sohomghosh/FinRAD_Financial_Readability_Assessment_Dataset

terms stringlengths 1 156	definitions stringlengths 3 4.2k	source stringclasses 15 values	assigned_readability int64 0 1	flesch_reading_ease float64 -301.79 121	flesch_kincaid_grade float64 -3.5 55.6	smog_index float64 0 26.5	coleman_liau_index float64 -33.81 51.4	automated_readability_index float64 -6.9 65	dale_chall_readability_score float64 0.1 35.3	linsear_write_formula float64 -0.5 73	gunning_fog float64 0.4 56
Hubris	Hubris is the characteristic of excessive confidence or arrogance, which leads a person to believe that they may do no wrong. The overwhelming pride caused by hubris is often considered a flaw in character.	investopedia	1	54.22	9.9	0	11.42	11	10.05	12	15.04
HUD-1 Form	A HUD-1 form, also called a HUD-1 Settlement Statement, is a standardized mortgage lending document. Creditors or their closing agents use this form to create an itemized list of all charges and credits to the buyer and to the seller in a consumer credit mortgage transaction. A HUD-1 form is most commonly used for reverse mortgages and mortgage refinance transactions.	investopedia	1	59.64	9.9	12.5	12.01	13	11.21	12.666667	12.67
HUF (Hungarian Forint)	The term Hungarian Forint (HUF) refers to the official and national currency of Hungary. The name was first used between 1868 and 1892 but modern forint was introduced in 1946. The currency is issued and maintained by the country's central bank, the Hungarian National Bank. Banknotes are issued in denominations ranging from 500 to 10,000 forints while coins are minted between 5 and 200 forints. The forint is divided into 100 fillér, but these coins are no longer in circulation due to high inflation.	investopedia	1	37.31	18.5	0	12.84	23.9	12.11	27	21.09
Hulbert Rating	A Hulbert rating is a score that tracks the performance of an investment newsletter over time. Investment newsletters are paid subscriptions that can offer investors a variety of market-related information, such as trading strategies, stock recommendations, and economic commentary. Some newsletters focus on specific industries or types of trading, such as options trading, investing in utilities, precious metals investing, or cryptocurrency investing. Hulbert Ratings, LLC assigns Hulbert ratings and encourages investors to judge a newsletter by its long-term performance adjusted for risk.	investopedia	1	25.29	14.8	17.1	18.04	18.3	11.01	16.25	16.98
Hull-White Model	The Hull-White model is a single-factor interest model used to price interest rate derivatives. The Hull-White model assumes that short rates have a normal distribution and that the short rates are subject to mean reversion. Volatility is thus likely to be low when short rates are near zero, which is reflected in a larger mean reversion in the model.	investopedia	1	51.48	11	13	10.91	11.9	8.63	12.833333	11.95
Human Capital	Human capital is an intangible asset or quality not listed on a company's balance sheet. It can be classified as the economic value of a worker's experience and skills. This includes assets like education, training, intelligence, skills, health, and other things employers value such as loyalty and punctuality.	investopedia	1	29.86	13.1	14.6	13.11	12.5	11.34	12	15.57
Human Development Index (HDI)	The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistic developed and compiled by the United Nations to measure and various countries' levels of social and economic development. It is composed of four principal areas of interest: mean years of schooling expected years of schooling, life expectancy at birth, and gross national income per capita. This index is a tool used to follow changes in development levels over time and to compare the development levels of different countries.	investopedia	1	37.34	14.3	15	13.18	16.3	10.5	17	14.86
Human-Life Approach	The human-life approach is a method of calculating the amount of life insurance a family would need based on the financial loss they would incur if the insured person in the family were to pass away today.	investopedia	1	42.38	16.5	0	9.47	18.6	9.31	24.5	18.04
Human Resource Planning (HRP)	Human resource planning (HRP) is the continuous process of systematic planning ahead to achieve optimum use of an organization's most valuable asset—quality employees. Human resources planning ensures the best fit between employees and jobs while avoiding manpower shortages or surpluses.	investopedia	1	25.8	14.6	0	18.1	17.9	12.52	14.5	16
Human Resources (HR)	Human resources (HR) is the division of a business that is charged with finding, screening, recruiting, and training job applicants, as well as administering employee-benefit programs. HR plays a key role in helping companies deal with a fast-changing business environment and a greater demand for quality employees in the 21st century.	investopedia	1	37.13	14.4	0	14.39	17.7	12.95	17.75	18.83
Humped Yield Curve	A humped yield curve is a relatively rare type of yield curve that results when the interest rates on medium-term fixed income securities are higher than the rates of both long and short-term instruments. Also, if short-term interest rates are expected to rise and then fall, then a humped yield curve will ensue. Humped yield curves are also known as bell-shaped curves.	investopedia	1	67.38	9	11.2	10.85	12.5	8.99	12.333333	11.51
Hundredweight (Cwt)	A hundredweight (CWT) is a unit of measurement used to define the quantities of certain commodities being bought and sold. It is used in some commodities trading contracts. Pricing by hundredweight also is a standard option for shipping packages that take up less than an entire truckload.	investopedia	1	64	8.2	11.2	11.77	10.8	9.79	8.833333	9.68
Hung Convertibles	Hung convertibles are convertible securities where the share price of the underlying is well below the conversion price, making it unlikely that the securities will be converted into common stock.	investopedia	1	24.11	17.4	0	15.21	19.8	9.34	23	21.33
Hurdle Rate	A hurdle rate is the minimum rate of return on a project or investment required by a manager or investor. It allows companies to make important decisions on whether or not to pursue a specific project. The hurdle rate describes the appropriate compensation for the level of risk present—riskier projects generally have higher hurdle rates than those with less risk. In order to determine the rate, the following are some of the areas that must be taken into consideration: associated risks, cost of capital, and the returns of other possible investments or projects.	investopedia	1	47.83	12.4	15.2	12.13	14.3	9.55	16.125	14.48
Hurricane Deductible	Actually, hurricane insurance doesn't exist as a specific, separate type of policy. The term usually refers to what is, strictly speaking, a hurricane deductible on a homeowners insurance policy: an extra amount a homeowner must pay before the insurer will cover the damage or destruction caused by a hurricane. A percentage of the property's worth, this deductible is common in 19 hurricane-prone states and Washington D.C.	investopedia	1	32.22	14.2	17.5	13.11	15.2	10.71	17.333333	16.68
Hybrid Annuity	A hybrid annuity is a retirement income investment that allows investors to split their funds between fixed-rate and variable-rate components. Investors can divide their savings between conservative assets that offer a low but guaranteed rate of return and riskier assets that offer the potential for higher returns. As in any annuity, the goal is to create a steady stream of income during retirement.	investopedia	1	41.7	12.7	13.6	13.46	14.5	9.69	13.833333	12.84
Hybrid ARM	A hybrid adjustable-rate mortgage, or hybrid ARM (also known as a "fixed-period ARM"), blends characteristics of a fixed-rate mortgage with an adjustable-rate mortgage. This type of mortgage will have an initial fixed interest rate period followed by an adjustable rate period. After the fixed interest rate expires, the interest rate starts to adjust based on an index plus a margin. The date at which the mortgage changes from the fixed rate to the adjustable rate is referred to as the reset date.	investopedia	1	59.13	10.1	11.7	11.31	12.9	8.7	12.5	9.66
Hybrid Fund	A hybrid fund is an investment fund that is characterized by diversification among two or more asset classes. These funds typically invest in a mix of stocks and bonds. They may also be known as asset allocation funds.	investopedia	1	58.58	8.2	10.5	8.98	7.3	9.67	7	10.34
Hybrid Security	A hybrid security is a single financial security that combines two or more different financial instruments. Hybrid securities, often referred to as "hybrids," generally combine both debt and equity characteristics. The most common type of hybrid security is a convertible bond that has features of an ordinary bond but is heavily influenced by the price movements of the stock into which it is convertible.	investopedia	1	32.94	14	16.3	13.17	14.5	10.12	16	15.4
Hydraulic Fracturing	Hydraulic fracturing is a process which injects high-pressure liquid into an oil- or gas-bearing rock formation to create fractures. This pressure typically yields improved flows, making it useful for oil and gas firms seeking more economical production in areas that would otherwise produce low-flow wells.	investopedia	1	40.18	13.2	0	16.13	17.5	12.12	15.25	13.44
Hydrocarbon	A hydrocarbon is an organic chemical compound composed exclusively of hydrogen and carbon atoms. Hydrocarbons are naturally-occurring compounds and form the basis of crude oil, natural gas, coal, and other important energy sources.	investopedia	1	20.89	14.4	0	16.35	15.2	13.07	13.25	18.72
Hyperdeflation	Hyperdeflation is an extremely large and relatively quick level of deflation in an economy. Hyperdeflation occurs when the purchasing power of currency rises drastically in a relatively short period of time. This increase results in debts being more pronounced, as the real value of goods and services increases and the value of the currency falls.	investopedia	1	35.98	12.8	15	13.29	12.9	9.71	13.5	14.59
Hyperledger	Hyperledger is a global enterprise blockchain project that offers the necessary framework, standards, guidelines, and tools to build open source blockchains and related applications for use across various industries. Hyperledger's projects include a variety of enterprise-ready permissioned blockchain platforms, where network participants are known to one another and therefore have an intrinsic interest in participating in the consensus-making process.	investopedia	1	24.61	17.2	0	21.48	25	13.4	23.25	21.97
