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Ofcom is gearing up to launch a series of 'white space' trials to see how unused radio spectrum can be used to provide wireless connectivity to devices in a range of scenarios.
Because the bands of low frequency spectrum that sit between digital terrestrial TV channels known as 'white spaces' can travel over long distances, they've been deemed useful for providing broadband in rural areas, powering embedded data sensors in soil and even helping cars judge speed on motorways.
Over 20 organisations are taking part in the trials, which are due to begin before the end of the year. BT will be working with Cambridge-based company Neul and the Department of Transport to test traffic management technology along the A14.
Microsoft will test how white spaces can provide people with access to free Wi-Fi in Glasgow, which has the lowest level of broadband take-up in the UK.
Mark Caines, Director of Spectrum Policy at Ofcom, told TRPro that the pilot will move beyond white space trials previously held in Cambridge and on Scotland's Isle of Bute, which used fixed white space frequencies to provide broadband in hard to reach areas.
He said: "Those trials were very useful in telling us something about what you can do with particular radio frequencies, but they didn't test the geolocation database approach, which is where we now move to the next stage. Rather than giving somebody a lisence so you can transmit and receive in a particular bit of spectrum, we're moving to a world in which the database tells you whether you can transmit or not."
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Kansas Aviation MuseumEdit profile
NOTE: As of late October 2008 the B-29 "DOC" is not on view at the Museum. It has been moved at least for the winter months to Building 10 (odd shaped building just east of the Museum) at McConnell Air Force Base on the Kansas Air National Guard side for storage. The general public cannot enter that building with the exception of the McConnell open house and air show.
History and Architecture
Source: * Kansas Aviation Museum
The Kansas Aviation Museum is in the Terminal and Administration building of the former Municipal Airport in Wichita. The building and landing area are constructed on ground that had never been plowed and was known as the California section. The Park Board purchased 640 acres (2.6 km 2) in 1928 and, with Glen Thomas as architect, started the building on July 1, 1930, but construction soon halted due to the Great Depression and lack of funds. The building sat uncompleted until 1935 with a dedication on Sunday March 31, 1935. Wichita was the last stop before crossing the Rocky Mountains to Denver or Los Angeles in those days. The airport was greatly needed for fuel and more importantly weather updates. As told in story after story, many people who landed,ate at the restaurant and milled about were legends of industry and film. Fred Astaire, Bob Hope, Howard Hughes and countless other famous people all walked the terrazzo floors in what is now the Kansas Aviation Museum. It was tagged the "Country Club without dues". During the oppressive heat of the 30's people would come out to the airport at night,spread out a blanket,enjoy the cool breezes and watch the incoming and outgoing aircraft. The building and its grounds set about 75 feet (23 m) higher than downtown and always have a breeze blowing. The runways were paved in the late 30's as a WPA project as was finishing the building in 1935. During World War II the airport became the fifth busiest in the United States being a convenient stop off in the middle of the US and with the endless flight testing of tens of thousands of aircraft being built in Wichita for the War effort. The additions on the east and west end of the building were added in 1942 and 1943. The upper part of the control tower was added in 1940. It was the first control tower to have slanted windows. After WWII and into the 50's a new division of the military called the US Air Force decided they needed an air base in centrally located Kansas which would later become a Strategic Air Command base. They didn't want to spend years designing and building an airport, they wanted one now. The Air Force and the City of Wichita came to an agreement on price (it wasn't all wine and roses) and the building was sold to the Federal Government in 1951. The city bought land,designed and began construction of the new Wichita Municipal airport on the west side of Wichita. Both civil and military flights shared the airport until October 1954 when the last commercial flight took off. The Air Force continued to use the building (called Building One) until about 1984 when they shut the doors and abandoned it marking it off as surplus. It sat empty and partially gutted for at least six years until the Kansas Aviation Museum was formed in 1990 and began work. An application for the building to be placed on the Historic Register was filed on March 6, 1990 and was later approved. The outside of the building has been restored but still needs some work. The south part of the building now looks very close to how it looked in 1935. Much remains to be done to the inside and millions more will have to be spent to bring it back to its 1930's heyday look. The building is without a doubt one of the most beautiful buildings in Wichita and possibly in Kansas. The architecture of the building is Art deco with its strong and obvious geometric shapes and sharp angles. At the front above the triple doors to the lobby is the famous Bas-relief of the Spirit of St.Louis crossing the Atlantic with Ireland in sight. A bas-relief sculpture is raised or sunken and not a flat piece of art work which makes it stand out that much more. the building was also constructed in the Art Deco theme.
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On Feb. 18 at 8:00 p.m. ET, join our webinar on Flint, Environmental Racism, and the Black Church’s Environmental Heritage with Dr. Melanie Harris. Register now.
Over the past two months, the world has watched in disbelief as the residents of Flint, Michigan – most of them African American and poor – have learned that the water they’ve been drinking is contaminated with lead. Over 8,000 children under age six in Flint may have already suffered irreversible brain damage from this exposure.
Flint is environmental racism in plain sight. During Black History Month, we want to share the story of Flint, show how it fits a larger pattern, and share resources from within the Black Church tradition.
GreenFaith’s Black Church and Environmental Justice Scholar in Residence, Dr. Melanie L. Harris, is Associate Professor of Religion and Environmental Ethics at Texas Christian University, where she teaches Environmental Ethics, Interfaith Dialogue, Womanist Theology, African American Religion, and Media and Religion. She is an African Methodist Episcopal pastor, an accomplished singer and performing artist, and a former broadcast journalist for NBC, CBS, and ABC affiliates.
Click here to register today for this webinar – and please share this invitation with friends and colleagues. Register even if you can’t attend, and we’ll send you the recording link.
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Alabama’s Bifurcated Budget Process
Alabama utilizes what is known as a bifurcated budget process, meaning that the state has two separate operating budgets: one for education, the Education Trust Fund, and one for all other state government activities, the State General Fund. Alabama is one of just three states that funds most government activities without a unified budget.
Alabama Earmarks More Revenue Than Any Other State
Another unusual aspect of Alabama’s budget process is that over 90% of state revenues are earmarked, meaning that the use of those funds are mandated through the Alabama Constitution or by state law. According to the National Conference of State Legislatures, on average, nationwide states earmark less than 25% of government revenues.
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How does Bitcoin work?
The bitcoin network is a global network of thousands of computers linked together by a general log of transactions called the “block chain” and governed by a uniform bitcoin protocol. When you start using bitcoin, you get full access to the block chain. This means that you can see all transactions that have ever taken place or ever will take place.
Many of you have asked us to what a bitcoin faucet, for a while, being so fashionable bitcoin they are surfacing long known as faucets. Faucet is an English word meaning "tap". It will give bitcoin for free.
Why give away the bitcoin faucet?
The faucet are pages that give bitcoin as a way to promote the use of this currency. The more people have bitcoins, more popular and more force will take as payment.
How is it possible ?, give away money?
Yes. They give away money, give away bitcoins. But it is only for new people have their first bitcoins and are encouraged to use this new currency called Bitcoin as payment. Actually they give away some money, and also the faucets have advertising pages, which with advertising revenues keep alive the faucet.
How much the bitcoin cost?
At first bitcoin was worth very little, a pizza worth 10,000 bitcoin ... .but was going up in value, even to the bitcoin worth 1000 euros. Currently worth about 300 euros bitcoin.
The faucet say they give Satoshis. No was giving bitcoin?
Yes. But as the bitcoin is as good, dividers used bitcoin.
1 miliBitcoin = 0.001 Bitcoins.
1 microBitcoin = 0.000001 Bitcoins.
1 Satoshi = 0.00000001 Bitcoins.
How I can earn satoshis from a faucet?
It is very easy to get satoshis a faucet. For example: http://lotofsatoshi.com
When you enter you will see a section to put your bitcoin address and an capcha. The capcha is to prevent satoshis will carry you a bot. The aim of the faucet is to donate satoshis people, not bots.
After wearing your bitcoin address and correctly filled the capcha, give the submit button and you, so easy is to earn bitcoins a faucet.
There are several types of faucet. As the bitcoin network is not readily accepts very small transfers, which do it is keep you satoshis saved in a temporary virtual wallet, and you transfer them automatically when you have accumulated that indicates purse.
When new bitcoins are created (now in a speed of 25 BTC about every 10 minutes) they get to miners as payment for the work they do managing the trustworthiness of the bitcoin commerces. After that, they can be purchased directly or "earned" through bitcoin faucets. Bring in take or to buy bitcoins, you will require a bitcoin wallet, that could be web- based or located on the hard disk of your pc.
You could get your bitcoin wallet to get a bitcoin address, that may be in the event that you'd like to receive bitcoins where the bitcoins will probably be sent.
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Samobójstwa dzieci i młodzieży przed wybuchem II wojny światowej i obecnie — co się zmieniło, co pozostało bez zmian
Strony od 117 do 140
The purpose of the article is an attempt to show the issue of suicides of children and young people in a historical perspective, by comparing the state of knowledge and methods of discussing the phenomenon from the pre-war period (until 1939) with the modern period. The first part of the work will be devoted to discussing the first papers on suicide issues that began to appear in Poland from the late nineteenth century to 1939. The second part of the article focuses on presenting the current state of knowledge on the frequency, risk factors and causes of suicide in children and young people. The last part of the work will be devoted to comparing the specifics and conditioning suicidal behavior in the discussed periods.
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For being a small joint, having pain or issues in our thumbs can cause us big problems!
Our thumbs help us grip, and grab in fine ad gross motor tasks. From carry a baby seat to holding your hand open in a baseball mitt, to knitting and chopping dinner, you don’t realize how important you thumbs are until you have thumb pain that prevents you from doing these things comfortably.
Even though it’s a small area, your Physiotherapist and Massage Therapist take your complaints seriously. Like all injuries and pains in the body your physiotherapist will take a thorough history of our health, habits, the onset of the issue and how it is presenting. They will take you through movements and special tests to rule in and rule out various issues and types of tissues.
Like many issues in the body thumb issues and pains can from the joints (where the bones meet), the tendons, the muscles, and the ligaments. In some cases it can be more than one thing contributing to the pain.
Chronic Thumb Pain / Issues
With chronic or ongoing thumb pain Physiotherapists often look to the joints or the tendons as a primary culprit.
Osteoarthritis (OA) – the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb can cause ongoing thumb issues. As Physiotherapists we look to patterns of pain. The thumb joint may have a squaring type of change and the joint line may be tender to the touch. Your physiotherapist will work with you on your goals to help you protect the joint, manage your pain and get you closer to activity. Having osteoarthritis does not mean you cannot improve your pain.
Tendinosis – The tendons of the thumb connect the muscles to the bone. They act as a pulley system. These tendons over time and with repetitive loads can wear and thicken. Although less common than other areas of the body this can be an issue in the thumb. Your physio or massage therapist may suggest working on these tendons and the surrounding muscles. They may provide you with exercises to strengthen the area as well. Sometimes modifying what you do can also be part of the trick.
Trigger Thumb – Having the thumb catch and get stuck during movement can be painful, or not. When you move your thumb into a fist and then try and open it it may catch or click. For some people, they have to use their other hand to open the thumb back up. This can also happen in the fingers and is aptly named “trigger finger”. This is also known as “stenosing tenosynovitis”. The tendons move through the tendons sheaths and a series of pulleys. In trigger thumb or finger, an enlarged flexor tendon gets trapped or caught up in the pulley system. The area of entrapment may be closer to the palm than the area that gets “stuck”. This area of entrapment can be painful, but is not always. Your physiotherapist or massage therapist will give you treatment depending on how this presents and how it is affecting your daily life.
Like most things, these painful thumb issues are best treated early. If you have been having thumb pain that is new, not going away, is impacting your activities of enjoyment, or is worsening, it is helpful to have a thorough physiotherapy assessment. If the issue has been there for longer or there has been an increase in pain, physiotherapists are also a part of your team.
Our next blog post will talk about more acute, or sudden injuries of the thumb.
Contact us at our Oakville Physio, Massage, Yoga, and foot clinic to book with one of our trained practitioners.
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Over the last decade in Bangladesh, we have spent almost a billion US dollars on several hundred projects and activities to tackle climate change.
Despite some misgivings, there is a recognition in India, as elsewhere in the developing world, that compromise was inevitable to get the Paris deal.
The mountain kingdom of Bhutan may not seem an obvious place to look for lessons on addressing climate change. But on a recent visit there...
However, what is still to be agreed upon is how the $50 billion for adaptation is to be delivered with the GCF being unable to deliver any money yet, and in an even more troubling move, are offering loans instead of grants to vulnerable developing countries for adaptation projects.
A few years ago, Melinda and I visited with a group of rice farmers in Bihar, India, one of the most flood-prone regions of the country.
Financing of the efforts to mitigate the climate-change effects and provide resources to the affected countries is an important element of the next international agreement. Progress on commitment of resources to fund climate projects has been, as expected, sluggish.
The Government of France is going to host the 21st Conference of Parties (COP21) of the United Nations Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Paris from November 30 to December 11, where it is expected that a new climate change agreement will be signed.
The inability to access water due to deniability by another nation could potentially lead to conflict. Regional cooperation can lead to better planning and coming to terms on a pricing mechanism on water must become a priority issue for policymakers of countries in our region.
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Macrobiotic Diet Pancreatic Cancer – , MD Anesthesiology | Medical review by dr. Sunil Shroff / thilaka ravi, MBBS, MS, FRCS (UK), D. Urol (London) November 3, 2020.
Macrobiotics is an oriental theory that sets out guidelines for promoting wellness and longevity through a systematic diet consisting mainly of whole grains and beans. Macrobiotics is made up of two Greek words, Macro meaning bigger picture and Bios meaning life. It is essentially a way of life, not a specific diet in Japan.
Macrobiotic Diet Pancreatic Cancer
The macrobiotic diet probably comes from the teachings of the nineteenth-century Japanese naturopath Sagen Ishizuki. He was introduced to the West by George Osawa, a teacher in Japan who studied the eating habits of his ancestors, followed Sagen Ishizuk’s nutritional principles, and claimed to have been cured of a life-threatening disease, tuberculosis.
Counseling Patients On Cancer Diets: A Review Of The Literature And Recommendations For Clinical Practice
Chinese philosophy describes Yin and Yang as two opposing but complementary cosmic forces that operate in all walks of life. Macrobiotics extends the principles of Yin and Yang to food and cooking. The basic principles of the macrobiotic diet are Yin and Yang, or the forces of expansion and contraction that are inherent in every food we eat. Osawa said that if we balance the contracting and expanding forces, we will stay away from disease and lead a healthy and happy life. Ohsawa’s original macrobiotic diet is considered too restrictive by many nutritionists, and the Kushi diet, popularized in North America by Michio Kushi in 1978, is seen as a popular alternative to Ohsawa’s macrobiotic diet.
The nutritional aspect of the macrobiotic diet is based on the principle that the body can exist in harmony with nature and restore its natural health. It should be noted here that the diet should be based on products from one’s own climate, as this helps to achieve this “natural balance”. The diet should consist of the following ingredients:
Cereals: 50-60% of this diet should consist of whole grains. Brown rice, millet, barley, oats, rye, corn, wheat and buckwheat are recommended. Bread must be made without yeast, and pasta is allowed in small quantities.
Vegetables: 20-30% – Recommended vegetables are kale, kale, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, squash, watercress, Chinese cabbage, dandelion, mustard, onion, shallots, turnips, carrots, and winter squash. Sometimes cucumbers, lettuce, celery, chives and dill are also allowed. Potatoes, tomatoes, and eggplants are not allowed because they come from tropical regions and are believed to contribute to the loss of natural immunity when consumed in temperate climates.
How A Vegan, Macrobiotic Lifestyle Changed My Life
Fish, fruit, nuts and seeds may be eaten occasionally. You should eat fruit that is grown locally and native to the area.
In addition to the recommended grains and vegetables, another 5-10% of your intake should come from soups made from specific vegetables and grains. The last 5-10% of your intake comes from cooked beans and sea vegetables such as nori and wakame. While these vegetables are not native to many people, they are recommended for their high vitamin and mineral content.
The drinks included in the macrobiotic plan are spring water or a well, and any traditional tea without aromas and stimulants. Eliminate drinks such as sodas, all artificial, colored and flavored drinks, tea, coffee and strong alcohol.
All animal fats, meat (except occasional fish), poultry, dairy products, refined sugars, simple sugar, honey, molasses, vanilla and chocolate are prohibited from the diet.
Nutrition In Cancer Care (pdq®)–patient Version
As the goal is to live in harmony with nature, cooking with electricity or microwaves is not recommended. These types of cooking result in food retaining less energy and nutrients. The recommended cooking fuels are wood and natural gas.
Studies have been conducted on men with AIDS. One way to detect AIDS is to reduce the number of lymphocytes (white blood cells that fight infection). The study found that when affected individuals began a macrobiotic diet shortly after diagnosis, they maintained a higher lymphocyte count. There are even documented reports of the complete disappearance of terminal cancer in dieters.
Obesity, tinnitus, hyperacidity, ulcers, skin diseases, indigestion, and hair loss are believed to be some of the few other ailments that can be alleviated by following a macrobiotic diet. Every disease is some form of imbalance in our body. For some it may take longer to heal, but in principle, if we follow a diet and know about the dynamics of eating, we can cure our body of many diseases. If the disease is caused by an excessive yin diet, the inclusion of yang foods will balance and heal the person. Likewise, diseases resulting from excessive yang food can be controlled by balancing the appropriate yin food.
MSc in Dietetics, MSc in Health Sciences, International Health Trainer, International Diabetes Educator, Certificate of Vedic Nutrition, Bachelor of Dental Surgery
Michio Kushi Championed Natural Foods
Comments must be to the point and not be offensive. The editorial office reserves the right to review and moderate comments posted on the website. This article discusses some of the popular diets that cancer patients follow, and the positives and negatives of these diets.
As many as 48% of cancer patients follow popular diets, including alkaline, paleolithic, ketogenic, vegan and macrobiotic diets, in the hope that they will improve survival and prevent relapse. These diets have positive aspects in line with the dietary guidelines proposed by the American Cancer Society (ACS) and the American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR). All diets emphasize the consumption of vegetables, all except the ketogenic diet encourage fruit consumption, and all except vegan diets restrict refined grains and alcohol. Both macrobiotic and alkaline diets meet most ACS and AICR guidelines. Negative aspects of these diets include the pseudoscientific rationale for their anti-cancer properties, limited evidence that they improve cancer outcomes, potential nutrient deficiencies, and the elimination of food groups that have been shown to be beneficial for cancer prevention and overall health. In addition, nutrient deficiencies and non-compliance with clinical guidelines for cancer can often be addressed through nutritional counseling. Clinicians should consider strategies to promote evidence-based dietary changes that promote the positive qualities of popular anti-cancer diets while minimizing the negative aspects.
There is considerable interest in lifestyle changes, including dietary changes, among cancer patients and survivors . Both the American Cancer Society (ACS) and the American Institute for Cancer Research / World Cancer Research Fund (AICR / WCRF) have clinical nutritional guidelines specific to cancer patients. These guidelines are evidence-based reviews of dietary intake to reduce cancer risk and mortality. Numerous large prospective epidemiological studies have shown that a high level of adherence to the ACS and AICR dietary guidelines significantly reduces cancer incidence, from 17% to over 50%, depending on the location of the tumor, and reduces cancer-related mortality by 20% to 30%. [4-8]
However, cancer patients and survivors rarely follow dietary guidelines to communicate their food choices. Instead, studies of cancer patients and survivors show that “special diets”, such as vegan and macrobiotic diets, are among the most used integration therapies, with as many as 48% of cancer patients or those at increased risk of developing cancer. diet. 9-14] Contrary to the ACS and AICR dietary guidelines, there is limited research into the effects of these popular diets on cancer-specific outcomes such as morbidity, mortality, and quality of life. This leaves little information for clinicians on how to advise their cancer patients on the use of these diets.
The Ucsf Guide To Healthy And Happy Eating
The purpose of this review is to help healthcare providers learn about the content, rationale, and science of diets popular with cancer patients. In particular, we’ll look at five of these popular diets: Alkaline, Paleolithic, Ketogenic, Vegan, and Macrobiotic using three different frameworks. The first schema is a series of three questions proposed by dietitian Marion Nestle about how to evaluate each diet. The three questions are: 1) “What is this?” 2) “Is it justified?” and 3) “Does it promote health?” these popular diets for cancer patients, and the third framework is to define the extent to which these special diets comply with the ACS and AICR clinical dietary guidelines.
Proponents of the alkaline diet believe that most cancers are caused by the acidic environment in the body, and that the main cause of this purported acidosis is acid-forming foods (see table). The Western diet is characterized by a high consumption of animal products and refined carbohydrates, with a limited consumption of fruit and vegetables, therefore it is considered to be strongly acidifying. In contrast, an alkaline diet, which aims to provide more alkaline ions after digestion, is rich in fruits and vegetables with limited protein content; reduces acid load; and helps to reduce the acid burden on detoxification systems [17,18] Proponents assume that it will raise systemic pH and that its effects can be assessed by monitoring urine pH. Indeed, a clinical study in healthy adults comparing an alkaline diet with an acidic diet showed that when urine pH increased by 1.02 units, systemic pH increased significantly by 0.014 units, indicating that urine pH may be an important indicator of systemic pH.
Only two studies investigated the role of acid load in the diet
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Planet Earth depends for its health and survival, and as a place which supports human life, on the complex
interaction between the physical materials it's made of, natural phenomena such as volcanoes, earthquakes and
lightening, the sun, the atmosphere, weather/climate, and living things. Biodiversity is about the
'living things' element of that list. Scientists define precise boundaries for their studies, but for the
purposes of practical living it can be understood as being about the whole range of living things from
single-celled life to oak trees and whales, people not excluded.
People mourn the extinction of iconic animals and birds like tigers, penguins, whales or, in the British
context, the red squirrel, because they are part of our visual world and we miss them. But our survival
depends most comprehensively on the bacteria and fungi we can't see, on what most people think of as
creepy-crawlies - worms, flies, bees, wasps and much else - and on plants of every shape and size.
On the day that living things learned to combine water with carbon from the atmosphere with the help of
sunlight to form sugars - the process called photosynthesis - the planet began its journey to the world we
see around us today.
Biodiversity is key to our existence
Plants make the food and oxygen which supports us. You could say therefore they are the most important life
on the planet. But it's not as simple as that because plants depend on soil fungi to help them extract
nutrients from the soil, on worms to improve and oxygenate the structure of the soil, on bacteria that live
in the roots of some sorts of plants and make chemicals which can be thought of as fertilizers, on insects or
birds, and sometimes even slugs, to pollinate their flowers, and on animals, birds and insects to spread their
seeds. The list goes on, diversity sustains the planet.
Why it matters if a species becomes extinct
It follows from the interdependence of relationships between many groups of living things that it can matter to
the health of the planet whenever a species becomes rare or extinct, though some species are more important
than others. From this perspective people are among the least important, but if flying insects died out
the outcome would be catastrophic because they pollinate the flowers of the plants that feed us. And that sort
of situation is why it is so worrying that some estimates put the current extinction rate at about 1,000 times
greater than the previous highest rate in the history of the planet - an estimated 30,000 extinctions per year.
Icing on the cake
Apart from the essential services provided by the existence of diverse populations there is also a bonus
system. Many species, from the most simple soil-bound life forms upwards, produce chemicals with properties
useful to humankind. The spectrum of unresearched possibilities is wide, but among the most important species
are likely to be rainforest and topsoil life which are both hugely diverse, very far from fully documented, and
under threat from rampant deforestation worldwide. Who knows what cures for human afflictions may be lost in
Policy and Action
Loss of biodiversity is a worldwide issue tied up with population growth, pressure on water supplies, climate
change, ocean acidification as a result of carbon emissions, deforestation, farming methods, industrialization,
urbanisation, desertification, pollution, and over-fishing/hunting. The Green Party has
policies to deal with
the national and worldwide issues,
but this is an area of policy where people locally can do their
Enfield Green Party's policies
- There is a scandalous lack of knowledge about our dependency on the complex relationships which support
our species. The Green Party takes the view that schools, some council officers, many parks/allotments staff
and council-supported local groups could help with redressing this problem, whilst encouraging residents to
foster local biodiversity.
- Hundreds, perhaps thousands, of Enfield's front gardens have been unnecessarily hard-paved as car
parks in recent years, destroying much habitat. We recognise that the Council had no power to prevent it, but
by the proactive development of street-parking schemes and advice about the detrimental consequences much could
have been done to persuade people to retain their gardens. Green Party councillors would be active in finding
ways to prevent further loss and in restoring damage.
- Topsoil, the upper 250mm of the planet's surface, is the most necessary resource on earth after oxygen
and water, but is badly neglected and abused. The Green Party will play its part promoting understanding of
its importance, whilst Green Party councillors would work to ensure that residents and the building trades
conserve and protect it locally.
- In biodiversity terms grass is as near a green desert as it is possible to get so we would seek
alternatives wherever the space is not needed for other activities such as sport, physical activity, and picnic
areas. Target areas will include parks, but also spaces, however small, elsewhere. Possible habitats include
wildflower meadows, shrubs native to the area, flowering ground cover, orchards and ponds where there are none.
- Consistent with out belief that streets and local focal points such as shopping areas should be as
people-friendly (by calming traffic for example) and as visually attractive as possible to foster strong
communities, the Green Party will seek the development of a Streets Planting strategy to incorporate plants -
native plants wherever possible - as well as the existing Street Tree Strategy. As part of this approach we
would encourage street communities to be locally responsible for making the best of their front gardens jointly,
and, where appropriate, pavement planting
- Thriving, diverse plant and wildlife communities survive best if they are connected with each other - a
good example is railway embankments which keep urban wildlife in contact with the countryside and gardens.
These connections are called wildlife corridors. Whilst recognising the restrictions of the planning
regulations The Green Party would do everything in its power to foster formal and informal wildlife
- As a political party or as councillors the Green Party will campaign locally to reduce the use of peat
in gardens, whether directly in the soil or in purchased potting composts (Peat is cut from important and
fragile habitats, and is a significant carbon store - extraction adds significantly to global warming.)
- Biodiversity is an environmental issue which many of us could support in our gardens and by personal
choices. Green councillors would seek to work with garden centres and Capel Manor, and by taking other
opportunities which arise, to raise awareness and participation in biodiversity-friendly ways of doing things.
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The term "diastrophic" is Greek and means "crooked". Although diastrophic dysplasia occurs in most countries, the highest prevalence is found in Finland (1 in 33,000) where the carrier rate in the population is 1 – 2% (3). The incidence in non-Finnish populations is considerably lower, being 1 in 500,000 live births (6).
Diastrophic dysplasia is caused by a mutation in the gene coding for a sulfate transporter protein that is essential for normal cartilage function. This protein is called DTDST and was first identified by Hastbacka and colleagues in 1994 (1). The gene is located on chromosome 5 (5q31-q34). Mutations in the same gene are responsible for lethal chondrodysplasias.
