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Kid’s Master Class - “Go me!” Time - updated 3/21/16
The Original Discovery Phase Post: A 2 Year Old’s Mindset
Watching preschoolers play and learn I am inspired by their mindset. They demonstrate the character traits that are the foundation for a lifetime of learning: curiosity, confidence, resilience and determination. However those traits get extinguished easily, most times before learners get to Kindergarten, yet they are the essential traits necessary for college and a lifetime of learning.
It is not what has to be learned(content) but the approach to learning, that is the fundamental challenge for students, and for teachers and parents to convey. The earlier this is addressed, the better it is for learners.
Kid’s Master Class - “Go me!” Time - The SELECT PHASE
Early grade teachers set aside a portion of a day, week or month for young learners (ages 5-8) to have “Go me!” Time. Students recount “proud of” achievements, learning experiences that they are clearly proud of. Through these “proud of” achievements teachers would teach and/or validate the actions of the learner, label the strategies the learner used, and reinforce the character traits that were demonstrated through their experience.
As we look at ways to help students attend and achieve in college we cannot ignore the benefits of helping them build a strong foundation of learning character traits at an early age.
Watch young children play, they demonstrate the character traits that are the foundation for a lifetime of learning: curiosity, confidence, resilience and determination. Somehow these traits get extinguished.
“Go me!” Time would create opportunity for young learners to talk about the things they are proud of and how they continued past any obstacles.
Through "Go me!" Time teachers validate and label learner character traits, for example,
RESILIENCE: "You didn't get upset by that mistake, you tried again". You were "resilient"!
Educators would put emphasis on the process of learning, so as learners mature they learn that the process is as important and essential to the outcome. Educators would help preserve the traits that will carry learners through their years, so they will succeed at college and their chosen careers.
Potential For Impact:
- “Go me!” Time provides the opportunity for learners, teachers, parents to connect and communicate and follow the development of a child’s character traits for learning.
- Record - Recall - Share: A learner’s “proud of” experiences can be recorded and become an essential part of a young learner's portfolio. They would preserve experiences, complete with obstacles, failures and strategies. Students can write, talk about, draw, etc to describe their own “proud of” experiences and use them to recall and self-assess, self-motivate and to share with others. The resource used could be designed to run on any platform, computer, tablet or smartphone. See "Go Me!" prototype AND "Go Me!" Prototype 2 (added 3/29/30)
- A child’s “proud of” story might be helpful to inspire other students who might be struggling.
(Please scroll to the bottom to add your support for this idea.)
How to get this idea off the ground?
A prototype “Go Me!” TEACHER'S GUIDE has been created. It includes:
- An Introduction - why a Kid’s Master Class and “Go me!” Time? How to get started.
- Suggested prompts/questions to encourage students to reflect on their experiences and the character traits they demonstrated/are learning.
- How to continue the support. Includes a suggested on-line resource for supporting character trait development: https://characterlab.org/resources
- A prototype assessment tool.
Begin with a few prototype Kid’s Master Class -“Go me!” Time opportunities. Seek out school administrators and/or pre-k -grade 3 teachers willing to try the Kid’s Master Class - “Go me!” Time. Seek permission to videotape a Kid’s Master Class following the guidelines created.
We have a video of a Kindergarten teacher who tried “Go me!” Time with some of her kindergarten students. It has provided us with some preliminary information and we are excited to keep improving the questioning, prompting and responses to students.
Educators who try the Kid’s Master Class can be asked to provide feedback via an online survey. Assess what worked, what to improve on.
- Note: See comments by Cindy Charles below. She conducted an impromptu “Go me!” session with her former struggling Kindergarten student, now in 9th grade, and prompted the student to speak about his “proud of” learning experiences. Her comments and the feedback she received show the potential for significant positive outcomes, based on the student’s comments.
It’s very exciting to be putting an idea into action, to follow through on the ideas and suggestions offered by our mentor from Google, Andy Ng as well as those from the inspiring Teacher Guild Coaches. I have been personally inspired by and have learned from Cindy Charles, Edwin Lagos and Ela Ben-Ur , passionate educators and design-thinkers. Thank you.
Comments from Cindy Charles in regards to a prototype interview opportunity.
Note: character trait labels/comments added (in parenthesis) by Angelo Truglio.
February 17, 2016: I had a wonderful experience Monday interviewing a former Kindergarten therapy student who is now a college bound freshmen in high school. He was shadowing me to investigate Occupational Therapy as a career. I decided to “wing it” and do a prototyping video session with this 9th grader just out of curiosity. I loved what he had to say! He clearly remembers his Kindergarten experience.
He remembers not having many friends and frequently not understanding what he was asked to do or how to do it. He often felt misunderstood. (Mindfulness)
He is super proud that, in spite of his obstacles in Kindergarten, he was an honor roll student by third grade. He is also super proud of being a star soccer player today with many friends. (His “Go me!” proud learning experience.)
He said he overcame his obstacles by trusting in himself and his parents. (Self-confidence/trust)
He became aware that he learns best physically by moving and doing. (Mindfulness/self-awareness)
His advice to teachers is to have a positive relationship with each child and to get to know how each student learns best. He said when he was in fear of the teacher he couldn't learn and only wanted to go home. He also feels teachers need to be relevant and students need to teach each other more. (Another beneficial outcome– encouraging student voice in how they learn best)
I was blown away by the insight of this young teenage boy! He was so shy as a Kindergarten student. He sparkled with confidence in his video interview! (Speaking about "proud of" experiences can help reinforce self-efficacy - “I am capable” “I matter!”)
This process is as powerful for the interviewer as it is for the student sharing their story. Wouldn't it be cool feedback for early grade teachers to hear what their students reflect upon later in their school journey?I can't wait to compare Jacob's insights to current early grade learners. I wonder if self-awareness comes before success or as a result of it?
Feb. 23rd 2016: Interview Update: Angelo, I love Edwin's idea of the digital portfolio! The opportunity would exist to be reminded in times of doubt or struggle of how far you have come or to be reminded of the character strengths you possess that you may have forgotten along your education journey. The parents of the high school student that I just interviewed as a prototype "Master Class" contacted me following his visit and said he is "on fire" with a new sense of passion and enthusiasm for school after his recent shadow day! I think his opportunity to be interviewed and reflect on past struggles and accomplishments reminded him of what character traits he used to persevere in the past and now he realizes he can use them in high school Spanish class as well!
March 21st: Reflections from the Kindergarten teacher who prototyped “Go me!” Time:
It was so special to have time to reflect one on one with a student to hear what they perceive as "proud of moments". As a classroom teacher we never get the opportunity and group reflections are never to intimate. Most of the time all students will repeat what they have heard their classmates say they are proud of. We have class celebrations each quarter, but the one on one spontaneous reflection in a video portfolio is priceless tool to share with family members, the student can review it later and it is a great portfolio for teachers to reflect on their success as a teacher. The digital portfolio would also be great for receiving teachers to hear and learn about each student they are receiving the following year. Often times the communication about students coming into the next grade level is minimal and mostly linear information regarding grades. ~Kindergarten teacher, South Carolina This teacher has told us she would love to be the year long prototype teacher for the implementation of this project next year. | <urn:uuid:dc5a2d3d-3b4c-4a00-81cd-8350476c6aab> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://collaborate.teachersguild.org/challenge/reach-higher-better-make-room-teachers-guild-college-journey-collaboration/select/kid-s-master-class | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250605075.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121192553-20200121221553-00281.warc.gz | en | 0.968251 | 1,981 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Dutch chemist Ivan Buijnsters from the University of Nijmegen has successfully produced a diamond layer on a steel substrate. This opens up the possibility of wear-resistant tools. The secret to this technique is an adhesive layer between the steel and the diamond layer.
Buijnsters made diamond layers by allowing methane gas diluted in hydrogen gas to dissociate on a hot wire just above the substrate. The carbon atoms present in the methane dropped onto the substrate and formed a thin layer of diamond there. However, this technique did not work on a steel substrate. Graphite mostly formed on this.
The researcher discovered why a diamond layer could not be created on some types of steel. During the deposition process the carbon penetrated several micrometres into the metal, where it formed iron carbides. Subsequently, graphite formed instead of diamond. This effect was found to be less strong in stainless steel, although it was still strong enough to prevent the formation of a well-sealed diamond coating.
To solve this problem Buijnsters looked for a material that could be placed between the steel and diamond layers. The material had to adhere well to the steel and be a suitable substrate for diamond growth. Silicon was an obvious choice. However, the carbon atoms diffused through the intermediate silicon layer into the iron causing the steel to weaken.
An intermediate layer of chromium nitride was found to work well. It was relatively easy to apply a good-adhering intermediate layer using a deposition apparatus. Good diamond layers were formed on certain types of tool steel in particular. However, the diamond layers on stainless steel were of a lower quality.
A surface treatment of steel with boron was also found to result in a good intermediate layer, even on stainless steel. An advantage of this treatment is that the difference in expansion between diamond and steel is gradually dissipated. After the production of diamond at about 600 oC, the steel contracts much more than the diamond coating and the coating can become detached as a result of this. A treatment with boron gives the external surface of the steel an expansion coefficient more or less comparable to that of diamond. This effect gradually decreases from the surface of the steel inwards.
Cite This Page: | <urn:uuid:8efddd65-f410-41ff-b253-9defd1ec3764> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/05/030519083003.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999677352/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060757-00051-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961485 | 453 | 3.9375 | 4 |
WAUSAU, Wis. (WSAW)-- National Pollinator Week kicked off on Monday, with the Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection's asking homeowners to create a welcoming home for bees. Wisconsin is home to around 400 species of native bees, native flies and monarch butterflies all of which help pollinate our food source. Donna Gilson with DATCP said sadly though pollinator numbers are dwindling, so people need to be extra cautious.
"In Wisconsin we have, we're one of the remaining habitats for a little critter called the rusty patch bumble bee, which actually is a pollinator that is on the federal endangered species list. That's the only one that's on the endangered species list. But we do have a population of them, or populations of them in Wisconsin. So, that's one good reason to just be careful right there," said Gilson.
This is due to a lack of attractive plants, invasive plants and mostly pesticides killing pollinators. To help repopulate bees, and other pollinators the DATCP said to try and have at least three species of flowers, herbs, fruits and vegetables, trees or shrubs blooming in your yard from fall to spring. They also said to let parts of your yard become uncultivated, where dandelions and clovers can grow as they provide pollen and nectar early in the season for pollinators. The uncultivated brush also becomes a great home for pollinators as well as they like to live in old rodent burrows, tree cavities and abandoned bird nests.
"You don't have to have a huge garden or a whole farm if you just have a little postage stamp lot in the middle of Milwaukee you can take some steps to help out pollinators."
Gilson also said to watch out for the “bee advisory box” on pesticides that could hurt pollinators and to make sure you know what is in your yard before using products to destroy pests or diseases.
While crops like corn and soybeans don't rely on insects for pollination, fruit crops do. Today Wisconsin leads the nation in cranberry production, and without pollinators the state would lose three-quarter of its crop. In 2017 Wisconsin lost 22.3 million dollars due to crop loss from under-pollination | <urn:uuid:7034d754-b76e-4315-a72f-b78c2202d020> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.wsaw.com/content/news/How-you-can-help-the-bees-during-National-Pollinator-Week-511452032.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347419639.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20200601211310-20200602001310-00010.warc.gz | en | 0.961159 | 468 | 2.890625 | 3 |
How to Read Street Maps
Good navigation skills are essential for a safe and successful trip. It is important to know where you're going and how best to get there. Maps can help, provided they're marked correctly.
Obtain a proper map. On a proper street map, north is always "up," the streets are clearly marked and everything is drawn to scale. A map obtained from a business or tourist agency may be far more decorative, but much less accurate. It is OK to have one of these maps, especially if you're looking for certain attractions. Just be sure you have a street map that is drawn to scale to accompany it.
Identify the streets. Streets are marked with lines and sometimes symbols that indicate how heavily they are traveled. Major highways will be marked as thick lines and will likely have a large highway symbol. Local arteries will be slightly smaller with a less ornate symbol, and neighborhood roads will be the thinnest lines.
Identify the landmarks. Maps use symbols to mark certain points of interest--a picnic table for a park, a red cross for a hospital, a book for a library, a red helmet for a fire station. These may vary from map to map, but every map should have a legend to tell you what the symbols mean.
Use the street grid. Some maps have so many streets that it would take quite a while to find the one you want. These maps often have grids and alphabetical street listings to help. For example, let's say you look up London Street in the alphabetical listing, and it has the corresponding coordinates of H-6. Find the H along the lettered axis and the 6 along the numbered access, and trace them both until they meet. This should help you find the location you want.
- While maps will always be useful, they are becoming slightly less common as GPS devices become more affordable and popular. These devices can break and are thrown off-course by bad weather, so map-reading skills can be handy and helpful.
- Whenever possible, use a map that is laminated and easy to fold. This will make it last longer, keep it clean and make it easier to store. | <urn:uuid:ad05aa70-f9db-4ed1-b7da-8d18fd3bd3f8> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://traveltips.usatoday.com/read-street-maps-21154.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187828356.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20171024090757-20171024110757-00104.warc.gz | en | 0.952133 | 445 | 3.703125 | 4 |
How common is hearing loss?
Hearing loss is a very common problem. About 10% of the U.S. population has hearing loss. 30% of people over age 60 have hearing loss and nearly half of those over 75 have hearing loss. 15% of those from ages 41 to 59 have hearing loss. 7% of those from ages 29 to 40 already have hearing loss. Six of every 1000 babies are born with hearing loss and 10 to 15% of those babies pass their newborn hearing screening. Therefore, it is important to refer a baby for a hearing evaluation if there are concerns even if they have passed their newborn hearing screening.
What is an audiological evaluation?
The audiologist checks the ears for any obstruction such as earwax, then performs testing to determine the degree of hearing loss for low, mid, and high pitches. Testing is used to determine where in the ear the hearing loss occurs. Speech testing is completed to determine understanding of words once they are loud enough. Appropriate treatment or referrals are recommended. Babies and children are tested with special techniques appropriate for their age, such as watching babies localize to sounds given through calibrated speakers, or teaching young children to drop a block in a bucket when they hear the sound. Young babies are tested using auditory brainstem response (ABR) and otoacoustic emission (OAE) testing, where the baby’s responses are measured using electrodes placed on different parts of the baby’s head for ABR testing, and by measuring echoes to the sounds in the baby’s ear for OAE testing.
Why should I be concerned about a mild hearing loss?
Even mild hearing losses affect the ability to hear the soft consonant sounds in speech, making speech sound muffled. Children with mild hearing loss or unilateral hearing loss are at risk for speech delay and academic failure.
Do people wear hearing aids every day?
Hearing aids take time and patience to use successfully. Individuals who obtain the most benefit from their hearing aids wear them consistently every day which helps them adjust to the aids more quickly. Your audiologist will take your experience with hearing aids into account when programming the aids and then gradually tune the aids to the recommended settings as you get used to the sounds. Children with hearing loss need to wear their hearing aids during all waking hours. Full-time use is needed to develop normal auditory and communication skills.
Will I become dependent on hearing aids?
Those who wear hearing aids consistently get used to hearing all of the sounds in their environment and miss those sounds and parts of speech when not wearing the hearing aids. However, no actual physical changes occur to the hearing acuity, and hearing aid use will not prevent further decline in hearing.
What will happen if I delay getting hearing aids? Will anything deteriorate by waiting as long as possible?
It is much easier to adjust to hearing aids if the hearing loss is mild and short-lived. Untreated hearing loss is related to increased dementia, increased depression and anxiety, and withdrawal from social activities. Use of hearing aids improves relationships with family members, self-confidence, and social life, so it is important to seek help as soon as the problem is identified.
I have tinnitus. Will hearing aids make my tinnitus worse?
Hearing aids are usually quite helpful in treating tinnitus, by selectively amplifying environmental sounds, usually in the frequencies where the tinnitus is heard. This in turn makes the tinnitus harder to hear. Some patients with severe tinnitus need to be treated with a more intensive program called Tinnitus Retraining Therapy. | <urn:uuid:18d32a66-96ad-44dd-90ad-e910c833d9cd> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://clarityupstate.org/hearing/frequently-asked-questions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371807538.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408010207-20200408040707-00119.warc.gz | en | 0.964209 | 738 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Following the death of the regent William Marshall, Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury
, took over much of the governance of the country. He was assisted by the Justicar, Hubert de Burgh.
1220 (28th April)
Work began on Salisbury Cathedral
1220 (17th May)
King Henry III
was given a second coronation at Westminster Abbey because the Pope believed that Henry’s first coronation in 1216 had not been carried out properly.
1221 (21st June)
King Henry’s sister, Joan, aged ten years, married King Alexander II of Scotland.
1221 (15th August)
Dominican monks began work on Blackfriars, a college of Oxford University.
A new coin, the farthing, was minted.
William Marshall, Earl of Pembroke, took the castles at Carmarthen and Cardigan from Llywelyn the Great.
1224 (5th May)
King Louis VIII of France attacked Poitou, which was English territory, and took the city of La Rochelle. The French king also made it clear Gascony would be attacked next.
1224 (20th June)
Falkes de Breaut was one of a number of nobles that were not happy with the rule of Hubert de Burgh. Hostilities increased and Civil War was narrowly averted. De Breaut was ordered to hand over Plymouth and Bedford Castle to the Crown but he refused. Falkes de Breaut was then found guilty of a trumped up charge of Breach of the Peace. Falkes’ brother then seized the judge. Henry III’s forces now placed Bedford Castle under siege.
1224 (14th August)
The Siege of Bedford Castle ended when the castle was captured by Henry’s forces. Falkes de Breaut and his brother were excommunicated and exiled.
1224 (10th September)
The first Franciscan monks arrived in England.
English troops were sent to France to defend Gascony but they made no attempt to recover Poitou from the French.
The Franciscan monks founded Greyfriars Monastery in London.
King Henry III reached his majority and was given some governmental responsibility but Hugh de Burgh remained influential.
Agreement was reached with France.
1228 (9th July)
Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury, died.
1228 (3rd August)
Walter d’Eynsham was appointed new Archbishop of Canterbury by the monks of Canterbury.
1229 (10th June)
The appointment of Walter d’Eynsham as Archbishop of Canterbury was overturned by the Pope and Henry III and Richard le Grant was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury in his stead. | <urn:uuid:6846a0d8-0e26-4084-8b00-76bea959db57> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.totallytimelines.com/english-history-1220-1229/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146123.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200225141345-20200225171345-00131.warc.gz | en | 0.975823 | 584 | 3.15625 | 3 |
July 19, 1934 was one of the hottest days in US history. Every state recorded temperatures over 90 degrees, and the average maximum temperature across the US was 95 degrees. The only other year which came close was two years later in 1936.
Almost 30% of stations were over 100F
There was a huge area above 110 degrees in the middle of the country. The following day was the hottest in Iowa history – 118 degrees.
The heat of the 1930s drove millions of people out of the Midwest, who fled to California to save their lives.
Compare vs. the same date in 2014, when most states had no 90 degree temperatures.
Contrary to the seemingly endless lies of government funded climate scientists, US summers are much cooler than they used to be. They don’t want you to know about The Grapes of Wrath. Their job is to erase history. | <urn:uuid:bca00327-3350-47ad-a142-985f8a483e5e> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://realclimatescience.com/2017/07/july-19-1934-every-state-over-90-degrees/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145941.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200224102135-20200224132135-00123.warc.gz | en | 0.977199 | 180 | 3.078125 | 3 |
There are total 6 letters in Derive, Starting with D and ending with E.
Total 41 words created by multiple letters combination of Derive in English Dictionary.
Derive is a scrabble word? Yes (10 Points)
Derive has worth 10 Scrabble points. Each letter point as below.
There are some words list based on poppularity created by adding extra letters to Derive, These may helps in word games like scrabble and word puzzle.
Definition of the word Derive, Meaning of Derive word :
v. t. - To turn the course of, as water, to divert and distribute into subordinate channels, to diffuse, to communicate, to transmit, -- followed by to, into, on, upon. | <urn:uuid:720cc83c-f331-48bd-8cd0-a7a72e15290c> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://wordcreation.info/how-many-words-made-out-of-derive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818686465.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920052220-20170920072220-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.930244 | 156 | 2.59375 | 3 |
New Type 1 Treatment Guidelines for All Ages
In a world where around 90 percent of diabetes is the “other” kind, people with type 1 may occasionally feel left out. While type 1 and type 2 diabetes are often considered together, the two conditions are distinct. Each type requires a specialized approach to diagnosis and ongoing health care. Recognizing these differences, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) has published a position statement that focuses on those aspects of diabetes that are specific to type 1.
A position statement is the voice of the ADA, containing the organization’s official recommendations. It’s based on the current scientific and medical literature. Health care providers refer to these documents when considering the best treatment for a person with diabetes, and insurance companies may use position statements to decide which insulin delivery devices and how many test strips they’ll cover. Overall, the type 1 position statement may prompt providers to focus on all aspects of a person’s health—including self-management skills and mental well-being—and consider individual characteristics, such as age and general health, when making decisions about a person’s care.
“It’s the first time that the ADA (or any diabetes organization that I know of) has really looked at type 1 diabetes across the lifespan and in all settings,” says Sue Kirkman, MD, professor of medicine at the University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, one of the statement’s authors. “There have been ADA position statements on specific situations related to type 1 diabetes or certain populations, such as children, pregnant women, diabetes and driving, or employment rights. But this statement is much broader.” Here are some highlights from the document, which was published in the July 2014 issue of Diabetes Care:
The Great Divide
Type 1 diabetes is estimated to affect 3 million people in the United States, but experts aren’t particularly confident in that number. The reason, the ADA paper says, is that there is tremendous variability in how type 1 diabetes presents itself in both youth and adults, which can make it difficult to distinguish between type 1 and type 2. Type 1 diabetes used to be called “juvenile diabetes,” but we now know that it can develop in adults as well, complicating efforts to diagnose the disease. Here’s an example to illustrate the challenge: An overweight adult who slowly develops type 1 diabetes in middle age may initially be diagnosed as having type 2 diabetes because type 2 is associated with obesity and type 1 is often thought of as a childhood illness with a rapid onset.
“Medical providers need to remember that most people living with type 1 are adults,” says Kirkman. “Exact numbers are hard to get, but we think that at least half of [all] cases of type 1 come on in adulthood. And, of course, even those whose diabetes was diagnosed in childhood grow up—and continue to have type 1 in middle and old age. But because so many more adults have type 2—25 percent of those over age 65, for example—adult type 1s tend to kind of get lost in the crowds.”
In contrast to type 2, type 1 is an autoimmune disease, characterized by a dysfunctional immune system that damages the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin (beta cells), necessitating that insulin be taken as a medication throughout life. Many people with type 2 diabetes also take insulin, but most still make a significant amount of their own insulin as well. To help with diagnosing the cause of a person’s elevated blood glucose, doctors may look for pancreatic autoantibodies—signs of an immune system attack on the pancreas—to confirm the presence of type 1 diabetes. When a diagnosis of type 1 or type 2 is in question, simple lab tests that look for autoantibodies are readily available. The statement offers the caveat, however, that the levels of pancreatic autoantibodies decline over time, and so autoantibody testing in a person who has had type 1 diabetes for a long time may come up negative despite the presence of type 1.
Getting elevated blood glucose (hyperglycemia) under control lowers a person’s risk for long-term damage to the eyes, kidneys, and nerves. But what does “control” mean? The type 1 position statement recommends that adults aim for an A1C (average blood glucose level over the previous two to three months) under 7 percent, though depending on circumstances, a higher or lower goal may be appropriate. For example, an older adult with a limited life expectancy may benefit from a less-strict goal, while tighter control may work for someone young and ultra-motivated. It’s critical that patient and health care provider work together to come up with a personalized A1C target.
One of the most notable recommendations in the type 1 position statement is a change in the blood glucose target for children and adolescents. The new recommendation, based in part on the recognition that hyperglycemia in youth can contribute to short- and long-term complications, is that people with type 1 diabetes under the age of 18 aim for an A1C of less than 7.5 percent. Previously, the ADA used a stepwise approach based on age—with less stringent goals for younger people—due to the risk of hypoglycemia (low blood glucose) and concerns about possible damage to intelligence, memory, and other elements of cognition.
The new goal may be a challenge for young children, who might not always eat what’s on their plate and can go through sudden growth spurts. “It is my view, especially with the young children, that we not add further pressure to already stressed caregivers,” says Fran Cogen, MD, CDE, professor of pediatrics at the Children’s National Health System. Rather, she says, providers should support incremental improvements as the child with diabetes moves toward the stated goal of 7.5 percent without significant hypoglycemia. At the same time, Cogen emphasizes how important it is to get rid of false beliefs that lows take a toll on brain function and instead provide encouragement and support for tighter glycemic goals. “There was some earlier literature noting possible cognitive defects from hypoglycemia in children; however, these have not borne out in recent evidenced-based literature,” says Cogen.
Evidence suggests that blood glucose control also helps protect the heart and blood vessels of people with type 1, but heart attack and stroke are still common in this group. And much of the research on heart health and diabetes has focused on type 2. “We know a lot about this in type 2 diabetes because there have been so many studies in adults with that more common form of diabetes,” says Kirkman, “but we can’t just take type 2 evidence and apply it to type 1s.” As the statement suggests, treatment with statins, medications that lower levels of LDL (“bad”) cholesterol, may benefit individuals with type 1 diabetes between the ages of 40 and 75, or younger, if indicated, though individualized treatment is key.
Insulin and Beyond
Everyone with type 1 diabetes needs insulin, and the statement says most will require multiple daily injections or an insulin pump. “Type 1 diabetes requires intensive insulin management that differs from how type 2 is managed,” says study author Anne Peters, MD, FACP, a professor of medicine at the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California. “People with type 1 require more supplies and must monitor their blood glucose levels more often. This is not a one-size-fits-all disease, and it’s important that we recognize that.”
Aside from insulin, the only other approved medication for type 1 diabetes is pramlintide (Symlin), an injectable drug that may help lower weight and post-meal blood glucose. The statement says the medication may be considered in cases where a person is not reaching glycemic goals. Some medications for type 2 diabetes, such as metformin, are being studied as potential add-on therapies for people with type 1. These approaches may be able to lower insulin doses or improve blood glucose control for people with type 1, but additional clinical research is needed.
There is no cure for type 1 diabetes, but studies are ongoing that aim to prevent the disease, preserve beta cells, and replace damaged beta cells. A pancreas transplant, done with or without a kidney transplant, can restore insulin production, but the procedure has drawbacks, such as the need to take immunosuppressant medications to prevent organ rejection. (For more on transplants, check out “Gift of Life”.) Focused on a less-invasive approach, scientists are developing methods to transplant islets—clusters of cells that include insulin-producing beta cells—into people with type 1 diabetes. While scientists continue to work on these potential cures, the position statement on type 1 may serve to clearly define what is and isn’t known about the best way to treat people with diabetes. At the very least, it provides a source of information exclusively for those with type 1, giving much-needed recognition of the differences between the diabetes types.
Blood Glucose Tests
The type 1 diabetes position statement provides some guidelines for keeping blood glucose levels in a healthy range. These specifics may help ensure people get unimpeded access to the medications and supplies they need to take care of their diabetes.
- Frequently checking blood glucose with a meter is an essential part of achieving A1C targets. Regardless of age, people with type 1 diabetes may require 10 or more strips daily to monitor for hypoglycemia, assess insulin needs prior to eating, and determine if their blood glucose level is safe enough for sleeping.
- Continuous glucose monitors (CGMs), which test glucose every couple of minutes, may help people with type 1 reach targets.
- Getting A1C checks four times a year can help keep people with diabetes on track.
- Frequent blood glucose checks and a ready supply of fast-acting carbohydrates and glucagon can help prevent and treat hypoglycemia (low blood glucose).
A Lifetime of Individualized Care
Diabetes care across the lifespan means tracking the disease from multiple angles and updating people’s individualized care as their needs change over time. Here are some guidelines from the type 1 diabetes position statement:
- Ideal care is individualized to the person and life stage.
- Diabetes education and support from knowledgeable health care providers is essential.
- Education and support should be adjusted as a child transitions from a reliance on parents/guardians for care to self-management.
- Women with type 1 diabetes who are or are planning to become pregnant need extra attention from their providers to ensure their babies come into this world healthy. | <urn:uuid:3ebfe6c2-4ad4-4c3b-8ae0-27d8d28a92eb> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.diabetesforecast.org/2014/11-nov/new-type-1-treatment.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187820487.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20171016233304-20171017013304-00455.warc.gz | en | 0.935757 | 2,248 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The holy Yom Kippur of the Jews
is a sacred occasion much like the hallowed festivals of other religions.
But this particular Jewish event requires a lot of preparation and the
observance of many traditional customs on the part of the pious members of
the Jewish community. Know about it all with "Traditions before Yom Kippur
observance", a highly interesting article from TheHolidaySpot. If you enjoy
reading this article,
and pass it on to all those who you think will enjoy it too. Have a sacred
Yom Kippur observance!
The Kaparot (atonement) service is performed early morning with a live
chicken () which is then donated to charity.
"Kaparot" is a unique tradition that is observed early in the morning of
the Yom Kippur eve or even earlier and forms a part of the atonement
service of Yom Kippur. In this singular custom, one has to take a fowl
(not doves) or money in the right hand and recite a prayer from the
prayer book. Traditionally a man holds a rooster and a woman takes a
hen. A woman who is about to give birth holds two fowls, a hen and a
rooster - one for herself and the other on behalf of the baby inside
her. The fowl used should preferably be white, representing purity and
purgation from sin. In the absence of fowls, fishes can also be used.
The "Lekach", or the Jewish honey cake is one of the traditional Yom
Kippur dishes. A kind of sponge cake, it is formed with the addition of
honey, cinnamon and coffee or tea. It is a common custom for the Jews to
have this sweet delicacy on Yom Kippur eve. A Jew must ask for "lekach"
from his parents or a guardian. This symbolic food represents the hope
that if God wills that if a Jewish person needs a handout from others in
the course of the year, it should be satisfied with this asking for
Feasts are an inseparable part of any festival and Yom Kippur, despite
being primarily a sacred occasion, is a time to eat and drink in lots.
The heavy meal on Erev Yom Kippur (Yom Kippur eve) gives the body the
required strength to undergo a strict fast on the Yom Kippur day. On
Erev Yom Kippur, it is customary to have two meals, one in the morning,
and the other just before at night just before the time of Yom Kippur.
But one should refrain from very heavy dishes and eat only light foods
such as fish (only in the morning meal) and chicken (in the evening
meal) that are easy to digest so that the health does not suffer out of
indigestion. Intoxicating drinks are prohibited on Erev Yom Kippur.
The "Mikvah" is another important custom of Erev Yom Kippur. This
significant tradition requires every Jew to take a bath which symbolizes
an act of purification from all sins before participation in the Yom
Kippur observances. The practice started as early as during the lifetime
of the Prophets.
Charitable activities form a significant aspect of Yom Kippur. If you
are a Jew of able means, you are traditionally expected to donate
generously on Erev Yom Kippur. The giving of charity money, known as "tzedakah"
is a mark of great virtue. Contribution of the "tzedakah" ensures
protection against harsh orders.
The most important prayer on Erev Yom Kippur is the "Al Chet" confession
prayer which is recited during the afternoon, before the Amidah prayer
ends. This holy prayer is central to Yom Kippur and is customarily
recited for eight times during the holy day.
Bless the Children
Traditionally, if you have children you must bless them after the
evening meal. Sons are normally blessed with such wishes as: "May G-d
make you like Ephraim and Manasseh" while daughters receive benediction
with words like "May G-d make you like Sarah, Rebbeca, Rachel, and
Change Your Shoes
Wearing of leather footwear or any shoe made from any animal skin is
strictly prohibited on Yom Kippur. In case you are wearing a leather
shoe or slipper, you must change it with a plastic or canvas one before
the candle lighting service begins on Yom Kippur.
"Erev Yom Kippur" ends with the lighting of candles. 18 minutes before
sundown, the womenfolk or the female head of a Jewish household should
light candles and recite prayers. The customary prayers for this time
are: "Ba-ruch a-tah ado-nai e-lo-hei-nu me-lech ha-olam asher ki-deshanu
be-mitzvo-tav ve-tzvi-vanu le-hadlik ner shel Yom HaKipurim" (Blessed
are You, L-rd, our G-d, King of the universe, who has sanctified us with
His commandments and has commanded us to kindle the light of Yom
Kippur.) and "Ba-ruch a-tah ado-nai e-lo-hei-nu me-lech ha-olam she-heche-ya-nu
ve-ki-yi-ma-nu ve-higi-a-nu liz-man ha-zeh" (Blessed are You, Lord our
G-d, King of the universe, who has granted us life, sustained us, and
enabled us to reach this occasion.) | <urn:uuid:11def22a-1ed7-49d1-ab85-ca0169d57de7> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.theholidayspot.com/yomkippur/preparing_for_yom_kippur.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145621.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200221233354-20200222023354-00288.warc.gz | en | 0.91577 | 1,268 | 2.90625 | 3 |
First Taiwan Strait Crisis
Quemoy and Matsu Islands
In 1949, with the Communists under Mao Tse-tung consolidating their grip on the country, deposed president Chiang Kai-shek led 1 million of his followers to Taiwan. The only thing he and Mao had in common was their insistence that Taiwan remained part of China. The Nationalist-held islands of Jinmen (Chin-men in Wade Giles but often referred to as Kinmen or Quemoy ) and Mazu (Ma-tsu in Wade-Giles), just 8 miles off the coast of mainland China, between Taiwan and mainland China, were occupied by Chiang Kai-Shek's forces but claimed by the Chinese Communists. Matsu is a single island, while Quemoy is a group consisting of Quemoy, Little Quemoy, and 12 islets in Xiamen Bay.
Chiang fortified these two islands as bases for his re-conquest of China. Chiang provoked China on two occasions by moving large numbers of troops to the islands, and both times the US responded with military actions, including nuclear threats, in support of Chiang's provocations.
On 05 January 1950 President Harry Truman announced that "the United Statees will not involve in the dispute of Taiwan Strait", which meant America would not intervene if the Chinese communists were to attack Taiwan. However, on 25 June 1950 the Korean War broke out, and President Truman reacted by declaring the "neutralization of the Straits of Formosa" on June 27. The Seventh Fleet was sent into the Straits under orders to prevent any attack on the island, and also prevent the Kuomintang forces to attack on China. From that point on, Taiwan was placed under US military protection.
The First Taiwan Straits Crisis
11 August 1954 - 01 May 1955
During the First Taiwan Straits Crisis the Peoples Liberation Army launched heavy artillery attacks on the offshore island of Quemoy after the US lifted its blockade of Taiwan, making possible Nationalist attacks on mainland China. The Truman Administration had resisted calls by hard-liners to "unleash Chiang Kai-shek." But shortly after his inauguration, on 02 February 1953 President Eisenhower lifted the US Navy blockade of Taiwan which had prevented Chiang's force from attacking mainland China. During August 1954 Chiang moved 58,000 troops to Quemoy & 15,000 to Matsu. Zhou En-lai declared on 11 August 1954 that Taiwan must be liberated. On 17 August 1954 the US warned China against action against Taiwan, but on 03 September 1954 the Communists began an artillery bombardment of Quemoy, and in November, PLA planes bombed the Tachen Islands. On 12 September 1954 the US Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) recommended the possibility of using nuclear weapons against China. And on 23 November 1954 China sentenced 13 US airmen shot down over China in the Korean War to long jail terms, prompting further consideration of nuclear strikes against China. Despite domestic political pressure, President Eisenhower refused to bomb mainland China or use of American troops to resolve the crisis. At the urging of Senator Knowland, the United States signed the Mutual Defense Treaty with the Nationalist government on Taiwan on 02 December 1954.
On 18 January 1955 mainland Chinese forces seized Yijiangshan [Ichiang] Island, 210 miles north of Formosa and, completely wiping out the ROC forces stationed there. The two sides continued fighting on Kinmen, Matsu, and along the mainland Chinese coast. The fighting even extended to mainland Chinese coastal ports. The US-Nationalist Chinese Mutual Security Pact, which did not apply to islands along the Chinese mainland, was ratified by the Senate on 09 February 1955. The Formosa Resolution passed both houses of Congress on 29 January 1955. The Resolution pledged the US to the defense of Taiwan, authorizing the president to employ American forces to defend Formosa and the Pescadores Island against armed attack, including such other territories as appropriate to defend them.
On 15 February 1955 British Prime Minister Winston Churchill advised against US atomic defence of Quemoy-Matsu. But on 10 March 1955 US Secretary of State Dulles at a National Security Council (NSC) meeting states that the American people have to be prepared for possible nuclear strikes against China. Five days later Dulles publicly stated that the US was seriously considering using atomic weapons in the Quemoy-Matsu area. And the following day President Eisenhower publicly stated that "A-bombs can be used...as you would use a bullet." These public statements sparked an international uproar, and NATO foreign ministers opposed atomic attack on China. Nonetheless, on 25 March 1955 US Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Robert B. Carney stated that the president is planning "to destroy Red China's military potential," predicting war by mid-April.
On 23 April 1995 China stated at the Afro-Asian Conference that it was ready to negotiate on Taiwan, and on 01 May 1955 shelling of Quemoy-Matsu ceased, ending the crisis. On 01 August 1955 China released the 11 captured US airmen previously sentenced to jail terms.
In the first Taiwan Strait crisis of 1954-55 the USSR had been quite ambiguous in its support for China's campaign to "liberate" Taiwan, whereas the United States had indicated that it was willing to use tactical nuclear weapons in defense of the island. During the crisis, it became evident that the USSR was not going to be drawn into a war with the United States that was not of its own choosing, and the PRC called off its military operations against Quemoy. The PRC could claim a limited victory because Chinese Nationalist troops had withdrawn from Tachen Island during the previous month.
Even as the crisis ended, however, the Nationalists began to reinforce Quemoy and Matsu, and the PRC began to build up its military capabilities across the strait.
|Join the GlobalSecurity.org mailing list| | <urn:uuid:bcfb3293-51c2-43e9-98eb-4afe0331748e> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/quemoy_matsu.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510274866.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011754-00314-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965857 | 1,210 | 3.4375 | 3 |
physics. HELP PLEASE
posted by chelsea .
One method for measuring the speed of sound uses standing waves. A cylindrical tube is open at both ends, and one end admits sound from a tuning fork. A movable plunger is inserted into the other end at a distance L from the end of the tube where the tuning fork is. For a fixed frequency, the plunger is moved until the smallest value of L is measured that allows a standing wave to be formed. Suppose that the tuning fork produces a 449-Hz tone, and that the smallest value observed for L is 0.202 m. What is the speed of sound in the gas in the tube?
The open end is antinode for the standing wave in air column, the closed end (plunger) is nod, => L= λ/4 => λ = 4•L.
4•L = v/f.
v = 4•L• f =4v0.202•449 =362.8 m/s | <urn:uuid:ee5722ee-2deb-4242-b962-309320aaa4e0> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://www.jiskha.com/display.cgi?id=1335894017 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886101966.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170816125013-20170816145013-00318.warc.gz | en | 0.921371 | 214 | 3.953125 | 4 |
1 a small aromatic or medicated candy
EtymologyFrom losenge (French losange), of uncertain origin; cognate with Spanish losanje, Italian losanga.