Hyperledger Burrow	Hyperledger Burrow is a framework for executing smart contracts in permissioned blockchains. It is currently being incubated as part of Hyperledger, a community of open-source projects and tools for commercial implementations of blockchain technology. The goal of Hyperledger Burrow is to facilitate cross-industry applications for smart contracts.	investopedia	1	30.16	13	15.5	18.96	16.7	11.13	12.5	16.49
Hyperledger Composer	Hyperledger Composer is a set of open source tools that allows business owners, operators, and developers a way to create blockchain applications and smart contracts aimed at solving business problems and/or improving operational efficiencies. It is an example of a commercial application of blockchain-as-a-service (BaaS). Hyperledger Composer is one of the several Hyperledger projects hosted by The Linux Foundation in collaboration with corporate members.	investopedia	1	24.48	15.1	17.5	18.04	18.8	11.85	17	17.27
Hyperledger Explorer	Hyperledger Explorer is an open source blockchain utility module that allows users to create a user-friendly web-based application, with which a user can view, initiate, organize or query various artifacts and developments that form an integral part of the blockchain network. It is to be used specifically on deployments of blockchains created using the Hyperledger umbrella.	investopedia	1	26.14	16.6	0	15.55	19.6	12.07	22	20.49
Hyperledger Fabric	Hyperledger Fabric is a modular blockchain framework that acts as a foundation for developing blockchain-based products, solutions, and applications using plug-and-play components that are aimed for use within private enterprises.	investopedia	1	15.65	18.5	0	21.01	25.1	14.07	24	22.67
Hyperledger Iroha	Hyperledger Iroha is a blockchain platform designed to be easily integrable in various business uses that require distributed ledger technology. For example, the platform can be used to help companies and governments with identity management, such as national IDs, and the financial services sector with bank-to-bank transfers.	investopedia	1	22.24	16	0	16.95	18.6	12.53	18.75	20.46
Hyperledger Sawtooth	Hyperledger Sawtooth is an open source project under the Hyperledger umbrella, and works as an enterprise level blockchain system used for creating and operating distributed ledger applications and networks particularly for use by enterprises.	investopedia	1	11.59	20.1	0	18.81	24.7	12.75	27	23.01
Hypermarket	A hypermarket is a retail store that combines a department store and a grocery supermarket. Often a very large establishment, hypermarkets offer a wide variety of products such as appliances, clothing, and groceries.	investopedia	1	37.81	12.1	0	13.86	13.1	9.72	11.75	15.08
HyperText Markup Language (HTML)	HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is the set of markup symbols or codes inserted into a file intended for display on the Internet. The markup tells web browsers how to display a web page's words and images.	investopedia	1	70.13	8	0	9.16	9.9	10.67	11	11.64
Hypothecation	Hypothecation occurs when an asset is pledged as collateral to secure a loan. The owner of the asset does not give up title, possession, or ownership rights, such as income generated by the asset. However, the lender can seize the asset if the terms of the agreement are not met.	investopedia	1	62.98	8.6	11.2	8.29	8.6	8.89	10.333333	10.68
Hypothesis Testing	Hypothesis testing is an act in statistics whereby an analyst tests an assumption regarding a population parameter. The methodology employed by the analyst depends on the nature of the data used and the reason for the analysis.	investopedia	1	35.78	12.9	0	12.36	12.1	11.38	14.25	17.13
Hysteresis	Hysteresis in the field of economics refers to an event in the economy that persists even after the factors that led to that event have been removed or otherwise run their course. Hysteresis often occurs following extreme or prolonged economic events such as an economic crash or recession. After a recession, for example, the unemployment rate may continue to increase despite growth in the economy and the technical end of the recession.	investopedia	1	47.12	12.7	16.3	12.25	14.6	9.43	17.333333	14.6
Iceberg Order	Iceberg orders are large single orders that have been divided into smaller limit orders, usually through the use of an automated program, for the purpose of hiding the actual order quantity. The term "iceberg" comes from the fact that the visible lots are just the "tip of the iceberg" given the greater number of limit orders ready to be placed. They are also sometimes referred to as reserve orders.	investopedia	1	56.59	11.1	11.2	10.51	13	9.13	13.5	12.68
Ichimoku Cloud	The Ichimoku Cloud is a collection of technical indicators that show support and resistance levels, as well as momentum and trend direction. It does this by taking multiple averages and plotting them on a chart. It also uses these figures to compute a “cloud” that attempts to forecast where the price may find support or resistance in the future.	investopedia	1	59.94	9.8	13	10.73	11.5	9.43	12.833333	12.63
Ichimoku Kinko Hyo	The Ichimoku Kinko Hyo, or Ichimoku for short, is a technical indicator that is used to gauge momentum along with future areas of support and resistance. The all-in-one technical indicator is comprised of five lines called the tenkan-sen, kijun-sen, senkou span A, senkou span B and chikou span.	investopedia	1	64.04	10.3	0	12.13	15.3	11.74	15.5	12.93
ICON Cryptocurrency (ICX)	ICON is a platform that is intended to facilitate the interactions of independent blockchains, also referred to as communities. Within the ICON platform, a community is defined as a network of nodes that follow a single governance system. (A node is a computer that connects to a cryptocurrency network.)	investopedia	1	38.15	14	0	12.6	15.5	10.97	16.75	17.15
Ideation	Ideation refers to the process of developing and conveying prescriptive ideas to others, typically in a business setting. It describes the sequence of thoughts, from the original concept to implementation. Ideations can spring forth from past or present knowledge, external influences, opinions, convictions, or principles. Ideation can be expressed in graphical, written, or verbal terms.	investopedia	1	49.01	9.9	12.6	16.17	14.1	11.79	8.625	13.52
Identifiable Asset	An identifiable asset is an asset whose commercial or fair value can be measured at a given point in time, and which is expected to provide a future benefit to the company. These assets are an important consideration in the context of mergers and acquisitions.	investopedia	1	40.18	13.2	0	10.45	12.4	9.31	15.25	14.33
Identity Theft	Identity theft is the crime of obtaining the personal or financial information of another person to use their identity to commit fraud, such as making unauthorized transactions or purchases. Identity theft is committed in many different ways and its victims are typically left with damage to their credit, finances, and reputation.	investopedia	1	28.67	15.6	0	14.39	17.3	10.78	20.25	18.83
Idiosyncratic Risk	Idiosyncratic risk is a type of investment risk that is endemic to an individual asset (like a particular company's stock), or a group of assets (like a particular sector's stocks), or in some cases, a very specific asset class (like collateralized mortgage obligations). Idiosyncratic risk is also referred to as a specific risk or unsystematic risk. Therefore, the opposite of idiosyncratic risk is a systematic risk, which is the overall risk that affects all assets, such as fluctuations in the stock market, interest rates, or the entire financial system.	investopedia	1	32.87	16.1	17.5	12.83	18.4	10.43	21.166667	18.62
Idle Time	Idle time is paid time that an employee, or machine, is unproductive due to factors that can either be controlled or uncontrolled by management. It normally applies to full-time workers rather than consultants, who typically have to bill for every hour of their time.	investopedia	1	57.61	10.7	0	11.43	13.5	9.03	14.5	15.16
Illiquid	Illiquid refers to the state of a stock, bond, or other assets that cannot easily and readily be sold or exchanged for cash without a substantial loss in value. Illiquid assets may be hard to sell quickly because there is low trading activity or interest in the issue, indicated by a lack of ready and willing investors or speculators to purchase or sell the asset. As a result, illiquid assets tend to have lower trading volume, wider bid-ask spreads, and greater price volatility.	investopedia	1	51.82	12.9	12.5	10.28	15.1	9.96	16.5	14.94
Immediate Family	Most of us know how we define "immediate family" in our own minds, but our views of the matter may not matter when it comes to its definition in the fine print of legal documents or company policies. In general, a person's immediate family is his or her smallest family unit, including parents, siblings, spouse, and children. It may include relatives through marriage, such as a mother-in-law. But the exact inclusions may differ depending on the law or organization that defines an individual's immediate family.	investopedia	1	41.4	12.8	15.2	10.97	13.1	9.15	15.125	12.76
Immediate Or Cancel Order (IOC)	An immediate or cancel order (IOC) is an order to buy or sell a security that attempts to execute all or part immediately and then cancels any unfilled portion of the order. An IOC order is one of several "duration," or time in force orders, that investors can use to specify how long the order remains active in the market and under what conditions the order is canceled.	investopedia	1	36.97	16.6	0	8.66	16.7	9.73	21	17.72
Immediate Payment Annuity	An immediate payment annuity is a contract between an individual and an insurance company that pays the owner, or annuitant, a guaranteed income starting almost immediately. It differs from a deferred annuity, which begins payments at a future date chosen by the annuity owner. An immediate payment annuity is also known as a single-premium immediate annuity (SPIA), an income annuity, or simply an immediate annuity.	investopedia	1	15.61	16.5	17.1	13.23	15	9.09	16.833333	13.6
Immunization	Immunization, also known as multi-period immunization, is a risk-mitigation strategy that matches the duration of assets and liabilities in order to minimize the impact of interest rates on net worth over time.	investopedia	1	22.08	18.1	0	15.21	21.2	12.13	25	22.8
Impact Investing	Impact investing is an investment strategy that aims to generate specific beneficial social or environmental effects in addition to financial gains. Impact investments may take the form of numerous asset classes and may result in many specific outcomes. The point of impact investing is to use money and investment capital for positive social results.	investopedia	1	27.83	13.9	16.3	14.09	13.6	10.96	14.333333	16.09
