Datasets:
sohomghosh
/
FinRAD_Financial_Readability_Assessment_Dataset

Dataset card Data Studio Files Community
1
terms
stringlengths
1
156
definitions
stringlengths
3
4.2k
source
stringclasses
15 values
assigned_readability
int64
0
1
flesch_reading_ease
float64
-301.79
121
flesch_kincaid_grade
float64
-3.5
55.6
smog_index
float64
0
26.5
coleman_liau_index
float64
-33.81
51.4
automated_readability_index
float64
-6.9
65
dale_chall_readability_score
float64
0.1
35.3
linsear_write_formula
float64
-0.5
73
gunning_fog
float64
0.4
56
Bank Confirmation Letter (BCL)
A bank confirmation letter (BCL) is a letter from a bank or financial institution confirming the existence of a loan or a line of credit that has been extended to a borrower. The letter officially vouches for the fact that the borrower—typically an individual, company, or organization—is eligible to borrow a specified amount of funds for a specified purpose.
investopedia
1
24.61
17.2
0
12.49
17.5
9.92
22.25
20.61
Bank Credit
The term bank credit refers to the amount of credit available to a business or individual from a banking institution in the form of loans. Bank credit, therefore, is the total amount of money a person or business can borrow from a bank or other financial institution. A borrower's bank credit depends on their ability to repay any loans and the total amount of credit available to lend by the banking institution. Types of bank credit include car loans, personal loans, and mortgages.
investopedia
1
58.82
10.2
11.2
10.15
11.7
7.9
12.375
11.21
Bank Deposits
Bank deposits consist of money placed into banking institutions for safekeeping. These deposits are made to deposit accounts such as savings accounts, checking accounts, and money market accounts. The account holder has the right to withdraw deposited funds, as set forth in the terms and conditions governing the account agreement.
investopedia
1
54.52
9.8
10.5
14.56
13.6
9.2
9
10.68
Bank Identification Number
The term bank identification number (BIN) refers to the initial set of four to six numbers that appear on a payment card. This set of numbers identifies the institution that issues the card and is key in the process of matching transactions to the issuer of the charge card. The numbering system applies to credit cards, charge cards, prepaid cards, gift cards, debit cards, prepaid cards, and electronic benefit cards.
investopedia
1
56.29
11.2
11.9
11.09
13.8
9.3
14
13.32
What Is a Bank Rating?
The term bank rating refers to a letter grade or numerical ranking assigned to certain financial institutions by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and credit rating agencies. Bank ratings are given to banks and other thrift institutions. Grades are assigned in order to provide the public with information about an organization's safety and soundness. They also help bank leaders identify problems within their institution, if any, that need to be addressed. Many agencies and companies use a proprietary formula to determine ratings while others use the CAMELS system to assess these financial institutions.
investopedia
1
35.47
13
13.7
14.79
14.5
10.45
12.8
13.48
Bank Reserve
Bank reserves are the cash minimums that financial institutions must have on hand in order to meet central bank requirements. This is real paper money that must be kept by the bank in a vault on-site or held in its account at the central bank. Cash reserves requirements are intended to ensure that every bank can meet any large and unexpected demand for withdrawals.
investopedia
1
58.32
10.4
11.9
9.92
11.6
7.9
13
12.27
Bank Statement
A bank statement is a document (also known as an account statement) that is typically sent by the bank to the account holder every month, summarizing all the transactions of an account during the month. Bank statements contain bank account information, such as account numbers and a detailed list of deposits and withdrawals.
investopedia
1
44.58
13.6
0
12.25
16.1
8.53
15.75
14.37
Bank Stress Test
A bank stress test is an analysis conducted under hypothetical scenarios designed to determine whether a bank has enough capital to withstand a negative economic shock. These scenarios include unfavorable situations, such as a deep recession or a financial market crash. In the United States, banks with $50 billion or more in assets are required to undergo internal stress tests conducted by their own risk management teams and the Federal Reserve.
investopedia
1
38.96
13.7
17.1
13.47
15.6
11.26
17.833333
17.93
Bank Draft
The term bank draft refers to a negotiable instrument that can be used as payment just like a check. Unlike a check, though, a bank draft is guaranteed by the issuing bank. The total amount of the draft is drawn from the requesting payer's account—their bank account balance decreases by the money withdrawn from the account—and is usually held in a general ledger account until the draft is cashed by the payee. Bank drafts provide the payee with a secure form of payment.
investopedia
1
67.28
9
12.2
9.69
11.2
8.66
12.875
11.69
Bank-Owned Life Insurance (BOLI)
Bank-owned life insurance (BOLI) is a form of life insurance purchased by banks where the bank is the beneficiary and also usually the owner of the policy.
investopedia
1
44.07
13.8
0
9.87
14.6
9.65
18.5
16.73
Banker's Acceptance
Banker's acceptance (BA) is a negotiable piece of paper that functions like a post-dated check. A bank, rather than an account holder, guarantees the payment. Banker's acceptances (also known as bills of exchange) are used by companies as a relatively safe form of payment for large transactions. BAs can also be short-term debt instruments, similar to U.S. Treasury bills, that trade at a discount to face value in the money markets.
