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Local and metastatic ICTs without a systemic or neurological manifestation are discovered rarely as incidental findings when the patient undergoes radiological investigation in the head and neck region for non-related reasons . While metastatic disease is often associated with an advanced age and some local tumors are generally reserved for younger individuals, both groups can be observed virtually in all age groups [13, 19-20]. This can sometimes pose as a difficulty for both the clinical and pathological diagnosis, especially in the case of severely anaplastic tumors, even with the help of a wide range of immunohistochemical markers . | other | 30.28 |
Because of the different etiology and pathogenesis of distinct groups of tumors, few statistical studies have been targeted at comparing their incidence altogether. Studies targeted at metastatic tumors are mainly focused on the radiological and neurological or autopsy findings and completely exclude primary tumors from the reports [13, 20, 22-24]. On the other hand, studies targeted at primary ICTs exclude metastatic lesions [19, 25]. The different approaches in diagnosis and statistical analysis seemingly restrict the opportunities for the two groups to be statistically compared, allowing for a wide interpretation of their incidences, respective to the design of individual studies with only a few available studies directly comparing incidence between the two main groups but excluding NVOLs, to our knowledge [1-2, 13, 19-20, 23-28]. | other | 31.69 |
The aim of this study was to compare the incidence and demographics of histologically confirmed ICTs (primary, metastatic, and NVOLs) in Eastern Bulgaria with regard to their respective types and subtypes in a descriptive manner, based on the total number of individual cases. | other | 36.97 |
A case was regarded as an individual patient with a histologically confirmed intracranial process, not an individual pathological finding. This avoided statistical blurring from patients operated or biopsied more than once in either of the institutions. Therefore, despite the number of histologically confirmed findings being more than a thousand, the total number of individual cases reviewed for the aim of this study was 822. | other | 34.9 |
The criteria for the descriptive statistical segregation of these 822 cases were primarily the place of origin – metastatic, primary intracranial, or NVOL, the main histological type, cellular origin, and in the case of metastatic tumors, the location of origin and intracranial location (sub or supratentorial), patient age, and gender . | other | 37.8 |
We prospectively collected medical data for all pathologically confirmed ICT cases for the span of five calendar years (January 1st, 2012 – December 31st, 2016) from the central databases and pathological archives of two tertiary health centers - St. Marina University Hospital, Varna, Bulgaria and St. Anna Hospital, Varna, Bulgaria. The neurosurgery wards in the two respective centers service the whole northeastern and part of the southeastern region of Bulgaria, providing for the neurosurgical needs of nearly one-third of the country’s total population (1,802,793 people in total). The Committee on Ethics for Scientific Research, Medical University - Varna approved this study, protocol #20 (1). | other | 37.78 |
The main criteria for what was deemed a primary tumor were set accordingly to the 2016 edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) . Metastatic ICT histological findings, including the wide assay of immunohistochemical profiles, radiological findings, and medical documentation, were reviewed to pinpoint the primary location. For some metastatic ICTs, such data could not be retrieved, and thus their primary location remained statistically unknown. | other | 34.56 |
The broad term “primary ICT” was chosen in favor of “CNS tumor” with the idea of avoiding the common misclassification of tumors from non-neuroectodermal origin into this group and the goal of classifying only tumors developing inside the cranial cavity. NVOLs were viewed as lesions originating inside of the cranial cavity but reactive in nature. A metastatic lesion was deemed as a malignant formation with a primary origin other than the CNS and cranial cavity. The criteria also excluded all cases of CNS tumors with a primary localization outside of the cranial cavity, such as spinal cord lesions. | other | 33 |
Statistical analysis of the 822 histologically confirmed cases revealed that 66.18% (n = 544) of them fell under the category of primary ICT, 30.90% (n = 254) were metastatic ICTs in nature, and the remaining 2.92% (n = 24) were NVOL. Out of the 543 primary ICT cases, 57.64% (n = 313) were malignant in nature, while the other 42.36% (n = 230) were benign (Figure 1). | other | 32.34 |
Further analysis of primary ICTs revealed that from the 544 cases, 47.24% (n = 257) were tumors from the broad family of glial tumors, including embryonal tumors with multilayered rosettes (ETMLR) (formerly known as primitive neuroectodermal tumor - PNET) and medulloblastoma types of tumors, while the other 52.76% (n = 286) were attributed to meningioma – 39.15% (n = 213), pituitary adenoma – 8.27% (n = 45), neurinoma – 2.21% (n = 12), primary CNS lymphoma – 1.29% (n = 7), hemangiopericytoma – 0.74% (n = 4), cranial chordoma – 0.55% (n = 3), pineocytoma – 0.18% (n = 1), myofibroblast tumor 0.18% (n = 1), and primary intracranial leiomyosarcoma – 0.18% (n = 1). | other | 32.84 |
From the 257 cases of tumors in the glial group, 87.16% (n = 224) were attributed to tumors of astrocytic origin, while the remaining cases were attributed to ependymoma 3.89% (n = 10), oligodendroglioma 3.11% (n = 8), subependymoma 1.95% (n = 5), medulloblastoma 1.17% (n = 3), ETMLR 1.17% (n = 3), oligoastocytoma 0.78% (n = 2), and choroid plexus papilloma 0.78% (n = 2). | other | 33.16 |
Therefore, the most common primary ICT was meningioma (n = 213), accounting for a total of 25.91% of all ICTs and 39.15% of all primary ICTs. The second most common primary ICT and most common malignant primary ICT was glioblastoma multiforme (n = 183), accounting for a total of 22.26% of all ICTs, 33.64% of all primary ICTs, 71.21% of all glial tumors, and 81.70% of all astrocytic tumors. Other common primary entries included astrocytoma WHO Grades I-II, astrocytoma WHO Grade III, and neurinoma. The total incidence of individual types of ICTs are shown in Figure 2; their relations to all primary ICTs, metastatic ICTs, and respected subtypes are shown in Table 1. | other | 31 |
The 24 cases of NVOL were distributed as follows: CNS abscessed 45.83% (n = 10), epidermoid cysts 29.17% (n = 7), colloid cysts 12.50% (n = 3), Langerhans histiocytosis 4.17% (n = 1), cholesterol granuloma 4.17% (n = 1), and demyelinating pseudotumor 4.17% (n = 1). The total incidence of individual types of NVOLs and their relatedness to all ICTs are shown in Table 1. | other | 33 |
From the 254 tumors of extracranial origin, 79.53% (n = 202) were with a known primary origin, and the primary locus of origin for the remaining 20.47% (n = 52) remained unknown. The primary place of origin was determined with the help of patient histories, image diagnostics readings, and the presence of primary biopsies histologically correlating to the CNS metastases. | other | 37.53 |
From the 202 cases of metastatic ICTs with a known origin, 58.91 % (n = 119) were from the broad category of metastatic lung cancer, 9.90% (n = 20) from metastatic melanoma, 7.92% (n = 16) from metastatic adenocarcinoma originating from the colorectal region, 7.43% (n = 15) from metastatic breast cancer, 3.46% (n = 7) from metastatic adenocarcinoma originating from the gastroesophageal region, 3.46% (n = 7) from metastatic clear cell carcinoma of the kidneys, 3.46% (n = 7) from transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary tract, 1.48% (n = 3) from metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix, 1.48% (n = 3) from metastatic endometrial adenocarcinoma, 1% (n = 2) from metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma, 0.50% (n = 1) from metastatic ovarian carcinoma, 0.50% (n = 1) from CNS leukemic infiltration, and 0.50% (n = 1) from pancreatic adenocarcinoma. All registered cancer types were present in both males and females without a clear statistical predominance, excluding breast, uterine cervix, ovarian, endometrial, and prostate carcinomas, which were gender-specific but are not of statistical interest due to the gender specificity and organs of origin. | other | 35.6 |
From the 119 metastatic cases that fell under the category of metastatic lung cancer, 84.87% (n = 101) were from the non-small cell cancer category and the other 15.13% (n = 18) were small cell lung cancer metastases. The 101 cases of non-small cell lung cancer metastases were represented as a total of 69.31% (n = 70) of pulmonary adenocarcinoma and 30.69% (n = 31) of pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma. | other | 34.3 |
Of the 52 cases of intracranial metastases with unknown primary location, 69.24% (n = 36) were diagnosed as metastatic adenocarcinoma, 21.15% (n = 11) as metastatic squamous cell carcinoma, 7.69% (n = 4) as metastatic neuroendocrine tumors, and 1.92% (n = 1) as metastatic alveolar soft part sarcoma. The total incidence of individual types of metastatic ICTs, with regards to their primary location, and relation to all intracranial, metastatic, and pulmonary metastatic tumors is shown in Table 1. | other | 32.1 |
A review of the metastatic location of the metastatic tumors (allowed by the biopsy bills filled by the operating neurosurgeons and additional medical documentation) revealed that from all 254 metastatic CNS tumors, 87.80% (n = 223) were supratentorial and the remaining 12.20% (n = 31) were subtentorial (Figure 3). There was no specific tumor type with statistically predominant subtentorial metastatic location. | other | 32.72 |