Impaired Asset	An impaired asset is an asset that has a market value less than the value listed on the company's balance sheet. When an asset is deemed to be impaired, it will need to be written down on the company's balance sheet to its current market value.	investopedia	1	65.05	9.9	0	7.49	10.5	7.18	12.5	10.07
Impaired Credit	Impaired credit occurs when there has been a deterioration in the creditworthiness of an individual or entity. This is usually reflected through a lower credit score, in the case of an individual, or a reduction in the credit rating assigned to an entity or debt issued by a rating agency or lender. As a result, the borrower whose credit has been impaired will generally have lesser accessibility to credit facilities and will have to pay a higher rate of interest on loans. Impaired credit may either be a temporary situation that can be reversed, or an early sign that the borrower could face potential major financial distress down the road. In either case, impaired credit is not a good omen.	investopedia	1	38.66	13.8	14.3	10.45	13.3	9.17	16.5	14.93
Impairment	In accounting, impairment describes a permanent reduction in the value of a company's asset, typically a fixed asset or an intangible asset. When testing an asset for impairment, the total profit, cash flow, or other benefit expected to be generated by that specific asset is periodically compared with its current book value. If it is determined that the book value of the asset exceeds the future cash flow or benefit of the asset, the difference between the two is written off and the value of the asset declines on the company's balance sheet.	investopedia	1	31.55	16.6	16.7	10.98	17.1	9.42	21.166667	17.99
Impeachment	Impeachment, as authorized by Article II, Section 4 of the U.S. Constitution, is the formal process that allows Congress to bring charges of "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors" against high-ranking civil officers, such as the president.	investopedia	1	51.68	10.9	0	13.63	14.9	13.51	13.75	14.98
Imperfect Competition	Imperfect competition exists whenever a market, hypothetical or real, violates the abstract tenets of neoclassical perfect competition. In this environment, companies sell different products and services, set their own individual prices, fight for market share, and are often protected by barriers to entry and exit.	investopedia	1	-8.05	25.6	0	18.18	29.9	12.18	17.75	26.89
Imperfect Market	An imperfect market refers to any economic market that does not meet the rigorous standards of the hypothetical perfectly—or purely—competitive market. Pure or perfect competition is an abstract, theoretical market structure in which a series of criteria are met. Since all real markets exist outside of the spectrum of the perfect competition model, all real markets can be classified as imperfect markets.	investopedia	1	33.54	13.7	14.6	14.74	15.3	10.01	14.333333	14.73
Implicit Cost	An implicit cost is any cost that has already occurred but not necessarily shown or reported as a separate expense. It represents an opportunity cost that arises when a company uses internal resources toward a project without any explicit compensation for the utilization of resources. This means when a company allocates its resources, it always forgoes the ability to earn money off the use of the resources elsewhere, so there's no exchange of cash. Put simply, an implicit cost comes from the use of an asset, rather than renting or buying it.	investopedia	1	48.13	12.3	14.2	11.2	13.4	9.07	15.25	13.98
Implied Authority	Implied authority refers to an agent with the jurisdiction to perform acts that are reasonably necessary to accomplish the purpose of an organization. Under contract law, implied authority figures have the ability to make a legally binding contract on behalf of another person or company.	investopedia	1	31.72	14.4	0	14.1	15.3	10.72	16.25	15.22
Implied Contract	An implied contract is a legally-binding obligation that derives from actions, conduct, or circumstances of one or more parties in an agreement. It has the same legal force as an express contract, which is a contract that is voluntarily entered into and agreed on verbally or in writing by two or more parties. The implied contract, on the other hand, is assumed to exist, but no written or verbal confirmation is necessary.	investopedia	1	55.58	11.5	11.9	10.74	13.7	9.87	14.333333	12.93
Implied Rate	The implied rate is the difference between the spot interest rate and the interest rate for the forward or futures delivery date.	investopedia	1	57.61	10.7	0	10.91	12.7	7.6	15	12.44
Implied Volatility (IV)	Implied volatility is a metric that captures the market's view of the likelihood of changes in a given security's price. Investors can use it to project future moves and supply and demand, and often employ it to price options contracts.	investopedia	1	59.64	9.9	0	10.56	11.8	11.34	11.5	11
Import	An import is a good or service bought in one country that was produced in another. Imports and exports are the components of international trade. If the value of a country's imports exceeds the value of its exports, the country has a negative balance of trade, also known as a trade deficit.	investopedia	1	70.84	7.7	9.7	8.76	9.1	7.83	9	9.23
Import Duty	Import duty is a tax collected on imports and some exports by a country's customs authorities. A good's value will usually dictate the import duty. Depending on the context, import duty may also be known as a customs duty, tariff, import tax or import tariff.	investopedia	1	56.25	9.1	9.7	8.92	8.7	8.94	7.833333	9.56
Import Substitution Industrialization	Import substitution industrialization (ISI) is a theory of economics typically adhered to by developing countries or emerging market nations that seek to decrease their dependence on developed countries. The approach targets the protection and incubation of newly formed domestic industries to fully develop sectors so that the goods produced are competitive with imported goods. Under ISI theory, the process makes local economies, and their nations, self-sufficient.	investopedia	1	23.77	15.4	16.7	17.69	18.6	12.62	16.666667	18.5
Impression	An impression is a metric used to quantify the number of digital views or engagements of a piece of content, usually an advertisement, digital post, or a web page. Impressions are also referred to as an "ad view." They are used in online advertising, which often pays on a per-impression basis. Counting impressions is essential to how web advertising is accounted and paid for in search engine marketing, as well as measuring the performance of social media campaigns. Impressions are not a measure of whether an advertisement has been clicked on, but how many times it was displayed or had potential "eyeballs" on it, which leads to some debate as to how accurate the metric is.	investopedia	1	47.93	12.3	14.8	10.39	13.1	9.55	13.8	14.45
Imprest	An imprest is a cash account a business relies on to pay for small, routine expenses. Funds contained in imprests are regularly replenished, in order to maintain a fixed balance. The term “imprest” can also refer to a monetary advance given to a person for a specific purpose.	investopedia	1	55.24	9.5	10.5	9.51	9	10.02	8.666667	10.57
Impulse Wave Pattern	An impulse wave pattern is a technical trading term that describes a strong move in a financial asset's price coinciding with the main direction of the underlying trend. It is used frequently in discussion of the Elliott Wave theory, a method for analyzing and predicting financial market price movements. Impulse waves can refer to upward movements in uptrends or downward movements in downtrends.	investopedia	1	50.16	11.5	14.1	13.29	14.3	10.69	14.166667	14.11
Imputed Value	Imputed value, also known as estimated imputation, is an assumed value given to an item when the actual value is not known or available. Imputed values are a logical or implicit value for an item or time set, wherein a "true" value has yet to be ascertained.	investopedia	1	47.62	12.5	0	8.3	11.6	8.83	15.75	15.36
Imputed Interest	The IRS uses imputed interest to collect tax revenues on loans or securities that pay little or no interest. Imputed interest is important for discount bonds, such as zero-coupon bonds and other securities sold below face value and mature at par. The IRS uses an accretive method when calculating the imputed interest on Treasury bonds and has applicable federal rates that set a minimum interest rate in relation to imputed interest and original issue discount rules.	investopedia	1	28.88	15.5	18.2	12.77	15.7	10.29	19.666667	15.38
In-App Purchasing	In-app purchasing refers to the buying of goods and services from inside an application on a mobile device, such as a smartphone or tablet. In-app purchases allow developers to provide their applications for free. The developer then advertises upgrades to the paid version, paid feature unlocks, special items for sale, or even ads other apps and services to anyone who downloads the free version. This allows the developer to profit despite giving the basic app itself away for free.	investopedia	1	51.38	11	11.2	11.95	12.7	10.22	11.875	11.46
In Escrow	In financial transactions, the term "in escrow" indicates a temporary condition of an item, such as money or property, that has been transferred to a third party. This transfer is usually done on behalf of a buyer and seller.	investopedia	1	60.14	9.7	0	9.63	11	10.27	13.25	14.98
In-House	In-house refers to conducting an activity or operation within a company, instead of relying on outsourcing. This occurs when a firm uses its own employees and time to keep a division or business activity, such as financing or brokering, in-house.	investopedia	1	34.26	13.5	0	11.72	13	10.16	15.5	17
In-House Financing	In-house financing is financing in which a firm extends customers a loan, allowing them to purchase its goods or services. In-house financing eliminates the firm's reliance on the financial sector for providing the customer with funds to complete a transaction.	investopedia	1	42.72	12.3	0	14.04	14.7	10.94	14	14
In-Service Withdrawal	An in-service withdrawal occurs when an employee takes a distribution from a qualified, employer-sponsored retirement plan, such as a 401(k) account, without leaving the employ of their company. This may occur without a tax penalty any time after the employee reaches age 59½, or if the employee withdraws up to $10,000 to purchase their first home, declares a hardship, or establishes extreme financial need.	investopedia	1	30.54	17	0	13.41	20.1	11.14	22	17.8
In Specie	The phrase in specie describes the transfer of an asset in its current form rather than in the equivalent amount of cash. In specie distributions are usually made when cash isn’t readily available or when it’s simply more practical to hand over the asset rather than cash. There also are tax benefits to some in specie transactions.	investopedia	1	69.11	8.3	11.9	10.5	10.9	9.29	11.833333	12.51