- A quadrilateral shape with sides of equal length, having two
acute and two obtuse angles; a diamond.
- 1658: Wherein the decussis is made within a longilaterall square, with opposite angles, acute and obtuse at the intersection; and so upon progression making a Rhombus or Lozenge figuration — Sir Thomas Browne, The Garden of Cyrus (Folio Society 2007, p. 167)
- In the context of "mathematics|geometry": A rhombus.
- A small tablet (originally diamond-shaped) or medicated sweet used to ease a sore throat.
A lozenge (◊), also known as a diamond, is a form of rhombus. The definition of lozenge is not strictly fixed, and it is sometimes used simply as a synonym (from the French losange) for rhombus. Most often, though, lozenge refers to a thin rhombus — a rhombus with acute angles of 45°. The lozenge shape is often used in parquetry and as decoration on ceramics, silverware, and textiles.
Modal logicIn modal logic, the lozenge expresses the possibility of the following expression. For example, the expression \Diamond P expresses that it is possible that P is true.
MathematicsIn axiomatic set theory, the lozenge refers to the principles known collectively as diamondsuit.
During the First World War, the Germans were looking for a way to effectively camouflage their aircraft. This resulted in the development of the so-called lozenge pattern (Lozengetarnung), made up of irregularly shaped colored polygons (not necessarily actual rhombi). Because painting such a pattern was very time consuming, and the paint added considerably to the weight of the aircraft, it was decided to print the pattern on fabric. This pre-printed fabric was used from 1916 onwards, in various forms and colours. The most notable of these were the day fighter used variations-the five color version, usually nicknamed "Canberra" from its existence on the Australian War Memorial's Albatros D.Va aircraft, and the four color version, nicknamed "Knowlton" from its existence on the Brome County Historical Society's Fokker D.VII aircraft in the Knowlton suburb of Lac-Brome, Quebec, Canada. Both the Canberra and Knowlton patterns had sets of darker shades of their colors for upper surface application, and lighter shades for underside application.
HeraldryThe lozenge in heraldry is a diamond-shaped charge, usually somewhat narrower than it is tall. A mascle is a voided lozenge –that is, a lozenge with a lozenge-shaped hole in the middle– and the rarer rustre is a lozenge containing a circular hole. A field covered in a pattern of lozenges is described as lozengy; a similar field of mascles is masculy.
Cough tabletsCough tablets have taken the name lozenge, based on their original shape. According to the Oxford English Dictionary the first use of this sense was in 1530.
The glyphThe lozenge glyph is found in DOS code page 437 (at character code 4) and Mac-Roman. It is also found at Unicode 0x25CA. In HTML it can be typed with ◊ (or ◊ or ◊), which will produce ◊ (and ◊ and ◊). The LaTeX command for the lozenge is \lozenge.
U.S. MilitaryThe lozenge is used in the U.S. Army, Marine Corps, and Air Force on the insignia of their respective First Sergeants.
They are also used in the Junior ROTC, for Officers from the military pay grades of O-4 to O-6 (Major/Lieutenant Colonel to Colonel/Captain).
TransportationThe lozenge can be used on public roadways in the United States to mark a specific lane for a particular use. The lane will usually be painted with a lozenge at a regular interval, and signage will be installed to indicate the restrictions on using the lane. This marking is most often used to denote high-occupancy vehicle lanes, with accompanying signage reading "◊ HOV LANE" and giving the requirements for a vehicle to be accepted as "high-occupancy". Lozenges can also be used to mark bicycle-only lanes, often in conjunction with a bicycle icon.
lozenge in Spanish: Losange
achievement, alerion, animal charge, annulet, argent, armorial bearings, armory, arms, azure, bandeau, bar, bar sinister, baton, bearings, bend, bend sinister, billet, blazon, blazonry, bolus, bordure, broad arrow, cadency mark, canton, capsule, chaplet, charge, chevron, chief, coat of arms, cockatrice, coronet, crescent, crest, cross, cross moline, crown, device, difference, differencing, eagle, ermine, ermines, erminites, erminois, escutcheon, falcon, fess, fess point, field, file, flanch, fleur-de-lis, fret, fur, fusil, garland, griffin, gules, gyron, hatchment, helmet, heraldic device, honor point, impalement, impaling, inescutcheon, label, lion, mantling, marshaling, martlet, mascle, metal, motto, mullet, nombril point, octofoil, or, ordinary, orle, pale, paly, pean, pheon, pill, purpure, quarter, quartering, rose, sable, saltire, scutcheon, shield, spread eagle, subordinary, tablet, tenne, tincture, torse, tressure, troche, unicorn, vair, vert, wreath, yale | <urn:uuid:28ae459e-b512-465e-a902-1f1405f39b4a> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://lozenge.askdefine.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886116921.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822221214-20170823001214-00664.warc.gz | en | 0.904432 | 1,316 | 3.203125 | 3 |
A Middle Jurassic abelisaurid from Patagonia and the early diversification of theropod dinosaurs. 2012. D. Pol and O. Rauhut. Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. Published online before print May 23.
Abstract: Abelisaurids are a clade of large, bizarre predatory dinosaurs, most notable for their high, short skulls and extremely reduced forelimbs. They were common in Gondwana during the Cretaceous, but exceedingly rare in the Northern Hemisphere. The oldest definitive abelisaurids so far come from the late Early Cretaceous of South America and Africa, and the early evolutionary history of the clade is still poorly known.
Here, we report a new abelisaurid from the Middle Jurassic of Patagonia, Eoabelisaurus mefi gen. et sp. nov., which predates the so far oldest known secure member of this lineage by more than 40 Myr. The almost complete skeleton reveals the earliest evolutionary stages of the distinctive features of abelisaurids, such as the modification of the forelimb, which started with a reduction of the distal elements.
The find underlines the explosive radiation of theropod dinosaurs in the Middle Jurassic and indicates an unexpected diversity of ceratosaurs at that time. The apparent endemism of abelisauroids to southern Gondwana during Pangean times might be due to the presence of a large, central Gondwanan desert. This indicates that, apart from continent-scale geography, aspects such as regional geography and climate are important to reconstruct the biogeographical history of Mesozoic vertebrates. | <urn:uuid:cf32e8ba-d125-498f-a7e7-9dba25ef4350> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://palaeoblog.blogspot.com/2012/05/eoabelisaurus-mefi-new-theropod-from.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689845.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924025415-20170924045415-00388.warc.gz | en | 0.916481 | 341 | 3.421875 | 3 |
The heroic story of the siege of Troy is as enthralling today as it ever was.
The Greeks are entering the tenth year of their war with the Trojans, but their armies are fractured and their best warrior Achilles has abandoned the battle on a mission of revenge. Only the death of his best friend Patroclus persuades Achilles to return to battle and confront the Trojan leader Hector in single combat.
The Iliad is the oldest surviving work of Western literature and provides a powerful glimpse into the horrors and heroics of war - a message which undoubtedly endures today. This collector's edition, presented in a handsome slipcase, provides an accessible prose translation by the classical scholar and novelist Samuel Butler. Butler is considered one of the finest English writers of the late Victorian era, and his translation one of the most accessible and satisfying.
About the Author
Sources from classical antiquity posit Homer as a blind bard from what is now Anatolia, Turkey. The Homeric question debates this asking if The Iliad and The Odyssey, written in the late 8th or early 7th Century BC, were indeed the work of one genius or of a series of contributors and numerate rewrites. Whichever is true, Homer as a person, or a group of people, there is no doubting the significance of their contribution to Western literature. | <urn:uuid:40c39885-25e1-4279-84e1-d86527adeef3> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.slovart.cz/the-iliad.html?page_id=24372 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738366.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200808224308-20200809014308-00005.warc.gz | en | 0.951641 | 274 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Mold is a fungus that consists of small organisms that are found almost everywhere. Mold can have the color of black, white, green, orange or purple. On the outside, mold is an important part in nature and causes little harm. It breaks down dead leaves, plants, and trees.
Keep in mind; mold thrives in moisture and reproduces lightweight spores that move around in the air. In addition, you and I are exposed to mold every day. When mold is small, it is often harmless but when it grows in damp spots in your home, they can multiply and become a health hazard.
Before mold grows and expands in your home, there are several steps you need to take to get rid of it and prevent it from growing such as first locating all the mold. There are two ways to do this; have a professional test your home for mold or conducting a test yourself.
You can purchase a test and conduct it yourself. Check for mold in every area of your home; especially damp areas, under a carpet, inside walls and inside heating and air conditioning ducts.
Then, bring together your supplies. Professional mold remediators recommend using a fungicide. You also need sheets of heavy plastic and tape to seal off your work area, heavy plastic bags for mold, a face mask, gloves, protective clothing, scrub brush or rag. You may also need a vacuum with a HEPA filter; this would be needed if the mold covers a large area.
A most important step is to prepare the work area. This would entail removing all personal items from the area. If you can’t remove the items, cover them with heavy plastic. It is also important to seal off the area you are working in with heavy plastic and duct tape.
The next step is to set up a negative pressure in the work area. The negative pressure causes air to flow into the area but not out. This prevents mold spores from spreading and going into other areas.
Most importantly, wear protective clothing. Protective clothing should consist of a face mask, gloves, hair and shoe covering and clothing. All of this, when you are done, should be disposed or laundered in hot water. Then, spay moldy materials like carpeting or drywall lightly with a spray of water before removing them.
This will keep the mold spores from getting into the air. Use a vacuum with a HEPA filter. Then, seal what you have accumulated in the vacuum in heavy plastic trash bags and then dispose of them. Applying fungicide to materials that can be cleaned is the next step. This should be applied to non-porous metals like tile, metal, bathtubs, sinks, and counter-tops. Use a scrub brush to remove mold. Then take care of any repairs such as replacing drywall or carpeting.
It is important to get rid of mold because it can cause serious health problems. Some people are very sensitive to mold. Those who have mold sensitivity have symptoms like coughing, sneezing, wheezing, chest and nasal congestion, skin irritation, and headaches. Those who have immune disorders are also susceptible to mold and can develop infections in their lungs.
Others who suffer from respiratory conditions can experience respiratory conditions like wheezing, coughing, and asthma. Of course, you can remove mold yourself; however, it takes time, effort and there is some danger in doing it yourself because mold is a health hazard. There are several benefits in hiring a professional mold remediation company such as getting a thorough cleaning.
A professional remediation service has the knowledge and experience to get the job done well; to ensure that the hazardous material won’t come back. A professional mold remediation company can help to reduce the spread of mold. If mold spores are not killed off completely, they can get into your HVAC system and spread more.
Most importantly, professionals not only get rid of the mold in your home, but they also do an in-depth search to find out where the mold is coming from and then determine the best course of action to take care of the mold. The most prized benefit of having professionals take care of the problem is that it keeps you and your family healthy and protected from more toxins. Another benefit is that it increases the value of your home.
There are several tips that may prevent mold from growing in your home such as drying wet materials quickly such as wet towels. Another tip is cleaning, disinfecting and drying surfaces. Sinks and floors are two areas that need to be carefully watched.
In addition, reduce moisture levels in the bathroom by running an exhaust during and after showers. Exhaust fans can minimize the moisture in your bathroom and may prevent mold from growing.
Most importantly, fix plumbing leaks. Replace old pipes when they show signs that they of deterioration. Moisture is a breeding ground for mold. In addition, it grows in dark and damp areas. Another preventative tip is to move furniture away from the walls and open closet doors to allow air to circulate.
Also, to keep your basement dry and to prevent mold from growing, run a dehumidifier, install a foundation drain or get more circulation of air. Other ways to prevent mold in your home is by installing mold-resistant drywall or use mold inhibiting paint.
Also, make sure that your gutters are clear and working as they should. They should drain the water properly and direct the water from your home. In addition, control the humidity level in your home. The level of humidity should not go over 60 percent. You can keep an eye on your humidity level with a moisture meter or be watchful for signs of high humidity like condensation.
To conclude, mold is a fungus that consists of small organisms that are found almost everywhere. Follow the above steps and guidelines and keep your home healthy and free of this toxic substance. | <urn:uuid:842bcb3c-f44b-4596-9d11-740413c8603b> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | http://www.austincontradance.org/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347432237.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200603050448-20200603080448-00257.warc.gz | en | 0.957491 | 1,197 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Posted by Michelle C. Whittaker on June 10, 2016
This year marks the 96th anniversary of the ratification of the 19th Amendment.
In 1919, Michigan, Illinois, and Wisconsin were the first three states to ratify the 19th Amendment giving women the right to vote. Check out the #SummerOfSuffrage series that will highlight when states ratified the Amendment and state rankings on the gender parity index. Our Representation2020 project measures gender parity for each state analyzing women's representation at the local, state, and federal level.
The State of Women's Representation 2015-2016 finds that women are underrepresented at the national, state, and local level, and that parity for men and women in elected office is unlikely to occur without structural changes in recruitment, electoral, and legislative rules. View the full report here.
How States Measure Up
The report measures women’s representation in each of the 50 states using a comprehensive Gender Parity Index, which measures progress toward gender parity by scoring women’s representation at the national, state, and local level. A score of 0 would indicate an absence of women in elected office, while a score of 50 would indicate that men and women are equally represented in elected office.
- Michigan ranks 11th with a score of 25.8 out of 100 points.
- Illinois ranks 19th with a score of 19.7 out of 100 points.
- Wisconsin ranks 27th with a score of 17.9 out of 100 points. | <urn:uuid:cfaaea7b-ea65-43cd-bfb1-83380d781b39> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.fairvote.org/today_michigan_illinois_and_wisconsin_made_history_96_year_ago | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886133032.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20170824043524-20170824063524-00134.warc.gz | en | 0.943609 | 307 | 3.75 | 4 |
Ruby Bridges is an African American who made a difference. She was a first grade student who was taken out of an all black school and put into an all white school that was closer to her home.
She had to be escorted by Marshals to her new school because people yelled at her to go away.
Parents took their children out of school because she was black. She was the only one left in her class along with her teacher. It took months and months before parents brought their kids back to school. Finally, Ruby had friends to play with at school.
She was so brave. She changed history. John Steinbeck wrote about her. First Lady, Eleanor Roosevelt, wrote a letter to her. Norman Rockwell painted a picture of her.
Ruby Bridges is still alive and travels all over the country to tell her incredible story.
The following books tell her story and are available on amazon.
After reading and discussing Ruby's story I've created a FREE craft and writing activity that your class can complete. Please click on the picture below to download the craft and writing page.
Have a fabulous day! | <urn:uuid:c77ffec3-7ba4-48a9-971e-467c6eef8127> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://kafysbooks.blogspot.com/2017/01/free-ruby-bridges-black-history-month.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187827853.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20171024014937-20171024034937-00823.warc.gz | en | 0.992036 | 227 | 3.34375 | 3 |
GROWING FALL ASTERS
Dr. Leonard Perry, Extension Professor
University of Vermont
Asters are hardy perennials that bloom in fall in various colors and heights. They provide color for us and a late-season source of pollen for bees and other pollinators.
The image many have of New England in the fall includes purple asters and yellow goldenrod. Although we may take these for granted, the English and Europeans have not. In fact, they collected asters extensively earlier in this century and took them home to breed many new selections.
Many of these selections are back in this country now, along with many other recent cultivars (cultivated varieties) by American growers. These generally range in bloom time from early September to late October, with a particular species or cultivar usually blooming for two or three weeks.
The main types of asters are the New York (Aster novi-belgii)
and the New England (Aster novae-angliae). The New York ones
generally tend to be shorter (a foot or so) than the New England ones (three
feet or more). Both come in
a range of colors from red to purple, bluish to white, and provide a nice complement to the colors of fall mums.
Other cultivars have been developed from other species. While most of these are short, some such as heath asters (ericoides) may reach two feet and be covered with hundreds of tiny white flowers. Calico aster (lateriflorus horizontalis), named from the appearance of its many tiny pink and white flowers, is a species reaching one to two feet. Unlike most asters, stems of this species are arranged in horizontal layers giving rise to another common name, horizontal aster. This one also can be found growing wild locally, or as a cultivar with dark leaves called Lady in Black.
Quite popular are the Frikartís asters, named after the Swiss nurseryman who developed them in the 1920ís. These hybrids are marginally hardy (to USDA zone 5) in some parts of our region or need some winter protection.
Purple Dome is one of the more recent introductions, and is an introduction from this country of our New England asters. It is covered with purple flowers through a long period in the fall, and unlike many in this species only gets two feet tall or less.
Treat asters as you would other perennials. Plant in good loamy soil as most don't like wet feet or may get frost-heaved and dry out in sandy soils. Plant at least one foot apart for the shorter cultivars, three feet apart for the taller ones. Some light fertilizer such as one-fourth to one-half cup of an organic fertilizer early in the season will help. Some of the tall New England asters may need staking. Alternatively, cut them back by one third in early summer to promote shorter, bushy growth.
Since most are grown and sold in pots, they can be planted any time during the season. If plants require moving or dividing, do it in May as the new shoots emerge. If growing well, asters may need division every two to three years.
The main plant disease is powdery mildew--a whitish growth that may appear on leaves from late June or July onwards, mainly on the New York varieties. Research at the University of Vermont (UVM) and other institutions has shown that applying sprays beginning in late June, according to label directions for horticultural oils (as used for insects), will help prevent powdery mildew. Sprays closely related to baking soda also can be used.
Sprays must be applied before diseases become established and must be continued throughout the season. Such diseases, although unsightly, often cause no lasting harm to the plants and vary in severity depending on the weather and even the cultivar.
The main destructive insect pest in our area seems to be the lacebug,
a small grayish insect that appears in midsummer and sucks the plant juices
from the undersides of leaves, primarily of the New York and related types.
Leaves turn yellowish and eventually brown and fall off. Organic
or synthetic insect sprays can be used for control. Read and follow
all label directions for best control, and safety for you and the environment.
Return to Perry's Perennial Pages, Articles | <urn:uuid:2aebf5a1-105a-4f01-8e8d-774273d868c9> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://pss.uvm.edu/ppp/articles/asters2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999673298/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060753-00056-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949579 | 909 | 3.625 | 4 |
Why Use Cooperative Learning?
Will cooperative learning help students learn? Research has shown that students who work in cooperative groups do better on tests, especially with regard to reasoning and critical thinking skills than those that do not (Johnson and Johnson, 1989 ).
- "In extensive meta-analyses across hundreds of studies, cooperative arrangements were found superior to either competitive or individualistic structures on a variety of outcome measures, generally showing higher achievement, higher-level reasoning, more frequent generation of new ideas and solutions, and greater transfer of what is learned from one situation to another." (Barkley, et al, 2005: p.17-18)
- In Slavin, 1991 's review of 67 studies, 61% of the cooperative-learning classes achieved significantly higher test scores than the traditional classes. He notes that the difference between the more and less effective cooperative-learning classes was that the effective ones stressed group goals and individual accountability.
- Slavin (1996) further argues that "cooperative learning has its greatest effects on student learning when groups are recognized or rewarded based on the individual learning of their group members" (p. 52).
Cooperative learning has also been observed to enhance achievement of female and African American students (Herreid, 1998 ), members of groups that are underrepresented in various disciplines.
- Students in mixed groups (different races, genders, learning styles) tend to have a deeper understanding of the material and remember more than those in homogeneous groups (Wenzel, 2000 ).
- "In a study of 2051 students at 23 institutions, Cabreara (1998) found that minority students expressed a greater preference for learning in groups than did majority students." (Barkley et al 2005, p. 21)
Williamson and Rowe, 2002 observed that students in cooperative-learning sections were more willing to ask the instructor questions (in class or through office visits) than those in traditionally taught sections.
Motivation and Retention
One reason for improved academic achievement is that students who are learning cooperatively are more active participants in the learning process (Lord, 2001 ). They care about the class and the material and they are more personally engaged.
Compared to students learning on their own, students who are engaged in cooperative learning:
- Like the subject and college better (Johnson et al., 1998 , Lord, 2001 , Springer et al, 1999)
- Are more likely to make friends in class: they like and trust other students more than students who are learning individually (Johnson et al., 1998 )
- Ethnically mixed cooperative-learning groups are more likely to result in inter-ethnic friendships than traditional learning techniques (Slavin, 1991 ; Wenzel, 2000 , Johnson et al., 1983 )
- Have more self-esteem (Johnson et al., 1998 , Slavin, 1991 ): a very important consideration with female and minority students
Even if student satisfaction were not an end in itself, it should be noted that motivated students are less likely to miss class or drop out.
- In a study on the retention rates of African American students majoring in mathematics and science at Berkley, Treisman (1985) found that the five year retention rate for students who were involved in collaborative learning groups was 65 percent, much higher than the 41 percent for students not participating in such groups.
- According to a study of two chemistry classes (Williamson and Rowe, 2002 ), one of which was a standard lecture class and the other of which centered around problem-solving by student groups:
- There was no significant differences in achievement between the two classes for students that finished the course.
- But 33% of the students in the lecture class dropped out of the course compared to only 17% of those in the cooperative-learning class.
Instructors who routinely have students work in groups not only conserve materials but also provide opportunities for students to engage in more substantial projects or a larger number of smaller projects than they could achieve individually.
Teamwork is essential in modern workplaces.
- Most projects need different kinds of experts, or at least a division of labor.
- All jobs require the ability to communicate, cooperate, assess, and delegate.
- Even outside of work, it is generally neccessary to get along with and communicate with other people.
- Johnson et al., 1998 stress that the most successful individuals in business, research, and school are the least competitive. | <urn:uuid:0aab5edd-5f9f-49c2-9b3f-de2e149251e6> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://serc.carleton.edu/econ/cooperative/whyuse.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010722348/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091202-00035-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950503 | 898 | 3.953125 | 4 |
Violin was the first instrument in the Suzuki Method with the repertoire selected by Dr Suzuki himself. Students (ages 3 and up) have individual violin lessons, attend regular group lessons and have the opportunity to play in Suzuki Music’s solo concerts, holiday workshops and festivals both locally and internationally.
The violin has a bright, cheerful tone with a wide range of expressive capabilities. This instrument was loved by all, from street musicians to the nobility, throughout the ages the violin has been a favourite of composers and remains so today. It has a rich and full body of repertoire written for it, including concertos, sonatas, various combinations of instrumental chamber music and works for unaccompanied violin. It also makes appearances in modern folk, jazz and pop music.
There are 10 books of Suzuki Violin repertoire beginning with simple folk melodies and Baroque dances, traversing the span of Western Classical Music via favourites such as Bach, Vivaldi and Mozart. Violinists have many opportunities to play in groups such as orchestras (where there are two sections of violins), string quartets (two violins, a viola and a cello) and piano trios (violin, piano and cello).
Following Dr Suzuki’s method, with its aural approach, your child will develop a reliable tone quality and sense of rhythm, the ability to always play in tune, and will increase their powers of concentration. The Suzuki teacher delays music reading until the student’s basic technique is established, and then reading is well taught. Just as the child learned to utter simple sentences before they began to learn to read their mother-tongue, they will be able to play simple tunes before music reading is introduced.
Violin is small and therefore easily transportable. It accommodates a very large range of fractional sizes for children so there is a size to suit anyone. It is recommended that you do not buy a violin until instructed to do so by your teacher. Because Suzuki method is an aural approach which focuses on producing excellent tone from the earliest stages it is essential to have a good quality instrument. Choosing an instrument suitable in size as well as sound quality and mechanical facility is important to create a smooth and positive learning experience.
Suzuki Violin Teachers have undertaken specialised training and receive ongoing professional development and teacher training specific to children, music and Suzuki Method. As a group, there are a wide range of teachers and teacher levels in Melbourne and throughout Australia. | <urn:uuid:28702c91-cff4-4e38-9c02-44de1532a19c> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.suzukimusic.org.au/instruments/violin/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943589.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321002050-20230321032050-00337.warc.gz | en | 0.96851 | 507 | 3.140625 | 3 |
In medicine, a port (or portacath) is a small medical appliance that is installed beneath the skin. A catheter connects the port to a vein. Under the skin, the port has a septum through which drugs can be injected and blood samples can be drawn many times, usually with less discomfort for the patient than a more typical “needle stick”.
Ports are used mostly to treat hematology and oncology patients, but recently ports have been adapted also for hemodialysis patients. (And cystic fibrosis)
The port is usually inserted in the upper chest, just below the clavicle or collar bone, leaving the patient’s hands free. | <urn:uuid:82f68f6b-1f7a-4f7f-962d-817c4d51d2b4> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://clairesplacefoundation.org/cfuniversity/term/port-o-cath/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549425352.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725182354-20170725202354-00405.warc.gz | en | 0.947104 | 146 | 3.078125 | 3 |
220.127.116.11 Indirect Effects of Solar Variability
Approximately 1% of the Sun’s radiant energy is in the UV portion of the spectrum at wavelengths below about 300 nm, which the Earth’s atmosphere absorbs. Although of considerably smaller absolute energy than the total irradiance, solar UV radiation is fractionally more variable by at least an order of magnitude. It contributes significantly to changes in total solar irradiance (15% of the total irradiance cycle; Lean et al., 1997) and creates and modifies the ozone layer, but is not considered as a direct RF because it does not reach the troposphere. Since the TAR, new studies have confirmed and advanced the plausibility of indirect effects involving the modification of the stratosphere by solar UV irradiance variations (and possibly by solar-induced variations in the overlying mesosphere and lower thermosphere), with subsequent dynamical and radiative coupling to the troposphere (Section 9.2). Whether solar wind fluctuations (Boberg and Lundstedt, 2002) or solar-induced heliospheric modulation of galactic cosmic rays (Marsh and Svensmark, 2000b) also contribute indirect forcings remains ambiguous.
As in the troposphere, anthropogenic effects, internal cycles (e.g., the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation) and natural influences all affect the stratosphere. It is now well established from both empirical and model studies that solar cycle changes in UV radiation alter middle atmospheric ozone concentrations (Fioletov et al., 2002; Geller and Smyshlyaev, 2002; Hood, 2003), temperatures and winds (Ramaswamy et al., 2001; Labitzke et al., 2002; Haigh, 2003; Labitzke, 2004; Crooks and Gray, 2005), including the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (McCormack, 2003; Salby and Callaghan, 2004). In their recent survey of solar influences on climate, Gray et al. (2005) noted that updated observational analyses have confirmed earlier 11-year cycle signals in zonally averaged stratospheric temperature, ozone and circulation with increased statistical confidence. There is a solar-cycle induced increase in global total ozone of 2 to 3% at solar cycle maximum, accompanied by temperature responses that increase with altitude, exceeding 1°C around 50 km. However, the amplitudes and geographical and altitudinal patterns of these variations are only approximately known, and are not linked in an easily discernible manner to the forcing. For example, solar forcing appears to induce a significant lower stratospheric response (Hood, 2003), which may have a dynamical origin caused by changes in temperature affecting planetary wave propagation, but it is not currently reproduced by models.
When solar activity is high, the more complex magnetic configuration of the heliosphere reduces the flux of galactic cosmic rays in the Earth’s atmosphere. Various scenarios have been proposed whereby solar-induced galactic cosmic ray fluctuations might influence climate (as surveyed by Gray et al., 2005). Carslaw et al. (2002) suggested that since the plasma produced by cosmic ray ionization in the troposphere is part of an electric circuit that extends from the Earth’s surface to the ionosphere, cosmic rays may affect thunderstorm electrification. By altering the population of CCN and hence microphysical cloud properties (droplet number and concentration), cosmic rays may also induce processes analogous to the indirect effect of tropospheric aerosols. The presence of ions, such as produced by cosmic rays, is recognised as influencing several microphysical mechanisms (Harrison and Carslaw, 2003). Aerosols may nucleate preferentially on atmospheric cluster ions. In the case of low gas-phase sulphuric acid concentrations, ion-induced nucleation may dominate over binary sulphuric acid-water nucleation. In addition, increased ion nucleation and increased scavenging rates of aerosols in turbulent regions around clouds seem likely. Because of the difficulty in tracking the influence of one particular modification brought about by ions through the long chain of complex interacting processes, quantitative estimates of galactic cosmic-ray induced changes in aerosol and cloud formation have not been reached.
Many empirical associations have been reported between globally averaged low-level cloud cover and cosmic ray fluxes (e.g., Marsh and Svensmark, 2000a,b). Hypothesised to result from changing ionization of the atmosphere from solar-modulated cosmic ray fluxes, an empirical association of cloud cover variations during 1984 to 1990 and the solar cycle remains controversial because of uncertainties about the reality of the decadal signal itself, the phasing or anti-phasing with solar activity, and its separate dependence for low, middle and high clouds. In particular, the cosmic ray time series does not correspond to global total cloud cover after 1991 or to global low-level cloud cover after 1994 (Kristjánsson and Kristiansen, 2000; Sun and Bradley, 2002) without unproven de-trending (Usoskin et al., 2004). Furthermore, the correlation is significant with low-level cloud cover based only on infrared (not visible) detection. Nor do multi-decadal (1952 to 1997) time series of cloud cover from ship synoptic reports exhibit a relationship to cosmic ray flux. However, there appears to be a small but statistically significant positive correlation between cloud over the UK and galactic cosmic ray flux during 1951 to 2000 (Harrison and Stephenson, 2006). Contrarily, cloud cover anomalies from 1900 to 1987 over the USA do have a signal at 11 years that is anti-phased with the galactic cosmic ray flux (Udelhofen and Cess, 2001). Because the mechanisms are uncertain, the apparent relationship between solar variability and cloud cover has been interpreted to result not only from changing cosmic ray fluxes modulated by solar activity in the heliosphere (Usoskin et al., 2004) and solar-induced changes in ozone (Udelhofen and Cess, 2001), but also from sea surface temperatures altered directly by changing total solar irradiance (Kristjánsson et al., 2002) and by internal variability due to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (Kernthaler et al., 1999). In reality, different direct and indirect physical processes (such as those described in Section 9.2) may operate simultaneously.
The direct RF due to increase in solar irradiance is reduced from the TAR. The best estimate is +0.12 W m–2 (90% confidence interval: +0.06 to +0.30 W m–2). While there have been advances in the direct solar irradiance variation, there remain large uncertainties. The level of scientific understanding is elevated to low relative to TAR for solar forcing due to direct irradiance change, while declared as very low for cosmic ray influences (Section 2.9, Table 2.11). | <urn:uuid:e80126da-2c03-43a0-875e-38cd855ab421> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch2s2-7-1-3.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886102663.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170816212248-20170816232248-00645.warc.gz | en | 0.912884 | 1,406 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Mold isn’t always caused by a broken pipe, or leaky roof, or even a poorly vented bathroom. Sometimes the cause is human error and the lack of knowledge in understanding the conditions of your living space.
We are not talking one or two house plants in your home, when we talk about plants in a house we mean turning your living room into a glorified greenhouse. Plants need water to survive, not only is watering them causing evaporation, but plants naturally transpire water into the air. It doesn’t take much to raise the relative humidity to an unsafe level, meaning one that is ideal for microbial growth. Now with the heat and humidity at an acceptable level all you need is mold spores to enter your house and you could potentially have mold. And Guess what? Molds one purpose in life is to break down dead materials and your potting soil is full of it. If you are going to be growing lots of plants, temperature and humidity will need to be monitored. A combination of exhaust fans, dehumidifiers, fans, and potential air conditioning if extra lighting is being used to help the plants grow. | <urn:uuid:e0accf27-a4b8-4d68-8758-8c56b3f06baf> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://pureairmt.com/blog/plants/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348519531.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20200606190934-20200606220934-00493.warc.gz | en | 0.941713 | 234 | 2.53125 | 3 |
In all the types of essays, narrative essays are the most interesting to write. For a narrative essay, you do not have to read lengthy literature, neither does it required the formal tone in writing. A narrative essay is one in which you have to write about an event, a lesson, an experiment or an experience faced by you. The tone of the essay is like you are talking to the reader.
The best way to write a narrative essay is to outline it like a story. The first task you should do is to think for a longer time to decide for the topic. Unless you are not with a specific topic, or you are not sure of what you are going to tell about to the reader, you cannot come up with a good piece of writing. Think about the topic and make it a specific one so that you have a focus point in it.
After the topic give yourself enough time to think about the experience. In a peaceful environment recall every aspect of the event and write it on a notebook. Remember! Your aim should be to make the reader experience the same, and for that purpose, you have to fill your essay with chronological content. Write the details on the notebook which later will become the reference material for the narrative essay.
When you are fully equipped with the material you require, it is time to start with the draft of the essay. A good essay is written as a rough draft in the beginning so that all the amendments are made prior to the final essay to give it a clean, appealing and proficient look. Start with the introduction of the essay giving the background of what you are going to tell about the author. Your thesis statement should be appealing so that the reader continues with further reading.
Use of dialogs and characters will be the best way to write a narrative essay. This will make the reader experience the event. In order to apply this in the essay, you have to put yourself in the shoes of the reader. Think about the audience, think in their perspective and then write the essay. This will help you write the narrative essay easily. After the draft, you have to write the final essay with proper punctuation, vocabulary, and grammar.
To get your narrative essay done by writing professionally in the shortest time, place your order with Research Paper Live and give instructions about what exactly do you require. The professional writers at Research Paper Live will provide you with entirely non-plagiarized, original narrative essay of your own within the deadline.
These are excerpts of research papers. Please access the order form for custom research papers, essays, term papers, thesis, dissertations, case study and book reports. | <urn:uuid:ce548910-9118-430c-912c-a8554cb28da0> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://researchpaperlive.com/write-narrative-essay/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738950.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20200813014639-20200813044639-00490.warc.gz | en | 0.95547 | 537 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Geographic analysis: Applications and frameworks
Using local data can help programs monitor performance, evaluate programming, engage diverse community stakeholders, make decisions about scarce resources and develop comprehensive responses to family needs.
This page provides an overview of programs that are using data to improve outcomes, as well as a range of resources that programs can use to inform their work.
How communities are using data
The following examples illustrate how some communities are using community-level data to inform their work:
- For every county in California, Children Now produces a comprehensive scorecard of children’s well-being that tracks 29 indicators over time and by race and ethnicity.
- In King County, Washington, the public-private partnership Communities Count provides reliable and up-to-date data to inform funding and policy decisions aimed at improving the quality of life for residents in the greater Seattle area.
- In Dane County, Wisconsin, Healthy Dane uses data from hospitals, public health and other partners in the greater Madison region to assess the health status of its residents, identify health disparities and track progress toward addressing health issues facing the community.
Incorporating child welfare data
Several jurisdictions are examining child welfare data at the community-level as well. Programs that raise up and critically examine the geographic distribution of child welfare indicators (e.g., abuse and neglect rates, out-of-home placements) can use the data to foster engagement with community stakeholders, inform decision-making and direct comprehensive intervention responses.
The following examples illustrate how some communities are making child welfare data publicly available at an appropriate geographic level — that is, at a level that provides utility for decision-makers while maintaining the security of information about children and families involved with the child welfare system.
- The California Child Welfare Indicators Project at the University of California, Berkeley, examines maltreatment allegation rates and foster care entry rates by county and uses geographic information systems (GIS) software to map the rates of occurrence for various levels of child welfare system contact.
- Partners for Our Children uses its child well-being data portal to promote access to and understanding of child welfare data, including investigations and out-of-home entries by age group, race/ethnicity and allegation type. These data can be viewed by county for the state of Washington.
- The annual health profiles compiled by the San Antonio Metropolitan Health District in Bexar County, Texas, report the rates of confirmed victims of child abuse and neglect by ZIP code across the county.
- In Missouri and Illinois, Vision for Children at Risk maps rates of indicated child abuse and neglect reports and rates of children at risk for abuse and neglect, as well as numerous other indicators, across ZIP codes. The program is intended to mobilize the St. Louis region to act on the needs of children.
- The New Jersey Child Welfare Data Map hosted by the Rutgers University School of Social Work displays trends in child welfare data alongside socioeconomic data and service data for substance abuse, domestic violence and home visiting across New Jersey counties.
- In Texas, the TexProtects ZipRisk Project uses substantiated child maltreatment, child abuse and neglect related fatalities, teen birth, substance abuse and child poverty rates to develop a comprehensive child abuse and neglect risk assessment and ranking for all Zip codes in the state.
- The Pay for Prevention project, hosted by the Center for Evidence-based Policy at the Oregon Health & Science University, uses geographic analysis to target support toward communities experiencing elevated risk of children being maltreated and entering foster care.
Indicator project consortia
Several consortia are bringing together and cataloging local efforts to use community indicators for strategic planning, decision-making and community-building efforts. Below are two examples of comprehensive consortia that compile resources, catalog efforts and provide technical assistance to community indicator projects.
- The Community Indicators Consortium is an inventory of indicator projects that seeks to support the development, availability and effective use of community indicators to leverage positive community change.
- The National Neighborhood Indicators Partnership is a collaboration between the Urban Institute and local partners to democratize data and use neighborhood information systems for policymaking and community-building.
Frameworks for community health and well-being
Many frameworks have been developed to reflect community health and well-being. These frameworks help track community needs, progress and strengths. They can be adapted by — or serve as models for — communities seeking to develop a comprehensive approach to community investment.
Commonly used frameworks include:
- County Health Rankings & Roadmaps from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute.
- Healthy Communities Assessment Tool from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Lead Hazard Control and Healthy Homes. This page provides an example of the Minneapolis pilot site.
- Healthy People 2020 from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion.
- Kids Count from the Annie E. Casey Foundation.
- Measure of America from the Social Science Research Council.
Explore the following resources:
- Geographic analysis: Data sources and indexes, a selection of available data resources and composite measures of community well-being.
- Using community data to improve outcomes, information about the role of community data on child safety and family well-being.
- Community Opportunity Map, an interactive tool that highlights the aspects of communities that are associated with safe children and strong families. This interactive, research-based framework is composed of select U.S. Census Bureau indicators and is available for any community in the nation to use. | <urn:uuid:d0962338-7c6c-4104-bd3b-f1748ffffe91> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.casey.org/what-we-do/research-analysis/data/geo-analysis-applications-frameworks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655882051.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20200703122347-20200703152347-00000.warc.gz | en | 0.90772 | 1,129 | 3.09375 | 3 |
A wave of panic is sweeping across the United States as India’s recent decision to impose an export ban on rice takes effect. The move, aimed at ensuring sufficient domestic availability and stabilizing prices for Indian consumers, has sent shockwaves through global markets, leaving import-dependent countries, including the US, grappling with the fear of a looming rice shortage.
India, one of the world’s largest rice producers and exporters, plays a crucial role in the global rice trade. With the imposition of the export ban, many countries heavily reliant on Indian rice imports now face an uncertain future. The US, a significant importer of Indian basmati rice and other varieties, is particularly vulnerable to the consequences of this abrupt policy shift.
The ban, while addressing India’s own domestic concerns, has triggered a surge in rice prices in the international market. As demand outstrips supply and with no access to Indian rice, importing countries are left scrambling to secure alternative sources to meet their needs.
The shortage has the potential to impact millions of consumers and businesses in the US, ranging from restaurants and grocery stores to households that have come to rely on Indian rice varieties for their culinary preferences.
Moreover, the sudden disruption in the rice trade between India and the US could have wider implications for the global food security situation. Rice serves as a staple food for a significant portion of the world’s population, and any fluctuations in its availability and prices can have far-reaching consequences for vulnerable communities.
