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6ce12fca-ef00-4e81-9254-ecbdd0d3e2e7 | Calderwood | Calderwood may refer to:
Places
Almondell and Calderwood Country Park, a park in West Lothian, Scotland
Calderwood, a housing development near East Calder in West Lothian, Scotland
Calderwood, East Kilbride, an area of East Kilbride, Scotland
Calderwood Dam, a reservoir and dam development project in Tennessee, United States
Calderwood, Tennessee, a community once located near Calderwood Dam
Calderwood, Michigan, a community in Michigan, United States
Calderwood, Eastern Cape, a town in South Africa
Calderwood, New South Wales, a suburb of Wollongong, Australia
Calderwood Park, a conservation area in Mashonaland East, Zimbabwe
Other uses
Calderwood (surname) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calderwood | area |
e2b18aa5-0e35-422a-83a3-eebf29414a7b | Kushovë | Kushovë is a village and a former municipality in the Elbasan County, central Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Gramsh. The population at the 2011 census was 659. The municipal unit consists of the villages Kushovë, Bregas, Gjeraqine, Dumberas, Brasnik, Ulove, Sotire and Kerpice.
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushov%C3%AB | area |
310c09b3-2554-4899-bf82-22150872ab0c | Krrabë | Krrabë is a town and a former municipality in the Tirana County, central Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Tirana. The population at the 2011 census was 2,343.
History
The village has been inhabited since ancient times by Illyrians who built the Persqopi Castle near Krrabë.
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krrab%C3%AB | area |
d0d0248d-9ff0-44ae-87c1-fc69ad7da3ff | Livarot | Livarot (French pronunciation: [livaʁo] (listen)) is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.The population is composed of 2,052 inhabitants (in 2017) and the name of its inhabitants is Livarotais.
The town is home to many companies of renown such as the Georges Leroy factory, Graindorge cheese manufacturing which produces Livarot, among others. The commune gave its name to its cheese; Livarot cheese. The La Fermière (CCLF) calvados cider is also produced in the commune.
Geography
Livarot is situated at the junction of the D4 and D579 roads. The nearest city is Caen, approximately 30 kilometres (19 mi) to the north-west.
Toponymy
The place is attested late in the form Livarrot in 1155, and Livar(r)ou in 1156 or 1157.The etymological explanation of this place name has no unanimity among toponymists:
Albert Dauzat and Charles Rostaing, based on a false attestation of Livaron from 1137 (form and date wrong), described it as "obscure", while evoking a derivision of ivos, an assumed Gallic word designating if, and declaring it unlikely. They perhaps resume in these previous assumptions. In reality, the term *ivos or *īvos is not attested and should include an asterisk.
Ernest Nègre, reasoning from this same erroneous form, considered that it might be from the Germanic name Liubwar, which is followed by the suffix -o /-onem and that the final would be modified by attraction of names in -ot. However, François de Beaurepaire notes that a Germanic name is never used with this suffix.
Dominique Fournier refuted Livaron (cacography attributed to Albert Dauzat, and badly dated) and based it on the actual form Livar(r)ou, stemming from the Chronicle of Robert of Torigni, to advance the hypothesis of a Gallo-Roman person named Libarius followed by the suffix of Gallic origin -avo which explains most of the words ending in -ou of Normandy.
History
Battle of Normandy
On 17 July 1944, the pharmacist and Mayor of Livarot brought first aid to Rommel following the strafing of his car by an Allied aircraft, not far away, between the villages of Sainte-Foy-de-Montgommery and Vimoutiers. He was then evacuated, the same day, to the German military hospital in Bernay.
Livarot was liberated on 19 August. Following Operation Paddle, the British 7th Armoured Division was on the banks of the Vie. The division then faced a strong resistance by the 272nd Division of the German infantry, but also suffered losses to friendly fire from Allied aircraft. On 19 August, British artillery heavily bombed the area. The British arrived to seize a bridge, which hadn't been destroyed, across the river to Saint-Michel-de-Livet, north of Livarot. The French Resistance then learned that the Germans had abandoned Livarot and that the first British soldiers had entered the same day.
Heraldry
Politics and administration
The municipal council is composed of 23 members, including the mayor and six assistants.
Demographics
In 2012, the municipality had 2,183 inhabitants. Since 2004, censuses in municipalities of less than 10,000 inhabitants are held every five years (in 2008, 2013, 2018, etc. for Livarot) and legal municipal population are estimations in other years. Livarot counted 2,654 inhabitants in 1975.
Economy
Livarot cheese
Places and monuments
Former Leroy factory (1841), included in the title of the historic monuments.
The Church of Saint-Ouen from the 15th century, and very reworked. The gallery of the 19th century organ is classified as an historic monument object.
The old Bisson cheesemakery (1902), converted into a Museum of the workshops of iron art.
The L'Isle Manor (1912), former property of the Bisson.
The Graindorge cheesmakery, burned in 1999 and rebuilt in 2001.
Vestiges of an ancient castle which was owned by Charles the Bad, King of Navarre.
The menhir of the Pierre Tournante.Places and monuments in Livarot
Activity and events
Twinning
South Molton, United Kingdom since 1975
Sports
The Étoile Sportive Livarotaise [Livarotaise Sports Star] evolved two football teams in district divisions.The cycling section of the club has trained many riders such as father and son François and Romain Lemarchand, and also Fabien Taillefer. Stage 7 of the 2015 Tour de France is also planned to start in Livarot.
Events
The Livarot Cheese Fair is held every year in August.
Personalities linked to the commune
Charles II of Navarre (1332-1387), King of Navarre and count of Évreux, owner of the old Castle.
Jacques Dufresne (1732 to Livarot - 1832), parish priest of Le Mesnil-Durand, Deputy of the clergy.
Alfred Rioult de Neuville (1802 Livarot - Livarot, 1894), politician.
Joël Le Bigot (born in 1946 in Livarot), Quebec radio host.
François Lemarchand (born in 1960 in Livarot), cyclist.
See also
Communes of the Calvados department
Notes
References
External links
A few pictures of Livarot and its markets at the beginning of the 20th century.
The Livarot Tourist Office website. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livarot | area |
d71d38cf-140e-4224-8dd6-0b2fd59ce17c | Solbach | Solbach is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.
See also
Communes of the Bas-Rhin department
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solbach | area |
e6a289df-2fbe-41ff-813e-85be17b9846f | Mount Pleasant | Mount Pleasant may refer to:
People
Frank Mount Pleasant
Places
Australia
Mount Pleasant (Australian Capital Territory)
Mount Pleasant, New South Wales
Mount Pleasant, Queensland (Moreton Bay Region), a mountain and locality in the Moreton Bay Region, part of the D'Aguilar Range
Mount Pleasant, Queensland (Mackay Region), a mountain and suburb of Mackay in the Mackay Region
Mount Pleasant, South Australia
Mount Pleasant, Western Australia
Mount Pleasant, Victoria
Canada
Mount Pleasant, Calgary, Alberta
Mount Pleasant, Vancouver, British Columbia
Mount Pleasant, Nova Scotia (disambiguation)
Mount Pleasant, Ontario (disambiguation)
Mount Pleasant, Prince Edward Island
Rural Municipality of Mount Pleasant No. 2, Saskatchewan
Falkland Islands
Mount Pleasant, Falkland Islands
Ireland
Mountpleasant railway station, County Louth
New Zealand
Mount Pleasant, New Zealand, a suburb of Christchurch
Tauhinukorokio / Mount Pleasant, the Christchurch hill on which the suburb of the English name is placed
United Kingdom
Mount Pleasant henge, Dorset, England
Mount Pleasant, Barcombe, East Sussex, England
Mount Pleasant, Batley, West Yorkshire, England
Mount Pleasant, Buckinghamshire, England
Mount Pleasant, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England
Mount Pleasant, Cornwall, England
Mount Pleasant, Idridgehay, Site of Special Scientific Interest in Derbyshire, England
Mount Pleasant, Liverpool, Merseyside, England
Mount Pleasant, Merthyr Tydfil, Wales
Mount Pleasant, Newhaven, East Sussex, England
Mount Pleasant, Spennymoor, County Durham, England
Mount Pleasant, Staffordshire, a place in Staffordshire, England
Mount Pleasant, Stockton-on-Tees, County Durham, England
Mount Pleasant, Swansea, Wales
Mount Pleasant, Warwickshire, England
Mount Pleasant Mail Centre, Clerkenwell, London, the largest sorting office operated by Royal Mail
United States
(by state then city)
Mount Pleasant, Arkansas
Mount Pleasant, Delaware
Mount Pleasant (Smyrna, Delaware)
Mount Pleasant, Florida
Mount Pleasant, Evans County, Georgia
Mount Pleasant, Wayne County, Georgia
Mount Pleasant, Cass County, Indiana
Mount Pleasant, Delaware County, Indiana
Mount Pleasant, Johnson County, Indiana
Mount Pleasant, Martin County, Indiana
Mount Pleasant, Perry County, Indiana
Mount Pleasant, Iowa
Mount Pleasant, Kansas
Mount Pleasant, Kentucky (disambiguation), several locations
Mount Pleasant, Maryland
Mount Pleasant, Frederick County, Maryland
Mt. Pleasant (Woodstock, Maryland)
Mount Pleasant (Union Bridge, Maryland)
Mount Pleasant (Upper Marlboro, Maryland)
Mount Pleasant (Newton, Massachusetts)
Mount Pleasant, Michigan
Mount Pleasant, Mississippi
Mount Pleasant, Missouri
Mount Pleasant, St. Louis, Missouri
Mount Eisenhower, a New Hampshire mountain known as Mount Pleasant until 1970
Mount Pleasant, Bergen County, New Jersey
Mount Pleasant, Burlington County, New Jersey
Mount Pleasant, Hunterdon County, New Jersey
Mount Pleasant, Monmouth County, New Jersey
Mount Pleasant, Newark, New Jersey
Mount Pleasant, New York, a town in Westchester County
Mount Pleasant (Indian Falls, New York), a historic farm
Mount Pleasant, Ulster County, New York, a populated place
Mount Pleasant (Ulster County, New York), a mountain
Mount Pleasant, North Carolina
Mount Pleasant, Cleveland, a neighborhood in Ohio
Mount Pleasant, Ohio
Mount Pleasant, Vinton County, Ohio
Mount Pleasant, Pennsylvania, a borough in Westmoreland County, not to be confused with townships of the same name (see below)
Mount Pleasant (mansion), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Mount Pleasant, Bucks County, Pennsylvania
Mount Pleasant, Providence, Rhode Island
Mount Pleasant, South Carolina
Mount Pleasant, Tennessee
Mount Pleasant, Texas
Mount Pleasant, Utah
Mount Pleasant (Hague, Virginia)
Mount Pleasant, Frederick County, Virginia
Mount Pleasant (Staunton, Virginia)
Mount Pleasant (Strasburg, Virginia)
Mount Pleasant, Washington, D.C.
Mount Pleasant, Green County, Wisconsin, a town
Mount Pleasant, Wisconsin, village in Racine County
Mount Pleasant Township (disambiguation)
U.S. Virgin Islands
Mount Pleasant, Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands
Mount Pleasant, Saint John, U.S. Virgin Islands
Zimbabwe
Mount Pleasant, Harare
Media and entertainment
"Mount Pleasant", a song by Dragon Fli Empire from Conquest
Mount Pleasant (film), a 2006 Canadian film directed by Ross Weber
Mount Pleasant (TV series), a British comedy-drama television programme airing on Sky1
Other uses
Mount Pleasant (constituency), parliamentary constituency in Zimbabwe
Mount Pleasant (cricket ground), a cricket ground in Batley, Yorkshire
Mount Pleasant (mansion), a mansion located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Mount Pleasant, Sheffield, an 18th-century mansion in Sheffield, England
Mount Pleasant Caldera, a volcano in southwestern New Brunswick, Canada
Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Toronto, Ontario
Mount Pleasant High School (disambiguation)
Mount Pleasant Radio Observatory, Tasmania, Australia
Mount Pleasant Road, a street in Toronto, Ontario
Mount Pleasant School (disambiguation)
Mount Pleasant station (disambiguation), stations of the name
Mount Pleasant Winery in Augusta, Missouri
RAF Mount Pleasant, a British military base
RCAF Station Mount Pleasant, Prince Edward Island
See also
Mount Pleasant Commercial Historic District (disambiguation)
Mount Pleasant Historic District (disambiguation)
Pleasant Mountain, in Bridgton and Denmark, Maine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pleasant | area |
a3b57a27-2622-47a8-bf43-789e054b6d20 | Tivoli | Tivoli may refer to:
Tivoli, Lazio, a town in Lazio, Italy, known for historic sites; the inspiration for other places named Tivoli
Buildings
Tivoli (Baltimore, Maryland), a mansion built about 1855
Tivoli Building (Cheyenne, Wyoming), a historic downtown building
Tivoli Hotel in Pirie Street, Adelaide, South Australia
Villa d'Este, a 16th-century villa in Tivoli, near Rome, famous for gardens and fountains
Entertainment venues
For all venues with Theatre in the name, see Tivoli Theatre (disambiguation)
Music
Tivoli (Utrecht), music venue in Utrecht, the Netherlands
Sports
Hala Tivoli hall, a sporting hall in Ljubljana, Slovenia
New Tivoli, the stadium of Aachen's best-known football team, Alemannia Aachen, Germany
Old Tivoli, the former stadium of Aachen's best-known football team, Alemannia Aachen, Germany
Tivoli-Neu in Innsbruck, Austria
Tivoli (Innsbruck) in Innsbruck, Austria
Tivoli End, A stand at the Millmoor stadium in Rotherham, England
Other
The Tivoli circuit, vaudeville venues in Australia (historic)
Tivoli Club, 19th century Denver, Colorado gambling saloon owned by infamous badman Soapy Smith
The Tivoli Bowl, Downers Grove, Illinois, bowling alley and bar
Gardens, parks, and preserves
Gardens of the Villa d'Este, a 16th-century villa in Tivoli, near Rome
Jardin de Tivoli, Paris, a garden and park open between 1766 and 1842, built to resemble the gardens of the Villa d'Este in Tivoli, Italy
Tivoli City Park, a garden and a park in Ljubljana, Slovenia
Tivoli Friheden, an amusement park in Aarhus, Denmark
Tivoli Gardens, an amusement park in Copenhagen
Tivoli Japan, a Japanese version of the Copenhagen park, in Kurashiki, Okayama (closed 2008)
Tivoli World, amusement park in Costa del Sol, Spain
Tivoli Nature Preserve, a municipal nature preserve in Albany, New York
Places
Towns
Tivoli, Lazio, a town and commune in central Italy
Tivoli, New York, a village in Dutchess County, New York State, United States
Tivoli, Texas, a small town in the United States
Tivoli, Grenada, a town in the north east of the island of Grenada
Tivoli, Cork, a suburb of Cork, Ireland
Tivoli, Queensland, a suburb of Ipswich in Queensland, Australia
Tivoli, Karnataka, a village in India
Neighborhoods and housing
Tivoli, a neighborhood in Innsbruck, Austria
Tivoli, a neighborhood in Eindhoven, The Netherlands (previously an estate in the same location)
Tivoli, a residential area to the south of the centre of Cheltenham, England
Tivoli Garden, a public housing estate on Tsing Yi Island, Hong Kong
Tivoli Gardens, Kingston, a community in West Kingston, Jamaica
Other geographical entities
Tivoli River, a river in Bryan County, Georgia, United States
Tivoli Pond, an 1880 pond in Tivoli City Park in Ljubljana, Slovenia
People
Lionel Tivoli (born 1988), French politician
Other uses
SsangYong Tivoli, a subcompact crossover SUV
Tívoli (film), a 1974 Mexican comedy-drama film
Tivoli (musical), a 2001 Australian dance musical set in the Tivoli circuit
Tivoli Audio, an audio equipment manufacturer and reseller
Tivoli Brewing Company, a 20th-century Denver, Colorado, brewery located in Lower Downtown Denver
Tivoli Gardens F.C., a Jamaican football team from Tivoli Gardens, Kingston
Tivoli Software, a division and brand of IBM, known for infrastructure and service management controls and tools
Tivoli, Giardino Di Scarlatti, original title of Sonate di Scarlatti, a ballet by Peter Martins | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tivoli | area |
5b568a76-44be-47cb-b1af-8f4d991c9061 | Gazax-et-Baccarisse | Gazax-et-Baccarisse is a commune in the Gers department in southwestern France.
Geography
Population
See also
Communes of the Gers department
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazax-et-Baccarisse | area |
af0db58b-fdda-4b13-aca7-792d33dff1d7 | Miami County | Miami County is the name of four counties in the United States:
Miami-Dade County, Florida
Miami County, Indiana
Miami County, Kansas
Miami County, Ohio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_County | area |
7fd0e440-cd60-45a5-bf39-c0aaff7134e7 | Clarington | Clarington (2021 population 101,427) is a lower-tier municipality in the Regional Municipality of Durham in Ontario, Canada. It was incorporated in 1973 as the town of Newcastle with the merging of the town of Bowmanville, the Village of Newcastle and the townships of Clarke and Darlington, and was established on January 1 1974. In 1993, the town was renamed Clarington, a portmanteau of the names of the two former townships. Darlington today is largely suburban, while Clarke remains largely rural. Bowmanville is the largest community in the municipality and is the home of the municipal offices.
Clarington is part of the Oshawa census metropolitan area in the eastern end of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). Major employers in Clarington include the Darlington Nuclear Generating Station, General Motors Canada, and several medium to large-sized manufacturing businesses. Most residents commute for work in Durham Region or Toronto.
Local government
Clarington is governed by an elected municipal council consisting of a mayor, and local councillors representing each of the municipality's four wards. In addition, two regional councillors each represent a pair of wards. The mayor and the regional councillors sit on both Clarington Council and Durham Region Council.
The current council was elected on October 24, 2022.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Clarington had a population of 101,427 living in 35,953 of its 36,852 total private dwellings, a change of 10.2% from its 2016 population of 92,013. With a land area of 610.84 km2 (235.85 sq mi), it had a population density of 166.0/km2 (430.1/sq mi) in 2021.
Ethnicity
Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses.
Language
2011 Census data show that Clarington has one of the highest proportions of residents that have English as their mother tongue within the GTA (91.2%). French is the native language for 1.8% of the population of Clarington. No other language has more than 1% of native speakers (Dutch with 0.8% - 695 native speakers - tops the pack of immigrant languages).
Climate
Environment Canada operates a weather station in Bowmanville. Under the Köppen climate classification Bowmanville has a humid continental climate with warm summers and cold winters. Unlike many other locations on similar latitudes on the eastern half of the North American continent the winters are relatively mild, with cold extremes being moderated by the proximity to Lake Ontario. In spite of this the average low is around −10 °C (14 °F) in January. Summers are normally moderately warm with averages of around 26 °C (79 °F) during the day but with nights cooling off rapidly to fall below 15 °C (59 °F) on many occasions.
Communities
The municipality of Clarington consists of several urban communities, including Bowmanville, Courtice, Newcastle and Orono; as well as several rural communities such as Bond Head, Brownsville, Burketon, Clarke, Crooked Creek, Enfield, Enniskillen, Gaud Corners, Hampton, Haydon, Kendal, Kirby, Leskard, Lovekin, Maple Grove, Mitchell Corners, New Park, Newtonville, Port Darlington, Port Granby, Salem, Solina, Starkville, Taunton (east portion; west portion split with Oshawa along Townline Road), Tyrone, West Side Beach and Wilmot Creek.
Infrastructure
Transportation
Clarington is home to several highways; three of which are 400 series highways. Highway 401 stretches through the entirety of Clarington, connecting Newtonville, Newcastle, Bowmanville, and Courtice along the route. Highway 407 is located in north Clarington. It was extended to and terminates at Highway 35/115. The 35/115, also in Clarington, begins at Highway 401 in Newcastle, and heads north to Peterborough. Highway 418, begins at Highway 401 and heads north to connect to Highway 407. The 418 opened on December 9, 2019, as a toll highway. The tolls were removed on April 5, 2022, by the Ontario government. Highway 2, once the primary east–west route across the southern portion of Ontario, runs through Clarington. Downtown Newcastle and Bowmanville are situated along Highway 2.
Bus services are offered by Durham Region Transit and GO Transit.
