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Thank you. Done. Please refer to page 8, Line 259.
| 2 | 1 |
Line 259 refers to a x as a ’parameter’ in Eq 12, I suggest to use ’vector’ or ’parameter vector’ instead.
| 1 | 2 |
rs14061437_perova
| 1 |
Thank you for your constructive suggestion. We have moved the discussion part in results to Discussion. The conclusions are recompiled and added according to your suggestions. Please refer to Line 498-550 and Line 551-589.
| 2 | 1 |
As a structural suggestion, considerable part of the Results are rather belong to Discussion (thus making the better balance between these two chapters, in extent and in content, too): I suggest point 3.3 (or maybe also 3.2) to Discussion – as they are discussing the already shown results. Conclusion – it shouldn’t be a summary as should be recompiled. The second part of the 3rd paragraph and the 4th paragraph are enough, completed by the estimated error of the main conclusive potantial value.
| 1 | 2 |
rs14061437_perova
| 1 |
I added a table listing the baseline characteristics, including BMI and smoking status, of subjects.
| 2 | 1 |
Please add a table with patients' baseline characteristics, including BMI and smoking status.
| 1 | 2 |
s22072682_makarova
| 1 |
Since this study focuses on AT search, detailed estimation of sample size is not performed. I added in data analysis section.
| 2 | 1 |
Did authors estimate sample size? Please add in data analysis section
| 1 | 2 |
s22072682_makarova
| 1 |
Project identification code is H29-4. I added in 2.1.subjects and 6.patents.
| 2 | 1 |
Please add ethics protocol approval number
| 1 | 2 |
s22072682_makarova
| 1 |
My manuscript is checked by an English proofreader. I will attach an English proofreading certificate.
| 2 | 1 |
I found some minor English errors throughout the paper. Please have a re-check.
| 1 | 2 |
s22072682_makarova
| 1 |
I described the paper's aim.
| 2 | 1 |
I suggest presenting the paper's aim as the last idea in the introduction to make the manuscript easier to read.
| 1 | 2 |
s22072682_makarova
| 1 |
I redrew Figures 1 and 2 and described them as an adaptation of the original publication.
| 2 | 1 |
Given the poor quality of the images (Fig 1 and 2), it might be better to redraw them and describe them as an adaptation of the original publication.
| 1 | 2 |
s22072682_makarova
| 1 |
I described baseline load of the participants in 2.2. Experimental Protocol and Setup.
| 2 | 1 |
The methods do not specify how the baseline load of the participants was determined.
| 1 | 2 |
s22072682_makarova
| 1 |
I revised Figure 3.
| 2 | 1 |
In figure 3, the indication of the test time appears in the reverse direction. Time "0" should be at the start.
| 1 | 2 |
s22072682_makarova
| 1 |
I deleted graphs 5, 8, and 11.
| 2 | 1 |
I recommend deleting graphs 5, 8, and 11 because graphs 7, 10, and 13 show the same information together with lines obtained by analyzing the structural change of the time series.
| 1 | 2 |
s22072682_makarova
| 1 |
We have improved the section to clarify the need to extend this line of research.
| 2 | 1 |
Theoretical issues: although the agency theory and practical function of remuneration committees were described in the manuscript, few efforts were made to give the main theoretical mechanism/logic. Especially since “there does not appear to be any literature focused on examining the association between the constitution of remuneration committees and the reporting of CSR information”, the authors should provide the theoretical link to propose the hypotheses.
| 1 | 2 |
su14020860_makarova
| 1 |
Thank you for your suggestion. From a theoretical point of view, we find various references that explain how CSR index is calculated as the ratio between the aggregation of 140 items focused on environmental, social and economic issues and the total number of items analyzed, which codes as 1 if the firm disclose the CSR information related each item, and 0. Gallego‐Álvarez, I., & Pucheta‐Martínez, M. C. Corporate social responsibility reporting and corporate governance mechanisms: An international outlook from emerging countries. Business Strategy & Development 2020, 3(1), 77–97. Pucheta-Martínez, M. C., & Gallego-Álvarez, I. (2021). The Role of CEO Power on CSR Reporting: The Moderating Effect of Linking CEO Compensation to Shareholder Return. Sustainability, 13(6), 3197. Moreover, we include a Table 1 to justify the items used in the Corporate social responsibility disclosure. Additionally, we have also introduced in the control variable paragraph more information to provide justifications on why those control variables are considered in this study. We had the firm size variable labelled as LTA which is calculated as logarithm of total assets. In this sense, we have used the control variables in line with previous research to avoid biased results. We have introduced the following references: Ali, W., Frynas, J., & Mahmood, Z. (2017). Determinants of corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure in developed and developing countries: A literature review. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,24, 273–294 Barako, D., & Brown, A. (2008). Corporate social reporting and board rep-resentation: Evidence from the Kenyan banking sector. Journal of Management and Governance,12, 309–324 Brammer, S., Millington, A., & Pavelin, S. (2007). Gender and ethnic diversity among UK corporate boards. Corporate Governance: An International Review,15(2), 393–403 Chau, G., & Gray, S. (2010). Family ownership, board independence and voluntary disclosure: Evidence from Hong Kong. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation,19(2), 93–109 Donnelly, R., & Mulcahy, M. (2008). Board structure, ownership, and voluntary disclosure in Ireland. Corporate Governance: An International Review,16(5), 416–429 Jizi, M., Salama, A., Dixon, R., & Stratling, R. (2014). Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility disclosure: Evidence from the US banking sector. Journal of Business Ethics,125(4), 601–615 Haniffa, R., & Cooke, T. (2005). The impact of culture and governance on corporate social reporting. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy,2 4(5), 391–430 Liao, L., Luo, L., & Tang, Q. (2015). Gender diversity, board independence, environmental committee, and greenhouse gas disclosure. The British Accounting Review, 47, 409–424 Reverte, C. (2009). Determinants of corporate social responsibility disclosure ratings by Spanish listed firms. Journal of Business Ethics,8 8,351–366
| 2 | 1 |
Methodological issues: the dummy of CSR_index is too simple and cannot address the complexity of CSR strategy and CSR disclosure. And so is the independent variable. Many other important control variables should be introduced to the regression, such as, financial performance, the firm size, the firm age, the industry-fixed effects, the country-fixed effects. The results may not be robust without these controls.
| 1 | 2 |
su14020860_makarova
| 1 |
Thanks for your suggestion. I have improved the figure in line with academic norms.
| 2 | 1 |
Other issues: the figure 1 can be re-designed to conform the academic norms.
| 1 | 2 |
su14020860_makarova
| 1 |
Thank you very much for your words. In our modest opinion, the originality of the paper is the analysis of the moderating role played by the proportion of independent directors on boards of directors with the relationship between the constitution of remuneration committees and CSR disclosure. -We have not found previous research focused on this topic using independent directors as moderator variable. We have improved the introduction by adding a paragraph that better motivates the work. Furthermore, we have included these other references to improve the introduction of the work: Code, U. G. G. (2006). Unified Good Governance Code of Listed Companies. Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores. Spain. Conyon, M. J., & Peck, S. I. (1998). Board control, remuneration committees, and top management compensation. Academy of management journal, 41(2), 146-157. Good Governance Code of Listed Companies (2020). Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores. Spain. Fama, E.F., & Jensen, M.C. (1983). Separation of ownership and control. Journal of Law and Economics, 24, 301–325. Harrison, J. R. (1987). The strategic use of corporate board committees. California Management Review, 30(1), 109-125. Khan, A., Muttakin, M. B., & Siddiqui, J. (2013). Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility disclosures: Evidence from an emerging economy. Journal of business ethics, 114(2), 207-223. Tao, N. B., & Hutchinson, M. (2013). Corporate governance and risk management: The role of risk management and compensation committees. Journal of Contemporary Accounting and Economics, 9(1), 83-99. Williamson, O. E. (1983). Credible commitments: Using hostages to support exchange. The American Economic Review, 73(4), 519–540. Zaid, M. A., Abuhijleh, S. T., & Pucheta‐Martínez, M. C. (2020). Ownership structure, stakeholder engagement, and corporate social responsibility policies: The moderating effect of board independence. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 27(3), 1344-1360. -We have justified the need to extend the literature focused on the compensation committees and the disclosure of CSR information due to the scarce existence of previous literature in recent years.
| 2 | 1 |
The article is methodologically OK and well written. However, in general, we see many articles like this in the area of social and environmental reporting. Also, the application of agency theory is so common that reading it over and again in the new studies also makes the readers bored these days. Now it is important that the new researchers try to take the research on this area to a new and interesting level. However, I accept this article only for the moderating variable the authors have tested.