investopedia
1
65.52
7.6
11.2
10.37
9.8
9.01
8.1
10.75
Bank Guarantee
A bank guarantee is a type of financial backstop offered by a lending institution. The bank guarantee means that the lender will ensure that the liabilities of a debtor will be met. In other words, if the debtor fails to settle a debt, the bank will cover it. A bank guarantee enables the customer, or debtor, to acquire goods, buy equipment or draw down a loan.
investopedia
1
71.65
7.4
10.1
7.71
8
8.52
8.75
9.02
Bank Reconciliation
A bank reconciliation statement is a summary of banking and business activity that reconciles an entity’s bank account with its financial records. The statement outlines the deposits, withdrawals, and other activities affecting a bank account for a specific period. A bank reconciliation statement is a useful financial internal control tool used to thwart fraud.
investopedia
1
27.83
13.9
15
15.19
14.6
10.38
13.333333
15.35
Bank Run
A bank run occurs when a large number of customers of a bank or other financial institution withdraw their deposits simultaneously over concerns of the bank's solvency.
investopedia
1
35.61
15
0
13.12
16.8
10.82
17.5
16.73
Bankruptcy
Bankruptcy is a legal proceeding involving a person or business that is unable to repay their outstanding debts. The bankruptcy process begins with a petition filed by the debtor, which is most common, or on behalf of creditors, which is less common. All of the debtor's assets are measured and evaluated, and the assets may be used to repay a portion of outstanding debt.
investopedia
1
47.46
14.6
0
10.69
17.4
10.4
13.666667
17.18
Banner Advertising
Banner advertising refers to the use of a rectangular graphic display that stretches across the top, bottom, or sides of a website or online media property. The horizontal type of banner advertisement is called a leaderboard, while the vertical banners are called a skyscraper and are positioned on a web page's sidebars. Banner ads are image-based rather than text-based and are a popular form of online advertising.
investopedia
1
48.84
12
13.6
12.71
14.5
11.34
14.5
13.7
Baptism by Fire
Baptism by fire is a phrase commonly used to describe a person or employee who is learning something the hard way through a challenge or difficulty.
investopedia
1
53.55
12.3
0
10.22
13.8
9.18
16
15.02
Barbell
The barbell is an investment strategy applicable primarily to a fixed income portfolio. Following a barbell method, half the portfolio contains long-term bonds and the other half holds short-term bonds. The “barbell” gets its name because the investment strategy looks like a barbell with bonds heavily weighted at both ends of the maturity timeline. The graph will show a large number of short-term holdings and long-term maturities, but little or nothing in intermediate holdings.
investopedia
1
44.24
11.7
13.8
13.98
13.9
9.25
12.75
12.26
Bar Chart
Bar charts consist of multiple price bars, with each bar illustrating how the price of an asset or security moved over a specified time period. Each bar typically shows open, high, low, and closing (OHLC) prices, although this may be adjusted to show only the high, low, and close (HLC).
investopedia
1
63.02
10.7
0
9.12
13.5
10.56
16
15.6
Bare Trust
A bare trust is a basic trust in which the beneficiary has the absolute right to the capital and assets within the trust, as well as the income generated from these assets.
investopedia
1
47.46
14.6
0
8.48
15.3
8.18
20
16.55
Barrel Of Oil Equivalent (BOE)
A barrel of oil equivalent (BOE) is a term used to summarize the amount of energy that is equivalent to the amount of energy found in a barrel of crude oil. By encompassing different types of energy resources into one figure, analysts, investors, and management can assess the total amount of energy the firm can access. This is also known as crude oil equivalent (COE).
investopedia
1
57.91
10.6
14.6
9.11
11.6
8.6
14.833333
12.37
Barrels Of Oil Equivalent Per Day (BOE/D)
Barrels of oil equivalent per day (BOE/D) is a term that is used often in conjunction with the production or distribution of crude oil and natural gas. Many oil companies produce both of these commodities, but the unit of measure for each is different. Oil is measured in barrels and natural gas is measured in cubic feet. To help facilitate like-for-like comparisons, the industry standardized natural gas production into "equivalent barrels" of oil. One barrel of oil is generally deemed to have the same amount of energy content as 6,000 cubic feet of natural gas. So this quantity of natural gas is "equivalent" to one barrel of oil.
investopedia
1
53.21
10.3
14.3
9.92
10.7
8.48
12
12.39
Base Effect
The base effect is the effect that choosing a different reference point for a comparison between two data points can have on the result of the comparison. This often involves the use of some kind of ratio or index value between two points in a time-series data set, but can also apply to cross-sectional or other types of data.
investopedia
1
49.99
13.6
0
9.24
14.8
8.85
17.25
13.83
Base Pay
Base pay is the initial salary paid to an employee, not including any benefits, bonuses, or raises. It is the rate of compensation an employee receives in exchange for services. An employee's base pay can be expressed as an hourly rate, or as a weekly, monthly, or annual salary.