Freight rail is carried along the Canadian National Kingston subdivision and Canadian Pacific Belleville subdivision which pass through Clarington. The wooden bridge on Lakeshore Road in Lovekin, Ontario, which traverses the CN train line is a popular destination for rail photographers.
On June 20, 2016, it was announced that the Lakeshore East line of GO Transit would be extended to Bowmanville. Clarington gained two new stations. Darlington GO Station, in Courtice and the terminus; Bowmanville GO Station. As of the announcement, the stations are scheduled to open in 2024.
Power
Clarington is home to the Darlington Nuclear Generating Station.
The Durham-York Energy Centre is located in Clarington. It is home to a 20 MW energy-from-waste (EFW) generation unit that opened in early 2016 that takes waste (140,000 tonnes per year) from Durham and York Regions to burn to generate electricity.Co-developed by Durham and York Region cost $295 million Canadian to build was built and operated by American-based Covanta. The unit sells and transmits electricity onto Hydro One's distribution network.
Clarington was a candidate location to host ITER in 2001, but the bid was withdrawn two years later.
Attractions
Clarington is home to five Christmas parades. It has more Santa Claus/Christmas parades than any other town-sized municipality in Canada. The parades are run in: Bowmanville, Newcastle, Courtice, Orono, and Enniskillen/Tyrone. The latter parade is organized by "T.H.E.E. Farmer's Parade of Lights", which is a special Christmas parade put on by the farmers from the communities of Tyrone, Haydon, Enniskillen and Enfield.
Enniskillen, which is located in the northern part of Clarington, was the birthplace of Samuel McLaughlin. Mr. McLaughlin started the McLaughlin Motor Car Co. in 1904 and was one of the first major automobile manufacturers in Canada, which evolved into General Motors of Canada. Enniskillen is home to the Enniskillen General Store which opened in 1840 and stills operates today.
Clarington is home to Jungle Cat World.
Clarington Museums & Archives is the local museum in the municipality.Clarington is home to Camp 30, a World War II Prisoner-of-war camp, and located on Lambs Road, in Bowmanville.
Clarington is also home to Brimacombe, a ski resort located near Kirby, Ontario.Clarington is home to Darlington Provincial Park, which is located in Darlington.
Bowmanville Zoo
Clarington was home to the Bowmanville Zoo, until its closure in 2016. The Clarington Family Outdoor Adventure Park occupied the same property as the former Bowmanville Zoo lands for several years under the same ownership, until closure. As of 2022, the Township is working with volunteers at Valley 2000 to convert the Zoo grounds into a town park, with trails connection the surrounding housing areas.
Canadian Tire Motorsport Park
A major attraction in the municipality is the Canadian Tire Motorsport Park (formerly Mosport Park), a multi-track facility located north of Bowmanville that features a 2.459-mile (4.0 km), 10-turn road course; a half-mile paved oval; a 2.4 km advanced driver and race driver training facility and a 1.4 km kart track (Mosport International Karting). It was also a host of the Canadian Grand Prix of Formula One before the event was moved to a circuit in Montreal in the 1970s.
Canadian Tire Motorsport Park (CTMP) was also the location of three major music festivals held between 1970 and 1980. The Strawberry Fields Festival held August 7–9, 1970 featured Alice Cooper, Jethro Tull, Grand Funk Railroad, Procol Harum, Ten Years After, Lighthouse, Crowbar and Sly and the Family Stone. John Lennon was to be the headline act, bidding to gain exposure for his peace campaign, but after months of planning he backed out due to differences with the show's promoter. However, the event still used the title of The Beatles' 1967 single of the same name. Led Zeppelin were booked to play but also backed out.
Canada Jam was held August 26, 1978 and the Heatwave Festival was held August 23, 1980.
CTMP was home to Republic Live's Boots and Hearts Music Festival, which first opened in the summer of 2012. In 2015, the event was abruptly moved to Burl's Creek Event Grounds, near Barrie.
Notable residents
Ken Davies, ice hockey player
Samuel McLaughlin, businessman and philanthropist
See also
List of townships in Ontario
Notes
References
External links
Official website | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarington | area |
aad6883b-035d-4b12-a913-8b8a8ed0498d | Semiana | Semiana is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 50 km southwest of Milan and about 35 km west of Pavia. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 256 and an area of 9.9 km².Semiana borders the following municipalities: Lomello, Mede, Sartirana Lomellina, Valle Lomellina, Velezzo Lomellina.
Demographic evolution
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiana | area |
d2d5e60d-57ba-4b44-bdd7-0151d3e33314 | Sardis | Sardis ( SAR-diss) or Sardes ( SAR-deess; Lydian: 𐤳𐤱𐤠𐤭𐤣, romanized: Sfard; Ancient Greek: Σάρδεις, romanized: Sárdeis; Old Persian: Sparda) was an ancient city best known as the capital of the Lydian Empire. After the fall of the Lydian Empire, it became the capital of the Persian satrapy of Lydia and later a major center of Hellenistic and Byzantine culture. Now an active archaeological site, it is located in modern day Turkey, in Manisa Province near the town of Sart.
History
Sardis was occupied for at least 3500 years. In that time, it fluctuated between a wealthy city of international importance and a collection of modest hamlets.(pp1114–1115)
Early settlement
Sardis was settled before 1500 BC. However, the size and nature of early settlement is not known since only small extramural portions of these layers have been excavated. Evidence of occupation consists largely of Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age pottery which shows affinities with Mycenaean Greece and the Hittites. No early monumental architecture had been found as of 2011.(pp1114–1116)The site may have been occupied as early as the Neolithic, as evidenced by scattered finds of early ceramic fragments. However these were found out of context so no clear conclusions can be drawn. Early Bronze Age cemeteries were found 7 miles away along Lake Marmara, near elite graves of the later Lydian and Persian periods.(p1116)In the Late Bronze Age, the site would have been in the territory of the Seha River Land, whose capital is thought to have been located at nearby Kaymakçı. Hittite texts record that Seha was originally part of Arzawa, a macrokingdom which the Hittite king Mursili II defeated and partitioned. After that time, Seha became a vassal state of the Hittites and served as an important intermediary with the Mycenaean Greeks. The relationship between the people of Seha and the later Lydians is unclear, since there is evidence of both cultural continuity and disruption in the region. Neither the term "Sardis" nor its alleged earlier name of "Hyde" appears in any extant Hittite text.(pp1115–1116)
Lydian Period
In the seventh century BC, Sardis become the capital city of Lydia. From there, kings such as Croesus ruled an empire that reached as far as the Halys River in the east. The city itself covered 108 hectares including extramural areas and was protected by walls thirty meters thick. The acropolis was terraced with white ashlar masonry to tame the naturally irregular mountainside. Visitors could spot the site from a distance by the three enormous burial tumuli at Bin Tepe.(pp1116–118)The city's layout and organization is only partly known at present. To the north/northwest, the city had a large extramural zone with residential, commercial, and industrial areas. Settlement extended to the Pactolus Stream, near which archaeologists have found the remains of work installations where alluvial metals were processed.(p1117)Multiroom houses around the site match Herodotus's description of fieldstone and mudbrick construction. Most houses had roofs of clay and straw while wealthy residents had roof tiles, similar to public buildings. Houses often have identifiable courtyards and food preparation areas but no complete house has been excavated so few generalizations can be drawn about Sardian houses' internal layout.(pp-1118-1120)
Religious remains include a modest altar which may have been dedicated to Cybele, given a pottery fragment found there with her name on it.(p1118) A possible sanctuary to Artemis was found elsewhere in the site, whose remains include marble statues of lions. (p1117) Vernacular worship is evidence in extramural areas by dinner servies buried as offerings.(p1117)Textual evidence regarding Lydian-era Sardis include Pliny's account of a mudbrick building that had allegedly been the palace of Croesus and was still there in his own time.(p1117)The material culture of Sardis is largely a distinctive twist on Anatolian and Aegean styles. The city's artisans seemed to specialize in glyptic art including seals and jewelry. Their pottery blended Aegean and Anatolian pottery styles, in addition to distinctive twists which included the lydion shape and decorative techniques known as streaky-glaze and marbled-glaze. Narrative scenes on Sardian pottery are rare. Imported Greek pottery attests to the Lydians' "Hellenophile attitude" commented on by contemporary Greek writers. While those Greek authors were in turn impressed by Lydians' music and textiles, these aspects of Lydian culture are not visible in the archaeological record.(p1124)
Destruction by Cyrus the Great
Sardis was conquered by Cyrus the Great around 547 BC. Having defeated the Lydian king Croesus at the Battle of Pteria and Battle of Thymbra, the Persians followed the retreating army back to Sardis and sacked it after a brief siege.(pp1115, 1120) Details of this event are largely known from Herodotus's semi-mythicized account, but the destruction is highly visible in the archaeological record. In the words of excavator Nicholas Cahill:
It is rare that an important and well-known historical event is so vividly preserved in the archaeological record, but the destruction of Cyrus left clear and dramatic remains throughout the city.
The city's fortifications burned in a massive fire that spread to parts of the adjoining residential areas. Wooden structures and objects inside buildings were reduced to charcoal. Mudbrick from the fortifications were toppled over on adjacent structures, preventing looting and salvage and thus preserving their remains.Skeletons were found buried haphazardly among the debris, including those of Lydian soldiers who died violently. One soldier's forearm bones had been snapped, likely a parry fracture indicating a failed attempt to counter the head injuries that killed him. A partly healed rib fracture suggests he was still recovering from an earlier injury during the battle. In a destroyed house, archaeologists found the partial skeleton of an arthritic man in his forties. The skeleton was so badly burned that archaeologists cannot determine whether it was deliberately mutilated or if the missing bones were carried away by animals.Arrowheads and other weaponry turn up in debris all around the city, suggesting a major battle in the streets. The varying styles suggest the mixed background of both armies involved. Household implements such as iron spits and small sickles were found mixed in with ordinary weapons of war, suggesting that civilians attempted to defend themselves during the sack.
Persian Period
After the destruction, Sardis was rebuilt and continued to be an important and prosperous city. Though it was never again the capital of an independent state, it did serve as the capital for the satrapy of Sparda and formed the end station of the Persian Royal Road which began in Persepolis. It acted as a gateway to the Greek world, and was visited by notable Greek leaders such as Lysander and Alcibiades, as well as the Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes.(pp1120–1122)Relatively little of Persian Sardis is visible in the archaeological record. The city may even have been rebuilt outside the limits of the Lydian-era walls, as evidenced by authors such as Herodotus who place the Persian era central district along the Pactolus stream. The material culture of the city was largely continuous with the Lydian era, to the point that it can be hard to precisely date artifacts based on style.(pp1120–1122)Notable developments of this period include adoption of the Aramaic script alongside the Lydian alphabet and the "Achaemenid bowl" pottery shape. (pp1120–1122) Jewelry of the period shows Persian-Anatolian cultural hybridization. In particular, jewelers turned to semi-precious stones and colored frit due to a Persian prohibition on gold jewelry among the priestly class. Similarly, knobbed pins and fibulae disappear from the archaeological record, reflecting changes in the garments with which they would have been used.
Buildings from this era include a possible predecessor of the later temple to Artemis as well as a possible sanctuary of Zeus. Textual evidence suggests that the city was known for its paradisoi as well as orchards and hunting parks built by Tissaphernes and Cyrus the Younger(p1122) Burials of this period include enormous tumuli with extensive grave goods.In 499 BC, Sardis was attacked and burned by the Ionians as part of the Ionian Revolt against Persian rule. The subsequent destruction of mainland Greek cities was said to be retribution for this attack. When Themistocles later visited Sardis, he came across a votive statue he had personally dedicated at Athens, and requested its return.
Hellenistic and Byzantine Sardis
In 334 BC, Sardis was conquered by Alexander the Great. The city was surrendered without a fight, the local satrap having been killed during the Persian defeat at Granikos. After taking power, Alexander restored earlier Lydian customs and laws. For the next two centuries, the city passed between Hellenistic rulers including Antigonus Monophthalmos, Lysimachus, the Seleucids, and the Attalids. It was besieged by Seleucus I in 281 BC and by Antiochus III in 215-213 BC, but neither succeeded at breaching the acropolis, regarded as the strongest fortified place in the world. The city sometimes served as a royal residence, but was itself governed by an assembly. (p1123)In this era, the city took on a strong Greek character. The Greek language replaces the Lydian language in most inscriptions, and major buildings were constructed in Greek architectural styles to meet the needs of Greek cultural institutions. These new buildings included a prytaneion, gymnasion, theater, hippodrome, as well as the massive Temple of Artemis still visible to modern visitors. Jews were settled at Sardis by the Hellenistic king Antiochos III, where they built the Sardis Synagogue and formed a community which continued for much of Late Antiquity.(p1123)In 219 BC, Sardis passed to the Romans, under whom it continued its prosperity and political importance as part of the province of Asia. The city received three neocorate honors and was granted ten million sesterces as well as a temporary tax exemption to help it recover after a devastating earthquake in 17 AD.(p1123)Sardis had an early Christian community and is referred to in the New Testament as one of the seven churches of Asia. In the Book of Revelation, Jesus refers to Sardians as not finishing what they started, being about image rather than substance.
Later, trade and the organization of commerce continued to be sources of great wealth. After Constantinople became the capital of the East, a new road system grew up connecting the provinces with the capital. Sardis then lay rather apart from the great lines of communication and lost some of its importance.During the cataclysmic 7th Century Byzantine–Sasanian War, Sardis was in 615 one of the cities sacked in the invasion of Asia Minor by the Persian Shahin. Though the Byzantines eventually won the war, the damage to Sardis was never fully repaired.Sardis retained its titular supremacy and continued to be the seat of the metropolitan bishop of the province of Lydia, formed in 295 AD. It was enumerated as third, after Ephesus and Smyrna, in the list of cities of the Thracesion thema given by Constantine Porphyrogenitus in the 10th century. However, over the next four centuries it was in the shadow of the provinces of Magnesia-upon-Sipylum and Philadelphia, which retained their importance in the region.
Later history
Sardis began to decline in the 600s AD.(p1123) It remained part of the Byzantine Empire until 1071 AD, when it was conquered by the Seljuk Turks. It was reconquered in 1097 by the Byzantine general John Doukas and came under the rule of the Byzantine Empire of Nicea when Constantinople was taken by the Venetians and Franks in 1204. However once the Byzantines retook Constantinople in 1261, Sardis and surrounding areas fell under the control of Ghazw emirs. The Cayster valleys and a fort on the citadel of Sardis were handed over to them by treaty in 1306. The city continued its decline until its capture and probable destruction by the Turco-Mongol warlord Timur in 1402.By the 1700s, only two small hamlets existed at the site. In the 20th century, a new town was built.(pp1123–1124)
Foundation stories
Herodotus recounts a legend that the city was founded by the sons of Heracles, the Heracleidae. According to Herodotus, the Heraclides ruled for five hundred and five years beginning with Agron, 1220 BC, and ending with Candaules, 716 BC. They were followed by the Mermnades, which began with Gyges, 716 BC, and ended with Croesus, 546 BC.The name "Sardis" appears first in the work of the Archaic era poet Sappho. Strabo claims that the city's original name was "Hyde".(pp1115–1116)
Geography
Sardis was situated in the middle of Hermus River Valley, about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) south of the river. Its citadel was built on Mount Tmolus, a steep and lofty spur, while a lower town extended to the area of the Pactolus stream.
Today, the site is located by the present day village of Sart, near Salihli in the Manisa province of Turkey, close to the Ankara - İzmir highway (approximately 72 kilometres (45 mi) from İzmir). The site is open to visitors year-round, where notable remains include the bath-gymnasium complex, synagogue and Byzantine shops is open to visitors year-round.
Excavation history
By the 19th century, Sardis was in ruins, with mainly visible remains mostly from the Roman period. Early excavators included the British explorer George Dennis, who uncovered an enormous marble head of Faustina the Elder. Found in the precinct of the Temple of Artemis, it probably formed part of a pair of colossal statues devoted to the Imperial couple. The 1.76 metre high head is now kept at the British Museum.The first large-scale archaeological expedition in Sardis was directed by a Princeton University team led by Howard Crosby Butler between years 1910–1914, unearthing a temple to Artemis, and more than a thousand Lydian tombs. The excavation campaign was halted by World War I, followed by the Turkish War of Independence, though it briefly resumed in 1922. Some surviving artifacts from the Butler excavation were added to the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.
A new expedition known as the Archaeological Exploration of Sardis was founded in 1958 by G.M.A. Hanfmann, professor in the Department of Fine Arts at Harvard University, and by Henry Detweiler, dean of the Architecture School at Cornell University. Hanfmann excavated widely in the city and the region, excavating and restoring the major Roman bath-gymnasium complex, the synagogue, late Roman houses and shops, a Lydian industrial area for processing electrum into pure gold and silver, Lydian occupation areas, and tumulus tombs at Bintepe. These excavations unearthed the Sardis Synagogue which evidenced continued presence of Jewish communities in Asia Minor and their integration into general Roman life at a time when many scholars previously assumed that Christianity had eclipsed Judaism.From 1976 until 2007, excavation continued under Crawford H. Greenewalt, Jr., professor in the Department of Classics at the University of California, Berkeley. Since 2008, the excavation has been under the directorship of Nicholas Cahill, professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.Some of the important finds from the site of Sardis are housed in the Archaeological Museum of Manisa, including Late Roman mosaics and sculpture, a helmet from the mid-6th century BC, and pottery from various periods.
See also
Cities of the ancient Near East
List of synagogues in Turkey
References
Further reading
Elderkin, George Wicker (1940). "The Name of Sardis". Classical Philology. 35 (1): 54–56. doi:10.1086/362320. JSTOR 264594. S2CID 162247979.
Hanfmann, George M. A. (1961). "Excavations at Sardis". Scientific American. 204 (6): 124–138. Bibcode:1961SciAm.204f.124H. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0661-124. JSTOR 24937494.
George M. A. Hanfmann (1964), Guide to Sardis (in Turkish and English), Wikidata Q105988871
Hanfmann, George M. A.; Detweiler, A. H. (1966). "Sardis Through the Ages". Archaeology. 19 (2): 90–97. JSTOR 41670460.
Hanfmann, George M. A. (November 1973). "Archeological Explorations of Sardis". Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 27 (2): 13–26. doi:10.2307/3823622. JSTOR 3823622.
Hanfmann, George M. A. (1983). Sardis from Prehistoric to Roman Times: Results of the Archaeological Exploration of Sardis, 1958-1975. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-78925-8.
Hanfmann, George M. A. (1987). "The Sacrilege Inscription: The Ethnic, Linguistic, Social and Religious Situation at Sardis at the End of the Persian Era". Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 1: 1–8. JSTOR 24048256.
Greenewalt, Crawford H.; Rautman, Marcus L.; Cahill, Nicholas D. (1988). "The Sardis Campaign of 1985". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. Supplementary Studies (25): 55–92. JSTOR 20066668.
Ramage, Andrew (1994). "Early Iron Age Sardis and its neighbours". In Çilingiroğlu, A.; French, D.H. (eds.). Anatolian Iron Ages 3: The Proceedings of the Third Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium Held at Van, 6-12 August 1990. Vol. 16. British Institute at Ankara. pp. 163–172. ISBN 978-1-898249-05-4. JSTOR 10.18866/j.ctt1pc5gxc.26.
Ramage, Nancy H. (1994). "Pactolus Cliff: An Iron Age Site at Sardis and Its Pottery". In Çilingiroğlu, A.; French, D.H. (eds.). Anatolian Iron Ages 3: The Proceedings of the Third Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium Held at Van, 6-12 August 1990. Vol. 16. British Institute at Ankara. pp. 173–184. ISBN 978-1-898249-05-4. JSTOR 10.18866/j.ctt1pc5gxc.27.
Greenwalt, Crawford H. (1995). "Sardis in the Age of Xenophon". Pallas. 43 (1): 125–145. doi:10.3406/palla.1995.1367.
Gadbery, Laura M. (1996). "Archaeological Exploration of Sardis". Harvard University Art Museums Bulletin. 4 (3): 49–53. JSTOR 4301536.
Mitten, David Gordon (1996). "Lydian Sardis and the Region of Colchis : Three Aspects". Collection de l'Institut des Sciences et Techniques de l'Antiquité. 613 (1): 129–140. ProQuest 305180080.
