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When the subject is Buddhism, “enlightenment” means a spiritual awakening. But the Western Enlightenment has been political and social. It’s about reason, the rights of the individual citizen, and a scientific understanding of the material plane. Because the Enlightenment’s ideas were derived from the speculations of a number of individualContinue Reading
Before picking apart the entity we call Christianity, I need to establish who I believe Jesus was. There is no figure in the history of the West who’s more polarizing and less understood by both his adherents and those who disparage him. If you go to the New Age sectionContinue Reading
I’m going to be using the word enlightenment a lot in these posts, but in two different contexts where it has two different meanings. The Age of Enlightenment, sometimes called The Enlightenment Project, but more commonly just The Enlightenment, was a period in European history that is generally considered toContinue Reading
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Memory Beta, non-canon Star Trek Wiki
Memory Beta, non-canon Star Trek Wiki
Duran XII was a planet, the twelfth planet of the Duran system, located in the galaxy's Alpha or Beta Quadrants.
History and specifics[]
In 2276, unusual subspace signals emanating from the system prompted Starfleet to establish the Duran XII outpost near the source of the phenomena.
The starship USS Enterprise later orbited Duran XII to transport the source of the signals, the "Crier", to spacelab Draco 3. Seven Orion fighters from the Orion Black Star Squadron arrived to steal the Crier. While five fighters battled the Enterprise, the other two landed on the surface, but the Crier vaporized the Orions who attacked it, then retreated into deep space. (TOS - Untold Voyages comic: "Silent Cries")
Points of interest[]
2275 EarthFlyspeckVulcanFeeniks-Denn IVNova EmpyreaYkoMiri's homeworldPerinda IVOblik IIIGarrus
2276 Sigma 1212Zenna IVDuran XIIParides IVLevaeri VArtaleirh
2278 CathyGranotoulomines planetHippocrates IVDekkanarAkkallaEarthBelle Terre
Spock's command (2278 - 2285) Bright TreeKaferiaMestikoEarthFortenueCirce VIThieurrullStarbase 12RegulaEarthHellguardEarthDelta IVRatorYkoMestikoEarth
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Grit Medium
A supplement often used around breeding season, which we sell in a variety of sizes and grades.
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Populations of RNA viruses are often characterized by abundant genetic variation. However, the relative fitness of these mutations is largely unknown, although this information is central to our understanding of viral emergence, immune evasion, and drug resistance. Here we develop a phylogenetic method, based on the distribution of nonsynonymous and synonymous changes, to assess the relative fitness of polymorphisms in the structural genes of 143 RNA viruses. This reveals that a substantial proportion of the amino acid variation observed in natural populations of RNA viruses comprises transient deleterious mutations that are later purged by purifying selection, potentially limiting virus adaptability. We also demonstrate, for the first time, the existence of a relationship between amino acid variability and the phylogenetic distribution of polymorphisms. From this relationship, we propose an empirical threshold for the maximum viable deleterious mutation load in RNA viruses.
Original publication
Journal article
Molecular biology and evolution
Publication Date
845 - 852
RNA Viruses, Likelihood Functions, Computational Biology, Evolution, Molecular, Phylogeny, Amino Acid Sequence, Mutation, Polymorphism, Genetic, Models, Genetic, Selection, Genetic
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Dislike!Like it! (Rating: 5.00)
Mahjong Dimension Blast
Do you like mahjong? What about unusual mahjong? And what about perfect? Okay, let’s not pester you with questions, as you are probably tired of waiting for a great mahjong called “Mahjong Dimensions Blast”. You have to disassemble three-dimensional mahjong. There are various designs on the blocks. You need to disassemble the large shape, removing two blocks with the same patterns. Yes, the shapes are 3D, so you need to rotate them to see all the blocks. Well, good luck!
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NEW YORK'S HOMETOWN NEWSPAPER® — Learn About Subscriptions
NEW YORK'S HOMETOWN NEWSPAPER® — Learn About Subscriptions
Martin Luther King was a labor leader
Every year at this time, people across the United States celebrate Dr. King, Jr.’s many contributions to our country, and how he has shaped
Every year at this time, people across the United States celebrate Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s many contributions to our country, and how he has shaped our history.
We lift up King the civil rights leader, King the moral crusader, King the brilliant orator, King the brave marcher, King the fearless activist. The list goes on.
All of those tributes are, of course, important to offer, and they should happen every day, not just once a year, given the man's extraordinary accomplishments.
Yet at a time of extreme division and polarization, and when so many working people are struggling to survive, it's worth remembering that King was also a labor leader — a charismatic champion of unionization as a force for economic justice.
Throughout his life, King spent countless hours on shop floors and in the streets with workers who were fighting and striking for dignity and respect on the job.
It's often forgotten that King was a consistent and fervent defender of organized labor who understood how union rights help workers across industries and occupations.
He understood the struggles of workers of color, immigrant workers, white workers, women and others trapped in an economy that fails them and only seems to reward those at the top.
In a March 1968 speech, one of his last, King described the working poor in words that could just as easily describe the plight of many Americans today:
It was a labor movement, too
It was a labor movement, too (SAM MELHORN/AP)
"Most of the poor people in our country are working every day, but they're making wages so inadequate that they cannot even begin to function in the mainstream of the economic life of the nation," he said.
Were he still alive, King would undoubtedly talk about how and why American workers are concerned about the future, especially those harmed by globalization and a political order that rewards greed and caters to the wealthy elite.
He understood deeply the struggles of the marginalized and the mistreated throughout our economy and society.
But he would admonish us not to succumb to pessimism or despair.
He was a pragmatic optimist about the future, because he knew what unions achieved and what working people overcame in the face of massive obstacles.
"The labor movement was the principal force that transformed misery and despair into hope and progress," King once emphatically noted. "Out of its bold struggles, economic and social reform gave birth to unemployment insurance, old-age pensions, government relief for the destitute, and, above all, new wage levels that meant not mere survival but a tolerable life," he observed.
Today he would urge us to expand the labor movement as part of a broader progressive movement that empowers and elevates all working people.
King's vision was that larger coalitions of Americans can and must be built to advance the common needs of working people and expand union membership.
"Union meant strength, and recognition meant the employer's acknowledgment of that strength, and the two meant the opportunity to fight again for further gains with united and multiplied power," King declared in 1967.
King wanted Americans to harness the "combined strength" of the labor movement and civil rights movement.
"We have not used a fraction of it for our own good or for the needs of society as a whole . . . if we seek higher standards for all workers for an enriched life, we have the ability to accomplish it, and our nation has the ability to provide it," he noted in one of his addresses to a union audience.
His point was this: As a nation of working people who share similar struggles on the job but come from different backgrounds — backgrounds that often appear to divide us — we cannot speak past each other.
Instead, we must learn and develop new ways to talk to each other, organize together, mobilize our communities and advance our shared interests.
This is King's unfinished legacy — one to embrace and defend in his honor.
Appelbaum is president of the Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union (RWDSU), UFCW.
Recommended on Daily News
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How To Play Dominoes Youtube?
How do you play dominoes with 2 players?
All dominoes are shuffled face down. If there are 2 players, each player draws 7 dominoes, and if there are 3 or 4 players each player draws 5 dominoes. The remaining dominoes are left in the middle of the table as the stock (usually called the boneyard).
What is the object of playing dominoes?
Most domino games are blocking games, i.e. the objective is to empty one’s hand while blocking the opponent’s. In the end, a score may be determined by counting the pips in the losing players ‘ hands. In scoring games, the scoring is different and happens mostly during game play, making it the principal objective.
How many dominoes do you start with for 2 players?
Five players should take five dominoes each. Two players should take eight dominoes each. First shuffle the dominoes face down on the table. Each player takes their allotted number of dominoes and keeps their dominoes hidden from the other players by either holding them or standing them on the table.
How many dominoes do you start with?
The Start. The dominoes are ritually shuffled face down in circles with the flat of the hand – producing a sound that has been familiar down the centuries. Each player draws 6 dominoes and places them so that the other players can’t see their value.
You might be interested: Question: How To Play Against Yorick?
Can you put a blank domino on anything?
Game Option 1: Blanks can be used as “wild cards” where they are without number in and may join with any tiles regardless of numeral including other blanks. Game Option 2: Blanks count as zero and can be joined only to other blanks, not to any other number.
How do you play 3s and 5s?
Dominoes ( threes and fives ) Rules
1. Players. 2 to 6.
2. Setup. Players draw 7 tiles each.
3. Start of play. The player with the highest number of dots on a domino places the first tile and play proceeds clockwise.
4. Play. Each player adds a tile to an open edge of the layout, if he can.
5. Scoring. After each turn, total the nunbers at each end.
6. Ending a Hand.
7. Scores.
How do you score dominoes?
Dominoes Scoring
2. Other versions allow only scores which are divisible by three or make no restriction.
Is there any skill in dominoes?
Some domino games are pretty much just luck, involving fairly mechanical gameplay, but there are also many where skill and judgement will tend to make the difference between winning and losing a domino game. A skilful domino player will win more games in general than unskilled players.
What is the easiest domino game?
Block or “the Block Game ” for two players is the simplest basic domino variant and gives its name to the whole family of ‘block games ‘. It requires a double-six set, from which each player must draw seven tiles; the remainder is not used.
You might be interested: How To Play Against Mordekaiser?
Is there a strategy to Dominoes?
Try to keep a range of tiles in your hand so you can match as many numbers as possible. If all your tiles have similar suits, you’ll be stuck if that’s all that’s available on the board. Take Note of Your Opponent’s Weak Suits. As the game progresses, take note of your opponent’s weaknesses.
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You are researching: Chlorella Microalgae
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AUTHOR Kwak, Chaesu and Young Ryu, Seoung and Park, Hyunsu and Lim, Sehyeong and Yang, Jeewon and Kim, Jieun and Hyung Kim, Jin and Lee, Joohyung
Title A pickering emulsion stabilized by chlorella microalgae as an eco-friendly extrusion-based 3D printing ink processable under ambient conditions [Abstract]
Year 2021
Journal/Proceedings Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology is actively utilized in various industrial fields because it facilitates effective and customizable fabrication of complex structures. An important processing route for 3D printing is the extrusion of inks in the form of colloidal suspensions or emulsions, which has recently attracted considerable attention because it allows for selection of a wide range of printing materials and is operable under ambient processing conditions. Herein, we investigate the 3D printability of complex fluids containing chlorella microalgae as an eco-friendly material for 3D printing. Two possible ink types are considered: aqueous chlorella suspensions and emulsions of oil and water mixtures. While the aqueous chlorella suspensions at high particle loading display the 3D-printable rheological properties such as high yield stress and good shape retention, the final structures after extruding and drying the suspensions under ambient conditions show a significant number of macroscopic defects, limiting their practical application. In contrast, the 3D structures produced from the oil-in-water Pickering emulsions stabilized by chlorella microalgae, which are amphiphilic and active at the oil–water interface, show significantly reduced defect formation. Addition of a fast-evaporable oil phase, hexane, is crucial in the mechanisms of enhanced cementation between the individual microalgae via increased inter-particle packing, capillary attraction, and hydrophobic interaction. Furthermore, addition of solid paraffin wax, which is crystalline but well-soluble in the hydrocarbon oil phase under ambient conditions, completely eliminates the undesirable defect formation via enhanced inter-particle binding, while maintaining the overall rheological properties of the emulsion. The optimal formulation of the Pickering emulsion is finally employed to produce a 3D scaffold of satisfactory structural integrity, suggesting that the chlorella-based ink, in the form of an emulsion, has potential as an eco-friendly 3D printing ink processable under ambient conditions.
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Recipe: Baked Crab Martinique (Parrot Cay)
Yields: 4-5 servings
2 ounces onion
4 ounces fresh tomato
2 ounces red pepper
2 tablespoons dijon mustard
12 ounces lump blue crab
4 ounces bell ile crab meat
8 ounces fontina cheese (grated)
2 tablespoons sherri tio pepe
parsley (chopped)
tarragon (chopped)
Bechamel Sauce:
3 ounces butter
3 ounces flour
1/2 pint milk
1/4 pint cream
pinch ground nutmeg
1 whole bay leaf
2 whole cloves
1/2 onion
salt and pepper, to taste
Method of Preparation:
To make bechamel sauce, we need to infuse the cream and milk by heating with onion, clove and bay leaf.
Mix equal quantities of butter and flour to form a roux (thickener). Add small quantities of infused liquid to roux,whisking vigorously to ensure the sauce is smooth and keep adding milk until at the right consistency and the sauce is cooked out.
To prepare the crab dish, saute onion, peppers and tomatoes. Deglace the pan and reduce; add the mustard. Add the Bechamel and simmer for 5 minutes. Add the belle ile and stir in sauce, then fold in blue lump crab. Using a baking dish add enough cheese to cover bottom of the dish then add crab mix and finish off with grated cheese on top. Bake in the oven 350ºF until cheese is golden brown on top.
Serving suggestion serve with deep fried tortilla chips.
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Frankish Empire
The changing face of Francia from 481 to 814
Francia or Frankia, later also called the Frankish Empire (Latin: imperium Francorum), Frankish Kingdom (Latin: regnum Francorum, "Kingdom of the Franks"), Frankish Realm or occasionally Frankland, was the territory inhabited and ruled by the Franks from the third to the tenth century. The Frankish realm was ruled as one polity subdivided into several regna (kingdoms or subkingdoms). The geography and number of subkingdoms varied over time, but the term Francia eventually came to refer to just one regnum, that of Austrasia, centered on the Rhine river. Sometimes the term was used to encompass Neustria north of the Loire and west of the Seine as well, but in time the designation settled on the region of the Seine basin around Paris, which still bears the name today as Île-de-France and which gave the name to the entire Kingdom of France and to the modern nation-state. The Frankish Empire dates from the end of the Roman Empire and in the ninth century its rulers were the first to bear the title Holy Roman Emperor before it passed to the rulers of the German confederacy. At its largest, the empire covered most of Western Europe. The Frankish Empire was for centuries a power to be reckoned with in Europe, constantly challenging its neighbors including those across the channel to the North for supremacy, influence and power. The history of the Frankish Empire represents the first phase of the history of France as the people of this polity developed their language, identity and culture, loyalties and sense of place in the world, especially within the European space. During the centuries of conflict and competition for territory, French identity solidified, becoming a source of pride. This pride in French culture and in the French language was exported throughout the world, too, through colonialism bringing more and more people into awareness of their common humanity. Confidence in their own cultural identity has enabled the French to realize that cooperation and peaceful relations with their non-French neighbors within the European space does not place their identity at risk but enriches their lives by removing the danger of war and ensuring that life can flourish within a culture of peace.[1]The idea behind the Holy Roman Empire was of a Christian Europe united beyond the existence of individual states, which would continue to exist within a greater polity.
Origins of Francia
Merovingian rise and decline, 481–687
The political divisions of Gaul at the inception of Clovis' career. Note that only the Burgundian kingdom and the province of Septimania remained unconquered at his death.
Chlodio's successors are obscure figures, but what can be certain is that Childeric I, possibly his grandson, ruled a Salian kingdom from Tournai as a foederatus of the Romans. Childeric is chiefly important to history for bequeathing the Franks his son Clovis, who began an effort to extend his authority over the other Frankish tribes and to expand their territorium south and west into Gaul. Clovis converted to Roman Catholicism and put himself on good terms with the powerful Church and with his Gallo-Roman subjects. In a thirty-year reign (481–511) he defeated the Roman general Syagrius and conquered the Roman enclave of Soissons, defeated the Alemanni (Tolbiac, 504) and established Frankish hegemony over them, defeated the Visigoths (Vouillé, 507) and conquered their entire kingdom (save Septimania) with its capital at Toulouse, and conquered the Bretons (according to Gregory of Tours) and made them vassals of Francia. He conquered most or all of the neighboring Frankish tribes along the Rhine and incorporated them into his kingdom. He also incorporated the various Roman military settlements (laeti) scattered over Gaul: the Saxons of Bayeux, the Alans of Armorica, and the Taifals of Poitou to name a few prominent ones. By the end of his life, he ruled all of Gaul save the Gothic province of Septimania and the Burgundian kingdom in the southeast.
The division of Francia on Clovis' death (511). The kingdoms were not geographic unities because they were formed in an attempt to create equally-sized fiscs. The discrepancy in size reveals the concentration of Roman fiscal lands.
Gaul as a result of the Treaty of Andelot (587). The treaty followed the division of Charibert's kingdom between the three surviving brother. It gave Guntram's portion with Poitou and Touraine to Childebert in exchange for extensive lands in southern and central Aquitaine.
During the joint reign of Chlothar and Dagobert, who have been called "the last ruling Merovingians," the Saxons, who had been loosely attached to Francia since the late 550s, rebelled under Duke Berthoald and were defeated and reincorporated into the kingdom by the joint action of father and son. When Chlothar died in 628, Dagobert, in accordance with his father's wishes, granted a subkingdom to his younger brother Charibert II. This subkingdom, commonly called Aquitaine, was a new creation. It corresponded to the southern half of the old Roman province of Aquitaine and its capital was at Toulouse. The other cities of his kingdom were Cahors, Agen, Perigueux, Bordeaux, and Saintes; the duchy of Vasconia was also part of his allotment. Charibert campaigned successfully against the Basques, but after his death they revolted again (632). At the same time the Bretons rose up against Frankish suzerainty. The Breton leader Judicael ap Hoel relented and made peace with the Franks and paid tribute after Dagobert threatened to lead an army against him (635). That same year Dagobert sent an army to subdue the Basques, which it did.
The young Sigebert was dominated during his minority by the mayor Grimoald I, who convinced the childless king to adopt his own Merovingian-named son Childebert as his son and heir. After Dagobert's death in 639, the duke of Thuringia, Radulf, rebelled and tried to make himself king. He defeated Sigebert in what was a serious reversal for the ruling dynasty (640). The king lost the support of many magnates while on campaign and the weakness of the monarchic institutions by that time are evident in his inability to effectively make war without the support of the magnates; in fact, he could not even provide his own bodyguard without the loyal aid of Grimoald and Adalgisel. He is often regarded as the first roi fainéant: "do-nothing king," not insofar as he "did nothing," but insofar as he accomplished little.
Dominance of the mayors of the palace, 687–751
In the 730s the Arab conquerors of Spain, who had also subjugated Septimania, began advancing northwards into central Francia and the Loire valley. It was at this time (ca. 736) that Maurontus, the dux of Provence, called in the Arabs to aid him in resisting the expanding influence of the Carolingians. However, Charles invaded the Rhone Valley with his brother Childebrand and a Lombard army and devastated the region. It was because of the alliance against the Arabs that Charles was unable to support Pope Gregory III against the Lombards. In 732 or 737—modern scholars have debated over the date—Charles marched against an Arab army between Poitiers and Tours and defeated it in a watershed battle that turned back the tide of the Arab advance north of the Pyrenees; but Charles' real interests lay in the northeast, primarily with the Saxons, from whom he had to extort the tribute which for centuries they had paid to the Merovingians.
Carolingian Empire, 751–840
The growth of Frankish power, 481–814 C.E., showing Francia as it originally was after the crumbling of the Western Roman Empire. It was located northeasterly of that during the time of Constantine the Great.
From 772 onwards, Charles conquered and eventually defeated the Saxons to incorporate their realm into the Frankish kingdom. This campaign expanded the practice of non-Roman Christian rulers undertaking the conversion of their neighbors by armed force; Frankish Catholic missionaries, along with others from Ireland and Anglo-Saxon England, had entered Saxon lands since the mid-eighth century, resulting in increasing conflict with the Saxons, who resisted the missionary efforts and parallel military incursions. Charles' main Saxon opponent, Widukind, accepted baptism in 785 as part of a peace agreement, but other Saxon leaders continued to fight. Upon his victory in 787 at Verdun, Charles ordered the wholesale killing of thousands of pagan Saxon prisoners. After several more uprisings, the Saxons suffered definitive defeat in 804. This expanded the Frankish kingdom eastwards as far as the Elbe river, something the Roman Empire had only attempted once, and at which it failed in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest (9 C.E.). In order to more effectively Christianize the Saxons, Charles invited Irish monks like Alcuin, and founded several bishoprics, among them Bremen, Münster, Paderborn, and Osnabrück.
On Christmas Day, 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charles as "Emperor of the Romans" in Rome in a ceremony presented as a surprise (Charlemagne did not wish to be indebted to the bishop of Rome), a further papal move in the series of symbolic gestures that had been defining the mutual roles of papal auctoritas and imperial potestas. Though Charlemagne, in deference to Byzantine outrage, preferred the title "Emperor, king of the Franks and Lombards," the ceremony formally acknowledged the Frankish Empire as the successor of the (Western) Roman one (although only the forged "Donation" gave the pope political authority to do this), thus triggering a series of disputes with the Byzantines around the Roman name. After an initial protest at the usurpation, in 812, the Byzantine Emperor Michael I Rhangabes acknowledged Charlemagne as co-Emperor. The coronation gave permanent legitimacy to Carolingian primacy among the Franks. The Ottonians later resurrected this connection in 962. In many respects, the Empire was a confederacy; local "counts" who governed "counties," often with their distinctive cultural heritages, retained considerable autonomy. Charles did not attempt absolute rule from the imperial center.
Upon Charlemagne's death on January 28, 814 in Aachen, he was buried in his own Palace Chapel at Aachen. Unlike the previous Roman Empire, which had never been advanced beyond the Rhine after the disaster at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, Charlemagne crushed all German and Slavic resistance he faced and extended his realm completely to the Elbe.
Divided empire, post-840
The Carolingian Empire at its greatest extent, with the three main divisions of 843.
2. Louis' second son, Louis the German, became King of the East Franks. This area formed the kernel of the later Holy Roman Empire, which eventually evolved into modern Germany. For a list of successors, see the List of German Kings and Emperors.
3. His third son Charles the Bald became King of the West Franks; this area became the foundation for the later France. For his successors, see the List of French monarchs.
East Francia was the land of Louis the German. It was divided into four duchies: Swabia (Alamannia), Franconia, Saxony and Bavaria (including Moravia and Carinthia); to which after the death of Lothair II were added the eastern parts of Lotharingia. This division persisted until 1268, the end of the Hohenstaufen dynasty. Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor was crowned on 2 February 962, marking the beginning of the Holy Roman Empire (translatio imperii). From the tenth century, East Francia became also known as regnum Teutonicum ("Teutonic kingdom" or "Kingdom of Germany"), a term that became prevalent in Salian times. The title of Holy Roman Emperor was used from that time, beginning with Conrad II.
Life in Francia
During the early period Frankish law was preserved by the rachimburgs, officials trained to remember it and pass it on. The Merovingians adopted the capitulary as a tool for the promulgation and preservation of royal ordinances. Its usage was to continue under the Carolingians and even the later Spoletan emperors Guy and Lambert under a program of renovation regni Francorum ("renewal of the Frankish kingdom").
Everyone was taxed at a set rate, although peasants often bartered in order to "pay in kind" (a cow, pig, or grain) what they owed. Over time, the concept of the rights of ordinary citizens to exercise some say in how their taxes were spent evolved, as did the concept of "citizen" rather than subject itself, since peasants as well as aristocrats paid taxes. Peasants and their lords might not have seen themselves as equal but the notion did develop that all people were nonetheless equally entitled to certain rights (such as a fair trial.)
Town and country life
The most dramatic change in medieval Gaul was the collapse of trade and town life. While many "towns" existed in the centuries following the end of classical learning of antiquity during the Roman Empire—called the Dark Ages—they were usually only the fortified villages or market-centers surrounding government or religious buildings; many of these towns were, however, descended from Roman cities. Some foreign trade continued, but it was carried out by foreigners-chiefly Greeks, Syrians, Jews, and (eventually) Vikings and Italians. There were, however, improvements in agriculture, notably the adoption of a new heavy plough and the growing use of the three-field system.
The ultimate legacy of the Frankish Empire is the modern nation state of France and also the world-wide community of French speaking people around the globe. What was a loose confederacy of kingdoms and of petty states evolved, over the years, into a single entity, whose borders after centuries of competing for territory with others became those of the nation-state of France. However, the legacy of empire within Europe contributed to Napoleon Bonaparte's ambition to extend the borders of France throughout the world and also to the creation of the French colonial empire. Historical rivalry with Germany involved France in World War I and in World War II, resulting in the conviction that strong commercial and institutional ties with Germany and with other nations in the European space would transform that space from a theater where war habitually occurred to a place where peace can flourish. The idea of Europe, represented by the concept of the Holy Roman Empire under its first Frankish ruler, Charlemagne continues to inform the modern idea of cooperation and of a shared trans-national identity that shapes the culture of the European Union. During the period of the Frankish Empire, the various dynasties regarded their territories as personal possessions which had no obvious border. Kings competed with other kings for additional territory. Later, after the end of the Frankish Empire, institutions voicing the concerns of the people, the antecedents of modern parliamentary assemblies, developed building on some elements that were already in place, such as a system of universal taxation and freedom of speech. Through these assemblies, the people began to assert their right to engage in military ventures at their whim, without reference to the cost. Eventually, this process transformed kingdoms into nation-states. It has been suggested that:
With La Déclaration des Droits de l’Homme et du Citoyen, adopted by the National Assembly in 1789, the dependencies of peasants on a lord was eliminated, submitting all men to the same extent of the law and establishing the right of any man to own land. These advancements, along with the implementation of a tax system from which no man is exempt, the right to vote, and freedom of speech and religion, were certainly not arrived at over night. In fact, it can be argued that they had been in the making since the conception of the Frankish empire, developing out of the cultural diversity inherent in the evolution of Europe, as well as the disparity between this diversity and the more rigid borders of the French imperial forces.[3]
1. The early Holy Roman Empire, an experiment at cooperation across borders, developed among the Franks and to some degree represents the origin of the modern notion of Europe.
2. Peter Spufford. 1988. Money and its use in medieval Europe. (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521303842), 398, 400–402. (Appendix I)
3. Micah Gordon, 2008. Cultural Borders v Political Borders in Medieval France. Put It Up - World Press. Retrieved June 17, 2008.
• Bachrach, Bernard S. 1971. Merovingian Military Organization, 481–751. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0816606218.
• Collins, Roger. 1991. Early Medieval Europe, 300-1000. London, UK: MacMillan. ISBN 9780312060374.
• Fouracre, Paul. 2000. "The Origins of the Nobility in Francia." Nobles and Nobility in Medieval Europe: Concepts, Origins, Transformations, ed. Anne J. Duggan. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. ISBN 0851157696.
• Geary, Patrick J. 1988. Before France and Germany: the Creation and Transformation of the Merovingian World. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195044584.
• James, Edward. 1988. The Franks. (Peoples of Europe series) Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell. ISBN 0631179364.
• Lewis, Archibald R. 1976. The Dukes in the Regnum Francorum, A.D. 550–751. Speculum 51(3):381–410.
• McKitterick, Rosamond. 1983. The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians, 751-987. London, UK: Longman. ISBN 0582490057.
• Murray, Archibald C., and Walter A. Goffart, 1999. After Rome's Fall: Narrators and Sources of Early Medieval History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9780802007797.
• Nixon, C. E. V. and Rodgers, Barbara. 1994. In Praise of Later Roman Emperors. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520083264.
• Schutz, Herbert. 2000. The Germanic Realms in Pre-Carolingian Central Europe, 400–750. (American University Studies, Series IX: History, Vol. 196.) New York, NY: Peter Lang. ISBN 9780820449654.
• Spufford, Peter. 1988. Money and its use in medieval Europe. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521303842. (Appendix I)
• Wallace-Hadrill, John Michael. 1962. The Long-Haired Kings and other studies in Frankish history. London, UK: Butler & Tanner Ltd.
• Wallace-Hadrill, John Michael. 1985. The Barbarian West. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. ISBN 9780631140825.
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able - synonyms, antonyms, definitions - Online Dictionary
synonyms, antonyms, definitions, examples & translations of able in English
English Online Dictionary. What means able? What does able mean?
Alternative forms
• (obsolete) hable
• (US) IPA(key): /ˈeɪ.bl̩/, /ˈeɪ.bəl/
• Rhymes: -eɪbəl
• Homophone: Abel
Etymology 1
From Middle English able, from Old Northern French able, variant of Old French abile, habile, from Latin habilis (easily managed, held, or handled; apt; skillful), from habeō (have, hold).
able (comparative abler, superlative ablest)
1. (obsolete, passive) Easy to use. [Attested from around (1350 to 1470) until the mid 18th century.]
2. (obsolete, passive) Suitable; competent. [Attested from around (1350 to 1470) until the late 18th century.]
3. (obsolete, dialectal, passive) Liable to. [First attested from around (1350 to 1470).]
4. Having the necessary powers or the needed resources to accomplish a task. [First attested from around (1350 to 1470).]
5. Free from constraints preventing completion of task; permitted to; not prevented from. [First attested from around 1350 to 1470).]
6. (obsolete, dialectal) Having the physical strength; robust; healthy. [First attested from around (1350 to 1470).]
7. (obsolete) Rich; well-to-do. [Attested from the mid 16th century until the late 19th century.]
8. Gifted with skill, intelligence, knowledge, or competence. [First attested in the mid 16th century.]
9. (law) Legally qualified or competent. [First attested in the early 18th century.]
10. (nautical) Capable of performing all the requisite duties; as an able seaman. [First attested in the late 18th century.]
• See also Thesaurus:skillful
Derived terms
Etymology 2
From Middle English ablen, from Middle English able (adjective).
able (third-person singular simple present ables, present participle abling, simple past and past participle abled)
1. (transitive, obsolete) To make ready. [Attested from around (1150 to 1350) until the late 16th century.]
2. (transitive, obsolete) To make capable; to enable. [Attested from around (1350 to 1470) until the late 19th century.]
3. (transitive, obsolete) To dress. [Attested from around (1350 to 1470) until the late 15th century.]
4. (transitive, obsolete) To give power to; to reinforce; to confirm. [Attested from around (1350 to 1470) until the mid 17th century.]
5. (transitive, obsolete) To vouch for; to guarantee. [Attested from the late 16th century until the early 17th century.]
• vi
Derived terms
• abled
Etymology 3
From the first letter of the word. Suggested in the 1916 United States Army Signal Book to distinguish the letter when communicating via telephone, and later adopted in other radio and telephone signal standards.
able (uncountable)
1. (military) The letter "A" in Navy Phonetic Alphabet.
• Abel, Bale, Beal, Blea, Ebla, Elba, albe, bael, bale, beal, blea
able m (plural ables)
1. A vernacular name of the common bleak (usually called ablette).
2. A vernacular name of the moderlieschen, also called able de Heckel.
3. (rare) A vernacular name of some other related fishes in the genus Alburnus (Cyprinidae).
Further reading
• “able” in le Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).
• Abel, Bâle, béal, bêla
Old French
Alternative forms
• abile
• abille
• habile
Latin habilis.
• IPA(key): /ˈa.blə/
able m (oblique and nominative feminine singular able)
1. able; capable
• → English: able
• French: habile (from habile)
• IPA(key): /ebl/
• (South Scots) IPA(key): /jɪbl/
able (comparative mair able, superlative maist able)
1. able, substantial, physically fit, strong, shrewd, cute
2. (obsolete) well-to-do, rich
Browse the English Dictionary
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To make it easier to search within the site was chosen to divide the citations relating to the same people, places, periodic, organizations or institutions in 3 macro areas where “References in the site” sees an important index, divided into alphabetical order.
References in the site
Persons of interest
Places of Interest
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A guide to sustainable seafood in Barbados.
Slow Fish® Barbados is proud to present the latest edition of our Sustainable Seafood Consumer Guide! This guide aims to identify the best sustainable local seafood to eat, while providing viable alternatives and a list of species to avoid completely. If you’re a seafood lover then this guide was made for you! Take action and think about the journey from Ocean to Plate.
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Range. - Northern North America, breeding from Labrador, the Hudson Bay region and the Aleutien Islands northward; winters south to Virginia, the Great Lakes and California.
Scoters or "Coots" as they are generally called are sea ducks whose plumage is almost wholly black; they have fantastically colored and shaped bills. The American Scoter is entirely black without markings; base of bill yellow and orange. This species nest as do the Eiders, often concealing the nest, of grass and feathers, under some overhanging rock. They lay from six to ten eggs of a dingy buff color. Size 2.50 xl.70. Data. - Mackenzie Bay, June 15, 1899. Ten eggs. Nest a hollow in the sand, lined with down.
King Eider Scoter
King Eider. Scoter.
163 Scoter Oidemia Americana 289
163 Scoter Oidemia Americana 290
164. Velvet Scoter. Oidemia Fusca
An Old World species that has accidentally occurred in Greenland.
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Carbon dating math problems
Modelling Radioactive Decay
In the s W. Libby and others University of Chicago devised a method of estimating the age of organic material based on the decay rate of carbon Carbon dating can be used on objects ranging from a few hundred years old to 50, years old. Carbon is produced in the atmosphere when neutrons from cosmic radiation react with nitrogen atoms:. Free carbon, including the carbon produced in this reaction, can react to form carbon dioxide, a component of air. Atmospheric carbon dioxide, CO 2 , has a steady-state concentration of about one atom of carbon per every 10 12 atoms of carbon However, when a plant or animal dies, it stops taking in carbon as food or air.
By measuring how much the ratio is lowered, it is possible to make an estimate of how much time has passed since the plant or animal lived. The decay of carbon is:. Estimate the age of the scroll. The half-life of carbon is known to be years. Decay rates are usually expressed in terms of their half-life instead of the first order rate constant, where. Share Flipboard Email. Helmenstine holds a Ph. She has taught science courses at the high school, college, and graduate levels.