| 1 | 2 |
su14020860_makarova
| 1 |
Thank you very much for this suggestion since, indeed, the introduction was presented with scant motivation. We have corrected this issue and we have included a new paragraph based on remuneration committee and which explains the importance of including this committee for companies. Furthermore, we have included these other references to improve the introduction of the work: Code, U. G. G. (2006). Unified Good Governance Code of Listed Companies. Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores. Spain. Conyon, M. J., & Peck, S. I. (1998). Board control, remuneration committees, and top management compensation. Academy of management journal, 41(2), 146-157. Good Governance Code of Listed Companies (2020). Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores. Spain. Fama, E.F., & Jensen, M.C. (1983). Separation of ownership and control. Journal of Law and Economics, 24, 301–325. Harrison, J. R. (1987). The strategic use of corporate board committees. California Management Review, 30(1), 109-125. Khan, A., Muttakin, M. B., & Siddiqui, J. (2013). Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility disclosures: Evidence from an emerging economy. Journal of business ethics, 114(2), 207-223. Tao, N. B., & Hutchinson, M. (2013). Corporate governance and risk management: The role of risk management and compensation committees. Journal of Contemporary Accounting and Economics, 9(1), 83-99. Williamson, O. E. (1983). Credible commitments: Using hostages to support exchange. The American Economic Review, 73(4), 519–540. Zaid, M. A., Abuhijleh, S. T., & Pucheta‐Martínez, M. C. (2020). Ownership structure, stakeholder engagement, and corporate social responsibility policies: The moderating effect of board independence. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 27(3), 1344-1360. -We have justified the need to extend the literature focused on the compensation committees and the disclsoure of CSR information due to the scarce existence of previous literature in recent years.
| 2 | 1 |
The introduction lacks of motivation. The reader needs to understand why your research question is important.
| 1 | 2 |
su14020860_makarova
| 1 |
In our modest opinion, the originality of the paper is: (i) analyse of the association between remuneration committees and CSR disclosure; (ii) examine the moderating effect of independent board in the association between the remuneration committees and the disclosure of CSR information. We have not found previous research focused on these both topics. We have improved the theoretical background. In our modest opinion, the originality of the paper is: (i) analyse of the association between remuneration committees and CSR disclosure; (ii) examine the moderating effect of independent board in the association between the remuneration committees and the disclosure of CSR information. We have not found previous research focused on these both topics. We have improved the section to clarify the need to extend this line of research and have included the following references: Abeysekera, I. (2012). Role of remuneration committee in narrative human capital disclosure. Accounting & Finance, 52, 1-23. Alotaibi, K. O., & Hussainey, K. (2016). Determinants of CSR disclosure quantity and quality: Evidence from non-financial listed firms in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Disclosure and Governance, 13(4), 364-393. Chhaochharia, V. & Grinstein, Y. (2009). CEO compensation and board structure. The Journal of Finance, 61,(1), 231-261. Kanapathippillai, S., Mihret, D., & Johl, S. (2019). Remuneration committees and attribution disclosures on remuneration decisions: Australian evidence. Journal of business ethics, 158(4), 1063–1082 Suttipun, M. (2021). The influence of board composition on environmental, social and governance (ESG) disclosure of Thai listed companies.
| 2 | 1 |
The theoretical background is weak. I am not convinced on your explanation on why committees would affect CSR.
| 1 | 2 |
su14020860_makarova
| 1 |
Thank you for your suggestion, we have included in the control variable paragraph more information to provide justifications on why those control variables are considered in this study. In this sense, we have used the control variables in line with previous research to avoid biased results. We have introduced the following references: Ali, W., Frynas, J., & Mahmood, Z. (2017). Determinants of corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure in developed and developing countries: A literature review. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,24, 273–294 Barako, D., & Brown, A. (2008). Corporate social reporting and board rep-resentation: Evidence from the Kenyan banking sector. Journal of Management and Governance,12, 309–324 Brammer, S., Millington, A., & Pavelin, S. (2007). Gender and ethnic diversity among UK corporate boards. Corporate Governance: An International Review,15(2), 393–403 Chau, G., & Gray, S. (2010). Family ownership, board independence and voluntary disclosure: Evidence from Hong Kong. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation,19(2), 93–109 Donnelly, R., & Mulcahy, M. (2008). Board structure, ownership, and voluntary disclosure in Ireland. Corporate Governance: An International Review,16(5), 416–429 Jizi, M., Salama, A., Dixon, R., & Stratling, R. (2014). Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility disclosure: Evidence from the US banking sector. Journal of Business Ethics,125(4), 601–615 Haniffa, R., & Cooke, T. (2005). The impact of culture and governance on corporate social reporting. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy,2 4(5), 391–430 Liao, L., Luo, L., & Tang, Q. (2015). Gender diversity, board independence, environmental committee, and greenhouse gas disclosure. The British Accounting Review, 47, 409–424 Reverte, C. (2009). Determinants of corporate social responsibility disclosure ratings by Spanish listed firms. Journal of Business Ethics,8 8,351–366
| 2 | 1 |
Your empirical model needs to be reconsidered. Indeed, I believe you have some omitted control variables which may cause an endogeneity issue and drive your findings
| 1 | 2 |
su14020860_makarova
| 1 |
Thank you for this suggestion. In our modest opinion, this paper presents the exhaustive revision and calculation.
| 2 | 1 |
The paper lacks of robustness checks
| 1 | 2 |
su14020860_makarova
| 1 |
Thank you. In the implications paragraph located in the conclusions section, we have added a short text to assess the practical implications.
| 2 | 1 |
The conclusion needs to be rewritten to highlight the practical contributions of the paper
| 1 | 2 |
su14020860_makarova
| 1 |
We have improved the section to clarify the need to extend this line of research.
| 2 | 1 |
although the agency theory and practical function of remuneration committees were described in the manuscript, few efforts were made to give the main theoretical mechanism/logic. Especially since “there does not appear to be any literature focused on examining the association between the constitution of remuneration committees and the reporting of CSR information”, the authors should provide the theoretical link to propose the hypotheses.
| 1 | 2 |
su14020860_perova
| 1 |
Thank you for your suggestion. From a theoretical point of view, we find various references that explain how CSR index is calculated as the ratio between the aggregation of 140 items focused on environmental, social and economic issues and the total number of items analyzed, which codes as 1 if the firm disclose the CSR information related each item, and 0. Gallego‐Álvarez, I., & Pucheta‐Martínez, M. C. Corporate social responsibility reporting and corporate governance mechanisms: An international outlook from emerging countries. Business Strategy & Development 2020, 3(1), 77–97.
| 2 | 1 |
the dummy of CSR_index is too simple and cannot address the complexity of CSR strategy and CSR disclosure. And so is the independent variable. Many other important control variables should be introduced to the regression, such as, financial performance, the firm size, the firm age, the industry-fixed effects, the country-fixed effects. The results may not be robust without these controls.
| 1 | 2 |
su14020860_perova
| 1 |
Thanks for your suggestion. I have improved the figure in line with academic norms.
| 2 | 1 |
the figure 1 can be re-designed to conform the academic norms.
| 1 | 2 |
su14020860_perova
| 1 |
Thank you very much for your words. In our modest opinion, the originality of the paper is the analysis of the moderating role played by the proportion of independent directors on boards of directors with the relationship between the constitution of remuneration committees and CSR disclosure. -We have not found previous research focused on this topic using independent directors as moderator variable. We have improved the introduction by adding a paragraph that better motivates the work. Furthermore, we have included these other references to improve the introduction of the work: Code, U. G. G. (2006). Unified Good Governance Code of Listed Companies. Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores. Spain. Conyon, M. J., & Peck, S. I. (1998). Board control, remuneration committees, and top management compensation. Academy of management journal, 41(2), 146-157. Good Governance Code of Listed Companies (2020). Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores. Spain. Fama, E.F., & Jensen, M.C. (1983). Separation of ownership and control. Journal of Law and Economics, 24, 301–325. Harrison, J. R. (1987). The strategic use of corporate board committees. California Management Review, 30(1), 109-125. Khan, A., Muttakin, M. B., & Siddiqui, J. (2013). Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility disclosures: Evidence from an emerging economy. Journal of business ethics, 114(2), 207-223. Tao, N. B., & Hutchinson, M. (2013). Corporate governance and risk management: The role of risk management and compensation committees. Journal of Contemporary Accounting and Economics, 9(1), 83-99. Williamson, O. E. (1983). Credible commitments: Using hostages to support exchange. The American Economic Review, 73(4), 519–540. Zaid, M. A., Abuhijleh, S. T., & Pucheta‐Martínez, M. C. (2020). Ownership structure, stakeholder engagement, and corporate social responsibility policies: The moderating effect of board independence. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 27(3), 1344-1360. -We have justified the need to extend the literature focused on the compensation committees and the disclosure of CSR information due to the scarce existence of previous literature in recent years.
| 2 | 1 |
The article is methodologically OK and well written. However, in general, we see many articles like this in the area of social and environmental reporting. Also, the application of agency theory is so common that reading it over and again in the new studies also makes the readers bored these days. Now it is important that the new researchers try to take the research on this area to a new and interesting level. However, I accept this article only for the moderating variable the authors have tested.