Greenewalt, Crawford H.; Rautman, Marcus L. (1998). "The Sardis Campaigns of 1994 and 1995". American Journal of Archaeology. 102 (3): 469–505. doi:10.2307/506398. ISSN 0002-9114. JSTOR 506398. S2CID 191368428.
Cahill, Nicholas; Ramage, Andrew, eds. (2008). Love for Lydia: A Sardis Anniversary Volume Presented to Crawford H. Greenewalt, Jr. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03195-1.
Payne, Annick; Wintjes, Jorit (2016). "Sardis and the Archaeology of Lydia". Lords of Asia Minor: An Introduction to the Lydians. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 47–62. ISBN 978-3-447-10568-2. JSTOR j.ctvc5pfx2.7.
Berlin, Andrea M.; Kosmin, Paul J., eds. (2019). Spear-Won Land: Sardis from the King's Peace to the Peace of Apamea. University of Wisconsin Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvj7wnr9. ISBN 978-0-299-32130-7. JSTOR j.ctvj7wnr9. S2CID 241097314.
External links
The Archaeological Exploration of Sardis
The Search for Sardis, history of the archaeological excavations in Sardis, in the Harvard Magazine
Sardis, at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Sardis Turkey, a comprehensive photographic tour of the site
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites - Sardis
Livius.org: Sardes - pictures | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardis | area |
07097538-7d69-4463-9adf-5dedec1dc290 | Lafourche Parish, Louisiana | Lafourche Parish (French: Paroisse de la Fourche) is a parish located in the south of the U.S. state of Louisiana. The parish seat is Thibodaux. The parish was formed in 1807. It was originally the northern part of Lafourche Interior Parish, which consisted of the present parishes of Lafourche and Terrebonne. Lafourche Parish was named after the Bayou Lafourche. City buildings have been featured in television and movies, such as in Fletch Lives, due to its architecture and rich history. At the 2020 census, its population was 97,557.Long a center of sugar cane plantations and sugar production, in November 1887 the parish was the site of the Thibodaux Massacre. After state militia were used to suppress a massive Knights of Labor strike involving 10,000 workers in four parishes, many African Americans retreated to Thibodaux. Local paramilitary forces attacked the men and their families, killing an estimated 50 persons. Hundreds more were missing, wounded, and presumed dead in one of the deadliest incidents of labor suppression and racial terrorism.
Lafourche Parish is part of the Houma-Thibodaux metropolitan statistical area. People of the state-recognized Native American Houma Tribe live in both Lafourche and Terrebonne parishes.
History
South Louisiana became known as “Sugarland”, and Lafourche one of the sugar parishes, where sugar cane plantations were established before and after the Civil War. They required the labor of large numbers of enslaved African Americans. In the postbellum era, they comprised from 50 to 80 percent of the population in most of the sugar parishes.Particularly after Reconstruction, whites in the parish used violence and intimidation against the large population of freedmen to suppress Republican voting and re-establish white supremacy, but were less successful than in North Louisiana until after disenfranchisement of blacks at the turn of the century. From 1877 through the early 20th century, there were 52 lynchings of African Americans in Lafourche Parish. Most of the deaths were due to white suppression of labor unrest in 1887; blacks were skilled sugar workers and had begun to organize for better wages and conditions. Some 10,000 workers had struck in Lafourche and three other parishes during the critical harvest period. At the request of the planters, the state sent in militia against the workers to break the strike.
In what was called the Thibodaux Massacre of November 22, 1887, local whites organized by leaders of the town killed up to 50 blacks who had taken refuge in the African-American quarters after a major Knights of Labor strike was called on sugar plantations. Hundreds more were wounded or missing, and presumed dead.The total deaths in this parish due to this racial terrorism were the highest of any parish in the state and nearly twice as high as some others among the six parishes with the highest totals. In general, most of the lynching and racial terrorism took place in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
On August 29, 2021, Hurricane Ida made landfall in Port Fourchon at 16:55 UTC as a category 4 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 150 mph. Additional reports surveyed by ships in Port Fourchon reported wind gusts up to 194 knots. In Golden Meadow, LA, the National Weather Service recorded storm surge measurements of 10.1 ft. It was the strongest storm on record to make landfall in Lafourche Parish and at the time the 5th costliest hurricane in United States history.
Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the parish has a total area of 1,474 square miles (3,820 km2), of which 1,068 square miles (2,770 km2) is land and 406 square miles (1,050 km2) (28%) is water. To the south of the parish is the Gulf of Mexico.
Major highways
Interstate 49 (future)
U.S. Highway 90
Louisiana Highway 1
Louisiana Highway 20
Louisiana Highway 24
Louisiana Highway 304
Louisiana Highway 308
Adjacent parishes
St. James Parish (north)
St. John the Baptist Parish (north)
St. Charles Parish (northeast)
Jefferson Parish (east)
Terrebonne Parish (west)
Assumption Parish (northwest)
National protected area
Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve (part, in Thibodaux)
Communities
City
Thibodaux (parish seat)
Towns
Golden Meadow
Lockport
Census-designated places
Other areas
Gheens
Leeville
Demographics
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 97,557 people, 36,759 households, and 25,224 families residing in the parish. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.04.
In 2000, there were 89,794 people living in the parish. The racial makeup of Lafourche was 82.85% White, 12.61% Black or African American, 2.30% American Indian and Alaska Native, 0.67% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.58% from other races, and 0.97% from two or more races; 1.43% of the population were Hispanic or Latino American of any race. Among the population, 19.12% reported speaking French or Cajun French at home, while 1.51% spoke Spanish.Up from $34,910 in 2000, the median income of a household in the parish was $51,339 according to the 2019 American Community Survey. In 2000, males had a median income of $34,600 versus $19,484 for females. The per capita income for the parish was $15,809. About 13.20% of families and 16.50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.90% of those under age 18 and 18.30% of those age 65 or over.
Education
The parish is zoned to Lafourche Parish Public Schools.Residents of select portions of Lafourche Parish (particularly in parts of Grand Bois and Bourg) may attend schools in the Terrebonne Parish School District.
High schools
Central Lafourche in Mathews
South Lafourche in Galliano
Thibodaux High in Thibodaux
Edward Douglas White Catholic High School in Thibodaux
Colleges and universities
Nicholls State University in ThibodauxThe parish is in the service area of Fletcher Technical Community College.
National Guard
D Company 2-156 Infantry Battalion of the 256TH Infantry Brigade Combat Team resides in Thibodaux, Louisiana
Notable people
Edward Douglass White, Associate Justice (1894-1910) and Chief Justice (1910-1921) of the United States Supreme Court
Mattie Breaux, cast member of Party Down South
Jefferson J. DeBlanc (1921-2007), United States Marine Corps fighter pilot and flying ace; received the Medal of Honor for actions during World War II
Dick Guidry (1929-2014), member of Louisiana House of Representatives from 1950 to 1954 and 1964–76. Considered the youngest person ever elected to the Louisiana House.
Bobby Hebert, former NFL quarterback
Harvey Peltier, Jr.
Harvey Peltier, Sr.
Glen Pitre
Loulan Pitre, Jr.
Ed Orgeron, head football coach at LSU, Ole Miss, USC; NFL assistant coach
Politics
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana
Louisiana Highway 1 Bridge
References
External links
Lafourche Parish
Lafourche Parish Public Library
VisitLafourche.com - Tourist commission site
DigInLafourche.com - Events and Attractions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafourche_Parish,_Louisiana | area |
3f9da24b-ffb4-4f79-b794-448b816787e5 | Bonnencontre | Bonnencontre (French pronunciation: [bɔnɑ̃kɔ̃tʁ]) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnencontre | area |
eedddda0-7d44-4fa3-a83a-f8e7e977cf4f | L'Alcúdia de Crespins | L'Alcúdia de Crespins is a municipality in the comarca of Costera in the Valencian Community, Spain.
History
L'Alcúdia de Crespins boasts a fascinating history that dates back to the Roman era. Evidence of this can be seen in the archaeological sites and artifacts discovered in the town and its surroundings. One notable site is the Roman villa of Els Munts, where ancient mosaics and ruins have been preserved. This historical heritage provides valuable insights into the town's past and offers visitors an opportunity to connect with the lives of those who came before.
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Alc%C3%BAdia_de_Crespins | area |
24a25e33-edd2-4f78-b548-c5729c8a4ea6 | Garin | Garin may refer to:
Geography
Garín, Argentina, a town in Buenos Aires, Argentina
Garin, Iran, a village in Kerman Province, Iran
Garin Rural District, an administrative subdivision of Hamadan Province, Iran
Garin, Haute-Garonne
Alternative for the Gorin (river), Khabarovsk Krai, Russia
Garin, former Armenian name given to Erzurum/Theodosiopolis (Armenia)
Names
Garin (given name)
Garin (surname)
Engineer Garin of The Garin Death Ray, 1927 novel by Tolstoy
The Hyperboloid of Engineer Garin, Soviet 1965 film based on the book
Failure of Engineer Garin, Soviet 1973 film based on the book
Others
Gar'in, a Hebrew term for groups of immigrants
Garin Tzabar, a program for children of Israelis and Diaspora Jews to facilitate their service in the Israeli military
See also
Guerin (disambiguation) (French Guérin) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garin | area |
b6f26077-1256-453c-91e5-074f6263627a | Villamagna | Villamagna is a comune and town in the province of Chieti in the Abruzzo region of south-eastern Italy.
History
Originally a Roman settlement, the town's name derives from the Latin words villa ("farm") and magna ("large" or "important"). In the Middle Ages, its name was written as Villa Magna. Several bronze artefacts from the Roman necropolis near the town dating from the 5th century BC are held in Chieti's archaeological museum, "La Civitella".
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the settlement came into the possession of the Order of Saint Benedict, which built the Convent of San Severino here. The convent was abandoned in the 11th century, and the land and its settlement were ceded to the Normans. By 1461 it was under the control of Ferdinand I of Naples who gave Villamagna to Chieti, after which it came under a succession of local lords. Throughout the Middle Ages, the town was also subject to frequent raids by Saracen invaders which did not cease until 1566. The local legend is that the town's patron saint Santa Margherita miraculously appeared and turned back the Saracens at the city walls, an event reenacted each July in the town's main festival.During the Italian Campaign, the American 88th Infantry Division took over Villamagna on the 13th of June 1944.
Economy
Much of the area surrounding the town is used for growing wine grapes. Villamagna's red wine received its DOC appellation in 2011.
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villamagna | area |
795d6c90-45de-42e2-9e64-38929b64d350 | Brûlon | Brûlon (French pronunciation: [bʁylɔ̃]) is a commune in the Sarthe department in the region of Pays de la Loire in north-western France.
Geography
The river Vègre forms all of the commune's south-eastern border.
See also
Communes of the Sarthe department
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BBlon | area |
1fa1779c-d6d0-4a1c-968a-a57a81366cfd | Chappes | Chappes may refer to the following places in France:
Chappes, Allier, a commune in the department of Allier
Chappes, Ardennes, a commune in the department of Ardennes
Chappes, Aube, a commune in the department of Aube
Chappes, Puy-de-Dôme, a commune in the department of Puy-de-Dôme
See also
Chappe (disambiguation)
Chaps | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chappes | area |
a0c785ff-2c72-4419-a052-84de86a66d71 | Vratsa | Vratsa (Bulgarian: Враца [ˈvrat͡sɐ]) is the largest city in northwestern Bulgaria and the administrative and economic centre of the municipality of Vratsa and Vratsa district. It is located about 112 km north of Sofia, 40 km southeast of Montana.
Situated at the foot of the Vrachanski Balkan, the town is near numerous caves, waterfalls and rock formations. The most famous of them are the Ledenika Cave, Skaklya Waterfall and the Vratsata Pass.
The Vratsa History Museum holds the Rogozen treasure, which is the largest Thracian treasure.
Botev Days are held annually in the city, culminating in the rally-dawn on June 1, held at Hristo Botev Square, as well as the national worship on June 2 at Mount Okolchitsa.
Vratsa's motto is "A city like the Balkan - ancient and young".
Name
The name comes from the Vratsata Pass nearby, and derives from the Slavic word vrata ("gate") + the Slavic diminutive placename suffix -itsa, "little gate", used to translate the Latin name Valve ("double door"). The name of the town during Ottoman era was recorded as Ivraca.
History
The Ottoman census records of the early 1550s indicate that İvraca was in a continuous development. According to this, there were 82 Muslim households, corresponding to approximately 400 people, and a mosque, later known as "Eski Camii", with also a population of 31 unmarried males. The Christians living in 12 neighborhoods, on the other hand, reached a population of approximately 1840 with 354 households and 172 unmarried males. At this time the ratio of the Muslim population to the general population increased to 18%. In addition, it is mentioned in the defter that the Muslim and non-Muslim population in the city and some residents of the 2 neighbouring villages were working in the mines and therefore these workers and their families were exempted from the avarız property tax. In 1580, Muslims made up 30% of the total population. At that time, the city had 3 Muslim neighborhoods (mahalle-i Câmi-i Atik, Mahalle-i Câmi-i Cedid, Mustafa Çavuş Mescidi mhalle). There were a total of 258 households in these neighbourhoods. The Christian population also increased, reaching a total of 583 households in 12 neighborhoods named after their priests. Apart from these, there were seven Coptic mining households whose statuses were recognized in 1550. The number of monasteries, which was 4 up to this date, increased to 8.1831 Ottoman population statistics show that 74% of the Christians were non-taxpayers in the kaza of İvraca and 83% of the Christians were recorded as middle-class.
Geography
The city of Vratsa is located in the foothills of "Vrachanski Balkan" (Vratsa Mountain), on the banks of Leva River, 116 km from the national capital Sofia.
The area has diverse natural features. Several protected natural attractions and historical monuments are located on the territory of the Vratsa State Forestry.
Climate
The climate is humid continental, similar to that of Sofia.
The average annual temperature is about 11 °C (52 °F).
Climate in this area has noticeable differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Dfa" - humid continental climate.
Population
The number of the residents of the city reached its peak in the period 1990-1991 when it exceeded 85,000. As of February 2011, the town has a population of 60,692 inhabitants. The following table presents the change of the population after 1887.
Ethnic, linguistic and religious composition
According to the latest 2011 census data, the individuals declared their ethnic identity were distributed as follows:
Bulgarians: 53,275 (97.3%)
Roma: 1,045 (1.9%)
Turks: 54 (0.1%)
Others: 185 (0.3%)
Indefinable: 216 (0.4%)
Undeclared: 5,937 (9.8%)Total: 60,692
The ethnic composition of Vratsa Municipality is 64334 Bulgarians and 2215 Gypsies among others.
History
Vratsa is an ancient city found by ancient Thracians. Vratsa was called Valve ("door of a fortress") by the Romans due to a narrow passage where the main gate of the city fortress was located. Nowadays, this passage is the symbol of Vratsa, and is shown on the town's Coat of arms.
After the fall of Rome, Vratsa became part of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium).
At the end of the 6th century AD, Vratsa was populated by the South Slavic tribes. Even if they came from Pannonia and Dacia on the north, the town remained under Byzantine rule.
In the 7th century, the Bulgars and the Slavs found the First Bulgarian Empire and the Slavic Vratsa became part of it. The city grew into important strategic location because of its proximity to the South State border. Vratsa became famous for its goldsmiths and silversmiths production and trade, high-quality earthenware and military significance.
In the 8th century, the Bulgarian army captured Sofia, which led to the decreasing of Vratsa's importance because of the better strategic position of Sofia, its more developed economy and larger size. But Vratsa was again key for the resistance against the Byzantine, Serbian and Magyar invasions in the Middle Ages.
On 1 May 1966 in the village of Sgorigrad, a Mir-Plakanista mine tailings dam collapsed, causing a flood of mud and debris that killed 488 people. It remains one of the biggest disasters in Vratsa since the September 30, 1923 fire and the Anglo-American bombing of January 23, 1944.
Tourism
The mountains and forests are suitable for development of different types of tourism — hunting and fishing, skiing, speleology, delta-gliding, photo-tourism, etc.
Good opportunities exist for exercising different sport activities such as mountaineering, bicycle sport and for those who enjoy being thrilled can go for hang-gliding and paragliding, or set out for carting, buggy and motocross racing tracks.
Conditions are provided for rest and entertainment — children's and adults' swimming pools, water
cycles, discos, bars, restaurants, excellent hotel facilities and good service. To accommodate winter sports enthusiasts, there are rope lines near the Parshevitsa Chalet, and the skiing tracks are said to be well maintained.
There are also a Museum of History and an Ethnographic and Revival Complex.
Main sights
Ledenika cave
Ledenika is the most frequently visited Bulgarian cave.
Ledenika is located in the Stresherski part of the Vratsa mountain. Its entrance being at 830m above sea level. It features an abundance of galleries and impressive karst formations including stalactites and stalagmites, dating back a thousand years. The cave is about 300m long and contains ten separate halls. The cave is part of the 100 Tourist Sites of Bulgaria
Vratsata Gorge
Vratsata Gorge – the highest cliffs on the Balkan Peninsula (400 meters high). Vratsata Gorge is situated in Vratsa Mountain. The area is easily accessible from Vratsa.
The limestone of Vratsata Central Wall and the other rocks offer many possibilities for climbing and alpinism, connected by more than 70 alpine routes of all categories of difficulty.
Skaklya waterfall
Skaklya waterfall - highest temporary waterfall in Bulgaria and the Balkans - 141 meters.
Regional historical museum
Regional historical museum in Vratsa preserves the Rogozen Treasure - the biggest Thracian treasure that was ever discovered on the territory of Bulgaria
The main building of the museum houses several exhibitions.
Prehistory Hall
Antiquity Hall
The Middle Ages Hall
The Thracian Treasures Hall
The Rogozen Treasure Hall
Hristo Botev exhibition Hall
New History Hall
Stone arc Hall
Lapidarium.
Panoramic views
Transport
The strategic location of Vratsa is determined by the major rail and road corridors. Its geographical position became even more important with the construction of the Danube Bridge 2 at the town of Vidin (providing the most direct land access from the Thessaloniki port and Sofia towards Western Europe).
Vratsa connects to the villages and city within the region and throughout the country by bus and railway transport. There are regular bus lines to Sofia, Pleven, Vidin, Montana, Kozloduy, Oryahovo, Mezdra (at short intervals), as well as to the smaller villages, scattered around the city. The bus station is located on the way between the railway station and the centre of the city. Vratsa is an important railway station along the railway route Sofia — Vidin (Lom).
Honour
Vratsa Peak on Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Vratsa.
In popular culture
Vratsa is the home of a professional Quidditch team operating within the fictional Harry Potter universe. The Vratsa Vultures have won the European Cup seven times.
Economy
Industry
In the area of Vratsa are developed many branches of industry: textile (production of cotton fabrics and silk), tailoring, food processing (bakery, confectionery, meat processing, dairy processing, soft drinks production, etc.) mining of rock lining materials from the Vratsa region - limestone), furniture, light, machine-building (production of lathes and mills), metal casting and metalworking, etc.
Sport
FC Botev Vratsa
Twin towns - sister cities
Vratsa is twinned with:
Gallery
References
External links
Vratsa Municipality website
Hotels in Vratsa (map)
Vratsa Historical Museum
“Vrachanski Balkan” Nature Park
local tourism website www.visitvratsa.com. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vratsa | area |
a8d03951-c395-4ee2-a397-6add6ca722d2 | Le Champ-Saint-Père | Le Champ-Saint-Père (French pronunciation: [lə ʃɑ̃ sɛ̃ pɛʁ]) is a commune in the Vendée department in the Pays de la Loire region in western France.
Geography
The river Yon forms all of the commune's north-eastern border, then flows into the Lay, which forms all of its eastern border.
See also
Communes of the Vendée department
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Champ-Saint-P%C3%A8re | area |
8d4a6add-43d5-4875-8183-cea04e698851 | Twee Rivieren | Twee Rivieren is a small residential suburb in George, South Africa. It is located in the northern area of the city between Denneoord to the north and Bo-dorp to the south. "Twee Rivieren" is a Dutch name, meaning "Two Rivers". Its name is derived from its location, nestled between two branches of the Kat River.
The suburb of Twee Rivieren, George, is home to two prominent churches, the Dutch Reformed Church "Moedergemeente", as well as the only Greek Orthodox Church in George, where services are still conducted in Greek.
A popular attraction in this suburb is the decoration of Oewer Street over the Christmas period. This has become an annual event since 2005 and has attracted many visitors who come to view the festive decorations and lights between Christmas and new year.