investopedia
1
63.39
8.5
11.9
8.58
8.9
9.6
10.5
11.42
Base Year
A base year is the first of a series of years in an economic or financial index. It is typically set to an arbitrary level of 100. New, up-to-date base years are periodically introduced to keep data current in a particular index. Any year can serve as a base year, but analysts typically choose recent years.
investopedia
1
57.27
8.8
12.2
7.53
6.9
8.56
8.5
11.31
Basel I
Basel I is a set of international banking regulations put forth by the Basel Committee on Bank Supervision (BCBS) that sets out the minimum capital requirements of financial institutions with the goal of minimizing credit risk. Banks that operate internationally are required to maintain a minimum amount (8%) of capital based on a percent of risk-weighted assets. Basel I is the first of three sets of regulations known individually as Basel I, II, and III, and together as the Basel Accords.
investopedia
1
35.61
15
16.7
11.73
16.1
10.63
19.166667
16.73
Basel II
Basel II is a set of international banking regulations put forth by the Basel Committee on Bank Supervision, which leveled the international regulation field with uniform rules and guidelines. Basel II expanded rules for minimum capital requirements established under Basel I, the first international regulatory accord, and provided the framework for regulatory review, as well as set disclosure requirements for assessment of capital adequacy of banks. The main difference between Basel II and Basel I is that Basel II incorporates credit risk of assets held by financial institutions to determine regulatory capital ratios.
investopedia
1
14.63
18.9
20.3
16.14
21.1
10.61
24.5
20.14
Basel III
Basel III is a 2009 international regulatory accord that introduced a set of reforms designed to mitigate risk within the international banking sector, by requiring banks to maintain proper leverage ratios and keep certain levels of reserve capital on hand.
investopedia
1
13.96
21.3
0
14.63
24.2
13.91
27
21
Baseline
A baseline is a fixed point of reference that is used for comparison purposes. In business, the success of a project or product is often measured against a baseline number for costs, sales, or any number of other variables. A project may exceed a baseline number or fail to meet it.
investopedia
1
71.14
7.6
8.8
8.12
8.5
8.5
8.5
9.15
Basic Earnings Per Share (EPS)
Basic earnings per share (EPS) tells investors how much of a firm's net income was allotted to each share of common stock. It is reported in a company's income statement and is especially informative for businesses with only common stock in their capital structures.
investopedia
1
49.15
11.9
0
11.31
13.4
10.47
14.5
14.25
Basic Materials
The basic materials sector is an industry category made up of businesses engaged in the discovery, development, and processing of raw materials. The sector includes companies engaged in mining and metal refining, chemical products, and forestry products.
investopedia
1
18.86
15.2
0
16.13
15.7
11.81
14.75
18.21
Basis Point (BPS)
Basis points (BPS) refers to a common unit of measure for interest rates and other percentages in finance. One basis point is equal to 1/100th of 1%, or 0.01%, or 0.0001, and is used to denote the percentage change in a financial instrument. The relationship between percentage changes and basis points can be summarized as follows: 1% change = 100 basis points and 0.01% = 1 basis point. Basis points are typically expressed in the abbreviations "bp," "bps," or "bips."
investopedia
1
60.14
9.7
12.2
9.69
11.9
10.68
12.5
12.42
Basket of Goods
A basket of goods refers to a fixed set of consumer products and services whose price is evaluated on a regular basis, often monthly or annually. This basket is used to track inflation in a specific market or country, so that if the price of the basket of goods increases by 2% in a year, inflation can thus be said to be 2%. The goods in the basket are meant to be representative of the broader economy and are adjusted periodically to account for changes in consumer habits.
investopedia
1
50.2
13.5
14.1
8.43
14.1
9.04
18.333333
16.27
Basket Trade
A basket trade is an order to buy or sell a group of securities simultaneously. Basket trading is essential for institutional investors and investment funds that wish to hold a large number of securities in certain proportions. As cash moves in and out of the fund, large baskets of securities must be bought or sold simultaneously, so that price movements for each security do not alter the portfolio allocation.
investopedia
1
28
17.9
0
11.96
19.4
9.24
15.5
19.02
BAT Stocks
BAT is an acronym referring to Baidu Inc. (BIDU), Alibaba Group Holding Ltd. (BABA) and Tencent Holdings Ltd. (0700.Hong Kong, TCEHY), three large Chinese internet stocks often likened to Alphabet Inc. (GOOG) subsidiary Google, Amazon.com Inc. (AMZN) and Facebook Inc. (FB). The BATs are often compared to the FANGs—or variations—which comprise Facebook, Amazon, Netflix Inc. (NFLX) and Alphabet.
investopedia
1
50.5
13.4
0
14.28
20.8
14.6
18
15.05
Batch Processing
Batch processing is the processing of transactions in a group or batch. No user interaction is required once batch processing is underway. This differentiates batch processing from transaction processing, which involves processing transactions one at a time and requires user interaction.