In the Money (ITM)	In the money (ITM) is an expression that refers to an option that possesses intrinsic value. ITM thus indicates that an option has value in a strike price that is favorable in comparison to the prevailing market price of the underlying asset:	investopedia	1	50.16	11.5	0	9.92	11.6	9.94	14.5	16.02
Incentive Stock Options (ISOs)	An incentive stock option (ISO) is a corporate benefit that gives an employee the right to buy shares of company stock at a discounted price with the added benefit of possible tax breaks on the profit. The profit on qualified ISOs is usually taxed at the capital gains rate, not the higher rate for ordinary income. Non-qualified stock options (NSOs) are taxed as ordinary income.	investopedia	1	49.45	11.8	15.5	10.1	12.3	10.06	15.5	13.6
Incidence Rate	The term incidence rate refers to the rate at which a new event occurs over a specified period of time. Put simply, the incidence rate is the number of new cases within a time period (the numerator) as a proportion of the number of people at risk for the disease (the denominator).	investopedia	1	53.55	12.3	0	7.9	12.4	9.18	17	15.02
Incidental Expenses (IE)	Incidental expenses, also known as incidentals, are gratuities and other minor fees or costs incurred in addition to the main service, item, or event paid for during business activities.	investopedia	1	25.12	17	0	13.94	18.7	12.15	20.5	19.88
Income Annuity	An income annuity is an annuity contract that is designed to start paying income as soon as the policy is initiated. Once funded, an income annuity is annuitized immediately, although the underlying income units may be in either fixed or variable investments. As such, income payments may fluctuate over time.	investopedia	1	46.06	11	13.6	11.89	11.4	9.83	11.666667	13.08
Income Approach	The income approach, sometimes referred to as the income capitalization approach, is a type of real estate appraisal method that allows investors to estimate the value of a property based on the income the property generates. It’s used by taking the net operating income (NOI) of the rent collected and dividing it by the capitalization rate.	investopedia	1	34.6	15.4	0	12.13	16.7	10.1	18.5	16.2
Income Effect	In microeconomics, the income effect is the change in demand for a good or service caused by a change in a consumer's purchasing power resulting from a change in real income. This change can be the result of a rise in wages etc., or because existing income is freed up by a decrease or increase in the price of a good that money is being spent on.	investopedia	1	62.85	12.8	0	7.09	15.1	8.6	18.75	15.79
Income Elasticity of Demand	Income elasticity of demand refers to the sensitivity of the quantity demanded for a certain good to a change in real income of consumers who buy this good, keeping all other things constant.	investopedia	1	37.98	16.2	0	10.92	17.8	10.06	20.5	18.05
Income from Operations (IFO)	Income from operations (IFO) is also known as operating income or EBIT. Income from operations is the profit realized from a business' own operations. Income from operations is generated from running the primary business and excludes income from other sources. For example, this would exclude income generated from selling the property of a manufacturing company.	investopedia	1	32.09	12.2	13.4	13.85	11.9	8.91	10.125	11.34
Income Fund	An income fund is a type of mutual fund or exchange-traded fund (ETF) that emphasizes current income, either on a monthly or quarterly basis, as opposed to capital gains or appreciation. Such funds usually hold a variety of government, municipal, and corporate debt obligations, preferred stock, money market instruments, and dividend-paying stocks.	investopedia	1	28.17	15.8	0	14.8	18.6	12.52	20	18.86
Income in Respect of a Decedent (IRD)	Income in respect of a decedent (IRD) refers to untaxed income that a decedent had earned or had a right to receive during their lifetime. IRD is taxed to the individual beneficiary or entity that inherits this income.	investopedia	1	52.19	10.7	0	9.86	10.6	9.57	11.5	11.81
Income Inequality	Income inequality is how unevenly income is distributed throughout a population. The less equal the distribution, the higher income inequality is. Income inequality is often accompanied by wealth inequality, which is the uneven distribution of wealth. Populations can be divided up in different ways to show different levels and forms of income inequality such as income inequality by sex or race. Different measures, such as the Gini coefficient, can be used to analyze the level of income inequality in a population.	investopedia	1	29.65	13.1	14.8	13.16	12.2	8.14	12.3	11.42
Income Per Capita	Per capita income is a measure of the amount of money earned per person in a nation or geographic region. Per capita income can be used to determine the average per-person income for an area and to evaluate the standard of living and quality of life of the population. Per capita income for a nation is calculated by dividing the country's national income by its population.	investopedia	1	40.69	13.1	14.1	9.46	11.6	8.79	14.666667	14.25
Income Property	An income property refers to a piece of real estate that is purchased or developed primarily in order to earn income by renting or leasing it out to others, with a secondary goal of price appreciation. Income properties, which are a subset of investment properties, may be either residential or commercial.	investopedia	1	37.13	14.4	0	11.55	15	9.86	17.25	16.47
Income Smoothing	Income smoothing uses accounting techniques to level out fluctuations in net income from one period to the next. Companies indulge in this practice because investors are generally willing to pay a premium for stocks with steady and predictable earnings streams as opposed to stocks whose earnings are subject to more volatile patterns, which can be regarded as riskier.	investopedia	1	42.04	14.6	0	14.23	18.4	11.06	18	16.43
Income Statement	An income statement is one of the three important financial statements used for reporting a company's financial performance over a specific accounting period, with the other two key statements being the balance sheet and the statement of cash flows.	investopedia	1	31.89	18.5	0	14.86	24	10.02	28.5	22.78
Income Stock	An income stock is an equity security that pays regular, often steadily increasing dividends. Income stocks usually offer a high yield that may generate the majority of the security's overall returns. While there is no specific breakpoint for classification, most income stocks have lower levels of volatility than the overall stock market, and offer higher-than-market dividend yields.	investopedia	1	35.27	13.1	15.5	15.37	15.3	11.23	14.166667	16.72
Income Tax	The term income tax refers to a type of tax that governments impose on income generated by businesses and individuals within their jurisdiction. By law, taxpayers must file an income tax return annually to determine their tax obligations.	investopedia	1	35.27	13.1	0	12.94	13	9.98	14	17.07
Income Tax Payable	Income tax payable is a type of account in the current liabilities section of a company's balance sheet. It is compiled of taxes due to the government within one year. The calculation of income tax payable is according to the prevailing tax law in the company's home country.	investopedia	1	55.24	9.5	11.9	9.51	9	8.71	10.333333	10.57
Incontestability Clause	An incontestability clause is a clause in most life insurance policies that prevent the provider from voiding coverage due to a misstatement by the insured after a specific amount of time has passed. A typical incontestability clause specifies that a contract will not be voidable after two or three years due to a misstatement.	investopedia	1	44.07	13.8	0	12.36	16	9.95	18	15.99
Incorporation	Incorporation is the legal process used to form a corporate entity or company. A corporation is the resulting legal entity that separates the firm's assets and income from its owners and investors.	investopedia	1	38.32	11.9	0	11.95	11	10.35	12	13.9
Incoterms	To facilitate commerce around the world, the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) publishes a set of Incoterms, officially known as international commercial terms. Globally recognized, Incoterms prevent confusion in foreign trade contracts by clarifying the obligations of buyers and sellers. Parties involved in domestic and international trade commonly use them as a kind of shorthand to help understand one another and the exact terms of their business arrangements. Some Incoterms apply to any means of transportation; others apply strictly to transportation across water.	investopedia	1	33.44	13.8	15.6	17.06	17.4	10.38	15.125	15.07
Incremental Analysis	Incremental analysis is a decision-making technique used in business to determine the true cost difference between alternatives. Also called the relevant cost approach, marginal analysis, or differential analysis, incremental analysis disregards any sunk cost or past cost. Incremental analysis is useful for business strategy including the decision to self-produce or outsource a function.	investopedia	1	11.21	16.1	17.9	18.56	17.5	9.58	15.5	15.38
Incremental Capital Output Ratio (ICOR)	The incremental capital output ratio (ICOR) is a frequently used tool that explains the relationship between the level of investment made in the economy and the consequent increase in the gross domestic product (GDP). ICOR indicates the additional unit of capital or investment needed to produce an additional unit of output.	investopedia	1	28.67	15.6	0	13.58	16.7	11.09	19.25	17.26
Incremental Cost of Capital	Incremental cost of capital is a capital budgeting term that refers to the average cost a company incurs to issue one additional unit of debt or equity. The incremental cost of capital varies according to how many additional units of debt or equity a company wishes to issue. Being able to accurately calculate cost of capital and the incremental effects of issuing more equity or debt can help businesses reduce their overall financing costs.	investopedia	1	29.48	15.3	18.6	11.78	14.5	9.77	19.666667	15.83
Incremental Cash Flow	Incremental cash flow is the additional operating cash flow that an organization receives from taking on a new project. A positive incremental cash flow means that the company's cash flow will increase with the acceptance of the project. A positive incremental cash flow is a good indication that an organization should invest in a project.	investopedia	1	44.44	11.6	14.6	12.47	12.2	7.99	13.166667	13.14