Carbon is produced in the atmosphere when neutrons from cosmic radiation react with nitrogen atoms: The decay of carbon is: Continue Reading. ThoughtCo uses cookies to provide you with a great user experience. By using ThoughtCo, you accept our.
In this section we will explore the use of carbon dating to determine the age of decay to calculate the amount of carbon at any given time using the equation. Uses worked examples of radioactive decay to demonstrate the reasoning and methodology in solving Either way, I will end up dealing with this equation.
Curriculum Grab Bag. How Old Are These Fossils?
The first example deals with radiocarbon dating. The concept is kind of simple:. Every living being exchanges the chemical element carbon during its entire live.
Staff List
Carbon 14 dating
We use first party cookies on our website to enhance your browsing experience, and third party cookies to provide advertising that may be of interest to you. You can accept or reject cookies on our website by clicking one of the buttons below. To understand more about how we and our advertising partners use cookies or to change your preference and browser settings, please see our Global Privacy Policy. Ever heard of Plutonium? It's the stuff we use in our nuclear things -- weapons, submarines, etc. Plutonium has a half-life of 24, years. In 24, years, you'd still have 50 pounds left In another 24, years, you'd still have 25 pounds left. This stuff just won't go away! This is why it is such a big concern when a nuclear submarine sinks
Lesbian sites than any other users of love and planets, wood, before the application of significant figures to this section we will be wrong. The amount of carbon to do radiocarbon dating works and more than any other when using mathematics have a fossil remains. I write this morning, kepler kept notes as radiocarbon dating mathematicians.
How Carbon-14 Dating Works
In this section we will explore the use of carbon dating to determine the age of fossil remains. Carbon is a key element in biologically important molecules. During the lifetime of an organism, carbon is brought into the cell from the environment in the form of either carbon dioxide or carbon-based food molecules such as glucose; then used to build biologically important molecules such as sugars, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids. These molecules are subsequently incorporated into the cells and tissues that make up living things. Therefore, organisms from a single-celled bacteria to the largest of the dinosaurs leave behind carbon-based remains. Carbon dating is based upon the decay of 14 C, a radioactive isotope of carbon with a relatively long half-life years. While 12 C is the most abundant carbon isotope, there is a close to constant ratio of 12 C to 14 C in the environment, and hence in the molecules, cells, and tissues of living organisms. This constant ratio is maintained until the death of an organism, when 14 C stops being replenished. At this point, the overall amount of 14 C in the organism begins to decay exponentially. Therefore, by knowing the amount of 14 C in fossil remains, you can determine how long ago an organism died by examining the departure of the observed 12 C to 14 C ratio from the expected ratio for a living organism. Radioactive isotopes, such as 14 C, decay exponentially. The half-life of an isotope is defined as the amount of time it takes for there to be half the initial amount of the radioactive isotope present.
Half Life Calculator
November 4, in Real life maths , statistics Tags: We can now use this to solve problems involving Carbon which is used in Carbon-dating techniques to find out how old things are. How old is this paper? We can then manipulate this into the form of a probability density function — by finding the constant a which makes the area underneath the curve equal to 1. We can also now work out the expected mean time that an atom will exist before it decays. To do this we use the following equation for finding E x of a probability density function:.
welcome to coolmath
Log-based word problems , exponential-based word problems. Since the decay rate is given in terms of minutes, then time t will be in minutes. However, I note that there is no beginning or ending amount given. How am I supposed to figure out what the decay constant is? I can do this by working from the definition of "half-life": Since the half-life does not depend on how much I started with, I can either pick an arbitrary beginning amount such as grams and then calculate the decay constant after 9. Either way, I will end up dealing with this equation:
Problem 13E from Chapter 2. Radiocarbon Dating Carbon is a radioactive isotope of car Radiocarbon Dating Carbon is a radioactive isotope of carbon produced in the upper atmosphere by radiation from the sun. Plants absorb carbon dioxide from the air, and living organisms, in turn, eat the plants. The ratio of normal carbon carbon to carbon in the air and in living things at any given time is nearly constant. When a living creature dies, however, the carbon begins to decrease as a result of radioactive decay. By comparing the amounts of carbon and carbon- 12 present, the amount of carbon that has decayed can therefore be ascertained. Let Q t denote the amount of carbon present at time t after death.
Please enable JavaScript on your browser to best view this site. General is essential that led to radiocarbon dating equipment. Soil is another important molecules. Bronk-Ramsey, radiocarbon dating and spirals in vine, when 14 c r e. Radiocar- simpson, radiocarbon dating by the oxford radiocarbon dating math sl hl. Because of fun, minoan eruption, Darth method encyclopedia of radiocarbon dating can be.
By using our site, you acknowledge that you have read and understand our Cookie Policy , Privacy Policy , and our Terms of Service. I've spent over an hour researching Carbon decay for a Calculus problem, but I have one main problem when solving them: The method of carbon dating makes use of the fact that all living organisms contain two isotopes of carbon, carbon, denoted 12C a stable isotope , and carbon, denoted 14C a radioactive isotope. When an organism dies, the amount of 12C present remains unchanged, but the 14C decays at a rate proportional to the amount present with a half-life of approximately years. This change in the amount of 14C relative to the amount of 12C makes it possible to estimate the time at which the organism lived. What is the approximate age of the fossil? And I find many websites that insert -.
Carbon-14 Radioactive Dating Worked Example - Doc Physics
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I have a difficult problem about probability that needs your help. Let $(x_1,x_2,x_3,x_4)$ be four unknown variables. From these variables, we can created a set of equations as follows:
$$ \begin{pmatrix} x_1 & & & \\ & x_2 & & \\ & & x_3 & \\ & & & x_4\\ x_1 +x_2& & & \\ x_1+ x_3& & & \\ x_1+ x_4& & & \\ & x_2 +x_3 & & \\ \vdots\\ x_1 +x_2+x_3& & & \\ x_1 +x_2+x_4& & & \\ &x_2 +x_3+x_4 & & \\ \vdots\\ x_1 +x_2+x_3+x_4& & & \\ \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} d_1\\ d_2\\ d_3\\ d_4\\ d_5\\ d_6\\ d_7\\ d_8\\ \vdots\\ d_9\\ d_{10}\\ d_{11}\\ \vdots\\ d_{12}\\ \end{pmatrix} $$
The left side of the equation is created by four groups: the first group is created from a single variable, the second groups is a combination of two variables, the third groups is a combination of three variables and so on. The right side is a known vector $d$.
In the first phase, I will randomly pick $n_1$ equations from group 1, without replacement (each equation is chosen one time). The second phase, I randomly pick $n_2$ equations with replacement (means some equation can chosen more than one time) from all groups: 1 to 4, the probability of choosing group follows the rule:
These $n_1+n_2$ selected equation give us a new linear equation. My question is how to find the expected solved variables can we have from the $n_1+n_2$ linear equation?
Your Answer
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Property disputes come in a variety of shapes and sizes depending on your circumstances and can often be complicated and unpleasant. Whether you’re a landlord, tenant, homeowner or rural landowner we provide advice on a broad range of issues including disputes arising from leases, planning disputes, environmental matters including pollution and disagreements relating to land ownership such as boundary, neighbour and access disputes. We’ll also discuss with you the possibility of Alternative Dispute Resolution, a popular method of resolving a dispute outside of court.
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Trevone to Padstow
A circular walk to Padstow from Trevone beach, which tracks the route taken by sailing ships along the rugged Atlantic coast to the daymark at Stepper Point, past the infamous Doom Bar and the sandbanks of Hawker's, Harbour and St George's coves before finally reaching safe harbour in Padstow.
Get the app to guide you around the walk
Phone showing walk for purchase
Phone showing Google navigation to start of walk
Hand holding a phone showing the iWalk Cornwall app
Person looking a directions on phone
Phone showing walk map page in the iWalk Cornwall app
Phone showing walk directions page in the iWalk Cornwall app
Detailed, triple-tested directions are also included.
Phone showing facts section in iWalk Cornwall app
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Phone showing walk stats in the iWalk Cornwall app
Person repairing footpath sign
From Trevone beach, the walk follows the rugged coast past the collaped cave and blowholes of the Merope Islands to Stepper Point. The route then heads up the Camel Estuary to reach Hawker's Cove, which at low tide merges with Harbour Cove and St George's Cove into a single huge beach that you can walk along as an alternative to the Coast Path. From here, the route continues to the war memorial overlooking Padstow harbour. The return route goes through Padstow, past the church and Elizabethan manor house and deer park at Prideaux Place and along lanes and tracks to Trevone via Padstow Farm Shop.
Padstow to Trevone walk. Loved it !
I walked Trevone to Padstow circular today - great walk and excellent website. Thank you
It's one of my favourite walks along that stunning coastline!
Vital statistics
• Distance: 7.4 miles/12.1 km
• Grade: Moderate
• Start from: Trevone beach car park
• Parking: Trevone beach car park PL288QY. From the B3276 turn down the road to Trevone and follow it around a sharp bend until you reach a fork near the beach. Go left at the fork and the car park is immediately on your right.
• Recommended footwear: walking boots or trainers in summer
OS maps for this walk
• Sandy surf beach at Trevone and rockpools on adjoining Newtrain Bay
• Coastal wildlife and wildflowers
• Rich coastal scenery with arches, islands and collapsed caves
• Panoramic views from the daymark on Stepper Point
• Sheltered sandy beaches at Hawker's Cove, Harbour Cove and St George's Cove
• Historic fishing village and harbour at Padstow
• Local Cornish food in Padstow
Alternatively, you can start this walk from the Tourist Information Centre at Padstow by beginning at direction 29, then restarting from the beginning of the directions once you reach Trevone Beach.
1. As you approach Trevone Beach, follow the lane past the beach and lifeguard hut and up the hill until you reach a flight of steps on the left with a coast path sign.
There are two beaches in Trevone Bay. The rightmost beach, alongside the headland, is sandy and simply known as Trevone Beach. To the left is Newtrain Bay, known locally as Rocky Beach (for obvious reasons).
2. Go up the steps and follow the coast path to a stile.
In 1765, there is an account by William Rawlings written to the Earl of Dartmouth. When his servants were 3 miles from St Columb, they encountered 60 horses carrying a cargo from a beach 2 miles west of Padstow "having each three bags of tea on them of 56 or 58lbs weight". This points to Trevone being used as the landing point, which makes sense as it is a reasonably sheltered and concealed beach.
3. Cross the stile and keep left on the path to reach a waymark at the end of the headland.
4. At the waymark, bear right along the coast path and follow it past the Round Hole on your right and another waymark on your left until you reach a gateway in a wall.
Trevone Round Hole is situated in the middle of the headland on the right-hand side of Trevone beach. The Round Hole is a collapsed cave with a channel that is still open to the sea. At high tide, on a calm day, it's possible to kayak right though to the inside; however this is most unwise if there is a swell running.
5. Go through the gateway and follow the main path across the coastal heath until you reach a stile.
The many caves along the coast here provide ledges where seals haul themselves out of the water. The caves are not accessible from the land so the seals are safe from predators; although there are few land predators today which would be unwise enough take on a seal, they were once hunted here by bears as well as humans.
Seals are not closely related to other marine mammals. In mediaeval times, seals were classified as fish and could therefore be eaten during lent and on Fridays and Saturdays! However, as you might be able to guess from their features, seals are closely related to dogs, bears and otters. In fact, a dog is very much more closely related to a seal than a cat. The seal species most frequently seen along the Cornish coast are grey seals and common seals.
6. Cross the stile and follow the path over a small headland and down into a steep ravine, over a footbridge, to a stile.
The islands ahead are known as the Merope Islands. The middle of the three islands has a blowhole on the seaward side. In a big swell, near high tide, it can blow a jet of water 100ft into the air. You can get a view from the very end of the headland, before you descend into the valley.
7. Cross the stile and follow the path up to the left and then down to a waymark in the next (Treguddra) gorge.
8. Cross the stream at the bottom of Treguddra gorge. On the other side there is a choice of paths. Take either the one directly ahead to the waymark at the top of the hill, or the path to the left (which has good views of the Merope Islands) then follow the cliff path uphill to reach the waymark.
From the cliffs, there are good views of Trevose Head. The larger beach to the left is Harlyn Bay; the one to the right is Mother Ivy's Bay. To the right of this is the Padstow lifeboat station.
9. From the waymark, continue on the coast path until you reach a stile.
In early summer, birdsfoot trefoil can be seen flowering along the coast path.
The Birdsfoot Trefoil has yellow flowers tinged with red that look like little slippers and appear in small clusters. They are followed by seed pods that look distinctly like bird's feet or claws. Common names referring to the flowers include 'Butter and Eggs', 'Eggs and Bacon', and 'Hen and Chickens' and to the seed pods the delightful 'Granny's Toenails'.
It is a member of the pea family and is poisonous to humans (containing glycosides of cyanide) but not to grazing animals and can be grown as a fodder plant. It is the larval food plant of many butterflies and moths including the common blue and silver-studded blue, and an important nectar plant for many bumblebee species.
10. Bear left over the stile and follow the path through a kissing gate to a stile.
11. Cross the stile and follow the path. Where the path forks, the two paths rejoin later so either will do. Continue until you reach a gate at Butter Hole.
By mid-late summer, Burnet moth caterpillars have fed themselves up on trefoil and pupated into adult moths.
12. Go through the gate and follow the path around the edge of Butter Hole to the point where the path splits.
The SS Arthurtown was a small cargo ship. In 1944 it was on its way from Southampton to Androssan with a cargo of scrap steel and old engine blocks. It struck The Quies off Trevose Head in fog and attempted to limp into Padstow harbour but didn't quite make it and sank off Stepper Point. The steel cargo has concreted together in the seawater which preserves the ship's shape even though much of the hull has corroded away. However, the rear of the ship is missing due to unsubtle salvage techniques in the 1970s involving dynamite. According to one source, this detonated the explosives in a torpedo that the ship was carrying.
13. Take the leftmost path and follow it around Butter Hole to a gap in the wall.
14. Go through a gap and then keep right, along the wall. Note there is a sheer drop into a collapsed cave, known as Pepper Hole, to the left. Follow the path until you reach a waymark.
If you look for a pile of stones, you should be able to make out a path that runs alongside it. This leads to a small quarry on the edge of Pepper Hole which is a nice spot for a picnic. It's almost impossible to see into Pepper Hole without falling down it (so be careful) however the sound of the waves crashing into it at high tide is impressive.
15. At the waymark, follow the path to the daymark, affectionately known as "The Pepper Pot".
The 40ft stone tower on Stepper Point, affectionately known as "The Pepper Pot", was built as a daymark - a navigation beacon for seafarers during daylight. At 240 feet above sea level, it is visible from 30 miles away. When it was built in 1830, the daymark cost the sum of £29. The money was raised by giving donors voting rights in the Harbour Association: one guinea would buy one vote.
16. From the daymark, follow the path alongside the wall on the right, to the end of the wall. Bear right through the gap at the bottom and follow the path to a stile.
A large amount of Blue Elvan was once shipped to South Wales from the quarry on Stepper Point at the mouth of the Camel Estuary. There's no way down to the quarry from the coast path, though there are quite good views from the sea on the boat trips that go from Rock and Padstow.
17. At the stile, keep left to stay on the coast path and continue up the estuary through one kissing gate until you reach a second kissing gate (at Hawker's Cove).
The Stepper Point coastguard lookout, facing out from the mouth of the Camel Estuary, re-opened in 2000 and is now manned by volunteers from the National Coastwatch Institution. It is electrically self-sufficient from its solar panels and wind turbine.
The National Coastwatch Institution was set up to restore visual watches along the UK coastline after two Cornish fishermen lost their lives within sight of an empty Coastguard lookout in 1994. The first station - at Bass Point on The Lizard, where the fishermen had died - opened in December 1994. The organisation, staffed by volunteers, now runs 50 lookout stations around England and Wales.
18. Go through the kissing gate into a parking area. Follow the track from the other side until you pass a coast path sign and reach some steps on the left.
19. Turn left to go down the steps and follow the path by the fence. Follow it in front of the cottages to emerge back on the lane.
The cottage on the left, with the slipway leading onto the beach, was Padstow's original lifeboat station.
The first Padstow lifeboat was built by the Padstow Harbour Association in 1827 and kept at Hawkers Cove. The RNLI took over the station in 1856. In 1931, the original boathouse in Hawker's Cove was replaced with a new boat house and roller slipway for a second motor lifeboat to join the one already running from the second station to the south of Hawker's Cove. The station closed in 1962, due to Hawker's Cove being filled by sand as the river channel moved across the estuary. This left only the station to the south operating for a few more years, before it also became blocked with silt.
20. Turn left onto the lane and follow it to the Coast Path sign on the bend.
The Camel Estuary is notorious for the Doom Bar - a sand bar which has caused many ship and small boat wrecks. For ships sailing into the bay on the prevailing SW wind, a great hazard was caused by the immediate loss of power due to the shelter from the cliffs. Once becalmed, they would drift helplessly and run aground on the Doom Bar. Therefore rockets were fired from the cliffs, to place a line onboard, which could then be used to pull the ship to the shore. Along the coastal path, on the cliff top, is an abandoned manual capstan which was used to winch the ships towards the harbour.
21. At the coast path sign on the bend, turn left onto a narrow path alongside the fence. Follow the path to a waymark and around a corner to a gate.
The building now called "The Old Lifeboat Station" was Padstow's second lifeboat station.
In 1899, a second lifeboat station was built at Padstow, a short distance upriver of Hawker's Cove, for a new steam lifeboat.
In a rescue in April 1900, as she was leaving the harbour, the steam lifeboat was caught by a heavy swell, capsized and wrecked, killing eight of her crew of eleven. Padstow's first motor lifeboat was commissioned in 1929, operating from this station. Due to river silting, in October 1967, the lifeboat was relocated to Mother Ivy's Bay on Trevose Head.
22. From the gate, follow the coast path down to a stile at Harbour Cove.
There are reports that an Irish smuggling vessel once chased an Excise ship into the harbour at Padstow, then hung out flags and fired guns as a sign of victory. Afterwards, the smugglers sailed on to Newquay to unload their cargo, where the customs authorities were described as being "very obliging about watching the wall".
23. Cross the stile, continue past the waymark where the stream emerges on the beach, keep right along the fence and follow the path through some bushes until you reach a waymark and a couple of steps leading onto a track.
The local dialect in Cornwall included a number of words related to smuggling. For the purveyors themselves there was:
Troacher - a hawker of smuggled goods.
..and a word specifically for smuggled liquor:
Custom (pron. coostom) - raw, smuggled spirits. "A drap o' coostom."
...and also the barrels to transport it:
Anker - a small keg or cask of handy size for carrying by hand, or slung on horse-back.
24. Cross the track to the walkway opposite and follow the path from this to reach a kissing gate into a field.
25. Go through the gate and turn left to follow along the left hedge of the field and reach a path leaving the field.
26. Follow the path from the field to emerge on a track
27. Turn left onto the track and follow it to where a narrow sandy path departs to the right.
28. Bear right onto the path small leading ahead over the dunes until you reach the second of two crossings of paths.
29. You have a choice of routes at low tide, either along the beach or - the only option at high tide - along the dunes. Turn right to follow the path over the dunes and round Gun Point to the wooded valley at St George's Cove. If you go via the beach: continue around the headland, past the Gun Point and turn right to head inland between the trees, up the middle of the valley; then turn left where the path ends.
Harbour Cove is the beach on the opposite side of the Camel Estuary from Daymer Bay. There is a beach at all states of the tide at Harbour Cove although at low tide, the vast beach stretches out towards Doom Bar and merges with the other beaches, making it possible to walk around Gun Point to St George's Cove across the sand. Harbour Cove is also known locally as Tregirls beach, named after Tregirls Farm. In 1600, the name was originally "grylls" but was corrupted into "girls" over the years. It's possible the name of the farm arises from the Grylls family who were part of the Cornish gentry.
30. From St George's Cove, continue up the estuary, along the coast path, to a waymark in front of the War Memorial.
The Camel Estuary is a geological ria - a deep valley flooded by rising sea levels after the last ice age, stretching from the headlands of Pentire Point and Stepper Point all the way to Wadebridge. The estuary is designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and a Marine Conservation Zone.
31. Go through the gate ahead and past the Memorial, to the gate on the other side.
The Camel Estuary is a nursery ground for bass and is a designated conservation area. Young bass spend their first 3-4 years in estuaries and then move into inshore waters. At 6-7 years the bass are sexually mature and migrate out into the Atlantic into deeper water to breed during the winter, returning each summer to coastal waters. Fishing for bass is illegal in the estuary during the summer and autumn to help protect the breeding population.
32. Go through the gate and follow the left (lower) path into Padstow, to the quayside.
33. Bear right and follow the edge of the harbour until you reach The Chough Bakery.
Perhaps unsurprisingly for a port town, Padstow has plenty of pubs which include:
• The Shipwrights Inn on the North Quay of the harbour
• The Old Ship Hotel on Mill Square, off North Quay
• The Golden Lion on Lanadwell St - the oldest Inn in Padstow (14th century)
• The London Inn also on Lanadwell St
• The Old Custom House on the South Quay of the harbour
• The Harbour Inn on Strand Street, off South Quay
34. Turn right, at The Chough Bakery to pass along the right-hand side of it in the direction signposted to Prideaux Place. At the end of the alley, head to the right of Padstow Institute, in the direction signposted to Prideaux Place. Follow Duke Street until you reach a junction.
35. At the junction keep left, following Church Street past St Petroc's church on your left until you reach a junction on your right (Tregirls Lane).
36. Continue on the main road past Tregirls Lane until you reach another junction on the right.
37. Turn right, passing in front of the entrance to Prideaux Place, and follow the lane until you reach a barn on the right.
38. Opposite the barn, take the footpath to the left, over a stile and bear right along the path passing beside the telegraph pole to a stile on the opposite side of the field.
39. Cross the stile and head diagonally across the field towards the middle of the buildings to reach a stile.
40. Cross the stile and turn right onto the lane. Then turn immediately left onto the track next to the farm shop and follow it to a fork just past the car park.
41. Just past the car park, take the track that leads off to the right. Follow this until it forks.
42. Where that track forks, take the right fork and follow the track until it eventually emerges onto a lane.
43. Where the track emerges onto the lane, turn left and follow it down to the beach.
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Fibonacci, or more correctly his number sequence, figures throughout our lives, even though we seldom know and recognize it. Fibonacci was an Italian mathematician who lived centuries ago, and the number sequence has his name because he brought it to prominence, even though it was known to earlier civilizations such as the Greeks.
The sequence simply answers the question, “If you put two rabbits together, and rabbits breed every month, how many total rabbits do you have each month?” – at least, that’s one way of expressing the problem. The sequence of numbers is made by adding the previous two numbers together each time to make the next, like so –
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, etc. for as long as you want.
Mathematicians have written lots of things about this sequence, and you’ll find you can get lost in the stories if you do an Internet search. It is closely related to the number is called the “golden ratio”, or sometimes golden section or golden mean. Two numbers are in the golden ratio to each other if the ratio of the sum of the numbers to the larger of the numbers is equal to the ratio between the large number and the smaller number. The golden ratio can’t be definitively stated (in mathematical terms it is called irrational), but is approximately equal to 1.6180340:1 or 1:0.6180340.
So the definition is fulfilled by noticing that the sum of the numbers 1 and 0.618 (1.618) in ratio to 1 is the same as the ratio of 1 to 0.618.
What has this to do with Fibonacci? Well, as the Fibonacci sequence progresses, the ratio between each two adjacent numbers becomes closer to the golden ratio – 144 divided by 89 equals 1.61798, 233 divided by 144 becomes 1.61801, 377 divided by 233 equals 1.61803, etc.
As with Elliott Waves, the Fibonacci numbers have their fans in trading circles, and there are many books and articles about their use. They are more immediately understandable and usable (in my opinion) however. There are many ways that they can be applied, and we’ll just look at the main ones here.
Firstly, in their involvement with Elliott Waves, there are a number of other rules or guidelines that you can be looking for –
1. The length of wave 3 is often 1.618 times the length of wave 1.
2. The target for the top of wave 5 (in an up-trend) is the length of wave 1 times 1.618, doubled. This price length can be added to the top and bottom of wave 1 to give the range of minimum and maximum target.
3. For the correction ABC, you will recall that A and C are often equal. The bottom of C is often 0.618 below the bottom of A.
These are not coincidental observations – these were made by Elliott, who claimed in his book Nature’s Law that his wave theories were based on the Fibonacci sequence, which recurs as you drill down into smaller and smaller subdivisions of the waves. But apart from the merits or otherwise of the Elliott Wave Theory, the Fibonacci numbers figure in charting, to the extent that most charting software will assist you in plotting lines or angles divided in the Fibonacci ratios.
In an earlier section we started looking at ways to figure how far retracements can go – remember even in a strong trend you’re likely to see retracements along the way – and I mentioned the figures of one third (33%), one half (50%), and two thirds (67%), and also 38.2% and 61.8%. Perhaps you can see now that the 61.8% comes from the Fibonacci ratio, with the 38.2% being the remainder. So one of the most basic uses of Fibonacci numbers is to set targets for retracements. The 50% level is not usually considered a Fibonacci number, although it is if you count all the ratios of adjacent numbers in the series (1:2), and you will find it is used in most Fibonacci calculations as it seems to work.
But Fibonacci numbers can be used for more than just price targets . Elliott also considered time in his work, and one way he did this was by counting forward from a significant peak or trough in Fibonacci numbers, looking for example at the eighth, 13th, and 21st days in expectation that something like a reversal may happen there. This idea is not seen much nowadays, but can be applied to all periods of charts.
The time relationship is difficult to use, so many current day analysts ignore it. It is supposed to hold true on all time scales, so you can apply it to weekly and monthly charts as well as the daily.
There are some other ways of looking at Fibonacci numbers, and if your software includes them you might want to try them out. Some traders draw fan lines, where the lines are at Fibonacci angles to each other – 38 degrees and 62 degrees for example – and the lines are supposed to represent support or resistance levels, or some similar thing. As an ex-engineer, I can’t get excited about stretching the use of these ratios to such applications. The angle that any line makes on the chart is dependent on the relative scales of the axes, so although the lines may seem to be significant on the commonly drawn chart, I cannot see that as a “magical” fact.
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Tiny Text Font Generator (Caps / Subscript / Superscript)
Create tiny texts in three different styles with this generator!
Write whatever you want in the text box below and we will convert all letters and (some) numbers to your selected correct font. Use the radio buttons to toggle which font style you want to write with. You can choose between three different style fonts: sᴍᴀʟʟ ᴄᴀᴘs, ₛᵤᵦₛ꜀ᵣᵢₚₜ and ˢᵘᵖᵉʳˢᶜʳᶦᵖᵗ. Do note that the small caps font is usually the same size as the font for letters in non-capital letters, in other words: ᴡe'rᴇ tʜe sᴀmᴇ sɪzᴇ!
In general, these fonts are great for commenting on message boards and unique name handles. Because you are copying unicode characters, they will stay the same size when pasting it on other apps. (Just be careful - sometimes the websites or app don't support all unicode characters!)
Unfortunately, only the superscript font has a unicode version of numerical characters from 1-9. Any numbers that are small caps or subscript will stay unconverted.
Tiny texts are also popular to use together with uwu and owo emoticons! ᵕ꒳ᵕ go check them out ♥
After choosing which size you want your tiny letters to be share them on Facebook, Twitter, Amino, Tumblr, your personal blogs and anywhere else! Combine them with Sparkles and Borders to make unique and fun user handles and message posts.
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• Unit 3: Social Inequality
In this unit, we address the growing concerns of global and national inequality. We explore questions, such as how some countries are more wealthy than others. How can we address the needs of the world's population when we live in a world with more than seven billion people? We explore institutionalized inequalities, such as racism, sexism, and ageism, and how our prejudices can negatively guide our interactions. How can we overcome preconceived notions that lead to prejudice? We also discuss the difference between sex and gender, gender identity, and sexuality. We explore several theoretical perspectives on sex and gender and how to alleviate bias.
Completing this unit should take you approximately 12 hours.
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| 1 |
}, keywords = {Blood-Borne Pathogens, Calibration, Cell Separation, Flow Cytometry, Humans, Lab-On-A-Chip Devices, Magnetite Nanoparticles, Microbiological Techniques, Models, Theoretical, Staphylococcus aureus, Sterilization}, issn = {1613-6829}, doi = {10.1002/smll.201501820}, author = {Kang, Joo H and Um, Eujin and Diaz, Alexander and Driscoll, Harry and Rodas, Melissa J and Domansky, Karel and Watters, Alexander L and Super, Michael and Stone, Howard A and Ingber, Donald E} } @article {2181, title = {Gene dosage compensation calibrates four regulatory RNAs to control Vibrio cholerae quorum sensing.}, journal = {EMBO J}, volume = {28}, year = {2009}, month = {2009 Feb 18}, pages = {429-39}, abstract = {
Quorum sensing is a mechanism of cell-to-cell communication that allows bacteria to coordinately regulate gene expression in response to changes in cell-population density. At the core of the Vibrio cholerae quorum-sensing signal transduction pathway reside four homologous small RNAs (sRNAs), named the quorum regulatory RNAs 1-4 (Qrr1-4). The four Qrr sRNAs are functionally redundant. That is, expression of any one of them is sufficient for wild-type quorum-sensing behaviour. Here, we show that the combined action of two feedback loops, one involving the sRNA-activator LuxO and one involving the sRNA-target HapR, promotes gene dosage compensation between the four qrr genes. Gene dosage compensation adjusts the total Qrr1-4 sRNA pool and provides the molecular mechanism underlying sRNA redundancy. The dosage compensation mechanism is exquisitely sensitive to small perturbations in Qrr levels. Precisely maintained Qrr levels are required to direct the proper timing and correct patterns of expression of quorum-sensing-regulated target genes.
}, keywords = {Bacterial Proteins, Base Sequence, Calibration, Dosage Compensation, Genetic, Flow Cytometry, Gene Deletion, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial, Models, Biological, Molecular Sequence Data, Mutation, Phosphoproteins, Quorum Sensing, Repressor Proteins, RNA, Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid, Vibrio cholerae}, issn = {1460-2075}, doi = {10.1038/emboj.2008.300}, author = {Svenningsen, Sine L and Tu, Kimberly C and Bassler, Bonnie L} } @article {3071, title = {Role of eye movements in the retinal code for a size discrimination task.}, journal = {J Neurophysiol}, volume = {98}, year = {2007}, month = {2007 Sep}, pages = {1380-91}, abstract = {
The concerted action of saccades and fixational eye movements are crucial for seeing stationary objects in the visual world. We studied how these eye movements contribute to retinal coding of visual information using the archer fish as a model system. We quantified the animal{\textquoteright}s ability to distinguish among objects of different sizes and measured its eye movements. We recorded from populations of retinal ganglion cells with a multielectrode array, while presenting visual stimuli matched to the behavioral task. We found that the beginning of fixation, namely the time immediately after the saccade, provided the most visual information about object size, with fixational eye movements, which consist of tremor and drift in the archer fish, yielding only a minor contribution. A simple decoder that combined information from }, keywords = {Animals, Calibration, Discrimination Learning, Eye Movements, Kinetics, Motion Perception, Optic Nerve, Perciformes, Reaction Time, Retina, Retinal Ganglion Cells, Size Perception, Visual Perception}, issn = {0022-3077}, doi = {10.1152/jn.00395.2007}, author = {Segev, Ronen and Schneidman, Elad and Goodhouse, Joe and Berry, Michael J} }
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M Ary Qam Block Diagram
M ary qam block diagram Figure 1 shows a block diagram of the hardware required the number of symbols in a symbol map is called the symbol map m and is considered the m ary of the modulation scheme. In other words 4 Block diagrams consist of three main types of elements signals unary operator blocks such as the quotthingquot block in figure 4.1 above and m ary operator blocks such wescotts new book quotapplied Fiber nonlinearity poses a major obstacle as high density signal constellations such as m ary quadrature amplitude modulation the basic functional block diagrams for an optical coherent detection.
M ary qam block diagram Recall that quadrature amplitude modulation qam diagram fig. 4a. It shows an axis where each phasor represents the amplitude of the carrier and the direction represents the phase position of Because the cmts has been divided into constituent parts in the modules the eqam needs a new interface to the modular cmts m qam scheme. The data source is typically mpeg2 or later h.264 Given your answer in e consider the case of m 1 i.e. Not using an fse list your assumptions about dimensions and so forth. Draw a block diagram of a qam receiver that includes this channel.
M ary qam block diagram Nasanssc has a requirement for a satellite communications design and engineering course. This notice is a combined synopsis analog to digital conversion bpsk qpsk 8psk fsk qam coherent Today im going to look at a few common operations you would normally lisp inventor john mccarthy defined the cons cell as the basic building block of linked lists and a corresponding cons Block diagram of an ofdm transceiver is shown below very fast fourier transform algorithms hardware for implementation alvin m. Despain ieee transactions on computers vol. C 28 no 5 may 1979 6.
The diagram shows typical wireless connection scenarios for iot its perhaps best known for its high speed capability of up to 300 mbs downlink using higher level qam and mimo. Lte cat 0 and cat We consider two different strategies for digital symbol synchronization depending on whether the continuous to discrete converter can be run at a low sampling rate or a high sampling rate figure 5.2.
Usb block diagram fft block diagram modulation block diagram am block diagram dac block diagram smart tv block diagram catv block diagram qpsk block diagram.
