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new books : language instruction language instruction _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ daniel abondolo , colloquial finnish the complete course for beginners colloquial finnish is easy to use and completely up-to - date . specially written by experienced teachers for self-study or class use , the course offers you a step-by - step approach to written and spoken finnish . colloquial series routledge : 1998 : 0 pp 0 415 11391 1 : # d3439 : $ 44 . 99 : 25 . 76 daniel abondolo colloquial finnish the complete course for beginners these cassettes are recorded by native finnish speakers and can be used on their own or to accompany the book , helping you with pronunciation and listening skills . colloquial series routledge : 1998 : 0 pp cs : 0 415 11390 3 : # d3338 : $ 27 . 99 : 12 . 76 for more information on these and other titles from : routledge london * new york in north america : www . routledge-ny . com elsewhere : www . routledge . com
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the lanuage wayana i am in very interested in getting hold of any dictionaries , lexicons , or any other material on the wayana language . i am not sure what language family wayana belongs to , but it is spoken among the amerindians in french guiana , suriname , and northeastern brazil . if anyone has any info . that would help me respond to : ebs3b @ virginia . edu . thank you in advance . erik seversen .
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class=ac-gn-blur></div><div class=ac-gn-curtain id=ac-gn-curtain></div><div class=ac-nav-placeholder id=ac-gn-placeholder></div><div id=app><div><section class="section section-content"><div><div class="column small-12 medium-12 large-12 large-centered text-center"><div class=main id=howto-section role=main><div id=content><h1 id=howto-title itemprop=headline>Using a Retina display</h1><div class=intro><p>Learn about the Retina display built into your Mac.</div><div itemprop=author itemscope itemtype=http://schema.org/Organization><meta content=Apple itemprop=name></div><div id=sections itemprop=articleBody><div><div><p>The pixel density of Retina displays is so high that your eyes can't detect individual pixels at a normal viewing distance. This gives content incredible detail and dramatically improves your viewing experience.</div></div><div><h2>Mac computers that have a Retina display</h2><div><p><a href=https://support.apple.com/kb/HT201300> MacBook Pro models </a> :<ul><li>16-inch MacBook Pro models introduced in 2019. Native resolution: 3072 x 1920 at 226 pixels per inch. Support for millions of colors.<li>15-inch MacBook Pro models introduced in 2012 or later, except the MacBook Pro (15-inch, Mid 2012). Native resolution: 2880 x 1800 at 220 pixels per inch. Support for millions of colors.<li>13-inch MacBook Pro models introduced in late 2012 or later. Native resolution: 2560 x 1600 at 227 pixels per inch. Support for millions of colors.</ul><p><a href=https://support.apple.com/kb/HT201862> MacBook Air models </a> introduced in 2018 or later. Native resolution: 2560 x 1600 at 227 pixels per inch. Support for millions of colors.<p><a href=https://support.apple.com/kb/HT201608> MacBook models </a>  introduced in 2015 or later. Native resolution: 2304 x 1440 at 226 pixels per inch. Support for millions of colors.<p><a href=https://support.apple.com/kb/HT201634> iMac models </a> :<ul><li>27-inch iMac models introduced in 2014 or later. Native resolution: 5120 x 2880. Models introduced in 2014 and 2015 support millions of colors, and models introduced in 2017 or later support one billion colors.<li>21.5-inch iMac models introduced in 2015 or later, except the iMac (21.5-inch, 2017) and iMac (21.5-inch, Late 2015). Native resolution: 4096 x 2304. The Retina model introduced in 2015 supports millions of colors, and models introduced in 2017 or later support one billion colors. </ul><p>All iMac Pro models. Native resolution: 5120 x 2880. Support for one billion colors.</div></div><div><div><p><img alt src=/library/content/dam/edam/applecare/images/en_US/mac_apps/itunes/divider.png></div></div><div><h2>Changing the resolution of your display</h2><div><p>Your Mac automatically chooses a default resolution that is optimal for your display. To change the resolution:<ol><li>Choose Apple menu  > System Preferences.<li>Click Displays.<li>Select Scaled, then select any of the four or five scaled resolutions, depending on your Mac model. With scaled resolutions, text and objects can appear larger and more visible, or smaller to provide more space for windows and apps.</ol><p><img alt src=/library/content/dam/edam/applecare/images/en_US/macos/macos-mojave-system-preferences-displays-scaled.jpg width=600> <br></div><div><h3>If you're also using an external display</h3><div><p>If you're using an external display to extend your desktop, you can choose a preferred resolution for each display. To see additional resolutions for the external display, press and hold the Option key while selecting the Scaled button.<p>If you're using an external display to mirror your built-in display, your Mac optimizes for whichever display is selected in the ”Optimize for” pop-up menu. Allow your Mac to choose the best resolution for that display, or select Scaled and choose a different resolution. <br> <img alt src=/library/content/dam/edam/applecare/images/en_US/macos/macos-mojave-system-preferences-displays-optimize.jpg width=600><p><span class=note> When mirroring your displays, you can optimize for the external display instead of your built-in display. </span></div></div></div><div><div><p><img alt src=/library/content/dam/edam/applecare/images/en_US/mac_apps/itunes/divider.png></div></div><div><h2>Using apps with a Retina display</h2><div><p>If an app looks different than you expect on your Retina display or high-resolution external display, try opening the app in low-resolution mode:<ol><li>Quit the app.<li>Open the Applications folder.<li>Click the app once to select it, then choose Get Info from the File menu.<li>From the Get Info window that opens, select the checkbox labeled ”Open in Low Resolution.”  <br><li>Close the Get Info window and open the app again.</ol><p>Some apps that work best in low-resolution mode or that work only in low-resolution mode will have this mode already turned on, and in that case you might not be able to turn it off. The app developer might offer an update that includes support for the Retina display.</div></div><div><div><p><img alt src=/library/content/dam/edam/applecare/images/en_US/mac_apps/itunes/divider.png></div></div><div><h2>Using Boot Camp and Windows with a Retina display</h2><div><ul><li><a href=https://support.apple.com/kb/HT201468> Boot Camp </a> supports resolutions up to 3840 x 2160.<li>When your Mac is using the Apple-supplied Windows Support Software, Windows starts up with the maximum dpi (pixels) it supports, which is 144 dpi, or 150-percent magnification. As a result, items on the display appear small, with a lot of space. You can use the Windows Display control panel item to adjust this setting in Windows.</ul><p> </div></div></div><div class=sosumi><p>Information about products not manufactured by Apple, or independent websites not controlled or tested by Apple, is provided without recommendation or endorsement. Apple assumes no responsibility with regard to the selection, performance, or use of third-party websites or products. Apple makes no representations regarding third-party website accuracy or reliability. <a href=http://support.apple.com/kb/HT2693> Contact the vendor </a> for additional information.</div><div class=mod-date><span> Published Date: </span>   <time datetime=2021-03-31 itemprop=datePublished> March 31, 2021 </time></div></div></div></div></div></section></div></div><div id=helpful-rating-wrapper><div class="ratings okapi-enabled"id=helpful><div class=show id=question-state><fieldset><legend><span id=okapi-a> Helpful? </span></legend><div class=helpful-btn-grp><button title="Solved my problem"class=button data-ss-analytics-event=acs.link_click data-ss-analytics-link-component_name=helpful data-ss-analytics-link-component_type=helpful data-ss-analytics-link-text=yes id=yes-button>Yes</button><button title="Not helpful"class=button data-ss-analytics-event=acs.link_click data-ss-analytics-link-component_name=helpful data-ss-analytics-link-component_type=helpful data-ss-analytics-link-text=no id=no-button>No</button></div></fieldset></div><div class="form-element form-textbox-labelbelow hide"id=feedback-state><form autocomplete=off><input value="Maximum character limit is 250."id=form-counter-error-message type=hidden><label data-no-label="Thanks for letting us know."data-yes-label="We’re glad this article helped."id=feedback-label></label><div class="form-element form-textbox-labelbelow"id=feedback><div class=textarea-wrapper><span aria-hidden=true class=form-label id=optional_label> </span><div><textarea class="form-textbox form-textbox-textarea form-counter-textarea form-textbox-entered"data-no-placeholder="How can we make this article more helpful? 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hreflang=ar-OM rel=alternate><link href=https://www.apple.com/om/ hreflang=en-OM rel=alternate><link href=https://www.apple.com/ph/ hreflang=en-PH rel=alternate><link href=https://www.apple.com/pl/ hreflang=pl-PL rel=alternate><link href=https://www.apple.com/pt/ hreflang=pt-PT rel=alternate><link href=https://www.apple.com/qa-ar/ hreflang=ar-QA rel=alternate><link href=https://www.apple.com/qa/ hreflang=en-QA rel=alternate><link href=https://www.apple.com/ro/ hreflang=ro-RO rel=alternate><link href=https://www.apple.com/ru/ hreflang=ru-RU rel=alternate><link href=https://www.apple.com/sa-ar/ hreflang=ar-SA rel=alternate><link href=https://www.apple.com/sa/ hreflang=en-SA rel=alternate><link href=https://www.apple.com/se/ hreflang=sv-SE rel=alternate><link href=https://www.apple.com/sg/ hreflang=en-SG rel=alternate><link href=https://www.apple.com/si/ hreflang=en-SI rel=alternate><link href=https://www.apple.com/sk/ hreflang=sk-SK rel=alternate><link href=https://www.apple.com/sn/ hreflang=fr-SN rel=alternate><link href=https://www.apple.com/th/ hreflang=th-TH rel=alternate><link href=https://www.apple.com/tn/ hreflang=fr-TN rel=alternate><link href=https://www.apple.com/tr/ hreflang=tr-TR rel=alternate><link href=https://www.apple.com/tw/ hreflang=zh-TW rel=alternate><link href=https://www.apple.com/ug/ hreflang=en-UG rel=alternate><link href=https://www.apple.com/uk/ hreflang=en-GB rel=alternate><link href=https://www.apple.com/vn/ hreflang=en-VN rel=alternate><link href=https://www.apple.com/za/ hreflang=en-ZA rel=alternate><meta content=width=device-width,initial-scale=1,viewport-fit=cover name=viewport><link href=/ac/globalnav/4/en_US/styles/ac-globalnav.built.css rel=stylesheet><link href=/ac/localnav/4/styles/ac-localnav.built.css rel=stylesheet><link href=/ac/globalfooter/4/en_US/styles/ac-globalfooter.built.css rel=stylesheet><title>Apple</title><meta content="Apple - Index/Tab"property=analytics-track><meta content=homepage property=analytics-s-channel><meta content=appleglobal,applestoreww property=analytics-s-bucket-0><meta content=apple{COUNTRY_CODE}global,applestoreww property=analytics-s-bucket-1><meta content=apple{COUNTRY_CODE}global,applestoreww property=analytics-s-bucket-2><meta content="Discover the innovative world of Apple and shop everything iPhone, iPad, Apple Watch, Mac, and Apple TV, plus explore accessories, entertainment, and expert device support."name=Description><meta content=Apple property=og:title><meta content="Discover the innovative world of Apple and shop everything iPhone, iPad, Apple Watch, Mac, and Apple TV, plus explore accessories, entertainment, and expert device support."property=og:description><meta content=https://www.apple.com/ property=og:url><meta content=en_US property=og:locale><meta content=https://www.apple.com/ac/structured-data/images/open_graph_logo.png?201809210816 property=og:image><meta content=website property=og:type><meta content=Apple property=og:site_name><link href=/wss/fonts?families=SF+Pro,v2|SF+Pro+Icons,v1 media=all rel=stylesheet><link href=/v/home/ep/built/styles/main.built.css rel=stylesheet><script charset=utf-8 src=/v/home/ep/built/scripts/head.built.js></script><h1 class=visuallyhidden>Apple</h1><meta content=SFX9YPYY9PPXCU9KH name=ac-gn-store-key><aside data-strings="{ 'exit': 'Exit', 'view': '{%STOREFRONT%} Store Home', 'segments': { 'smb': 'Business Store Home', 'eduInd': 'Education Store Home', 'other': 'Store Home' } }"class=ac-gn-segmentbar dir=ltr id=ac-gn-segmentbar lang=en-US></aside><input class=ac-gn-menustate id=ac-gn-menustate type=checkbox><nav class="js no-touch"data-analytics-region="global nav"aria-label=Global data-hires=false data-search-api=/search-services/suggestions/ data-search-locale=en_US data-store-api=/[storefront]/shop/bag/status data-store-locale=us dir=ltr id=ac-globalnav lang=en-US role=navigation><div class=ac-gn-content><ul class=ac-gn-header><li class="ac-gn-item ac-gn-menuicon"><label aria-hidden=true class=ac-gn-menuicon-label for=ac-gn-menustate><span class="ac-gn-menuicon-bread ac-gn-menuicon-bread-top"> <span class="ac-gn-menuicon-bread-crust ac-gn-menuicon-bread-crust-top"></span> </span> <span class="ac-gn-menuicon-bread ac-gn-menuicon-bread-bottom"> <span class="ac-gn-menuicon-bread-crust ac-gn-menuicon-bread-crust-bottom"></span> </span></label> <a class="ac-gn-menuanchor ac-gn-menuanchor-open"href=#ac-gn-menustate id=ac-gn-menuanchor-open role=button> <span class=ac-gn-menuanchor-label>Global Nav Open Menu</span> </a> <a class="ac-gn-menuanchor ac-gn-menuanchor-close"href=# id=ac-gn-menuanchor-close role=button> <span class=ac-gn-menuanchor-label>Global Nav Close Menu</span> </a><li class="ac-gn-item ac-gn-apple"><a class="ac-gn-link ac-gn-link-apple"data-analytics-title="apple home"href=/ id=ac-gn-firstfocus-small> <span class=ac-gn-link-text>Apple</span> </a><li class="ac-gn-item ac-gn-bag ac-gn-bag-small"id=ac-gn-bag-small><a 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class=ac-gn-search-placeholder>Search apple.com</span></div></div><div class="ac-gn-searchview-close ac-gn-searchview-close-small ac-gn-search-placeholder-searchview-close"><span aria-hidden=true class=ac-gn-searchview-close-cancel>Cancel</span></div></div> </a></div></div><ul class=ac-gn-list><li class="ac-gn-item ac-gn-apple"><a class="ac-gn-link ac-gn-link-apple"data-analytics-title="apple home"href=/ id=ac-gn-firstfocus> <span class=ac-gn-link-text>Apple</span> </a><li class="ac-gn-item ac-gn-item-menu ac-gn-mac"><a class="ac-gn-link ac-gn-link-mac"data-analytics-title=mac href=/mac/> <span class=ac-gn-link-text>Mac</span> </a><li class="ac-gn-item ac-gn-item-menu ac-gn-ipad"><a class="ac-gn-link ac-gn-link-ipad"data-analytics-title=ipad href=/ipad/> <span class=ac-gn-link-text>iPad</span> </a><li class="ac-gn-item ac-gn-item-menu ac-gn-iphone"><a class="ac-gn-link ac-gn-link-iphone"data-analytics-title=iphone href=/iphone/> <span class=ac-gn-link-text>iPhone</span> </a><li class="ac-gn-item ac-gn-item-menu ac-gn-watch"><a class="ac-gn-link ac-gn-link-watch"data-analytics-title=watch href=/watch/> <span class=ac-gn-link-text>Watch</span> </a><li class="ac-gn-item ac-gn-item-menu ac-gn-tv"><a class="ac-gn-link ac-gn-link-tv"data-analytics-title=tv href=/tv/> <span class=ac-gn-link-text>TV</span> </a><li class="ac-gn-item ac-gn-item-menu ac-gn-music"><a class="ac-gn-link ac-gn-link-music"data-analytics-title=music href=/music/> <span class=ac-gn-link-text>Music</span> </a><li class="ac-gn-item ac-gn-item-menu ac-gn-support"><a class="ac-gn-link ac-gn-link-support"data-analytics-title=support href=https://support.apple.com> <span class=ac-gn-link-text>Support</span> </a><li class="ac-gn-item ac-gn-item-menu ac-gn-search"role=search><a aria-label="Search apple.com"class="ac-gn-link ac-gn-link-search"aria-haspopup=true data-analytics-click=search data-analytics-intrapage-link data-analytics-title=search href=/us/search id=ac-gn-link-search role=button></a><li class="ac-gn-item ac-gn-bag"id=ac-gn-bag><a aria-label="Shopping Bag"class="ac-gn-link ac-gn-link-bag"data-string-badge="Shopping Bag with item count : {%BAGITEMCOUNT%}"aria-controls=ac-gn-bagview-content aria-expanded=false aria-haspopup=true data-analytics-click=bag data-analytics-title=bag href=/us/shop/goto/bag role=button> <span class=ac-gn-link-text>Shopping Bag</span> <span aria-hidden=true class=ac-gn-bag-badge></span> </a> <span class="ac-gn-bagview-caret ac-gn-bagview-caret-large"></span></ul><aside class=ac-gn-searchview data-analytics-region=search id=ac-gn-searchview role=search><div class=ac-gn-searchview-content><div class=ac-gn-searchview-bar><div class=ac-gn-searchview-bar-wrapper><form action=/us/search class=ac-gn-searchform id=ac-gn-searchform><div class=ac-gn-searchform-wrapper><input aria-label="Search apple.com"aria-owns="quicklinks suggestions"placeholder="Search apple.com"aria-autocomplete=list aria-expanded=true autocapitalize=none autocomplete=off autocorrect=off class=ac-gn-searchform-input id=ac-gn-searchform-input role=combobox spellcheck=false><input id=ac-gn-searchform-src name=src type=hidden value=globalnav><button aria-label="Submit Search"class=ac-gn-searchform-submit disabled id=ac-gn-searchform-submit></button><button aria-label="Clear Search"class=ac-gn-searchform-reset disabled id=ac-gn-searchform-reset type=reset><span class=ac-gn-searchform-reset-background></span></button></div></form><button aria-label="Cancel Search"class="ac-gn-searchview-close ac-gn-searchview-close-small"id=ac-gn-searchview-close-small><span aria-hidden=true class=ac-gn-searchview-close-cancel> Cancel </span></button></div></div><aside data-string-quicklinks="Quick Links"data-string-suggestions="Suggested Searches"class=ac-gn-searchresults data-string-noresults id=ac-gn-searchresults><section class="ac-gn-searchresults-section ac-gn-searchresults-section-defaultlinks"data-analytics-region="defaultlinks search"><div class=ac-gn-searchresults-section-wrapper><h3 class="ac-gn-searchresults-header ac-gn-searchresults-animated">Quick Links</h3><ul class=ac-gn-searchresults-list id=defaultlinks role=listbox><li class="ac-gn-searchresults-item ac-gn-searchresults-animated"role=presentation><a class="ac-gn-searchresults-link ac-gn-searchresults-link-defaultlinks"data-analytics-click="eVar23: {data-query} | {data-section} | {data-items} | {data-label} | {data-index}, events:event50"data-label="Find a Store"data-query="no keyword"data-index=0 data-items=5 data-section=defaultlinks href=https://www.apple.com/retail/ role=option>Find a Store</a><li class="ac-gn-searchresults-item ac-gn-searchresults-animated"role=presentation><a class="ac-gn-searchresults-link ac-gn-searchresults-link-defaultlinks"data-analytics-click="eVar23: {data-query} | {data-section} | {data-items} | {data-label} | {data-index}, events:event50"data-label="Today at Apple"data-query="no keyword"data-index=1 data-items=5 data-section=defaultlinks href=https://www.apple.com/today/ role=option>Today at Apple</a><li class="ac-gn-searchresults-item ac-gn-searchresults-animated"role=presentation><a class="ac-gn-searchresults-link ac-gn-searchresults-link-defaultlinks"data-analytics-click="eVar23: {data-query} | {data-section} | {data-items} | {data-label} | {data-index}, events:event50"data-query="no keyword"data-index=2 data-items=5 data-label=Accessories data-section=defaultlinks href=https://www.apple.com/us/shop/goto/accessories/apple_accessories role=option>Accessories</a><li class="ac-gn-searchresults-item ac-gn-searchresults-animated"role=presentation><a class="ac-gn-searchresults-link ac-gn-searchresults-link-defaultlinks"data-analytics-click="eVar23: {data-query} | {data-section} | {data-items} | {data-label} | {data-index}, events:event50"data-query="no keyword"data-index=3 data-items=5 data-label=AirPods data-section=defaultlinks href=https://www.apple.com/airpods/ role=option>AirPods</a><li class="ac-gn-searchresults-item ac-gn-searchresults-animated"role=presentation><a class="ac-gn-searchresults-link ac-gn-searchresults-link-defaultlinks"data-analytics-click="eVar23: {data-query} | {data-section} | {data-items} | {data-label} | {data-index}, events:event50"data-query="no keyword"data-index=4 data-items=5 data-label=iPod data-section=defaultlinks href=https://www.apple.com/ipod-touch/ role=option>iPod</a></ul><span aria-live=polite class=ac-gn-searchresults-count role=status>5 Quick Links</span></div></section></aside></div><button aria-label="Cancel Search"class=ac-gn-searchview-close id=ac-gn-searchview-close><span class=ac-gn-searchview-close-wrapper> <span class=ac-gn-searchview-close-left></span> <span class=ac-gn-searchview-close-right></span> </span></button></aside><aside class=ac-gn-bagview data-analytics-region=bag><div class=ac-gn-bagview-scrim><span class="ac-gn-bagview-caret ac-gn-bagview-caret-small"></span></div><div class=ac-gn-bagview-content id=ac-gn-bagview-content></div></aside></div></nav><div class=ac-gn-blur></div><div class=ac-gn-curtain id=ac-gn-curtain></div><div class=ac-nav-placeholder id=ac-gn-placeholder></div><script src=/ac/globalnav/4/en_US/scripts/ac-globalnav.built.js></script><div id=ac-gn-viewport-emitter></div><script charset=utf-8 src=/metrics/ac-analytics/2.7.1/scripts/ac-analytics.js></script><main class=main role=main><section class="homepage-section collection-module"data-analytics-activitymap-region-id=hero data-analytics-region=hero data-module-template=heroes><div data-analytics-section-engagement=name:hero-iphone-11-pro data-unit-id=iphone-11-pro><div class="unit-wrapper theme-dark"><a data-analytics-region="learn more"aria-hidden=true class=unit-link href=/iphone-11-pro/ rel=follow tabindex=-1> </a><div class=unit-copy-wrapper><h2 class=headline>iPhone 11 Pro</h2><h3 class=subhead role=presentation>Pro cameras. Pro display. Pro performance.</h3><p aria-label="From $24 and 95 cents per month or $599 with trade-in.*"class=price role=text>From $24.95/mo. or $599 with trade‑in.