Hubris

Hubris is the characteristic of excessive confidence or arrogance, which leads a person to believe that they may do no wrong. The overwhelming pride caused by hubris is often considered a flaw in character.

investopedia

1

54.22

9.9

0

11.42

11

10.05

12

15.04

HUD-1 Form

A HUD-1 form, also called a HUD-1 Settlement Statement, is a standardized mortgage lending document. Creditors or their closing agents use this form to create an itemized list of all charges and credits to the buyer and to the seller in a consumer credit mortgage transaction. A HUD-1 form is most commonly used for reverse mortgages and mortgage refinance transactions.

investopedia

1

59.64

9.9

12.5

12.01

13

11.21

12.666667

12.67

HUF (Hungarian Forint)

The term Hungarian Forint (HUF) refers to the official and national currency of Hungary. The name was first used between 1868 and 1892 but modern forint was introduced in 1946. The currency is issued and maintained by the country's central bank, the Hungarian National Bank. Banknotes are issued in denominations ranging from 500 to 10,000 forints while coins are minted between 5 and 200 forints. The forint is divided into 100 fillér, but these coins are no longer in circulation due to high inflation.

investopedia

1

37.31

18.5

0

12.84

23.9

12.11

27

21.09

Hulbert Rating

A Hulbert rating is a score that tracks the performance of an investment newsletter over time. Investment newsletters are paid subscriptions that can offer investors a variety of market-related information, such as trading strategies, stock recommendations, and economic commentary. Some newsletters focus on specific industries or types of trading, such as options trading, investing in utilities, precious metals investing, or cryptocurrency investing. Hulbert Ratings, LLC assigns Hulbert ratings and encourages investors to judge a newsletter by its long-term performance adjusted for risk.

investopedia

1

25.29

14.8

17.1

18.04

18.3

11.01

16.25

16.98

Hull-White Model

The Hull-White model is a single-factor interest model used to price interest rate derivatives. The Hull-White model assumes that short rates have a normal distribution and that the short rates are subject to mean reversion. Volatility is thus likely to be low when short rates are near zero, which is reflected in a larger mean reversion in the model.

investopedia

1

51.48

11

13

10.91

11.9

8.63

12.833333

11.95

Human Capital

Human capital is an intangible asset or quality not listed on a company's balance sheet. It can be classified as the economic value of a worker's experience and skills. This includes assets like education, training, intelligence, skills, health, and other things employers value such as loyalty and punctuality.

investopedia

1

29.86

13.1

14.6

13.11

12.5

11.34

12

15.57

Human Development Index (HDI)

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistic developed and compiled by the United Nations to measure and various countries' levels of social and economic development. It is composed of four principal areas of interest: mean years of schooling expected years of schooling, life expectancy at birth, and gross national income per capita. This index is a tool used to follow changes in development levels over time and to compare the development levels of different countries.

investopedia

1

37.34

14.3

15

13.18

16.3

10.5

17

14.86

Human-Life Approach

The human-life approach is a method of calculating the amount of life insurance a family would need based on the financial loss they would incur if the insured person in the family were to pass away today.

investopedia

1

42.38

16.5

0

9.47

18.6

9.31

24.5

18.04

Human Resource Planning (HRP)

Human resource planning (HRP) is the continuous process of systematic planning ahead to achieve optimum use of an organization's most valuable asset—quality employees. Human resources planning ensures the best fit between employees and jobs while avoiding manpower shortages or surpluses.

investopedia

1

25.8

14.6

0

18.1

17.9

12.52

14.5

16

Human Resources (HR)

Human resources (HR) is the division of a business that is charged with finding, screening, recruiting, and training job applicants, as well as administering employee-benefit programs. HR plays a key role in helping companies deal with a fast-changing business environment and a greater demand for quality employees in the 21st century.

investopedia

1

37.13

14.4

0

14.39

17.7

12.95

17.75

18.83

Humped Yield Curve

A humped yield curve is a relatively rare type of yield curve that results when the interest rates on medium-term fixed income securities are higher than the rates of both long and short-term instruments. Also, if short-term interest rates are expected to rise and then fall, then a humped yield curve will ensue. Humped yield curves are also known as bell-shaped curves.

investopedia

1

67.38

9

11.2

10.85

12.5

8.99

12.333333

11.51

Hundredweight (Cwt)

A hundredweight (CWT) is a unit of measurement used to define the quantities of certain commodities being bought and sold. It is used in some commodities trading contracts. Pricing by hundredweight also is a standard option for shipping packages that take up less than an entire truckload.

investopedia

1

64

8.2

11.2

11.77

10.8

9.79

8.833333

9.68

Hung Convertibles

Hung convertibles are convertible securities where the share price of the underlying is well below the conversion price, making it unlikely that the securities will be converted into common stock.

investopedia

1

24.11

17.4

0

15.21

19.8

9.34

23

21.33

Hurdle Rate

A hurdle rate is the minimum rate of return on a project or investment required by a manager or investor. It allows companies to make important decisions on whether or not to pursue a specific project. The hurdle rate describes the appropriate compensation for the level of risk present—riskier projects generally have higher hurdle rates than those with less risk. In order to determine the rate, the following are some of the areas that must be taken into consideration: associated risks, cost of capital, and the returns of other possible investments or projects.

investopedia

1

47.83

12.4

15.2

12.13

14.3

9.55

16.125

14.48

Hurricane Deductible

Actually, hurricane insurance doesn't exist as a specific, separate type of policy. The term usually refers to what is, strictly speaking, a hurricane deductible on a homeowners insurance policy: an extra amount a homeowner must pay before the insurer will cover the damage or destruction caused by a hurricane. A percentage of the property's worth, this deductible is common in 19 hurricane-prone states and Washington D.C.

investopedia

1

32.22

14.2

17.5

13.11

15.2

10.71

17.333333

16.68

Hybrid Annuity

A hybrid annuity is a retirement income investment that allows investors to split their funds between fixed-rate and variable-rate components. Investors can divide their savings between conservative assets that offer a low but guaranteed rate of return and riskier assets that offer the potential for higher returns. As in any annuity, the goal is to create a steady stream of income during retirement.

investopedia

1

41.7

12.7

13.6

13.46

14.5

9.69

13.833333

12.84

Hybrid ARM

A hybrid adjustable-rate mortgage, or hybrid ARM (also known as a "fixed-period ARM"), blends characteristics of a fixed-rate mortgage with an adjustable-rate mortgage. This type of mortgage will have an initial fixed interest rate period followed by an adjustable rate period. After the fixed interest rate expires, the interest rate starts to adjust based on an index plus a margin. The date at which the mortgage changes from the fixed rate to the adjustable rate is referred to as the reset date.

investopedia

1

59.13

10.1

11.7

11.31

12.9

8.7

12.5

9.66

Hybrid Fund

A hybrid fund is an investment fund that is characterized by diversification among two or more asset classes. These funds typically invest in a mix of stocks and bonds. They may also be known as asset allocation funds.

investopedia

1

58.58

8.2

10.5

8.98

7.3

9.67

7

10.34

Hybrid Security

A hybrid security is a single financial security that combines two or more different financial instruments. Hybrid securities, often referred to as "hybrids," generally combine both debt and equity characteristics. The most common type of hybrid security is a convertible bond that has features of an ordinary bond but is heavily influenced by the price movements of the stock into which it is convertible.

investopedia

1

32.94

14

16.3

13.17

14.5

10.12

16

15.4

Hydraulic Fracturing

Hydraulic fracturing is a process which injects high-pressure liquid into an oil- or gas-bearing rock formation to create fractures. This pressure typically yields improved flows, making it useful for oil and gas firms seeking more economical production in areas that would otherwise produce low-flow wells.

investopedia

1

40.18

13.2

0

16.13

17.5

12.12

15.25

13.44

Hydrocarbon

A hydrocarbon is an organic chemical compound composed exclusively of hydrogen and carbon atoms. Hydrocarbons are naturally-occurring compounds and form the basis of crude oil, natural gas, coal, and other important energy sources.

investopedia

1

20.89

14.4

0

16.35

15.2

13.07

13.25

18.72

Hyperdeflation

Hyperdeflation is an extremely large and relatively quick level of deflation in an economy. Hyperdeflation occurs when the purchasing power of currency rises drastically in a relatively short period of time. This increase results in debts being more pronounced, as the real value of goods and services increases and the value of the currency falls.

investopedia

1

35.98

12.8

15

13.29

12.9

9.71

13.5

14.59

Hyperledger

Hyperledger is a global enterprise blockchain project that offers the necessary framework, standards, guidelines, and tools to build open source blockchains and related applications for use across various industries. Hyperledger's projects include a variety of enterprise-ready permissioned blockchain platforms, where network participants are known to one another and therefore have an intrinsic interest in participating in the consensus-making process.

investopedia

1

24.61

17.2

0

21.48

25

13.4

23.25

21.97

Hyperledger Burrow

Hyperledger Burrow is a framework for executing smart contracts in permissioned blockchains. It is currently being incubated as part of Hyperledger, a community of open-source projects and tools for commercial implementations of blockchain technology. The goal of Hyperledger Burrow is to facilitate cross-industry applications for smart contracts.