Therefore, based on the reported findings from the primary ICTs, gliomas represent 31.27% (n = 257 out of 822) of the total cases of ICTs, meningiomas - 25.91% (n = 213 out of 822), pituitary adenomas - 5.47% (n = 45 out of 822), neurinomas - 1.46% (n = 14 out of 822), primary CNS lymphomas represented - 0.85% (n = 7 out of 822), haemangiopericytomas - 0.49% (n = 4 out of 822), cranial chordomas - 0.36% (n = 3 out of 822), pineocytoma - 0.12% (n = 1 out of 822), myofibroblast tumor - 0.12% (n = 1 out of 822), and primary CNS leiomyosarcoma - 0.12% (n = 1 out of 822) (Table 1). | other | 30.25 |
From the NVOL, CNS abscesses represented 1.34% of the cases (n = 11 out of 822), epidermoid cysts - 0.85% (n = 7 out of 822), colloid cysts - 0.36% (n = 3 out of 822), Langerhans histiocytosis - 0.12% (n = 1 out of 822), cholesterol granuloma - 0.12% (n = 1 out of 822), and demyelinating pseudotumor - 0.12% (n = 1 out of 822) (Table 1). | other | 31.39 |
From the metastatic lesions, subclassification analysis revealed that pulmonary cancer metastases represented 14.48% (n = 119 out of 822) of the total cases of ICTs, metastatic lesions originating from the gastrointestinal tract - 2.92% (n = 24 out of 822), melanoma metastases - 2.43% (n = 20 out of 822), breast cancer metastases - 1.82% (n = 15 out of 822), clear cell renal carcinoma metastases - 0.85% (n = 7 out of 822), transitional cell urinary tract metastases - 0.85% (n = 7 out of 822), uterine cervix squamous cell carcinoma metastases - 0.36% (n = 3 out of 822), endometrial adenocarcinoma - 0.36% (n = 3 out of 822), prostate adenocarcinoma metastases - 0.24% (n = 2 out of 822), ovarian carcinoma metastases - 0.12% (n = 1 out of 822), leukemic infiltration of the CNS - 0.12% (n = 1 out of 822), and the remaining 6.33% (n = 52 out of 822) of the cases were represented by metastatic lesion only identified as a main histologic malignant type, but their primary location remained statistically unknown (Figure 4, Table 1). | other | 32.66 |
Note: Rare CNS metastatic entries include ovarian carcinoma, endometrial adenocarcinoma, prostate adenocarcinomas, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, CNS leukemic infiltrations. NVOL includes cerebral abscess, epidermoid and colloid cysts, Langerhans histiocytosis, cholesterol granuloma, and demyelinating pseudotumor. Rare ICTs included cranial chordoma, hemangiopericytoma, pineocytoma, primary intracranial leiomyosarcoma, and myofibroblastic tumor. CNS metastases without a specified primary location included metastases of common types of cancer, such as squamous cell, adenocarcinoma, and neuroendocrine carcinoma, whose primary location remained unspecified and metastases of the rare oncologic entree, alveolar soft part sarcoma. | clinical case | 27.78 |
The mean age and male to female ratio for the most common entries are as follows: glioblastoma multiforme (n = 183) mean age: 59.18 years (standard deviation ± 13.52), male to female ratio 1.3:1; astrocytoma WHO Grade III (n = 14) mean age: 56.91 years (standard deviation ± 10.37), male to female ration 1.8:1; astrocytoma WHO Grades I-II (n = 24) mean age: 45.55 years (standard deviation ± 19.94), male to female ratio 1.5:1; meningioma (n = 213) mean age: 60.40 years (standard deviation ± 10.95), male to female ratio 1:1.8; neurinoma (n = 12) mean age: 61.55 years (standard deviation ± 6.89), male to female ratio 1:2.2; pituitary adenoma (n = 45) mean age: 48.17 years (standard deviation ± 4.70), male to female ratio 1.05:1; ependymoma (n = 10) mean age: 27.71 years (standard deviation ± 21.36), male to female ratio 1.1:1; CNS lymphoma (n = 7) mean age: 58.50 years (standard deviation ± 7.40), male to female ratio 1.4:1; breast cancer metastases (n = 15) mean age: 56.83 years (standard deviation ± 10.82), male to female ratio 0:1; gastrointestinal tract (GIT) metastases (n = 32) mean age: 64.29 years (standard deviation ± 3.87), male to female ratio 1.8:1; melanoma metastases (n = 20) mean age: 49.15 years (standard deviation ± 14.98), male to female ratio 1:1; pulmonary metastases (n = 119) mean age: 60.82 years (standard deviation ± 8.42), male to female ratio 3.1:1; urogenital metastases, including gender-specific cancer types (n = 25), mean age: 62.33 (standard deviation ± 7.32), male to female ratio 1.2:1; and CNS abscess (n = 11) mean age: 57.67 years (standard deviation ± 17.31), male to female ratio 2.66:1 (Figure 5). | other | 31.11 |
Based on the descriptive analysis and the total population of the regions referred to our institutions (1,802,793 people), the annual incidence per 100,000 capita of all ICTs is 9.12, comprised of 6.03 per 100,000 for primary ICTs, 2.82 per 100,000 for metastatic ICTs, and 0.27 per 100,000 for NVOL. The annual incidence of the most commonly diagnosed primary ICTs per 100,000 is 2.36 for meningioma, 2.03 for glioblastoma, and 0.48 for pituitary adenoma. The annual incidence of the most commonly diagnosed metastatic ICTs per 100,000 is 1.32 for lung cancer metastases, 0.28 for GIT metastases, 0.22 for melanoma, and 0.17 for breast cancer metastases (Figure 6). | other | 32.25 |
Most often, neurological deficits are the first sign of an ICT and can be severe and remain permanent, despite the therapeutic actions taken by medical personnel. Segregation between primary and metastatic ICTs is a pivotal moment in the diagnostic process and plays a major role in determining the therapeutic modalities for further treatment and, therefore, plays a key role in managing medical resources. It is the first step towards the application of personalized medicine in the case of ICTs. The knowledge of the incidence and demographics of individual ICT entries are key steps in the preparation, both for the patient intervention and the institutional planning of resources. As such, our report gives a rare glimpse comparing the different types of ICTs and the individual patient demographics for the most common entries. | other | 33.53 |
Although favoring the classification of primary ICTs and NVOLs when compared to metastatic ICTs, due to the histological verification criteria, our study reports similar findings to other studies [2, 20, 24, 26-28]. Our findings concur with the total incidence for primary ICTs when compared to similar modern analyses on the topic, giving nearly identical rates for the most commonly diagnosed lesions [2, 27]. | other | 30.11 |
To our knowledge, apart from one very recent article, the last published articles that compared primary and metastatic ICTs were published more than three decades ago . Our study outnumbers older publications in the total number of cases reviewed, although not in the period of data sampling. However, based on the time gap, these differences could be attributed to advances in neurosurgery and its increased availability for the global population. On the other hand, our results are very close in figures to those reported by Werneck de Carvalho, et al. in Brazil in 2017, despite some variances in study design and populational differences . Nonetheless, the results of all studies concur with ours, stating that primary ICTs are greater in incidence when compared to metastatic ICTs, despite the values ranging from 1.6% to 49% for metastatic ICTs, when compared to our results stating 30.90%. | study | 30.86 |
Since then, due to most metastatic ICTs being diagnosed only radiologically and deemed inoperable, statistical analyses have focused only on comparing either primary or metastatic lesions of the CNS. This is due to methodological incompatibility between the diagnostic criteria for the two groups, making such studies extremely hard to undertake as the criteria, the volume of data analysis, and representation of data would be difficult to compose. Our histological criteria are a drawback in this aspect but nonetheless present a modernized view of the problem, as well as establishing the demographics of patients, previously unreported in our country in such depth. Our results are also consistent with the data from articles investigating the incidence of metastatic ICTs, concurring that the greatest portion of these are attributed to breast, melanoma, lung, and gastrointestinal cancer metastases [1, 23-24]. | other | 34.06 |
However, despite the reported data, all authors agree that the total occurrences, and therefore, the statistical percentage of metastatic ICTs, are higher than that of the cases that underwent neurosurgical interventions and were histologically confirmed. This statement is further illustrated mainly by the absence of oncological entries that are known to spread to the CNS but are not present in our study. On the other hand, the presence of some extremely rare entries, such as pineocytoma and primary intracranial leiomyosarcoma, are of great value to the statistical significance of the reported data, as they are rarely present in any statistical report. | other | 30.25 |
The demographic characteristics of this study establish some aspects of the age and gender ratios for the most commonly diagnosed types of ICTs in our population in a descriptive manner based on histological verification criteria. These findings are the first ever reported in our population and the most detailed report in more than 30 years. Based on our results, primary ICTs represent 66.06% of all histologically verified intracranial lesions, metastatic ICTs represent 30.90%, and only a small fraction of cases are attributed to NVOLs (3.04%). The annual incidence per 100,000 capita of all ICTs was 9.12, comprised of 6.03 for primary ICTs, 2.82 for metastatic ICTs, and 0.27 for NVOL. The most common ICTs diagnosed include glioblastoma, meningioma, and pituitary adenoma for primary ICTs, lung, melanoma, GIT, and breast cancer for metastatic ICTs, and cerebral abscess for NVOL. CNS metastases are mostly supratentorial, accounting for 87.80%, with no statistical evidence of a tumor type predominantly metastasizing in the subtentorial region. | other | 29.72 |