| 1 | 2 |
su14020860_perova
| 1 |
Authors: Thank you very much for this suggestion since, indeed, the introduction was presented with scant motivation. We have corrected this issue and we have included a new paragraph based on remuneration committee and which explains the importance of including this committee for companies. Furthermore, we have included these other references to improve the introduction of the work: Code, U. G. G. (2006). Unified Good Governance Code of Listed Companies. Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores. Spain. Conyon, M. J., & Peck, S. I. (1998). Board control, remuneration committees, and top management compensation. Academy of management journal, 41(2), 146-157. Good Governance Code of Listed Companies (2020). Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores. Spain. Fama, E.F., & Jensen, M.C. (1983). Separation of ownership and control. Journal of Law and Economics, 24, 301–325. Harrison, J. R. (1987). The strategic use of corporate board committees. California Management Review, 30(1), 109-125. Khan, A., Muttakin, M. B., & Siddiqui, J. (2013). Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility disclosures: Evidence from an emerging economy. Journal of business ethics, 114(2), 207-223. Tao, N. B., & Hutchinson, M. (2013). Corporate governance and risk management: The role of risk management and compensation committees. Journal of Contemporary Accounting and Economics, 9(1), 83-99. Williamson, O. E. (1983). Credible commitments: Using hostages to support exchange. The American Economic Review, 73(4), 519–540. Zaid, M. A., Abuhijleh, S. T., & Pucheta‐Martínez, M. C. (2020). Ownership structure, stakeholder engagement, and corporate social responsibility policies: The moderating effect of board independence. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 27(3), 1344-1360. -We have justified the need to extend the literature focused on the compensation committees and the disclsoure of CSR information due to the scarce existence of previous literature in recent years.
| 2 | 1 |
The paper studies the relationship between remuneration committees and CSR as well as the moderating role of independent directors. While the paper seems interesting I have several concerns that I would like to share with the authors: The introduction lacks of motivation. The reader needs to understand why your research question is important.
| 1 | 2 |
su14020860_perova
| 1 |
In our modest opinion, the originality of the paper is: (i) analyse of the association between remuneration committees and CSR disclosure; (ii) examine the moderating effect of independent board in the association between the remuneration committees and the disclosure of CSR information. We have not found previous research focused on these both topics. We have improved the theoretical background. In our modest opinion, the originality of the paper is: (i) analyse of the association between remuneration committees and CSR disclosure; (ii) examine the moderating effect of independent board in the association between the remuneration committees and the disclosure of CSR information. We have not found previous research focused on these both topics. We have improved the section to clarify the need to extend this line of research and have included the following references: Abeysekera, I. (2012). Role of remuneration committee in narrative human capital disclosure. Accounting & Finance, 52, 1-23. Alotaibi, K. O., & Hussainey, K. (2016). Determinants of CSR disclosure quantity and quality: Evidence from non-financial listed firms in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Disclosure and Governance, 13(4), 364-393. Chhaochharia, V. & Grinstein, Y. (2009). CEO compensation and board structure. The Journal of Finance, 61,(1), 231-261. Kanapathippillai, S., Mihret, D., & Johl, S. (2019). Remuneration committees and attribution disclosures on remuneration decisions: Australian evidence. Journal of business ethics, 158(4), 1063–1082 Suttipun, M. (2021). The influence of board composition on environmental, social and governance (ESG) disclosure of Thai listed companies. International Journal of Disclosure and Governance, 1-12.
| 2 | 1 |
The theoretical background is weak. I am not convinced on your explanation on why committees would affect CSR.
| 1 | 2 |
su14020860_perova
| 1 |
In this sense, we have used the control variables in line with previous research to avoid biased results. We have introduced the following references: Ali, W., Frynas, J., & Mahmood, Z. (2017). Determinants of corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure in developed and developing countries: A literature review. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,24, 273–294 Barako, D., & Brown, A. (2008). Corporate social reporting and board rep-resentation: Evidence from the Kenyan banking sector. Journal of Management and Governance,12, 309–324 Brammer, S., Millington, A., & Pavelin, S. (2007). Gender and ethnic diversity among UK corporate boards. Corporate Governance: An International Review,15(2), 393–403 Chau, G., & Gray, S. (2010). Family ownership, board independence and voluntary disclosure: Evidence from Hong Kong. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation,19(2), 93–109 Donnelly, R., & Mulcahy, M. (2008). Board structure, ownership, and voluntary disclosure in Ireland. Corporate Governance: An International Review,16(5), 416–429 Jizi, M., Salama, A., Dixon, R., & Stratling, R. (2014). Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility disclosure: Evidence from the US banking sector. Journal of Business Ethics,125(4), 601–615 Haniffa, R., & Cooke, T. (2005). The impact of culture and governance on corporate social reporting. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy,2 4(5), 391–430 Liao, L., Luo, L., & Tang, Q. (2015). Gender diversity, board independence, environmental committee, and greenhouse gas disclosure. The British Accounting Review, 47, 409–424 Reverte, C. (2009). Determinants of corporate social responsibility disclosure ratings by Spanish listed firms. Authors: Thank you for your suggestion, we have included in the control variable paragraph more information to provide justifications on why those control variables are considered in this study. In this sense, we have used the control variables in line with previous research to avoid biased results. We have introduced the following references: Ali, W., Frynas, J., & Mahmood, Z. (2017). Determinants of corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure in developed and developing countries: A literature review. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,24, 273–294 Barako, D., & Brown, A. (2008). Corporate social reporting and board rep-resentation: Evidence from the Kenyan banking sector. Journal of Management and Governance,12, 309–324 Brammer, S., Millington, A., & Pavelin, S. (2007). Gender and ethnic diversity among UK corporate boards. Corporate Governance: An International Review,15(2), 393–403 Chau, G., & Gray, S. (2010). Family ownership, board independence and voluntary disclosure: Evidence from Hong Kong. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation,19(2), 93–109 Donnelly, R., & Mulcahy, M. (2008). Board structure, ownership, and voluntary disclosure in Ireland. Corporate Governance: An International Review,16(5), 416–429 Jizi, M., Salama, A., Dixon, R., & Stratling, R. (2014). Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility disclosure: Evidence from the US banking sector. Journal of Business Ethics,125(4), 601–615 Haniffa, R., & Cooke, T. (2005). The impact of culture and governance on corporate social reporting. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy,2 4(5), 391–430 Liao, L., Luo, L., & Tang, Q. (2015). Gender diversity, board independence, environmental committee, and greenhouse gas disclosure. The British Accounting Review, 47, 409–424 Reverte, C. (2009). Determinants of corporate social responsibility disclosure ratings by Spanish listed firms. Journal of Business Ethics,8 8,351–366
| 2 | 1 |
Your empirical model needs to be reconsidered. Indeed, I believe you have some omitted control variables which may cause an endogeneity issue and drive your findings
| 1 | 2 |
su14020860_perova
| 1 |
Thank you for this suggestion. In our modest opinion, this paper presents the exhaustive revision and calculation.
| 2 | 1 |
The paper lacks of robustness checks
| 1 | 2 |
su14020860_perova
| 1 |
Thank you. In the implications paragraph located in the conclusions section, we have added a short text to assess the practical implications.
| 2 | 1 |
The conclusion needs to be rewritten to highlight the practical contributions of the paper
| 1 | 2 |
su14020860_perova
| 1 |
Our paper has been substantially revised, and we have addressed the five suggested points for improvements by reviewer 1 (see below for more detail).
| 2 | 1 |
This paper seeks to develop the notion of a Natural Social Contract (NSC) to enable transformative governance based on co-evolution. In a nutshell, to quote, the NSC “involves the fine-tuning of top-down policy and visions with important bottom-up processes (…), and takes place in a hybrid sphere, in which there is room for collaboration between governments, businesses, knowledge institutions and civil society, among others, characterized by Penta-helix models and based on multiple value creation”. Because of this collaborative, polycentric approach, the papers draw on Evolutionary Governance Theory, and develops a perspective of “co-evolutionary steering of interrelated transitions”. The paper’s aspiration is clear and laudable; yet its elaboration is wanting. My recommendation therefore leans towards a strong ‘revise and resubmit’, based on these five points.
| 1 | 2 |
su14052976_makarova
| 1 |
Thanks to a substantial revision our paper now provides a clear argumentation and logical structure, with the first part delving into literature to explain the key issues and concepts, and then moving to solutions.
| 2 | 1 |
First, my main problem is that the paper reads as a compilation of manifestos, rather than one argumentative thread. From begin to end, the paper presents a mix of literature review and substantive argumentation, plus some examples. My recommendation is to set out a clearer agenda, in which the first part delves into the literature to explain the key issue, key concepts and key dilemmas, and a second part presents solutions and directions meeting the key questions and dilemmas. In brief, the paper warrants more focus, edge and structure.
