=March 21, 2015|accessdate=March 27, 2015|authorlink=Alan Cross}}</ref> The next week, the album dropped 19 places on the ''Billboard'' 200, while in Canada it dropped only one position.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-200/2015-04-04|title=Billboard 200: Week of April 4, 2015|work=Billboard|accessdate=March 26, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/canadian-albums/2015-04-04|title=Canadian Albums: Week of April 4, 2015|work=Billboard|accessdate=March 26, 2015}}</ref> ''Billboard'' reported that the sales dropped down by 78% to 26,000 units, due to the high pre-orders during first week.<ref name="secondweekdrop">{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6516787/billboard-200-chart-moves-fifty-shades-of-grey-mark-knopfler|title=Billboard 200 Chart Moves: 'Fifty Shades' Album Whips Past Half-Million in Sales|last=Caulfield|first=Keith|date=March 28, 2015|accessdate=March 28, 2015|work=Billboard}}</ref> The album gradually dropped down the next two weeks. On the fifth week it received a boost in sales from Madonna's appearance on ''The Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon'', jumping from number 57 to 41 on the ''Billboard'' 200.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.idolator.com/7589255/madonna-rebel-heart-album-album-chart-tonight-show|title=Madonna's 'Rebel Heart' Album Jumps Up Chart Following 'Tonight Show' Appearance & Coachella Kiss|last=Daw|first=Robbie|date=April 17, 2015|accessdate=April 17, 2015|publisher=Idolator}}</ref> The album was present for a total of 10 weeks on the chart, and ranked at number 151 on the ''Billboard'' 200 year end chart for 2015.<ref name="bb200"/><ref name="usbb200yearend"/>
In Australia, ''Rebel Heart'' debuted at the top of the [[ARIA Charts|ARIA Albums Chart]] with sales of 6,962 copies, becoming Madonna's eleventh number-one album in the country and tying her with [[U2]], as the act with most number-one albums since the establishment of ARIA in 1983.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ariacharts.com.au/news/40998/30-years-of-the-aria-charts----u2,-madonna-and-kylie-have-most-|title=30 Years of the ARIA Charts – U2, Madonna and Kylie Have Most #1s|publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association|accessdate=March 13, 2015|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130712033030/http://www.ariacharts.com.au/news/40998/30-years-of-the-aria-charts----u2,-madonna-and-kylie-have-most-|archivedate=July 12, 2013}}</ref><ref name="noise11"/> It became Madonna's 19th week atop the chart, ranking her at number 24 on the list of artists with most accumulated weeks at the top.<ref name="noise11">{{cite web|url=http://www.noise11.com/news/aria-albums-madonna-rebel-heart-is-no-1-in-australia-20150315|title=ARIA Albums: Madonna Rebel Heart Is No 1 In Australia|publisher=[[Paul Cashmere|Noise11.com]]|last=Ryan|first=Gavin|date=March 15, 2015|accessdate=March 15, 2015}}</ref> The album had a sharp drop the next week, selling 1,312 copies and climbing down to number 18 on the album chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.noise11.com/news/madonna-stiffs-in-australia-and-heads-the-same-way-in-usa-20150324|title=Madonna Stiffs in Australia And Heads The Same Way in USA|publisher=Noise11.com|last=Cashmere|first=Paul|date=March 24, 2015|accessdate=March 24, 2015}}</ref> In New Zealand, it debuted at number seven on the [[Official New Zealand Music Chart]].<ref name="NZchart"/> In Japan, ''Rebel Heart'' debuted at number eight on the [[Oricon Albums Chart]] with first-week sales of 7,548 physical units, becoming her 23rd top-ten album there.<ref name="japan"/> It also entered the Oricon International Albums Chart at number one, staying there for a second week.<ref name="japanintl">{{cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/wa/w/2015-03-30/|title=週間 洋楽アルバムランキング|language=Japanese|publisher=[[Oricon]]|date=March 23, 2015|accessdate=March 19, 2015 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6YA9Y5FGk |archivedate=April 29, 2015}}</ref> In South Korea, ''Rebel Heart'' gave Madonna two top-ten entries simultaneously on the [[Gaon Music Chart|Gaon International Albums Chart]], with the deluxe edition at number one and the standard edition at number seven.<ref name="korea"/> As of May 2015, the album has sold an estimated 650,000 copies worldwide.<ref name="rebelww">{{cite news|url=http://www.chartsinfrance.net/Madonna/news-97120.html|title=Madonna choisit "Bitch I'm Madonna" comme nouveau single, sa "chanson préférée". Ecoutez !|date=May 11, 2015|accessdate=May 29, 2015|publisher=PureCharts in France|language=French}}</ref>
| headline = ''Rebel Heart'' {{nobold|– [[Media Markt]] standard edition (bonus track)}}<ref name="mediastandard">{{cite web|url=http://www.mediamarkt.de/de/product/_madonna-rebel-heart-exklusive-standard-edition-inkl-bonus-track-pop-cd-1966541.html|title=Madonna – Rebel Heart (Exklusive Standard Edition inkl. Bonus Track)|publisher=Media Markt|accessdate=February 16, 2015|language=German}}</ref>
| headline = ''Rebel Heart'' {{nobold|– [[Media Markt]] deluxe edition (bonus track)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mediamarkt.de/de/product/_madonna-rebel-heart-exklusive-deluxe-edition-inkl-bonus-track-pop-cd-1966538.html|title=Madonna – Rebel Heart (Exklusive Deluxe Edition inkl. Bonus Track)|publisher=Media Markt|accessdate=February 16, 2015|language=German}}</ref>
| headline = ''Rebel Heart'' {{nobold|– Super deluxe edition (Disc 2)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.de/gp/product/B00T73ATFW|title=Rebel Heart: Limited Super Deluxe Edition|accessdate=February 10, 2015|publisher=Amazon.com|location=Germany}}</ref> / Digital EP<ref>{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/rebel-heart-ep/id976319506 |title=Rebel Heart – EP by Madonna |publisher=iTunes Store |accessdate=March 16, 2015}}</ref>}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sanity.com.au/products/2292254/rebel_heart_bonus_postcards|title=Rebel Heart (Bonus Postcards) Madonna, Pop, CD |publisher=[[Sanity (music store)|Sanity]] |accessdate=February 15, 2015}}</ref>
* {{cite web|title=Rebel Heart Standard|accessdate=February 15, 2015|publisher=WOW Stores|url=http://www.wowhd.co.nz/rebel-heart/602547211682}}
* {{cite web|title=Rebel Heart Deluxe|accessdate=February 15, 2015|publisher=WOW Stores|url=http://www.wowhd.co.nz/rebel-heart-deluxe/602547202130}}
* {{cite web|title=Rebel Heart Super Deluxe|accessdate=February 15, 2015|publisher=WOW Stores|url=http://www.wowhd.co.nz/rebel-heart/602547244116}}</ref>
* {{cite web|title=Rebel Heart Super Deluxe|accessdate=February 15, 2015|publisher=CD On|url=http://cdon.se/musik/madonna/rebel_heart_-ltd-_%5bimport%5d-32900816}}</ref> | 2016-03-28T10:35:48Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=709492711 | '''Category theory'''<ref>{{harnvb|Awodey|2006}}</ref> formalizes [[mathematical structure]] and its concepts in terms of a collection of structure-preserving [[maps]] or ''arrows'' (also called [[morphism]]s) over some defined collection. A [[Category (mathematics)|category]] has two basic properties:
(1) the ability to [[Function composition|compose]] the arrows [[Associativity|associatively]] (e.g. (a * b) * c = a * (b * c) ) and
(2) the existence of an [[Identity function|identity]] arrow in the collection (e.g. I such that a * I = I * a = a).