investopedia

1

30.16

13

15.5

18.96

16.7

11.13

12.5

16.49

Hyperledger Composer

Hyperledger Composer is a set of open source tools that allows business owners, operators, and developers a way to create blockchain applications and smart contracts aimed at solving business problems and/or improving operational efficiencies. It is an example of a commercial application of blockchain-as-a-service (BaaS). Hyperledger Composer is one of the several Hyperledger projects hosted by The Linux Foundation in collaboration with corporate members.

investopedia

1

24.48

15.1

17.5

18.04

18.8

11.85

17

17.27

Hyperledger Explorer

Hyperledger Explorer is an open source blockchain utility module that allows users to create a user-friendly web-based application, with which a user can view, initiate, organize or query various artifacts and developments that form an integral part of the blockchain network. It is to be used specifically on deployments of blockchains created using the Hyperledger umbrella.

investopedia

1

26.14

16.6

0

15.55

19.6

12.07

22

20.49

Hyperledger Fabric

Hyperledger Fabric is a modular blockchain framework that acts as a foundation for developing blockchain-based products, solutions, and applications using plug-and-play components that are aimed for use within private enterprises.

investopedia

1

15.65

18.5

0

21.01

25.1

14.07

24

22.67

Hyperledger Iroha

Hyperledger Iroha is a blockchain platform designed to be easily integrable in various business uses that require distributed ledger technology. For example, the platform can be used to help companies and governments with identity management, such as national IDs, and the financial services sector with bank-to-bank transfers.

investopedia

1

22.24

16

0

16.95

18.6

12.53

18.75

20.46

Hyperledger Sawtooth

Hyperledger Sawtooth is an open source project under the Hyperledger umbrella, and works as an enterprise level blockchain system used for creating and operating distributed ledger applications and networks particularly for use by enterprises.

investopedia

1

11.59

20.1

0

18.81

24.7

12.75

27

23.01

Hypermarket

A hypermarket is a retail store that combines a department store and a grocery supermarket. Often a very large establishment, hypermarkets offer a wide variety of products such as appliances, clothing, and groceries.

investopedia

1

37.81

12.1

0

13.86

13.1

9.72

11.75

15.08

HyperText Markup Language (HTML)

HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is the set of markup symbols or codes inserted into a file intended for display on the Internet. The markup tells web browsers how to display a web page's words and images.

investopedia

1

70.13

8

0

9.16

9.9

10.67

11

11.64

Hypothecation

Hypothecation occurs when an asset is pledged as collateral to secure a loan. The owner of the asset does not give up title, possession, or ownership rights, such as income generated by the asset. However, the lender can seize the asset if the terms of the agreement are not met.

investopedia

1

62.98

8.6

11.2

8.29

8.6

8.89

10.333333

10.68

Hypothesis Testing

Hypothesis testing is an act in statistics whereby an analyst tests an assumption regarding a population parameter. The methodology employed by the analyst depends on the nature of the data used and the reason for the analysis.

investopedia

1

35.78

12.9

0

12.36

12.1

11.38

14.25

17.13

Hysteresis

Hysteresis in the field of economics refers to an event in the economy that persists even after the factors that led to that event have been removed or otherwise run their course. Hysteresis often occurs following extreme or prolonged economic events such as an economic crash or recession. After a recession, for example, the unemployment rate may continue to increase despite growth in the economy and the technical end of the recession.

investopedia

1

47.12

12.7

16.3

12.25

14.6

9.43

17.333333

14.6

Iceberg Order

Iceberg orders are large single orders that have been divided into smaller limit orders, usually through the use of an automated program, for the purpose of hiding the actual order quantity. The term "iceberg" comes from the fact that the visible lots are just the "tip of the iceberg" given the greater number of limit orders ready to be placed. They are also sometimes referred to as reserve orders.

investopedia

1

56.59

11.1

11.2

10.51

13

9.13

13.5

12.68

Ichimoku Cloud

The Ichimoku Cloud is a collection of technical indicators that show support and resistance levels, as well as momentum and trend direction. It does this by taking multiple averages and plotting them on a chart. It also uses these figures to compute a “cloud” that attempts to forecast where the price may find support or resistance in the future.

investopedia

1

59.94

9.8

13

10.73

11.5

9.43

12.833333

12.63

Ichimoku Kinko Hyo

The Ichimoku Kinko Hyo, or Ichimoku for short, is a technical indicator that is used to gauge momentum along with future areas of support and resistance. The all-in-one technical indicator is comprised of five lines called the tenkan-sen, kijun-sen, senkou span A, senkou span B and chikou span.

investopedia

1

64.04

10.3

0

12.13

15.3

11.74

15.5

12.93

ICON Cryptocurrency (ICX)

ICON is a platform that is intended to facilitate the interactions of independent blockchains, also referred to as communities. Within the ICON platform, a community is defined as a network of nodes that follow a single governance system. (A node is a computer that connects to a cryptocurrency network.)

investopedia

1

38.15

14

0

12.6

15.5

10.97

16.75

17.15

Ideation

Ideation refers to the process of developing and conveying prescriptive ideas to others, typically in a business setting. It describes the sequence of thoughts, from the original concept to implementation. Ideations can spring forth from past or present knowledge, external influences, opinions, convictions, or principles. Ideation can be expressed in graphical, written, or verbal terms.

investopedia

1

49.01

9.9

12.6

16.17

14.1

11.79

8.625

13.52

Identifiable Asset

An identifiable asset is an asset whose commercial or fair value can be measured at a given point in time, and which is expected to provide a future benefit to the company. These assets are an important consideration in the context of mergers and acquisitions.

investopedia

1

40.18

13.2

0

10.45

12.4

9.31

15.25

14.33

Identity Theft

Identity theft is the crime of obtaining the personal or financial information of another person to use their identity to commit fraud, such as making unauthorized transactions or purchases. Identity theft is committed in many different ways and its victims are typically left with damage to their credit, finances, and reputation.

investopedia

1

28.67

15.6

0

14.39

17.3

10.78

20.25

18.83

Idiosyncratic Risk

Idiosyncratic risk is a type of investment risk that is endemic to an individual asset (like a particular company's stock), or a group of assets (like a particular sector's stocks), or in some cases, a very specific asset class (like collateralized mortgage obligations). Idiosyncratic risk is also referred to as a specific risk or unsystematic risk. Therefore, the opposite of idiosyncratic risk is a systematic risk, which is the overall risk that affects all assets, such as fluctuations in the stock market, interest rates, or the entire financial system.

investopedia

1

32.87

16.1

17.5

12.83

18.4

10.43

21.166667

18.62

Idle Time

Idle time is paid time that an employee, or machine, is unproductive due to factors that can either be controlled or uncontrolled by management. It normally applies to full-time workers rather than consultants, who typically have to bill for every hour of their time.

investopedia

1

57.61

10.7

0

11.43

13.5

9.03

14.5

15.16

Illiquid

Illiquid refers to the state of a stock, bond, or other assets that cannot easily and readily be sold or exchanged for cash without a substantial loss in value. Illiquid assets may be hard to sell quickly because there is low trading activity or interest in the issue, indicated by a lack of ready and willing investors or speculators to purchase or sell the asset. As a result, illiquid assets tend to have lower trading volume, wider bid-ask spreads, and greater price volatility.

investopedia

1

51.82

12.9

12.5

10.28

15.1

9.96

16.5

14.94

Immediate Family

Most of us know how we define "immediate family" in our own minds, but our views of the matter may not matter when it comes to its definition in the fine print of legal documents or company policies. In general, a person's immediate family is his or her smallest family unit, including parents, siblings, spouse, and children. It may include relatives through marriage, such as a mother-in-law. But the exact inclusions may differ depending on the law or organization that defines an individual's immediate family.

investopedia

1

41.4

12.8

15.2

10.97

13.1

9.15

15.125

12.76

Immediate Or Cancel Order (IOC)

An immediate or cancel order (IOC) is an order to buy or sell a security that attempts to execute all or part immediately and then cancels any unfilled portion of the order. An IOC order is one of several "duration," or time in force orders, that investors can use to specify how long the order remains active in the market and under what conditions the order is canceled.

investopedia

1

36.97

16.6

0

8.66

16.7

9.73

21

17.72

Immediate Payment Annuity

An immediate payment annuity is a contract between an individual and an insurance company that pays the owner, or annuitant, a guaranteed income starting almost immediately. It differs from a deferred annuity, which begins payments at a future date chosen by the annuity owner. An immediate payment annuity is also known as a single-premium immediate annuity (SPIA), an income annuity, or simply an immediate annuity.

investopedia

1

15.61

16.5

17.1

13.23

15

9.09

16.833333

13.6

Immunization

Immunization, also known as multi-period immunization, is a risk-mitigation strategy that matches the duration of assets and liabilities in order to minimize the impact of interest rates on net worth over time.

investopedia

1

22.08

18.1

0

15.21

21.2

12.13

25

22.8

Impact Investing

Impact investing is an investment strategy that aims to generate specific beneficial social or environmental effects in addition to financial gains. Impact investments may take the form of numerous asset classes and may result in many specific outcomes. The point of impact investing is to use money and investment capital for positive social results.