Molecular biomarkers play an increasingly important role in helping define prognosis and predict response to specific treatments for patients with cancer. Molecular diagnostic tests are now routinely used in the clinic to tailor therapy to the individual characteristics of a tumor. Early-stage breast tumors are clinically and genomically heterogeneous, enabling their classification into subtypes that permit optimization of treatment based on prognosis -. | other | 30.03 |
Several validated molecular subtyping tests for breast cancer based on gene expression profiling are now routinely used in clinical practice. In addition to the molecular tests that use DNA microarray analysis, the pioneering work of Sørlie et al has led to a classification of breast cancer by distinct biologic subtypes, or intrinsic subtypes . By analyzing surgical specimens of human breast tumors using complementary DNA microarrays, this group identified variations in gene expression patterns that yielded a distinctive “molecular portrait” of breast cancer, according to which tumors could be classified into 5 intrinsic subtypes with distinct clinical outcomes: Luminal A, Luminal B, human epidermal growth hormone 2 (HER2) over-expression, basal, and a normal-like group , . Based on this classification, a risk model was developed using a 50-gene subtype predictor (PAM50). The Prosigna test based on the PAM50 gene signature measures the expression of 50 genes in a surgically resected breast cancer sample to classify a tumor as one of 4 intrinsic subtypes (Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2-enriched [HER-2E], and basal-like). The assay uses the 50-gene expression profile, weighted together with clinical variables, to generate a risk category and numerical score. The score is reported on a 0-100 scale (risk of recurrence [ROR] score), which is correlated with the probability of distant recurrence at 10 years for post-menopausal women with hormone receptor-positive, early stage breast cancer not receiving chemotherapy. The test is FDA 510(k) cleared in the U.S and Conformité Européene (CE)-marked in Europe for use on FFPE tissue. The utility of the Prosigna test in making prognosis and treatment decisions has been clinically validated , and it is included as an option for risk assessment in several clinical practice guidelines such as those of the St. Gallen International Breast Cancer Conference , European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) , and American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) . | other | 30.6 |
Even though a biomarker assay may be clinically validated, it remains important to learn how physicians respond to the information provided, and to estimate the magnitude of change in clinical recommendations that occurs before and after knowledge of the assay [9–13]. Effect on clinical recommendations and management is a part of what several guidelines refer to as the clinical utility of the test , , . Based on prior studies of the Prosigna test, we predicted that physicians would recommend a switch to chemotherapy if the Prosigna test result was reported as high risk and the patient previously was recommended to have hormonal therapy only. By contrast, we predicted that physicians would recommend a switch to hormonal therapy only if the Prosigna result was reported as low risk and the patient previously was recommended to have chemotherapy. We also sought to gain more experience with the concordance of Prosigna test results when performed in local clinic settings or in a centralized laboratory. | other | 33.66 |
The present study is identical in design to 2 previous studies that have been completed. The first was carried out in 15 hospitals across Spain affiliated with the Spanish breast cancer group El Grupo Español de Investigación en Cáncer de Mama (GEICAM) , and the second at 11 breast centers across Germany by the West German Study Group . The earliest such decision impact studies were carried out using the Oncotype DX® assay . | other | 33.4 |
The primary objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of the result of the Prosigna test on changes in risk assessment and in recommendations of adjuvant therapy. Secondary objectives were to evaluate practitioners’ confidence in therapeutic indications before and after the Prosigna test results and to evaluate selected measures of health-related quality of life of patients. | other | 36.75 |
This prospective, observational study was coordinated by the Institut Curie with 7 additional study sites (total of 8). The Comité de Protection des Personnes de Paris V (Paris V Institutional Review Board), specifically approved this study on 02 May 2014, before the study start. A total of 210 patients were enrolled at 8 sites in France between March 2015 and January 2016. Eligible patients were postmenopausal women with invasive early-stage breast cancer (T1-T2), nodal status N0, pN0 (i+), or pN0 (mol+), who had no contraindication for adjuvant chemotherapy. Eligibility criteria also included an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score of 0 or 1, ability to complete the questionnaires without assistance, and provision of written informed consent. Patients were excluded if they had estrogen receptor (ER) negative tumors or tumors overexpressing HER2, or had metastatic disease. Estrogen receptor status was determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC). HER2 status was determined by IHC and/or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). | other | 35.25 |
The anatomic pathology laboratory at each center was trained on the study and responsible for preparation of the specimen and delivery to the Institut Curie. Prosigna testing was carried out according to manufacturer specifications (Prosigna assay package insert) using the nCounter Analysis System at the Institut Curie. Test results (ROR score, risk of recurrence, risk group, and molecular subtype) were provided back to the center. There was a 7-day maximum turnaround time to deliver the Prosigna report to the clinician for discussion with the patient, with 2 runs a week. Prosigna test results classified tumors according to intrinsic subtypes (Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2-enriched, basal-like) and ROR risk groups (low risk, 0-40; intermediate risk, 41-60; and high risk, 61-100). | other | 36.97 |
A second set of FFPE tumor sections was subsequently analyzed with the Prosigna test in an independent replication laboratory (Centre Jean Perrin—Clermont Ferrand) to assess concordance with the central laboratory. ER and PR were analyzed by IHC, HER2 status was analyzed by IHC and confirmed by FISH when indicated (when positive); and Ki67 was assessed by IHC. IHC was performed locally, and subtypes based on IHC results were assessed by the treating physician. A threshold of 10% was used to define positivity for ER and PR. Prosigna test-based subtypes were compared to the physician’s assessment based on local IHC results, using the St. Gallen 2013 criteria . | other | 36.44 |
After obtaining patient consent, prior to the Prosigna test, the physician completed a questionnaire with information on the patient’s disease characteristics and the adjuvant therapy planned. The same questionnaire has been used in previous studies , . The initial treatment recommendation was determined in a multidisciplinary meeting and was based on standard clinical and pathological factors and the IHC results. Physicians also recorded their confidence in this recommendation. Upon receipt of the Prosigna test results (ROR and intrinsic tumor subtype), physicians again in a multidisciplinary team provided information regarding the intended adjuvant therapy and their confidence in that decision. At a 6-month follow-up visit, physicians completed a final questionnaire concerning their opinion on the usefulness of the test, their confidence in the test results, and the patients' medical follow-up elements. | other | 38.06 |
At the inclusion visit (signing of the informed consent form), patients completed pre-Prosigna test questionnaires regarding their state of anxiety, difficulties they felt facing the therapy, and quality of life. Once the test results were obtained, the investigator and the patient together completed the post-Prosigna test questionnaire assessing anxiety and other difficulties felt facing therapy. At the 6-month follow-up visit, patients again provided information regarding their degree of anxiety, possible difficulties felt facing the therapy, and quality of life. Anxiety was assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), a 40-item questionnaire designed to measure 2 aspects of anxiety: anxiety state (situational, circumstantial anxiety); and anxiety trait (stable personality traits that predispose to anxiety) . Health-related quality of life was assessed using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–General, version 4 (FACT-G v.4), which evaluates 4 domains in patients undergoing cancer therapy: physical, social/family, emotional, and functional . The Decisional Conflict Scale (DCS) was used to assess patients’ perceived level of decisional conflict . | other | 37.03 |