Proteoglycans are complex molecules that absorb water and facilitate load bearing in articular cartilage. Reduction in sulfate transporter concentrations in chondrocytes causes undersulfation of the proteoglycan matrix and predisposes individuals to early degenerative joint disease. Diastrophic dysplasia affects chondrocyte function in the growth plate, epiphyseal region and other areas such as the trachea.
The physical characteristics of diastrophic dysplasia include a short limbed form of disproportionate short stature. Both joint dislocations and joint contractures can be present. Intelligence is typically average.
Face and Skull
- narrow nasal bridge and broad midportion of the nose
- long and broad philtrum
- high, broad forehead
- square jaw
- cleft palate in approximately 50% of children
- capillary hemangiomas called an "Angel's kiss" can be present in the midforehead region. They will disappear or fade with time.
- in the majority of patients in first 2 weeks of life, cystic swellings of the ear appear but resolve spontaneously, resulting in the characteristic “cauliflower ear” deformity.
Arms and Legs:
- shortening of limbs
- "Hitchhiker’s thumb." Due to poor development of the bone supporting the thumb, the main thumb joint deviates outwards
- limited movement of the fingers due to symphalangism
- dislocations of the elbow and shoulder
- dislocated kneecap
- abnormal gait
- weight bearing on balls of feet and toes with compensatory knee and hip flexion
What Are the X-Ray Characteristics?
The radiographic features of Diastrophic Dysplasia include short and broad long bones of the limbs. The metaphyses are flared and crescent-shaped, and flattened epiphyses are typical. The epiphyses of the proximal tibias are triangular and larger than those of the distal femoral epiphyses. The metacarpals, metatarsals, and phalanges are deformed and shortened. Cervical kyphosis and thoracolumbar kyphoscoliosis are characteristic at different ages. There is a moderate narrowing of the interpediculate distances within the lower lumbar segments of spine. The hips are either partially or completely dislocated.
The condition is typically recognized at birth based on physical and radiographic evaluation. Milder variants or atypical cases may not be diagnosed until a later age. If suspicions arise during a prenatal ultrasound, molecular testing can be done from an amniocentesis sample.
In parents who already have children with diastrophic dysplasia, an ultrasound scan or molecular genetic testing (using DNA from amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling) in the first trimester of pregnancy offers the possibility of prenatal diagnosis of this condition.
Cervical kyphosis is present in 30 – 50% of individuals. It is due to hypoplasia of the vertebral bodies and progressive degenerative changes in the intervertebral joints. Kyphosis can be sufficiently severe and will cause a predisposition to spinal cord compression and quadriplegia (weakness of all 4 extremities and incontinence). Short, sharply angulated curves are associated with severe kyphosis and increase the incidence of neurological abnormalities. Surgery may be necessary to alleviate the spinal cord compression in the neck. A halo and vest device is usually employed after surgery to support the neck until stable fusion is achieved. Occasionally, the kyphosis will resolve spontaneously.
Scoliosis, although not apparent at birth, will become severe as weight bearing increases. The curves usually develop around 5 years of age but can develop even before walking age. The spine curvature causes trunk deformity and barrel chest. Three distinct patterns of scoliosis occur: early progressive, idiopathic-type and mild non-progressive. Kyphoscoliosis occurs frequently (up to 90% of patients) in the lumbar region of the spine. Lumbar lordosis is increased due to exaggerated thoracic kyphosis and concomitant hip flexion contractures (hip joint is fixed with the thigh bent forwards).
Severe clubfoot is almost always present and typically requires surgical release. Surgery is usually undertaken around 1-year of age, to enable the child to start walking. In spite of early intervention, recurrence of the foot deformity is common and an osteotomy may become necessary. Special shoes are oftentimes required.
Progressive subluxation of the hips occurs because the soft articular cartilage is unable to perform its normal function of load bearing. Superimposed joint contractures around the hips and knees lead to restricted movement and deformity. If the deformity interferes with walking, an osteotomy is performed around the hips or knees. Due to the intrinsic cartilage abnormality, degenerative joint disease (arthritis) is common. Flexion deformities are pronounced. Knees are dislocated. Hip or knee replacement surgery is usually necessary in early to mid-adult life and typically has successful results.
Respiratory obstruction, including laryngeal stenosis, may occur in newborns. The mortality rate due to respiratory distress can approach 25% in early infancy.
Hypoplastic cartilage in the trachea and larynx causes voice abnormalities and breathing difficulty.
Small Auditory Canals
Small auditory canals are characteristic, but this does not usually impair hearing. However, deformity of the middle ear ossicles can result in
In infancy, it is important to be regularly monitored by a pediatric orthopedic surgeon so that future problems of the feet and spine can be managed and possibly evaded. Surgery is usually performed before walking age to correct foot deformities.
Later in life, patients must look out for worsening foot deformities, progressive curvature of the spine, and hip pain in early adult life (due to arthritis). Common surgical procedures intended to correct these problems include an osteotomy of the foot or lower leg (to achieve a plantigrade foot) or hip replacement surgery (for progressive degenerative arthritis).
Occasionally, spinal cord compression in the neck can lead to quadriparesis, resulting in a loss of limb function. Symptoms to watch for include a loss of walking or reduced endurance, altered sensations in the arms and legs, or incontinence. Oftentimes patients undergo spinal fusion surgery in the neck or lower back, along with decompression of the spinal cord.
Generally all skeletal dysplasias warrant multidisciplinary attention. Regular assessment by an orthopedist, geneticist, pediatrician, dentist, neurologist, and physical therapist will provide the most comprehensive treatment.
- Hastbacka, J.; Sistonen, P.; Kaitila, I.; Weiffenbach, B.; Kidd, K. K.; de la Chapelle, A. : A linkage map spanning the locus for diastrophic dysplasia (DTD). Genomics 11: 968-973, 1991.
- Jones, Kenneth L. Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformation. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders. 2006.
- Poussa, Mikko. Merikanto, Juhani. Ryoppy, Soini. Marttinen, Eino. Kaitila, Ilkka. The Spine in Diastrophic Dysplasia. Spine; 16(8):881-887. 1991.
- Scott, Charles I. Dwarfism. Clinical Symposium, 1988; 40(1):9-10.
- Spranger, Jurgen W. Brill, Paula W. Poznanski, Andrew. Bone Dysplasias: An Atlas of Genetic Disorder of Skeletal Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2002.
- Diastrophic Dysplasia Booklet http://pixelscapes.com/ddhelp/DD-booklet/
From Nemours' KidsHealth
Trusted External Resources
Dwarfism: Emily's Story (Video)
Emily was adopted from Russia, where she was born with a condition called diastrophic dysplasia. In this video, she talks about the challenges she's faced, both practical (like driving a car) and profound (losing her adoptive mom at age 15).
With multiple surgeries now behind her, Emily plans to go to college and live by the philosophy tattooed on her arm: Fear Is the Limit/Limits Will Not Stop You.
Date reviewed: November 29, 2016
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The Gulf of Alaska
The three-miles of isolated south-facing beach convey the essence of enchantment amongst the North Pacific. Johnstone Bay Anchorage is affected by Ocean Swell and can produce sizable waves making this remote location more accessible by aircraft. The flat terrain at Johnstone is a mound of earth pushed up by the Excelsior Glacier called a terminal moraine. This phenomenon has caused the bay to be instantly deep. Consequently, it is not uncommon for us to see humpback whales playing and feeding close to shore.
Walk along the three mile, south facing private beach to take in the sights and sounds of the Gulf of Alaska.
Beautiful rock formations that have been hollowed out into caves by the relentless ocean waves can be found on the west side of the beach near the chalets. The cave/tunnel can be explored at low tide. Bring a flashlight and have a look inside to observe the Goose Barnacle.
When spending time on the beach, you’re almost sure to see harbor seal, stellar sea lion, and/or humpback whale playing in the water. On land, you may see a majestic mountain goat, a shy bear, or an endangered wolverine. Many different birds are also likely to be seen here, such as eagles, humming birds, and various sea birds. Throughout our years we have had some absolutely brilliant encounters with the real local residents and migratory species.
Photography options on the beach are endless whether you’re shooting landscapes, wildlife, family, adventure or action sports.
Sunset and Moonlight Beach Fires
Enjoy this unique time with your company over the twilight and moon cycle. 5000 miles south lies French Polynesia but this remote terminal moraine beach offers a visual imagery endlessly unobstructed. Likely to inspire one to feel the connection to an open pathway of life and bigger reality of the wild planet were a part of.
Johnstone Bay is generally a deep bay defined by a shore break wave. Due to the Big Johnstone Lake there is a river that damns in the winter and breaks loose in the Spring. The River creates a sandbar which forms south and west. This phenomenon creates generally a left-handed wave and also some rights. The river mouth is tidally affected but not extremely. It is more controlled by the actual flow from the river and lake system which feeds it. Surf season is from Mid-April to the end of November. With big swells, the wave can barrel. Due to river current and the remote nature of the wave we recommend expert only suffers to surf Johnstone Bay alone. There are certain times the waves are good for all skill levels,
guided surfing and surf instruction can be arranged if interested.
Wet Suits and boards can be provided.
We can also access other waves around the area while basing out of the lodge via Helicopter. The future of remote surfing and surfing BASE in Alaska! Check out our Production page for JBAy surf media from industry folk.
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Financing NTDs is crucial to elimination, eradication efforts
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) are still major public health concerns globally, particularly in Africa where millions of people are still under the bondage of the disease.
The term NTDs is used to describe a group of 20 communicable diseases that prevail in tropical and subtropical countries and affect more than one billion people globally, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO).
The 20 NTDs are buruli ulcer; chagas disease; dengue and chikungunya; dracunculiasis; echinococcosis; foodborne trematodiases; human African trypanosomiasis; leishmaniasis; leprosy; lymphatic filariasis; mycetoma, chromoblastomycosis and other deep mycoses.
The rest are: onchocerciasis; rabies; scabies and other ectoparasitoses; schistosomiasis; soil-transmitted helminthiases; snakebite envenoming; taeniasis/cysticercosis; trachoma; and yaws.
NTDs mainly affect populations living in poverty and in close contact with infectious vectors— viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi and toxins.
NTDs also fester in places where people do not have access to clean water or safe ways to dispose off human waste. What it means is that the diseases thrive in places where water quality, sanitation, and access to health care are substandard.
The disease cause devastating health, social and economic consequences on those affected by it even though it rarely leads to death.
Sadly, in spite of the devastating havoc NTDs cause, the diseases have historically received and continue to receive less attention as compared to other diseases, hence the term “neglected.”
But experts believe that controlling the vectors that transmit the diseases and improving basic water, sanitation, and hygiene could help to overcome many of the NTDs globally.
This is why the WHO as part of its global efforts to prevent, control, eliminate and eradicate a diverse set of 20 diseases and disease groups, has set built its strategies on three pillars— accelerate programmtic action; intensify cross-cutting approaches, and change operating models and culture to facilitate country ownership.
Some health experts have expressed the hope that through mass administration of safe and effective medicines or other effective interventions, some NTDs, including lymphatic filariasis, dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm Disease), onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, soil-transmitted helminths (STH), and trachoma, can be controlled or even eliminated.
Ghana like many countries in the tropics is not immune to NTDs. Of the 20 NTDs identified by the WHO, 14 are found in Ghana, with prominent among them being trachoma; buruli ulcer; yaws; leprosy; human African trypanosomiasis (HAT or sleeping sickness); leishmaniases; lymphatic filariasis; onchocerciasis (river blindness); schistosomiasis, and soil-transmitted helminthiases.
The Deputy Programme Manager of the Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) Programme of the Ghana Health Service (GHS), Dr Joseph Kwadwo Larbi Opare, in an interview said “every district in Ghana has at least two NTDs,” stressing the need to create sustained awareness on NTDs in order to reduce the impact of the disease on people, saying “the disease keep children out of school and parents out of work.”
He also called for a sustained financing and cross-sectoral approaches to fight the disease in Ghana, noting that NTDs are endemic in poor communities and promotes poverty and intense stigma.
For him, “NTDs tend to affect regions without quality healthcare, leaving poor populations vulnerable to these often debilitating diseases and newly emerging threats.”
Dr Opare expressed the concern that even though attention has been on Universal Health Coverage, “NTDs are almost absent from the global health agenda”, a situation he noted, ought to be changed urgently.
For him, NTDs have very limited resources and are almost ignored by global funding agencies, encouraging funding agencies and organisations to prioritise NTDs as they are afflicting the world’s poor and compounding their poverty levels.
“NTDs are diseases of neglected populations that perpetuate a cycle of poor educational outcomes and limited professional opportunities and are associated with stigma and social exclusion,” Dr Opare observed.
He expressed the concern that the lack of resources has become a significant barrier to the control, elimination, and eradication of NTDs in Ghana and many of the countries where NTDs still persist.
He said ending NTDs will make “our health systems more resilient and our world a more equitable and safer place.”
He expressed the hope that by bringing renewed attention to NTDs, building political will and mobilising resources, and putting individuals and communities at the centre of the response, “we can collectively generate the attention and resources needed to deliver against the targets outlined in the WHO 2030 NTD road map and SDG3.”
Dr Opare explained that investing in NTD programmes would create a ripple effect in society, touting that “it leads to better education, health, and employment outcomes, and transforms lives and communities.”
He further observed that investing in NTD programmes would equally help to reduce gender inequity, stigma, and preventable mortality and morbidity, pointing out that “the case for investment is clear.”
For him, addressing NTDs would not only help in making universal health coverage a reality, but would help to relieving the associated mental health burden of NTDs as well as tackling fundamental human rights issues.
Dr Opare believes that progress towards NTDs elimination and eradication is possible should world leaders commit more resources and efforts to the disease.
Just like Dr Opare, many health experts share the view that NTDs could be eliminated and even eradicated in the world should all critical stakeholders, including the youth are involved in all the NTDs activities.
This is because young people across all NTDs activities will help to bring innovative thinking, new solutions and also help to mobilise change.
More so, young people will be able to bring increased access to NTDs interventions in the sense that they are more capable to create and raise awareness on the disease to the larger society.
The Director of Neglected Tropical Diseases Department at WHO, Dr Ibrahima Socé Fall, is one of the health experts who believes that the youth has a greater role to play in the elimination efforts of NTDs.
In an article "A Pivotal Moment For The 2030 NTD Road Map Targets" published on www.africa.com on January 25, 2023, Dr Socé Fall observed that “the participation of young people, too, across all NTD activities, will also be key if we want to effect positive change and harness energy, values-based motivation and social connectedness, in order to spread information, generate innovative solutions and change communal behaviours and norms.”
In addition, he noted, these are principles that underpin the pillars of the road map – and which need to apply across the spectrum of global public health interventions, within and beyond the NTD world.
He further called for the country ownership of key health interventions to help win the fight over NTDs.
For Dr Socé Fall, “The insistence on programmes that respect a ‘bottom up’ principle, rather than ‘top down’, on initiatives that promote country ownership of key health interventions, rather than imposition by external agencies, and on cross-cutting initiatives – otherwise known as collaboration between disciplines – laid the foundation for the work we now have before us.”
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Recipes for Green pudding, Calves-Foot pudding, Chicken pudding and Cabbage Pudding.
About England 's Newest Way in Cookery
England 's Newest Way in Cookery, by Henry Howard, was first published in 1703. It was so popular that the first edition sold out in less than a year.
Howard was a reputable chef in London , having served in a number of noblemen's kitchens, and the book appeared during a period of great enthusiasm for the culinary secrets of the aristocracy. The third edition, produced in 1710, states that many of the recipes were 'extracted out of Choice Manuscripts of several Ladies who were particularly Excellent in Cookery and beautifying the Face.' However, England 's Newest Way , represents a shift in the fashionable world of recipes: unlike earlier cook books, the recipes are not attributed directly to named members of the aristocracy. Instead the spotlight shines on the author whose prestigious status takes the foreground for the first time.
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Infinia Plans Small-Scale Solar Stirling Dishes
Infinia, a company based in Kennewick, Washington, plans to release a Stirling solar dish about the size of a large satellite TV receiver. Instead of using photovoltaic cells, it will use the sun's heat to generate electricity. Standard solar photovoltaic panels are generally 12 percent to 15 percent efficient at converting light to electricity, though some can go up to 22 percent. Infinia's planned 3-kilowatt Stirling engine will operate at 24 percent efficiency. The product is slated for final design later this year and commercial release in 2008. The target customers for Infinia's first solar Stirling engine are larger organizations such as city governments. Infinia's dish looks like a scaled-down version of the dish by Stirling Solar Energy, which has been in development for many years. Stirling Solar Energy is building power plants with arrays of giant dishes with more than 80 mirrors in the California desert to generate hundreds of megawatts of electricity. It has signed two power generation contracts with California utilities. See ZDNET for more details.
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Know your pests!
Whilst there are many species of insects, rodents, birds and mammals in the UK, only a few species cause problems.
An animal or insect that causes a pest problem in one scenario may be acceptable in another. It is therefore most important to correctly identify the species that is suspected to be causing a problem.
Sometimes the species may not be considered a pest, it might even be a protected species such as a bat or badger. Information must be sought as to the legal status of the species before any control measures are implemented.
There are however several pest species in the UK considered to be ‘public health’ or nuisance pests. Within the following pages we are only concerned about the public health varieties.
If you are unsure as to what is causing a problem at your home or business, seek advice from us we are fully qualified and experienced in dealing with a wide range of pest species.
Pest controllers need to evaluate issues such as breeding sites, life cycles, and when and what to apply in treatment strategies. Their professional training ensures that they select the correct materials and equipment to solve your pest problem quickly and efficiently.
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Vibrance vs Saturation can be a confusing topic, especially if you are a newbie in photography. When you import images for editing in any photo editing software, you will have the option to tweak the picture’s vibrance and saturation.
You can get it totally wrong if you don’t understand what these two settings can do. In this guide, I will explain both vibrance and saturation in detail 😇.
Vibrance vs Saturation in Photography
Both vibrance and saturation help to increase the intensity of the colors in the photo. But, they do it differently.
The vibrance affects the less saturated or the mutated colors in the image. So, it gives a subtle pop to the image color.
The saturation will deepen all the color tones in the picture.
The saturation is a stronger effect when compared to the vibrance in terms of color intensity.
If you increase the saturation levels beyond a particular level, you will blow out the colors and details in the image. All the color pixels in the picture get amplified when you increase the saturation level. So, use it carefully.
You need to maintain a perfect balance between these two settings to get the right color intensity for your image.
Vibrance vs Saturation Explained with Example 😎
It is easy to understand the difference between these two with the help of an example.
I will use this image of the Blue-eared Kingfisher, which I have photographed from the Andamans. The image shown above is unedited.
I will apply a vibrance of 70 to this image. You can clearly see that the light tones and the subtle colors have popped up in the picture.
You don’t have to increase the vibrance by this much amount. I have done it to show the effect.
Here, I have not altered the saturation.
Now, I will pull back the vibrance settings to zero.
I will push the saturation settings to 70.
Now, you can see that all the color tones in the image became very intense. So, if you increase the saturation by too much, then the image can become annoying.
If you pull the saturation slider to the extreme left (-100), you will strip all the image colors.
You will get a monochrome image as a result. But, making the vibrance slider to -100 will still retain some color intensity. It will be like a faded color picture.
You need to play with both these sliders according to the image colors to get the desired result.
Saturation vs Vibrance in Lightroom
Adobe Lightroom is one of the most popular photo editing software used by most photographers.
You can view the sliders for adjusting the image’s vibrance and saturation inside the “Develop” module.
It will be under the “Presence” section inside the “Basic” edit section.
👉🏻 READ MORE: Texture vs Clarity vs Dehaze in Lightroom
Vibrance vs Saturation in Photoshop
If you are using Adobe Photoshop for your edits, select the “Image” dropdown menu from the top toolbar.
Select the “Adjustment” option.
You can see the “Vibrance” option in it.
Select it, and a new window will pop up, showing the “Vibrance” and “Saturation” sliders.
If you push the sliders to the right, then you can increase the strength of vibrance and saturation.
Moving the slider to the left will decrease the strength.
When to Use & What Intensity?
You will have to use either of these sliders for all your image edits.
The strength of the sliders will vary with the photography type and the lighting of the scene.
Landscape photos demand good color contrast.
So, you need to maintain the right balance between the saturation and vibrance settings. Here, you will be playing more with the saturation slider than the vibrance one.
Unlike saturation, increasing vibrance will not affect the skin tones. It is good to push the vibrance slider more toward the right side for the portrait shots.
It is better to avoid using a saturation slider for portraits unless it is absolutely necessary.
Increasing the saturation level beyond some levels will make the photo look unnatural.
Now, you know the exact difference between vibrance and saturation. So, start editing your beautiful images by setting the right amount of intensity for these two parameters.
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SELinux (“Security-Enhanced Linux”) is a robust security framework within some Linux distributions like Fedora, which utilizes security contexts to enforce fine-grained access controls and protect system resources, such as files, from unauthorized access and potential threats. These security contexts are a vital concept.
Think of a security context as a digital ID for files that consists of “Labels” (like file names) and “Types” (like categories), which tell the system what they are and how they should be treated.
However, as your system becomes more complex, finding files with specific SELinux security contexts, labels, and types can become challenging. This article will explore the process of locating these files, offering clarity in this complex task.
Before delving deeper into the method of searching for files with specific SELinux security contexts, labels, and types, let’s first understand how to display the SELinux security context associated with any file.
List Files with SELinux Security Context
The ls command offers a
-Z flag to display files and directories with their corresponding SELinux security contexts:
$ ls -Z
The output will display each file’s user, role, type, and level along with its name. However, each piece of information is separated by a
Here is the table with possible “user“, “type“, “role” and “limits” of SELinux security contexts along with their purposes:
|Security Context Labels||Purpose|
|unconfined_u||It is the default user for unconfined domains.|
|system_u||It is the default user for system domains.|
|user_u||It is the default user for user domains.|
|object_r||It defines the object’s role within the security context.|
|system_r||It declares the system’s role within the security context.|
|user_home_t||It locates files in a user’s home directory.|
|var_log_t||It permits read and write access to system logs.|
|httpd_sys_content_t||It grants read-only access to web server content.|
|mail_spool_t||It gives access to mail spool files.|
|etc_t||It offers access to configuration files in /etc directory.|
|no_limit||It refers to no specific security context restrictions.|
So let’s try to list files in the “/var/www/” directory along with their SELinux security contexts by executing the command stated below:
$ ls -Z /var/www/
Moving forward, you can list all files with a specific extension in any directory along with their associated SELinux security contexts. For instance, by executing the command given below, you can obtain security context labels for all files with the
“.key” extension in the “/etc/” directory.
$ ls -Z /etc/*.key
However, if you want to just display the SELinux security context label of an individual file, you can execute the “ls -Z” command with the file name as shown below:
$ ls -Z UbuntuMint_1.txt
Now that you have learned, how to display the SELinux security context label and type of any file or directory. Let’s see how to locate files that have any specific security context, labels, and types.
File Files with a Specific SELinux Security Context, Labels, and Types
The well-known find command offers an effective flag named
'-context' that allows users to specify the security context label.
Find Files by SELinux Security Context Label
Let’s locate all the files with the
“.txt” extension in the “~/UbuntuMint” directory that is linked to web server content and has the security context label “httpd_sys_content_t”.
In this label, “httpd_sys_content” identifies the type of file we’re looking for. Since we’re focusing on this particular type, let’s use the
“*” wildcard character to explore all potential users, roles, and levels.
$ find ~/UbuntuMint -type f -context '*httpd_sys_content_t*' -name '*.txt'
You can even specify a role and type in the security context label and add
“*” to explore all potential users and levels by executing the following command:
$ find ~/UbuntuMint -type f -context '*object_r:mail_spool_t*' -name '*.txt'
The above command will list all TXT files in the “UbuntuMint” directory with the “object” role and “mail_spool” type.
Continuing onwards, let’s obtain TXT files with a specific “user”, “role” and “type” by running the given command:
$ find ~/UbuntuMint -type f -context 'unconfined_u:object_r:user_home_t*' -name '*.txt'
Let’s execute the command stated below to locate all files with a
“.key” extension that belongs to the “system” user, has an “object” role, and is of the “etc” type in the “/etc” directory:
$ find /etc -type f -context 'system_u:object_r:etc_t*' -name '*.key'
Now that you have understood the process of searching files with a specific SELinux security context, let’s discuss another command for the same purpose.
Locate Files with a Specific SELinux Security Context, Labels, and Types
Users can combine the “ls -Z” command with the “grep” command to filter the files depending upon a specific SELinux security context.
Let’s execute the following command to obtain files in the current directory along with their security context labels, filter the output using “grep” to show only the lines containing the “object_r:user_home_t” label, and finally, display only the TXT files in the terminal:
$ ls -Z $ ls -Z | grep 'object_r:user_home_t' | grep '\.txt$'
The SELinux uses security contexts to enforce fine-grained access controls and protect system resources, like files. The security Linux labels contain information about the user, type, role, and permissions of the files.
This guide discussed various commands for locating files with specific SELinux security contexts, labels, and types. By mastering these commands, you can enhance the security and control of your system resources.
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Bermuda grass grows an extensive root system and can be difficult to manage with normal weeding methods. It puts out a network of rhizomes both above and below ground allowing for rapid reproduction. Killing Bermuda grass once and for all can be tricky if it grows near healthy, desirable plants. Many nonselective herbcides are too harsh to use near plants you want to live. Luckily, there are several brands of selective herbicides that target grass and leave other plants unharmed.
Apply a grass selective herbicide such as Grass Getter, Ornamec or Grass-B-Gon onto new Bermuda grass growth that is less than 6 inches in length in early spring. Different pesticides will have different application instructions so be sure to read labels carefully.
Re-apply herbicide to the broad surface of new leaves less than 6 inches in length. Repeat process two to three additional times throughout spring and summer months until your Bermuda grass stops growing.
Dry out your Bermuda grass by preventing any water from accessing the roots. Be sure all sprinklers, hoses and irrigation lines near your grass are turned off.
Till the top 4-6 inches of dirt and remove all the Bermuda grass roots. As their rhizomes tend to penetrate deeply, you may have to till the ground multiple times before all plants are fully removed.
Spread a 1-2 inch layer of mulch around the base of your ornamental and landscaped plants. This will prevent any remaining Bermuda grass seeds from receiving sunlight and sprouting.
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and the web is a very very big place: Google is indexing 1 trillion (as in 1,000,000,000,000) unique URLs on the web at once!
To keep up with this volume of information, our systems have come a
long way since the first set of web data Google processed to answer
queries. Back then, we did everything in batches: one workstation could
compute the PageRank graph on 26 million pages in a couple of hours,
and that set of pages would be used as Google’s index for a fixed
period of time. Today, Google downloads the web continuously,
collecting updated page information and re-processing the entire
web-link graph several times per day. This graph of one trillion URLs
is similar to a map made up of one trillion intersections. So multiple
times every day, we do the computational equivalent of fully exploring
every intersection of every road in the United States. Except it’d be a
map about 50,000 times as big as the U.S., with 50,000 times as many
roads and intersections.