References
External links
George.co.za
Official George website
NG Church Webpage | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twee_Rivieren | area |
64b08066-468f-42ee-b943-7f96e7c17bca | Éguelshardt | Éguelshardt (French pronunciation: [eɡəlsaʁt]; German: Egelshardt; Lorraine Franconian: Egelshat) is a commune in the Moselle department of the Grand Est administrative region in north-eastern France.
The village belongs to the Pays de Bitche and to the Northern Vosges Regional Nature Park.
See also
Communes of the Moselle department
References
External links
Eguelshardt Official Site
Eguelshardt (fr) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89guelshardt | area |
d738bd72-eaa3-4f3e-9c7a-c8455a2527a4 | Savièse | Savièse is a municipality in the district of Sion in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
History
Savièse is first mentioned in 1200 as Saviesi. In 1224 it was mentioned as Savisia. The municipality was formerly known by its German name Safiesch, however, that name is no longer used.
Geography
Savièse has an area, as of 2009, of 70.9 square kilometers (27.4 sq mi). Of this area, 15.05 km2 (5.81 sq mi) or 21.2% is used for agricultural purposes, while 11.24 km2 (4.34 sq mi) or 15.8% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 3.36 km2 (1.30 sq mi) or 4.7% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.83 km2 (0.32 sq mi) or 1.2% is either rivers or lakes and 40.53 km2 (15.65 sq mi) or 57.1% is unproductive land.Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 2.9% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.4%. Out of the forested land, 12.5% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.9% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 3.8% is pastures, while 4.7% is used for orchards or vine crops and 12.7% is used for alpine pastures. Of the water in the municipality, 0.6% is in lakes and 0.6% is in rivers and streams. Of the unproductive areas, 9.8% is unproductive vegetation, 42.8% is too rocky for vegetation and 4.6% of the land is covered by glaciers.The municipality is located in the Sion district, on the right side of the Rhone. This large municipality, which covers over half of the total area of the district, is bordered in the north by the Bernese Alps and is connected to the Saanenland by the Sanetsch Pass. It consists of the six villages of Saint-Germain (the capital of the municipality), Chandolin, Granois, Drône, Roumaz and Ormone as well as multiple hamlets.
Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Gules, a Sword Argent hilted Or.
Demographics
Savièse has a population (as of December 2020) of 7,937. As of 2008, 10.1% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010 ) the population has changed at a rate of 18.1%. It has changed at a rate of 14.4% due to migration and at a rate of 3.6% due to births and deaths.Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks French (5,013 or 93.9%) as their first language, German is the second most common (188 or 3.5%) and Portuguese is the third (54 or 1.0%). There are 25 people who speak Italian and 1 person who speaks Romansh.As of 2008, the population was 48.8% male and 51.2% female. The population was made up of 2,743 Swiss men (43.1% of the population) and 363 (5.7%) non-Swiss men. There were 2,907 Swiss women (45.7%) and 352 (5.5%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 3,142 or about 58.8% were born in Savièse and lived there in 2000. There were 1,027 or 19.2% who were born in the same canton, while 527 or 9.9% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 466 or 8.7% were born outside of Switzerland.As of 2000, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 22.8% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 62.4% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 14.8%.As of 2000, there were 2,097 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 2,738 married individuals, 344 widows or widowers and 162 individuals who are divorced.As of 2000, there were 1,878 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.5 persons per household. There were 458 households that consist of only one person and 123 households with five or more people. In 2000, a total of 1,839 apartments (93.2% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 114 apartments (5.8%) were seasonally occupied and 21 apartments (1.1%) were empty. As of 2009, the construction rate of new housing units was 2 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010, was 0.53%.The historical population is given in the following chart:
Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the CVP which received 36.95% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (18.65%), the SVP (18.52%) and the FDP (15.48%). In the federal election, a total of 3,041 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 68.4%.In the 2009 Conseil d'État/Staatsrat election a total of 2,743 votes were cast, of which 240 or about 8.7% were invalid. The voter participation was 60.6%, which is much more than the cantonal average of 54.67%. In the 2007 Swiss Council of States election a total of 3,015 votes were cast, of which 196 or about 6.5% were invalid. The voter participation was 68.5%, which is much more than the cantonal average of 59.88%.
Economy
As of 2010, Savièse had an unemployment rate of 3.2%. As of 2008, there were 340 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 194 businesses involved in this sector. 366 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 54 businesses in this sector. 616 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 128 businesses in this sector. There were 2,655 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 42.6% of the workforce.
In 2008 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 980. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 203, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 339 of which 165 or (48.7%) were in manufacturing and 174 (51.3%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 438. In the tertiary sector; 92 or 21.0% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 25 or 5.7% were in the movement and storage of goods, 48 or 11.0% were in a hotel or restaurant, 1 was in the information industry, 9 or 2.1% were the insurance or financial industry, 28 or 6.4% were technical professionals or scientists, 42 or 9.6% were in education and 87 or 19.9% were in health care.In 2000, there were 193 workers who commuted into the municipality and 1,854 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 9.6 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 8.4% used public transportation to get to work, and 78.2% used a private car.
Religion
From the 2000 census, 4,616 or 86.4% were Roman Catholic, while 250 or 4.7% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 17 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.32% of the population), and there were 109 individuals (or about 2.04% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 29 (or about 0.54% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 5 individuals who were Buddhist and 1 individual who belonged to another church. 154 (or about 2.88% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 212 individuals (or about 3.97% of the population) did not answer the question.
Education
In Savièse about 1,814 or (34.0%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 664 or (12.4%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 664 who completed tertiary schooling, 63.6% were Swiss men, 27.1% were Swiss women, 3.9% were non-Swiss men and 5.4% were non-Swiss women.As of 2000, there were 10 students in Savièse who came from another municipality, while 233 residents attended schools outside the municipality.Savièse is home to the Bibliothèque communale library. The library has (as of 2008) 9,854 books or other media, and loaned out 20,754 items in the same year. It was open a total of 300 days with average of 14 hours per week during that year.
Cultural Heritage
Build since 1430, the Torrent-Neuf is a canal pound located in Savièse. After successive renovations, it was closed and was no longer in use since 1934. In 2005, it was renovated by the municipality and the Association pour la sauvegarde du Torrent-Neuf and since then has become one of the most visited tourist attraction of Savièse.
References
External links
Official website (in French) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savi%C3%A8se | area |
c05f436c-114e-4c64-8fa6-7b12c0912c22 | Hattfjelldal | Hattfjelldal (Southern Sami: Aarborte) is a municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It is part of the Helgeland traditional region. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Hattfjelldal. Other villages include Grubben, Svenskvollen, and Varntresk. Hattfjelldal Airfield is located in the village of Hattfjelldal.
The 2,684-square-kilometre (1,036 sq mi) municipality is the 20th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Hattfjelldal is the 313th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 1,273. The municipality's population density is 0.5 inhabitants per square kilometre (1.3/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 12.6% over the previous 10-year period.Hattfjelldal is one of the last strongholds for the severely endangered Southern Sami language. It was also one of the municipalities in Norway involved in the Terra Securities scandal.
General information
The municipality of Hattfjelldal was established in 1862 when it was separated from the large municipality of Vefsn. The initial population of Hattfjelldal was 961. During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1964, the part of Hattfjelldal on the north side of the lake Røssvatnet (population: 168) was transferred to the neighboring Hemnes Municipality.
Name
The municipality (originally a parish) is named after the old Hattfjelldalen farm (referred to as "Hatfieldalen" in 1723) where the first church was built. The name describes the valley (-dalen) below the mountain Hattfjellet. Hattfjellet takes its name from the hat-like shape.
Coat of arms
The coat of arms was granted on 24 October 1986. The official blazon is "Per fess argent and vert embattled with one battlement" (Norwegian: Delt av sølv og grønt ved tindesnitt med en enkelt tinde). This means the arms have a field (background) that is divided by a horizontal line that has a rectangular raised area. The field above the line has a tincture of argent which means it is commonly colored white, but if it is made out of metal, then silver is used. Below the line, the field is colored green. The arms were designed to mimic the local Hattfjellet mountain which rises above the terrain and can be seen for great distances. The mountain has steep sides with a rather flat plateau at the top, giving it a distinctive look. The design is a canting element since the name of the municipality means "hat mountain valley". The arms were designed by Arvid Sveen.
Churches
The Church of Norway has one parish (sokn) within the municipality of Hattfjelldal. It is part of the Indre Helgeland prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Sør-Hålogaland.
Geography
Hattfjelldal lies along the Swedish border in the southeastern part of Nordland county. The lake Røssvatnet (Southern Sami: Reevhtse) lies on the border between Hattfjelldal and Hemnes, and it serves as a reservoir. It has been the site of human occupation since the Stone Age. Its area of 219 square kilometres (85 sq mi) makes it the second largest lake in Norway by surface area.
Other lakes in the region include Daningen, Elsvatnet, Famnvatnet, Jengelvatnet, Kjerringvatnet, Krutvatnet, Ranseren, Simskardvatnet, and Unkervatnet. The large river Vefsna runs through the municipality.
Børgefjell National Park is partly located in the southern part of Hattfjelldal, as is Jetnamsklumpen, a prominent mountain. There is several nature reserves, such as Varnvassdalen with a varied topography and old growth forest of pine, birch and some spruce.
Government
All municipalities in Norway, including Hattfjelldal, are responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elect a mayor. The municipality falls under the Alstahaug District Court and the Hålogaland Court of Appeal.
Municipal council
The municipal council (Kommunestyre) of Hattfjelldal is made up of 11 representatives that are elected to four year terms. The party breakdown of the council is as follows:
Notable people
Anders K. Orvin (1889–1980) a Norwegian geologist and explorer
Anna Jacobsen (1924–2004), champion of Southern Sami language and culture
Karl Ingebrigtsen (born 1935) a Norwegian politician
References
External links
Municipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway (in Norwegian)
Nordland travel guide from Wikivoyage | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattfjelldal | area |
11a067d3-3453-416a-b734-34e826577f5c | Knox County | There are nine counties named Knox County in the United States, all named after Brigadier General Henry Knox who would later serve as the first Secretary of War:
Knox County, Illinois
Knox County, Indiana
Knox County, Kentucky
Knox County, Maine
Knox County, Missouri
Knox County, Nebraska
Knox County, Ohio
Knox County, Tennessee
Knox County, Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knox_County | area |
94a1722c-6c64-45aa-8892-7cfafccd7298 | Cornil | Cornil (French pronunciation: [kɔʁnil]; Occitan: Cornilh) is a commune in the Corrèze department in central France. Cornil station has rail connections to Brive-la-Gaillarde, Ussel, Tulle and Bordeaux.
Population
See also
Communes of the Corrèze department
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornil | area |
50debd47-ea6a-4e24-9c3e-208091d6e6bc | La Mirada, California | La Mirada (Spanish for "The Look") is a city in southeast Los Angeles County, California United States, and is one of the Gateway Cities. The population was 48,527 at the 2010 census, up from 46,783 at the 2000 census. The La Mirada Theatre for the Performing Arts and the Splash! La Mirada Regional Aquatics Center are two of its major attractions. It is the home of Biola University, an evangelical Christian institution of higher education.
History
La Mirada (Spanish for the look) was the creation of two men, Andrew McNally, a printer and mapmaker from Chicago (see Rand McNally) and his son-in-law Edwin Neff. In 1888, McNally purchased over 2,200 acres (8.9 km2) of Rancho Los Coyotes, south of Whittier, for $200,000. He developed 700 acres (2.8 km2) into his own home called Windermere Ranch and surrounded it with olive, orange and lemon groves. McNally built a plant to process the olive oil, which was of the best quality, as well as a railroad station on Stage Road. From here his olive oil and fruit were shipped all over the U.S.
In 1896, McNally turned his property over to his daughter and his son-in-law. McNally and Neff formed the La Mirada Land Company, which published a booklet entitled "The Country Gentleman in California", advertising parcels of land for sale including pictures, a map and descriptions of the scenic olive, alfalfa, lemon and grapefruit groves.
In 1946, "Along Your Way", a "Station by Station Description of the Santa Fe Route Through the Southwest," describes La Mirada with a population of 213, surrounded by orange, lemon, walnut and olive groves; oil wells; olive oil factory; and fruit packing houses.
The city received a lot of attention for the fact that it was going to be completely structured and planned out. Referred to as "the Nation's completely planned city" during the early 1950s, the city of La Mirada received a lot of attention from the State Fair. The Fair praised the city for planning for the future while still maintaining practicality for today.
In 1953, the land was sold to subdivisions for 5.2 million dollars, one of the largest real estate transactions in California.
In 1954, Louis M. Halper, a prominent Southland residential and commercial builder, purchased 2,100 acres of La Mirada land for $8,000,000. Halper launched construction on what was to be a $150,000,000 community with schools, shopping centers, and 10,000 homes that he completed by the end of two years. His firm had taken over the acreage from a group of corporations and Harold L. Shaw, who launched the original La Mirada development. He said at the time the entire community would be redesigned for maximum advantages of a modern planned city. Halper had developed a new pattern for community development by wholesaling land to other builders and establishing the La Mirada Civic Council to control quality. Three and four-bedroom homes were sold in the $13,000 price range. By 1960, the year the city was incorporated, La Mirada had grown from a mere 100 homes to over 8,000. The city was incorporated as "Mirada Hills" on March 23, 1960. On November 8, 1960, voters approved a change of name to the current La Mirada, which was officially certified on December 15, 1960.
Today, the current population is just over 50,000 with the addition of a new subdivision on the eastern portion of the town.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 7.9 square miles (20 km2). 7.8 square miles (20 km2) of it is land and 0.02 square miles (0.052 km2) of it (0.22%) is water. The city is on the border between Orange and Los Angeles counties. The cities that border it on the Los Angeles County side are Santa Fe Springs to the west and Cerritos to the southwest; and unincorporated areas of Los Angeles County such as East Whittier, and South Whittier to the north. The cities bordering it in Orange County are Fullerton and La Habra to the east and Buena Park to the south.
Demographics
2010
The 2010 United States Census reported that La Mirada had a population of 48,527. The population density was 6,175.7 inhabitants per square mile (2,384.5/km2). The racial makeup of La Mirada was 29,462 (60.7%) White (38.0% Non-Hispanic White), 1,099 (2.3%) African American, 394 (0.8%) Native American, 8,650 (17.8%) Asian, 142 (0.3%) Pacific Islander, 6,670 (13.7%) from other races, and 2,110 (4.3%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 19,272 persons (39.7%).
The Census reported that 45,670 people (94.1% of the population) lived in households, 2,586 (5.3%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 271 (0.6%) were institutionalized.
There were 14,681 households, out of which 5,368 (36.6%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 8,971 (61.1%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 1,731 (11.8%) had a female householder with no husband present, 802 (5.5%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 544 (3.7%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 93 (0.6%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 2,536 households (17.3%) were made up of individuals, and 1,578 (10.7%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.11. There were 11,504 families (78.4% of all households); the average family size was 3.48.
The population was spread out, with 10,246 people (21.1%) under the age of 18, 7,092 people (14.6%) aged 18 to 24, 11,609 people (23.9%) aged 25 to 44, 12,203 people (25.1%) aged 45 to 64, and 7,377 people (15.2%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.4 males.
There were 15,092 housing units at an average density of 1,920.7 per square mile (741.6/km2), of which 11,608 (79.1%) were owner-occupied, and 3,073 (20.9%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0.8%; the rental vacancy rate was 4.0%. 36,660 people (75.5% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 9,010 people (18.6%) lived in rental housing units.
During 2009–2013, La Mirada had a median household income of $81,961, with 7.0% of the population living below the federal poverty line.
2000
As of the census of 2000, there were 46,783 people, 14,580 households, and 11,518 families residing in the city. The population density was 5,960.6 inhabitants per square mile (2,301.4/km2). There were 14,811 housing units at an average density of 1,887.1 per square mile (728.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 64.46% White, 1.93% Black or African American, 0.75% American Indian, 14.88% Asian, 0.27% Pacific Islander, 13.64% from other races, and 4.08% from two or more races. 33.47% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 14,580 households, out of which 37.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.1% were married couples living together, 10.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.0% were non-families. 17.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.10 and the average family size was 3.49.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 26.2% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.3 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $61,632, and the median income for a family was $66,598 (these figures had risen to $77,952 and $87,037 respectively as of a 2007 estimate). Males had a median income of $47,364 versus $31,993 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,404. About 3.7% of families and 5.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.1% of those under age 18 and 4.5% of those age 65 or over.
Government and politics
The city is governed by a five-member council-manager government. Voters began electing council members by district in March 2017 in order to avoid litigation for alleged violation of the California Voting Rights Act. Each year the five members vote one of themselves to be the Mayor and Mayor Pro Tem.
In the California State Legislature, La Mirada is in the 32nd Senate District, represented by Republican Kelly Seyarto, and in the 57th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Reggie Jones-Sawyer.In the United States House of Representatives, La Mirada is in California's 38th congressional district, represented by Democrat Linda Sánchez.The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services operates the Whittier Health Center in Whittier, serving La Mirada.
Emergency services
The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department (LASD) operates the Norwalk Station in Norwalk, serving La Mirada. In addition the department operates the La Mirada Substation.The Norwalk Station is also responsible for providing contracted police services to the city of Norwalk as well as unincorporated South Whittier. The department has a substation in La Mirada located adjacent to City Hall.
Crime in La Mirada is consistently lower than in neighboring communities and fell 8.9% in 2018 after spiking close to 30% over the three previous years, mirroring the experiences of most communities across the state.Fire protection and paramedic services are provided by the Los Angeles County Fire Department (LACoFD). The department maintains Station #49 in La Mirada adjacent to City Hall, provides coverage to the central parts of the city. Station 49 also serves as the headquarters for Battalion 21.
In May 2010, a ribbon cutting was held to celebrate the opening of a second fire station operating in the city. Station 194 moved from its temporary home at 1401 South Beach Boulevard into the new quarters at 13540 Beach Boulevard. The site was chosen as it provides first-in coverage to the city of La Habra, which funded half of the cost of the construction project.
In return for investment towards the construction of Station 194, La Habra now enjoys the benefits of having a fourth Paramedic Assessment Fire Engine serving the city at no cost to La Habra taxpayers for a 20-year period (La Habra signed a ten-year fire service agreement extension in 2015). The entire cost of the four-person crew is funded by the County Fire District in which La Mirada belongs.
The construction of the new fire station, which was a key component of this agreement, was completed in just over four years after a series of design and construction delays. Neighborhoods in eastern La Mirada that once experienced six-minute response (travel) times can now be reached in three minutes or less.
Crews from two nearby stations also include parts of La Mirada as their first-in district. Engine 35, stationed in Cerritos on Artesia Boulevard, covers most of the industrial areas of the city that are south of Interstate 5.
Station 15 located in East La Mirada on Santa Gertrudes Avenue handles the north and northeast sections of town. The four-person crew assigned to Quint 15 now staff the only truck company in the area. In addition to ladder truck duties a Quint also has the ability to pump water at a fire. Prior to the 2005 reduction of staff at the La Mirada Boulevard station, there was a truck staffed as well as the engine and paramedic squad currently staffed.
La Mirada both receives and provides assistance to neighboring fire agencies called for in agreements called automatic aid.
In the southern part of the city, resources based in Buena Park and South Santa Fe Springs respond to fires instead of County Fire resources further away and the favor is returned in designated areas outside of La Mirada.
The La Mirada-based Paramedic-Unit, Squad 49 also responds to medical emergencies in Satna Fe Springs when that city's medics are unavailable.
An expanded agreement went into effect in 2018 with the City of Fullerton that has seen a sharp increase in the response by La Mirada fire resources to both medical and fire calls there by both Squad 49, and Engine 194 Beach and Hillsborough Station.
Education
Public education in a majority of La Mirada is governed by the Norwalk-La Mirada Unified School District, headquartered in neighboring Norwalk. La Mirada has one public secondary school, La Mirada High School.
The Creek Park and Granada Heights neighborhoods in northern La Mirada are within the boundaries of the East Whittier City School District K - 8th grade, the Whittier Union High School District, and Rio Hondo College District all with campuses in nearby Whittier.
Several private schools are located in La Mirada:
St. Paul of the Cross School in the Foster Park neighborhood
Beatitudes of Our Lord SchoolThe city is home to one private higher education institution, Biola University.