The sample size of 200 patients was calculated to provide a one-sided 95% lower-limit confidence interval, with a 0.05 distance from the sample proportion (0.25) to the lower limit (Clopper–Pearson). Clinical and demographic characteristics were described by mean, median, standard deviation, range and frequency. All questionnaires were analyzed and results compared (total scores and the component scores) among all the patients, as well as for subgroups by Prosigna test risk category. The equality of the means of continuous variables stratified by ROR group status was assessed by one-way analysis of variance . Concordance between physician judgement and Prosigna test results was assessed with the kappa statistics. (A commonly used guide to interpreting kappa statistics defines a kappa of less than 0 as poor concordance; kappa of 0.01 to 0.20 as slight agreement; kappa of 0.21 to 0.40 as fair agreement; kappa of 0.41 to 0.60 as moderate agreement; kappa of 0.61 to 0.80 as substantial agreement; and kappa of 0.81 to 0.99 as almost perfect agreement ). The proportion of patients whose choice of therapy changed after the Prosigna test results was calculated for the sample population as a whole, and for key subgroups. The association between the proportions was tested with Fisher’s exact test for (row ≥ 2) x (column ≥ 2) contingency tables . Changes in practitioners’ confidence in the planned therapies before and after the test results was analyzed by calculating the number and percentage responding positively that they are “confident in intended treatment (optimal for patient)”; and physicians’ perceptions of the Prosigna test were similarly evaluated with questions asking whether Prosigna test results “provided additional clinically useful information”, “influenced treatment recommendations”, and whether they “would use Prosigna [test] again”. The differences between pre- and post-Prosigna were assessed with Student’s t test , . All tests were 2-sided at 0.05 level of statistical significance to reject the null hypothesis (e.g., equality of means). Statistical analysis was performed in STATA® 15.0 (StataCorp, LLC, College Station, Tx). | review | 31.84 |
Two hundred and ten patients were enrolled at 8 sites in France. Eight of these patients were excluded (4 withdrew consent, 2 were determined to be ineligible, and 2 were excluded for other reasons (Fig 1). The remaining 202 samples were reviewed for suitability in the local pathology laboratory. Of these, 2 were excluded for failing to meet tumor requirements or having insufficient material. The Prosigna test was successfully completed for 200 patients at the central laboratory and 181 patients at the replication laboratory (too little material remained for analysis by the replication laboratory in 19 cases). Patient characteristics by ROR group are shown in Table 1. Of the 200 patients enrolled, 198 (99%) were at least 50 years of age (the mean age was 61.9 years). Most (158 [79%]) had T1 tumors; 42 (21%) had T2 tumors (the percentage of patients with T1 tumors was highest in the low ROR group [85%], and the percentage of patients with T2 tumors was highest in the high ROR group [43%]). A total of 172 (86%) patients were PR positive (with a similar proportion positive in each ROR group). Approximately half had Ki67 >14% (the percentage of patients with Ki67 >14% increased with higher ROR). | review | 28.81 |
A total of 196 patients had all 3 intrinsic tumor subtype assessments (using IHC by the physician according to St. Gallen 2013 criteria both before and after availability of Prosigna test results; and Prosigna assay done at the central laboratory). Before receiving the Prosigna test results, physicians categorized subtypes by St Gallen IHC criteria as Luminal A in 126 (64%) patients and Luminal B in 70 (36%) patients. Post-Prosigna assay, these values were 111 (56.6%) Luminal A, 84 (42.9%) Luminal B, and 1 (0.5%) HER2-E. Tumor subtypes as assessed by the Prosigna test were 114 (58.2%) Luminal A, 79 (40.3%) Luminal B, 1 (0.5%) HER-2E, and 2 (1.0%) basal-like. The average percentage of Ki67 in Luminal A and Luminal B samples is shown in S1 Fig. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve to predict the optimal threshold for discrimination of Luminal A and Luminal B is shown in S2 Fig. | other | 33.1 |
There was 72% concordance at the individual level between tumor subtype classification by IHC and by the Prosigna gene signature assay results (kappa = 0.43) (Table 2, S3 Fig). Concordance between the Prosigna assay results and physicians’ post-Prosigna test assessment was 95% (kappa = 0.91). | other | 32.3 |
Physicians assessed the risk of 10-year distant recurrence for 194 patients with available data as “low” for 125 (64.4%) patients, “intermediate” for 62 (32.0%) patients, and “high” for 7 (3.6%) patients. The Prosigna assay assessed ROR as “low” for 88 (45.4%) patients, “intermediate” for 66 (34.0%) patients, and “high” for 40 (20.6%) patients (kappa = 0.29) (Table 3). No Luminal B tumors were classified in the ROR low-risk group, and no Luminal A tumors were classified in the ROR high-risk group; the 1 tumor HER2-E tumor was classified as high ROR and the 2 basal-like tumors as intermediate ROR. | other | 31.44 |
We assessed differences in terms of survival given by Prosigna and by the on-line mathematical model Predict (S4 Fig). There is a correlation between both predicted survivals. However, note that Predict provides overall survival whereas Prosigna provides disease-free survival. Moreover, mathematical models such as Predict do not take into account the value of Ki67 but consider a "positive" Ki or "negative" Ki. | other | 34.44 |
The availability of Prosigna assay results was significantly associated with the likelihood of change in treatment recommendations, with 34 patients (18%) having their recommendation for adjuvant treatment changed (from No Adjuvant Chemotherapy to Adjuvant Chemotherapy or vice versa) (p<0.001, Fisher’s exact test). Table 4 shows physicians’ adjuvant treatment recommendations before and after Prosigna test results, by Prosigna test risk category. Availability of the Prosigna assay results led to a decrease in the number of recommendations for no adjuvant chemotherapy (25 patients were changed from No Adjuvant Chemotherapy to Adjuvant Chemotherapy, and 9 patients were changed from Adjuvant Chemotherapy to No Adjuvant Chemotherapy). In total there were 135 patients scheduled for no adjuvant chemotherapy before the Prosigna test results, with 119 after; and 59 patients scheduled to receive adjuvant chemotherapy before the Prosigna test results, with 75 after. The greatest change was observed for the Prosigna test high-risk patients, 38% of whom had their regimen switched (from No Adjuvant Chemotherapy to Adjuvant Chemotherapy or vice versa), versus 8% in the low-risk category and 18% in the intermediate risk category (Table 4). | other | 31.38 |
A total of 192 cases were reviewed to evaluate the medical oncologists’ confidence in their treatment decisions before and after the availability of Prosigna test results. The physicians’ confidence in the intended treatment increased with Prosigna test results in 39% of cases and decreased in 11%; 51% of physicians had no change in confidence. For physicians with 6-month data, 74% agreed or strongly agreed that Prosigna test results provided additional clinically useful information (75% at the immediate post-Prosigna test timepoint); and 76% agreed or strongly agreed that Prosigna test results influenced treatment recommendations (61% at the post-Prosigna test timepoint). When queried at 6 months, 98% of physicians agreed or strongly agreed that they would use Prosigna test again (96% immediately post-Prosigna test). | other | 32.12 |
After the post-Prosigna test treatment recommendations, patients’ STAI component of state anxiety was statistically significantly decreased post-Prosigna test relative to pre-Prosigna test (p = 0.02) (S1 Table). Changes in state anxiety and social/family well-being differed significantly across the ROR categories; the Prosigna test was most helpful in decreasing state anxiety for patients with ROR low risk. Significant improvements were also seen on the DCS (p <0.001 for the “informed” and “values clarity” components as well as for the DCS overall; p = 0.008 for the “uncertainty” component). The functional assessment of emotional well-being was also significantly improved post-Prosigna relative to pre-Prosigna test results (p < 0.001). Data for the STAI and Functional Assessment are available from the 6-month evaluation, and show additional small improvements in state anxiety (mean 43.3 pre-Prosigna test, 41.5 post-Prosigna test, and 39.9 at 6 months), and emotional well-being (mean 16.8, 17.5, and 17.64, respectively) (S2 Table). | other | 28.56 |
A total of 181 samples were analyzed by the replication laboratory. Intrinsic tumor subtypes as determined by the replication laboratory were concordant with those from the central laboratory in 94% of cases (kappa = 0.88) (3 tumors were categorized as Luminal B by the central laboratory and Luminal A by the replication laboratory). Concordance in Prosigna test ROR categories between central and replication laboratory was 91% (kappa = 0.86) (the replication laboratory reported 3 more low-risk, 2 fewer intermediate-risk, and 1 fewer high-risk tumors relative to the central laboratory). | other | 35.25 |
While adjuvant chemotherapy is proven to provide an average survival gain for the population of postmenopausal women with ER+/HER2- breast tumors, individuals may vary in their prognosis and how much gain they will derive from adjuvant chemotherapy. The addition of adjuvant chemotherapy to endocrine therapy in these patients provides an average of <5% increase in 15-year survival. Some patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy benefit, but some will undergo a treatment with risk of toxicities. A tumor biomarker assay is useful if it identifies a group of patients for whom the absolute benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy could not exceed 2% to 3%, which is roughly equal to the risk of serious toxicities. For example, a patient with a grade 1, ER positive, progesterone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer has a 10-year ROR of approximately 10% to 15%; adjuvant endocrine therapy would reduce this risk by approximately one-third to one-half. Assuming that adjuvant chemotherapy will further reduce her ROR by approximately one-third, a recommendation for treatment to similar patients will only benefit 2% to 3%, the same number who will be harmed by toxicities of therapy . | other | 33.88 |
This study was designed to evaluate the influence on risk assessment and subsequent adjuvant treatment recommendations of information provided by Prosigna Gene Signature assay added to clinicopathological factors. Risk assessment and use of adjuvant therapy has been shown to vary between institutions, regions, and countries , . One of the reasons for research in biomarkers and related risk algorithms is reduce uncertainty in risk assessments so that patients can anticipate and experience a consistent and reliable approach to initial breast cancer management regardless of the care setting, or who they see. | other | 30.83 |