| 1 | 2 |
su14052976_makarova
| 1 |
We have now provided a substantive elaboration on the Natural Social Contract (see section 3), and how contract formation takes place in polycentric ways at different levels (always context-specific and path-dependent). More specifically, we have provided more detail on transformative social-ecological innovation (see also the new figure 1 on TSEI), on the mutual gains approach and institutional design principles (see new table 1).
| 2 | 1 |
A second point is the limited elaboration of the social contract, including the natural aspect. A social contract, as explained, consists of a consensual, value-based deal underpinning an institutional governance arrangement. Fig2. moreover, details many aspects. What remains unclear and implicit, however, is the form and operationalisation of such contract. How is the social contract articulated; how is consent manifested? How does one conceive and apply natural ‘design principles’ (669)? This also involves a question of scale: how do agreements at project level chime with societal notions of Social Contracts? How does a project mission contribute to a broader social contract? Much of the joining forces in the hybrid sphere between institutional domains may be primarily instrumental (pooling resources, aligning interests, preventing holdups), below the scope of an (aspired) social contract. What kind of hybrid practices gave shape to the latter? And how then is the aspect of nature taken on board?
| 1 | 2 |
su14052976_makarova
| 1 |
The line-up of the figures (no.
| 2 | 1 |
A third point concerns the link between theory and practice. The paper’s general, theoretical story is very broad and ambitious, using an extensive, abstract and complex vocabulary. Much of this, moreover, is action-oriented, pointing out major carriers and direction of change. Two cases serve as quick illustrations, loosely underwriting some key statements. This presents, in my view, too much of a gap. The paper could do more to translate the general aspects of transformative governance into more specific project aspects, as an evaluative framework for debating the cases.
| 1 | 2 |
su14052976_makarova
| 1 |
We moved up the discussion on governance and steering and elaborated on the generative mechanisms behind a transition to a Natural Social Contract, e.g. visualized by the TSEI framework below, with more attention on three different models for working towards transitions: collaborative governance, evolutionary steering and adaptive governance.
| 2 | 1 |
Fourth, the section on co-evolution warrants serious re-thinking. Rather than elaborating the notion and development of NSC, this section largely discusses co-evolutionary approaches, with emphasis on discursive aspects (e.g., metaphors, open concepts and master signifiers). While the section aims to uncover the generative mechanisms behind a ‘transition to a Natural Social Contract’, it lacks focus and thread. In the section, NSC is presented as a ‘master signifier’ (345) and the orientation of governance actors (536) towards the ‘well-being economy’ (Table 1); NSC is also associated with alternative business models (443) and integral and robust forms of transition (554-581); NSC is said to need horizonal governance as well as Transformative Social-Ecological Innovation (TSEI). This raises two basic problems. One, the definition and position of NSC in this conceptual medley remains vague. Two, the nature and form of evolutionary variation, selection and dynamics remain unclear. Co-evolution is now associated with all kinds of change-in-tandem, social-sustainable, different institutional actors, discursive items, etc. One wonders whether the notion of transformative change really warrant this evolutionary perspective.
| 1 | 2 |
su14052976_makarova
| 1 |
The question of how the NSC can help to meet and overcome such resistances has been addressed by diving into governance approaches that are capable of dealing with complexity, ambiguity and uncertainty, and with particular attention for multiple value creation and the mutual gains approach (e.g. in section 2). At the same time, we are careful not to present those approaches as simple solutions to those problems.
| 2 | 1 |
Following on the latter, my final point concerns the relation between transformative change and NSC. One the one hand, the paper trumpets collaboration, joint principles and responsibilities, mutual trust, etc. On the other, the paper also refers to vested (eg ‘carbon’) interests (38, 619), strong voters’ resistance (574), policy holdups (507) and opposition from disadvantaged groups (118). I would suggest the paper can delve deeper into the question of how the NSC can help to meet and overcome such resistances, and to bring forces of change and resistance more in line in the story.
| 1 | 2 |
su14052976_makarova
| 1 |
has been revised
| 2 | 1 |
Source citations are sometimes unclear, as they refer to “
| 1 | 2 |
su14052976_makarova
| 1 |
We have taken out the statement that a NCS is a master signifier and rechecked the English.
| 4 | 1 |
Language is generally okay. The argument could certainly be presented more succinctly, and there is a need for a light language wash ("with the? coevolution", "health care", "es" etc....)
| 3 | 2 |
su14052976_makarova
| 1 |
Below we will respond to the suggestions by reviewer 2
| 2 | 1 |
However, the paper in many parts takes an extreme normative tone that weakens its scientific contribution. It is important that the authors give more emphasis on the scientific evidences of what they defend and anchor their argumentation in such evidences, whether theoretical or empirical.
| 1 | 2 |
su14052976_makarova
| 1 |
Section 2 on “Transformation pleas and approaches for achieving this” has been substantially revised and we discuss three models for working towards transitions: collaborative governance, evolutionary steering and adaptive governance. For details see section 2 on page 3-10.
| 2 | 1 |
Make the problematization clearer, exploring what motivates the proposed theoretical study and in which previous studies it is anchored. In particular, it is suggested to start from a systematic review on the studies that bring together co-evolutionary governance and the issue of sustainability, discussing what is the scientific advance of the proposition put forward here and how it enriches the current debate on these issues.
| 1 | 2 |
su14052976_makarova
| 1 |
cf. In the given circumstances, and for the given topic, this seems very appropriate. One of the reviewers speaks of a manifesto, and I would agree, but see it as a positive. Obviously, positive and normative approaches to support actionable agendas, like ours, do not escape the yardstick of scientific evidence. We agree that the "normative-prescriptive" tone and use of "should be" was excessive. This has been changed where appropriate. At the same time, it is unavoidable in a paper which is partly a manifesto., in the form of a call for the creation of a Natural Social Contract and for transformation-oriented forms of governance. We want to note that the governance approaches advocated have been tried and tested, yielding insights for future use. The need for critical analysis and the presence of limitations to steering are acknowledged. editor’s comment 3 about being normative: First of all, we would like to underline that it is ok to be normative.
| 2 | 1 |
Remove from the problematization the "normative-prescriptive" tone starting from questions and nuisances that justify the study and from gaps in the literature. I am referring to universal and generalist statements with a "should be" tone that do not fit well with a scientific article, like the one in lines 51 to 54, among many others in the article.
| 1 | 2 |
su14052976_makarova
| 1 |
The systemic leverage points for transformation offered can be used for achieving change through questions about interdependencies which can be utilised by actor coalitions interested in transformative change through sustainability transitions which are not unduly sectoral but also pay attention to issues of just transition, resilience and the overarching goal of instituting a Natural Social Contract. Achieving this requires and involves a rebalancing of society and new imaginaries (as master signifiers), such as the well-being economy and a Natural Social Contract, as important new orientations.
| 2 | 1 |
Make clearer and more explicit how the article meets the proposed problematic and responds to the gaps found in the debate, including raising the limits of such proposition.
| 1 | 2 |
su14052976_makarova
| 1 |
We fully agree that there is not a single path or model for building public governance that favors sustainability. In this regard, we have stressed, on several occasions, that social contract formation takes place in polycentric ways at different levels (always context-specific and path-dependent). Challenges related to sustainability, social inequalities, or public governance, regardless of whether it takes place in the North or South, call for transformation-oriented forms of governance which are capable of dealing with complexity, ambiguity, and uncertainty.
| 2 | 1 |
Further problematize the discussions/debates that are being mobilized in the article. The theoretical debates and the literature on "social contract", "public governance" and "sustainability" are vast and controversial. It is important that the authors also go into the challenges, the difficulties, the dilemmas in these debates. To mention just one aspect, the text makes little or no reference to the differences and nuances between the realities and contexts of the countries of the North and the South, nor to the relationship between sustainability and social inequalities or between sustainability and democracy. Only in these aspects it is possible to bring several elements that problematize the discussion and show that there is not a single path or model for building public governance that favors sustainability.
| 1 | 2 |
su14052976_makarova
| 1 |
All three deal with complexity, normativity and uncertainty in an action-oriented way and have mechanisms of self-correction and adaptation which is necessary for transformations which cannot be planned and implemented from the top, but which must find solutions to demands for participation, fairness in outcomes, unintended effects in order to remain legitimate and secure continued support from societal stakeholders. For more information see section 2 on page 3-10. Section 2 on “Transformation pleas and approaches for achieving this” has been substantially revised and we discuss three models for working towards transitions: collaborative governance (including Ansell and Gash, 2015), evolutionary steering and adaptive governance.
| 2 | 1 |
In terms of the debate on public governance it would be important to insert the discussion of co-evolutionary governance not only ideally, but also exploring the differences between this theoretical proposition and other forms of governance already discussed in the literature as collaborative governance (Ansell and Gash, 2015), for example. Such an approach could help to better see the authors' contributions and the difference of this contribution to what has already been discussed about public governance, a debate that is nowadays quite robust.