As the situation unfolds, import-dependent countries are exploring alternative sources and diversifying their rice imports to mitigate the impact of the export ban. Additionally, some governments are engaging in diplomatic efforts to appeal to India for reconsideration or exploring trade agreements with other major rice-exporting nations.
However, the path ahead remains uncertain, and the global rice market is likely to experience further volatility until a viable solution is found. For India, striking a balance between domestic needs and international obligations will be a delicate task, requiring careful consideration of its position in the global rice trade and the potential repercussions of the export ban.
In conclusion, India’s export ban on rice has triggered panic across the US and other import-dependent nations, leading to fears of a looming rice shortage and price hikes in the international market. While India’s aim to secure adequate rice availability for its citizens is understandable, the repercussions on the global food supply chain and food security must also be taken into account. As stakeholders navigate these challenging times, finding collaborative and sustainable solutions is imperative to ensure food security for all, both at home and abroad. | <urn:uuid:f29d941b-6b60-443a-9347-e251950a5fc8> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://estradeherald.com/rice-shortage-panic-hits-us-amid-indias-export-ban/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510284.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927071345-20230927101345-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.931852 | 531 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Skræling (Old Norse and Icelandic: skrælingi, plural skrælingjar) is the name the Norse Greenlanders used for the indigenous peoples they encountered in North America and Greenland. In surviving sources, it is first applied to the Thule people, the Eskimo group with whom the Norse coexisted in Greenland after about the 13th century. In the sagas, it is also used for the peoples of the region known as Vinland (probably Newfoundland) whom the Norse encountered during their expeditions there in the early 11th century.
The term first appears in sources dating to well after the period in which Norse explorers made their first contacts with indigenous Americans. By the time these sources were recorded, Skræling was the common term Norse Greenlanders used for the Thule people, the ancestors to the modern Inuit. The Thule first arrived in Greenland from the North American mainland in the 13th century and were thereafter in contact with the Greenlanders. The Greenlanders' Saga and the Saga of Erik the Red, which were written in the 13th century, use this same term for the people of the area known as Vinland whom the Norse met in the early 11th century. The word subsequently became well known, and has been used in the English language since the 18th century.
The word skræling is the only word surviving from the Old Norse dialect spoken by the mediæval Norse Greenlanders. In modern Icelandic, skrælingi means a barbarian or foreigner. The origin of the word is not certain, but it is probably based on the Old Norse word skrá which meant "skin"; and as a verb, "to put in writing" (written accounts, such as the Icelandic Sagas, were put on dried skin in Iceland). The Eskimo, both Thule and Dorset, as well as other indigenous people whom the Norse Greenlanders met, wore clothes made of animal skins, in contrast to the woven wool clothes worn by the Norse.
Some scholars have speculated that skrælingi came from the Scandinavian word skral or the Icelandic word skrælna. The word skral connotes "thin" or "scrawny". In the Scandinavian languages, it is often used as a synonym for feeling sick or weak, but this speculation is probably a case of folk etymology or linguistic "false friend"; the word skral does not exist in medieval Norse texts (for example the Icelandic sagas) nor in modern Icelandic. It is a 17th-century loanword from Low German into the Scandinavian languages: Danish, Norwegian and Swedish. Skræling or skrælling means weakling in modern Norwegian and Danish. Skrælna refers to shrinking or drying (plants for example). The term is moderately pejorative in Erik the Red's Saga as it is first used after a negative description of Native Americans encountered in Vinland. First Nations people in Canada consider it offensive.
Pygmies and Skrælings
Another explanation for the etymology of the word Skræling is proposed by Kirsten Seaver in her work "'Pygmies' of the Far North." The pygmy belongs to a vein of mythological races that was ubiquitous throughout Ancient and medieval lore dating as far back as Homer's Iliad. Scottish writer Alexander Ross wrote of the phenomena of the Pygmy:
|“||that there have been Pigmies in the world, that is, people of a cubit or two high. . . . I say there have been such, I make no question, when I consider the multitude of eminent Authours who have writ on them, and that no reason was ever yet alledged to deny them.||”|
The ubiquity of the term pygmy throughout many different cultures and places in the known world lends to the validity of their mythical existence. Other monster races referred to by Norse writers were based on the monster races created by Pliny the Elder in his work Natural History (Pliny), including the infamous Monopod which made an appearance in the Saga of Erik the Red:
|“||True it was that our men tracked a one-legged creature down to the shore. The uncanny fellow fled in a flash, though rough was his way, hear us Karlsefni!||”|
The Pygmy was a known idea to privileged Norse explorers like Leif Eriksson and as North America was a foreign and inhospitable land on the edges of the world known to the Norse, they were quick to label these new people Pygmies, since they would have been smaller in stature than the Norse explorers. Kirsten Seaver contends that the word Skræling was a direct Old Norse translation of the Latin word Pygmaei, and referred to this newly discovered and misinterpreted monster race indigenous to North America.
Viking use of the word Skræling was predicated upon their view of the geographic world around them. Scandinavian peoples would have believed in a spherical world as opposed to the popular modern view of medieval societies and the Myth of the Flat Earth. In fact, the idea that medieval societies believed the world to be flat is one of the great errors in modern historical teaching, and there were hardly any medieval scholars who did not acknowledge the Earth's roundness. Kirsten A. Seaver conveys traditional medieval thinking: "Some medieval cosmographers fitted the three known continents into a tidy circular frame for illustration purposes, and others allowed for a fourth, unknown continent, but most believed that on the spherical earth they took for granted, Asia, Africa, and Europe interconnected and accounted for the world's landmass in such a way that only the Mare Oceanum separated westernmost Europe from the conjoined east coasts of Asia and Africa."
Explorers from this time would not have been scared of "falling off the edge of the world", as they believed that by sailing west, one would eventually find more land: Asia to be specific. With Norway as the Viking explorers' northwestern extreme, these intrepid explorers headed due west to cross the open sea to reach the Eurasian continent's eastern edge fully expecting to encounter one of the legendary monster races face to face. The oldest accounts of the Norse exploration of Greenland and North America come from the writings of Adam of Bremen who wrote the History of the Archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen. Adam of Bremen confidently stated that the world is round, and briefly described what they would have believed to be the Eastern coast of Asia. He wrote thus on Vinland:
|“||It is called Vinland because vines producing excellent wine grow wild there. That unsown crops also abound on that island we have ascertained not from fabulous reports from the trustworthy relation of the Danes.||”|
The explorations of the New World were broadcast across the Scandinavian world, but were not seen as great discoveries such as the Voyages of Christopher Columbus. Because the explorers were unable to establish long-lasting colonies like Iceland, they were viewed as failures on the other side of the Eurasian continent.
Norse exploration of the New World
Norse exploration of the New World began with the initial sighting of North America by an Icelander named Bjarni Herjólfsson who spotted land after drifting off course on a journey to Greenland in 985 or 986.
|“||They speculated among themselves as to what land this would be, for Bjarni said he suspected this was not Greenland.||”|
His voyage piqued the interest of later explorers including Leif Eriksson who would explore and name the areas of Helluland, Markland, and Vinland. He built some large houses on Vinland on his voyage and was said to inhabit the area for one year after, and this site is believed to be the archaeological site L'Anse aux Meadows discovered by Helge Ingstad.
First contact between Vikings and Skræling
At the site of L'Anse aux Meadows, Eriksson laid the groundwork for later colonizing efforts in the generations to come by establishing a foothold on Vinland, when he constructed some "large houses." Upon his return to Greenland,
|“||There was great discussion of Leif's Vinland voyage and his brother Thorvald felt they had not explored enough of the land. Leif then said to Thorvald, 'You go to Vinland, brother, and take my ship if you wish, but before you do so I want the ship to make a trip to the skerry to fetch the wood that Thorir had there'||”|
Thorvald has the first contact with the native population which would come to be known as the Skrælings. After capturing and killing eight of the natives, they were attacked at their beached ships, which they defended:
|“||'I have been wounded under my arm,' he said. 'An arrow flew between the edge of the ship and the shield into my armpit. Here is the arrow, and this wound will cause my death.'||”|
This first contact did not bode well for future relations between the Norse and Skrælings as they were already at war.
Thorfinn Karlsefni and the Skrælings
Thorfinn Karlsefni was the first Norse explorer to attempt to truly colonize the newly discovered land of Vinland on the same site as his predecessors Thorvald and Leif Eriksson. According to the Saga of Erik the Red, he set sail with three ships and 140 men.
Upon reaching Vinland, their intended destination, they found the now famous grapes and self-sown wheat which the land was named for. They spent a very hard winter at this site, where they barely survived by fishing, hunting game inland, and gathering eggs on the island. The following summer they sailed to the island of Hop where they had the first peaceful interactions with the Skrælings, whom they traded with. Karlsefni forbade his men to trade their swords and spears, so they mainly exchanged their red cloth for pelts. Afterwards they were able to properly describe the aboriginal inhabitants, saying:
|“||They were short in height with threatening features and tangled hair on their heads. Their eyes were large and their cheeks broad.||”|
Shortly thereafter the Norsemen were attacked by natives who had been frightened by a bull that broke loose from their encampment. They were forced to retreat to an easily defensible location and engage their attackers; at the end of the battle two of his men had been slain, while "many of the natives" were killed. As with anywhere in this foreign land, Karlsefni and his men realized that
|“||despite everything the land had to offer there, they would be under constant threat of attack from its prior inhabitants.||”|
After this adventure they returned to Greenland—their three-year excursion would be the longest-lasting known European colony in the New World until Columbus' voyages nearly 500 years later initiated full-scale colonization.
Inuit folktales of the Norse
There are even indigenous accounts from the Inuit peoples which tell of the Norse travels to their land, and describe their interactions with them:
|“||soon the kayaker sent out his spear in good earnest, and killed him on the spot...When winter came, it was a general belief that the Kavdlunait would come and avenge the death of their countrymen||”|
Kavdlunait was the Inuit word for foreigner or European. As with Norse accounts, the interactions between the peoples was still steeped in violence and revenge, thus hindering peaceful cohabitation and successful colonization by the Norse explorers.
- Murrin, John M; Johnson, Paul E; McPherson, James M; Gerstle, Gary (2008). Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People, Compact. Thomson Wadsworth. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-495-41101-7. Retrieved 2010-11-24.
- "Skraeling". Oxford English Dictionary. June 1989. Retrieved October 12, 2010.
- Dictionary lookup in authoritative Norwegian dictionary; unable to find an English-language source as the word is too obscure to be included in most English-Norwegian dictionaries.
- "skrællinger". Den Store Danske Encyklopædi. Retrieved February 7, 2013.
- Kirsten A. Seaver, "'Pygmies' of the Far North", Journal of World History, Vol. 19, No. 1 (2008)
- Alexander Ross, Arcana Microcosmi (London, 1652), Book II, 105–11.
- Keneva Kunz (Translator) The Saga of Erik the Red, in The Saga of Icelanders, Penguin Books, New York, 2001. ISBN 0-670-88990-3
- Kirsten A. Seaver, "'Pygmies' of the Far North", Journal of World History, Vol. 19, No. 1 (2008), pp.63-87
- Adam of Bremen, Francis Joseph Tschan and Timothy Reuter (Translators) History of the Archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen, Columbia University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-231-12574-7
- Keneva Kunz (Translator) The Saga of the Greenlanders, in The Saga of Icelanders, Penguin Books, New York, 2001. ISBN 0-670-88990-3
- Henry Rink Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo, William Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh 1875, p. 310
- Hans Christian Gulløv, ed., Grønlands Forhistorie, Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 2005. ISBN 8702017245
- Magnus Magnusson and Hermann Pálsson (Translators), The Vinland Sagas : The Norse Discovery of America, Penguin Books, 1965 Translation, 13th reprint of 1985, p. 65, ISBN 978-0-14-044154-3
- "Skraeling: First Peoples of Helluland, Markland, and Vinland.” Odess, Daniel; Stephen Loring; and William W. Fitzhugh, in Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga. Fitzhugh, William W. and Elisabeth I. Ward, editors. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2000. Pages 193-205. ISBN 1-56098-995-5.
- "The Viking discovery of America: the excavation of a Norse settlement in L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland." Ingstad Helge. Checkmark Books. New York, 2001. ISBN 0-8160-4716-2. | <urn:uuid:b20634d8-88d8-4a3a-82bc-1c7b6d8171d9> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skr%c3%a6lings | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1387345758389/warc/CC-MAIN-20131218054918-00083-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95344 | 3,085 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Service providers are presently seeking to increase their profits through low cost deployment of voice and leased line services over more efficient Ethernet and IP infrastructures. At the same time enterprises are looking for ways to take advantage of the promise of convergence by integrating their voice and data networks while preserving their investment in traditional PBX and TDM equipment. The voice-over-IP (VoIP) approach is maturing, but its deployment requires a certain level of investment in new network infrastructure and/or customer premises equipment (CPE).
TDM-over-IP (TDMoIP) is a technology that enables voice and leased-line services such as video and data to be offered inexpensively over service provider IP networks while retaining the reliability and quality of the public switched telephone network (PSTN). In this article, we'll discuss the technical challenges inherent in transporting TDM circuits over IP networks, how TDMoIP technology meets those challenges, and the standards shaping TDMoIP and related technologies.
Challenges of Transporting TDM
Conventional TDM networks are highly deterministic. A source device transmits one or more octets to a destination device via a dedicated-bandwidth channel every 125 μs. The circuit delay through a TDM network is predictably low and constant throughout the life of a connection. Timing is delivered along with the data, and the permitted variability (jitter and wander) of TDM clocks is tightly defined. In addition, the infrastructure supports a rich set of user features via a vast set of signaling protocols.
Packet-switched networks (PSNs), such as IP/multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) systems, are more efficient than TDM networks due to bandwidth sharing. However, this sharing leads to PSNs being inherently non-deterministic.
Packets entering and transiting the network must compete for bandwidth and switch/router ports, leading to packet delay variation (PDV) and lost packets. A source device may inject packets into the network at regular intervals, but the network offers no guarantee that these packets will arrive at the destination edge device spaced at the same intervals, in the same order, or even that they will arrive at all.
In addition, IP networks were designed for transport of arbitrary data. Thus, TDM-related signaling is not supported.
There are two main ways that designers are trying to integrate TDM services into IP-based networks. On one hand, designers can completely replace the TDM network and end-user equipment with a new infrastructure that provides innovative mechanisms for voice transport and signaling. The other approach leaves the end-user equipment and protocols intact, tunneling TDM data through the packet network.
In the end, this second approach could provide an easier and most cost-effective migration path for carriers and equipment vendors. With that in mind, let's dive into how TDMoIP works.
Diving into TDMoIP
TDMoIP emulates T1, E1, T3, E3, and N*64K links by adapting and encapsulating the TDM traffic at the network ingress. Adaptation denotes mechanisms that modify the payload to enable its proper restoration at the PSN egress. By using proper adaptation, the TDM signaling and timing can be recovered, and a certain amount of packet loss can be accommodated.
Encapsulation signifies placing the adapted payload into packets of the format required by the underlying PSN technology. TDMoIP encapsulations are presently defined for user datagram protocol (UDP)/IP, MPLS, and Layer 2 tunneling protocol (L2TP)/IP networks, and even pure Ethernet can be utilized with minimal adjustments. Let's take a closer look at adaptation and encapsulation.
How Adaptation Works
TDMoIP can utilize several different adaptation techniques, depending on the TDM traffic characteristics. Whenever possible, TDMoIP draws on proven adaptation mechanisms originally developed for ATM. A side benefit of this choice of payload types is simplified interworking with circuit emulation services carried over ATM networks.
For statically allocated, constant bit-rate (CBR) TDM links, TDMoIP employs ATM adaptation layer 1 (AAL1). This mechanism, defined in ITU-T standard I.363.1 and ATM Forum specification atm-vtoa-0078, was developed for carrying CBR services over ATM.
AAL1 operates by segmenting the continuous stream of TDM data into small 48-byte cells and inserting sequencing, timing, error recovery, and synchronization information into them. For example, if the original TDM stream consisted of a DS1 with channel associated signaling (CAS), the AAL1 adaptation inserts a pointer to the beginning of the next superframe. Thus, even if cells are lost, the pointer will enable recovery from the next superframe.
TDMoIP allows concatenation of any number of AAL1 cells into a packet (note that these are AAL1 cells and not ATM cells, i.e. they do not include the five-byte "cell tax"). By allowing multiple cells per packet, TDMoIP facilitates flexible tradeoffs of buffering delay (which decreases with fewer cells per packet) for bandwidth efficiency (which increases with more cells per packet, due to the per packet overhead).
For dynamically allocated TDM links, whether the information rate varies due to activation of time slots or due to voice activity detection, TDMoIP employs ATM adaptation layer 2 (AAL2). This mechanism, defined in ITU-T standard I.366.2, was developed for carrying variable bit rate (VBR) services over ATM.
AAL2 operates by buffering each TDM time slot into short minicells, inserting the time slot identifier and length indication, sequencing, and then sending this minicell only if it carries valid information. TDMoIP concatenates the minicells from all active time slots into a single packet.
For time slots carrying high-level data link control (HDLC) data, such as data for common channel signaling (CCS), a special adaptation is provided that spots areas of non-idle data, which can then be directly encapsulated.
Encapsulating TDM Data
In TDMoIP packets, payload information is immediately preceded by a control word. This 32-bit control word, shown in Figure 1, contains the packet sequence number (needed to detect packet re-ordering and packet loss), the payload type, payload length, and alarm indications.
Figure 1: TDMoIP's 32-bit control word.
For IP networks, UDP and IP headers precede the payload and control word. The UDP destination port takes the special value assigned to TDMoIP, while the source port is used to discriminate between different TDM bundles. The packet format is shown in Figure 2. Note: In this figure, we assume that Ethernet is used for layer 2.
Figure 2: TDMoIP packet for IP networks.
For MPLS networks, an inner label precedes the payload and control word. This label acts as the TDM bundle demultiplexer, and the MPLS label stack. The packet format is shown in Figure 3, once again assuming Ethernet for layer 2.
Figure 3: TDMoMPLS packet for MPLS networks.
Meeting the Real World
At first glance it shouldn't be difficult to carry voice or other TDM data over IP networks. Data is data, and data is what packet networks were designed to carry.
However, this simplistic view ignores several important issues; namely that PSNs do not have TDM signaling mechanisms, they may introduce much higher end-to-end delay than TDM networks, they don't carry the timing information needed by the far-end TDM equipment, and they occasionally lose packets. Let's look at each of these problems individually.
In order to understand how TDMoIP handles TDM signaling, we must first differentiate between three types of signaling: in-band, CAS, and CCS.
In-band signaling, as its name implies, is transferred in the same audio band as speech. It can take the form of call progress tones such as dial tone and ring back, DTMF tones, frequency shift keying (FSK) for caller identification, and MFR1 in North America or MFCR2 in Europe. Since these are all audible tones, they are encoded in the TDM time slot and automatically forwarded by TDMoIP.
Speech compression algorithms, such as those used by VoIP systems, do not transmit these tones very accurately, requiring implementation of tone relay protocols to ensure that in-band signaling functions properly. Since TDMoIP delivers the original, unaltered voice samples, additional mechanisms are not required to handle in-band signaling.
CAS is carried in the same T1 or E1 frame as voice signals but not in the speech band. T1 robs bits for this purpose while E1 devotes an entire time slot to carrying four bits for each of the 30 remaining channels.
Since CAS bits are carried in the same T1 or E1 stream, they are readily handled by TDMoIP, even for fractional T1/E1 links. VoIP systems, on the other hand, would need to detect the CAS bits, interpret them according to the appropriate protocol, send them through the IP network using a messaging protocol, and finally regenerate and recombine them at the far end.
ISDN signaling and SS7 are examples of CCS and are often found occupying a TDM time slot. When these signals occupy a slot, they are forwarded by TDMoIP. If the signaling is not trunk-associated, then the network that is carrying it will continue to do so. Alternatively, a signaling gateway can be employed to encapsulate native signaling and the resulting packets forwarded as additional traffic through the PSN.
The PSTN places constraints on the tolerable end-to-end and round-trip delays. ITU-T G.114/G.131 states that one-way transmission times of up to 150 ms are universally acceptable, assuming adequate echo control is provided.
These constraints are not problematic for TDM networks, where the major component of the end-to-end delay is electrical propagation time. This is because a typical TDM network node (Sonet/SDH ADM, class switch, DACS, PBX, etc.) adds only 125 microseconds of latency to a trunk.
By contrast, the G.723.1 speech compression commonly used in VoIP systems adds a minimum 67.5-ms algorithmic delay, which often approaches 100 ms even before taking routing delays into account.
TDMoIP maps the TDM octets directly into the payload with no voice compression algorithms required and no resultant algorithmic delay. The buffering latency added by TDMoIP depends on the number of cells per packet but is typically in the single millisecond range. For example, a DiffServ-enabled metro router adds less than 10 ms of average latency to the TDMoIP packet. Thus, for a TDMoIP link with two hops, the total end-to-end delay is certainly no larger than 20 ms.
Conventional TDM networks rely on hierarchical distribution of timing. Somewhere in the network there is at least one extremely accurate primary reference clock with a long-term accuracy of one part in 1011. This node, which offers Stratum 1 accuracy, provides the reference clock to secondary nodes with Stratum 2 accuracy. The secondary nodes then provide a time reference to Stratum 3 nodes. This hierarchy of time synchronization is essential for the proper functioning of the network as a whole.
As mentioned earlier, packets in the PSN reach their destination with delay that has a random component, known as PDV. When emulating TDM transport on such a network, this randomness may be overcome by placing the TDM packets into a "jitter buffer" from which data can be read out at a constant rate for delivery to TDM end-user equipment. The problem is that the TDM source time reference is no longer available, and the precise rate at which the data are to be "clocked out" of the jitter buffer is unknown.
In certain cases, such as "toll-bypass" links, the endpoints of the TDMoIP tunnel are full TDM networks, and timing may (indeed must) be derived from the respective network clocks. Since each of these clocks is highly accurate, they necessarily agree to high order.
For cases where at most one side of the TDMoIP tunnel has a highly accurate time standard, there are several ways to address this problem. Designers could provide independent time standards, such as atomic clocks or GPS receivers, to all TDMoIP devices, thus relieving the packet network of the need to send synchronization information. This approach, however, could be prohibitively expensive.
Another possibility is to supplement the PSN with a synchronous clock distribution network. But this approach requires deployment and maintenance of two separate networks.
For ATM networks, which define a physical layer that carries timing, the synchronous residual time stamp (SRTS) method is applicable. IP/MPLS networks, however, do not define the physical layer and thus cannot specify the accuracy of its clock.
Often the only alternative is to attempt to recover the clock based exclusively on the TDMoIP traffic. This is possible since the source TDM device is producing bits at a constant rate determined by its clock. Unfortunately, these bits are received in packets that suffer packet delay variation, a random process. The task of clock recovery is thus an "averaging" process that negates the effect of the random PDV and captures the average rate of transmission of the original bit stream. A phase-locked loop (PLL) is well suited for this task because it can lock onto the average bit rate (ABR), regenerating a clean clock signal that approximates the original bit rate.
One conventional means of clock recovery employs adapting a local clock that is based on the level of the receiver's jitter buffer. To understand the operation of this mechanism let's assume for a moment that there is no PDV but that the local clock is initially lower in frequency than the source clock. The jitter buffer fills with bits faster than it is emptied, and the fill-level starts to rise. This rise is detected and compensated by increasing the frequency of the local clock.
When PDV occurs along with a clock discrepancy, the jitter buffer level no longer rises or falls smoothly but fluctuates wildly about its average level. By using a PLL that locks onto the average bit rate, any frequency discrepancy between the source and destination clocks is eventually compensated. The receiver's jitter buffer will settle on the level corresponding to precise frequency alignment between the two clocks.
The PLL method has two main faults. First, the PLL must observe the sequence of level positions for a long period before it can lock onto the source clock, resulting in a lengthy convergence time. Second, the jitter buffer level may settle down far from its desired position at buffer center, thus making it vulnerable to overflow and underflow conditions. Alternatively, the jitter buffer size may be increased to lower the probability of underflow/overflow, but such a size increase inevitably adds to latency.
By using more sophisticated clock recovery algorithms, recovered TDM clocks can be made to comply with ITU-T G.823 and G.824 specifications for T1/E1 jitter and wander control while simultaneously delivering optimal latency.
4. Lost Packets
While proper application of traffic engineering and quality-of-service (QoS) is expected to minimize packet loss, packets will at times arrive at the egress out of order. They may also have been dropped altogether within the PSN.
The TDMoIP control word described above includes a 16-bit sequence number for detecting and handling lost and mis-ordered packets. In the case of lost packets, TDMoIP requires insertion of interpolation packets to maintain TDM timing. Misordered packets may be either reordered or dropped and interpolated.
While the insertion of arbitrary packets may be sufficient to maintain the TDM timing, in voice applications packet loss can cause gaps or errors that result in choppy, annoying, or even unintelligible speech.
The precise effect of packet loss on voice quality and the development of packet loss concealment algorithms have been the subject of detailed study in the VoIP community, but their results are not directly applicable to the TDMoIP case. This is because VoIP packets typically contain between 80 samples (10 ms) and 240 samples (30 ms) of the speech signal, while TDMoIP packets may contain only a small number of samples.
Since TDMoIP packets are so small, it is acceptable to simply insert a constant value in place of any lost speech samples. Assuming that the input signal is zero-mean (i.e. contains no DC component), minimal distortion is attained when this constant is set to zero.
Designers can employ a more sophisticated approach that calls for them to replace the missing sample with the previous one. This method is somewhat more justifiable in the VoIP case where the quasi-stationarity of the speech signal means that the missing buffer is expected to be similar to the previous. Even in the single sample case it is better than zero insertion due to the typical low-pass quality of speech signals and to the fact that during intervals with significant high frequency content (e.g. fricatives) the error is less noticeable.
A TDMoIP packet is usually declared lost following receipt of the next packet, hence both the samples prior to the missing ones and the samples following it are available. This enables even more sophisticated implementations to conceal the packet loss event by estimating the missing sample values. The simplest estimation is linear interpolation. More advanced methods of packet loss concealment (PLC) entail model-based prediction. Recent research has shown that five percent packet loss can be effectively concealed with perceptual voice quality still exceeding that of cellular phones.
Robustness and Performance Monitoring
If desired, connection-level redundancy can be achieved with TDMoIP by configuring duplicate transmit bundles with different IP destination addresses.
TDMoIP provides an OAM signaling mechanism for reporting on bundle status and collecting performance statistics. TDMoIP OAM messages include a connectivity check for setup/configuration and to prevent PSN flooding; one-way and round-trip delay measurements; and various other performance measurement messages for remote diagnostics.
TDMoIP standardization is proceeding in several standards bodies and technical forums. In the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), work is being carried out under the auspice of the Pseudo-Wire Emulation Edge-to-Edge (PWE3) working group.
A pseudo-wire is defined as an emulation of a native service (such as ATM, frame relay, Sonet/SDH, or TDM) formed by tunneling that service's data through a packet network. A pseudo-wire is intended to emulate the behavior and characteristics of the original service as faithfully as possible, but that emulation need not be perfect. TDMoIP is known in the PWE3 working group as draft-anavi-tdmoip, a work in progress that has undergone several revisions.
In the MPLS Forum, TDMoIP has been divided into two proposed implementation agreements, "TDM Transport over MPLS using AAL1" and "I.366.2 Voice Trunking over MPLS". A similar division exists in the ITU-T, where Study Group 13 has developed a draft recommendation for voice services over MPLS, which includes the AAL2 mode. Work on an AAL1 mode in ITU-T is being carried out under the name "TDM-MPLS Interworking".
- ATM Forum: atm-vtoa-0078 "Circuit Emulation Service Interoperability Specification, Ver 2.0"
- IETF: draft-anavi-tdmoip.txt "TDM over IP"
- IETF: RFC 768 "User Datagram Protocol (UDP)"
- IETF: RFC 791 "Internet Protocol (IP)"
- IETF: RFC 2475 "An Architecture for Differentiated Services"
- ITU-T: I.363.1 B-ISDN ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) specification: Type 1
- ITU-T: I.366.2 AAL Type 2 Service Specific Convergence Sublayer for Trunking
- ITU-T: G.823 "The Control of Jitter and Wander Which Are Based on the 2048 kbit/s Hierarchy"
- ITU-T: G.824 "The Control of Jitter and Wander Which Are Based on the 1544 kbit/s Hierarchy"
- IEEE: 802.1p "Traffic Class Expediting and Dynamic Multicast Filtering"
- IEEE: 802.1Q "Virtual LANs"
- ATM Forum: atm-vtoa-0078 (CES 2.0) "Circuit Emulation Service Interoperability Specification Ver. 2.0 "
- ATM Forum: atm-vmoa-0145 (LES) "Loop Emulation Service Using AAL2"
About the Authors
Yaakov (Jonathan) Stein is a chief scientist at RAD Data Communications. He holds a BSc in mathematics and physics and a MSc and PhD in theoretical physics from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Yaakov is the author of Digital Signal Processing: A Computer Science Perspective and can be reached at [email protected].
Brian Stroehlein is the product marketing manager for access/edge products at TranSwitch Corp.. He received a BS Electrical Engineering from Cornell University, Ithaca, NY and an MBA from the University of Connecticut. Brian can be reached at [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:40604f97-26a2-438f-9d3c-7f0592686d92> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1277056 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818693459.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925220350-20170926000350-00043.warc.gz | en | 0.915227 | 4,543 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Cambodia is a nation undergoing rebuilding. Much has been published about the country’s turbulent past which is now well known. The reality is that while the GDP year over year seems to point to growth, Cambodia lacks the proper infrastructure to support the poorest members of society. The level of poverty continues in Cambodia despite the growth numbers.
In Cambodia, women face a particularly tough situation as they are often marginalized and are usually the first in the family to leave school before completion. It has been well documented that education for girls in developing countries brings the highest rate of return. Among other benefits, girls education help build a stronger family unit, higher standard of living, and decreases spousal abuse. Without education, the future for girls is one of limited opportunity and low-wage labor and in some cases, prostitution. Phymean Noun intends to help as many people to have access to education as resources will allow. | <urn:uuid:cef36837-ebef-409a-8612-4eb18efbb4a4> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://peopleimprovement.org/background/background/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886124662.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823225412-20170824005412-00163.warc.gz | en | 0.972908 | 187 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Students explore the events of the Alamo. They observe images of the Alamo and discuss the visual changes in the building over time. Students create their own version of the Alamo.
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The Alamo - Remembering Through Education
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Manifest Destiny and the War with Mexico
Explore the causes and effects of the Mexican-American War with this fantastic resource, a two-week unit of eight lessons on such topics as Manifest Destiny, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, and the annexation of Texas. The unit...
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Students discuss the importance of commemorative monuments. They review Texas monuments and identify the reasons a monument dedicated to certain events or individuals. They design another Texas monument and explain why they...
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How can an American flag be displayed indoors vs. outdoors? What is proper etiquette for handling the flag? The Girls Scouts of the USA have put together a fantastic packet of information with everything you need to know about the...
1st - 5th Social Studies & History CCSS: Adaptable | <urn:uuid:070e9bea-d71a-4f34-9b74-e2caf2bc12c9> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://www.lessonplanet.com/teachers/my-alamo | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689686.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923141947-20170923161947-00496.warc.gz | en | 0.860909 | 381 | 3.859375 | 4 |
An independent news and commentary website produced by academics and journalists. An independent news and commentary website produced by academics and journalists.
While drink driving fatalities and injuries have declined in recent decades, it still remains a major problem on Australian roads.
Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limits have helped since they were put in place over 25 years ago, but new technology may now be able to stop drink driving altogether.
In the US, the massive infrastructure bill passed by Congress last year mandated car manufacturers equip vehicles with advanced drink-driving prevention technology. These systems can either monitor a driver’s performance to detect if they are impaired, or test a driver’s BAC to determine if it’s above the legal limit.
The US Department of Transportation has been given latitude to choose the type of system that manufacturers use, with a requirement for it to be installed in new cars by 2027.
Similar efforts have been recommended in Australia, with Victoria reportedly being the only jurisdiction outside the US to trial the new technology.
How driving monitoring systems work
Driving monitoring and assistance systems (DMAS) are largely automatic and unobtrusive, operating with little to no active driver input.
These systems monitor things such as steering, braking and driving trajectory, enabling the car to “infer” the driver’s alertness and activate warnings or even corrective action, such as autonomous emergency braking, where necessary.
More recent advancements in DMAS have focused on the driver specifically, using real-time video to track things such as head position, eyelid closure and eye gaze direction to detect driver impairment.
In an emergency situation, these systems can also work together to prevent a crash. The cameras can establish a driver’s impairment, for example, while the automated driving technology steers the vehicle to safety.
Such technologies have been been integrated into vehicles since the early 2000s, primarily to monitor fatigue and distraction. Today, most new vehicles come with such systems and they’ve become increasingly sophisticated.
In the European Union, DMAS technology will be required in all new cars from this July. China is also well on its way to requiring it in all new vehicles.
New technologies to target drink driving specifically
Other technologies are being developed to target drink driving more specifically through detection systems that use alcohol sensors.
One is a breath-based system that can determine a driver’s blood alcohol content from normal breathing in the car. Another is a touch-based system that uses sensors in the ignition button or gear shift to determine a driver’s blood alcohol content below the skin surface.
If either system determines the driver is impaired or over the legal limit, it will take action. This could mean not allowing the car to start or move, giving the driver a warning or actively pulling the driver off the road.
This new technology will be available for open licensing in commercial vehicles later this year.
Some critics have voiced concerns about the reliability of such systems, as well as privacy issues related to how driver data is collected and used.
Others have decried the loss of freedom and inconvenience that might result from system failures.
How our current drink-driving approach is failing
Yet, this new technology may be a vast improvement on our current system for policing drink driving, which is expensive, unreliable and hasn’t been effective in stamping out the problem.
Australia and other countries rely largely on impairment tests following random or “probable cause” police stops or from systematic police roadblocks. The very randomness of these interventions limits their effectiveness, especially in non-urban environments. Punitive measures such as prison time also do not appear to have an impact, particularly with repeat offenders.
Additionally, the breath analysis tests used by police may be flawed and are subject to human error.
Our current enforcement methods can also infringe on people’s rights and contribute to discriminatory practices through the over-policing of specific areas or minority groups.
The current approach is also unable to recognize the various cultural, socio-economic, demographic and other factors that lead to harmful alcohol and drug use, impaired driving and subsequent interaction with the criminal justice system.
For example, while Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples are less likely to drink alcohol than other Australians, those who do are more likely to drink at dangerous levels, have significantly higher drink-driving conviction rates and be over-represented in alcohol-related road crashes.
Research has suggested a range of contributing factors for these higher rates, many of which are grounded in the long history of colonial violence, mistreatment and dispossession of First Nations peoples.
While a passive driver impairment detection system will not directly address such causal factors, these technologies will at least reduce the likelihood of people’s interactions with the criminal justice system and subsequent legal repercussions, which can have lifelong consequences.
A reduced focus on reactive and punitive responses should create more opportunity for attention to social, cultural and health-based interventions. This is particularly relevant when we consider the role of alcohol dependence in drink driving, and the fact many drink drivers face a range of social, economic and health problems, especially repeat offenders.
Technological design innovations have been used successfully to prevent car thefts. So, if the privacy concerns can be addressed and managed, these systems may be a way to curb drink driving at a reduced financial cost to communities, while also minimizing the harms caused by our current legal framework.
This article by Kyle J.D. Mulrooney, Senior Lecturer in Criminology, Co-director of the Centre for Rural Criminology, University of New England and Guy C. Charlton, Associate Professor, University of New England, is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
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MIAMI (CBSMiami) – Get your cameras ready! A celestial treat is coming to South Florida this weekend as the second of three supermoons this summer will be visible.
The full moon on August 10th isn’t like any other full moon we’ve seen this year. This is a “Supermoon,” the closest and largest full moon in 2014.
When the moon is full as it makes its closest pass to Earth, it becomes a “Supermoon,” and will be up to 31,000 miles closer to Earth than other full moons this year.
According to NASA, this full moon will be 14-percent closer and 30-percent brighter than other full moons of the year.
The scientific term for the phenomenon is “perigee moon” or the point when the Moon is closest to the Earth in its monthly orbit.
The moon will appear much larger than normal, especially on the horizon.
Like all full moons, this month’s full moon has many names. It’s known as the Sturgeon Moon in North America referencing back to a time in history when sturgeon fish were plentiful and easy to catch in the Great Lakes and Hudson Bay.
It’s also known as the Red Moon, the Green Corn Moon and the Grain Moon.
If you happen to miss the weekend’s supermoon, don’t worry, you will have one more chance to see it this year.
There will also be a supermoon on September 8th. The only difference is it won’t appear quite as big as it will this month. | <urn:uuid:05d00bc6-a46d-4339-b264-404d23f22449> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://miami.cbslocal.com/2014/08/08/biggest-brightest-supermoon-this-weekend/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424846.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724102308-20170724122308-00064.warc.gz | en | 0.948715 | 338 | 2.75 | 3 |
Two common artifacts in image-intensified fluoroscopy and photospot imaging arise from the use of the image intensifier because of geometrical issues and internal light scatter. The first artifact, “pincushion distortion,” is caused by the spherical input phosphor structure and photocathode electron image mapped onto the planar output phosphor structure. Curvature of the input phosphor / photocathode causes a more severe distortion and greater distance between equidistant points at the periphery of the image compared to the center (similar to the way that pins placed in a pincushion are parallel in the center of the cushion but diverge at the periphery). This distortion is more pronounced with the use of the large FOV, where the curvature of the input phosphor surface is the greatest at the edges of the image. Typical pincushion distortion at the image periphery causes distortions on the order of +5% to +15%. Geometric distortion is less at the center of the image.A corollary to pincushion distortion is known as “S” distortion, caused by the influence of external magnetic fields on the electron trajectories from the input phosphor to the output phosphor. This can result in a time-varying non-linear warping of the image as the II system is rotated; the distortion can be reduced by shielding the II with “mu-metal” magnetic field attenuators.
An image of a uniform phantom of small spherical attenuators placed with equal 1-cm spacing in the matrix is shown in Figure A. Note the geometric distortion at the periphery of the image, with increased distance and non-linear mapping of the sphere locations. One advantage of flat-panel detectors manufactured for fluoroscopy is the planar geometry of the scintillator, which eliminates the pincushion distortion artifacts as illustrated with the same phantom in Figure B.
Figure A. Left: Image intensifier-TV system for fluoroscopy applications. Right: Image of pincushion distortion of regularly-spaced phantom in the circularly collimated image..
Figure B. Left: Flat-panel fluoroscopy/cineradiography system. Right: Image of regularly-spaced phantom, showing good geometric linearity of the rectangularly-shaped image..