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What is the 11th Amendment for dummies?Asked by: Jeffrey Cummings | Last update: February 19, 2022
Score: 5/5 (62 votes)
The 11th Amendment to the
What does the 11 Amendment mean in simple terms?
The Eleventh Amendment's text prohibits the federal courts from hearing certain lawsuits against states. The Amendment has also been interpreted to mean that state courts do not have to hear certain suits against the state, if those suits are based on federal law.
Why is the 11th Amendment so important?
Eleventh Amendment, amendment (1795) to the Constitution of the United States establishing the principle of state sovereign immunity. ... Under the authority of this amendment, the states are shielded from suits brought by citizens of other states or foreign countries.
What is the Twelfth Amendment in simple terms?
The Twelfth Amendment requires a person to receive a majority of the electoral votes for vice president for that person to be elected vice president by the Electoral College. If no candidate for vice president has a majority of the total votes, the Senate, with each senator having one vote, chooses the vice president.
What is the 11th Amendment in the Bill of Rights?
The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state. ‹ Tenth Amendment up 12th Amendment ›
The Eleventh Amendment Explained in 3 Minutes: The Constitution for Dummies Series
What is the purpose of the 11th Amendment quizlet?
The 11th Amendment provides that states enjoy sovereign immunity from being sued in federal court for money damages by either the state's own citizens or citizens of other states (Hans v.
What was the purpose of the most recent amendment?
Amendment XXVII prevents members of Congress from granting themselves pay raises during the current session. Rather, any raises that are adopted must take effect during the next session of Congress.
Which amendment says you can't be tried twice for the same crime?
The U.S. Constitution's Fifth Amendment contains the Double Jeopardy Clause. It states no person shall "be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb."
What does double jeopardy protect you from?
The Double Jeopardy Clause in the Fifth Amendment to the US Constitution prohibits anyone from being prosecuted twice for substantially the same crime.
What does taking the Fifth prevent a person from doing?
When an individual takes the Fifth, her silence or refusal to answer questions cannot be used against her in a criminal case. A prosecutor cannot argue to the jury that the defendant's silence implies guilt.
What is Fifth Amendment right?
noun. an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1791 as part of the Bill of Rights, providing chiefly that no person be required to testify against himself or herself in a criminal case and that no person be subjected to a second trial for an offense for which he or she has been duly tried previously.
Can the military take over your home during a crisis without your permission?
No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.
How many amendments are there in 2021?
The US Constitution has 27 amendments that protect the rights of Americans.
What amendment is a citizen Cannot be denied the right to vote?
Fifteenth Amendment, Section 1: The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous conditio. . .
What impact did the Eleventh Amendment have on the power of state governments quizlet?
Hence, the Eleventh Amendment protects state autonomy by immunizing states from suits in federal court, but it provides this independence by risking the ability to enforce basic federal rights.
What does the doctrine of nullification refers to?
Nullification, in United States constitutional history, is a legal theory that a state has the right to nullify, or invalidate, any federal laws which that state has deemed unconstitutional with respect to the United States Constitution (as opposed to the state's own constitution).
Which clause of the US Constitution did the Supreme Court interpret in McCulloch v Maryland?
In McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), the Supreme Court's most famous case interpreting the Necessary and Proper Clause, the Court sided with Hamilton, giving Congress very broad authority to determine what is “necessary” for implementing federal powers.
What are some amendments that failed?
- The Failed Amendments.
- Article 1 of the original Bill of Rights. ...
- The Anti-Title Amendment. ...
- The Slavery Amendment. ...
- The Child Labor Amendment. ...
- The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) ...
- The Washington DC Voting Rights Amendment.
How many amendments does the Bill of Rights have?
A change to the Constitution is called an amendment. In 1791, a list of ten amendments was added. The first ten amendments to the Constitution are called the Bill of Rights.
How many times has the 2nd amendment been changed?
Since the adoption of the constitution and the Bill of Rights, it has been amended 17 times to reflect changes to our society over the past 230 years.
How does the 3rd Amendment protect us?
The Third Amendment protects private homeowners from having the military take over their home to house soldiers. It was added to the Constitution as part of the Bill of Rights on December 15, 1791.
What is the 45th Amendment of the United States?
The full text of the amendment is: Section 1—In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President.
What does quartering of soldiers mean?
The act of a government in billeting or assigning soldiers to private houses, without the consent of the owners of such houses, and requiring such owners to supply them with board or lodging or both.
What are 6th amendment Rights?
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be ...
What is the 6th amendment called?
Right to Speedy Trial by Jury, Witnesses, Counsel.
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Stanford researchers find antibody hinders growth of Gleevec-resistant gastrointestinal tumors in lab tests
An antibody that binds to a molecule on the surface of a rare but deadly tumor of the gastrointestinal tract inhibits the growth of the cancer cells in mice, according to researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine (home of the Stanford Cancer Institute). The effect remains even when the cancer cells have become resistant to other treatments, and the findings may one day provide a glimmer of hope for people with the cancer, known as gastrointestinal stromal tumor, or GIST. The scientists hope to move into human clinical trials of the antibody within two years.
Among the research institutions NCI funds across the United States, it currently designates 67 as Cancer Centers. Largely based in research universities, these facilities are home to many of the NCI-supported scientists who conduct a wide range of intense, laboratory research into cancer’s origins and development. The Cancer Centers Program also focuses on trans-disciplinary research, including population science and clinical research. The centers’ research results are often at the forefront of studies in the cancer field.
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| 0.933145 | 227 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Renaissance in Europe and Development of Science
India and European Colonialism
Colonialism and the Marathas
India: Social and Religious Reforms
Indian Struggle Against Colonialism
- Struggle before 1857
- The Freedom Struggle of 1857
- Background of Founding the Indian National Congress
- Foundation of the Indian National Congress
- 'Moderates' and 'Extremists'
- Armed Revolutionaries in India
- Mahatma Gandhi: Non-violent Resistance Movement
- Indian National Army (Azad Hind Sena)
- 'Quit India' Movement of 1942
Decolonisation to Political Integration of India
World Wars and India
World : Decolonisation
India Transformed - Part 1
India Transformed - Part 2
- Political Conflicts Overlanguage
Reorganisation of States:
The year 2000 proved to be important for the formation of new states. States with large areas (Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar) were divided and new states were formed. New states, namely, Chhattisgarh (1st November 2000), Uttarakhand (9th November 2000), and Jharkhand (15th November 2000) came into existence. After the formation of lingual states in India, this was the first instance of the formation of new states.
The demand for the creation of a separate state of Chhattisgarh was first put forth in the session of the Indian National Congress in pre-independence times. However, ‘States Reorganisation Commission headed by Fazal Ali, rejected the demand. In 1998, in the session of the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh, the proposal of creating a separate state of Chhattisgarh was approved. Later, by the initiative of the Government of India, the separate state of Chhattisgarh was created.
The people of Garhwal and Kumaon were demanding a separate state since 1930. It was supported in the 1938 session of the Indian National Congress. However, Fazal Ali Commission ruled it out. The people in this region started a movement for their demand in 1957. In 1973, ‘Uttarakhand Parvatiya Rajya Parishad’ was established. In 1994, the movement got intensified. In recognition of the popular sentiment, a bill for a separate state was passed by the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly. Finally, in 2000 the state of Uttaranchal (later named Uttarakhand) came into being.
In 1929, the demand for a separate state of Jharkhand was staged for the first time. In 1947, the All India Jharkhand Party was established and the demand for a separate state of Jharkhand was accelerated. In 1973, an appeal was presented to the President and the Prime Minister. In 1994, the Bihar Legislative Assembly passed the bill of ‘Jharkhand Area Autonomous Council (JAAC)’. In August 2000, a bill providing for Bihar’s division and creation of a separate state of Jharkhand was passed in the lower house of the Parliament (Lok Sabha). On the day of 15th November 2000, the separate state of Jharkhand came into existence.
The state of Telangana was formed in 2014. Earlier it was an integral part of the state of Andhra Pradesh. ‘Telangana Rashtriya Samiti’ started the movement for the creation of a separate state of Telangana. In 2001, the Government of India announced the decision of the separate state of Telangana. In 2014, this proposal was approved in the parliament. On 2nd June 2014, the separate state of Telangana came into existence.
5) Jammu-Kashmir and Ladakh:
The state of Jammu-Kashmir and Ladakh was given a special status by ‘Article 370’ of the Constitution of India. In 1947, Prem Nath Dogra established the ‘Jammu Praja Parishad’ party. Its initial motto was ‘Ek Vidhan, Ek Pradhan, Ek Nishan’. Later, in 1952, it was changed to ‘Ek Desh me Do Vidhan, Do Pradhan, Do Nishan Nahi Chalenge, Nahi Chalenge’. This party demanded complete accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India. The party in power, National Conference, however, was not ready to give up the autonomy of the state. Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee (Minister for Industry and Supply in Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru’s Cabinet) supported the demand for a complete merger. Recently in August 2019, the Government of India revoked ‘Article 370’. From 31st October 2019, the state of Jammu and Kashmir was restructured as two separate Union Territories of ‘Jammu-Kashmir’ and ‘Ladakh’.
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Before I traveled to the Arctic, I considered it to be a remote part of the world where scientists on expeditions gathered samples and photographed glaciers. My limited understanding mirrored media depictions that show empty lands or pristine wildlife, a narrative that emphasizes a vast, untouched wilderness without the people who’ve long stewarded the lands.
But it’s more than just polar bear scenes in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR), an immense ecosystem of 19.6 million protected acres where humans and animals alike have coexisted for generations. It’s home to an ongoing human and environmental rights crisis that follows an unprecedented move by the Republican-controlled Congress, backed by the Trump administration, which in 2017 passed a tax bill that mandated the Coastal Plain of the Refuge be open to lease sales to the fossil fuel industry for oil and gas development to help pay for massive corporate tax cuts. If it does occur on this sacred land — the only piece of Alaska's Arctic that has been protected for its ecological importance — devastating environmental and cultural impacts will follow.
I went there myself to report this story for Teen Vogue, to meet those fighting to save these lands and see the impacts of climate change firsthand. My journey lasted two weeks, traveling first by way of a 10-seater bush plane to the first Arctic Indigenous Climate Summit in Gwich’yaa Zhee, or Fort Yukon, Alaska. Hosted by Gwich'yaa Zhee, Council of Athabascan Tribal Governments and the Gwich’in Steering Committee, the summit provided an unprecedented opportunity for community members and Indigenous leadership to explain what is at stake in the Coastal Plain region of the Refuge.
Many locals, scientists, and advocates refer to the Coastal Plain as the biological heart of the Refuge for countless living species: In its wildness, an ideal nesting habitat is found in its wetlands and food supply, safe from industrial impacts. Millions of birds migrate to the Refuge from continents and ecosystems across the world, and a significant number of Southern Beaufort Sea polar bear dens are also on these lands.
“The Refuge is one of the last places left in the nation where you can experience hundreds and hundreds of miles without a road or trail. It’s home to one of our last intact ecosystems, where grizzly bears, wolves, polar bears, migratory birds, and caribou live in relation with the land as they have for thousands of years,” Emily Sullivan, an organizer with the Alaska Wilderness League, tells Teen Vogue.
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What is inulin? Inulin is a saccharide and is a prebiotic.
What is a prebiotic?
Prebiotics are dietary fibers that are selectively fermented by microbes such as bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. They can be found in foods such as artichokes, asparagus, and Garlic.
Prebiotics are not bacteria…think of them as food for the gut microbiota…
In general, consuming prebiotics will:
- Increase the number of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in the gut
- Displace other neutral or pathogenic organisms
- Alter the metabolism and activity of the gut microbiota
- Often lowering the pH of the colon
- Increase the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as butyrate, acetate, and propionate.
Butyrate and propionate have roles in autism.
Prebiotics can affect many areas of the body
Inulin has been used widely to improve GI issues however prebiotics, such as inulin, can also exert effects elsewhere in the body:
- Bone strength
- Neural and cognitive processes such as memory, attention, learning, mood, anxiety
- Immune functioning
- Serum lipid profile
The mode of action is influenced by intestinal permeability and by the actual fermentation products reaching target cells throughout the body. Butyrate and other SCFAs are considered to be the actual enactors of these distant beneficial effects in the body.
Have you stopped dairy and now worried your child is not getting enough calcium?
This is how proper gut health can help your child grow big and strong…even when not eating dairy. Many parents put their child on a dairy-free diet and see great changes in symptoms but then are concerned about their child getting enough calcium.
Research in 2016 found that SCFAs modulate nutrient absorption and intestinal permeability and now scientists are exploring the possibility of using prebiotics to increase calcium and magnesium absorption in the intestinal lumen with the goal of increasing bone regeneration and preventing osteoporosis.
Growing children need sufficient mineral uptake and bone formation and prebiotics such as inulin have been shown to influence that. Here are the results of 3 clinical trials that examined using prebiotics to improve bone health.
- In 2005, inulin-type fructan was studied in teenagers. Results were calcium & bond density improved.
- In 2002, inulin/oligofructose mixture was studied in adolescent girls. Results were that calcium absorption improved.
- In 1999, oligofructose was studied in adolescent boys. Results were that calcium absorption was improved.
Inulin and Autism
There are no human clinical trials studying inulin in the autism population.
You might be thinking “Why do doctors recommend inulin for some with autism?” And it has to do with gut health and the fact that most with autism have dysbiosis meaning that their gut microbiota is very different than those without autism.
Bifidobacteria & Autism
Inulin specifically helps bifidobacteria grow in the gut. In general, the numbers of bifidobacteria are the highest at birth and decline through life. However, the amount of Bifidobacteria in those with autism have been found to be decreased in comparison to individuals without autism.
- Protection against pathogens
- Production of Vitamin B, antioxidants, conjugated linoleic acid
- Stimulate the immune system
When healing autism many doctors focus on the above bullet points and the great thing about Bifidobacteria is that they contribute all that to us naturally. A great doctor who wants your child’s body to heal and thrive will help heal the gut rather than give individual supplements. Let the bacteria do the supplementing for you.
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One of many great attributes of mangaves, compared to one of their parents, agaves, is that they don’t die after flowering. Agaves are mostly monocarpic, which mean that they behave like bromeliads, where each rosette grows to maturity, then dies after flowering. Those species of agave which offset, live on after flowering, by means of un-flowered offsets. Those agave species which don’t offset are a one and done after they flower and reproduce by reseeding.
By incorporating manfreda genes to create xMangaves, the monocarpic trait disappears. After a mangave flowers, it dies to the ground, but like a good zombie, it soon pops back from the dead. Here is a current photo from the garden of two clumps of xMangave ‘Blue Mammoth’. The first, larger clump has not flowered, but should do so next year. The second clump with all the offsets, flowered in 2020, and re-grew to this point in 2021. Next year, the rosettes will continue to re-grow in size.
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| 0.950779 | 242 | 2.703125 | 3 |
|Search results take a few seconds and open in a new window. May need to allow Pop Ups to see results.|
Brownielocks and The 3 Bears
The winter solstice happens in the Northern Hemisphere on December 21 or 22; and, in the Southern Hemisphere on June 21 or 22. It is the shortest day of the year or the day with the longest night time. (However you want to look at it, it's dark! It's usually also very cold.)
Today observing the winter solstice is rare. But it wasn't in ancient times where it was observed throughout Europe, the British Isles, China, India and Scandinavia.
The word "solstice" comes from the Latin word sol stetit, meaning "The sun stood still." The sun rises and sets further south on the horizon in the Northern Hemisphere as Winter Solstice nears. It rises and sets further north as the Summer Solstice nears. For about 6 days in late December (and again in late June), the sun appears to rise and set in almost the exact same spot, which give the solstices their name.
The ancient Romans celebrated Winter Solstice with a festival called Saturnalia, dedicated to Saturn their god of agriculture. In the early 4th Century, the Roman Emperor Constantine declared that Christianity would be the new faith of the Roman Empire, the Saturnalia was given a new name and meaning. Saturnalia now as the birthday of Jesus and was from that time on known as Christ Mass or Christmas as we know it today.
This is why many of the Christmas customs like the Christmas tree and the Yule Log have more to do with the Winter Solstice than they do with Christian doctrine. Some even believe that the symbol of Santa Claus may originally have been a "solstice shaman" who officiated at the rites that took place on Winter Solstice.
The ancient Chinese believed that at sunrise on Winter Solstice, the yang (or masculine principle) was born into the world and would begin a 6 month period of ascendancy.
The Hindus (who had a calendar based on lunar cycles) held festivals on the solstices and equinoxes too.
In northern India, the people greeted the Winter Solstice with a ceremonial clanging of bells and gongs to frighten off evil spirits.
In the British Isles, the Druids celebrated the overthrow of the old god, Bran, by the new God, Bel, at the time of the December solstice.
The Winter Solstice marked victory of light over darkness or the end of the cycle of death and decay and the beginning of a new cycle of light, growth and life. It has traditionally been a time for people to celebrate the gradual lengthening of the days and the regeneration of the earth.
Symbols and Customs
Fire is the traditional way that Winter Solstice has been celebrated because it symbolizes the sun (and it's warmth). The sun is believed to have its powers increased as the days grew longer.
The midwinter traditional Yule Log lighting is an example of an ancient Celtic fire ritual done at the time of the December Winter Solstice. It was believed that to bring the log indoors was a symbolic way of bringing the blessings of the Sun God into your house. It was important that the log burn constantly without going out or else bad luck would follow. Sometimes, wine, cider, ail or corn was sprinkled over the Yule Log before it was lit.
In southern England (especially Cornwall) the figure of a man was drawn in chald on the log. To some this symbolizes ancient human sacrifice by fire. Part of the log was the kept and used to ignite a new log the next year.
The Yule candle that is lit in many churches at the beginning of the Christmas season is another example of how pagan rites were absorbed into the Christian religion. The head of the household was allowed to light or extinguish the flame and an unused remnant was preserved as protection against thunder and lightning.
In some countries, tallow from the Yule candle was rubbed on the farmer's plow to promote fertility in the fields. Today, the electric candles that are displayed in so many American homes at Christmastime reflect the ancient Celtic reverence for the candle as a symbol of light during the darkest time of the year.
The central beliefs of the Teutons was tree worship. The Druids (who built their temples in the woods) also worshiped the trees. The tree was regarded as possessing spirits and was only cut down if absolutely necessary. The ancient Norsemen and the people of Central Asia believed the tree was the symbol of the universe. This belief was also held by Native Americans, as well as the early people of India and China.
It is believed that the Christmas tree is derived from this pre-Christian worship. The Romans decorated evergreens and wreaths during their Saturnalia festival. They called the evergreen the "herb of the sun" and favored it during the Winter Solstice time. Today, the popularity of the live, cut Christmas tree has been challenged by the environmentalists. They favor planting a tree around Christmas or the Winter Solstice instead of cutting one down.
Return to our December Holidays Page for more celebrations.
"Holidays, Symbols & Customs 3rd Edition"
By Sue Ellen Thompson
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To honor the lives lost in past missions, we must keep exploring.
It has been a century since the Panama Canal was completed. It was the greatest transportation project of its time, made possible only by new technologies such as dynamite. After Americans took over its construction, more than 5,000 died building the canal. That's more fatalities than we had in the Iraq War.
Why was the project deemed worthy of expending so many lives? It is not because we didn't value them. Casualties under American leadership of the project were a fraction of the deaths in previous efforts. It is because monumental achievements are at the edge of our human abilities and our best technologies. Nevertheless, such efforts are worth the cost.
In Panama, the sacrifice paid off, as travel distance (and time) for freight between the East and West Coasts fell from 14,000 to 6,000 miles. It also slashed the cost of shipping to Europe and Asia, resulting in rising economic growth and helping usher in a new age of globalization.
It's just one example of the benefits of opening up new frontiers and trade routes; thousands died exploring and settling the New World half a millennium ago. Even at the time of the Panama Canal's completion, crossing the Atlantic from Europe to America wasn't yet "safe." Fifteen hundred people died on the Titanic just the year before the Pacific and Atlantic oceans mingled in Panama in 1913.
At times, we seem to have forgotten. In the 21st century, do we still see exploring and opening up new territory as worth the expenditure of, or even the risk to, human life?
This week sees a somber anniversary for NASA and the nation. Three, actually. Sunday was the 46th anniversary of the loss of three astronauts on the launch pad in the Apollo 1 fire, and Monday was the 27th anniversary of the loss of the space shuttle Challenger with its crew of seven. Today marks 10 years since the Columbia was torn apart in the skies over northern Texas, scattering debris and the charred remains of seven astronauts over the plains of the Lone Star state.
Our shocked nation mourned the loss. As with the Challenger event 17 years earlier, the shuttle program was shut down, for two-and-a-half years, because it wasn't "safe" enough. The program was ended in large part for that reason, with the last flight a year-and-a-half ago.
In the wake of the Columbia disaster, NASA started Ares 1, a new launcher program whose primary requirement was safety, spending billions until it was canceled in 2009. NASA was spending so much, in fact, that even though it was supposed to be a rocket to return to the moon, there was no money left for the landers and other hardware to actually land there, the part of the mission that happened to be the most dangerous. Not long ago, NASA considered abandoning the $100 billion International Space Station because its leaders were unwilling to risk a life.
"Safety" has, in fact, become NASA's new watch word, encouraged by Congress. During testimony after the penultimate shuttle flight in 2011, Rep. Chaka Fattah, D-Pa., the ranking member on a House committee that funds NASA, congratulated the agency's administrator for making safety his "No. 1 priority."
But should safety be NASA's highest priority? If it is, then that means other things, such as actually accomplishing things in space, are a lower one. The surest way to make sure our astronauts don't die in space is to keep them on the ground. And indeed, that is more and more what we do, choosing robotic exploration over opening the frontier to humanity.
The obsession with safety is sincere, if unspoken, testimony to just how unimportant we consider the opening of that final and harshest of frontiers. The last time space was important was when we were racing the Soviets to the moon more than four decades ago. Now, we no longer consider it worth the risk. Had we taken such an attitude in Panama, no one would have turned the first shovel of dirt.
As NASA has dithered, private investors who understand the true scope of opportunity in space as well as the dangers are stepping up by investing in new ships, technologies and commercial ventures.
This sad week, perhaps the best way to honor the men and women who gave their lives would be to recognize that they did so willingly, and set forth a bold national frontier-opening policy, including recognizing that it has never happened without human bloodshed. As John Shedd wrote last century, "A ship in a harbor is safe, but that's not what ships are for."
Rand Simberg, a consultant in commercial space business and technology, is an adjunct scholar at the Competitive Enterprise Institute.
In addition to its own editorials, USA TODAY publishes diverse opinions from outside writers, including ourBoard of Contributors.
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I've recently had a very interesting discussion with some friends. We talked about a lot of stuff and I don't want to go into detail about the topics we've discussed, but rather some thoughts about discussions.
Types of discussions
There are many ways people talk to each other:
- Small Talk is about being together and feeling fine. We do it when we are together waiting for something or just because it feels good. It's not so much about content which show discussions about weather, fashion or sitcoms, although the amount of information you exchange varies quite a lot.
- Feelings and talking about feelings is difficult, but important. Although I tend to say it's like small talk, but I don't want to go into detail here.
- Teaching is a situation where one person knows more than another person in some topic he (or she) teaches the other.
- Learning is either the other side in the teaching situation or learning together. I think it is fundamentally different and deserves an own bullet point because in the teaching situation, the teacher leads the conversation. In the learning situation you don't have somebody who leads the conversation. It's a free flow of (hopefully) constructive thoughts with the aim to get a new ability as a group.
- Moral or Political Discussions are some sort of learning, but in contrast to learning in the sense that you get another ability or get to know some more facts, the aim is on evaluating how to weight those facts. Discussions involve a learning part, but the core is about putting things together. So it is not mainly about what could be done but what should be done and for what reasons.
What's special about discussions?
Discussions involve some aim. That aim might be
- What is the best way to explain XYZ? What does best mean in this context?
- What should we do in situation ABC? What is to consider for what reasons?
But very much of the conversations that are labeled as "discussions" feel rather like small talk for the following reasons:
I think to have a meaningful discussion you need to have a partner who is not of your opinion. For political discussions this means the following are NOT meaningful statements:
- I want everybody to be able to find a job (or shorter: Fight unemployment)
- I want to make less dept
- I want everybody to be able to live a healthy live
- I want to help families
- I want everybody to be happy
All these three statements are statements that everybody could agree with. But you get reasonable statements when you tell how to do so.
You can also talk about the "order": I want to make less dept, but when young families have to pay more than 20 Euro per year more it is not acceptable. Of course, that's still much to vague, but I think you get the point. Telling what you value might help people to intuitively decide with which person they could rather identify, but it is not enough to name reasons.
Another important part of a meaningful discussion is that it should in theory be possible to change the mind of the other person. This is the reason why I've called it "discussions with friends". In contrast to the truth-finding "discussions" you have in science, you don't need to be able to say what observations could falsify your theory. But if you go into a discussion and you know that it is impossible that the other - no matter how good he makes his point - convinces you of his opinion, you're actually not having a discussion. You try to teach them. (And it's a bad type of teaching.)
Techniques to take most out of discussions
It is difficult to be open minded in a good discussion. You might need to end
a discussion and think through it some time after you had it. Because we tend
to defend a point of view when we begin to defend it, no matter how good the other
makes his point. It is very difficult to honestly say: Yes, you're correct. That
changes the case and probably my opinion.
And you should not say so too fast. Some people are charismatic, some can speak or write very good. When you hear a new argument the first time, you might have difficulties to find a correct counter argument. But when you're with friends you should be able to say:
That's the first time I've heard that. I have to think about it.
or something like
I've never seen it from that perspective.
People like to teach and this makes them feel more comfortable discussing with you. You don't give up your opinion with statements like these, but it's simply being honest.
Speaking of honesty, there is a similar DON'T: Don't say something like
Yes, I agree with you, but [Whatever he just said negated]
I hear this so often in political debates by amateurs who have read something about discussions. By agreeing you make it easier for your discussion partner to agree with you (he can't disagree when you agree with him, can he?), but it should be a honest way to agree. It's a very bad step to fake agreement.
Always - and that's not only related to discussions - try to think what and how the other thinks. Sometimes when a group discusses, a single person get's isolated and has to defend his point of view alone. That's ok. But don't make it worse for him:
- Give him enough time to think and to talk.
- Only one person and argument at a time. It's difficult to switch and to concentrate on two (or even more) separate discussions.
- Try to support him when he has trouble with finding the correct words or the best way to express himself. It is difficult to tell when you simply have to wait and give him some time to think and when you should try to support him.
Know when you're wrong
Changing opinions is difficult. Especially if you have them for a long time or when you've already defended them. It's a little bit like an investment. When you've already spend 6,000 Euro for an investment and there is a tiny chance that you will get what you want but a growing chance that the investment was just a bad idea and probability suggest to change the investment and rescue what's left, most people will not do so. Somehow we quite often tend to a all-or-nothing thinking which is suboptimal in many cases.