| 1 | 2 |
su14052976_makarova
| 1 |
The line-up moves from high abstraction level (figure 2), towards a tool for identifying options for co-evolutionary steering (figure 3), to an example of leverage points for a specific transition path (figure 4). 2, 3 and 4 above) in our manuscript (with two new figures compared to the original manuscript) has deliberately been chosen in response to a number of comments from reviewers. Our line of argumentation has been revised, and examples have been reduced to examples. Thanks to many changes our paper now provides a clear argumentation and logical structure, with the first part delving into literature to explain the key issues and concepts, and then moving to solutions. In addition, the line-up of the figures (no.
| 2 | 1 |
Empirical cases are very relevant, but are placed as "mere examples" without delving into the challenges and difficulties lived in practice. In this sense, it is not clear the relationship between the propositions presented by the authors in section 4 and the empirical or even theoretical evidences presented in the article. I suggest to improve the interface between the propositions presented and what comes before in the text.
| 1 | 2 |
su14052976_makarova
| 1 |
We have improved the focus and structure in ways described below.
| 4 | 1 |
The authors made a visible effort of revision, introducing new sections and discussing better the debates on which their arguments are based. I don't see a problem in a theoretical article to be normative, however some problems in the paper remain and it still need a revision to be published. Specially it needs better clarity in terms of focus and structure. Here are my recommendations:”
| 3 | 2 |
su14052976_makarova
| 1 |
Governance approaches mentioned are now related to Transformative Social-Ecological Innovation (TSEI), which are innovations with explicit transformative goals and attention to mutual gains, and originating from political science and negotiation theory in particular. EGT gives attention to actor/institutions dialectics and power/knowledge dialectics, elements that have taken been into account in the TSEI-framework (figure 1) and related text.
| 4 | 1 |
The text puts in relation 03 new notions that need to be better related by the authors: evolutionary/transformative governance, transformative socioecological innovation and natural social contract. These notions are proposed by the authors and based on their previous work (since they rely on self-citation). Therefore, it seems essential to me to make it clear in each of the sections of the article that deal with these notions from where they start and how they relate to previous debates to support the authors' arguments. It is also essential to make a better connection between these notions, since the relationship between them is not evident per se.”
| 3 | 2 |
su14052976_makarova
| 1 |
Our build-up of argumentation has been improved.
| 4 | 1 |
In this sense, I recommend to start with the broader discussion of the natural contract (beggining of session 3), ending with the question of how to put in practice this social contract, what challenges (what is the main focus of this text). The line 160 present this question as: "The big question for steering is: how to initiate and accelerate system changes whose features are not perfectly clear and often times underdeveloped compared to the existing systems? This would make room to bring session 02 that addresses evolutionary/transformative governance to the TSEI.”
| 3 | 2 |
su14052976_makarova
| 1 |
Changes have been made accordingly. See section with new title: “Transformation pleas and governance approaches for achieving this”. The section now better relates/differentiates evolutionary governance from the other governance approaches mentioned. EGT understands governance as radically evolutionary and is mindful of limitations of any form of governance.
| 4 | 1 |
The section 02 "Transformation pleas and approach to achieve this" can be improved. I recommend reviewing the title referring to the governance debate that is addressed in the section, for example: "Transformative pleas and approaches of governance to achieve this"...It is also important to better relate/ differentiate the evolutionary governance proposed by authors and the others discussed in the literature (adaptive, reflexive, deliberative, collaborative, etc.). The authors cite several debates/definitions/approaches, but do not position themselves in relation to them, making clear what their theoretical contribution. I suggest that the authors present the debate and the different definitions and then present the notion of GE, relating it to the TSEI.”
| 3 | 2 |
su14052976_makarova
| 1 |
Practical examples in this section are now more explicit on co-evolutionary steering and multiple value creation insights. Social contract theory helps to recognize duties and rights of citizens and consider issues of rebalancing society, and approaches and mechanisms for achieving this.
| 4 | 1 |
The examples placed in section 03 could compose a section in itself, which sought to relate theory and practical examples (not cases), illustrating the proposed model. It will be nice to put forward the discussion of the conceptual variables of transformative governance proposed.
| 3 | 2 |
su14052976_makarova
| 1 |
This comment is not entirely clear to us. The four proposals for transition policy in section 4 are based on co-evolutionary governance and related discussions in previous sections.
| 4 | 1 |
It remains not clear the relationship between the propositions presented by the authors in section 4 and the discutions in other sections. I suggest to improve the interface between the propositions presented and what comes before in the text, specialy linking with the contributions and limites of the proposal to face this challenges.
| 3 | 2 |
su14052976_makarova
| 1 |
Language and figures have been improved.
| 4 | 1 |
Formal aspects: The text needs a language revision and formatting of the figures to make them more readable. Avoid the excessive use of acronyms and review them throughout the text. I thank the authors and the editor for this opportunity to review and discuss this interesting paper and I hope that my comments help to improve the paper. Best regards.
| 3 | 2 |
su14052976_makarova
| 1 |
Format of figures and tables has been improved where appropriate.
| 2 | 1 |
I'll suggest a format review in the figures and their quotations, as well as the box and the table.
| 1 | 2 |
su14052976_makarova
| 1 |
Thanks to a substantial revision our paper now provides a clear argumentation and logical structure, with the first part delving into literature to explain the key issues and concepts, and then moving to solutions.
| 2 | 1 |
First, my main problem is that the paper reads as a compilation of manifestos, rather than one argumentative thread. From begin to end, the paper presents a mix of literature review and substantive argumentation, plus some examples. My recommendation is to set out a clearer agenda, in which the first part delves into the literature to explain the key issue, key concepts and key dilemmas, and a second part presents solutions and directions meeting the key questions and dilemmas. In brief, the paper warrants more focus, edge and structure.
| 1 | 2 |
su14052976_perova
| 1 |
We have now provided a substantive elaboration on the Natural Social Contract (see section 3), and how contract formation takes place in polycentric ways at different levels (always context-specific and path-dependent). More specifically, we have provided more detail on transformative social-ecological innovation (see also the new figure 1 on TSEI), on the mutual gains approach and institutional design principles (see new table 1).
| 2 | 1 |
A second point is the limited elaboration of the social contract, including the natural aspect. A social contract, as explained, consists of a consensual, value-based deal underpinning an institutional governance arrangement. Fig2. moreover, details many aspects. What remains unclear and implicit, however, is the form and operationalisation of such contract. How is the social contract articulated; how is consent manifested? How does one conceive and apply natural ‘design principles’ (669)? This also involves a question of scale: how do agreements at project level chime with societal notions of Social Contracts? How does a project mission contribute to a broader social contract? Much of the joining forces in the hybrid sphere between institutional domains may be primarily instrumental (pooling resources, aligning interests, preventing holdups), below the scope of an (aspired) social contract. What kind of hybrid practices gave shape to the latter? And how then is the aspect of nature taken on board?
| 1 | 2 |
su14052976_perova
| 1 |
The line-up of the figures (no.
| 2 | 1 |
A third point concerns the link between theory and practice. The paper’s general, theoretical story is very broad and ambitious, using an extensive, abstract and complex vocabulary. Much of this, moreover, is action-oriented, pointing out major carriers and direction of change. Two cases serve as quick illustrations, loosely underwriting some key statements. This presents, in my view, too much of a gap. The paper could do more to translate the general aspects of transformative governance into more specific project aspects, as an evaluative framework for debating the cases.
| 1 | 2 |
su14052976_perova
| 1 |
We moved up the discussion on governance and steering and elaborated on the generative mechanisms behind a transition to a Natural Social Contract, e.g. visualized by the TSEI framework below, with more attention on three different models for working towards transitions: collaborative governance, evolutionary steering and adaptive governance.
| 2 | 1 |
Fourth, the section on co-evolution warrants serious re-thinking. Rather than elaborating the notion and development of NSC, this section largely discusses co-evolutionary approaches, with emphasis on discursive aspects (e.g., metaphors, open concepts and master signifiers). While the section aims to uncover the generative mechanisms behind a ‘transition to a Natural Social Contract’, it lacks focus and thread. In the section, NSC is presented as a ‘master signifier’ (345) and the orientation of governance actors (536) towards the ‘well-being economy’ (Table 1); NSC is also associated with alternative business models (443) and integral and robust forms of transition (554-581); NSC is said to need horizonal governance as well as Transformative Social-Ecological Innovation (TSEI). This raises two basic problems. One, the definition and position of NSC in this conceptual medley remains vague. Two, the nature and form of evolutionary variation, selection and dynamics remain unclear. Co-evolution is now associated with all kinds of change-in-tandem, social-sustainable, different institutional actors, discursive items, etc. One wonders whether the notion of transformative change really warrant this evolutionary perspective.
| 1 | 2 |
su14052976_perova
| 1 |
The question of how the NSC can help to meet and overcome such resistances has been addressed by diving into governance approaches that are capable of dealing with complexity, ambiguity and uncertainty, and with particular attention for multiple value creation and the mutual gains approach (e.g. in section 2). At the same time, we are careful not to present those approaches as simple solutions to those problems.