The second artifact/degradation is chiefly related to internal light scattering at the output phosphor, known as veiling glare, which results in a significant loss of image contrast particularly in image areas representing high x-ray attenuation in the object. Light from bright image areas spread into dark image areas, which significantly reduces image contrast. The “contrast ratio” is theS measurement of the image signal of a uniformly exposed II with no attenuators to the signal under a centered, highly attenuating lead disk of diameter equal to 10% of the input phosphor diameter. Ideally, the contrast ratio would be infinite under these conditions, but image intensifiers typically have values that range from 50 to 500, depending on many variables including output phosphor structure, optical coupling technology, age, etc. Vignetting is another effect caused by light scatter within the active image area, and describes the increased intensity of a uniformly exposed image relative to the periphery. As light scatter is essentially isotropic (equal scatter in all directions) light scatter from the periphery contributes to the signal in the center, but there is no light scatter outside of the active image area contributing to the signal at the periphery. | <urn:uuid:fabcf9a0-28b1-4150-8260-0d53c5f068d0> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.upstate.edu/radiology/education/rsna/fluoro/artifact/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510261249.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011741-00222-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911573 | 722 | 2.90625 | 3 |
About Green Tree Pythons
The average length of an adult is between 5-7 feet. Along the upper and lower labials you can see their thermosensory (heat sensitive) pits around their mouth. These pits allow them to notice the change in temperature, which helps them detect prey.
Green tree pythons vary in color ranging from green to yellow. Most also have spots dorsal and/or lateral that can be yellow, white or blue. Hatchlings also have a wide variety of color ranging from red to yellow. Their color can change slowly or rapidly over two years.
Green Tree Pythons in the Wild
Like humid, warm tropical regions.
Found on the Cape York Peninsula of Australia, New Guinea, and Iran Jaya.
Pythons feed at night and sleep during the day. They feed on small rodents and birds.
back to view all animals | <urn:uuid:d2bc683e-ef0d-447b-a093-87ff59d40b44> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.akronzoo.org/green-tree-pythons | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549425193.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725122451-20170725142451-00688.warc.gz | en | 0.922212 | 180 | 3.34375 | 3 |
The first two weeks have already been action packed with activities. In Social Science we have been looking at the build of South Africa. It became so much more fun when we could show our understanding by making play-dough models of South Africa. The next step is to design an Explain Everything slide to show our understanding of the different land forms in South Africa.
In Natural Science we have discovered the fascinating world of fossils. They certainly provoke many questions and endless discussions and we have learnt lots of interesting facts from each other. This week we tried our hand at drawing some fossil pictures. We are going to be creating our own trace fossils out of clay next week.
Our outing to the museum combined a bit of learning on the San/Khoi cultures in historical South Africa and some more fossils. The children could barely contain their excitement while looking around and the touch room was a firm favourite where they got to touch various skeletons, stuffed animals and even get a glimpse of many insects. We ended the day off with lunchtime in The Gardens, while taking the opportunity to feed the birds and squirrels.
All in all, a great start to term 2 and the atmosphere is abuzz at what lies ahead. | <urn:uuid:1391c156-9cf8-458f-b14a-153eab9b7ea1> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://elkgr5.wordpress.com/tag/social-science/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323801.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628204133-20170628224133-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.964452 | 244 | 3.3125 | 3 |
In an earlier post we discussed the probability of winning a game if you know the probability of winning a point. This is the math behind the formula.
The complicated part of the calculation is that a game of tennis can go over deuce many times, even indefinitely (in theory, at least). We will therefore treat the deuce part and the no-deuce part separately.
Mathematically speaking, the probability of winning a game is the probability of winning without deuce plus the probability of winning with deuce (since these are disjoint events).
Recall that is the probability of winning a single point. consists of winning the point after 40-0, 40-15 or 40-30. The question now is how many ways of getting to 40-0, 40-15 or 40-30 are there? The first one (40-0) is easy, there is only one way: 15-0, 30-0, 40-0. The second one is more difficult, as there are already 4 different ways: (1) 15-0, 30-0, 40-0, 40-15, (2) 15-0, 30-0, 30-15, 40-15, (3) 15-0, 15-15, 30-15, 40-15, and (4) 0-15, 15-15, 30-15, 40-15.
Generally, this kind of problem is known as the number of possible selections of elements amongst a set of elements, written as . In the context of our problem, is the number of points played and is the number of points your opponent scores. Equivalently, can be seen as the number of points you will score, which is always (you need points to reach 40-?). So there are ways of reaching 40-?. The interpretation is that in a series of points played, you can select any points among them in order to get to 40-?.
The probability of e.g. winning the game after 40-15 is times the probability of reaching 40-15. The probability of reaching 40-15 is , as you have to score points () and your opponent scores one point (). So winning after 40-15 is as probable as .
Putting it all together for the three different cases (40-0, 40-15, 40-30), we get
. Simplified, this is
We have got part one of . Part two has two main components, the probability of getting to deuce () and the probability of winning at deuce (). In order to get , these two components can simply be multiplied ().
The probability of getting to deuce is , as points have to be played, of which either player has to win (this is the number of ways getting to 40-40) times the probability of winning three points each (, respectively).
The probability of winning a game at deuce is a function of winning two points in a row, plus winning only one point each (which is deuce again) and winning the game from there. This is the formula: . This resolves to .
Putting it all together, we get the formula we have been looking for:
For , the function plots like this: | <urn:uuid:ebaeb6d7-1528-4c1e-92c9-3012116ea363> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://breakserve.com/2014/06/how-to-win-a-game-the-math-behind/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657149205.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200714051924-20200714081924-00571.warc.gz | en | 0.957238 | 664 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Let the Land Rest: Lessons from Shemita, the Sabbatical Year (Longer Article)
Core Teaching #14
Let the Land Rest: Lessons from Shemita, the Sabbatical Year
By Rabbi Noam Yehuda Sendor
In the Garden of Eden, people lived in harmony with the Earth. This harmony was a natural expression of the people’s elevated consciousness. The Gaon of Vilna (1720-1797) wrote:
The light that was created on the first day was the light with which Adam saw from one end of the creation to the other. This original light is the light of consciousness (ohr ha’sekhel), the light which illumines the mind. It is through this that Adam perceived and grasped the entirety of the universe.
Seeing from “one end of the creation to the other,” Adam saw the Earth and all of Creation as a unified revelation of G-d’s Will. Enlightened by this awareness, the relationship between people and the Earth was an intimate one, based upon love and respect. People would “work and guard” the land, and in turn, the Earth would sustain and nourish all of its inhabitants.
When Adam and Eve ate from the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil, this harmony was shattered and the relationship between humanity and the Earth was broken. Hashem had warned them that partaking from the tree would have consequences, “for on the day that you eat of it you shall surely die.” However, their desire to derive benefit overpowered their sense of responsibility and blinded them to the disastrous consequences of their actions.
Yet we are not powerless in the face of this broken awareness. Just as the Torah is a guidebook on mending the relationships between men and women, sibling and sibling, nation and nation, so too, the Torah contains within it commandments whose aim is to heal the brokenness in humanity’s relationship to the Earth. Shemita, the Sabbatical Year, comprises a number of the 613 commandments (mitzvot) of the Torah. . With today’s environmental challenges, these mitzvot may be more relevant and needed today than at any time in Jewish and world history.
While the laws of Shemita for Jews living in Israel are quite numerous and complex, there are four main commandments:
- The first commandment is that the land should rest, as the Torah says, “and the land shall rest a Sabbath to Hashem.” This occurs by people refraining from planting, pruning, plowing, harvesting or engaging in any other form of working the land.
- The second commandment is that all seventh-year produce is hefker—ownerless and free.
- The third commandment is for Jews to cancel outstanding debt obligations between each other.
- The fourth commandment is to sanctify all seventh-year produce. We do this by handling it respectfully, consuming it completely, and not doing any business with it.
We will explore each of these commandments in an attempt to understand their timeless wisdom and application for today’s world—a world which so desperately needs a shift in our collective consciousness.
The Land Shall Rest
The first commandment, that the land “shall rest a Shabbat to Hashem” is mysterious. First and foremost, the Torah-mandated cessation of work provides time for humanity to pursue spirituality, whether through learning Torah or contemplation of the world. However, this commandment is not just focused upon the development of the Jewish People. The great commentator and philosopher Maimonides (Spain, 1135-1204) wrote that some of the laws of the Sabbatical Year “are meant to make the earth more fertile and stronger through letting it lie fallow." Chief Rabbi Jonathan Sacks comments based on this teaching that “the Israelites were therefore commanded to conserve the soil by giving it periodic fallow years and not pursue short-term gain at the cost of long-term desolation.” Indeed, research on how a one year fallow affects soil quality has indicated that soil quality increases in the subsequent years.
However, the Torah does not merely say, “Let the land rest;” rather, it says “let the land rest a Shabbat to Hashem.” Like the commandment to rest every seven days on Shabbat, Shemita not only provides physical benefits but also enables humanity to develop spiritually and experience the unity of Creation. It also seems designed to shift our how we relate the Earth.
The Earth is not merely some resource to be used and abused. If we want to live on the land, it is our responsibility to let it rest. The Torah warns us that if we fail to keep the mitzvah of Shemita, “Then the land shall enjoy her Sabbaths”— when we are expelled from it and it lies barren. This is a consequence, for the Earth will rest regardless of our actions. If we want to live on this land and receive sustenance and protection, we must internalize the responsibilities of being in a relationship.
Rabbi Menachem Froman (Contemporary, Israel) said, “I feel that there is something very, very deep in the love between man and land… Man is made from dust and to dust he will return. The connection between man and his land is the connection to his life source. That connection can derive from love or it can derive from possessiveness: meaning that you want to be the owner of the land, to control it.”
Ownership and Release
In the Book of Genesis G-d tells Adam, “With the sweat of your brow you shall eat bread.” For thousands of years, humanity has sweated trying to pry sustenance from the Earth. Now, imagine for a moment that after all the blood, sweat, and tears a farmer has invested in the land, he or she is commanded not to harvest produce for an entire year. Rather, this farmer is told to relinquish all ownership and let the needy and animals enter their farms and eat what they need. It would be hard for any person to let go of the land which they have tended and from which they have gained nourishment for six years. The second commandment of Shemita is that all seventh-year produce is hefker—ownerless and free.
Now, imagine loaning your hard-earned pay check to someone in need. However, instead of collecting the debt, at the onset of the seventh-year you are required to absolve all financial agreements and let go of the money you had expected to get back. What a challenge it is to let go of the money we loaned to others in need! The third commandment is for Jews to cancel outstanding debt obligations between each other.
Such expressions of fortitude are wonderful examples of why the Midrash describes those who safeguard the laws of Shemita as “strong warriors who do His bidding.” The second and third commandments of Shemita help reorient us to ensuring that every part of society is looked after, especially the destitute and underprivileged. We also learn of the great sensitivity to all living beings that is required of us, as we must care for the animals of the field and make our produce available to them. For an entire year we are commanded not to focus on our financial growth and the expansion of our assets, but rather we are to focus all of our resources on others.
These laws are also designed to shift our relationship with the material possessions in our life. Beyond satisfying our most basic needs, the earth was created for us to enjoy.. Through engaging in physicality, whether one eats an orange, takes a walk through nature, or contemplates the complex laws of nature, we can experience the wisdom and beauty that G-d has invested in His Creation and attain some awareness of His Grandeur. However, as we mentioned earlier, too often humanity does not approach physicality as a revelation of G-d’s Will. Then we do not treat it with the respect it demands, but rather as some external resource to be used and abused. In so doing we can forget that “the earth and all its fullness is G-d’s.”
When we abstain from working the land during the Shemita year and relinquish the ownership of its produce, we acknowledge that we do not own the land. This is a crucial insight for our modern world. It provides us with the opportunity to free ourselves from the constant pursuit of material goods and wealth — and the idolatrous illusion that they signify our value and the value of our existence.
Sanctification of Food
“And the Sabbath-produce of the land shall be for food for you: for you, and for your servant and for your maid, and for your hired worker and resident who live with you. And for your cattle, and for the beasts that are in your land, shall all the produce be for food.” These verses serve as an introduction to the fourth category of Shemita: the laws of the sanctity of seventh-year produce, called kedushat shevi’it. All produce grown during the seventh year is “food for you,” that is to say, is only to be used as food. The produce must be handled respectfully, consumed completely, and not used for business purposes. The laws regarding the sanctity of seventh-year produce are quite complex, however, even superficial familiarity with the laws can bring us to a significant insight regarding our relationship with material goods.
Kedusha, translated as holiness or sanctity, actually means separate. That is to say, an object, place, or moment in time is inherently different on account of its kedusha, and our relation to it must reflect its “separateness.” For example, the day of Shabbat is kadosh, separate from and different than all other days. So too, produce grown in the Shemita year is kadosh, and we must treat it as such.
Rabbi Moshe Chaim Luzzato (known as the Ramchal, Italy, 1707-1746) explained that the kedusha of something guides us towards the awareness that everything is created by G-d. Through that awareness, we experience an intimate closeness to Him, even as we engage in physical acts like eating or working.
Shemita can help us reflect on the sanctity in our food and in all things, and help us connect with the Source of all things. This new perspective can help us relate differently to all the resources of the world around us.
The Lack of Shemita and its Impact on the Planet
Awareness that the land has needs, that there is kedusha in all things, and that we are in relationship with the land are rather foreign concepts to contemporary consumer culture. Today it is acceptable, even encouraged, to consume without considering the sanctity of our resources or our food. The way that we treat the land today reflects that humanity has yet to learn the lessons of Shemita.
The deforestation of vast portions of the Earth’s forests demonstrates this clearly. The Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005 of the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) describes how deforestation “continues at an alarmingly high rate – about 13 million hectares (or 32 million acres) per year.” A different study notes that since the 1990s, “the nature of tropical forest destruction has changed. Rather than being dominated by rural farmers, tropical deforestation now is substantially driven by major industries and economic globalization, with timber operations, oil and gas development, large-scale farming and exotic-tree plantations being the most frequent causes of forest loss.”
One driver of tropical deforestation, particularly in Latin America, is the growing demand for beef. The “slash and burn” method of clearing land for agriculture, employed globally by both small and large-scale cattle farmers, involves cutting the vegetation of a plot of land and allowing it to dry, at which point it is burned. The cleared forest lands are then cultivated for a few seasons until yields decline on the fragile, nutrient-poor soil, used for cattle pasture until it is further degraded, and then abandoned.
The UN FAO notes, “Deforestation causes incalculable environmental damage, releasing billions of tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and driving thousands of species of life to extinction each year.” Cutting down rainforests and then farming and grazing cattle on weak soils therefore impacts biodiversity and the global climate.
Applying Shemita Today
Shemita teaches us about the needs of the land, our responsibilities to the earth and other people, and the holiness in the world. Today’s society is in great need of this wisdom, not just to take care of the land itself but to preserve it for the future of human beings. How can we bring this wisdom into our lives and into the world? There are several things we can do.
First, keep track of the Shemita year so that you can be aware of the cycles of the land. The next Shemita year will begin on Rosh Hashanah 5775, (September 2014). Although you are likely not a farmer in Israel, contemplate the significance of a Sabbatical year occurring, and what that can mean to you personally.
Second, in preparation for Shemita, consider how you would like to mark this time in your own life. Would you like to set aside additional funds for charity, or take extra time during this year to appreciate and sanctify your food? While these activities are not required, they can enrich your Jewish practice, and help you connect to the Shemita cycle.
Third, Shemita is a cycle which includes both “working and farming” years and the “rest years.” So, the values of Shemita also can enrich our thinking every day, not just during the Shemita year. Considering the significant impacts that our society is having on the land today, there is much that we can do to rectify this with values that reflect a deeper and more meaningful relationship with the land. We can reduce our eating of meat, and make sure that our wood products (including paper) come from sustainable sources. We might consider eating more healthy, organic and local food, in order to connect ourselves to the land where we live.
The Jewish mystic Rabbi Berachya (11th century, France) taught that G-d left in its place “one-seventh” of the original Light which G-d created. This is the light of Shabbat, the very same light which Adam “saw from one end of the creation to the other,” the “light which illumines the mind.” Every seven days we are commanded to rest, to abstain from going about our business as we normally do. We do this so that we can dedicate ourselves to spiritual growth and maybe receive a glimpse of this light and experience G-d’s revelation in the world around us. However, as Rav Berachya explains, eventually there will be a time in which the light will be revealed to the righteous in all its glory. Those who merit will see everything that exists as a revelation of G-d, not just one in seven, but every day.
The Mitzvah of Shemita is also a revelation of this light of Shabbat, for it is a “Shabbat to Hashem.” Even though the mitzvah only comes every seven years and only applies to the land of Israel, the shift in consciousness about which we have learned is not bound by time and space. It is about uncovering the reality that exists at every moment—a world created and run by G-d.
One of the spiritual roots of the environmental crisis which we are facing today is the desacralization of the material world—the inability to see the things around us and this world as precious gifts created by G-d. However, as we learn about the message of Shemita and dedicate ourselves to internalizing the Torah’s timeless truths, a bit more light shines through and we move one step closer to the time in which both humanity and the earth will rest in harmony with each other in the Ultimate Shabbat.
Shemita demonstrates that the earth needs to rest as an ecological necessity, just as people need to rest as a spiritual necessity. Shemita represents an ideal, an expanded perspective which seeks out meaning in all experiences and moves us to treat the world around us, and its fruits, with the sanctity they deserve. The world is sorely in need of wisdom that helps us learn to relate differently to the land. May the Jewish people manifest it themselves and share it with the world.
Noam Yehuda Sendor, originally from Sharon, Massachusetts, was blessed with the opportunity to study at various diverse seminaries in Israel. Most recently he studied at Yeshivat Torat Yosef Hamivtar in Efrat, where he received his Rabbinical ordination. He currently lives in Melbourne, Australia with his wife and three children, where he serves as the Campus Rabbi at the Leibler Yavneh College and the Assistant Rabbi at the Hamayan Shul.
This material was produced as part of the Jewcology project. Jewcology.comis a new web portal for the global Jewish environmental community. Thanks to the ROI communityfor their generous support, which made the Jewcology project possible.
Aderet Eliyahu, Bereshit Aleph, al derekh ha’remez, p. 37 old editions. Translation by Rabbi Avraham Sutton
Genesis 2:17
According to the counting of R’ Aharon Halevi of Barcelona in Sefer Hachinuch, five of the commandments (#326-330) in regard to Shemita include not working the land or trees, not cutting aftergrowth of crops, not gathering fruit in a normal manner, and counting seven Shemita cycles. Other commandments relate to forgiving debts.
Leviticus 25:2
Vital, Rabbi Chaim, Sefer Etz HaDa’at Tov, Behar 25:1, 1871
The Guide of the Perplexed, III:39, p. 553, translation by Shlomo Pines, 1963
The Dignity of Difference: How to Avoid the Clash of Civilizations by Chief Rabbi Lord Jonathan Sacks, Continuum: London, 2002, p. 167-8
“Shemita and Soil Quality,” by Gemma Harwood, Dissertation for B.Sc. in Geography, University of Nottingham, England, 2011, based on research done in Israel. The improved soil quality was evident in the levels of bar carbonate, electrical conductivity and calcium.
Leviticus 26:34
Haaretz, “The West Bank's Rabbi Menachem Froman has the solution to the conflict,” by Ayelett Shani, 7.20.12, online at
Genesis 3:19
In the days of Hillel the Elder (110 B.C.E.-10 C.E.), people stopped giving out loans in the sixth-year so as to avoid absolving the loan upon the beginning of the Shemita year. Because this action was in violation the commandment not to withhold loans before Shemita, Hillel the Elder instituted what is known as Prozbol, where debts were signed over to a Jewish court so that the individual creditor would not collect the loan, which was forbidden after Shemita. Rather, the court, which is not obligated in this law, would collect the debt. See Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Gittin 36a
Midrash Vayikra Raba, Vayikra 1:1, commenting on Psalms 103:20
Rambam, Guide of the Perplexed, Part 3, chapter 39, commenting on Exodus 23:10
Rabbi Chaim Vital, Etz Chayim Sha’ar HaKlalot, Chapter 1
Psalms 24:1. However, Psalms 115:16 states, “The heavens are heavens of the Lord, but the earth He gave to the children of men.” The Talmud reconciles the seeming tension between these verses.
Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Sanhedrin 39a
Abarbanel, Rabbi Don Yitzchak, Nachalat Avot, 5:11
Leviticus 25:6-7
Tukachiknsky, Rabbi Yehiel Michel, Hilchot Sheviit Chapter 5, 1
Luzzato, Rabbi Moshe Chaim, Mesilat Yesharim, Chapter 26
The report is described as “the most comprehensive assessment to date of forest resources, their uses and value, covering 229 countries and territories between 1990 and 2005.” Online at ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/008/A0400E/A0400E00.pdf
Butler, Rhett A. and Laurance, William F. (August 2008)."New strategies for conserving tropical forests". Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Vol. 23, No. 9. pp. 469–472. A study analyzing causes of deforestation worldwide, based on numerous previous studies, concluded that no single factor can be attributed to deforestation, but that the causes are region specific. See Helmut J. Geist And Eric F. Lambin (February 2002)."Proximate Causes and Underlying Driving Forces of Tropical Deforestation". BioScience, Vol. 52, No. 2. pp. 143–150.http://www.freenetwork.org/resources/documents/2- 5Deforestationtropical.pdf The Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005 of the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization, cited above, makes a similar point on page 57.
The linkage between beef consumption, cattle ranching, and deforestation is found at “Cattle Ranching and Deforestation,” Livestock Policy Brief #3, UN Food and Agriculture Organization, 2006 online atftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a0262e/a0262e00.pdf
“Cattle Ranching and Deforestation,” Livestock Policy Brief #3, UN Food and Agriculture Organization, 2006 online atftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a0262e/a0262e00.pdf
Sefer HaBahir, 160, translated by Rabbi Avraham Sutton. “Rav Berachya expounded: What is the meaning of the World-that-Came? We have learned: Before the world was created, it arose in Thought to create a great Light to illuminate it. The Holy One thus created a Light so great that no created thing could endure. Foreseeing that the world would not be able to endure [the full intensity] of this Light, the Holy One took a seventh of it and left it in its place for them. The rest He stored away for the righteous in the Ultimate Future.”
Aderet Eliyahu, Bereshit Aleph, al derekh ha’remez, p. 37 old editions. Translation by Rabbi Avraham Sutton | <urn:uuid:085c2f25-8709-41f2-a896-1d30d32fcdcb> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://jewcology.org/resources/let-the-land-rest-lessons-from-shemita-the-sabbatical-year-longer-article/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806586.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122122605-20171122142605-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.951504 | 4,902 | 3 | 3 |
Many times when you don’t know a word in Spanish you can make a logical guess as to what it is.
If you see the word “problema” you can assume it means problem.
If you see the word “telefono” you can assume it means telephone.
If you see the word “interacción” you can assume it means interaction.
However, something you need to be aware of when you are learning Spanish is that there are words that appear similar to ones in English though in fact have a completely different meaning.
If you see the word “éxito”, it doesn’t mean exit. It actually means success!
If you want to say the word Exit in Spanish, you must use the word “salida”.
When a word looks or sounds similar in two languages though have a different meaning, they are called False Friends.
Here are some more examples of ‘false friends’ though here are many more that exist:
Campo is field and not Camp (which is campamento)
Codo is elbow and not code (which is código)
Decepción is disappointment and not deception (which is engaño)
Discusión is a heated argument and not a discussion (which is conversación or debate)
Delito is a crime and not delight (which is delicia or encanto)
Educado is polite or well-mannered and not educated (which is con estudios)
Fábrica is a factory and not fabric (which is tela o tejido)
Familiar is a relative and not familiar (which is conocido or común)
Ganga is a bargain and not a gang (which is pandilla)
Grabar is to recorde and not to grab (which is agarrar)
Idioma is language and not an idiom (which is modismo)
Introducir is to insert or put in and not introduce (which is presentar)
Mayor is older and not the English word Mayor (which is alcalde)
Molestar is to annoy/bother and not to molest (in a sexual way which is abusar sexualmente)
Once is the number eleven and not the English word once (which is una vez in Spanish)
Parientes are you relatives (extended family) and not parents (which is padres)
Pretender is to try/aspire and not to prentend (which is fingir)
Realizar is to carry out and not realize (which is darse cuenta)
Recordar is to remember and not to record (which is grabar)
Ropa is clothes and not rope (which is cuerda or soga)
Raro means strange and not rare (which is poco frecuente)
Sauce is a willow tree and not sauce (which is salsa)
Sensible is sensitive and not the English word sensible (which is sensato)
Sopa is soup and not soap (which is jabón)
Suceso is event/happening and not success (which is éxito)
Vaso is glass and not vase (which is florero or jarrón)
Be careful using excitado.
Excitado means you are sexually excited where as if you are just excited about something that will happen/did happen, you should use emocionado.
And then there is the classic:
Embarazada is pregnant and not embarrassed (which is avergonzado/a)
Have you ever said you were pregnant instead of saying you are embarrassed?
I have and you certainly get some strange looks saying it when you are a guy!!
The same happens when you are thinking of a word in English and how to say it in Spanish:
Advertise is anunciar not advertir (which is to warn)
Assist is ayudar not asistir (which means to attend)
Carpet is alfombra not carpeta (which is a folder or file)
Collar (of a shirt) is cuello and not collar (which is a necklace or collar of a dog)
Large is grande and not largo (which means long)
Library is biblioteca not librería (which is bookstore)
Check some more examples of false friends and other common mistakes
Have you ever used a false friend the wrong way?
Can you think of more examples of false friends? | <urn:uuid:77d2815d-8a37-49df-b895-796ece1fa0bd> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.woodwardspanish.com/false-friends-in-spanish/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144979.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200220131529-20200220161529-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.937187 | 975 | 3.53125 | 4 |
A tooth abscess typically forms when the root of the tooth becomes infected with bacteria. This can lead to severe pain and tooth loss if left untreated. Typically, an infected tooth is treated with root canal therapy to remove the infection. If you believe you have a tooth infection, check out these four facts about root canal therapy.
1. It Is the Only Alternative to Extraction
Many people still shy away from root canal therapy, but it is a revolutionary procedure that changed the way dentist deal with tooth infections. Unlike other infections, you can't just take some antibiotics for the abscess to go away. If you have an infected tooth, there may be severe damage to the tooth and the pulp may be completely infected. Before root canal treatment become common practice, the only way to treat an infected tooth was to extract it. Even today, extraction and root canal therapy are the only two ways to treat tooth infection.
2. The Treatment Is Not Painful
A tooth abscess can be much more painful than a cavity. This is because the abscess usually resides in the tooth's pulp. The pulp is comprised of blood vessels and nerves. When the abscess puts pressure on these nerves, it can cause extreme discomfort. This has caused many patients to associate pain with root canal therapy. However, during treatment, your tooth is numb, so you shouldn't feel anything. Because the dentist must clean out the pulp and roots completely, you may feel some pain as the dentist reaches the tips of the roots, but more anesthetic can be added.
3. You'll Need a Dental Crown
Root canal therapy is a major procedure on your tooth. The dentist removes all the pulp and replaces it with a special filling. Any tooth that has a big filling is vulnerable to breakage. Dental crowns are placed after root canal treatment and other big fillings to strengthen the tooth by creating a solid surface. This allows the pressure from chewing to be spread evenly throughout the tooth, reducing the risk of fracturing at a vulnerable spot.
4. Some Teeth Need Multiple Treatments
Root canal treatment has a success rate of 92 to 97 percent, so once the tooth is treated and crowned, you likely won't need to give it another thought. However, there are times when the tooth must have multiple treatments. This is usually because part of the pulp was not removed, and it's more common on back teeth with multiple, deep roots. If there is damage to the tooth root at the base, such as a crack, the tooth may need to be extracted if retreatment doesn't work.
Root canal therapy is not a painful treatment. In fact, it is designed to get rid of the infection that is causing you pain. While many people may feel tender after treatment, the pain is typically significantly reduced after treatment. For more information, contact a dental office like Milner Dentistry near you today. | <urn:uuid:c52acc05-7648-45d5-9569-a0c96cd15671> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | http://medcorpair.com/2018/04/10/4-root-canal-therapy-facts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510516.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929122500-20230929152500-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.964129 | 589 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Prerequisite : Arrays in Java
Jagged array is array of arrays such that member arrays can be of different sizes, i.e., we can create a 2-D arrays but with variable number of columns in each row. These type of arrays are also known as Jagged arrays.
Following are Java programs to demonstrate the above concept.
Contents of 2D Jagged Array 0 1 2 3 4
Following is another example where i’th row has i columns, i.e., first row has 1 element, second row has two elements and so on.
Contents of 2D Jagged Array 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
This article is contributed by Rahul Agrawal. If you like GeeksforGeeks and would like to contribute, you can also write an article and mail your article to [email protected]. See your article appearing on the GeeksforGeeks main page and help other Geeks.
Please write comments if you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more information about the topic discussed above
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- Array getInt() Method in Java | <urn:uuid:3663ac9f-a8c2-498b-b449-127051a6a31d> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/jagged-array-in-java/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778272.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128122813-20200128152813-00549.warc.gz | en | 0.861677 | 350 | 3.875 | 4 |
On Friday the 28th of July, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), announced a new comprehensive plan for tobacco and nicotine regulation, which included lowering the amount of nicotine in cigarettes in order to minimize addiction.
VLNCs (very low nicotine cigarettes), will contain nicotine at levels that do not produce physiological effects, therefore will be delivering the same amount of harmful chemicals without the benefits perceived by the smoker.
Vulnerable groups responded well to VLNCs
In this double-blind study, the researchers assessed adult smokers who are either socioeconomically disadvantaged, suffer from affective disorders, or are dependant on opioids.
The participants were given cigarettes with a range of nicotine levels below the assumed threshold level that leads to addiction, and then their craving levels were compared to those observed via regular cigarettes.
The results of this study indicate that reducing the level of nicotine in cigarettes, leads to a decreased level of addiction. This suggests that reducing the nicotine content in cigarettes could be effective, at least among vulnerable groups.
In line with this, in an article published last week on The Hill, harm reduction policy manager for the R Street Institute, Dr. Carrie Wade, said that data suggests that smokers given VLNCs do in fact smoke less and report fewer cravings, therefore low nicotine cigarettes may help in the smoking cessation process amongst those wishing to quit.
More research about effects of nicotine levels on general population required
However, she added, there isn’t enough data available on their effect on those who have no intention of quitting. Therefore, the products may be effective as smoking cessation tools, and may prevent adolescents experimenting with cigarettes from becoming addicted to smoking. However, they may have adverse effects on seasoned smokers who have no intention of quitting. “Reducing the nicotine content fundamentally changes cigarettes to literal ‘cancer sticks’,” said Wade.
“Before those in both the tobacco control and tobacco harm reduction communities advocate for such a drastic shift in the tobacco landscape, it is imperative that we first consider the ethics of VLNCs.” she concluded.
Read Further : Medical News Bulletin | <urn:uuid:99aff9e1-fc6b-4ff5-9798-9a1c8425105a> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.vapingpost.com/2017/10/10/us-study-the-correlation-between-nicotine-levels-and-tobacco-addiction/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347398233.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20200528061845-20200528091845-00158.warc.gz | en | 0.938313 | 438 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The Arava Center for Sustainable Development
Director: Dr. Shmuel Brenner
The Arava Center for Sustainable Development (ACSD) is a partnership among three research and academic institutions located in the Southern Arava region of Israel’s Negev desert. Individually, these institutions are conducting critical research in water resources management, sustainable agriculture and renewable energy, with emphasis on arid land ecosystems. ACSD was established to facilitate the dissemination of these expertises to developing communities facing environmental challenges and appropriate technological needs.
The Arava Institute for Environmental Studies (AIES) serves as the coordinating institution for ACSD. The activities of ACSD focus on community participatory implementation of appropriate technologies in the fields of water, alternative energy solutions, agro-technologies and best agricultural practices. Dedicated to sustainable development programs, ACSD utilises AIES extensive experience in education, large pool of alumni as potential volunteers and growing affiliations with Israeli and international NGOs to facilitate community capacity building through hands-on training and long-term on the ground commitment. By disseminating arid land research developed in the southern Arava through these kinds of multifaceted educational opportunities to developing countries, ACSD seeks to enable the sustainable development of arid lands beyond the Arava borders.
To support on-site educational opportunities, AIES is developing a Research and Visitors Park that would serves as a central demonstration site to showcase local research, technologies and projects. The ACSD team will use the park to demonstrate the use of applicable technologies for developing communities, focusing on areas suffering from poverty and the scarcity and degradation of natural resources.
To support community-driven development programs locally and worldwide aiming at poverty reduction, gender empowerment and improvement of quality of life by collaborating with local and international partners to design and implement technology-based sustainable development projects.
- Generating development projects and appropriate technology transfer to developing communities;
- Conducting short-term adaptive training programs in developing countries and in the Arava;
- Disseminating knowledge acquired through applied research with partner institutions as well as lessons learned from experiences in the field.
Arava Institute for Environmental Studies (AIES) is the premier environmental education and research program in the Middle East, preparing future Arab and Jewish leaders to cooperatively solve the region's environmental challenges. Affiliated with Ben-Gurion University, AIES houses academic programs, research, and international cooperation initiatives on a range of environmental concerns and challenges.
Dead Sea and Arava Science Center (DSASC) focuses on applicable research projects unique to the Dead Sea-Arava Rift Valley. The Science Center sponsors projects integrating local scientists and lead investigators from established research institutions, enriching both the national scientific community and the local population. Research fields include geology, hydrology, geomorphology, archaeology, biology, and ecology, and their applications. Many projects are conducted with partners from the Jordanian side of the Rift Valley.
Southern Arava Agricultural Research & Development Station (Arava R&D) is engaged in many scientific activities related to desert agriculture, irrigation technology and land use. These projects include research on issues related to soil and water, postharvest techniques, horticulture, plant protection, agrotechnology, crop selection and project planning
For more information, please see our brochure. | <urn:uuid:4fefbf8f-da01-4eed-ae19-fffd5e47d375> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://arava.org/cat.asp?catid=17 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703108201/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516111828-00054-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911404 | 682 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Cambridge University geneticist Aubrey de Grey has famously stated, “The first person to live to be 1,000 years old is certainly alive today …whether they realize it or not, barring accidents and suicide, most people now 40 years or younger can expect to live for centuries.”
Perhaps de Gray is way too optimistic, but plenty of others have joined the search for a virtual fountain of youth. In fact, a growing number of scientists, doctors, geneticists and nanotech experts—many with impeccable academic credentials—are insisting that there is no hard reason why ageing can’t be dramatically slowed or prevented altogether. Not only is it theoretically possible, they argue, but a scientifically achievable goal that can and should be reached in time to benefit those alive today.
“I am working on immortality,” says Michael Rose, a professor of evolutionary biology at the University of California, Irvine, who has achieved breakthrough results extending the lives of fruit flies. “Twenty years ago the idea of postponing aging, let alone reversing it, was weird and off-the-wall. Today there are good reasons for thinking it is fundamentally possible.”
Even the US government finds the field sufficiently promising to fund some of the research. Federal funding for “the biology of ageing”, excluding work on ageing-specific diseases like heart failure and cancer – has been running at about $2.4 billion a year, according to the National Institute of Ageing, part of the National Institutes of Health.
So far, the most intriguing results have been spawned by the genetics labs of bigger universities, where anti-ageing scientists have found ways to extend live spans of a range of organisms—including mammals. But genetic research is not the only field that may hold the key to eternity.
“There are many, many different components of ageing and we are chipping away at all of them,” said Robert Freitas at the Institute for Molecular Manufacturing, a non-profit, nanotech group in Palo Alto, California. “It will take time and, if you put it in terms of the big developments of modern technology, say the telephone, we are still about 10 years off from Alexander Graham Bell shouting to his assistant through that first device. Still, in the near future, say the next two to four decades, the disease of ageing will be cured.”
But not everyone thinks ageing can or should be cured. Some say that humans weren’t meant to live forever, regardless of whether or not we actually can.
“I just don't think [immortality] is possible,” says Sherwin Nuland, a professor of surgery at the Yale School of Medicine. “Aubrey and the others who talk of greatly extending lifespan are oversimplifying the science and just don't understand the magnitude of the task. His plan will not succeed. Were it to do so, it would undermine what it means to be human.”
It’s interesting that Nuland first says he doesn’t think it will work but then adds that if it does, it will undermine humanity. So, which is it? Is it impossible, or are the skeptics just hoping it is?
After all, we already have overpopulation, global warming, limited resources and other issues to deal with, so why compound the problem by adding immortality into the mix.
But anti-ageing enthusiasts argue that as our perspectives change and science and technology advance exponentially, new solutions will emerge. Space colonization, for example, along with dramatically improved resource management, could resolve the concerns associated with long life. They reason that if the Universe goes on seemingly forever—much of it presumably unused—why not populate it?
However, anti-ageing crusaders are coming up against an increasingly influential alliance of bioconservatives who want to restrict research seeking to “unnaturally” prolong life. Some of these individuals were influential in persuading President Bush in 2001 to restrict federal funding for embryonic stem cell research. They oppose the idea of life extension and anti-ageing research on ethical, moral and ecological grounds.
Leon Kass, the former head of Bush's Council on Bioethics, insists that “the finitude of human life is a blessing for every human individual”. Bioethicist Daniel Callahan of the Garrison, New York-based Hastings Centre, agrees: “There is no known social good coming from the conquest of death.”
Maybe they’re right, but then why do we as humans strive so hard to prolong our lives in the first place? Maybe growing old, getting sick and dying is just a natural, inevitable part of the circle of life, and we may as well accept it.
"But it's not inevitable, that's the point," de Grey says. "At the moment, we're stuck with this awful fatalism that we're all going to get old and sick and die painful deaths. There are a 100,000 people dying each day from age-related diseases. We can stop this carnage. It's simply a matter of deciding that's what we should be doing."
One wonders what Methuselah would say about all this.
Posted by Rebecca Sato | <urn:uuid:993e6d16-2afa-4674-b959-5592419e34db> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2009/03/can-humans-live.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187826049.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023130351-20171023150351-00598.warc.gz | en | 0.944014 | 1,081 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Published on January 25th, 2012 | by James Johnson0
X-Ray Laser Hits Aluminum, Heats To 3.6 Million Degrees Fahrenheit
Researchers at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory at Stanford University have managed to heat a piece of aluminum foil to 3.6 million degrees fahrenheit by focusing on x-ray laser on the material. That temperature is hotter then the sun’s corono.
To accomplish the task the team used a powerful x-ray and focused rapid-fire pulses from the beam on a piece of aluminum foil that’s thinner then spider’s silk.
After firing the x-ray laser scientists created what is known as hot dense matter.
Published in the Jan. 25 edition of Nature the group says the temperature was created in a “controlled way” which is probably good considering hot dense matter only exists in extreme conditions outside of earth. Typically the matter is found in the hearts of stars and inside giant gas planets.
Scientists will use the matter they created to better study its behavior which was not previously possible on earth. | <urn:uuid:8ef5a6e0-b3ab-44b4-9fd2-5e69e5e01177> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.fortytwotimes.com/462/x-ray-laser-hits-aluminum-heats-to-3-6-million-degrees-fahrenheit/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187821189.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017125144-20171017145144-00390.warc.gz | en | 0.929835 | 222 | 2.75 | 3 |
African freshwater species risk extinction
An international conservation group says many freshwater fish, crabs, dragonflies, mollusks and aquatic plants are at risk of extinction in southern Africa.
The International Union for Conservation of Nature said a study conducted with the South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity shows 7 percent of species are known to be regionally threatened or extinct and that figure is expected to rapidly increase unless conservation is considered in development planning.
The U.S. organization’s study shows that while 77 percent of species aren’t threatened with extinction, there isn’t enough information for the remaining 16 percent to determine their threat status.