investopedia

1

27.83

13.9

16.3

14.09

13.6

10.96

14.333333

16.09

Impaired Asset

An impaired asset is an asset that has a market value less than the value listed on the company's balance sheet. When an asset is deemed to be impaired, it will need to be written down on the company's balance sheet to its current market value.

investopedia

1

65.05

9.9

0

7.49

10.5

7.18

12.5

10.07

Impaired Credit

Impaired credit occurs when there has been a deterioration in the creditworthiness of an individual or entity. This is usually reflected through a lower credit score, in the case of an individual, or a reduction in the credit rating assigned to an entity or debt issued by a rating agency or lender. As a result, the borrower whose credit has been impaired will generally have lesser accessibility to credit facilities and will have to pay a higher rate of interest on loans. Impaired credit may either be a temporary situation that can be reversed, or an early sign that the borrower could face potential major financial distress down the road. In either case, impaired credit is not a good omen.

investopedia

1

38.66

13.8

14.3

10.45

13.3

9.17

16.5

14.93

Impairment

In accounting, impairment describes a permanent reduction in the value of a company's asset, typically a fixed asset or an intangible asset. When testing an asset for impairment, the total profit, cash flow, or other benefit expected to be generated by that specific asset is periodically compared with its current book value. If it is determined that the book value of the asset exceeds the future cash flow or benefit of the asset, the difference between the two is written off and the value of the asset declines on the company's balance sheet.

investopedia

1

31.55

16.6

16.7

10.98

17.1

9.42

21.166667

17.99

Impeachment

Impeachment, as authorized by Article II, Section 4 of the U.S. Constitution, is the formal process that allows Congress to bring charges of "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors" against high-ranking civil officers, such as the president.

investopedia

1

51.68

10.9

0

13.63

14.9

13.51

13.75

14.98

Imperfect Competition

Imperfect competition exists whenever a market, hypothetical or real, violates the abstract tenets of neoclassical perfect competition. In this environment, companies sell different products and services, set their own individual prices, fight for market share, and are often protected by barriers to entry and exit.

investopedia

1

-8.05

25.6

0

18.18

29.9

12.18

17.75

26.89

Imperfect Market

An imperfect market refers to any economic market that does not meet the rigorous standards of the hypothetical perfectly—or purely—competitive market. Pure or perfect competition is an abstract, theoretical market structure in which a series of criteria are met. Since all real markets exist outside of the spectrum of the perfect competition model, all real markets can be classified as imperfect markets.

investopedia

1

33.54

13.7

14.6

14.74

15.3

10.01

14.333333

14.73

Implicit Cost

An implicit cost is any cost that has already occurred but not necessarily shown or reported as a separate expense. It represents an opportunity cost that arises when a company uses internal resources toward a project without any explicit compensation for the utilization of resources. This means when a company allocates its resources, it always forgoes the ability to earn money off the use of the resources elsewhere, so there's no exchange of cash. Put simply, an implicit cost comes from the use of an asset, rather than renting or buying it.

investopedia

1

48.13

12.3

14.2

11.2

13.4

9.07

15.25

13.98

Implied Authority

Implied authority refers to an agent with the jurisdiction to perform acts that are reasonably necessary to accomplish the purpose of an organization. Under contract law, implied authority figures have the ability to make a legally binding contract on behalf of another person or company.

investopedia

1

31.72

14.4

0

14.1

15.3

10.72

16.25

15.22

Implied Contract

An implied contract is a legally-binding obligation that derives from actions, conduct, or circumstances of one or more parties in an agreement. It has the same legal force as an express contract, which is a contract that is voluntarily entered into and agreed on verbally or in writing by two or more parties. The implied contract, on the other hand, is assumed to exist, but no written or verbal confirmation is necessary.

investopedia

1

55.58

11.5

11.9

10.74

13.7

9.87

14.333333

12.93

Implied Rate

The implied rate is the difference between the spot interest rate and the interest rate for the forward or futures delivery date.

investopedia

1

57.61

10.7

0

10.91

12.7

7.6

15

12.44

Implied Volatility (IV)

Implied volatility is a metric that captures the market's view of the likelihood of changes in a given security's price. Investors can use it to project future moves and supply and demand, and often employ it to price options contracts.

investopedia

1

59.64

9.9

0

10.56

11.8

11.34

11.5

11

Import

An import is a good or service bought in one country that was produced in another. Imports and exports are the components of international trade. If the value of a country's imports exceeds the value of its exports, the country has a negative balance of trade, also known as a trade deficit.

investopedia

1

70.84

7.7

9.7

8.76

9.1

7.83

9

9.23

Import Duty

Import duty is a tax collected on imports and some exports by a country's customs authorities. A good's value will usually dictate the import duty. Depending on the context, import duty may also be known as a customs duty, tariff, import tax or import tariff.

investopedia

1

56.25

9.1

9.7

8.92

8.7

8.94

7.833333

9.56

Import Substitution Industrialization

Import substitution industrialization (ISI) is a theory of economics typically adhered to by developing countries or emerging market nations that seek to decrease their dependence on developed countries. The approach targets the protection and incubation of newly formed domestic industries to fully develop sectors so that the goods produced are competitive with imported goods. Under ISI theory, the process makes local economies, and their nations, self-sufficient.

investopedia

1

23.77

15.4

16.7

17.69

18.6

12.62

16.666667

18.5

Impression

An impression is a metric used to quantify the number of digital views or engagements of a piece of content, usually an advertisement, digital post, or a web page. Impressions are also referred to as an "ad view." They are used in online advertising, which often pays on a per-impression basis. Counting impressions is essential to how web advertising is accounted and paid for in search engine marketing, as well as measuring the performance of social media campaigns. Impressions are not a measure of whether an advertisement has been clicked on, but how many times it was displayed or had potential "eyeballs" on it, which leads to some debate as to how accurate the metric is.

investopedia

1

47.93

12.3

14.8

10.39

13.1

9.55

13.8

14.45

Imprest

An imprest is a cash account a business relies on to pay for small, routine expenses. Funds contained in imprests are regularly replenished, in order to maintain a fixed balance. The term “imprest” can also refer to a monetary advance given to a person for a specific purpose.

investopedia

1

55.24

9.5

10.5

9.51

9

10.02

8.666667

10.57

Impulse Wave Pattern

An impulse wave pattern is a technical trading term that describes a strong move in a financial asset's price coinciding with the main direction of the underlying trend. It is used frequently in discussion of the Elliott Wave theory, a method for analyzing and predicting financial market price movements. Impulse waves can refer to upward movements in uptrends or downward movements in downtrends.

investopedia

1

50.16

11.5

14.1

13.29

14.3

10.69

14.166667

14.11

Imputed Value

Imputed value, also known as estimated imputation, is an assumed value given to an item when the actual value is not known or available. Imputed values are a logical or implicit value for an item or time set, wherein a "true" value has yet to be ascertained.

investopedia

1

47.62

12.5

0

8.3

11.6

8.83

15.75

15.36

Imputed Interest

The IRS uses imputed interest to collect tax revenues on loans or securities that pay little or no interest. Imputed interest is important for discount bonds, such as zero-coupon bonds and other securities sold below face value and mature at par. The IRS uses an accretive method when calculating the imputed interest on Treasury bonds and has applicable federal rates that set a minimum interest rate in relation to imputed interest and original issue discount rules.

investopedia

1

28.88

15.5

18.2

12.77

15.7

10.29

19.666667

15.38

In-App Purchasing

In-app purchasing refers to the buying of goods and services from inside an application on a mobile device, such as a smartphone or tablet. In-app purchases allow developers to provide their applications for free. The developer then advertises upgrades to the paid version, paid feature unlocks, special items for sale, or even ads other apps and services to anyone who downloads the free version. This allows the developer to profit despite giving the basic app itself away for free.

investopedia

1

51.38

11

11.2

11.95

12.7

10.22

11.875

11.46

In Escrow

In financial transactions, the term "in escrow" indicates a temporary condition of an item, such as money or property, that has been transferred to a third party. This transfer is usually done on behalf of a buyer and seller.

investopedia

1

60.14

9.7

0

9.63

11

10.27

13.25

14.98

In-House

In-house refers to conducting an activity or operation within a company, instead of relying on outsourcing. This occurs when a firm uses its own employees and time to keep a division or business activity, such as financing or brokering, in-house.

investopedia

1

34.26

13.5

0

11.72

13

10.16

15.5

17

In-House Financing

In-house financing is financing in which a firm extends customers a loan, allowing them to purchase its goods or services. In-house financing eliminates the firm's reliance on the financial sector for providing the customer with funds to complete a transaction.

investopedia

1

42.72

12.3

0

14.04

14.7

10.94

14

In-Service Withdrawal

An in-service withdrawal occurs when an employee takes a distribution from a qualified, employer-sponsored retirement plan, such as a 401(k) account, without leaving the employ of their company. This may occur without a tax penalty any time after the employee reaches age 59½, or if the employee withdraws up to $10,000 to purchase their first home, declares a hardship, or establishes extreme financial need.