So, what can we do so to figure that out for ourselves? Sometimes it is impossible to do so while discussing, but after the discussion you can think about it:
- What arguments did I tell the others? How did I tell them? What were counter arguments? Are they valid? If so / not: Why?
- Are there arguments I've missed?
- Do I feel comfortable with my arguments? Why do I think they could be weak? What do I think are strong arguments? Do others also think that those arguments are strong?
If you're not sure about it, you can continue it. It should not be a simple repetition of arguments, but a new discussion with a new structure of arguments. If you're still not sure after many arguments, you can make a pro / contra list.
- It's not important what the majority thinks. However, it might be an indicator.
- Some arguments might simply be wrong. But don't make this choice too easily.
- Some arguments might be irrelevant. I tend to think "How does this impact my life?". If an argument has no impact or simply assumes an unrealistic situation, it might be irrelevant.
- You don't have to agree at the end. A honest disagreement where both sides understand the arguments of the other side is much better than a comprise that no side really thinks is good.
And I want to note that discussions might have many equally valid answers, whereas science has only one correct answer (which might be difficult to find / almost impossible to decide which thesis is correct, but there is only one).
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What are the benefits of kids playing outdoors?
Posted by digitalbharat on November 5th, 2019
The kids of the 21st century are living a drastically different lifestyle compared to the kids of the 20th century. On average, children play only 4 to 7 minutes a day and spend seven or more hours in front of a screen. It can be detrimental to a child’s physical and mental growth. Hence, a child needs to have suitable kids playing areas to play outdoors regularly.
Benefits of playing outdoors
Mentioned below are the pivotal reasons for parents to incorporate outdoor playing activities within their children’s routines.
1. Improves physical health
The only place a child can run, jump, catch, pull, lift, carry, and throw is outdoors. Motor skills drive each of these actions. Motor skills need the practice to improve, and playing outdoors gives children aerobic exercise. Studies show that children playing outside are less prone to obesity compared to children leading a sedentary lifestyle. It is because playing outdoors burns a lot of calories, thus helping to prevent obesity.
Playing outdoors also creates muscle and bone tension, thus fostering bone and muscle strength. Moreover, children playing outside receive sunlight, which helps build vitamin D in the body. Vitamin D makes stronger bones and minimizes the risk of chronic diseases.
2. Facilitates social/emotional and cognitive development
An unstructured approach to outdoor playing helps kids to develop other positive behavioral and personality traits. Children learn to take turns, make decisions, and share with friends. Such characteristics are more likely to drive children to invent, explore, and learn about the world that they live in. The interaction which occurs while friends and siblings try to invent and play games improves communication. It also builds cooperation, organizational skills, allows children to breathe in the fresh air, and reduce stress levels.
3. Increases attention span
Children need to stay alert and be aware of their surroundings while playing outdoors. Children are more curious self-directed, and likely to remain focused on a task for a more extended period. Having outdoor kids playing areas enable kids to initiate and follow-through plan-of-actions. Children who spend all of their day indoors are deprived off the exposure to activities and show less of the ability to initiate/participate in new activities.
Studies show that children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) showed fewer symptoms when engaged in outdoor play activities.
4. Enhances sensory skills
An optometry and vision science study revealed that children who play outside regularly have better distance vision compared to children who remain indoors. It is the preschoolers who especially learn new things through their senses. Toddlers are delighted at the sight of new animals and birds. They are mesmerized with the fragrance of fresh flowers and watching rainwater form puddles for stomping. They also love to pick berries from the bush and eat them.
So, all of the activities mentioned above involve sensory functions in some way or the other. Such actions are only possible when children play outdoors. Hence, it is crucial to let your children play outdoors and explore things on their own. An active child receives outdoor light, which stimulates the pineal gland. It is this part of the brain which keeps our immune system healthy and keeps us happy and cheerful. Spending time in nature keeps children in a good mood.Also See: Playing Outdoors, Play Outdoors, Children Play, Vitamin D, Playing, Outdoors, Children
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Believe me, you don't want it, and I'm not talking about a second doughnut. People with high LDL (bad) cholesterol have about twice the risk of heart disease, the leading cause of death in the United States. High LDL cholesterol affects about one in six American adults, says the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and contributes to other cardiovascular conditions and risk of stroke.
You may be doing everything right and still find you have a cholesterol level over 200 mg/dl, the average for adult Americans. Any age can have high cholesterol, but the 55 to 64 age group has the highest percentage. Women have almost twice the incidence than men in this age category.
Causes for high cholesterol
There are many causes for high LDL cholesterol. Some of them you can control through lifestyle changes, and some with medication.
Keeping high cholesterol at bay
While we can watch our diet, get regular exercise and stop smoking, there are some causes like age, gender and family history that are simply out of our hands. In those cases, medications called statins can help. Niacin, a B vitamin may be prescribed to lower cholesterol levels. Even aspirin therapy may help if you are at a high risk for heart attack or stroke. No medication, however, should be considered a substitute for lifestyle changes.
Keep in mind that there are a number of foods that can actually improve your cholesterol. Tuna, salmon, walnuts and almonds are all great foods and should be added to your plate of more vegetables.
Fortunately, awareness education about healthy cholesterol levels and new medications are contributing to a decline in the number of Americans with high cholesterol. The more you learn about high cholesterol, the healthier you will be.
Get tested regularly and make the necessary adjustments you need to keep your number low.
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Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs)
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and potential EDCs are mostly man-made, found in various materials such as pesticides, metals, additives or contaminants in food, and personal care products. EDCs have been suspected to be associated with altered reproductive function in males and females; increased incidence of breast cancer, abnormal growth patterns and neurodevelopmental delays in children, as well as changes in immune function.
Human exposure to EDCs occurs via ingestion of food, dust and water, via inhalation of gases and particles in the air and through the skin. EDCs can also be transferred from the pregnant woman to the developing fetus or child through the placenta and breast milk. Pregnant mothers and children are the most vulnerable populations to be affected by developmental exposures, and the effect of exposures to EDCs may not become evident until later in life. Research also shows that it may increase the susceptibility to non-communicable diseases.
In response to these concerns, WHO published several publications, including the latest information on the subject in the State of the Science of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals 2012, which was done in collaboration with UNEP and key scientific experts. A resolution to include EDCs as an emerging issue under Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) was also adopted in September 2012 by the third International Conference on Chemicals Management (ICCM3) in Nairobi during which WHO and UNEP jointly raised public awareness on EDC issues during a ise-event and technical briefing session (partially supported by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences).
Short information documents for decision makers
Publications for action
- State of the Science of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals 2012 (WHO, 2013)
- Endocrine disrupters and child health (WHO, 2012)
- State of the Science of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (WHO, 2002)
- UNEP/WHO side event and technical briefing of ICCM3 on endocrine disruptors in Nairobi, 2012
- Summary and report of the Third International Conference on Chemicals Management (ICCM3), Nairobi 17-21 September 2012
- Submission for a nominated new emerging policy issue for proposed actions on endocrine disrupting chemicals (SAICM, 2012)
- Publication News release of State of the Science of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals 2012
Guidelines on data requirements for the registration of pesticides (WHO, 2013)
Factsheet about EDC soon to be published.
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October is the month for Rhubarb
Where to Grow Rhubarb
When To Plant Rhubarb
Rhubarb can be grown either from seed or as plants purchased from your garden centre. The problem with rhubarb grown from seed is that it takes a year longer to produce stalks and even then, the plants are not guaranteed to be true to type. It's a gamble which takes three years before you know if you have succeeded or failed. For this reason, we do not recommend the 'seed' route.
Rhubarb plants are available all year round at some garden centres, although by far the best time to plant rhubarb is late autumn to early winter, December is a good month.
How To Plant Rhubarb
Rhubarb is normally sold in garden centres as one year old plants (known as 'crowns') of a particular variety. Rhubarb five years or more old can be lifted and split into three or more 'crowns' - see the later section on 'how to divide rhubarb'. Both types should be planted in the same manner.
Prepare the soil as described previously, and dig a hole a little bit wider than the plant. The depth should be such that the top of the plant is 2.5cm (1in) below the soil surface (see the diagram on the left). Fill in around the plant with soil, gently firming it down to ensure no air pockets remain. Water well if the conditions are dry. Spread a mulch (garden compost or other well-rotted organic material) around the plants, but not directly above where the crown will emerge in a month or so.
Three plants should be sufficient to meet most needs - the spacing between plants should be about 75cm (2ft 6in) for varieties such as Cawood Delight, Victoria, Ruby and Canada Red. However, some varieties such as 'The Sutton' need a spacing of about 1.2m (4ft), ask at your Garden Centre when buying any other varieties.
Care of Rhubarb
Rhubarb require very little care, but if you give them that care they will produce much finer stalks than neglected plants.
Every year after the leaves have died down, spread a new layer of garden compost or other well-rotted organic material around (but not touching the plants. This will conserve water and prevent weeds. In dry periods (normally only summer) give the plants a good watering, although this should only be required occasionally. In February, sprinkle a handful of general fertiliser (Growmore is fine) around the plants. Remove any weeds as they appear.
The only other attention required is to cut off flower heads which may appear in early spring as the new rhubarb stalks emerge. Do this as soon as possible - if the flower head is left to grow and set seed, the plant will never fully recover to good strength. See the picture above.Forced rhubarb is delicious, the stems are more tender, sweeter and don't need to be peeled. It's a simple process and well worth trying.
Pests and Diseases Which Variety
Pests and Diseases
Tempting though it may be, do not pull any stems during the first season, this would seriously weaken the plant. Let the plant grow during the first year and establish a good healthy root system.
During the second season, pull only a few stems, ensuring that you only pull two per plant at any one time and that five healthy stems always remain. In subsequent years pull three or four stems at a time always leaving three or four - the cropping season is May to July or August, and you should get two or three chances during this time. Select the largest stalks, waiting for the leaves to fully open before the Stalks are taken by gently pulling the stalk as low as possible to the base of the plant and at the same time twisting. The leaves can go on the compost heap, definitely don't eat them because they are poisonous.
All you need is a container (dustbin, box, large pot, bucket etc.) which will exclude light. Place it over the rhubarb as soon as it begins to show signs of growth. The lack of light and the heating effect of the container will rapidly bring on the rhubarb which should be ready for eating in about four weeks, a good month or so before rhubarb that is not forced. When the rhubarb is picked (or it outgrows the covering) remove the covering and leave the rhubarb to recover for next year. Have a go, it's really simple and worthwhile.
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WWII Crop Circles Discovered
Tasmanian archeologist, Grege Jefferys has used a combination of historical records and modern technology to locate crop circles circa 1945.
From a Story in the Huffigton Post
Crop Circles Are No Hoax, Concludes Historian After Studying Google Earth’s New 1945 Overlay (PICTURES)
Sara C Nelson [email protected]
Posted: 29/01/2013 11:59 GMT | Updated: 29/01/2013 13:55 GMT
Crop circles dating back to 1945 are proof the phenomenon is no modern hoax, a Tasmanian historian claims.
The mystery of the increasingly intricate patterns was supposedly solved after several high-profile cases were revealed to be the work of artists and mischief-makers armed with barrels, planks of wood and plenty of spare time.
Credit for the hoaxes has been laid largely at the feet of pranksters Dave Chorley and Doug Bower, who in 1991 announced they had been pulling the wool over people’s eyes since 1978.
A crop circle in Halesowen. Greg Jefferys estimates this one to be about ten meters in diameter. He points out the shadow on its south east perimeter corresponds precisely with the shadows cast by the trees and hedges and that the quality of the image is high enough to show there are no tracks through the grain crop leading to or from the crop circle.
But research by Greg Jefferys has revealed evidence of the strange circles in the English countryside at least 33 years before Chorley and Bower took credit for the phenomena – which until then had been attributed to UFOs and alien activity.
Jefferys, who has a degree in archaeology, was prompted to research the matter after reading a report on crop circles in an 1880 edition of the science journal Nature.
“Using aerial photographs primarily from the Google Earth 1945 overlay, that the number of crop circles appearing each summer has been relatively constant for at least the last 70 years and that these crop circles cannot be explained by the ‘hoax theory’. This removal of the validity of the hoaxer’s claims means that crop circles remain an unexplained natural phenomenon deserving of serious investigation by academic institutions and other research organisations.”
The 59-year-old’s research focuses on images from Google Earth’s new 1945 overlay, which Jefferys studied for more than 300 hours.
The overlay is a series of photos taken towards the end of World War II by the RAAF and comprises around 35% of the 1945 overlay of England presently available online.
I will happily grant Mr. Jefferys that the image above predates the circles admittedly created by Dave Chorley and Doug Bower, and others who have admitted following in their footsteps. However there is a significant difference between the simple ten meter circle above and something like, say…
This, from Alton Barnes, England, 2004
Or any of the far more elaborate designs that have been recorded, primarily in the south of England. When you look at the worldwide distribution of crop circles as found at Crop Circles and More, you will find a strange pattern. Now I am not claiming that there are not circles found elsewhere, there certainly are, but it is curious that few of those places have generated a tourism industry around their occurrence. The one place that has developed a tourism industry around it’s crop circles is also the place where the wide majority of reported circles occurs.
As far as Mr. Jeffreys’ discovery. It is interesting though not exactly revelatory. Crop circles date back hundreds of years, or more.
Crop circles are not a modern phenomenon and may have been occurring for hundreds to thousands of years or longer. They exist in the centuries-old folklore of South Africa and China, and are in Native American Indian legends. The first written account of a crop circle is from August 8, 1590 and is found in “The Natural History of Stafford-Shire”, published in 1686. There are also other references from England’s 15th century that suggest crop circle formations. In John Aubrey’s “Natural History”, a 1633 school teacher seen green circles made by the spirits in the grass. Another early historical record of a crop circle from 1678, is the “Mowing Devil” case, where a farmer’s field was believed to have been visited by a devilish entity that trampled the crops down in a circle. There is a wood engraving of this event. In 1686, a book entitled “A Natural History of Staffordshire”, made reference to rings, circles and other shapes found in grassy fields.
In those times they were attributed to other supernatural phenomena, such as the Devil, fairies, or name your local trickster or evil spirit. Whether the circles discovered by Jeffreys are the work of pranksters or no, it is still a long jump to the conclusion that an alien species can find no better way to communicate with us than relatively minor acts of vandalism in rural England.
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The Flu Vanished During Covid. What Will Its Return Look Like?
There have been fewer influenza cases in the United States this #fluseason than in any on record. About 2,000 #flu cases have been recorded since late September, according to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In recent years, the average number of cases over the same period was about 206,000.
As measures to stop the spread of the coronavirus were implemented around the country in March 2020, influenza quickly disappeared, and it still has not returned. The latest flu season, which normally would have run until next month, essentially never happened.
After fears that a “twindemic” could batter the country, the absence of the flu was a much needed reprieve that eased the burden on an overwhelmed health care system. But the lack of exposure to the flu could also make the population more susceptible to the virus when it returns — and experts say its return is certain.
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Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) was an American psychologist who is most noted for developing the hierarchy of needs theory. Considered the founder of humanistic psychology, Maslow typically wrote about such topics as behavior and motivation, and first introduced the hierarchy of needs in his 1943 paper, A Theory of Human Motivation.
The basic premise of this theory is that humans are born with certain needs, which can be categorized into levels depending on their degree of importance. Our most fundamental needs are physiological needs, and then safety needs, love needs, esteem needs, and finally the need for self-actualization. The idea is that as we fulfill our most basic needs in life we are able to move upward and fulfill the more complex needs represented higher on the hierarchy. We will not seek to reach higher levels, however, until our most basic needs are realized.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory is commonly depicted as a five-tier pyramid, in which the bottom level represents our physiological needs, or the most critical needs for life. In this category are the requirements necessary for survival: food, water, air, warmth, and sleep. Once these needs have been addressed, we are able to move onto the next level, which is comprised of safety needs.
The need to feel safe and secure is psychological as well as physical, and may manifest itself in different ways depending on individual circumstances. Job security and a stable family environment are two examples of ways individuals seek to bring safety into their lives, and feeling removed from danger is an important step in reaching more advanced platforms of the pyramid.
When we feel out of danger and secure in the world, we are able to progress up the hierarchy and begin to fulfill our needs of love and belonging. In the third level of the pyramid, our social needs become a priority only after our physiological and safety requirements have been met and maintained. Our affiliation with and acceptance by others becomes the focus of our desires. While many adults look to fill this need by marrying someone and starting a family, children seek belonging from their parents and teenagers work to gain acceptance from their peers.
The fourth tier of the pyramid is reserved for esteem needs, or the need for achievement, confidence, respect, recognition, and approval. People increase their self-esteem by gaining an education, advancing in their careers, and working to improve themselves.
After all the previous needs have been met, an individual is capable of achieving the highest point in the pyramid – self-actualization. According to Maslow, fulfilling this need means reaching one’s highest potential and truly understanding one’s self. Few people reach this level in their lifetime, and even fewer stay there on a consistent basis. If the previous levels are thought to be oriented towards physical and psychological needs, the fifth level can be considered more spiritual in nature.
While there are some critiques of the theory, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs has informed scholars in many fields from education to healthcare, and continues to be applied to a diverse set of academic disciples. Moreover, it remains an important contribution to humanistic psychological theory, and is still relevant to discussions today regarding human behavior and motivation.
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Friday the 13th is a well known day where terrors from the past arise in constant conversations on this spooky day. Many generations have experienced these past thrilling Friday the 13th’s and paranormal and traumatic things have happened on this day for those people who had to go through these events.
With this past Friday being the 13th, many students at Clemens had felt as if it would not end up being a good day. With terrified feelings in their minds, they still had to go to school whether they liked it or not. “Friday the 13th just gives me a scary vibe and gives me an unsettling feeling,” said Gabby Limon, (09). Like many others, this freshmen did not have a good feeling about Friday the 13th and what the day had in store for people all over. Although nothing bad happened throughout the day, other than it raining in the middle of the day when students had to walk outside to the portables, it was still a frightening day. Friday the 13th was originated in the 19th century, when ancestors believed that 13 was an unlucky number since most everything usually had 12 things in it. If you haven’t already noticed when you stay in hotels, most hotels don’t include the floor 13 because no guests would want to stay on that floor. The history of Friday the 13th is no doubt present, but it is your choice if you want to follow the facts or base it off of what you have visually seen.
Several traumatizing events have actually happened on Friday the 13th. But, that does not define Friday the 13th as a “bad” day for some students at Clemens. Some, believe that if nothing bad has happened to them directly, the day is perfectly fine, even if other bad things have happened to others. “I believe that Friday the 13th is just like any other day, people just think it’s bad because coincidences have happened in the past on this date,” said Michael Huff, (10). Throughout the night of Friday the 13th, it continuously stormed with lightning, thunder, and hail. This does not mean that the 13th has to be a down and dreadful day filled with the mysteries of what the day will hold. You are able to take control of your day and figure out what the day holds for you. Friday the 13th may not be an ideal Friday, but it only happens once or twice a year. Other students at Clemens don’t have much of an opinion on how they feel about the day. The day is what you make of it, whether it’s a “creepy” day or not, you have the control over your day.
This day may or may not scare you, but regardless of whether it does or not, there’s no doubt that people will still get frightened no matter what others say. This day falls into the “superstitions” category when it comes to defining whether it’s a holiday or just another day. Superstitions often happen when you look too far into coincidences, but people will continue to have their own opinions.
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Japan’s March 11th magnitude 9 Tohoku Earthquake — which caused a tidal wave and the ensuing Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant disaster — was one of the most powerful ever recorded and just happened to be in an extremely dense seismic instrument zone. In the midst of all of this information comes the first study of how rocks and soil beneath the Earth’s surface are affected by a shift this large. Students at the Georgia Institute of Technology have taken data about the rocks and soil and translated it into usable information for builders and architects which they believe will help build better earthquake resistant buildings in the future. Read on to find out what they’ve learned.
In addition to being a helpful set of information for future buildings this data will also help seismologists predict what might happen to a city or town if an earthquake of this magnitude were to occur. “The degree of nonlinearity in the soil strength was among the largest ever observed,” said Zhigang Peng, an associate professor at Georgia Tech’s School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences. “This is perhaps not too surprising because the ground shaking generated by this earthquake – acceleration as much as three times the Earth’s gravity – is also among the highest ever observed.” Peng and Chunquan Wu (pictured above) are perhaps some of the first scientists to explore this kind of data and use it to help create a useful plan for future construction.
The data came from sets of sensors on the Earth’s surface and matching sensors in the bedrock far below ground level. Peng and Wu were able to compare the sensor data from the surface and that from the bedrock in order to visualize how the ground moved during the quake and document changes in how it settled afterward. “Understanding how soil loses and regains its strength during and after large earthquakes is crucial for better understanding and predicting strong ground motions,” Peng said of their data study. “This, in turn, would help earthquake engineers to improve the design of buildings and foundations, and could ultimately help to protect people in future earthquakes.”
Via Science Daily
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El Reg decimates English language
Our beloved mother tongue reduced
by one tenth to rubble
Ah yes, it's the old "decimate" controversy - a hobby horse ridden so hard by the prescription lobby that the legs have pretty well fallen off the poor bloody animal.
Make no mistake, this is a serious business. No journo worth his or her salt has resisted the temptation to bore the arse off some pub audience with the little-known fact that decimate means "to reduce by one tenth", and anyone who says otherwise obviously never attended hackery school where the first lesson is dedicated entirely to the term, its correct deployment and how an insight into its etymology grants a licence to smug your drinking companions into lexicographical submission.
In fact, and as any ful no, decimate has two meanings: the Latin-derived original sense and the contemporary alternative. Here's what Merriam Webster has to say on the latter:
3 a: to reduce drastically especially in number <cholera decimated the population> b: to cause great destruction or harm to <firebombs decimated the city> <an industry decimated by recession>
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language chips in with: "Decimate originally referred to the killing of every tenth person, a punishment used in the Roman army for mutinous legions. Today this meaning is commonly extended to include the killing of any large proportion of a group."
Chambers, meanwhile, confirms:
decimate verb (decimated, decimating) to reduce greatly in number; to destroy a large part or number of something. decimation noun. decimator noun.
ETYMOLOGY: 17c in this sense1; 16c in historical sense 'to select by lot and execute one in every ten': from Latin decimare to take a tenth person or thing, from decem ten.
Not good enough for ya? Try the Guardian's Style Guide, which says that decimate is "nowadays used to mean destroy".
Here's some confirmation, gleaned from the interweb: try Macquarie Marshes decimated by earth work projects, Crews recover 3 bodies, locate 3 more in Georgia sugar refinery decimated by explosion or Czech bee population decimated by parasite.
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8 Health Benefits of Raw Honey
1. Healthy Weight Management
Research studies have linked honey consumption with weight loss. A San Diego State University study found that replacing sugar with honey can actually help prevent packing on extra pounds and also lower blood sugar. The results also suggest that in comparison to sugar, honey may lower serum triglycerides. (3)
Another study from the University of Wyoming found that raw honey can activate hormones that suppress the appetite. In the double-blind randomly assigned study, appetite hormones and glycemic responses were measured in 14 healthy non-obese women after consuming a breakfast containing either honey or sugar. Overall, researchers concluded that honey consumption offers potential obesity protective effects. (4)
2. Counters Pollen Allergies
Raw honey contains bee pollen, which is known to ward off infections, provide natural allergy relief and boost overall immunity. Honey’s ability to prevent allergies is based on a concept called immunotherapy. How so? The bees in your neighborhood go from flower to flower collecting pollen that causes you to suffer, but when a you consume local raw honey, you also consume that same offending local pollen. After some time, an allergy sufferer may become less sensitive to this pollen that previously caused problems and experience less seasonal allergy symptoms. Many seasonal allergy sufferers have found local, raw honey to be helpful because it desensitizes them to the fauna triggering their allergic reaction.
A 2013 study found that eating honey at a high dose (one gram per kilogram of body weight of honey daily) can improve allergy symptoms over a period of eight weeks. Researchers absorbed that the honey consumption improved overall and individual symptoms of allergic rhinitis. (5) Allergic rhinitis is an allergic response that causes itchy, watery eyes, sneezing and other similar symptoms.
Some people say that a daily tablespoon of honey can actually act like an allergy shot. The type of honey is key though since pasteurized honey does not contain any pollen. For possible seasonal allergy relief, you need to consume raw honey with pollen in it.
3. Natural Energy Source
Raw honey contains natural sugars (80 percent), water (18 percent), and minerals, vitamins, pollen and protein (2 percent). It’s not surprising that honey has been called “the perfect running fuel.” It provides an easily absorbed supply of energy in the form of liver glycogen, making it ideal for energetic morning starts and as a pre- and post-exercise energy source.
Studies at the University of Memphis Exercise and Sports Nutrition Laboratory have shown honey to be one of the best choices of carbohydrate to consume right before exercising. Additionally, studies have revealed that as a sporting fuel, honey performs on a par with glucose, which is the sugar used in most commercial energy gels. (6)
When it comes to raw honey’s use in athletic endeavors, I highly recommend raw honey for both fueling and recovery. That’s why raw honey is included in some of the best pre-workout snacks and post-workout meals.
4. Antioxidant Powerhouse
Studies have shown that a daily dose of raw honey raises levels of health-promoting antioxidants in the body. Antioxidants help block free radicals in the body that cause disease. It also boosts the immune system, acting as a preventative against any number of diseases. Honey contains polyphenols, which are powerful antioxidants that have been shown to reduce the risk of heart disease and cancer.
One study fed 25 subjects about four tablespoons of honey per day for 29 days in addition to their regular diets. When blood samples were taken at the start and end of the study, researchers found a clear, direct link between honey consumption and an increased level of disease-fighting polyphenolsin the blood. (7)
Studies have shown that honey contains the disease-fighting antioxidant flavonoids pinocembrin, pinostrobin and chrysin. (8) Pinocembrin supports enzyme activity, and many studies have shown that pinocembrin induces apoptosis (programmed cell death) of many types of cancer cells. (9) Laboratory research suggests that chrysin may increase the male hormone testosterone and improve bodybuilding results, but human research hasn’t found any effect on testosterone levels. (10)
5. Sleep Promoter
Raw honey promotes restorative sleep in two ways. By consuming honey before bedtime, it restocks the liver’s glycogen supply and prevents the brain from triggering a crisis search for fuel, which can wake you up. Secondly, eating raw honey fosters the release of melatonin in the brain by creating a small spike in insulin levels, which stimulates the release of tryptophan in the brain. Tryptophan converts to serotonin, which is then converted to melatonin. (11)
Melatonin also boosts immunity and helps rebuild tissue during periods of rest. Poor sleep, by comparison, has been shown to be a risk factor for hypertension, obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, stroke and arthritis. As honey is a proven natural sleep aid, it naturally lowers the risk of all these health problems.