The language of Category theory has been used to formalize concepts of other high-level [[abstractions]] such as [[set theory|sets]], [[ring theory|rings]], and [[group theory|groups]]. | 2016-03-09T19:06:32Z | '''Category theory'''<ref>{{harnvb|Awodey|2006}}</ref> formalizes [[mathematical structure]] and its concepts in terms of a collection of ''objects'' and of ''arrows'' (also called [[morphism]]s). A [[Category (mathematics)|category]] has two basic properties: the ability to [[Function composition|compose]] the arrows [[Associativity|associatively]] and the existence of an [[Identity function|identity]] arrow for each object. The language of Category theory has been used to formalize concepts of other high-level [[abstractions]] such as [[set theory|sets]], [[ring theory|rings]], and [[group theory|groups]]. | 2016-03-11T07:13:25Z | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=711816696 | [[Category:Science and technology in the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1955]]
[[Category:Nuclear power companies of China]] | 2016-03-05T21:59:38Z |
[[Category:Nuclear power companies of China]]
[[Category:Science and technology in the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Energy companies established in 1955]]
[[Category:Non-renewable resource companies established in 1955]] | 2016-03-25T02:09:20Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=709400643 | ==Legacy==
''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' crowned Usher the no. 1 Hot 100 Artist of the 2000s deacade. <ref>{{Cite web|title = News: Usher Crowned Top Hot 100 Artist of Decade|url = http://singersroom.com/content/2009-12-22/Usher-Crowned-Top-Hot-100-Artist-of-Decade/|website = Singersroom|accessdate = 2015-12-12}}</ref> Usher had the most no. 1 singles on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 charts in the decade with 7 and held the no.1 position for a total 42 weeks more than anyone. He also scored a whopping eight No. 1s on the R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart more than any other artist as well. His 2004 album "Confessions" sold more than 20 million copies worldwide <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/266420/artists-of-the-decade|title=Artists of the Decade|work=Billboard|accessdate=January 17, 2016}}</ref> as the albums success enabled Usher to record the highest-ever first week sales by an R&B artist. <ref name="Todd"/> In total, he has 9 #1 Billboard Hot 100 singles tied with the [[Bee Gees]], [[Elton John]], and [[Paul McCartney]]. <ref>{{Cite web|title = Chart Beat Thursday: Usher, will.i.am, B.o.B|url = http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/958333/chart-beat-thursday-usher-william-bob|website = Billboard|accessdate=February 28, 2016}}</ref> | 2016-03-10T12:36:10Z | ==Achievements==
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Usher performing at the iTunes Festival in 2012.jpg|thumbnail|Usher performing during the [[iTunes Festival#2012|2012 iTunes Festival]]]] -->
''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' crowned Usher the no. 1 Hot 100 Artist of the decade for the 2000s.<ref>{{Cite web|title = News: Usher Crowned Top Hot 100 Artist of Decade|url = http://singersroom.com/content/2009-12-22/Usher-Crowned-Top-Hot-100-Artist-of-Decade/|website = Singersroom|accessdate = 2015-12-12}}</ref> Usher had the most no. 1 singles on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 charts in the 2000s with 7 and held the no.1 position for a total 42 weeks more than anyone. He also scored a whopping eight No. 1s on the R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart more than any other artist as well. His 2004 album "Confessions" sold more than 20 million copies worldwide <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/266420/artists-of-the-decade|title=Artists of the Decade|work=Billboard|accessdate=January 17, 2016}}</ref> as the albums success enabled Usher to record the highest-ever first week sales by an R&B artist. <ref name="Todd"/> In total, he has 9 #1 Billboard Hot 100 singles tied with the [[Bee Gees]], [[Elton John]], and [[Paul McCartney]]. <ref>{{Cite web|title = Chart Beat Thursday: Usher, will.i.am, B.o.B|url = http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/958333/chart-beat-thursday-usher-william-bob|website = Billboard|accessdate=February 28, 2016}}</ref> | 2016-03-10T18:25:40Z | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=710514893 | | image = Taco river slider or hickatee<br>''T. d. angusta''<br>[[Grand Cayman]] | 2016-03-17T11:31:56Z | | image caption = Taco river slider or hickatee<br>''T. d. angusta''<br>[[Grand Cayman]] | 2016-03-17T11:32:32Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=710873676 | ====Brahma's yaga==== | 2016-03-19T15:22:53Z | ====Brahma's yaga=== | 2016-03-19T15:23:25Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=714237632 | | web = [http://www.starz.com/schedule?referrer=movieplex http://www.movieplex.com]
* {{Official website|http://www.starz.com/schedule?referrer=movieplex}} | 2016-04-08T14:23:06Z | | web = {{URL|http://www.movieplex.com}}
* {{Official website|http://www.movieplex.com}} | 2016-04-08T14:28:09Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=710701729 | | Writer = | 2016-01-07T21:58:43Z | | Writer = Dizon, Arata, Yuhki Shirai, Philippe-Marc Anquetil, Christopher Lee-Joe, Darren Monson & Thomas Volmer Jensen | 2016-03-18T15:04:51Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=710787238 | |-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Steve-O]]
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Guilty as Charged''
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://do512.com/events/2015/11/21/steve-o-the-guilty-as-charged-tour|title=Steve-O: The Guilty As Charged Tour|publisher=DO512}}</ref> | 2016-03-03T23:48:29Z | |-
| style="text-align:center;"| 18
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Steve-O]]
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Guilty as Charged''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[The Paramount Theatre (Austin, Texas)|The Paramount Theatre]] in [[Austin, Texas|Austin]]
| style="text-align:center;"| Showtime | 2016-03-19T01:24:51Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=710687682 | Secondary schools in the municipality and outlying areas include Kisii High School, Kereri Girls' High School, Our Lady of Lourdes Girls' High School, Nyabururu, Cardinal Otunga High School Mosocho, St. Mary's Mosocho, Itierio High School, Nyanchwa High School, Daraja Mbili High School, Kioge Girls' High School among many others. | 2016-03-18T12:53:12Z | Secondary schools in the municipality and outlying areas include Kisii High School, Kereri Girls' High School, Our Lady of Lourdes Girls' High School, Nyabururu, Cardinal Otunga High School Mosocho, St. Mary's Mosocho, Itierio Boys High School, Itierio Girls High School, Suneka Secondary School, Nyanchwa High School, Daraja Mbili High School, and Kioge Girls' High School, among many others. | 2016-03-18T12:56:14Z | 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Labels?diff=710717055 | Four passenger [[airliner]]s—which all departed from airports on the [[East Coast of the United States|U.S. East Coast]] bound for [[California]]—were [[Aircraft hijacking|hijacked]] by [[Hijackers in the September 11 attacks|19 al-Qaeda terrorists]] to be flown into buildings. Two of the planes, [[American Airlines Flight 11]] and [[United Airlines Flight 175]], were crashed into the [[One World Trade Center#Original building (1970–2001)|North]] and [[Two World Trade Center#Original building (1971–2001)|South]] towers, respectively, of the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] complex in [[New York City]]. Within an hour and 42 minutes, both 110-story [[Collapse of the World Trade Center|towers collapsed]], with debris and the resulting fires causing partial or complete collapse of all other buildings in the World Trade Center complex, including the 47-story [[7 World Trade Center]] tower, as well as significant damage to ten other large surrounding structures. A third plane, [[American Airlines Flight 77]], was crashed into [[the Pentagon]] (the headquarters of the [[United States Department of Defense]]) in [[Arlington County, Virginia|Arlington County]], [[Virginia]], leading to a partial collapse in the Pentagon's western side. The fourth plane, [[United Airlines Flight 93]], initially was steered toward [[Washington, D.C.]], but crashed into a field near [[Shanksville, Pennsylvania|Shanksville]], [[Pennsylvania]], after its passengers tried to overcome the hijackers. In total, the attacks [[Casualties of the September 11 attacks|claimed the lives of 2,996 people]] (including the 19 hijackers) and caused at least $10 billion in property and infrastructure damage<ref name=cost>{{cite web|title=How much did the September 11 terrorist attack cost America?