In the present study, 205 postmenopausal women with ER positive, HER2 negative, and node negative stage 1 or 2 tumors were enrolled at 8 centers throughout France. The study was coordinated by the Institut Curie. In this study, physicians’ determination of intrinsic tumor subtypes changed notably with the availability of the Prosigna test results, largely driven by re-classification of Luminal A tumors to Luminal B tumors. This demonstrates that IHC-based subtype classification is suboptimal and can contribute to a misestimation of a patient’s risk. In addition, recent results demonstrated no benefit of chemotherapy in Luminal A patients ; therefore, correct determination of tumor subtype can contribute to the decision to spare unnecessary chemotherapy. Concordance between the physicians’ post-Prosigna test determination of intrinsic tumor subtypes and the Prosigna assay results was 95%, indicating that physicians strongly agreed with the Prosigna test results after being made aware of them, and signifying that they recognize the importance of the Prosigna test results for their decision making in this setting. | other | 33.44 |
Duplication of Prosigna testing at the replication laboratory demonstrated excellent reproducibility of test results, indicating that the Prosigna test is reliable when performed at local institutions without the need for a central laboratory. These “real-life” concordance results confirmed the Prosigna analytical validation study results. Very few discordances were observed, for which the clinical impact was limited, mainly resulting from tumor heterogeneity . | other | 33.9 |
Compared to the physicians’ assessments, the Prosigna assay categorized more patients as having a high risk of 10-year distant recurrence (3.6% by the physicians, 20.6% by Prosigna test results), and fewer patients at low risk (64.4% by the physicians and 45.4% by Prosigna test results). The decision of whether to or not to offer adjuvant chemotherapy is highly dependent on the patient population and study center where the patient is seen before the genomic test is performed. Importantly, patients in this decision impact study were enrolled consecutively by the study investigators, thus eliminating the potential for physician bias in selecting only patients whose treatment is uncertain. In this study the availability of Prosigna test results led to an increase in recommendations for chemotherapy, as patients were more accurately characterized by genomic testing, ROR and molecular subtype, potentially contributing to a reduction in the rate of early recurrence. | other | 34.5 |
Physicians changed their recommendations for adjuvant treatment for 18% of patients, with the proportion varying by Prosigna test risk strata. The highest proportion of changes in planned adjuvant treatment occurred in the Prosigna test high-risk group, in which 38% of patients had their regimen switched (from No Adjuvant Chemotherapy to Adjuvant Chemotherapy or vice versa). The rate of change was 8% for patients in the low-risk strata and 18% for patients in the intermediate-risk strata. | other | 30.81 |
As in previous studies, availability of the Prosigna test results increased physicians’ confidence in their treatment decisions (in 39% of cases in the present study; 42% and 89% in the Spanish and German studies, respectively), indicating the value to physicians of knowing both ROR score and molecularly based intrinsic subtype for decision making in this setting. Consistent with the physicians’ confidence in the Prosigna test results, receipt of these results caused physicians to change their adjuvant treatment plans for 18% of patients in this study (20% and 18% in the Spanish and German studies, respectively). | other | 32.7 |
The availability of Prosigna test results decreased patients’ anxiety about the chosen adjuvant therapy, and improved emotional well-being and several components of the DCS, which measures personal perceptions of uncertainty in choosing options. This demonstrates that the Prosigna test results have an overall positive psychosocial impact on patients. | other | 30.81 |
Of the 210 patients enrolled, approximately 150 to 170 provided data on measures of health-related quality of life. Missing quality of life data has been acknowledged as a challenge in cancer trials . In this study, patients were enrolled sequentially, decreasing the likelihood for selection bias. | other | 36.97 |
Multigene molecular tests are becoming generally accepted in medical practice to tailor adjuvant treatment and evaluate prognosis in women with ER+ breast cancer. A number of such assays are commercially available, and are supported by ample evidence and endorsement in major guidelines. Each of the assays relies upon a different set of genes, and so may yield different results. Going forward, it will be important to monitor and compare experiences using the various assays as more patients are diagnosed and new treatments are introduced. | other | 31.73 |
The results of this multicenter French study are consistent with previous reports of identically designed studies carried out by the GEICAM group in Spain , and the West German Study Group . As in these 2 previous studies, the present study supported the utility of the Prosigna test in providing information that physicians value and incorporate into their clinical decision-making process. Availability of the Prosigna test results increased physician confidence in prognosis and resulting adjuvant therapy plans, and influenced treatment decisions. Physicians expressed confidence in Prosigna assay results by incorporating the results into their assessment of prognosis and adjuvant treatment decisions to a substantial degree. The additional information provided by the Prosigna test decreased patients’ anxiety and uncertainty in facing their treatment options. Concordance between Prosigna risk results and IHC-based physician assessment was low, indicating the importance of molecular testing. | study | 28.3 |
Mushrooms from the genus Cantharellus are well recognizable and are a popular food item in many regions of the world, e.g., C. cibarius Fr. The common names for C. cibarius are chanterelle, common chanterelle, golden chanterelle, or girolle. Advances in analytical methods and instrumentation enabled in recent years better insight into the mineral constituents of mushrooms (Dimitrijevic et al. 2016; Gąsecka et al. 2017; Mleczek et al. 2017; Stefanović et al. 2016a, b). | other | 31.94 |
Wild-growing mushrooms are valued ingredients of food or special dishes in the tradition of many people around the world. Documented data indicate that intake of wild-growing mushrooms could exceed 20 kg of fresh product per capita annually in Yunnan province, China, and also in a rural region of the UK (Barret et al. 1999; Zhang et al. 2010). Hence, wild-growing mushrooms without doubt are important organic food items in the diet of many people, while our knowledge on their mineral constituent composition and content, and their fate during culinary processing and their accessibility, has many gaps. In a study of wild-growing mushrooms, it is also important to better understand their mineral constituent composition in the context of the best analytical chemistry, the natural geochemistry of the soil substratum where the mycelium grows as well as the physiology of a species (Aloupi et al. 2011; Falandysz et al. 2012a, b; Kojta and Falandysz 2016; Kojta et al. 2015; Kubrová and Borovička 2015; Mleczek et al. 2016; Nearing et al. 2014; Tel et al. 2014). This study aimed to update information on the content of some essential and hazardous metallic elements accumulated in Cantharellus mushrooms foraged in Poland and China as determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy with a dynamic reaction cell (ICP-DRC-MS). Available data on the baseline content of the geogenic metallic elements and metalloids in soils from the background areas in Yunnan as well as a geogenic and anthropogenic sources in Poland can explain results obtained for chanterelle mushrooms. | other | 28.38 |
Ten composite samples of fruiting bodies of the mushroom C. cibarius Fr. were collected from the following sites: Jastrzebia Góra (CC-1), Darżlubska (CC-2), Kościerzyna forests (CC-3), Tuchola Pinewoods–Osiek (CC-4), and Tuchola Pinewoods (CC-5) in the Pomerania region; Ciechocinek (CC-7) in the Kujawy region; Poznań outskirts (CC-8) in Great Poland Voivodship; Bobrowniki (CC-6) in the Podlasie region; Pieszków (CC-10) in the Świętokrzyskie region; and Głogów Małopolski (CC-11) in Little Poland Voivodship of Poland in 2012–2014; one shipment was bought in a shop in Poland (CC-9) and another one was collected from the region of Yuxi county (CC-12) in the province of Yunnan in China in 2013. C. minor Peck was collected from Yuxi (CM-1) during 2013 and C. tubaeformis (Fr.) Quél from two locations: Mojusz (CT-1) and Kartuzy (CT-2) in Pomerania, Poland, were collected in 2007–2008 (Fig. 1 and Table 2).Fig. 1Localization of the sampling places of the Cantharellus mushrooms in Poland and China (see Table 2) | other | 33.12 |
Fresh mushrooms were immediately cleaned from any visible plant vegetation and soil debris with a plastic knife and further rinsed with deionized water, and the bottom part of the stem was cut off. Subsequently, the mushroom samples were placed into plastic trays of an electrically heated commercial dryer (dehydrator for mushrooms, fruits, vegetables, and herbs; model MSG-01; MPM Product, Milanówek, Poland, and Ultra FD1000 dehydrator, Ezidri, Australia) and dried at 65 °C to constant mass. Dried fungal materials were pulverized in a porcelain mortar that was cleaned by hand washing using a laboratory brush, deionized water, and detergent and then further rinsed with distilled water and dried in an electrically heated laboratory dryer at 105 °C. Pulverized mushrooms were kept in brand new sealed polyethylene bags under dry conditions. | other | 37.2 |