6. Wound and Ulcer Healer
Honey-infused bandages are known to aid healing. Peter Charles Molan at the University of Waikato, New Zealand, has found in multiple studies that honey is a natural antibacterial with wound-healing effects. He also found that honey reacts with the body’s fluids to make hydrogen peroxide, creating an inhospitable environment for bacteria. In addition, “Concentrations of hydrogen peroxide generated are very low in comparison to those typically applied to a wound, thus, cytotoxic damage by hydrogen peroxide is very low.” (12a, 12b)
For the treatment of burns and wounds, honey is typically applied directly to the problem area or in a dressing that’s changed every 24 to 48 hours. Sometimes the dressing is left in place for up to 25 days. (13) A combination of honey and ghee has also been advocated and used as dressing for infected wounds since 1991 in four Mumbai hospitals. (14)
Honey has been studied for its use in effectively treating various types of ulcers as well. Honey may reduce the size, pain and odor of problematic skin ulcers. (15)
7. Diabetes Aid
Consumption of raw honey can reduce the risk of developing diabetes and help aid medication used to treat diabetes. The combination of raw honey and cinnamon can be especially beneficial to healthy blood sugar management, as well as many other health concerns like gingivitis and acne.
According to a study out of Dubai, honey has been observed to cause a lower elevation of plasma glucose levels in diabetics compared to dextrose and sucrose. Some suggest that the insulin-boosting power of cinnamon can counteract this glucose elevation in honey, which would make your honey and cinnamon mixture a low glycemic index food combination. (16)
Raw honey increases insulin and decreases hyperglycemia. Try consuming a little at a time and see how your blood sugar reacts to it, and add both raw honey and cinnamon to your diabetic diet plan.
8. Natural Cough Syrup
Raw honey has been shown to be as effective in treating coughs as over-the-counter commercial cough syrups. Increasing scientific evidence shows that a single dose of honey can reduce mucus secretion and coughs. In one study, honey was just as effective as diphenhydramine and dextromethorphan, common ingredients found in over-the counter cough medicines. (17)
For a cough, a half teaspoon to two teaspoons of honey at bedtime is a studied and recommended dosage for anyone over the age of one.
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January 16, 2019
The poster was presented at 50th Annual National Conference of Nutrition Society of India (NSI), ICMR- National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), Hyderabad, India.
January 15, 2019
The poster was presented at Global Environmental Health Day 2017 Global Community Empowerment Through Community- Engaged Research Friday; September 15, 2017; NIEHS Building 101; Research Triangle Park; North Carolina, USA.
December 28, 2018
Air pollution emissions arise from many sectors, including power, transport, industry, residential, construction, and agriculture. The resulting air pollution affects health, food production, water, and regional climate. Furthermore, since air pollution from one location travels within days to areas as far away as 1,000 km, coordination across cities and states is required, in addition to multi-sectoral coordination.
November 28, 2018
Many populations in India currently suffer from high burden of vector borne diseases, heat stress-related diseases, and malnutrition. These health problems are all sensitive to seasonal variations in temperatures and precipitation patterns. These short-term variations in temperature and precipitation as well as extreme storms have been observed to be increasing in intensity due to global climate change and thus are a challenge. The major Indian states affected by these climate- sensitive conditions (i.e.
October 18, 2018
Fun stuff to download, from TERI to you
This timetable provides you a simple guide to check the quality of water you are drinking and prescribes the tests for various impurities. Click here to download
October 4, 2018
Malaria is one of the six major vector-borne diseases in India, the occurrence of which varies with changes in ecological, climatic and socio-developmental conditions(1).
August 6, 2018
Securing our cities in the face of climate change
July 4, 2018
Ensuring a wide variety of food in a week's diet can be the answer to a perfect health
July 2, 2018
How far is India from achieving its renewable energy targets? This infographic breaks it down for you
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Udupi: Archaelogical Find Reveals Neolithic Mass Graves at Mahadeshwarabetta, near Hogenakal Falls
Bellevision Media Network
Udupi, 04 Mar 2013: A mass burial ground dating back to Neolithic age was found Marikote that lies in the hill range of Mahadeshwarabetta, near Hogenakal Falls, stated Professor T Murugeshi, ancient history and archaeological department, MSRS College, Shirva, near here.
Professor T Murugesh and Karnataka archaeological department director Dr R Gopal stumbled upon the Neolithic era mass burial ground (20 feet x 40 feet in radius) at Marikote that lies on the right side of Hogenakal Falls, when they had actually gone to list the temples located in the mountain range of Alamabady, on the insistence of Swami Immadi Mahadeva of Saloor Brahanmutt, Male Mahadeshwarabetta.
The mass graves are formed in circles underground covered with locally available large slabs. A few graves were plundered by treasure hunters. A few opened graves revealed that square compartments were made to lay the mortal remains covered with large slabs.
The archaeological find unearthed at Mahadeshwarabetta revealed that there thrived a Neolithic colony over 3,000 years ago.
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While we remember them for their skill, their courage, and occasionally their failures, it is rare that anyone thinks about our presidents’ personal finances.
Yes, several of our most famous presidents, including those February birthday boys, George Washington and Abraham Lincoln, suffered from serious debt problems during harder times in their lives.
Washington’s debt problem started in the pre-Revolutionary period of the 1760s. At the time, he was among the richest men in America, presiding over Mount Vernon after marrying the very wealthy widow Martha Custis. However in this era, Washington was one of a number of Virginia planters having difficulty making a profit by selling tobacco in England and overseas.
During this period of time, Washington went significantly into debt to a London merchant named Robert Cary, to whom he had entrusted the sale of his tobacco. Cary also purchased and shipped goods to Washington back in Virginia, including Old World luxuries.
A September 1765 letter from Washington to Robert Cary & Company, preserved in the Library of Congress, captures the difficulty that he faced selling his tobacco at a profit, and voices his displeasure with the process and the trader:
Can it be otherwise than a little mortifying then to find, that we, who raise none but Sweetscented Tobacco, and endeavour I may venture to add, to be careful in the management of it, however we fail in the execution, and who by a close and fixed corrispondance [sic] with you, contribute so largely to the dispatch of your Ships in this Country shoud [sic] meet with such unprofitable returns? Surely I may answer ‘No!’
Washington later complains about the expense of the goods that are being sent his way, pointing to an eventual turn to a more frugal lifestyle.
Like a smart person in debt, the Father of the Country also looked for new and creative ways to expand his income — by diversifying his crops, experimenting with new farming techniques, and selling more of his produce locally.
While Washington was a fabulously wealthy debtor, Abraham Lincoln’s debt predicament points to the wisdom of being careful who you do business with.
According to the National Park Service, Lincoln entered into the grocery business in New Salem, Illinois, in the 1830s with a man named William F. Berry. When Berry later died, he left Lincoln with a stack of bills so large that Lincoln, in his ever-present wit, termed it “The National Debt.”
The debt would only lift after he became a Congressman.
Washington and Lincoln were not the only presidents who had money problems.
Harry Truman declared bankruptcy after his hat shop failed in 1922; it took him 12 long years to get completely out of debt.
In 1893, William McKinley declared bankruptcy in Ohio while serving as governor of the state. Even so, he was elected as the US President three years later.
After serving as President, Ulysses S. Grant lost his money in a bad business deal and needed his memoirs to pull him out of debt.
Thomas Jefferson was in debt for much of his life. When he died in 1826 Jefferson still owed his creditors about $100,000, which is more than $1.9 million in today’s inflation-adjusted dollars.
About the Author
Kevin Bowen is a writer with Greenshield Financial Services, a Dallas-area Financial Health Management company that helps its clients resolve their outstanding debt.
Photo Credit: jimbowen0306
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Unraveling Jellyfish Metamorphosis
How does one genome create two completely different body plans in one animal? This was the question Konstantin Khalturin was attempting to answer when he began working on jellyfish. The fascinating story he discovered along the way answers questions about the regulation of metamorphosis, an animal changing from one physical form to another, in the moon jellyfish Aurelia aurita. In the February 3rd edition of Current Biology, Khalturin and colleagues working at the Zoological Institute in Kiel, Germany described a new hormone responsible for metamorphosis in jellyfish and linked it to a common developmental biology pathway found in more complex animals.
Early in development, jellyfish exist as a polyp, a stationary form that anchors to the bottom of the ocean and reproduces asexually. When the temperature of the ocean drops during the winter months for a certain amount of time, the polyps begin metamorphosis when individual layers of the polyp bud off and begin turning into the familiar jellyfish form. This process is called strobilation, and the polyp at this stage is called a strobila. The genes responsible for metamorphosis between polyp and jellyfish remained a mystery until now. The researchers started by feeding the transitioning strobila, the actively budding part, to polyps to see if there was some substance present in the strobila that could induce metamorphosis. The data suggested this was true, and polyps fed with strobila underwent metamorphosis without the drop in temperature normally required. The researchers determined that some substance that could move out of the strobila into the surrounding polyp was inducing metamorphosis, giving them a clue as to what type of gene they should look for.
The next step was looking at what genes were expressed exclusively during the strobila phase. They identified three excellent candidates. One of which, called CL390, fits all of their requirements: it was expressed in the strobila stage, was turned on when the water temperature dropped and increased in expression as the temperature continued to stay cold. The researchers observed that there was a threshold of time that the water temperature needed to be low in order for polyps to undergo metamorphosis. They hypothesized that this would prevent the polyps from transitioning to jellyfish too early in winter and not having a sufficient food source. CL390 seemed to act as a timer, informing the polyp when the temperature was low for long enough, meaning winter was almost over and that it was time to undergo metamorphosis. When CL390 reached a threshold of 15 times its expression during polyp stage, metamorphosis occurred even if the researchers had transferred the polyps back to a higher temperature.
The researchers also discovered a link between metamorphosis and retinoic acid, a compound derived from Vitamin A required in development throughout the animal kingdom. They linked the role of retinoic acid and one of its nuclear hormone receptors to the CL390 gene, demonstrating that some common features of higher order animal development are conserved in these much simpler animals.
Khalturin has recently joined the Marine Genomics Unit of OIST and continues to work on Aurelia aurita with a goal to further understand his original question, how does one genome create two body plans? In addition to contributing to our understanding of metamorphosis, this work also has practical applications. Since they have identified one of the key elements responsible for creating jellyfish from polyps, it may be possible to use this information to prevent jellyfish blooms that have become common in recent years and can devastate fish populations.
You can read more about the research at The Aurelia Project:
By: Kathleen Estes
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Home Political science Cosmopolitanism in Twenty-First Century Fiction
What is Cosmopolitanism?
This first chapter will return to a more detailed statement on the chosen authors and novels discussed in the main body of the study, but first it is necessary to examine a number of key concepts. specifically, this chapter will scrutinise the ways in which the term cosmopolitanism has been understood, both historically and in the contemporary period. Cosmopolitan theory itself stretches back to the Greek stoics and is visibly apparent in Immanuel Kant’s Enlightenment philosophy. The Stoic’s classical conception of the term introduced the idea that individuals may exist as citizens of the world, mediating between new and existing loyalties, and balancing local allegiances with an abstract commitment to global others. Kant, on the other hand, tried to combine the philosophical concept with democratic forms of governance; his work questioned the necessary institutional specifics responsible for allowing world citizens to share a common global occupancy. Earlier conceptions of cosmopolitanism possessed this purely normative edge, resulting in the term evoking connotations ofutopianism. The post-millennial environment requires a more critical investigation into usage of the term in order to confront the fragility and conflict of cosmo- political threats, as well as emphasising how the ethical ideals of cultural cooperation and empathy may possess a pragmatic function in addressing global inequalities. In recent years, cosmopolitan theory has re-emerged through the philosophical and sociological work of Martha Nussbaum, among others. Nussbaum’s claim that ‘we should give our first allegiance to the moral community made up by the humanity of all human beings’ demonstrates a turn away from localised forms of belonging and membership, neglecting the more realisable and everyday forms of cultural engagement (1996: 7). Nathan Glazer identifies that Nussbaum’s proposed application of a universal form of cosmopolitanism, reconfigured from Stoic philosophy, neglects the fact that the Stoics were citizens of ‘a nearuniversal state and civilization’ with ‘uniformity in rights and obligations’, whereas the contemporary world is ‘radically different’, not least with regards to cultural and socioeconomic inequalities (1996: 63).1 More importantly, due to the progressive interdependence of national systems, one cannot simply rely on a polarised binary between the spheres of locality and globality. Although transnational mobilities, globalisation and technological advancement have reconfigured the means by which attachments local or otherwise are fostered and developed, the Stoic model nevertheless provides the moral compass through which new conceptions of cosmopolitan theory can navigate the concerns of globalised life.
The major problem with universal forms of cosmopolitan thought is that they remain too utopian and abstract to be of any pragmatic use to the post-millennium. In literary studies, however, the feasibility or practical application of such frameworks is not restricted by the same reliance on pragmatism as other disciplines, allowing the tenets ofcosmopolitanism to be explored across imaginative fictional space while retaining the ethics of the theory itself. As Rosi Braidotti, Bolette Blaagaard and Patrick Hanafin identify, ‘the cosmopolitan perspective is not in fact one that is accessible through perception, only through imagination, because we cannot see the whole of humanity’, thus being appropriate for fictional analysis (2013: 5). Fiction provides the means by which we can identify with those different to ourselves, appreciate shared aims and aspirations, and also acknowledge common problems which need to be faced and overcome, making narrative concerns universal. This study will emphasise how fiction is a unique medium through which to imagine cosmopolitan reconfigurations not yet conceivable or accessible in the contemporary moment. In doing so, the following chapters will demonstrate the multiplicity of ways the globalised world may be imagined, transformed, remembered, transnationalised and deconstructed in literature. The main focus of this study, in spite of this approach, assumes a realistic stance towards cosmopolitan engagement, and draws heavily on the work of sociologist Ulrich Beck. Beck recognises that the unique conditions of millennial society necessitate ‘a new historical reality [... ] a cosmopolitan outlook in which people view themselves simultaneously as part of a threatened world and as part of their local situations and histories’ (2006: 48). Accordingly, ‘we must reorient and reorganize our lives and actions, our organizations and institutions along a “local-global” axis’ (Beck 1999: 11). In an attempt to answer how a cosmopolitan outlook may serve a pragmatic function, in contrast to the empty platitudes of ethical idealism, his research marks a break away from more universal and utopian paradigms, paying attention to the cultural asymmetries that govern global relations. Beck was also one of the first theorists to recognise that a ‘cosmopolitan society means a cosmopolitan society and its enemies’, acknowledging that there will always be those who benefit less from globalising processes (2002a: 83 - emphasis added). With this in mind, the concept does not necessarily involve ‘consensus’ but often ‘conflict’, as global communities ‘enter into mutually confirming and correcting relations’ in an effort to mediate between diverse perspectives and heterogeneous cultures (2006: 60). Contemporary fiction is beginning to answer such reasoning, demonstrating how a networked culture of global flows opens up spaces of cooperation as well as conflict, as new potentialities for connectivity are tempered by a new awareness of global risk. It is therefore necessary to examine how the authors discussed in this study identify and tackle the present conditions of the emerging twenty-first century, and also how the future will be shaped by the shared consequences of cultural interdependence. Indeed, an increased awareness of global others emerges as contemporary cosmopolitanism’s dominant mode. Several of the fictions in this study, predominantly the works of Mitchell, consequently imagine coordinated strategies of collaboration that respond to the inherent common problems which cultural and cos- mopolitical interconnection brings.
One of the key concerns in clarifying the usage of cosmopolitanism is identifying the ethical ideals associated with the concept. Steven Vertovec and Robin Cohen attempt to both pin down its meaning and acknowledge its multiplicity, defining it as: ‘a socio-cultural condition’ arising as a result of contemporary globalising processes; ‘a kind of philosophy or worldview’ that acknowledges the common values existing between all humans regardless of race or affiliation; a project aimed towards ‘building transnational institutions’ that override the potency of the nation-state; a ‘political project for recognizing multiple identities’ and the multiple allegiances a citizen feels with regards to local, national and global concerns; ‘an attitu- dinal or dispositional orientation’ that demonstrates an openness to cultural experience and otherness; or simply ‘a mode of practice’ that acknowledges and embraces the internal effects ofglobalisation on cultures and communities (2002: 9). The following chapters will draw upon these definitions, as well as those of other theorists, in attempting to identify the various manifestations of the term operating in the selected fictions. Crucially, while much research has predominantly focused on cosmopolitanism as the purview of nation-states and governmental organisations, this study shall suggest that the term is the purview of ethical agency.2 Literary fiction, because of its ability to present characters’ points of view and subjective experiences of the world, is a particularly appropriate medium for conveying the individual’s relationship towards the lived experience of different environments and cultures. In this way, cosmopolitanism involves an active ethical agency and emphasises the importance of affective practice towards establishing cultural attachments. As Zlatko Skrbis and Ian Woodward emphasise, a socio-cultural disposition of openness is particularly important and requires a ‘performative dimension’ that reveals the empathetic outlook of global actors (2013: 27). Pnina Werbner complements this approach, considering cosmopolitanism to involve ‘reaching out across cultural differences through dialogue, aesthetic enjoyment, and respect’, and necessitates ‘living together with difference’ (2008b: 2). In the search for a term that simultaneously reflects both the diversity and cultural interdependence of the globalised world, cosmopolitanism seems to be an exceptionally fecund appellation. Following this reasoning, the use of the term ‘cosmopolitan’ in this study will be twofold, referring to both culturally-diverse societies and the practice of ethical values traditionally associated with the term in general. Defining cosmopolitanism in this fashion allows for dialogue and overlap with the usage of the term across the social sciences and complements existing approaches towards unpacking its specific ethical ideals and values.
That being said, no matter how the concept and its ideals are defined, when confronting the deeply unequal cultural and political systems in the age of globalisation it becomes clear that ‘cosmopolitanism is the name not of the solution but of the challenge’ (Appiah 2006: xiii). More realisable and pragmatic forms of cultural engagement are necessary in facing the challenges of an increasingly interconnected world. With this in mind, Appiah correctly adopts a partial cosmopolitanism which rejects the ‘exalted attainment’ of classical models, instead simply positing that ‘in the human community, as in national communities, we need to develop habits of coexistence’ (2006: xvii). Gerard Delanty furthers this pragmatic modern conception of the concept, claiming it provides ‘a normative critique of globalization’ which accepts that while the contemporary world ‘may be becoming more and more globally linked by powerful global forces [... ] this does not make the world more cosmopolitan’ (2012a: 41; 2012b: 2). He goes on to argue that the concept offers social theory a means of engaging with emergent forms of belonging ranging from ‘soft forms of multiculturalism to major re-orientations in self-understanding in light of global principles or re-evaluations of cultural heritage and identity as a result of inter-cultural encounters’ (2012a: 42). On this basis, it should be emphasised that cosmopolitanism is not simply a condition of rootlessness or hybridity (as it is so often perceived in literary studies especially), but rather a process of creative engagement between peoples and cultures in developing an openness to forms of alterity and the negotiation of a more interdependent world.
Cosmopolitanism, then, offers new forms of identification aside from merely communal or ethnic allegiances, and becomes a ‘project of citizenship that can cope with subjects’ multiple affiliations [... ] as an alternative to “tired” models of multiculturalism’ (Germain and Radice 2006: 112). By the same reasoning, the concept should not suggest an emergent nomadism, devoid of connectivity or belonging to territorial space; instead, this study follows Bruce Robbins in emphasising the situatedness of cosmopolitanism, dependent on ‘a density of overlapping allegiances rather than the abstract emptiness of non-allegiance’ (1998a: 250). The pragmatic approach proposed in this study acknowledges the necessity for discord and antagonism in cross-cultural community-building (whereby cultural mingling rejects definitive assimilation) and echoes Beck’s assessment that the ‘everyday experience of cosmopolitan interdependence is not a love affair of everyone with everyone. It arises in a climate of heightened global threats, which create an unavoidable pressure to cooperate’ (2006: 23). Ethical agency regarding openness to the world and hospitality to otherness should avoid the need for homogeneity, while retaining the positive ideology at the heart of the concept. Given cosmopolitanism’s multidisciplinary nature, the chapters engage with sociological, political, anthropological and literary theory to reveal the pluralistic frameworks surrounding its usage. The imaginative representations of the globalised world articulated in the fictions will be argued to provide a direct response to new developments confronting the contemporary moment.
In spite of cosmopolitanism’s more optimistic connotations, it must be acknowledged that the cultural interconnectedness of global interdependencies fails to naturally engender a resultant ethical response to radical inequalities of access. As Jonathan Xavier Inda and Renato Rosaldo argue, the world is not ‘a seamless whole without boundaries. Rather, it is a space of structured circulations, of mobility and immobility. It is a space of dense interconnections and black holes’ (2008: 35). Developing this thought, this study will interrogate who exactly may be termed a ‘cosmopolitan’ in these selected fictions. In Ulf Hannerz’s pioneering essay, ‘Cosmopolitans and Locals in World Culture’, he proposes that ‘cosmopolitans’ are an elite sector of society who possess the means to enjoy global mobility. Through a sustained concentration on localised engagement and belonging, the following chapters will argue against Hannerz’s false dichotomy between so- called ‘cosmopolitans’, whose affluence permits a freedom unhindered by national borders or geographical distance, and ‘locals’, who remain restricted by socioeconomic or cultural immobility (1990: 238). Hannerz’s reasoning accounts for the mobile practices of Western elites, but fails to address the day-to-day cultural practices of global others. Instead, the fiction of Mitchell, Smith and Cole will demonstrate that cultural convergence and deterritorialisation of territory can result in an individual’s life becoming subject to global forces without even leaving their locality. Mitchell and Smith in particular imagine ‘glocal’ spaces in which the dynamic tension and creative interplay of global and local systems complicate existing forms of belonging and questions of cultural identity, demonstrating how cosmopolitanism can be integral to parochial cultural encounters and can operate within localities.3
Moreover, cosmopolitanism should concern itself with non-elite citizens and unprivileged positions, in order to prove its inherent value as a pragmatic and applicable social concept. Tellingly, Hannerz’s positioning of cosmopolitanism as an elite practice contradicts his statement that the concept ‘is first of all an orientation’ that one can assume (1996: 103). His proposed binary (of cosmopolitans and locals) fails to acknowledge both the emergence of non-elite agencies arising from the progressive empowerment of immigrants and refugees, and, more importantly, the centrality of ethical agency that makes cosmopolitanism so much more than a condition of transnational mobility. Nor should we agree with Hannerz’s reasoning that cosmopolitanism ‘has to do with a sense of the world as one’ (2007: 83). He begins his seminal essaywiththe bold claim that ‘there is now a world culture’, neglecting the very multiplicity and heterogeneity of cultures that remain marginalised by Western hegemonic structures (1990: 237). Such optimism perceives the world to already exist in a fully globalised state, rather than in the process of coming to terms with progressive global interconnectedness. Cosmopolitanism is vital to such progressive interaction, involving the mediation between diverse lifeworlds and cultures, while proposing that a potential cross-cultural dialogue may be established that moves beyond hegemonic discourses. Accordingly, David Held argues that only by adopting a cosmopolitan outlook may we accommodate ourselves to ‘a more global era, marked by overlapping communities of fate’ (57). Proposing a unified global culture merely strengthens the criticism that cosmopolitan theory envisions an unrealistic (if well-intentioned) form of universal harmony that glosses over socioeconomic inequalities in favour of a Western vision of cultural homogenisation or assimilation. For this reason, many still perceive cosmopolitanism to remain a Western elitist paradigm, sustaining and replicating ideals first espoused in colonial projects. The study will show that the works of Mitchell, Cole and Kunzru are fundamentally at odds with Western or idealised visions of a harmonious global culture, and challenge the cultural discrepancies governing the contemporary moment.
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Cigarette Litter Campaign
Bin your Butts!
Help San Rafael Clean eliminate cigarette litter by raising awareness of this toxic and pervasive form of litter and joining us in our efforts to remove it from our streets, parks, creeks and beaches. Some little-known facts include:
- Cigarettes are the number one item picked up on Coastal Cleanup Day.
- An estimated 4.5 trillion cigarette butts are littered worldwide every year.
- Each butt leaches toxins that can kill a fish in one liter of water within 96 hours.
- Most cigarette filters are made of cellulose acetate and do not biodegrade.
What You Can Do as a Smoker
- Stub your cigarette completely out, then use a nearby trash can.
- Get a pocket ashtray or stash a metal mint container in your purse or pack.
- Use a coffee cup or specially designed cup holder in your car.
- Most people just don’t know that their cigarette butts are real litter with real consequences. Encourage others to use a receptacle, too.
What You Can Do as a Business Owner
- Purchase a cigarette receptacle for your staff and customers.
- OR make a simple one using a coffee can or other container.
- Let your employees know that cigarettes are non-biodegradable litter and must be disposed of like any other plastic trash.
- Post educational window decals and signs.
- Sweep your sidewalk and work areas regularly to capture all forms of litter.
- Contact us to get stickers, signs, and decals for windows and cigarette receptacles.
The Cigarette Eater Meter
The Cigarette Meter Eater is a project designed to educate our community about the dangers of cigarette litter. It is an interactive education piece as well as a unique receptacle for capturing cigarette litter. During the summer of 2013, it was used to spearhead a campaign to raise awareness and collect funds for charity. For each cigarette butt placed in the 8-foot tall “meter,” a two cents were donated to a nonprofit, San Rafael’s St. Vincent de Paul Society. The discarded butts were sent to TerraCycle, a company that uses them to produce industrial pallets and other items.
The Meter appears in the downtown city plaza in June of every year. Would you like to bring this exciting educational program to your community? Contact us to make arrangements at 415-485-3071 or 415-485-3407.
Fire Chief Chris Gray and Oscar put the first cigarette butt into the Meter.
About the Artists
Two distinguished Marin artists are responsible for realizing the vision of the San Rafael Clean coalition in a uniquely compelling work of art. Their creativity, skill, and many years of experience in public art contributed to the success of this project. We would like to thank Ventana Amico & Enrique Goldenberg for making this project such a success.
Thanks to our Sponsors
- Bellam Self Storage & Boxes
- City of San Rafael
- Cigarette Eater Meter Team (Brian Auger, Cory Bytof, Terri Fashing, Andree Jansheski, Carla Koop, Libby McQuiston, Devi Peri, Laurie Sheldon)
We could not have completed this project without the support of San Rafael High School teachers Larry Oliver and Bob Holt, who gave so generously of their time, tools, and shop space.
Bounty for Butts
Volunteers from the San Rafael Clean campaign piloted a unique litter-reduction program in partnership with St. Vincent de Paul Society in San Rafael called the “Bounty for Butts” Cigarette Buyback Program
Diners of the St. Vincent de Paul dining room participated in a ‘buy-back’ program wherein they received $1 per ounce of discarded cigarette litter. Participants were given gloves and instructions to collect the butts, which they then dried and placed in bags. With startling results: In the first two weeks of the program, 90,000 cigarette butts were turned in, and over the course of the two-month pilot, over 230,000 cigarette butts were collected!
Initial funding was provided by SRC Business Partner Bellam Self Storage & Boxes and several Chamber members including Marin Sanitary Service, Cal-Pox, Inc., Fast Forward, Ken’s Carpets, Delicious, Inc., and Adrien Poirier.