| 2 | 1 |
Following on the latter, my final point concerns the relation between transformative change and NSC. One the one hand, the paper trumpets collaboration, joint principles and responsibilities, mutual trust, etc. On the other, the paper also refers to vested (eg ‘carbon’) interests (38, 619), strong voters’ resistance (574), policy holdups (507) and opposition from disadvantaged groups (118). I would suggest the paper can delve deeper into the question of how the NSC can help to meet and overcome such resistances, and to bring forces of change and resistance more in line in the story.
| 1 | 2 |
su14052976_perova
| 1 |
has been revised
| 2 | 1 |
Source citations are sometimes unclear, as they refer to “
| 1 | 2 |
su14052976_perova
| 1 |
We have taken out the statement that a NCS is a master signifier and rechecked the English.
| 4 | 1 |
This paper has much improved, also because its scope is clearer. I am still puzzled about the selection aspect of EGT, notably the specific roles of metaphors, open concepts and master signifiers play here (as objects and agents of selection) - particularly now NCS has been presented as a master signifier. But that may be for a later argument. Language is generally okay. The argument could certainly be presented more succinctly, and there is a need for a light language wash ("with the? coevolution", "health care", "es" etc....)”
| 3 | 2 |
su14052976_perova
| 1 |
Section 2 on “Transformation pleas and approaches for achieving this” has been substantially revised and we discuss three models for working towards transitions: collaborative governance, evolutionary steering and adaptive governance. For details see section 2 on page 3-10.
| 2 | 1 |
1) Make the problematization clearer, exploring what motivates the proposed theoretical study and in which previous studies it is anchored. In particular, it is suggested to start from a systematic review on the studies that bring together co-evolutionary governance and the issue of sustainability, discussing what is the scientific advance of the proposition put forward here and how it enriches the current debate on these issues.
| 1 | 2 |
su14052976_perova
| 1 |
cf. In the given circumstances, and for the given topic, this seems very appropriate. One of the reviewers speaks of a manifesto, and I would agree, but see it as a positive. Obviously, positive and normative approaches to support actionable agendas, like ours, do not escape the yardstick of scientific evidence. We agree that the "normative-prescriptive" tone and use of "should be" was excessive. This has been changed where appropriate. At the same time, it is unavoidable in a paper which is partly a manifesto., in the form of a call for the creation of a Natural Social Contract and for transformation-oriented forms of governance. We want to note that the governance approaches advocated have been tried and tested, yielding insights for future use. The need for critical analysis and the presence of limitations to steering are acknowledged. editor’s comment 3 about being normative: First of all, we would like to underline that it is ok to be normative.
| 2 | 1 |
2) "Remove from the problematization the ""normative-prescriptive"" tone starting from questions and nuisances that justify the study and from gaps in the literature." I am referring to universal and generalist statements with a "should be" tone that do not fit well with a scientific article, like the one in lines 51 to 54, among many others in the article.
| 1 | 2 |
su14052976_perova
| 1 |
The systemic leverage points for transformation offered can be used for achieving change through questions about interdependencies which can be utilised by actor coalitions interested in transformative change through sustainability transitions which are not unduly sectoral but also pay attention to issues of just transition, resilience and the overarching goal of instituting a Natural Social Contract. Achieving this requires and involves a rebalancing of society and new imaginaries (as master signifiers), such as the well-being economy and a Natural Social Contract, as important new orientations.
| 2 | 1 |
3) Make clearer and more explicit how the article meets the proposed problematic and responds to the gaps found in the debate, including raising the limits of such proposition.
| 1 | 2 |
su14052976_perova
| 1 |
We fully agree that there is not a single path or model for building public governance that favors sustainability. In this regard, we have stressed, on several occasions, that social contract formation takes place in polycentric ways at different levels (always context-specific and path-dependent). Challenges related to sustainability, social inequalities, or public governance, regardless of whether it takes place in the North or South, call for transformation-oriented forms of governance which are capable of dealing with complexity, ambiguity, and uncertainty.
| 2 | 1 |
4) Further problematize the discussions/debates that are being mobilized in the article. The theoretical debates and the literature on "social contract", "public governance" and "sustainability" are vast and controversial. It is important that the authors also go into the challenges, the difficulties, the dilemmas in these debates. To mention just one aspect, the text makes little or no reference to the differences and nuances between the realities and contexts of the countries of the North and the South, nor to the relationship between sustainability and social inequalities or between sustainability and democracy. Only in these aspects it is possible to bring several elements that problematize the discussion and show that there is not a single path or model for building public governance that favors sustainability.
| 1 | 2 |
su14052976_perova
| 1 |
All three deal with complexity, normativity and uncertainty in an action-oriented way and have mechanisms of self-correction and adaptation which is necessary for transformations which cannot be planned and implemented from the top, but which must find solutions to demands for participation, fairness in outcomes, unintended effects in order to remain legitimate and secure continued support from societal stakeholders. For more information see section 2 on page 3-10. Section 2 on “Transformation pleas and approaches for achieving this” has been substantially revised and we discuss three models for working towards transitions: collaborative governance (including Ansell and Gash, 2015), evolutionary steering and adaptive governance.
| 2 | 1 |
5) In terms of the debate on public governance it would be important to insert the discussion of co-evolutionary governance not only ideally, but also exploring the differences between this theoretical proposition and other forms of governance already discussed in the literature as collaborative governance (Ansell and Gash, 2015), for example. Such an approach could help to better see the authors' contributions and the difference of this contribution to what has already been discussed about public governance, a debate that is nowadays quite robust.
| 1 | 2 |
su14052976_perova
| 1 |
The line-up moves from high abstraction level (figure 2), towards a tool for identifying options for co-evolutionary steering (figure 3), to an example of leverage points for a specific transition path (figure 4). 2, 3 and 4 above) in our manuscript (with two new figures compared to the original manuscript) has deliberately been chosen in response to a number of comments from reviewers. Our line of argumentation has been revised, and examples have been reduced to examples. Thanks to many changes our paper now provides a clear argumentation and logical structure, with the first part delving into literature to explain the key issues and concepts, and then moving to solutions. In addition, the line-up of the figures (no.
| 2 | 1 |
6) "Empirical cases are very relevant, but are placed as ""mere examples"" without delving into the challenges and difficulties lived in practice." In this sense, it is not clear the relationship between the propositions presented by the authors in section 4 and the empirical or even theoretical evidences presented in the article. I suggest to improve the interface between the propositions presented and what comes before in the text.
| 1 | 2 |
su14052976_perova
| 1 |
Format of figures and tables has been improved where appropriate.
| 2 | 1 |
We want to sincerely thank you for your interest in the Sustannability and for sharing your work with us. I hope this review will encourage your work and the improvement of the text.
| 1 | 2 |
su14052976_perova
| 1 |
We have improved the focus and structure in ways described below.
| 4 | 1 |
1) The text puts in relation 03 new notions that need to be better related by the authors: evolutionary/transformative governance, transformative socioecological innovation and natural social contract. These notions are proposed by the authors and based on their previous work (since they rely on self-citation). Therefore, it seems essential to me to make it clear in each of the sections of the article that deal with these notions from where they start and how they relate to previous debates to support the authors' arguments. It is also essential to make a better connection between these notions, since the relationship between them is not evident per se.”
| 3 | 2 |
su14052976_perova
| 1 |
Governance approaches mentioned are now related to Transformative Social-Ecological Innovation (TSEI), which are innovations with explicit transformative goals and attention to mutual gains, and originating from political science and negotiation theory in particular. EGT gives attention to actor/institutions dialectics and power/knowledge dialectics, elements that have taken been into account in the TSEI-framework (figure 1) and related text.
| 4 | 1 |
2) In this sense, I recommend to start with the broader discussion of the natural contract (beggining of session 3), ending with the question of how to put in practice this social contract, what challenges (what is the main focus of this text). The line 160 present this question as: "The big question for steering is: how to initiate and accelerate system changes whose features are not perfectly clear and often times underdeveloped compared to the existing systems? This would make room to bring session 02 that addresses evolutionary/transformative governance to the TSEI.”
| 3 | 2 |
su14052976_perova
| 1 |
Our build-up of argumentation has been improved.
| 4 | 1 |
2) The section 02 ""Transformation pleas and approach to achieve this"" can be improved." I recommend reviewing the title referring to the governance debate that is addressed in the section, for example: "Transformative pleas and approaches of governance to achieve this"...It is also important to better relate/ differentiate the evolutionary governance proposed by authors and the others discussed in the literature (adaptive, reflexive, deliberative, collaborative, etc.). The authors cite several debates/definitions/approaches, but do not position themselves in relation to them, making clear what their theoretical contribution. I suggest that the authors present the debate and the different definitions and then present the notion of GE, relating it to the TSEI.”
| 3 | 2 |
su14052976_perova
| 1 |
Changes have been made accordingly. See section with new title: “Transformation pleas and governance approaches for achieving this”. The section now better relates/differentiates evolutionary governance from the other governance approaches mentioned. EGT understands governance as radically evolutionary and is mindful of limitations of any form of governance.