The ICP-MS was run at the following conditions: RF power—1100 W; plasma Ar flow rate—15 L min−1; nebulizer Ar flow rate—0.87 L min−1 and auxiliary Ar flow rate—1.2 L min−1; and lens voltage—(7.5–9.0) V. A mixed standard solution with contents of 10 mg L−1 was used (Multielement Calibration Standard 3, Atomic Spectroscopy Standard, PerkinElmer Pure). Moreover, the isotopes of 45Sc, 74Ge, 103Rh, and 159Tb prepared from individual solutions with contents of 1000 mg L−1 were applied as internal standards in order to effectively correct temporal variations in signal intensity (ICP Standard CertiPUR, Merck, Germany). | other | 32.97 |
Generally, calibration curves for elements were prepared in the range of 0.1 to 50 μg L−1. Argon (99.999%) was used as a nebulizer, auxiliary, and plasma gas (Messer, Chorzów, Poland). If concentration of an element measured in a digest exceeded the maximum value for the calibration curve, a digest was diluted respectively and re-examined. All absolute values of the element contents determined and presented for the Chanterelle mushrooms are given in mg kg−1 dry biomass (db). | other | 33.34 |
Before digestion, the samples were dried in 65 °C for 12 h using an electrically heated laboratory oven. Then, subsamples of dried and powdered mushrooms (∼0.5000 g) were digested with 5 mL of 65% HNO3 (Suprapure, Merck, Germany) under pressure in a model Ethos One (Milestone Srl, Italy) microwave oven. The rotor body holds up to ten digestion vessels made of high-purity TFM™ polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) with capacity of 50-mL per vessel. The heating program was performed in one step: the power of the process was 1500 W, ramp time 20 min, temperature 200 °C, and hold time 30 min. Blank reagent solutions were prepared in the same way. For every set of ten digested mushroom samples, two blank samples were run. The digests were diluted to 10 mL using deionized water (TKA Smart2Pure, Niederelbert, Germany) in volumetric flasks. If this was necessary, a specific digest was further diluted (about ten times) to keep a linearity of measurements or acid concentration below 3%. | other | 34.1 |
Elemental analysis of the elements (Ag, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cs, Cu, Cr, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr, V, Tl, U, and Zn) was carried out using the ELAN DRC II ICP-MS Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (PerkinElmer, SCIEX, Canada) equipped with a Meinhard concentric nebulizer, cyclonic spray chamber, dynamic reaction cell, Pt cones, and quadruple mass analyzer. For dynamic reactive cell (DRC), as reaction gas, ammonia (99.999% purity ammonia, Linde Gas, Kraków, Poland) to eliminate possible spectral interferences in determination of Cr, Mn, V, and Zn) and oxygen (99.999% purity oxygen, Linde Gas, Kraków, Poland) were used for free from spectral interferences determination of As. | other | 33.3 |
The methods of trace element measurement were validated and controlled by preparation of standard solutions; calibration of instruments; and daily runs of blank samples, duplicates, and replicates with each analytical cycle. All samples were analyzed in batches with certified reference materials and blanks. Duplicates and blanks were measured with every set of ten mushroom samples. Evaluation of the accuracy of the analytical method was based on analysis of the two certified reference materials (CRM): mushroom powder IC-CS-M-4, Institute of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry in Warsaw, ICHTJ, Poland, and Oriental Basma Tobacco Leaves, INCT-OBTL-5, Institute of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry in Warsaw, ICHTJ, Poland (Table 1). Precision was calculated as the coefficient of variations (CV) of duplicates. As a result of the analysis, the following measurement precision values were in the range from 1 to 8% for all investigated elements. Finally, the limits of detection, calculated as three standard deviations of seven independent replicates of the reagent blank, were respectively (in μg L−1) 0.003 for Ag, 0.03 for As, 0.2 for Ba, 0.008 for Cd, 0.001 for Co, 0.2 for Cr, 0.01 for Cs, 0.15 for Cu, 0.02 for Li, 0.4 for Mn, 0.05 for Ni, 0.07 for Pb, 0.03 for Rb, 0.06 for Sr, 0.001 for Tl, 0.004 for U, 0.09 for V; and 4 for Zn.Table 1Results of the measurements of accuracy of the analytical data using certificate reference materials “fungal powdered fruiting bodies of Leccinum scabrum“ IC–CS–M–4 (n = 5) and Oriental basma tobacco leaves, INCT–OBTL–5 (n = 5)AnalyteMeasured value (mg kg−1)Certified value (mg kg−1)Recovery (%)Agb 0.062 ± 0.0030.053 ± 0.011116Asa 0.416 ± 0.0180.375 ± 0.051111Bab 63.2 ± 2.267.4 ± 3.894Cda 1.43 ± 0.131.33 ± 0.09107Cob 0.949 ± 0.0430.981 ± 0.06797Cra 1.05 ± 0.111.09 ± 0.2196Csb 0.261 ± 0.010.288 ± 0.0291Cua 28.18 ± 0.9826.37 ± 1.74107Lib 18.8 ± 0.6519.3c 97Mnb 174 ± 5180 ± 697Nib 8.94 ± 0.498.5 ± 0.49105Pba 1.032 ± 0.060.998 ± 0.072103Rbb 18.5 ± 0.619.1 ± 197Srb 101 ± 1105 ± 596Tlb 0.044 ± 0.0010.051c 86Ub 0.100 ± 0.0020.113c 88Vb 3.98 ± 0.104.12 ± 0.5597Zna 127.8 ± 5.2120.7 ± 5.9106 aIC-CS-M-4 bINCT-OBTL-5; cInformation values cInformation values | clinical case | 26.6 |
Copper, manganese, and zinc are essential elements both for fungi and humans. For C. cibarius in Poland, the element Cu ranged from 34 up to 53 mg kg−1 db in the Świętokrzyskie Mountain region of Piekoszów, while being lower in Yunnan, i.e., at 31 mg kg−1 db. C. minor from Yunnan showed the lowest content in this study, i.e., 27 mg kg−1 db. The Świętokrzyskie Mts. region in the south-central Poland is an area where copper was mined in the past for almost six centuries in some places, and soil background there can be enriched in Cu and also Cr, Mn, Ni, Zn, As, Cd, Pb, and U (Gałuszka et al. 2015). Hence, a maximum content of Cu determined in C. cibarius from the forests in the region of the Świetokrzyskie Mts. can be explained largely by anomalous geochemistry of soil there. Copper as many other metallic elements is also transported from the anthropogenic sources of emission to more or less remote areas with moving air masses, but they are largely deposited locally (Nygård et al. 2012; Steinnes and Friedland 2006). Airborne heavy metals and metalloids when deposited can be retained in soil by adsorption and/or precipitation reactions and not readily available for mushrooms. Airborne deposition of some heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd), as it was measured in the organic (O) and mineral (B) layers of the forest soils, was in the past low in the region of the Świętokrzyskie Mts. (Andersen et al. 1994). Also, airborne heavy metal deposition (Pb and As as the tracers) in the region of northwestern Poland was low in the most recent study (Steinnes and Twardowska 2016). | study | 30.9 |
Two sets of C. tubaeformis from Poland were similarly high in Cu with 35 to 39 mg kg−1 db (Table 2). The absolute values of Cu in Cantharellus spp. in this study differed between the sites, while contents were in a narrow range in spite of the geographically scattered origin of mushrooms. The data obtained for Cu for three Cantharellus species agree well with most results available for C. cibarius from the different regions of Europe, i.e., they were at 8.2 ± 1.9 (this result was considered as outlier); 26; 30 ± 3; 32 ± 0; 35; 35; 37, 38, 39 ± 2; 35 ± 8 to 49 ± 4; 42; 46 ± 27; 50; 52 ± 8 to 58 mg kg−1 db, and it was 90 ± 5 mg kg−1 db in Turkey, 73 mg kg−1 db in Mexico, and 24 ± 0 mg kg−1 db (only three samples) in USA—as was reviewed recently (Drewnowska and Falandysz 2015; Falandysz and Drewnowska 2015).Table 2Trace metallic elements and arsenic content (mg kg−1 db) in fruiting bodies of Cantharellus mushroomsSpecies, place and year of collection, and number of individuals (n) for composite sample and sample ID* LiVCrMnCoNiCuZnAsRbSrAgCdBaPbCsTlU Cantharellus cibarius Fr. Poland, Jastrzębia Góra, 2012 (n = 57)** (CC-1)* 0.120.0350.15190.240.8937880.066300120.0750.260.500.17WD0.0740.0015 Poland, Darżlubska Wilderness, 2012 (n = 52) (CC-2)0.0510.120.14450.741.841950.115301.60.110.531.20.26WD0.160.0059 Poland, Kościerzyna forests, 2014 (n = 21) (CC-3)0.100.250.29450.821.3461000.132901.90.490.503.20.66WD0.0330.017 Poland, Tuchola Pinewoods, 2013 (n = 27) (CC-5)0.0580.150.14510.992.034880.165401.00.0820.441.30.395.60.150.0065 Poland, Tuchola Pinewoods, Osiek, 2013 (n = 90) (CC-4)0.0880.0990.12430.701.837920.144900.730.150.491.40.382.22.20.13 Poland, Kujawy land, Ciechocinek, 2014 (n = 19) (CC-7)0.0490.100.15280.330.8844960.112001.50.130.231.80.29WD0.0690.0029 Poland, Poznań outskirts, 2014 (n = 18) (CC-8)0.0920.150.18400.431.641990.0894901.30.170.312.40.50WD0.0610.011 Poland, Podlasie, Bobrowniki, 2014 (n = 47) (CC-6)0.0270.0800.074450.391.334880.105501.30.140.261.60.39WD0.120.0027 Poland, Głogów Małopolski, 2014 (n = 27) (CC-11)0.0650.160.16411.12.240870.214001.80.230.822.10.49WD0.120.0042 Poland, Świętokrzyskie , 2014 (n = 15) (CC-10)0.0360.0880.095220.380.9353910.213700.970.541.62.10.45WD0.350.0031 Median value for 10 sites in Poland 0.061 0.11 0.14 42 0.56 1.4 40 91 0.12 490 1.5 0.15 0.46 1.7 0.39 3.9 0.12 0.0050 Mean value for 10 sites in Poland 0.069 0.12 0.15 38 0.61 1.5 41 92 0.13 420 2.4 0.21 0.54 1.8 0.40 3.9 0.33 0.018 ± S.D. value for 10 sites in Poland 0.030 0.06 0.06 11 0.30 0.5 6 5 0.05 120 3.4 0.17 0.41 0.7 0.14 - 0.66 0.039 Poland, from shop, 2013 (n = 309) (CC-9)0.0550.110.27360.451.642980.124101.40.240.251.80.33WD0.0600.0038 China, Yuxi, 2013 (n = 33) (CC-12)0.150.630.61190.371.131760.75615.30.250.589.11.10.710.0370.034 a Cantharellus minor Peck China, Yuxi, 2013 (n = 153) (CM-1)0.110.880.47220.600.5827981.2644.21.02.55.44.40.210.0740.031 Cantharellus tubaeformis (Fr.) Quél Poland, Pomerania, Mojusz, 2007 (n = 54) (CT-1)0.0410.180.12460.0760.4539720.193201.10.550.752.20.722.20.0940.0020 Poland, Pomerania, Kartuzy, 2008 (n = 71) (CT-2)0.0300.100.081390.0460.4135560.293500.860.0960.441.40.642.50.0660.0030 WD without data; ID* (see Figure 1); **(number of fruiting bodies in a pool) aSynonymy: Cantharellus minor f. intensissimus R.H. Petersen; Cantharellus minor Peck, F. minor; Merulius minor (Peck) Kuntze | other | 25.95 |