Volunteers Libby McQuiston and Laurie Sheldon initiated the idea. They reached out to St. Vincent’s, which coordinated the program. The program benefits everyone because it gives folks in financial need an opportunity to contribute in a positive way, while receiving much-needed income.
Oscar the Bulldog Coaster Program
San Rafael Clean volunteers distributed 20,000 drink coasters to bars and restaurants in San Rafael to educate smokers about the need to dispose of their cigarette butts properly. SRC mascot, Oscar the Bulldog, appears on the coasters, telling smokers, “Don’t Trash San Rafael.” Thanks to Evan Larsen for his wonderful artwork, and to our volunteers for printing and distributing the coasters!
Thanks to the following sponsors for their support:
- Bellam Self-Storage & Boxes
- MCSTOPPP, Marin County Stormwater Pollution Prevention Program
- San Francisco Toyota
- Corporate Media Systems
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A BIG win on the protection of whales from US military sonar will have knock-on effects for marine life throughout the worlds’ oceans.
In the U.S. District Court’s District of Hawaii, a federal court settlement was ratified between Natural Resources Defence Council, other US environmental groups and the federal government to restrict and limit mid-frequency sonar and explosives activities off areas of the U.S. west coast in Hawaiian and Californian waters.
Last year, a number of US conservation groups filed litigation in U.S. federal court challenging Navy sonar and underwater explosives activity off Southern California and Hawaii. The Court ruled in favour of plaintiffs on multiple grounds.
Following intensive negotiations to protect marine mammals, while meeting national security needs, the US Court has now entered this agreement as an Order.
For the first time, the US Navy has agreed to restrict and limit mid-frequency sonar and explosives activities off the U.S. west coast and to expand restrictions off Hawaii beyond humpback whales. The settlement protects blue whale foraging grounds off San Diego County, beaked whale habitat around California’s Channel Islands, and waters around the Big Island, Maui, and Molokai that are home to numerous small, resident populations of odontocetes.
Other provisions are intended to reduce ship-strike risk for large whales and secure research funds for beaked whale populations off Southern California.
This is a truly great result and we applaud our conservation colleagues, the US Navy and all involved in making it happen. But of course there is always more to do!
We need to see robust mitigation measures like these in all oceans – and applied by all Navies. Constructive dialogue, increased resources and commitment are needed to restrict active sonar in important marine habitats globally, not just in US waters. WDC will continue to work with Navies to better protect whales and dolphins everywhere from military activities.
We must also remember that whales and dolphins face other threats and so transparent environmental impact assessment is vital, to ensure impacts relating to military activities can be assessed and managed alongside those from pollution, ship strikes, climate change and so on.
Thanks to Michael Jasny, NRDC, for the details of this blog. More details can be found here: https://medium.com/natural-resources-defense-council/a-whale-of-a-win-afeb1f0cb71a
Blue whale photo © Tim Stenton
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As the largest resource of information specific to women's brain health, we are sure you will find what you are looking for, and promise that you will discover new information.
Published on: September 16, 2017
by Erica Rheinschild for Medical XPress:
Researchers at the Keck School of Medicine of USC are tackling the sixth-leading cause of death in the United States—Alzheimer’s disease—with a new study that intervenes decades before the disease develops.
The school is joining approximately 90 institutions in North America, Europe and Australia in the Generation Study, which is testing a vaccine and oral medication to prevent or delay Alzheimer’s in older adults at increased risk for developing the disease. More than 70 USC researchers across a range of disciplines are dedicated to the prevention, treatment and potential cure of Alzheimer’s.
By focusing on prevention, the study is taking a different approach to halting a disease that affects 47 million people worldwide.
“One of the challenges in developing new medications for Alzheimer’s is that researchers tend to test medications on people with more advanced Alzheimer’s, and the medications are simply not proving to be effective,” Lon Schneider, the study’s lead investigator. “By intervening 10 to 12 years before Alzheimer’s manifests, we may be able to stop it before it begins or delay the symptoms.”
Adults 60 to 75 years of age with normal cognition who are interested in participating must undergo genetic testing for the apolipoprotein e4 (APOE4) gene, which is associated with an increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s.
About half of people with Alzheimer’s disease carry the APOE4 gene, which can be inherited from either parent, said Schneider, professor of psychiatry and the behavioral sciences and professor of neurology. About 25 percent of the population carries one copy of the APOE4 gene, and about 2 to 3 percent of the population carries two copies, having received one from each parent. To qualify for the study, participants must have two copies of the gene.
Delay the disease
Qualifying participants may randomly receive either a vaccine, oral medication, placebo vaccine or placebo oral medication. Both the vaccine and oral medication target amyloid beta—the main component in amyloid plaques in the brain and a culprit in Alzheimer’s—in two different ways: The vaccine helps the body develop antibodies against amyloid beta, while the oral medication blocks an enzyme that creates amyloid beta. Participants may receive the study medications for five to eight years.
“If we are able to show that the vaccine or oral medication is effective at delaying Alzheimer’s among people at higher risk, then this would strongly imply that we are on the right track for developing treatments,” Schneider said. “If we can delay the onset of Alzheimer’s by five years, for example, the incidence of the illness would drop by half. It would also give individuals five more years without symptoms of the illness.”
Should the vaccine or oral medication prove to be effective in people with two copies of the APOE4 gene, then it would likely also be effective for other people at risk for Alzheimer’s, according to Schneider.
“Our clinician-scientists have been actively involved in clinical drug development for Alzheimer’s diseasefor more than 30 years,” said Rohit Varma, dean of the Keck School of Medicine. “This study is a reflection of our continued efforts to conquer one of the greatest health challenges of our time.”
For information about how to participate in the study, contact Nadine Diaz at (323) 442-7600 or [email protected].
Are you an apple or a pear? If you’re not sure, look in the mirror. If the image reflecting back to you shows more roundness around the middle of your body, then...
White women whose genes put them at risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease are more likely than white men with similar risk genes to be diagnosed between the ages of 65 and 75, a study drawing on...
A devastating chronic neurodegenerative disease, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) currently affects around 5.5 million people in the United States alone. Causing progressive mental deterioration, it ultimately advances to impact basic bodily functions such as walking and...
The material presented through the Think Tank feature on this website is in no way intended to replace professional medical care or attention by a qualified practitioner. WBHI strongly advises all questioners and viewers using this feature with health problems to consult a qualified physician, especially before starting any treatment. The materials provided on this website cannot and should not be used as a basis for diagnosis or choice of treatment. The materials are not exhaustive and cannot always respect all the most recent research in all areas of medicine.
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In his laboratory, Jekyll develops a chemical potion that is designed to accomplish the separation and drinks it. After a “grinding of the bones” and a horrible nausea, he begins to feel “incredibly sweet” and free. Looking in the mirror, Jekyll observes not himself but Edward Hyde, a smaller and younger person than himself. Jekyll delights in the division of himself and in his new liberty, but he soon begins to lose control of Hyde, who can assume Jekyll’s form at will. The novel follows Dr. Jekyll’s struggle with Mr. Hyde, who becomes increasingly evil and whom Jekyll refuses to acknowledge as a part of him. (Geduld, 2-5)
Buy Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde essay paper online
The enormous popularity of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde has aided the perpetuation of a persistent view that it is a simple fable of the division between the good and evil that exists in everyone. The complexity of Robert Louis Stevenson’s imaginative story of an individual’s conflict with himself, however, is evident in its multiple narratives. Through the presentation of various points of view, Stevenson escalates knowledge of events from the peripheral to the more intimate and at the same time deepens the insight into the psychology of Jekyll. (Swearingen, 1-3)
The first narrative, Richard Enfield’s horrified reaction to Edward Hyde’s trampling of a little girl, provides the first evidence of the existence of Henry Jekyll and Edward Hyde. Enfield, a “well-known man about town,” finds Hyde unaccountably detestable. He also relates the reactions of others present: the women, whom the sight of Hyde makes “wild as harpies,” and a doctor, who like Enfield is sickened by Hyde and wants to kill him. Enfield confides his narrative to his cousin, Gabriel John Utterson, an attorney who is a friend of Jekyll and who practices self-denial in order to strengthen his own moral fiber. Utterson, through whose perspective the story is told, listens to accounts of Jekyll and Hyde told by other characters and sometimes observes Jekyll and Hyde directly. A tolerant person, he believes that Jekyll has perhaps been guilty of some foible in his youth and is being blackmailed by Hyde. Upon meeting Hyde, he too feels disgust and nausea. (Geduld, 2-5)
The third narrator is Dr. Hastie Lanyon, who has written a letter to Utterson. A bold Scottish doctor, Lanyon has become estranged from Jekyll because of Jekyll’s “fanciful” theories. Dr. Lanyon is the first to ascertain that Jekyll is Hyde and that Jekyll is in Hyde’s control. His observation of Jekyll’s transformation into Hyde literally shocks Lanyon to death.Want an expert to write a paper for you Talk to an operator now
Jekyll’s narrative, a letter read after his death, is the one for which all others have been preparation. The most subjective account, the letter reveals his concerns that led to his experiments and the conclusions that he reached about them. Of great interest is his personal reaction to Hyde. (Swearingen, 1-3)
One of the earliest and most enduring criticisms of Stevenson — that he wrote only children’s books — has perhaps arisen from confusion about his method. Although his essays, adventure and travel stories, and poems all demonstrate an ambition to produce serious and important art, the childlike imagination that infuses all of his works has been misperceived by some as merely childish. The fact that Stevenson, as an adult, had the ability to recapture the emotions and sensations of childhood and at the same time explore the ambiguities of human motivation made him a powerful and imaginative writer.
The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a serious romance, a genre usually intended for the instruction of the young. As a writer of romances — nineteenth century stories depicting the truth of the human heart — Stevenson successfully adapts a novel about adults into a thriller that challenges young people to consider the ambiguity of human nature. He was interested in psychology, and he excels at penetrating façades and exposing the ambiguities underneath them. The several narratives that tell the story of Jekyll and Hyde present differing views of reality and prepare the reader for the chief ambiguity in the novel — Jekyll’s attitude toward Hyde. Stevenson uses extensively the idea of the double, or Doppelgänger — the theory that an individual’s character is composed of two parts, a reasonable self and evil twin or shadow, which are constantly at war — that forms the split center of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Yet, Jekyll and Hyde (Jekyll’s double), although split, are not two. Sharing one body and one brain, they do not separate but assume a change in form in which Jekyll is replaced by Hyde, who was within Jekyll. (Geduld, 2-5)
Jekyll, whose existence makes Hyde possible, has rejected Hyde for more than twenty years — the chemical potion representing only his most dramatic step. Hyde is slowly transformed from one who tramples a child impersonally and without conscience to a selfish, cruel creature that is consumed with malicious hatred of Jekyll. Meanwhile, Jekyll continues his dissociation from Hyde. He considers the possibility of destroying Hyde altogether, accelerates his performance of altruistic deeds, and refuses to acknowledge Hyde as a portion of him. Hyde is enraged at his treatment by the person to whom he owes his life, and he becomes increasingly evil. He assumes control at will, and Jekyll, failing to understand that what he had attempted was impossibility, continues to believe that the experiment could succeed if he could only obtain pure powder for the potion. In desperation, Hyde commits suicide, thus destroying both men.
To strengthen his theme — the essential ambiguity and unknowable nature of the self — -Stevenson layers contrasts within the various points of view that form the narrative. The friendship of Enfield, the first narrator, and Utterson is mysterious, because they are almost polar opposites. The motif of the double, suggested by their regular and almost compulsive walks through the fog-shrouded streets of London, continues in their responses to Edward Hyde. Although both regard Hyde himself with intense disgust and nausea, the mystery of Hyde’s identity provides a mere anecdote for Enfield, while Utterson finds it very troubling. For Dr. Lanyon, who is more closely associated with Jekyll, the knowledge of Jekyll and Hyde is fatal.
The phrase “Jekyll-and-Hyde” does not merely denote a kind of split personality, but rather refers to Jekyll’s intense conflict within himself. Stevenson presents to young readers an extreme case that nevertheless illustrates the dangers of refusing to accept duality as a fact of human nature.
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It was the botanist Ernst Munch, who separated the plant into two principal compartments, the "dead" apoplast and the living symplast. Only during the last 20 years cell walls attracted the interest of a broader group of plant scientists. We know today that apoplastic functions are much more diverse. The apoplast may be considered as "the internal physiological environment of plant bodies", that essentially maintains homeostasis. The term `cell wall' may be misleading, since the chemical and physical properties of cell walls are not fixed but rapidly respond to environmental stimuli. This is why the term "extracellular matrix" may be more appropriate.
The book summarizes the experimental work conducted during a trans-disciplinary research programme funded for six years by the German Research Foundation. In their contributions, the authors representing outstanding German scientists from such different disciplines as Physics, Biochemistry, Plant Nutrition, Botany, and Molecular Biology not only report original research but also review the state of knowledge in their particular research fields: nutrient acquisition, short and long distance (xylem) transport, tolerance of nutrient deficiencies and mineral toxicities, and the role of micro-organisms colonizing the apoplast.
DEDICATION;IN MEMORY OF BURKHARD SATTELMACHER: Walter Horst; Preface: Burkhard Sattelmacher and Walter Horst; FOREWORD:THE PLANT--LEAF APOPLAST: D.T. Clarkson; Section 1: CELL WALL -- ION INTERACTIONS - SIGNIFICANCE FOR NUTRITION OF PLANTS AND THEIR STRESS TOLERANCE CELL WALL - ION INTERACTIONS: N. Carpita; BORON IN THE APOPLAST OF HIGHER PLANTS: M.A. Wimmer and H.E. Goldbach; SILICON IN PLANT NUTRITION: H. Wiese, M. Nikolic and V. Romheld; SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ROOT APOPLAST FOR ALUMINIUM TOXICITY AND RESISTANCE OF MAIZE: W.J. Horst, M. Kollmeier, N. Schmohl, M. Sivaguru, Y. Wang, H.H. Felle, R. Hedrich, W. Schroder and A. Stass; SIGNIFICANCE OF POLYAMINES FOR PECTIN-METHYLESTERASE ACTIVITY AND THE ION DYNAMICS IN THE APOPLAST: J. Gerendas; Section 2: THE ROOT APOPLAST -- IMPLICATION FOR ION ACQUISITION AND SHORT-DISTANCE TRANSPORT THE APOPLAST: A KINETIC PERSPECTIVE: A. Glass, THE APOPLAST OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAL ROOTS - SITE OF NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND NUTRIENT EXCHANGE BETWEEN THE SYMBIOTIC PARTNERS: H. Bucking, R. Hans and W. Heyser; CHEMICAL COMPOSITON OF APOPLASTIC TRANSPORT BARRIERS IN ROOTS:L. Schreiber, R. Franke and K. Hartmann; APOPLASTIC WATER TRANSPORT IN ROOTS: E. Steudle and K. Ranathunge; Section 3: ION UPTAKE FROM AND LOADING INTO THE APOPLAST: CHARACTERISATION OF CHANNEL PROPERTIES AND RELEVANCE FOR THE NUTRITION OF PLANTS LONG DISTANCE TRANSPORT IN PLANTS: TOWARDS ANALYSES OF REGULATORY INTERACTIONS BETWEEN MEMBRANE TRANSPORT SYSTEMS AND CELL WALL IONIC ATMOSPHERE IN VASCULAR TISSUES: H. Sentenac; THE ROLE OF POTASSIUM IN WOOD FORMATION OF POPLAR: J. Fromm and R. Hedrich; TRANSPORT CHARACTERISTICS OF ION CHANNELS AS INFLUENCED BY APOPLASTIC PROPERTIES: P. Ache and R. Deeken; ION UPTAKE FROM THE XYLEM INTO THE SYMPLASM OF THE MAIZE LEAF: M. Abshagen-Keunecke and U.-P. Hansen; LOADING OF IONS INTO THE XYLEM OF THE ROOT: B. Kohler and K. Raschke; Section 4: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE APOPLAST AS A COMPARTMENT FOR LONG-DISTANCE TRANSPORT NEW TOOLS TO EXPLORE THE APOPLAST: F.W. Bentrup; ON-LINE MEASUREMENTS OF ION RELATIONS IN THE XYLEM SAP OF INTACT PLANTS: L.H. Wegner, H. Schneider and U. Zimmermann; DYNAMIC AND NUTRIENT FLUXES IN THE XYLEM: F. GILMER and U. Schurr; RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN APOPLASTIC NUTRIENT CONCENTRATIONS AND THE LONG-DISTANCE TRANSPORT OF NUTRIENTS IN THE RICINUS COMMUNIS L. SEEDLING: E. Komor, G. Orlich and H. Bauer-Ruckdeschel; LONG-DISTANCE WATER TRANSPORT UNDER CONTROLLED TRANSPIRATIONAL CONDITIONS: MINIMAL-INVASIVE INVESTIGATIONS BY MEANS OF PRESSURE PROBES AND NMR IMAGING: H. Schneider, L.H. Wegner, A. Haase and U. Zimmermann; CHANGES IN COMPOSITION OF THE XYLEM SAP AS WELL AS IN ION FLUXES IN POPULUS TREMULA X ALBA L. XYLEM IN DEPENDENCE ON EXOGENOUS FACTORS: S. Siebrecht, G. Fiebelkorn and R. Tischner; Section 5: ION RELATIONS IN THE APOPLAST OF LEAVES ION DYNAMICS IN THE APOPLAST OF LEAF CELLS: Z. Rengel; PROBING APOPLASTIC ION RELATIONS IN VICIA FABA AS INFLUENCED BY NUTRITION AND GAS EXCHANGE: H.H. Felle and S. Hanstein; THE ROLE OF THE LEAF APOPLAST IN MANGANESE TOXICITY AND TOLERANCE IN COWPEA (VIGNA UNGUICULATA L. WALP): M.M. Fecht-Christoffers, P. Maier, K. Iwasaki, H.P. Braun and W.J. Horst; INTERACTION BETWEEN PHLOEM TRANSPORT AND APOPLASTIC SOLUTE CONCENTRATIONS: G. Lohaus; INVESTIGATIONS OF THE MECHANISMS OF LONGDISTANCE TRANSPORT AND ION DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEAF APOPLAST OF VICIA FABA L.: W. Merbach, D. Luttschwager and K. Huve; THE DYNAMICS OF IRON IN THE LEAF APOPLAST: M. Nikolic and V. Romheld; SELF-REPORTING ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA EXPRESSING pH- AND [CA2+]- INDICATORS UNVEIL APOPLASTIC ION DYNAMICS: C. Plieth, D. Gao, M.R. Knight, A.J. Trewavas and B. Sattelmacher; Section 6: THE APOPLAST COMPARTMENT FOR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS CONSTRAINTS FOR ENDOPHYTIC BACTERIA: T. Hurek; THE APOPLAST OF NORWAY SPRUCE (PICEA ABIES) NEEDLES AS HABITAT AND REACTION COMPARTMENT FOR AUTOTROPHIC NITRIFIERS: M. Teuber, H. Papen, R. Gasche, T.H. Essmuller and A. Gessler; THE RICE APOPLAST AS A HABITAT FOR ENDOPHYTIC N2-FIXING BACTERIA: B. Reinhold-Hurek, A. Krause, B. Leyser, L. Mich, and T. Hurek; THE APOPLAST OF INDETERMINATE LEGUME NODULES: COMPARTMENT FOR TRANSPORT OF AMINO ACIDS, AMIDES AND SUGARS?: S. Schubert;
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Burkhard Sattelmacher was an internationally highly estimated scientist in the area of plant mineral nutrition. He contributed substantially to the scientific excellence of Plant Nutrition especially through his engagement within the German Research foundation particularly through the initiation and contribution to coordinated research programmes and as a member of the International Council for Plant Nutrition. He was a stimulating teacher, mentor, and colleague. He found research in plant nutrition fascinating, and was able to transmit that fascination to those around him. He died in November 2005 at the age of 58 after many months of courageous fighting against his disease. Born in Kiel he studied Botany at the Technical University of Berlin. He got his PhD in Plant Nutrition at the same University under the guidance of Horst Marschner. Deeply concerned about poverty alleviation through plant-production research he continued his work on the physiology of potato for 4 years as a post doc at the International Potato Center (CIP), Lima, Peru. This and follow-up research in Hohenheim represented the basis for his habilitation at the University of Hohenheim in 1986. In 1985 he accepted the call as professor for Plant Nutrition in Kiel. Since 1992 he was head and chairholder of Plant Nutrition at the Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kiel. In the centre of the scientific interest of Burkhard Sattelmacher was the physiology of crops. He was convinced that its basic understanding is a prerequisite for solving practical problems related to crop management. In the early nineties Burkhard Sattelmacher developed a research area on nutrient fluxes in agricultural land-use systems comparing conventional and "biological" plant-production systems. Over 9 years he participated in a German Research Foundation (DFG)-funded Special Research Project with research projects on root turn-over, N uptake particularly from manure, ammonia and dinitrogen-oxide emission in a winter rape-seed winter-barley rotation. He extended his interest to the nutrient budgets of natural ecosystems in the ecosystem research programme Bornhoveder Seenkette. Among the research projects he initiated during the last years were particularly two to which he devoted his full force until the last days of his life: the DFG Special Research Programme 'The apoplast of higher plants: compartment of storage, transport, and reactions' and the DFG Research Group 'Matter fluxes in grasslands of Inner Mongolia as influenced by stocking rate'. Burkhard Sattelmacher always maintained an interest in new developments in agronomy, botany, and soil science. He especially enjoyed discussing ideas with colleagues and students. He was highly estimated as a referee for scientific journals, as well as for funding agencies not only because of his wide knowledge and experience, but because his interest was in the progress of science, without personal bias. We have lost in Burkhard Sattelmacher an extraordinary person, teacher, scientist, and colleague. We will miss his stimulating contributions to scientific progress. The co-editor and the authors dedicate this book summarising the main achievement of the special research programme 'Apoplast' which he initiated and of which he was the speaker. Unfortunately, he did not have the pleasure to finish this book himself. Walter Horst
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In Chinese mythology, Changxi (常羲) is an ancient lunar goddess who is the second wife of Di Jun (帝俊). She is the mother of twelve moons, including the Earth’s Moon. Her myth can be taken literally or interpreted to mean that she gave birth to the twelve calendar months of the year.
Because their names are so similar, she is often confused with the other Chinese moon goddess, Chang’e (嫦娥), even though Changxi’s myth actually predates any mention of Chang’e. But, it’s believed that their legends may have originated from the same primitive Chinese lunar goddess.
Changxi is first mentioned in the Shān Hǎi Jīng (山海經) or The Classic of Mountains and Seas briefly in one line: “Di Jun married Changxi, and she gave birth to twelve moons.”
“Changxi.” Ancient Chinese Mythology. http://ancientchinesemythology.blogspot.com/2014/02/changxi.html.
Wikipedia Contributors. “Changxi.” Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changxi.
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What is Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis?
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis is a chronic inflammatory condition that causes swelling, stiffness, and pain of the joints. It can affect one or many joints and if left untreated can lead to irreversible joint damage. There are several types of JIA. Some can have other associated symptoms including fevers, rashes, or eye inflammation (uveitis).
The medical community doesn’t know exactly what causes juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Research shows it is an autoimmune disease. In autoimmune diseases, white blood cells lose the ability to tell the difference between the body’s own healthy cells and harmful invaders like bacteria and viruses. The immune system, which is supposed to protect the body from these harmful invaders, instead over-reacts and releases chemicals that can damage healthy tissues and cause inflammation and pain.
Signs and symptoms
The first signs of arthritis can be hard to see or very easy to see. Signs may include limping or a sore joint. Joints may suddenly swell and remain big. Stiffness in the neck, hips, or other joints can also occur. There are different types of arthritis. By knowing which type of arthritis your child has, you can help your child maintain an active, productive lifestyle.
To effectively manage and minimize the effects of arthritis, an accurate diagnosis is essential. Your doctor has referred your child to a pediatric rheumatologist (doctors specializing in joint disorders). To determine if your child has JIA, the doctor will take a detailed medical history and do a physical examination. He or she may also order X-rays or blood tests. JIA is diagnosed when the other possible causes of arthritis are excluded, such as cancer or infection.
In many cases, JIA may be treated with a combination of medication, physical therapy and exercise. Your child’s health care team which includes your primary care physician, rheumatologist, nurse practitioner, nurses, physical therapist, occupational therapist and social worker will work together with you to develop the best method of treatment for your child.
The goals of treatment are to relieve pain and swelling, prevent long-term damage to the joints, optimize use and function of the joints to promote optimal growth, physical activity, and social and emotional development in your child.
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According to most historical textbooks Columbus made mistakes while measuring the size of the Earth. This led him to believe, that he can travel to India westwards in a reasonable time. This is however quite strange, that he let no one correct him in his mistake.
Could it be possible and was it ever considered by the historians, that Columbus was simply lying that he can find the way to India? That he knew about existence of Americas somehow and used the lie to get funding for his operation?
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Bridging the Gap: Center for Environmental Research and Sustainability in the DMZ, Korea
MetadataShow full item record
The DMZ (Demilitarized Zone) is a designation for a military demarcation line in accordance with 'the Korean Armistice Agreement' signed on July 27, 1953. Since then, civilian access over the DMZ is highly limited. Because of the limitation, the DMZ is naturally restored its ecosystem. In 1992 summit conference, North and South Korea reached an agreement to reconnect two railroad lines which had been destroyed by war. This is a given opportunity for both Koreas to examine the possibility of reunification. At the same time, it will be the challenge for the environment around the area where the railroads will pass. This thesis explores the possible use of land where the railroad passes. Sustainability is considered as a main idea to develop the area surrounded as well as the building itself. Based on the program test, the suitable development plan for the surrounding area is proposed. The idea of sustainable development is applied in conjunction with the symbolic meaning of the space. This thesis also explores the role of architecture in which the reconciliation between North and South Korea as well as men and nature will take place. The Center for Environmental Research and Sustainability offers the space where scientists from different countries including North and South Korea can interact with each other for sharing ideas and developing new technologies. Public are invited to experience a life interrelated to nature.
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How do you find an objects resonant frequency?Asked by: Tim Pope
AnswerAn object exposed to its resonant frequency will vibrate in sympathy with the sound. The wavefronts pushing on the object will arrive at just the right time to nudge the object with greater and greater amplitude each cycle. A good analogy is pushing a friend on a swing. If you push at random times, you will not be able to get your friend moving very well; if you push at a specific time in each swing, the swings will get higher and higher. The easiest way to find the resonant frequencies is to place the object next to a speaker and also place a microphone attached to an oscilloscope next to the object. Have the speaker play a tone at a given volume, and then without changing the volume slowly change the pitch (or frequency). If you watch the oscilloscope you will notice that at certain frequencies the amplitude of the wave, which is proportional to the volume of the sound being picked up by the microphone, will be greater than at surrounding frequencies. These are the resonant frequencies, and are detectable as the sound energy absorbed by the object is re-emitted more efficiently at these pitches. Note that you can perform the same procedure, albeit less precisely, in a low-tech way: try holding a large bowl, or coffee can, or some other object that you are hoping to make resonate, in front of your face. Slowly sing a tone with increasing pitch. If there is a resonant frequency in the audible range, you should be able to hear the tone emitted back to your ears at that pitch. Or if you have a piano available to you, try singing into the piano and you'll see the strings vibrate when you sing their resonant frequencies.