Give Your Comments!
Related Wiring Diagram
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Current Bullying Laws Not Working
1100 WordsApr 23, 20195 Pages
Current Bullying Laws Not Working Bullying is something that has been going on in schools and communities for centuries. There are however, laws that have been put into place to help prevent bullying. These laws were first started in 1964. However, “under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 does not directly cover religion, often religious based harassments are based on shared ancestry of ethnic characteristics which is covered.”(Federal Laws 1) Laws started changing around 1995 that helped reinforce what schools should be doing to prevent bullying. Bullying is defined as a behavior that encompasses threats, physical aggression, teasing, and harassment. Since bullying laws…show more content…
Another person that is affected is the witnesses. They are rarely thought of but they have increased use of tobacco, alcohol, or drugs, along with mental health problems and depression. Furthermore, since there are no federal laws that address bullying, “bullying overlaps with discriminatory harassment when it is based on race, national origin, color, sex, age, disability, or religion.”(Federal Laws 1) After the 1999 Columbine High School shooting, forty-eight states put anti-bullying laws into place. All of their laws state that a hardcore investigation must take place, along with reporting it, followed by strict punishment. A victim has to report it happening from the same person or group repeatedly before anything is done about it, in order to suspend or expel the bully. Not many students in school are willing to report any bullying activity, they fear that they too will become bullied, for being a “snitch” or “tattle tale”. Students know that if the bully discovers who told on them, then it will make them more hostile and escalate them to find more cruel way to punish their victim. Even if the bully is expelled from school there is other means of torturing someone. One way that has risen since the laws were put into place, is cyber bullying. Ever since the social pages like MySpace, Twitter, and Facebook have become
Open Document
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Typhus is seeing a resurgence among the homeless population of Los Angeles, and it's not just them who are at risk. Los Angeles Deputy City Attorney Elizabeth Greenwood filed a claim against the city for $5 million saying she contracted the disease due to a rat infestation at City Hall. Typhus can be spread by rats carrying infected fleas. It can cause extremely high fever, headache and muscle pain. The disease dates back hundreds of years, and occurs largely in areas with poor sanitation.
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A phenomenological model for the precession of planets and deflection of light
Arbab I. Arbab
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, P.O. 321, Khartoum 11115, Sudan
Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Applied Science and Computer,
Omdurman Ahlia University, P.O. Box 786, Omdurman, Sudan
We presented a phenomenological mode that attributes the precession of per-
ihelion of planets to dipole distribution of matter and relativistic correction .
This modifies Newton’s equation by adding an inversely cube term with dis-
tance. The total energy of the new system is found to be the same as the New-
tonian one. Moreover, we have deduced the deflection of light formula from
Rutherford scattering. The relativistic term can be accounted for quantum cor-
rection of the gravitational potential on electron orbit in hydrogen atom.
1 Introduction of a test particle in such a case will not be exactly Keplerian.
In order to mimic the relativistic prediction it would be neces-
Though Newton’s theory was successful in describing gravi- sary to hypothesize a gravitational potential that is dependent
tational interactions related to the orbital motion of planets, it on the angular velocity of the test particle, not just on its posi-
fell short to account for the anomalous precession of the peri- tion. A relativistic kinetic energy correction to the Newtonian
helion of Mercury and the bending of light by the Sun. In this orbit will also have a similar contribution (i.e., ∝ r−2 ).
regard, Einstein theory of relativity predicts such extra terms. We consider in this letter a potential that varies inversely
Hence, Einstein theory of general relativity became the theory with the cube of the radial distance. This is also equivalent to
of gravitation. Objects with strong gravity like binary pul- a relativistic correction to the Newtonian potential (or force).
sars are well treated by the general theory of relativity (GTR). Calculations show that this term has a contribution exactly
According to GTR a gravitational wave is librated from these equals to the GTR prediction. The cubic term can arise in
highly spinning objects. The experimental results confirm the the Newton law of gravitation due to tidal force existing be-
theoretical finding of the GTR [1,2]. tween any two extendable objects. This term is responsible of
Careful observations of Mercury showed that the actual slowing down the spin rotation of the Earth. Notice that a cu-
value of the precession disagreed with that calculated from bic term can be added to the Schwartzchild metric of general
Newton’s theory by 43 seconds of arc per century. A number relativity. Hence, Newton law can still be hold for celestial
of ad hoc solutions had been proposed, but they tended to in- objects and becomes indistinguishable from GRT. The effect
troduce more problems. In general relativity, this remaining of this modified potential is to reduce the angular momentum
precession is explained by gravitation being mediated by the of the planet by a relativistic correction.
curvature of space-time. The GTR predicts exactly the ob-
served amount of perihelion shift. The precession of Mercury 2 The model
was the result of many interactions with the planets of the so-
lar System. Consider here the potential energy produced by a mass distri-
However, in actual physical situations, the gravitating body bution M arising from monopole and dipole radial contribu-
may not be exactly spherical. For example, if the central body tion. These terms can be written as
is spinning about its axis, it will be slightly oblate. In such a
GmM m A
case, the Newtonian gravitational field is not spherically sym- U(r) = − − 2 , (1)
metrical, and the force exerted on a test particle at a distance r r r
is not exactly proportional to r−2 . As a result, the actual orbit
- - -
where m is the mass of the test body in this potential energy. where h = r2 dϕ dt .
The first term the ordinary Newtonian potential energy, the The additional term will induce and extra acceleration on
second term arises due to a dipole distribution of the mass orbiting bodies.
producing the potential energy. This term also mimics the rel- The solution of Eq.(6) is given by [4]
ativistic correction of the Newtonian term. If we believe this p
r= , (7)
term embodies also the relativistic correction, using dimen- (1 + e cos γ ϕ)
sional argument, only M, G and c can be considered. Hence,
one can write
2mA γ 2 h2 2 2Eh2 γ2 GmM
GM 2 1 − γ2 = , p = , e − 1 = ,E = −
A=β , where β = comst. . (2) Mh 2 GM mG 2 2a
c (8)
This will lead to a force, F = − dr , on a body of mass m of
dU and E is the energy at the perihelion (ϕ = 0), so that p =
a(1 − e 2 ). The radial period P is given by P = 2π . The angular
the form ω
mGM GM 2 1 ∆ϕ of the perihelion precession during one period is
F = − 2 − 2β m . (3)
r c r3 (1 − γ)
∆ϕ = 2π ' 2π(1 − γ), (9)
The second term in Eq.(3) can be written as γ
GM 2 1 GM GmM v 2 GmM v 2 and its mean precession rate per period is given by (for γ ' 1)
m = × = = F N , (4)
c r3 rc2 r2 c r2 c β 2π GM
∆ϕ = 2 . (10)
for a circular orbit, where v = r and F N = r2 is the
2 GM GmM c a(1 − e2 )
Newtonian gravitational force. Therefore, we may treat the Comparing this equation with the Einstein formula, one ob-
second term in Eq.(3) as a relativistic correction to the New- tains
tonian force. β = 3. (11)
Notice that in electromagnetism a dipole contribution comes
Hence, Eq.(3) becomes
from the fact that we have positive and negative charges. How-
mGM GM 2 1
ever, we see here even a negative mass doesn’t exist, the sec-
F = − 2 − 6m , (12)
ond term gives the same contribution, and has always an at- r c r3
tractive nature. Such an additional attractive force will have and the corresponding potential energy∗ in Eq.(5)
its effects on the orbital motion of Earth’s satellites. This term GM 2 1
might also arise due to tidal force which is inversely related to U(r) = − − 3m . (13)
the cube of the distance of the two bodies. This force eventu- r c r2
ally leads to tidal locking of the two masses. This implies that the inclusion of a relativistic correction (and/or
The potential energy in Eq.(1) is that of a Keplerian mo- a dipole distribution) results in making the orbit precess with
tion perturbed by an inverse cube force, hence Eq.(1) can be an angle coincides with the GTR prediction [1]. This is evi-
written as dent if we use Eq.(4) in Eq.(9) so that one gets
GM 2 1 v 2
GmM ∆ϕ = 6π
U(r) = − − mβ . (5) c
r c r2
Once again, from the relativistic kinetic energy correction one which is the precession angle per period.
4 We remark here that if one included a force term, F =
2 . Hence, for v
obtains a term of the form 83 mv 2 = GM , one
c r 3GmMh2
2
1 c2 r 4
, besides Newton force, one would obtain a value close
finds a contribution ∝ GM c r 2 to the potential energy. Using to GTR precession.
the Binet formula [3], Eq.(3) can be written as
A modified Schwartzchild metric would
become ds2 =
2u 6G2 M 2 6G2 M 2
! 2 2GM 2 2GM 2 2 2
d dU 1 c 1 − − dt − 1 − − dr − r dΩ Moreover,
F = −h2 u2 +u =− , u= , (6) g = − (1 c2 r c4 r2
+ 2U/mc2 )
c2 r c4 r2
dϕ2 dr r 00
- - -
3 Relativistic acceleration where K = 21 mv2 is the kinetic energy of the mass m. In polar
coordinates (r , θ) this can be written as
The relativistic force in Eq.(12) (using Eq.(4)) produces an
1 2 GmM GM 2
additional acceleration on all planets of the solar system, given
E = m ṙ + r θ̇ −
2 2
− 3m , L = mr2 θ̇ ,
by 2 r c
GM 2 1 1
where L is the angular momentum. This can be written as an
ac = 6 3
, ac = 3.55 × 10−10 3 , (15) equation of the mass m in an effective potential (U )
c r r E
where ac is measured in m/s2 and r in AU. 1 L02 GmM
E = mṙ2 + U E , U E = 2
− , (23)
The centripetal force on a mass moving in a circular orbit 2 2mr r
under this force is given by where GmM 2
mv 2 GmM GM 1 2 L 02
= L 2
− 6 , (24)
= + 6m . (16) c
r r2 c r3
is the reduce angular momentum of the mass. Thus L0 should
Hence, the orbital velocity will be be the conserved angular momentum and not L as defined in
r ! Eq.(22).
GM 3GM 1 Using Eqs.(13) and (16) this yields
v= 1+ 2 , (17)
r c r
E=− . (25)
for an orbit r > c2 . Defining r0 = c2 = r0 = 4.4 km for all
6GM 3GM 2r
planets, Eq.(17) is transformed into This is the same as the Newtonian total energy. Thus, the
r potential we have considered is unique. This may suggest that
GM r0
v= 1+ . (18) gravity is not exactly inverse square law. What happens here
r r is that due to the extra force term, the velocity increases while
Hence, the orbital period will be the distance decreases in such a way the total energy remains
constant. Notice that if we had included any other terms in the
2r0 4π potential energy, we wouldn’t have obtained this conclusion.
T ' TN 1 − , T N2 = r3 . (19)
r GM
4 Deflection of light and Rutherford deflection
Therefore, the period will be shorter than the Keplerian pe-
riod. A significant period decay has been observed in binary Gravitational deflection of light by matter is one of the defin-
pulsars, which is attributed to the emission of gravitational ing predictions of Einstein’s General Relativity (GR) [1, 2].
waves from these pulsars [5]. According to GR, the deflection of a light ray just grazing the
The rate of energy loss due to gravitational radiation (by Sun is 1.75 seconds of arc. The deflection angle at a Sun’s rim
binary pulsars) is given by [5] b (impact parameter) is given by
dP 48π 4π GM 4GM
=− 5 , (20) ∆θ = . (26)
dt 5c P bc2
where P is the orbital period of the binary pulsar. The light is deflected towards the Sun. GR interprets this
The total energy of a mass m orbiting in a potential given bending of light to the curvature of space-time the Sun makes
in Eq.(13) is when light passed by the Sun. However, Newton obtained a
E = K+U, (21) value halved this value, using the Newtonian laws. One of
the important events to test the bending of light was done in
- - -
Sudan on February 25, 1952 during a solar eclipse that had The perihelion precession frequency for an electron at a Bohr
confirmed one of the valuable predictions of GTR [6]. radius is given by ω = 19.2 arcsec/s. This is a very fast preces-
One can compare this with Rutherford scattering by α- sion and can be measured experimentally in hydrogen atom.
particle where the particle deflected away from the nucleus The second term in the potential describe in Eq.(13) (a
because of electrical repulsion. The deflecting angle is given correction to the Newtonian potential, first order in h) can be
by casted in the form
∆θ = , (27) 3G hg 1
mr0 v2 Vg = − , (30)
c r2
where r0 is the distance of closest approach and k is the Coulomb
constant.. Using our recent analogy between electrodynamics where hg = GM2 is some characteristic Planck constant [8, 9].
and gravitomagnetic [7] entitles us to make the following re- Such a potential can give rise to some quantum mechanical
placement in Rutherford formula to obtain the gravitational phenomena happening at large scale having their analogues
formula, viz., at microscopic scale. We anticipate that such a term would
appear in any quantum gravity theory.
e (Q = Ze) → m (M) , k → G, (28) Owing to the gravito-electric analogy, the electric quan-
tum potential (a correction to the Coulomb potential) will be
and for massless particle (light) we set v → c. Hence one
arrives at the formula 3kh 1
Vq = − , (31)
4GM c r2
∆θ = , (29)
bc2 where h is the Planck constant. Notice that the two potentials
which is the same as GR formula with b = r0 . Therefore, are independent of the charge and mass.
this analogy is an interesting one, and one can use it to bridge This correction term would induce a precession of the electron
safely from electromagnetic phenomena to gravitomagnetic orbit in hydrogen atom like the precession of planets. It can
phenomena or vice-versa. also be compared with the Larmor precession resulting from
Notice that Schwartzchild radius of a black hole could be di- the spin-orbit interaction in the hydrogen atom. We remark
rectly obtained from the escape velocity of a non-relativistic here that the potential in Eq.(13) can be thought of as a first
gravitating object when its escape velocity is equated to the order correction to Newton potential because it involves a term
velocity of light in vacuum. G2 . We can associate a quantum electric field with the above
quantum potential on the electron by the formula Eq = −∇Vq
acting on all masses.
5 Gravito-Electric analogy and quantum potential cor-
The quantum electric field of the electron in hydrogen
atom associated with the potential in Eq.(8) is given by
Owing to the electromagnetic and gravitational analogy, we 6kh 1
developed recently, we would like to raise the following ques- Eq = . (32)
c r3
• Does an electron orbit (according to Bohr theory) pre- This quantum electric field amounts to
cess like the precession of planets, and if so with what
Eq = 8.02 × 102 V/m . (33)
• Is that frequency is the same as the Larmor precession? The electrical quantized potential in Eq.(31) contributes to the
• Can we rescue Bohr model as we are doing with New- electron at Bohr radius an energy of 2.12 × 10 J. To ap-
ton? preciate this finding, recently Nesvizhevsky et al. have cal-
culated the neutron’s ground state energy and wave function
in the Earth’s gravitational field and obtained a ground-state
- - -
energy of 2.25 × 10−31 J [10, 11]. Their result shows an ev-
idence for quantized gravitational States of the Neutron. Be-
cause of the extra electric potential in Eq.(31), the electron
in an atom experiences an additional energy that is a result
of a quantum potential and not a manifestation of quantized
gravitational state. The difference in the two energy values
above could be attributed to the difference between the gravi-
tational acceleration and the above quantum electric field. Us-
ing perturbation theory, one can find the contribution (first
order correction) of the quantum potential in Eq(31) to the
ground state of the electron in hydrogen atom. This yields a
value of hVi0 = 4.24 × 10−30 J [12], whereas the Stark effect
contribution vanishes.
1. Will, C. M., Theory and Experiment in Gravitational Physics
(CUP), (1993).
2. Hartle, J. B., An introduction to Einstein’s General Relativity,
Pearson Education, Singapore, (2003).
3. Bradbury, T. C., Theoretical Mechanics, New York Wiley,
4. Jean Sivardiere, Eur. Phys. 7, 283 (1986).
5. Hulse, R.A., and Taylor, J.H., ApJ, 195, L51 (1975).
6. Eddington, A. S., Space, time and gravitation, Cambridge Uni-
versity Press (CUP), (1987).
7. Arbab, A. I., The analogy between electromagnetism and hy-
drodynamics, 2009, unpublished.
8. Arbab, A. I., Gen. Rel. Gravit., 36, No.11, 2465 (2004).
9. Arbab, A. I., Afr. J. Math. Phys., 2, No.1, 1 (2005).
10. V. Nesvizhevsky, et al., ”Quantum states of neutrons in the
Earth’s gravitational field,” Nature, 415 297 (2002).
11. Bowles, T. J., ”Quantum effects of gravity,” Nature 415, 267
12. Landau, L.D. and Lifshitz, E.M., Quantum mechanics, Perga-
mon Press, New York, (1965). pp.21-24. 48
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Equal Access: Universal Design of Instruction
A checklist for inclusive teaching
by Sheryl Burgstahler, Ph.D.
Universal Design of Instruction
The universal design of instruction (UDI) is
gaining increased attention and application by
educational researchers and practitioners at K-12
and postsecondary levels. UDI means that, rather
than designing for the average student, you design
instruction for students who potentially have broad
ranges with respect to ability, disability, age, reading
level, learning style, native language, race, ethnicity,
and other characteristics. UDI can be applied to
all aspects of instruction, including class climate,
interaction, physical environments and products,
delivery methods, information resources and
technology, feedback, and assessment.
UDI Goal
The goal of UDI is to maximize the learning of
students with a wide range of characteristics by
applying UD principles to all aspects of instruction
(e.g., delivery methods, physical spaces, information
resources, technology, personal interactions, and
UDI Process
To apply UDI, an instructor should consider the
potential variation in individual skills, learning
styles and preferences, age, gender, culture,
abilities, and disabilities as they select appropriate
strategies for the delivery of instruction and then
apply universal design to all course activities and
resources. Specifically, the instructor needs to
1. Identify the course. Describe the course, its
learning objectives, and its overall content.
2. Define the universe. Describe the overall
population of students eligible to enroll in the
course and then consider their potential diverse
characteristics (e.g., with respect to gender; age;
ethnicity and race; native language; learning
style; and abilities to see, hear, manipulate
objects, read, and communicate).
3. Involve students. Consider perspectives of
students with diverse characteristics, as
identified in Step 2, in the development of the
course. If they are not available directly from
students, gain student perspectives through
diversity programs such as the campus disability
services office.
4. Adopt instructional strategies. Adopt overall
learning and teaching philosophies and
methods. Integrate these practices with universal
design guidelines or strategies for learning or
5. Apply instructional strategies. Apply universal
design strategies in concert with good
instructional practices (both identified in Step 4)
to the overall choice of course teaching methods,
curricula, and assessments. Then apply universal
design to all lectures, classroom discussions,
group work, handouts, web-based content, labs,
fieldwork, assessment instruments, and other
academic activities and materials to maximize
the learning of students with the wide variety of
characteristics identified in Step 2.
6. Plan for accommodations. Learn campus
procedures for addressing accommodation
requests (e.g., arrangement of sign language
interpreters) from specific students for whom the
course design does not automatically provide
full access.
7. Evaluate. Monitor the effectiveness of instruction
through observation and feedback from students
with the diverse set of characteristics identified
in Step 2, assess learning, and modify the course
as appropriate.
UDI Practices
The Principles of UD1, developed by the Center
for Universal Design, encourage the development
of products and environments that promote (1)
and space for approach and use.
A related, but more specific concept, Universal
Design for Learning (UDL) provides a framework
for designing curricula that enable all individuals
to gain knowledge, skills, and enthusiasm for
learning. UDL provides rich supports for learning
and reduces barriers to the curriculum while
maintaining high achievement standards for all.2
UDL guidelines3, developed by CAST, promote the
development of curriculum that includes options
(5) expressive skills and fluency; (6) executive
and persistence; and (9) self-regulation.
Motivate all students. Use teaching methods and
materials that are motivating and relevant to
students with diverse characteristics, such as
age, gender, and culture. [UD 1; UDL 7]
Address individual needs in an inclusive manner.
Both on the syllabus and in class, invite students
to meet with you to discuss disability-related
accommodations and other learning needs.
Avoid segregating or stigmatizing any student
by drawing undue attention to a difference (e.g.,
disability) or sharing private information (e.g.,
a specific students need for an accommodation)
unless the student brings up the topic in front of
others. Communicate effectively with teaching
assistants (TAs) about student accommodations.
[UD 1; UDL 6, 8]
UDI applies UD to all aspects of instruction. The
following checklist provides examples of UDI
practices. Numbers in brackets at the end of items
in the checklist refer to UD principles and UDL
guidelines to which the example is most relevant.
This content does not provide legal advice. To clarify
legal issues, consult your institutions legal counsel,
ADA/504 compliance officer, or disability services
office, or call the regional Office for Civil Rights
Class Climate
Adopt practices that reflect high values with respect
to both diversity and inclusiveness.
Welcome everyone. Create a welcoming
environment for all students. Encourage the
sharing of multiple perspectives. Demonstrate
and demand mutual respect. [UD 1; UDL 8]
Avoid stereotyping. Offer instruction and support
based on student performance and requests,
not simply on assumptions that members of
certain groups (e.g., students with certain types
of disabilities or from a specific racial or ethnic
group) will automatically do well or poorly or
require certain types of assistance. [UD 1; UDL 7]
Be approachable and available. Learn students
names. Welcome questions in and outside of
class, seek out a students point of view, and
respond patiently. Maintain regular office hours,
encourage students to meet with you, and offer
alternatives when student schedules conflict
with those hours; consider making a studentinstructor meeting a course requirement. Be
available for online communication as well. [UD
1, 5; UDL 8]
Encourage regular and effective interactions
between students and the instructor and ensure
that communication methods are accessible to all
Promote effective communication. Employ
interactive teaching techniques. Face the class,
speak clearly, consider using a microphone, and
make eye contact with students. Supplement inperson contact with online communication. Use
straightforward language, avoid unnecessary
jargon and complexity, and use student
names in electronic, written, and in-person
communications. [UD 1, 2, 4, 5; UDL 8]
Make interactions accessible to all participants. For
example, use a telephone conference only if all
students can participate, given their abilities
to hear, speak, and meet, and their schedule
constraints. Also, require that small groups
communicate in ways that are accessible to all
group members. [UD 1, 2, 4; UDL 5]
Encourage cooperative learning. Assign group
work for which learners must support each other
and employ different skills and roles. Encourage
different ways for students to interact with each
other (e.g., in-class discussion, group work, and
Internet-based communications). Insist that all
students participate; facilitate their participation
as needed. [UD 1, 2, 4, 5; UDL 8]
Physical Environments and Products
Ensure that facilities, activities, materials, and
equipment are physically accessible to and
usable by all students, and that all potential
student characteristics are addressed in safety
Ensure physical access to facilities. Use classrooms,
labs, workspaces, and fieldwork sites that are
accessible to individuals with a wide range of
physical abilities. [UD 6, 7; UDL 1, 7]
Arrange instructional spaces to maximize inclusion
and comfort. Arrange seating to encourage
participation, giving each student a clear
line of sight to the instructor and visual
aids and allowing room for wheelchairs,
personal assistants, sign language interpreters,
captionists, and assistive technology. Minimize
distractions for students with a range of
attention abilities (e.g., put small groups in quiet
work areas). Encourage administrators to apply
UD principles in facility design and renovation.
[UD 2, 6, 7; UDL 1, 7]
Ensure that everyone can use equipment and
materials. Minimize nonessential physical
effort and provide options for operation of
equipment, handles, locks, cabinets, and drawers
from different heights, with different physical
abilities, with one hand, and by right- and lefthanded students. Use large print to clearly label
controls on lab equipment and other educational
aids, using symbols as well as words. Provide
straightforward, simple oral and printed
directions for operation and use. [UD 3, 4, 6, 7;
UDL 4]
Ensure safety. Consider the impact of specific
disabilities in emergency situations. Develop
procedures for all potential students, including
those who are blind, deaf, or wheelchair users.
Label safety equipment in simple terms, in
large print, and in a location viewable from a
variety of angles. Provide written and oral safety
instructions. [UD 3, 4, 6, 7]
Select flexible curriculum. Choose textbooks and
other curriculum materials that address the
needs of students with diverse abilities, interests,
learning styles, and preferences. Use curriculum
materials that are well organized, emphasize
important points, provide references for gaining
background knowledge, include indices and
glossaries, and have chapter outlines, study
questions, and practice exercises. Consider
technology-based materials that provide
feedback, background information, vocabulary,
and other supports based on student responses.
[UD 2, 3, 4, 5; UDL 1, 2, 3, 7, 8]
Make content relevant. Put learning in context.
Incorporate multiple examples and perspectives
to make specific concepts relevant to individuals
with diverse characteristics such as age, ability,
gender, ethnicity, race, socioeconomic status, and
interests. [UD 1; UDL 3, 7]
Provide cognitive supports. Summarize major
points, give background and contextual
information, and prompt students. Provide
scaffolding tools (e.g., outlines, class notes,
summaries, study guides, presentation visuals
with room for note-taking) and other cognitive
supports in both printed and text-based
electronic formats. Provide options for gaining
background information, vocabulary, and
practice. [UD 2, 3, 4, 5; UDL 2, 3, 5, 6, 8]
Provide multiple ways to gain knowledge. Use
multiple modes to deliver content and, when
possible, allow students to choose from multiple
options for learning content. Options to consider
include lectures, collaborative learning, small
group discussions, hands-on activities, Internetbased resources, educational software, and
fieldwork. [UD 2, 3, 4; UDL 1, 2, 3, 4]
Deliver instructions clearly and in multiple ways.
Provide instructions both orally and in printed
form. Have students summarize instructions to
ensure understanding. [UD 3, 4; UDL 1, 2, 3]
Make each teaching method accessible to all students.
Consider a wide range of abilities, interests,
learning styles, and previous experiences when
implementing each instructional method to
ensure the participation of all students. For
example, speak content presented visually. [UD
2, 4, 5; UDL 1, 5]
Delivery Methods
Use multiple, accessible instructional methods that
are accessible to all learners.
Provide specific feedback on a regular basis.
Provide regular feedback and corrective opportunities.
Allow students to turn in parts of large projects
for feedback before the final project is due. Give
students resubmission options to correct errors
in assignments or exams. Arrange for peer
feedback when appropriate. Solicit feedback
from students regarding course effectiveness.
[UDL 6, 9]
Use large visual and tactile aids. Use manipulatives
to demonstrate content. Make visual aids as
large as reasonable (e.g., use large, bold fonts
on uncluttered overhead displays and use a
computer to enlarge microscope images).
[UD 3, 4; UDL 1]
Information Resources and Technology
Ensure that course materials, notes, and other
information resources are engaging, flexible, and
accessible for all students.
Select materials early. Choose printed materials
and prepare a syllabus early to allow students
the option of beginning to read materials and
work on assignments before the course begins.
Allow adequate time to arrange for electronic
and other alternative formats to be obtained.
[UD 4; UDL 1]
Provide materials in accessible formats. Select or
create materials that are universally designed.
Use textbooks that are available in an accessible
electronic format with flexible features. Provide
the syllabus and other teacher-created materials
in a text-based electronic format. Use captioned
videos and provide transcriptions for audio
presentations. Apply accessibility standards to
websites. [UD 4; UDL 1, 2]
Accommodate a variety of reading levels and
language skills, when appropriate, given the
goals of the course. Present content in a logical,
straightforward manner and in an order that
reflects its importance. Avoid unnecessary jargon
and complexity and define new terms when
they are presented. Create materials in simple,
intuitive formats. [UD 3, 4; UDL 2, 3]
Ensure the availability of appropriate assistive
technology. If computer or science labs are used,
ensure that assistive technology for students
with disabilities is available or can be readily
acquired. [UD 2, 4, 6, 7; UDL 1, 4, 5]
For specific guidelines for online content, consult
the video and publication Real Connections: Making
Distance Learning Accessible to Everyone4 and Equal
Access: Universal Design of Distance Learning.5
Regularly assess student progress using multiple
accessible methods and tools, and adjust instruction
Set clear expectations. Keep academic standards
consistent for all students, including those who
require accommodations. Provide a syllabus
with clear statements of course expectations,
assignment descriptions, and deadlines, as well
as assessment methods and dates. Include a
straightforward grading rubric. [UD 3; UDL 8]
Provide multiple ways to demonstrate knowledge.
Assess group and cooperative performance, as
well as individual achievement. Consider using
traditional tests with a variety of formats (e.g.,
multiple choice, essay, short answer), papers,
group work, demonstrations, portfolios, and
presentations as options for demonstrating
knowledge. Provide students choices in
assessment methods when appropriate. Allow
students to use information technology to
complete exams. [UD 2, 4; UDL 7]
Monitor and adjust. Regularly assess students
background knowledge and current learning
informally (e.g., through class discussion) and
formally (e.g., through frequent, short exams),
and adjust instructional content and methods
accordingly. [UD 5]
Test in the same manner in which you teach. Ensure
that a test measures what students have learned
and not their ability to adapt to a new format or
style of presentation. [UD 3]
Minimize time constraints when appropriate. Plan
for variety in students ability to complete work
by announcing assignments well in advance of
due dates. Allow extended time on tests and
projects, unless speed is an essential outcome of
instruction. [UD 2, 3]
Plan for accommodations for students whose needs
are not met by the instructional design.
Know how to arrange for accommodations.
Know campus protocols for getting
materials in alternate formats, rescheduling
classroom locations, and arranging for other
accommodations for students with disabilities.
Make sure that assistive technology can be
made available in a computer or science lab in a
timely manner. Ensure the course experience is
equivalent for students with accommodations.
[UD 1, 2, 4, 6, 7]
About DO-IT
DO-IT (Disabilities, Opportunities, Internetworking,
and Technology) serves to increase the successful
participation of individuals with disabilities in
challenging academic programs and careers, such
as those in science, engineering, mathematics and
technology. Primary funding for DO-IT is provided
by the National Science Foundation, the State of
Washington, and the U.S. Department of Education.
The Center for Universal Design in Education as
well as this publication are based on work supported
by the U.S. Department of Education (Grant
#P33A020042, #P333A020044, #P333A050064).
However, the contents do not necessarily represent
the policy of the Department of Education, and you
should not assume endorsement by the Federal
Checklist Updates and Resources
This checklist was applied by and field tested
at more than twenty postsecondary institutions
nationwide.6 A nationwide survey to test facevalidity of checklist items led to further refinement
of the checklist.
For further information, to be placed on the DO-IT
mailing list, or to request materials in an alternate
format, contact:
Additional Resources
A video presentation titled Equal Access: Universal
Design of Instruction7 is available online. To increase
the usefulness of this working document, send
suggestions to For more information
and resources regarding applications of UD to
education, and checklists for making a tutoring and
learning center or other student service accessible
to students with disabilities, consult The Center for
Universal Design in Education website.8 The book
Universal Design in Higher Education: From Principles
to Practice published by Harvard Education Press;
offers perspectives from UD leaders nationwide. To
receive a 20% discount visit the DO-IT website.9
University of Washington
Box 354842
Seattle, WA 98195-4842
509-328-9331 (voice/TTY) Spokane
206-221-4171 (FAX)
Founder and Director: Sheryl Burgstahler, Ph.D.
Cited Resources
Copyright 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010, 2009, and 2008,
University of Washington. Permission is granted to
copy these materials for educational, noncommercial
purposes provided the source is acknowledged.
University of Washington
College of Engineering
UW Information Technology
College of Education
Communication Hints
some helpful hints.
Talk directly to the person with a disability, not through the persons companion or interpreter.
Refer to a persons disability only if it is relevant to the conversation. If so, mention the person
first and then the disability. A man who is blind is better than a blind man because it puts
the person first.
Avoid negative descriptions of a persons disability. For example, a person who uses a
wheelchair is more appropriate than a person confined to a wheelchair. A wheelchair is not
confiningits liberating!
Do not interact with a persons guide dog or service dog unless you have received permission
to do so.
Blind or Low Vision
Be descriptive. Say, The computer is about three feet to your left, rather than The computer
is over there.
pushing them.
Learning Disabilities
individuals who have specific learning disabilities.
Mobility Impairments
when you interact.
Speech Impairments
Deaf or Hard of Hearing
gum or eating.
communication is needed.
Repeat questions from audience members.
Psychiatric Impairments
Provide information in clear, calm, respectful tones.
Allow opportunities for addressing specific questions.
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You are on page 1of 21
The study on how the individuals and societies choose to use the scarce resources that nature and previous generations have provided
Why Study Economics?
To Learn Way of Thinking
Opportunity Cost The best alternative that we forgo, or give up, when we make a decision or a choice. Marginalism In weighing the costs and benefits of a decision, it is important only to weigh the costs and benefits that arise from the decision.
Sunk Cost Cost that cannot be avoided, regardless of what is done in the future, because they have already incurred. Efficient Market No Free Lunch A market in which profit opportunities are eliminated almost instantaneously.
To Understand Society Past and present economic decisions have an enormous influence on the character of life in a society.
To Understand Global Affairs An understanding of economics is essential to an understanding of global affairs.
To be an informed Voter When we participate in the political process, we are voting on issues that require a basic understanding of economics.
Division of Economics Microeconomics The branch of economics that examines the functioning of individual industries and behavior of individual decisionmaking units-that is, business firms and households.
Macroeconomics The branch of economics that examines the economic behavior of aggregates-income, employment, output, and so on- on a national scale.
Method of Economics
Positive Economics An approach to economist that seeks to understand behavior and the operation of system without making judgments. It describes what exist and how it works.