investopedia
1
32.19
12.2
15
16.81
14
8.17
11.166667
11.33
Baye's Theorem
Bayes' theorem, named after 18th-century British mathematician Thomas Bayes, is a mathematical formula for determining conditional probability. Conditional probability is the likelihood of an outcome occurring, based on a previous outcome occurring. Bayes' theorem provides a way to revise existing predictions or theories (update probabilities) given new or additional evidence. In finance, Bayes' theorem can be used to rate the risk of lending money to potential borrowers.
investopedia
1
6.54
17.9
19.3
17.47
18.7
12.52
14.375
20.26
BCG Growth-Share Matrix
The Boston Consulting Group (BCG) growth-share matrix is a planning tool that uses graphical representations of a company’s products and services in an effort to help the company decide what it should keep, sell, or invest more in.
investopedia
1
32.91
18.1
0
12.02
21.6
11.34
24
19.41
Benefit-Cost Ratio
A benefit-cost ratio (BCR) is a ratio used in a cost-benefit analysis to summarize the overall relationship between the relative costs and benefits of a proposed project. BCR can be expressed in monetary or qualitative terms. If a project has a BCR greater than 1.0, the project is expected to deliver a positive net present value to a firm and its investors.
investopedia
1
50.46
11.4
14.6
9.75
11.6
10.78
14.333333
15.38
Beacon (Pinnacle) Score
The Beacon Score, which has since transitioned to the Pinnacle Score, is a credit score generated by the Equifax Credit Bureau to provide lenders with insight on an individual's creditworthiness. Beacon Scores are credit scores, which are determined through a complex algorithm. These numbers give the lender insight on a borrower’s credit history and potential ability to be able to repay the debt for which they are applying.
investopedia
1
48.43
12.1
14.6
13.12
14.8
10.1
15.333333
15.55
Bear Call Spread
A bear call spread, or a bear call credit spread, is a type of options strategy used when an options trader expects a decline in the price of the underlying asset. A bear call spread is achieved by purchasing call options at a specific strike price while also selling the same number of calls with the same expiration date, but at a lower strike price. The maximum profit to be gained using this strategy is equal to the credit received when initiating the trade.
investopedia
1
59.98
11.8
12.5
8.83
13.9
9.35
16.666667
14.53
Bear Hug
In business, a bear hug is an offer made by one company to buy the shares of another for a much higher per-share price than what that company is worth in the market. It's an acquisition strategy that companies sometimes use when there's doubt that the target company's management or shareholders are willing to sell.
investopedia
1
52.02
12.8
0
9.93
14.7
8.45
18.25
15.36
Bear Market
A bear market is when a market experiences prolonged price declines. It typically describes a condition in which securities prices fall 20% or more from recent highs amid widespread pessimism and negative investor sentiment.
investopedia
1
45.76
11.1
0
14.5
13.5
12.37
11.5
13.86
Bear Put Spread
A bear put spread is a type of options strategy where an investor or trader expects a moderate-to-large decline in the price of a security or asset and wants to reduce the cost of holding the option trade. A bear put spread is achieved by purchasing put options while also selling the same number of puts on the same asset with the same expiration date at a lower strike price. The maximum profit using this strategy is equal to the difference between the two strike prices, minus the net cost of the options.
investopedia
1
56.93
13
12.5
8.95
15.2
9.59
18.166667
14.98
Bearer Share
A bearer share is equity security wholly owned by the person or entity that holds the physical stock certificate, thus the name "bearer" share. The issuing firm neither registers the owner of the stock nor tracks transfers of ownership; the company disperses dividends to bearer shares when a physical coupon is presented to the firm. Because the share is not registered to any authority, transferring the ownership of the stock involves only delivering the physical document.
investopedia
1
24.45
19.3
0
13.36
22.5
11.13
19.333333
23.62
Bear Stearns
Bear Stearns was a global investment bank located in New York City that collapsed during the 2008 financial crisis. The bank was heavily exposed to mortgage-backed securities that turned into toxic assets when the underlying loans began to default. Bear Stears was ultimately sold to JPMorgan Chase at a fraction of its pre-crisis value.
investopedia
1
53.21
10.3
13.6
12.41
12.3
11.84
12.333333
13.13
Bear Trap
Investing is a tricky endeavor, and there are many tricks and traps that the uninitiated can fall into. The bear trap is one of them. A bear trap is a technical pattern that occurs when the performance of a stock, index, or other financial instrument incorrectly signals a reversal of a rising price trend.
investopedia
1
61.67
9.1
13
9.16
9.8
9.5
12
13.87
Bearer Bond
A bearer bond is a fixed-income security that is owned by the holder, or bearer, rather than by a registered owner. The coupons for interest payments are physically attached to the security. The bondholder is required to submit the coupons to a bank for payment and then redeem the physical certificate when the bond reaches the maturity date.