Answered by: Rob Landolfi, Science Teacher, Washington, DC
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About 175,000 New Caledonians will vote on the future of their Pacific territory this Sunday—a status quo French-ruled New Caledonia, or an independent Kanaky New Caledonia. What will be their choice? David Robie backgrounds the issues that led to the vote.
With New Caledonia facing the first of possibly three referendums on independence on Sunday—given the widely expected defeat this time around, it is timely to reflect on the turbulent 1980s.
An upheaval known locally by the euphemism of “les evenements” led to the 1988 Matignon and 1998 Nouméa accords as a compromise solution for indigenous Kanak demands for independence back then and the power sharing that has evolved for the past three decades.
The climax is with this Sunday’s vote, but if the status quo remains the accords provide for a further two referendums in 2020 and 2023.(1)NEW CALEDONIA OR KANAKY?: THE INDEPENDENCE VOTE
When the Pacific was still in the grip of Cold War geopolitics, France claimed that it wished to retain its South Pacific presence for similar reasons to the United States—a concern about communism and the old Soviet Union, the desire for stability and the maintenance of the “balance of power”.
But there were other, more sinister, factors behind the publicly stated reasons. French colonialism in both New Caledonia and Tahiti in the 19th century was largely motivated by the wish to prevent the South Pacific becoming a “British lake”. (2)
New Caledonia became the most critical factor in this political equation. When Vanuatu became independent from Britain and France in 1980, France’s then State Secretary for Overseas Territories, Paul Dijoud, pledged that “battle must be done to keep New Caledonia French”.
New Caledonia was at that time the last “domino” before French Polynesia where the vital nuclear tests for the force de frappe were still being carried out until they ended in 1996.
It is in this context that the 1984 Kanaks revolted against French rule, which eventually cost 32 lives—most of them Melanesian, with the Hienghène massacre the most devastating early clash and culminating in the assassinations of independence leaders Jean-Marie Tjibaou and Yéiwene Yéiwene on 4 May 1989.
Within eight weeks of the start of the rebellion, militant Kanak leader Éloï Machiro, who had bloodlessly captured the mining town of Thio, was dead—shot by French police marksmen. From then on nationalist tensions in New Caledonia rapidly became convulsions, spreading throughout the South Pacific and culminated in the Ouvéa cave massacre on 5 May 1988 with the brutal death of 19 young militants and two French security forces. (3)
The New Caledonian events led to my 1989 book Blood On Their Banner: Nationalist Struggles in the South Pacific (4) and the shocking story of the Ouvéa hostage-taking saga and its savage climax was told graphically in Mathieu Kassovitz’s 2011 film Rebellion (l’Ordre et la morale).(5)
A report by CIGN hostage negotiator Captain Philippine Legorjus, who had tried valiantly to achieve a peaceful end to the crisis, said: “Some acts of barbarity have been committed by the French military in contradiction with their military duty.”
His report later became the basis of the controversial feature film’s script.
The following 1984 article, “Blood on their Banner”, one of my first while covering New Caledonia as an independent journalist through the 1980s, was published in the New Zealand Listener and later included in my 2014 book Don’t Spoil My Beautiful face: Media, Mayhem and Human Rights in the Pacific.(6)
***A masked Kanak militant near Thio, New Caledonia, 1985, on the cover of the Swedish edition of David Robie’s 1989 book Blood on their Banner. Image: David Robie/PMC
BLOOD ON THEIR BANNER
New Zealand Listener
27 October 1984
Leaders of New Caledonia’s independence movement say that time is running out. Their blood has already been spilt and they fear more bloodshed lies ahead.(7)
A new flag flutters defiantly from makeshift flagpoles in a handful of villages in New Caledonia. It is blue, red, and green-striped—symbolising the sky, blood and earth. A golden orb represents the rising sun.
This premature banner of independence was first hoisted in Lifou Island during an official ceremony recently marking the 44th anniversary of General de Gaulle’s call for a Free France.Two flags … French tricolour and the Kanak ensign symbolising independence. Image: David Robie/PMC
Mayor Edward Wapae, of the ruling Independence Front, recalled that de Gaulle’s speech in 1940 showed a determination to “liberate France soil from the Nazi occupiers and to reconquer French independence, the principles of which had made her the home of the rights of man and liberties”.
In the next breath, Wapae said that the children and the grandchildren of the Kanaks (the largest single ethnic group in New Caledonia), who had fought for France then, were fed up with vain promises. He made a “last chance” plea for France to honour “her declarations condemning colonisation and defending the right of each people to decide their own future”.
The flags are just one manifestation of a growing mood of impatience and disillusionment among Kanaks demanding independence in the French-ruled South Pacific territory—New Zealand’s closest major Pacific Island neighbour. Another is the talk in villages of the “sacrifices” made by peasants during the Algerian war of independence.French Pacific Regiment troops on ceremonial parade outside New Caledonia’s Territorial Assembly in Nouméa. Image: David Robie/PMC
South Pacific Forum leaders, meeting in Tuvalu during August , again caution against putting too much pressure on France while urging that Paris speed up the colonisation process.
Yet for the Kanaks, and neighbouring Vanuatu, this take-it-easy attitude is rather bewildering. “The Forum sees things the same way as the French socialists and our position—their Pacific brother—isn’t seriously considered,” complains Jean-Marie Tjibaou, who as Vice-President of the Government Council holds the territory’s highest elected post.
He has been particularly disillusioned with Australia and New Zealand, at least until Prime Minister David Lange’s sudden “reconnaissance mission” to Nouméa in early October.
Vanuatu’s Prime Minister, Father Walter Lini, also disappointed at the Forum’s lukewarm support, plans to press the New Caledonian case at the United Nations and try to get it reinstated on the so-called Decolonisation Committee’s list. He blames the Forum if violence erupts in the territory and fears “foreign opportunists may exploit the instability”.
The Independence Front, now renamed the Kanak Socialist National Liberation Front (FLNKS), recently decided to boycott and obstruct fresh elections due in the territory next month in protest against a new statute of autonomy.
Instead, the FLNKS has called its own parliamentary elections for November 11, planning to form a provisional government by December and renamed the country Kanaky.
Although the statute calls for a referendum on independence in 1989, the Forum believes this should be advanced to 1986—while the FLNKS wants independence next year.
Lini criticises the view, often expressed by Australia and New Zealand, that Paris has been doing all it could and should be given time to decolonise. “The history of French decolonisation frequently has not been peaceful … and no other South Pacific nation, apart from Vanuatu, has suffered it.”
Vanuatu’s ruling Vanua’aku Pati has made a revolution that opens the door for the FLNKS to form a government-in-exile in Port Vila. But Vanuatu’s government ministers are reluctant to discuss this and it is believed they would prefer a “people’s government to be with the people” in New Caledonia.
In Tuvalu, Lange won support for establishing a five-nation Forum ministerial delegation—including New Zealand and Vanuatu—to visit Nouméa for talks with French authorities and the indépèndantistes.
After briefly flying to Nouméa and Port Vila at the end of his hectic trip, he stressed it was clear all New Caledonian political groups apart from the right-wingers wanted independence. He hoped to bring the factions together before the elections but his peaceful initiative may already be too late.A Kanak girl in Nouméa’s Place des Cocotiers during a pro-independence rally in 1984. Image: David Robie/Tu Galala
Why are the indépèndantistes taking this more militant stance when they are at present in the driver’s seat as the senior coalition partner in the government? “With the present colonial electoral system and past immigration policies, Melanesians are a minority in their homeland,” explains Vice-President Tjibaou, a 48-year old sociologist. “We cannot accept that logic. Now we’re putting a halt to it.
“We need a statute that will accept our logic—the logic of Kanak sovereignty.”
The bitter reality for New Caledonians, both brown and white, is that the French government has pushed through an autonomy statute that nobody wants. The Territorial Assembly in Noumea unanimously rejected the bill earlier this year. Justin Guillemard, leader of the extreme right-wing Caledonian Front, describes the law as an “administrative monstrosity” and “racist” in favour of Melanesians.
President Francois Mitterrand’s government, so keen to foster a strong middle ground, now seems further away than ever from any consensus among New Caledonians. And the Caldoche (settlers) are alarmed at the FLNKS’s determination to seek foreign help.
Wealthy businessman Jacques Lafleur, a deputy in the French national Assembly and leader of the Republican Congress Party which held local power until two years ago, denounced as “provocative” a visit by Tjibaou to Port Moresby in August when he lobbied an Asian-Pacific leaders’ regional summit. Lafleur also condemned a recent visit to Libya by two other Independence Front leaders.
The 51-year old Lafleur is a fifth-generation Caldoche and a great admirer of former Prime Minister Sir Robert Muldoon— “the only South Pacific leader who understands us”.
With an air of cynicism, he says: “Maybe there could be independence in 20 years or so, but it depends on what sort … I would never be a Kanak citizen. We are French people and the Kanaks are French too… One bad move and there will be blood in the streets.”
But for the Kanaks, blood has already been flowing in the streets and they fear more being spilt. French authorities have been quietly building up the strength of military forces in the territory to maintain order, if necessary. It is believed more than 4000 paramilitary and regular troops are now garrisoned there.A French Pacific Regiment marine in a Nouméa military parade in the 1980s. Image: David Robie/PMC
One MP, Yann-Celene Uregei, has a photograph in his office of his face battered and bleeding from the blows of a policeman’s truncheon at a protest rally during a previous French Government’s rule. Two years ago a group of extremist white thugs burst into the Territorial Assembly chamber and attacked pro-independence MPs. They received light sentences. There have also been sporadic riots.
On the night of 19 September 1981, French-born Pierre Declercq, 43, secretary-general of the Union Calédonienne and a leading strategist of the Independence Front, was shot with a riot gun through the study window on his Mt Dore home. It was the first assassination of a South Pacific political leader. Now, three years later, nobody has yet been put in the dock for the murder.
During August more than 600 people marched on the Noumea courthouse demanding that a trial be held over the killing of “white martyr” Declercq, whose party was the key member of the FLNKS. Similar protest rallies were held in Poindimie, Pouebo, Voh and on Lifou Island in the Loyalty group.Kanak wearing a “white martyr” tee-shirt honouring an assassinated early FLNKS leader Pierre Declercq. Image: David Robie/PMC
A young motorcycle mechanic, Dominic Canon, was arrested and charged four days after the murder. Another man, Vanuatu-born barman Martin Barthelemy, was arrested a year later. But both suspects have been freed on bail.
Judicial delay scandalous
Marguitte Declercq accuses justice officials and gendarmes of obstructing inquiries into her husband’s killing; League of Human Rights secretary-general Jean-Jacques Bourdinat has called the judicial delay scandalous.
When I spoke to the cherubic-faced Canon, now 22, in his workshop on the outskirts of Noumea just after his release on $5000 bail from the notorious Camp Est prison, he insisted: “I’m innocent. They put me in jail for nothing.”
New Caledonia’s problem stem from its complex racial mix. Kanaks number only 60,000 out of a population of 140,000. About 50,000 Europeans form the next largest group, and the rest are potpourri of Vietnamese, Indonesians, Tahitians and Wallisians.
New Caledonia was annexed by France in 1853, mainly for the use as a penal colony. In three decades after 1860 more than 40,000 prisoners—including leaders of the 1871 Paris commune insurrection and other political exiles—were deported to the colony.“Colonial assassins” graffiti denouncing French colonial rule in the Place des Cocotiers, Noumea, 1984. Image: David Robie/PMC
For almost a century the Kanaks were deprived of political and civil rights But after they finally won the vote in 1951, they begun to wrest a limited share of their own country’s development—which was later fuelled by a nickel boom.
According to Vice-President Tjibaou, the New Caledonian territorial government has less power now than during the controversial loi cadre years between 1956 and 1959, when the territory was almost self-governing. Later conservative French governments favoured policies which meant New Caledonia was governed as an integral part of France until the Mitterrand administration embarked on reforms in 1981—after the assassination of Declercq.
The indépèndantistes argue that the current French reforms, far from being progressive, have in fact only been restoring some of the progress made in the 1950s. And they fear that if the Socialists lose office in the French general election due in 1986 they will be faced with another stalemate. Hence their urgency for independence next year.
They claim President Mitterrand betrayed a commitment to independence made before being elected, and again at a roundtable conference at Nainville-les-Roches last year.
The controversial statute will increase the Territorial Assembly from 36 seats to 42 (slightly favouring the indépèndantistes): create a unique style of upper house comprising custom chiefs and representatives of elected town councils; introduce six regional (Kanaks prefer the word pays, or cultural community) administrations; and establish a special commission to prepare the way for a referendum on self-determination in 1989.Kanak villagers guard a barricade near Bourail, New Caledonia, 1985. The Kanak flag bears a red band representing the blood sacrificed in their struggle. Image: David Robie/London Sunday Times
“We haven’t any choice but to oppose the application of the statute,” says Tjibaou. “We must impose an ‘active’ boycott, because if we accept these elections under the statute of autonomy, we accept the colonial logic behind them.”
Tjibaou believes the election result would be insignificant and unrepresentative of the territory. Many FLNKS leaders consider that the French government couldn’t allow an unrepresentative local government, so they would annul the elections and be forced into making quicker concessions for electoral reforms.
French officials concede there could be a case for a qualified franchise, such as Fiji’s nine-year residential clause, but consider the FLNKS demand that voters should be only Kanaks or people with at least one parent born in New Caledonia to be “unconstitutional”. Fearful of eventual independence, white Caledonians are applying in droves for immigration permits to Australia. Wealthy New Caledonians are also buying lands in New Zealand’s South Island, California, Hawai’i, Queensland and the French Riviera.
Most Kanaks support the Independence Front, a coalition of five parties until the Kanak Socialist Liberation, led by charismatic Nidoishe Naisseline, split away recently over the election boycott decision. Naisseline, a Sorbonne-educated grand chief, says Kanaks “shouldn’t try to copy nationalist movements in Africa and Indo-China”.
The majority of Europeans back Lafleur’s Republican Congress Party which used to advocate continued integration with France. Now it is outflanked on the right by the Caledonian Front while the centrist Caledonian New Society Federation (FNSC), also mainly European, has been supporting the Independence Forum for the last two years.
New Caledonian politics is highly complex, and feelings are potentially explosive.
While the rest of the South Pacific—apart from Vanuatu, which was forced to cope with an abortive secession—peacefully gained independence, New Caledonia seems fated to break that pattern. Little wonder the indépèndantistes have included symbolic blood on their banner.
Over the next seven years, I closely reported the ongoing conflict in Kanaky for Pacific and global media.
Multimillionaire mining and property mogul Jacques Lafleur, one of the richest men in France and the biggest thorn for Kanak independence, even though he eventually reluctantly signed the two critical accords paving the way for possible independence, died in 2010 aged 78.
He dominated New Caledonian politics for more than three decades, including 29 as a member of the French National Assembly.
Along with Jean-Marie Tjibaou—one of the great visionary Pacific leaders until he was assassinated in 1989 (7), Lafleur signed the 1988 Matignon accord and then the Noumea accord in 1998, and honoured a pledge to Tjibaou to open the way for a Kanak stake in the nickel mining industry.
Lafleur agreed to sell his controlling stake in Societe Miniere du Sud Pacific (SMSP) to the Kanak-dominated Northern Province government in 1990.
New Caledonian nickel is shipped to many Asian countries where it is processed to manufacture steel, electronics and consumer goods. The nickel industry has made many Caldoche wealthy, with minerals for 90 percent of the territory’s export revenue.
Criticism of the industry is highly unpopular with the establishment.
The Pacific Media Centre’s Professor David Robie is author of Blood on their Banner: Nationalist Struggles in the South Pacific and Don’t Spoil My Beautiful Face.
1. Haut-Commissariat de la Republique en Nouvelle-Caledonie (2018). Consultation sur l’accession a la plein souverainete de la Nouvelle Caledonie.
2. David Robie (1989). Introduction. In Blood On Their Banner: Nationalist Struggles in the South Pacific. London: Zed Books, p. 17.
3. Max Uechtritz (2018, May 7). Blood in the Pacific: 30 years on from the Ouvéa Island cave massacre. Asia Pacific Report.
4. David Robie (1989). Och världen blundar… kampen för frihet i Stilla havet [And the world closed its eyes – campaign for a free South Pacific]. Swedish trans. Margareta Eklof]. Hoganas, Sweden: Wiken Books; David Robie (1989). Blood On Their Banner: Nationalist Struggles in the South Pacific. London: Zed Books.
5. David Robie (2012). Gossana cave siege tragic tale of betrayal. Pacific Journalism Review: Te Koakoa, 18(2), 212-216.
6. David Robie (2014). Don’t Spoil My Beautiful face: Media, Mayhem and Human Rights in the Pacific. Auckland: Little Island Press./
7. David Robie (1984, October 27). Blood on their banner. New Zealand Listener, pp. 14-15
8. Sarah Walls (2009). Jean-Marie Tjibaou: Statesman without a state: a reporter’s perspective. The Journal of Pacific History. 44(2), 165-178.
Article by AsiaPacificReport.nz]]>
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jperry at UWC.EDU
Wed Oct 30 21:11:33 EST 1996
At 12:14 PM 10/30/96 -0800, Dr. David Starrett wrote:
> While teaching plant anatomy, I came across the tidbit that xylem mother
>cells divide twice while phloem mother cells divide once. When I brought
>this up to the class, one student asked whether that one division was the
>division producing the Companion cell. I tried looking this up in a few
>texts, but found no answer. Anyone have an idea whether the single PMC
>division yields the Sieve Tube Memebr plus companion cell?
> Any thoughts would be appreciated!
I'm unsure where you would have picked up that "tidbit" David, but the
impresion it gives me (and I suspect your students) is that the cambial
initial divides and gives rise immmediately to either a xylem or phloem cell.
Even with high resolution electron microscopy it is impossible to
distinguish a cell as *the* cambial initial. That's why the cambium is best
referred to as a zone, rather than a singel cell layer. In fact, there are
multiple periclinal divisions in the cambial zone. If the cells on the
phloem (external)side of the cambium are destined to differentiate into
sieve tube members (we have to restrict the discussion here to angiosperms),
a subsequent periclinal division within the cell will "cut off" the
companion cell. Other periclinal divisions of the cambila initials would
result in the production of phloem parenchyma cells.
If we were considering a gymnopsperm with albuminous cells (functionally
equivalent to a companion cell, but not of immediate ontogenetic derivation
from the sieve element, perilinal divisions within the cambial zone would
give rise to sieve cells, albuminous cells and phloem parenchyma cells.
I would be curious to know the source of the "tidbit." I would bet it was
not Raven, Evert amd Eichhorn, Esau or Fahn. Inasmuch as there is typically
many more cells produced on the xylem side of the cambium, it's not
surprising that the "two divisions" was mentioned, but that in itself seems
less than accurate.
James W. Perry, Ph.D.
Campus Dean/Associate Professor of Biological Sciences
University of Wisconsin - Fox Valley
1478 Midway Road, P.O. Box 8002
Menasha, Wisconsin 54952-8002
home: (414) 836-9959
FAX: (414) 832-2674
e-mail: jperry at uwc.e
More information about the Plant-ed
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Diet and exercise are essential for blood sugar management and are subject of much frustration for the diabetic patient and the physician. With each visit to the physician’s office, the patient has to anticipate the stern lecture about exercising, controlling his or her diet, abstaining from sweets, and testing his or her sugars regularly or face the multitude of complications from diabetes. In addition, physicians may also give a patient a handout with the recommendations from the American Diabetes Association.
But does this method work? King and Armstrong studied the effectiveness of this type of program and followed a cohort of chronic dieters who see a doctor and are told to lose weight. They found that half of all these patients actually gained weight. The conclusion of this study and years of experience was twofold: deprivation invites bingeing and diets don’t work.
So what is the solution? Lifestyle modification. This includes a balanced diet with moderate physical activity. The Diabetes Prevention Program is a 27-center randomized clinical trail that studied more than 3,200 adults who were 25 years or older and who were at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. This was the first major clinical trial to show that lifestyle changes in diet, exercise and loss of a little weight can prevent or delay the progression of the disease. This study evaluated the effectiveness of intensive lifestyle modification, including healthy diet, moderate physical activity of 30 minutes a day five days a week, standard care plus the use of metformin and standard care plus placebo.
Participants who made lifestyle changes reduced their risk of getting type 2 diabetes by 58 percent. A healthy diet and moderate exercise lower blood sugars and improve the body’s use of insulin, and slow progression of the disease and its complications.
Redefining The 'Well-Balanced’ Diet
Most mistakenly believe that a “diabetic diet” means restriction on sugar intake and the need to avoid sugar-containing items such as cakes, cookies and candies. The key words here are “well-balanced” diet. In reality, diabetics can eat anything a non-diabetic can eat as long as it is a well-balanced diet and the carbohydrate intake is spread out through the day. In addition, if the diabetic is taking insulin or oral medication, he or she will want to eat carbohydrates in such a way that the sugar from the meal peaks when the medication is working at its peak.
The Food Pyramid is the best example of a well-balanced diet for the average person as well as the diabetic. On average, Americans eat 40 to 45 percent of the recommended caloric intake of carbohydrates. Grains, beans and starchy vegetables have very little fat, saturated fat or cholesterol. They are also filled with vitamins, minerals and fiber. Vegetables are low calorie and full of vitamins and fiber. A minimum of three servings a day is required.
Fruits should be eaten at least twice a day when blood sugars are low. In addition, eating a whole orange with the pulp and fiber does not increase blood sugars as quickly as concentrated orange juice, enabling the diabetic to have more control over the glycemic response. Low fat options from the milk group will provide calcium to prevent osteoporosis without the saturated fat and cholesterol.
Patients with diabetes need as much protein as anyone else although cutting down on saturated fats and using leaner options will help decrease the diabetic’s already high risk of heart disease. Moderate protein restriction has shown that diabetic patients have increased adiposity and decreased muscle strength.
Sweets should be taken in moderation. Although studies have shown that sugars do not raise blood glucose any higher than carbohydrates upon ingestion, sweets contain little nutritional value.
Convey The Importance Of Fiber
The ADA gives the following recommendations for people with diabetes:
• Limit fat to 30 percent or less of daily calories.
• Limit saturated fat to 10 percent or less of daily calories.
• Limit protein to 10 to 20 percent of daily calories. For those with initial signs of diabetes-induced kidney disease, restrict protein to 10 percent of daily calories.
• Limit cholesterol to 300 milligrams or less daily.
• Consume about 20 to 35 grams of fiber daily.
Fiber, which includes whole grain products, fruits, vegetables and legumes, plays an important role in glycemic control and weight management. The skins on the fruits and vegetables contain the largest amount of fiber and should also be consumed. Fiber is not broken down by the body and is not metabolized into carbohydrates although it is considered one. Therefore, it can be subtracted from the total carbohydrate consumption of what one is eating.
The average American eats half of the recommended 20 to 35 grams of fiber each day. A diabetic who eats greater than 50 grams of fiber a day is able to control blood sugars far better than those who eat less. In addition, fiber adds bulk and makes you feel full, aiding in weight loss. To avoid constipation, remember to drink six to eight glasses of water per a day.
What Vitamins Can Have An Impact For Your Diabetes Patients?
Well-balanced meals and snacks are important in supplying the majority of one’s nutrients. If the diet is not well rounded, a vitamin supplement is not going to make up for large losses of nutrients. In addition, many foods contain beneficial substances that cannot be obtained by a supplement. A vitamin and mineral supplement with no more than 100 to 150 percent of the daily-recommended value (with at least 20 types of vitamins and minerals listed) is appropriate. It should contain 400 mg of folic acid and 400 IU of vitamin D. Men usually do not need a supplement with iron. Store-brand supplements are as good as name-brand supplements.
Vitamin C and E are antioxidants that neutralize free radicals that damage cell and can lead to diseases like cancer, heart disease and lung disease. Vitamin C levels in diabetics are generally lower due to high blood sugar levels, hampering the uptake of Vitamin C by cells. Vitamin C has known influence in aiding control of blood sugar levels as well as control of cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Recommended daily requirement of vitamin E is 30 IU and there is some evidence that it may play a role in preventing kidney and/or eye damage. However, a large dosage greater than 800 IU increases the risk of stroke in those with high blood pressure and interferes with anticoagulants.
Five Key Tips On Exercise
When giving advice to diabetes patients about exercise, consider the following tips.
• If the patient is 35, he or she may need a stress test.
• Emphasize blood glucose testing before and after exercise. These patients should not exercise if blood glucose is over 250 and there are ketones in their urine. If blood glucose is over 250 but no ketones are present, you should follow these guidelines. Tell type 1 patients not to exercise if their blood glucose is 300 or more. Tell type 2 patients not to exercise if their blood glucose is 400 or more.
• Encourage these patients to always carry a carbohydrate snack.
• Encourage them to drink plenty of fluids.
• Emphasize wearing shoes and equipment that fit well.
A well-balanced diet combined with exercise can lower the blood sugar and improve the body’s ability to use glucose. A variety of factors influence how quickly food is digested. Meals with large amounts of fiber and raw foods take longer to digest and reduce the degree of blood sugar elevation. With regular exercise, the amount of insulin needed decreases. In addition, a balanced diet with exercise decreases the risk factors for heart disease, improves the control of high blood pressure, facilitates weight loss, aids in relieving depression and increases energy levels.
In conclusion, educating the patient about a proper well-balanced diet and exercise will empower the patient to control his or her blood sugars without feeling guilty and deprived.
Dr. Jensen is a first-year resident at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. She gives additional acknowledgement to Kevin A. Lawson, MSN, MPH, PHND.
Dr. Steinberg is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Orthopaedics/Podiatry Service at the University of Texas Health Science Center.
1. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al, Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N England Journal of Medicine, 346(6) 2002.J
2. Rich S, Diabetes: A Gentle Approach to a ToughProblem, Radiance Fall 1995.
3. Brodsky IG, Nutritional Effects of Dietary Protein Restriction in Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus, The Journal of Nutrition, 128:2 Feb 1998.
4. Mokdad AH et al, Diabetes trends in the U.S.: 1990-1998. Diabetes Care 23(9) 2000.
5. National Diabetes Fact Sheet, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/estimates.htm
6. Joslin Diabetes Center – Managing Diabetes, http://www.joslin.harvard.edu/education/library
7. Eating Healthy With the Diabetes Food Pyramid As Your Guide, American Diabetes Association.
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Transitional words in writing
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Transitional words in writing
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Title: Transition Words/Phrases for Narrative Writing Created Date: 10/25/2007 6:25:00 PM Other titles: Transition Words/Phrases for Narrative Writing. Transitional words for essays Ephraim 05/11/2015 6:34:36. Your essays list paragraphs represent one of writing essays essays comparison in the basic transition. In other words namely (more formal). (Don't use them at the beginning of a sentence in more formal writing.). Transitional Words and Phrases. READING rockets www.readingrockets.org Transition words and phrases Words or phrases to help sequence ideas or transition between sentences or paragraphs. Http://youtu.be/4xKTcWy0m84 for Transitions In Writing Part II: Transitional Phrases In this series, I talk about how to make your writing flow by using.