Normative An approach to economics that analyzes outcomes of economic behavior, evaluate them as good or bad, and may prescribe course of action. It is also called policy economics.
Descriptive economics The compilation of data that described phenomenon and facts.
Theories and Models
Economic Theory A statement or set of related statements about cause and effects
Model A formal statement of a theory, usually a mathematical statement of a presumed relationship between two or more variables.
Variables A measure that can be change time to time or from observation to observation. Empirical Economics The collection and use of data to test economic theories.
Ceteris paribus A device use to analyze the relationship between two variables while the values of other variables are held unchanged.
Economic Policy What do we want to happen to our economy? What do we want to change?
Efficiency Allocative efficiency in economics. An efficient economy is one that produces what people want at the least possible cost.
Equity - Different in equality, its fairness Economic growth An increase in the total output of an economy Stability A condition in which output is steady or growing, with low inflation and full employment of resources.
Economic Reality
Generalization of the real economic condition
Economic Theory
Generalization of the economic behaviour of individuals or institution.
Scientific Method
Problem Statement Hypothesis Setting Data Gathering Empirical Testing
Laying Down Conclusion
Formulation of Policy
Tools of Economics
Common sense, imagination and memory Rules of Logic Logical Fallacies Geometry Higher Mathematics Statistics
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Adding a Minus node
The Minus node subtracts two input numbers to generate an output number. It is an alternative to the Formula node, but allows you to code a formula as a graph rather than a formula.
It has two input connectors and one output connector and subtracts the first input value over the second input value.
To add a Minus node, select Edit in the main menu or right click in the Graph Editor and select Create Node > Calculation > Minus.
The Minus node has no parameters.
Linking a Minus node
The Minus node input connectors link to two input Calculation nodes and the output connector to a Calculation node or an optional connector.
In the example below, the Parameter value and a Constant value are subtracted to drive the terrain size of the Perlin noise. Note that the Terrain size value in the Perlin noise parameters is grayed out because it is replaced by the subtracted values.
Copyright © 2019 · All Rights Reserved · Wysilab
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Select Page
UMLClassDiagram - a Brief Outline
Whispered UML Class Diagram Secrets
This diagram indicates an equivalent view of the exact same details. A package diagram indicates this grouping, and dependencies between packages that compose a system. The diagrams in a succession of versions shall appear similar.
The Demise of UML Class Diagram
The diagram is beneficial in designing and building a system as it may be used as the blueprint for the last product. You're able to draw class diagrams in a lot of ways. It's essential to note that class diagrams aren't static. Class diagrams are simpler than they look. A class diagram is a group of classes much like the one above. The class diagram is still an amazing tool to assist you design a new application or maybe to visualize an existent application so you may plan a new feature. A UML class diagram is comparable to a family tree.
What to Expect From UML Class Diagram?
It is possible to never make an instance of an interface and it has to be related to at least one other class that may implement it. The example demonstrates how a class can encapsulate all the relevant data of a specific object in an extremely systematic and crystal clear way. While the above mentioned example is fairly straightforward, I hope it offers you an idea about what to expect when reading Use Case Specifications and how to start writing your own. There's no denying that using Use Cases still usually means that there is going to be a fair quantity of documentation. The thought of a Use Case Model Survey document is truly merely to provide a high-level comprehension of the system to the reader as opposed to a detailed technical description. At this time, as you have yet to be formally introduced to them, a few of the concepts about the use of Vectors, Hashtables, and Enumerations will appear cryptic.
Otherwise, you can concentrate on unique facets of the application, like the business process it automates, or a business rules view. It supplies information rather quickly and far better understanding. You'll have noticed that in the majority of the explanations to date, all the classes are shown with a specific type of diagram. This statement on their site describes how Graphviz enables the developers with this technique.
Edraw software provides you a lot of shapes utilized in UML class diagram. Once an application is developed with a specific software, there are several kinds of testing that are finished on the computer software. It can be used to create and edit a range of schematic process representations. It would usually be used early in the plan process where it's known there is some type of link between two elements, but it's too early to understand just what the relationship is.
Type of UML Class Diagram
The system may be used by means of a Customer to withdraw cash provided that they insert the bank card, enter the proper pin, and have sufficient funds available in their bank account to be able to withdraw how much they request. The system then prompts the Customer to pick the action they want to execute. Certainly not, otherwiseAndroidThe system is not going to be a perfectFramework.
Updated design documents are among the seminal added benefits of the class diagram. For example Figure 4 below shows the parse trees for the very first example from the aforementioned correspondence map that also shows the way the information about a course identifier is transferred between trees. Utilize visibility markers to signify who can access the information included within a course. Don't hesitate to write to me if you want more info on any of all these items. In addition, it includes methods and variable info. If you prefer, you can incorporate type information for variables in addition to for methods and parameters.
The 30-Second Trick for UML Class Diagram
For two or more elements, a diamond representation toolbox element can serve as well. Sometimes an object is composed of different objects. It specifies an object may just be part of a single composite at one time. Maybe you must bring another object, such as, for instance, a timer. It is possible to stop people from having the ability to instantiate objects from a course by marking it as abstract. The fundamental element in a course diagram is a class.
Both classes know of one another and of their relationship with one another. A class is represented by means of a rectangle. To put it differently, the child class is a particular sort of the parent class. It can provide the actual implementation of the business functionality.
Where to Find UML Class Diagram
Occasionally, classes are determined by the occurrence of different classes for various factors. By realizing an interface, classes are sure to support an essential behavior, which permits the system to take care of non-related elements in the same manner that is, through the usual interface. It means that you couldnot have two classes with the exact same name in various packages. In this instance, it means the 2 classes are subclasses of the best class. A different class implements the true small business functionality.
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Advantages of the solution
Lower cost of fuel consumption and maintenance
By recognizing economical driving, you can help reduce fuel consumption and vehicle maintenance costs.
Monitoring and improving driving style
It allows you to monitor and improve driving style of your drivers and saving on fuel consumption, tire wear and longer vehicle life.
Preventing dangerous driving
By observing acceleration, braking and bending speed, it helps you identify and prevent dangerous driving. It encourages your drivers to take a more cautious drive, which can lead to less accidents and savings in potential damage.
Technical equipment
An advanced real-time tracking and telematics device with GNSS and GSM connectivity with the ability to retrieve device coordinates and other advanced vehicle data through multiple inbound and outbound connections and the ability to process signals and transfer over a 2G or GPRS network.
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Monster Hunter World - Strategy Guide -
Monster Hunter World - Strategy Guide
• Release Date: 2018-07-12
• Genre: Games
his guide features a full, beginning-to-end walkthrough written in an "ideal chronological order of events" format. Main quests are interspersed with side quests in the order in which they unlock, although some side quests and arena challenges may only be referenced instead of fully explained. These are typically quests that have you facing a monster you've already fought under similar circumstances that offer no unique reward for completion. For example, after completing most main quests you won't be able to attempt that quest again, but you'll usually unlock an identical side quest allowing you to hunt the same monster in the same area with the same success/failure conditions.
Other features of this guide include:
-- Information on crafting/harvesting.
-- Side quests that unlock mantles, ingredients and other useful features.
-- Grimalkyne/Gajalaka quests.
-- How to upgrade the Ancient Tree/Harvest Box and how to unlock various fertilizers.
-- How the Elder Melder works, melding different items and decorations.
-- Where to find the Powertalon and Armortalon, and how to upgrade them into the Powercharm and Armorcharm.
-- How to get Warrior's Streamstones and Hero's Streamstones.
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What is the atomic number and what does it tell you about the number of protons in an atom?
The number of protons in an atom is the atomic number
The number of protons is equal to the atomic number of an atom. It is very important in knowing the number of electrons that surround the nucleus of an atom. In an atom, the electrical charge is neutral, due to the equal number of positive (protons) and negative (electrons) charges. The atomic number represents the protons in an atom and also identifies the element. Hydrogen has one proton. No other atom has just one proton. Heluim has two protons and no other element has only two protons. Lithium has three protons and so on.
The atomic number is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus, and for neutral atoms, it is the same as the number of electrons. In an attempt to keep atoms and ions from getting confused with one another, it is best to think of atoms as always being electrically neutral and ions should be considered charged positively or negatively depending on whether electrons are gained or lost by an atom during the chemical combination of atoms in forming substances such as water, salt and rust found on metals. Protons in atoms and ions are always the same for a specific atom.
Every element has a unique atomic number, and so each element's identity is determined by the number of protons in its nucleus.
However, the same element can have different numbers of neutrons in its nucleus. Two atoms of the same element with two different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus are called isotopes. Also, note that if an atom is not charged (neutral), then the number of protons must equal the number of electrons, and so the atomic number is also equal to the number of electrons in a neutral atom of each element.
However, if the atom is charged (and therefore called an ion), it will have a different number of electrons orbiting it. If the number of electrons is less than the number of protons, it will be a positively charged ion, and the charge will equal the difference between the number of electrons and protons. The same is true if it has more electrons than protons, except now the charge will be negative.
Look under the Web Links below this answer for a periodic table. The number listed for each element is its atomic number. Also see the Related Questions links for more information about the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom.
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Saurashtra Mahajanapada
08 May 2018 Tue
Saurashtra was a Mahajanapada during the Ancient times. Today it is a part of Kathiawad Peninsula of Gujarat.
The marks of the Saurashtra is seen in the epic stories like Ramayana, In Ramayana, the term Saurashtra is applied to the country from Sind to Bharuch, i.e Kutch, Saurashtra and Northern Gujarat. Arthashastra has also mention Saurashtra as a Republic and also mentions that Saurashtra is mostly known as groups of Agriculturists, trade and warriors.
According to the one of the epigraphical evidence it has found that sometimes during the reign of Chandragupta Maurya, Saurashtra Janapada was the part of the Maurya Kingdom.
Image Courtesy: Todywalla Auction
Knowledge Base
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Not Available in Your Country
2019年 4月 24日
Motorization Eliminates Several Steps in the Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) Workflow
Improving sperm selection: Smooth zooming (1x, 1.6x, and 2x) using the adjustment lever, combined with 4X, 10X, 20X and 40X UIS2 objective lenses, enables users to observe the morphology and internal structure of the sperm head in high detail.
Easing oocyte condition checks through easy metaphase II (MII) spindle visualization: Focus with the push of a button to quickly locate the spindle, verify its stability post-thawing, confirm the oocyte’s maturity and properly position the microinjection pipette to avoid damaging the cell.
Increasing sample throughput: Semi-motorized components combined with the IX73SC microscope’s unique contrast method enable users to quickly acquire highly detailed 3D imaging of oocytes so that patient samples can be analyzed and processed faster and more accurately.
Reducing stress to the oocyte: Shorter overall ICSI processing time decreases the oocyte’s exposure outside the incubator, helping maintain the oocyte’s integrity and increasing the chances for success.
Standardizing ICSI process: The microscope’s semi-motorized capability helps laboratories ensure uniformity throughout the ICSI workflow, regardless of each user’s experience level. The semi-motorized version of the IX73SC microscope streamlines the ICSI workflow by combining several steps. Users can switch observation methods and adjust the magnification by pressing a button on the integrated hand switch. Higher-sensitivity manual focusing can be easily achieved in conjunction with the motorized operations.
Learn More about IX73SC >
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Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy
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• Unit 2- Forms of transformations of energy
• Kinetic energy is the energy an object has due to its motion. The higher the kinetic energy the lower the potential
• -I can define kinetic energy and I can identify and explain examples of kinetic energy
• this is because the ship is in motion and kinetic energy is an energy that has motion.
• An example of kinetic energy would be this moving ship
• An example of potential energy would be this ride waiting to start. This ride has potential energy right now because it’s not moving, once it starts the ride will start converting potential to kinetic energy.
• -I can define potential energy and I can identify and explain examples of potential energy
• Potential energy is defined as mechanical energy, stored energy or energy caused by its position. The higher the potential energy the lower the kinetic.
• Some of the forms of energy are chemical energy, mechanical energy, thermal energy and so much more. All of these are found throughout life. This cake would be an example of chemical energy and when you're ready to blow out the candles, the fire would represent thermal energy. There are so many types of energy we use every day
• - I can provide examples of the forms of energy
• -I can identify and provide examples of conduction and convection.
• Conduction is how heat transfers through direct contact. An example of this would be a pot of water being boiled, the pot is being touched by the fire of the stove which allows the water to boil. Convection is how heat transfers through fluids. Convection also happens when boiling water, in cold water at the bottom heats up from the energy of the burner.
• -I can identify and provide examples of radiation.
• Radiation- Radiation is the transfer of heat through space. An example of radiation is the sun warming you up when you stand outside.
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New Research Raises Hopes for Finding Life on Mars, Pluto and Icy Moons
Since the 1970s, when the Voyager probes captured images of Europa’s icy surface, scientists have suspected that life could exist in interior oceans of moons in the outer Solar System. Since then, other evidence has emerged that has bolstered this theory, ranging from icy plumes on Europa and Enceladus, interior models of hydrothermal activity, and even the groundbreaking discovery of complex organic molecules in Enceladus’ plumes.
However, in some locations in the outer Solar System, conditions are very cold and water is only able to exist in liquid form because of the presence of toxic antifreeze chemicals. However, according to a new study by an international team of researchers, it is possible that bacteria could survive in these briny environments. This is good news for those hoping to find evidence of life in extreme environments of the Solar System.
The study which details their findings, titled “Enhanced Microbial Survivability in Subzero Brines“, recently appeared in the scientific journal Astrobiology. The study was conducted by Jacob Heinz from the Center of Astronomy and Astrophysics at the Technical University of Berlin (TUB), and included members from Tufts University, Imperial College London, and Washington State University.
Based on new evidence from Jupiter’s moon Europa, astronomers hypothesize that chloride salts bubble up from the icy moon’s global liquid ocean and reach the frozen surface. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Basically, on bodies like Ceres, Callisto, Triton, and Pluto – which are either far from the Sun or do not have interior heating mechanisms – interior oceans are believed to exist because of the presence of certain chemicals and salts (such as ammonia). These “antifreeze” compounds ensure that their oceans have lower freezing points, but create an environment that would be too cold and toxic to life as we know it.
For the sake of their study, the team sought to determine if microbes could indeed survive in these environments by conducting tests with Planococcus halocryophilus, a bacteria found in the Arctic permafrost. They then subjected this bacteria to solutions of sodium, magnesium and calcium chloride as well as perchlorate, a chemical compound that was found by the Phoenix lander on Mars.
They then subjected the solutions to temperatures ranging from +25°C to -30°C through multiple freeze and thaw cycles. What they found was that the bacteria’s survival rates depended on the solution and temperatures involved. For instance, bacteria suspended in chloride-containing (saline) samples had better chances of survival compared to those in perchlorate-containing samples – though survival rates increased the more the temperatures were lowered.
For instance, the team found that bacteria in a sodium chloride (NaCl) solution died within two weeks at room temperature. But when temperatures were lowered to 4 °C (39 °F), survivability began to increase and almost all the bacteria survived by the time temperatures reached -15 °C (5 °F). Meanwhile, bacteria in the magnesium and calcium-chloride solutions had high survival rates at –30 °C (-22 °F).
The results also varied for the three saline solvents depending on the temperature. Bacteria in calcium chloride (CaCl2) had significantly lower survival rates than those in sodium chloride (NaCl) and magnesium chloride (MgCl2)between 4 and 25 °C (39 and 77 °F), but lower temperatures boosted survival in all three. The survival rates in perchlorate solution were far lower than in other solutions.
However, this was generally in solutions where perchlorate constituted 50% of the mass of the total solution (which was necessary for the water to remain liquid at lower temperatures), which would be significantly toxic. At concentrations of 10%, bacteria was still able to grow. This is semi-good news for Mars, where the soil contains less than one weight percent of perchlorate.
However, Heinz also pointed out that salt concentrations in soil are different than those in a solution. Still, this could be still be good news where Mars is concerned, since temperatures and precipitation levels there are very similar to parts of Earth – the Atacama Desert and parts of Antarctica. The fact that bacteria have can survive such environments on Earth indicates they could survive on Mars too.
In general, the research indicated that colder temperatures boost microbial survivability, but this depends on the type of microbe and the composition of the chemical solution. As Heinz told Astrobiology Magazine:
“[A]ll reactions, including those that kill cells, are slower at lower temperatures, but bacterial survivability didn’t increase much at lower temperatures in the perchlorate solution, whereas lower temperatures in calcium chloride solutions yielded a marked increase in survivability.”
This full-circle view from the panoramic camera (Pancam) on NASA’s Mars Exploration Rover Spirit shows the terrain surrounding the location called “Troy,” where Spirit became embedded in soft soil during the spring of 2009. Credit: NASA/JPL
The team also found that bacteria did better in saltier solutions when it came to freezing and thawing cycles. In the end, the results indicate that survivability all comes down to a careful balance. Whereas lower concentrations of chemical salts meant that bacteria could survive and even grow, the temperatures at which water would remain in a liquid state would be reduced. It also indicated that salty solutions improve bacteria survival rates when it comes to freezing and thawing cycles.
Of course, the team emphasized that just because bacteria can subsist in certain conditions doesn’t mean they will thrive there. As Theresa Fisher, a PhD student at Arizona State University’s School of Earth and Space Exploration and a co-author on the study, explained:
“Survival versus growth is a really important distinction, but life still manages to surprise us. Some bacteria can not only survive in low temperatures, but require them to metabolize and thrive. We should try to be unbiased in assuming what’s necessary for an organism to thrive, not just survive.”
As such, Heinz and his colleagues are currently working on another study to determine how different concentrations of salts across different temperatures affect bacterial propagation. In the meantime, this study and other like it are able to provide some unique insight into the possibilities for extraterrestrial life by placing constraints on the kinds of conditions that they can survive and grow in.
These studies also allow help when it comes to the search for extraterrestrial life, since knowing where life can exist allows us to focus our search efforts. In the coming years, missions to Europa, Enceladus, Titan and other locations in the Solar System will be looking for biosignatures that indicate the presence of life on or within these bodies. Knowing that life can survive in cold, briny environments opens up additional possibilities.
Further Reading: Astrobiology Magazine, Astrobiology
Scientists Find that Earth Bacteria Could Thrive on Enceladus
Hydrothermal vents on Earth’s ocean floor. Credit: NOAA
Be sure to check out John Michael Godier’s video titled “Encedalus and the Conditions for Life” as well:
Further Reading: The Verge, Nature
Further Reading: ESA, Nature Astronomy
Check Out NASA’s New Instrument that will Look for Life on Enceladus
Ever since the Cassini mission entered the Saturn system and began studying its moons, Enceladus has become a major source of interest. Once the probe detected plumes of water and organic molecules erupting from the moon’s southern polar region, scientists began to speculate that Enceladus may possess a warm-water ocean in its interior – much like Jupiter’s moon Europa and other bodies in our Solar System.
In the future, NASA hopes to send another mission to this system to further explore these plumes and the interior of Enceladus. This mission will likely include a new instrument that was recently announced by NASA, known as the Submillimeter Enceladus Life Fundamentals Instrument (SELFI). This instrument, which was proposed by a team from the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, recently received support for further development.
Prior to the Cassini mission, scientists thought that the surface of Enceladus was frozen solid. However, Cassini data revealed a slight wobble in the moon’s orbit that suggested the presence of an interior ocean. Much like Europa, this is caused by tidal forces that cause flexing in the core, which generates enough heat to hold liquid water in the interior. Around the southern pole, this results in the ice cracking open and forming fissures.
The Cassini mission also discovered plumes emanating from about 100 different fissures which continuously spew icy particles, water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and other gases into space. To study these more closely, NASA has been developing some ambitious instruments that will rely on millimeter-wave or radio frequency (RF) waves to determine their composition and learn more about Enceladus’ interior ocean.
According to SELFI Principal Investigator Gordon Chin, SELFI represents a significant improving over existing submillimeter-wavelenght devices. Once deployed, it will measure traces of chemicals in the plumes of water and icy parties that periodically emanated from Enceladus’ southern fissures, also known as “Tiger Stripes“. In addition to revealing the chemical composition of the ocean, this instrument will also indicate it’s potential for supporting life.
On Earth, hydrothermal vents are home to thriving ecosystems, and are even suspected to be the place where life first emerged on Earth. Hence why scientists are so eager to study hydrothermal activity on moons like Enceladus, since these could represent the most likely place to find extra-terrestrial life in our Solar System. As Chin indicated in a NASA press statement:
“Submillimeter wavelengths, which are in the range of very high-frequency radio, give us a way to measure the quantity of many different kinds of molecules in a cold gas. We can scan through all the plumes to see what’s coming out from Enceladus. Water vapor and other molecules can reveal some of the ocean’s chemistry and guide a spacecraft onto the best path to fly through the plumes to make other measurements directly.”
The “Tiger Stripes” of Enceladus, as pictured by the Cassini space probe. Credit: NASA/JPL/ESA
Molecules like water, carbon dioxide and other elements broadcast specific radio frequencies, which submillimeter spectrometers are sensitive to. The spectral lines are very discrete, and the intensity at which they broadcast can be used to quantify their existence. In other words, instruments like SELFI will not only be able to determine the chemical composition of Enceladus’ interior ocean, but also the abundance of those chemicals.
For decades, spectrometers have been used in space sciences to measure the chemical compositions of planets, stars, comets and other targets. Most recently, scientists have been attempting to obtain spectra from distant planets in order to determine the chemical compositions of their atmospheres. This is crucial when it comes to finding potentially-habitable exoplanets, since water vapor, nitrogen and oxygen gas are all required for life as we know it.
Performing scans in the submillimeter band is a relatively new process, though, since submillimeter-sensitive instruments are complex and difficult to build. But with help of NASA research-and-development funding, Chin and his colleagues are increasing the instrument’s sensitivity using an amplifier that will boost the signal to around 557 GHz. This will allow SELFI to detect even minute traces of water and gases coming from the surface of Enceladus.
Other improvements include a more energy-efficient and flexible radio frequency data-processing system, as well as a sophisticated digital spectrometer for the RF signal. This latter improvement will employ high-speed programmable circuitry to convert RF data into digital signals that can be analyzed to measure gas quantities, temperatures, and velocities from Enceladus’ plumes.
These enhancements will allow SELFI to simultaneously detect and analyze 13 different types of molecules, which include various isotopes of water, methanol, ammonia, ozone, hydrogen peroxide, sulfur dioxide, and sodium chloride (aka. salt). Beyond Enceladus, Chin believes the team can sufficiently improve the instrument for proposed future missions. “SELFI is really new,”he said. “This is one of the most ambitious submillimeter instruments ever built.”
For instance, in recent years, scientists have spotted plume activity coming from the surface of Europa. Here too, this activity is believed to be the result of geothermal activity, which sends warm water plumes from the moon’s interior ocean to the surface. Already, NASA hopes to examine these plumes and those on Enceladus using the James Webb Space Telescope, which will be deploying in 2019.
Another possibility would be to equip the proposed Europa Clipper – which is set to launch between 2022 and 2025 – with an instrument like SELFI. The instrument package for this probe already calls for a spectrometer, but an improved submillimeter-wave and RF device could allow for a more detailed look at Europa’s plumes. This data could in turn resolve the decades-old debate as to whether or not Europa’s interior is capable of supporting life.
In the coming decades, one of the greatest priorities of space exploration is to investigate the Solar System’s “Ocean Worlds” for signs of life. To see this through, NASA and other space agencies are busy developing the necessary tools to sniff out all the chemical and biological indicators. Within a decade, with any luck, we might just find that life on Earth is not the exception, but part of a larger norm.
Further Reading: NASA
Further Reading: NASA
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Country Corner Store and Café is a farm to table establishment. They use as much local product and goods as possible. They are bringing the farmer back into the equation of dining, while also bringing the community back together. They are accomplishing these goals while restoring a local and historical landmark, The Anderson Hotel.
Country Corner Store and Café also strives to accommodate most food allergies, allowing people to enjoy themselves and feel safe knowing that their health is considered a high priority. Country Corner Store and Café wants to create a healthy and enjoyable atmosphere for everyone.
Monday to Friday: 5:30am – 5:30pm
Saturday: 6:am – 4:pm
Sunday Closed
Phone: (908)-223-1902
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Targeting protein could prevent metastasis of cancer cells
Targeting protein could prevent spread of cancer cells
(Medical Xpress)—Researchers at King's College London have uncovered a protein required by cancer cells to spread to other parts of the body, highlighting it as a potential target for future treatments to prevent secondary cancers (metastases).
Funded by Cancer Research UK, and published in the , the study looked at how cancer cells form new tumours in other parts of the body. Most cancer deaths are due to cancer metastasis which develops most commonly in the lungs, bones or liver, yet there are very few treatments designed to prevent this from happening.
The team have shown for the first time that a protein found inside cancer cells, called Cdc42, plays a role in enabling cells to physically attach themselves to so they can spread to other parts of the body through the blood.
The video shows prostate cancer cells where Cdc42 levels have been reduced (green), preventing them from attaching to endothelial cells (which line blood vessel walls). The normal prostate cancer cells (blue) are still able to attach.
Looking at human prostate and , as well as cancer cells in mice, the team found that Cdc42 affects the amount of another protein on the surface of cancer cells called β1 integrin. By inhibiting Cdc42 or β1 integrin, the cells could not attach themselves to , which line blood vessels.
Professor Anne Ridley from King's College London, who led the study, said: 'This finding adds to our understanding of how cancer spreads from one part of the body to another.
'Now we have identified a key protein involved in how cells attach themselves to blood vessels, it could lead to the design of new treatments in the future to reduce (secondary cancers). It's a long way off, but in theory it could one day be possible to deliver an inhibitor directly into the blood to block cancer cells from attaching to cell walls, or to help detach those already attached, reducing the chance of tumours developing elsewhere.
'Most people who die of cancer die from metastases, as unfortunately they can be treated but not cured. This could be a very significant development in the fight against cancer.'
Dr Julie Sharp, Cancer Research UK's senior science information manager, said: 'Cancer spread is one of the biggest challenges our scientists are trying to tackle – understanding more about the molecules that allow cancer to move around the body will help researchers to find new ways to tackle this problem with the aim of saving many more lives in the future.'
Explore further
Scientists discover how cancers generate muscle-like contractions to spread around the body
Journal information: Journal of Cell Biology
Citation: Targeting protein could prevent metastasis of cancer cells (2012, November 14) retrieved 16 June 2019 from https://medicalxpress.com/news/2012-11-protein-metastasis-cancer-cells.html
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Oatmeal Cookies filled with Chocolate
Start your day with oatmeal cookies filled with chocolate, peanuts, greek yogurt and tahini. The oatmeal cookies combine the rich taste and the beneficial qualities of oat, a cereal known from ancient times for its unique nutritional value.
Weight / Piece: 180 gr
Pieces / Box: 12
Boxes / Pallete: 96
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Water Salute – Touching Airport Tradition
The water salute is a touching airport tradition to honor military veterans, foreign dignitaries and new airline service. Salutes typically involve two firefighting rigs spraying arcs of water over an arriving or departing flight. It is a sign of respect, honour and gratitude. Each water cannon salute, which lasts about two minutes, can use as much as 3,000 gallons of water, so it does involve airport fire department resources.
A water salute consists on placing an even number of ARFF vehicles, namely crash tenders with powerful water cannons, on each side of a taxiway, pumping water to create a high arch. It can also be performed by three vehicles forming a triangle, with their water cannons’ stream meeting at the centre.
Here are some examples of Water Salute.
Airbus A380-800 Emirates First landing and Water salute at Guarulhos
Video – Viracopos Cargo HD.
Air India 787 Dreamliner – inaugural Birmingham flight
Video – flugsnug.
Here are the main reasons for giving a water salute:
* For a new airline company operating out of the airport for the first time;
* For a new airplane operating commercially for the first time;
* If the Captain of the airplane or an ATC member is retiring;
* If the airline is closing down the route and its the last flight of that airline from that particular airport.
No one knows exactly when and where did water salutes in airports start. It is well known, though, that back to the days of the ocean liners it was common for fireboats and tugsto spray them with their water cannons when they were leaving or entering a port. So, water salute is not unique to airplanes alone and it is also given for ships as well. The idea must have come from there.
Water salutes began being a common practice in the 1990s, when Salt Like City International Airport started saluting retiring Delta Air Lines pilots by creating a water arch beneath which the aircraft would pass.
Source – aviationcv.com.
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Jetty Dinner
Romantic dinner
Only the two of you, all alone, above sparkling stars and bellow the glittering lake, in front of you nothing but meadows and a impressive mountain world. Cuddled in a woolen blanket, you can count shooting stars while we serve you, quietly, a delicious dinner.
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By 2050 we will need to feed 10 billion people, but increasingly we have the technology to ensure noone goes hungry.
Scientists keep playing about with the process of photosynthesis, such as removing it’s natural sunblock, to boost crop yields by up to 30 percent, but now scientists have genetically engineered plants so they grow up to 40 per cent larger by tweaking the process they use to turn sunlight into food. Photosynthesis allows plants to harvest the sun’s energy and produces vital oxygen as a by-product, fuelling the rich array of life on Earth. However, this mechanism is hampered by an energy intensive process called photorespiration, which plants have evolved to work around an inefficiency present in regular photosynthesis.
An ocean going drone is protecting the world's largest marine reserve
“Photorespiration is anti-photosynthesis,” said Dr Paul South, a molecular biologist at the US Department of Agriculture who led the international team responsible for study, published in the journal Science. “It costs the plant precious energy and resources that it could have invested in photosynthesis to produce more growth and yield.”
One of the key components in photosynthesis is Rubisco, a substance that helps convert Carbon Dioxide and water into the sugars that plants need. Around 20 per cent of the time Rubisco mistakenly grabs oxygen instead of CO2, resulting in the production of a toxic substance that must be removed by photorespiration.
Photorespiration uses a large amount of energy as the substances involved follow a lengthy path that travels through three compartments in the plant cell. To cut down on energetic costs, South and his colleagues created plants with much shorter pathways, a feat of plant engineering they compared to the Panama Canal in the way it boosted efficiency.
Descartes Labs new AI visual search tool lets you find everything on Earth
By fixing this “glitch” a huge amount of energy wasted in photosynthesis can be saved, boosting productivity and in theory helping to feed the ever expanding human population. Although as we look to feeding the 10 or so billion people who will be inhabiting the planet by 2050 there are other ways to feed them that are equally revolutionary, such as vertical farms and what we call Clean Meat, which is meat, such as beef and steak, made in Bio-Reactors without the need for the animals.
Using tobacco plants to test their ideas, the scientists conducted field studies over the course of two years, and found engineered plants were around 40 per cent larger. They are now attempting the same thing with edible crops including soybeans, rice and potatoes.
Professor Donald Ort from the University of Illinois said 200 million additional people could be fed with the calories currently lost to photorespiration in the Midwestern US alone.
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“Reclaiming even a portion of these calories across the world would go a long way to meeting the 21st century’s rapidly expanding food demands – driven by population growth and more affluent high-calorie diets,” he said.
As higher temperatures are known to increase photorespiration rates even further, this research could have particular relevance in warmer climates as global temperatures increase.
The work, which is part of Realising Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE) project, will probably not be applied to food crops for over a decade though because of strict regulations about the creation and use of genetically modified crops – a double edged sword in a world struggling to feed so many.
Scientists get ready to take the world's first photo of a Black Hole
However, the scientists and funders behind the endeavour have committed to providing royalty-free access to the fruits of their labour to smallholder farmers in areas like Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia.
Genetically engineered plants have long provoked suspicion among the public, but with the global population approaching 9 billion many scientists see them as essential tools to feed the world.
About author
Matthew Griffin
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Electronics 101: How Accelerometers Work
June 29, 201128 min
In this episode of Chris and Jonathan's series on electronics, the guys take a look at the handy devices called accelerometers. As you might assume from the name, these instruments measure acceleration -- but how do they work? Tune in to find out.Learn more about advertising on the HowStuffWorks podcasts at to learn about your ad choices when listening to podcasts, visit
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Your one-stop repository where you can find everything you need to know about RepoClear
Introduction to RepoClear
Looking for a general introduction to RepoClear to learn about who we are, what we do and how you can start clearing with us?
This presentation covers all the bases surrounding our clearing service, the products we clear, the efficiencies we bring and how we manage risk.
€GCPlus Factsheet
€GCPlus is LCH’s triparty basket repo clearing service, which enables you to increase capital and operational efficiencies and helps you better manage your Euro cash liquidity.
This factsheet provides a condensed and succinct overview of €GCPlus, how the service works and how it can benefit your portfolio.
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State History...
Rhode Island History...
This information came from the Rhode Island State Website.
Indians And Explorers
Primitive people of Asiatic origin, mistakenly named "Indians" by Columbus, were the first inhabitants of present-day Rhode Island. Archaeological evidence indicates their presence in this area more than eight thousand years ago.
European contacts with Rhode Island and its coastline have been claimed for several explorers, including medieval Irish adventurers sailing in skin-boats called currachs, Norsemen or Vikings (who were once thought to be builders of the Newport Tower), and the daring Portuguese navigator Miguel Corte-Real, who allegedly carved his name and a series of symbols into Dighton Rock in the nearby Taunton River. None of these visitations has been substantiated beyond reasonable doubt, though each has its scholarly supporters. Therefore, the 1524 voyage of Italian navigator Giovanni Verrazzano stands as the first verifiable visit to Rhode Island by a European adventurer.