investopedia
1
51.89
10.8
13.6
10.73
11.5
9.77
13
13.24
Bearish Engulfing Pattern
A bearish engulfing pattern is a technical chart pattern that signals lower prices to come. The pattern consists of an up (white or green) candlestick followed by a large down (black or red) candlestick that eclipses or "engulfs" the smaller up candle. The pattern can be important because it shows sellers have overtaken the buyers and are pushing the price more aggressively down (down candle) than the buyers were able to push it up (up candle).
investopedia
1
54.26
12
11.9
10.62
14.5
8.63
15
12.23
Behavioral Economics
Behavioral Economics is the study of psychology as it relates to the economic decision-making processes of individuals and institutions. The two most important questions in this field are:
investopedia
1
31.89
12.3
0
14.84
12.7
9.97
11.5
17.03
Behavioral Finance
Behavioral finance, a subfield of behavioral economics, proposes that psychological influences and biases affect the financial behaviors of investors and financial practitioners. Moreover, influences and biases can be the source for explanation of all types of market anomalies and specifically market anomalies in the stock market, such as severe rises or falls in stock price.
investopedia
1
18.18
17.6
0
16.54
20.1
11.32
21.25
19
Bell Curve
A bell curve is a common type of distribution for a variable, also known as the normal distribution. The term "bell curve" originates from the fact that the graph used to depict a normal distribution consists of a symmetrical bell-shaped curve.
investopedia
1
59.13
10.1
0
10.73
12.3
8.89
12.75
11.13
Below-the-Line Advertising
Below-the-line advertising is an advertising strategy where products are promoted in media other than mainstream radio, television, billboards, print, and film formats. The main types of below-the-line advertising systems include direct mail campaigns, social media marketing, trade shows, catalogs, and targeted search engine marketing. Below-the-line advertising methods tend to be less expensive and more focused versus above-the-line strategies.
investopedia
1
26.51
14.4
15.9
20.25
20.2
11.4
14.666667
13.24
Ben Bernanke Biography
Ben Bernanke was the chair of the board of governors of the U.S. Federal Reserve from 2006 to 2014. Bernanke took over the helm from Alan Greenspan on February 1, 2006, ending Greenspan's 18-year leadership at the Fed. A former Fed governor, Bernanke was chair of the U.S. President's Council of Economic Advisors prior to being nominated as Greenspan's successor in late 2005.
investopedia
1
75.61
5.8
11.2
9.56
8.4
10.78
7.3
10.75
Benchmark
A benchmark is a standard against which the performance of a security, mutual fund, or investment manager can be measured. Generally, broad market and market-segment stock and bond indexes are used for this purpose. It's an element of a Sigma Six black belt.
investopedia
1
56.96
8.9
13
10.72
9.9
9.85
10.166667
12.23
Beneficial Owner
A beneficial owner is a person who enjoys the benefits of ownership even though the title to some form of property is in another name.
investopedia
1
46.1
13
0
8.3
11.8
8.03
17.5
16.4
Beneficiary
A beneficiary is any person who gains an advantage and/or profits from something. In the financial world, a beneficiary typically refers to someone eligible to receive distributions from a trust, will, or life insurance policy. Beneficiaries are either named specifically in these documents or have met the stipulations that make them eligible for whatever distribution is specified.
investopedia
1
26.81
14.2
16.7
15.26
15.1
9.84
15.166667
18.13
Benjamin Graham
Benjamin Graham was an influential investor whose research in securities laid the groundwork for in-depth fundamental valuation used in stock analysis today by all market participants. His famous book, The Intelligent Investor, has gained recognition as the foundational work in value investing.
investopedia
1
24.78
15
0
17.23
17.7
11.45
15.5
17.92
Berhad (BHD)
BHD is a suffix for Berhad, which is used in Malaysia to identify a public limited company. Berhad, BHD, or Bhd after a company’s name indicates that it is a Malaysian public limited company (PLC) while the extended suffix Sendirian Berhad (SDN BHD) denotes that it is a private limited company.
investopedia
1
54.05
12.1
0
10.33
14.3
9.55
17.75
14.12
Berkshire Hathaway
Berkshire Hathaway is a holding company for a multitude of businesses, including GEICO and Fruit of the Loom. It's run by chair and CEO Warren Buffett. Berkshire Hathaway is headquartered in Omaha, Neb., and was originally a company comprised of a group of textile milling plants.
investopedia
1
55.95
9.3
12.5
10.72
10.3
10.92
10.333333
11.34
Bermuda Option
A Bermuda option is a type of exotic options contract that can only be exercised on predetermined dates—often on one day each month.
investopedia
1
56.59
11.1
0
11.03
13
10.96
14.5
14.42
Bernie Madoff
Bernard Lawrence "Bernie" Madoff was an American financier who executed the largest Ponzi scheme in history, defrauding thousands of investors out of tens of billions of dollars over the course of at least 17 years, and possibly longer. He was also a pioneer in electronic trading and chair of the Nasdaq in the early 1990s. He died in prison on April 14, 2021 while serving a 150-year sentence for money laundering, securities fraud and several other felonies.