Mushrooms vary in Cu content sequestered in fruiting bodies because of species-specific requirements, while geochemistry of the soil substratum or anthropogenic pollution may also be factors, which could cause a deficit or surplus of the element (Falandysz et al. 2001; Jorhem and Sundström 1995; Mleczek et al. 2015). A previous study showed that soil substratum geochemistry could have an impact on the quantity of Cu sequestered by C. cibarius in fruiting bodies; e.g., individuals from the Baltic Sea coastal area with sandy soil bedrock at the Hel Peninsula in Poland contained this metal at 30 ± 3 mg kg−1 db, while mushrooms from a region richer in Cu, the montane soils near the town of Zakopane in the Tatra Mts., contained Cu at 52 ± 8 mg kg−1 db (Falandysz et al. 2012a). C. cibarius was able to absorb Cu more efficiently from the soil substratum poorer in this element (Falandysz and Drewnowska 2015). For soil substrata from background areas unpolluted with Cu, as this was the case in this study, the fruit bodies of C. cibarius showed to some degree physiological regulation in a sequestration of the element into the fruiting bodies. | other | 30.56 |
Cobalt, chromium, and lithium are considered as minor trace elements in mushrooms (Řanda and Kučera 2004; Vetter 2005). The examined C. tubaeformis contained cobalt at 0.046 to 0.076 mg kg−1 db. Cobalt in C. minor and C. cibarius was at an order of magnitude greater than in C. tubaeformis, i.e., at 0.24 to 1.1 mg kg−1 db (Table 2); those values agree well with data reported for C. cibarius foraged in Poland and examined by ICP-optical emission spectroscopy (OES) (Falandysz and Drewnowska 2015). | other | 29.94 |
C. cibarius and C. minor from Yunnan had chromium at 0.47 to 0.61 mg kg−1 db and were richer (p < 0.05) in this element than were C. cibarius and C. tubaeformis from Poland, which contained it at 0.074 to 0.29 mg kg−1 db (Table 2). This could be explained by the specific geochemistry of soils in Yunnan, where bedrock in the Circum-Pacific mercuriferous belt is polymetallic and enriched in Cr (Fan 1991). | other | 31.17 |
The content of Mn in the Cantharellus mushrooms was at 19 ± 1 to 51 ± 2 mg kg−1 db in C. cibarius from Poland and at 19 mg kg−1 db in fruit bodies from Yunnan, at 22 mg kg−1 db in C. minor, and at 39 to 46 mg kg−1 db in C. tubaeformis. Cantharellus cibarius from the Baltic Sea coastal place near the location of Jastrzębia Góra contained Mn at 19 and 21 ± 5 mg kg−1 db—similar to fruit bodies from a nearby costal location at the Hel Peninsula that showed 21 ± 5 mg kg−1 db (Falandysz et al. 2012a). Both results suggest on a poor status of Mn in soils at the site of Jastrzębia Góra (for the Hel site Mn was at 2.3 ± 0.2 mg kg−1 dry matter) (Falandysz et al. 2012a). Manganese in C. cibarius and C. minor from Yunnan was within the lower range of the contents reported internationally for C. cibarius (Falandysz and Drewnowska 2015). Manganese, like some other essential mineral constituents in mushrooms, undergoes physiological regulation, and the lower values reported for Yunnan and two locations in Poland (the coastal and an upland—Świętokrzyskie mountains) can imply an insufficient supply of the element from the soil substrate. | study | 31.06 |
Zinc in C. cibarius foraged in Poland was at very similar contents for the sites, i.e., at 88 to 100 mg kg−1 db and at 76 mg kg−1 db for Yunnan. In C. minor, Zn was at 98 mg kg−1 db and in C. tubaeformis at 56 to 72 mg kg−1 db. Those values on Zn contents are in the central to upper range of the literature values reported for C. cibarius (Falandysz and Drewnowska 2015). | other | 30.83 |
Chromium, because of the spectral interferences from other ions, which are formed in a stream of atomized ions in the air-acetylene flame or an argon plasma, is difficult or impossible to determine credibly as trace element in biological matrices like mushrooms by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (F-AAS), ICP-OES, or ICP-MS without a dynamic reaction cell. This could have caused doubtful results published on Cr in mushrooms in the past. The use of a dynamic reaction cell overcomes this problem. The results on chromium in C. cibarius and C. tubaeformis foraged in Poland, when determined by ICP-MS using a dynamic reaction cell, are within range of data for this element in C. cibarius at 0.14 ± 0.02 to 0.16 ± 0.03 mg kg−1 db when determined by ICP-OES (Falandysz and Drewnowska 2015). | other | 31.22 |
There is a scarcity of data on lithium in mushrooms. In a study by Vetter (2005), the content of Li in mushrooms in Hungary was well below 1.0 mg kg−1 db. Also, Sarcodon imbricatus (L.) P. Karst. sampled in Poland contained only a small amount of Li, i.e., at 0.016 ± 0.004 in caps and at 0.054 ± 0.035 mg kg−1 db in stems (Mędyk et al. 2017). | other | 30.61 |
There is no previous analytical information on Li in C. cibarius, C. tubaeformis, and C. minor. The range for Li in C. cibarius from Poland was from 0.027 to 0.12 mg kg−1 db, and those data confirm the suggestion that mushrooms foraged in Europe are poor in this element. The result for a sole composite sample of the Yunnan’s C. cibarius is at 0.15 mg kg−1 db of Li, which is roughly threefold greater than the median value of 0.059 mg kg−1 db for individuals from Poland. | other | 30.64 |
An examination by Yin et al. of some mushrooms foraged in the northern and northwestern regions of Yunnan showed lithium at ∼20- to ∼100-fold greater contents than in the mushrooms in this study (Yin et al. 2012). A sample of C. minor Peck, from the Dayao county in Yunnan, showed lithium at 2.6 mg kg−1 db. Some other mushrooms foraged showed lithium at >1 mg kg−1 db: for example, in Thelephora vialis Schwein., it was 12 mg kg−1 db; in Tricholoma matsutake (S. Ito & S. Imai) Singer, 10 mg kg−1 db; in Amanita exitialis Zhu L. Yang & T.H. Li, 4.9 mg kg−1 db; and in Russula lepida Fr., current name R. rosea Pers., 4 mg kg−1 db (Yin et al. 2012). | other | 29.73 |
Cesium was determined only in a few samples in this study and C. cibarius from Poland and C. tubaeformis showed this element at 2.2 and 5.6 mg kg−1 db, and an order of magnitude smaller values were found in Yunnan’s Cantharellus, which showed from 0.21 to 0.71 mg kg−1 db (Table 2). Because of the nuclear weapon use and tests and the accidents in the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the Cantharellus spp. and other mushrooms in Poland, while far less in Yunnan, can be contaminated with radioactive 137Cs (Falandysz et al. 2016). Hence, 137Cs in the Cantharellus spp. from Poland certainly contributed to total Cs as was measured by ICP-MS. | other | 30.6 |
Also, rubidium was found at an order of magnitude greater content in C. cibarius and C. tubaeformis collected in Poland (200 to 550 and 320 to 540 mg kg−1 db), when related to C. cibarius and C. minor from Yunnan, which contained 61 and 64 mg kg−1 db. The smaller content of Cs and Rb in Cantharellus spp. in Yunnan could be related to the geochemical background condition of soils, which are highly weathered in Yunnan (He et al. 2004). | other | 30.28 |
The Cantharellus spp. from Yunnan, when compared to Cantharellus spp. from Poland, could be considered as enriched in barium and strontium (Table 2). Barium in Yunnan was at 5.4 to 9.1 mg kg−1 db and in Poland at <2 mg kg−1 db (median value) and strontium at 4.2 to 5.3 mg kg−1 db and at <2 mg kg−1 db. An exception was C. cibarius from the site in Jastrzębia Góra in the Baltic Sea coastal area in Poland, which contained Sr at 12 mg kg−1 db (Table 2). Both Ba and Sr may be enriched in the polymetallic soils of Yunnan due to a geochemical anomaly (Fan 1991). This could have an impact on occurrence of Ba and Sr in mushrooms in Yunnan. | study | 31.55 |
Data are lacking on efficiency of bioconcentration by mushrooms of Ba and Sr from soils poor in Ca. Certain mushrooms, e.g., stinkhorns such as Phallus impudicus L. and Clathrus ruber P. micheli ex Pers., have much calcium, which is used to stabilize the gelatinous layer protecting the embryonal carpophore, and they also concentrate Ba and Sr (T. Stijve, personal information). Also, some slime molds, e.g., Fuligo septica (L.) Wiggers, can well accumulate Ca, Ba, and Sr (Setala and Nuorteva 1989; Stijve et al. 1999). | other | 28.34 |
Barium at 14 mg kg−1 db and strontium at 2.8 mg kg−1 db were at elevated levels also in C. minor from Yunnan (Yin et al. 2012). Boletus species foraged in Yunnan also showed an elevated content of 90Sr (and a very low amount of 137Cs) from radioactive fallout, when related to individuals foraged in Poland (Falandysz et al. 2016; Saniewski et al. 2016). | other | 27.78 |
Nickel was at similar contents in the Cantharellus mushrooms in Poland (range from 0.88 to 2.2 mg kg−1 db) and Yunnan (0.58 to 1.1 mg kg−1 db) (Table 2). C. cibarius foraged in several places in Poland when examined by ICP-OES showed Ni from 0.77 ± 0.22 to 2.0 ± 0.6 mg kg−1 db (Falandysz and Drewnowska 2015). Data on Ni in C. cibarius, C. minor, and C. tubaeformis obtained by ICP-MS (Table 2) confirmed that the content of this element in Cantharellus mushrooms rarely exceeds 2.0 mg kg−1 db, as was indicated by the ICP-OES analyses (Falandysz and Drewnowska 2015). | other | 29.05 |
Vanadium was found at a greater content in C. cibarius and C. minor mushrooms in Yunnan (ranging from 0.63 to 0.88 mg kg−1 db) than in Poland (ranging from 0.035 to 0.25 mg kg−1 db) (Table 2). Vanadium is one of the metallic elements that are enriched in red and yellow soils of Yunnan (Fan 1991). C. cibarius sampled from the paleozolic graywacke bedrock in Western Bohemia contained vanadium at 0.21 ± 0.04 mg kg−1 db (Řanda and Kučera 2004), which is similar to the maximum value of 0.25 mg kg−1 db determined in C. cibarius from a site in Poland in this study. The median value for mushrooms from Poland was at 0.11 mg kg−1 db (Table 2). | other | 30.34 |