|url=http://www.iags.org/costof911.html|work=2004|publisher=Institute for the Analysis of Global Security|accessdate=2014-04-30}}</ref><ref name="PEARL9/11">{{cite book |title=The Impact of 9/11 on Politics and War: The Day that Changed Everything? |author=Matthew J. Morgan |page=222|date= August 4, 2009 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=0-230-60763-2}}</ref> and $3 trillion in total costs.<ref>{{Cite web|title = One 9/11 Tally: $3.3 Trillion|url = http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/09/08/us/sept-11-reckoning/cost-graphic.html|accessdate = 2015-09-14|first = Shan|last = Carter|first2 = A.|last2 = Cox}}</ref> It was the [[List of the deadliest firefighter disasters in the United States|deadliest incident for firefighters]] and [[Law enforcement in the United States|law enforcement officers]]<ref name="Congress">{{cite book|last=Congress|title=Congressional Record, Vol. 148, Pt. 7, May 23, 2002 to June 12, 2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eCO7Q10SGBUC&pg=PA9909|accessdate=2014-04-09|publisher=Government Printing Office|page=9909|isbn=978-0-16-076125-6}}</ref> in the [[history of the United States]], with 343 and 72 killed respectively.
The attacks resulted in the deaths of 2,996 people and the injuries of 6,000+ others.<ref name='CBC-Winnipegger'>{{cite news | title = Winnipegger heads to NY for 9/11 memorial | date = Sep 9, 2011 | url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/winnipegger-heads-to-ny-for-9-11-memorial-1.991431 | work = CBC News |accessdate=2013-11-13 |quote=A total of 2,996 people died: 19 hijackers and 2,977 victims.}}</ref> The 2,996 death toll included 265 on the four planes (from which there were no survivors), 2,606 in the World Trade Center and in the surrounding area, and 125 at the Pentagon.<ref name="edition.cnn.com" /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/05/16/pentagon.video/index.html|title=First video of Pentagon 9/11 attack released |date=May 16, 2006|publisher=CNN|accessdate=2011-09-02 |archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5J8PnIDu2 | archivedate=2006-09-24| deadurl=no}}</ref> Nearly all of those who perished were civilians with the exceptions of 72 law enforcement officers, 343 firefighters, 55 military personnel, and the 19 terrorists who died in the attacks.<ref>{{cite news|last=Stone|first=Andrea |url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/sept11/2002-08-20-pentagon_x.htm |title=Military's aid and comfort ease 9/11 survivors' burden |work=USA Today |date=August 20, 2002 |accessdate=2011-09-02}}</ref><ref>[http://www.orgsites.com/va/asis151/Sep11Memorial.pdf September 11 Memorial]</ref> After New York, New Jersey lost the most state citizens, with the city of [[Hoboken, New Jersey|Hoboken]] having the most citizens that died in the attacks.<ref name="beveridge">{{cite web|url=http://www.gothamgazette.com/demographics/91102.shtml|title=9/11/01-02: A Demographic Portrait of the Victims In 10048 |publisher=Gotham Gazette |last=Beveridge|first=Andrew |accessdate=2011-09-02}}</ref> More than 90 countries lost citizens in the September 11 attacks.<ref name="countries_deaths">{{cite journal|title=A list of the countries whose citizens died as a result of the attacks on September 11, 2001|publisher=[[Bureau of International Information Programs|U.S. Department of State, Office of International Information Programs]]|url=https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://usinfo.state.gov/is/img/assets/4756/9_11onepager1.pdf|last=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> The attacks of September 11, 2001, marked it the [[List of battles and other violent events by death toll#Terrorist_attacks|worst terrorist attack in world history]] and the deadliest foreign attack on American soil since the [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor]] on December 7, 1941.<ref name="PEARL9/11" />
In Arlington County, 125 Pentagon workers lost their lives when Flight 77 crashed into the western side of the building. Of these, 70 were civilians and 55 were military personnel, many of them who worked for the [[United States Army]] or the [[United States Navy]]. The Army lost 47 civilian employees, six civilian contractors, and 22 soldiers, while the Navy lost six civilian employees, three civilian contractors, and 33 sailors. Seven [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] (DIA) civilian employees were also among the dead in the attack, as well as an [[Office of the Secretary of Defense]] (OSD) contractor.<ref name="national">{{cite web|title=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States|publisher=U.S. Congress|date=August 21, 2004|url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/index.htm|accessdate =September 8, 2006}}</ref><ref>Goldberg et al., pp. 208–212.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.patriotresource.com/wtc/victims/pentagon.html|title=September 11, 2001 Pentagon Victims|work=patriotresource.com}}</ref> [[Lieutenant General]] [[Timothy Maude]], an Army Deputy Chief of Staff, was the highest-ranking military official killed at the Pentagon.<ref name="arlington">{{cite web|title=Remembering the Lost|work=Timothy J. Maude, Lieutenant General, United States Army|publisher=Arlington National Cemetery|date=September 22, 2001|url=http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/tjmaude.htm|accessdate=April 16, 2001}}</ref>
At 8:32 a.m., [[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA]] officials were notified Flight 11 had been hijacked and they in turn notified the [[North American Aerospace Defense Command]] (NORAD). NORAD scrambled two [[McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle|F-15s]] from [[Otis Air National Guard Base]] in Massachusetts and they were airborne by 8:53 a.m.<ref name=norad>{{cite web|title=We Have Some Planes|url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf|work=The 911 Commission Report|publisher=911 Commission|accessdate=2011-09-09 |pages=20–42|format=PDF}}</ref> Because of slow and confused communication from FAA officials, NORAD had 9 minutes' notice that Flight 11 had been hijacked, and no notice about any of the other flights before they crashed.<ref name=norad /> After both of the Twin Towers had already been hit, more fighters were scrambled from [[Joint Base Langley–Eustis|Langley Air Force Base]] in Virginia at 9:30 a.m.<ref name=norad /> At 10:20 a.m. Vice President [[Dick Cheney]] issued orders to shoot down any commercial aircraft that could be positively identified as being hijacked. However, these instructions were not relayed in time for the fighters to take action.<ref name=norad /><ref>{{cite news|title=Cheney: Order To Shoot Down Hijacked 9/11 Planes 'Necessary'|url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/09/04/cheney-order-to-shoot-down-hijacked-11-planes-necessary/|accessdate=2011-09-09 |newspaper=Fox News|date=September 4, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Schrader|first=Esther|title=Cheney Gave Order to Shoot Down Jets|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2004/jun/18/nation/na-cheney18|accessdate=2011-09-09 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=June 18, 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Greer|first=Gordon|title=What Price Security?|year=2005|publisher=iUniverse, Inc|isbn=0-595-35792-X|page=73|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MNHGZWiLBL4C&pg=PA73&dq=fighters+told+to+shoot+down+airliner+on+9/11#v=onepage&q=fighters%20told%20to%20shoot%20down%20airliner%20on%209%2F11&f=false}}</ref> Some fighters took to the air without live ammunition, knowing that to prevent the hijackers from striking their intended targets, the pilots might have to intercept and crash their fighters into the hijacked planes, possibly ejecting at the last moment.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hendrix |first=Steve |title=F-16 pilot was ready to give her life on Sept. 11 |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/f-16-pilot-was-ready-to-give-her-life-on-sept-11/2011/09/06/gIQAMpcODK_story.html |accessdate=2011-09-09 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=September 8, 2011}}</ref>