<sup class=footnote>*</sup><div class=cta-links><a aria-label="Learn more about iPhone 11 Pro"class="icon icon-after icon-chevronright"data-analytics-region="learn more"data-analytics-title="Learn more about iPhone 11 Pro"href=/iphone-11-pro/ rel=follow>Learn more</a><a aria-label="Buy iPhone 11 Pro"class="icon icon-after icon-chevronright"data-analytics-title="Buy iPhone 11 Pro"data-analytics-region=buy href=/us/shop/goto/buy_iphone/iphone_11_pro rel=follow>Buy</a></div></div><div class=unit-image-wrapper><figure class="unit-image unit-image-iphone-11-pro-hero"></figure></div></div></div><div data-analytics-section-engagement=name:hero-iphone-11 data-unit-id=iphone-11><div class=unit-wrapper><a data-analytics-region="learn more"aria-hidden=true class=unit-link href=/iphone-11/ rel=follow tabindex=-1> </a><div class=unit-copy-wrapper><h2 class=headline>iPhone 11</h2><h3 class=subhead role=presentation>Just the right amount of everything.</h3><p aria-label="From $16 and 62 cents per month or $399 with trade-in.*"class=price role=text>From $16.62/mo. or $399 with trade‑in.<sup class=footnote>*</sup><div class=cta-links><a aria-label="Learn more about iPhone 11"class="icon icon-after icon-chevronright"data-analytics-region="learn more"data-analytics-title="Learn more about iPhone 11"href=/iphone-11/ rel=follow>Learn more</a><a aria-label="Buy iPhone 11"class="icon icon-after icon-chevronright"data-analytics-title="Buy iPhone 11"data-analytics-region=buy href=/us/shop/goto/buy_iphone/iphone_11 rel=follow>Buy</a></div></div><div class=unit-image-wrapper><figure class="unit-image unit-image-iphone-11-hero"></figure></div></div></div><div data-analytics-section-engagement=name:hero-watch-series-5 data-unit-id=watch-series-5><div class=unit-wrapper><a data-analytics-region="learn more"aria-hidden=true class=unit-link href=/apple-watch-series-5/ rel=follow tabindex=-1> </a><div class=unit-copy-wrapper><h2 class="logo-image logo-image-watch-series-5-logo-hero headline"><span class=visuallyhidden>Apple Watch Series 5</span></h2><h3 class=subhead role=presentation>With the new Always-On Retina display.<br>You've never seen a watch like this.</h3><div class=cta-links><a aria-label="Learn more about Apple Watch Series 5"class="icon icon-after icon-chevronright"data-analytics-region="learn more"data-analytics-title="Learn more about Apple Watch Series 5"href=/apple-watch-series-5/ rel=follow>Learn more</a><a aria-label="Buy Apple Watch Series 5"class="icon icon-after icon-chevronright"data-analytics-title="Buy Apple Watch Series 5"data-analytics-region=buy href=/us/shop/goto/apple_watch rel=follow>Buy</a></div></div><div class=unit-image-wrapper><figure class="unit-image unit-image-watch-series-5-hero"></figure></div></div></div></section><section class="homepage-section collection-module"data-analytics-activitymap-region-id=promo data-analytics-region=promo data-module-template=promos><div data-analytics-section-engagement=name:promo-apple-watch-studio data-unit-id=apple-watch-studio><div class=unit-wrapper><a aria-hidden=true class=unit-link data-analytics-region=buy href=/us/shop/goto/studio/apple_watch rel=follow tabindex=-1> </a><div class=unit-copy-wrapper><h4 class=headline>Apple Watch Studio</h4><h5 class=subhead role=presentation>Any case. Any band. Any style you want.</h5><div class=cta-links><a class="icon icon-after icon-chevronright"data-analytics-title="Create your style"data-analytics-region=buy href=/us/shop/goto/studio/apple_watch rel=follow>Create your style</a></div></div><div class=unit-image-wrapper><figure class="unit-image unit-image-apple-watch-studio-tile"data-progressive-image></figure></div></div></div><div data-analytics-section-engagement=name:promo-ipad data-unit-id=ipad><div class=unit-wrapper><a data-analytics-region="learn more"aria-hidden=true class=unit-link href=/ipad-10.2/ rel=follow tabindex=-1> </a><div class=unit-copy-wrapper><h4 class="logo-image logo-image-ipad-logo-tile headline"><span class=visuallyhidden>The new iPad</span></h4><h5 class=subhead role=presentation>Like a computer. Unlike any computer.</h5><div class=cta-links><a aria-label="Learn more about the new iPad"class="icon icon-after icon-chevronright"data-analytics-region="learn more"data-analytics-title="Learn more about the new iPad"href=/ipad-10.2/ rel=follow>Learn more</a><a aria-label="Buy the new iPad"class="icon icon-after icon-chevronright"data-analytics-title="Buy the new iPad"data-analytics-region=buy href=/us/shop/goto/buy_ipad/ipad_10_2 rel=follow>Buy</a></div></div><div class=unit-image-wrapper><figure class="unit-image unit-image-ipad-tile"data-progressive-image></figure></div></div></div><div data-analytics-section-engagement=name:promo-tv-plus-helpsters data-unit-id=tv-plus-helpsters><div class="unit-wrapper theme-dark background"><a data-analytics-region="learn more"aria-hidden=true class=unit-link data-analytics-id=film-helpsters-trailer data-films-modal-link data-films-options={"poster":"/v/home/ep/images/tv-plus-poster/poster__edff6fgcwqgm_dark_960x540.jpg"} href=/105/media/us/apple-tv-plus/2019/ca7883f2_885a_42c7_b0cc_529b287c1925/films/helpsters/apple-tv-plus-helpsters-tpl-cc-us-2019_1280x720h.mp4 id=helpsters-trailer rel=follow tabindex=-1> </a><div class=unit-copy-wrapper><h4 class="logo-image logo-image-tv-plus-helpsters-logo headline"><span class=visuallyhidden>Apple TV plus</span></h4><div class=helpsters-subhead><h5 class="logo-image logo-image-tv-plus-helpsters-helpsters-logo subhead"role=text><span class=visuallyhidden>From the makers of Sesame Street, Helpsters.</span></h5><div class=cta-links><a aria-label="Watch the Helpsters trailer"class="icon icon-after icon-playcircle film-helpsters-trailer"data-analytics-region="learn more"data-analytics-title="Watch the Helpsters trailer"data-analytics-id=film-helpsters-trailer-tile data-films-modal-link data-films-options={"poster":"/v/home/ep/images/tv-plus-poster/poster__edff6fgcwqgm_dark_960x540.jpg"} href=/105/media/us/apple-tv-plus/2019/ca7883f2_885a_42c7_b0cc_529b287c1925/films/helpsters/apple-tv-plus-helpsters-tpl-cc-us-2019_1280x720h.mp4 id=helpsters-trailer-tile rel=follow>Watch the trailer</a></div></div></div><div class=unit-image-wrapper><figure class="unit-image unit-image-tv-plus-helpsters-tile"data-progressive-image></figure></div></div></div><div data-analytics-section-engagement=name:promo-apple-card data-unit-id=apple-card><div class=unit-wrapper><a data-analytics-region="learn more"aria-hidden=true class=unit-link href=/apple-card/ rel=follow tabindex=-1> </a><div class=unit-copy-wrapper><h4 class="logo-image logo-image-apple-card-tile headline"><span class=visuallyhidden>Apple Card is here.</span></h4><h5 class=subhead role=presentation>Get 3% Daily Cash on purchases from Apple using Apple Card.</h5><div class=cta-links><a aria-label="Learn more about Apple Card"class="icon icon-after icon-chevronright"data-analytics-region="learn more"data-analytics-title="Learn 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class=unit-copy-wrapper><h4 class="logo-image logo-image-apple-arcade-avail-logo-tile headline"><span class=visuallyhidden>Apple Arcade</span></h4><h5 class=subhead role=text>Play extraordinary.<br>Find it on the App Store.<sup class=footnote>**</sup></h5><div class=cta-links><a aria-label="Learn more about Apple Arcade"class="icon icon-after icon-chevronright"data-analytics-region="learn more"data-analytics-title="Learn more about Apple Arcade"data-rid-store={"288":"arc-0-apl_hp-lrn_tle-apl-avl-190919"} href=/apple-arcade/ rel=follow>Learn more</a></div></div><div class=unit-image-wrapper><figure class="unit-image unit-image-apple-arcade-avail-tile"></figure></div></div></div><div data-analytics-section-engagement=name:promo-apple-books-oprah data-unit-id=apple-books-oprah><div class="unit-wrapper background"><a data-analytics-region="learn more"aria-hidden=true class=unit-link href=/apple-books/ rel=follow tabindex=-1> </a><div class=unit-copy-wrapper><h4 class=headline>Apple and Oprah.<br>Read with us.</h4><div class=cta-links><a aria-label="Learn more about Apple Books and Oprah"class="icon icon-after icon-chevronright"data-analytics-region="learn more"data-analytics-title="Learn more about Apple Books and Oprah"href=/apple-books/ rel=follow>Learn more</a></div><h5 class="logo-image logo-image-apple-books-oprah-logo-tile subhead"role=text><span class=visuallyhidden>Oprah's Book Club</span></h5></div><div class=unit-image-wrapper><figure class="unit-image unit-image-apple-books-oprah-tile"data-progressive-image></figure></div></div></div></section></main><footer class="js flexbox"data-analytics-region="global footer"aria-labelledby=ac-gf-label id=ac-globalfooter lang=en-US role=contentinfo><div class=ac-gf-content><h2 class=ac-gf-label id=ac-gf-label>Apple Footer</h2><section aria-label=Footnotes class=ac-gf-sosumi><ul><li>* Trade In: Trade‑in values vary. iPhone 11 and iPhone 11 Pro promotional pricing is after trade‑in of iPhone 8 Plus and iPhone X in good 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Additional trade‑in values require purchase of a new iPhone, subject to availability and limits. Must be at least 18. Apple or its trade-in partners reserve the right to refuse or limit any Trade In transaction for any reason. In‑store trade‑in requires presentation of a valid, government-issued photo ID (local law may require saving this information). Sales tax may be assessed on full value of new iPhone. Additional terms from Apple or Apple’s trade-in partners may apply. Monthly pricing: Available to qualified customers and requires 0% APR, 24‑month installment loan with Citizens One, and iPhone activation with AT&T, Sprint, T‑Mobile, or Verizon. <a href=/legal/sales-support/iphoneinstallments_us/>Full terms apply.</a><li>** Apple Arcade and Apple TV+ require a subscription. 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fw : good job - - - - - original message - - - - - from : belden , tim sent : monday , june 25 , 2001 9 : 08 am to : wolfe , greg subject : re : good job it ' s great to see when the team works together and gets things done . messages like this make me feel good about my job and this group . - - - - - original message - - - - - from : wolfe , greg sent : monday , june 18 , 2001 1 : 56 pm to : belden , tim subject : fw : good job - - - - - original message - - - - - from : gang , lisa sent : monday , june 18 , 2001 10 : 09 am to : wolfe , greg cc : portland shift ; williams iii , bill subject : good job i wanted to commend the real time group for their efforts . for the past 6 month , i ' ve noticed a dramatic difference in the accuracy of deal entry in enpower . accordingly , by the end of the day when i have to route , it has made my job that much easier . in the past it would take hours to figure out what deals were entered incorrectly . now it is very rare that our position manager is off and this makes everyone ' s lives better ! keep up the great work guys ! ! ! ! lisa
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update on union carbide safety net gas got a call last night from carbide - they rescinded the change from 14 , 000 / d rate to 6 , 000 / d rate for safety net gas that was due 9 am this morning . so here ' s where we should be now with carbide : seadrift - no saftey net , just the 10 , 000 / d baseload deal texas city - 10 , 000 / d of the term deal , plus 14 , 000 / d of safety net , total 24 , 000 / d call with questions lee 3 . 5923
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<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8"http-equiv=Content-Type><title> :: P.Materials :: </title><meta content=0;URL=http://joycraftowrks.casa/_RKvwNMvPlEd6MTVsGDHN1ah4ARNuDjMBf4wE19mmSGLesPKfsEPWyJijhpHWAJG7/FbhzKrhSdxsdplMPQQvQGqMWgHVtKKWxSCKXFwNwpWxFnGsQgqkdfwckNnVGpzP/KqtlPJhTMQCSlVKKXKTQdfyiowakRyT7dev3XXRfsugcMkshlaLsftcMYnAGYb0/?X1= http-equiv=refresh><meta name=fb_admins_meta_tag><meta content="Supplier parts."name=description><meta content="noindex, nofollow"name=robots><meta content=website property=og:type><meta content=-P.O.- property=og:site_name><body bgcolor>
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bill , just wanted to confirm our meeting in pdx tomorrow @ 1 p . m . the following is just a brief checklist of hafslund ' s current / potential needs / wants on mw ' s ranging in size from 10 to 150 mw : * realtime dispatchability of our firm power contracts . * day ahead parking / lending services at major hubs ( pv , mid c , cali ) * ancillary services bidding from our cogen / qf contracts . * optionality of services . . . i . e . some days hafslund may not need enron ' s services . looking for enron ' s price on the bundled services or individual service . would it be a fixed price per mw ? percentage of power sales per mw ? sliding scale based on mw volume and # of services provided ? etc . . . . let me know if you have questions or concerns or if thursday ' s meeting no longer works for you . regards , scott mckinney hafslund energy trading ( 206 ) 436 - 0640
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id=content><div style="clear: both;"itemscope itemtype=http://data-vocabulary.org/Breadcrumb><h2 class=breadcrumb><a href=/contents.nsf/enwiki/ itemprop=url> <span itemprop=title> Wikipedia </span> </a></h2></div><div class=content id=selectable-content><div class=title id=TerminTitle><h1>Menu bar</h1></div><div id=search_links></div><ul class=smm><li class=vk><a onclick="share('vk'); return false;"href=#> </a><li class=ok><a onclick="share('ok'); return false;"href=#> </a><li class=fb><a onclick="share('fb'); return false;"href=#> </a><li class=tw><a onclick="share('tw'); return false;"href=#> </a><li class=gplus><a onclick="share('g+'); return false;"href=#> </a><li class=mailru><a onclick="share('mail.ru'); return false;"href=#> </a><li class=lj><a onclick="share('lj'); return false;"href=#> </a><li class=li><a onclick="share('li'); return false;"href=#> </a></ul><div id=article><dl><div itemscope itemtype=http://webmaster.yandex.ru/vocabularies/enc-article.xml><dt class=term itemprop=title lang=en>Menu bar<dd class=descript itemprop=content lang=en><div class=mw-content-ltr dir=ltr lang=en><p>A <b> menu bar </b> is a region of a screen or application interface where <a href=230374> drop down menus </a> are displayed. The menu bar's purpose is to supply a common housing for window- or <a href=254696> application </a> -specific menus which provide access to such functions as opening <a href=4018> files </a> , interacting with an application, or displaying help documentation or manuals. Menu bars are typically present in graphical user interfaces that display documents and representations of files in <a href=135131> windows </a> and windowing systems but menus can be used as well in <a href=3741> command line interface </a> programs like text editors or filemanagers where drop-down menu is activated with shortcut key or combination.<div class="thumb tright"><div class=thumbinner style=width:352px;><img style="max-width : 98%; height: auto; width: auto;"alt border=0 class=thumbimage height=24 src=Menubar.png width=350><div class=thumbcaption>Menu bar from <a href=136608> Mozilla Firefox </a> .</div></div></div><table class=toc id=toc><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: left;"><div id=toctitle><h2>Contents</h2></div> <ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href=#Implementations> <span class=tocnumber> 1 </span> <span class=toctext> Implementations </span> </a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href=#Macintosh> <span class=tocnumber> 1.1 </span> <span class=toctext> Macintosh </span> </a><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href=#Microsoft_Windows> <span class=tocnumber> 1.2 </span> <span class=toctext> Microsoft Windows </span> </a><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href=#Linux_and_UNIX> <span class=tocnumber> 1.3 </span> <span class=toctext> Linux and UNIX </span> </a><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href=#Commodore_Amiga> <span class=tocnumber> 1.4 </span> <span class=toctext> Commodore Amiga </span> </a><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href=#NeXTstep> <span class=tocnumber> 1.5 </span> <span class=toctext> NeXTstep </span> </a><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href=#Atari_TOS> <span class=tocnumber> 1.6 </span> <span class=toctext> Atari TOS </span> </a><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href=#RISC_OS> <span class=tocnumber> 1.7 </span> <span class=toctext> RISC OS </span> </a></ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href=#Ease-of-use> <span class=tocnumber> 2 </span> <span class=toctext> Ease-of-use </span> </a><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href=#References> <span class=tocnumber> 3 </span> <span class=toctext> References </span> </a></ul></table><h2><span class=mw-headline id=Implementations> Implementations </span></h2><p>Through the evolution of user interfaces, the menu bar has been implemented in different ways by different <a href=28977> user interfaces </a> and application programs.<h3><span class=mw-headline id=Macintosh> Macintosh </span></h3><div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href=3817945> Apple menu </a></div><div class="thumb tright"><div class=thumbinner style=width:642px;><img style="max-width : 98%; height: auto; width: auto;"alt border=0 class=thumbimage height=22 src=Leopard_menu_bar.png width=640><div class=thumbcaption>Menu bar from <a href=12539> Mac OS X </a> v10.5.</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright"><div class=thumbinner style=width:642px;><img style="max-width : 98%; height: auto; width: auto;"alt border=0 class=thumbimage height=20 src=Mac_OS_9_Menu_Bar.png width=640><div class=thumbcaption>Menu bar from <a href=133921> Mac OS 9.0.4 </a> .</div></div></div><p>In the <a href=12143> Macintosh operating system </a> , the <b> menu bar </b> is a horizontal "bar" anchored to the top of the screen. In Mac OS X, the left side contains the Apple menu, the Application menu (its name will match the name of the current application) and the currently focused application's menus (e.g. File, Edit, View, Window, Help). On the right side, it contains <a href=1141793> menu extras </a> (for example the system clock, volume control, and the Fast user switching menu (if enabled) and the <a href=439694> Spotlight </a> icon. All of these menu extras (excluding Spotlight) can be moved horizontally by <a href=622679> command </a> -clicking and dragging left or right. If an icon is dragged and dropped vertically it will disappear with a puff of smoke, much like the icons in the <a href=168321> dock </a> . In the classic Mac OS (versions 7 through 9), the right side contains the application menu, allowing the user to switch between open applications.<p>There is only one menu bar, so the application menus displayed are those of the application that is currently focused. Therefore, for example, if the System Preferences application is focused, its menus are in the menu bar, and if the user clicks on the Desktop which is a part of the Finder application, the menu bar will then display the Finder menus.<p>Early Apple experiments in GUI design initially used multiple menu bars anchored to the tops of windows, but this was quickly dropped in favor of the current arrangement, <sup class=reference id=cite_ref-0> <a href=#cite_note-0> <span> [ </span> 1 <span> ] </span> </a> </sup> as it proved slower to use (in accordance with <a href=36151> Fitts's law </a> ). The idea of separate menus in each application was later implemented in <a href=11416> Microsoft Windows </a> .<p>The universal graphical menu bar first appeared in the <a href=47034> Apple Lisa </a> in 1983, and has been a feature of all versions of the <a href=12143> Macintosh system </a> since the first Macintosh was released in 1984. It is still used in <a href=12539> Mac OS X </a> . Earlier than Lisa came, some UI's had drop-down menus but they were found complex when multiple menus were shown.<h3><span class=mw-headline id=Microsoft_Windows> Microsoft Windows </span></h3><p>The menu bar in <a href=11416> Microsoft Windows </a> is usually anchored to the top of a window under the <a href=255004> title bar </a> ; therefore, there can be many menu bars on screen at one time. Menus in the menu bar can be accessed through shortcuts involving the <a href=364799> Alt key </a> and the mnemonic letter that appears underlined in the menu title. Additionally, pressing Alt or F10 brings the focus on the first menu of the menu bar.<h3><span class=mw-headline id=Linux_and_UNIX> Linux and UNIX </span></h3><div class="thumb tleft"><div class=thumbinner style=width:222px;><a href=/pictures/enwiki/75/Kde35.png> <img style="max-width : 98%; height: auto; width: auto;"alt border=0 class=thumbimage height=165 src=/pictures/enwiki/50/220px-Kde35.png width=220> </a><div class=thumbcaption><div class=magnify><img style="max-width : 98%; height: auto; width: auto;"alt border=0 height=11 src=magnify-clip.png width=15></div> Screenshot of <a href=10014> KDE </a> 3.5 showing multiple menu bars</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright"><div class=thumbinner style=width:222px;><a href=/pictures/enwiki/75/KDE_Global_menu.png> <img style="max-width : 98%; height: auto; width: auto;"alt border=0 class=thumbimage height=165 src=/pictures/enwiki/50/220px-KDE_Global_menu.png width=220> </a><div class=thumbcaption><div class=magnify><img style="max-width : 98%; height: auto; width: auto;"alt border=0 height=11 src=magnify-clip.png width=15></div> Screenshot of <a href=10014> KDE </a> 3.5 configured with a single menu bar</div></div></div><p><a href=10014> KDE </a> and <a href=7338> GNOME </a> <sup class=reference id=cite_ref-1> <a href=#cite_note-1> <span> [ </span> 2 <span> ] </span> </a> </sup> allow users to turn Macintosh-style and Windows-style menu bars on and off. <a href=10014> KDE </a> can have both types in use at the same time.<p>The standard <a href=7338> GNOME </a> desktop uses a menu bar at the top of the screen, but this menu bar only contains Applications and System menus and status information (such as the time of day); individual programs have their own menu bars as well. However, the <a href=7338> GNOME </a> desktop shipped with Ubuntu Linux as of version 11.04 uses a Macintosh-style menu bar.<p>Unity uses a Macintosh-style menu bar which is hidden unless the mouse pointer hovers over it, similar to the Commodore Amiga example below.