| 4 | 1 |
3) The examples placed in section 03 could compose a section in itself, which sought to relate theory and practical examples (not cases), illustrating the proposed model. It will be nice to put forward the discussion of the conceptual variables of transformative governance proposed.
| 3 | 2 |
su14052976_perova
| 1 |
Practical examples in this section are now more explicit on co-evolutionary steering and multiple value creation insights. Social contract theory helps to recognize duties and rights of citizens and consider issues of rebalancing society, and approaches and mechanisms for achieving this.
| 4 | 1 |
4) It remains not clear the relationship between the propositions presented by the authors in section 4 and the discutions in other sections. I suggest to improve the interface between the propositions presented and what comes before in the text, specialy linking with the contributions and limites of the proposal to face this challenges.
| 3 | 2 |
su14052976_perova
| 1 |
This comment is not entirely clear to us. The four proposals for transition policy in section 4 are based on co-evolutionary governance and related discussions in previous sections.
| 4 | 1 |
5) Formal aspects: The text needs a language revision and formatting of the figures to make them more readable. Avoid the excessive use of acronyms and review them throughout the text.
| 3 | 2 |
su14052976_perova
| 1 |
Language and figures have been improved.
| 4 | 1 |
Best regards I thank the authors and the editor for this opportunity to review and discuss this interesting paper and I hope that my comments help to improve the paper.
| 3 | 2 |
su14052976_perova
| 1 |
The confusingly written part has been simplified again. In addition, in order to solve the problem of awkward English, we have re-translated the entire sentence.
| 2 | 1 |
The abstract is very confusingly written and needs a lot of editing. This is the place where the story must be told as simply and clearly as possible, and I think a lot of the abstract is confusing and hard to interpret.
| 1 | 2 |
su14052981_makarova
| 1 |
As your comments, Korea's smart city has technological and normative advances compared to other countries. However, we think that the USA and China are more developed in service than Korea`s (Smart city trends: A focus on 5 countries and 15 companies, Cities, 2022). Therefore, this paper intends to cover only general smart city technologies worldwide (Smart city trends: A focus on 5 countries and 15 companies, Cities 2022). We fully agree with the reviewer's comments that they may feel uncomfortable in other countries. After that, we will do more research and expand the case to other countries. Thank you very much for your comments.
| 2 | 1 |
I have some theoretical questions about the applicability of these approaches outside of Korea. For technical reasons (most smart cities have less capability and are less developed than Korean ones), but especially for legal and normative reasons (concerns about surveillance, governance, cybersecurity, etc.) I think many cities and countries will not be comfortable with this approach. I think this needs some exploration.
| 1 | 2 |
su14052981_makarova
| 1 |
4. In this paper, the monitoring of sewage and wastewater for population level assessment of infection mentioned in smart city applications and urban automation was added as a limitation of this study. In the opinion of reviewers, epidemics in cities are not simply spread by one factor. Therefore, various factors should be dealt with, but in this paper, only heat and movement lines, which were mainly dealt with in Korea. The added part is as follows. Conclusion: “… Also, epidemics in cities are not spread simply by one factor. It is important to operate the monitoring system for sewage and wastewater for population level assessment of infection, which is considered to be the most important source of infection. 2 Therefore, they should be considered in future research.
| 2 | 1 |
I'd argue that one of the areas in which Smart City applications (in particular) and urban automation (in general) have been most important during the COVID pandemic - the monitoring of sewage and wastewater for population level assessment of infection - isn't even mentioned. I think that is both a big oversight, and an opportunity for critics. I think that piece needs to be included and worked into any assessment of smart cities and pandemics. Additionally, I've included a few other pieces on COVID and smart cities.
| 1 | 2 |
su14052981_makarova
| 1 |
Additionally, smart city services could respond neither timely nor sequentially.
| 2 | 1 |
Confusing or awkward wording in the abstract: “Additionally, smart city services couldn`t respond in-time series” (is this time series in the statistical sense? Just meaning sequential?)
| 1 | 2 |
su14052981_makarova
| 1 |
This study proposes a method for timely and sequential responses, through a flexible combination of the healthcare system and smart city services.
| 2 | 1 |
“a method responding in-time sequential by flexibly combining”
| 1 | 2 |
su14052981_makarova
| 1 |
Second, recommendations on combining or dismissing certain smart city services, as per the needs of coping with COVID-19, are summarized. Third, smart city services must be utilized only for addressing pandemics, as data from the healthcare system consists of personal information. Therefore, smart city services for responding to COVID-19 must be flexible.
| 2 | 1 |
“Second, flexible smart city services are combined and deleted as needed to cope with COVID-19 has 17 been summarized. Third, smart city services should only be used to cope with pandemic situations: 18 the healthcare-system data consists of personal information. Therefore, smart city services respond- 19 ing COVID-19 must exist as a flexible.” 2)
| 1 | 2 |
su14052981_makarova
| 1 |
The source has been specified. - (Smart city trends: A focus on 5 countries and 15 companies, Cities, 2022).
| 2 | 1 |
(pg3) Tables 1 is interesting, but it’s not clear the source of the data. Is this from the literature? (if so, needs sourcing), or a synthesis by the authors? This may be because of the error message in sourcing in the document I received.
| 1 | 2 |
su14052981_makarova
| 1 |
We have checked and corrected the Author's initials that you pointed out. We also Cognized that the expression 'EA' is a unit used only in certain countries.
| 2 | 1 |
(pg4) Table 3 isn’t clear to me. What is “EA”? Not spelled out.
| 1 | 2 |
su14052981_makarova
| 1 |
Thanks for your kind comments.
| 2 | 1 |
(pg5) Table 4 is very useful.
| 1 | 2 |
su14052981_makarova
| 1 |
We also agree with reviewers that it's an ideal situation to use built-in services only when needed and turn them off when not needed. Therefore, in Korea, it is legally required to be used only when necessary. Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport(Korea): “…… But the scope of data collected will be kept to minimum and a due procedure should be followed in acquiring the data.
| 2 | 1 |
(pg14) “such services should be flexibly used only during a national crisis and removed when the service is no longer needed.” Is this likely to happen? Are there concrete examples of such systems being built and operated, then just turned off? Who would oppose turning them off? (I’d imagine many stakeholders) 3)
| 1 | 2 |
su14052981_makarova
| 1 |
We rechecked the paper related to “Key missing components/literatures”. We sincerely apologize for repeating basic mistakes. They all have been revised and reflected.
| 2 | 1 |
Monitoring of sewage/wastewater for COVID case estimation Farkas, K., Hillary, L. S., Malham, S. K., McDonald, J. E., & Jones, D. L. (2020). Wastewater and public health: the potential of wastewater surveillance for monitoring COVID-19. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, 17, 14-20. Daughton, C. G. (2020). Wastewater surveillance for population-wide Covid-19: the present and future. Science of the Total Environment, 736, 139631. Bogler, A., Packman, A., Furman, A., Gross, A., Kushmaro, A., Ronen, A., ... & Bar-Zeev, E. (2020). Rethinking wastewater risks and monitoring in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. Nature Sustainability, 3(12), 981-990. Jaiswal, R., Agarwal, A., & Negi, R. (2020). Smart solution for reducing the COVID‐19 risk using smart city technology. IET Smart Cities, 2(2), 82-88.
| 1 | 2 |
su14052981_makarova
| 1 |
Thanks for your kind words. The quality of the paper has improved on the reviewer's advice. There are many things that need to be improved in this paper, however we will remember your sincere advices and write more advanced papers later. Thanks again.
| 4 | 1 |
I think the paper, and especially the abstract, are much improved. Both in terms of readability and accessibility, but also in terms of context and framing. I think the paper has the ability to make a contribution to the literature in a way that the previous version may not have been able to.
| 3 | 2 |
su14052981_makarova
| 1 |
- This study proposes a method for timely and sequential responses, through a flexible combination of the healthcare system and smart city services by envisioning a scenario that sequentially grafts the current status of COVID-19 in Korea.
| 4 | 1 |
I think mentioning the scenario approach in the abstract might be worthwhile, but I don't think it's a huge problem if it isn't mentioned. Either way, I think the paper is in much better shape.
| 3 | 2 |
su14052981_makarova
| 1 |
In order to improve the quality of the thesis, professional translation has been carried out again. We sincerely apologize for the rudimentary mistakes related to some expressions and errors.
| 2 | 1 |
This article advocates for better flexibility (in the sense of adding and removing when necessary) of smart city services and better integration between them. The authors argue that this would be precious to predict and fight against a pandemic, and as such they propose a smart city structure model. First, I have a series of concerns regarding the form. There are some phrasing issues and typos throughout the paper.
| 1 | 2 |
su14052981_makarova
| 1 |
References are rechecked and deleted or erroneous references are recited or deleted. We humbly accept the reviewer's opinion that there are many references, and we have deleted references that are deemed unnecessary. We humbly accept the reviewer's comments that there is a quality problem, and We did our best to double-check, revise, and improve the quality of our papers.