The ICUN said its assessment of 1,279 freshwater species in southern Africa show the more developed a country is, the more species are threatened with extinction. Of the 94 species threatened in southern Africa, 78 of these are found in South Africa, the most developed country in the region.
We are in a unique position in Africa to avoid an extinction disaster, said IUCN Director General Julia Marton-Lefevre.
Most developers have not taken freshwater species into consideration because they simply don’t have the information they need. We hope this study will change that.
An executive summary of the report is available at http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/the_status_and_distribution_of_freshwater_biodiversity_in_southern_africa_es.pdf. | <urn:uuid:91df764b-bffe-476c-995d-635af4a2bac5> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1657390/african_freshwater_species_risk_extinction/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609537271.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005217-00252-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.913446 | 306 | 3.125 | 3 |
It may be surprising to learn that women are as much as 73 percent more likely to suffer serious injuries in a car accident compared to men. Yet, the country’s federal safety regulatory authorities continue to ignore the need for testing standards that focus on the unique physiological differences between male and female bodies.
Hopefully this will change soon as at least one lawmaker is calling on the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to include crash test dummies that mimic the unique physiological and anatomical differences of females in 2019 in the design of its crash tests.
This is not the first time that attention has been drawn to the fact that women’s safety receives less priority when it comes to crash testing standards and auto safety. As far back as 1981, experts proposed that the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration use crash test dummies representing the average female occupant of a motor vehicle. However, no real steps have been taken to address this safety concern in the close to four decades since that first proposal was submitted. Even when female crash test dummies are used, the dummy is an outdated model that was designed in the 1970s and only represents 5 percent of American women today. In fact, this particular dummy design is also actually used to substitute for dummies representing 12 and 13 -year -old child occupants.
Women have physiological characteristics that might make them more prone to certain types of injuries in car accidents. As a result of this neglect in female safety testing standards, women are at a risk of serious injuries that is a staggering 73 percent greater than for male occupants. These figures come for a study conducted by the University of Virginal which shows that the risks are much higher for women in accidents where they are in the front seats of a vehicle.
Consumer Reports also recently released the findings of studies which found that not much has been done to improve safety for female occupants involved in motor vehicle accidents. This is in spite of the fact that as many as half of all motorists in the United States are females.
Federal authorities need to take into consideration the fact that as many as 50 percent of all drivers in the country are women, not counting the number of women who ride as front seat passengers in motor vehicles. These facts must be accounted for, and testing standards must create room for the design of female crash test dummies that accurately reflect the modern female American woman who is very mobile and very independent. Female injury rates that are 73 percent higher are unacceptable to any auto safety advocate.
All of these recommendations come in time to commemorate 40 years of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s New Car Assessment Program which rates cars based on safety features. The program itself has come under criticism for its lax criteria which makes it far too easy for manufacturers to pass tests. Consumer Reports has also brought attention to the fact that the car assessment program does not include crash avoidance systems, like emergency braking systems.
If you or a loved one have suffered injuries in a car accident, talk to an Atlanta car accident lawyer at the Katz Law Firm, and discuss your eligibility for a car accident claim. | <urn:uuid:79cdc7ca-213d-4786-b4cc-d15454354711> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.georgiainjurylawblog.com/women-more-likely-to-be-injured-in-accidents-yet-safety-testing-focuses-on-men/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251796127.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129102701-20200129132701-00020.warc.gz | en | 0.973726 | 614 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The new vehicle, which was dubbed “Preliminary Research Aerodynamic Design to Land on Mars” (Prandtl-m), is expected to be launched from an inflatable balloon at a 100,000 foot distance above the Martian grounds. If all goes according to plan, Prandtl-m will be the first aircraft deployed on Mars. But that may not happen sooner than 2020.
NASA team currently tries to figure a way of making the plane foldable so it can be launched to the Martian surface just like a robotic rover would be.
Al Bowers, the project manager of Prandtl-m, disclosed in a recent statement that the aircraft will be ready to fly on Mars on the day it would survive a 450,000 foot drop. When that succeeds the team would request NASA permission to ride on the Red Planet with one of the robotic rovers.
The plan is to deploy the boomerang-shaped craft from a satellite, let it reach smoothly the surface and soft land. At that point, mission navigators will be able to control the plane and fly it across Mars just like a drone. The aircraft’s main goal will be to detect perfect landing sites for a manned mission and to asses how safe a landing would be on those sites.
Currently NASA has pumped enough money into the project to support two balloon drop simulations. The two simulations will occur in the next few years, but until then the team must find a way of tracking the craft on Mars.
We know that there is no GPS on Mars (although simulations will employ it), so NASA researchers need to find a totally different technology for navigation.
NASA also revealed the reason why the tiny craft is boomerang shaped. The weird design should help it survive the drop down to the Martian soil. It won’t mean that if you toss it, it would spin around and return to the starting point.
The material of choice for Prandtl-m will be either carbon fiber or fiberglass, two materials that are very light and sturdy enough to resist the friction after the craft gets deployed.
“We believe this particular design could best recover from the unusual conditions of an ejection,”
Mr. Bower added.
In the mean time, NASA is also working on a robotic assistant for space exploration missions called Valkyrie robot. Valkyrie will be remotely controlled and ordered to explore and build bases that humans will use upon their arrival at the Red Planet.
Image Source: NASA | <urn:uuid:16b43130-0e6b-4293-a6f9-4040384a7b12> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | http://www.councilchronicle.com/nasa-to-deploy-boomerang-shaped-aircraft-to-mars-in-the-2020s/21153/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737039.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200806210649-20200807000649-00003.warc.gz | en | 0.934335 | 508 | 3.6875 | 4 |
M proteins: Antibodies or parts of antibodies found in unusually large amounts in the blood or urine of people with multiple myeloma.
Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells.
Mafosfamide: A form of cyclophosphamide that can be administered as an intrathecal infusion. Mafosfamide is being studied as an anticancer drug; it belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents.
MAGE-3: A gene found in some types of tumors.
Magnetic resonance imaging (mag-NET-ik REZ-o-nans IM-a-jing): MRI. A procedure in which a magnet linked to a computer is used to create detailed pictures of areas inside the body.
Maintenance therapy: Treatment that is given to help a primary (original) treatment keep working. Maintenance therapy is often given to help keep cancer in remission.
Malabsorption syndrome: A group of symptoms such as gas, bloating, abdominal pain, and diarrhea resulting from the body's inability to properly absorb nutrients.
Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body.
Malignant (ma-LIG-nant): Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body.
Malignant ascites: A condition in which fluid containing cancer cells collects in the abdomen.
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma: Characterized by a tumor developing in soft tissue or bone.
Malignant meningioma: A rare, quickly growing tumor that occurs in the chest or abdomen. Exposure to airborne asbestos particles increases one's risk of developing malignant mesothelioma.
Malignant mesothelioma: A rare type of cancer in which malignant cells are found in the sac lining the chest or abdomen. Exposure to airborne asbestos particles increases one's risk of developing malignant mesothelioma.
MALT lymphoma: Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. A type of cancer that arises in cells in mucosal tissue that are involved in antibody production.
Mammogram (MAM-o-gram): An x-ray of the breast.
Mammography (mam-OG-ra-fee): The use of x-rays to create a picture of the breast.
Mantle field (MAN-tul): The area of the neck, chest, and lymph nodes in the armpit that are exposed to radiation.
Marimastat: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors. Marimastat is a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor.
Marker: A diagnostic indication that disease may develop.
Mastectomy (mas-TEK-toe-mee): Surgery to remove the breast (or as much of the breast tissue as possible).
Matrix metalloproteinase: A member of a group of enzymes that can break down proteins, such as collagen, that are normally found in the spaces between cells in tissues (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Because these enzymes need zinc or calcium atoms to work properly, they are called metalloproteinases. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor cell metastasis.
MDL 101,731: A drug that belongs to a family of drugs called ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors.
Measurable disease: A tumor that can be accurately measured in size. This information can be used to judge response to treatment.
Mec: A tumor that can be accurately measured in size. This information can be used to judge response to treatment.
Medial supraclavicular lymph nodes: Lymph nodes located above the collar bone and between the center of the body and a line drawn through the nipple to the shoulder.
Median: A statistics term. The middle value in a set of measurements.
Median survival time: The point in time from either diagnosis or treatment at which half of the patients with a given disease are found to be, or expected to be, still alive. In a clinical trial, median survival time is one way to measure how effective a treatment is. | <urn:uuid:8c7e7366-8110-4334-baf5-d6861165e87c> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.encognitive.com/cancer_dictionary/M | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368697843948/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095043-00024-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926185 | 908 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Prompted by World Water Day 2015 (22 March), Copper’s Rosie Iron takes a look at the ‘why, what and when’ of the Thames Tideway Tunnel project.
Organised by UN Water and recognised globally, World Water Day provides the perfect platform for us to celebrate water and all the ways in which we use and rely on it. But when considering water, we have to consider it as part of a cycle. When securing a source, we cannot forget about the sink. When talking about taps, it is vital that we talk about toilets too.
In 2014, plans were officially approved for the Thames Tideway Tunnel, a major sewer development in London. This blog looks into the why, what and when of what will be one of the largest infrastructure projects carried out by the UK water sector.
Why is it needed?
Most of us in the UK are fortunate enough not to have to think about where our sewage goes. In London, the main sewerage system has been in place since the Victorian times. For centuries, this system has allowed us Londoners to flush and forget. However, it cannot cope with today’s population of 8 million people and a water-intensive lifestyle producing over a billion kilograms of sewage every day. As London’s population is expected to exceed 9 million by 2021[i], more and more pressure will be placed on this already burdened system.
The current combined sewer system means that water from our toilets, sinks, washing machines, etc. goes to the same place as rainfall runoff from streets and roofs. If there is a lot of rainfall, the system is designed to overflow into the River Thames, saving the streets from flooding. In the Victorian times there were more green spaces in the city to soak up rainwater so this would not happen often. However, London’s current makeup of concrete and hard surfaces results in the system reaching capacity on a weekly basis. Every year, millions of tonnes of untreated sewage are discharged into the River Thames. This has a significant impact on the many aquatic species and birds that depend on the river for food, habitat and as a migratory route. Sewage contains ammonia, which is poisonous to fish, and depletes the oxygen of water as it is broken down by aerobic bacteria. The impact is not only ecological, but also economic, as many commercial fish species are affected.
What is the Thames Tideway Tunnel?
The Thames Tideway Tunnel will be a 25 kilometre long underground sewer network that roughly follows the route of the River Thames. It will run underneath all other London infrastructure, reaching depths of up to 65 metres.
The Tunnel will connect to the old sewer system at the points on the River Thames where overflow wastewater is currently discharged. Instead of ending up in the river, this overflow will be directed into the Tunnel and taken to sewage treatment works. With less pollution entering the river, the Thames will become a cleaner environment to the benefit of the general population and wildlife that depend on it.
When will it happen?
Preliminary construction work will begin in 2016, with tunnelling occurring from 2017 to 2021. The project is expected to be complete and operational in 2023.
[i] London Councils | <urn:uuid:5861e890-793b-44d7-aa38-d94ae7258a3a> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://copperconsultancy.com/insight/world-water-day-2015-thames-tideway-tunnel/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506676.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925015430-20230925045430-00228.warc.gz | en | 0.950461 | 661 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Every state has at least one structurally deficient bridge, which the US Department of Transportation (DOT) defines as when one or more key bridge components (e.g. the deck, superstructure, or substructure) is in "poor" condition. There are 185 million daily crossings on nearly 56,000 structurally deficient US bridges, according to the American Road and Transportation Builders Association.
Using 2017 data from the US Federal Highway Administration, Auto Insurance Center found the most structurally deficient bridge — based on the highest number of components in poor or worse condition — in each state and Washington, DC.
Check them out below. | <urn:uuid:65d64e44-b9ee-4366-a6e2-7af8288c814a> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.thisisinsider.com/most-dangerous-bridges-america-2017-5?op=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687281.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920123428-20170920143428-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.916626 | 129 | 2.71875 | 3 |
GrapheneThe Wonder Material Every Investor Should Get to Know
For those interested in a material that’s turning the heads of both scientists and investors, we thought we’d take you on a quick tour of graphene. This perpetually reinvented “wonder material” has over 25,000 patent applications worldwide, which is pretty impressive considering it was only discovered just over a decade ago. Graphene came into existence in 2003, when a physicist by the name of Andre Geim produced a material thinner than paper, stronger than diamond, and able to carry a thousand times more electricity than copper.
Geim and his team were able to isolate this material using scotch tape to separate a single layer from a block of graphite, which resulted in a single atom, lattice-like structure, and the smallest portion of graphite ever created. You can learn more about the physics of Geim’s discovery in this detailed article from APS Physics.
The paper that Geim published post-discovery, entitled “Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films” is one of the most well cited papers in material physics, and for good reason: Graphene has since been used and applied in a variety of ways, and is frequently compared to plastic due to its potential and seemingly limitless versatility. The lack of vacancies and dislocations in the material structure of graphene make it one of the strongest materials discovered to date, at only a fraction of the weight of its “competitors.”
For example, when added to copper and nickel, graphene strengthened them by 180 and 500 times respectively, with only .00004% graphene in the resulting compound material for each. This is promising for lighter and tougher sports equipment—graphene is already being used in tennis racquets—as well as flexible electronics and increasingly strong materials for construction. It’s even being researched for its effectiveness in spinal cord injury treatment, as well as other medical applications.
Graphene’s impressive conductivity also makes it an obvious material for batteries, except for the fact that it has such a small surface area. Researchers at Manchester Metropolitan University are currently looking into solving this surface area problem with 3D printing, which would increase the surface area and allow them to create batteries and super-capacitors that could be used to power phones and tablets, or as energy storage systems for solar, wind, and wave energy. 3D printing leads to even more potential applications, beyond graphene’s already impressive problem-solving capabilities.
According to Craig Banks, a professor of electrochemical and nanotechnology at Manchester Metropolitan, “Ideally, we could have the brilliant scenario where you just plug in and go—printing whatever structure you want out of graphene from a machine on your desk.” Young Duck Kim, another scientist working extensively with graphene, recently connected small strips of graphene to electrodes, which were then placed above a substrate and heated by passing light through the filaments. This formed a bright on-chip light, which hadn’t previously been visible at such a small size.
This discovery of the world’s thinnest light bulb creates the potential for many more promising uses for graphene, including thin, flexible, transparent displays, and micro hotplates that can reach thousands of degrees in a matter of seconds. Graphene’s ability to produce a “field effect”—and allow scientists to control its conductivity—was previously a defining characteristic only attributed to silicon. When further compared to silicon, graphene proved to have a mobility (the speed at which an electrical charge flows across a semiconductor) that is 250 times that of silicon. With these traits, graphene could solve the problem of finding a replacement to silicon in technology like computer chips, but again, this is only the tip of the iceberg.
Most recently, graphene was discovered to have incredible heat withstanding capabilities, which is promising for the future of many of the electronics we use daily, such as phones and tablets. In most electronic devices currently, heat moves along a plane rather than dissipating between layers, which frequently results in overheating. However, graphene, when produced in a 3-D form called ”white graphene,” rather than in its natural 2-D state, creates a configuration in which heat photons move in multiple directions. Electrical engineers now have the opportunity to move heat through and away from key components in electronics, which means significant cooling opportunities for the devices we use everyday. As graphene’s uses increase, so does the ease of its production.
Caltech’s David Boyd discovered how to produce graphene at room temperature, making its reproduction more efficient and cost-effective. With each exciting new discovery about this wonder material, the future of graphene looks brighter than ever. Graphene is strong, light and plentiful. Graphene has potentially limitless potential for innovating and powering our future technology, from electronics to energy to the supercars and bulletproof armor of tomorrow. This wonder material has so many applications to improve society at large that it’s an essential investment choice for any savvy investor. | <urn:uuid:ef4550ad-4e39-4f6f-8a7e-4985234774fb> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://graphene-investors.com/about-graphene/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818686705.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920071017-20170920091017-00402.warc.gz | en | 0.959001 | 1,053 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Themes in Emily Dickinson’s Poetry: The Woman Poet Perspective
Themes in Emily Dickinson’s Poetry: The Woman Poet Perspective
Consider a young woman growing up in the 19th century, confined to the domestic sphere and limited opportunities for self-expression. In such a restrictive environment, how does one navigate the complexities of life? This question becomes even more intriguing when we delve into the works of Emily Dickinson, a renowned American poet who defied societal norms by challenging conventional expectations placed upon women during her time. Through an exploration of various themes present in Dickinson’s poetry from a woman poet perspective, this article aims to shed light on the unique insights offered by her distinctive voice.
One theme that emerges prominently in Dickinson’s verse is the notion of personal autonomy and agency within a patriarchal society. As exemplified in poems like “I’m Nobody! Who are you?” and “Because I could not stop for Death,” she challenges traditional gender roles and explores what it means to exist as an individual with desires, dreams, and aspirations. These poems offer glimpses into Dickinson’s defiance against societal constraints imposed upon women, presenting alternative narratives where female voices can be heard and acknowledged. By examining these themes through the lens of a woman poet perspective, we gain valuable insight into both Dickinson’s own experiences as well as broader issues faced by women during her time.
Another theme that emerges in Dickinson’s poetry is the exploration of love and relationships. Through her poems, she delves into the complexities of romantic love, desire, and longing. However, rather than conforming to societal expectations of passive femininity and dependence on men, Dickinson presents a more nuanced portrayal of love. In poems such as “Wild Nights – Wild Nights!” and “I cannot live with You,” she challenges traditional notions of romantic love by asserting her own desires and agency within these relationships. From a woman poet perspective, this theme offers valuable insights into the inner lives and experiences of women in navigating intimate relationships amidst societal constraints.
Additionally, Dickinson’s poetry often explores themes of nature and spirituality. As a woman confined to the domestic sphere, she found solace in observing the natural world around her and contemplating its deeper meanings. Through her keen observations and vivid imagery, Dickinson invites readers to reflect on their relationship with nature and explore existential questions about life, death, and transcendence. From a woman poet perspective, this theme allows us to appreciate how Dickinson used nature as a means of self-expression and connection with something larger than herself.
In conclusion, examining Emily Dickinson’s poetry from a woman poet perspective reveals unique insights into the complexities faced by women in the 19th century. Her works challenge societal norms regarding gender roles, offer alternative narratives where female voices can be heard, explore the intricacies of love and relationships on women’s terms, and delve into profound contemplations on nature and spirituality. By exploring these themes through this lens, we gain a deeper understanding of not only Dickinson’s personal experiences but also broader issues faced by women during her time.
Dickinson’s exploration of love and relationships
Exploring love and relationships is a central theme in Emily Dickinson’s poetry. Through her distinctive poetic voice, she delves into the complexities of human connections, offering profound insights into the nature of affection, desire, and loss. One example that exemplifies this exploration is found in her poem “Wild Nights – Wild Nights!” In this piece, Dickinson presents a passionate yearning for an intense romantic encounter. The speaker longs for a connection so powerful that it transcends societal norms and expectations.
Dickinson’s examination of love and relationships can be further understood through several recurring motifs and themes within her body of work:
- Yearning: Throughout her poems, Dickinson expresses a deep longing for emotional intimacy and fulfillment. She often describes moments of intense desire or unrequited love, evoking a sense of longing that resonates with readers’ own experiences.
- Isolation: Despite her yearnings for connection, Dickinson frequently portrays individuals who are isolated or unable to fully engage with others. This isolation can manifest as physical seclusion or emotional detachment, emphasizing the challenges inherent in forming genuine bonds.
- Mortality: Love and relationships are also seen through the lens of mortality in Dickinson’s poetry. As she contemplates the transient nature of life, she explores how love can provide solace amidst inevitable loss.
- Subversion: Another notable aspect of Dickinson’s exploration is her subversion of traditional gender roles and societal expectations surrounding love and relationships. She challenges conventional notions of femininity by presenting strong female voices that assert their desires beyond what was deemed acceptable during her time.
To evoke an emotional response from the audience while discussing these themes, consider incorporating a bullet point list like this:
- Love: A universal human experience that elicits joy but can also lead to heartbreak
- Loneliness: The ache felt when one desires companionship but feels disconnected from others
- Longing: An intense yearning for something or someone that can consume one’s thoughts and emotions
- Vulnerability: The inherent risk of opening oneself up to love, knowing it may result in pain or rejection
Additionally, a table could be used to emphasize the emotional impact of Dickinson’s exploration:
|Yearning||Deep longing or desire for something unattainable||Frustration|
|Isolation||Feeling alone or detached from others||Sadness|
|Mortality||Contemplation of life’s impermanence and inevitable loss||Melancholy|
|Subversion||Challenging societal norms and expectations surrounding love||Empowerment|
In conclusion, Dickinson’s exploration of love and relationships in her poetry provides readers with profound insights into these universal experiences. Through recurring motifs such as yearning, isolation, mortality, and subversion, she invites us to reflect on our own emotional journeys. Transitioning into the subsequent section about “The portrayal of nature in Dickinson’s poetry,” we continue to see how her unique perspective informs her poetic expression.
(Note: To provide an impersonal tone and eliminate personal pronouns, I have refrained from using phrases like “I believe” or “We can observe”.)
The portrayal of nature in Dickinson’s poetry
Themes in Emily Dickinson’s Poetry: The Woman Poet Perspective
Having explored the various facets of love and relationships in Emily Dickinson’s poetry, it is now imperative to delve into another significant theme that permeates her works — the portrayal of nature. In examining Dickinson’s perspective on nature, we can discern her unique interpretation and appreciation of the natural world.
One example that exemplifies Dickinson’s fascination with nature is her poem “A Bird came down the Walk.” In this piece, she vividly describes a bird’s encounter with a human observer during its routine flight. Through intricate imagery and meticulous observation, the poet captures the beauty and intricacy of the natural environment while also highlighting humanity’s role as mere spectators within this larger tapestry.
When considering Dickinson’s exploration of nature in her poetry, several key themes emerge:
- Transience: Nature serves as a reminder of life’s fleeting nature and impermanence. Just like flowers bloom only to wither away, so too does life follow a cyclical pattern where moments are transient and ultimately give way to new beginnings.
- Symbiosis: Dickinson often emphasizes the interconnectedness between humans and their natural surroundings. She underscores how our existence relies not only on each other but also on our harmonious coexistence with plants, animals, and landscapes around us.
- Solitude: While frequently associated with reclusive tendencies, Dickinson finds solace in solitude amidst nature. It becomes an avenue for introspection and self-discovery where one can contemplate life’s mysteries away from societal expectations.
- Sublimity: The awe-inspiring grandeur of nature evokes profound emotions within both individuals and society at large. By depicting sublime landscapes or celestial phenomena such as sunsets or storms, Dickinson invites readers to experience these overwhelming sensations through her poetic lens.
To further illustrate these themes visually:
|Flowers bloom and wither||Humans’ reliance on nature||The poet’s solitary contemplation|
|Leaves changing color in autumn||Ecosystems functioning together||A figure standing alone in a landscape|
|Ripples fading away on water||Animals adapting to their environments||An empty meadow at twilight|
As we explore the themes of Emily Dickinson’s poetry, it becomes evident that her perspective as a woman poet brings forth unique insights into various aspects of human existence. By examining love and relationships alongside the portrayal of nature, we gain a deeper understanding of her observations about life’s transience, our connection to the natural world, and the solace found in solitude. These thematic explorations set the stage for further analysis of mortality and death as recurring motifs in Dickinson’s works.
Transitioning seamlessly into the subsequent section, we now embark upon an examination of the enduring themes of mortality and death in Emily Dickinson’s poetry.
Themes of mortality and death in her works
Section H2: Themes of mortality and death in her works
Having explored Dickinson’s portrayal of nature in her poetry, we now turn our attention to another prominent theme that permeates her works – themes of mortality and death. Through her unique perspective as a woman poet, Dickinson delves into these existential questions with remarkable depth and introspection.
To illustrate the profound exploration of mortality in Dickinson’s poetry, let us consider one of her renowned poems, “Because I could not stop for Death.” In this poem, she personifies Death as a gentleman caller who takes her on an eternal carriage ride towards eternity. This imaginative portrayal allows Dickinson to encapsulate the inevitability and acceptance of death in a rather unconventional manner.
Moreover, Dickinson employs various literary techniques to evoke emotional responses from readers when addressing themes of mortality and death. One such technique is through the use of vivid imagery. Her descriptions paint a hauntingly beautiful picture that captures both the mysteriousness and tranquility associated with death. For instance, in “I heard a Fly buzz–when I died,” she describes the scene surrounding her own demise with meticulous detail, heightening the reader’s sense of anticipation and contemplation.
Within Dickinson’s body of work, several recurring motifs further emphasize these themes. The following bullet point list highlights some key elements frequently found in her poems exploring mortality and death:
- Symbolism of graveyards as places of rest and reflection
- Personification of death as an inevitable companion
- Exploration of spiritual transcendence beyond earthly existence
- Introspective examination of one’s own mortality
Through these motifs, Dickinson invites readers to confront their own mortality while questioning societal norms surrounding life and death.
In addition to employing thematic motifs throughout her poetry, Dickinson also utilizes symbolism extensively to convey nuanced meanings related to mortality and death. A three-column table below illustrates how she employs symbolism and imagery to evoke emotional responses in her audience:
|The Fly||“I heard a Fly buzz–when I died”||Disruption and unease|
|Tombstones||“Because I could not stop for Death”||Reflection and acceptance|
|Setting sun||“The bustle in a house”||Transition and closure|
Through these symbolic representations, Dickinson provides readers with an intimate glimpse into the complexity of human existence and our ultimate encounter with death.
As we have witnessed the profound exploration of mortality and death in Dickinson’s poetry, it is now imperative to examine how she utilizes symbolism and imagery throughout her works to convey deeper meaning. By delving into these aspects, we can further appreciate the rich tapestry of emotions that permeate her poetic expression.
The use of symbolism and imagery in Dickinson’s poetry
Building upon Dickinson’s exploration of mortality and death in her works, another prominent theme that emerges is her profound contemplation of the self and identity. Through her poetry, Dickinson delves into the complexities of personal introspection, offering insights into human existence and individuality.
To illustrate this theme, let us consider a hypothetical example. In one of her poems, Dickinson presents a speaker who grapples with questions regarding their place in the world and their true essence. This internal struggle mirrors the universal search for meaning and understanding that many individuals experience.
Dickinson’s nuanced reflections on selfhood can be further understood through an examination of key aspects found within her poetry:
- Inner Turmoil: Through vivid imagery and striking metaphors, Dickinson captures moments of inner turmoil experienced by individuals as they confront existential questions about their purpose in life.
- Emotional Vulnerability: The poet explores the depths of human emotions, revealing both the fragility and strength inherent within each person’s unique emotional landscape.
- Transcendence: By contemplating notions beyond physical boundaries, such as spirituality or immortality, Dickinson suggests that true self-discovery lies beyond limited conceptions of earthly existence.
- Paradoxes of Identity: Throughout her work, Dickinson highlights paradoxical elements inherent to our identities – how we can feel simultaneously connected yet detached from others, known yet unknown to ourselves.
Through these thematic explorations, Dickinson invites readers to engage with profound queries concerning self-identity and existence itself. Her poetic prowess allows for a deepened understanding of these complex ideas while evoking an emotional response within the audience.
|Inner Turmoil||Captures moments of inner turmoil experienced by individuals as they confront existential questions||“I felt a Funeral in my Brain”|
|Emotional Vulnerability||Explores the depths of human emotions, revealing both fragility and strength||“I’m Nobody! Who are you?”|
|Transcendence||Contemplates notions beyond physical boundaries, suggesting that true self-discovery lies beyond limited conceptions||“Because I could not stop for Death”|
|Paradoxes of Identity||Highlights paradoxical elements inherent to identities – feeling connected yet detached from others, known yet unknown||“Tell all the truth but tell it slant–“|
In this way, Dickinson’s poetry serves as a thought-provoking exploration of the multifaceted nature of self and identity. As we delve further into her works, we will uncover additional layers of meaning and insights into the poet’s unique perspective on these profound themes.
Transitioning seamlessly into the subsequent section about “Dickinson’s reflections on the self and identity,” we continue our journey through her remarkable poetic landscape.
Dickinson’s reflections on the self and identity
The use of symbolism and imagery in Emily Dickinson’s poetry provides a rich tapestry through which the reader can explore various themes. Building upon this analysis, it is essential to delve into another significant aspect of her work: Dickinson’s reflections on the self and identity.
One compelling example that showcases Dickinson’s exploration of selfhood is the poem “I’m Nobody! Who are you?” In this piece, she uses the image of being an anonymous figure as a means to question societal expectations and notions of fame. By presenting herself as an outsider, Dickinson challenges conventional ideas about what it means to be somebody or nobody in society.
To further understand the depth of Dickinson’s poetic introspection, we can examine several key elements present across her body of work:
Introspection and Solitude:
- Her poems often depict moments of solitude, highlighting the importance she placed on personal reflection.
- Through these introspective explorations, Dickinson delves into questions of inner consciousness and emotional depth.
Paradoxes and Contradictions:
- Dickinson frequently employs paradoxical statements that challenge traditional modes of thinking.
- These contradictions serve to reveal complex layers within her own understanding of self and invite readers to contemplate their own identities.
Nature as a Mirror:
- The natural world features prominently in many of Dickinson’s poems.
- She utilizes nature as a mirror for exploring human emotions, drawing parallels between external landscapes and internal states.
Masks and Personae:
- Throughout her writing, Dickinson adopts different masks or personae.
- This technique allows her to explore multiple perspectives and facets of identity while maintaining a sense of mystery.
In examining these aspects collectively, one gains insight into how Dickinson grappled with notions surrounding individuality, authenticity, and societal expectations. Her nuanced approach encourages readers to reflect upon their own identities within the context of a broader social framework.
Transitioning seamlessly into our subsequent section about “The influence of societal expectations on women in her poetry,” we can further explore how Dickinson’s introspection was shaped by the constraints imposed upon women during her time. By examining these themes, a deeper understanding emerges regarding the complexities surrounding gender roles and societal norms within which Dickinson operated.
The influence of societal expectations on women in her poetry
Building upon Dickinson’s reflections on the self and identity, her poetry also delves into the influence of societal expectations on women. By examining this aspect through a woman poet perspective, we gain insight into the complexities of gender roles during Dickinson’s era.
Dickinson’s exploration of societal expectations is vividly depicted in her poem “A Narrow Fellow in the Grass.” In this poem, she presents a hypothetical scenario where a snake crosses paths with an unsuspecting speaker. Through rich imagery and metaphors, she symbolizes the constraints placed on women by society. The snake represents society itself, slithering silently but powerfully, reminding us that these gender expectations are ever-present and may strike at any moment. This case study exemplifies how Dickinson uses nature as a medium to convey the subtle yet potent pressures faced by women in her time.
To further understand how societal expectations influenced women during Dickinson’s era, let us examine four key themes found throughout her poetry:
Confinement: Many of Dickinson’s poems highlight confinement as a metaphor for the limitations imposed on women within patriarchal society. Just as she describes herself as being “bounded” by life’s circumstances (“I dwell in Possibility”), women were confined to prescribed roles and restricted opportunities for personal growth.
Domesticity: Women were expected to fulfill domestic duties and adhere to traditional feminine ideals such as nurturing, homemaking, and submission to male authority. Dickinson challenges these conventions by presenting female characters who defy societal norms or express their discontentment with domestic life (“I’m wife—I’ve finished that”).
Suppression of Voice: Throughout her work, Dickinson addresses the silencing of female voices due to societal norms. Her own decision to withdraw from public view can be seen as both an act of rebellion against those constraints and a means of preserving her artistic integrity (“My business is circumference”).
Subversion of Expectations: As a woman poet, Dickinson defied society’s expectations by engaging in a traditionally male-dominated field. Her choice to express her thoughts and emotions through poetry challenged the notion that women were solely meant for domestic roles. Through her subversion of societal norms, she paved the way for future generations of female poets.
|Confinement||“I dwell in Possibility”|
|Domesticity||“I’m wife—I’ve finished that”|
|Suppression||“My business is circumference”|
|Subversion||Engaging in poetry as a woman during a male-dominated era|
In summary, Emily Dickinson’s poetry offers valuable insight into how societal expectations impacted women during her time. By examining themes such as confinement, domesticity, suppression of voice, and subversion of expectations, we gain a deeper understanding of the challenges faced by women within patriarchal societies. Through her poetic exploration, Dickinson invites us to question these oppressive gender roles and encourages subsequent generations to challenge and redefine them.
(Note: The previous section H2 was not provided; please adjust the transition accordingly when incorporating this section into your overall document.) | <urn:uuid:7784e32c-5cf3-45ed-b684-c0a26374d375> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://mariannebluger.com/themes-in-emily-dickinsons-poetry/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510941.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001205332-20231001235332-00252.warc.gz | en | 0.917993 | 4,308 | 3.0625 | 3 |
On 5 May 1821, Napoleon I passed away on the island of St. Helena, where he had been in exile since 1815. He was buried near a spring, in the shade of a few weeping willows, in the "valley of Geraniums". His remains stayed there until 1840. In 1840, King Louis-Philippe decided to transfer the Emperor's body. French sailors, under the command of the Prince of Joinville, brought his coffin to France aboard the ship "Belle Poule".
A state funeral accompanied the return of Emperor Napoleon I's ashes, which were transferred to Les Invalides on 15 December 1840 while the tomb was being built. The architect Visconti (1791-1853) was commissioned to make it in 1842 by King Louis-Philippe, who had extensive work carried out beneath the Dome, involving an immense excavation to create a space for the tomb. The body of Emperor Napoleon I was placed there on 2 April 1861.
The tomb, sculpted from blocks of red quartzite and placed on a green Vosges granite base, is surrounded by a laurel crown and inscriptions referring to the Empire's great victories. Surrounding the Tomb, twelve "Victories" sculpted by Pradier symbolise Napoleon's military campaigns. 8 famous victories are inscribed on the polychrome marble floor. In the circular gallery, a set of 10 bas-reliefs sculpted by Simart depict the main achievements of his reign: pacification of the nation, administrative centralisation, State Council, Civil Code, Concordat, Imperial University, court of accounts, code of commerce, Major Works and the Legion of Honour. At the back of the crypt, above the slab on top of the King of Rome's grave, stands a statue of the Emperor clad in the symbols of the Empire. | <urn:uuid:6b63d77c-4351-4708-8996-0765a9c4e820> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.musee-armee.fr/en/collections/museum-spaces/dome-des-invalides-tomb-of-napoleon-i.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535921869.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20140901014521-00005-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96056 | 378 | 3.5 | 4 |
Many STIs don’t cause symptoms and can lead to serious health problems if not treated. Using latex condoms and sticking to safer sex methods reduces risk.
STIs spread when bacteria, viruses and/or parasites are transferred during vaginal, oral or anal sex. They are also spread by skin-to-skin contact or through a blood transfusion.
What you need to know
There are a lot of things that can lead to an STI. Some of them are bacteria (chlamydia, gonorrhea) and others are parasites (trichomoniasis, genital herpes). You can get an infection from vaginal, oral or anal sex without a condom or latex or polyurethane dental dam. Being pregnant also increases your risk of getting an STI. Practicing safer sex significantly reduces your chances of getting an STI.
Some STIs have what’s called a window period, which is the time it takes for an infected person to produce antibodies that can be detected by testing. If you get tested before the window period is over, it can lead to a false negative result.
It’s a good idea to talk about sexual health with your partner, and to use protection every time you have sex. It’s also a good idea to ask any new partners to do the same. Some STIs spread quickly, and it’s easy to infect someone else during sex. Getting tested regularly can help you catch any infection that does have symptoms, so you and your partner can take preventative measures. Most STIs, including HIV, are curable with antibiotics. Those that can’t be cured include hepatitis A, B and C infections, giardia and shigella. They can also lead to serious complications, such as infertility and cancers of the reproductive organs.
Getting an STD
You’ve done it: you had unprotected sex and now you wonder when the symptoms will show up. It depends on what you’ve got, but in general it can take a few days for STDs like gonorrhea and chlamydia to show up on a test. Some, like herpes, have a window period where the infection starts but doesn’t yet show up on a test or cause any symptoms. Others, like syphilis, may remain in your body for years before you develop serious symptoms.
The problem with a lot of STI “education” is that it glosses over the realities of these infections. Instead, it tends to focus on symptoms, treatments and every worst-case scenario. It doesn’t really give you down-to-earth guidance on how to protect yourself, other than telling you to use a condom (which doesn’t prevent everything).
Fortunately, most STIs can be diagnosed through a physical exam, a culture of your vagina or penis or a blood test. And many STIs can be treated effectively, without long-term complications or side effects. The exception is syphilis, which can be deadly if not treated. That’s why it’s important to know what to look for and to talk with your sexual partners about how to protect yourselves, whether you have a condom on or not. Having this conversation will help keep you, your partner and any future partners healthy.
STIs develop when bacteria, viruses or parasites infect the body through bodily fluids, including blood, saliva and semen. These can be passed between people through vaginal, oral and anal sex or from skin-to-skin contact with the affected area (like the genitals or throat). In some cases, an infection can also be transferred in other ways, such as during childbirth or by using the same utensils to touch your mouth or anus (mouthwash).
The symptoms of STIs are very different for men and women and can vary over time. Many people don’t have any symptoms or only very mild ones. Some STIs, like HIV and hepatitis C, can cause sores or other changes in the genitals, while others have no symptoms at all, such as herpes.
Some STIs can cause long-term problems if they’re not treated. For example, chlamydia and gonorrhea can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and blocked Fallopian tubes in women, or epididymitis (inflamed tube behind the testicles) in men. Untreated syphilis can also have serious consequences, including damage to the liver and brain, mental health problems or even death.
A healthcare provider will diagnose STIs after doing a physical exam and testing your urine, or a swab from sores or discharge on the urethra, cervix, vagina or rectum. They will ask you about your sexual history and other medical history too. Depending on the results of the test, you may be referred to a sexual health clinic or to your GP for treatment.
Many STIs are treatable, and most can be cured without long-term complications. Using condoms during sexual activity is the best way to reduce your risk of getting an STI.
If you do have STI symptoms, see a health care professional as soon as possible to start treatment. They’ll ask you about your sex history and may do a pelvic exam or a blood test to find out what kind of infection you have, and whether there are other infections you might have. They may also test fluid or samples from any open sores to diagnose the infection.
The first signs of common STIs like chlamydia and gonorrhea can include painful or painless sores around the genitals, anus, or mouth. The herpes virus can cause a rash, pain or itching, and a burning sensation when you pee. The herpes virus can be passed on from a man to his female partner during oral sex. The herpes virus is easily treated with antiviral drugs, and a vaccine for herpes is available.
Syphilis shows up as a painful or swollen gland, and can have serious complications if left untreated. The bacterial infection can spread to other parts of the body, and there are serious risks for pregnancy. The STI can be hard to spot, especially in its early stages, which is why everyone should get tested for syphilis. The disease is easily cured with medicine, and can be prevented with the hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccines. | <urn:uuid:01e19436-5dba-4a71-b655-076671bf8055> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://handytelsexnummer.com/can-i-get-a-sexually-transmitted-infection-in-10-seconds/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510983.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002064957-20231002094957-00413.warc.gz | en | 0.934393 | 1,302 | 2.953125 | 3 |
- A. Bit Manipulation
- B. Implementing a Packed Array: Nybbles.java
- C. Asymptotic Analysis and A Bit-Twiddling Puzzle
- D. Submission
A. Bit Manipulation
For this section, open
You will be completing three functions:
powerOfTwo(int x), and
absolute(int x). Their behavior (and examples) are in the documentation. You only have to complete two out of three for full credit, but we recommend working on all of them.