The 9/11 attacks had immediate effects upon the American people.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Stein |first=Howard F. |year=2003 |title=Days of Awe: September 11, 2001 and its Cultural Psychodynamics |journal=Journal for the Psychoanalysis of Culture and Society |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=187–199 |publisher=Ohio State University Press |location=Columbus, OH |doi=10.1353/psy.2003.0047}}</ref> Police and rescue workers from around the country took leaves of absence, traveling to New York City to help recover bodies from the twisted remnants of the Twin Towers.<ref>{{cite news|title=Asthma Rates Up Among Ground Zero Workers |agency=Associated Press |publisher=CBS News |date=Sep 10, 2009|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-204_162-3207507.html|accessdate=2013-09-11}}</ref> Blood donations across the U.S. surged in the weeks after 9/11.<ref>{{cite journal| last=Glynn| first=Simone A.| title=Effect of a National Disaster on Blood Supply and Safety: The September 11 Experience| url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/289/17/2246.long|year=2003| journal=[[Journal of the American Medical Association]]|volume=289| issue=17| pmid=12734136| doi=10.1001/jama.289.17.2246| pages=2246–2253| last2=Busch| first2=MP| last3=Schreiber| first3=GB| last4=Murphy| first4=EL| last5=Wright| first5=DJ| last6=Tu| first6=Y| last7=Kleinman| first7=SH| last8=Nhlbi Reds Study| first8=Group}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=Red Cross Woes| url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/business/july-dec01/redcross_12-19.html| date=December 19, 2001| accessdate=2011-09-03 |publisher=PBS}}</ref>
[[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1368]] condemned the attacks, and expressed readiness to take all necessary steps to respond and combat all forms of terrorism in accordance with their [[Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter|Charter]].<ref name="SecCounc">{{cite web|title=Security Council Condemns, 'In Strongest Terms', Terrorist Attacks on the United States|publisher=United Nations |date=September 12, 2001 |url=http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2001/SC7143.doc.htm|accessdate=2006-09-11 |quote=The Security Council today, following what it called yesterday’s "horrifying terrorist attacks" in New York, Washington, D.C., and Pennsylvania, unequivocally condemned those acts, and expressed its deepest sympathy and condolences to the victims and their families and to the people and Government of the United States.}}</ref> Numerous countries introduced anti-terrorism legislation and froze bank accounts they suspected of al-Qaeda ties.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |title=September 11, the Internet, and the effects on information provision in Libraries |work=68th IFLA Council and Conference |date=August 24, 2002 |url=http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla68/papers/156-079e.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2011-09-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.g8.fr/evian/english/navigation/g8_documents/archives_from_previous_summits/kananaskis_summit_-_2002/g8_counter-terrorism_cooperation_since_september_11th_backgrounder.html |title=G8 counter-terrorism cooperation since September 11 backgrounder |accessdate=2011-09-04 |publisher=Site Internet du Sommet du G8 d'Evian}}</ref> Law enforcement and intelligence agencies in a number of countries arrested alleged terrorists.<ref>{{cite web|last = Walsh |first = Courtney C |title = Italian police explore Al Qaeda links in cyanide plot |work=The Christian Science Monitor |date=March 7, 2002 |url = http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0307/p07s02-woeu.html |accessdate=2011-09-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title = SE Asia unites to smash militant cells |publisher = CNN |date=May 8, 2002 |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/southeast/05/07/seasia.terror.pact/ |accessdate=2011-09-04}}</ref>
The [[United States Congress]] passed the [[James L. Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act]] on December 22, 2010, and President [[Barack Obama]] signed the act into law on January 2, 2011. It allocated $4.2 billion to create the [[World Trade Center Health Program]], which provides testing and treatment for people suffering from long-term health problems related to the 9/11 attacks.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.cnn.com/2010-12-22/politics/911.bill_1_first-responders-funding-votes-house-members?_s=PM:POLITICS | work=CNN | title=Bloomberg urges passage of 9/11 health bill |date=December 20, 2010}}</ref><ref name="WTCHP faq">{{cite web|title=World Trade Center Health Program FAQ|url=http://www.cdc.gov/wtc/faq.html|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=2012-07-02}}</ref> The WTC Health Program replaced preexisting 9/11-related health programs such as the Medical Monitoring and Treatment Program and the WTC Environmental Health Center program.<ref name="WTCHP faq" />
According to a new study, pregnant women living near the World Trade Center during the 9/11 terror attacks experienced higher-than-normal negative birth outcomes. The study by Princeton University's Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs found that these mothers were more likely to give birth prematurely and deliver babies with low birth weights. Their babies were also more likely to be admitted to neonatal intensive care units after birth (especially baby boys), according to the study led by the Wilson School's Janet Currie and Hannes Schwandt.<ref>{{cite web|title=9/11 dust cloud may have caused widespread pregnancy issues|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/9-11-dust-cloud-may-have-caused-widespread-pregnancy-issues/article1-1252569.aspx|publisher=HindustanTimes|accessdate=2014-08-22}}</ref>
|publisher = Architectural Record| date=November 7, 2004| url = http://archrecord.construction.com/innovation/2_Features/0411SkyscraperSense.asp| accessdate=2011-09-04}}</ref>
In February 2002 the [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]] and the [[House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]] formed a joint inquiry into the performance of the [[U.S. Intelligence Community]].<ref>[http://www.intelligence.senate.gov/press/record.cfm?id=263577 Press Release of Intelligence Committee], Senate and House Intelligence Committees Announce Joint Inquiry into the September 11th Terrorist Attacks, February 14, 2002.</ref> Their 832 page report released in December 2002<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gpoaccess.gov/serialset/creports/911.html |title=Congressional Reports: Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001 |work= |publisher= |accessdate=10 August 2010}}</ref> detailed failings of the FBI and CIA to use available information, including about terrorists the CIA knew were in the United States, in order to disrupt the plots.<ref name=Theoharis1>Athan G. Theoharis, editor, ''The Central Intelligence Agency: Security Under Scrutiny'', [[Greenwood Publishing Group]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=-nj4RLdHCU0C&pg=PA223 p. 222-224], 2006, ISBN 0-313-33282-7</ref> The joint inquiry developed its information about possible involvement of [[Saudi Arabia]]n government officials from non-classified sources.<ref name=McClatchydc>Ali Watkins, [http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2013/08/12/199122_senate-intelligence-panel-could.html?rh=1 Senate intelligence panel could seek to declassify documents; it just doesn’t], [[The McClatchy Company|McClatchy Washington Bureau]], August 12, 2013. {{wayback|url=http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2013/08/12/199122_senate-intelligence-panel-could.html?rh=1 |date=20140903123631 }}</ref> Nevertheless, the Bush administration demanded 28 related pages remain classified.<ref name=Theoharis1 /> In December 2002 the inquiry's chair [[Bob Graham]] (D-FL) revealed in an interview that there was "evidence that there were foreign governments involved in facilitating the activities of at least some of the terrorists in the United States."<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/politics-july-dec02-intelligence_12-11/ Improving Intelligence], [[PBS]] interview with Sen. Bob Graham, December 11, 2002.</ref> September 11th victim families were frustrated by the unanswered questions and redacted material from the Congressional inquiry and demanded an independent commission.<ref name=Theoharis1 /> September 11th victim families,<ref>Chris Mondics, [http://articles.philly.com/2014-03-31/business/48708504_1_osama-president-obama-law-firm Struggling to detail alleged Saudi role in 9/11 attacks], [[Philadelphia Inquirer]], March 31, 2014.</ref> members of congress<ref>Paul Sperry, [http://nypost.com/2013/12/15/inside-the-saudi-911-coverup/ Inside the Saudi 9/11 coverup], [[New York Post]], December 15, 2013.</ref><ref>[https://jones.house.gov/sites/jones.house.gov/files/Reps.%20Jones%20and%20Lynch%20Letter%20to%20Obama_28%20Pages.pdf April 10, 2014 Letter to Barak Obama], signed by Representatives [[Walter B. Jones, Jr.]] and [[Stephen Lynch (politician)|Stephen Lynch]].</ref> and the Saudi Arabian government are still seeking release of the documents.<ref>[[Jake Tapper]], [http://thelead.blogs.cnn.com/2014/09/08/why-hasnt-obama-kept-promise-to-declassify-28-pages-about-911 Why hasn't Obama kept promise to declassify 28 pages of a report about 9/11?"], [[CNN]], September 8th, 2014.</ref><ref>Lawrence Wright, [http://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/twenty-eight-pages The Twenty-Eight Pages], [[The New Yorker]], September 9, 2014.</ref>