According city's 2017 Demographic Overview (which is collected from sources deemed reliable, including US Census, ESRI, GCR Marketing Network, Claritas, HDL and city, state & county data), approximately 26.23% of the population have some college education, 9.8% have an associate degree, 20.08% have a Bachelor's degree, 8.05% have a Master's Degree, and 1.05% have a Doctorate Degree.
Transportation
Metrolink operates commuter rail service on this right-of-way; the nearest stations to La Mirada are Buena Park and Norwalk/Santa Fe Springs. Public transportation is provided by the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (Metro), Norwalk Transit, and Montebello Bus Lines.
The main arterial streets running west-to-east are Rosecrans Avenue, Alondra Boulevard, and Imperial Highway. The main arterial streets running south-to-north are Valley View Avenue, La Mirada Boulevard, and Santa Gertrudes Avenue. Leffingwell Road runs along the north end of the city, and Artesia Boulevard runs along the south end of the city. Interstate 5 passes briefly through the southwest corner of the city, while Beach Boulevard (SR 39) passes briefly through the east end of the city.
Freight railroad traffic through the city is handled by BNSF Railway on its right-of-way in the southwest portion of the city. Union Pacific Railroad operates a rail line along Interstate 5 and serves the southern industrial areas south of I-5.
Economy
Top employers
According to the city's 2017 Demographic Overview, the top employers in the city are:
Notable people
Gary Allan, country singer, born in La Mirada
Derby Carillo, American-born Salvadoran soccer player
Tony Corrente, NFL referee
Chase De Leo, professional ice hockey player for the New Jersey Devils
Jennie Finch, Olympic softball player
Steven L. Kwast, Air Force lieutenant general
Janine Lindemulder, porn actress
Cole McDonald, football player for the Toronto Argonauts
Keith McGill, football player for the Oakland Raiders
Shotaro Omori, American figure skater
Daniel Poncedeleon, Major League Baseball pitcher for the St. Louis Cardinals
Russell Poole an LAPD Detective noted for the investigation into the deaths of rap star Notorious B.I.G. and the cop to cop shooting between LAPD officers, Kevin Gaines and Frank Lyga. In addition to uncovering of LAPD notorious Rampart Scandal
Amber Riley, actor and singer best known for her role in Glee
Ryan Vargas, NASCAR driver
Derrick Williams, basketball player for the Sacramento Kings
Eric Winter, actor best known for his role in Days of Our Lives
YTCracker, former hacker, nerdcore rapper
See also
References
External links
La Mirada travel guide from Wikivoyage
Official website
City-Data.com Profile | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Mirada,_California | area |
526b2f3b-666e-47f3-980f-5f7ad4a39a16 | Macaé | Macaé (Portuguese pronunciation: [mɐkɐˈɛ]) is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro, 180 km northeast of the state capital. It is the birthplace of the 13th president of Brazil, Washington Luís.
Geography
Location
Macaé is generally considered to be the centre of the offshore petroleum industry in Brazil and it is often referred to as "Cidade do Petróleo" ("City of Petroleum"). The Brazilian state-controlled oil company Petrobras has many facilities within the town. Macaé is one of the fastest-growing cities in Brazil, with a growth of 600% within the last 10 years. Benedito Lacerda Airport is served by scheduled flights and concentrates operations to off-shore platforms.
Its population was estimated as 261,501 in 2020 and its municipality covers an area of 1,216 km².Other economic activities in the city include tourism and fishing. These two sectors were very important for the city's revenues before the 1980s. The city has a growing reputation for high-quality technical education and training.
The municipality contains part of the Central Rio de Janeiro Atlantic Forest Mosaic of conservation units, created in 2006.
It also holds part of the União Biological Reserve, home to a population of endangered golden lion tamarin.
Although the city has some tourist potential, the lack of investments in this area makes its growth to be very small. Its most famous beaches are Cavaleiros and Pecado. The interior of the municipality has small rural towns such as Sana and Frade.
Demography
In 2009 the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) estimated the population of Macaé as 194,413 inhabitants. The National Department of Transit (Denatran) census in 2003 recorded a fleet of 36,821 vehicles. According to the Electoral Regional Court (TRE-RJ), the number of voters registered in Macaé was 97,184 in 2004, divided in two electoral zones and 268 sections. In the last elections, 84,054 (200.49%) people voted.
The city has an expatriate community (mainly English speakers) of around 1000 people - many of whom are connected directly or indirectly to the oil and gas industry.
Economy
Since the 1970s, when Petrobras chose Macaé to site its headquarters in the Campos Basin, the city has had a population boom. More than four thousand companies have set up offices in the city and its population has tripled since. High-quality hotels have been constructed and a wide variety of service industries have recently sprouted up.
The city has the biggest tax generation of new ranks of work of the interior of the state, according to research conducted for the Federation of Industries of Rio de Janeiro (Firjan): 13.2% to the year. The economy of the city has grown 600% since 1997. Surveys conducted in past years for IBGE demonstrated that the Internal Gross Product (in Portuguese, Produto Interno Bruto - PIB) per capita of the city in 2007 is R$37,667.00 per year, 200% greater than the national average- and the average salary is 8.2 times the minimum salary, making Macaé the city with the highest wages in the Rio de Janeiro State.
Education
The city holds various public and private schools for primary and secondary education. Also, there are different institutions of higher education, which include: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Faculdade Miguel Ângelo da Silva Santos (FEMASS), Faculdade Estácio de Sá - Macaé. There are different areas of study, ranging from Business Management to Medicine to Law.
Sports
American Football
The Macaé Oilers Association of American Football was started in 2013; citizens played on the Macaé beaches.
In 2014 the team competed its first state championship as the Macaé Oilers. The first title came in 2015 when the Oilers defeated the Volta Redonda Falcons at the Raulino de Oliveira Stadium.
In 2016, the team became State Champions for the 2nd time, defeating Teresópolis Rockers (team B of Flamengo FA.) This took place on the same stage: Raulino de Oliveira Stadium.
Twin Towns - sister cities
Stavanger, Norway.
External links
Macaé City Hall (in Portuguese)
News about Petróleum and Gas at Bacia de Campos (in Portuguese)
Petrobras (in English and Portuguese)
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maca%C3%A9 | area |
76e9ed40-f855-4707-a9c9-ce62b0375f7c | Les Pujols | Les Pujols (French pronunciation: [le pyʒɔl]; Occitan: Les Pujòls) is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.
Population
The Inhabitants are known as Pujolais.
See also
Communes of the Ariège department
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Pujols | area |
448be5a7-3b03-415a-a74e-5499580e5078 | Vernon | Vernon may refer to:
Places
Australia
Vernon County, New South Wales
Canada
Vernon, British Columbia, a city
Vernon, Ontario
France
Vernon, Ardèche
Vernon, Eure
United States
Vernon, Alabama
Vernon, Arizona
Vernon, California
Lake Vernon, California
Vernon, Colorado
Vernon, Connecticut
Vernon, Delaware
Vernon, Florida, a city
Vernon Lake (Idaho)
Vernon, Illinois
Vernon, Indiana
Vernon, Kansas
Vernon Community, Hestand, Kentucky
Vernon Parish, Louisiana
Vernon Lake, a man-made lake in the parish
Vernon, Michigan
Vernon Township, Isabella County, Michigan
Vernon Township, Shiawassee County, Michigan
Vernon, Jasper County, Mississippi
Vernon, Madison County, Mississippi
Vernon, Winston County, Mississippi
Vernon Township, New Jersey
Vernon (town), New York
Vernon (village), New York
Vernon (Mount Olive, North Carolina), a historic plantation house
Vernon Township, Crawford County, Ohio
Vernon Township, Scioto County, Ohio
Vernon Township, Trumbull County, Ohio
Vernon, Oklahoma
Vernon, Portland, Oregon, a neighborhood of Portland
Vernon, Texas
Vernon, Utah
Vernon, Vermont
Vernon, West Virginia
Vernon, Wisconsin, a village
Vernon (community), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
Vernon County, Wisconsin
Multiple countries
Mount Vernon (disambiguation)
People and fictional characters
Vernon (given name), a list of people and fictional characters with the given name
Vernon (surname), including a list of people with the surname
Dai Vernon, pen name of Eliza D. Keith (1854–1939), American educator, suffragist and journalist
Other uses
HMS Vernon, two ships and a training establishment of the British Royal Navy
Vickers Vernon, a British military cargo aircraft of the interwar period
Vernon (1839), a paddle steamer built in 1839
Baron Vernon, a title in Great Britain
Vernon Systems, a museum collections management software company based in New Zealand
Vernons, a football pool company
Vernon Automobile Corporation
Tropical Storm Vernon, several tropical cyclones named Vernon
See also
Vernon Islands (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon | area |
84441aa8-4fb1-4e4a-aae6-8ea63a1ae175 | Saint-Léger-sur-Dheune | Saint-Léger-sur-Dheune (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ leʒe syʁ dœn], literally Saint-Léger on Dheune) is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.
See also
Communes of the Saône-et-Loire department
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-L%C3%A9ger-sur-Dheune | area |
88ec6ecb-302f-4ca3-a931-1a6363aa4a83 | Red Deer County | Red Deer County is a municipal district in central Alberta, Canada within Census Division No. 8 and surrounding the City of Red Deer. The neighbouring municipalities of Red Deer County are Clearwater County to the west, Lacombe County to the north, the County of Stettler No. 6 to the east, Kneehill County to the southeast and Mountain View County to the south. It is located approximately midway between Edmonton and Calgary, bisected by the Queen Elizabeth II Highway and bounded on the north and east by the Red Deer River.
Geography
Communities and localities
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Red Deer County had a population of 19,933 living in 7,430 of its 8,674 total private dwellings, a change of 2.1% from its 2016 population of 19,531. With a land area of 3,919.25 km2 (1,513.23 sq mi), it had a population density of 5.1/km2 (13.2/sq mi) in 2021.In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Red Deer County had a population of 19,541 living in 7,097 of its 8,440 total private dwellings, a 6.7% change from its 2011 population of 18,316. With a land area of 3,961.85 km2 (1,529.68 sq mi), it had a population density of 4.9/km2 (12.8/sq mi) in 2016.
Economy
Agriculture plays a role in Red Deer County's economy including livestock and crop production. Red Deer County has dairies that make cheese, U-pick vegetable and fruit farms, and the largest organic farm in Alberta. It also has elk, deer, and apiary farms as well as a mouse farm, which raises white mice for the pet food industry. Lumber and mineral resources are also present in Red Deer County.
See also
List of communities in Alberta
List of municipal districts in Alberta
References
External links
Official website | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Deer_County | area |
8f64d8d7-c9d0-4340-8552-088c19dbc03e | Cottonwood | Cottonwood may refer to:
Plants
Celtis conferta subsp. amblyphylla, a tree in the hemp and hackberry family
Hibiscus tiliaceus, a flowering shrub or tree in the mallow family
In the genus Populus, a number of difficult-to-distinguish trees:
Populus angustifolia (narrowleaf cottonwood), in the Great Basin
Populus balsamifera (balsam cottonwood), in Canada and parts of northern United States
Populus heterophylla (swamp cottonwood), in the eastern United States
Populus trichocarpa (black cottonwood), in the Pacific Northwest of North America
Populus x jackii (balm-of-Gilead)
Populus × acuminata, lanceleaf cottonwood,
Populus sect. Aigeiros, a section of three species
Populus deltoides (eastern cottonwood), in eastern, central, and southwestern United States, and parts of Canada and Mexico
Populus fremontii (Fremont cottonwood), in the southwestern United States and Mexico
Populus nigra (black poplar), in Europe, Asia, and Africa
Places
Cottonwoods, Manitoba, an unincorporated community in Manitoba, Canada
United States
Cottonwood, Alabama, a town
Cottonwood, Arizona, a city
Cottonwood, California, a census-designated place in Shasta County
Cottonwood, Yolo County, California, a ghost town
Cottonwood, Colorado, a neighborhood in the town of Parker
Cottonwood, Georgia, an unincorporated community in the City of Fayetteville, Georgia
Cottonwood, Idaho, a city
Cottonwood Falls, Kansas, a city
Cottonwood, Minnesota, a city
Cottonwood, Coal County, Oklahoma, an unincorporated community
Cottonwood, Sequoyah County, Oklahoma, an unincorporated community
Cottonwood, South Dakota, a town
Cottonwood, Callahan County, Texas, an unincorporated community
Cottonwood, Kaufman County, Texas, a city
Cottonwood West, Utah, an unincorporated area in Salt Lake County that has since become part of the cities of Holladay and Murray
Cottonwood Heights, Utah, a city south of Cottonwood West
Alamo, Texas, a city in Texas, US, the name of which means "Cottonwood tree" in Spanish/Mexican
People
Eli Cottonwood, ring name of professional wrestler Kipp Christianson formerly from WWE's NXT
Joe Cottonwood (born 1947), American author of fiction and poetry
Other uses
Cottonwood Limestone, a geologic member of limestone in Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma
Cottonwood (EP), a 2019 EP by NLE Choppa
See also
Cottonwood Island (disambiguation)
Cottonwood Lake (disambiguation)
Cottonwood River (disambiguation)
Cottonwood Township (disambiguation)
Cotton tree (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottonwood | area |
d5aa01e8-72dc-4fb2-a3fd-7b3c491b4258 | Saint-Alyre-ès-Montagne | Saint-Alyre-ès-Montagne (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃.t‿aliʁ ɛs mɔ̃taɲ]; Auvergnat: Sent Alire de la Montanha) is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne in central France.
See also
Communes of the Puy-de-Dôme department
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Alyre-%C3%A8s-Montagne | area |
fa4ce324-ac1e-4ef4-af37-a85ed89ac62a | Berneville | Berneville is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.
Geography
A farming village located 5 miles (8 km) southwest of Arras at the junction of the D62 and D67 roads. It is geographically located at an elevation of 148 meters.
Population
The inhabitants are called Bernevillois.
Sights
The church of St. Géry, dating from the eighteenth century.
Personalities
Maurice d'Hartoy (1892–1981), soldier, politician and writer, born and buried at Berneville.
See also
Communes of the Pas-de-Calais department
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berneville | area |
0c48b2cf-d552-4991-96a5-1e7794853305 | Erin | Erin is a Hiberno-English word for Ireland originating from the Irish word "Éirinn". "Éirinn" is the dative case of the Irish word for Ireland, "Éire", genitive "Éireann", the dative being used in prepositional phrases such as "go hÉirinn" "to Ireland", "in Éirinn" "in Ireland", "ó Éirinn" "from Ireland".
The dative has replaced the nominative in a few regional Irish dialects (particularly Galway-Connemara and Waterford). Poets and nineteenth-century Irish nationalists used Erin in English as a romantic name for Ireland. Often, "Erin's Isle" was used. In this context, along with Hibernia, Erin is the name given to the female personification of Ireland, but the name was rarely used as a given name, probably because no saints, queens, or literary figures were ever called Erin.According to Irish mythology and folklore, the name was originally given to the island by the Milesians after the goddess Ériu.
The phrase Erin go bragh ("Éire go brách" in standard orthography, dative "in Éirinn go brách" "in Ireland forever"), a slogan associated with the United Irishmen Rebellion of 1798, is often translated as "Ireland forever". The songs 'Let Erin Remember' and 'Érin grá mo chroí' are more examples of the words usage in Irish romantic nationalism.
Usage as a given or family name
As a given name, Erin is used for both sexes, although, given its origins, it is principally used as a feminine forename. It first became a popular given name in the United States. Its US popularity for males peaked in 1974 with 321 boys registered with the name. Erin is also a name for Ireland in Welsh, and is one of the 20 most popular girls' names in Wales. As a family name, Erin has been used as one of the many spellings of the name of the Scottish clan "Irwin"—which was involved in the Scottish Plantations of Ireland. However, that name was originally derived from the place of the same name near Dumfries, and means "green water", from Brittonic ir afon.
People
Females
Erin Andrews (born 1978), American sports reporter
Erin Anttila (born 1977), Irish-Finnish singer, better known by her mononym Erin
Erin Babcock (1981–2020), Canadian politician
Erin Bell (born 1987), Australian former netball player
Erin Bethea (born 1982), American actress
Erin Boag (born 1975), New Zealand ballroom dancer
Erin Brockovich (born 1960), American legal clerk and environmental activist and subject of the movie of the same name
Erin Burnett (born 1976), American news anchor and reporter
Erin Byrnes, American politician
Erin Calipari American pharmacologist
Erin Davis Canadian Broadcaster and author
Grey DeLisle (born 1973), American voice actress and recording artist, real name Erin Grey van Oosbree
Erin Fitzgerald (born 1972) Canadian-American voice actress
Erin Gallagher (born 1998), South African swimmer
Erin Gray (born 1950), American actress
Erin Gruwell (born 1969), American teacher
Erin Heatherton (born 1989), American fashion model
Erin Hunter, pseudonym used by the authors of the Warriors and Seekers series
Erin Kelly (born 1981), American actress
Erin McKean (born 1971), American lexicographer
Erin Moran (1960–2017), American actress
Erin Morgenstern (born 1978), American writer
Erin Moriarty (born 1994), American actress
Erin O'Connor (born 1978), British model
Erin Phillips (born 1985), Australian former basketball player and Australian rules footballer
Erin Pizzey (born 1939), author and founder of the first domestic violence shelter in the modern world
Erin Richards (born 1986), Welsh actress
Erin Sanders (born 1991), American actress
Erinn Smart (born 1980), American fencer
Erin Spanevello (1987–2008), Canadian fashion model
Erin Wall (1975–2020), Canadian operatic soprano
Males
Erin Clark (born 1997), Samoa league footballer
Erin Cossey (born 1971), New Zealand Maori rugby union player
Erin Henderson (born 1986), American football linebacker
Erin O'Toole (born 1973), Canadian politician
Erin Pinheiro (born 1997), Cape Verdean footballer
Erin Weir, Canadian Member of Parliament for the riding of Regina—Lewvan
Fiction
Dr Erin Mears, a character in the 2011 film, Contagion, played by Kate Winslet
Erin, a character in 1986 American fantasy drama film The Boy Who Could Fly
Erin, a character in The Simpsons episode "Summer of 4 Ft. 2", voiced by Christina Ricci
Erin, protagonist of Nahoko Uehashi's light novel, manga, and anime series 獣の奏者エリン (Kemono no Sōja Erin)
Erin Brill, a character from the TV series Better Call Saul
Erin Driscoll, a character in U.S. thriller 24
Erin Esurance, formerly the Esurance mascot
Erin Hannon, a character in U.S. sitcom The Office
Erin Noble, a character in British television series Young Dracula
Erin Quinn, protagonist of Northern Irish sitcom Derry Girls
Erin Silver, a character in American television franchise Beverly Hills, 90210
Erin Strauss, the former BAU Section Chief from the U.S. drama series Criminal Minds
Erin Ulmer, a character from Final Destination 3
Erin Walton, a character from The Waltons
Eirin Yagokoro, a character from Touhou Project
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin | area |
f51d9b48-952e-4c5d-8da8-e6257c3524fb | Valle de Yerri / Deierri | Valle de Yerri (Basque: Deierri) is a town and municipality located in the province and autonomous community of Navarre, northern Spain.
References
External links
YERRI in the Bernardo Estornés Lasa - Auñamendi Encyclopedia (Euskomedia Fundazioa) (in Spanish) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valle_de_Yerri_/_Deierri | area |
4f4cc931-cede-4ad4-a4dd-fa6462607f3c | South Cadbury | South Cadbury is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of South Cadbury and Sutton Montis, in the Somerset district of the ceremonial county of Somerset, England. The parish includes the village of Sutton Montis.
It is famous as the location of the hill fort of Cadbury Castle, thought by some to be King Arthur's Camelot.
History
The name Cadbury means Cada's fort and refers to Cadbury Castle, which is immediately to the south west of the village. It is a vast Iron Age hill fort covering an area of around 20 acres (8 ha). The site has seen human occupation from Neolithic times until the late Saxon period. It was famously partially excavated by Leslie Alcock in the 1960s, when, amongst other things, an Arthurian period feasting hall was discovered. Since John Leland made reference to local traditions of a connection with King Arthur in the 16th century, there has been widespread speculation that this was the location of Camelot. King Arthur's Well sits at the foot of the hill and the local public house, the Red Lion, was renamed The Camelot when it was remodelled in 2004.