Do not use for, while, switch, or if cases. Do not import any new libraries or use functionality provided in Math. Your solution should only use Java arithmetic, logical, and bitwise operations (
Hint: If you are feeling confused, look into how two's compliment is done in Java. This will give you a head start in CS61C!
Note that all numbers are represented in our code as bits under the hood. For example, int mask = 15; is exactly equivalent to specifying the bits int mask = 0b1111; Also Ints are 32 bits, Shorts are 16 bits, Longs are 64 bits, and (as always) Bytes are 8 bits!
B. Implementing a Packed Array: Nybbles.java
Let's suppose we have an application that strains our computer's primary memory capacity and need to fit large arrays of small integers into as little space as possible. We want a data type that provides an array of integers that are limited in range to $-8$ to $7$. Such integers are representable in 4 bits (half a byte, also known as a nybble). So in principle, it ought to be possible to store $N$ integers in an $N/8$-integer array (packing 8 4-bit integers into each int, as an int is 32 bits). For example, if you wanted the zeroth nybble, you would want bits 0-4 of the 0th int. To get the ninth nybble, you would want bits 4-7 of the 1st int.
Here is a visual of how the underlying
int is related to the Nybbles object:
Here, the top array
[39, 42290814, -35] is the underlying
int, and the bottom array is contents of the Nybbles object. So a client
of the Nybbles class would only know about the bottom array which holds the actual nybbles. The middle array is just the top array with
each integer expanded into its binary representation.
In this case, if we called
get(13) on this object, then we'd first want to figure out the corresponding index in the
int and then
isolate the nybble we care about. In this case, the corresponding index is 1, and the corresponding nybble is 5. Remember that nybbles in
an integer, just like bits, are indexed from right to left, so the nybble at index 0 of an integer is the rightmost 4 bits. So calling
get(13) in this example will return the nybble
0b1000 which is -8.
Fill in the skeleton to provide a suitable small-int array type. Do not perform any additional new operations in the implementation (you may include as many as you want for testing, if you put them in a different file).
C. Asymptotic Analysis and A Bit-Twiddling Puzzle
Go to Gradescope and complete the
HW5 Written assignment within Gradescope. You have unlimited attempts. As with the Proj1 quiz, grades will take a while to update.
Complete 2/3 of the methods in
BitExercise.java (.25 point),
Nybbles.java (1 point) and the Gradescope assignment
HW5 Written (.75 point) to get full credit for this homework. Style will not be checked.
Not all tests are provided in the skeleton.
Don't forget to push both your commits and tags for your final submission. As a reminder, you can push your tags by running:
$ git push --tags | <urn:uuid:77965591-d541-4ea9-924b-d86de1e7ef24> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs61b/sp20/materials/hw/hw5/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371893683.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20200410075105-20200410105605-00325.warc.gz | en | 0.886033 | 883 | 3.234375 | 3 |
"A Settlement house worker visits a newly-arrived family"
Progressive reformers established settlement houses to aid new immigrants and instill American middle class values. Some social workers were sympathetic to the immigrants' problems and helped publicize their plight. Others were critical of immigrant cultures and sought to cleanse newcomers of their "backward" customs.
Creator | Unknown
Item Type | Photograph
Cite This document | Unknown, “"A Settlement house worker visits a newly-arrived family",” HERB: Resources for Teachers, accessed March 7, 2014, http://herb.ashp.cuny.edu/items/show/1090. | <urn:uuid:dfaa6572-a86e-414a-8fa6-18f78b14a874> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://herb.ashp.cuny.edu/items/show/1090 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999636902/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060716-00003-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94296 | 139 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Put your cursor in the pink area above the title. Push down the left button on your mouse and keep it down as you scroll to the bottom of the instructions. As you move down the page, the printing (and picture) will be highlighted (actually looks dark). At the end of the page, release the mouse button, being careful not to click it again. Push down your Ctrl button on the keyboard and hit 'c' at the same time, then release them both. You just copied the text.
Open up a word document.
Click in the document and push down your Ctrl button again and hit 'v', then release them both. It'll take a little while, but you're now copying the text into the file. You should see the hourglass as it works. Be patient (it's big). Before too long, you should have a printable copy in your word document! | <urn:uuid:f8a8953e-8f0b-48ae-a760-178b70685415> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.pets.ca/forum/showpost.php?p=658465&postcount=10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037662882.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004102-00291-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.905604 | 183 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Aluminum car sheet metal material substitutions for automotive closures have the potential to rekindle the passion for innovative vehicle design. In recent years, carmakers have increasingly turned to aluminium sheet metal for its lightweighting and energy absorption capacities.
We love cars that are fun to drive and safe. But we also want every dirham to count at the petrol pump and to limit the environmental impact of our driving. Cars that are built using aluminium are lighter and use less fuel per kilometre. Electric cars made with aluminium can go further on each charge. That is why more and more of the metal of the future is used to make the vehicles on our roads.
Haomei Aluminium has exported automotive aluminum for international car-makers for decades. Today vehicle companies are making parts for some of the most famous global car brands using our metal.In the gas-guzzling 1970s the average car only contained about 35 kilograms of light-weight aluminium, and a lot of other materials like steel. Experts expect the average car to contain 250 kilograms of aluminium by 2025.
The Specification of Car Sheet Metal Are:
Technically and economically promising aluminium car body concepts are the result of aluminium-oriented design concepts and properly adapted fabrication technologies. With its different product forms (sheets, extrusions, castings, etc.), aluminium offers a wide variety of design options.
A most important advantage of aluminium compared to steel is the additional availability of extruded, single- or multi-hole profiles with complicated cross sections and thin-walled, intricately shaped castings with excellent mechanical properties. These components cannot be only beneficially used for load-carrying and/or stiffening functions, but may also serve as joining elements.
The Properties of Car Sheet Metal Thickness are:
The Advantages of Sheet Metal for Welding Cars are:
● increased strength due to age hardenability --> down gauging
● no stretcher strain marks --> suitable for visible inner panels
● same alloy family as outer sheet --> easier process scrap
● formability sufficient for most panels | <urn:uuid:0acaf35e-bb40-4128-90f6-055419b425a7> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://www.automotive-aluminium.com/car-sheet-metal | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100632.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207022257-20231207052257-00601.warc.gz | en | 0.913019 | 421 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Understand the Importance of Fiberglass Honeycomb Panels
Are you searching for a versatile material for your construction projects? Look no further than fiberglass honeycomb panels. Here are all the basics you need to know about this material.
The outstanding features of fiberglass honeycomb panels
You may have noticed that more and more industries are now using fiberglass for their structures and products. This isn’t much of a surprise. After all, the material is incredibly versatile and is known for its durability, flexibility, and impact resistance.
Fiberglass has long been used in the aerospace and maritime industries, serving as windows, thermal barriers, and cooling systems. Meanwhile, honeycomb panels made with fiberglass are favored for the following features:
Fiberglass panels can withstand temperatures of up to 176.00°F, protecting the structure from sunlight, discoloration, and other environmental factors.
Fiberglass panels are resistant to both impact and corrosion. For instance, if the panels were exposed to acid, they would not readily take damage. In addition, they won’t quickly break due to rubble or hail.
Fiberglass panels can either be made of two layers of fiberglass sheets or one layer of fiberglass and one of aluminum.
This results in a high-strength sandwich structure bonded with modified epoxy, enhancing its tensile strength to 2.5MPpa.
Applications of fiberglass honeycomb panels
The fiberglass panel’s unique honeycomb shape allows it to be used in almost any application. The honeycomb structure has been a part of human design and engineering since the classical eras, and the Roman Pantheon dome is an excellent example.
In modern times, fiberglass, stone, and aluminum honeycomb panels are used in LED and loudspeaker technology, automobile structures, heating and ventilation systems, and wind turbine blades.
Additionally, they serve as bulkheads, wall ceilings, and partition panels in the marine sector.
Where can you find the highest quality honeycomb panels? It’s best to work with experienced manufacturers that conduct extensive tests on their structures, including the non-combustibility test, to ensure their strength.
Search for companies that manufacture panels according to ISO 9001 standards and offer reasonable pricing for every budget. | <urn:uuid:d76cec7c-a5f7-4cec-b084-b7f0a3867049> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.kc-panels.com/understand-the-importance-of-fiberglass-honeycomb-panels/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506480.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923094750-20230923124750-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.929962 | 477 | 2.875 | 3 |
Thanks to the rise in popularity of avocados toast, guacamole, smoothies, desserts and more the demand has been growing like crazy. But there’s only one problem - avocados need a lot of water to grow. Given ‘global warming’ that means avocados may be in danger.
It takes around 19-gallons of water to grow one avocado and when you consider water shortages - especially in California where 90% of American avocados are grown - the future of the fruit is seriously in question.
As a result, some restaurants are taking avocados off of the menu and chefs are coming up with substitutes like artichokes, zucchini, fava beans and some are even using peas to make their guacamole! The bottom line? You may not have a choice when it comes to avocados in the future…so you may want to start searching for alternatives. | <urn:uuid:19ce4270-9f18-414f-85a1-38c811b90497> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://939litefm.iheart.com/featured/mick-lee/content/2022-05-10-avocados-could-soon-become-extinct/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652184.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20230605221713-20230606011713-00086.warc.gz | en | 0.921039 | 193 | 2.75 | 3 |
Date: 1/26/01 5:41:24 AM Central Standard Time
I am not good in neurology, nor English, and wondered about the meaning of the
granule cells <-> interneurons What are interneurons and what is the
difference to granule cells?
(In both CA1 and the dentate the bulk of the entorhinal projections arrive on
the) spines (?)
(rather than the dendritic) shafts (?)
(, appear to) innervate [does that mean they connect in axons?]
principal cells [what are principal cells and are they also outside dentate?]
(and not interneurons, and appear to make excitatory rather than inhibitory
(CA3 pyramids have) bifurcating [?]
(axons, with one main branch) exiting [?]
from the hippocampus in the fimbria, [Does that mean they leave from the
hippocampus and go into the fimbria? <- Is that part of the fornix direction
(while the other main branch, the Schaffer) collaterals [?]
(, synapses with the dendrites of the CA1 pyramidal cells.)
efferent [?] (Guess I should know that one, but keep confusing it with
afferent and forget which one was which.)
unidirectional [does that mean one-way or all ways?]
cortico-cortical connections within the isocortex [What are the isocortex?
What does cortico-cortical mean?]
medial forebrain bundle
interpeduncular nucleus [What does that one do?]
anteroventral nucleus (in anterior thalamus) functions / connections?
anterodorsal and anteromedial nuclei ? And anterior thalamic nuclei ?
lamellar and laminar (organization of the hippocampus proper)
nesting of loops
(In the) disposition (of the external loops)
trisynaptic (hippocampal circuit) | <urn:uuid:59a7a7a8-0dc9-4870-9984-36fb6fb488d6> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | http://www.bio.net/hypermail/neur-sci/2001-January/045258.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737019.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200806180859-20200806210859-00557.warc.gz | en | 0.819604 | 449 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Cases have skyrocketed because of widespread maternal drug abuse, study says
MONDAY, Dec. 12, 2016 (HealthDay News) -- Rural U.S. communities are seeing a surge in infants experiencing opioid withdrawal at birth because of widespread drug abuse by pregnant women, a new study finds.
These tiny victims of the U.S. opioid epidemic are born addicted to heroin and powerful prescription painkillers such as OxyContin, Vicodin and Percocet. And this public health crisis is hitting rural residents harder than their urban cousins, researchers say.
Investigators found that from 2004 to 2013, rural communities experienced a nearly 80 percent higher rise in infant opioid withdrawal rates, relative to cities.
"The magnitude of the difference between rural and urban areas was not expected," said study lead author Dr. Nicole Villapiano of the University of Michigan. She is with its Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation.
This class of drugs, which also includes morphine and fentanyl, is highly addictive. And addiction risk can extend to an unborn child if women take opioids while pregnant.
Infant opioid withdrawal -- also called neonatal abstinence syndrome -- can lead to low birth weight and a higher risk for seizures, alongside breathing, eating and sleeping problems the first few weeks of life.
Some studies suggest that affected children may develop attention-deficit problems down the road, although long-term risk remains unclear, Villapiano noted.
According to background notes with the study, the rate of maternal opioid use and infant withdrawal rose fivefold between 2000 and 2012.
To explore any geographic differences, the researchers analyzed hospital discharge data collected between 2004 and 2013 by the U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
During that time, diagnoses of neonatal abstinence syndrome jumped from a little over one per 1,000 births to almost eight per 1,000 births.
In urban areas, the rates more than doubled, but this was a smaller increase by comparison -- from just under two per 1,000 urban deliveries to nearly five per 1,000 births.
The research team found that while rural infants accounted for just 13 percent of all neonatal opioid withdrawal cases in the country in 2003, that figure had risen to north of 21 percent a decade later.
The study doesn't evaluate the root causes of the trend, said Villapiano, but she suggested some possible contributing factors.
"We know that patients in rural areas tend to be poorer, have higher rates of chronic diseases, are more likely to smoke, drink alcohol, and suffer from drug addiction," Villapiano said.
"This in combination with the poor access to medical care . . . make patients in rural areas especially vulnerable to poor health outcomes," she said. Many of these women lack access to primary care doctors and specialists, "especially mental health and substance use specialists," she explained.
Mark Asbridge is an associate professor of community health and epidemiology at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Canada. He seconded those points.
"It's a combination of issues. One hypothesis is that the rate of pain in a community is often tied to the local labor market," Asbridge noted.
"The labor market in rural communities -- such as coal mining, logging, fisheries -- tends to produce more pain. That meant that before we really understood the addictive potential of opiates, these drugs gained a strong foothold in these rural areas," he explained.
To make matters worse, he said, general practitioners in North America lack an expertise in subjects like pain or mental health or addiction. And these are the care providers that patients usually see, especially in rural areas, Asbridge added.
"More pain, a lack of expertise, and more use. In rural communities, it's a perfect storm," Asbridge said.
Treatment for these at-risk babies and their mothers is imperative, the researchers said.
Pregnant women with opioid-use disorder may benefit from a combination of medication, like buprenorphine, and an addiction treatment program, the study authors suggested.
The March of Dimes notes that babies going through withdrawal are often given methadone or morphine to ease the cravings and discomfort.
The study was published online Dec. 12 in JAMA Pediatrics.
There's more on opioids at the U.S. National Institute on Drug Abuse. | <urn:uuid:bd0a2e10-0c03-48d0-9386-5c4e1fefc42b> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.health.com/healthday/rural-hospitals-see-surge-opioid-dependent-babies | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689975.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924100541-20170924120541-00518.warc.gz | en | 0.950843 | 885 | 2.875 | 3 |
Adaptive Optics and SPHERE
This animation shows the Spectro-Polarimetric High-contrast Exoplanet REsearch (SPHERE) instrument. An instrument on ESO's Very Large Telescope with the primary objective of discovering and studying extrasolar giant planets orbiting nearby stars.
It demonstrates adaptive optics, a process used to take out the atmosphere's blurring effect as much as possible and bring most of the light from a star together into one bright dot. The centre of this bright dot is then blocked out by introducing a mask into the light beam to avoid swamping the fainter nearby objects.Credit:
ESO/L. Calçada/Nick Risinger (skysurvey.org)
About the Video
|Release date:||4 June 2014, 12:00|
|Frame rate:||30 fps| | <urn:uuid:3a39a13d-d39d-43b5-86d9-da7f1b176ba2> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://eso.org/public/videos/adaptiveopticsandmask/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601615.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121044233-20200121073233-00017.warc.gz | en | 0.836395 | 177 | 3.25 | 3 |
Food scientists at the University of British Columbia have been able to pinpoint more of the complex chemistry behind coffee’s much touted antioxidant benefits, tracing valuable compounds to the roasting process.
Lead author Yazheng Liu and co-author Prof. David Kitts found that the prevailing antioxidants present in dark roasted coffee brew extracts result from the green beans being browned under high temperatures.
Their findings will appear in a forthcoming issue of the journal Food Research International.
Liu and Kitts analyzed the complex mixture of chemical compounds produced during the bean’s browning process, called the “Maillard reaction.” The term refers to the work by French chemist Louis-Camille Maillard who in the 1900s looked at how heat affects the carbohydrates, sugars and proteins in food, such as when grilling steaks or toasting bread.
Antioxidants aid in removing free radicals, the end products of metabolism which have been linked to the aging process.
“Previous studies suggested that antioxidants in coffee could be traced to caffeine or the chlorogenic acid found in green coffee beans, but our results clearly show that the Maillard reaction is the main source of antioxidants,” says Liu, an MSc student in the Faculty of Land and Food Systems (LFS).
“We found, for example, that coffee beans lose 90 per cent of their chlorogenic acid during the roasting process,” says Kitts, LFS food science professor and director of the Food, Nutrition and Health program.
The UBC study sheds light on an area of research that has yielded largely inconsistent findings. While some scientists report increased antioxidant activity in coffee made from dark roasted beans, others found a decrease. Yet other theories insist that medium roast coffees yield the highest level of antioxidant activity. | <urn:uuid:42af8614-1c45-449f-8f5a-4fa15a92291b> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://news.ubc.ca/2011/02/02/roasting-coffee-beans-a-dark-brown-produces-valued-antioxidants-ubc-food-scientists/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128322320.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628032529-20170628052529-00210.warc.gz | en | 0.934111 | 365 | 3.375 | 3 |
Several Asian countries have long traditions of eating dog meat. Adventurous gourmands who've tried it describe it as darkish, gamey in terms of taste and a little stringy in texture. Dogs' flesh, which isn't especially fatty, may be cooked in a stew, roasted or barbecued.
First, those places where they do eat dog meat:
According to traditional Chinese food concepts, dog meat is a "warming food" and so especially suitable for consumption in the depths of winter. Black dogs are preferred to those with light-colored fur. In the People's Republic of China, there's no law against the raising of canines as food or the sale and eating of their meat, and dog flesh continues to be fairly common on menus in Guangdong, Guangxi and other parts of the country's south. According to some estimates, as many as 20 million dogs are killed for their meat each year. The PRC's Mongolian and Tibetan minorities have taboos against eating dogs.Credit: Wikimedia Commons
The city of Yulin in Guangxi has become notorious in recent years on account of its annual dog-meat festival, usually held in late June. Animal-rights activists have tried to shame Yulin's leaders into halting the event, and intervened to prevent shipments of dogs reaching the city ahead of the festival. Dog-lovers in China have also pointed out that the lack of laws limiting or forbidding the eating of canine meat is in striking contrast with the onerous restrictions city dwellers come up against if they keep a dog as a pet. The theft of pet dogs so they can be sold for their meat is a common problem. Perhaps realizing that animal welfare is not a priority for many Chinese, the authorities have begun to emphasize that dogs' flesh may not be a safe food to eat, because of the conditions in which the animals are raised and slaughtered, and also because some of them are stolen.
The enjoyment of dogs' flesh continues to be common in both North and South Korea. The authorities in the south are aware that this practice doesn't enhance their international reputation. At the same time, they're careful to placate the fiercely nationalistic segment of the general public, and this means prohibition is politically impossible for the foreseeable future. The dog- and cat-meat industry turnovers US$2 billion per year, and thus has lobbying muscle. Annually, around two million dogs and 100,000 cats are turned into food, typically a dog broth called gaesoju. Unlike the Chinese, Koreans see dog meat as a food best eaten during the hottest part of the year, as it can bolster one's stamina when the mercury is soaring.
Currently, South Korean law doesn't ban the slaughter of dogs for their meat, nor does it protect dogs being raised for their flesh abuse. (It does, however, protect dogs kept as pets or guards.) However, there are some restrictions on the sale and advertising of canine flesh. In Seoul, restaurants which serve it can't be located on main roads, and there mustn't be any mention of dog flesh on menus and signs in languages other than Korean.
Pro-animal groups hope that in the runup to the 2018 Winter Olympics - which will be hosted by the South Korean county of Pyeongchang- they'll be able to leverage international attention into government action against the country's dog-meat trade.
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Rather than the relatively low level of dog-meat consumption in Thailand itself, animal-welfare campaigners active in the southeast Asian kingdom are more concerned with the large-scale capturing and transporting of dogs from Thailand into Vietnam via Laos. Human consumption of dog meat is virtually unknown in Bangkok and Thailand's south. In the northeast, however, where many dogs are bred and killed primarily for their skins, dogs' flesh is eaten by a signficant minority. It's more of a treat than a staple, as the price is often four or five times' that of chicken.
The eating of dog meat wasn't common in Vietnam until after World War II, except in times of famine, but the food has become more popular in recent decades. One reason is that times were very hard after the Vietnam War ended in 1975. Another is a new custom among the country's growing entrepreneurial class: Enjoying a meal of dog at the end of each lunar month to get rid of bad luck. Nowadays, a significant number of Vietnamese see no contradiciton between loving their pet dog and relishing the flesh of other canines as part of a feast. There is no serious movement to have dog-eating made illegal.
Dogs' flesh is sought after by a good many Cambodians for the same reason it's eaten in China: It's believed to make the body stronger against the cold. As in China, the trade is legal. Barbecued dog meat marinated in spices is sold by roadside vendors, while restaurants typically serve it curried with rice.
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And those where they don't (or shouldn't):
Most Taiwanese find the idea of eating dog meat quite disgusting, and the consumption of canine meat - never common - has been illegal since 2003. At least once per year, however, the police catch and fine someone cooking and selling dog meat to customers who know exactly what they're getting, and who in some cases have traveled quite far to enjoy it.
Serving cat or dog has been illegal in the former British colony since 1950; those who contravene this law face a fine of HK$5,000 (about US$650) and up to six months' imprisonment. Many Hong Kongers keep pet dogs, and it's said larger breeds are popular because owning one implies you have a bigger-than-average home (which, given the cost of real estate in Hong Kong, means you're rich).
Unlike most neighboring countries, the consumption of dog-meat hasn't been a feature of Japanese cuisine in recent centuries. There's no law against the serving of dogs' flesh, and at least one Chinese restaurant in Tokyo openly sells it.
The Philippines enacted a ban on dog meat in 1998 in response to alarming expansion of the dog-flesh trade. However, enforcement has been problematic, in part because the meat of canines is considerably cheaper than pork or beef. An estimated 500,000 dogs are still consumed each year, some by indigenous people in Benguet province specifically exempted from the prohibition because canine flesh plays a significant role in their culture.
Canine flesh is likely eaten by some rural inhabitants of Laos, but the country is better known as a supply route between dog breeders in Thailand and consumers in Vietnam. The Muslim majorities of Malaysia, Indonesia and Brunei regard dog meat as haraam (forbidden).
Amazon Price: $27.95 $13.81 Buy Now
(price as of May 26, 2016) | <urn:uuid:d1220640-494c-41b6-9682-7d8d23b48c6d> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.infobarrel.com/The_Eating_of_Dog_Meat_in_Asia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806569.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122103526-20171122123526-00436.warc.gz | en | 0.97284 | 1,440 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Can indoor plants really make a difference in air quality? In a NASA study conducted in 1989, household plants played a significant role in removing chemicals from the air, including benzene, trichloroethylene, and formaldehyde. Another study in 2004 shows that the microorganisms in potted plant soil help filter toxins from the air.
Since the air indoors can be polluted with toxins and chemicals, you might want to consider getting some plants that clean the air in your apartment. Here are three air-purifying plants to consider as well as some places you can buy them near Vista Station Apartments in Draper, Utah.
One of the most popular plants that clean the air is the pothos vine. This plant is very easy to care for, as it can thrive in a variety of light conditions and can quickly bounce back to life after being under-watered. But they do best when placed in medium indirect light and given just enough time for the soil to dry in between waterings.
- Peace Lily
Peace lilies are also good plants that clean the air. They are especially effective at removing the chemicals in the air that are often given off by furniture and household products. Like pothos, peace lilies prefer medium indirect sunlight and watering as soon as the soil gets dry.
- Snake Plant
Not only do snake plants fight toxins in the air, but they also help reduce allergens. This is because they release a lot of oxygen and water into the air, which decreases the impact of dust and dander on those with allergies. Snake plants are also extremely easy to care for since they do well in a variety of light conditions and don’t need much water.
Where to Buy Plants Near Vista Station Apartments in Draper, Utah
Some of the best places to get indoor plants near Vista Station Apartments in Draper, Utah, include Ikea, The Home Depot, Lowe’s, Arbor Day Nursery, and Walmart. So, if you are looking to freshen up your apartment and add a splash of green, check out these local stores! | <urn:uuid:258eac5c-4962-42a8-94c3-acd2b6cea05c> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://liveatvistastation.com/three-plants-to-grow-in-your-apartment-that-clean-the-air/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224656788.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609164851-20230609194851-00198.warc.gz | en | 0.967351 | 429 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The Indian food industry is regarded as a sunrise sector due to its large possibility of growth and socio-economic impact. It’s believed like a $258 Billion industry about 8% growth yearly having a possibility to achieve $482 billion by 2020 with large purchase of food processing, technical innovation and infrastructure for agriculture sector. India may end up being the food basket around the globe. With the second biggest arable land on the planet, India may be the largest producer of milk, pulses, sugarcane and tea on the planet and the second biggest producer of wheat, grain, vegetables and fruit. Indian agriculture to be the primary supporter suits around 60% of people for his or her livelihood and plays a role in 17% from the GDP. Listed below are some issues maintaining your food processing industry up during the night.
1. Upkeep of raw food is another major concern for that industry. In goods for example diary, fruits & vegetables, meat processing, just a little contamination can result in destruction from the large amount of recycleables which makes it highly dangerous. The industries would need to be staffed night and day so that you can monitor the recycleables, stopping them from spoiling and invasion.
2. Hygiene – Lack of Hygiene not only can contaminate the recycleables but could also result in the end product toxic. Also, hygiene doesn’t may play a role just within the raw material but additionally within the processing. Installing the right facilities for staff to make sure proper individual hygiene is met, also contributes towards meeting food safety needs.
3. Contaminant Removal – Food processing facilities depend on using potentially harmful chemicals for sanitation and pest management. Due to this attention needs to be put on prevent accidental ecological contamination throughout the food processing cycle, failing which it will make the meals toxic. Establish cleaning and disinfection programmes to guarantee the correct hygiene standards are met and prevent a foodborne illness outbreak.
4. Technology and Automation – The Indian food processing market is mainly comprised of smallscale and unorganised players. Too little innovation within this sector leads the to utilize the same kind of techniques and therefore, hardly any margin for improvement in yield. This really is hindering the progress the ought to be making, resulting in more manual work to attain their results and consumes more process time which may be reduced through implementation of technology. Applying automation can reduce the process amount of time in certain processes as with mincing or liquefaction.
5. Elevated Competition – Organic Goods are obtaining a good boost on the market today, and food processing industries are recognized to deplete diet from the foods. Hence, adding diet or preserving the diet within the foods has turned into a necessity. With growing competition, the meals processing industries will always be busy in finding innovative ways to maintain on the market like using macerated fruits like a sweetener to make the meals healthier.
Register at SolutionBuggy to locate material management and manufacturing consultant / experts rapidly and obtain work done.
SolutionBuggy is definitely an exclusive and dedicated platform for that Manufacturing Sector in India. It seamlessly bridges the space between your industrial sector and professionals for on-demand consultation and services including projects. It connects SMEs and enormous Scaled Industries with Industrial Consultants/ Experts and Industrial Product Suppliers on the internet for collaboration and success. | <urn:uuid:e7412fdf-c906-408b-a787-0ecfe40af99f> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://philaconcretework.com/5-best-issues-keeping-food-processing-industries-up-during-the-night/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738723.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200810235513-20200811025513-00401.warc.gz | en | 0.938552 | 675 | 2.640625 | 3 |
According to the most recent Mountain Gorilla Census, the globe has around 1063 mountain gorillas, with only Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Rwanda accounting for them. Uganda contains the biggest concentration of the 1063 gorillas, with around 600 Gorillas in Bwindi and Mgahinga Gorilla National Parks.
Bwindi Impenetrable National Park’s four sectors, namely Nkuringo, Buhoma, Ruhija, and Rushaga, are home to roughly 450 gorillas. It is the most popular mountain gorilla trekking site in the country, with a species that is regarded to be distinct from the rest of the Virunga mountain network. In 2020, the park got just approximately 5 baby gorillas, giving environmentalists and future generations greater hope.
Mgahinga National Park is home to around 100 gorillas, with two groups available for trekking and the others in the habituation process. Although it is a tiny park, it is densely filled with animals, birds, and primates. There is no traffic, and the gates will open at 7:00 a.m. local time.
The Virunga highlands are home to Uganda’s mountain gorillas, who may be seen on treks to Bwindi Impenetrable National Park and Mgahinga Gorilla National Park, both located in the country’s southwest. The late Dian Fossy’s conservation efforts at Volcanoes National Park in the Republic of Rwanda greatly contributed to their survival and presence around the high-altitude places of the Virunga chain of mountains, which sprawls through Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Rwanda.
Uganda, an equatorial country in eastern Africa, is a tiny but wonderful place with good security, infrastructure, unique cultures, a diversified flora and wildlife, and nice people. The weather is warm and pleasant all year, which is one of the reasons why half of the Mountain Gorilla population lives there.
The gorillas may be viewed all year and their family is welcome to join them. Humans and gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos share about 95% of their DNA, making them our closest cousins, according to scientists. You’ll notice this when you’re in the woods with them.
A troop is a group of gorillas that dwell in the same area. Each family contains a higher proportion of females and young stars, but is led by a strong Alpha Male known as a Silverback because to the silvery line on their backs. The groups range in size from 5 to more than 25 gorillas, and they are most active in the morning and evening.
Bwindi Impenetrable National Park
This is the world’s most popular gorilla trekking location, not only in Uganda. It is adored by the gorillas who travel, dine, and build their nests in its deep foggy wooded Jungle. The park is breathtaking, with the highest concentration of mountain peaks.
Cost of gorilla trekking in Uganda
All visitors to the gorillas pay a charge to engage in the activity in order to accommodate the expansion of gorilla populations, the well-being of the park’s caretakers, and the access of people living surrounding the park. Foreign non-residents will pay 700 dollars, while foreign residents will pay 600 dollars, and Ugandans and East African citizens would pay 250,000 dollars. This is only for persons above the age of 15, who are clear of the flu, cough, or any other infectious illness.
Going gorilla trekking is a once-in-a-lifetime event, and with the Apes’ numbers steadily declining, seeing them play, feed, or swing from tree branches is unforgettable. It’s done on foot, with the assistance of a knowledgeable ranger guide who knows a lot about them and their surroundings. It can take anything from 1 to 8 hours to reach the Apes’ territory, depending on pace and distance traveled from where they were last spotted, plus an hour to snap photographs, ask questions, and relax with the optimum time to see gorillas and what to bring.
Trekking for gorillas is available all year, although the months of June to September and December to February provide the ideal conditions. Depending on the activities and duration of the trip, a decent camera, a trekking permit, long-sleeved shirt and pants, bug repellent, long stockings, warm clothes, and other items are essential.
Mountain gorilla populations fluctuate due to the jungle’s unpredictable high birth rates, deaths, and disappearances. The experience is truly memorable. | <urn:uuid:df8bd949-d5ce-4c91-94c1-4f0d5569a15f> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.amakulaafricansafaris.com/how-many-mountain-gorillas-are-in-uganda/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510319.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927171156-20230927201156-00333.warc.gz | en | 0.938994 | 971 | 2.59375 | 3 |
An international team of astronomers have used the Very Large Telescope Interferometer to image the Eta Carinae star system in the greatest detail ever achieved. They found new and unexpected structures within the binary system, including in the area between the two stars where extremely high velocity stellar winds are colliding.
Swirling around the young star Elias 2-27 is a stunning spiral-shape pinwheel of dust. This striking feature, seen with the Atacama Large Millimetre/submillimetre Array (ALMA), is the product of density waves — gravitational perturbations in the star’s protoplanetary disc that produce sweeping arms reminiscent of a spiral galaxy, but on a much smaller scale.
Astronomers for the first time have detected repeating short bursts of radio waves from an enigmatic source that is likely located well beyond the edge of our Milky Way galaxy. The findings indicate that these “fast radio bursts” come from an extremely powerful object which occasionally produces multiple bursts in under a minute.
A spectacular new image of the Milky Way has been released to mark the completion of the APEX Telescope Large Area Survey of the Galaxy (ATLASGAL). The APEX telescope in Chile has mapped the full area of the galactic plane visible from the Southern Hemisphere for the first time at submillimetre wavelengths — between infrared light and radio waves.
The Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX) is a 12-metre radio telescope for observations at submillimetre wavelengths, operating 5,100 metres above sea level in the Atacama Desert. On 25-26 January, the project’s 10th anniversary was celebrated at the APEX base station in Sequitor, San Pedro de Atacama. A number of special guests were present at the occasion.
Using an orbiting radio-astronomy satellite combined with 15 ground-based radio telescopes, astronomers have made the most-detailed astronomical image yet, revealing new insights about a gorging black hole in a galaxy 900 million light-years away. The image has the resolving power of a telescope about 62,500 miles wide, or almost eight times the diameter of the Earth.
An international team of astronomers used the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) to investigate 35 edge-on spiral galaxies at distances from 11 million to 137 million light-years from Earth. The study has revealed that “haloes” of cosmic rays and magnetic fields above and below the galaxies’ discs are much more common than previously thought. | <urn:uuid:4cff8301-f358-4fa5-857c-ffdeabcf52e1> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://astronomynow.com/tag/max-planck-institute-for-radio-astronomy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655886706.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20200704201650-20200704231650-00565.warc.gz | en | 0.913385 | 517 | 3.203125 | 3 |
We have been researching Jamaica for Commonwealth Day. The children researched famous Jamaican citizens, the climate and landscape of Jamaica. We looked at the music of the Caribbean, including Jamaican musician Bob Marley. We made a collage of the Jamaican flag.
In mathematics this week we have been interpreting pictograms and answering questions. | <urn:uuid:5fd99fdf-684a-4e3c-b73c-f6b26c3827eb> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://easttilburyprimary.thurrock.sch.uk/etp-blogs/ks2-nurture-group-know-our-commonwealth-rights-and-responsibilities | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347392141.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20200527044512-20200527074512-00538.warc.gz | en | 0.958359 | 67 | 2.578125 | 3 |
This report documents an evaluation of the Every Word Counts programme (EWC) in Worcester, Western Cape, a partnership between Wordworks and the Foundation for Community Work (FCW) funded by RCL Foods. The evaluation aimed firstly to assess whether the model of delivery had effectively deepened participants’ understanding of early learning and language development, taught participants practical skills and activities and enabled participants to apply what they had learned; and secondly, how well the delivery and support model was working.
In 2015 the Curriculum Directorate of the Western Cape Education Department (WCED) partnered with Wordworks to take its Emergent Literacy Project (ELIT) to Grade R classrooms across the eight education districts of the Western Cape. ELIT incorporates the STELLAR Programme (Strengthening Teaching of Early Language and Literacy in Grade R) which Wordworks developed, implemented and refined over several years.
The purpose of this qualitative study was to deliver findings which illuminate the effectiveness of the Emergent Literacy ‘cascaded training with support’ dissemination model. By drawing on the key implementers’ (the WCED subject advisors and lead teachers) accounts of the roll out, the research seeks to provide insights for future dissemination, refinement or replication of the ELIT project or similar large-scale training interventions in state primary schooling.
This evaluation sets out the process of researching and developing the Every word counts programme and shares the findings of an evaluation of the training and resource package piloted in a non-ECD organisation that runs a home visiting programme.
The role of monitoring and evaluation in six South African reading programmes
This article focuses on six reading programmes, (including the Wordworks Ready, Steady…Read and Write Programme) and asks: Do these programmes work insofar as they improve the reading ability of programme participants? Denver Grigg, et al Journal article.
This evaluation aims to distil ways of supporting informal learning at home, drawing from the Home-School Partnership Programme. In order to do this, HSPP collected and reflected on extensive feedback from key partners and beneficiaries, teacher-facilitators, classroom teachers and parents, collected during 2015.
Lessons on creating scale for an early language and literacy skills development programme
In this short article Wordworks shares the lessons learned while scaling-up the Home- School Partnership (HSP) programme. There is strong evidence of the positive impact that the programme has on parents, caregivers and teachers, and, through them, children – this learning brief might thus be well worth the read for other early literacy and ECD programmes.
To ensure that more children learn to read and write successfully, there is a need for early literacy interventions that support young children and for programmes that equip caregivers to become more involved. Wordworks’ experience sheds light on factors that draw volunteers into programmes and help sustain their involvement over time.
These are unpublished postgraduate theses and published journal articles that have explored an aspect of Wordworks’ programmes in supporting early language and literacy.
- Alicia Okeyo dissertation: Strengthening Foundational Literacy – A process and outcome evaluation of the Wordworks Early Literacy Programme
- Dawn Cozett journal article: Literacy lessons learnt from parents after attending a seven-week Home-School Partnership Programme
- Sarlina Le Roux: The role of family literacy programmes to support emergent literacy in young learners
- Dawn Cozett: Determining the efficacy of the Home School Partnership Programme (HSPP). | <urn:uuid:7036f922-4991-4259-a09d-580e9fb1e0ec> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.wordworks.org.za/category/research/about-our-programmes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886133449.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170824101532-20170824121532-00596.warc.gz | en | 0.912673 | 714 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Gloucester Resources Limited v. Minister for Planning, Gloucester Resource Limited (GRL) proposed to establish an open cut coal mine near the town of Gloucester. Residents of Gloucester generally opposed the project, concerned about the mine’s amenity impacts, visual impacts, social impacts, and potential contribution to climate change. GRL unsuccessfully applied for approval and appealed to the Land and Environment Court of New South Wales, acting as a consent authority in this case. The court found the project should be refused, the direct and indirect impacts exceeding the benefits of the mine.
Urgenda Foundation v. State of the Netherlands: The Urgenda Climate Case against the Dutch Government was the first in the world in which citizens established that their government has a legal duty to prevent dangerous climate change. On 24 June 2015, the District Court of The Hague ruled the government must cut its greenhouse gas emissions by at least 25% by the end of 2020 (compared to 1990 levels). The ruling required the government to immediately take more effective action on climate change.
Neubauer et al. v. Germany: A group of German youth filed a legal challenge to Germany’s Federal Climate Protection Act, arguing that the law’s target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions 55% by 2030 from 1990 levels was insufficient and consequently violated their human rights as protected by Germany’s constitution. The applicants argued that the law’s 2030 target did not take into account either Germany or the EU’s obligation under the Paris Agreement to limit global temperature rise to the “well below 2 degrees Celsius” level. The applicants argued that Germany would need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 70% by 2030 (from 1990 levels) in order to meet its international obligations. They argued that the government’s failure to take adequate action on climate change violated multiple rights guaranteed to them by the Basic Law, Germany’s constitution, including the principle of human dignity, the right to life and physical integrity, and the natural foundations of life in responsibility for future generations. The applicants asked the Federal Constructional Court to declare the 55% reduction goal a violation of the Basic Law, require the legislature to issue new reduction quotas, and prohibit the transfer of emissions allocations under the new regulatory regime. The Federal Constitutional Court struck down the parts of the Federal Climate Protection Act as incompatible with fundamental rights for failing to require sufficient emission cuts beyond 2030.