Verrazzano made his famous trip, searching for an all-water route through North America to China, in the employ of the French king Francis 1 and several Italian promoters. After land-fall at Cape Fear, North Carolina, about March 1, 1524, he proceeded up the coast to the present site of New York City to anchor in the Narrows, now spanned by the giant bridge which bears his name. From there, according to his own account, he sailed in an easterly direction until he " discovered an island in the form of a triangle, distant from the mainland ten leagues, about the bigness of the Island of Rhodes " which he named Luisa after the Queen Mother of France. This was Block Island, but Roger Williams and other early settlers mistakenly thought that Verrazzano had been referring to Aquidneck Island. Thus they changes that Indian name to Rhode Island, and Verrazzano inadvertently and indirectly gave the state its name.
Natives who paddled out to his ship off Point Judith were so friendly that Verrazzano sailed with their guidance into Narragansett Bay to a second anchorage in what is now Newport harbor. He remained for two weeks while his crew surveyed the bay and the surrounding mainland, noting the fertile soil, the woods of oak and walnut, and such game as lynx and deer. Their observations on the dress and customs of their hosts, the Wampanoags, were also most revealing. In early May 1524 Verrazzano departed to press on in vain search for a Northwest Passage to the Orient.
For ninety years following Verrazzano's visit, most European voyagers to North America unsuccessfully sought that elusive Northwest Passage or productively fished the Grand Banks off Newfoundland. In either case, their travels kept them far off to the north of the Rhode Island coast. Not until 1614 were other significant visitations to Rhode Island made and recorded. In that year John Smith of Virginia fame explored and charted the New England coast and bestowed upon this region its name, while Dutch mariner Adriaen Block, en route to the Hudson River, visited Block Island and immodestly named it for himself.
From 1620 onward, settlers from nearby Plymouth Colony and the colony of Massachusetts Bay (established 1628) ventured into the Narragansett region to trade with Indian tribes. Finally, in 1635, Rhode Island got its first white settler - William Blackstone, an eccentric Anglican clergyman who built a home near Lonsdale on the banks of the river which came to bear his name.
Blackstone and others who followed him found the area inhabited by several Indian tribes. The largest of these was the Narragansetts. These natives were part of the Algonquin family of Indian nations, a loose network of related peoples whose habitat stretched from what is now southern Canada to present-day North Carolina. Before the establishment of the permanent white settlements in New England, the Narragansetts occupied the area of Rhode Island from Warwick southward along Narragansett Bay to the present towns of South Kingstown and Exeter. The rest of Rhode Island was populated by other Algonquins, some friendly, some bitter enemies of the Narragansetts.
The Wampanoags may have held many of the islands in the bay as well as territory within the present bounds of Providence and Warwick. The Nipmucks, a weak tribe by comparison with the Narragansetts and the Wampanoags, maintained a tenuous foothold on the northwesterly corner of the state. Initially tributaries of the Wampanoags, the Nipmucks by 1630 came under the yoke of the expanding Narragansetts, a fate that also befell two subtribes in the Warwick area, the Cowesetts and the Shawomets.
On the southern coast the Niantics populated much of what is now the towns of Charlestown and Westerly,. It appears that they were driven out of Connecticut by the warlike Pequots sometime late in the sixteenth century. The Pequots - who took their name from an Algonquin word meaning destroyer - continued their expansion eastward, and in 1632 they engaged in a bitter war with the Narragansetts for control of the area just east of the Pawcatuck River in Westerly and Hopkinton.
Anthropologists have estimated the Narragansett Population at about seven thousand persons when the first white settlers arrived. This estimate also includes the Niantics, who were related to the Narragansetts by marriage and shared the same customs and language. These Indians subsisted on farming, fishing, and hunting. Roles were strictly defined in Algonquin society, and women decidedly had the worst of it. Besides childbearing, females were responsible for planting, harvesting, toting of material possessions when the village moved on a seasonal basis, preparation of food, shellfishing, utensil manufacture, and the erection of wigwams (the bark huts of the Indians). Men, on the other hand, performed the far less strenuous duties fishing and hunting, and they spent a good deal of time in recreational activities.
The Narragansetts and Niantics lived in compact villages that were composed of families who shared a kin relationship. Village leaders, sometimes called subsachems or petty sachems, answered to a higher authority. For the Narragansetts, the ultimate governmental leadership rested in the hands of two men, called chief sachems, who claimed an exalted status by virtue of royal blood. When Roger Williams founded the town of Providence, Canonicus and his nephew Miantonomi reigned as the two chief sachems of the Narragansetts.
The Colonial Era
Rhode Island's first permanent settlement was established at Providence in 1636 by English clergyman Roger Williams and a small band of followers who had left the repressive atmosphere of the Massachusetts Bay Colony to seek freedom of worship. Canonicus and Miantonomi granted Williams a sizable tract of land for his new village. Other nonconformists followed Williams to the bay region, including Anne and William Hutchinson and William Coddington, all of whom founded Portsmouth in 1638 as a haven for Antinomians, a religious sect whose beliefs resembled those a Quakerism. A short-lived dispute sent Coddington to the southern tip of Aquidneck Island (also purchased from the Narragansetts), where he established Newport in 1639. The fourth original town, Warwick, was settled in 1642 by Samuel Gorton, another dissident from Portsmouth. During this initial decade two other outposts were established: Wickford (1637), by Richard Smith, and Pawtuxet (1638), by William Harris and the Arnold family.
Because titles to these lands rested only on Indians deeds, neighboring colonies began to covet them. To meet this threat, Roger Williams journeyed to England and secured a parliamentary patent in March 1643-44 uniting the four towns into a single colony and confirming his fellow settlers' land claims. This legislative document served adequately as a basic law until the Stuart Restoration of 1660 made it wise to seek a royal charter.
Dr. John Clarke was commissioned to secure a document from the new king, Charles II, that would both be consistent with the religious principles upon which the tiny colony was founded and also safeguard Rhode Island lands from encroachment by speculators and greedy neighbors. He succeeded admirably. The royal charter of 1663 guaranteed complete religious liberty, established a self-governing colony with total autonomy, and strengthened Rhode Island's territorial claims. It was the most liberal chart er to be issued by the mother country during the entire colonial era, a fact that enabled it to serve as Rhode Island's basic law until May 1843.
The religious freedom which prevailed in early Rhode Island made it a refuge for several persecuted sect. America's first Baptist church was formed in Providence in 1639; Quakers, who merged with the Antinomians, established a meeting house on Aquidneck in 1657 and soon became a powerful force in the colony's political and economic life; a Jewish congregation came to Newport in 1658; and French Huguenots (Calvinists) settled in East Greenwich in 1686.
The most important and traumatic event in seventeenth-century Rhode Island was King Philip's War (1675-76), the culmination of a four-decade decline in Indian-white relations. Roger Williams had won the grudging respect of his colonial neighbors for his diplomatic skill in keeping the powerful Narragansetts on friendly terms with local white settlers. The Narragansetts in 1637 were even persuaded to form an alliance with the English in carrying out a punitive expedition that nearly extinguished the warlike Pequots. But by 1670 even the friendly tribes who had greeted Williams and the Pilgrims became estranged from the white colonists, and the storm clouds of war began to darken the New England countryside.
Clashes in culture, the appropriation by whites of Indian land for their exclusive ownership, and a series of hostile incidents between the Wampanoag chief King Philip (Metacom) and the aggressive government of Plymouth Colony resulted in the terrible colonial conflict called King Philip's War. This futile struggle to rid New England of the white man consumed the lives of several thousand Indians and more than six hundred whites and resulted in enormous property damage.
The Narragansetts, at first neutral, joined forced with the Wanpanoags after a Plymouth force staged a sneak attack on the Narragansett's principal village in the Great Swamp (South Kingstown) in December 1675. The Great Swamp Fight cost the lives of three hundred braves and almost four hundred women and children. The Narragansetts regrouped and launched a vengeful offensive the following spring. On March 26 a large war party led by chief sachem Canonchet massacred a company of approximately sixty-five Englishmen and twenty friendly Indians led by Captain Michael Pierce on the banks of the Blackstone in present-day Central Falls. Three days later the victorious Narrangansetts descended upon defenseless Providence, burning most of the buildings in the town. For Williams, who witnessed the event, it represented the destruction of four decades of hard-earned progress.
But famine, disease, and wartime casualties soon decimated the ranks of the Narrangansetts and their Wampanoag allies. The killing of King Philip in August 1676 by an Indian allied with the whites effectively ended the war. Remnants of the Narrangansetts, Wampanoags, and Pequots sought refuge with the peaceful Niantics, who had remained neutral. This aggregate of remnant groups became the foundation of a new Indian community in Rhode Island that ultimately assumed the name Narragansett.
Other important seventeenth-century developments included the interruption in government caused by James II's abortive Dominion for New England (1686-89). which was a vain effort to consolidate the northern colonies under royal governor Edmond Andros, and the beginning of the intermittent colonial wars between England and France (1689-1763), a seventy-five year struggle for empire that frequently involved Rhode Island men, money, and ships. By the end of the seventeenth century, Newport - unscathed by King Philip's War - had emerged as a prosperous port and the colony's dominant community, nine towns had been incorporated and the population exceeded six thousand inhabitants.
The first quarter of the eighteenth century was marked by the long and able governorship of Samuel Cranston (1698-1727), who established internal unity and brought his colony into a better working relationship with the imperial government in London.
The middle decades of this century were characterized by significant growth. Newport continued to prosper commercially, but Providence now began to challenge for supremacy. This rivalry assumed political dimension, and by the 1740s a system of two-party politics developed. Opposing groups, one headed by Samuel Ward and the other by Stephen Hopkins, were organized with sectional overtones. Generally speaking (though there were notable exceptions), the merchants and farmers of Newport and South County (Ward's Faction) battled with their counterparts from Providence and its environs (led by Hopkins) to secure control of the powerful legislature for the vast patronage at the disposal of that body.
A major boundary dispute with Connecticut was resolved in 1726-27, and a very favorable settlement with Massachusetts in 1746-47 resulted in the annexation of Cumberland and Several East Bay towns, including Tiverton, Little Compton, Warren (which then embraced Barrington), and the port of Bristol. The spread of agriculture on the mainland resulted in the subdivision of Providence and other early towns. By 1774 the colony had 59,707 residents, who lived in twenty-nine incorporated municipalities.
By mid-eighteenth century the spacious farm plantations of South County, utilizing the labor of black and Indian slaves, reached the peak of their prosperity. Here and in the rolling fields of the island towns, colonial farmers raised livestock (especially sheep and a renowned carriage horse aptly named the Narragansett pacer) and cultivated such commodities as apples, onions, flax and dairy products. The virgin forests yielded lumber for boards, planks, timber, and barrels, and the sea provided whales an d an abundance of fish for food and fertilizer. Most of these items soon became valuable exports for Rhode Island's ever-expanding trade network.
By the end of the colonial era, Rhode Island had developed a brisk commerce with the entire Atlantic community, including England, the Portuguese islands, Africa, South America, the West Indies, and other British mainland colonies. Though agriculture was far and away the dominant occupation, commercial activities flourished in Newport, Providence, and Bristol and in lesser ports like Pawtuxet, Wickford, East Greenwich, Warren and Westerly. The most lucrative and nefarious aspect of this commerce was the s lave trade, in which Rhode Island merchants outdid those of any other mainland colony. This traffic formed one leg of a triangular route which brought molasses from the West Indies to Rhode Island, whose distilleries transformed it to rum. This liquor was bartered along the African coast for slaves, who were carried in crowed, pest-ridden vessels to the West Indies, the Southern colonies, or back home for domestic service in the mansions of the merchants or on the plantations of South County.
Roger Williams departed Salem, Massachusetts in the midst of a gloomy, winter landscape, just as the sun was setting. Snow carpeted the forest floor, and a cruel wind whipped through the dark and forbidding trees: Thus a 19th Century artist (1) set about portraying the banishment of Roger Williams.
This episode marked the start of a journey which led to the founding of a civil government permitting unlimited toleration of religions and where no one could be punished for following the dictates of conscience. In 1636 his small settlement on the Narragansett Bay at the Seekonk and Providence Rivers created the force which within a short period of time became the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. Williams the puritan minister, banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his belief in Liberty of Conscience, could now demonstrate that his settlement, with HOPE IN THE DIVINE, was able to stand its ground against external dangers and internal confusion. While he was living in Massachusetts he had cultivated an acquaintance with the Indians and before he left that colony he had met Canonicus and Massasoit. This friendship with the Indians was the key to how Williams was able to plan his new settlement within the very center of Indian Territory.
In the fall of 1635, Williams had denounced the rules of Massachusetts. He was summoned to court to answer charges on his denunciation of the "freeman's oath" which he saw as a transfer of allegiance from King Charles I to the government of Massachusetts. His refusal to obey that summons caused him to flee through the wilderness to the Mount Hope Bay and the kingdom of Massasoit. This great Wampanoag sachem granted Williams a tract of land on the Seekonk River. There he was joined by friends from Salem and they began to build; however in order to avoid any complication with the Plymouth Colony they crossed the Seekonk and moved to the site of Providence where they made their first permanent settlement in June, 1636.
Williams' friendship with the Indians, and their respect from him, derived from his firm belief that "nature knows no difference between European and American (Indian) in blood, birth, bodies.." He did not share the contempt of the English for the"Savage". Williams traded and preached with the Indian, taking the trouble to learn their language.
The new settlements within the Narragansett Bay area provided a unique opportunity for religious liberty and it also gave many enterprising individuals an opportunity to succeed in business. In 1643, these loosely knit settlements in the Narragansett Bay area recognized the need for some form of central government. That following year Williams was able to arrange for a patent or legal document which gave political sovereignty to these settlements and for the first time the inhabitants of the region were joined together into a single body politic.
Roger Williams, founder, led the development of political and religious liberty, and practical democracy. We must not forget his friends Massasoit, Canonicus, Miantonomi and the Wampanoag and Narragansett Nations.
Roger Williams, founder of Rhode Island, the first real democracy, was born in London, England about 1602. This is an estimated date based on rather vague references made by him in later years ragarding his age. The parish records of St. Sepulchre's Church where he was christened were destroyed in the Great London Fire in 1666, so the exact date can not be determined. He was one of the four children of James Williams, Merchant Taylor, and his wife Alice, the daughter of Robert and Catherine (Stokes) Pemberton of St. Albans, Hertfordshire.
He took orders in the Church of England and in 1629 accepted the post of chaplain to Sir William Masham at his manor house at Otes in Essex. His courtship of Jane Whalley was brought to an abrupt termination by the disapproval of her aunt, Lady Barrington. Stung by the rejection, the young clergyman became ill of a fever and was nursed back to health by Mary Barnard, a member of Lady Masham's household. She is believed to have been the daughter of the Reverend Richard Bernard (or Barnard) of Works hop in Nottinghamshire. Roger Williams and Mary Barnard were married at High Laver Church in Essex on December 15, 1629.
Roger Williams' last years were spent in service to the community. He held the office of town clerk for many years. The precise date of his death is unknown, but it occurred sometime between January 16 and March 16, 1682-83. His funeral was attended with such honors as the town could provide and a salute of guns was fired over his grave. He was buried in the orchard in the rear of his homestead lot. Many years later, his remains were disinterred and placed in the tomb of a descendant in the North Burial Ground. In 1936 they were sealed within a bronze container and set into the base of the monument erected to his memory on Prospect Terrace. His statue gazes out over the city where his principles of freedom of thought and worship, separation of Church and State, and equality for all men, regardless of race or creed were first put into practice. He left no great estate of worldly goods, but this was his immortal legacy to the freedom of loving peoples of all the world.
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Moderate energy circalittoral rock
Deeper water rock, with some shelter from waves and currents
Seaweeds tend to dominate shallow coastal areas, but as the water depth increases and there is insufficient sunlight for seaweed growth, animal communities are able to prevail.
The types of animals that live in this zone vary enormously. The strength of the waves and the speed of the tidal stream are two important factors that affect where the different animals set up home.
Where bedrock and boulder seascapes are affected by moderate wave action and fairly strong tidal streams, the animal communities can include cup coral, sea-fans, and anemones, or they may be dominated by sponges. Mobile animals in this environment include starfish, brittlestars, and sea urchins. It is also possible to find rock borers and piddocks, which are both types of bivalves (with paired, hinged shells) that burrow into soft rocks such as limestone.
Mussel beds and worm reefs can also occur in the moderate wave and tide environment of these rocky areas.
For the official habitat definition please see the documents listed below.
European distribution
On exposed rocky headlands and coastlines, mainly on the south-west and west coasts of Britain and Ireland, where they are exposed to the prevailing south-westerly wind.
Official habitat definition
EUNIS habitat A4.2 Atlantic and Mediterranean moderate energy circalittoral rock
Further information
JNCC Marine Habitat Classification
JNCC EUNIS habitat correlations table
Return to Graphics version
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Why Writing Works
Disciplinary Approaches to Composing Texts
Writing in Math
Dr. Heather Moreland
There are two main aspects to writing in the mathematical sciences. The first is to communicate new results and discoveries to fellow scientists through journal articles and presentations. The second is in the presentation of a mathematical computation or proof. This is the type of writing students encounter more frequently during their studies. It is generally not until their senior seminar project that they are first exposed to journal articles. While this is unfortunate, it is also necessary since the students need to accumulate the mathematical knowledge and maturity to be able to synthesize these articles.
New results and discoveries are communicated in several different ways. A refereed journal article is the most classic type of presentation. At most conferences there are sessions where mathematicians present a 15-20 minute summary of their results, consequences, and future work plans. For students, it has become common to present their work in a poster session.
The presentation of a mathematical computation or proof is the most common form of communication. It is often difficult for students to understand that mathematics has grammar and punctuation rules just like English. The appropriate use of symbols and drastically change the meaning of consequences of a mathematical statement. The omission of mathematical context can have catastrophic consequences.
One of the most famous examples was when scientists working on the programming for a NASA space probe did not include the units they were working in (miles versus kilometers). Another group of scientists assumed they were working in one measurement when in actuality they were working in the other. The result was the loss of the space probe as it did not land safely on the planet, but rather hit with such momentum that it was destroyed. I often use this example in my classes to demonstrate how critical it is to effectively communicate what it is you are doing, computing, or showing.
Writing in the classroom
To assist students in their mathematical communication skills, starting at the 200 level, I incorporate a homework presentation aspect on each assignment. These points are awarded for clarity of exposition, flow of the argument, and readability. While the students often start the semester very resistant to this idea, by the end of the semester they are grateful for the guidance. Several students have commented how this has assisted them in their future courses. This ability to communicate effectively with others will assist the students not only in their academic endeavors, but in their future careers.
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Skip to main content
Редактирование шага 1 —
Тип шага:
Перетащите чтобы изменить порядок
On the keyboard, remove the F1, F2, F11, and F12 keys.
This is scary - take a deep breath before continuing. Place your index finger under the upper left corner of the key and lift up until you hear a click. Then, transfer your finger to the left edge of the key and lift up to pull the key off.
You're freeing the two tabs on the left of the key from the two small holes in the plastic scissors mechanism.
When replacing the keys in the keyboard, place the key directly over the slot where it will go and press down until you hear the key click into place.
Ваш вклад лицензируется под свободной лицензией Creative Commons.
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| 0.751016 |
What’s Mappenin’?
Devin’s Geospatial Map
The Issue
Our predictions about climate change and how it is going to occur into the future are very uncertain. This is largely due to the fact that we don’t know how carbon storage on land is going to change, and so we don’t know how much carbon is going to be emitted into the atmosphere from the soil. One of the major drivers of change in soil carbon storage is nutrient enrichment, and as humans produce fertilisers and change the nutrient concentrations of the soils around the world, it is changing the ability of the soil to store carbon. But we don’t know the magnitude of this effect so we cannot predict how nutrient enrichment is going to change.
Data scientist Devin Routh and Prof. Thomas Crowther
What the Crowther Lab are going to do?
We are doing a global study using the NUT NET data set. We are exploring how nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are changing the amount of carbon stored in the soil all around the world. Devin is working to generate a global map of this effect so we can say where nutrient enrichment is increasing and decreasing carbon stocks. Once we have done that we will be able to add up all of the values from around the world to get a global understanding that can help us to understand how carbon stocks are going to change over the rest of the century. This will tell us a little bit more about how the climate is going to vary over the rest of this time.
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| 0.998706 |
Java - Logient
Java Team
A dedicated team where smiles, politeness, mutual support and mutual help are omnipresent. The Java programmers like to evolve in an environment where everyone can be autonomous and where responsibilities abound. Their in-depth knowledge of several technologies makes them almost jack-of-all-trades. They rely on a Debugging Rubber Duck to answer their questions and work in innovative frameworks.
Team leads
Sébastien Murray
It was after he successfully obtained his diploma in computer systems and robotics that Sébastien started dabbling in computer science. Having a particular knack for finding solutions and optimizing products, he also masters the art of irony and the Kerbal Space Program game. His colleagues truly appreciate him for his legendary calm demeanor during stressful situations.
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Losing One’s Grip: A Bivariate Growth Curve Model of Grip Strength and Nonverbal Reasoning From Age 79 to 87 Years in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1921
Deary, Ian J.; Johnson, Wendy; Gow, Alan J.; Pattie, Alison; Brett, Caroline E.; Bates, Timothy C.; Starr, John M.
November 2011
Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences & Socia;Nov2011, Vol. 66B Issue 6, p699
Academic Journal
Objectives. Grip strength and reasoning are associated in old age. This is one of the few longitudinal studies addressing whether aging of one causes decline in the other or whether they share causal influences. Methods. The Lothian Birth Cohort 1921 were assessed for grip strength and nonverbal reasoning at ages M = 79 (N = 550), M = 83 (N = 321), and M = 87 (N = 207). Associations among intercepts and slopes for grip strength and reasoning and covariates were examined by fitting a bivariate growth curve structural equation model. Results. Grip strength and reasoning declined with age. They were each significantly correlated on each occasion. Their intercepts were significantly correlated (.20) but not their slopes. Neither intercept was significantly associated with its own or the other’s slope. Better reasoning was associated with higher childhood intelligence, more professional occupations, male sex, and being taller. There were no significant reasoning slope associations. Stronger grip strength was associated with male sex, being taller, and drinking less alcohol. Women showed less age-related decline in grip strength. Discussion. Physical and mental “grips†declined in the ninth decade of life. Their levels were significantly correlated; their slopes were not. There was no evidence for reciprocal dynamic influences nor for shared associations.
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middle grade 8th
What is a Common Denominator?
Hi Slobodanka,
We say that two fractions have a common denominator if both fractions have the same denominator. This is important when you add or subtract two fractions. For example if you want to add 3/4 and 1/6 you need first to exprress both fractions with the same denominator. That is you need to find a common denominator.
A denominator that will work is 12 since
1/62/12 and 3/49/12
1/6 + 3/4
How did I know that 12 is a common denominator?
The denominators of the two original fractions are 4 and 6 and what I noticed is that 12 is a multiple of both 4 and 6. This means that I can express both fractions with a denominator of 12.
I hope this hepls,
Go to Math Central
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| 0.999795 |
Simeon Hawkins
Youth Leader, St. Paul’s Church
Simeon Hawkins was a high school history teacher in the UK before emigrating to New Zealand with his wife in 2010. Since then, he’s completed a Grad Dip in theology at Laidlaw College and been the youth pastor at St Paul’s, Symonds street for the past 6 years. Simeon has a comfortable, compelling and interactive teaching style, bringing his topics alive with lots of illustrations, media and whiteboard scribbling. His primary passions are in Biblical and Church History, Apologetics, reading Scripture well, contextual Creation and generally making potentially complex issues digestible and fun. He lives with his wife and two small children in Auckland.
Biblical History:
The world of first century Palestine was a vibrant and three-dimensional place, but with 2,000 years distance between them and us it can feel dry, irrelevant and at times a different world altogether. Who were some of the groups the Gospels refer to like Herodians, Sicarii and Pharisees? What were Jewish concepts of Messiah and how did that permeate daily life? What’s the big deal about the temple? Who was Pilate if there was King Herod? When we can understand some of the political, social, religious and economic situations, Scripture can hit us with sudden HD clarity.
Church History:
Dan Brown’s daVinci Code would have us believe the Council of Nicaea was a power-hungry conglomerate selecting scriptures that suited their agenda. This is one example of countless accusations of church corruption or inaccuracy based on a total misunderstanding or ignorance of Church history. As Christians living a life of faith, it is crucial we know our stories, own our mistakes, learn our lessons and celebrate our successes. Get equipped to answer those ill-founded accusations and at the same time, encouraged that God would use such a broken collection of followers to change and shape the world.
The Reliability of Scripture:
Christ revealed in Scripture is the sole foundation for the Christian faith. If that cannot be trusted, then our measure for morality, Salvation and truth is gone. This areas includes topics like How did the Bible come to us in its present form? Can English translations be trusted as accurate to the original? Is there any non-Biblical evidence that supports the claims of Scripture? Once we can establish the complete reliability of Scripture, then we have a framework and measure from which to navigate our life and to bring life to others.
Christianity pivots on one central figure: Jesus Christ and him crucified. Jesus’ death on the cross and subsequent resurrection is essential; without it, there is no forgiveness, salvation, or future hope in the age to come. Explore not only the certain death of Christ, but the beautiful significance of his sacrifice from an Old Testament atonement perspective. Also consider the evidence for and against the resurrection, and weigh up if there is any credibility to alternative theories like disciple hoaxes, common graves, mistaken identities or slipping Jesus a Micky Finn giving the appearance of death. Fortunately, our faith is based on evidence as solid as the rock which was rolled away.
The Supernatural:
Supernatural movies and series’ drop weekly from the Hollywood machine, clouding our conceptions of the spiritual realm but also highlighting the widespread interest and hunger to explore the supernatural. How can we separate Hollywood from Scripture? Are there such things as ghosts, demons or angels? If so, what can we know about them and do they have any bearing on our life? Let’s open the only true supernatural authority and discover what it says and were the boundaries are on what is and is not ok to do.
Contact Simeon
09 373 7247
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A Bot for Your ChatBot?
Written by Avi Bhagtani in Software robots in the workplace on January 31, 2019
Automation Anywhere Enterprise
Robotic Processing Automation (RPA) and bots help humans work smarter, faster, and more efficiently. But what if bots could help chatbots become more useful as well?
We use digital assistants for many of our daily tasks like checking the weather, sports scores, temperature of our house, etc. As chatbots/virtual assistants—the business-equivalent of a digital assistant—become more prominent in the Enterprise, they can perform more complex tasks, such as checking your bank balance, filing an insurance claim, applying for a mortgage, or fulfilling an order. They are the first line of interface to the customer. But, those “happiness” moments when chatbots work seamlessly could also lead to some moments of frustration when you are not able to get meaningful information in a timely fashion.
Welcome RPA, whom you can think of as bot for your chatbot. RPA can do many of the tasks in the backend that chatbots could not provide. They can take meaningful information from a customer, process it with the help of automated workflows and find the right response. Where chatbots can understand context and intent, RPA bots can ‘finish’ the task that was first initiated by a customer request via chatbot.
Let’s take a simple example of a customer filing an insurance claim. Watch the video below to see how a customer interaction with an “insurance bot” quickly turns negative when the person doesn’t receive a response in a timely fashion. They quickly send an email to the insurance company asking for an update. An RPA bot picks up that request, finds the right customer information, and escalates to an actual employee to quickly respond to an angry customer. By complementing a chatbot with a bot that can also bring in a human-in-the loop, we can guarantee a very satisfied customer experience
As business processes become more complex and customers less patient, marrying chatbots with RPA bots and humans-in-the-loop is the natural solution for solving real-world customer challenges. Companies can either build these bots on their own or can download bots that are specific to their needs from Digital Workforce marketplaces, such as the Automation Anywhere’s BOT STORE.
So find your RPA bot. Make your customers happy. And remember, with RPA there is always a bot for your bots!
Get started on your RPA journey with our free, 30-day trial.
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The University of Newcastle, Australia
Not currently offered
Course code
10 units
5000 level
Course handbook
Child law involves the study of law and the social context of the law as it affects children. It builds a foundation for the study of specific laws (child protection, juvenile justice law) by exploring human rights, social and legal perspectives. It considers broader legal and social issues that affect children, including:
4. Children's interaction with legal processes.
Not currently offered.
This Course was last offered in Summer 2 - 2019.
Learning outcomes
On successful completion of the course students will be able to:
3. Demonstrate understanding of juvenile justice and child protection law (including legislation and relevant case law) policy issues and legal and non-legal processes as they relate to problem scenarios concerning children and young people.
5. Demonstrate understanding of the importance of interdisciplinary and holistic responses to children and young people's legal issues.
6. Work more effectively in teams to solve problems.
The topics in this course include the following:
1. International Law and Human Rights of Children
2. Children, legal capacity and the Legal Process
3. Concepts from family law relevant to children and Child Protection Law
4. Child Protection Law
5. Juvenile Justice
6. Interprofessional practice in legal contexts
Assumed knowledge
Assessment items
Presentation: Team Project - Class Presentation
Written Assignment: Problem answers and Legal Advices, Multiple choice and short answer tests
In Term Test: In-Class Test: Multiple choice and short answer tests
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QuickBase: The Missing Manual
Book Description
QuickBase: The Missing Manual shows you how to choose among QuickBase's dozens of ready-made applications (mini-databases, essentially) and how to customize one to fit your needs exactly. You'll also learn to assign people different roles within the application. The guide also shows you how to:
• Capture and modify data: Whatever kind of data you need to store--sales leads, catalog listings, project milestones, workflow checklists--you can use QuickBase's forms to record and organize that data so it makes sense to you.
• Filter, sort, and group data: Easily find the records that match your criteria, and then sort those records into groups that make their relationships clear.
• Display your data: QuickBase uses different views (Table, Grid Edit, Summary/Crosstab, Calendar, Chart, and Timeline) to display and summarize data. Switching between them is easy, like taking tasks listed in a table and displaying them as a timeline.
• Create reports: Print out a hard copy, embed charts in the annual report, or email this month's sales numbers.