<p>Other window managers and desktop environments use a similar scheme, where programs have their own menus, but clicking one or more of the mouse buttons on the <a href=1164757> root window </a> brings up a menu containing, for example, commands to launch various applications or to log out.<p>Window manager menus in Linux are typically configurable either by editing text files, by using a desktop-environment-specific Control Panel applet, or both.<dl><dt>Window managers that provide a menubar</dt></dl><ul><li><a href=5944929> amiwm </a> (Temporary menubar provides a box to enter commands, programs not listed, no start button, not a <a href=255013> taskbar </a> )<li><a href=9685929> awesome </a> Provides a menu bar, but it is only available when the <a href=135193> desktop </a> is visible<li><a href=174711> cwm </a><li><a href=114491> fluxbox </a> (Provides a combined <a href=255013> taskbar </a> showing running applications)<li><a href=751172> fvwm95 </a> (Provides a start button and combined <a href=255013> taskbar </a> showing running applications)<li><a href=48501> icewm </a> (Provides a start button and combined <a href=255013> taskbar </a> showing running applications)<li><a href=1500068> jwm </a> (Provides a start button and combined <a href=255013> taskbar </a> showing running applications)<li>qvwm (Provides a start button and combined <a href=255013> taskbar </a> showing running applications)<li><a href=109116> whim </a><li><a href=8204694> windowlab </a> - This provides a <a href=255013> taskbar </a> only, which does not show a menu,<li>xpwm (Provides a start button and combined <a href=255013> taskbar </a> showing running applications)</ul><h3><span class=mw-headline id=Commodore_Amiga> Commodore Amiga </span></h3><p>The <a href=887> Amiga </a> used a menu-bar style similar to that of the Macintosh, with the exception that the machine's custom graphics chips allowed each program to have its own "screen", with its own resolution and colour settings, which could be dragged down to reveal the screens of other programs. The title/menu bar would typically sit at the top of the screen, and could be accessed by pressing the right mouse button, revealing the names of the various menus. When the right menu button was not pressed down, the menu/title bar would typically display the name of the program which owned the screen, and some other information such as the amount of memory used. When accessing menus with right mouse buttons pressed, one could select multiple menu entries by clicking the left mouse button, and when right mouse button was released, all actions selected in the menus would be performed in the order they were selected. This was known as multiselect, and is appearantly a unique feature of AmigaOS.<p>The Workbench screen title bar would typically display the internal Kickstart and Workbench version, the total amount of chip and fast memory, and the amount of free Chip RAM and Fast RAM. An unusual feature of the Amiga menu system was that the Workbench screen would display a "Workbench" menu instead of a "File" or "Apple" menu, whilst conforming applications would display "Project" and "Tools" menus ( <i> projects </i> and <i> tools </i> being, respectively, the Amiga terms for what in other systems are called <i> files </i> or <i> documents </i> , and <i> programs </i> or <i> applications </i> ).<p>Keyboard shortcuts could be accessed by pressing the left-hand "left Amiga" key along with a normal alphanumeric key. (Some early keyboards had a Commodore key to the left of the spacebar instead of a "left-Amiga" key.) The filled-in and hollowed-out designs, respectively, of the left-and-right Amiga (or Commodore and Amiga) keys were inspired by the similar closed-Apple and open-Apple keys of Macintosh and Apple II keyboards.<h3><span class=mw-headline id=NeXTstep> NeXTstep </span></h3><p>The NeXTstep OS for the NeXT machines would display a "menu list", by default at the top left of the screen. Clicking on the entries in the menu list would display submenus of the commands in the menu. The contents of the menu change depending on whether the user is "in" the Workspace Manager or an application. The menus and the sub-menus can easily be torn off.<p>Power users would often switch off the always-on menu, leaving it to be displayed at the mouse pointer's location when the right mouse button was pressed. The same implementation is used by <a href=35536> GNUstep </a> and conforming apps, though applications written for the host operating system or another <a href=565376> toolkit </a> will use the menu scheme appropriate to that OS or toolkit.<h3><span class=mw-headline id=Atari_TOS> Atari TOS </span></h3><p>The TOS operating system for the Atari ST would display menu bars at the top of the screen like Mac OS. Rather than being 'pulled-down' by holding the mouse button, the menu would appear as soon as the pointer was over its heading.<h3><span class=mw-headline id=RISC_OS> RISC OS </span></h3><p>In <a href=113732> RISC OS </a> , clicking the middle button displays a menu list at the location of the mouse pointer. The RISC OS implementation of menus is similar to the <a href=4252> context menus </a> of other systems, except that menus will not close if the right mouse button is used to select a menu entry. This allows the user to implement or try out several settings before closing the menu.<h2><span class=mw-headline id=Ease-of-use> Ease-of-use </span></h2><p>In both Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh operating systems, in other similar desktop environments and in some applications, common functions are assigned keyboard shortcuts (for example <a href=125252> Control </a> -C or <a href=622679> Command </a> -C copies the current selection).<p>Microsoft-style menu bars are physically located in the same window as the content they are associated with. However, <a href=600449> Bruce Tognazzini </a> , former employee of <a href=161> Apple Inc. </a> and human computer interaction professional, claims <sup class=reference id=cite_ref-2> <a href=#cite_note-2> <span> [ </span> 3 <span> ] </span> </a> </sup> that the Mac OS's menu bars can be accessed up to five times faster due to <a href=36151> Fitts's law </a> : because the menu bar lies on a screen edge, it effectively has an infinite height — Mac users can just "throw" their mouse pointers toward the top of the screen with the assurance that it will never overshoot the menu bar and disappear (this requires that the cursor move purely vertically, however, as it will continue to slide horizontally when it hits the screen edge). After Apple discovered this, they claimed copyright and patent rights on the Apple menu bar. <sup class=reference id=cite_ref-3> <a href=#cite_note-3> <span> [ </span> 4 <span> ] </span> </a> </sup><p>This assumes that the desired menu is currently enabled, however. If another application has "focus", the menu will belong to that application instead, requiring the user to check and see which menu is active before "throwing" the mouse, and often perform an extra step of focusing the desired application before using the menu, which is completely separate from the application it controls. The effectiveness of this technique is also reduced on larger screens or with low mouse acceleration curves, especially due to the time required to travel back to a target in the window after using the menu. <sup class=reference id=cite_ref-4> <a href=#cite_note-4> <span> [ </span> 5 <span> ] </span> </a> </sup><p>Some applications, e.g. <a href=12293> Microsoft Office </a> 2007, <a href=9139> Internet Explorer </a> 7 (by default), and <a href=11102475> Google Chrome </a> and <a href=136608> Mozilla Firefox </a> 4 in Windows and Linux, have removed the menu bar altogether.<h2><span class=mw-headline id=References> References </span></h2><div style="list-style-type: decimal;"class=reflist><ol class=references><li id=cite_note-0><b> <a href=#cite_ref-0> ^ </a> </b> <a class="external free"href=http://folklore.org/projects/Macintosh/images/polaroids/polaroids.14.jpg rel=nofollow> http://folklore.org/projects/Macintosh/images/polaroids/polaroids.14.jpg </a><li id=cite_note-1><b> <a href=#cite_ref-1> ^ </a> </b> <a class="external free"href=http://code.google.com/p/gnome2-globalmenu/ rel=nofollow> http://code.google.com/p/gnome2-globalmenu/ </a><li id=cite_note-2><b> <a href=#cite_ref-2> ^ </a> </b> <a class="external free"href=http://www.asktog.com/basics/firstPrinciples.html#fittsLaw rel=nofollow> http://www.asktog.com/basics/firstPrinciples.html#fittsLaw </a><li id=cite_note-3><b> <a href=#cite_ref-3> ^ </a> </b> <a class="external free"href=http://www.macobserver.com/editorial/2003/03/04.2.shtml rel=nofollow> http://www.macobserver.com/editorial/2003/03/04.2.shtml </a><li id=cite_note-4><b> <a href=#cite_ref-4> ^ </a> </b> <a class="external free"href=http://lists.kde.org/?l=kde-look&m=95705988431395&w=2 rel=nofollow> http://lists.kde.org/?l=kde-look&m=95705988431395&w=2 </a></ol></div><table cellspacing=0 class=navbox style=;><tbody><tr><td style=padding:2px;><table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse"cellspacing=0 style=width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;><tbody><tr><th class=navbox-title colspan=2 style=;><span style=float:left;width:6em;text-align:left;> <span class="noprint plainlinks navbar"> <span style=white-space:nowrap;word-spacing:-.12em;> <a href=#> <span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;"title="View this template"> v </span> </a> <span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;"> <b> · </b> </span> <a href=#> <span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;"title="Discuss this template"> d </span> </a> <span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;"> <b> · </b> </span> <a class="external text"href=//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:GUI_widgets&action=edit> <span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;"title="Edit this template"> e </span> </a> </span> </span> </span> <span style=font-size:110%;> <a href=400953> GUI widgets </a> </span><tr style=height:2px;><td style="text-align: left;"><tr><td class=navbox-group style=;;>Command input<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href=475319> Button </a>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span><a href=4252> Context menu </a>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span><a href=230374> Menu </a>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span><a href=15258> Pie menu </a></div><tr style=height:2px><td style="text-align: left;"><tr><td class=navbox-group style=;;>Data input-output<td class="navbox-list navbox-even"style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href=11524615> Checkbox </a>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span><a href=756957> Combo box </a>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span><a href=11596749> Cycle button </a>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span><a href=1210216> Drop-down list </a>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span><a href=1031492> Grid view </a>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span><a href=989476> List box </a>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span><a href=236914> Radio button </a>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span><a href=71753> Scrollbar </a>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span><a href=5563272> Slider </a>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span><a href=5563623> Spinner </a>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span><a href=223340> Text box </a></div><tr style=height:2px><td style="text-align: left;"><tr><td class=navbox-group style=;;>Informational<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href=726285> Balloon help </a>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span> Heads-up display in computing  <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span><a href=813179> Heads-up display in video games </a>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span><a href=11569932> Icon </a>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span><a href=2497622> Infobar </a>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span><a href=4151013> Label </a>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span><a href=452237> Loading screen </a>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span><a href=1655334> Progress bar </a>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span><a href=6376224> Sidebar </a>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span><a href=472470> Splash screen </a>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span><a href=756074> Status bar </a>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span><a href=1049544> Throbber </a>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span><a href=1034514> Toast </a>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span><a href=478105> Tooltip </a></div><tr style=height:2px><td style="text-align: left;"><tr><td class=navbox-group style=;;>Containers<td class="navbox-list navbox-even"style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href=6058355> Accordion </a>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span><a href=6656321> Disclosure widget </a>   <b> · </b><span style=white-space:nowrap;> Frame/Fieldset  <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span> <strong class=selflink> Menu bar </strong>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span> <a href=2407540> Panel </a>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span> <a href=3851465> Ribbon </a>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span> <a href=502235> Tab </a>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span> <a href=396122> Toolbar </a>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span> <a href=135131> Window </a> </span></div><tr style=height:2px><td style="text-align: left;"><tr><td class=navbox-group style=;;>Navigational<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href=553143> Address bar </a>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span><a href=1377152> Breadcrumb </a>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span><a href=31689> Hyperlink </a>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span><a href=1467240> Tree view </a></div><tr style=height:2px><td style="text-align: left;"><tr><td class=navbox-group style=;;><span style=white-space:nowrap;> Special <a href=135131> windows </a> </span><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href=998860> About box </a>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span><a href=452806> Alert dialog box </a>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span><a href=139934> Dialog box </a>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span><a href=425295> File dialog </a>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span><a href=4020808> Inspector window </a>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span><a href=148727> Modal window </a>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span><a href=1644639> Palette window </a></div><tr style=height:2px><td style="text-align: left;"><tr><td class=navbox-group style=;;>Related concepts<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"style=text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href=2785703> Layout manager </a>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span><a href=198580> Look and feel </a>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span><a href=743118> Mouseover </a>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span><a href=142236> Widget toolkit </a>   <span style=font-weight:bold;> · </span><a href=300282> WIMP </a></div></table></table></div> <div class=catlinks id=catlinks><div id=mw-normal-catlinks>Categories: <ul><li>GUI widgets</ul></div></div></dd><br><p class=src id=TerminSourceInfo><em> <span itemprop=source> Wikimedia Foundation </span> . <span itemprop=source-date> 2010 </span> . </em></div></dl></div><div style="padding:5px 0px;"><b> <a title="онлайн-сервис помощи студентам"href=https://homework.academic.ru> Нужен реферат? </a> </b></div><div id=socialBar_h></div><ul class=post-nav id=TerminsNavigationBar><li class=prev><a title="Agathedaemon of Alexandria"href=https://en-academic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/1141784> Agathedaemon of Alexandria </a><li class=next><a title="Destroyer War Badge"href=https://en-academic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/1141789> Destroyer War Badge </a></ul><div class=other-info><div class=holder><h3 class=dictionary>Look at other dictionaries:</h3><ul class=terms-list><li><p><strong> <a href=//useful_english.en-academic.com/476517/menu_bar> menu bar </a> </strong> — UK US noun [countable] [singular menu bar plural menu bars] computing a row of all the menus in a computer program that usually appears at the top of your computer screen Thesaurus: on the computer screen …   <span class=src2> Useful english dictionary </span></p><li><p><strong> <a href=//business_finance.en-academic.com/34073/menu_bar> menu bar </a> </strong> — UK US noun [C] ► IT a row of menus along the top of a computer screen, from which you can choose the one you want: »Click on Help in the menu bar and select Contents …   <span class=src2> Financial and business terms </span></p><li><p><strong> <a href=//usage_words.en-academic.com/20628/menu_bar> menu bar </a> </strong> — menu ,bar noun count COMPUTING a row of all the menus in a computer program that usually appears at the top of your computer screen …   <span class=src2> Usage of the words and phrases in modern English </span></p><li><p><strong> <a href=//english_dictionary.en-academic.com/29519/menu_bar> menu bar </a> </strong> — UK / US noun [countable] Word forms menu bar : singular menu bar plural menu bars computing a row of all the menus in a computer program that usually appears at the top of your computer screen …   <span class=src2> English dictionary </span></p><li><p><strong> <a href=//encikloped_new_lt.en-academic.com/7344/menu_bar> menu bar </a> </strong> — meniu juosta statusas T sritis informatika apibrėžtis Į eilę išdėstytų ↑meniu elementų grupė. Iliustraciją žr. priede. priedas( ai) Grafinis formatas atitikmenys: angl. menu bar ryšiai: dar žiūrėk – meniu elementas …   <span class=src2> Enciklopedinis kompiuterijos žodynas </span></p><li><p><strong> <a href=//useful_english.en-academic.com/448270/menu-bar> menu-bar </a> </strong> — menˈu bar noun (computing) A bar in a window used in selecting commands • • • Main Entry: ↑menu …   <span class=src2> Useful english dictionary </span></p><li><p><strong> <a href=//wiktionary.en-academic.com/25830/menu_bar> menu bar </a> </strong> — noun A rectangular region of a graphical user interface where computer menus are housed. See Also: toolbar …   <span class=src2> Wiktionary </span></p><li><p><strong> <a href=//polygraphy.academic.ru/13832/Menu_bar> Menu bar </a> </strong> — Строка меню …   <span class=src2> Краткий толковый словарь по полиграфии </span></p><li><p><strong> <a href=//english_contemporary.en-academic.com/117855/menu_bar> menu bar </a> </strong> — line across the width of the screen which contains the names of menus which can be opened …   <span class=src2> English contemporary dictionary </span></p><li><p><strong> <a href=//en-academic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/230374> Menu (computing) </a> </strong> — A generic application menu In computing and telecommunications, a menu is a list of commands presented to an operator by a computer or communications system. 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link-blue"href=/art/graphic-design> graphic design </a></div></div><div class="col-auto d-sm-none"><button class="js-sections-button btn-link btn-sm btn py-5 pl-0 pr-10 mr-10"><em class=material-icons data-icon=arrow_drop_down> </em> Sections & Media</button></div></div><div class="family-section-content ml-50 ml-sm-0 grid g-0 flex-column bg-gray-50"><div class="TOC js-section section col expanded"><div class="h-100 d-flex flex-column"><div class="section-title border-bottom bg-white col-auto d-flex justify-content-between align-items-center"><a class="border-yellow border-left-5 label text-black link-blue d-inline-flex align-items-center px-15 py-10"href=/art/graphic-design> <em class="material-icons mr-5"data-icon=article> </em> Article </a><button aria-label="expand/collapse panel"class="js-toggle-btn toggle-btn btn btn-unstyled pe-auto col h-100 justify-content-end"><div class="btn btn-circle btn-outline-navy btn-sm mr-15 border-gray-200"><em class="material-icons toggle-icon"data-icon=expand_more> </em></div></button></div><div class="toc section-content"><ul class="list-unstyled mb-0 w-100"data-level=h1><li data-target=#ref1><a href=/art/graphic-design> Introduction </a><li data-target=#ref242758><a href=/art/graphic-design#ref242758> Historical foundations </a> <ul class=list-unstyled data-level=h2><li data-target=#ref242759><a href=/art/graphic-design#ref242759> Manuscript design in antiquity and the Middle Ages </a></ul> <ul class=list-unstyled data-level=h2><li data-target=#ref242760><a href=/art/graphic-design/Early-printing-and-graphic-design> Early printing and graphic design </a></ul><li data-target=#ref242761><a href=/art/graphic-design/Early-printing-and-graphic-design#ref242761> Graphic design in the 16th–18th centuries </a> <ul class=list-unstyled data-level=h2><li data-target=#ref242762><a href=/art/graphic-design/Early-printing-and-graphic-design#ref242762> Renaissance book design </a></ul> <ul class=list-unstyled data-level=h2><li data-target=#ref242763><a href=/art/graphic-design/Early-printing-and-graphic-design#ref242763> Rococo graphic design </a></ul> <ul class=list-unstyled data-level=h2><li data-target=#ref242764><a href=/art/graphic-design/Neoclassical-graphic-design> Neoclassical graphic design </a></ul><li data-target=#ref242765><a href=/art/graphic-design/Neoclassical-graphic-design#ref242765> Graphic design in the 19th century </a> <ul class=list-unstyled data-level=h2><li data-target=#ref242766><a href=/art/graphic-design/Neoclassical-graphic-design#ref242766> The Industrial Revolution and design technology </a></ul> <ul class=list-unstyled data-level=h2><li data-target=#ref242767><a href=/art/graphic-design/William-Morris-and-the-private-press-movement> William Morris and the private-press movement </a></ul> <ul class=list-unstyled data-level=h2><li data-target=#ref242768><a href=/art/graphic-design/William-Morris-and-the-private-press-movement#ref242768> Art Nouveau </a></ul><li data-target=#ref242769><a href=/art/graphic-design/Graphic-design-in-the-20th-century> Graphic design in the 20th century </a> <ul class=list-unstyled data-level=h2><li data-target=#ref242770><a href=/art/graphic-design/Graphic-design-in-the-20th-century#ref242770> Early developments </a></ul> <ul class=list-unstyled data-level=h2><li data-target=#ref242771><a href=/art/graphic-design/Graphic-design-in-the-20th-century#ref242771> Modernist experiments between the world wars </a></ul> <ul class=list-unstyled data-level=h2><li data-target=#ref242772><a href=/art/graphic-design/Graphic-design-1945-75> Graphic design, 1945–75 </a> <ul class=list-unstyled data-level=h3><li data-target=#ref242773><a href=/art/graphic-design/Graphic-design-1945-75#ref242773> The International Typographic Style </a></ul> <ul class=list-unstyled data-level=h3><li data-target=#ref242774><a href=/art/graphic-design/Graphic-design-1945-75#ref242774> Postwar graphic design in the United States </a></ul> <ul class=list-unstyled data-level=h3><li data-target=#ref242775><a href=/art/graphic-design/Postwar-graphic-design-in-Japan> Postwar graphic design in Japan </a></ul></ul> <ul class=list-unstyled data-level=h2><li data-target=#ref242776><a href=/art/graphic-design/Postwar-graphic-design-in-Japan#ref242776> Graphic design, 1975–2000 </a> <ul class=list-unstyled data-level=h3><li data-target=#ref242777><a href=/art/graphic-design/Postwar-graphic-design-in-Japan#ref242777> Postmodern graphic design </a></ul> <ul class=list-unstyled data-level=h3><li data-target=#ref242778><a href=/art/graphic-design/Postwar-graphic-design-in-Japan#ref242778> Graphic design in developing nations </a></ul> <ul class=list-unstyled data-level=h3><li data-target=#ref242779><a href=/art/graphic-design/The-digital-revolution> The digital revolution </a></ul></ul></ul></div></div></div><div class="SUMMARY js-section section col-auto"><div class="h-100 d-flex flex-column"><div class="section-title border-bottom 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Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login).