| 2 | 1 |
There are referencing issues with sections as well (e.g. line 213: “As mentioned in 0”) Finally, and most importantly, the format of the bibliography is highly problematic. For many references (e.g. [15], [22], [25]) it is impossible to retrieve the source. For many other sources, the local access path of the file is provided, which again prevents the reader from retrieving the source. All these issues could have been picked up by a simple check. Unfortunately, they are enough for me to recommend to reject the paper, as I consider that submitting a report of scientific quality in this form is unacceptable.
| 1 | 2 |
su14052981_makarova
| 1 |
We fully agree with the reviewer's comment that integration between services is difficult not only in smart cities but also in other fields. As advised by the reviewer, the situation in Korea was described in Figure 5 (Outbreak of COVID-19 in Korea and the limitations of smart city services) and Table 10 (Limitations of smart city services in each phase). The spread of COVID cannot simply be blocked by smart city services, but by simplifying the current state and proceeding with the thesis, we did not reflect Korea's medical stage with geographic characteristics. We will conduct additional research in the future to fully reflect the reviewer's comments. Thanks for the advice.
| 2 | 1 |
The content of the paper raises major concerns as well. In the introduction, I could not understand the motivation of the paper. The authors argue that the smart city services failed to be flexible enough to predict and fight the pandemic. However, I am lacking a concrete example of failure that proves the authors’ point. It is well-known that different services are hard to integrate together (this is not specific to the smart city), but I would have liked the authors to illustrate in light of the pandemic context, and maybe to the context of Korea since their contribution is specific to this geographic context in that it integrates the 12 smart city categories of Korea and the healthcare phases of Korea. The contribution is not presented in the introduction, only the problem is.
| 1 | 2 |
su14052981_makarova
| 1 |
The 'EA' refers to the quantity, but all have been deleted. We sincerely apologize for the basic mistake. We will check in more detail later. We reviewed the literature review and deleted redundant or unnecessary content. Also, we have checked and corrected the Author's initials that you pointed out. We also Cognized that the expression ‘EA’ is a unit used only in certain countries.
| 2 | 1 |
The literature review is very long (it represents half of the paper) and can be significantly shortened as it contains few information that is actually useful to the rest of the paper. It is also hard to read, as it contains more tabular content than text. In Table 3, what is an EA?
| 1 | 2 |
su14052981_makarova
| 1 |
Smart city projects are underway all over the world. Also, although smart city services differ by country, the smart city structure has a similar framework to a certain level. Therefore, if we can transform the structure of the smart city, we decided that it would be a great tool to cope with situations such as COVID, even a little.
| 2 | 1 |
Table 4 presents smart city projects of several different countries. It the threats concern COVID only, it does not really make sense, as many of the mentioned services simply do not have this goal (e.g. smart grid). If it goes beyond COVID, this is a claim that needs to be backed with a sound and transparent evaluation by the authors or literature. The authors than write that hese services have a limitation in that cannot predict and prevent transmission of threats such as COVID.
| 1 | 2 |
su14052981_makarova
| 1 |
Like the reviewer's comments, the rest of the table's contents other than those related to pandemic have been deleted.
| 2 | 1 |
Table 5 is useless in my opinion. It is well-known that many standards exist and are not used in every service, which causes integration issues. The authors could remove the table and mention 1-2 standards relevant for pandemics and make the same point.
| 1 | 2 |
su14052981_makarova
| 1 |
Sections 2.2 and 2.3 have identified errors with the same title. Accordingly, the title has been modified as follows. We apologize once again for repeating basic mistakes. - 2.2 Status of smart city services - 2.3 Status of Pandemic #9.
| 2 | 1 |
Section 2.3 has the same title as Section 2.2.
| 1 | 2 |
su14052981_makarova
| 1 |
We completely agree with the reviewer's sharp points. Accordingly, the contents including Tables 8 and 9 were deleted and reorganized into World Health Organization (WHO), Control and Prevention (CDC) and Korea Centers for Disease Control (KCDC).
| 2 | 1 |
It presents phased plans for pandemics. Several different plans are described, which is useless information for the reader. Indeed, the phases in a Texan county are of no use to understand the authors’ contribution. They could easily break the section down to the essential information that would be the WHO phases and the Korean healthcare phases, and mention that there are global and local plans throughout the world with different phases. Tables 8 and 9 can thus be removed. Table 7 is not very informative, all the phases say that actions from the previous phase should be continued or initiated. I have checked the online source and it mentions other aspects such as treatment and isolation for the recognition phase, which have not been picked up by the authors. A case study approach restricted to Korea would be more informative and more consistent with the contribution of the paper, which is as I mentioned specific to Korea.
| 1 | 2 |
su14052981_makarova
| 1 |
Thanks for the reviewer's comments. The title of this section 3 has been changed according to the comments of the reviewers.
| 2 | 1 |
Section 3, named “Main discussion”, should be renamed to be more explicit regarding what the reader can expect to find. I suggest e.g. “Revised model of smart city service structure”.
| 1 | 2 |
su14052981_makarova
| 1 |
In the case of Korea, rather than finding the infected person in advance, the focus was on identifying and blocking the spread of the infected person. Therefore, Smart City Service checked the movement of the infected people by time, found close contacts in the vicinity, and took measures to self-quarantine immediately. As a result, the critical point of being identified before an infectious disease spreads was missed. However, Korea has prevented a rapid collapse of the medical system by slowing the rate of propagation around it, and the role of smart city services has been significant in this regard. We agree with the reviewers' opinion that the biggest cause of this COVID-19 transmission is the rapid spread of infected people around them by moving to public places before they show symptoms. Reflecting the reviewer's opinion that it is not clear, the entire sentence has been revised and translated clearly.
| 2 | 1 |
The contribution is a proposition of services such as screening people with thermal cameras and tracking infected people through CCTV. However, it misses a critical point of COVID. Infected people are in the public space without knowing that they have COVID, since contagion happens before symptoms appears. Once infected people have been identified, they are supposedly in quarantine. Do the authors propose to track everyone and then go back to the records of infected people to retrieve their paths and contacts? Or do the authors want to check if infected people are outside their home instead of in quarantine? This is not clear to me. Also, and more importantly, the integration and flexibility aspects are not really addressed in the end. The authors do not explain how the services they propose could be integrated with existing ones (e.g. which standards should be used) and how the services can be added or removed. This part is only represented as clouds in the proposed structure model but not discussed further. Therefore, it seems that the contribution breaks down to proposing strict tracking services which feasibility and acceptance by the population is not assessed.
| 1 | 2 |
su14052981_makarova
| 1 |
First, an epidemiological surveyor should decide whether additional collection of personal information is needed. If the answer is yes, the official should seek approval from relevant authorities to get access to the data. For example, as for the location information, separate permission from the National Police Agency is required.” Source: http://www.molit.go.kr/english/USR/BORD0201/m_28286/DTL.jsp?id=eng_mltm_new&mode=view&idx=2931 3) Key missing components/literatures: We fully agree with the reviewers' comments. Therefore, as the limit of this paper, the limit of the ethical aspect was first specified, and in the situation where the service is not needed, the service is deleted in consideration of the ethical aspect in the structure of the smart city. Also in Korea, it is legally required to be used only when necessary. Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (Korea): “…… But the scope of data collected will be kept to minimum and a due procedure should be followed in acquiring the data.
| 2 | 1 |
My last concern is the ethical aspects of the proposed services. The authors acknowledge that not addressing these is a limitation of their research. In my opinion, this is more than a limitation, this is essential to discuss given the nature of what the authors propose.
| 1 | 2 |
su14052981_makarova
| 1 |
Also, we really appreciate the accurate comments from the reviewers.
| 2 | 1 |
In summary, my suggestions are to focus the paper on the Korean context, in an in-depth case study approach where authors detail more their contribution, clearly illustrate what the problem is and how their contribution helps solving it.
| 1 | 2 |
su14052981_makarova
| 1 |
Thank you for the reviewer's heartfelt comments. The corrections to the reviewer's concerns are as follows: #2.
| 4 | 1 |
The authors made substantial efforts to take my comments into account, and I commend them for that. However, despite the good improvements, I have some remaining concerns.
| 3 | 2 |
su14052981_makarova
| 1 |
We checked again that errors occurred. After fixing the errors, we rechecked it on others PC. We sincerely apologize for the continued errors. References deleted in the first review were deleted because they were deemed unnecessary. Thanks for the comments #3.
| 4 | 1 |
There are still some "Reference not found" errors and line breaks when referring to figures in the text, but almost everything regarding the format has been fixed, which gives the revised paper a much more professional look than its previous version. Regarding the references, my point was that there are many references *with formatting mistakes in them*, and not that there are too many references in the bibliography. Please feel free to add them back if you feel they should be included.
| 3 | 2 |
su14052981_makarova
| 1 |
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