In the Domesday Book of 1086 the manor is recorded as held by Turstin FitzRolf.The parish was part of the hundred of Catsash.
Civil parish
On 1 April 1933 part of the parish of Sutton Montis was merged with South Cadbury, on 1 January 2015 the merged parish was renamed "South Cadbury & Sutton Montis". In 1931 the parish of South Cadbury (prior to the merge) had a population of 146.
Governance
The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.
Until 2023 the village fell within the Non-metropolitan district of South Somerset, which was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, having previously been part of Wincanton Rural District. The district council is responsible for local planning and building control, local roads, council housing, environmental health, markets and fairs, refuse collection and recycling, cemeteries and crematoria, leisure services, parks, and tourism.
Somerset County Council is responsible for running the largest and most expensive local services such as education, social services, libraries, main roads, public transport, policing and fire services, trading standards, waste disposal and strategic planning.
It is also part of the Somerton and Frome county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.
Geography
South Cadbury is located at grid reference ST632256, 7.5 miles (12 km) north-east of Yeovil. The village lies just south of the main A303 road from London to the south-west of England, which runs through the north of the civil parish. As well as South Cadbury itself, the parish includes the village of Sutton Montis to the south of Cadbury Hill. This is one of three large hills in the centre and south-eastern portion of the parish, the others being Littleton Hill and the Beacon. There is a hill fort on Cadbury Hill and a disused quarry on Littleton Hill. South Cadbury is part of the Castle Cary ward, which elects one councillor to Somerset County Council.
Religious sites
The South Cadbury parish church of St Thomas à Becket is dedicated to Thomas Becket. It largely dates from the 13th and 15th centuries, but was widely restored in 1874. Many of the fittings date from this time. However, it does boast a 15th-century roof, with angel brackets and carved bosses, and an early wall painting of St Thomas. The church is a Grade II* listed building. The 18th century poet and satirist, Charles Churchill was at one time curate at South Cadbury.
Sutton Montis parish church is dedicated to the Holy Trinity. It has Saxon origins and includes surviving work of the 12th century. It is a Grade I listed building.
Notable residents
Herbert Pitman (1877–1961), Merchant Navy Officer and third officer on the RMS Titanic.
References
External links
Media related to South Cadbury at Wikimedia Commons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Cadbury | area |
e8957266-6803-4b45-a6cb-735ef7f20bb6 | Genillé | Genillé (French pronunciation: [ʒənije]) is a commune in the Indre-et-Loire department in central France.
Geography
The village lies in the middle of the commune, on the right bank of the Indrois, which flows northwest through the middle of the commune and forms parts of its eastern and western borders.
Population
See also
Communes of the Indre-et-Loire department
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genill%C3%A9 | area |
95323e1c-09f3-4ee6-8aa1-990c5ca1c0ee | Bridoré | Bridoré (French pronunciation: [bʁidɔʁe] (listen)) is a commune in the Indre-et-Loire department in central France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Indre-et-Loire department
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridor%C3%A9 | area |
b22266d4-77f1-40a8-b33d-e492f3b6775b | Surin | Surin may refer to:
Places
Surin, Deux-Sèvres, commune in France
Surin, Vienne, commune in France
Surin, Iran (disambiguation), places in Iran
Surin Province, Thailand
Surin, Thailand, capital of the Province and district
Surin Airport, Thailand
Mueang Surin District, the capital district of Surin Province
Surin Beach, one of the main beaches of Phuket, Thailand
Surin Islands, an archipelago in the Andaman Sea belonging to Thailand
People
Jean-Joseph Surin (1600–1665), French Jesuit mystic, preacher, devotional writer and exorcist
Surin Pitsuwan (1949–2017), Thai politician
Bruny Surin (born 1967), Canadian athlete
Igor Surin (born 1974), former Russian professional footballer
Masira Surin (born 1981), Indian field hockey player
Aleksandr Surin (filmmaker), Russian filmmaker, directed the 1999 film Flowers from the Victors based on Three Comrades
Surin (Nestorian patriarch), Iranian aristocrat
Surin Fernando (born 1983), Australian business executive
Other uses
Surin (grape), another name for the French wine grape Sauvignon blanc | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surin | area |
557bed83-e278-4f9d-bff7-fc5d6b942e30 | Guarrate | Guarrate is a municipality located in the province of Zamora, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 369 inhabitants.
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarrate | area |
fda92dcc-c337-429a-9ec4-681f723e46b6 | Chenereilles | Chenereilles may refer to the following places in France:
Chenereilles, Loire, a commune in the Loire department
Chenereilles, Haute-Loire, a commune in the Haute-Loire department | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenereilles | area |
324ff597-11e4-41a7-ac2c-69591f7f6442 | Beaux | Beaux is a commune in the Haute-Loire department in south-central France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Haute-Loire department
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaux | area |
72887200-43a2-4daf-affc-09941e31b4d6 | Leatherhead | Leatherhead is a town in the Mole Valley district of Surrey, England, about 17 mi (27 km) south of Central London. The settlement grew up beside a ford on the River Mole, from which its name is thought to derive. During the late Anglo-Saxon period, Leatherhead was a royal vill and is first mentioned in the will of Alfred the Great in 880 AD. The first bridge across the Mole may have been constructed in around 1200 and this may have coincided with the expansion of the town and the enlargement of the parish church.
For much of its history, Leatherhead was primarily an agricultural settlement, with a weekly market being held until the mid-Elizabethan era. The construction of turnpike roads in the mid-18th century and the arrival of the railways in the second half of the 19th century attracted newcomers and began to stimulate the local economy. Large-scale manufacturing industries arrived following the end of the First World War and companies with factories in the town included Ronson and Goblin Vacuum Cleaners. Several organisations working with disabled people also opened treatment and training facilities, including The Royal School for the Blind, Queen Elizabeth's Foundation and the Ex-services Welfare Society.
Towards the end of the 20th century, manufacturing in Leatherhead had begun to decline and the town was instead starting to attract service sector employers. The former industrial areas were converted to business parks, which attracted multinational companies, including Esso and Unilever. A controversial redevelopment took place in the town centre in the early 1980s, which included the construction of the Swan Centre. The work, which also included the pedestrianisation of the main shopping area, was widely blamed for a decline in the local retail economy. In 2002, the BBC identified Leatherhead as having one of the worst High Streets in England, but in 2007, the local press described the town centre as "bustling".
Toponymy
The origins and meaning of the name 'Leatherhead' are uncertain. Early spellings include Leodridan (880), Leret (1086), Lereda (1156), Ledreda (1160) and Leddrede (1195).The name is usually thought to derive from the Brythonic lēod-rida, meaning 'a public ford'. Richard Coates has suggested a derivation from the Brythonic lēd-rïd (as in the modern Welsh "llwyd rhyd") meaning 'grey ford'. The Anglo-Saxon and English forms are a distortion of the original British name.
Geography
Location and topography
Leatherhead is a town in central Surrey, around 17 mi (27 km) south of the centre of London. It lies on the southern edge of the London Basin and the highest point in the parish, at Leatherhead Downs, is 135 m (443 ft) above ordnance datum. The High Street runs roughly west to east and was part of the Guildford to Epsom road, which crossed the River Mole at the Town Bridge. The Mole, which passes to the west of the centre, has cut a steep-sided valley through the North Downs, south of the town.
Geology
Leatherhead is at the southern edge of the London Basin, where the permeable upper chalk of the North Downs dips beneath the impermeable London Clay. The difference in properties between the two formations results in a high water table and springs are found at regular intervals along the boundary between them. Several settlements were established along this spring line in Anglo-Saxon and early medieval times, including the villages of Ashtead, Fetcham and Effingham, which are linked to Leatherhead by the Guildford to Epsom road.
History
Early history
The earliest evidence of human activity in Leatherhead comes from the Iron Age. Flints, a probable well and two pits were discovered in 2012 during building work on Garlands Road and the finds suggest that the site was also used in the early Roman period. Traces of Iron Age field systems and settlement activity have been observed at Hawks Hill, Fetcham (about 1 km (0.62 mi) southwest of the town centre) and on Mickleham Downs (about 3 km (2 mi) to the south). Also to the south, the Druid's Grove at Norbury Park may have been used for pre-Christian pagan gatherings.An Anglo-Saxon settlement at Leatherhead was most likely founded on the east side of the River Mole in the second half of the 6th century. A burial ground, dating to the same period, has been identified on the west side at Hawks Hill. A second cemetery was discovered in 1984 on the site of the former Goblin factory in Ermyn Way (now the location of the offices of Esso). Excavations uncovered the remains of at least 40 individuals and the artefacts found, including knives, buckles and necklaces, suggest that they were pagan burials.From the mid-9th century, Leatherhead was the centre of a royal vill, which encompassed Ashtead, Fetcham and Bookham. The first known reference to the settlement is in the will of Alfred the Great in 880, in which land at Leodridan was bequeathed to his son, Edward the Elder. By the 10th century, there was a minster church in Leatherhead, and the town was administered as part of the Copthorne hundred.
Governance
The medieval history of Leatherhead is complex, since the parish was divided into a number of manors. The town appears in Domesday Book of 1086 as Leret and was held by Osbern de Ow as a mesne lord to William I. Its Domesday assets were one church, belonging to Ewell, and 40 acres (160,000 m2) of land. It was valued at an annual income of £1. To the south was the manor of Thorncroft, which was held by Richard son of Gilbert as tenant-in-chief. To the north was the manor of Pachesham, subdivided into two parts, each of which was held by a mesne lord to the tenant-in-chief, Bishop Odo of Bayeux. Finally there are sporadic mentions in surviving documents of a manor called "Minchin", which may have belonged to Kilburn Priory in Middlesex.For the majority of its history, Thorncroft Manor appears to have remained as a single, intact entity, with the exception of the subinfeudation of Bocketts Farm, which took place before 1300. In 1086, the manor was held by Richard fitz Gilbert and it passed through his family (the Clares) to his granddaughter, Margaret de Clare, who married into the de Montfitchet family of Essex. Her great-grandson, Richard de Montfichet, sold the manor to John de Cheresbure in around 1190 and it was next purchased by Philip Basset and his second wife, Ela, Countess of Warwick in around 1255. In 1266, they granted Thorncroft (which provided an income of £20 per year) to Walter de Merton, who used it to endow the college in Oxford that he had founded in 1264. Merton College remained the lords of the manor until 1904 and the continuity of ownership ensured that an almost complete set of manorial rolls from 1278 onwards has been preserved. In 1497, Richard FitzJames, the Warden of the College, authorised the expenditure of £37 for a new manor house, which was used until the Georgian era.In contrast, the manor of Pachesham became fragmented as the Middle Ages progressed. By the time of Domesday book, it was already divided into two parts, the smaller of which was later referred to as "Pachenesham Parva". No written record of either part of the manor survives from the subsequent 200 years, but in 1286 land belongong to Pachesham was recorded as passing to Eustace de Hacche. De Haache rebuilt the manor house in around 1293, which he enclosed with a moat. Excavations of the manor house site (now known as The Mounts) in the mid-20th century provided evidence of several medieval buildings, including a hall, a chapel and a probable stable block. The value of the manor appears to have declined in the mid-14th century and, in 1386, it was let to William Wimbledon for an annual sum of £20. In 1393, one year after a serious fire had destroyed much of Leatherhead, Wimbledon defaulted on the rent and was accused of dismantling several of the manor buildings. From the start of the 15th century, the land was divided between twelve lessees and the manor then disappears from the historical record.Surviving records of Pachenesham Parva from around 1330 suggest that it covered an area of 46 ha (114 acres) on the east bank of the River Mole, to the north west of the town centre. The manor appears to have remained intact through the Middle Ages and land was added to the estate as the remainder of Pachesham was broken up. By the early 17th century, the area was known as Randalls Farm and, in 1805, the associated land totalled 182 ha (450 acres).Reforms during the Tudor period replaced the day-to-day administration of towns such as Leatherhead in the hands of the vestry of the parish church. The vestry was charged with appointing a parish constable, maintaining a lock-up and organising a basic fire service. Until 1834, it also administered poor relief and was responsible for building a workhouse on Kingston Road in 1808.
During the 19th century, local government reforms gradually removed the duties of running of the town's infrastructure and services from the vestry. The Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 placed the workhouse in the care of a board of guardians at Epsom and the Local Government Act 1888 transferred many administrative responsibilities to the newly formed Surrey County Council. The Leatherhead Urban District Council (UDC) was formed six years later and in 1903 the county council was placed in charge of the town's National schools. The Local Government Act 1972 created Mole Valley District Council, by combining the UDCs of Leatherhead and Dorking with the majority of the Dorking and Horley Rural District.
Transport and communications
Leatherhead developed at a crossing point of the River Mole at the intersection between the north–south Kingston-Dorking and east-west Epsom-Guildford roads. The original position of the ford is unclear, but it may have been around 90 m (100 yd) upstream of the present Leatherhead Bridge at a point where a continuation of Elm Road would meet the river.The first indication of a bridge at Leatherhead is a local deed dated to 1250, which was witnessed by a "Simon of the Bridge". Later that century, in around 1286, a Peter Dryaw of Fetcham is recorded as mortgaging the annual rent of a house "at the bridge in the town of Ledderede" to Merton College, Oxford. It is possible that the construction of the first bridge coincided with an expansion of the town and the enlargement of the parish church, which took place around 1200.It is not clear to what extent the Mole was used for navigation in the past, but in the early Middle Ages, it is likely that shallow-bottomed craft were able to reach Leatherhead from the Thames for much of the year. In the late 13th century, Thorncroft Manor purchased a shout, a type of boat up to 16 metres (52 ft) in length, used to transport produce to market. Several schemes were proposed to make the Mole navigable in the 17th and 18th centuries, but none were enacted.
The turnpike road between Epsom and Horsham, which ran through Leatherhead, was authorised by Parliament in 1755. Turnpikes to Guildford and Kingston were opened in 1758 and 1811 respectively and one of the tollhouses was sited near to the present Leatherhead Institute. Stagecoaches, which had begun to run through Leatherhead to London in the 1680s, increased in frequency after the building of the turnpikes. By 1838 there were daily coaches to Arundel, Bognor and Worthing, which typically stopped at the Swan Inn in the High Street. With the arrival of the railway at Epsom in 1847, the long-distance coaches were discontinued and horse-drawn omnibuses took over local journeys.The first railway to arrive in Leatherhead was built by the Epsom and Leatherhead Railway Company. The line, which terminated at a station in Kingston Road, opened on 1 February 1859. Initially all trains were operated by the London and South Western Railway (LSWR) and, for the first two months, only ran as far as Epsom. The completion of the line through Worcester Park enabled these services to be extended to London Waterloo from April of the same year and, in August 1859, the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LBSCR) began to run trains from Leatherhead to London Bridge.The Mole Gap through the North Downs had been identified as a potential railway corridor as early as the 1830s, but the line south from Leatherhead to Dorking was not opened until 1867. The Kingston Road station, which had been laid out as a terminus, was closed and two new adjacent stations (either side of the present Station Approach) were opened. The LBSCR station, which was closer to the town centre, was initially the only one connected to the line to Dorking. It was designed by C. H. Driver in a fine gothic revival style and is the station that survives today. The LSWR built its station as a terminus, but its line was extended westwards to Bookham in 1885. The two railway companies were amalgamated in 1923, when the Southern Railway was formed. All railway lines through Leatherhead were electrified in 1925 and the LSWR station was closed in 1927. In the late 1930s, a southward extension of the Chessington branch line was proposed, but the creation of the Metropolitan Green Belt prevented the scheme from being enacted.
The construction of the A24 bypass (between Givons Grove and Leatherhead Common) started in 1931 and the final section opened in May 1934. Young Street (the A246 between Bocketts Farm and Givons Grove) was built by the Corps of Royal Canadian Military Engineers between June 1940 and May 1941. In October 1985, the town was joined to the UK motorway system when the M25 was opened between Wisley and Reigate.
Commerce
The right to hold a weekly market and an annual fair was granted to Leatherhead in 1248 by Henry III. The market place is thought to have been at the junction of Bridge Street, North Street and High Street and the town stocks were probably in the same area. The market appears to have ended in the mid-Elizabethan era, however the annual fair continued and in the late 17th century was held on 8 September, the feast of the Nativity of Mary.The construction of the turnpikes, and later the railways, attracted wealthier residents to Leatherhead. Many of these incomers had accumulated their wealth as entrepreneurs in London and had no previous connection to the area. By the start of the Victorian era, they were beginning to influence the local economy. Small, family-based manufacturing firms began to grow, engaged in industries such as brick-making, milling of logs, tanning, shoemaking, malting and brewing. In the 1841 census, 18.5% of the town's inhabitants were employed in agriculture-related trades, but forty years later, the proportion had fallen to 5.4%.Larger-scale industries arrived in Leatherhead in the first half of the 20th century. In 1928, the Rayon manufacturing company opened a factory in Ermyn Way, close to the border with Ashtead parish and was replaced ten years later by the manufacturing plant for Goblin Vacuum Cleaners. Also in the 1930s, a silk-making farm and electrical cable factory were established in the town. Following the end of the Second World War, Ronson, the US-based manufacturer of cigarette lighters, opened a manufacturing plant at Dorincourt, to the north of the town. The factory moved to Randalls Road in 1953, but it closed in 1981 when the company went into liquidation. A business park opened in its place.The Ex-services Welfare Society purchased Long House on Ermin Way following the end of the First World War. The charity constructed a factory in the grounds to provide employment for disabled veterans, producing electrical items, such as electric blankets. In 1933, the organisation opened a treatment centre at Tyrwhitt House in Oaklawn Road, named after Reginald Tyrwhitt, its president at the time. In 1981, the factory was purchased by Remploy. It continued to manufacture electrical goods, but under the new ownership, its operations expanded to include the assembly and packaging of mechanical equipment. The Remploy factory closed in 2007, with the loss of 43 jobs. The Ex-services Welfare Society, now known as Combat Stress, continues to operate its treatment centre at Tyrwhitt House in north Leatherhead.Large-scale manufacturing in Leatherhead was short lived and, as the 20th century progressed, the town started to attract service sector industries. Among the research institutes formerly based in the town, Leatherhead Food Research was founded in 1919 and the Central Electricity Research Laboratories (CERL) opened in 1950. Both organisations left the town in the early 2000s. The Ronson and Goblin factories closed in the early 1980s and their sites were redeveloped, in the latter case for the UK headquarters of Esso. The UK head offices of Unilever (on the site of the former CERL) and Hyundai were opened in Leatherhead in 2008 and 2020 respectively.
A controversial redevelopment of the road network in the town centre took place in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The project began with the demolition of the Prince of Wales pub in 1979 and the Swan Centre, a covered shopping centre with a multistorey car park, was constructed in its place. At the same time a one-way system was created and the High Street was pedestrianised. By September 1981, the scheme was already attracting criticism from local traders and residents, who blamed the traffic alterations for a steep decline in footfall. In January 1983, the County Planning Officer admitted that the "complexity of present routes undoubtedly detracts from the appeal of the town to car-borne shoppers." In 2002, BBC News named Leatherhead as having one of the worst High Streets in the country. Five years later, in 2007, the local press reported that the town was "bustling with people, and packed full with an abundance of shops, entertainment facilities and job opportunities." The revival in fortunes was attributed to a variety of community initiatives, including a new drama festival.
Residential development
Leatherhead began to expand at the start of the 20th century and the population grew from in 4,694 in 1901 to 5,491 in 1911. New housing developments were built between 1900 and 1905 in Fairfield, Highlands and Kingston Roads, and Queen Anne's Garden. Later in the decade, houses were constructed in Copthorne, Clinton, Reigate and Woodville Roads, Kingston Avenue and St Nicholas Hill.The first council housing in the town, a development of 59 houses in Poplar Road, was built by Leatherhead UDC in 1921. Preference for rehousing was given to ex-servicemen and their families. In 1925, 90 council houses were constructed in Kingston Road. Private residential developments also occurred around the same time, including the construction of the St Mary's Road estate, on the site of the former Elm Bank mansion, south of the town centre.The Givons Grove estate, to the south of the town, was developed in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Originally a constituent of Thorncroft Manor, it was an area of arable land, known as "Gibbons Farm", named after a prominent local family. In 1919, the estate was bought by the aircraft manufacturer, Humphrey Verdon Roe, whose wife, Marie Stopes, would live at Norbury Park for 20 years from 1938. It was sold to a consortium of developers in 1927, who divided the land into plots for housing. Similarly in 1935, Yarm Court was sold and the estate developed for housing.Following the end of the Second World War, new housing was constructed to the north of the town centre, along Cleeve, Kingston and Copthorne Roads, to replace properties damaged by bombing.