Uranium was at 0.031 to 0.034 mg kg−1 db in the Cantharellus mushrooms in Yunnan and at 0.0015 to 0.13 mg kg−1 db in Poland (Table 2). Those values for Cantharellus mushrooms are close to the median value of 0.063 mg kg−1 db and are within the range for uranium in ectomycorrhizal macro fungi growing in an unpolluted area (Kubrová and Borovička 2015). | other | 30.39 |
Silver in C. cibarius was at 0.075 to 0.54 mg kg−1 db, in C. minor at 1.0 mg kg−1 db, and in C. tubaeformis at 0.096 to 0.55 mg kg−1 db (Table 2). Those values agree with what was noted in C. cibarius from numerous places in Poland and in Czech Republic, which contained Ag at 0.60 ± 0.21 mg kg−1 dm, from 0.050 ± 0.017 to 0.19 ± 0.04 mg kg−1 dm, and at 0.17 ± 0.04 mg kg−1 dm, when examined respectively by F-AAS, ICP-OES, and neutron activation analysis (Falandysz and Drewnowska 2015; Falandysz et al. 1994; Řanda and Kučera 2004). | other | 31.44 |
Arsenic in C. cibarius from Poland was at 0.066 to 0.21 mg kg−1 db and in C. tubaeformis at 0.19 to 0.29 mg kg−1 db, while mushrooms from Yunnan showed greater contents: 0.75 mg kg−1 db in C. cibarius and 1.2 mg kg−1 db in C. minor. Deposition of airborne As in forests in the northwestern part of Poland is low (Steinnes and Twardowska 2016). Mushrooms from the forested areas with geochemical anomaly in Poland can be richer in geogenic As when related to those foraged from a typical background areas. An example was mushroom Amanita fulva from the Lower Silesia forest in region of a geochemical anomaly in SW Poland having As at 0.78 ± 0.05 mg kg−1 db in caps and 1.3 ± 0.1 mg kg−1 db in stipes (Falandysz et al. 2017). Arsenic content was also low (0.36 ± 0.02 mg kg−1 db) in C. cibarius from Western Bohemia (Řanda and Kučera 2004). | study | 30.47 |
The laterite red earths and red earths and yellow earths of Yunnan are enriched in the metalloids As and Sb (Fan 1991). This could explain a somewhat elevated content of As in Cantharellus mushrooms in Yunnan in this study while levels were relatively low (Table 2). | other | 31.38 |
Cadmium was relatively well studied in C. cibarius in Europe, while there is lack of comprehensive information on the occurrence of this heavy metal in material from Yunnan in China (Falandysz and Drewnowska 2015). Cadmium in portion is leaching out when C. cibarius is blanched (Unpublished; JF). This metallic element occurred at 1.6 mg kg−1 db in C. cibarius from the Pieszków site in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains region, which could be considered as elevated compared to the range from 0.23 to 0.82 mg kg−1 db for other places in Poland in this study (Table 2). The median value of Cd in C. cibarius for a range of sites in Poland was determined in an earlier study at 0.15 to 0.36 mg kg−1 db (Falandysz and Drewnowska 2015). The Świętokrzyskie Mountains area is enriched in some metal ores and also with a long history of some metallurgic industrial activities in certain sites (Gałuszka et al. 2015). Hence, as it was in the case of copper, an overriding source of Cd in C. cibarius from the Świętokrzyskie Mountains region can be geogenic than anthropogenic Cd. | study | 30.77 |
Cadmium in C. cibarius in Yunnan was at 0.58 mg kg−1 db and somewhat higher in C. minor, i.e., at 2.5 mg kg−1 db. In a sample of C. minor from the northern region of Yunnan, Yin et al. (2012) found this element at 1.6 mg kg−1 db. Cd in C. tubaeformis was similar to its content in C. cibarius and from 0.44 to 0.75 mg kg−1 db. Cadmium, in a recent study from NW Spain, was found in the gills of C. cibarius at 0.43 ± 0.19 mg kg−1 db (0.17–0.71; n = 13) and in the main part of fruiting bodies at 0.25 ± 0.12 mg kg−1 db (0.31–1.2) (Melgar et al. 2016). | study | 28.44 |
Lead in C. cibarius and C. tubaeformis from Poland was respectively at range 0.17–0.66 and 0.64–0.72 mg kg−1 db and similar to C. cibarius in Yunnan, i.e., at 1.1 mg kg−1 db. Pollution with the airborne lead of the forested areas in Poland outside of large local emitters was considered low in the past (Andersen et al. 1994) and recently (Steinnes and Twardowska 2016). In light of the data for C. cibarius, C. minor from Yunnan with lead at 4.4 mg kg−1 db could be considered as contaminated. The species C. minor from the northern region of Yunnan showed lead at 2.6 mg kg−1 db (Yin et al. 2012). | study | 30.9 |
There is no earlier information on the occurrence of thallium in Cantharellus mushrooms from Poland or Yunnan. In this study, C. cibarius from the Osiek site in the Tuchola Pinewoods contained thallium at 2.2 mg kg−1 db, which is an elevated level when compared to C. cibarius sampled elsewhere in Poland (range 0.033 to 0.35 mg kg−1 db), and also to C. tubaeformis (range from 0.066 to 0.094 mg kg−1 db) (Table 2). A reason of an elevated content of Tl in C. cibarius from the Tuchola Pinewoods is unknown since no data on its content and origin in soil there can be available. Data on thallium in forest soil of Poland are lacking, while concentrations of Tl extracted by EDTA in soils of other types were low, i.e., in range 0.1–0.4 mg kg−1, and elevated in soils from a site close to the zinc ore mine waste dumping site (Łukaszewicz and Zembrzuski 1992). | other | 29.73 |
A multivariate approach and applying the principal component analysis (PCA) (Chudzińska and Barałkiewicz 2010; Wyrzykowska et al. 2001) has been used to examine the correlation matrix from a possible 17 × 15 data matrix (17 elements sequestered in fruiting bodies by C. cibarius (CC), C. minor (CM), and C. tubaeformis (CT) from 15 places) but without cesium that was determined only in six samples), and results are presented in Table 3 and Fig. 2. All data were standardized to bring values to compatible units from a distribution with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. In choosing the number of components, the Kaiser criterion (factors with eigenvalues greater than 1) and scree test were used. Varimax normalized rotation was used in order to maximize the variances of normalized factor loadings across variables for each factor. Loadings values of >0.75 are considered strong, between 0.75 and 0.5 moderate, and 0.5 and 0.3 weak based on their absolute values. In this study, only component loadings ≥0.55 were taken for interpretation. The PCA examination of data (absolute concentration values and sampling places) revealed that 85% of information regarding the mineral compositional variability in mushroom samples for all examined sites could be described by four components.Table 3Factor loadings (varimax normalized rotation)Eigenvalues5.73.13.12.5Total variance (%)34181815Cumulative (%)34527085VariablesPC1PC2PC3PC4 Li 0.190.47 0.75 # 0.26 V 0.83 0.490.250.06 Cr 0.53 0.55 0.490.21Mn−0.370.13 −0.81 0.28 Co 0.080.05−0.21 0.90 Ni −0.350.04−0.22 0.87 Cu−0.25 −0.79 0.040.14 Zn 0.10−0.280.21 0.77 As 0.87 0.400.20−0.10Rb −0.57 −0.28 −0.59 0.33 Sr 0.070.14 0.83 −0.13 Ag 0.92 −0.130.05−0.06 Cd 0.94 −0.220.03−0.01 Ba 0.57 0.530.390.02 Pb 0.90 0.260.077−0.04Tl0.13 −0.80 −0.210.11U 0.66 0.550.380.16 #strong interreletion (in Italics) Fig. 2Principal component analysis of the trace metallic elements and arsenic in Cantharellus mushrooms and places of collection (a PC1/PC2; b PC3/PC4). Associations among the places are shown on PC 1 and PC2 (a) and PC3 and PC4 with Varimax unrotated matrixes | other | 26.25 |
The component loadings showed that the PC1 explained 34% of the total variance and loaded on the positively and negatively (for Rb) correlated variables, describing significant association between V, As, Ag, Cd, Pb, Ba, and U in chanterelles independently of the species and place. The PC2 was loaded primarily by positively correlated Cr and negatively correlated Cu and Tl and accounted for 18% of the total variance. The PC3 was correlated (negatively) with Mn and Rb and (positively) with Li and Sr and explained 18% of the total variance, while PC4, which positively correlated with Co, Ni, and Zn, accounted for 15% of the total variance. | other | 31.78 |
A projection of datasets on the factor plane allowed the visualization of the relationship between the trace element contents of the samples and the sampling places (Fig. 2). Projection of data on the PC1 and PC2 plane separated a sample of C. minor (CM-1) from China, which indicated the highest contents of V, As, Ag, Cd, Pb, Ba, and U while lowest of Rb, while C. cibarius (CC-1) from the coastal region of the Jastrzębia Góra site in the Baltic Sea costal area in Poland was lowest in those elements except of Rb (Fig. 2a). Next, C. cibarius (CC-12) from China separated by PC2 had the highest content of Cr with the lowest content of Cu and Tl, while C. cibarius (CC-10) from the Piekoszów site in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains with a highest content of Cu and elevated Tl was relatively poor in Cr (Fig. 2a). Projection of data on the PC3 and PC4 plane (Fig. 2b) separated C. cibarius (CC-12) from China and Jastrzębia Góra (CC-1), because of the higher content of Li and Sr and lower of Mn and Rb. Also, C. tubaeformis (CT-1 and CT-2) from both sites separates from other collections (negative correlation), because of lower contents of correlated Co, Ni, and Zn in its fruiting bodies, while a positive tendency could be observed between those elements in C. cibarius from three sites in Poland (CC-5 for Tuchola Pinewoods, CC-11 for Głogów Małopolski, and CC-3 for Kościerskie forests). | other | 32.75 |
Since total concentrations of the elements were determined, the associations found can be largely explained by considering that the mineral content of mushrooms depends on the (i) geochemical composition of soil bedrock—as was observed for lithophile elements such as As, Ba, Cr, Li, Sr, V, and U which were relatively abundant in chanterelles but are known as abundant in red and yellow earths of Yunnan or were lower (Mn, Rb) in mushrooms from Yunnan, (ii) chalcophilicity of certain elements (Ag, As, Cd, Pb), and (iii) essentiality concentrations—adequate supplementation and sometimes deficiency or excess (Cu, Co, Mn, Ni, Zn). | other | 31.38 |