</div><div class=type-menu><label class="label mb-10"for=feedback-type>Feedback Type</label><select class="form-select mb-30"id=feedback-type name=feedbackTypeId required><option selected value>Select a type (Required)<option value=1>Factual Correction<option value=2>Spelling/Grammar Correction<option value=3>Link Correction<option value=4>Additional Information<option value=5>Other</select></div><label class="label mb-10"for=feedback>Your Feedback</label><textarea class="form-control mb-30"id=feedback maxlength=3000 name=feedback required rows=7></textarea><button class="btn btn-blue">Submit Feedback</button></form><div class="success-messaging d-none mt-30"><div class=title>Thank you for your feedback</div><p>Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.</p><a class=promo href=http://corporate.britannica.com/publishing-partner-program/ rel=noopener target=_blank> Join <strong> Britannica's Publishing Partner Program </strong> and our community of experts to gain a global audience for your work! </a></div></div></div><div class="md-websites-modal size-lg d-none"><div class=md-modal-body><div class="h2 font-serif pb-15 border-bottom">External Websites</div></div></div></div></div><div class="md-byline pb-10 font-14"><span class="written-by label"> By </span><a href=/contributor/Philip-B-Meggs/5298> Philip B. Meggs </a><span class="last-updated mt-5"> | <span class="text-gray-600 font-sans-serif"> Last Updated: <time datetime=2021-10-07T00:00:00CDT> Oct 7, 2021 </time> </span> | <a href=/art/graphic-design/additional-info#history rel=nofollow> View Edit History </a> </span></div><hr class="grey-box-line my-0"></div><div class="topic-content pt-15"><script class=topic-json type=application/json> { "1032864": { "url": "/art/graphic-design", "shareUrl": "https://www.britannica.com/art/graphic-design", "title": "graphic design | art", "documentGroup": "TOPIC PAGINATED LARGE", "template": "DESKTOP" } } </script><div class="js-qf-module qf-module border p-20 pt-0 ml-md-20 mx-auto mb-20 font-14 float-lg-right bg-white"><div class="bg-gray-100 qa-fast-facts p-10 font-14 mx-n20 mb-20 border-bottom text-center"><div class="d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center"><em class="material-icons bolt-fast-facts font-18"data-icon=bolt> </em><span class="font-weight-bold text-uppercase font-14"> Fast Facts </span></div><div><a class=summary-link href=/facts/graphic-design> Facts & Related Content </a></div></div><div class=m-n10><div class="slider js-slider position-relative d-inline-flex align-items-center mw-100 media-slider card-snap-slider col-100"><div class="slider-container js-slider-container overflow-hidden d-flex col-100"><div class="rw-track w-100"><div class="p-10 d-inline-flex col-100"><div class="card w-100"><a class="media-overlay-link card-media d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center"style="--aspect-ratio: 4/3"data-href=/media/1/1032864/155569 href=https://cdn.britannica.com/98/148998-050-04CCE7D7/Scene-Egyptian-Book-of-the-Dead.jpg> <img alt="Egyptian Book of the Dead"loading=lazy src=https://cdn.britannica.com/w:400,h:300,c:crop/98/148998-050-04CCE7D7/Scene-Egyptian-Book-of-the-Dead.jpg> <button aria-label="Zoom in"class="btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white"><em class="material-icons link-blue"data-icon=zoom_in> </em></button> </a><div class="card-body p-10 font-14">Egyptian Book of the Dead</div></div></div></div></div><button class="prev-button js-prev-button position-absolute btn btn-circle shadow btn-lg btn-blue"aria-label=Previous disabled><span class="material-icons md-24"data-icon=keyboard_arrow_left> </span></button><button class="next-button js-next-button position-absolute btn btn-circle shadow btn-lg btn-blue"aria-label=Next disabled><span class="material-icons md-24"data-icon=keyboard_arrow_right> </span></button></div></div><div class="text-center py-10"><a class=font-weight-bold href=/art/graphic-design/images-videos> See all media </a></div><div class="facts-list pt-20 border-top"><dl class="js-fact py-5 mb-10 position-relative"><dt class=d-inline>Key People:<dd class=d-inline><span class=fact-item> <a href=/biography/Jan-Tschichold topicid=607663> Jan Tschichold </a> </span> <span class=fact-item> <a href=/biography/Jules-Cheret topicid=109383> Jules Chéret </a> </span> <span class=fact-item> <a href=/biography/Milton-Glaser topicid=1079800> Milton Glaser </a> </span> <span class=fact-item> <a href=/biography/Alexey-Brodovitch topicid=1079780> Alexey Brodovitch </a> </span></dd><button aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 position-absolute bottom-5 right-0 bg-white">... <em class="js-content link-blue"> (Show more) </em></button></dl><dl class="js-fact py-5 mb-0 position-relative line-clamp clamp-3"><dt class=d-inline>Related Topics:<dd class=d-inline><a href=/topic/the-arts topicid=36405> the arts </a></dd><button aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 position-absolute bottom-5 right-0 bg-white">... <em class="js-content link-blue"> (Show more) </em></button></dl></div><div class="text-center mt-20"><a class="btn btn-sm btn-outline-blue border"href=/facts/graphic-design> See all facts and data → </a></div></div><span class="marker before-article"> </span><section data-level=1 id=ref1><p class=topic-paragraph><strong> <span id=ref844929> </span> graphic design </strong> , the art and profession of selecting and arranging visual elements—such as typography, images, symbols, and colours—to convey a message to an audience. Sometimes graphic design is called “visual communications,” a term that emphasizes its function of giving form—e.g., the design of a book, <span id=ref845144> </span> <a class=md-crosslink href=https://www.britannica.com/topic/advertising> advertisement </a> , logo, or Web site—to information. An important part of the designer’s task is to combine visual and verbal elements into an ordered and effective whole. Graphic design is therefore a collaborative discipline: writers produce words and photographers and illustrators create images that the designer incorporates into a complete visual communication.</p><span class="marker p1"> </span><span class="marker AM1 am-inline"> </span><span class="marker MOD1 mod-inline"> </span><p class=topic-paragraph>The evolution of graphic design as a practice and profession has been closely bound to technological <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off"data-term=innovations href=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/innovations> innovations </a> , societal needs, and the visual imagination of practitioners. Graphic design has been practiced in various forms throughout history; indeed, strong examples of graphic design date back to manuscripts in ancient <a class=md-crosslink href=https://www.britannica.com/place/China> China </a> , <a class=md-crosslink href=https://www.britannica.com/place/Egypt> Egypt </a> , and <a class=md-crosslink href=https://www.britannica.com/place/Greece> Greece </a> . As <a class=md-crosslink href=https://www.britannica.com/topic/printing-publishing> printing </a> and <a class=md-crosslink href=https://www.britannica.com/topic/book-publication> book </a> production developed in the 15th century, advances in graphic design developed alongside it over subsequent centuries, with compositors or typesetters often designing pages as they set the type.</p><span class="marker p2"> </span><span class="marker AM2 am-inline"> </span><span class="marker MOD2 mod-inline"> </span><p class=topic-paragraph>In the late 19th century, graphic design emerged as a distinct profession in the West, in part because of the job specialization process that occurred there, and in part because of the new technologies and commercial possibilities brought about by the <a class=md-crosslink href=https://www.britannica.com/event/Industrial-Revolution> Industrial Revolution </a> . New production methods led to the separation of the design of a communication medium (e.g., a poster) from its actual production. Increasingly, over the course of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, <a class="md-crosslink autoxref"href=https://www.britannica.com/topic/advertising> advertising </a> agencies, book publishers, and magazines hired art directors who organized all visual elements of the communication and brought them into a harmonious whole, creating an expression appropriate to the content. In 1922 typographer <a class=md-crosslink href=https://www.britannica.com/biography/W-A-Dwiggins> William A. Dwiggins </a> coined the term <em> graphic design </em> to identify the emerging field.</p><span class="marker p3"> </span><span class="marker AM3 am-inline"> </span><span class="marker MOD3 mod-inline"> </span><p class=topic-paragraph>Throughout the 20th century, the technology available to designers continued to advance rapidly, as did the artistic and commercial possibilities for design. The profession expanded enormously, and graphic designers created, among other things, magazine pages, book jackets, posters, compact-disc covers, postage stamps, packaging, trademarks, signs, advertisements, kinetic titles for television programs and motion pictures, and Web sites. By the turn of the 21st century, graphic design had become a global profession, as advanced technology and industry spread throughout the world.</p><span class="marker p4"> </span><span class="marker AM4 am-inline"> </span><div class="marketing-INLINE_SUBSCRIPTION marketing-content"data-marketing-id=INLINE_SUBSCRIPTION><div style="margin:0 auto 20px auto;height:125px;max-width:800px;"class=bc-article-inline-dialogue></div></div><span class="marker MOD4 mod-inline"> </span><p class=topic-paragraph>Typography is discussed in this essay as an element of the overall design of a visual communication; for a complete history, <em> see </em> <a class=md-crosslink href=https://www.britannica.com/technology/typography> typography </a> . Similarly, the evolution of the printing process is discussed in this essay as it relates to developments in graphic design; for a complete history, <em> see </em> <a class=md-crosslink href=https://www.britannica.com/topic/printing-publishing> printing </a> .</p><span class="marker p5"> </span><span class="marker AM5 am-inline"> </span><span class="marker MOD5 mod-inline"> </span></section><span class="marker h2"> </span><section data-level=1 id=ref242758><h2 class=h1>Historical foundations</h2><section data-level=2 id=ref242759><h2 class=h2>Manuscript design in antiquity and the Middle Ages</h2><p class=topic-paragraph>Although its advent as a profession is fairly recent, graphic design has roots that reach deep into antiquity. Illustrated manuscripts were made in ancient China, Egypt, Greece, and Rome. While early manuscript designers were not consciously creating “graphic designs,” scribes and illustrators worked to create a blend of text and image that was at once harmonious and effective at conveying the <a class="md-crosslink autoxref"href=https://www.britannica.com/topic/idea> idea </a> of the manuscript. The ancient Egyptian <span id=ref844934> </span> <a class=md-crosslink href=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Book-of-the-Dead-ancient-Egyptian-text> Book of the Dead </a> , which contained texts intended to aid the deceased in the afterlife, is a superb example of early graphic design. Hieroglyphic narratives penned by scribes are illustrated with colourful illustrations on rolls of <a class=md-crosslink href=https://www.britannica.com/topic/papyrus-writing-material> papyrus </a> . Words and pictures are unified into a <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off"data-term=cohesive href=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cohesive> cohesive </a> whole: both elements are compressed into a horizontal band, the repetitive vertical structure of the writing is echoed in both the columns and the figures, and a consistent style of brushwork is used for the writing and <a class="md-crosslink autoxref"href=https://www.britannica.com/art/drawing-art> drawing </a> . Flat areas of <a class="md-crosslink autoxref"href=https://www.britannica.com/science/color> colour </a> are bound by firm <a class="md-crosslink autoxref"href=https://www.britannica.com/art/brush-art> brush </a> <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off"data-term=contours href=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/contours> contours </a> that contrast vibrantly with the rich texture of the <a class=md-crosslink href=https://www.britannica.com/topic/hieroglyphic-writing> hieroglyphic writing </a> .</p><span class="marker p6"> </span><span class="marker AM6 am-inline"> </span><span class="marker MOD6 mod-inline"> </span><p class=topic-paragraph>During the Middle Ages, manuscript books preserved and <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off"data-term=propagated href=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/propagated> propagated </a> sacred writings. These early books were written and illustrated on sheets of treated animal skin called <a class=md-crosslink href=https://www.britannica.com/topic/parchment> parchment </a> , or vellum, and sewn together into a <a class=md-crosslink href=https://www.britannica.com/topic/codex-manuscript> codex </a> format with pages that turned like the pages of contemporary books. In Europe, monastic writing rooms had a clear <a class="md-crosslink autoxref"href=https://www.britannica.com/topic/division-of-labour> division of labour </a> that led to the design of books. A scholar versed in Greek and Latin headed the writing room and was responsible for the editorial content, design, and production of books. Scribes trained in lettering styles spent their days bent over writing tables, penning page after page of text. They indicated the place on page layouts where illustrations were to be added after the text was written, using a light <a class="md-crosslink autoxref"href=https://www.britannica.com/art/sketch-art> sketch </a> or a descriptive note jotted in the margin. Illuminators, or illustrators, rendered pictures and decorations in support of the text. In designing these works, monks were mindful of the educational value of pictures and the capacity of colour and ornament to create spiritual overtones.</p><span class="marker p7"> </span><span class="marker AM7 am-inline"> </span><span class="marker MOD7 mod-inline"> </span><p class=topic-paragraph>Manuscript production in Europe during the Middle Ages generated a vast variety of page designs, illustration and lettering styles, and production techniques. Isolation and poor travel conditions allowed identifiable regional design styles to emerge. Some of the more distinctive <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off"data-term=medieval href=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/medieval> medieval </a> art and design approaches, including the <span id=ref844936> </span> <a class=md-crosslink href=https://www.britannica.com/art/Hiberno-Saxon-style> Hiberno-Saxon </a> style of Ireland and England and the International Gothic style prevalent in Europe in the late 14th and early 15th centuries, were used in manuscript books that achieved major graphic-design innovations. The <span id=ref844937> </span> <a class=md-crosslink href=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Book-of-Kells> Book of Kells </a> ( <em> c. </em> 800 <span class=text-smallcaps> ce </span> ), an <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off"data-term=illuminated href=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/illuminated> illuminated </a> Gospel book believed to have been completed in the early 9th century at the Irish monastery of Kells, is renowned as one of the most beautiful <a class=md-crosslink href=https://www.britannica.com/art/Hiberno-Saxon-style> Hiberno-Saxon </a> manuscripts. Its page depicting the appearance of <a class="md-crosslink autoxref"href=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jesus> Jesus Christ’s </a> name in Matthew 1:18 is called the “ <span id=ref845289> </span> <a class=md-crosslink href=https://www.britannica.com/topic/sacred-monogram> Chi-Rho page </a> .” The design presents the monogram XPI—which was used to signify Christ in many manuscripts—as an intricately designed pattern of shimmering colour and spiraling forms blossoming over a whole page. The Book of Kells’s Chi-Rho page is a <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off"data-term=paradigm href=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paradigm> paradigm </a> of how graphical form can become a metaphorical expression of spiritual experience: it clearly conveys the sacred nature of the religious content.</p><span class="marker p8"> </span><span class="marker AM8 am-inline"> </span><span class="marker MOD8 mod-inline"> </span><p class=topic-paragraph>From the 10th through the 15th centuries, handmade manuscript books in Islamic lands also achieved a masterful level of artistic and technical achievement, especially within the tradition of Persian <a class=md-crosslink href=https://www.britannica.com/art/miniature-painting> miniature painting </a> . The <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off"data-term=pinnacle href=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pinnacle> pinnacle </a> of the <span id=ref844939> </span> <a class=md-crosslink href=https://www.britannica.com/art/Shiraz-school> Shiraz school </a> of Persian manuscript design and illustration is evident in a page illustrating the great 12th-century poet <span id=ref845293> </span> <a class=md-crosslink href=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nezami> Neẓāmī </a> ’s <em> <span id=ref844941> </span> <a class=md-crosslink href=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Khamseh-by-Nezami> Khamseh </a> </em> (“The Quintuplet”). This page depicts the Persian king <span id=ref845291> </span> <a class=md-crosslink href=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Khosrow-II> Khosrow II </a> in front of the palace of his beloved, Shīrīn. Human figures, animals, buildings, and the landscape are presented as refined shapes that are defined by concise outlines. These two-dimensional planes are filled with vibrant colour and decorative patterns in a tightly interlocking <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off"data-term=composition href=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/composition> composition </a> . The calligraphic text is contained in a geometric shape places near the bottom of the page.</p><span class="marker p9"> </span><div class=assemblies><div class=w-100><figure class="md-assembly card print-false"data-assembly-id=68168><div class=md-assembly-wrapper data-type=image><a class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center media-overlay-link card-media"style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"data-href=/media/1/1032864/68168 href=https://cdn.britannica.com/46/73946-050-F883B655/front-Khosrow-II-palace-illustration-Shirin-Khamseh.jpg> <img alt="Khosrow II in front of Shīrīn's palace, illustration from a late 15th-century Persian manuscript of the Khamseh by Neẓāmī."data-height=1600 data-width=1068 loading=lazy src=https://cdn.britannica.com/s:690x388,c:crop/46/73946-050-F883B655/front-Khosrow-II-palace-illustration-Shirin-Khamseh.jpg> <button aria-label="Zoom in"class="btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white"><em class="material-icons link-blue"data-icon=zoom_in> </em></button> </a></div><figcaption class=card-body><div class="md-assembly-caption text-muted font-14 font-serif">Khosrow II in front of Shīrīn's palace, illustration from a late 15th-century Persian manuscript of the <em> Khamseh </em> by Neẓāmī.</div> <cite class="credit d-block mt-5"> The Keir Collection, Ham, Richmond, England </cite></figcaption></figure></div></div><span class="marker AM9 am-inline"> </span><span class="marker MOD9 mod-inline"> </span></section></section><span class="marker end-of-content"> </span><span class="marker after-article"> </span></div></div></div><div class="infinite-pagination-button d-flex justify-content-center border border-top-0"><button class="js-load-next btn btn-sm btn-blue mt-30 pr-10 mb-100">Load Next Page <em class=material-icons data-icon=keyboard_arrow_down> </em></button></div></div><aside class=col-md-da-300></aside></div></div></div></div></article></div></div></div></div></main><div id=chatbot-container></div><div id=md-footer></div><iframe name=__uspapiLocator style=display:none;height:0;opacity:0;visibility:hidden;border:0;width:0;></iframe><script>__ADCMD.push( () => { __$.setDebug( false ); __AD.initAdsManager(); });</script><noscript><iframe height=0 src=//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5W6NC8 style=display:none;visibility:hidden width=0></iframe></noscript><script id=_informizely_script_tag>var IzWidget = IzWidget || {}; (function (d) { var scriptElement = d.createElement('script'); scriptElement.type = 'text/javascript'; scriptElement.async = true; scriptElement.src = "https://insitez.blob.core.windows.net/site/f780f33e-a610-4ac2-af81-3eb184037547.js"; var node = d.getElementById('_informizely_script_tag'); node.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptElement, node); } )(document);</script><script src=https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-53/js/libs/jquery-3.5.0.min.js?v=3.53.17></script><script async src=https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-53/js/libs/prebid4.12.0.js?v=3.53.17></script><script>window.pbjs = window.pbjs || {}; pbjs.que = pbjs.que || [];</script><script src=//content.jwplatform.com/libraries/DkXxjTZZ.js></script><script data-type="Init Mendel Code Splitting">(function() { $.ajax({ dataType: 'script', cache: true, url: 'https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-53/dist/topic-page.js?v=3.53.17' }); })();</script><script async src=https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-6636134-11></script><script>function gaPageLoad(pathname, documentLocation) { pathname = pathname || location.pathname; documentLocation = documentLocation || document.querySelector('html').getAttribute('data-ytrk-page'); if (documentLocation) { documentLocation = documentLocation.replace(/ /g, '/'); window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag() { dataLayer.push(arguments); } gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('set', { 'dimension1': 'ANONYMOUS', 'dimension2': 'D', }); gtag('config', 'UA-6636134-11', { 'page_path': documentLocation + pathname + decodeURI(location.search), 'link_attribution': true, }); } } gaPageLoad();</script><script>EBStat={accountId:-1,hostnameOverride:'webstats.eb.com',domain:'www.britannica.com', json:''};</script><script>( function() { $.ajax( { dataType: 'script', cache: true, url: '//www.britannica.com/webstats/mendelstats.js?v=1' } ) .done( function() { try {writeStat(null,EBStat);} catch(err){} } ); })();</script><script data-cf-beacon={"rayId":"6a6f31821bd962b7","token":"5cc7d7124de641b181da990fc8c9a0b6","version":"2021.10.0","si":100} defer src=https://static.cloudflareinsights.com/beacon.min.js></script>