Leatherhead in the world wars
At the start of the First World War, members of the 20th Battalion of the University and Public Schools Brigade of the Royal Fusiliers were billeted with local residents. The recruits were primarily drawn from the Manchester area and underwent training at Randalls Farm. The Kensington Rifles of the London Regiment were also garrisoned in the town in the month before their deployment to the Western Front in April 1915. Later that year, the first of 63 Belgian refugees arrived in Leatherhead, remaining in the town until the end of the war.Concerns that the town's water supply might be poisoned by enemy spies, prompted the authorities to arrange a guard on the waterworks on Guildford Road. Many of the duties were undertaken by the local Scout troop and members of the Boy's Brigade, which was affiliated with St Mary's Church. Many local men joined the Dorking and Leatherhead Battalion of the Volunteer Training Corps, which was formed with the intention to defend the local area in the event of invasion. In October 1914, a Red Cross Hospital opened on Bull Hill. By March 1915 it had 33 beds and was fully occupied. It closed in February 1919. Elsewhere in the town, the Forty Foot recreation ground was used to grow wheat and Venthams, a local firm of coachbuilders, began to manufacture munitions.
Leatherhead was again a garrison town in the Second World War. Troops from the Royal Corps of Signals were billeted in late 1939 and a year later, the first Canadian soldiers began to arrive in the local area. From September 1939, children from Streatham and Dulwich were evacuated to Leatherhead and the Royal School for the Blind was taken over by King's College Hospital. The cottage hospital on Poplar Road opened in May 1940 and by June of that year was treating 78 members of the British Expeditionary Force, who had been evacuated from Dunkirk. The Goblin factory in Ermyn Way was used to make munitions, including mine sinkers, shell fuses and camouflage netting.From the outbreak of war, the defence of Leatherhead was coordinated by the XII Corps of Eastern Command, reinforced from July 1940 by VII Corps GHQ Mobile Reserve. The 3rd Infantry Brigade of the 1st Canadian Division was posted to Dorking and Leatherhead, and was responsible for completing the construction of Young Street between Givons Grove and Fetcham. The local unit of the Home Guard, Company F of the 6th Battalion of South Eastern Command, was formed with 200 recruits in May 1940. The training centres for the company included the Drill Hall on Kingston Road and an anti-tank obstacle was installed at the east end of the High Street, close to the Leatherhead Institute. The Home Guard company was disbanded four years later, once the threat of invasion had passed.Leatherhead experienced two main periods of bombing during the war. The first wave of attacks took place from late 1940 until early 1941. During the first raid, early in the morning on 27 August 1940, 20 high-explosive bombs were dropped along the border with Ashtead. The clubhouse of the golf club suffered a direct hit, but the civilians taking cover in the shelter beneath it were fully protected and survived without injury. In October of the same year, the oil storage tanks next to the waterworks were set alight by an incendiary bomb. The resulting fires could not be extinguished until more than 24 hours later. In March 1941, St Andrew's Catholic School was almost completely destroyed by a bomb. During the second period of bombing, in the summer of 1944, 16 V-1 flying bombs landed in the Leatherhead area, including one at Thorncroft Manor.
National and Local Government
UK Parliament
Leatherhead is in the Mole Valley parliamentary constituency, which has been represented in the House of Commons since 1997 by the Conservative, Sir Paul Beresford. Kenneth Baker served as the local MP from 1983 to 1997 and was elevated to the House of Lords as Baron Baker of Dorking in 1997.
County Council
Councillors are elected to Surrey County Council every four years. The town is part of the 'Leatherhead and Fetcham East' ward.
District Council
Five councillors represent the town on Mole Valley District Council (the headquarters of which are in Dorking):
Leatherhead is represented by a swan on the crest of the Mole Valley District Council coat of arms.
Twin town
Since 2004, Leatherhead has been twinned with Triel-sur-Seine (Île-de-France, France).
Demography and housing
Region-wide, 28% of dwellings were detached houses and 22.6% were apartments.
The proportion of households who owned their home outright compares to the regional average of 35.1%. The proportion who owned their home with a loan compares to the regional average of 32.5%. The remaining % is made up of rented dwellings (plus a negligible % of households living rent-free).
Public services
Utilities
The town gasworks, close to the junction of Kingston Road and Barnett Wood Lane, were built in 1850 by the Leatherhead Gas Company. The first gas was produced in February 1851 and was primarily used for street lighting, but was also supplied to some private houses. Until the railway was opened in 1859, coal was delivered by road from Epsom. In 1911, the Leatherhead company acquired that of Cobham and, from 1929, also supplied gas to Woking via a connection at Effingham Junction. In 1936, the company was acquired by the Wandsworth Gas Company and the Leatherhead gasworks closed two years later.
The first public water supply in Leatherhead was created in 1884, when a stream-driven pumping station was constructed in Waterways Road. The works, designed by John William Grover, were capable of lifting 90,000 litres (20,000 imp gal) per hour to a reservoir on Reigate Road. A second diesel-powered station was constructed alongside the first in 1935 and was later converted to electric power. The steam-powered works were demolished in 1992.An electricity generating station was opened in Bridge Street in 1902. Initially it was capable of generating 75 kW of power, but by the time of its closure in 1941, its installed capacity was 2.2 MW. Under the Electricity (Supply) Act 1926, Leatherhead was connected to the National Grid, initially to a 33 kV supply ring, which linked the town to Croydon, Epsom, Dorking and Reigate. In 1939, the ring was connected to the Wimbledon-Woking main via a 132 kV substation at Leatherhead.
Emergency services
Leatherhead Police Station was on Kingston Road, to the north of the town centre. It closed in 2011. The building was demolished and retirement apartments were built on the site. In 2021, the local police force is Surrey Police and the nearest police station to the town is at Reigate. The headquarters of the Police Federation of England and Wales is in Leatherhead.The Vestry was responsible for organising the local fire service in the 18th and early 19th centuries. The west door of the parish church was enlarged in 1759, in order to accommodate the town fire engine, which was housed in the tower. In 1821, the engine was moved to an existing building on North Street and a new fire station was built on the same road in 1859. The first motor fire engine was delivered to the town in 1926 and was housed in a new building close to the river. In 2021, the local fire authority is Surrey County Council and the statutory fire service is Surrey Fire and Rescue Service. Leatherhead Ambulance Station, in Kingston Road, is run by the South East Coast Ambulance Service.
Healthcare
The first hospital in Leatherhead was opened in Clinton Road in 1893. As a small cottage hospital, it only had seven or eight beds and was supervised by a matron. It closed in 1902, having accrued a debt of £130. A replacement facility, the Queen Victoria Memorial Hospital (QVMH), on Epsom Road, was opened in 1905. It was built on land donated by Walter Cunliffe, who lived at Tyrells Wood. Initially it had 6 beds for adults and one cot for infants, but by 1928, it had expanded to 17 beds. The QVMH closed at the end of the Second World War.Leatherhead Community Hospital, on Poplar Road, was opened in 1940 and was built on land donated by Charles Leach. Initially it had 40 beds and came under the management of Epsom Hospital, although it had its own medical committee. By 1960, the hospital had expanded to 52 beds, but in 2014, the in-patient wards were closed to allow the improvement of outpatient services. The NHS has retained ownership of the hospital, but many services are now run by CSH, a not-for-profit organisation. The X-ray radiography department is run by the Epsom and St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust.The nearest hospital with an A&E is Epsom Hospital, 5.3 km (3.3 mi) away. As of 2021, the town has two GP practices, on Kingston Road and Upper Fairfield Road.
Transport
Rail
Leatherhead railway station is to the west of the town centre and is managed by Southern. It is served by trains to London Victoria via Sutton, to London Waterloo via Wimbledon, to Horsham via Dorking and to Guildford via Bookham.
Buses
Route 21 (Epsom – Leatherhead – Crawley) is run by Metrobus and route 408 (Epsom – Cobham) is run by Falcon Buses. Route 465 from Kingston upon Thames to Dorking via Leatherhead is run by London United. Route 478 to Guildford is run by Reptons Coaches and Route 479 from Epsom to Guildford via Leatherhead is run by Arriva Kent & Sussex and Stagecoach.
Long distance footpaths
Leatherhead station is the northern terminus of the Mole Gap Trail, which rus south through Norbury Park to Dorking station.
Education
Early schools
The earliest record of a school in Leatherhead is from 1596, when reference is made to a charity school for ten boys, which was probably held in the tower of the parish church. By 1712, the school had expanded to included eleven girls and, later that century, two bequests to fund the salary of a schoolmaster are recorded.In 1838 a boys' school was established in Highlands Road by the then Vicar, Benjamin Chapman, and a girls' school followed a year later. The two institutions were National schools and were funded by a combination of local subscriptions and grants from the National Society for Promoting Religious Education.
Maintained schools
Leatherhead Trinity School opened in 2010, having been created by a merger of three existing schools. It traces its origins to the All Saints School, which opened in 1877 in Kingston Road. Trinity School is a primary school and educates children up to the age of eleven.St Peter's Roman Catholic Primary School was founded in September 1947 and was initially located next to St Peter's Church in Garlands Road. The school's present site in Grange Road was opened in 1958.Therfield School was founded in Kingston Road in 1913 as the County Upper Mixed Senior School. It moved to Dilston Road in 1953 and was renamed in 1964 after John de Therfield, a former lord of the manor of Pachesham, who was awarded the land in 1205 by King John.St Andrew's Catholic School was founded in Grange Road in 1935 by five nuns from the Order of St Andrew. The main building was constructed in 1952 and, in 1971, the school became a co-educational comprehensive.West Hill School is a special school for children with learning needs. It was founded at West Hill, Epsom in 1960 and moved to Leatherhead three years later. Fox Grove School, a second school for pupils with special Education Needs, opened in September 2021 in Molesey. It is due to move to Leatherhead, to a site adjacent to West Hill School, in Spring 2022.
Independent schools
Downsend School was founded in Hampstead in 1898 and moved to its current site in stages between 1918 and 1940. The school underwent a period of expansion in the late 1970s and 1980s, which included the purchase of pre-preparatory departments in Leatherhead, Ashtead and Epsom. In 2002, the school was sold by the Linford family (who had owned it since its opening) to Asquith Court Schools Ltd and it was bought by Cognita in 2006. In 2017, the school announced that it would build a new study centre to accommodate students studying for GCSEs.
St John's School was founded in St John's Wood in 1851 by Ashby Haslewood and moved to Leatherhead in 1872. Initially intended for the sons of poor clergymen, the school began to accept fee-paying pupils at the start of the 20th century. In 1989, girls were accepted into the sixth form and the school became fully coeducational from 2012. Several parts of the school are Grade II listed, including the library, formerly the chapel, which was built in 1876.
Royal School for the Blind
The School for the Indigent Blind was founded at St George's Fields, Southwark in 1799 and, for the first 102 years of its existence, was based in London. In 1900, it purchased 15 acres of land in Leatherhead and construction of a new building, in Highlands Road, began the following year. The new school, capable of accommodating up to 250 students, opened in 1904. The school was granted royal patronage by George V in 1911, at which point it became known as the Royal School for the Blind.By the mid-1930s, the focus of the school had changed from classroom-based learning to the teaching of practical skills in a workshop setting. During the Second World War, the building was requisitioned by King's College Hospital and, although part of the premises were returned to the school in 1946, a group of Chelsea Pensioners continued to live on the site until the 1950s. A redevelopment took place in the late 1970s and early 1980s, which included converting the dormitories into apartments. Students were increasingly encouraged to take responsibility for their everyday living, with the aim of facilitating their integration into wider society.The charity adopted the name "SeeAbility" as its operating identity in 1994 and, later in the same decade, began to transition away from offering residential education and towards providing community-based support. In the early 2000s, the main school building was sold and converted to apartments. It is now known as Lavender Court. The headquarters of the charity has since moved to Epsom.
Places of Worship
Anglo-Saxon minster
The church mentioned in Domesday Book is thought to have been an Anglo-Saxon minster, a large church with a small team of priests who ministered to the royal vill and its dependent parishes. It is described as a belonging to Ewell and being held by Osbern of Eu, a prebend at St Paul's Cathedral. Its location in the town is unknown, but an enclave of land in the north west of the parish is recorded as belonging to Ewell in the 13th century and this may be the remnant of the glebe lands of the former minster. The church was probably a constructed from wood and, like other similar minsters, likely lost influence as Norman manors superseded the Anglo-Saxon hundreds as the principal division of local administration.
St Mary and St Nicholas Church
The Church of St Mary and St Nicholas is thought to have originally been built as the estate chapel for the manor of Thorncroft. Although it is not mentioned in Domesday book, the oldest parts date from around 1080 and it may have superseded the Anglo-Saxon minster as the parish church at the start of the 12th century. Shortly after 1100, it was granted to Colchester Abbey, which held it until 1279. The earliest parts of the building that survive are from the 1240s, when the church is thought to have undergone a major expansion that included the addition of side aisles. Much of the chancel dates from the first half of the 14th century and this work may have been commissioned by Leeds Priory in Kent, which was given the church by Edward III in 1341. The dedication to Mary and Nicholas, who were the joint patrons of the Priory, probably occurred at this time.The tower was built in around 1500 and is set at an angle to the rest of the building, so that its east wall protrudes into the nave. It originally had a tall spire, which was blown down in the Great Storm of 1703. A major rebuilding of the church took place in the second half of the 19th century, during which much of the roof was replaced. Renovation works between 2018 and 2020, uncovered several vaults beneath the floor including one belonging to the Boulton Family who had lived at Thorncroft Manor in the 18th century.The churchyard contains the Commonwealth war graves of 12 British service personnel of the First and Second World Wars.
Catholic Church of Our Lady and St Peter
The Catholic Church of Our Lady and St Peter was constructed in 1923 and was partly financed by the newspaper proprietor, Sir Edward Hulton. The Gothic Revival building was designed by Joseph Goldie and the stained glass windows were installed in the 1930s. The Stations of the Cross were designed in Caen stone by the sculptor Eric Gill.
Methodist Church
John Wesley, the founder of Methodism, visited Leatherhead only once in his lifetime. On 23 February 1791, he preached his final sermon in a house on Bull Hill, one week before his death. Despite his visit, there appears to have been no significant Methodist community in the town until the mid-19th century, when a small group of worshipers began meeting in Bridge Street. The first purpose-built place of worship, the "Iron Chapel", so-named because it was primarily constructed of metal, was erected in 1887 on Church Road. The following year, the congregation numbered around 50, but grew rapidly to over 400 by 1891. Two years later, a new brick building, the present church, was constructed. The Iron Chapel, behind the new church, remained standing and was used for the Sunday school, but was replaced in 1903 by a new hall.
Disciples Church
The Disciples Church is part of the Calvary Chapel association of evangelical churches. It was formed in 2007 and adopted its present name in 2012. It meets at the Woodlands School on Forty Foot Road.
Culture
Art
J. M. W. Turner (1775—1851) is among the artists who have been inspired to paint scenes of the town and local area. His pencil and watercolour composition Leatherhead, Surrey, from across the River Mole, with cattle watering in the foreground was probably created in the summer of 1797, when he staying at Norbury Park. The painting was sold at Christie's in 2014 for £35,000. Other artists who have worked in the town include John Hassell (c. 1767—1825) and John Varley (1778—1842).The works of public art in the town include ornamental ironwork at the King George V Memorial Park and at the junction between the High Street, North Street and Bridge Street.
Theatres and cinemas
The first presentation of a cinematograph film in the town took place at the Leatherhead Institute in October 1898. The following year, a second screening took place at the Victoria Hall in the High Street, which had been built in 1890. By 1914, the Victoria Hall was renamed to become the Grand Theatre and was operating as a cinema with a capacity of 550. Further name changes took place before 1946, around which time the venue became known as the Ace Cinema.In 1949, the Ace Cinema was converted to a 300-seat theatre and a year later, the Leatherhead Theatre was established at the venue. The theatre operated until 1969, but as its popularity increased, its size became restrictive and there was a need for a new and better-equipped performing arts venue in the town.The Thorndike Theatre, in Church Street, was designed by Roderick Ham in the modernist style and was opened in 1969 by Princess Margaret. Named for the actor Sybil Thorndike, its construction was primarily paid for by private donations, with some additional funding from the Leatherhead UDC and the Arts Council. Although it was initially popular, the theatre regularly ran operating deficits and, following several years of cuts in public subsidy, it closed in 1997 with a total debt of almost £1.2 million. It reopened in 2001 as a part-time theatre, cinema, community space and meeting place for the evangelical group, Pioneer People. The annual Leatherhead Drama Festival, for amateur theatre groups, was launched at the theatre in 2004 and ran for 16 years.
Literature
Leatherhead features in the novel The War of the Worlds by H. G. Wells, first published in 1897. On about the tenth day following the Martian invasion of Earth, the entire town (where the narrator has sent his wife for safety) is obliterated: "it had been destroyed, with every soul in it, by a Martian. He had swept it out of existence, as it seemed, without any provocation, as a boy might crush an ant-hill, in the mere wantonness of power."The Sherlock Holmes short story The Adventure of the Speckled Band is partly set near the town. During the story, Holmes and Watson travel to Leatherhead from Waterloo station by train. It was first published in 1892 and is one of 12 featured in The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes by Arthur Conan Doyle. The 1984 interactive fiction video game Sherlock, developed by Beam Software, is partly set in Leatherhead.
Music
The Leatherhead Operatic Society was founded as the Leatherhead Pierrots in 1904. Two years later, the group was reformed as the Leatherhead & District Amateur Dramatics & Operatic Society and gave its first performance, H. M. S. Pinafore by Gilbert and Sullivan. The group performed at the Victoria Hall until 1922, when the venue was turned into a cinema. For the next seventeen years, the society used a number of venues in the local area, until the Crescent Cinema opened in 1939. Since 1970, the group has staged its summer performances at the Thorndike Theatre and the Leatherhead Theatre, with a brief hiatus between 1996 and 2002.The Leatherhead Choral Society (LCS) was formed in 1907, but its early history is unclear. It was refounded in 1928 to take part in the Leith Hill Musical Festival. Kathleen Riddick conducted the group in 1939 and LCS continued to perform during the Second World War. A musical work was composed by William Blezard to celebrate the society's 50th anniversary in 1978. In recent years, the LCS has typically given concerts in the summer and in early December, as well as participating in the Leith Hill Musical Festival around Easter.The Leatherhead Orchestra traces its origins to an adult education class established c. 1954, but was formally founded in around 1958 by Kathleen Riddick. Since 2015, the group has given three concerts each year.The Leatherhead Town Band was founded in 1887. Its activities ceased during the First and Second World Wars and, on its reformation in 1947, it was known as the Bookham and District Silver Band. In 1974, it changed its name again to the Mole Valley Silver Band, to reflect the formation of the new local authority area. The band performs regularly in and around the towns of Leatherhead and Dorking.The band John's Children, which included sometime frontman Marc Bolan, was formed in the town in 1963 by Andy Ellison and Chris Townson, former pupils of nearby Box Hill School. They occasionally appeared at the Chuck Wagon Club on Bridge Street.Surrey Sound recording studio was established in 1974 by producer Nigel Gray in a former village hall in the north of the town. Early demo pieces for, among others, the Wombles and Joan Armatrading were followed, by the recording of much of the early repertoire of the Police. Other groups recording there included Godley & Creme, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Rick Astley, the Lotus Eaters, Alternative TV and Bros. The studio was sold by Gray in 1987.Robyn Hitchcock refers to Leatherhead in the song "Clean Steve".
Television and film
Leatherhead has been mentioned in a number of films and television programmes. The film I Want Candy, released in March 2007, is partly set in the town. Brooklands College, Weybridge was used as the filming location for the fictional "Leatherhead University".Monty Python's Flying Circus refers to Leatherhead in the "Red Indian in Theatre" sketch. Eric Idle, in Native American costume says, "When moon high over prairie, when wolf howl over mountain, when mighty wind roar through Yellow Valley, we go Leatherhead Rep - block booking, upper circle - whole tribe get it on three and six each." The television sketch show, That Mitchell and Webb Look, took a jab at Leatherhead in series two, episode four. In one sketch, a librarian comments to a customer that she is "possibly one of the stupidest people I've ever met. And I lived in Leatherhead for six miserable years." The house that was used as the filming location for Arthur Dent's residence for the TV series The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, is in Leatherhead.