investopedia

1

30.54

17

0

13.41

20.1

11.14

22

17.8

In Specie

The phrase in specie describes the transfer of an asset in its current form rather than in the equivalent amount of cash. In specie distributions are usually made when cash isn’t readily available or when it’s simply more practical to hand over the asset rather than cash. There also are tax benefits to some in specie transactions.

investopedia

1

69.11

8.3

11.9

10.5

10.9

9.29

11.833333

12.51

In the Money (ITM)

In the money (ITM) is an expression that refers to an option that possesses intrinsic value. ITM thus indicates that an option has value in a strike price that is favorable in comparison to the prevailing market price of the underlying asset:

investopedia

1

50.16

11.5

0

9.92

11.6

9.94

14.5

16.02

Incentive Stock Options (ISOs)

An incentive stock option (ISO) is a corporate benefit that gives an employee the right to buy shares of company stock at a discounted price with the added benefit of possible tax breaks on the profit. The profit on qualified ISOs is usually taxed at the capital gains rate, not the higher rate for ordinary income. Non-qualified stock options (NSOs) are taxed as ordinary income.

investopedia

1

49.45

11.8

15.5

10.1

12.3

10.06

15.5

13.6

Incidence Rate

The term incidence rate refers to the rate at which a new event occurs over a specified period of time. Put simply, the incidence rate is the number of new cases within a time period (the numerator) as a proportion of the number of people at risk for the disease (the denominator).

investopedia

1

53.55

12.3

0

7.9

12.4

9.18

17

15.02

Incidental Expenses (IE)

Incidental expenses, also known as incidentals, are gratuities and other minor fees or costs incurred in addition to the main service, item, or event paid for during business activities.

investopedia

1

25.12

17

0

13.94

18.7

12.15

20.5

19.88

Income Annuity

An income annuity is an annuity contract that is designed to start paying income as soon as the policy is initiated. Once funded, an income annuity is annuitized immediately, although the underlying income units may be in either fixed or variable investments. As such, income payments may fluctuate over time.

investopedia

1

46.06

11

13.6

11.89

11.4

9.83

11.666667

13.08

Income Approach

The income approach, sometimes referred to as the income capitalization approach, is a type of real estate appraisal method that allows investors to estimate the value of a property based on the income the property generates. It’s used by taking the net operating income (NOI) of the rent collected and dividing it by the capitalization rate.

investopedia

1

34.6

15.4

0

12.13

16.7

10.1

18.5

16.2

Income Effect

In microeconomics, the income effect is the change in demand for a good or service caused by a change in a consumer's purchasing power resulting from a change in real income. This change can be the result of a rise in wages etc., or because existing income is freed up by a decrease or increase in the price of a good that money is being spent on.

investopedia

1

62.85

12.8

0

7.09

15.1

8.6

18.75

15.79

Income Elasticity of Demand

Income elasticity of demand refers to the sensitivity of the quantity demanded for a certain good to a change in real income of consumers who buy this good, keeping all other things constant.

investopedia

1

37.98

16.2

0

10.92

17.8

10.06

20.5

18.05

Income from Operations (IFO)

Income from operations (IFO) is also known as operating income or EBIT. Income from operations is the profit realized from a business' own operations. Income from operations is generated from running the primary business and excludes income from other sources. For example, this would exclude income generated from selling the property of a manufacturing company.

investopedia

1

32.09

12.2

13.4

13.85

11.9

8.91

10.125

11.34

Income Fund

An income fund is a type of mutual fund or exchange-traded fund (ETF) that emphasizes current income, either on a monthly or quarterly basis, as opposed to capital gains or appreciation. Such funds usually hold a variety of government, municipal, and corporate debt obligations, preferred stock, money market instruments, and dividend-paying stocks.

investopedia

1

28.17

15.8

0

14.8

18.6

12.52

20

18.86

Income in Respect of a Decedent (IRD)

Income in respect of a decedent (IRD) refers to untaxed income that a decedent had earned or had a right to receive during their lifetime. IRD is taxed to the individual beneficiary or entity that inherits this income.

investopedia

1

52.19

10.7

0

9.86

10.6

9.57

11.5

11.81

Income Inequality

Income inequality is how unevenly income is distributed throughout a population. The less equal the distribution, the higher income inequality is. Income inequality is often accompanied by wealth inequality, which is the uneven distribution of wealth. Populations can be divided up in different ways to show different levels and forms of income inequality such as income inequality by sex or race. Different measures, such as the Gini coefficient, can be used to analyze the level of income inequality in a population.

investopedia

1

29.65

13.1

14.8

13.16

12.2

8.14

12.3

11.42

Income Per Capita

Per capita income is a measure of the amount of money earned per person in a nation or geographic region. Per capita income can be used to determine the average per-person income for an area and to evaluate the standard of living and quality of life of the population. Per capita income for a nation is calculated by dividing the country's national income by its population.

investopedia

1

40.69

13.1

14.1

9.46

11.6

8.79

14.666667

14.25

Income Property

An income property refers to a piece of real estate that is purchased or developed primarily in order to earn income by renting or leasing it out to others, with a secondary goal of price appreciation. Income properties, which are a subset of investment properties, may be either residential or commercial.

investopedia

1

37.13

14.4

0

11.55

15

9.86

17.25

16.47

Income Smoothing

Income smoothing uses accounting techniques to level out fluctuations in net income from one period to the next. Companies indulge in this practice because investors are generally willing to pay a premium for stocks with steady and predictable earnings streams as opposed to stocks whose earnings are subject to more volatile patterns, which can be regarded as riskier.

investopedia

1

42.04

14.6

0

14.23

18.4

11.06

18

16.43

Income Statement

An income statement is one of the three important financial statements used for reporting a company's financial performance over a specific accounting period, with the other two key statements being the balance sheet and the statement of cash flows.

investopedia

1

31.89

18.5

0

14.86

24

10.02

28.5

22.78

Income Stock

An income stock is an equity security that pays regular, often steadily increasing dividends. Income stocks usually offer a high yield that may generate the majority of the security's overall returns. While there is no specific breakpoint for classification, most income stocks have lower levels of volatility than the overall stock market, and offer higher-than-market dividend yields.

investopedia

1

35.27

13.1

15.5

15.37

15.3

11.23

14.166667

16.72

Income Tax

The term income tax refers to a type of tax that governments impose on income generated by businesses and individuals within their jurisdiction. By law, taxpayers must file an income tax return annually to determine their tax obligations.

investopedia

1

35.27

13.1

0

12.94

13

9.98

14

17.07

Income Tax Payable

Income tax payable is a type of account in the current liabilities section of a company's balance sheet. It is compiled of taxes due to the government within one year. The calculation of income tax payable is according to the prevailing tax law in the company's home country.

investopedia

1

55.24

9.5

11.9

9.51

9

8.71

10.333333

10.57

Incontestability Clause

An incontestability clause is a clause in most life insurance policies that prevent the provider from voiding coverage due to a misstatement by the insured after a specific amount of time has passed. A typical incontestability clause specifies that a contract will not be voidable after two or three years due to a misstatement.

investopedia

1

44.07

13.8

0

12.36

16

9.95

18

15.99

Incorporation

Incorporation is the legal process used to form a corporate entity or company. A corporation is the resulting legal entity that separates the firm's assets and income from its owners and investors.

investopedia

1

38.32

11.9

0

11.95

11

10.35

12

13.9

Incoterms

To facilitate commerce around the world, the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) publishes a set of Incoterms, officially known as international commercial terms. Globally recognized, Incoterms prevent confusion in foreign trade contracts by clarifying the obligations of buyers and sellers. Parties involved in domestic and international trade commonly use them as a kind of shorthand to help understand one another and the exact terms of their business arrangements. Some Incoterms apply to any means of transportation; others apply strictly to transportation across water.

investopedia

1

33.44

13.8

15.6

17.06

17.4

10.38

15.125

15.07

Incremental Analysis

Incremental analysis is a decision-making technique used in business to determine the true cost difference between alternatives. Also called the relevant cost approach, marginal analysis, or differential analysis, incremental analysis disregards any sunk cost or past cost. Incremental analysis is useful for business strategy including the decision to self-produce or outsource a function.

investopedia

1

11.21

16.1

17.9

18.56

17.5

9.58

15.5

15.38

Incremental Capital Output Ratio (ICOR)

The incremental capital output ratio (ICOR) is a frequently used tool that explains the relationship between the level of investment made in the economy and the consequent increase in the gross domestic product (GDP). ICOR indicates the additional unit of capital or investment needed to produce an additional unit of output.

investopedia

1

28.67

15.6

0

13.58

16.7

11.09

19.25

17.26

Incremental Cost of Capital

Incremental cost of capital is a capital budgeting term that refers to the average cost a company incurs to issue one additional unit of debt or equity. The incremental cost of capital varies according to how many additional units of debt or equity a company wishes to issue. Being able to accurately calculate cost of capital and the incremental effects of issuing more equity or debt can help businesses reduce their overall financing costs.

investopedia

1

29.48

15.3

18.6

11.78

14.5

9.77

19.666667

15.83

Incremental Cash Flow

Incremental cash flow is the additional operating cash flow that an organization receives from taking on a new project. A positive incremental cash flow means that the company's cash flow will increase with the acceptance of the project. A positive incremental cash flow is a good indication that an organization should invest in a project.

investopedia

1

44.44

11.6

14.6

12.47

12.2

7.99

13.166667

13.14