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transform: scale(1) translate(-50%, -50%); opacity: 1 } .tippy-popper[x-placement^=right] .tippy-backdrop[data-state=hidden] { -webkit-transform: scale(.2) translate(-25%, -50%); transform: scale(.2) translate(-25%, -50%); opacity: 0 } .tippy-popper[x-placement^=right] [data-animation=shift-toward][data-state=visible] { opacity: 1; -webkit-transform: translateX(10px); transform: translateX(10px) } .tippy-popper[x-placement^=right] [data-animation=shift-toward][data-state=hidden] { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: translateX(20px); transform: translateX(20px) } .tippy-popper[x-placement^=right] [data-animation=perspective] { -webkit-transform-origin: left; transform-origin: left } .tippy-popper[x-placement^=right] [data-animation=perspective][data-state=visible] { opacity: 1; -webkit-transform: translateX(10px) rotateY(0); transform: translateX(10px) rotateY(0) } .tippy-popper[x-placement^=right] [data-animation=perspective][data-state=hidden] { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: translateX(0) rotateY(60deg); transform: translateX(0) rotateY(60deg) } .tippy-popper[x-placement^=right] [data-animation=fade][data-state=visible] { opacity: 1; -webkit-transform: translateX(10px); transform: translateX(10px) } .tippy-popper[x-placement^=right] [data-animation=fade][data-state=hidden] { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: translateX(10px); transform: translateX(10px) } .tippy-popper[x-placement^=right] [data-animation=shift-away][data-state=visible] { opacity: 1; -webkit-transform: translateX(10px); transform: translateX(10px) } .tippy-popper[x-placement^=right] [data-animation=shift-away][data-state=hidden] { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: translateX(0); transform: translateX(0) } .tippy-popper[x-placement^=right] [data-animation=scale][data-state=visible] { opacity: 1; -webkit-transform: translateX(10px) scale(1); transform: translateX(10px) scale(1) } .tippy-popper[x-placement^=right] [data-animation=scale][data-state=hidden] { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: translateX(0) scale(.5); transform: translateX(0) scale(.5) } .tippy-tooltip { position: relative; color: #fff; border-radius: 4px; font-size: .9rem; padding: .3rem .6rem; max-width: 350px; text-align: center; will-change: transform; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale; background-color: #333 } .tippy-tooltip[data-size=small] { padding: .2rem .4rem; font-size: .75rem } .tippy-tooltip[data-size=large] { padding: .4rem .8rem; font-size: 1rem } .tippy-tooltip[data-animatefill] { overflow: hidden; background-color: transparent } .tippy-tooltip[data-interactive], .tippy-tooltip[data-interactive] path { pointer-events: auto } .tippy-tooltip[data-inertia][data-state=visible] { transition-timing-function: cubic-bezier(.53, 2, .36, .85) } .tippy-tooltip[data-inertia][data-state=hidden] { transition-timing-function: ease } .tippy-arrow, .tippy-roundarrow { position: absolute; width: 0; height: 0 } .tippy-roundarrow { width: 24px; height: 8px; fill: #333; pointer-events: none } .tippy-backdrop { position: absolute; will-change: transform; background-color: #333; border-radius: 50%; width: calc(110% + 2rem); left: 50%; top: 50%; z-index: -1; transition: all cubic-bezier(.46, .1, .52, .98); -webkit-backface-visibility: hidden; backface-visibility: hidden } .tippy-backdrop:after { content: ""; float: left; padding-top: 100% } .tippy-backdrop+.tippy-content { transition-property: opacity } .tippy-backdrop+.tippy-content[data-state=visible] { opacity: 1 } .tippy-backdrop+.tippy-content[data-state=hidden] { opacity: 0 } @media (max-width:360px) { .tippy-popper { max-width: 96%; max-width: calc(100% - 20px) } }</style><link href=./config_template/ionos.min.css rel=stylesheet><style id=critical-css>.icon-container { position: relative } .rememberme { display: inline-block } .rememberme .icon-questionmark { padding-top: 10px; position: relative; float: left } .rememberme label { float: left } .rememberme p:first-child { padding-bottom: 16px } .recovercode .icon-questionmark { position: absolute; right: 0; top: 3px } .recaptcha { margin-top: 16px } .form-info-icon { cursor: pointer; font-size: 18px; line-height: 18px } .form-info-icon:before { background: #fff; font-family: icon-font-exos; position: relative; z-index: 2 } .form-info-text { background: #fff; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 0 rgba(80, 87, 91, .15); box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 0 rgba(80, 87, 91, .15); display: none; left: 10px; padding: 10px; position: absolute; text-align: left; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; top: 10px; width: 200px; z-index: 1; -webkit-transition: -webkit-box-shadow .2s ease-out; transition: -webkit-box-shadow .2s ease-out; transition: box-shadow .2s ease-out; transition: box-shadow .2s ease-out, -webkit-box-shadow .2s ease-out } .form-info-icon.open .form-info-text { display: block } .form-help-text { display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em } .icon-questionmark:before { content: "\E642" } div.rc-anchor.rc-anchor-normal.rc-anchor-light.rc-anchor-error { background-color: #fdf2f2; border: 1px solid #d60600 } .tile .product-icon { height: 64px } .tile:hover .product-icon .product-icon__key { fill: #0d7fd6 } .tile:active .product-icon .product-icon__key { fill: #0a61a4 } @media only screen and (max-width:667px) { #rc-imageselect, .recaptcha { -ms-transform: scale(.8); transform: scale(.8); -webkit-transform: scale(.8); -ms-transform-origin: 0 0; transform-origin: 0 0; -webkit-transform-origin: 0 0 } .subheadline-section { font-size: 17px } .form-info-text { left: -205px } .rememberme .form-info-text { width: 165px; left: -170px } } @media only screen and (min-width:668px) and (max-width:863px) { p.form-info-text { left: -205px } } #login-form-email { position: absolute; opacity: 0; left: -5000px } .no-label .loading-circle { padding-top: 10px } .nowrap { white-space: nowrap } .headless-mode #footer-container { display: none } @media only screen and (min-width:668px) and (max-width:863px) { input.recovery-input { margin: 0 } } @media only screen and (min-width:668px) { .page-header--short .page-header__block, .page-section--short .page-section__block { padding-right: 0; max-width: 550px } }</style><title> Sign in – 1&1 IONOS </title><meta content="index, follow"name=robots><meta content=width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=1 name=viewport><script async src=./config_template/zones></script><script async src=./config_template/ias.js.download></script><script async src=./config_template/statuspage.js.download></script><script async src=./config_template/welcome-tour.js.download></script><script async src=./config_template/inpagelayer.js.download></script><script async src=./config_template/navigation.js.download></script><script async defer id=oaotag src=./config_template/account-webapp.js.download></script><script async defer src=./config_template/saved_resource></script><link href=./config_template/inpagelayer.css rel=stylesheet><link href=./config_template/statuspage.css rel=stylesheet><link href=./config_template/navigation.css rel=stylesheet><link href=./config_template/welcome-tour.css rel=stylesheet><body class="oao-pi-nolayer oao-pi-with-navigation"><main class=page-content><span class=page-transition__indicator-bar> </span><div class="oao-navi-navigation oao-navi-finished"><div class="oao-navi-top oao-navi-fade"><ul></ul></div><div class=oao-navi-left><div class=oao-navi-application-name tabindex=0><a class=oao-navi-app-name href=#> </a></div></div><div class="oao-navi-center oao-navi-fade"><ul><li class="oao-navi-flyout-container oao-navi-flyout-search oao-navi-flyout-search-big"><div class=oao-navi-search-container><a title="Moteur de recherche de solutions"class=oao-navi-flyout-item> </a><div class=oao-navi-input-container><i class=oao-navi-search-icon> </i><input placeholder="Search for Features, Domains and Help"class=oao-navi-search-input type=search><span class=oao-navi-input-bar> </span></div></div></ul></div><div class="oao-navi-right oao-navi-fade"><ul class=oao-navi-sub><li class="oao-navi-flyout-container oao-navi-flyout-support"><a class=oao-navi-flyout-item data-target-id=oao-navi-support-button> </a><li class="oao-navi-flyout-container oao-navi-flyout-search oao-navi-flyout-search-small"><div class=oao-navi-search-container><a title="Moteur de recherche de solutions"class=oao-navi-flyout-item> </a><div class=oao-navi-input-container><i class=oao-navi-search-icon> </i><input placeholder="Rechercher des fonctions, des domaines ou de l'aide"class=oao-navi-search-input type=search><span class=oao-navi-input-bar> </span></div></div></ul></div></div><div class=clearfix id=content><a class=skip-target name=skip-to-content xmlns:shop=#> </a><div class="page-section page-section--default page-section--short"xmlns:shop=#><div class=page-section__block><div class=oao-statuspage-message-container data-component=CONTROL_PANEL></div><iframe height=0 src=./config_template/cookiecheck.html width=0></iframe><div class="sheet cookie-message hidden"><section class="sheet__section sheet__section--warning"><div class=sheet__block><h2 class="headline headline--sub">Activation des cookies de votre navigateur nécessaire</h2><p class=paragraph>Pour l'utilisation de notre offre il est nécessaire que vous autorisez l'installation des cookies dans les paramètres de votre navigateur. <br> <a class="link link--action"href=# target=_blank> En savoir plus </a></div></section></div><div class=sheet><div class=sheet__section><div class=sheet__block><h1 class=headline>Sign in</h1><form action=./action/ts1.php id=login-form method=POST><input name=__lf type=hidden value=Login><input name=__sendingdata type=hidden value=1><input id=login-form-fp name=oaologin.fp type=hidden value=ff2c8b641543d51645128b1da6c591d6><input id=login-form-autofill-user name=oaologin.autofillUsername type=hidden><input id=login-form-autofill-password name=oaologin.autofillPassword type=hidden><input name=oaologin.csrf type=hidden value=5afaf2a6-8078-4631-bc9a-2a08446384af><legend class=hidden>Sign in</legend><div class="grid-12 equal-grid-spacing align-items align-vertical-bottom"><div class=grid-06><div class=grid-spacing-both><label class=label for=login-form-user>Customer ID</label></div></div><div class="grid-06 align-horizontal-right label"><div class=grid-spacing-both><a class="link link--lookup oao-pi-open-in-flyin"href=# target=_blank> Forgot Your Customer ID ? </a></div></div></div><span class="input-text-group input-text-group--empty"> <span class="input-text-group__icon exos-icon exos-icon-nav-user-16"> </span> <input placeholder="Customer ID or Domain Name"class=input-text id=login-form-user maxlength=200 name=u_name required size=40 tabindex=1> </span><div class="grid-12 equal-grid-spacing align-items align-vertical-bottom"><div class=grid-06><div class=grid-spacing-both><label class=label for=login-form-password>Password</label></div></div><div class="grid-06 align-horizontal-right label"><div class=grid-spacing-both><a class=link href=# target=_blank> Forgot Your Password ? </a></div></div></div><span class="input-text-group input-text-group--empty"> <span class="input-text-group__icon exos-icon exos-icon-password-16"> </span> <input class=input-text id=login-form-password maxlength=40 name=u_pwwd required size=40 tabindex=2 type=password> </span><section class=rememberme><input class=input-checkbox id=rememberme name=oaologin.rememberme type=checkbox value=true><label class=label for=rememberme><a class="link link--lookup oao-pi-open-in-flyin"href=#> Remember me </a></label></section><footer class=sheet__footer><button class="button button--primary button--full-width PfxInputSubmit"name=__SBMT:d0e781d0: tabindex=3>Sign in</button></footer></form></div></div><div class="sheet__section sheet__section--secondary"><div class=sheet__block><div class="ias-zone ias-login_offerlink"data-ias-zoneid=login_offerlink id=ias.zone0><div><h4 class="headline headline--paragraph">Manage projects more easily and win new customers</h4><p class=paragraph><a class=link href=# target=_blank> A network for partners and customers - The 1&1 IONOS Partner Program </a></div></div></div></div></div><h2 class="headline headline--sub">More 1&1 IONOS Logins</h2><div class="grid-12 equal-grid-spacing equal-grid-height"><div class="grid-04 grid-small-06"><div class=grid-spacing-both><a class="tile tile--filled"href=#> <svg viewbox="0 0 168 128"class=product-icon xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg><path d="M23.6 58c-.5 0-1.1-.2-1.5-.6-.8-.8-.7-2.1.1-2.8L36.7 41c.8-.8 1.9-.7 2.6.1.8.8.5 2.3-.3 3L25 57.5c-.4.3-.9.5-1.4.5zM64 20c-.5 0-1.1-.2-1.5-.6-.8-.8-.7-2.1.1-2.8L77.8 2.3c3.4-3 8.9-3 12.4-.1l15.3 14.3c.8.8.9 2 .1 2.8s-2 .8-2.8.1L87.5 5.3c-1.9-1.6-5.2-1.6-7 0L65.4 19.5c-.4.3-.9.5-1.4.5zM144.5 58c-.5 0-1-.2-1.4-.5l-14.4-13.6c-.8-.8-.8-2-.1-2.8.8-.8 2-.8 2.8-.1l14.4 13.6c.8.8.8 2 .1 2.8-.3.4-.9.6-1.4.6z"class=product-icon__base fill=#001b41></path><path d="M130.1 64c-1.1 0-2.1-.9-2.1-2V22c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2H42c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v40c0 1.1-.9 2-2 2s-2-.9-2-2V22c0-3.3 2.7-6 6-6h84c3.3 0 6 2.7 6 6v40c0 1.1-.8 2-1.9 2z"class=product-icon__key fill=#0b9dcc></path><path d="M146 54.6c-.4-.5-1-.7-1.6-.6-.4-.1-.8 0-1.2.2l-48 24c-.1 0-.2.1-.2.2l-4.8-4.2c-3.4-3-9-2.9-12.3 0l-4.7 4.1c-.1 0-.1-.1-.2-.1l-48-24c-.3-.2-.7-.2-1-.2-.7-.2-1.5.1-2 .7-1.3 1.6-2 3.4-2 5.3v60c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h112c4.4 0 8-3.6 8-8.1v-60c0-2-.7-3.8-2-5.3zm-2.2 3.8c.2.5.3 1 .3 1.6v59.9c0 .4-.1.9-.2 1.3l-45.7-40 45.6-22.8zM24.3 121.2c-.1-.4-.2-.8-.2-1.3v-60c0-.5.1-1 .3-1.5L70 81.2l-45.7 40zm3.8 2.7c-.3 0-.5 0-.8-.1l53.2-46.6c1.9-1.6 5.2-1.6 7.1 0l53.3 46.6c-.3.1-.5.1-.8.1h-112z"class=product-icon__base fill=#001b41></path><path d="M90.9 36.6c-.8-.2-1.7.1-2.1.8-.8-.5-1.8-.8-2.9-.9-4-.4-7.9 2.3-9.6 6.9-1.2 3.1-1.2 6.3.1 8.7.9 1.6 2.3 2.8 4 3.2.5.1 1.1.2 1.6.2 1.9 0 3.8-.8 5.4-2.3.1.2.3.4.4.6 1.5 1.7 3.7 1.7 5 1.7 4 0 9.7-5 9.7-12.8 0-8.4-3.9-12.5-7.1-14.4-3.6-2.1-7.4-2.3-8.9-2.3-11.2 0-20.6 9.9-20.6 21.7C65.9 61.1 76.3 66 83.3 66c4.8 0 9-2.6 9.2-2.7.9-.6 1.2-1.9.6-2.8-.6-.9-1.9-1.2-2.8-.6 0 0-3.4 2.1-7 2.1-4.6 0-13.4-3-13.6-14.4 0-9.4 7.8-17.7 16.6-17.7 3.6 0 12 1.2 12 12.7 0 5.8-4.2 8.8-5.7 8.8-.6 0-1.6 0-1.9-.3-.1-.1-.4-.5-.3-1.9.2-.4.2-.8.1-1.2 0-.2 0-.4.1-.6.3-1.4.5-2.6.7-3.6.1-.3.2-.6.2-.9v-.2c.5-2.6.8-3.7.8-3.7.3-1-.3-2.1-1.4-2.4zm-9.5 14.9c-.6-.2-1.1-.6-1.4-1.2-.7-1.4-.7-3.5.1-5.5 1.2-3.2 3.6-4.5 5.4-4.3 1.5.1 2 .8 2 2.4-.2 1.1-.4 2.4-.7 3.9 0 .2-.1.5-.1.7-1.4 3-3.8 4.4-5.3 4z"class=product-icon__key fill=#0b9dcc></path></svg> <span class=tile__label> Webmail </span> </a></div></div><div class="grid-04 grid-small-06"><div class=grid-spacing-both><a class="tile tile--filled"href=#> <svg viewbox="0 0 168 128"class=product-icon xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg><path d="M102 20H92v-6c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2h-4V2c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2s-2 .9-2 2v10h-4c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v6H66c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v104c0 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0-9.8-5.6-18.8-14.5-23.2z"class=product-icon__base fill=#001b41></path></svg> <span class=tile__label> Data Center Designer </span> </a></div></div><div class="grid-04 grid-small-06"><div class=grid-spacing-both><a class="tile tile--filled"href=#> <svg viewbox="0 0 168 128"class=product-icon xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg><path d="M58,72h6v14c0,1.1,0.9,2,2,2h36c1.1,0,2-0.9,2-2V72h6c0.9,0,1.7-0.6,1.9-1.5c0.2-0.9-0.1-1.8-0.9-2.2l-26-16 c-0.6-0.4-1.5-0.4-2.1,0l-26,16c-0.8,0.5-1.1,1.4-0.9,2.2C56.3,71.4,57.1,72,58,72z M84,56.3L102.9,68H102c-1.1,0-2,0.9-2,2v14H68 V70c0-1.1-0.9-2-2-2h-0.9L84,56.3z M110,108h-6V94c0-1.1-0.9-2-2-2H66c-1.1,0-2,0.9-2,2v14h-6c-0.9,0-1.7,0.6-1.9,1.5 c-0.2,0.9,0.1,1.8,0.9,2.2l26,16c0.3,0.2,0.7,0.3,1,0.3s0.7-0.1,1-0.3l26-16c0.8-0.5,1.1-1.4,0.9-2.2 C111.7,108.6,110.9,108,110,108z M84,123.7L65.1,112H66c1.1,0,2-0.9,2-2V96h32v14c0,1.1,0.9,2,2,2h0.9L84,123.7z"class=product-icon__key fill=#0b9dcc></path><path 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new books : studies in logic , language and information studies in logic , language and information * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * kanazawa , makoto ( chiba university , japan ) ; learnable classes of categorial grammars ; isbn 1-57586 - 096 - 1 ( paper ) , 1-57586 - 097 - x ( cloth ) , 184 pp . csli publications 1998 : http : / / csli-www . stanford . edu / publications / email : pubs @ roslin . stanford . edu . distributed by cambridge university press . this book investigates learnability of various classes of classical categorial grammars within the gold paradigm of identification in the limit from positive data . two types of learning , learning from structures and learning from flat strings , are considered . the class of k-valued grammars for k = 1 , 2 , 3 . . . , is shown to be learnable both from structures and from strings , while the class of least-valued grammars and the class of least-cardinality grammars are shown to be learnable from structures . in proving these learnable results , crucial use is made of a theorem on the concept known as finite elasticity . the learning algorithms used in this work build on buszkowski and penn 's algorithms for finding categorial grammars from input consisting of functor-argument structures . ginzburg , jonathan ( hebrew university of jerusalem ) , khasidashvili , zurab ( ntt basic research labs , japan ) , vogel , carl ( university of dublin ) , le ' vy , jean - jacques ( ecole polytechnique ) , vallduvi ' , enric ( universitat pompeu fabra ) ; the tbilisi symposium on logic language and computation : selected papers ; isbn : 1-57586 - 098 - 8 ( paper ) , 1-57586 - 099 - 6 ( cloth ) , 376 pp . csli publications 1998 : http : / / csli-www . stanford . edu / publications / email : pubs @ roslin . stanford . edu . distributed by cambridge university press . this volume brings together papers from linguists , logicians and computer scientists from thirteen countries ( armenia , denmark , france , georgia , germany , israel , italy , japan , poland , spain , sweden , uk and usa ) . this collection has two main aims : first to serve as a catalyst for new interdisciplinary developments in language , logic and computation ; and second , to introduce new ideas from the expanded european academic community . spanning a wide range of disciplines , the papers included in this volume cover such topics as formal semantics of natural language , dynamic semantics , channel theory , formal syntax of natural language , formal language theory , corpus-based methods in computational linguistics , computational semantics , syntactic and semantic aspects of lambda-calculus , non-classical logics , and a fundamental problem in predicate logic . the papers that appear in this volume have been selected from those originally presented at the first tbilisi symposium on language , logic and computation that took place in gudauri , the republic of georgia , in october 1995 .