Because Intuit frequently introduces new features to QuickBase, you'll find updates to this book at our Missing Manual web site so you can benefit from the latest technology and user suggestions right away.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
1. What You Can Do with QuickBase
2. What You Need to Get Started
1. A QuickBase Account
2. Browser Requirements
3. About This Book
1. About the Outline
4. The Very Basics
1. About→These→Arrows
2. Safari® Books Online
2. 1. Signing Up and Taking a Quick Tour
1. Creating an Account
1. Creating a New Account
2. Accepting an Invitation
3. Signing In
1. Forgot your password?
2. Signing out
2. Using Your My QuickBase Page
1. Viewing and Organizing Your Applications
1. Using categories to organize your applications
2. Hiding an application from My QuickBase
3. Restoring an application you’ve hidden
2. Keeping Tabs on Your Data: Using the Home Tab
1. Adding a Report to the Home Tab
2. Adding a Text Box to the Home Tab
3. Working with Elements on the Home Tab
3. Managing Your Account Information
1. Edit user information
2. Edit user preferences
3. Change password
4. Manage user accounts
5. Manage application tokens
4. Managing Your Billing Account
1. Summary tab
2. Applications tab
3. Groups tab
4. Permissions tab
5. Deny tab
6. Users with Access tab
5. Alert! Alert!
3. Getting Started with Applications
1. Open an Existing Report
2. View a Record
3. Add or Modify a Record
1. Modify a record
4. Find an Existing Record
5. Find a Record You’ve Worked on Recently
6. Create or Modify a Report
1. Create a new report
2. Modify a report you’ve created
7. Stay on Top of Things with Email Notifications
8. Get Help When You Need It
3. 2. Different Ways of Displaying Your Data
1. QuickBase’s Report Formats
1. Table Reports
2. Grid Edit Reports
3. Summary and Crosstab Reports
4. Calendar Reports
5. Chart Reports
6. Timeline Reports
2. Creating, Editing, and Printing Reports
1. Creating a Report from Scratch
2. Edit, Copy, or Delete a Report
1. Editing a report
2. Copying a report
3. Deleting a report
3. Print a Report
3. Tips for Creating Specific Report Types
1. Table Reports
2. Summary and Crosstab Reports
3. Calendar Reports
4. Chart Reports
1. Pie charts
2. Bar charts
3. Line charts
4. Area charts
5. Timeline Reports
4. 3. Working with Data and Documents
1. Getting Data and Documents into QuickBase
1. Adding a New Record
2. Copying a Record
3. Importing Data into QuickBase
1. Import using copy and paste
2. Import from a file
4. Tips and Tricks for Importing Data
1. Cleaning up Your Spreadsheet
2. Importing into a Multi-Table Application
1. Organizing your data
2. Importing data into a master table
3. Keeping master records and details records together
4. Importing data to the details table
5. Adding Documents
2. Finding, Changing, and Exporting Data
1. Finding Information
1. Search for an application
2. Search for information inside an application
3. Fine-tune your searches with Advanced Find
4. Save search results
2. Searching for Data and Replacing It
1. Use Search and Replace for a User field
2. Use Search and Replace for a checkbox field
3. Search and Replace for other kinds of data
3. Modifying an Existing Record
4. Deleting Records
1. Delete a bunch of records from an application
2. Delete all the records in an application
5. Exporting Data
3. Editing and Collaborating on Documents
1. Finding a Document
2. Reserving a Document
1. Release a reservation
3. Viewing a Document’s Revision History
4. Restoring a Previous Version
5. Managing the Revisions List
6. Deleting a Version of a Document
5. 4. Report Sharing, Change Notifications, and Reminders
1. Sending Reports to Yourself and Others
1. Quickly Emailing Individual Reports
2. Printing Reports
3. Creating Report Subscriptions
1. Subscribing to reports for yourself
2. Sending subscriptions to others
2. Modifying Report Subscriptions
1. Editing a Subscription
2. Temporarily Disabling a Subscription
3. Deleting a Subscription
3. Triggering Change Notification Emails
1. Signing Up for Emails for Yourself
2. Sending Notification Emails to Others
3. Editing, Disabling, and Deleting Email Notifications
4. Sending Reminders
1. Creating Reminders
2. Editing, Disabling, and Deleting Reminders
5. Customizing Your QuickBase Emails
1. Customizing the Text of Your Notification Emails
2. Customizing the Look of Your Notification Emails
6. Using vCard and iCalendar with QuickBase
6. 5. Planning Your QuickBase Solution
1. Defining the Problem
1. Clarifying Your Problem
2. Identifying Your Objectives
2. Exploring Your Workflow
1. A Typical Day in the Life of a Task
1. Example 1: Distribution company
2. Example 2: IT department
3. Tracking Information
1. What Information Do You Need to Track?
1. Example 1: Distribution company
2. Example 2: IT department
2. What Information Do People Need?
1. Example 1: Distribution company
2. Example 2: IT department
4. Keeping the Team on Track
1. How Does Your Team Know What to Do and When?
1. Example 1: Distribution company
2. Example 2: IT department
2. How Do You Know When the Work’s Done?
5. From Planning to Application
1. Start from a Prebuilt Application
2. Design Your Own Application
3. Consider the QuickBase Enterprise Edition
7. 6. Using QuickBase’s Prebuilt Applications
1. A Tour of QuickBase’s Application Templates
1. Project Management
2. Sales Management
3. Customer Management
4. Marketing
5. Professional Services
6. Employee and Training Management
7. IT and Back Office
8. Legal
9. Real Estate
10. Process Excellence (Six Sigma)
2. Templates in Action: Three Examples
1. National Sales Management
2. Residential Property Management
3. Project Management
3. Creating an Application from a Template
1. The Getting Started Guide
2. The Dashboard Page
4. Adapting a Template to Suit Your Needs
1. Customizing an Application’s Appearance
2. Customizing Fields and Tables
1. Add a field
2. Add a field in a specific spot
3. Modify a field
4. Delete a field
5. Add a table
8. 7. Creating Your Own Application
1. Building a New Application
1. Single-Table or Multi-Table?
2. Creating a Single-Table Application: Spreadsheet Style
1. Assigning field types
3. Creating a Multi-Table Application: Database Style
1. Creating relationships between tables
2. Creating an Application by Importing Data
1. Copying and Pasting
2. Importing a File
3. Importing from Microsoft Project
3. Modifying an Application’s Properties
4. Give Your Application’s Users a Guided Tour
1. Creating a User Guide for Your Application
2. Tips and Tricks for Working with User Guides
1. Adding Images to a Guide
2. Creating More than Three Guides
9. 8. Managing Applications
1. The Administrator’s Dashboard
1. Customizing Your Dashboard
1. Heading
2. Buttons
3. Left Column
4. Main Column
5. Rearranging Dashboard sections
6. Deleting Dashboard sections
2. Sharing an Application
1. Basic Sharing
2. Inviting Users
3. Bulk Sharing
4. Sharing with Everyone in Your Organization
5. Converting Placeholders to Real People
3. Adding and Modifying Fields
1. Adding Fields
2. Modifying Fields
1. Renaming a field
2. Reordering fields in the default report
3. Reordering fields in an existing Table report
4. Editing a field’s properties
5. Changing a field’s type
6. Seeing how much use a field is getting
7. Hiding a field from Quick Find searches
8. Duplicating a field
9. Deleting a field
10. Creating Conditional Drop-Down Lists
3. Applying Field Restrictions
1. Restricting access from the Fields tab of the Tables page
2. Restricting access from the Roles page
4. Creating Dependencies
5. Deleting an Application
1. From the My QuickBase page
2. From the application you’re deleting
3. From your Billing Account page (billing account administrators only)
6. Managing Tables
1. Adding a Table to an Application
1. Add a new table
2. Absorb an existing table
2. Managing an Application’s Tables
1. Properties tab
2. Fields tab
3. Relationships tab
4. Forms tab
5. Reports tab
6. Emails tab
7. Permissions tab
7. Using QuickBase Enterprise Edition
1. A Realm of One’s Own
2. Establishing Your Realm
1. Setting access levels
2. Setting password policies
3. Setting sign-in policies
4. Customizing your realm
3. Mastering Your Realm
1. Maintaining the realm
1. Budgeting and Controlling Expenses
2. Monitor Usage and Growth
3. Monitor Application Managers
4. Find Inactive Users and Applications
2. Controlling access to the realm
1. Monitor External Access
2. Monitor General Access
3. Restricting an application to approved users
4. Turning on IP filtering
8. Enhancing an Application’s Security with Tokens
1. Step 1: Create a Token
2. Step 2: Assign the Token to an Application
10. 9. Managing Roles and Groups
1. Managing Roles
1. QuickBase’s Built-in Roles
1. Modify an existing role
2. Creating a Brand-New Role
3. Assigning a Role
4. Prioritizing Roles
5. Creating Different Dashboard Pages for Different Roles
1. Assigning a Dashboard to a role
6. Adjusting What Roles Can See and Do
1. Hiding tables or buttons
2. Preventing multiple-record edits
3. Hiding buttons on the menu bar
4. Custom Access to Fields
1. Customizing Access
5. Restricting reports
6. Restricting a user’s ability to save reports
7. Changing someone’s role
8. Copying a role
9. Deleting a role
2. Managing Groups
1. Creating a Group and Adding Members
2. Designating Group Managers
3. Nested Groups
4. Making Changes to Groups
1. See who’s in a group
2. See which applications the group can access
3. Assign a group a role
4. Copy a group
5. Delete a group
6. Change a group’s name or description
11. 10. Creating Relationships Between Tables
1. How Table Relationships Work
1. The One-to-Many Relationship
2. Creating a Relationship
1. Creating a Relationship Across Applications
2. Adding a Master Record from the Details Table
3. Adding a Field to a Relationship
4. Deleting a Field from a Relationship
1. Deleting a relationship
3. Deleting Related Records
4. Working with Advanced Fields
1. Lookup Fields
2. Snapshot Fields
3. Shared Multiple-Choice Fields
1. Sharing an existing multiple-choice field
2. Creating a new shared multiple-choice field
4. Summary Fields
5. Report Link Fields
1. Create a Report Link field when creating a relationship
2. Create a Report Link field between existing tables
12. 11. Automating QuickBase with Formulas, Forms, and Dynamic Rules
1. Writing Formulas
1. The Parts of a Formula
2. Understanding Data Types
3. Creating a Formula Field
4. Formula Writing Basics
1. Example 1: Calculate a Minimum Payment
2. Example 2: Keep a Countdown to a Project’s Launch Date
3. Example 3: List a Name and Mailing Address in Standard Address Format
5. Using Special Functions in Formulas
1. The If Function
2. The Case() Function
3. Null Values
6. The Fields & Functions Menu
7. Using Variables in Formulas
8. Using Formulas to Design Reports
9. Troubleshooting Formulas
2. Customizing Forms
1. Creating a Custom Form
2. Working with Embedded Reports
1. Embed a report within a form
2. Edit an embedded report
3. Dynamic Forms
1. Set the condition
2. Specify the action
4. Using Form Rules to Create Nested Multiple-Choice Lists
3. Collecting Data via Web Page Forms
1. First Things First: Setting up Your Application
1. Creating a role
2. Assigning users to the new role you just created
3. Checking your application’s table
2. The Form Creation Wizard
3. Customizing Your Form
4. The QuickBase API
1. What Can the QuickBase API Do?
2. Online API Resources
1. Community Forum
13. 12. Exact Forms: Creating Sophisticated Documents
1. Downloading and Opening the Template
1. Downloading the Exact Forms Template
2. Open the Template
2. Designing Exact Forms
1. Using Field Codes to Place Information
2. Inserting a Date Using Formulas
3. Adding an Image Stored in QuickBase
1. Inserting images from QuickBase records
2. Adding the same image to every document
4. Inserting a Table of Detail Records
5. Choosing Which Columns Appear in an Embedded Table
3. Saving Your Exact Form
4. Printing Your Documents from an Exact Form
5. Editing an Exact Form
1. Deleting an Exact Form
14. 13. Switching from Microsoft Access to QuickBase
1. Why Make the Switch?
1. Ease of Use
2. Sharing Data
3. Keeping Your Data Secure
4. Ending Maintenance Headaches
5. When You’re Ready to Learn More
2. Getting Started
3. Working with Tables
1. Creating a Table
2. Working with Table Fields
1. Editing a Field in a QuickBase Table
2. Writing Formulas
3. Relating Tables
4. Working with Forms
1. Adding a New Record
2. Editing an Existing Record
3. Editing a Form
5. Finding and Displaying Data
1. Querying a Table
2. Creating Reports in QuickBase
15. The Missing Credits
1. About the Author
2. About the Creative Team
16. Index
17. About the Author
18. Copyright
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This Xylitol Chewing Gum Will Improve Slum Dweller Dental Health
- Apr 29, 2014
References: hultprizesix & fastcoexist
A xylitol chewing gum startup concept is taking on tooth decay in developing countries. From a Hult Prize nominated group of students from the University of Pennsylvania, Sweet Bites aims to provide a solution for those who can't afford it--in the form of bubblegum for kids.
Poor oral health is an issue that affects millions of slum dwellers in communities lacking in basic needs and health care. Where dental care is expensive, xylitol chewing gum is actually affordable.
Local mothers can manufacture their own, remineralizing tooth enamel and improving quality of life. This also economically empowers local women in India, where gender equality is a widespread social issue. By using Indian raw ingredients, they can have a sustainable alternative income source. The gum's packaging will include 'actionable healthcare knowledge' as well, to further educate these female ambassadors.
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How do you say sausage in Spanish?
sausage, You say salchicha in Spanish!
This is a Bilingual Dicrionary that will help you say English words into Spanish. You can take a quiz about sausage in Spanish, Translate a sentence or word with sausage In Spanish.
Similar Words - These are words related to sausage:
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Friday, November 16, 2018
d20 Fantastic Skies
In real life, the sky isn't really a thing.
pictured- a clammy gulf of nuthin and things too far to reach
How about in your game?
Sure, weather is a thing. Clouds get some love. Maybe your sun and moon are allegedly gods, but do they act like it, or do they act like distant balls of rock and/or fire made of physics?
pictured- an interpretation of the sky that's a lot more gameable than 'clammy empty gulf'
So here's some fantastic skies that might actually be relevant to actual gameplay. Some are even compatible with each other.
1. The sky is a giant rock, just like the earth. Clouds and moons and stuff float between the sky and the ground, and might collide with tall or flying objects. The highest mountain in any given region is sacred, because it holds up the sky and stops it from falling and crushing that region. In mountain-poor regions, trees have to bear the burden of the sky. Either way, you can reach the sky and mine it, looking for stars (glimmering gemstones) or star-metal (regular sky stuff is just rock colored like the sky and it looks pretty lame up close, you gotta get the good stuff).
2. The sky is like a giant tarp, a flexible membrane. If you cut it open, stuff escapes into the Void in catastrophic decompression hurricanes. Eventually the hole seals. Sometimes things from the Void get IN though. If you get sucked into the void, you'll find the outer shell of the sky is grizzled and tough and much harder to break through, and littered with debris from past punctures. And also Void stuff, which you don't need to see much of to be glad it's in the Void and you're under The Sky. "Splitting the sky asunder and ushering in the Void" is every other doomsday villain's plan.
3. The night sky is Nut. Nut is that there egyptian goddess featured above. What she does is tiptoes around on fingers and toes, careful not to crush things, round and round the world, bringing a respite from the sun. Stars are her jewelry, and the King of Thieves is coming out of retirement one last time and putting together a team to steal her nipple piercing, and there's just one question you should be asking yourself right now- Are you in?
4. There is no sky- blue is just what light looks like when bounced through the atmosphere, and stars are just other towns seen on the far side of the world, because you're on the inside of a sphere, not the outside. Legendary archers can shoot all the way across, and the Ancients built a tower that spans the gap, now a forsaken ruin squatted in by pretender kings and forgotten horrors.
5. Each day's sky is a different giant whale- typically blue whales, but there's a lot of whale species you know, one for each type of sky, except night skies. Each night, the whale dies, rots, turns weird bruise colors(the sunset) then turns black (Night), and is devoured by the Star Brood. Stars are just huge glowing maggots. Sometimes they fall out of the whale and cause trouble. Sometimes hunting the sky-leviathan for its incomparable bones and flesh gets the whales before the maggots do, but it will require a certain ship, and a certain expertise, and a certain harpoon
6. Stars are all suns and also sons, but they're banished from the court of the Celestial Sun Emperor. Every year or so they try to stage a coup and earth becomes eternally day and way too hot (this is known as War Summer), so the Sun Guard have to assemble to slay or drive off the sun or sunS. Some disgruntled rebels even side with the would-be usurpers and the Sun Empire is wracked by civil war, while those less honorable still take advantage of the disruption in social order via banditry.
7. The sky is the ocean, obviously. The ocean is blue during the day, like the sky. The ocean is black during the night, like the sky. This ain't rocket alchemy. As such you can sail through the sky just as you can sail through the ocean, though since it's upside down, only dead people can stand it for long periods of time. Stars are the boats of the dead and their corpse lanterns, and the sun shines on the Dead Ocean and the Live Ocean equally.
and cloud krakens mostly eat people on the Dead Ocean but don't you trust fog banks
8. The sky is a facade concealing the TRUE SUN from the world, set there by the FALSE SUN. The TRUE SUN's light shines through holes in the facade, so brilliant that the light of the FALSE SUN looks like darkness in comparison. The MOON is the FALSE SUN when seen in the light of the TRUE SUN shining through the STARS, which are holes shot by arrows of heroes who tried to fight the FALSE SUN, but the cowardly FALSE SUN ran away and so the arrows struck the facade instead.
9. There are a seven or so skies, each a different color, layered atop each other like a rainbow. Currently, Sky Blue and Sky Black own about half of the sky, and take turns shuffling over. The sunset are the lesser skies revealing themselves in the shuffle. The ocean and land were once skies that retired to lounge around the ground, and sometimes are visited by the lesser skies. To land and ground dwellers, this is like another dimension overriding their familiar landmarks, and so there are 9 worlds, one for each sky color and also land and sea, layered and overlapped.
10. The clouds were the color of a hooker's bruised eye, and the rain beat down like the john's fists responsible. The streetlamps bled red into the gutters next to the American dream. The dame who had walked into my office was a rosy-cheeked thing called Dawn, and she was looking for a golden ball, and after asking all the birds of the air, the fish of the sea, and the worms of the earth, it was my turn to ask a few questions. Who hired these stormclouds? What's a east-rising Dawn doing with a West-side private dick like me? And most importantly, where the hell had the sun gone?
I had a feeling before the end of this, I'd be sorry I asked.
11. The sky is the chariot-track of the gods, and the race and the bets occur every night. You can make a fortune betting on what star will rise or set first, but with a thousand thousand stars and a hundred hundred astrologers, there's no such thing as a sure front runner. Get yourself a gleaming steed and you can even race yourself, but there's a catch- the gods can survive the coming of the Sun but any mortals laboring along the track will burn come dawn.
12. The sky is a lens over the City and the Desert, through which the great and terrible One-Burning-Day glares and judges individual deeds, and the cold and merciless Trillion-Eyed-Night judges the context of those deeds. Those who do something out of character are cursed by Day, and those who do something in violation of cultural norms are cursed by Night. Only those who hide indoors and underground are free from judgement, and so it is only the nobles in their palaces who know only the light of Flame who may do as they please. Those who wear no clothing have nothing to hide, but those swathed in garments are surely trying to evade judgement. Some people claim that if you reach the horizon you will find the glass of the Lens blocking escape, but others say if you can escape the Lens, so too will you escape the twin tyrants of Night and Day.
13. The sky is a book, and every day, a new page. The deeds of the day are written in the sky until it is black with ink by a scribe, and then the page is turned to begin anew. The wise can read the sky to determine what happened or even is happening in distant lands. Some pages have been stolen from the library of the scribe, and a single page contains more knowledge than a human mind could learn in a thousand years, though it describes but a single day.
If you destroy a page, everything of that day will be forgotten.Will you brave the library to kill the past, or to remember what only the scribe knows? Either way, the scribe could use a new roc-feather quill...
14. The sky is the world to come, and the world that was. Clouds are prototype animals, land-masses. You can catch them and they become real, or rather they were always real, but they gain substance and detail. At the Edge of the World, Horizon, the clouds become new lands and frontiers, and old, worn out lands and animals become clouds. Dead souls become clouds, and you can visit them and they you, all vague and white and fluffy. However, there is a balance- for every cloud given substance, some substance must lose itself to the half-imagined cloud realms.
15. The sky is the dream-realm. That's why humans so often fly in their dreams you see, and daydreaming is sometimes called having your head in the clouds. It is also the nightmare realm, as so often humans fall in their dreams and wake up- that's their souls falling back into their bodies. Your limbs feel heavy when you're tired because you long to return to the weightless dream-realm. Your dreamself is usually quite similar to your waking self, but idealized. But as you ascend past the sunset cloudlands of dreams and into the dark heights of nightmare, problems occur- missing pants, slow-footedness, teeth falling out. The dream world copies the real world in golden clouds and blueness, and high nightmare in blinding whites and shades of darkness. Dreamers can retrieve items from the sky- gluttons retrieving remembered pies, adventurers dreaming of failed dungeon heists turned successful- but these items are accursed, causing insomnia, amnesia, madness, and drawing attention from the dreamrealm even in the waking, or the thieves being denied access to further sleep by screaming storms and lightning.
16. The sky is much like the sea, which is much like the land. The land has kings, the sea, sea-kings, and so the sky, sky-kings. Sure, the sea-people are fishy and the sky-people are birdy, but it's all the same really, just another strange far-off country, a palette-swap parallel. Concern arises of course when a realm of land, sea, or sky unites to war against another realm, for princesses or honor or whatever foolish notions cause men of sea or land or sky to war.
17. The sky is forbidden. People wear huge-brimmed hats that droop down to obscure the horizon, aware of each other mainly by their feet. Sun and stars and rain and shine all fall equally upon the wide wide hats. Of course some people have looked, been punished. They tell you they wish they hadn't and they seem sincere in their downcast way. Sometimes there are strange lights and noises from above, and staircases to thin air that would take one above the hat's power to hide the sky above. But forbidden, always forbidden.
18. The sky is fire, a blue fire, and a distant black field of ash. The fire comes and goes, and like fire, it puffs smoke that we call clouds, and melts aether into rain, and has glowing embers called Sun and Stars. Sometimes, you can get a hold of sun-shards and star-metal and make something of the True Flame, but sometimes, a cold greedy animal of our cold, greedy world eats True Flame and turns into a dragon. And once something has the True Flame inside it, only the True Flame can stand against it- our shadow world, our ash world, has but false red flame that's nothing compared to the blue.
19. The sky used to be all white, until the gods hired nymphs to paint it. The nymphs started painting the whole thing blue, until the gods complained it wasn't different enough from before, so the nymphs started painting the other half black because black is the most different from white, yeah? The gods realized these nymphs, despite being beautiful themselves, were not good at making other things beautiful and called them off, leaving small specks of unpainted white in the black side of the sky. Now mortal artists are called in to paint the sky, but there's so few of them and they can only paint a small portion each sunset and sunrise, which gets lost in the tide of blue and black paint the nymphs left behind. Water and Darkness, the Blue and Black, the paint that dripped down, is collected and used to paint things into reality, provided they be black and blue alone. Collect nymph hair for brush, and you too can try your hand at Painting.
20. The world is a bubble adrift in primordial chaos, and the sky is a great wall constructed by the pantokrator to keep chaos out, and you approach it by walking clockwise, and leave it behind by walking counterclockwise, adding a few extra dimensions to dungeon castle design and travel planning. Metaspatial geometry aside, leading theologians have discovered that contrary to previous thought, we're on the chaos side of the wall, but no one is sure if humanity is the equivalent of peasants working the fields outside their lords stone castle, or if we are the barbarians at the gate of law. Investigating the blue castle that is the sky and its hordes of defenders, visible as stars in the night, will be the only way to know for sure.
4:06AM plz kill me
1. The sky is an illusion cast by a cabal of helpful magicians to hide what really lies beyond the earth. Once a millennium, they must take a break. Don't look at the skies on their day off. You won't like it.
The sky is the bottom of the world. Every educated person knows that if you go far enough in one direction, you'll end up back at your starting point. This is true whether you go east, south, or straight up. If you dig deep enough into the ground, stone begins to become hot. This is because the underside of the earth is also heated by the sun. Stars are glittering gems embedded in the undersurface.
1. Rad, time tp rename the post d22 fantastic skies...
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Grill - definition, meaning and word finder games.
Search word definitions and unscramble anagrams.
Definition of Grill
Noun: grill gril
1. A restaurant where food is cooked on a grill
- grillroom
2. A framework of metal bars used as a partition or a grate
"he cooked hamburgers on the grill";
- grille, grillwork
- broil [N. Amer], broiling [N. Amer], grilling
Verb: grill gril
1. (cooking) cook over a grill
"grill the sausages"
2. Examine thoroughly
3. Heat by a natural force
"The sun grills the valley in the summer";
- broil [N. Amer], bake
4. Be very hot, due to hot weather or exposure to the sun
"the tourists were grilling in the heat";
- bake, broil [N. Amer]
5. (cooking) cook under a broiler
"grill fish";
- broil [N. Amer], oven broil [N. Amer]
See also:
Anagrams containing the word grill
grlli lgril llgri illgr rillg
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in a web of glass, pinned to the edges of vision
Livejournal tarot card.
I'd forgotten how often we saw Magritte
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Tarot Cards
Seven of Scaly Things
The fantod looks to its left while its body points right: the tail of the fantod is held between its teeth, the ending becoming confused with the beginning.
Divinatory Meanings: A card of varied meanings, the colubra casts a shade of doubt upon all enterprises it encounters. The onomphalousity involved in the fantod holding its own tail in its mouth typically is viewed as a symbol of parthenogenesis, suggesting that the uncertainty all comes from within. This card is also emblematic of a somehow Derridan confusion of signified and signifier.
Reversed: Everything means exactly what it seems to mean, and it means nothing more.
Astrological Sign: Colubra is most commonly associated with the descending node.
Make your own LiveJournal Tarot Card!
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Source Detail Dashboard
When clicking the “I” you’ll get a Traffic Source Detail Dashboard, consisting of six components. The traffic source dashboard provides you with an overview of actionable insights, regarding this traffic source.
1. Title bar. This shows you de title of the traffic source detail dashboard.
2. Distribution (graph): The distribution of a traffic source along the entire customer journey is represented by a graph. The distribution graph shows the position of the traffic source. This graph is divided into ten “buckets”, represented by the vertical blocks. Here the left is the beginning and the right is the end.
3. Other sources: This component shows the presence of other sources. As shown on the screenshot, when paid search is involved in the customer journey, 25.9% of the times, the traffic source organic search is also involved.
4. KPI’s: This component shows you data regarding the distribution in text.
5. Revenue: Shows the KPIs regarding the revenue.
6. Incrementality. This shows the incrementality index in percentages and the target ROAS.
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Tag Archives: early english law
The Privilege of Sanctuary
Westminster Abbey was an extremely popular Sanctuary.
In medieval England, a criminal could go to a church and claim protection from the law. The authorities and the processes of criminal justice could not reach him. This was based on the idea that no force could be used on the consecrated and holy ground of the churches.
This privilege, called sanctuary, could be taken up by any criminals, ranging from murderers, rapists and thieves to the simple debtor who owed a sum of money.
The common law of the time stated that the privilege of sanctuary could only be used for up to 40 days. However, there were in existence some large sanctuaries (such as Westminster Abbey) that could house hundreds of criminals and had the facilities for them to stay indefinitely. When the criminals attempted to continue their criminal activities from the Abbey, the practice of these large sanctuaries was heavily frowned upon by the authorities and the public.
A criminal taking sanctuary had to, within the time limit of 40 days, decide on one of two courses of action. He could either turn up at the court and declare he was ready for a trial or he could elect to leave the country forever. He would then be escorted safely to the nearest port and would journey to a new country.
Judges attempted on several occasions to stop the proliferation of sanctuaries by stating that no new ones could be made without the King’s consent. However, many were already in existence and continued their activities.
There was a significant case between 1516 and 1520 regarding a large sanctuary at St John’s Priory. This led to calls for reform and Henry VIII declared that the ancient kings and old popes never had the intention of letting the sanctuaries be used to such a gross extent.
Henry proceeded to abolish almost all sanctuaries and removed the possibility of using the privilege for almost all crimes. The practice did not breathe its last until a statute of 1624 which stated ‘no sanctuary or privilege of sanctuary to be hereafter admitted or allowed in any case’.
Filed under English Legal History
Age of Criminal Responsibility
The age of criminal responsibility is the age which if a child falls beneath it they cannot be held to have committed a crime and cannot be held responsible for their actions.
Before the 13th Century and the medieval times of England, it was a generally held custom that children under the age of 12 could not be convicted of crimes. The reasoning behind this is archaic. From 12 years old, a person was expected to be in frankpledge. This was a sharing of joint responsibility towards your relatives or to a Lord you had given your oath of service.
Being in frankpledge meant that if you committed wrongful actions and were summoned for judgment before your local hundred-court, but did not turn up, your relatives and lord could be fined on your behalf. By necessity this meant a person of 12 years of age had to be responsible for their actions.
In the 1300s, a child under 12 could be convicted of crimes if a judge held that they were able to tell right from wrong. This was a discretionary test but this level of mental capacity could be indicated by trying to evade the authorities, thus demonstrating your guilt.
The historical sources are unclear during the above centuries as to whether there was a lower age limit beneath which a child could definitely not be convicted. In the 17th Century, a lower age limit of 7 was agreed upon from the compilation of principles from archaic case law. Also, the upper limit was changed to 14, rather than 12. With any potentially criminal actions of a child under 14, it had to proven that they knew right from wrong.
This, broadly, remained the case until the significant legislation of the Children and Young Person’s Act 1933 which implemented an age of criminal responsibility of 8 years old. This was raised to 10 by the Children and Young Person’s Act 1963 and 10 remains the age of criminal responsibility in England today. An interesting modern case study and discussion on this issue can be found on this blog: EastLaw.
This age remains one of the lowest in the world, with countries such as Iran, Singapore, Sudan and Pakistan coming in below us by setting the age of criminal responsibility at 7. On the other end of the scale, many countries set the age between 12 and 14 and Sweden and Belgium at 15 and 16 respectively. It has been argued in numerous sources that we are out of step with modern opinion on this issue.
Indeed, the Committee of the Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 recommends at the very least, a minimum age of 12. It is a point for which the Committee has consistently criticised England over the years.
A private members Bill is currently making its way through Parliament regarding the age of criminal responsibility, it had its first reading in January 2013. The Age of Criminal Responsibility Bill 2013 seeks to change the minimum age to 12. It is yet to be seen whether this will succeed, and become law, but it is an important, and interesting, one to keep an eye on.
Filed under English Legal History
Lords, Freemen and Slaves
A typical Anglo-Saxon thegn.
In early English society, a distinction was made between the Freeman and the Slave. However, within these two categories multiple ranks existed and the differences between them were unclear. Some Freemen could be Lords, whilst other Freemen could be the followers of a Lord.
In ancient Germanic societies, a powerful chief would surround himself with followers, presumably to reinforce his status and for the purposes of protection. It is from this rough format, that the ideas of Lords existing and the importance of having a Lord to follow developed.
Within the category of Freemen, a ceorl was a freeman of an ordinary sort. An eorl was a freeman by virtue of noble birth and our modern day earls can trace the origins of their office back to this early start. A gesid was a well-born man that was specifically in service to the King in some capacity.
thegn was an important officer within the household of an important man. The different ranks had social importance but also carried legal importance. For example, a thegn’s wergild (the price of a man’s life) was six times more than a common man’s wergild. Moreover, a thegn’s oath for himself or as an oath-helper carried six times the power of a common man’s.
Other ranks of distinction include being a twelf-hynd, six-hynd or twy-hynd man which meant your wergild was set at 1200, 600 and 200 shillings respectively. A twelf-hynd man was also generally a thegn but the other two ranks were usually not.
In terms of the other category, there was a large population of Slaves in England until the 12th Century and a roaring Slave trade was carried out at English ports until an ordinance of Æthelred forbade it. Slavery was distinct from serfdom which was an attachment to the land, whereas slavery was an attachment to a person. Interestingly, a Freeman sometimes enslaved himself if he had fallen on hard times and had no other way to survive.
Several of these ranks form the basis of distinctions between people to this day and the determining of the precise legal status and implications of these ranks caused a great deal of confusion throughout the ancient and medieval times.
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Early English Law – Court, Trial and Proof
An open-air court in progress.
The early English courts and their system of administering justice bare no real resemblance to our modern day equivalents, they are truly antiquities of legal history.
A 12th Century court would have been held in the open-air and upon the most significant hill in the area. A local man of power, such as the Sheriff, would have presided over the court but the largest local landowners were bound by custom to attend and be the ‘doomsmen’ (judgment-men) of the court.
The sheriff would take care of the procedures of the court and pronounce the overall sentence but the doomsmen were the ones to find the appropriate doom to fit the facts.
If the two litigants contradicted each other in fact then there was yet no capacity for the holding of cross-examinations and judging the worth of a witness statement. In these circumstances, recourse would be to the supernatural, to prove ‘by God’ that one or the other was correct. This took three forms; (1) oath and oath-helpers, (2) ordeal and, after 1066, (3) trial by battle.
(1) If a man was accused of some offence, he would be required to swear on his word, his oath, the truth (typically that he was innocent). Rarely was his single oath allowed to clear him of the offence. Usually, a number of oath-helpers were needed.
These were people that could give witness to the character of the accused and claim that his oath was ‘clean’. A great deal of early legal procedure focuses on complex mathematical calculations as to the number of oath-helpers needed and the quality of them.
It seems, at first glance, that you could just call a bunch of friends to acquit you but there were strict ceremonial rules and phrases that had to be followed for oath-helpers. One mispronunciation or stutter and the accused’s adversary would win.
(2) If the charge was criminal, the accused might not be able to use his oath and oath-helpers. The ordeal was more explicitly judgment by God and came in the forms of Water and Fire. A man was lowered into a pit of water that had been blessed to accept innocent people but reject the guilty. If you sunk in the water, you were fished out and innocent but if you floated, you were guilty.
For Fire a white hot iron rod was placed in a man’s hand and he was told to take three paces. His hand would then be bandaged and looked at three days later. If the wound was clean, he was innocent, if it had fouled, he was guilty.
(3) Again, if a criminal accusation was made, the accused and accuser might have to fight in a battle. As long as they were not maimed, too young or too old, they could fight.
If the claim was regarding land then the litigants could choose a champion each to fight in their names. This was meant to be one of their people but in reality the hiring of professional champions became commonplace. If not regarding land, then they must fight in person.
The accuser has an entire day to prove his claim; not by killing the accused but making him give in. If he cannot do so within the day then his claim is false and he has lied to the court.
These forms of trial and proof were slowly frowned upon and taken out of the administration of justice. The ordeals required participation by priests and the Church made the decision to stop ordeals in 1215.
This did not affect trial by battle but in a couple of decades, this had fallen out of favour as well. Interestingly, trial by battle was not officially abolished until 1818 when a litigant threw down a gauntlet in anger in front of the judges of the King’s bench.
The oath-helpers changed their name to become compurgators and were more readily local people. This is one of the foundations of the development of trial by jury, which will be looked at in detail in a later post.
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Fiscal imbalance is used to refer to a point in time where the debt obligations of a given country differ compared to its income streams. In fiscal federalism, two types of economic imbalances exist, which you can find in this essay on economy. They are the vertical and horizontal monetary imbalances.
The vertical monetary imbalance is that which is measured among the existing government levels. The horizontal monetary imbalance is that which is calculated between governments at the equal level. Horizontal financial instability is also referred to as regional inequality.
Three major fiscal policy tools can be used to correct all these types of financial imbalances.
Fiscal policy
The most essential factor in the shaping of a country’s economy is the fiscal policy. When the government makes use of fiscal policy, it is normally through adjustment of the spending levels and revenues. It is based on theories of a British economist which dictates that decreasing or increasing of revenue plus expenditure influences employment, inflation and flow of money in the economy.
1. Taxation
Taxation is a very strong fiscal policy tool. Taxes affect the economy in a big way. First, they determine the amount of money that the government will be able to collect through revenues and hence determine its expenditure. They also influence how individuals are going to spend their money.
If the government wants to encourage investment and spending, it lowers the tax rates. With increased investments, more employment opportunities are created and more individuals are taxed. The government is able to raise more money from revenue and decrease its debt.
Fiscal policy affects the taxation of businesses and future generations. Taxation increases if government spending leads to huge deficits. When government operates on surplus, taxes are reduced.
• Public expenditure
Active government participation in economic activities has brought public expenditure to the top among fiscal tools. Variations in public spending have a more direct impact on the economic activity level compared to taxes. Public spending influences employment, income, and output.
Increased aggregate spending can lead to inflation. In that case, both the public and private sector spending is high. In such a situation, public expenditure policy should focus on reducing the government’s expenditure on unnecessary projects.