Sport
Leisure Centre
The Leisure Centre was opened in 1975 by the Leatherhead Urban District Council and was extended in the 1980s with the addition of the Mole Barn. Plans to build a new centre on the site were drawn up by Mole Valley District Council prior to 2006, but instead the facility was given a 20-month, £12.6m refit and a further extension, which was opened by the Duke of Kent in March 2011. The upgraded centre includes a redesigned reception and entrance area, a new gym, aerobics studio, sauna and play areas. In July 2023, a report to the cabinet committee of Mole Valley District Council stated that 750,000 visits were made each year to Leatherhead Leisure Centre.
Cricket
Cricket has been played at Leatherhead since at least 1840, when a match is recorded against a team from Dorking. The Leatherhead Cricket Club was founded in 1850 and initially played its home games at the Kingston Road recreation ground. It moved to Fetcham Grove in the 1930s.
Football
Leatherhead F.C., commonly known as "The Tanners", was formed in 1946 as a result of the merger of two existing clubs, Leatherhead Rose and Leatherhead United. Leatherhead Rose, founded c. 1907, drew the majority of its players from the Leatherhead Common area and was named after the Rose Coffee Rooms on Kingston Road; Leatherhead United was formed in 1924 and the following season were Division One Champions of the Sutton and District League.Following the merger, the new club adopted Fetcham Grove as its home ground and, in the late 1940s and early 1950s, were champions of the Surrey County Senior League for four consecutive years. In 1969, the team won the Surrey County FA Senior Challenge Cup, the Senior Shield and the Intermediate Cup. They were semi-finalists in the 1971 and 1974 FA Amateur Cup competitions. The Tanners achieved national press coverage in the 1974–75 season, when they were drawn against First Division Leicester City at home in the FA Cup Fourth Round Proper. In the 2017–18 FA Cup they reached the second round proper, in which they played against Wycombe Wanderers.
Golf
The Leatherhead Club was founded as the Surrey Golf Club, but adopted its present name in 1908. The 18-hole course was designed by the Scottish golfer, Peter Paxton, and the first nine holes opened in October 1903. The Prime Minister, Arthur Balfour, was one of those who played at the course in 1907. In 1928, Alf Perry joined as Club Professional and, seven years later, he won the 1935 Open Championship at Muirfield. The clubhouse suffered bomb damage during the Second World War. The construction of the M25 motorway in the late 1970s, necessitated changes to the layout of the southern part of the course.The 18-hole Tyrells Wood Golf Course was designed by James Braid in the grounds of Tyrells Wood House in 1922. The Club opened two years later.Pachesham Golf Centre opened in 1989 as a nine-hole course, but was remodelled in 2014 to a six-hole course. The centre has a 28-bay, floodlit driving range, which is the longest in Surrey.Beaverbrook golf course, to the south of Leatherhead, was designed by David McLay-Kidd and Tom Watson. The 7,100 yard, 72-par course opened in the grounds of Cherkley Court in 2016. The construction of the course was opposed by local residents and environmental campaigners, who mounted a series of legal challenges to the development. Construction of the clubhouse was completed in 2018.
Tourist attractions
Bocketts Farm
Bocketts Farm covers an area of 52 ha (128 acres) to the southwest of the town. Formerly part of the manor of Thorncroft, it was subinfeudated around 1170. Both the farmhouse and the timber-framed granary date from around 1800 and are Grade II listed. The farm was purchased by the Gowing family in 1990 and was opened to the public two years later.
Leatherhead Museum
Leatherhead Museum was opened in 1980 by the Leatherhead & District Local History Society. It houses a wide range of historical artefacts and permanent displays explain the history of the town from its origins to the present day. Hampton Cottage, the building in Church Street in which the museum is based, dates from before 1682.
River Mole local nature reserve
The River Mole local nature reserve is a 23.3-hectare (58-acre) protected corridor that stretches along the banks for the river from Young Street (in the south) to Waterway Road (in the north). It was designated in 2005 for its diversity of plant and animal species.
Notable buildings and landmarks
All Saints' community café and hub
All Saints' Church on Kingston Road was consecrated in February 1889 as a daughter church to St Mary's. It was designed by the architect, Arthur Blomfield, and was built to serve a new area of housing under construction to the north of the town centre. On opening, the church could accommodate 300 people, but was later extended with the addition of a lady chapel. By 1980, the congregation had dwindled and the building was in need of repair. A decision was taken to convert the nave of the church to a community space, while retaining the chancel as a place of worship. The dual-purpose facility was rededicated by the Bishop of Dorking in March 1982. In 2005, the nave of the church was converted to a Youth Project Café, known as "B Free", to be a space for young people to meet and socialise. In 2014, the Leatherhead Youth Project, launched a new social enterprise at the church called "AllSaints". The project supports disadvantaged young people, especially those not in education, employment or training, and provides opportunities for participants to gain employment and life skills.
Cherkley Court
Cherkley Court was constructed in around 1870 for Abraham Dixon, a wealthy industrialist from the Midlands. It was substantially rebuilt after a fire in 1893 and was sold in 1910 to Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook, the Canadian-born owner of the Daily Express. Following the death of Beaverbrook's son in 1985, the estate was owned by the Beaverbrook Foundation until 2011, when it was bought by a consortium of private investors. Despite considerable local opposition, the house was converted to a luxury hotel, spa and golf course, which opened in 2017.
Cradlers
The building at 33 and 35 High Street, commonly known as "Cradlers", is a late-medieval open hall house, formerly owned by the Manor of Thorncroft. It most likely originated as a farmhouse and was built on the edge of one of the common fields. Although the earliest surviving records of the building date from 1527, the construction methods used suggest that it was built in the 13th or 14th century (most likely between 1320 and 1360). The western part of the building (now number 33) was constructed as a single-storey hall, but the height of the walls was later raised and an upper floor inserted. The larger eastern part (number 35) was built as two storeys from the outset. In the late medieval period, the rooms closest to the street were probably used as living quarters, but the northernmost third of the wing may have contained a workshop and hayloft.Although much of its original timber frame survives, Cradlers has been altered at several points in its history. In the 17th century, a chimney stack and internal staircase were added and the roof was rebuilt around the same time, probably reusing used timbers from other buildings. In the early modern period, Cradlers may have served as a tavern or hostelry and at different times in the 19th and 20th centuries, it housed a butchers, a fruiterers and a ladies' outfitters. As part of a renovation project carried out in the mid-1980s, the modern shopfronts were removed and the street-facing frontage was restored to its original position.
Leatherhead Institute
The Leatherhead Institute was built in 1892. It was given to the town by Abraham Dixon, who wanted the building to be used to provide educational, social and recreational opportunities to local residents. During the Second World War, it housed the local Food and Fuel Offices. A major restoration project was completed in 1987.
Running Horse pub
The Running Horse pub, at the east end of Leatherhead Bridge, is one of the oldest buildings in the town. It is a late-medieval open hall house and was part of the Manor of Thorncroft. Much of the timber frame is original and probably dates from the late 15th century, although the roof was later rebuilt. Later alterations include the insertion of the first floor in the 17th century and installation of interior panelling in the 18th century.
Sweech House
The timber-framed Sweech House, on Gravel Hill, is one of the oldest buildings in Leatherhead. Its name is thought to derive from "switch", indicating that it stood close to a road junction. The land on which it stands may have belonged to the manor of Minchin during the late-medieval period. The southernmost part of the building is the oldest and dates from the 15th century. It was probably constructed as a farmhouse and originally it had an open hall structure. In the late 16th century, it was extended to the north in two separate phases. At different points in its history, the building has been divided into up to four cottages, most likely to provide accommodation for farm labourers. Sweech House was donated to the Leatherhead Countryside Protection Society in the 1940s.
The Mansion
The Mansion, in Church Street, houses the public library, register office and council offices. A map of the town from 1600 shows a house on the site, which may formerly have been the manor house for the manor of Minchin. During the late Elizabethan period, it was the home of Edmund Tylney, Master of the Revels, in effect the official censor of the time. and Elizabeth I is thought to have dined with him in Leatherhead in August 1591.The external appearance of The Mansion largely dates from 1739, when the house was rebuilt in red brick, although a partial remodelling took place c. 1810. From 1846 until some point in the 1870s, the building was used as a boarding and day school for around 50 boys, who were taught using the Jacotot education system. In 1949, The Mansion was subject to a compulsory purchase order and was acquired by Surrey County Council and Leatherhead UDC for use as a health clinic and the public library. During a refurbishment in 2000, the library was moved from the ground floor to the south range and the space released was repurposed for the Registry Office.
Thorncroft Manor house
The current Thorncroft Manor house was designed c. 1763 by the architect, Robert Taylor, for the politician and businessman, Henry Crabb-Boulton. It is built in a Neo-Palladian style, influenced by the early Rennaissence, with light Rococo ornamentation. The building was enlarged with the addition of a rear wing in 1789, possibly designed by George Gwilt. The engineering firm, Howard Humphreys & Sons, purchased the house in 1971 and subsequently constructed additional office space, glazed with reflective glass.
War Memorial
The War Memorial in North Street was designed by Stock, Page and Stock, a London firm of architects and was dedicated in April 1921. It consists of a long, single-storey building with 11 open arches, constructed of brick and flint. The arches face a terraced garden, in which there is a free-standing cross made of Portland stone. The land on which the memorial stands was given to the town by Charles Leach, who funded much of the building work and whose son had been a second lieutenant in the Scots Guards. In total, 186 names are inscribed on stone tablets inside the cloister-like structure, of whom 117 died in the First World War. The memorial is protected by a Grade II listing.
Wesley House
The art-deco Wesley House, on Bull Hill, was built in 1935 as the offices of the Leatherhead Urban District Council (UDC). It was designed by the architects C.H. Rose and H.R. Gardner and was constructed of red brick. The original council chamber is preserved at the rear of the property. Wesley House was vacated by the UDC in 1983, when it became part of Mole Valley District Council.
Parks and open spaces
King George V memorial gardens
The memorial gardens on Bull Hill, to the north of the town centre, were opened in 1936, following the death of George V. The 0.39 ha (0.96-acre) site is managed by Mole Valley District Council and has been protected by the Fields in Trust charity since 1938.
Leach Grove Wood
Leach Grove Wood is a 2.9 ha (7.2-acre) area of woodland, adjacent to Leatherhead Hospital, owned by the NHS. It is named after Charles Leach, who donated the land on which the hospital is built, to the town. In 2013, a group of local residents applied to register the wood as a village green, to guarantee public access to the site in perpetuity. The registration was upheld by the High Court in 2018. The NHS subsequently successfully appealed against the registration at the Supreme Court and the village green status was removed.
Mansion Gardens
The Mansion Gardens is a small formal garden between The Mansion and the River Mole.
Park Gardens
The Park Gardens form the frontage to St Mary's Parish Church at the north end of Gimcrack Hill. The 0.52 ha (1.3-acre) site has been protected by the Fields in Trust charity since 2018. In the gardens, there is a memorial stone to Harold Auten, who was awarded the Victoria Cross in September 1918.
Recreation grounds
There are two recreation grounds in Leatherhead. The Fortyfoot ground contains a children's playground and a football pitch, as well as the bowling green for Leatherhead Bowling Club. The playground was upgraded in 2017 and includes a sensory garden, a trampoline and a zip line.
The Kingston Road ground has a children's playground, football pitch, pavilion and a sensory garden. A new skatepark was installed at the ground in 2017–18, part-funded by a £20,000 donation by the London Marathon Charitable Trust. The skatepark adjacent to Leatherhead Leisure Centre was refurbished in 2020.
Notable people
Harold Auten (1891–1964), recipient of the Victoria Cross during the First World War, was born in Leatherhead.
John Drinkwater Bethune (1762–1844), army officer, lived at Thorncroft Manor just outside the town from about 1838 until his death and is buried in the churchyard of the parish church.
Sir Thomas Bloodworth (1620–1682), Lord Mayor of London during the Great Fire of 1666, lived at Thorncroft Manor.
Ted Bowley (1890–1974), English Test cricketer.
Michael Caine (born 1933), lives in Leatherhead and is patron to the Leatherhead Drama Festival.
Donald Campbell (1921–1967), Bluebird pilot and fastest man on land and water, lived in Leatherhead.
John Campbell-Jones (1930–2020), former Formula One racing driver.
Leonard Dawe (1889–1963), footballer, teacher and crossword compiler for the Daily Telegraph; while living in Leatherhead in 1944 he was wrongly suspected of espionage by inserting codewords for Operation Overlord into his puzzles.
Admiral Sir John Thomas Duckworth (1747—1817), accomplished Royal Naval officer who served under Nelson.
Andy Ellison (b. 1946) and Chris Townson (1947–2008), founding members of the band John's Children, and former pupils at Box Hill School.
Badri Patarkatsishvili (1955–2008), businessman, collapsed and died in his mansion in Leatherhead.
Richard Patterson (b. 1963) and his brother Simon Patterson (b. 1967), both artists, were born in the town.
Jean Ross (1911–1973), an English writer was educated in Leatherhead and briefly confined in a nearby sanatorium as a young woman.
Madron Seligman (1918–2002), Member of the European Parliament and friend of Edward Heath.
Marie Stopes (1880–1958), family planning pioneer, lived in the town.
Richard Wakeford (1921—1972), recipient of the Victoria Cross in the Second World War, died at Leatherhead.
Sir Mortimer Wheeler (1890–1976), archaeologist and broadcaster, lived at "The Bothy", Downs Lane from September 1973 until his death.
Edward Wilkins Waite (1854–1924), local landscape painter, was born in the town, was educated at the school at The Mansion and later lived at Long Cottage, Church Street
Notes
References
Bibliography
See also
List of leisure and entertainment in Leatherhead
External links
Mole Valley District Council
Leatherhead Residents Association
Leatherhead & District Local History Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherhead | area |
d572f17e-6bcb-4b44-a6f3-452ff1292ab5 | Baneins | Baneins (French pronunciation: [banɛ̃]; Arpitan: Banens) is a commune in the Ain department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of eastern France.
Geography
Baneins occupies an area of 872 hectares 2 km west of Chatillon-sur-Chalaronne and 4 km north of Saint-Trivier-sur-Moignans with an altitude varying between 215 and 271 metres. It can be accessed by the D17 road coming from Chatillon-sur-Chalarone in the east and continuing south-west to Chaneins. The D66 road comes from Dompierre-sur-Chalaronne in the north, through the village and continuing south to Saint-Trivier-sur-Moignans. The D100 road runs off the D17 in the commune and goes to Peyzieux-sur-Saône to the west. There are two hamlets in the commune: Les Bilons and Les Bages; with almost all the rest of the commune farmland with a small area of forest in the south.
The commune is traversed from south to north by the Moignans river with the Bief Savuel and the Masanand streams joining it in the commune. The Moignans joins the Chalaronne river just north of the commune.
Climate
Baneins has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa). The average annual temperature in Baneins is 12.7 °C (54.9 °F). The average annual rainfall is 880.2 mm (34.65 in) with October as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 22.0 °C (71.6 °F), and lowest in January, at around 3.9 °C (39.0 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded in Baneins was 42.0 °C (107.6 °F) on 31 July 2020; the coldest temperature ever recorded was −15.0 °C (5.0 °F) on 30 December 2005.
History
In the Middle Ages the parish was known as Athaneins but over the course of time the name Baneins, which was the name of the castle, replaced it. The etymology remains uncertain: the name Baneins is based on the German man's name Bano or Banno and the suffix -eins is very common in the Dombes area and comes from the suffix -ing which is commonly added to many Germanic names.
Baneins was a lordship before becoming Viscounty then a County under Louis XIII. The County became, with Béreins and Dompierre-sur-Chalaronne, the twelfth lordship under the sovereignty of Dombes.
Of the old castle built in the 13th century by Raoul de Baneins, a knight, who gave his name to the village, there remains no trace.
The abandonment of the name of Athaneins for Baneins was probably related to the identification of the locality to the hierarchy of the lords of Baneins.
Administration
List of Mayors of Baneins
Population
Economy
Agricultural activity is predominant in the commune. Livestock farming is still important despite a shift to grain production. The village also has a few small-scale traders (restaurant, body builder, plumber).
Culture and heritage
Sites and monuments
The Deromptey is a small hill west of the village which, on a clear day, offers extensive views - including of Mont Blanc.
The Church of St. Martin, in Romanesque style, has an apse and a portal from the 12th century. The bell tower was located above the bay of the choir but was destroyed in the French Revolution and rebuilt over the entrance. The tympanum was carved in the 19th century in honour of the patron saint of the area and is Saint Martin on horseback, dividing his cloak with a beggar kneeling and relying on a crutch.
A local lavoir (public laundry) was built in 1912.
Church of Saint Martin Gallery
Personalities
Donat Bollet (1851-1923), physician and politician, MP and senator for Ain, also Mayor of Trévoux, was born in the commune.
See also
Communes of the Ain department
Bibliography
Tourist and Archaeological riches of the Canton of Saint-Trivier-sur-Moignans, collective work, published in 2000. (in French)
External links
La Dombes and Baneins (in French)
Baneins on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website (in French)
Banneins on the 1750 Cassini Map
== References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baneins | area |
4e747c29-feb6-4db7-a201-17c195f16ad8 | Sharur | Sharur (Azerbaijani: Şərur (listen)) is a city in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan. It is the administrative centre of the Sharur District. The city is located 66 km northwest of Nakhchivan city, on the Sharur plain.
History
In a manuscript of the 16th century Oghuz heroic epic Book of Dede Korkut stored in Dresden, the place Sheryuguz is mentioned, which, according to a Russian orientalist and historian Vasily Bartold, is a distorted form of Sharur. In the Russian Empire, the town was the administrative centre of the Sharur-Daralayaz uezd of the Erivan Governorate and was known as Bash-Norashen.In 1948, the city received the status of an urban-type settlement, and on 26 May 1964, it was renamed from Norashen to Ilyichevsk, after Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. In 1981, Ilyichevsk received the status of a city, and in 1991 the city was renamed Sharur according to the historical name of the area.
Demographics
Until 1905, Sharur, then known as Bashnorashen (Russian: Башнорашен), was composed of 100 Armenian and 25 Tatar households, a Russian primary school, telegraph-office, and a police station. The population was engaged in gardening, cultivated cotton and rice. The Armenian element of the population was "eliminated" during the Armenian–Tatar massacres of 1905–1907. In 1897, Bashnorashen, which had the status of a selo ("rural locality"), had a population of 867 consisting of 597 Tatars and 132 Armenians. In the early 20th century, the settlement had a predominantly Tatar population of 749.According to official information from The State Statistics Committee of Azerbaijan, on January 1, 2020, the city had a population of about 7,400.
Culture
Sharur has two parks, a stadium, a museum, a mosque, a monument-memorial to those killed in the First Nagorno-Karabakh war and a cinema.
Notable natives
Arthur Voloshin — Hero of Russia.
Adil Aliyev - is the president of Azerbaijan Kickboxing Federation and a Member of the National Assembly of Azerbaijan.
Twin Towns
Iğdır, Turkey
References
External links
Sharur at GEOnet Names Server
"Şərur rayonu - Azərbaycan". www.azerbaijans.com. Retrieved 2 May 2022. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharur | area |
e40fd06b-58ce-4dcd-8d70-4c8737ff4168 | Méréville | Méréville is the name of the following communes in France:
Méréville, Meurthe-et-Moselle, in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department
Méréville, Essonne, in the Essonne department | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9r%C3%A9ville | area |
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📚🎵 Introducing music-wiki
📊🎶 Our data collection process unfolds as follows:
- Starting with a seed page from Wikipedia's music section, we navigate through a referenced page graph, employing recursive crawling up to a depth of 20 levels.
- Simultaneously, tapping into the rich MusicBrainz dump, we encounter a staggering 11 million unique music entities spanning 10 distinct categories. These entities serve as the foundation for utilizing the Wikipedia API to meticulously crawl corresponding pages.
The culmination of these efforts results in the assembly of data: 167k pages from the first method and an additional 193k pages through the second method. While totaling at 361k pages, this compilation provides a substantial groundwork for establishing a Music-Text-Database. 🎵📚🔍
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