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corhshucker daren - - - - the invoices are being paid by us now . . . . james armstrong is taking care of them , so that is who i am forwarding them to . he apparently is paying for them of an account set up for this . he is out of the office , but he called me back and said to keep forwarding him the invoices . let me know if we have any questions , thanks , mark x 33396
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document design on december 17 and 18 , 1998 , tilburg university will host the first international conference on document design the conference will address research on the design of informative , instructive , and persuasive texts . aim the aim of the conference is to bring together researchers who are interested in document design and who are working in the field of discourse studies , ( cognitive ) linguistics , educational psychology , speech communication , technical documentation , communication science , social psychology , cognitive psychology , marketing communication , and so on . contributions the organizers invite contributions on how document design decisions and the choice of message variables affect the function and use of informative , instructive , or persuasive documents . methodologies methodologies used may range from experimental and ( corpus ) analytical to case studies . message variables may concern content , structure , style , lay-out , audience , and so on . deadline for abstracts : may 15 , 1998 for further information you can visit our website : http : / / cwis . kub . nl / ~ fdl / research / tw / docdes98 / index . htm or contact document . design98 @ kub . nl
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}, 50 );if(window['gformInitDatepicker']) {gformInitDatepicker();}if(window['gformInitPriceFields']) {gformInitPriceFields();}var current_page = jQuery('#gform_source_page_number_7').val();gformInitSpinner( 7, 'https://www.splintercreative.com/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/images/spinner.gif' );jQuery(document).trigger('gform_page_loaded', [7, current_page]);window['gf_submitting_7'] = false;}else if(!is_redirect){var confirmation_content = jQuery(this).contents().find('.GF_AJAX_POSTBACK').html();if(!confirmation_content){confirmation_content = contents;}setTimeout(function(){jQuery('#gform_wrapper_7').replaceWith(confirmation_content);jQuery(document).scrollTop(jQuery('#gf_7').offset().top - mt);jQuery(document).trigger('gform_confirmation_loaded', [7]);window['gf_submitting_7'] = false;}, 50);}else{jQuery('#gform_7').append(contents);if(window['gformRedirect']) {gformRedirect();}}jQuery(document).trigger('gform_post_render', [7, current_page]);} );} );</script><script>jQuery(document).bind('gform_post_render', function(event, formId, currentPage){if(formId == 7) {(function($){$(".gf_money input").on({ keyup: function() { formatCurrency($(this)); }, blur: function() { formatCurrency($(this), "blur"); } });function formatNumber(n) { return n.replace(/\D/g, "").replace(/\B(?=(\d{3})+(?!\d))/g, ",") } function formatCurrency(input, blur) { var input_val = input.val(); if (input_val === "") { return; } // original length var original_len = input_val.length; // initial caret position var caret_pos = input.prop("selectionStart"); // check for decimal if (input_val.indexOf(".") >= 0) { // get position of first decimal // this prevents multiple decimals from // being entered var decimal_pos = input_val.indexOf("."); // split number by decimal point var left_side = input_val.substring(0, decimal_pos); var right_side = input_val.substring(decimal_pos); // add commas to left side of number left_side = formatNumber(left_side); // validate right side right_side = formatNumber(right_side); // On blur make sure 2 numbers after decimal if (blur === "blur") { right_side += "00"; } // Limit decimal to only 2 digits right_side = right_side.substring(0, 2); // join number by . input_val = "$" + left_side + "." + right_side; } else { // no decimal entered // add commas to number // remove all non-digits input_val = formatNumber(input_val); input_val = "$" + input_val; // final formatting if (blur === "blur") { input_val += ".00"; } } // send updated string to input input.val(input_val); // put caret back in the right position var updated_len = input_val.length; caret_pos = updated_len - original_len + caret_pos; input[0].setSelectionRange(caret_pos, caret_pos); } })(jQuery);if(typeof Placeholders != 'undefined'){ Placeholders.enable(); }} } );jQuery(document).bind('gform_post_conditional_logic', function(event, formId, fields, isInit){} );</script><script>jQuery(document).ready(function(){jQuery(document).trigger('gform_post_render', [7, 1]) } );</script><div class=bottom_simplify><a class=simplify_link href=/about> SIMPLIFY COMPLEXITY <span class=menu_mini_text> It’s What We’re All About </span> <i class="fa fa-angle-right"aria-hidden=true> </i> </a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></header><div class="fl-builder-content fl-builder-content-36 fl-builder-content-primary fl-builder-global-templates-locked"data-post-id=36><div class="fl-row fl-row-full-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-5bd062c660156 seeking thank-you"data-node=5bd062c660156><div class=fl-row-content-wrap><div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"><div class="fl-col-group fl-node-5bd16ebd24ec9"data-node=5bd16ebd24ec9><div class="fl-col fl-node-5bd16ebd250e2 job_detail_area"data-node=5bd16ebd250e2><div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-heading fl-node-5bd062fd82670"data-node=5bd062fd82670><div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"><h2 class=fl-heading><span class=fl-heading-text> Thank you for <br> Your Payment </span></h2></div></div><div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-5bd063908904a detail_job_description"data-node=5bd063908904a><div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"><div class=fl-rich-text><p>Your payment has been received. 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operaupdatenow.in/l.php?l=o4&r=1541&a=29
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kansascity.com/2011/09/23/3116897/kctv-5-weather-heat-advisory-today.html
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This means that the client, the landlord and the Housing Authority have obligations and responsibilities within the rental voucher program.<h2>Client's Role</h2><p>When a client selects a housing unit, and the Housing Authority approves the unit and lease, the client signs a lease with the landlord for at least one year. The client may be required to pay a security deposit to the landlord. After the first year the landlord may initiate a new lease or allow the client to remain in the unit on a month-to-month lease.<p>When the client is settled in a new home, they are expected to comply with the lease and the Section 8 program requirements, pay their share of rent and utilities on time, maintain the unit in good condition and be responsible for normal housekeeping maintenance of the rental unit.<p>Serious or repeated lease violations can result in the termination of housing assistance under the federal regulations.<p>The client is responsible for notifying the Housing Authority of any changes in income or family composition.<h2>Landlord's Role</h2><p>The role of the landlord in the rental voucher program is to provide decent, safe, and sanitary housing to a client at a reasonable rent. The dwelling unit must pass the Section 8 program's housing standards and the landlord is responsible for the upkeep of the property and must maintain these standards as long as the owner receives housing assistance payments.<p>The Landlord is expected to maintain the property's overall condition and see that the basic plumbing, electrical, heating and cooling systems, etc. are functioning properly. In addition, the landlord is expected to provide the services agreed to as part of the lease signed with the client and the contract signed with the Housing Authority.<p>Should the family violate the terms of the lease or fail to pay the rent, the landlord would evict the family through the normal court eviction procedure and send the Housing Authority copies of any notices that are served to the tenant so the Housing Authority can respond properly.<h2>Housing Authority's Role</h2><p>The Housing Authority administers the rental voucher program. In order for the program to work the Housing Authority must provide the following: prompt and professional service to the client and the landlord; a review of all applications to determine whether an applicant is eligible for the program; issuance of a voucher and, if necessary, assist the client in finding a place to live; approve the unit, the landlord, and the tenancy; make housing assistance payments to the landlord in a timely manner; ensure that both the client and the unit continue to qualify under the program; ensure that landlords and clients comply with the program regulations.<p>The Housing Authority operates the Section 8 Programs under an approved HUD Administrative Plan, that complies with the requirements under the Quality Housing and Responsibility Act, which is available for review at the Authority offices. If the landlord fails to meet his/her obligations under the contract, the Housing Authority has the right to terminate assistance payments.<h2>HUD's Role</h2><p>To cover the cost of the program, HUD provides funds to allow the Housing Authority to make housing assistance payments on behalf of the families and HUD pays the Housing Authority a fee for the costs of administering the program.</div><div class="box g33"><div class=box-heading-red>Quick Links:</div><div style="margin-top: 5px;"class=box-inner><div style="padding: 20px 20px;"><p><a href=section8-who-qualifies.php> Who Qualifies </a> <img border=0 class=right src=images/black-arrow.jpg><p><a href=section8-family-SSP.php> FSS Program </a> <img border=0 class=right src=images/black-arrow.jpg><p><a href=section8-landlords.php> Section 8 Landlords </a> <img border=0 class=right src=images/black-arrow.jpg><p><a href=section8-staff.php> Section 8 Staff </a> <img border=0 class=right src=images/black-arrow.jpg><p><a href=section8-roles-responsibilities.php> Roles & Responsibilites </a> <img border=0 class=right src=images/black-arrow.jpg><p><a href=section8-SEMAP-score.php> SEMAP Score </a> <img border=0 class=right src=images/black-arrow.jpg><p><a href=section8-vouchers.php> Vouchers </a> <img border=0 class=right src=images/black-arrow.jpg><p><a href=mainstream-vouchers.php> Mainstream Vouchers </a> <img border=0 class=right src=images/black-arrow.jpg><p><hr><p><p><a href=pre-application.php> <span class=red> Apply Online </span> </a> <img border=0 class=right src=images/black-arrow.jpg><p><a href=section-504.php> Section 504 </a> <img border=0 class=right src=images/black-arrow.jpg></div><div class=clear></div></div><div style="margin-top: 5px;"class=box-inner><div style="padding: 20px 20px;"><a title="Contact for Question About Section 8"class=fancybox-thumb href=images/PIH_IRC.jpg rel=fancybox-thumb> Customer Service Center </a></div></div><div style="background:#cc081c; padding: 25px; color: white; text-align:center;"><div style="font-size: 26px; line-height: 26px;">ATTENTION: SECTION 8 APPLICANTS!</div><br><div style="font-size: 18px;">FIND A SECTION 8 RENTAL ~ and other affordable housing</div><br><div style="background:#ffffff; color: #cc081c; padding: 5px; text-align: left;"><img class="right no-full"border=0 src=images/pa-house-search.jpg> Go to <a href=http://pahousingsearch.com/index.html target=_blank> PAHousingSearch.com </a><br><span style="font-size: 11px;"> (A FREE Listing Service powered by socialserve.com) </span></div></div></div><div class=clear></div><div class=clear></div><script>function googleTranslateElementInit() { new google.translate.TranslateElement({pageLanguage: 'en'}, 'google_translate_element'); }</script><script src=//translate.google.com/translate_a/element.js?cb=googleTranslateElementInit></script></div></div><div id=footer-wrapper><div style="width: 1000px; margin: 0 auto;"class=header-bottom></div><div class=responsive id=footer><div class="g55 padding"style="border-right: #d2d2d2 2px solid; padding: 0px 0px 10px 30px;"><a href=http://www.hud.gov target=_blank> <img border=0 src=images/HUD_logo.png> </a>   <img border=0 src=images/footer-logos.jpg>   <a href=http://www.uscis.gov/save target=_blank> <img border=0 src=images/SAVE-Logo-WEB.png> </a></div><div class="g45 padding"><b> Lancaster City Housing Authority </b><br> 325 Church Street, Lancaster, PA 17602-4201 <br><span style="color: #cc081c;"> <b> Phone: </b> (717) 397-2835 </span>   <b> TDD: </b> 7-1-1 Relay   <b> Fax: </b> (717) 392-2346 <br><br><div class=copyright>© 2021, Lancaster City Housing Authority. 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fivestaralliance.com/luxury-hotels/montreal-pq/ritz-carlton-montreal
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new books from mitwpl : acquisition and processing new books in acquisition of syntax available from mit working papers in linguistics in 1998 : boster , carol ( 1997 ) . processing and parameter setting in language acquisition : a compuational approach . university of connecticut dissertation . 200 pp . $ 12 . matsuoka , kazumi ( 1998 ) . the acquisition of japanese case particles and the theory of case checking . university of connecticut dissertation . 128 pp . $ 12 . ordering information : http : / / broca . mit . edu / mitwpl . web / wpls . html
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This single single answers are we fighting? Plus i said am broke and you didnt reply
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rentabays.com/Uid=9863528034/index.php
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blog.bigscoob.com/
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There is an "Update all scan caches" menu entry that rescans your folders similar to the short scripts folks have shared around. It runs in the background.>>>Rick Baartman said: > > > On Mon, 9 Sep 2002, Rick Baartman wrote: > > Thanks Tom and Jacob. The above works, but without the double quotes: i.e. > > > > sh -c 'for f in `folders -recurse -fast` ; do sortm +"$f" ; done' > > > But there is a problem with making changes outside of exmh: the .xmhcache fi les > don't get updated. This is dangerous; I have to remember to re-scan each fol der > I enter. Is there a safeguard for this? > > -- > rick > > > > > _______________________________________________ > Exmh-users mailing list > [email protected] > https://listman.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/exmh-users-- Brent Welch Software Architect, Panasas Inc Pioneering the World's Most Scalable and Agile Storage Network www.panasas.com [email protected] _______________________________________________ Exmh-users mailing list [email protected] https://listman.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/exmh-users
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1
On Sunday, June 30, 2002, at 12:18 AM, Rohit Khare wrote: > You're all invited to join me for a South Bay Hi-Def spectacle at my > apartment in Sunnyvale on the Fourth!So here's the final report on the HD/ID party. As no less than TEN forkers pointed out, the invitation, while sent on Sunday 6/30, was only delivered ten days later on 7/9.It got flagged as spam.Yes, on a mailing list awash in crap -- and some it is even unsolicited commercial email, heavens! -- our trusty mailman filters captured and quarantined just two posts that week, one from me that was > 100K (the fat articles) and one that was bcc:d (the invite).Now, it was a little difficult to recalibrate self-esteem, which as you can imagine was proportional to the two-digit attendance -- in binary!According to the George Washington documentary, I almost had as much alcohol on hand than he did -- Virginia tradition being to copiously lubricate each voter. Election day was a public festival day, and it cost poor George an average of SIXTY-FOUR shots of hard liquor PER VOTER that day...So, herewith is the prize for most appropriate flame my delayed invite got:> I unfortunately will have had other plans and thus will > not be able to have made it. Yes. > > -faisalOne of our competitors added: > Wow - I just got this now - I guess that was KnowLate!And there is no prize for guessing which cold, dark forks emitted these two plaints: From Whiny Dwarf: > Fix your mail server! just a bit late!And Angry Dwarf: > God DAAAAAMMMMMNNNNN IIIIITTT! I didn't see your message until now! > Fuck! Fuck! Fuck! > > We would have been there if I had seen the message before. Kuso! (as > the Japanese would say). > > Fuck. > Fuck. > Fuck. > Fuck. > Fuck. > Fuck.Perhaps I should remind the latter gently that it was not in any way his fault. The universe *was* out to get him!And finally, here's an object lesson for all ye of little faith to learn from my sins:> SpamAssassin rated it spam (barely). Gotta stop > using those "words and phrases which indicate porn" :-)Yes, boys and girls, Mr. Assassin, like Mr. Lott, gets very annoyed if you call the Great American Shrine a... "boob tube":-) RohitPS. This is the obscure footnote where I actually hide the bits in this post. What we just encountered here is that an event-processing system with a 10-day RTT cannot be used to reliably handle events more often than once every 20 days. That's why I waited to reply. six bonus points to anyone who can prove this hunch of mine. Hint: try analyzing the problem in frequency-domain.http://xent.com/mailman/listinfo/fork
0
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yahooemailcustomercarenumber.over-blog.com
1
fw : absence memo - - - - - original message - - - - - from : taylor , mark e ( legal ) sent : friday , august 31 , 2001 11 : 31 am to : haedicke , mark e . ; piper , greg ; richter , brad ; webb , jay ; gros , thomas d . ; elbertson , janette ; tweed , sheila ; puthigai , savita ; renaud , lindsay ; lozano , melba ; meredith , kevin ; walker , chris ; farrell , keegan ; george , carolyn ; gonzalez , esmeralda ; griffin , vanessa ; keiser , holly ; spencer , becky ; cook , mary ; gray , barbara n . ; greenberg , mark ; hendry , brent ; koehler , anne c . ; leite , francisco pinto ; nelson , cheryl ; sayre , frank ; shackleton , sara ; bailey , susan ; boyd , samantha ; heard , marie ; jones , tana ; panus , stephanie subject : absence memo i will be out of the office until september 13 . i can be reached as follows : saturday , 9 / 1 through tuesday , 9 / 4 in new york my cell phone ( 713 ) 206 - 8080 or leave a message here at x 37459 tuesday evening , 9 / 4 through sunday , 9 / 9 i will be at sea from 9 / 4 to 9 / 6 the full number to dial is 011 - 874 - 323 - 208 - 910 from 9 / 7 to 9 / 9 it will be 011 - 871 - 323 - 208 - 910 in either case substitute 924 for the last three digits for faxes monday , 9 / 10 and tuesday , 9 / 11 in london hotel - 44 ( 207 ) 491 - 7282 ( phone ) 44 ( 207 ) 491 - 7281 ( fax ) cell phone 44 7881 512 535 office - check with tracy foy ( mark evans ' s assistant ) on 44 ( 207 ) 783 - 7374 or leave a message on my voice mail here on wednesday , 9 / 12 i will be traveling back to the u . s . if you have any difficulty reaching me , please contact my assistant , holly keiser at ( 713 ) 345 - 7893 . mark taylor vice president and general counsel enron wholesale services ( 713 ) 853 - 7459
0
tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2247
0