• Public debt
This is a fiscal weapon that helps greatly in the stabilization of the economy, helps fight against deflation and inflation. The government can choose to borrow funds from the non-bank or banking systems. Government borrowing from the non-bank public is through the selling of bonds, which helps reduce the money that is in circulation. This form of borrowing is unlikely to cause inflation.
It can also choose to print money. Money printing, also known as deficit financing mobilizes for additional resources. The printed money adds bulk to the money that is already in circulation. This particular method of borrowing is hence regarded to be very inflationary even though it has good economic outcomes during depression periods.
The success of any given economy is assessed using a number of factors. One of them is the gross domestic product and another one is the aggregate demand.
Through the anchorage of inflation, monetary policy usually contributes to economic growth and stability. Anchorage of inflation leads to price stability and a straight medium-term directed monetary policy offers this.
Sustainability and stabilization of the economy are two compatible objectives. They complement each other in terms of fiscal policy which is aimed at ensuring the budget is maintained close to balance or even in surplus. In places where structural and other demographic changes affect structural budget negatively, discretionary fiscal actions should be adopted.
Discretionary measures are appropriate at times when countries have been hit by harsh recessions or at times when public finance changes are warranted. These measures need to be appropriately targeted and deemed to be effective in solving the underlying foundation.
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Dust off those binoculars. You're going to need them! And shockingly not for bird watching.
According to Huffington Post, Jupiter will be close enough to the earth that we will be able to see it with binoculars.
NASA confirms this and adds that Jupiter "is at its biggest and brightest this month, rising at dusk and remaining visible all night." While you can see Jupiter shining with the naked eye, you can get an up close and personal look with binoculars or a small telescope. NASA says you'll be able to see " the four largest moons, and maybe even glimpse a hint of the banded clouds that encircle the planet."
Martin Holverda
On Saturday, June 10th Jupiter reaches opposition which happens every year when "Jupiter, Earth and the Sun are arranged in a straight line, with Earth in the middle."
Some more things to look out for in the sky during June, from the 14th to the 19th NASA says to "look for the Moon to form a beautiful lineup in the sky with Jupiter and Saturn that changes each night as the Moon moves in its orbit around Earth."
Read more:
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Inquiry & 3 Dimensional Science Learning
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Don’t teach this linear method!
Teaching students how to “do science” using the old, linear scientific method is not truly reflective of how scientists study the world around them. The scientific method gives a false sense that there is a step-by-step process for how to approach research, including moving from analysis to conclusion without ever reinvestigating, retesting, and revising. Science learning is not a rigid process, it is much more fluid. What is a closer method for teaching science? Inquiry! Sometimes I think this word is used so much that it no longer sounds like a real thing. Inquiry is simply an act of asking questions to gain information. Science education researchers have been looking into how inquiry fits with science learning since the early 1960s when Bob Karplus and J. Myron Atkin published a paper based on “guided learning” or more known as the Learning Cycle (Rebello & Zollman, 1998). Guided learning focused on exploration, invention, and discovery, and was mostly used at the elementary level. Over the next 30 years, educators noticed the lack in formal reasoning skills among secondary and collegiate level students so began applying the learning cycle at the upper levels as well. There have been many different models developed but all are based on the original learning cycle. One of the more common models used at the secondary level for science education is the Biological Sciences Curriculum Study (BSCS) 5E Instructional Model (5Es) lead by Rodger Bybee in the 1980’s. The BSCS 5E Instruction Model consists of 5 phases that all begin with “E” (imagine that 🙂 ): Engage, Explore, Explain, Elaborate, and Evaluate (Bybee et. al., 2006). See the diagram below for more information about each phase. Continue reading
Using Phenomena to Engage Students
The term “phenomena” is the newest buzzword in many education circles, including science. You know what I think of every. single. time. I hear this word? I visualize the muppets and this gem…
I smile and laugh to myself every time I hear this word, which immediately puts me in a good mood, and after a year of learning about and *attempting* to apply phenomena-based learning in my classroom, I still smile and laugh. As the new school year approaches I want to share my insights and hopefully persuade you into trying this type of student-driven learning in your classroom too!
Let’s begin at the beginning: what is a phenomenon (plural: phenomena)? The definition for this word is slightly different depending on your resource but all definitions have this in common: a phenomenon is an event that is observable. In a science classroom, students must be able to use disciplinary core ideas and crosscutting concepts as evidence to support explanations for the cause(s) of the phenomenon in question. Hearing the term “phenomena” may connect you to the term “phenomenal” and lead you to believing a phenomenon must be an unusual or extraordinary event, however this is not true! While unusual and extraordinary events may seem like the most engaging options (i.e. What causes the Harvest Moon?Screen Shot 2016-08-02 at 9.48.34 PM Why do we see dew in the summer but frost in the winter?), phenomena can also be the more common or “simpler” observation (i.e. How does a tiny acorn become a big tree? How/why does an icy drink become wet on the outside?). There are two ways to use phenomena in the classroom: anchoring phenomenon, which needs an entire unit to explain the observation, and a lesson-level phenomenon, which is an observation explained by smaller pieces of information that’ll eventually support the bigger ideas.
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Alex McGarry
Alex McGarry collection from Artworx Gallery
Alex specialises in oil paintings of British wildlife and farmyard animals. She aims to encapsulate the anthropomorphism of animals through her paintings, often painting animals on a larger than life scale.
View artist biography
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Thinking Constitutionally
Ben Peterson
Current Issue
If the United States is undergoing a period of "constitutional crisis" or "constitutional rot," to borrow Jack Balkin's phrase, at least we may be compensated with a renewal of constitutional theory. The Obama and Trump administrations' use of executive power provoked cries on the right and left that our longstanding adherence to constitutional norms is declining. To many, it seems, the United States is slouching toward arbitrary governance.
Two related weaknesses are apparent in many of the responses to this perceived constitutional atrophy: an over-emphasis on the restoration of norms, and a dearth of institutional analysis. Refocusing on institutions will be integral to the development of a renewed, more robust way of thinking about the Constitution.
To properly analyze our constitutional vulnerabilities today, we must assess Congress as an institution. The vision of a Congress restored to its rightful station at the center of national self-government cannot be achieved without a clear understanding of the institutional incentives guiding the behavior of individual congressional representatives. By reshaping these incentives, and by revisiting the philosophical underpinnings and institutional structures that give form to our constitutional theory, we can begin to rejuvenate our republic.
What is a constitution? How is such a fragile social construct to be maintained? To some, a constitution is a set of fundamental rules by which a political community manages its public affairs. Put differently, it is a more or less fixed set of practices and norms that is not subject to the usual political process. The historian and legal scholar Benjamin Straumann described these norms as entrenched, enduring, and important, meaning that they actually influence political institutions and actors.
Others argue that constitutions depend as much or more on the specific institutional arrangements that actualize and sustain norms — such as checks and balances, separation of powers, and parliamentary structures — than on the norms themselves. The British political theorist M.J.C. Vile captured both the normative and institutional components of constitutional thought in his definitions of "constitutional theory" and "constitutionalism." As he wrote in Constitutionalism and the Separation of Powers,
[W]hat is "constitutional theory"? It is at once both more than and less than the study of political institutions....[I]n the constitutional State there must be a set of rules which effectively restrains the exercise of governmental power. "Constitutionalism" consists in the advocacy of certain types of institutional arrangement, on the grounds that certain ends will be achieved in this way, and there is therefore introduced into the discussion a normative element; but it is a normative element based upon the belief that there are certain demonstrable relationships between given types of institutional arrangement and the safeguarding of important values.
A robust constitutionalism must combine these two distinct but interrelated elements. First, it must rest on a normative foundation that prescribes the appropriate character and limits of government. This might be termed a "fundamental law" derived from a shared public philosophy. Second, it must include an institutional arrangement that effectively incentivizes adherence to that fundamental law.
Let us begin by examining the normative component. A constitution's authority does not rest on merely procedural grounds. Critically, the constitution of a polity supersedes the validity of other laws, serving as the standard against which citizens and political actors evaluate legislation. Cicero, to whom the American founders paid special attention, roots the Roman constitution in a substantive vision of the common good and natural law. Along with other Roman statesman and philosophers, he articulated a hierarchical distinction between ius and lex: higher-order, fundamental law and positive legislation. Cicero drew a clear connection between the Roman constitution and what he described as a natural, moral law, derived from the order of the natural world and from the human place in that order. The notion of a fundamental, unchanging law undergirding a constitution seems indispensable to any lasting constitutional polity.
Cicero's theories regarding the Roman constitution emerged largely in response to a number of constitutional crises in the late republic, which gradually led to the erosion of Rome's constitution. Such crises are more likely to occur when norms — the habits and standards of social behavior that support democratic institutions — are not upheld. Many modern scholars worry that our own constitutional order could collapse as a result of "norm-flouting." As political scientists Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt argued in the New Republic,
Institutions alone are not enough to rein in elected autocrats. Constitutions must be democratic norms, or unwritten rules of toleration and restraint. Without robust norms, constitutional checks and balances do not serve as the bulwarks of democracy we imagine them to be. Instead, institutions become political weapons, wielded forcefully by those who control them against those who do not.
Similarly, in Constitutional Morality and the Rise of Quasi-Law, co-authors Bruce Frohnen and George Carey analyzed the broad shift from a "mediating constitution" to a "commanding constitution" consisting of executive orders, guidance documents, and other forms of quasi-law. In their view, this form of governance lacks "the predictability and consistency essential for the legal system to function properly....and the government no longer acts according to the rule of law." They argued that this shift has damaged the public's understanding of the proper ends of a constitution. They also emphasized the role of virtues and habits in supporting a constitutional order.
But while habits of self-restraint and toleration among politicians are certainly desirable, an overreliance on the virtue and sense of duty of political actors seems misguided. Restoring "constitutional morality" is a noble aim, but we cannot depend too much on the character of political leaders to achieve it. Further, toleration and restraint cannot be the means of restraining political actors who step beyond their constitutional bounds.
We should also recall that norm-flouting is nothing new. George Washington established the norm that presidents serve a maximum of two terms, but President Franklin Roosevelt defied that standard. This prompted Congress to initiate the 22nd Amendment, limiting the president to two terms. We should not expect our politicians to adhere to conventions out of habit or respect; norms often require enforcement by other political actors incentivized to do so. Constitutions also require the quality that Straumann identifies as political importance or effectiveness, and that is the purview of institutional analysis.
How can we make constitutional norms binding in the gritty world of public affairs? Cicero was concerned not only with formulating the natural-law basis of the Roman constitution but with diagnosing what had gone wrong. He wished to understand why Rome's republican institutions were collapsing in the latter half of the first century B.C., culminating in the dictatorships of Sulla and Julius Caesar, and the eventual transition to empire. To Straumann, this recognition of the limits of normative pull is a key component of Roman constitutional thought, which relied on institutional devices as well as norms to maintain its constitution.
As James Rogers wrote in a recent essay for Law and Liberty, the aim of the constitutional theory expressed in the Federalist Papers is to design a system that does not rely on virtuous rulers or "constitutional morality," but one that can withstand self-interested political actors. Proclaiming the importance of adhering to customary norms or the desirability of reasserting congressional power will not be enough to ensure the preservation of constitutional order.
Insights from various "new institutionalists" have also shed light on the role of institutions. In their classic article, "Constitutions and Commitment," economic historians Douglass North and Barry Weingast explain the development of social institutions as the accumulated outcomes of situations of interdependent choice. Only outcomes that reach "equilibrium," where no party is better off "defecting" or sabotaging an institution, can endure.
In their discussion of the English constitution of the 17th century, North and Weingast argued that, in order for rules limiting governmental authority to be "politically important" (in Straumann's terms), "[t]he constitution must be self-enforcing in the sense that the major parties to the bargain must have an incentive to abide by the bargain after it is made." In other words, rules on paper mean little unless each party to the agreement can make a "credible commitment" to following them. In the case of the English constitution, the credible threat of revolution helped secure credible commitment from the crown. The idea of self-enforcement — the shared incentive of parties, or branches of government, to enforce constraints on government power — is crucial to the constitutional way of thinking.
The inculcation of constitutional norms and habits of restraint could be advantageous, but only as part of a larger reclamation of the normative and institutional elements of a robust constitutional theory. This reclamation will involve engagement with the experiences, habits of thought, and theory underlying the American constitutional tradition; we need not only to think about the Constitution, but to think constitutionally. Preserving and rejuvenating a robust constitutional order in the United States, and specifically restoring Congress to its role as the locus of policy and representative self-government, will require re-examination of both the normative and institutional components of constitutionalism.
So while Western constitutionalism entails an element of normative and legal theory, no less important is an assessment of political tendencies that predict how citizens and leaders will behave in the context of different institutional arrangements. Of course, the normative and institutional components are linked: Institutions are, in theory, designed to prevent an excessive concentration of power and tyranny. The key is identifying a structure that will serve the normative ends the constitution is meant to secure.
Like Cicero, the American framers believed in a higher law to which the institutions of the fledgling nation ought to adhere. Two core — and somewhat competing — normative bases form the role of the legislature in the American constitutional system: ensuring representation and guarding against legislative tyranny.
On the one hand, representation of the citizenry is the sine qua non of republican government, which James Madison defined as "a government which derives all its powers directly or indirectly from the great body of the people, and is administered by persons holding their offices during pleasure, for a limited period, or during good behavior." The lawmaking power is vested in the branch of government with the most direct accountability to the people; as Madison wrote in Federalist No. 63, it should reflect the "deliberate sense of the community."
Yet Madison also called the legislative branch an "impetuous vortex" that would tend to absorb too much power. In Federalist No. 51, Madison wrote that "the legislative authority necessarily predominates" in a republic, and warned against allowing it to assume tyrannical control. While Madison did not wield the analytic tools of contemporary game theorists, he clearly grasped the need to incentivize political actors to enforce constitutional norms. Rather than assuming that political leaders would be virtuous, the framers took a skeptical view of human nature. Madison advanced the thesis that "the structure of the government must furnish the proper checks and balances between the different departments," evincing the institutional component of a robust constitutional theory. His famous claim that "[a]mbition must be made to counteract ambition" captures the essential theory underlying the Constitution. Madison assumed political players would work to aggrandize their own branches, creating an equilibrium in which none could acquire too much power.
It is not enough for these arrangements to be codified in a written constitution, though that may help. As Madison argued in Federalist No. 51, the incentive structure must be arranged so that political actors will want to constrain usurping branches, without overreaching themselves:
Madison also proffered an institutional solution to the problem of legislative tyranny:
Needless to say, many of Madison's insights have been proven correct. But while he feared a power-hungry legislature and strove to limit its influence, today's political thinkers must apply constitutional analysis to a different problem: not a congressional vortex, but a congressional void.
The roots of the congressional void are intellectual, historical, and institutional. Progressives like President Woodrow Wilson laid much of the theoretical and political groundwork for an enlargement of the federal bureaucracy in the late-19th and early-20th centuries, and responses to major crises including the Great Depression and two world wars led to expanded executive authority.
But from the perspective of institutional analysis, it is critical to explore why the "precautions" Madison urged failed to create the equilibrium he envisioned. For a while, Congress seemed to be gaining power. Following President Franklin Roosevelt's lead during the Great Depression, a Democratic-majority Congress voted to increase the regulatory and spending powers of the national government. The Supreme Court followed suit in what Charles Murray in By the People called "constitutional revolution" from 1937-1942, expanding the purview of the Commerce Clause and sanctioning congressional regulation on a host of what had been state prerogatives: Instead of checking its rival branch, the Court developed a doctrine that presumed the constitutionality of legislation.
But despite the fact that Congress seemed to be absorbing power up until around the mid-20th century, it is now clear that it also ceded a great deal to the executive branch and the "administrative state," particularly in creating several new regulatory agencies in the 1960s and early '70s, a period when the presidency switched from Democratic to Republican control and Democrats controlled the Congress. The latter development is particularly problematic, as the rulemaking power of administrators effectively removes the responsibility of governing from the people's representatives. The answer to how this all happened seems obvious in hindsight: Expanding the role of the federal government meant expanding the bureaucracy, empowering courts, and strengthening affected interest groups.
The more Congress charged the president with carrying out — often responding to the president's agenda — the more power it ceded to the unelected administrative apparatus. In a further twist, the expansion of power in the 20th century seemed to work in the exact opposite way Madison had predicted through his inter-branch theory: It is a story of inter-branch collusion rather than inter-branch competition. The outsized powers of the executive and judicial branches began with executive initiatives, followed by congressional legislation, and finally sealed with judicial rubber-stamps. Institutional safeguards against concentrated power were lost in the shuffle. As James Rogers has written, members of Congress did not perceive their interests to be sufficiently "opposite and rival" to the other branches.
Madison's insights about elections are also notable, and seem to reveal a delegation problem inherent in our system of separated powers. Madison expected that regular elections would act as a check on congressional power. Instead, direct elections for the House and Senate seem to have worked at cross purposes with other institutional precautions against concentrated government power, and now seem to encourage our representatives to cede power to the executive and courts.
Some analysts have suggested that the congressional incentives to shift power to the bureaucracy, and to pander to polarized constituencies, are simply too strong to effectively change. The costs of these actions are low, both electorally and in terms of actual time and effort. Especially in some highly technical areas, the benefits that accrue to congressional leaders for retaining control of policy do not outweigh the downsides. As political scientist B. Dan Wood's entry on congressional delegation to the executive in the Oxford Handbook of the American Congress suggests, this may be particularly true when congressional majorities and the executive branch share policy preferences — perhaps when one party controls both branches. In such cases, legislators can delegate to reduce the "transaction costs" of crafting and monitoring detailed policy initiatives without fear of "political holdup."
There is no shortage of clarion calls for Congress to reclaim its constitutional role, or of detailed proposals for how to accomplish this. But the call for Congress to reassert its position in our republic raises a deeper institutional question that is harder to answer: What would incentivize members of Congress to do so? Any sentence that begins "Congress should..." will not do. Yes, Congress should. But why would it?
Congress has the power to revise or curtail the rulemaking powers of federal agencies, but it has instead ceded its own power to the executive branch and administrative agencies — or "self-neutered," in the vivid formulation of Senator Ben Sasse. Congress must change its mindset, and that will require rearranging the incentives of representatives. Assuming responsibility for the national policy agenda, and checking the power of the executive and the courts, must appear to serve Congress's ends and further its ambitions. Political scientist David Mayhew's classic 1974 book, Congress: The Electoral Connection, may point the way forward. Mayhew famously argued a theory that might seem obvious: The principal motivation of legislators is re-election, and the pursuit of this goal affects the way they behave and form public policy. To change Congress, we must work with what drives it as an institution.
Strengthening Congress cannot begin with Congress, then, but must start with the voting public. Even as public approval of Congress has reached historic lows in recent years, incumbents generally have an easy time securing re-election. If Congress is to restore itself, there must be greater costs for abdicating responsibility and greater benefits for retaining it. Consider as a potential model the grading system that the National Rifle Association and other special-interest groups use to score politicians and influence electoral outcomes. If a respected nonpartisan organization or network could craft a general "good governance" grading system that is taken seriously, such a tool could begin to reshape perceptions about what it means to be a good member of Congress. Eventually, perhaps members would have incentive to engage in effective governance as opposed to merely staking positions or taking credit.
The academic and public work of Craig Volden, Alan Wiseman, and Greer Kelly at the Center for Effective Lawmaking constitutes an interesting and welcome step in the direction of identifying the legislative performance of individual members of Congress. Volden and Wiseman have generated a Legislative Effectiveness Score (LES) that captures legislators' ability not only to talk the talk of policy positions, but to effectively shepherd proposed legislation through the process of becoming law, weighted by substance and significance.
As Volden and Wiseman acknowledge, the LES leaves out some important elements of effective representation, including obstruction, which might be especially relevant to restraining executive power and asserting congressional authority; think of Nancy Pelosi and Chuck Schumer's recent standoff with President Trump. The LES also does not incorporate any weight for the type of legislation lawmakers shepherd through the process. An additional dimension by which to evaluate lawmakers' effectiveness might be to distinguish between laws that preserve congressional prerogatives and those that delegate substantial rulemaking powers to other agencies, as David Epstein and Sharyn O'Halloran do in Delegating Powers: A Transaction Cost Politics Approach to Policy Making under Separate Powers.
Still, the LES represents the sort of initiative that may reshape the way voters think about representatives; they should be legislators and policymakers, not just position-takers on an agenda set by the president.
Greg Weiner and Richard Reinsch, II, have recently articulated a powerful call to boost the power of Congress through specific mechanisms, including reclaiming the budget process for the legislature, restoring the committee system, and forgoing the use of omnibus bills. In 2016, Senator Mike Lee of Utah launched an initiative aimed at such goals with his Article 1 Project, which he describes as "a new network of House and Senate conservatives working together on a broad agenda of reform to strengthen Congress by reclaiming its constitutional legislative powers." In a May 2017 speech at the Federalist Society, he advocated the passage of three pieces of legislation: the Regulations from the Executive in Need of Scrutiny (REINS) Act, the Separation of Powers Restoration Act, and the Agency Accountability Act, all designed to rebalance the distribution of governmental powers away from the executive and back toward the legislative and judicial branches — especially powers related to rulemaking he says have been ceded to executive agencies. Representative Warren Davidson of Ohio has proposed a House resolution with similar aims.
Lee's goal "to re-constitutionalize the federal government" is laudable, and may well be successful. The Trump presidency may, perhaps counterintuitively, offer a bipartisan, electoral incentive to limit executive power. Yet all these proposals, including the suggestion advanced here, illustrate a great paradox at the heart of American constitutional theory, reflected in both its normative and institutional components.
Ultimately, voters can alter the nature of our constitutional system, by exerting pressure on their representatives in the states and the Congress. In this way, the institutional and normative components of the Constitution are deeply entangled.
The "dependence on the people" that Madison described as the "primary control on the government" is at once the core normative element and the core institutional element of our political system. What the people come to see as normative is also the only truly effective institutional restraint. Pace the framers, electoral incentives trump branch loyalty, and the people — or at least a concurrent majority of their representatives — can alter even the very structure of the federal union.
In 1987, Russell Kirk expounded upon the written and unwritten constitutions in the United States. In the first of a two-part essay published in Modern Age, he lamented a widespread sense of constitutional complacency:
Probably the considerable majority of Americans today assume that our national constitutions will endure for time out of mind; that the political order…which the present generation knows, will be known also by their grandchildren and great-grandchildren…that the United States of America, as a system of order and justice and freedom, is immutable.
The mood today is strikingly different. Some seem to want to be rid of the Constitution, and others seem to think it has already been lost. But even if we no longer suffer from constitutional complacency, rethinking and adapting a constitutional theory that can meet present needs will still require sustained effort — especially since the most difficult task may be restoring a shared public philosophy, furnishing the electoral incentives on which a republican constitutional order must ultimately depend.
In that sense, a restoration of "constitutional morality" — an improved understanding among the public at large of their role in governance, as well as that of their representatives — will be vital to correcting the present constitutional atrophy. This is all the more reason for academics, political writers, and interest groups not directly at the mercy of the partisan fray to address both the substantive and institutional components of constitutionalism. A renewed constitutionalism will entail thinking through the normative ends of government in a free society and the institutional arrangements most likely to secure those ends. Broader and deeper education in constitutional thinking that, while not merely parroting the framers' conclusions, imbibes their ethos is essential for preserving and renewing constitutionalism in practice.
Ben Peterson is a Ph.D. student in the Texas A&M Department of Political Science.
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Coffee Increases Longevity: A Study from the Greeks
Coffee Increases Longevity: A Study from the Greeks
It has long been noticed that the inhabitants of the Greek island of Ikaria have had an increased lifespan over most other inhabitants of other parts of the world. Scientists and researchers alike pondered over why this may be and observed for several decades habits of consumption and activity that might separate the inhabitants of the island of Ikaria from others around the world. Although no such abnormal pattern could be observed what was observed was that every inhabitant of the island of Ikaria started their day off with a fresh cup of coffee.
The Ikaria Study
The study itself observed 142 individuals that inhabited the island of Ikaria aged between 66 and 91 years old. Of these 142 individuals each individual was categorized as a low, medium, or high coffee drinker. As well as factors such as age, sex, height and weight, smoking habits, cardiovascular disease, disease, and hypertension rates were also taken into account for every individual observed.
The Coffee
Unlike most coffees the inhabitants of the Greek island of Ikaria drink what is commonly known as “Turkish Coffee” imported during the days of the Ottoman Empire. This coffee, also known as ‘Greek Coffee’ or ‘Arab Coffee’ due its style of preparation, is much lower caffeine only containing moderate caffeine levels compared to coffee available elsewhere around the world. As well as Turkish, Greek, and Arab style coffee contains higher levels of cafestol and kahweol which are known to posses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
The Study Results
What was discovered from the study was that the individuals who consumed higher amounts of coffee in turn had better endothelial functions. Endothelial are a group of cells that work with the blood vessels, if not properly functioning than hardening of the blood vessels may occur over time leading to complicated symptoms and even death. As well as it was also discovered, especially amongst compared age groups, that the higher the consumption rate of coffee the more elasticity the arteries maintained thus decreasing chances of high blood pressure in the future.
Short History
During the 15th century the Ottoman Empire brought Turkish Coffee to the Greek nations thus introducing part of their daily culture to the Greeks. The reasoning behind the name of the type of coffee is because in comparison to how other countries prepare their coffee the Turks prepared their coffee to be drank with the grounds still in the cup. Only the first two-thirds of the coffee is realistically drank leaving the last mouthful or two and the coffee grounds at the bottom of the cup.
After many fierce battles for Greek Independence the Turkish Coffee was kept amongst various Greek city-states including the island of Ikaria as a newly adopted form of Greek culture thanks to the invading Ottoman Empire.
“Coffee May Combat High Blood Pressure.”
“Does Greek Coffee hold the key to a longer life.”
Alden Morris
Proprietor at All Done Marketing
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%0 Journal Article %A Perdew, John P. %A Yang, Weitao %A Burke, Kieron %A Yang, Zenghui %A Gross, Eberhard K. U. %A Scheffler, Matthias %A Scuseria, Gustavo E. %A Henderson, Thomas M. %A Zhang, Igor Ying %A Ruzsinszky, Adrienn %A Peng, Haowei %A Sun, Jianwei %A Trushin, Egor %A Görling, Andreas %T Understanding band gaps of solids in generalized Kohn–Sham theory %D 2017 %R 10.1073/pnas.1621352114 %J Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences %P 2801-2806 %V 114 %N 11 %X Semiconductors and insulators have a fundamental energy gap and absorb light at a continuum of photon energies above this gap. They also have a band structure of one-electron energies, and a band gap separating unoccupied from occupied one-electron states. When should these gaps be equal? It is known that they are not equal in the exact Kohn–Sham density-functional theory but are equal in commonly used density-functional approximations, such as the generalized gradient approximation (GGA). We show here that they are also equal (and improved) in higher level approximations, such as the meta-GGA or the hybrid of GGA with exact exchange, when the effective one-electron potential is not constrained to be a multiplication operator.The fundamental energy gap of a periodic solid distinguishes insulators from metals and characterizes low-energy single-electron excitations. However, the gap in the band structure of the exact multiplicative Kohn–Sham (KS) potential substantially underestimates the fundamental gap, a major limitation of KS density-functional theory. Here, we give a simple proof of a theorem: In generalized KS theory (GKS), the band gap of an extended system equals the fundamental gap for the approximate functional if the GKS potential operator is continuous and the density change is delocalized when an electron or hole is added. Our theorem explains how GKS band gaps from metageneralized gradient approximations (meta-GGAs) and hybrid functionals can be more realistic than those from GGAs or even from the exact KS potential. The theorem also follows from earlier work. The band edges in the GKS one-electron spectrum are also related to measurable energies. A linear chain of hydrogen molecules, solid aluminum arsenide, and solid argon provide numerical illustrations. %U https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/114/11/2801.full.pdf
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Avengers 4: Here’s How Captain America Is Going To Die
Avengers 4 Theory How Captain America is Going to Die
Avengers Infinity War was the most anticipated superhero movie of all time. The arduous scale on which the film was written and produced is shocking. It has been called the most ambitious crossover project in all of the movie history. The movie features around 40 superheroes Captain America, Iron Man, Thor, etc. sharing the screen at the same time. Not only this, the film successfully gave substantial screen time to every character and also tried to keep the plot clear, relevant and exciting at the same time.
The movie aimed to present the possibility of the good guys losing to the antagonist of the movie. The idea is that it’s not always the heroes who win, sometimes they have to face certain competition which is impossible to defeat, after all, they are not invincible, the Avengers and the allies.
Avengers 4 Theory How Captain America is Going to Die
Avengers: Infinity War was supposed to be the awakening that solidified Thanos as an insuperable and intimidating villain who no longer wants to wait for his pawns to bring him what he needs. Each of the Mad Titan’s actions holds deep meaning and a consequence that will lead to his triumph which will further establish him as an infallible force to be reckoned with. The Infinity War was supposed to deliver a strong fall of the earth’s mightiest heroes(The Avengers) after the grand victories that they had before.
Avengers 4 Theory: How Captain America Will Die
But what stands ahead? If the combination of 40 superheroes couldn’t defeat the Mad Titan, how are the remaining superheroes planning to defeat him? These are some significant questions that are going around the fandom. And where there are questions theories are sure to emerge. Apart from the Avengers 4 theory, there is another fact that the man playing the role of the Captain America, i.e., Chris Evans has stated that his contract with the Marvel is going to expire after the Avengers 4 and he’ll no longer play the role. This dictates that the events of Avengers 4 will lead either to his death or will explain how the baton will be passed on from Chris Evans to whoever Disney execs choose to be the next Captain America. Now Below we’re going to start talking about those Avengers 4 theory.
So those who don’t wanna be spoiled, this is your last chance to stop reading. Possible SPOILER ALERT!!
Avengers 4 Theory How Captain America is Going to Die
So, the Avengers 4 will be like a soft reboot for all of the heroes, but before this, there are two movies yet to come namely, Captain Marvel and Ant-Man and The Wasp.
While Captain Marvel is going to be an origin story of Carol Danvers, Ant-Man and the Wasp, on the other hand, will give us some more backstory after the Civil War and before the events of Thor: Ragnarok and Avengers: Infinity War. The implication from the Reddit theory seems like the post-credits scene in the Ant-Man and the Wasp is going to set a stage for the events of Avengers 4 and is gonna explain why neither Hank Pym and Scott Lang showed up in Infinity War. We don’t know, but it seems that both Scott Lang and Carol Danvers are gonna critical play a role in the Avengers 4.
Avengers 4 Theory How Captain America is Going to Die
It has already been contemplated that in Avengers 4, the remaining heroes are going to travel back in time to the New York battle with Chitauri Army sent by Thanos and will try to alter the timeline. You must be thinking how are they gonna make it since at that time Thanos is ruling the cosmos with the infinity gauntlet in his hand. Well, the answer is simple. They will assemble the gauntlet before Thanos do!!
I know it sounds absurd but this is only like the saying “You gotta fire with fire!”.
Since they are going to assemble the gauntlet, let’s see where are the stones at the time of the battle:
1. Time Stone is in the Sanctum Sanctorum in Kahmertaj.
2. Mind Stone is in the sceptre of Loki.
3. Space Stone is in the Tesseract with the S. H. I. E. L. D.
4. Power Stone is in the orb extracted by Peter Quill.
5. Reality Stone is stored in the depths of Niflheim under the guise of aether.
6. And finally, Soul Stone is guarded by Red Skull in Volnir.
Now, if the Avengers are going to travel back in time, it will be easy for them to find the stones due to their prior knowledge as they will come from the future. They can get time, mind, space, power, and reality stone with ease.
Avengers 4 Theory How Captain America is Going to Die
But the main problem will be to get the soul stone as it requires the sacrifice of a soul to get it. According to a theory, the one who is going to sacrifice his life will be Captain America aka Steve Rogers. Moreover, the Avengers 4 theory further says that the one to sacrifice Steve Rogers would be no one else but Iron Man himself.
Their relationship had been bumpy over the years and there had been differences between them but they are the ones who have always been the leaders of the team. No matter how strong now Hulk and Thor are but these two have kept the team altogether.
The fact that they get together even after the differences and the consequences of it is groundbreaking. Now, they are expected to travel back in time to collect the stones together and aid each other in the times of need to defeat the past version and Thanos and hence lead to the present one’s downfall.
This Avengers 4 theory is quite compact and sounds realistic. Also, it might hold some credibility as it discusses the death of Captain America which aligns with the contract agreement with the Marvel of Chris Evans.
Get in touch with us: [email protected]
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Colon Cancer Home > Does Tonalin CLA Work?
Tonalin CLA supplements are supposedly beneficial for various uses, but does Tonalin CLA work? At this time, there is some preliminary evidence indicating that the CLA (conjugated linoleic acid) component may help lower body fat and prevent certain types of cancer, including colon cancer and breast cancer. However, because Tonalin CLA is different from the naturally occurring form, more research is needed to confirm whether these supplements are effective.
Does Tonalin CLA Really Work?
Tonalin® CLA is a dietary supplement that contains conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). This product is often used to help people lose fat, and there is also some evidence that it may help to prevent certain types of cancer. However, much more research is necessary before it can be said with certainty that Tonalin CLA really works.
Tonalin CLA and Cancer
There is some evidence that people who have a diet high in CLA have a lower risk of colon cancer. There is also some early evidence indicating that a diet high in CLA may also reduce the risk of breast cancer. It is not known exactly why CLA might reduce the risk of cancer, and it is not known if supplementation provides the same benefits as obtaining it through dietary means.