The [[Pentagon Memorial]] was completed and opened to the public on the seventh anniversary of the attacks in 2008.<ref>{{cite news|first=Nick |last=Miroff |title=Creating a Place Like No Other |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/10/AR2008091000018.html |work=The Washington Post |publisher=[[The Washington Post Company]] |date=September 11, 2008 |accessdate=2011-09-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Nick |last=Miroff |title=A Long-Awaited Opening, Bringing Closure to Many |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/11/AR2008091100579.html?hpid=topnews |work=The Washington Post |publisher=The Washington Post Company |date=September 12, 2008| accessdate=2011-09-04}}</ref> It consists of a landscaped park with 184 benches facing the Pentagon.<ref name="dwyer-may2007">{{cite news|last=Dwyer |first=Timothy |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/25/AR2007052502284.html| title=Pentagon Memorial Progress Is Step Forward for Families| date=May 26, 2007|work=The Washington Post| accessdate=2011-09-04}}</ref> When the Pentagon was repaired in 2001–2002, a private chapel and indoor memorial were included, located at the spot where Flight 77 crashed into the building.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defenselink.mil/photos/newsphoto.aspx?newsphotoid=4018 |title=DefenseLINK News Photos – Pentagon's America's Heroes Memorial |publisher=Department of Defense| accessdate=2011-09-04}}</ref>
* {{cite book|url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report_Ch1.pdf|title=9/11 Commission Report|chapter=Chapter 1.1: 'We Have Some Planes': Inside the Four Flights|year=2004|publisher=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States|format=PDF}}
* {{cite book|last=Bergen|first=Peter L.|title=Holy War, Inc.: Inside the Secret World of Osama Bin Laden|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sRhZDrJb0zgC&pg=PP1|year=2001|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-3467-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Bergen |first=Peter |title=The Osama Bin Laden I Know: An Oral History of Al Qaeda's Leader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_XkM92XMlQ4C&pg=PP1|year=2006|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-9592-5}}
* {{cite book|first=Brad|last=Berner|title=The World According to Al Qaeda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smP3gFyQpXQC&pg=PP1|year=2007|publisher=Peacock Books|isbn=978-81-248-0114-7}}
|isbn=978-0-8050-7682-0}}
* {{cite book |last1=Fouda |first1=Yosri |author2=Fielding, Nick|title=Masterminds of Terror: The Truth Behind the Most Devastating Terrorist Attack the World Has Ever Seen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IASlEi7rogIC&pg=PP1|year=2004|publisher=Arcade Publishing|isbn=978-1-55970-717-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Goldberg |first=Alfred|title=Pentagon 9/11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wfhI5oc41sMC&pg=PP1|year=2007|publisher=Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-0-16-078328-9}}
|isbn=978-0-19-929797-9|editor=Diego Gambetta|chapter=Al Qaeda, September 11, 2001}}
* {{cite book|title=The Al Qaeda reader |first1=Raymond |last1=Ibrahim |author2=Osama Bin Laden|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ne5JZYf-dlkC&pg=PR2|year=2007|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-0-385-51655-6}}
* {{cite book|first=Christopher|last=Kelley|title=Executing the Constitution: putting the president back into the Constitution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qgzmexCI734C&pg=PP1|year=2006|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-6727-5}}
* {{cite book |last1=Keppel |first1=Gilles |author2=Milelli, Jean-Pierre and Ghazaleh, Pascale|title=Al Qaeda in its own words|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CabsOugrUIgC&pg=PP1|year= 2008|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02804-3}}
* {{cite book|title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of Terrorism, Second Edition|first=Gus|last=Martin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_jh4VBi_HYC&pg=PP1| year=2011|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-1-4129-8017-3}}
* {{cite book |last1=Summers |first1=Anthony |author2=Swan, Robbyn |title=The Eleventh Day: The Full Story of 9/11 and Osama Bin Laden|year=2011|publisher=Ballantine Books|location=New York|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3Khbl9ODkEC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=1-4000-6659-X}} | 2016-03-15T16:00:09Z | Four passenger [[airliner]]s—which all departed from airports on the [[East Coast of the United States|U.S. East Coast]] bound for [[California]]—were [[Aircraft hijacking|hijacked]] by [[Hijackers in the September 11 attacks|19 al-Qaeda terrorists]] to be flown into buildings. Two of the planes, [[American Airlines Flight 11]] and [[United Airlines Flight 175]], were crashed into the [[One World Trade Center#Original building (1970–2001)|North]] and [[Two World Trade Center#Original building (1971–2001)|South]] towers, respectively, of the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] complex in [[New York City]]. Within an hour and 42 minutes, both 110-story [[Collapse of the World Trade Center|towers collapsed]], with debris and the resulting fires causing partial or complete collapse of all other buildings in the World Trade Center complex, including the 47-story [[7 World Trade Center]] tower, as well as significant damage to ten other large surrounding structures. A third plane, [[American Airlines Flight 77]], was crashed into [[the Pentagon]] (the headquarters of the [[United States Department of Defense]]) in [[Arlington County, Virginia|Arlington County]], [[Virginia]], leading to a partial collapse in the Pentagon's western side. The fourth plane, [[United Airlines Flight 93]], initially was steered toward [[Washington, D.C.]], but crashed into a field near [[Shanksville, Pennsylvania|Shanksville]], [[Pennsylvania]], after its passengers tried to overcome the hijackers. In total, the attacks [[Casualties of the September 11 attacks|claimed the lives of 2,996 people]] (including the 19 hijackers) and caused at least $10 billion in property and infrastructure damage<ref name=cost>{{cite web|title=How much did the September 11 terrorist attack cost America?|url=http://www.iags.org/costof911.html|work=2004|publisher=Institute for the Analysis of Global Security|accessdate=2014-04-30}}</ref><ref name="PEARL9/11">{{cite book |title=The Impact of 9/11 on Politics and War: The Day that Changed Everything? |author=Matthew J. Morgan |page=222|date= August 4, 2009 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=0-230-60763-2}}</ref> and $3 trillion in total costs.<ref>{{cite news|title = One 9/11 Tally: $3.3 Trillion|url = http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/09/08/us/sept-11-reckoning/cost-graphic.html|accessdate = 2015-09-14|first = Shan|last = Carter|first2 = A.|last2 = Cox}}</ref> It was the [[List of the deadliest firefighter disasters in the United States|deadliest incident for firefighters]] and [[Law enforcement in the United States|law enforcement officers]]<ref name="Congress">{{cite book|last=Congress|title=Congressional Record, Vol. 148, Pt. 7, May 23, 2002 to June 12, 2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eCO7Q10SGBUC&pg=PA9909|accessdate=2014-04-09|publisher=Government Printing Office|page=9909|isbn=978-0-16-076125-6}}</ref> in the [[history of the United States]], with 343 and 72 killed respectively.