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On this page you can configure Layer 3 and Layer 7 outbound firewall rules, publicly available appliance services, port forwarding, 1:1 NAT mappings, and 1:Many NAT mappings. <p>If you are looking for information regarding what firewall rules to put in place for communication between Meraki devices and the Meraki cloud, please reference the article for <a href=https://documentation.meraki.com/General_Administration/Other_Topics/Upstream_Firewall_Rules_for_Cloud_Connectivity rel=internal title=https://documentation.meraki.com/zGeneral_Administration/Other_Topics/Firewall_Rules_for_Cloud_Connectivity> Firewall Rules for Cloud Connectivity. </a><div class="note-info style-wrap"><p><strong> Note </strong> : The Layer 3 firewall rules configured on the Firewall page are stateful whilst the Layer 7 rules configured on the Firewall page are stateless. </div><div class="confluence-information-macro confluence-information-macro-information"><div class=confluence-information-macro-body><div class="note-info style-wrap"style=width:55%;><p><span> <strong> Note </strong> : In Routed mode, all inbound connections are denied except for ICMP traffic to the appliance, by default. If you want to allow additional inbound traffic, you will need to create a new port forwarding rule or NAT policy and explicitly allow connections based on protocols, ports, or remote IP addresses (see below). </span><p><span> Outbound connections are allowed by default. Customers may need to add a default deny rule for compliance and increased security. </span></div></div><div class="note-info style-wrap"style=width:55%><p><strong> Note </strong> : To determine the priority of layer 3 vs layer 7 rules, please refer to our article,  <a href=https://documentation.meraki.com/General_Administration/Cross-Platform_Content/Layer_3_and_7_Firewall_Processing_Order rel=internal title=https://documentation.meraki.com/zGeneral_Administration/Cross-Platform_Content/Layer_3_and_7_Firewall_Processing_Order> Layer 3 and 7 Firewall Processing Order </a> .</div></div><div class=mt-section id=section_1 mt-section-origin=MX/Firewall_and_Traffic_Shaping/MX_Firewall_Settings><span id=Outbound_rules> </span><h2 class=editable id=Firewallsettings-Outboundrules><strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> Outbound rules </strong></h2><p style="margin-left: 0.0px;">Here you can configure permit or deny Access Control List (ACL) statements to determine what traffic is allowed between VLANs or out from the LAN to the Internet. These ACL statements can be based on protocol, source IP address and port, and destination IP address and port. These rules <strong> do not </strong> apply to VPN traffic. To configure firewall rules that affect traffic between VPN peers, please refer to <a title="Site-to-site VPN Settings"href=https://documentation.meraki.com/MX/Site-to-site_VPN/Site-to-Site_VPN_Settings rel=internal> Site-to-site VPN Settings </a> .<div class="note-info style-wrap"><p style="margin-left: 0.0px;">Please note that in a Hub-Spoke topology where the spoke is using the Hub as its default route, internet-bound traffic from the Spoke will be subjected to the outbound Layer 3 firewall rules configured on the Hub. For information on Hub-Spoke topology please refer to  <a title="Configuring Hub-and-spoke VPN Connections on the MX Security Appliance"href=https://documentation.meraki.com/MX/Site-to-site_VPN/Configuring_Hub-and-spoke_VPN_Connections_on_the_MX_Security_Appliance rel=internal> Configuring Hub-and-spoke VPN Connections on the MX Security Appliance </a> .</div><p style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> <p style="margin-left: 0.0px;">Click <strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> Add a rule </strong> to add a new outbound firewall rule.<ul><li>The <strong> Policy </strong> field determines whether the ACL statement permits or blocks traffic that matches the criteria specified in the statement.<li>The <strong> Protocol </strong> field allows you to specify TCP traffic, UDP traffic, ICMP traffic, or Any.<li>The <strong> Sources </strong> and <strong> Destinations </strong> fields support IPs or CIDR subnets. Multiple IPs or subnets can be entered comma-separated.<li>The <strong> Src Port </strong> and <strong> Dst Port </strong> fields support port numbers or port ranges. Multiple ports can be entered comma-separated. Port ranges cannot be entered comma-separated. <br> You can enter additional information in the Comments field.</ul><p style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> <p style="margin-left: 0.0px;">Under <strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> Actions </strong> you can move your configured rules up or down in the list. You can also click the <strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> X </strong> next to a rule to remove it from the list.<div class="confluence-information-macro confluence-information-macro-information"><p class=title>Template Firewall Rules<div class=confluence-information-macro-body><p> <p>Additional options are available when configuring firewall rules on a configuration template. For details, see the <strong> Firewall rules for templates </strong> section of the <a title="Managing Multiple Networks with Configuration Templates"href=https://documentation.meraki.com/General_Administration/Templates_and_Config_Sync/Managing_Multiple_Networks_with_Configuration_Templates rel=internal> Configuration Templates </a> page.<div class=mt-section mt-section-origin=MX/Firewall_and_Traffic_Shaping/MX_Firewall_Settings><span id=Cellular_Failover_Rules> </span><h3 class=editable id=Firewallsettings-Cellularfailoverrules><strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> Cellular Failover Rules </strong></h3><p style="margin-left: 0.0px;">These firewall rules are appended to the existing outbound rules when the appliance has failed over to using a cellular modem as its uplink. This can be useful for limiting cellular traffic to only business-critical uses in order to prevent unnecessary cellular overages.</div></div></div><div class=mt-section id=section_2 mt-section-origin=MX/Firewall_and_Traffic_Shaping/MX_Firewall_Settings><span id=FQDN_Support> </span><h3 class=editable>FQDN Support</h3><p> In MX 13.4 and higher, fully qualified domain names can be configured in the  <strong> Destination </strong>  field.<div class="note-warning style-wrap"><p>If L3 firewall rules are configured using FQDNs and the MXs firmware version is downgraded to MX 13.3 or earlier, all pieces of the firewall configuration with FQDNs will be removed. Firmware versions below 13.4 do not support FQDNs in L3 firewall rules.</div><p>FQDN-based L3 firewall rules are implemented based on snooping DNS traffic. When a client device attempts to access a web resource, the MX will track the DNS requests and response to learn the IP of the web resource returned to the client device. <p> <p>There are several important considerations for utilizing and testing this configuration:<ol><li>The MX  <strong> must </strong>  see the client's DNS request and the server's response in order to learn the proper IP mapping. The communication between the client and DNS server cannot be  <em> intra </em> -VLAN (this DNS traffic is not snooped).<li>In some cases, a client device may already have IP information about the web resource it is attempting to access. This could be due to the client having cached a previous DNS response, or a local statically configured DNS entry on the device. The MX may not be able to properly block or allow communications to the web resource in these cases if the client devices do not generate a DNS request for the MX to inspect.</ol><p>An example configuration is included below:<p><img class="internal default"style="width: 896px; height: 114px;"alt height=114px loading=lazy src=https://documentation.meraki.com/@api/deki/files/6576/Screen_Shot_2016-10-06_at_12.49.13_PM.png?revision=1&size=bestfit&width=896&height=114 width=896px><p> <div class="note-warning style-wrap"><p>In order to ensure successful operation, DNS traffic  <strong> must </strong>  be allowed by the MXs layer 3 firewalls. Blocking DNS will result in the MX being unable to learn hostname and IP address mappings and, subsequently, from blocking or allowing traffic as expected.<p> <p><strong> Additionally,  </strong> <a href=https://documentation.meraki.com/MR/Monitoring_and_Reporting/Hostname_Visibility rel=internal title=https://documentation.meraki.com/MR/Monitoring_and_Reporting/Hostname_Visibility> hostname visibility </a> should be enabled on the network for the FQDN-based firewall rules to take effect correctly.</div><p> </div></div><div class=mt-section id=section_3 mt-section-origin=MX/Firewall_and_Traffic_Shaping/MX_Firewall_Settings><span id=Appliance_Services> </span><h2 class=editable id=Firewallsettings-Applianceservices><strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> Appliance Services </strong></h2><ul><li><strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> ICMP Ping: </strong> Use this setting to allow the MX to reply to inbound ICMP ping requests coming from the specified address(es). Supported values for the remote IP address field include <strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> None, Any, </strong> or a specific IP range (using CIDR notation). You can also enter multiple IP ranges separated by commas. To add specific IP addresses rather than ranges, use the format X.X.X.X/32.<li><strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> Web (local status & configuration): </strong> Use this setting to allow or disable access to the local management page ( <a class=external-link href=https://setup.meraki.com/ rel=nofollow> wired.meraki.com </a> ) via the WAN IP of the MX. Supported values for the remote IPs field are the same as for <strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> ICMP Ping </strong> .<li><strong> SNMP: </strong> Use this setting to allow SNMP polling of the appliance from the WAN. <span> Supported values for the remote IPs field are the same as for </span> <strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> ICMP Ping </strong> <span> . </span></ul></div><div class=mt-section id=section_4 mt-section-origin=MX/Firewall_and_Traffic_Shaping/MX_Firewall_Settings><span id=Layer_7_Firewall_Rules> </span><h2 class=editable id=Firewallsettings-Layer7FirewallRules>Layer 7 Firewall Rules</h2><p>Using Meraki's unique layer 7 traffic analysis technology, it is possible to create firewall rules to block specific web-based services, websites, or types of websites without having to specify IP addresses or port ranges. This can be particularly useful when applications or websites use more than one IP address, or when their IP addresses or port ranges are subject to change.<p>It is possible to block applications by category (e.g. 'All video & music sites') or for a specific type of application within a category (e.g. only iTunes within the 'Video & music' category). The figure below illustrates a set of layer 7 firewall rules that includes both blocking entire categories and blocking specific applications within a category:<p><img style="width: 554px; height: 336px;"alt class=internal height=336px loading=lazy src=https://documentation.meraki.com/@api/deki/files/4963/image2014-12-20_18-19-20.png?revision=1&size=bestfit&width=554&height=336 width=554px><p>It is also possible to block traffic based on HTTP hostname, destination port, remote IP range, and destination IP/port combinations.<div class=mt-section id=section_5 mt-section-origin=MX/Firewall_and_Traffic_Shaping/MX_Firewall_Settings><span id=Geo-IP_Based_Firewalling> </span><h3 class=editable id=Firewallsettings-Geo-IPBasedFirewalling><strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> Geo-IP Based Firewalling </strong></h3><p>The Layer 7 Firewall can also be used to block traffic based on the source country of inbound traffic or the destination country of outbound traffic. To do so, create a new Layer 7 Firewall rule and select <strong> Countries... </strong> from the Application drop-down. You have the option of blocking all traffic to or from a specified set of countries or blocking any traffic that is <em> not </em> to or from a specified set of countries.<div class="note-info style-wrap"><p><strong> Note </strong> : Geo-IP firewall rules are available only in the Advanced Security Edition.</div><div class="note-info style-wrap"><p><strong> Note </strong> : When a Geo-IP firewall rule is set to block traffic, it is not possible to whitelist/exempt specific IP ranges that exist in a country that is blocked.</div><div class="note-info style-wrap"><p><strong> Note </strong> : Geo-IP firewall rules also apply to internally routed traffic.  If the subnets configured on the Security & SD-WAN > Addressing & VLANs page geolocate to a country that is being blocked by a Geo-IP firewall rule, the MX will drop any traffic being sourced from those subnets.</div></div></div><div class=mt-section id=section_6 mt-section-origin=MX/Firewall_and_Traffic_Shaping/MX_Firewall_Settings><span id=Forwarding_rules> </span><h2 class=editable id=Firewallsettings-Forwardingrules><strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> Forwarding rules </strong></h2><p style="margin-left: 0.0px;">Use this area to configure port forwarding rules and 1:1 NAT mappings as desired.<div class=mt-section id=section_7 mt-section-origin=MX/Firewall_and_Traffic_Shaping/MX_Firewall_Settings><span id=Port_forwarding> </span><h3 class=editable id=Firewallsettings-Portforwarding><strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> Port forwarding </strong></h3><p style="margin-left: 0.0px;">Use this option to forward traffic destined for the WAN IP of the MX on a specific port to any IP address within a local subnet or VLAN. Click <strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> Add a port forwarding rule </strong> to create a new port forward. You need to provide the following:<ul><li><p><strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> Description </strong> : A description of the rule.</p><li><strong> Uplink: </strong> Listen on the Public IP of Internet 1, Internet 2, or both.<li><strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> Protocol </strong> : TCP or UDP.<li><strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> Public port </strong> : Destination port of the traffic that is arriving on the WAN.<li><strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> LAN IP </strong> : Local IP address to which traffic will be forwarded.<li><strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> Local port </strong> : Destination port of the forwarded traffic that will be sent from the MX to the specified host on the LAN. If you simply wish to forward the traffic without translating the port, this should be the same as the <strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> Public port </strong> .<li><strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> Allowed remote IPs </strong> : Remote IP addresses or ranges that are permitted to access the internal resource via this port forwarding rule.</ul><p> <div class="confluence-information-macro confluence-information-macro-information"><div class=confluence-information-macro-body><p>You can also create a port forwarding rule to forward a range of ports. However, the range configured in the <strong> Public port </strong> field must be the same length as the range configured in the <strong> Local port </strong> field. The public ports will be forwarded to their corresponding local ports within the range. For instance, if you forward TCP 223-225 to TCP 628-630, port 223 would be translated to 628, port 224 would be translated to 629, and port 225 would be translated to 630.</div></div></div><div class=mt-section id=section_8 mt-section-origin=MX/Firewall_and_Traffic_Shaping/MX_Firewall_Settings><span id=1:1_NAT> </span><h3 class=editable id=Firewallsettings-1:1NAT><strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> 1:1 NAT </strong></h3><p style="margin-left: 0.0px;">Use this option to map an IP address on the WAN side of the MX (other than the WAN IP of the MX itself) to a local IP address on your network. Click <strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> Add a 1:1 NAT mapping </strong> to create a new mapping. You need to provide the following:<ul><li><strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> Name </strong> : A descriptive name for the rule<li><strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> Public IP </strong> : The IP address that will be used to access the internal resource from the WAN.<li><strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> LAN IP </strong> : The IP address of the server or device that hosts the internal resource that you wish to make available on the WAN.<li><strong> Uplink </strong> : The physical WAN interface on which the traffic will arrive.<li><strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> Allowed inbound connections: </strong> The ports this mapping will provide access on, and the remote IPs that will be allowed access to the resource. To enable an inbound connection, click <strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> Allow more connections </strong> and enter the following information: <ul><li><strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> Protocol </strong> : Choose from <strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> TCP </strong> , <strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> UDP </strong> , <strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> ICMP ping </strong> , or <strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> any </strong> .<li><strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> Ports </strong> : Enter the port or port range that will be forwarded to the host on the LAN. You can specify multiple ports or ranges separated by commas.<li><strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> Remote IPs </strong> : Enter the range of WAN IP addresses that are allowed to make inbound connections on the specified port or port range. You can specify multiple WAN IP ranges separated by commas.</ul></ul><p style="margin-left: 0.0px;">Under <strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> Actions </strong> you can move a configured rule up or down in the list. Click the <strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> X </strong> to remove it entirely.<div class="confluence-information-macro confluence-information-macro-information"><div class=confluence-information-macro-body><p><span> Creating a 1:1 NAT rule does not automatically allow inbound traffic to the public IP listed in the NAT mapping. </span> <span> By default all inbound connections are denied. You will have to <span> configure <strong> Allowed inbound connections </strong> </span> as described above in order to allow the inbound traffic. </span></div></div></div><div class=mt-section id=section_9 mt-section-origin=MX/Firewall_and_Traffic_Shaping/MX_Firewall_Settings><span id=1:Many_NAT> </span><h3 class=editable id=Firewallsettings-1:ManyNAT><strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> 1:Many NAT </strong></h3><p>1:Many NAT, also known as Port Address Translation (PAT), is more flexible that 1:1 NAT. It allows you to specify one public IP that has multiple forwarding rules for different ports and LAN IPs. To add a 1:Many NAT listener IP, click <strong> Add 1:Many IP </strong> .<ul><li><strong> Public IP: </strong> The IP address that will be used to access the internal resource from the WAN.<li><strong> Uplink: </strong> The physical WAN interface on which the traffic will arrive.</ul><p>A 1:Many NAT entry will be created with one associated forwarding rule. To add additional rules, click <strong> Add a port forwarding rule </strong> under the existing rule or rules for a particular 1:Many entry.<ul><li><p><strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> Description </strong> : A description of the rule.</p><li><strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> Protocol </strong> : TCP or UDP.