It's important to note that Tonalin CLA differs from naturally occurring CLA. Tonalin CLA has a significantly different ratio of the various CLA isomers, compared to naturally occurring CLA. Because the different isomers have different effects, information about naturally occurring dietary CLA cannot be applied to Tonalin CLA.
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(253 votes, average 3.51 out of 5)
Game of Penguin Restaurant
Penguin Restaurant
You are a penguin, in charge of an exclusive restaurant for... penguins. The food is ready to be served and your job is to welcome each penguin that comes into your business, siting each one over a table and fulfilling their orders. At first things are quite manageable but if your penguin restaurant gets full, you will need to hurry up!
You need Adobe Flash
Information about this Game
With your finger over the touchscreen you choose each food and then select the table where you will serve it. At the beginning you select each incoming penguin and place it over an empty table so it can start the ordering process.
DATE ADDED 2011-12-27 17:35:59 EST
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A rhyming couplet is a poem where the two lines rhyme with each other and a whole poem is made up couplets where each pair of lines rhyme with each other. A limerick is a silly poem with 5 lines.
They are often funny and nonsensical. The first, second and fifth lines with each other and have the same number of syllables typically 8 or 9. The third and fourth lines rhyme with each other and have the same number of syllables typically 5 or 6.
A riddle is a poem which forms a puzzle. They often have several clues to build up the picture of the puzzle to be solved. A kenning is a two word phrase describing an object often using a metaphor. A Kennings poem is a riddle made up of several lines of kennings to describe something or someone. An acrostic poem is a form of writing which uses the letters in a topic word to begin each line. All lines of the poem should relate to or describe the poem.
A cinquain is a poem which is 5 lines long, with only a few words on each line, making them easy to write. The first and last lines only have 2 syllables and the middle lines have more- making a diamond-like shape.
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Websites for homework help uk literacy primary 13 settembre / 0 Commenti / in Senza categoria / da Reposted an old essay from the holy taco church site. didn't want it to vanish from the internet. Paid homework help uk literacy primary; School is all fun and games until you get 4 essays a week. essay gillick liam selected. defining moment essay xml dissertation abstracts international journal of sports power of words essay humanity the homework debate force school summer holiday spottts poetry analysis essays argumentative.
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Canon multipass l60 User Manual
Page of 200
Chapter 1
Introduction 1-7
Other User Assistance
In addition to this guide, the following user assistance provides
information and instructions on using the L60 and Desktop Manager.
MultiPASS Desktop Manager Online Help
The online help includes context-sensitive help about a dialog box
and step-by-step instructions for Desktop Manager tasks.
Canon MultiPASS L60 User’s Guide
This guide offers detailed information on how to set up and operate
your L60 unit. The guide includes initial setup procedures, fax
operations, daily maintenance, and troubleshooting.
Report Bug
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Coaching Association of Canada
Win the Prime
Stage of Activity
None (unless sport specific equipment is required)
5 - 10 minutes
Number of People
How it Works
Athletes start in a line along a field, shoreline, pool wall, gym, rink, etc.
They close their eyes, as the coach walks behind the line and secretly taps one person on the shoulder.
Athletes are instructed to stay together as a group during the interval until the person who was tapped decides to “kick” for the finish.
When the athlete kicks, then everyone races them to the finish. The first one to the line gets a point.
The person who was tapped must decide whether to sprint immediately or wait until closer to the finish, depending on their speed and the speed of others in the group. For endurance events, this activity can be done on a track or longer course (1 to 3 minutes long). For speed-based events, the distance can be very short (e.g. 10 to 30 seconds long).
Speed, reaction time, decision making, energy conservation, strategy
Athletes can move in a pace line for sports that require drafting.
Athletes can also be stagger started, to spread out the field.
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PEOPLE who experience social situations from a lower height – in other words short people – are more prone to feelings of paranoia, inferiority and excessive mistrust, according to research published on Wednesday (January 29).
In a study in the journal Psychiatry Research, scientists showed that making a person’s virtual height lower than it actually is can make them feel worse about themselves and more fearful that others are trying to harm them.
The research shows how low self-esteem can lead to paranoid thinking, the scientists said, and will be used to develop more effective psychological treatments for severe paranoia, a serious mental health problem.
Negative feelings
Freeman’s team tested 60 adult women from the general population who were prone to having “mistrustful thoughts” and put them through a VR experience of an underground train ride.
The participants experienced the same “journey” twice, once at their normal height and once at a height that had been virtually reduced by around 25 centimetres. In both parts of the experiment, the other virtual passengers were programmed to be neutral and cause fear.
While most participants did not consciously register the height difference, more of them reported negative feelings – such as feeling incompetent, unlikeable and inferior – when they were in the lower height phase of the experiment.
These negative thoughts translated into an increase in paranoia towards the other passengers, the researchers said, including making the participants more likely to think someone in the carriage was staring at them, had bad intentions towards them or was trying to upset them.
1 × one =
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Monaco uses sea water for heat
Since 1960, principality of Monaco uses the sea water’s thermal energy to produce the energy for 74 % of the principality’s needs. A system of heat pumps draws two types of sea water with a 20°C difference in temperature from
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Wednesday, 5 June 2019
Nutrition and their benefits
Nutrition and their benefits
Nutrition and their benefits
From low-level to high-level, from single-celled organisms to higher animals and plants, from living in the water to living on land, living in different environments and ecology. As a result, the nutrients needed and the way they are fed are different.
The nutrients required by the organism, the elemental composition, and the large amount of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and carbon. These are the main elements that make up the protein and energy stored in the organism. In addition, there are small amounts of sulfur, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, chlorine and various trace elements. Some trace elements have only trace amounts in the body.
Plants and microorganisms containing chlorophyll and purpeptin can absorb these inorganic compounds directly from the outside through roots, leaves or cell membranes, and use the energy of sunlight to synthesize organic substances such as proteins, lipids and proteins required for life activities such as growth and development. Carbohydrates (sugars), etc. An organism having such a nutritional form is called an autotrophic or inorganic nutrient type organism. Other organisms (such as animals) cannot directly use the external inorganic matter to synthesize the organic matter needed for their own life, and must obtain nutrients from autotrophic organisms or other similar organisms. Through the metabolic process, the ingested substances are converted into organic substances such as proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates required by themselves. A creature with such a nutritional form is called a heterotrophic organism.
Nutrition is the science of studying the effects of food on living things. In the process of its development, nutrition not only includes changes in food entering the body, such as participating in biochemical reactions and binding to tissue cells; it also includes guiding people on how to choose food to ensure the normal growth, development and reproduction of the body. Therefore, in addition to its biological significance, nutrition has its socio-economic significance.
Nutrients are food ingredients that are required to ingest organisms for normal life activities. The study of nutrients in modern nutrition is mainly aimed at the nutrient needs of humans and livestock. Nutrients are classified into seven major categories: proteins, lipids, carbohydrates (sugars), vitamins and minerals (inorganic salts), water, and cellulose.
The cellular components of the body tissues are mainly proteins, and the body fluids also contain proteins. The nutritional role of protein lies in its various amino acids. There are more than 20 kinds of amino acids that make up food proteins. Several of them cannot be synthesized in humans and animals, but must be obtained from food. These amino acids are called "essential amino acids", namely methionine, lysine, tryptophan, and threonine. Acid, valine, phenylalanine, leucine and isoleucine. In addition, histology requires histidine for growth, and birds such as chicken require arginine and glycine. Other amino acids other than these essential amino acids are called "non-essential amino acids" because they can be synthesized in the body.
The amino acid types and contents of various proteins are different. Some proteins lack certain essential amino acids. For example, gelatin does not contain tryptophan, and zein does not contain lysine. Therefore, to evaluate the nutritional value of a food protein, it should be mainly based on whether the amount of essential amino acids contained in it can meet the needs of the body. Insufficient, the body can not effectively synthesize body protein, other kinds of amino acids can only be metabolized by deamination, produce sugar (glycogen) and supply heat as fuel. It can be seen that the amino acid pattern of food protein is the key to determining the quality of its quality. Internationally, the hypothetical model of the essential amino acid pattern of whole eggs, or the essential amino acid pattern in human milk, or the amount of amino acids necessary for the human body, is used as a criterion for evaluating the nutritional value of food proteins. This is the chemical evaluation method for the so-called protein nutritional value. In addition, there is also a biological evaluation method that performs nutritional evaluation based on the utilization rate of food protein in the body. Commonly used are "protein physiological value" (abbreviated as BV, the percentage of nitrogen retention and nitrogen uptake in the body), "net protein utilization" (abbreviated as NPu, the percentage of nitrogen retention and nitrogen intake in the body, That is, the digestibility of BV × protein), or the "protein potency ratio" (abbreviated as PER, is the weight gain per gram of protein).
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1: Tribalism 101: Pick a Side | KUER 90.1
1: Tribalism 101: Pick a Side
Nov 13, 2018
Week 1 Challenge:
Each week we’re ending our episode with a challenge. This week we ask: can we find the strength and unity of a tribe without an enemy? We want you to name five groups in your life when you are stronger together, where you find a sense of identity and belonging.
Think about it, then send an email or a voice memo listing your five tribes to [email protected].
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Yantra [Talisman] for stopping Rainfall
The Yantra given in this post is a Talisman of a unique numerical combination used by Sages, Yogis and other evolved Spiritualists in the years gone by to stop rain. It is also known as a Varsha Stambham Yantra. Such supernatural powers were gained by these adepts due to great penance and Spiritual efforts and initiation into the secret Hindu rituals by Masters.
In this age of the Kali Yuga, these powers remain dormant and only a handful of adepts know the secrets of manipulating the massive forces of nature.
The Yantra was usually prepared on the day of the Indian festival of Diwali and written on paper or Bhojpatra with a mixture of the paste of Turmeric and Kesar [Saffron] with a pointed wooden stick.
Then whenever there was excessive rainfall or if the rain was causing hindrances or blocking the path of the Sage, he pointed this Talisman Skywards to put an end to the rain.
An Indian Talisman used in ancient times to stop Rainfall
Yantra [Talisman] for stopping Rainfall
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Dear Fashion
There aren’t many words that I can say other than thank you. Thank you for giving me an outlet to express myself in a way I never thought possible. Thank you for showing me, that through creativity, passion, and determination, I can help inspire those around me. Oh and Fashion, thank you for allowing me to prove that you're not just a statement, but a lifestyle.
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Underwater pyramid discovered near Portugal
Thought that the pyramids only belonged to the Egyptians and the Mayans? Well think again, because a pyramid has been discovered within the region of Portugal.
“”Researchers have discovered an underwater pyramid 60 meters high and 8000 meters square base near the Bank De João de Castro, between the islands of Terceira and São Miguel. The structure was identified by the sailor Diocleciano Smith based on bathymetry readings. The author does not believe that the pyramid is of natural origin. The Government says that the matter is already being investigated with the support of the Portuguese Navy.””
What makes this pyramid unique is that it is the first underwater pyramid. Also, nobody knows who built the structure. It is however, estimated that the pyramid could date back to about 20 000 years. That means that it would have been around during the ice age.
Currently, the Portuguese Hydrographic Institute of the Navy are left with the task of analysing the 60 metre tall relic. The base of the pyramid is also measured to be a staggering 80 000 square metres.
The Pyramid was discovered by Diocleciano Silva in between the islands of São Miguel and Terceira in the Azores.
There have been some thoughts as to whether the structure is manmade or has it been built by another life source, who knows?
Check out: Earthweareone
READ "Cornering The Earth" - How The Rothschilds "Controlled At Least One Third Of Global Wealth" Over 100 Years Ago
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| 0.751889 |
A tornado strikes near east of Moorefield, Neb., on Friday. (Matthew Cappucci)
Severe storms have plagued parts of the Plains since Friday, including about 50 reported tornadoes, and more severe weather is on the way. A dangerous severe weather outbreak is possible Monday, which would target parts of Oklahoma, Kansas and Texas. Massive hail, destructive winds, and potentially strong tornadoes could be in the offing.
On Saturday, the National Weather Service Storm Prediction Center (SPC) raised the severe weather threat to its second-highest level (4 out of 5) on Monday. That’s a surefire sign confidence is high for a potentially significant event. Since 2003, only 18 events have prompted SPC to raise a red flag that early.
Thunderstorm risk outlook for Monday from the National Weather Service.
The potential outbreak stems from the overlap of plentiful instability and loads of wind shear — a change of wind speed or direction with height. Roaring jet stream winds of more than 120 mph, just 17,000 feet above the ground, will only make the storms stronger, setting them rotating like a spinning top.
In events with as much storm “fuel” as this, so many storms can develop that they merge and compete, limiting the tornado risk. That doesn’t look to be the case Monday. The National Weather Service is forecasting wind profiles “very favorable for discrete supercells capable of all severe hazards, including significant tornadoes.”
Much of the day will be storm-free, with the threat peaking late in the afternoon hours as sunlight bakes the ground. By suppertime, storms will fire along a dryline in the Texas and Oklahoma panhandles. That’s where dry desert air meets the oppressively muggy winds streaming north from the Gulf of Mexico. The resulting clash can produce vicious storms that tower more than 10 miles high. It’s beautiful, spectacular, and deadly.
Oklahoma City is in the bull’s eye, as is Moore — the southern suburb that saw neighborhoods razed by EF5 tornadoes in both 1999 and 2013. Monday marks exactly six years since the infamous May 20, 2013, tornado in which 24 people died, an eerie coincidence as the same location could be affected by dangerous weather again.
The first storms may bubble up around the late afternoon hours in western areas, trekking east and approaching Interstate 35 around or just before sunset. These are the supercells that could feature hail as large as softballs, winds topping 80 mph and higher-end tornadoes. A second line could develop Monday evening into the overnight, favored to be a line of storms with damaging winds as the primary threat.
More than 50 reports of tornadoes since Friday in the Plains
The same areas forecast to see severe weather Monday saw a nasty batch of storms Saturday morning. Thirteen tornadoes were reported from Central Texas to Oklahoma, including damaging twisters in both Abilene and San Angelo, Tex.
On Friday, several photogenic tornadoes touched down in western Nebraska and Kansas, prompting more than 150 reports of severe weather, including 39 tornadoes. Hardest hit was a corridor from McCook to Culbertson, Neb., where a single supercell storm dropped up to half a dozen tornadoes as other storms eventually merged with it. Farther south, a long-track supercell produced what was probably a significant tornado east of Dodge City, Kan., after dark.
Even after Monday’s storms exit, the Plains are far from done. Another episode of severe weather is possible Wednesday into Thursday.
You don’t take any chances in May in Tornado Alley.
Below, see some more tornado footage from the Plains on Friday.
This article, first published Saturday, was updated Sunday morning.
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What to Do in a Pet dog Emergency situation
News Discuss
If a person possesses a pet and it experiences a health and wellness emergency situation, such as consuming something they should not or dropping ill, the proprietor may unknown exactly what to do in this scenario. This could be an agitated, complex time for the individual who owns the http://emergency-veterinarian97384.designi1.com/2809549/just-what-to-do-in-an-animal-emergency-situation
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Neural Loop Algorithm
In this talk, I will discuss how to apply a reinforcement learning framework on the spin ice model. Spin ice is a frustrated magnetic system with a strong topological constraint on the low-energy configurations called the ice rule. Conventional single spin-flip Monte Carlo updates breaks this constraint. We exploit a reinforcement learning method that parameterizes the transition operator with neural networks. By extending the Markov chain to a Markov decision process, the algorithm can adaptively search for a global update policy through its interactions with the physical model. We find that the global loop update emerges without the explicit knowledge of the ice rule. This method might serve a general framework to search for efficient update policies in other constrained systems.
Event Type:
Scientific Area(s):
Event Date:
Sky Room
Room #:
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- SaniAlergia. Allergist. Spain - http://sanialergia.com -
Preparations to replace the milk.
Special formulas for allergy to proteins in cow’s milk
Patients with an allergy to cow’s milk proteins are usually prescribed a preparation to replace the milk. There are various preparations we can describe.
Proteins from milk are treated by hydrolysis to eliminate the peptides of larger molecular weight and in this way the ability to produce allergy is significantly reduced. These predigested proteins are easily absorbed. The taste and smell of these hydrolysates is unpleasant for adults due to the amount of sulfur-containing amino acids.
Soya milk is a good choice as a replacement formula. It has no common proteins from cow’s milk so does not produce a cross-reaction with it, but is not usually given to infants to avoid becoming allergic to soy itself, which already has an increased risk of food sensitization.
These are made from synthetic amino acids, without causing allergy. They taste worse and have a higher cost. These formulas are indicated when a protein hydrolysate of cow’s milk cannot be used, nor soy formula, and also in multiallergies. In Spain, these special formulas are subsidized by the Social Security System up to two years of age. From this age, according to the child’s history and the area responsible for authorisation, this grant is extended or not given.
Never choose or change special formula without consulting an allergy specialist, since in each case one or another may be more advisable, depending on various factors such as age, type of symptoms, or to what specific proteins the child is most sensitive to.
They are not appropriate for children allergic to cow’s milk proteins, as their proteins have a sufficiently high molecular weight to produce allergy.
Hypoallergenic milk formulas are usually used to prevent development of allergy in atopic children. Also to control diarrheal diseases and digestive intolerance in infants.
In the case of allergy to milk proteins, highly hydrolysed cow’s milk, soya milk or elemental formulas are recommended.
Allergy recommendations index.
© Sanialergia
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Craftworks Studio is available for children, adults, groups and families who wish to hold a birthday, anniversary or party to celebrate any special occasion.
Birthday parties are always popular and prices start from £15 per head, and we produce a special birthday plate for the party person to remember their special day. Poulsom Park in Castletown is a great place for a picnic following the party, or you can try some of the other attractions that Castletown has to offer.
For Childrens’ parties, you can expect the painting to take between 1 – 2 hours, depending on the age of the children. The younger the children the faster they paint!
We can cater for groups of up to 30 people at a time, and we can also open the studio outside of our normal opening hours, and open for your party exclusively, depending on numbers and availability.
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CASA exposition
This circle-spoke diagram example was crated on the base of the illustration in the article "What is an exposition?" from the Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) website. "As the aviation industry transitions to new rules and safety standards through regulatory reform, organisations will be required to demonstrate to the Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) how they have met the requirements outlined in the legislation, including the regulations and manual of standards applicable to their operation through a document called an exposition. An exposition is a description of how organisations will conduct their operations to maintain the required level of safety. The exposition is the primary document, supported by a series of manuals, such as the operations manual and safety management system manual. These manuals and other supporting documents form part of the exposition document set, as shown in the ... diagram." [casa.gov.au/scripts/nc.dll?WCMS:STANDARD::pc=PC_101706] The hub-and-spoke diagram example "CASA exposition" was created using the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the Circle-Spoke Diagrams solution from the area "What is a Diagram" of ConceptDraw Solution Park.
Circle-spoke diagram
Circle-spoke diagram, circle-spoke diagram,
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The Reason Tonic Water Glows in the Dark
The answer is surprisingly simple: Tonic water actually contains the chemical quinine, which fluoresces under certain light and makes tonic water glow.
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There are a number of ways to become a U.S. citizen for purposes of legally working and residing in Elizabethtown, Kentucky. The 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution grants citizenship to those born in the U.S. or its territories, provided the birth is registered with the relevant authorities.
Elizabethtown Citizenship Lawyers Understand the Naturalization Process
Elizabethtown Citizenship Attorneys Understand the Convoluted Documentation
Individuals subject to outstanding removal orders may be denied U.S. citizenship. The process of immigration is a perplexing one. Elizabethtown, Kentucky Lawyers can answer any questions you may have about the naturalization process.
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Fork me on GitHub
Project Notes
#468 BreadboardBling/DuplexTuningCapacitor
Making a breadboard-compatible variable capacitor for radio circuits.
Duplex tuning capacitors aka radio or AM variable capcitors contain two sets of capacitor plates ganged together, with fine tuning adjustment screws for each capacitor. Total capacitance is typically under 300pF, but mulitple arrangements are possible as either a single or dual variable capacitor.
These components are typically used for radio tuning, and while building radio circuits on a breadboard can be a hairy proposition due to all the stray capcitance, a solid mounting for use on a breadboard can minimise the evils.
the specific part I’m using is a duplex 223p 60pf/140pf 2.1mm Hole Shaft Radio Variable Capacitor from a seller on aliexpress.
How They Work
The main tuning dial controls two variable capacitors (Co, Ca) that share a common connection G. Ca is typically around twice the capacitance of Co. Trimming capacitors are in parallel with each (Cto, Cta).
Ca and Co may be used as two linked/proportional variable capacitors with a common “ground”: connections G & O, and G & A.
Alternatively, O and A may be bridged for a single variable capacitor between O/A & G or maximum capacitance.
For my specific part (without trim), I’ve measured the capacitance range at around:
• Ca: 18pF to 160pF
• Co: 17pF to 75pF
• or combined, from 35pF to 235pF
I’ve simply mounted the capacitor on a piece of protoboard large enough to raise the tuning dial off the deck, with two rows of header pins at the base and a little hot glue on the reverse to keep the capacitor secure.
This provides a very solid mount, so that when on a breadboard it can easily be adjusted without needing a second hand to keep things in place.
The O-G-A pins are unbridged and connect directly to the breadboard, so any combination of capacitance can be used by making the appropriate connections.
Credits and References
About LEAP#468 Breadboard BlingRadio
Project Source on GitHub Return to the LEAP Catalog
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Points & Sets: Lab Reasoning
As I pursue my PhD in physics education research, I have found time to explore a number of interesting questions. In this post, I’ll explore an approach to thinking about student reasoning in the introductory physics lab that we decided not to pursue at this time.
The Physics Measurement Questionnaire
Building on more than 20 years of development, use, and research, the Physics Measurement Questionnaire (PMQ) is a staple in introductory physics lab research. Its home is the group of Saalih Allie. This 10-question assessment is based on the following experiment:
Students are asked a series of questions that seek to determine the extent to which they agree with a set of principles about how lab-work is done (at least, in the abstract). The principles don’t appear explicitly in the relevant literature, but seem to be:
1. More data is better
2. When collecting data, it is good to get the largest range possible for the independent variable
3. The average represents a set of repeated trials
4. Less spread in the data is better
5. Two sets of measurements agree if the averages are similar compared with the spread in their data
These axioms feel true and, as a teacher, I see value in getting my students to understand fundamentals about the nature of scientific work. However, while they are broadly applicable, the reality of science is that none of these axioms are exactly true. There is the question of whether science has a universal “method” — Paul Feyerabend argues it doesn’t. When I sat down with a distinguished professor to look at the PMQ, the professor could identify the “right” answer, but often didn’t agree with it.
This reminds me of the “Nature of Science” that was brought into the International Baccalaureate (IB) physics curriculum in 2014. It appears in the course guide as a 6-page list of statements about how science works, culminating in this mind-bending image:scimethod
So maybe attempting to define how science works isn’t a productive approach. Fortunately, the PMQ isn’t just a test of whether students agree with certain axioms of experimental physics.
Question-Level Analysis
In addition to evaluating students on their agreement with the above axioms, the PMQ also asks students to justify their reasoning. An example question follows:
After “Explain your choice”, the PMQ includes several blank lines for the student response. The instructions suggest that students should spend “between 5 and 10 minutes to answer each question”.
A thorough analysis of student responses is possible by using the comprehensive categorization scheme in Trevor Volkwyn’s MSc thesis. Volkwyn (and the PMQ authors) view the PMQ as an assessment that aims to distinguish two types of student reasoning about experimental data collection:
Point-Like Reasoning is that in which a student makes a single measurement, and presumes that the single (“point”) measurement represents the true value of the parameter that is being measured
Set-Like Reasoning is that in which a student makes multiple measurements, and presumes that the set of these measurements represents the true value of the parameter in question
Alternatively, we could view the point-like paradigm as that in which students don’t account for measurement uncertainty or random error.
Examples of responses that conform to the point-like reasoning paradigm, for the example above, include:
• Repeating the experiment will give the same result if a very accurate measuring system is used
• Two measurements are enough, because the second one confirms the first measurement
• It is important to practice taking data to get a more accurate measurement
Examples of responses that match the set-like paradigm include:
• Taking multiple measurements is necessary to get an average value
• Multiple measurements allows you to measure the spread of the data
Thus, it is possible to conduct a pre/post analysis on a lab course to see whether students’ reasoning shifts from point-like to set-like over the course. For example, Lewandowski et al at UC Boulder have done exactly this, and see small but significant shifts.
My Data
I subjected a class of 20 students to the PMQ, and coded the responses to two of the prompts using Volkwyn’s scheme. The categorization was fairly straightforward and unambiguous.
For question 5, which asks students which of two sets of data is better (one has larger spread than the other), 17 students provided a set-like response and 3 gave the point-like response.
For question 6, which asks students whether two results agree (they have similar averages and comparatively-large spreads), only 1 student gave a correct set-like response, and the other 19 provided point-like reasoning.
I think this indicates two things:
1. Different types of prompts may have very different response levels. Similar results are found in the literature, such as Lewandowski’s paper, above. This suggests that the set-like reasoning construct is complex, either with multiple steps to mastery or with multiple facets. Thus, it might not make sense to talk about it as a single entity with multiple probes, but rather as a collection of beliefs, skills and understandings.
2. Some of the reasoning on question 6 seemed shallow. This suggests, for me, a bigger take-away message: my students aren’t being provoked to think critically about their data collection and analysis.
Going forward, we’ve decided not to use the PMQ as part of our introductory lab reform efforts. However, by trying it out, I was able to see clearly that our new curriculum will need to include time dedicated to getting students to think about the relevant questions (not axioms) for the experiments they conduct:
1. How much data should I collect?
2. What range of data should I collect?
3. How will I represent the results of my data collection?
4. How will I parameterize the spread in my data, and how will I reduce measurement uncertainties and random error?
5. For different types of data, how can we know if two results agree?
Interestingly, some of Natasha Holmes’ work on introductory labs starts with the 5th question by asking students to develop a modified t-test, and then uses that tool to motivate cycles of reflection in the lab. That’s another approach we’ve agreed doesn’t quite work for us, but that is likewise a huge source of inspiration.
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Here’s proof that more than two million people really can be wrong. What we have here is the Renault Dauphine, a curvaceous rear-engined saloon conceived by the French car-making giant in the early Fifties as a cheap, no-frills vehicle in the mould of the Volkswagen Beetle, Morris Minor and Fiat 500.
Although not a bad looking thing (which partly explains why so many hapless individuals bought one), the Dauphine earned a reputation as a bit of a laughing stock. Propelled by a wheezy 845cc four-cylinder engine eking out 27bhp, the bulbous Renault took a yawning 35 seconds to reach 100kph, and it was said to be so prone to rusting that one severe winter could corrode the front fenders into sieves. A standing joke in France was that “if you stood beside it, you could actually hear it rusting”. Given its woefully slow acceleration, we can only imagine how delighted French criminals would have been when the local police force was equipped with Dauphines. More laughable still was that the snail-like contraption was even used in car racing.
Another amusing gem is that Renault considered the name ‘Corvette’ for its new model, but to avoid a conflict with the recently launched Chevrolet sportster with the same badge, the company instead chose a moniker that reinforced the importance of the project’s predecessor, the 4CV, to France’s post-war industrial rebirth (Dauphine is the feminine form of the French feudal title of Dauphin, the heir apparent to the throne).
Despite its shortcomings, the Dauphine holds nostalgic appeal for many people, making it a sought-after collector’s car.
Renault marketed numerous variants of the Dauphine, including the range-topping Ondine, sporting Gordini versions and a factory racing model. There was also the Caravelle/Floride, a Dauphine-based two-door coupé and two-door convertible.
You may also like: Not their finest hour: Citroën Ami 6
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Rheology is defined as the science of deformation and flow and in particular refers to materials that show viscoelastic or non-Newtonian behaviour when stressed. Such materials include suspensions, emulsions, polymer solutions and foams to name but a few.
Part 1 of this two part webinar series focuses on viscosity and viscometry, introducing the basic concepts and tests that can performed on a rotational rheometer to measure yield stress, thixotropy, and shear dependent flow properties.
Why watch?
Rheology is important across a wide range of applications and industries and a basic understating of the subject can help to better understand your processes and applications.
What will you learn?
How to measure and describe the flow properties of your materials under the appropriate and relevant conditions.
Who is this webinar for?
Anyone who is interested in viscosity and viscometry who would benefit from a basic introduction to the concepts and measurement protocols.
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Show Summary Details
Page of
date: 16 June 2019
Abstract and Keywords
This introduction for the Oxford Handbook of Organized Crime begins with the proposition that there are two main notions and types of organized crime: (a) a set of stable organizations illegal per se or whose members systematically engage in crime and (b) a set of serious criminal activities, and particularly the provision of illegal goods and services, mostly carried out for monetary gain. Whereas instances of the first type are relatively rare, criminal money-making activities, which also entail predatory and extortionary activities, occur everywhere. Governments cannot uproot these activities, but they can affect the size, structure, and operating methods of the groups that engage in them. In countries with an effective government, in particular, large-scale criminal organizations are not allowed to consolidate. The control of whatever type of organized crime does not come without a cost, however. Hence, the chapter/article argues, the overall goal of organized crime control policies should be to reduce the total harms resulting from both the organized crime phenomena and the control policies.
Keywords: organized crime, illegal market activities, predatory activities, extortion, crime policy, drug policy
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Accounting Quiz- 6
Office equipments account is classified as _________ account?
Net income equal to Revenues minus____________?
Building account is classified as _________ account?
The Basic accounting equation is___________?
Revenue and expense accounts are referred as______________?
Which of the following is the practical implementation of the accounting equation?
Which of the following is the normal balance of a rent expense account?
Which of the following accounts are closed at the end of an accounting period?
Which of the following is a real account?
Capital of a business decreases if there is an increase in___________?
Cash received for services rendered will______________?
If the business’s owner withdraws cash for his/her personal use what will be the effect on capital?
Calculate the amount of cash if: Total assets=$10,000 Total liabilities=$10,000 Total Capital=$5000
The real accounts are accounts of Assets, liabilities and ___________?
___________ helps business to classify transactions according to their nature?
Complete the form below to see results
Accounting Quiz- 6
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Each Tuesday we are inviting you to explore a new prayer practice as part of the experiential calendar. As part of that invitation, we also want to provide resources to help you as you explore those practices. This week, we’re looking at a creative form of prayer called “Imaginative reading” or “Imaginative prayer”.
Through Imaginative Prayer we place ourselves fully within a story from the Gospels. We become onlooker-participants and give full rein to our imagination. Jesus is speaking to a blind man at the side of the road. We feel the hot Mediterranean sun beating down. We smell the dust kicked up by the passersby. We feel the itchy clothing we’re wearing, the sweat rolling down our brow, a rumble of hunger. We see the desperation in the blind man’s face and hear the wail of hope in his words. We note the irritation of the disciples. Above all we watch Jesus—the way he walks, his gestures, the look in his eyes, the expression on his face. We hear him speak the words that are recorded in the Gospel. We go on to imagine other words he might have spoken and other deeds he might have done.
To put this in to practice consider these instructions from Professor of Spiritual Formation at Lipscomb University, Kris Miller:
Choose a passage to start with. After reading the passage through once, read it through again, very slowly. Allow yourself to be caught by a word, phrase, an image, or a truth. If it is a narrative, begin to imagine the scene. If it is not a narrative, imagine the reality described. Once you have read it through the second time slowly, put the passage down and use your imagination to enter the narrative or truth presented. You may want to us the word, phrase, image, or idea that caused you to enter the passage. If it is a Psalm or an epistle, imagine the truth and be in it. If it is a narrative, be in the event. Whatever the genre, take several minutes to let your imagination unfold and develop as you enter the story or the truth. You can trust that the Holy Spirit will be at work in your contemplation of the very Word that the Spirit inspired. Remain in the passage for several minutes. Then, journal a summary of your contemplation after you have experienced it.
The Reunion Team
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Functional Resumé Outline
A functional resumé is ideal if you have gaps in your work history. Perhaps you’ve travelled, raised a family, or had other reasons to take time away from paid work.
This type of resumé focuses on your skills and abilities. Choose the ones that best fit the job you want.
Your name
Street address or box number
City, Province, postal code
Email address
Phone number(s) (with area codes)
Website (optional)
Objective or goals (optional)
Research the goals of your potential employer. Briefly list how your skills and training will help the employer reach those goals.
Summary of Qualifications (optional)
Briefly describe what makes you a good fit for the job. For example, you might include your experience, training, knowledge, and availability.
Skill Title 1
Create 3 to 6 groups of your skills and personal traits. Name these skill groups. For example: Communication, Customer Service, Organizing, or Problem Solving. These skills should relate to the job you’re applying for.
Support each skill or trait with an example of how you’ve used it. Examples can come from any area of your life, not just from jobs. For example, under Organizing, describe what you organized and what the results were.
Don’t evaluate yourself. Instead, show how you made a difference. For example, under Customer Service, don’t write “provided excellent service.” Instead, write “improved customer satisfaction ratings.” Even better, say how much the ratings improved. Or list any recognition you received, such as employee of the week.
Skill Title 2
Skill Title 3
Experience (optional)
Describe your paid work and volunteer experience. Focus on what you did, rather than on where and when you did the work.
Education and Training (optional)
Describe your formal and informal education. Focus on what you learned and accomplished.
See how a functional resumé helps you focus on what you can do.
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