The attacks resulted in the deaths of 2,996 people and the injuries of 6,000+ others.<ref name='CBC-Winnipegger'>{{cite news | title = Winnipegger heads to NY for 9/11 memorial | date = Sep 9, 2011 | url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/winnipegger-heads-to-ny-for-9-11-memorial-1.991431 | work = CBC News |accessdate=2013-11-13 |quote=A total of 2,996 people died: 19 hijackers and 2,977 victims.}}</ref> The 2,996 death toll included 265 on the four planes (from which there were no survivors), 2,606 in the World Trade Center and in the surrounding area, and 125 at the Pentagon.<ref name="edition.cnn.com" /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/05/16/pentagon.video/index.html|title=First video of Pentagon 9/11 attack released |date=May 16, 2006|publisher=CNN|accessdate=2011-09-02 |archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5J8PnIDu2 | archivedate=2006-09-24| deadurl=no}}</ref> Nearly all of those who perished were civilians with the exceptions of 72 law enforcement officers, 343 firefighters, 55 military personnel, and the 19 terrorists who died in the attacks.<ref>{{cite news|last=Stone|first=Andrea |url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/sept11/2002-08-20-pentagon_x.htm |title=Military's aid and comfort ease 9/11 survivors' burden |work=USA Today |date=August 20, 2002 |accessdate=2011-09-02}}</ref><ref>[http://www.orgsites.com/va/asis151/Sep11Memorial.pdf September 11 Memorial]</ref> After New York, New Jersey lost the most state citizens, with the city of [[Hoboken, New Jersey|Hoboken]] having the most citizens that died in the attacks.<ref name="beveridge">{{cite web|url=http://www.gothamgazette.com/demographics/91102.shtml|title=9/11/01-02: A Demographic Portrait of the Victims In 10048 |publisher=Gotham Gazette |last=Beveridge|first=Andrew |accessdate=2011-09-02}}</ref> More than 90 countries lost citizens in the September 11 attacks.<ref name="countries_deaths">{{cite journal|title=A list of the countries whose citizens died as a result of the attacks on September 11, 2001|publisher=[[Bureau of International Information Programs|U.S. Department of State, Office of International Information Programs]]|url=https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://usinfo.state.gov/is/img/assets/4756/9_11onepager1.pdf|last=U.S. Department of State|accessdate=2016-03-18}}</ref> The attacks of September 11, 2001, marked it the [[List of battles and other violent events by death toll#Terrorist attacks|worst terrorist attack in world history]] and the deadliest foreign attack on American soil since the [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor]] on December 7, 1941.<ref name="PEARL9/11" />
In Arlington County, 125 Pentagon workers lost their lives when Flight 77 crashed into the western side of the building. Of these, 70 were civilians and 55 were military personnel, many of them who worked for the [[United States Army]] or the [[United States Navy]]. The Army lost 47 civilian employees, six civilian contractors, and 22 soldiers, while the Navy lost six civilian employees, three civilian contractors, and 33 sailors. Seven [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] (DIA) civilian employees were also among the dead in the attack, as well as an [[Office of the Secretary of Defense]] (OSD) contractor.<ref name="national">{{cite web|title=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States|publisher=U.S. Congress|date=August 21, 2004|url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/index.htm|accessdate =September 8, 2006}}</ref><ref>Goldberg et al., pp. 208–212.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.patriotresource.com/wtc/victims/pentagon.html|title=September 11, 2001 Pentagon Victims|work=patriotresource.com|accessdate=2016-03-18}}</ref> [[Lieutenant General]] [[Timothy Maude]], an Army Deputy Chief of Staff, was the highest-ranking military official killed at the Pentagon.<ref name="arlington">{{cite web|title=Remembering the Lost|work=Timothy J. Maude, Lieutenant General, United States Army|publisher=Arlington National Cemetery|date=September 22, 2001|url=http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/tjmaude.htm|accessdate=April 16, 2001}}</ref>
At 8:32 a.m., [[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA]] officials were notified Flight 11 had been hijacked and they in turn notified the [[North American Aerospace Defense Command]] (NORAD). NORAD scrambled two [[McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle|F-15s]] from [[Otis Air National Guard Base]] in Massachusetts and they were airborne by 8:53 a.m.<ref name=norad>{{cite web|title=We Have Some Planes|url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf|work=The 911 Commission Report|publisher=911 Commission|accessdate=2011-09-09 |pages=20–42|format=PDF}}</ref> Because of slow and confused communication from FAA officials, NORAD had 9 minutes' notice that Flight 11 had been hijacked, and no notice about any of the other flights before they crashed.<ref name=norad /> After both of the Twin Towers had already been hit, more fighters were scrambled from [[Joint Base Langley–Eustis|Langley Air Force Base]] in Virginia at 9:30 a.m.<ref name=norad /> At 10:20 a.m. Vice President [[Dick Cheney]] issued orders to shoot down any commercial aircraft that could be positively identified as being hijacked. However, these instructions were not relayed in time for the fighters to take action.<ref name=norad /><ref>{{cite news|title=Cheney: Order To Shoot Down Hijacked 9/11 Planes 'Necessary'|url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/09/04/cheney-order-to-shoot-down-hijacked-11-planes-necessary/|accessdate=2011-09-09 |newspaper=Fox News|date=September 4, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Schrader|first=Esther|title=Cheney Gave Order to Shoot Down Jets|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2004/jun/18/nation/na-cheney18|accessdate=2011-09-09 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=June 18, 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Greer|first=Gordon|title=What Price Security?|year=2005|publisher=iUniverse, Inc|isbn=0-595-35792-X|page=73|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MNHGZWiLBL4C&pg=PA73&dq=fighters+told+to+shoot+down+airliner+on+9/11#v=onepage&q=fighters%20told%20to%20shoot%20down%20airliner%20on%209%2F11&f=false|accessdate=2016-03-18}}</ref> Some fighters took to the air without live ammunition, knowing that to prevent the hijackers from striking their intended targets, the pilots might have to intercept and crash their fighters into the hijacked planes, possibly ejecting at the last moment.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hendrix |first=Steve |title=F-16 pilot was ready to give her life on Sept. 11 |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/f-16-pilot-was-ready-to-give-her-life-on-sept-11/2011/09/06/gIQAMpcODK_story.html |accessdate=2011-09-09 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=September 8, 2011}}</ref>