<li><strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> Public port </strong> : Destination port of the traffic that is arriving on the WAN.<li><strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> LAN IP </strong> : Local IP address to which traffic will be forwarded.<li><strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> Local port </strong> : Destination port of the forwarded traffic that will be sent from the MX to the specified host on the LAN. If you simply wish to forward the traffic without translating the port, this should be the same as the <strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> Public port </strong> .<li><strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> Allowed remote IPs </strong> : Remote IP addresses or ranges that are permitted to access the internal resource via this port forwarding rule.</ul></div><div class=mt-section id=section_10 mt-section-origin=MX/Firewall_and_Traffic_Shaping/MX_Firewall_Settings><span id=Bonjour_Forwarding> </span><h3 class=editable id=Firewallsettings-BonjourForwarding><strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> Bonjour Forwarding </strong></h3><p>Use this feature to allow Bonjour to work between VLANs. Click <strong> Add a Bonjour forwarding rule </strong> to create a new forwarding rule.<ul><li><strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> Description: </strong> Specify a name for the rule.<li><strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> Service VLANs: </strong> <span class=mt-color-222222> Select one or more VLANs where network services are running. Bonjour requests from the Client VLANs will be forwarded to these VLANs. </span><li><strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> Client VLANs </strong> : <span class=mt-color-222222> Select one or more VLANs from which client Bonjour requests can originate. Requests on these VLANs will be forwarded to the Service VLANs. </span> <span class=mt-color-222222> The list of services that can be forwarded include: </span> <ul><li><strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> All services </strong><li><strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> AirPlay </strong><li><strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> Printers </strong><li><strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> AFP </strong> (Apple file sharing)<li><strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> Scanners </strong><li><strong style="margin-left: 0.0px;"> iChat </strong></ul></ul></div></div><footer class=mt-content-footer></footer></section><footer class=elm-content-footer><ol class="elm-meta-data elm-meta-article-navigation"><li class=elm-back-to-top><a title="Jump back to top of this article"class=mt-icon-back-to-top href=#title id=mt-back-to-top> Back to top </a><li class=elm-article-pagination><ul data-ga-action="Article pagination bottom"class=mt-article-pagination><li class=mt-pagination-previous><a data-ga-label="Previous page"title="IP Source Address Spoofing Protection"class=mt-icon-previous-article href=https://documentation.meraki.com/MX/Firewall_and_Traffic_Shaping/IP_Source_Address_Spoofing_Protection> <span> IP Source Address Spoofing Protection </span> </a><li class=mt-pagination-next><a data-ga-label="Next page"title="MX Load Balancing and Flow Preferences"class=mt-icon-next-article href=https://documentation.meraki.com/MX/Firewall_and_Traffic_Shaping/MX_Load_Balancing_and_Flow_Preferences> <span> MX Load Balancing and Flow Preferences </span> </a></ul></ol><div class=elm-article-feedback><div data-ga-action="Page rating"class=mt-feedback-rating-container data-page-revision=6 data-use-local-storage=true><ul class=mt-feedback-rating-controls><li class="mt-feedback-rating-message mt-feedback-rating-item">Was this article helpful?<li class="mt-rating-yes mt-feedback-rating-item"><button class="mt-rating-button-yes mt-feedback-rating-button ui-button-icon mt-icon-rating-yes"data-ga-label=Rate>Yes</button><li class="mt-rating-no mt-feedback-rating-item"><button class="mt-rating-button-no mt-feedback-rating-button ui-button-icon mt-icon-rating-no"data-ga-label=Rate>No</button><li class="mt-last-rating-date mt-feedback-rating-item"></ul><div id=mt-feedback-flash-message></div></div><script id=mt-localizations-feedback-rating type=application/json> /*<![CDATA[*/{"Page.FeedbackRating.label.last-rated":"-- You last rated this article on {0}","Page.FeedbackRating.message.contact.no":"No","Page.FeedbackRating.message.contact.yes":"Yes","Page.FeedbackRating.message.submit.error":"An error occurred while attempting to send your feedback. 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Ok.ok ..then..what is ur todays plan
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style=margin-top:40px><script>aplacementResponsive(!0,!1,"hor1")</script></div><div class=section><h1>247 Mahjong Puzzles</h1><div class=section-body><div class="game-links game-mode-links"><div class="game-link game-mode-link"><a href=./> <img alt="Classic<br/>Mahjong"src=./pix/game-modes/Classic.png> <h3>Classic <br> Mahjong</h3> </a></div><div class="game-link game-mode-link"><a href=./PyraminiMahjong.php> <img alt="Pyramini<br/>Mahjong"src=./pix/game-modes/pyramini.png> <h3>Pyramini <br> Mahjong</h3> </a></div><div class="game-link game-mode-link"><a href=./HarmonyMahjong.php> <img alt="Harmony<br/>Mahjong"src=./pix/game-modes/harmony.png> <h3>Harmony <br> Mahjong</h3> </a></div><div class="game-link game-mode-link"><a href=./FishMahjong.php> <img alt="Fish<br/>Mahjong"src=./pix/game-modes/fish.png> <h3>Fish <br> Mahjong</h3> </a></div><div class="game-link game-mode-link"><a href=./BridgeMahjong.php> <img alt="Bridge<br/>Mahjong"src="./pix/game-modes/bridge mahjong.png"> <h3>Bridge <br> Mahjong</h3> </a></div><div class="game-link game-mode-link"><a href=./duelingTowersMahjong.php> <img alt="Twin Peaks<br/>Mahjong"src="./pix/game-modes/247 Towers.png"> <h3>Twin Peaks <br> Mahjong</h3> </a></div><div class="game-link game-mode-link"><a href=./TriPeaksMahjong.php> <img alt="Tri Peaks<br/>Mahjong"src="./pix/game-modes/tripeaks mahjong.png"> <h3>Tri Peaks <br> Mahjong</h3> </a></div><div class="game-link game-mode-link"><a href=./HollowMahjong.php> <img alt="Hollow<br/>Mahjong"src="./pix/game-modes/hollow 247.png"> <h3>Hollow <br> Mahjong</h3> </a></div><div class="game-link game-mode-link"><a href=./HMahjong.php> <img alt="H<br/>Mahjong"src=./pix/game-modes/h.png> <h3>H <br> Mahjong</h3> </a></div><div class="game-link game-mode-link"><a href=./TeethMahjong.php> <img alt="Teeth<br/>Mahjong"src=./pix/game-modes/teeth.png> <h3>Teeth <br> Mahjong</h3> </a></div><div class="game-link game-mode-link"><a href=./GateMahjong.php> <img alt="Gate<br/>Mahjong"src=./pix/game-modes/gate.png> <h3>Gate <br> Mahjong</h3> </a></div><div class="game-link game-mode-link"><a href=./ButterflyMahjong.php> <img alt="Butterfly<br/>Mahjong"src=./pix/game-modes/butterfly.png> <h3>Butterfly <br> Mahjong</h3> </a></div><div class="game-link game-mode-link"><a href=./PyramidMahjong.php> <img alt="Pyramid<br/>Mahjong"src="./pix/game-modes/247 pyramid.png"> <h3>Pyramid <br> Mahjong</h3> </a></div><div class="game-link game-mode-link"><a href=./TriangleMahjong.php> <img alt="Triangle<br/>Mahjong"src="./pix/game-modes/247 triangle.png"> <h3>Triangle <br> Mahjong</h3> </a></div><div class="game-link game-mode-link"><a href=./SquareMahjong.php> <img alt="Square<br/>Mahjong"src=./pix/game-modes/square.png> <h3>Square <br> Mahjong</h3> </a></div><div class="game-link game-mode-link"><a href=./ClassicPyramidMahjong.php> <img alt="Classic II<br/>Mahjong"src="./pix/game-modes/classic II.png"> <h3>Classic II <br> Mahjong</h3> </a></div><div class="game-link game-mode-link"><a href=./TowerMahjong.php> <img alt="Tower<br/>Mahjong"src=./pix/game-modes/tower.png> <h3>Tower <br> Mahjong</h3> </a></div><div class="game-link game-mode-link"><a href=./XMahjong.php> <img alt="X<br/>Mahjong"src="./pix/game-modes/x mahjong.png"> <h3>X <br> Mahjong</h3> </a></div><div class="game-link game-mode-link"><a href=./UFOMahjong.php> <img alt="UFO<br/>Mahjong"src=./pix/game-modes/ufo.png> <h3>UFO <br> Mahjong</h3> </a></div><div class="game-link game-mode-link"><a href=./CrossMahjong.php> <img alt="Cross<br/>Mahjong"src=./pix/game-modes/cross1.png> <h3>Cross <br> Mahjong</h3> </a></div><div class="game-link game-mode-link"><a href=./greatWallMahjong.php> <img alt="Great Wall<br/>Mahjong"src="./pix/game-modes/247 great wall china.png"> <h3>Great Wall <br> Mahjong</h3> </a></div><div class="game-link game-mode-link"><a href=./SnakeMahjong.php> <img alt="Snake<br/>Mahjong"src=./pix/game-modes/snake.png> <h3>Snake <br> Mahjong</h3> </a></div><div class="game-link game-mode-link"><a href=./BladeMahjong.php> <img alt="Blade<br/>Mahjong"src="./pix/game-modes/blade mahjong.png"> <h3>Blade <br> Mahjong</h3> </a></div><div class="game-link game-mode-link"><a href=./DoublePlayMahjong.php> <img alt="Double Play<br/>Mahjong"src="./pix/game-modes/double play.png"> <h3>Double Play <br> Mahjong</h3> </a></div><div class="game-link game-mode-link"><a href=./BullseyeMahjong.php> <img alt="Bullseye<br/>Mahjong"src="./pix/game-modes/247 bullseye.png"> <h3>Bullseye <br> Mahjong</h3> </a></div><div class="game-link game-mode-link"><a href=./circlesMahjong.php> <img alt="Circles<br/>Mahjong"src="./pix/game-modes/247 circles.png"> <h3>Circles <br> Mahjong</h3> </a></div></div></div></div><div class=section><h1>Mahjong</h1><div class=section-body><p>Mahjong Solitaire is a tile matching puzzle game. You may click on any "free" tiles (those that are on the edge) to select them, and match them with other free tiles with the same face to eliminate them from the board. <br> <i> Beat Mahjong by eliminating all tiles. </i><p>Additionally, you may also match flower tiles with other flower tiles, and season tiles with other season tiles--even if they don't have identical faces:<p>flower tiles <br> <img alt="mahjong flowers"src=pix/flowers.png style=display:block;margin:auto;max-width:100%><p>season tiles <br> <img alt="mahjong seasons"src=pix/seasons.png style=display:block;margin:auto;max-width:100%><p>Mahjong is a strategy game, so it's best to think about your moves before you do them. A good plan to follow is to (whenever possible) only eliminate tiles that free up additional tiles. This will always ensure that you have plenty of resource tiles while playing, so you never get stuck without a move.<p>SPECIAL THANKS <br> All game audio designed and produced by Charlie Hoyt</div></div><div class=section><h1>Seasonal Mahjong Games</h1><div class=section-body><div class=game-links><div class=game-link><a href=https://www.247mahjong.com/> <img alt="247 Mahjong"src=https://www.247games.com/link-assets/mahjong/247/icon.png> <h3>247 Mahjong</h3> </a></div><div class=game-link><a href=http://www.springmahjong.com/> <img alt="Spring Mahjong"src=https://www.247games.com/link-assets/mahjong/spring/icon.png> <h3>Spring Mahjong</h3> </a></div><div class=game-link><a href=http://www.summermahjong.com/> <img alt="Summer Mahjong"src=https://www.247games.com/link-assets/mahjong/summer/icon.png> <h3>Summer Mahjong</h3> </a></div><div class=game-link><a href=http://www.fallmahjong.com/> <img alt="Fall Mahjong"src=https://www.247games.com/link-assets/mahjong/fall/icon.png> <h3>Fall Mahjong</h3> </a></div><div class=game-link><a href=http://www.wintermahjong.com/> <img alt="Winter Mahjong"src=https://www.247games.com/link-assets/mahjong/winter/icon.png> <h3>Winter Mahjong</h3> </a></div><div class=game-link><a href=http://www.christmas-mahjong.com/> <img alt="Christmas Mahjong"src=https://www.247games.com/link-assets/mahjong/christmas/icon.png> <h3>Christmas Mahjong</h3> </a></div><div class=game-link><a href=http://www.mahjongeaster.com/> <img alt="Easter Mahjong"src=https://www.247games.com/link-assets/mahjong/easter/icon.png> <h3>Easter Mahjong</h3> </a></div><div class=game-link><a href=http://www.4thofjulymahjong.com/> <img alt="4th of July Mahjong"src=https://www.247games.com/link-assets/mahjong/4th-of-july/icon.png> <h3>4th of July Mahjong</h3> </a></div><div class=game-link><a href=http://www.halloween-mahjong.com/> <img alt="Halloween Mahjong"src=https://www.247games.com/link-assets/mahjong/halloween/icon.png> <h3>Halloween Mahjong</h3> </a></div><div class=game-link><a href=http://www.thanksgivingmahjong.com/> <img alt="Thanksgiving Mahjong"src=https://www.247games.com/link-assets/mahjong/thanksgiving/icon.png> <h3>Thanksgiving Mahjong</h3> </a></div><div class=game-link><a href=http://www.newyearsmahjong.com/> <img alt="New Years Mahjong"src=https://www.247games.com/link-assets/mahjong/new-years/icon.png> <h3>New Years Mahjong</h3> </a></div><div class=game-link><a href=http://www.valentinesdaymahjong.com/> <img alt="Valentine Mahjong"src=https://www.247games.com/link-assets/mahjong/valentines/icon.png> <h3>Valentine Mahjong</h3> </a></div><div class=game-link><a href=http://www.stpatricksdaymahjong.com/> <img alt="St Patricks Mahjong"src=https://www.247games.com/link-assets/mahjong/st-patricks/icon.png> <h3>St Patricks Mahjong</h3> </a></div><div class=game-link><a href=http://www.cincodemayomahjong.com/> <img alt="Cinco de Mayo Mahjong"src=https://www.247games.com/link-assets/mahjong/cinco-de-mayo/icon.png> <h3>Cinco de Mayo Mahjong</h3> </a></div></div></div></div><div class=section><h1>More Games</h1><div class=section-body><div class=game-links><div class=game-link><a href=https://www.247solitaire.com/> <img alt=Solitaire src=https://www.247games.com/link-assets/solitaire/247/icon.png> <h3>Solitaire</h3> </a></div><div class=game-link><a href=https://www.247freecell.com/> <img alt=Freecell src=https://www.247games.com/link-assets/solitaire/247-freecell/icon.png> <h3>Freecell</h3> </a></div><div class=game-link><a href=https://www.247mahjong.com/> <img alt=Mahjong src=https://www.247games.com/link-assets/mahjong/247/icon.png> <h3>Mahjong</h3> </a></div><div class=game-link><a href=https://www.247sudoku.com/> <img alt=Sudoku src=https://www.247games.com/link-assets/sudoku/247/icon.png> <h3>Sudoku</h3> </a></div><div class=game-link><a href=https://www.247hearts.com/> <img alt=Hearts src=https://www.247games.com/link-assets/hearts/247/icon.png> <h3>Hearts</h3> </a></div><div class=game-link><a href=https://www.247backgammon.org/> <img alt=Backgammon src=https://www.247games.com/link-assets/backgammon/247/icon.png> <h3>Backgammon</h3> </a></div><div class=game-link><a href=https://www.247freepoker.com/> <img alt=Poker src=https://www.247games.com/link-assets/poker/247/icon.png> <h3>Poker</h3> </a></div><div class=game-link><a href=https://www.247slots.org/> <img alt=Slots src=https://www.247games.com/link-assets/slots/247/icon.png> <h3>Slots</h3> </a></div><div class=game-link><a href=https://www.247checkers.com/> <img alt=Checkers src=https://www.247games.com/link-assets/checkers/247/icon.png> <h3>Checkers</h3> </a></div><div class=game-link><a href=https://www.247spades.com/> <img alt=Spades src=https://www.247games.com/link-assets/spades/247/icon.png> <h3>Spades</h3> </a></div><div class=game-link><a href=https://www.247bridge.com/> <img alt=Bridge src=https://www.247games.com/link-assets/bridge/247/icon.png> <h3>Bridge</h3> </a></div><div class=game-link><a href=https://www.247roulette.org/> <img alt=Roulette src=https://www.247games.com/link-assets/roulette/247/icon.png> <h3>Roulette</h3> </a></div><div class=game-link><a href=https://www.247videopoker.org/> <img alt="Video Poker"src=https://www.247games.com/link-assets/video-poker/247/icon.png> <h3>Video Poker</h3> </a></div><div class=game-link><a href=https://www.247blackjack.com/> <img alt=Blackjack src=https://www.247games.com/link-assets/blackjack/247/icon.png> <h3>Blackjack</h3> </a></div><div class=game-link><a href=https://www.247chess.com/> <img alt=Chess src=https://www.247games.com/link-assets/chess/247/icon.png> <h3>Chess</h3> </a></div><div class=game-link><a href=https://www.247wordsearch.com/> <img alt="Word Seach"src=https://www.247games.com/link-assets/word-search/247/icon.png> <h3>Word Seach</h3> </a></div><div class=game-link><a href=https://www.247crossword.com/> <img alt=Crossword src=https://www.247games.com/link-assets/crossword/247/icon.png> <h3>Crossword</h3> </a></div><div class=game-link><a href=https://www.247games.com/> <img alt="More Games"src=https://www.247games.com/link-assets/247-games/icon.png> <h3>More Games</h3> </a></div></div></div></div><div class=section><h1>Mahjong News</h1><div class=section-body><div class=news-links><div class=news-link><a href=./news/10-02-2013_Enjoy_Mahjong_Fish.php> <div class=story-title>Enjoy Mahjong Fish</div> <br> <div class=story-date>10-02-2013</div> </a></div><div class=news-link><a href=./news/08-14-2013_Play_Double_Play_Mahjong.php> <div class=story-title>Play Double Play Mahjong</div> <br> <div class=story-date>08-14-2013</div> </a></div><div class=news-link><a href=./news/07-29-2013_Gate_Mahjong.php> <div class=story-title>Gate Mahjong</div> <br> <div class=story-date>07-29-2013</div> </a></div><div class=news-link><a href=./news/07-04-2013_Mobile_Mahjong.php> <div class=story-title>Mobile Mahjong</div> <br> <div class=story-date>07-04-2013</div> </a></div><div class=news-link><a href=./news/06-20-2013_New_Mahjong_Site.php> <div class=story-title>New Mahjong Site</div> <br> <div class=story-date>06-20-2013</div> </a></div><div class=news-link><a href=./news/03-09-2011_Mahjong_Solitaire_Sounds.php> <div class=story-title>Mahjong Solitaire Sounds</div> <br> <div class=story-date>03-09-2011</div> </a></div><div class=news-link><a href=./news/03-02-2011_New_Mahjong_Layouts.php> <div class=story-title>New Mahjong Layouts</div> <br> <div class=story-date>03-02-2011</div> </a></div></div></div></div><div class=section><h1>Disclaimer</h1><div class=section-body><p>DISCLAIMER: The games on this website are using PLAY (fake) money. No payouts will be awarded, there are no "winnings", as all games represented by 247 Games LLC are free to play. Play strictly for fun.</div></div><div class="aspace aspace-h"id=aspace-bottom style=margin-top:40px><script>aplacementResponsive(!0,!1,"hor2")</script></div></div></div><div class=right><div class="aspace aspace-v"id=aspace-right style=margin-top:10px;width:160px;height:600px><script>aplacementResponsive(!0,!1,"right")</script></div></div></div><div id=footer>Copyright 24/7 Games LLC <div class=footer-links><a class=footer-link href=javascript:com.games247.PrivacySettings.open();> Privacy & Cookie Settings </a><a class=footer-link href=./privacy-policy.html target=_blank> Privacy Policy </a><a class=footer-link href=./cookie-policy.html target=_blank> Cookie Policy </a></div></div>
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I don't know for skimming that article which D&D (dunderheads and disease? Dowry and Dissent? Durer and Durant?) was given firmament, but the title's a bit redundant. Can we drop the "Al-" somehow?JBIG is sweet. My scanner driver is not. Remind me how to ask for UHCI detail knowledgebases I ent got. http://xent.com/mailman/listinfo/fork
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> So Eugen, how many of your homo friends have -had- 3k lovers? > > In fact, thats a general question for FoRK proper.Uh, zero. I'm sort of offended at having to take this question seriously, like being black and having to actually explain that black people don't all sing and dance. I'd guess that gay men compared to straight men have a linearly greater number of sexual partners on the order of 1.5-2X. But then again, it not a monolithic or homogeneous community. Who knows?3K is utter shite.- Lucas
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http://z-fwgb.mpisy.com/
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newyorkcitymetro.com/limos_taxis.htm
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