investopedia
1
53.85
12.1
13.6
11.26
15
11.47
16.166667
13.92
Bespoke CDO
A bespoke CDO is a structured financial product—specifically, a collateralized debt obligation (CDO)—that a dealer creates for a specific group of investors and tailors to their needs. The investor group typically buys a single tranche of the bespoke CDO, and the remaining tranches are then held by the dealer, who will usually attempt to hedge against potential losses using other financial products like credit derivatives.
investopedia
1
30.03
17.1
0
14.98
21.1
12.54
21.75
19.15
Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement (BATNA)
The best alternative to a negotiated agreement (BATNA) is the course of action that a party engaged in negotiations will take if talks fail, and no agreement can be reached. Negotiation researchers Roger Fisher and William Ury coined the term BATNA in their 1981 bestseller "Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In." A party's BATNA refers to what a party can fall back on if a negotiation proves unsuccessful.
investopedia
1
47.83
12.4
11.9
11.78
14.3
9.98
14
12.75
Best Endeavors
Best endeavors is a phrase commonly found in commercial contracts that places an obligation on the identified party to use all efforts necessary to fulfill the terms set out. A best endeavors policy places a party under a stricter obligation compared to a reasonable endeavors obligation. It is equivalent to best efforts, a term widely used in securities markets and preferred in most commercial contracts signed in the United States.
investopedia
1
47.83
12.4
15.9
13.12
14.9
9.75
16.666667
15.03
Best Practices
Best practices are a set of guidelines, ethics, or ideas that represent the most efficient or prudent course of action in a given business situation. Best practices may be established by authorities, such as regulators or governing bodies, or they may be internally decreed by a company's management team.
investopedia
1
38.15
14
0
12.6
15.5
10.33
17.25
17.96
Bicameral System
A bicameral system describes a government that has a two-house legislative system, such as the House of Representatives and the Senate that make up the U.S. Congress. The word bicameral is derived from the Latin: "bi" (meaning two) and "camera" (meaning chamber). The British Parliament, a bicameral system, has been the model for most parliamentary systems around the world. The first instance of British bicameralism occurred in 1341. When the Commons met separately from the nobility and clergy for the first time, an Upper Chamber and a Lower Chamber was effectively created. The U.S. adopted a bicameral system after its founding.
investopedia
1
54.42
9.8
11.9
12.24
12.3
9.63
10.666667
10.68
Bid
The term bid refers to an offer made by an individual or corporation to purchase an asset. Buyers commonly make bids at auctions and in various markets, such as the stock market. Bids may also be made by companies that compete for project contracts. When a buyer makes a bid, they stipulate how much they're willing to pay for the asset along with how much they are willing to purchase.
investopedia
1
70.63
7.8
10.1
8.12
8.7
8.56
10.25
10.43
Bid and Ask
The term bid and ask (also known as bid and offer) refers to a two-way price quotation that indicates the best potential price at which a security can be sold and bought at a given point in time. The bid price represents the maximum price that a buyer is willing to pay for a share of stock or other security. The ask price represents the minimum price that a seller is willing to take for that same security. A trade or transaction occurs when a buyer in the market is willing to pay the best offer available—or is willing to sell at the highest bid.
investopedia
1
61.7
11.2
12.6
7.38
11.8
7.05
15.25
13.57
Bid Bond
A bid bond guarantees compensation to the bond owner if the bidder fails to begin a project. Bid bonds are often used for construction jobs or other projects with similar bid-based selection processes.
investopedia
1
54.73
9.7
0
11.6
10.9
11.15
11.25
13.87
Bid Size
The bid size represents the quantity of a security that investors are willing to purchase at a specified bid price. For most investors, who view level 1 quotes on their trading screens, the bid size represents the amount of shares that investors are willing to purchase at the best available bid price.
investopedia
1
62.01
11.1
0
10.57
14.3
8.57
15.5
13.48
Big Data
Big data refers to the large, diverse sets of information that grow at ever-increasing rates. It encompasses the volume of information, the velocity or speed at which it is created and collected, and the variety or scope of the data points being covered (known as the "three v's" of big data). Big data often comes from data mining and arrives in multiple formats.
investopedia
1
50.16
11.5
13
9.52
11.7
10.19
13.5
13.48
Bilateral Contract
A bilateral contract is an agreement between two parties in which each side agrees to fulfill their side of the bargain. Typically, bilateral contracts involve an equal obligation or consideration from the offeror and the offeree, although this need not always be the case.
investopedia
1
40.69
13.1
0
12.53
14.2
10.11
14.5
14.25
Bilateral Trade
Bilateral trade is the exchange of goods between two nations promoting trade and investment. The two countries will reduce or eliminate tariffs, import quotas, export restraints, and other trade barriers to encourage trade and investment.