The 9/11 attacks had immediate effects upon the American people.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Stein |first=Howard F. |year=2003 |title=Days of Awe: September 11, 2001 and its Cultural Psychodynamics |journal=Journal for the Psychoanalysis of Culture and Society |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=187–199 |publisher=Ohio State University Press |location=Columbus, OH |doi=10.1353/psy.2003.0047}}</ref> Police and rescue workers from around the country took leaves of absence, traveling to New York City to help recover bodies from the twisted remnants of the Twin Towers.<ref>{{cite news|title=Asthma Rates Up Among Ground Zero Workers |agency=Associated Press |publisher=CBS News |date=Sep 10, 2009|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-204_162-3207507.html|accessdate=2013-09-11}}</ref> Blood donations across the U.S. surged in the weeks after 9/11.<ref>{{cite journal| last=Glynn| first=Simone A.| title=Effect of a National Disaster on Blood Supply and Safety: The September 11 Experience| url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/289/17/2246.long|year=2003| journal=[[Journal of the American Medical Association]]|volume=289| issue=17| pmid=12734136| doi=10.1001/jama.289.17.2246| pages=2246–2253| last2=Busch| first2=MP| last3=Schreiber| first3=GB| last4=Murphy| first4=EL| last5=Wright| first5=DJ| last6=Tu| first6=Y| last7=Kleinman| first7=SH| last8=Nhlbi Reds Study| first8=Group}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=Red Cross Woes| url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/business/july-dec01/redcross_12-19.html| date=December 19, 2001| accessdate=2011-09-03 |publisher=PBS}}{{dead link|date=March 2016}}</ref>
[[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1368]] condemned the attacks, and expressed readiness to take all necessary steps to respond and combat all forms of terrorism in accordance with their [[Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter|Charter]].<ref name="SecCounc">{{cite web|title=Security Council Condemns, 'In Strongest Terms', Terrorist Attacks on the United States|publisher=United Nations |date=September 12, 2001 |url=http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2001/SC7143.doc.htm|accessdate=2006-09-11 |quote=The Security Council today, following what it called yesterday’s "horrifying terrorist attacks" in New York, Washington, D.C., and Pennsylvania, unequivocally condemned those acts, and expressed its deepest sympathy and condolences to the victims and their families and to the people and Government of the United States.}}</ref> Numerous countries introduced anti-terrorism legislation and froze bank accounts they suspected of al-Qaeda ties.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |title=September 11, the Internet, and the effects on information provision in Libraries |work=68th IFLA Council and Conference |date=August 24, 2002 |url=http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla68/papers/156-079e.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2011-09-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.g8.fr/evian/english/navigation/g8_documents/archives_from_previous_summits/kananaskis_summit_-_2002/g8_counter-terrorism_cooperation_since_september_11th_backgrounder.html |title=G8 counter-terrorism cooperation since September 11 backgrounder |accessdate=2011-09-04 |publisher=Site Internet du Sommet du G8 d'Evian}}{{dead link|date=March 2016}}</ref> Law enforcement and intelligence agencies in a number of countries arrested alleged terrorists.<ref>{{cite web|last = Walsh |first = Courtney C |title = Italian police explore Al Qaeda links in cyanide plot |work=The Christian Science Monitor |date=March 7, 2002 |url = http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0307/p07s02-woeu.html |accessdate=2011-09-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title = SE Asia unites to smash militant cells |publisher = CNN |date=May 8, 2002 |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/southeast/05/07/seasia.terror.pact/ |accessdate=2011-09-04}}</ref>
The [[United States Congress]] passed the [[James L. Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act]] on December 22, 2010, and President [[Barack Obama]] signed the act into law on January 2, 2011. It allocated $4.2 billion to create the [[World Trade Center Health Program]], which provides testing and treatment for people suffering from long-term health problems related to the 9/11 attacks.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.cnn.com/2010-12-22/politics/911.bill_1_first-responders-funding-votes-house-members?_s=PM:POLITICS | work=CNN | title=Bloomberg urges passage of 9/11 health bill |date=December 20, 2010}}{{dead link|date=March 2016}}</ref><ref name="WTCHP faq">{{cite web|title=World Trade Center Health Program FAQ|url=http://www.cdc.gov/wtc/faq.html|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=2012-07-02}}</ref> The WTC Health Program replaced preexisting 9/11-related health programs such as the Medical Monitoring and Treatment Program and the WTC Environmental Health Center program.<ref name="WTCHP faq" />
According to a new study, pregnant women living near the World Trade Center during the 9/11 terror attacks experienced higher-than-normal negative birth outcomes. The study by Princeton University's Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs found that these mothers were more likely to give birth prematurely and deliver babies with low birth weights. Their babies were also more likely to be admitted to neonatal intensive care units after birth (especially baby boys), according to the study led by the Wilson School's Janet Currie and Hannes Schwandt.<ref>{{cite web|title=9/11 dust cloud may have caused widespread pregnancy issues|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/9-11-dust-cloud-may-have-caused-widespread-pregnancy-issues/article1-1252569.aspx|publisher=HindustanTimes|accessdate=2014-08-22}}{{dead link|date=March 2016}}</ref>
|publisher = Architectural Record| date=November 7, 2004| url = http://archrecord.construction.com/innovation/2_Features/0411SkyscraperSense.asp| accessdate=2011-09-04}}{{dead link|date=March 2016}}</ref>
In February 2002 the [[Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]] and the [[House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]] formed a joint inquiry into the performance of the [[U.S. Intelligence Community]].<ref>[http://www.intelligence.senate.gov/press/record.cfm?id=263577 Press Release of Intelligence Committee], Senate and House Intelligence Committees Announce Joint Inquiry into the September 11th Terrorist Attacks, February 14, 2002.</ref> Their 832 page report released in December 2002<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gpoaccess.gov/serialset/creports/911.html |title=Congressional Reports: Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001 |work= |publisher= |accessdate=10 August 2010}}{{dead link|date=March 2016}}</ref> detailed failings of the FBI and CIA to use available information, including about terrorists the CIA knew were in the United States, in order to disrupt the plots.<ref name=Theoharis1>Athan G. Theoharis, editor, ''The Central Intelligence Agency: Security Under Scrutiny'', [[Greenwood Publishing Group]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=-nj4RLdHCU0C&pg=PA223 p. 222-224], 2006, ISBN 0-313-33282-7</ref> The joint inquiry developed its information about possible involvement of [[Saudi Arabia]]n government officials from non-classified sources.