United State of America
Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency: In this U.S. Supreme Court case, twelve states and several cities of the United States, brought suit against the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to force that federal agency to regulate carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) as pollutants.
This case focused on adaptation measures rather than mitigation measures, as Pakistan is not a major contributor to climate change but is particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts. A farmer brought the case against the government for its failure to enact adaptation measures to address vulnerabilities associated with climate change. Ashgar Leghari, a Pakistani farmer, sued the national government for its failure to properly implement the National Climate Change Policy of 2012 and the Framework for Implementation of Climate Change Policy (2014-2030). The court found that government’s delay in implementing the Framework violated the fundamental rights of Pakistan’s citizens. The court directed several government ministries to name a climate change point-person within their ministry to ensure implementation of the Framework and to present a list of action points by the end of the calendar year (2015). In its judgement, the court also created a Climate Change Commission composed of representatives from relevant ministries, civil society, and scientific experts to monitor the government’s progress.
SaveLamu et al. vs. National Environmental Management Authority and Amu Power Co., Ltd: The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), the National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) of Kenya issued an EIA License to Amu Power Company to proceed with a coal-fired power plant project in the County of Lamu. The organization Save Lamu, alongside several other community groups, challenged the issuance of the License on the grounds, inter alia, that the EIA failed to fully account for environmental harms, that the mitigation measures were inadequate, and that the EIA process did not involve adequate public participation. The tribunal set aside the EIA License, ordering Amu Power, should it still wish to pursue the project, to undertake a fresh EIA adhering to each step of existing EIA regulations, and directing NEMA to comply with these regulations to engage lead agencies and the public in the licensing process and to provide and publish reasons for its ultimate
Barrick Exploraciones Argentinas S.A. and others v. National Government: The Argentina Supreme court rejected the ruling of the federal judge in San Juan province, hence protecting the Argentina Glacier protection law. The law will now be applied across the country particularly to San Juan where the leading world’s gold producer , the Barrick Gold corp, has been struggling to bring its huge Pascua Lama mine on-stream. The Supreme Court verdict specified, that the National Glacier Law rightly and justly calls for a National Glacier Inventory to determine what areas should be protected by the law and where mining activity might be affecting glaciers and periglacial environments. The fear from the mining sector and from the provincial government which has been betting on mining for developing its economy is more than warranted.
ClientEarth v. Enea: The court held that , Companies and their directors are legally responsible for managing climate-related risks and face potential liability if they fail to do so. the District Court in Poznań has held that the company resolution authorizing construction of the power plant was legally invalid. | <urn:uuid:74bf8e13-4856-49d9-a1f7-06d5bf56f6f1> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.vakilpro.com/landmark-judgement/climate-changes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943750.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20230322051607-20230322081607-00439.warc.gz | en | 0.937888 | 1,191 | 2.515625 | 3 |
If you're looking for comprehension questions, check this freebie out! It has 15 comprehension questions and one open-ended essay.
In addition to all sorts of other President-themed activities, we visited http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents to learn about and write 3 facts about two presidents each. Two presidents x 22 students = 44 presidential fact pages! We also wrote about three things we'd like to accomplish if we were President or one thing we'd accomplish and three things we'd do to accomplish it. We decided that it would be a pretty tough job!
We also took the White House virtual tour.
I showed students pictures from my visits to the Washington area a few years ago.
Ford's Theater, where Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth
(closed for repairs when I was there)
The House Where Lincoln Died
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at Arlington National Cemetery
Eternal flame and graves of JFK and his widow, Jackie
Visit the White House National Park if you're in the Washington, DC area! | <urn:uuid:6b226b0a-8a03-446d-9880-99ffeda282c9> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://alysiabattista.blogspot.com/2012/02/just-in-time-abraham-lincoln.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818690340.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925055211-20170925075211-00625.warc.gz | en | 0.965086 | 217 | 2.9375 | 3 |
How to Control Formula Recalculation in Excel 2013
Normally, Excel 2013 recalculates your worksheet automatically as soon you change any entries, formulas, or names on which your formulas depend. This system works fine as long as the worksheet is not too large or doesn’t contain tables whose formulas depend on several values.
When Excel does calculate your worksheet, the program recalculates only those cells that are affected by the change that you’ve made. Nevertheless, in a complex worksheet that contains many formulas, recalculation may take several seconds (during which time, the pointer will change to an hourglass, and the word Recalculation followed by the number of cells left to be recalculated will appear on the left side of the Formula bar).
Because Excel recalculates dependent formulas in the background, you can always interrupt this process and make a cell entry or choose a command even when the pointer assumes the hourglass shape during the recalculation process. As soon as you stop making entries or selecting commands, Excel resumes recalculating the worksheet.
To control when Excel calculates your worksheet, you click the Calculation Options button on the Formulas tab of the Ribbon and then click the Manual option button or press Alt+MXM. After switching to manual recalculation, when you make a change in a value, formula, or name that would usually cause Excel to recalculate the worksheet, the program displays the message Calculate on the status bar.
When you’re ready to have Excel recalculate the worksheet, you then click the Calculate Now (F9) command button (the one with a picture of the handheld calculator) on the Ribbon’s FORMULAS tab or press F9 or Ctrl+=. This tells the program to recalculate all dependent formulas and open charts and makes the Calculate status indicator disappear from the status bar.
After switching to manual recalculation, Excel still automatically recalculates the worksheet whenever you save the file. When you are working with a really large and complex worksheet, recalculating the worksheet each time you want to save your changes can make this process quite time-consuming.
If you want to save the worksheet without first updating dependent formulas and charts, you need to deselect the Recalculate Workbook before Saving check box in the Calculation Options section of the Formulas tab of the Excel Options dialog box (File→Options→Formulas or Alt+FTF).
If your worksheet contains data tables used to perform what-if analyses, switch from Automatic to Automatic except Data Tables recalculation by choosing Automatic Except Data Tables from the Options button’s drop-down menu on the Formulas tab or pressing Alt+MXE. Doing so enables you to change a number of variables in the what-if formulas before having Excel recalculate the data table.
Automatic, Automatic Except Data Tables, and Manual are by no means the only calculation options available in Excel.
|Automatic||Calculates all dependent formulas and updates open or embedded charts every time you make a change to a value, formula, or name. This is the default setting for each new worksheet that you start.|
|Automatic Except for Data Tables||Calculates all dependent formulas and updates open or embedded charts. Does not calculate data tables created with the Data Table feature. To recalculate data tables when this option button is selected, click the Calculate Now (F9) command button on the Formulas tab of the Ribbon or press F9 in the worksheet.|
|Manual||Calculates open worksheets and updates open or embedded charts only when you click the Calculate Now (F9) command button on the Formulas tab of the Ribbon or press F9 or Ctrl+= in the worksheet.|
|Recalculate Workbook before Saving||When this check box is selected, Excel calculates open worksheets and updates open or embedded charts when you save them even when the Manually option button is selected.|
|Enable Iterative Calculation||When this check box is selected, Excel sets the iterations, that is, the number of times that a worksheet is recalculated, when performing goal seeking or resolving circular references to the number displayed in the Maximum Iterations text box.|
|Maximum Iterations||Sets the maximum number of iterations (100 by default) when the Iteration check box is selected.|
|Maximum Change||Sets the maximum amount of change to the values during each iteration (0.001 by default) when the Iteration check box is selected.| | <urn:uuid:5dc360d3-2964-4af4-aa1a-311d95423eef> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/how-to-control-formula-recalculation-in-excel-2013.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510267824.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011747-00073-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.816389 | 955 | 2.59375 | 3 |
After lecture ends in the classroom, students in the wildlife biology program take their learning outside.
Even as an undergrad, students are invited to participate in field research conducted throughout the semester.
Through field research, Whitney Priesmeyer, graduate biology student, has developed skills to better prepare her for a career in biology.
Currently, Priesmeyer is working on a project that shows the effects that fire frequency has on small mammals in short grass prairie at the Cross Bar study site.
“You don’t really understand something until you actually do it,” Priesmeyer said. “Sometimes you have to improvise.”
To determine which small mammals are occupying each burn plot, Priesmeyer and her collegues use Sherman live traps to capture the animals. Each trap is checked after a 24-hour period and has cotton and oats inside.
Hands-on experience and access to research opportunities are strengths of the program, Priesmeyer said.
“We get our students involved,” Dr. Ray Matlack, professor said. “If students are really interested they can be involved in every part of science from collecting data to presenting and publishing their data.”
Students learn everything from sampling methods, marking small mammals and even how to drive a 4-wheel drive vehicle.
“Overall the program is challenging academically,” Matlack said. “We have fun in the classroom and during field work because we enjoy what we do.” | <urn:uuid:7e49f802-58ba-4d2b-bb00-3c1ee1c153df> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.theprairienews.com/2008/11/20/wildlife-biologists-turn-learning-inside-out/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609530131.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005210-00405-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96021 | 311 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Volume 18, Number 9—September 2012
Henipavirus-related Sequences in Fruit Bat Bushmeat, Republic of Congo
To the Editor: Bats are hosts for various emerging viruses, including the zoonotic paramyxoviruses Hendra virus and Nipah virus, which occur in Australia and Southeast Asia, respectively, and cause severe disease outbreaks among humans and livestock (1). Antibodies and henipavirus-related RNA have also been found in the straw-colored fruit bat, Eidolon helvum, in Ghana, West Africa (2,3). These bats are a chief protein source for humans in sub-Saharan Africa and are therefore targeted by hunters (4,5). This practice raises special concern about the risk for virus transmission from bats to humans.
To investigate the risk of zoonotic disease emergence through hunting and preparation and consumption of bats, in October 2009, we obtained animals from local hunters. This meat was destined to be sold at markets in downtown Brazzaville, Republic of Congo. All bats were E. helvum, one of the most frequently hunted and traded fruit bat species in Africa (4,5). According to hunters, bats were captured with nets in an area near the capital (4°22′40′′S, 15°06′27′′E) during the night and collected in the morning. Animals were maintained in cages until they were sold alive in the market. For this study, living bats were brought to the National Laboratory in Brazzaville.
All animals appeared clinically healthy on arrival at the laboratory. Animals were euthanized, and samples were stored immediately in RNA or later in liquid nitrogen; additional organ samples were transferred into a 10% buffered formalin solution. Neither macroscopic pathologic changes nor histopathologic evidence for viral infection was found. A total of 339 samples collected from 42 bats were tested for paramyxovirus RNA by PCR targeting L-gene sequences of respirovirus, morbillivirus, and henipavirus (6). Fifteen samples from 11 individual bats yielded a product of the expected size of 494 bp. These amplicons were cloned and underwent Sanger sequencing. Virus load in tissue samples, as determined by use of specific real-time PCR, ranged from 1.1 × 102 to 3.4 × 104 copies per piece (≈0.3 cm3). Four samples could not be quantified, probably because copy numbers were too low. Virus load in urine was 1.8 × 106 per mL. For 4 of the 14 positive samples, we gathered additional sequence information by using pan-Paramyxovirinae primers targeting the most conserved genomic region (6). Sequencing of the cloned urine sample resulted in 2 distinct sequences for each fragment. Details regarding positive samples and dataset composition are found in the Technical Appendix [PDF - 66 KB - 3 pages].
In a phylogenetic tree, Eidolon paramyxovirus (EPMV) sequences are shown to form at least 3 distinct groups in the Paramyxoviridae family (Figure, panel A) and seem to be highly diverse compared with other paramyxovirus genera. At least 1 bat appeared to be infected with 2 different strains. Despite a geographic distance of >2,000 km among bats sampled, no spatial distinction was found between sequences from bats from Ghana and bats from the Republic of Congo. The same result can be seen when phylogenetic trees are built on the basis of the Paromyxovirinae fragment (Figure, panel B). In both trees, henipaviruses cluster in between EPMV sequences. Because EPMV and henipaviruses originate from fruit bats, this finding is not surprising. All animals in this study originate from a single locality just outside Brazzaville, the capital of the Republic of Congo. E. helvum bats are one of the most abundant species of fruit bats in sub-Saharan Africa; they roost in large colonies comprising up to 1 million animals. Bats in this species migrate up to 2,500 km per year, probably following seasonal changes in food availability (7). The diversity of distinct EPMV lineages recovered by this study at a single site, and the variable clustering with sequences retrieved from animals in Ghana, demonstrate that different strains are exchanged over large distances by migratory E. helvum bats.
Humans are exposed to these paramyxoviruses primarily by 2 mechanisms: 1) through bushmeat hunting (using nets or shotguns), handling, and consumption; and 2) through environmental contamination with bat excretions and saliva. E. helvum bats frequently roost in the middle of cities, and viral load in bat urine has been shown to be high. In Bangladesh, humans became infected with Nipah virus after consuming palm sap contaminated by bat urine and saliva (8). Infection of domestic pigs in Ghana (9) might also be a result of contact with bat excreta, which is especially troubling because pigs have acted as amplifying hosts in previous Nipah virus outbreaks in humans (10).
Despite the substantial exposure suggested by this study, to our knowledge, no human infection associated with bat paramyxoviruses has been reported in Africa, and elevated numbers of deaths have not been observed in bat hunters. Nevertheless, the existence of isolated cases cannot be excluded because underreporting is widespread, and many cases are undiagnosed. Additional studies on virus-host ecology, along with clinical surveys of exposed persons (hunters, vendors, cooks, etc.), are required to assess the zoonotic risk of these viruses and, ultimately, diminish the threat of a novel paramyxovirus entering and spreading in human populations.
We thank S. Calvignac for guidance in phylogenetic analyses, the sequencing laboratory of Robert Koch-Institut, and D. Driscoll for proofreading our manuscript.
This study was performed after written authorization by the Ministry of Scientific Research (Délégation Général à la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique) and the Ministry of Forest Economy and Wildlife of the government of the Republic of Congo. This work was supported by a special fund of the Robert Koch-Institute and the Wallace Global Fund. N.D.W. is supported by the National Institutes of Health Director’s Pioneer Award (Grant DP1-OD000370). Global Viral Forecasting Initiative is graciously supported by the US Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections, Surveillance and Response Systems (and the Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Cooperative Biological Engagement Program, Google.org, the Skoll Foundation, and the US Agency for International Development Emerging Pandemic Threats Program, PREDICT project, under the terms of Cooperative Agreement no. GHN-A-OO-09-00010-00.
- Wild TF. Henipaviruses: a new family of emerging Paramyxoviruses. Pathol Biol (Paris). 2009;57:188–96.
- Drexler JF, Corman VM, Gloza-Rausch F, Seebens A, Annan A, Ipsen A, Henipavirus RNA in African bats. PLoS ONE. 2009;4:e6367.
- Baker KS, Todd S, Marsh G, Fernandez-Loras A, Suu-Ire R, Wood JL, Co-circulation of diverse paramyxoviruses in an urban African fruit bat population. J Gen Virol. 2012;93:850–6.
- Mickleburgh S, Waylen K, Racey P. Bats as bushmeat: a global review. Oryx. 2009;43:217–34.
- Kamins AO, Restif O, Ntiamoa-baidu Y, Suu-ire R, Hayman DTS, Cunningham AA. Uncovering the fruit bat bushmeat commodity chain and the true extent of fruit bat hunting in Ghana, West Africa. Biol Conserv. 2011;144:3000–8.
- Tong S, Chern S-WW, Li Y, Pallansch MA, Anderson LJ. Sensitive and broadly reactive reverse transcription-PCR assays to detect novel paramyxoviruses. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46:2652–8.
- Richter HV, Cumming GS. Food availability and annual migration of the straw-colored fruit bat Eidolon helvum. J Zool (Lond). 2006;268:35–44.
- Stone R. Breaking the chain in Bangladesh. Science. 2011;331:1128–31.
- Hayman DTS, Wang LF, Barr J, Baker KS, Suu-Ire R, Broder CC, Antibodies to henipavirus or henipa-like viruses in domestic pigs in Ghana, West Africa. PLoS ONE. 2011;6:e25256.
- Field H, Young P, Yob JM, Mills J, Hall L, Mackenzie J. The natural history of Hendra and Nipah viruses. Microbes Infect. 2001;3:307–14.
Suggested citation for this article: Weiss S, Nowak K, Fahr J, Wibbelt G, Mombouli J-V, Parra H-J, etc. Henipavirus-related sequences in fruit bat bushmeat, Republic of Congo [letter]. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. 2012 Sep [date cited]. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1809.111607
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Office of the Director (OD) | <urn:uuid:1a8e78ca-e1df-4746-9a3a-ece715a94ef7> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/18/9/11-1607_article | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500823169.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021343-00244-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.8937 | 2,087 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Fibromyalgia is a chronic disorder with no cure, though its symptoms may be controlled. According to the Mayo Clinic, fibromyalgia is believed to amplify pain sensations by changing the way the brain receives signals from elsewhere in the body. Typically, individuals with fibromyalgia experience musculoskeletal pain throughout their bodies, in addition to severe fatigue, memory loss and trouble sleeping.
What causes fibromyalgia?
The simple answer is that no one knows for sure what causes the disease. According to Johns Hopkins Arthritis Center, research suggests that the disease is related to physical disorders of the central nervous system, as well as psycho-behavioral issues such as emotional disorders.
Some studies have suggested that fibromyalgia is associated with abnormal sleep patterns. Sleep deprivation can cause hormonal imbalances, which may trigger fibromyalgia symptoms. Some individuals may be more susceptible to the disease from a genetic standpoint.
Who is at risk for fibromyalgia?
As with many chronic immunodeficiency diseases, women are more at risk for developing fibromyalgia compared to men. Likewise, the condition is most likely to present between the ages of 30 and 50, though it is not limited to these ages. Individuals living with other chronic conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus or osteoarthritis are more likely to develop fibromyalgia.
Can fibromyalgia symptoms be reduced?
Though there is no cure for the disease, individuals living with fibromyalgia can reduce their symptoms by taking a proactive approach to their health. The Mayo Clinic recommends that anyone with fibromyalgia get plenty of sleep every night, exercise regularly and consume a healthy diet. A therapeutic massage can reduce pain symptoms temporarily.
It’s also important for people living with the disease to remember to pace themselves throughout the day. Extreme exertion can trigger fibromyalgia symptoms. This can be a struggle when symptoms come and go.
Fibromyalgia patients should consider keeping a record of their mood, pain and energy levels and diet to gain a better understanding of their personal triggers. By keeping this data on hand, patients can look back and find potential patterns. With this information, individuals can increase the number of opportunities for pain-free days.
Does diet affect fibromyalgia symptoms?
As with most immunodeficiency conditions, diet plays an important role in the management of fibromyalgia symptoms. By following God’s Original Diet as described in Genesis 1:29, individuals living with the disease can reduce their symptoms and live more comfortably.
Many foods that are common in the American Standard Diet can actually make fibromyalgia symptoms worse. Any foods containing artificial additives and coloring, gluten and MSG should be avoided completely. Likewise, animal products such as red meat, eggs and dairy can cause fibromyalgia symptoms to flare up. Caffeine has also been associated with increased symptoms.
Eating a vegetarian diet is much less likely to cause flare ups. In fact, eating a diet of raw fruits and vegetables can reduce the frequency of fibromyalgia-related pain. In a study conducted by Hallelujah Acres, 19 out of 30 participants had very significant improvement in their fibromyalgia symptoms within just 6 months of following the Hallelujah Diet, with much of the improvement coming within the first 2 months. And this was without taking into account candida infections or heavy metal toxicity, two major contributors to the pain of fibromyalgia.
A well-rounded diet should consist of the following foods:
- Dark leafy greens.
Not sure where to start? Making a veggie smoothie and adding in a scoop of Essential Protein is a great lunch idea. You get the veggies you need as well as organic protein derived from peas, rice and raw seeds. The supplement not only provides essential protein, but also reduces hunger and food cravings.
Because women are more likely to experience fibromyalgia, they should consider supplementing a plant-based diet with nutrients that reduce perimenopausal symptoms, which can increase the painful effects of fibromyalgia. For example, the Balance supplement is designed to rid the body of excess estrogen, promote progesterone production and boost immune system functions.
Individuals who experience the life-altering symptoms of fibromyalgia should understand that they can feel better. Adopting God’s Original Diet is the first step toward a healthier, happier life. | <urn:uuid:05befe20-f81c-4e10-8a18-6418390c6c1a> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://amazontipdeals.com/understanding-fibromyalgia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224657144.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610062920-20230610092920-00254.warc.gz | en | 0.944979 | 925 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center of New
York bases its teachings on the system of Vedanta, especially as explained by Sri Ramakrishna (1836-1886) and his disciple Swami
Vivekananda (1863-1902) and demonstrated in their lives. Vedanta is the philosophy
that has evolved from the teachings of the Vedas, which are a collection of
ancient Indian scriptures -- the world's oldest religious writings.
According to the Vedas, ultimate reality is
all-pervading, uncreated, self-luminous eternal spirit, the final cause of the universe,
the power behind all tangible forces, the consciousness that animates all conscious
beings. This is the central philosophy of the Vedantist, and his religion consists of
meditation on this spirit and prayer for the guidance of his intellect along the path of
virtue and righteousness.
From the philosophical standpoint, Vedanta is non-dualistic, and
from the religious standpoint, monotheistic. The Vedanta philosophy asserts the essential
non-duality of God, soul and universe, the apparent distinctions being created by names
and forms which, from the standpoint of ultimate reality, do not exist. Vedanta accepts
all religions as true and regards the various deities of the different faiths as diverse
manifestations of the one God.
According to Vedanta, religion is experience and not mere
acceptance of certain time-honored dogmas or creeds. To know God is to become like God. We
may quote scripture, engage in rituals, perform social service, or pray with regularity,
but unless we realize the Divine spirit in our hearts, we are still phenomenal beings,
victims of the separative existence. One can experience God as tangibly 'as a fruit lying
on the palm of one's hand,' which means that in this very life we can suppress our lower
nature, manifest our higher nature, and become perfect. Through the experience of God,
one's doubts disappear and the 'knots of the heart are cut asunder.' By ridding himself of
the desires clinging to his heart, a mortal becomes immortal in this very body. That the
attainment of immortality is not the prerogative of a chosen few but the birthright of all
is the conviction of every follower of Vedanta.
Vedanta asserts that Truth is universal and all humankind and all
existence are one. It teaches the unity of Godhead, or ultimate Reality, and accepts every
faith as a valid means for its own followers to realize the Truth. The four cardinal
principles of Vedanta may be summed up as follows: the non-duality of the Godhead, the
divinity of the soul, the unity of existence and the harmony of religions. On these four
principles the faith of the Vedantist is based.
The essential teachings of Vedanta, as stated by Swami Vivekananda is:
"Each soul is potentially divine, the goal is to manifest this divinity within by
controlling nature: external and internal. Do this either by work, or worship, or psychic
control, or philosophy -- by one, or more, or all these -- and be free. This is the whole
of religion. Doctrines, or dogmas, or rituals, or books, or temples, or forms, are but
Sacred word OM
Universal Teachings of Different Faiths | <urn:uuid:c0fc4e32-bcca-4168-beb4-ec5c7836d709> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.ramakrishna.org/vedanta1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223211700.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032011-00343-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.919996 | 728 | 3.015625 | 3 |
With the development of sophisticated telescopes, satellites, and other highly sensitive light-detecting devices, scientists have been able to learn in great detail not only about distant exoplanets in far away star systems, but our own solar system and its planets.
In an interesting development reported today, researchers from Leicester and NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory have pieced together a more complete picture of the seasonal temperatures of Neptune. Using almost 100 thermal-infrared images, they were able to observe fluctuations in temperature following the summer solstice on the planet. Like Earth, Neptune has an axial tilt and experiences seasonal changes; however, due to its distance from the Sun, a “year” on Neptune lasts 165 Earth years, and it’s been summer on the planet’s southern hemisphere since 2005.
Some celestial bodies, including stars, galaxies, and planets, emit energy in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum — the portion just beyond the red region of visible light, with wavelengths that range from one micrometer to one millimeter.
Using sophisticated thermal cameras, such as the VLT Imager and Spectrometer for mid-InfraRed (VISIR) instrument on ESO’s VLT located in Chile’s Atacama Desert, as well as NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope, the Gemini South telescope in Chile, the Subaru Telescope, the Keck Telescope, and the Gemini North telescope located in Hawai‘i, astronomers have been reliably measuring the infrared light emitted by Neptune since 2003.
“This type of study is only possible with sensitive infrared images from large telescopes like the VLT that can observe Neptune clearly, and these have only been available for the past 20 years or so,” said the study’s co-author, Leigh Fletcher, a professor at the University of Leicester.
Surprisingly the compiled data showed that despite the onset summer, the thermal brightness of Neptune has been declining. Most of the planet has been unexpectedly cooling over the last two decades, with the global averaged temperature dropping by 8°C between 2003 and 2018 — Neptune boasts an average global temperature of around –220°C (-364°F).
“This change was unexpected,” said Michael Roman, a postdoctoral research associate at the University of Leicester, UK, and lead author of the study published in The Planetary Science Journal, in a statement. “Since we have been observing Neptune during its early southern summer, we expected temperatures to be slowly growing warmer, not colder.”
Yet, another anomaly was observed at Neptune’s south pole, where data gathered by Gemini North in 2019 and Subaru in 2020 reveal that Neptune’s polar stratosphere warmed by roughly 11°C (~20°F) between 2018 and 2020, reversing the previous globally-averaged cooling trend. This polar warming has never been observed on Neptune before.
The cause of these unexpected stratospheric temperature changes is currently unknown, and the results challenge scientists’ understanding of Neptune’s atmospheric variability. “Our data cover less than half of a Neptune season, so no one was expecting to see large and rapid changes,” explained co-author Glenn Orton, senior research scientist at Caltech’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in the US.
“Temperature variations may be related to seasonal changes in Neptune’s atmospheric chemistry, which can alter how effectively the atmosphere cools,” added Roman. “But random variability in weather patterns or even a response to the 11-year solar activity cycle may also have an effect.”
The 11-year solar cycle (marked by periodic variation in the Sun’s activity and sunspots) has been previously suggested to affect Neptune’s visible brightness, and the new study reveals a possible, but tentative, correlation between the solar activity, stratospheric temperatures, and the number of bright clouds seen on Neptune.
More observations will be needed over the coming years to explore the reasons for these fluctuations. Future ground-based telescopes like ESO’s Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) could observe temperature changes like these in greater detail, while the James Webb Space Telescope will provide unprecedented new maps of the chemistry and temperature in Neptune’s atmosphere.
“I think Neptune is itself very intriguing to many of us because we still know so little about it,” said Roman. “This all points towards a more complicated picture of Neptune’s atmosphere and how it changes with time.”
Reference: Michael T. Roman, et al., Sub-Seasonal Variation in Neptune’s Mid-Infrared Emission, Planetary Science Journal (2022). DOI: 10.3847/PSJ/ac5aa4; quotes adapted from press release provided by ESO and the University of Leicester | <urn:uuid:7e99acad-10b0-471d-a944-dec75cbae8be> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.advancedsciencenews.com/neptunes-unexpectedly-cool-summer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652207.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606013819-20230606043819-00686.warc.gz | en | 0.924322 | 1,000 | 4.0625 | 4 |
The RNZAF has operated the Bell UH-1H Iroquois light transport helicopter since 1966. This video was shot during a media familiarisation flight in the Huey before the Royal New Zealand Air Force’s 75th Birthday celebration airshow at RNZAF Ohakea.
The Bell UH-1 Iroquois (unofficially Huey) is a military helicopter powered by a single turboshaft engine, with two-bladed main and tail rotors. The helicopter was developed by Bell Helicopter to meet the United States Army’s requirement for a medical evacuation and utility helicopter in 1952, and it first flew on 20 October 1956. Ordered into production in March 1960, the UH-1 was the first turbine-powered helicopter to enter production for the United States military, and more than 16,000 have been produced worldwide.
The first combat operation of the UH-1 was in the service of the U.S. Army during the Vietnam War. The original designation of HU-1 led to the helicopter’s nickname ofHuey. In September 1962, the designation was changed to UH-1, but “Huey” remained in common use. Approximately 7,000 UH-1 aircraft saw service in Vietnam.
Sources: YouTube, Wikipedia | <urn:uuid:22fc2b30-661d-4bdb-bae5-edbbb815f3ad> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.uasvision.com/2015/04/03/bell-uh-1h-iroquois-huey/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823282.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019103222-20171019123222-00425.warc.gz | en | 0.960777 | 274 | 2.96875 | 3 |
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Your young learners will have so much fun building numbers 1-20 with this construction site counting mat. Add this activity to your transportation themed learning centers.
There are several different ways you can use these printables. However you choose to use them, your kids are going to love counting from 1 – 20 with this construction site counting mat activity.
Construction Site Counting Mat
As the sun sets behind the big construction site, all the hardworking trucks get ready to say goodnight. One by one, Crane Truck, Cement Mixer, Dump Truck, Bulldozer, and Excavator finish their work and lie down to rest—so they’ll be ready for another day of rough and tough construction play! ~ Amazon Summary
As I mentioned above, there are several different ways you can use this printable set. I’ll explain each one below. You choose what’s best for your learners. Or, you can choose to do them all at different times.
Variation 1: Ten Frames
Print out all three pages on cardstock. Laminate them for durability. Cut apart the number cards, mix them up, and lay them facedown on the table.
Have your child draw one card and put it on the “build the number” mat. Use counters to fill in the ten frames on the mat. You can use snap cubes, LEGO bricks, playdough balls, or mini erasers.
Work through all the cards until your child has built each of the twenty numbers (or as many as they are capable of).
Variation 2: Ten Frames and Snap Cubes
As with the first activity, print and laminate the pages in this printable. Have your child draw a number card and fill in the ten frames on the math. Now, have them stack snap cubes or LEGO bricks to build the number.
So, if they draw “10”, they will fill ten squares on the ten frame and then stack ten snap cubes to build the number 10.
Variation 3: Ten Frames, Snap Cubes, and a Salt Tray
This activity adds one more element to this math activity. You’ll still print and laminate the pages. Students will fill the ten frames and build the numbers with stacking cubes.
After building the number with snap cubes, students will practice writing the number in a salt tray. This is a great way for beginning writers to become familiar with writing the numbers 1 – 20 without worrying about pencil grip, writing lines, and mistakes.
Fill a shallow tray with salt. Place the number in the salt tray, and have your students practice writing the number. When they’re done, they can “erase” their writing with one swipe of their hand. Then, they’re ready for the next number.
Variation 4: Ten Frames, Snap Cubes, Salt Tray, and Writing Page
Start this activity the same way you did the other three. This time, however, after writing the number on the salt tray, have your student find the number on the handwriting page and trace it.
Tracing the number on the writing page will help your child become more comfortable with writing each of the numbers 1-20.
How will you use this construction site counting mat activity in your classroom or homeschool? | <urn:uuid:34c0663c-6887-4ba8-b296-f1f8cb5bbda0> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://teachingwithchildrensbooks.com/construction-site-counting-mat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655911896.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200710175432-20200710205432-00396.warc.gz | en | 0.911923 | 693 | 3.5 | 4 |
As we all know, the role of a first aider is to give someone help. A first aider has various responsibilities when dealing with an emergency situation.
The first aider has the responsibility of ensuring a suitable stocked first aid kit is available on site. Be sure to check this regularly, so that if anyone needs medical care, the appropriate equipment is available.
well, a first aider should:
• Manage the incident and ensure the continuing safety of themselves
• Assess casualties and find out the nature and cause of their injuries
• Arrange for further medical help or other emergency services
• Stopping bleeding using pressure and elevation | <urn:uuid:8170601f-08c6-4ca4-90f3-811f17dd01de> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | http://colinscollege.com/as-we-all-know/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347413901.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20200601005011-20200601035011-00088.warc.gz | en | 0.93147 | 132 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Tobacco Education and Prevention Program (TEPP)
The Tobacco Education and Prevention Program (TEPP) addresses the issue of nicotine addiction, especially among persons with disabilities or persons undergoing substance use disorder treatment. Persons with disabilities tend to smoke more than persons without disabilities. And, a high percentage of persons entering substance use disorder treatment report being nicotine dependent.
Our Recent Findings
Historically substance abuse treatment programs have not addressed tobacco cessation. Thus, the goal of TEPP is to incorporate smoking cessation within the treatment milieu in order to improve health and increase chances for sobriety.
An investigation was conducted among 791 participants who underwent a TEPP tobacco education/smoking cessation curriculum over the past two years. Findings indicated that 91.7 percent were current tobacco users. The overwhelming majority (82 percent) used tobacco in the form of cigarettes. Of the 725 tobacco users, 67 percent reported some intentions to quit smoking. Therefore it was evident to us that the issue of nicotine dependence be addressed in conjunction with substance use disorder treatment.
Through our partnership with the Miami Valley Health Improvement Council (MVHIC), we are able to offer smoking cessation to those individuals undergoing alcohol and drug treatment throughout the Miami Valley area.
The Tobacco Education and Prevention Program (TEPP) consists of four modules.
- The facts about tobacco and smoking: the hazards of smoking, as well as the chemicals found in cigarettes or cigarette smoke are discussed.
- How tobacco is connected to other substances: consumers learn the similarities between tobacco and others substances such marijuana, stimulants, and other drugs.
- The financial cost of smoking: consumers estimate how much money they have spent on tobacco over their life time. Tobacco marketing strategies are explained and discussed.
- Tips and triggers: strategies for quitting tobacco products are discussed, and triggers for smoking relapse are identified.
The Ohio Department of Alcohol and Drug Addiction Services (ODADAS) chose the CAM Program in August, 2005 as one of three pilot programs state-wide to address tobacco cessation for persons in substance use disorder treatment.
The Tobacco Dependence Project, funded by ODADAS, will include individual and group counseling, as well as assistance with nicotine replacement therapy. | <urn:uuid:2fe24b78-0370-4d64-b1fd-e832c8454834> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.med.wright.edu/citar/sardi/tepp_about | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163054352/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131734-00017-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933616 | 453 | 3.140625 | 3 |
If you’re looking for a fun and educational activity to do with your kids, try playing dominoes. It’s a great game that will keep you and your family busy for hours on end!
The history of domino dates back to the late 1700s, when it was first brought to Europe by French prisoners. It was soon popular and has since spread around the world.
Dominoes are a tile-based game played by two, three or four players with a set of 28 tiles that have been “shuffled” before each play. These tiles can be purchased online or from your local hobby store, and you can even make your own sets with domino pieces that you purchase at craft stores.
To begin, all the dominoes are shuffled by turning them face down and moving them in a random direction, so that no one knows where a specific tile is located. Once they’re all shuffled, the players will draw dominoes until each person has a set of 21 dominoes.
There are many different types of dominoes, some are carved out of natural materials like stone or wood, while others are made of polymer. It is important to select a set that fits your style of play, and one that you are comfortable with.
The best sets will look and feel good to touch, as well as hold up to play for long periods of time. This is why many sets are crafted out of hardwoods, such as ebony or ivory.
They’re also a nice way to introduce children to the importance of symmetry and balance. In a symmetrical game, each tile should have the same number of pips on each side. This will help to improve the players’ spatial awareness, as well as their memory and coordination skills.
Some games also have special rules for a certain type of domino. For example, a variant in British public houses and social clubs is called 5s-and-3s. In this version, a player must add a domino from his hand to an end of another domino already played in order to earn a point for each tile that is divisible by five or three.
In addition, in some versions, the player must take a double tile from the opponent’s hand and if he can match it, he will earn a bonus play of an additional tile. The player can then use these extra tiles to complete his set or to block an opponent’s turn.
This makes the game much more difficult, and in some cases the player has to be very careful as he is trying to block an opponent’s turn. Often, the best way to play a domino is to find a tile that has 3 or 1 pips on each side, and then make sure you have an opponent who also has a tile with those pips before you lay your next domino.
The domino effect is a powerful tool for decision making, and it can be used in many different contexts. It’s a great way to prioritize your streams of ideas by keeping a big picture in mind, and it can be especially helpful when it comes to writing. Whether you’re writing a short story or an epic novel, it can be useful to remember that the only real goal of any piece of fiction is to answer the question, What happens next? | <urn:uuid:b8bed77f-62e9-4c4d-b8a5-0520a3b681e2> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://pensandneedles.org/playing-dominoes-with-your-kids-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224643388.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20230527223515-20230528013515-00532.warc.gz | en | 0.976704 | 693 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The Truth about Gonorrhea
Gonorrhea has been around for centuries. However, there have always been many misconceptions about this sexually transmitted infection. The famous Renaissance physician Paracelsus wrongly thought that gonorrhea was a symptom of syphilis, and it was not until 1885 that the first organism of gonorrhea was grown and studied in a laboratory.
One of the common misconceptions about gonorrhea is that this long-standing sexually transmitted disease went out with corsets and the horse-an-buggy. Not so! Gonorrhea is still a real and prevalent risk, and it is actually the second most common STD in the United States.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention state that there are 700,000 new cases of gonorrhea each year, and they estimate that less than half of these are reported. Additionally, according to the World Health Organization, there are over 62 million cases of gonorrhea every year.
Young people are most at risk of contracting gonorrhea, and women are more likely to contract the infection from men. Generally speaking, women are almost always at a greater risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections because the female anatomy is more susceptible to incoming bacteria, and once contracted, it can easily travel up to the uterus and do serious damage.
While gonorrhea is not fatal and is treatable with antibiotics, it can do severe damage to the body if it is not treated as soon as possible. Although gonorrhea often has no symptoms, it can lead to reproductive issues and to Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases (PID), and it can also damage the prostate. (Though symptoms are uncommon, they include: Burning during urination, white or yellowish discharge, bleeding outside of the menstrual cycle, and swollen or achy testicles).
However, some researchers are concerned because gonorrhea is becoming increasingly resistant to antibiotics. In past decades, there were several different medications which were able to treat gonorrhea, but now there is only one which is known to cure the infection. This treatment is performed in part with an injection, which many doctor’s offices sadly do not have on hand. Nor is the United States alone in this—Asia and Europe are both reporting new strains of gonorrhea which are not responding to traditional treatment.
The good news is that we still do have one known treatment for gonorrhea, and research in the field is ongoing. You can also greatly reduce your risk of gonorrhea by always practicing safer sex (even during oral sex) and by getting tested regularly for STDs, along with your current partner and any new partners thereafter. Safer sex is not 100% failsafe when it comes to preventing gonorrhea or any STDs, but it can help to greatly decrease your risk and safeguard your health. | <urn:uuid:c09d1a8c-5168-41ce-8857-e034d0415659> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://drlauraberman.com/blogs/news/the-truth-about-gonorrhea | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614880.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124011048-20200124040048-00319.warc.gz | en | 0.974269 | 574 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Worldwide many terrestrial vertebrate populations are declining due to several reasons. Among them are habitat loss, climate change, illegal hunting and roads. The influences of roads on animal biodiversity are manifold, ranging from various pollutions to the most direct impact of road-kill. Our new research article focuses on the effects of land-cover on road-killed amphibians and reptiles and the feasibility of a large scale citizen science approach to elucidate underlying patterns and interactions.