investopedia
1
45.25
11.3
0
15.54
14.9
10.82
12.25
13.86
Bill Auction
A bill auction is a public auction, held weekly by the U.S. Treasury, of federal debt obligations—specifically, Treasury bills (T-bills), whose maturies range from one month to one year. As of May 2021, there are 24 authorized primary dealers who are required to participate in the auction, and bid directly upon each issue. A bill auction is the official manner in which all U.S. Treasury bills are issued.
investopedia
1
66.13
7.4
9.9
9.74
8.9
10.12
7.2
10.15
Bills of Materials (BOM)
A bill of materials (BOM) is an extensive list of raw materials, components, and instructions required to construct, manufacture, or repair a product or service. A bill of materials usually appears in a hierarchical format, with the highest level displaying the finished product and the bottom level showing individual components and materials.
investopedia
1
19.71
17
0
14.8
18.2
10.39
19.5
17.32
Billing Cycle
A billing cycle is the interval of time from the end of one billing statement date to the next billing statement date for goods or services a company provides to another company or consumer on a recurring basis. Although billing cycles are most often set on a monthly basis, they can vary in length depending on the type of product or service rendered.
investopedia
1
56.42
13.2
0
9.76
16
9.46
18.75
14.5
Bill of Exchange
A bill of exchange is a written order used primarily in international trade that binds one party to pay a fixed sum of money to another party on demand or at a predetermined date. Bills of exchange are similar to checks and promissory notes—they can be drawn by individuals or banks and are generally transferable by endorsements.
investopedia
1
42.55
14.4
0
10.68
15.5
9.76
19.25
17.72
Bill of Lading
A bill of lading (BL or BoL) is a legal document issued by a carrier to a shipper that details the type, quantity and destination of the goods being carried. A bill of lading also serves as a shipment receipt when the carrier delivers the goods at a predetermined destination. This document must accompany the shipped products, no matter the form of transportation, and must be signed by an authorized representative from the carrier, shipper and receiver.
investopedia
1
45.39
13.3
15.9
11.2
14.8
10.24
17.833333
15.99
Binance Coin (BNB)
Binance Coin is the cryptocurrency issued by Binance exchange and trades with the BNB symbol. Binance coin initially ran on the Ethereum blockchain with ERC 20 standard but has since become the native coin of the Binance chain.
investopedia
1
69.11
8.3
0
11.55
11.8
9.98
10.5
9.71
Binomial Distribution
The binomial distribution is a probability distribution that summarizes the likelihood that a value will take one of two independent values under a given set of parameters or assumptions. The underlying assumptions of the binomial distribution are that there is only one outcome for each trial, that each trial has the same probability of success, and that each trial is mutually exclusive, or independent of each other.
investopedia
1
12.09
19.9
0
13.53
20.2
8.83
25.25
19.97
Binomial Option Pricing
The binomial option pricing model is an options valuation method developed in 1979. The binomial option pricing model uses an iterative procedure, allowing for the specification of nodes, or points in time, during the time span between the valuation date and the option's expiration date.
investopedia
1
23.26
15.6
0
13.7
15.3
11.42
16.25
16.11
Bioremediation
Bioremediation is a branch of biotechnology that employs the use of living organisms, like microbes and bacteria, in the removal of contaminants, pollutants, and toxins from soil, water, and other environments. Bioremediation may be used to clean up contaminated groundwater or environmental problems, such as oil spills.
investopedia
1
22.24
16
0
15.84
17.9
10.18
17.25
17.91
Bird In Hand
The bird in hand is a theory that says investors prefer dividends from stock investing to potential capital gains because of the inherent uncertainty associated with capital gains. Based on the adage, "a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush," the bird-in-hand theory states that investors prefer the certainty of dividend payments to the possibility of substantially higher future capital gains.
investopedia
1
30.54
17
0
13.12
19.4
10.16
23.5
19.68
Bitcoin
Bitcoin is a digital currency created in January 2009. It follows the ideas set out in a whitepaper by the mysterious and pseudonymous Satoshi Nakamoto. The identity of the person or persons who created the technology is still a mystery. Bitcoin offers the promise of lower transaction fees than traditional online payment mechanisms and, unlike government-issued currencies, it is operated by a decentralized authority.
investopedia
1
29.86
13.1
14.6
14.15
12.9
11.58
12
14.53
Bitcoin Cash
Bitcoin cash is a cryptocurrency created in August 2017, from a fork of Bitcoin. Bitcoin Cash increased the size of blocks, allowing more transactions to be processed and improving scalability.
investopedia
1
32.57
16.2
0
14.63
19.6
10.91
21
20
Bitcoin Mining
Chances are you hear the phrase “bitcoin mining” and your mind begins to wander to the Western fantasy of pickaxes, dirt and striking it rich. As it turns out, that analogy isn’t too far off.
investopedia
1
70.63
7.8
0
7.77
8.5
9.92
10.25
10.43
Bitcoin Misery Index
The Bitcoin Misery Index (BMI) is a heuristic measure of the momentum of bitcoin. The BMI was created in 2018 by Tom Lee. The BMI ranges from 0 to 100 and uses contrarian economic indicators, incorporating several different market factors, such as price, winning trades percent, and volatility.