<ref name=McClatchydc>Ali Watkins, [http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2013/08/12/199122_senate-intelligence-panel-could.html?rh=1 Senate intelligence panel could seek to declassify documents; it just doesn’t]{{dead link|date=March 2016}}, [[The McClatchy Company|McClatchy Washington Bureau]], August 12, 2013. {{wayback|url=http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2013/08/12/199122_senate-intelligence-panel-could.html?rh=1 |date=20140903123631 }}{{dead link|date=March 2016}}</ref> Nevertheless, the Bush administration demanded 28 related pages remain classified.<ref name=Theoharis1 /> In December 2002 the inquiry's chair [[Bob Graham]] (D-FL) revealed in an interview that there was "evidence that there were foreign governments involved in facilitating the activities of at least some of the terrorists in the United States."<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/politics-july-dec02-intelligence_12-11/ Improving Intelligence], [[PBS]] interview with Sen. Bob Graham, December 11, 2002.</ref> September 11th victim families were frustrated by the unanswered questions and redacted material from the Congressional inquiry and demanded an independent commission.<ref name=Theoharis1 /> September 11th victim families,<ref>Chris Mondics, [http://articles.philly.com/2014-03-31/business/48708504_1_osama-president-obama-law-firm Struggling to detail alleged Saudi role in 9/11 attacks], [[Philadelphia Inquirer]], March 31, 2014.</ref> members of congress<ref>Paul Sperry, [http://nypost.com/2013/12/15/inside-the-saudi-911-coverup/ Inside the Saudi 9/11 coverup], [[New York Post]], December 15, 2013.</ref><ref>[https://jones.house.gov/sites/jones.house.gov/files/Reps.%20Jones%20and%20Lynch%20Letter%20to%20Obama_28%20Pages.pdf April 10, 2014 Letter to Barak Obama], signed by Representatives [[Walter B. Jones, Jr.]] and [[Stephen Lynch (politician)|Stephen Lynch]].</ref> and the Saudi Arabian government are still seeking release of the documents.<ref>[[Jake Tapper]], [http://thelead.blogs.cnn.com/2014/09/08/why-hasnt-obama-kept-promise-to-declassify-28-pages-about-911 Why hasn't Obama kept promise to declassify 28 pages of a report about 9/11?"], [[CNN]], September 8th, 2014.</ref><ref>Lawrence Wright, [http://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/twenty-eight-pages The Twenty-Eight Pages], [[The New Yorker]], September 9, 2014.</ref>
The [[Pentagon Memorial]] was completed and opened to the public on the seventh anniversary of the attacks in 2008.<ref>{{cite news|first=Nick |last=Miroff |title=Creating a Place Like No Other |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/10/AR2008091000018.html |work=The Washington Post |publisher=[[The Washington Post Company]] |date=September 11, 2008 |accessdate=2011-09-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Nick |last=Miroff |title=A Long-Awaited Opening, Bringing Closure to Many |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/11/AR2008091100579.html?hpid=topnews |work=The Washington Post |publisher=The Washington Post Company |date=September 12, 2008| accessdate=2011-09-04}}</ref> It consists of a landscaped park with 184 benches facing the Pentagon.<ref name="dwyer-may2007">{{cite news|last=Dwyer |first=Timothy |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/25/AR2007052502284.html| title=Pentagon Memorial Progress Is Step Forward for Families| date=May 26, 2007|work=The Washington Post| accessdate=2011-09-04}}</ref> When the Pentagon was repaired in 2001–2002, a private chapel and indoor memorial were included, located at the spot where Flight 77 crashed into the building.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defenselink.mil/photos/newsphoto.aspx?newsphotoid=4018 |title=DefenseLINK News Photos – Pentagon's America's Heroes Memorial |publisher=Department of Defense| accessdate=2011-09-04}}{{dead link|date=March 2016}}</ref>
* {{cite book|url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report_Ch1.pdf|title=9/11 Commission Report|chapter=Chapter 1.1: 'We Have Some Planes': Inside the Four Flights|year=2004|publisher=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States|format=PDF|accessdate=2016-03-18}}
* {{cite book|last=Bergen|first=Peter L.|title=Holy War, Inc.: Inside the Secret World of Osama Bin Laden|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sRhZDrJb0zgC&pg=PP1|year=2001|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-3467-2|accessdate=2016-03-18}}
* {{cite book|last=Bergen |first=Peter |title=The Osama Bin Laden I Know: An Oral History of Al Qaeda's Leader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_XkM92XMlQ4C&pg=PP1|year=2006|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-9592-5|accessdate=2016-03-18}}
* {{cite book|first=Brad|last=Berner|title=The World According to Al Qaeda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smP3gFyQpXQC&pg=PP1|year=2007|publisher=Peacock Books|isbn=978-81-248-0114-7|accessdate=2016-03-18}}
|isbn=978-0-8050-7682-0
|accessdate=2016-03-18}}
* {{cite book |last1=Fouda |first1=Yosri |author2=Fielding, Nick|title=Masterminds of Terror: The Truth Behind the Most Devastating Terrorist Attack the World Has Ever Seen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IASlEi7rogIC&pg=PP1|year=2004|publisher=Arcade Publishing|isbn=978-1-55970-717-6|accessdate=2016-03-18}}
* {{cite book |last=Goldberg |first=Alfred|title=Pentagon 9/11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wfhI5oc41sMC&pg=PP1|year=2007|publisher=Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-0-16-078328-9 |accessdate=2016-03-18}}
|isbn=978-0-19-929797-9|editor=Diego Gambetta|chapter=Al Qaeda, September 11, 2001|accessdate=2016-03-18}}
* {{cite book|title=The Al Qaeda reader |first1=Raymond |last1=Ibrahim |author2=Osama Bin Laden|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ne5JZYf-dlkC&pg=PR2|year=2007|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-0-385-51655-6|accessdate=2016-03-18}}
* {{cite book|first=Christopher|last=Kelley|title=Executing the Constitution: putting the president back into the Constitution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qgzmexCI734C&pg=PP1|year=2006|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-6727-5|accessdate=2016-03-18}}
* {{cite book |last1=Keppel |first1=Gilles |author2=Milelli, Jean-Pierre and Ghazaleh, Pascale|title=Al Qaeda in its own words|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CabsOugrUIgC&pg=PP1|year= 2008|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02804-3|accessdate=2016-03-18}}
* {{cite book|title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of Terrorism, Second Edition|first=Gus|last=Martin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_jh4VBi_HYC&pg=PP1| year=2011|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-1-4129-8017-3|accessdate=2016-03-18}}
* {{cite book |last1=Summers |first1=Anthony |author2=Swan, Robbyn |title=The Eleventh Day: The Full Story of 9/11 and Osama Bin Laden|year=2011|publisher=Ballantine Books|location=New York|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3Khbl9ODkEC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=1-4000-6659-X|accessdate=2016-03-18}} | 2016-03-18T17:03:16Z | 0 |
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