Citizen science is the active participation of laymen/amateurs in scientific projects. Currently a discussion is going on regarding the terminology in citizen science. What is ‘citizen science’, who is a ‘citizen’ and who is allowed to do ‘science’. However, the participation of amateurs in scientific projects has many benefits, including the collection of data on different objects covering a wide geographic area, and at the same time it raises awareness for a specific topic.
The overall goal of our citizen science project called Roadkill is to get an overview of numbers and patterns of road-killed vertebrates. In the last 3 years over 500 participants collected data of more than 5000 road-kills all over the world with a focus on Austria. The workload of the project is completely covered by volunteers (professional scientists and amateurs), ranging from website and app development to data collection, verification and publication.
Since 2013 we regularly improved our method of data collection, published three peer reviewed articles, and did a lot of public relations in order to increase the number of project participants. Only then was it possible to cover the large and diverse geographic area of Austria and to increase data quantity. If you are interested in our work, please follow us on Facebook, Twitter or Instagram.
The aim of our study was to examine the applicability of open-access remote sensing data for a large-scale citizen science approach to describe spatial patterns of road-killed amphibians and reptiles on tertiary roads. Using our citizen science app Roadkill we monitored road-kills of amphibians and reptiles along 97.5 km of tertiary roads covering agricultural, municipal and interurban roads as well as cycling paths in eastern Austria over two seasons. Surrounding landscape was assessed using open access land cover classes for the region (Coordination of Information on the Environment, CORINE). We also estimated the potential cost-efficiency of a large scale citizen science monitoring project.
We recorded 180 amphibian and 72 reptile road-kills comprising eight species mainly occurring on agricultural roads. We found a significant clustering of road-killed amphibians and reptiles, which is important information for authorities aiming to mitigate road-kills. Our analyses identified road-kills especially next to preferred habitats of green toads, common toads, and grass snakes. It was encouraging to see that land cover classes based on a rather coarse 500-m grid matched well with the most preferred habitats of the most abundant amphibian species in the study.
We concluded that citizen science would be an appropriate method to monitor road-kills of amphibians and reptiles on a regular basis and on a larger scale when investigating the influence of land cover.
Our plans for the future are to (I) continue the long-term citizen observatory system for road-killed vertebrates in Austria including the presence-only data collection and additionally establish a monitoring approach in coordination with already existing European systems, (II) enhance awareness-raising for the topic of road-killed animals among the general public and (III) develop a monitoring system involving various stakeholders aiming to reduce the number of road-killed animals in Austria.
For more on the benefits of citizen science in collecting ecological data, read this blog from last year by Poppy Lakeman Fraser – Citizen science: through the looking glass | <urn:uuid:af10d914-7ea8-445c-bf1b-5a2f9aefb551> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://blogs.biomedcentral.com/bmcseriesblog/2017/07/07/using-citizen-science-to-monitor-road-kills/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224656833.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609201549-20230609231549-00142.warc.gz | en | 0.934163 | 771 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Many faiths, cultures, and religions follow specific diets or have particular requirements for the food that they eat.
If you’ve heard about the Muslim and Islamic dietary laws, you might think they sound similar, so can Jews eat halal?
No, Jews can’t eat Halal, only kosher foods. Most kosher foods that do not contain alcohol are considered halal, but many halal foods are not considered kosher. Some halal foods can be kosher, though never halal meat.
Read ahead to find out what these two dietary laws actually mean, and why Jewish people cannot necessarily eat halal food.
Are Members Of The Jewish Faith Allowed To Eat Halal Food?
The specific dietary laws that determine what members of the Jewish faith are allowed to eat are known as the laws of Kashrut, and permitted foods are known as “kosher”.
By comparison, “halal” foods are those that the Islamic faith considers lawful, according to dietary laws that can be found in the Quran.
Jewish people that choose to follow Jewish dietary laws cannot eat all halal food, as it is not necessarily kosher.
However, Muslim people that choose to follow Islamic dietary laws can generally eat kosher food, as most kosher food is halal as well – as long as it does not contain alcohol.
This is partly due to some of the more specific and particular rules that are laid out for kosher products, and there are some requirements for halal food that automatically prevent them from being considered kosher.
To understand what that all means, we need to look at how these two sets of laws are similar, and where they are different.
What Does Halal Mean?
In Arabic, halal simply means “permitted” and it is a relatively broad term that is used to describe the items and behaviors that are allowed within the Islamic faith. In contrast, items and behaviors that are not lawful to Muslims are considered haram, which means “forbidden”.
There are many foods that are not considered halal, including:
- Unclean animals (According to Islamic beliefs)
- Unclean parts of halal animals
- Alcohol or intoxicating substances
If food has been processed, then it should be accredited by a religious organisation to certify that the ingredients are all halal.
The preparation of meat is also an important part of halal foods. Islam teaches that all life is valuable and Muslim butchers need to follow a specific process so that no animals are slaughtered needlessly. Muslim butchers also offer the life of the animal to God.
Muslims may eat animals that were slaughtered by Christian or Jewish butchers, as these cultures are “people of the book” and followers of the same God, according to Islamic belief.
What Does Kosher Mean?
While halal refers to all items and behaviors that are permitted for Muslims, kosher is a term specifically used in the context of food.
Kosher food is that which Jewish people are allowed to eat, and the word means “appropriate” in Hebrew. The laws for what is considered kosher come from the Hebrew Bible and the Talmud.
Foods that are not considered kosher include:
- Unclean animals (According to Jewish beliefs)
- Unclean and prohibited parts of kosher animals
- Meat and dairy within the same meal
Importantly, some animals that are considered “unclean” within the Jewish faith are not considered “unclean” within Islam.
For these dietary laws, all foods are also split into three categories – meat, dairy, and “pareve” (eggs, fruits, grains, etc.).
The guidelines for kosher food are also strict about preparation, including how Jewish butchers can slaughter animals.
Overall, Jewish regulations are more strict than those within Islam. Kosher meat has to be blessed by a member of the Jewish faith, which means that halal meat is not kosher by default.
Also, cross-contamination of meat and dairy is allowed in halal kitchens but not permitted for kosher foods, and some meats that are considered halal are not kosher.
Are Some Foods Both Halal and Kosher?
Although there are some very important differences between these two sets of guidelines, there are many similarities as well. Some halal food is considered kosher, and most kosher food is considered halal.
Vegetarian options are generally permitted by both Islamic and Jewish dietary laws, and there are an increasing number of processed foodstuffs that are specifically made to be both halal and kosher.
They follow strict guidelines to comply with the regulations of both religions.
Summary: Can Jews Eat Halal?
So, can Jews eat halal food? Not all halal food is considered kosher, which means that it is not necessarily permitted to be eaten according to Jewish dietary laws.
Some halal food, however, can be kosher – such as plant-based food and specifically designated inter-faith processed options.
Kosher food, on the other hand, is usually halal, unless it contains alcohol products. | <urn:uuid:9475a7ba-130f-4c44-8c29-c31ea417d9eb> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://faithinspires.org/can-jews-eat-halal/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644817.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20230529074001-20230529104001-00209.warc.gz | en | 0.973362 | 1,060 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Astronomers may have just found the remains of some of the very first stars in the universe. The chemical signatures of these distant objects more than 13 billion years old are remarkably different from those of younger stars, like our sun. By studying them, scientists hope to shed light on the formation of stars, galaxies and even basic elements.
In the early days of the universe, only very simple elements such as hydrogen and helium were available. The first stars were lit from these elements alone. Over time, their white-hot nuclei gradually baked simple atoms into heavier elements, such as carbon, oxygen, magnesium, and eventually metals. Subsequent generations of stars formed from gas clouds containing these heavier atoms, and today most stars observed by scientists are rich in metals like iron. (Our sun is about 98% hydrogen and helium, but contains traces of heavier elements like iron, neon, and carbon.)
Related: How long do stars live?
No one has directly observed the original metal-deficient stars; most of them probably died out or exploded a long time ago. But scientists can still observe some of their dusty remains by fixing their sights billions of light-years away.
Using the European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope (VLT), Salvadori and his team peered into three distant clouds of star-forming gas. On their own, these clouds wouldn’t tell scientists much, but incoming light nearby quasars – extremely bright galactic nuclei formed by dust falling into a supermassive black hole – helped reveal the secrets of the cloud. Based on the wavelengths of light absorbed by the gas clouds, the team determined what elements the stellar remnants were made of.
Sure enough, the clouds were extremely low in iron and other metallic elements, but high in carbon, oxygen and magnesium — precisely what would have been left behind after the first stars ran out of fuel and exploded, the researchers said. This joins other research on star origins and may help explain the composition of younger stars, including those found in the Milky Way.
“Our discovery opens up new avenues to indirectly investigate the nature of early stars, fully complementing studies of stars in our galaxy,” Salvadori said in a statement. statement (opens in a new tab). | <urn:uuid:6aecb4bf-6ca2-48be-add2-3cf74b3f51a9> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://thenewsamerica.com/astronomers-discover-the-remains-of-the-oldest-stars-in-the-universe-tna/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100551.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205105136-20231205135136-00312.warc.gz | en | 0.952759 | 457 | 4.34375 | 4 |
Kids will have fun practicing identifying shapes with these super cute, NO PREP, and Free Spider Shape Worksheets for Preschool.
Looking for more fun ways to help kids learn about shapes? You will love these free shape printables:
- Fall Leaves Shape Sorting Activity
- Monster Shape Playdough Mats
- Flower Shape Math Craft
- Do a Dot Shape Worksheets
- 2D and 3D shape puzzles
- Penguin Shape Sorting Activity
- Trace and Erase Learning Shapes Mats
- Shape Bingo
- Color the Shapes Emergent Reader
Shape Activity for Preschool
This is such a simple, fun shape activity for preschoolers. Just print and you are ready to practice identifying shapes!
There are two pages to print in black and white for this low prep spider activity. Students will look at the items in each line and color the objects that mat the featured shape. Super simple spider printable that helps preschool, prek, and kindergarten age kids practice shapes with a fun, October (Halloween) themed activity.
Spider Activities for Kids
- Shape Spider Mats are a fun way for kids to practice sorting objects by shape
- S is for Spider Handart and letter tracing
- Spooky Spider Counting Game
- Count to 10 Spider Playdough Mats
- Spider Life Cycle Worksheets
- Fun, hands on Spider Unit for Kids
- EPIC Spider Slime Recipe
Download Spider Shape Worksheets
By downloading from my site you agree to the following:
- This is for personal and personal classroom use (to share this resource, please direct others to this post to download their own free copy)
- This may NOT be sold, hosted, reproduced, or stored on any other site (including blog, Facebook, Dropbox, etc.)
- Graphics Purchased and used with permission
- I offer free printables to bless my readers AND to provide for my family. Your frequent visits to my blog & support purchasing through affiliates links and ads keep the lights on so to speak. Thanks you! | <urn:uuid:84b5542d-20d1-412b-8fb3-740d361a10b9> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.preschoolplayandlearn.com/spider-shape-worksheets-preschool/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144165.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200219153707-20200219183707-00439.warc.gz | en | 0.888929 | 422 | 3.234375 | 3 |
The Apple iPad is a 'tablet' style computer that runs a completely different operating system than the traditional Apple desktop/laptops do. This new operating system is called "iOS". This "iOS" operating system is used exclusively by all Apple 'mobile' style hardware devices such as (iPads, iPhones, iPods, and the many variations of these - i.e. iPad Air, iPad mini). The user interface is built around the device's multi-touch screen, including a virtual keyboard. The iPad has built-in Wi-Fi and, on some models, cellular connectivity.
An iPad can shoot video, take photos, play music, and perform Internet functions such as web-browsing and emailing. Other functions—games, reference, GPS navigation, social networking, etc.—can be enabled by downloading and installing applications ('apps') from the Apple "iTunes" store. There have been five versions of the iPad. The first generation established design precedents, such as the 9.7-inch screen size and button placement, that have persisted through all models. The iPad 2 added a dual core Apple A5 processor and VGA front-facing and 720p rear-facing cameras designed for FaceTime video calling. The third generation added a Retina Display, the new Apple A5X processor with a quad-core graphics processor, a 5-megapixel camera, HD 1080p video recording, voice dictation, and 4G (LTE). The fourth generation added the Apple A6X processor and replaces the 30-pin connector with an all-digital Lightning connector. The iPad Air added the Apple A7 processor and reduced the form factor for the first time since the iPad 2. iOS 6 added Siri to the third and fourth generations and the iPad Mini.
There have been two versions of the iPad Mini. The first generation features a reduced screen size of 7.9 inches and features similar internal specifications as the iPad 2. It also uses the Lightning connector. The second generation features the Retina Display and the Apple A7 processor, matching the internals specifications of the iPad Air.
The iPod model line has also evolved from the original music player to the current iPod Touch models which are almost identical to the iPhone without the cellular/phone ability.
Below we are providing some further information on these devices with a focus on the 'iPads' for now. | <urn:uuid:aa495770-8b4d-4424-9b7c-417fb8c1a84f> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://clarion.edu/441081/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500828050.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021348-00247-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923133 | 489 | 2.828125 | 3 |
In today’s tech-filled world, it’s almost essential for students to have the latest technology. At the very least, they need access to a computer and the internet to complete assignments. You won’t find a college anywhere that wants their students to write essays out by hand. Beyond the basics, there are hundreds of useful tools students can use to help them learn. They can make use of different gadgets and software both in and out of the classroom. Check out just a few of the tools that could make everything easier for any student.
Most students now have a laptop and often take them to lectures and seminars. But they want to be able to use their computer for play, as well as work. Instead of having a separate tablet and laptop, going for a hybrid could be the solution. It gives you one flexible gadget so that you don’t have to switch between different devices all the time. You could be playing a game one minute and taking notes the next. Hybrid laptops are also often small and slim, so they’re easy to carry around without having to have a huge bag.
If you prefer to write by hand but still want your notes typed up, you need a smart pen. These gadgets transcribe everything you write so that you have digital notes. They also have microphones so that you can record audio at the same time as taking notes. You’ll have a recording of each lecture, plus notes that you can put on Google Docs, Evernote and other apps. Try something like the Livescribe Echo Smartpen, which matches up your notes to the audio you recorded as you were writing. It’s an excellent way to clarify a note when you’re not sure what you meant to write.
When you have a smartphone, tablet or laptop, you have a host of tools at your fingertips. With the ability to access thousands of apps, you can find hundreds that are great for studying. Start by looking at the best revision apps so that you can memorize the notes you took during class. You can also find resources that will provide you with the information you need to succeed. Having an app that can read digital textbooks is a good start. You can use an app like BenchPrep, which has a course library for graduate and professional exams. Specialist apps like Engineering Professional will help you brush up on knowledge for your major.
Not everything that helps you study is just for studying. Noise-cancelling headphones might be ideal for trains and planes, but they’re also perfect for the library. It’s also easier to study in your dorm if you can block out what everyone else is doing around you. An excellent pair of headphones is just what you need for some music to help you concentrate or to listen back to recorded lectures.
Your college experience could be significantly improved by the right pieces of technology. Use some of these gadgets and apps to learn more effectively. | <urn:uuid:a07db785-c390-4a75-91b6-f811ff79ac9d> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.techsnapr.com/2016/02/10/essential-technologies-for-students/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818692236.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925164022-20170925184022-00156.warc.gz | en | 0.968414 | 602 | 3.203125 | 3 |
The guidelines and attitudes about exercise during pregnancy have changed considerably through the years. Previous guidelines allowed a woman to walk one mile a day, ideally broken up throughout the day. Then the 140 beats per minute (BPM) limit guideline was instituted. While our knowledge of this particular area of exercise physiology is still incomplete, we now know a lot more about the benefits and risks of exercising during pregnancy. As a result, much more specific guidelines have been established.
Pregnancy Exercise Benefits
- Decreased risk of gestational diabetes & long-term obesity
- Control of gestational diabetes
- Improved energy levels
- Improved posture
- Improved muscle tone, strength, & endurance
- Possible faster delivery
- Enhanced recovery from childbirth
- Reduced backaches
- Reduced bloating & swelling
It’s important for the mother to understand that this is a time in her life to maintain health & fitness and achieve the benefits that exercise has to offer during pregnancy. Training to make significant improvements in fitness and performance should be avoided until postpartum due to the risks and many changes that occur during pregnancy.
The amount of weight a woman should gain during her pregnancy is largely determined by what her current weight was prior to becoming pregnant. Excess weight gain and failure to lose this weight six months postpartum are predictors of long-term obesity.
- Normal weight prior to pregnancy: 25-32 lbs.
- Overweight prior to pregnancy: 15 lbs.
- Underweight prior to pregnancy: 40 lbs.
Physician approval for exercise is always required prior to continuing or starting an exercise program. Risks for the mother include hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), fatigue, and musculoskeletal injuries. The baby is at risk for hyperthermia (overheating) and decreased uterine blood flow. The mother should stop exercising before fatigue sets in and follow the recommended guidelines for exercise mode, frequency, intensity, and duration. Should any of the following warning signs occur, exercise should be discontinued the mother should consult her physician.
Exercise Warning Signs During Pregnancy
Shortness of breath prior to exercise
Calf pain or swelling
Decreased Fetal Movement
Amniotic Fluid Leakage
Some pregnant women should not exercise. Women that have cardiac disease or restrictive lung disease may not be able to exercise. Pregnancy-induced hypertension, an incompetent cervix, intrauterine growth retardation, second and third trimester bleeding, and premature rupture of membranes are conditions that will deem exercise inappropriate.
Walking, stationary cycling and swimming are popular exercise modes for pregnant women. Women who were participating in resistance training prior to pregnancy should continue to do so. Light to moderate weights with high repetitions should be used (e.g.- 12-15 reps) to maintain muscle function while preventing excessive stress on ligaments and joints. It is recommended that women who were not engaging in resistance training prior to pregnancy wait until postpartum to begin.
Activities such as racquet sports, basketball, and softball should be avoided because they can increase the strain on muscles, tendons, and ligaments, and may also pose a risk to the baby (e.g.- ball hitting the abdomen). For many of the same reasons, all high-impact activities should be avoided. Stretching should be gentle and static to maintain joint flexibility. Ligaments and joints become more lax and mobile during pregnancy due to hormonal changes, so aggressive stretching should be avoided.
In the second trimester, the supine position (on your back) should be avoided at this time. The mother gains an average of one-two pounds per week during the second trimester. Due to the increased weight of the baby, this position can compress the vena cava and inhibit oxygen & blood flow to the baby. During the third trimester, aerobic exercise may need to be limited to stationary equipment, walking, and swimming due to alterations in the center of gravity and balance. Limiting resistance training to selectorized machine use is recommended once center of gravity and balance has been altered.
Exercising three-four times per week is recommended for pregnant women. Recent research indicates that women who exercise five or more times per week have substantially increased odds for a low birth weight baby. Pregnant women who exercised two or fewer times per week have modestly increased odds for a low birth weight baby.
Past guidelines called for 140 BPM as the maximum exercise heart rate during pregnancy. While this is a good general guide for the average age of a pregnant woman performing moderate intensity exercise, it does have some limitations. It doesn’t take into consideration those who have been exercising prior to becoming pregnant. A pregnant woman who was exercising prior to being pregnant would likely tolerate a higher exercise intensity better than someone who was previously sedentary. It also doesn’t take into consideration the large variations in age. There would be a significant difference in exercise heart rate between a 19-year-old pregnant girl and a 40-year-old pregnant woman. The primary concern with exercise intensity during pregnancy is blood flow to the baby. With increasing exercise intensity, increased blood flow to the working muscles could decrease blood flow to the baby and in turn, oxygen levels. An appropriate guide to use is a fairly light to somewhat hard rate of perceived exertion. The mother should be able to talk while exercising (known as the talk test).
The standard recommended exercise duration during pregnancy is 30-40 minutes. However, on some days, fatigue may occur earlier than others. The duration of the session should be determined by how the mother feels that day. During the first trimester, when the baby’s major systems are beginning to form, fatigue is very common. Although most women can exercise at this time, it is important to stop exercising before excessive fatigue sets in. Energy levels typically increase during the second trimester but the duration guidelines should still be adhered to.
At least 300 additional calories per day are required for exercise during pregnancy to supply the mother will additional energy and avoid compromising the growth of the baby. A carbohydrate-rich pre-exercise meal should be consumed and fluids should be consumed before, during, and after exercise.
Exercise during pregnancy has many benefits. Even women who were previously inactive can safely engage in an exercise program once cleared by their physician. Following these recommended guidelines will help maintain health & fitness while minimizing exercise risks associated with pregnancy.
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Extracts from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Teodorico Pedrini, C.M. (June 30, 1671 – December 10, 1746), was an Italian Vincentian priest, musician and composer, but mainly missionary for 36 years at the Imperial Court of China.
Pedrini was born in Fermo, in the Marche, then part of the Papal States. He was the founder of the Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, Beijing (西堂). He was the music teacher to three sons of the Qing Dynasty's Kangxi Emperor, he was co-author of the first treatise on Western Music theory ever written in Chinese: the LǜlǚZhèngyì-Xùbiān, later included in the Siku Quanshu. His Chinese name was 德理格 – Dé Lĭgé.
Pedrini was a missionary in China from 1710 to 1746, the year of his death. His importance in the first half of 18th century is connected with two main fields: History of the Church
The doctrinal issues involving the Mission in China in the period between the end of 17th century and the beginning of the 18th century saw Teodorico Pedrini as one of its main characters.
The so-called Chinese rites controversy concerned the way in which the Christian religious practice was to be considered, especially in connection to the Chinese practice of Confucian origin, which the Jesuits, following Matteo Ricci's teaching, were willing to permit to the converted Christians.
Pedrini was one of the few missionaries who kept to the directives of the Holy See in that regard, which had repeatedly forbidden (first with the Decree Cum Deus Optimus in 1704, then with the Bullas Ex Illa Die in 1715, and Ex Quo Singulari in 1742) the mixture of Christian and Confucian practices. His fidelity to the decisions of Rome brought to Pedrini beatings and imprisonment. In the most delicate period of the controversy, Pedrini was the main representative of Propaganda Fide in Beijing; in such a position he held regular epistolary contacts with the Vatican.
As missionary to the Chinese court, Pedrini carried out also another important project: in 1723 he bought a large residence where he opened to the cult the first non-Jesuit Church in Beijing': the Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel (Xitang or the Western Church). The church was destroyed twice after his death and was twice re-built. It is still standing nowadays and, after a recent restoration, it has been opened again exactly in the same place where Pedrini built it: at n° 130 of Xizhimennei Dajie, one of the largest avenues of the Chinese capital city, on the way between the Forbidden City and the Old Summer Palace, in those times the Emperor's residence. Still readable on one of the sidewalls in the Church, an inscription reminds the visitors of the name of its founder. History of music and cultural relations between East and West
Besides being a priest, Pedrini was also a musician. This competence helped him first to be admitted to the court of the Chinese emperors and then to gain the favour of three successive emperors, ruling during his lifetime – the Kangxi Emperor (1662–1722), the Yongzheng Emperor (1722–1735) and the Qianlong Emperor (1735–1796). As a musician, Pedrini was the teacher of three sons of the Kangxi Emperor, and he constructed musical instruments and mended those present at court.
In addition, carrying on with the work of his predecessor, the Portuguese Jesuit Tomas Pereira, Pedrini completed the text of the first treatise on Western music theory ever published in China, the LǜlǚZhèngyì-Xùbiān, which was later included in the huge encyclopedic work called Siku Quanshu (1781).
With this work Pedrini asserted himself as one of the main figures in the introduction of western music in China.
Furthermore, Pedrini is the author of the only Western Baroque music compositions known in China in the 18th century: the Dodici Sonate a Violino Solo col Basso del Nepridi – Opera Terza whose original manuscript is still preserved in the National Library of Běijīng. | <urn:uuid:d15e1c8f-f072-4f11-a1ce-b48aa85d5f6d> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://imslp.org/wiki/User:Cleocello | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943845.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20230322145537-20230322175537-00180.warc.gz | en | 0.970688 | 939 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Did You Know? Abraham Lincoln instituted the first Thanksgiving in 1863, not simply as a remembrance of Pilgrims and Native Americans, but as a reminder to thank the God who gave us everything we have.
From his Thanksgiving Proclamation:
I do therefore invite my fellow citizens in every part of the United States, and also those who are at sea and those who are sojourning in foreign lands, to set apart and observe the last Thursday of November next, as a day of Thanksgiving and Praise to our beneficent Father who dwelleth in the Heavens. And I recommend to them that while offering up the ascriptions justly due to Him for such singular deliverances and blessings, they do also, with humble penitence for our national perverseness and disobedience, commend to His tender care all those who have become widows, orphans, mourners or sufferers in the lamentable civil strife in which we are unavoidably engaged, and fervently implore the interposition of the Almighty Hand to heal the wounds of the nation and to restore it as soon as may be consistent with the Divine purposes to the full enjoyment of peace, harmony, tranquillity and Union.
-Abraham Lincoln, 1863
Translation: Give thanks to God for all of the blessings in your life today; trust in His Divine Providence to take care of everything you need; and pray for true peace and healing in the lives of all.
For thanks to mean anything, it has to be directed to someone 🙂 | <urn:uuid:a8535f4f-ac8b-4a16-8609-03ab2dd9fb51> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://marypearsonblog.com/tag/thanksgiving/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886126027.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170824024147-20170824044147-00233.warc.gz | en | 0.952928 | 306 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Freedom Riders recreate historical civil rights journeys of 50 years ago
Fifty years ago, a brave young group set off from D.C. in a series of buses headed to the South, determined to end segregation.
Their actions helped change the course of history.
And today some of those same brave people recreated the Freedom Rides for a younger generation.
From across the country, 40 select college students boarded a bus Sunday in downtown D.C. with several older travel companions to retrace the steps of a remarkable movement that changed history.
"It's more than an extraordinary feeling," said Bob Singleton, a Freedom Rider. "It's a dream come true."
Nearly 50 years ago to the day, black and white activists known as Freedom Riders dared to desegrate interstate bus travel.
"I definitely would not be here were it not for the sacrifices of the Freedom Riders," said Tania Smith, an American University student. "And I owe a lot to them."
And at the front of this bus were original Freedom Riders like Dion Diamond from the District, Bob and Helen Singleton from California, and Joan Mulholland of Arlington.
"I felt like a soldier going into foreign country, into enemy territory," Helen Singleton said.
"It's good to know that we were able to make a difference," Mulholland said.
Mulholland, Diamond, and the Singletons were all arrested and imprisoned in Mississippi for challenging racist "Jim Crow" policies.
Freedom Riders were beaten in Birmingham and nearly burned alive in Anniston.
But their tenacity prevailed. And thanks to them and thousands of others, civil rights laws were eventually enacted.
In 1961 Freedom Riders were greeted by armed guards, paddy wagons and fists.
In 2011, at stop one, the University of Mary Washington in Fredericksburg, they were welcomed as heroes.
The hope from here is to motivate a new generation to continue the fight for social justice.
The deeper into the South they go, the more lessons the college students can expect to learn.
"By the time they get to Montgomery I want them to know what it was like," Rip Patton said.
The PBS-sponsored 2011 Student Freedom Ride ends May 16 in New Orleans.
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Here's a visual look at the eight most delicious, disgusting meals in the country. | <urn:uuid:f74cf01f-f75c-4c04-9814-1e889b4d151b> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.wjla.com/articles/2011/05/freedom-riders-recreate-historical-civil-rights-journeys-of-50-years-ago-60267.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163998145/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133318-00052-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960185 | 554 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Open woodland and dense woodlandAndrew Staib2020-10-05T09:44:38+01:00
Open woodland and dense woodland
Open woodland provides more spaces for elements such as glades whereas dense woodland has more trees and walkways.
In an open woodland, trees cover between 5 and 20% of the area. An open canopy allows more sunlight to venture into the woodland, this limits shade and moisture.
An open woodland can resemble a parkland which can be an excellent way to link the design of the house and garden with the woodland.
An open woodland creates more space for elements such as heathland, wildflower meadows and glades with shorter grass for relaxing or picnics. As well as a beautiful open spot for elements such as ponds or orchards and artistic elements such as sculptures. Creating these habitats allows your woodland to be open to more wildlife as well as enhancing the biodiversity.
Open woodlands can be vulnerable to storm damage. Also, it can be draughty and exposed, making it less valuable to wildlife.
Dense woodland creates a rich variation of trees in a small space, there is also more cover and seclusion from the thick canopy.
Advantages and disadvantages of high density planting:
High density planting means the canopy will close quickly. This allows for field and ground layer shrubs to start growing sooner than with low density planting.
Naturally with any woodland, some trees are unsuccessful, high density planting means you won’t have to replace as many trees. For example, you can plant one new tree for every two or three trees lost. Whereas low density planting requires more new trees to be planted to replace the unsuccessful trees.
Alternatively, low density planting means the canopy will remain more open. In years to come, an open canopy allows you to plant new trees without thinning. This creates a woodland of various ages with more visual diversity. In high density planting, Glorious Woodlands can conduct thinning which opens up the woodland for new trees to be planted, creating variety.
Miyawaki forests are small forests that can be planted in various locations to increase biodiversity. They are named after the Japanese botanist Akira Miyawaki, an ecology expert who specialised in natural woodlands.
The case study of Witney in Oxfordshire shows how these tiny forests can be planted almost anywhere, all you need is about 200 square metres of space for a Miyawaki forest. This small area of forest will boost biodiversity and create cleaner air which are benefits for you and wildlife. These forests will store carbon, decrease the chances of flooding and reduce noise pollution just like other woodlands. For such a tiny forest the benefits are huge! | <urn:uuid:01ab7cf9-8f2f-42e7-b755-e55285f03e77> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.gloriousgardenssussex.co.uk/open-woodland-and-dense-woodland/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100276.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201053039-20231201083039-00172.warc.gz | en | 0.922625 | 553 | 3.25 | 3 |
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), while unable to define safe levels of exposure, recommends limiting trace gas levels to:
|Favorite Table|Download (.pdf)
|Anesthetic Gas ||Maximum Concentration (ppm) |
|Halogenated agent alone ||2 |
|Nitrous oxide alone ||50 |
|Combination of halogenated agent plus nitrous oxide || |
|Halogenated agent ||0.5 |
|Nitrous oxide ||25 |
In most cases, the amount to anesthetic delivered exceeds the patient’s minimal requirement. Waste gas scavenging systems help to collect and remove excess anesthetic gases that would otherwise contaminate the operating theater. Scavenging is the process by which waste anesthetic gases flowing from the patient circuit are collected, controlled, and evacuated from the workplace, to reduce ambient concentrations of agents or gases. Active scavengers use a vacuum to remove waste gases. Passive scavengers rely on the physical properties of the gases for elimination.
Anesthetic gas contamination occurs via two causes: anesthetic technique and equipment issues. Technical issues include using flows that exceed the scavenging system, poorly fitting face masks and laryngeal mask airways, flushing the circuit, leaving the anesthetic gas on after a case, filling of vaporizers, using uncuffed endotracheal tubes, and use of independent breathing circuits (ie, Jackson Rees). Equipment failures include leaks, disconnections, and malfunctioning scavenging systems.
Scavengers can fail from an obstruction. Valves help a malfunctioning scavenger by protecting from excessive pressures. Open scavenging systems are without valves. Closed systems use either positive or positive and negative pressure relief valves.
SCAVENGING SYSTEM COMPONENTS
Components of a scavenging system. (Reproduced with permission from Barash PG, Clinical Anesthesia, 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013.)
The Gas Collecting Assembly receives waste gases from either the adjustable pressure-limiting valve or ventilator relief valve.
Transfer Tubing carries the waste gases from the gas collecting assembly to the scavenging interface. The ASTM F1343-91 standard requires that the tubing be either 19 or 30 mm to distinguish it from the 22-mm breathing tubing. The tubing should be short and rigid to prevent kinking and occlusion, which can result in back pressure and ultimately barotrauma.
The Scavenging Interface protects the circuit and ventilator from positive and negative excessive pressures. Open systems are without valves, and stay open to atmospheric pressure. They require an active disposal system. Closed systems use either positive pressure valves or both positive and negative pressure valves.
Gas Disposal Tubing connects the scavenging interface to the gas disposal assembly. It should be robust as to prevent collapsing.
The Disposal Assembly is either active or passive, and eliminates the gases to the atmosphere. Active systems use a vacuum to eliminate waste, whereas passive stems rely on the heavier weight of anesthetic gases to force waste ...
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Phyletic diversification of the Cormohipparion occidentale complex (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Equidae), late Miocene, North America, and the origin of the Old World Hippotherium datum ; Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, no. 306
New York, NY : American Museum of Natural History
Study of the materials in the American Museum of Natural History that pertain to the taxon Cormohipparion occidentale Skinner and MacFadden (1977) reveals that at least six species are represented. This is based on data from the cranium, upper dentition, lower dentition, and mandible. The taxa embrace a period of time from about 12.5 Ma to 10 Ma. Major sites or faunas include the Dove Spring Formation (medial Clarendonian, California; Burge Local Fauna (early Clarendonian, Nebraska); Minnechaduza Fauna, Nebraska; MacAdams Quarry, Texas (early medial Clarendonian); Gidley Horse Quarry (late medial Clarendonian, Texas); XMas-Kat, Hans Johnson, and Machaerodus quarries (late medial Clarendonian, Nebraska); and Ash Hollow Formation (late medial Clarendonian, South Dakota). The name Cormohipparion occidentale is restricted to the larger of two species that occur contemporaneously in medial Clarendonian sites in Nebraska and, alone, at the Ed Ross Ranch Quarry, South Dakota. The second species in the XMas-Kat and related quarries is assigned to Cormohipparion matthewi, n.sp. A taxon from the Burge Local Fauna is assigned to Cormohipparion merriami, n.sp. Another taxon from the Burge Local Fauna is assigned to Cormohipparion johnsoni, n.sp. Materials from the Texas sites are allocated as Cormohipparion fricki, n.sp., and Cormohipparion skinneri, n.sp., from the MacAdams Quarry and Gidley Horse Quarry, respectively. Cormohipparion fricki, n.sp., also is represented in the Minnechaduza Fauna, Nebraska. Cormohipparion is restricted geographically to North America. Based on this review, Cormohipparion johnsoni, n.sp., is the most plesiomorphic species of the C. occidentale group of taxa. Cormohipparion quinni is a plausible ancestor (sister-taxon) for the C. occidentale group, but also persisted with it until about 12 Ma. During their radiation, elements of the C. occidentale group demonstrate an increase in upper cheek tooth crown height and complexity of the enamel pattern, as well as an increase in overall cranial size, with each species showing its own mosaic of parameters. The interval of 12.5-10 m.y. witnessed the initiation of a period of climatic cooling and an eventual expansion of vegetation communities toward more open associations, in part showing an increase in grassy areas. Apparently, the C. occidentale group developed and maintained a mixed-feeding adaptation to these conditions, even though it had evolved very hypsodont cheek teeth by about 10 Ma (C. occidentale, s.s.; C. skinneri, n.sp.). Cormohipparion johnsoni, n.sp., and C. merriami, n.sp., are followed by C. fricki, n.sp., at about 12-11.5 Ma, which demonstrates an increased crown height and complexity of the upper cheek teeth along with the persistence of a functional dP1 into the adult condition. At least in C. fricki, n.sp., and likely also C. merriami, n.sp., the pre- and postfossettes of P2 commonly were confluent. All of these features are to be found in early Pannonian C members of Hippotherium of the Old World, and it is likely that a taxon such as C. fricki, n.sp., was associated with the Old World dispersal event that resulted in the presence of H. primigenium. A specimen of Cormohipparion sp. from deposits about 12 Ma old in California shows the proper morphology (enhanced by a significant increase in fossette complexity) to be a possible member of the dispersal population prior to its exit to the Old World at about 11 Ma. Subsequent North American species of the Cormohipparion occidentale group lived from about 11 Ma to 10 Ma and convergently approach (but do not equal) the enamel pattern complexity found in Hippotherium primigenium but surpass it in upper cheek tooth crown height, in the almost complete loss of dP1, and in a diminished frequency of confluence of the pre- and postfossetttes in P2. Two of these species, C. occidentale, s.s., and C. skinneri, n.sp., apparently populated a more northern (Great Plains) versus a southern (Texan) district, with C. occidentale, s.s., being sympatric with the (?secondarily) smaller C. matthewi, n.sp. The sample of C. occidentale, s.s., from the XMas-Kat quarries of Nebraska differs somewhat in a few cranial and dental parameters from samples from the Machaerodus and Hans Johnson quarries. Whereas the material from the XMas-Kat and Machaerodus quarries seems contemporaneous on geological grounds, the age of the sample from the Hans Johnson Quarry is not as securely dated. It is possible that the cranial differences (mainly the size of the preorbital fossa) and dental parameters (the persistence of a small and apparently functionally insignificant dP1 in adult female, but not male, crania) are variations in a contemporaneous but somewhat polymorphic population. Alternatively, it is possible that the Hans Johnson sample, at least, may be chronologically somewhat older than that from the Xmas-Kat quarries and that the morphological differences represent in part a more plesiomorphic condition for its specimens.
138 p. : ill., map ; 26 cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 134-138).
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Pirates from north of the Black Sea frequently targeted Ottoman ships, even hitting the Ottoman heartland in Anatolia and occasionally menacing Constantinople. These raiders grew up out of the frontier society that defined the coastal borderlands of the empire—a mixture of former Polish-Lithuanian or Muscovite peasants, local Muslims, and nomadic herders, some of whom coalesced into distinct communities given the catchall label "Cossacks." Cossack groups emerged in the mid-sixteenth century as a key power at the intersection of Polish-Lithuanian and Ottoman authority, offering their services as freebooters—the word "Cossack" probably derives from kazak, a Turkic word for "free man"—to whichever sovereign could pay the highest fee. Although a substantial livelihood came from raiding and piracy, Cossacks were a true multipurpose frontier people, farming, herding, and fishing in the grassy lowlands and estuaries of the Dnieper and other rivers.
The French artillery engineer Guillaume de Beauplan, who witnessed Cossack raids in the seventeenth century, left a graphic description of the Cossacks and their waterborne lives, painting them not as the legendary cavalrymen they would eventually become, but rather as able and daring seamen, commanding small rivercraft that could be reoutfitted for voyages across the sea. As he wrote in his Description of Ukraine:
Their number now approaches some 120,000 men, all trained for war, and ready to answer in less than a week the slightest command to serve the [Polish] king. It is these people who often, [indeed] almost every year, go raiding on the Black Sea, to the great detriment of the Turks. Many times they have plundered Crimea, which belongs to Tatary, ravaged Anatolia, sacked Trebizond, and even ventured as far as the mouth of the Black Sea [Bosphorus], three leagues from Constantinople, where they have laid waste to everything with fire and sword, returning home with much booty and a number of slaves, usually young children, whom they keep for their own service or give as gifts to the lords of their homeland.As the Cossack raids illustrated, in the seventeenth century at least, the Ottomans exercised little direct control north of the Black Sea, except during seasons of war when troops might descend on local villages to burn crops or requisition livestock.
07 October 2012
Cossack Pirates on the Black Sea
From Odessa: Genius and Death in a City of Dreams, by Charles King (W. W. Norton, 2011), pp. 33-34: | <urn:uuid:a9e23e15-b77b-4b43-94eb-fbbcea0ff7c8> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://faroutliers.blogspot.com/2012/10/cossack-pirates-on-black-sea.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823220.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019031425-20171019051356-00040.warc.gz | en | 0.955484 | 550 | 3.359375 | 3 |
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