investopedia
1
46.78
10.7
13
11.42
11
12
11
12.23
Bitcoin Wallet
A Bitcoin wallet is a software program in which Bitcoins are stored. Technically, Bitcoins are not stored anywhere. For every individual who has a balance in a Bitcoin wallet, there is a private key (secret number) corresponding to the Bitcoin address of that wallet. Bitcoin wallets facilitate the sending and receiving of Bitcoins and give ownership of the Bitcoin balance to the user. The Bitcoin wallet comes in many forms. The four main types are desktop, mobile, web, and hardware.
investopedia
1
55.24
9.5
9.4
11.13
10.6
8.97
6.666667
9.4
Black Money
Black money includes all funds earned through illegal activity and otherwise legal income that is not recorded for tax purposes. Black money proceeds are usually received in cash from underground economic activity and, as such, are not taxed. Recipients of black money must hide it, spend it only in the underground economy, or attempt to give it the appearance of legitimacy through money laundering.
investopedia
1
41.4
12.8
15.5
12.71
14.1
9.63
15.333333
15.4
Black Box Model
A black box model, or more specifically a black box financial model, is a catch-all term used to describe a computer program designed to transform various data into useful investment strategies.
investopedia
1
31.55
16.6
0
13.24
19
10.78
20.5
18.85
Black Friday
Black Friday refers to the day after the U.S. Thanksgiving holiday, which has also traditionally been a holiday itself for many employees. It is typically a day full of special shopping deals and heavy discounts and is considered the beginning of the holiday shopping season. In history, Black Friday was a stock market catastrophe that took place on September 24, 1869. On that day, after a period of rampant speculation, the price of gold plummeted, and the markets crashed.
investopedia
1
55.44
9.5
13
10.9
10.3
8.22
10.9
10.37
Black Market
A black market is an economic activity that takes place outside government-sanctioned channels. Black market transactions usually occur “under the table” to let participants avoid government price controls or taxes. The goods and services offered in a black market can be illegal, meaning their purchase and sale are prohibited by law, or they can be legal but transacted to avoid taxes.
investopedia
1
50.87
11.2
13.6
13.23
14
9.82
13.5
13.37
Black Monday
Black Monday occurred on Oct. 19, 1987, when the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) lost almost 22% in a single day. The event marked the beginning of a global stock market decline, and Black Monday became one of the most notorious days in financial history. By the end of the month, most of the major exchanges had dropped more than 20%.
investopedia
1
67.79
8.8
11.2
8.41
10.5
9.82
12.166667
10.74
Black Scholes Model
The Black-Scholes model, also known as the Black-Scholes-Merton (BSM) model, is a mathematical model for pricing an options contract. In particular, the model estimates the variation over time of financial instruments.
investopedia
1
38.82
11.7
0
15.72
14.9
11.03
11.25
13.94
Black Swan
A black swan is an unpredictable event that is beyond what is normally expected of a situation and has potentially severe consequences. Black swan events are characterized by their extreme rarity, severe impact, and the widespread insistence they were obvious in hindsight.
investopedia
1
41.7
12.7
0
14.21
15.1
11.45
15.5
17.92
Black Tuesday
Black Tuesday was Oct. 29, 1929, and it was marked by a sharp fall in the stock market, with the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) especially hard hit in high trading volume. The DJIA fell 12%, one of the largest one-day drops in stock market history. More than 16 million shares were traded in the panic sell-off, which effectively ended the Roaring Twenties and led the global economy into the Great Depression.
investopedia
1
64.04
10.3
11.9
9.7
13.1
10.53
14.333333
12.93
Blended Rate
A blended rate is an interest rate charged on a loan that represents the combination of a previous rate and a new rate. Blended rates are usually offered through the refinancing of existing loans that are charged a rate of interest that is higher than the old loan's rate, but lower than the rate on a brand-new loan.
investopedia
1
58.96
12.2
0
8.83
14.2
9.43
18.5
16.43
Blind Trust
A blind trust is a trust established by the owner (or trustor) giving another party (the trustee) full control of the trust. The trustee has full discretion over the assets and investments while being charged with managing the assets and any income generated in the trust. The trustor can terminate the trust, but otherwise exercises no control over the actions taken within the trust and receives no reports from the trustees while the blind trust is in force. Blind trusts are often established in situations when individuals want to avoid conflicts of interest between their employment and investments.
investopedia
1
55.07
11.7
14.2
12.6
15.3
8.88
16
14.29
Block Trade
A block trade is the sale or purchase of a large number of securities. A block trade involves a significantly large number of equities or bonds being traded at an arranged price between two parties. Block trades are sometimes done outside of the open markets to lessen the impact on the security's price. In general, a block trade involves at least 10,000 shares of stock, not including penny stocks, or $200,000 worth of bonds. In practice, block trades are much larger than 10,000 shares.
investopedia
1
71.34
7.5
9.4
9.57
9.8
8.61
8.6
9.1