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The impact of dietary ions on rumen ion concentrations
Catterton, Tracy Lynn
Erdman, Richard A
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Dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) evaluates the strong ion balance in dairy cattle diets. We performed two experiments to study the impacts of strong dietary ions (Na, K, and Cl) on the rumen environment. Our overall hypothesis was that dietary strong ions would influence their corresponding rumen concentrations. Our objective was to determine the impact of the dietary strong ions on the rumen environment. In the first experiment, five fistulated dairy cows consumed the following treatments: (1) a basal diet composed of corn silage and alfalfa hay and then the basal diet supplemented with (2) NaCl, (3) KCl, (4) NaHCO3, and (5) K2CO3. Rumen samples were collected 0, 1.5, 3, 4.5, 6, 9, and 12 h post-feeding to measure ion concentrations, pH, and volatile fatty acid concentrations. In the second experiment, we conducted a meta-analysis of published literature that measured rumen strong ion concentrations.
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Photo of a Scottish Fold, from Wikimedia.
I really don’t think they make cats cuter looking than this. He is a Scottish Fold. Their ears stay about the same size they were as kittens, and do not stand up, in fact they start to fold at about 3 weeks of age. This breed originated as a mutation in the 1960’s. Occasionally a cat who has had bad ear mites, or frost bite will have a similar appearance.
Photo of an American Curl, from Wikimedia.
The American Curl is almost opposite from the Scottish Fold, their ears curl backwards. The curling begins at about two weeks of age. This breed is very new, developed from a mutation that occurred in the 1980’s. If the ears curl too far back and touch the skull, the cat is considered inferior, and would be disqualified from a show. They may be long or short haired.
Photo of a Persian, from Wikimedia.
A lot of people think that just because their cat has long hair it is a Persian cat, but you can see most Persians have another distinctive feature, a “peke-face”. This refers to the pushed in appearance of their nose. They are prone to breathing and other health problems as a result, but heck are they ever cute. Persians are noted for being reserved and a bit lazy. They are not especially cuddly cats, and do much better when kept indoors only. Persian cats are often considered the classic apartment cat, assuming the owner is willing to groom them often.
Photo of a Cornish Rex, from Wikimedia.
The Cornish Rex is a cat that lacks a lot of the hair that other cats have, thus they are often selected by people with allergies. They only have a fine downy undercoat which is extremely soft. They are subject to getting chilled easily so are best indoors only in drier homes, however they are extremely active so are better in homes, rather than apartments. This is a relatively new breed, that resulted from a genetic mutation in a litter of kittens in the 1950’s.
Photo of a Sphynx, from Wikimedia.
The Sphynx is a virtually hairless cat often sought after by people with allergies to cats. They actually do have a thin, peach-fuzz-like coat, and require baths at least every two weeks to keep their skin in good condition. This breed originated in the late 1960’s. Like the Rex, these are active cats who need lots of places to run but should not be allowed outside, they are subject to getting cold and sunburns.
Photo of a Manx cat, from Wikimedia.
There are several breeds of cats who are tailless or who have short tails. The best known of these is the Manx, who may be born with any length of tail. There is also the Japanese Bobtail, and the Pixie Bob. The Manx breed originated in the 1700’s and is actually the result of a mutation in the spine, as a result many Manx have problems with their bowels. Their hind legs are longer than their front legs which give them a peculiar gait, and people often say they are the result of crossing a cat with a rabbit. This is not true. The true tailless gene is lethal in kittens when doubled. As such two completely tailless Manx should not be bred together.
Norwegian Forest Cat
Photo or a Norwegian Forest Cat, from Wikimedia.
Nothing odd to look at in terms of appearance, it is more of a behavioral thing that sets this breed apart. The Norwegian Forest Cat has a very thick, double coat, especially in the winter. In fact the coat is so thick it is water proof, and these cats have a greater tolerance of water than most other breeds. As we know, most cats are terrified of water. These are big cats, but are friendly and calm, they make great house pets, and are gaining popularity as such. Remember just because a cat is big, fluffy, and likes water, does not mean it is a Norwegian Forest cat, to be considered as such the cat must be registered.
Photo of a Ragdoll, from Wikimedia.
The Ragdoll is a newer breed of cat, that quickly gained popularity in North America because it was said to be more placid and “floppy”, than other breeds. As a newer breed the color initially was limited to being color point with white on the toes and face, but by genetically limiting colors, the breed was being weakened, and other colors are now accepted. I am not endorsing this breed as a specialty breed, it has come to be known that this breed was not as “floppy” as they were initially said to be. They are pretty, but close attention should be made to avoid getting one that is excessively inbred to avoid the genetic problems that are present in the breed. They are a quiet cat who does well to be kept indoors only.
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This “Blue book” can be used along with the “Orange book”. The “Blue book” covers the other half of the first year music theory. In this book, students will learn 4 basic note values – quarter note, half note, dotted half note and whole note. Students will also learn time signature, directional reading, staffs and note name.
The book comes with 64 stickers and game cards. You can use the game cards to introduce a new concept. Students tend to learn and retain the information better when it's fun!
These books are designed for students ages 5 – 8. These books can be used as a preparatory before starting music lessons or as a supplement to music lessons. Your students will love these books!
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Logistics has its own special jargon, just like any other industry. Whether you want to work in transportation or you just want to know a little more about the shipping process, it would be wise to learn about common freight hauling terms and definitions. The short dictionary below will give you the introduction you need to be better versed in freight hauling.
A dry van is the most common form of freight trailer in the industry. The freight is loaded into a semi-trailer that is 26-53 feet long. Then the dry van driver is responsible for getting whatever products are inside the trailer from one point to another.
A flatbed is a shipping trailer that has no roof and no sides it. It is just like the name suggests, a flat bed used to haul large items like construction equipment, airplane parts, big art sculptures, and much more. Because flatbeds have no top to them, they are usually used to transport items that can withstand climate changes. They may also be used to haul items that cannot fit inside an enclosed trailer.
Refrigerated Freight Truck or Reefer
The term “reefer” is often used to describe refrigerated freight – items that have to be stored at a certain temperature during transport. Refrigerated trucks are mostly used in the food industry, but they may also be used to transport medication or chemicals that need to be stored at a specific temperature.
A bull hauler refers to trailers that are designed to transport live animals. They do not necessarily have to carry bulls. Different types of animals require different care during their transportation based the distance they are traveling and how often they need to eat, walk, use the bathroom, etc.
A low boy, also known as a double drop deck, is a semi-trailer with a low-setting deck. This allows the driver to transport loads up to 12 feet tall, which you cannot do other flat beds or trailers. Low boys are used to carry heavy equipment, like front-loaders, bulldozers, and tractors.
Less than Truckload (LTL)
LTL freight is any freight that does not fill up a trailer. Shipping companies try to avoid LTL loads because that means that they are not transporting at full capacity. In other words, if there is room the truck, there will ultimately need to be more trips to transport the same amount of items. The logistics industry aims to get the most out of every run to save people money shipping and transportation.
The back haul is the second half of a carrier’s route. For instance, if a trucker picks up a load in Maryland and drives it to New Jersey, the trip from New Jersey back to Maryland would be the back haul. Shippers typically try to fill their vehicles up with some sort of return load in order to make use of their time and cut shipping costs for both parties.
Gross Vehicle Weight
The gross vehicle weight is the combined weight of a transport vehicle, trailer, and cargo. This is used to determine what class of driver can transport the shipment and what route the shipment is allowed to take. Each state has its own guidelines about how heavy or oversized loads are to be handled.
These are just some of the many freight hauling terms you may come across when working with a distribution center. If there is ever a term that you need more information about, feel free to ask the friendly team here at Overflo to explain it to you.
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October 29, 2010
Citizen Scientists Explore Ancient Mongolia from Afar
"Citizen archaeologists" helped researchers find Bronze Age burial sites and other Mongolian antiquities as part of a new National Geographic-supported expedition this summer. The groundbreaking "Field Expedition: Mongolia "” Valley of the Khans Project" invited Web users around the world to join a field expedition online in real time as "citizen scientists" from the comfort of their homes. The online expedition continues at http://exploration.nationalgeographic.com/mongolia.
The field expedition, headed by National Geographic Emerging Explorer Albert Yu-Min Lin of the University of California, San Diego, in collaboration with professors Shagdaryn Bira and Tsogt-Ochiryn Ishdorj of the International Association for Mongol Studies, and National Geographic Archaeology Fellow Fredrik Hiebert, is using modern, noninvasive tools to explore and map parts of Mongolia including the "forbidden precinct" "” the homeland of Genghis Khan, which has gone unexplored for 800 years. The project is searching for archaeological sites that shed light on the country's rich cultural history and heritage while maintaining respect for local customs and beliefs.In a first for National Geographic Digital Media, "Field Expedition: Mongolia" features an online component that encourages active participation by the public "” known as human computation, or "crowdsourcing" "” through a customized interactive Web portal. Using map-accurate, high-resolution satellite imagery made available by the GeoEye Foundation, citizen scientists analyzed real-time data, maps and other information direct from the field to mark anomalies that might represent archaeological ruins. The field team then used information the taggers collected to "ground-truth" the tagged sites, employing ground-penetrating radar, unmanned aerial vehicles, remote sensors and on-site digital archaeology. Human computation is an ongoing research focus at UCSD's California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology (Calit2).
"The power of crowdsourcing is utilizing the very human traits that we take for granted, such as the fact that we can identify something that is natural versus something that is man-made," explains Lin, who is affiliated with Calit2's Center of Interdisciplinary Science for Art, Architecture and Archaeology (CISA3). "It's hard to write a computer program that will tell you the same thing."
Still ongoing, "Field Expedition: Mongolia" launched June 9, 2010, and has drawn more than 6,000 taggers who have pinpointed more than a million specific areas of interest. One of the most active taggers has been Allison Shefcyk, a 24-year-old from West Hartford, Conn., who has yearned to be an archaeologist since childhood. Shefcyk said she knew little about Mongolia before embarking on the search. "When I first heard about the expedition, I decided I had to learn more about Mongolia in order to get a better idea of what I was looking at," she said. "That meant looking carefully at the blog (on the National Geographic website), going to the library, etc. I quickly became captivated by this unique and beautiful country." Shefcyk has tagged about 50,000 sites.
Satellite imagery taggers identified a wide range of interest points on the ground in the vast open spaces of Mongolia. The team rushed to one promising site only to find it was actually a herd of sheep. However, other leads were more fruitful. Some were found to be "khirigsurs," large tombs encircled by rings of rocks that date to the Bronze Age, more than 3,000 years old. Some sites were found to be looted, perhaps recently. Team archaeologists are analyzing the data collected.
Archaeology in Mongolia is complicated by the nomadic nature of its historic inhabitants and the size of the country "” Mongolia is slightly smaller than the state of Alaska. "Perhaps the main goal of the Valley of the Khans project is to help give these people a voice and to protect this area that abounds with ancient history," the expedition blog states. "By learning about the history of this region, we can prove its significance to Mongolian life and a heritage that shaped the world."
The hope is that many of those landmarks will eventually be protected as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. "It's almost like the crowd is guiding us," Lin says. "We're entering a new information processing era where the networks being created through the Internet are allowing us to approach collaboration on a whole new scale."
High-resolution satellite imagery for "Field Expedition: Mongolia" is provided by the GeoEye Foundation, a nonprofit organization established in 2007 to help train others to map, monitor and measure the Earth. The Foundation's focus is to foster the growth of the next generation of geospatial technology professionals; provide satellite imagery to students and faculty to advance research in geographic information systems and technology as well as environmental studies; and assist nongovernmental organizations in humanitarian support missions. The Virginia-based GeoEye Foundation donated all of the satellite imagery and arranged for additional satellite "fly-overs" when new images over specific areas were needed by the researchers.
A team of computer, electrical and cognitive scientists at UCSD's Calit2 wrote the crowdsourcing algorithm that allowed "Field Expedition: Mongolia" to capture user tags and the back-end scripts that cut GeoEye's satellite images into manageable sizes for users. UCSD scientists wrote the program that provides taggers with feedback on how well they tagged an image, offering advice and showing where others tagged items. UCSD researchers also provided blog updates and reports from the field. These mechanisms combined to allow thousands of online participants to virtually join the expedition team in Mongolia from their homes. Human intuition data points generated by "Field Expedition: Mongolia" taggers help back-end computers learn to accurately identify ancient structures and supplement existing UCSD computer object-recognition algorithms.
The enthusiasm for learning and exploration evidenced during the "Field Expedition: Mongolia" holds great promise for future explorations and research projects in a variety of fields, says Calit2 research scientist Lin. "We're still very far away from the day when we have made human observation obsolete," he says. "Lots of problems in science are computationally exhaustive and most are still beyond the capacity of computing systems. Now you can imagine the next level: Taking that collective thinking and having it guide itself toward the evolution of its own platform, where the crowd determines where it wants to go and what kinds of problems it wants to solve."
Digitaria, a leading digital marketing and technology firm, designed the look and feel of the "Field Expedition: Mongolia" website, and developed the flash-driven front-end interface that displays the satellite images and tools used to tag the features, including roads, rivers and ancient structures. The interface was created to meet the design criteria of UCSD scientists, whose goal is developing intuitive mechanisms and motivational elements that allow the crowd to be harnessed as a data-gathering machine. This process, human computation, enables large numbers of people who lack relevant training to help the scientists accurately analyze huge volumes of data. Digitaria also built out the registration process and blog template.
National Geographic Digital Media (NGDM) is the multimedia division of National Geographic Ventures, the wholly owned, taxable subsidiary of the National Geographic Society, one of the world's largest educational and scientific nonprofit organizations, working to inspire people to care about the planet. Holding many top industry awards, NGDM publishes www.nationalgeographic.com; produces short-form video for broadband markets; manages marketing and content partnerships across broadband, mobile, gaming and other consumer digital platforms; and provides video and film footage to commercial, theatrical, educational and other digital footage markets.
Image Caption: A team of computer, electrical and cognitive scientists at UCSD's Calit2 wrote the crowdsourcing algorithm that allowed "Field Expedition: Mongolia" to capture user tags and the back-end scripts that cut GeoEye's satellite images into manageable sizes for users.
On the Net:
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Following is a chronology of major events in Pakistan after 1947.
Major Events in Pakistan After 1947
1947 – Muslim state of East and West Pakistan created out of the partition of India at the end of British rule. Hundreds of thousands die in widespread communal violence, and millions are made homeless.
1948 – Muhammed Ali Jinnah, the first governor-general of Pakistan, dies.
1948 – First war with India over the disputed territory of Kashmir.
1951 – Jinnah’s successor Liaquat Ali Khan was assassinated.
1956 – Constitution proclaims Pakistan an Islamic republic.
1958 – Martial law declared, and General Ayyub Khan takes over.
1960 – General Ayyub Khan becomes president.
War and secession
1965 – Second war with India over Kashmir.
1969 – General Ayyub Khan resigns, and General Yahya Khan takes over.
1970 – Victory in general elections in East Pakistan for breakaway Awami League, leading to rising tension with West Pakistan.
1971 – East Pakistan attempts to secede, leading to civil war. India intervenes in support of East Pakistan which eventually breaks away to become Bangladesh.
1972 – Simla peace agreement with India sets new frontline in Kashmir.
1973 – Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto becomes prime minister.
Zia takes charge
1977 – Riots erupt over allegations of vote-rigging by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s Pakistan People’s Party (PPP). General Zia ul-Haq stages a military coup.
1978 – General Zia becomes president.
1979 – Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto hanged.
1980 – the US pledges military assistance to Pakistan following Soviet intervention in Afghanistan.
1985 – Martial law and political parties ban lifted.
1986 – Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s daughter Benazir returns from exile to lead PPP in the campaign for fresh elections.
1988 August – General Zia, the US ambassador and top Pakistan army officials die in a mysterious air crash.
Ghulam Ishaq Khan takes over as acting president and is later elected to the post.
1988 November – Benazir Bhutto’s PPP wins the general election.
1990 – Benazir Bhutto dismissed as prime minister on charges of incompetence and corruption.
1991 – Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif begins economic liberalization program. Islamic Shariah law formally incorporated into the legal code.
1992 – Government launches a campaign to stamp out violence by Urdu-speaking supporters of the Mohajir Quami Movement.
1993 – President Khan and Prime Minister Sharif both resign under pressure from the military. General election brings Benazir Bhutto back to power.
Politics and corruption
1996 – President Leghari dismisses Bhutto government amid corruption allegations.
1997 – Nawaz Sharif returns as prime minister after his Pakistan Muslim League party wins elections.
1998 – Pakistan conducts its nuclear tests after India explodes several nuclear devices.
1999 April – Benazir Bhutto and her husband convicted of corruption and given jail sentences. Benazir stays out of the country.
1999 May – Kargil conflict: Pakistan-backed forces clash with the Indian military in the icy heights around Kargil in Indian-held Kashmir. More than 1,000 people are killed on both sides.
1999 October – Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif overthrown in military coup led by General Pervez Musharraf. The coup is widely condemned, Pakistan is suspended from Commonwealth.
2000 April – Nawaz Sharif sentenced to life imprisonment on hijacking and terrorism charges.
2000 December – Nawaz Sharif goes into exile in Saudi Arabia after being pardoned by military authorities.
2001 20 June – Gen Pervez Musharraf names himself president while remaining head of the army. He replaced the figurehead president, Rafiq Tarar, who vacated his position earlier in the day after the parliament that elected him was dissolved.
2001 July – Musharraf meets Indian Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee in the first summit between the two neighbors in more than two years. The meeting ends without a breakthrough or even a joint statement because of differences over Kashmir.
2001 September – Musharraf swings in behind the US in its fight against terrorism and supports attacks on Afghanistan. The US lifts some sanctions imposed after Pakistan’s nuclear tests in 1998 but retains others put in place after Musharraf’s coup.
2001 December – India imposes sanctions against Pakistan, to force it to take action against two Kashmir militant groups blamed for a suicide attack on parliament in New Dehli. Pakistan retaliates with similar sanctions.
2001 December – India, Pakistan mass troops along common border amid mounting fears of a looming war.
2002 January – President Musharraf bans two militant groups – Lashkar-e-Toiba and Jaish-e-Mohammad – and takes steps to curb religious extremism.
2002 April – President Musharraf wins another five years in office in a referendum criticized as unconstitutional and fraught with irregularities.
2002 May – Pakistan test fires three medium-range missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads, amid rumors of impending conflict with India. President Musharraf says Pakistan does not want war but is ready to respond with full force if attacked.
2002 June – Britain and US maintain mount offensive to avert war.
– President Musharraf grants himself sweeping new powers, including the right to dismiss an elected parliament, prompting opposition anger.
2002 October – First general election since the 1999 military coup results in a hung parliament.
2002 November – National Assembly elects Mir Zafarullah Jamali – a member of a party close to General Musharraf – to head a coalition government as the first civilian prime minister since the 1999 military coup.
2003 June – North-West Frontier Province votes to introduce Sharia law.
2003 November – Pakistan declares a Kashmir ceasefire; India follows suit.
2003 December – Pakistan and India agree to resume direct air links and to allow overflights of each other’s planes from the beginning of 2004, after a two-year ban.
2004 February – Leading nuclear scientist Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan admits to having leaked nuclear weapons secrets, reportedly to Libya, North Korea, and Iran.
2004 April – Parliament approves the creation of military-led National Security Council, the institutionalizing role of armed forces in civilian affairs.
2004 June – Pakistan mounts a military offensive against suspected al-Qaeda militants and their supporters near the Afghan border after attacks on checkpoints, resulting in high casualties.
2004 May – Pakistan readmitted to Commonwealth.
2004 December – President Musharraf says he will stay on as head of the army, having previously promised to relinquish the role.
2005 January – Tribal militants in Balochistan attack facilities at Pakistan’s largest natural gas field, forcing the closure of the main plant.
2005 7 April – Bus services, the first in 60 years, operate between Muzaffarabad in Pakistani-administered Kashmir and Srinagar in Indian-controlled Kashmir.
2005 August – Pakistan tests its first, nuclear-capable cruise missile.
2005 8 October – An earthquake, with its epicenter in Pakistani-administered Kashmir, kills tens of thousands of people. The city of Muzaffarabad is among the worst-hit areas.
2006 January – Up to 18 people are killed in a US missile strike, apparently targeting senior al-Qaeda figures, in the northwest.
2006 August – Security forces kill prominent Balochistan tribal leader, Nawab Akbar Bugti. Protests over his death turn violent.
2006 October – Raid on an Islamic seminary in the tribal area of Bajaur bordering Afghanistan kills up to 80 people, sparking anti-government protests. The army says the madrassa was a training camp for militants.
2006 December – Pakistan says it has successfully test-fired a short-range missile capable of carrying a nuclear warhead.
2007 January – Islamabad rejects an assertion by the head of US National Intelligence that al-Qaeda leaders are hiding out in Pakistan.
2007 January-June – Tension mounts between the government and the radical Red Mosque in Islamabad.
2007 February – Sixty-eight passengers are killed by bomb blasts and a blaze on a train traveling between the Indian capital New Delhi and the Pakistani city of Lahore.
Pakistan and India sign an agreement aimed at reducing the risk of accidental nuclear war.
Musharraf targets judiciary
2007 March – President Musharraf suspends the Chief Justice Iftikhar Mohammed Chaudhry, triggering a wave of anger across the country.
First joint protests held by the parties of exiled former prime ministers Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif.
2007 March-April – Officials say around 250 people have been killed in fighting between South Waziristan tribesmen and foreign militants said to be linked to al-Qaeda.
2007 May – Several killed in Karachi during rival demonstrations over the dismissal of Chief Justice Chaudhry. Subsequent strikes paralyze much of the country.
2007 June – President Musharraf extends media controls to include the internet and mobile phones amid a growing challenge to his rule.
2007 July – Security forces storm the militant-occupied Red Mosque complex in Islamabad following a week-long siege.
Supreme Court reinstates Chief Justice Chaudhry.
2007 July – Ms. Bhutto, President Musharraf hold a secret meeting in Abu Dhabi on a possible power-sharing deal.
2007 October – Musharraf wins most votes in presidential election. The Supreme Court says no winner can be formally announced until it rules if the general was eligible to stand for election while still army chief.
Nearly 200 people die in fighting with Islamic militants in North Waziristan, a stronghold of pro-Taleban and al-Qaida groups.
Ex-prime minister Benazir Bhutto returns from exile. Dozens of people die in a suicide bomb targeting her homecoming parade in Karachi.
2007 November – Gen Musharraf declares emergency rule while still awaiting Supreme Court ruling on whether he was eligible to run for re-election. Chief Justice Chaudhry is dismissed. Ms. Bhutto is briefly placed under house arrest.
The caretaker government was sworn in. New Supreme Court – now staffed with compliant judges – dismisses challenges to Musharraf’s re-election.
Nawaz Sharif returns from exile.
Musharraf resigns from Army post and is sworn in for the second term as president.
2007 15 December – State of emergency lifted.
27 December – Benazir Bhutto assassinated at election campaign rally in Rawalpindi.
2008 January – Up to 90 fighters killed in clashes in the tribal region of South Waziristan, near the Afghan border, where militants have been openly challenging the army.
2008 February – Parliamentary elections hand the two main opposition parties gain a clear majority. They later agree to form a coalition government.
2008 March – Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) nominee Yusuf Raza Gilani becomes prime minister.
2008 May – The disgraced Pakistani nuclear scientist, Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan, says allegations he passed on nuclear secrets are false and that he was made a scapegoat.
Musharraf steps down
2008 August – The two main governing parties agree to launch impeachment proceedings against President Musharraf, who resigns soon after. Senate Speaker Muhammad Sumroo becomes acting president.
PPP leader Asif Ali Zardari – Benazir Bhutto’s widower – says he will be the party’s candidate in the presidential election set for 6 September.
Former PM Nawaz Sharif pulls his PML-N out of the coalition government, accusing the PPP of breaking its promise to approve the reinstatement of all judges sacked by former President Pervez Musharraf.
2008 September – Asif Ali Zardari elected by legislators as Pakistan’s new president.
Marriott Hotel in Islamabad devastated in a suicide truck bombing which leaves at least 50 dead. An Islamist militant group claims responsibility.
2008 November – The government borrows billions of dollars from the International Monetary Fund to overcome its spiraling debt crisis.
2008 December – India says militants who carried out the Mumbai terrorist attacks in November had Pakistani links and demanded Pakistani action. Islamabad denies any involvement but promises to co-operate with the Indian investigation.
2009 February – Government agrees to implement Sharia law in north-western Swat valley to persuade Islamist militants there to agree to a permanent ceasefire.
2009 March – Gunmen in Lahore attack a bus carrying the Sri Lankan cricket team. Five policemen are killed and seven players injured.
After days of protests, the government gives in to opposition demands for reinstatement of Chief Justice Iftikhar Chaudhry and other judges dismissed by former President Pervez Musharraf.
At least 40 people are killed when gunmen storm a police academy in Lahore.
2009 April – Swat agreement breaks down after Taleban-linked militants seek to extend their power-base. Government launches offensive lasting months to wrest control of north-western districts from militants.
2009 July – The Pakistani and Indian prime ministers pledge to work together to fight terrorism at a meeting in Egypt irrespective of progress on improving broader relations.
The Supreme Court acquits opposition leader Nawaz Sharif of hijacking charges, removing the final ban on his running for public office.
2009 August – Pakistan issues a global alert for 13 suspects over November’s attacks in the Indian city of Mumbai.
President Zardari orders the suspension of judges appointed under emergency rule in 2007 after the Supreme Court ruled the emergency declared by former President Musharraf to have been unconstitutional.
2009 August – The leader of Pakistan’s Taliban, Baitullah Mehsud, is killed in US drone attack in South Waziristan.
2009 October – New Taliban leader Hakimullah Mehsud pledges revenge for the drone attack that killed Baitullah Mehsud.
Suicide bombing in the northwestern city of Peshawar kills 120 people.
2009 November – President Asif Ali Zardari hands control of Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal to PM Yousuf Raza Gilani, in apparent attempt to ease political pressure.
2009 December – Supreme Court rules that amnesty decree protecting President Zardari and several of his allies against corruption charges was illegal.
2010 January – Suicide attack on a volleyball match in northwest kills more than 100 people.
2010 April – Parliament approves a package of wide-ranging constitutional reforms. Measures include transferring key powers from the office of president to prime minister.
2010 August – Worst floods in 80 years kill at least 1,600 people and affect more than 20 million. Government response widely criticized.
2010 September – Pakistan temporarily suspends NATO supply route into Afghanistan after series of US drone strikes in the northwest.
2010 October – Ex-military ruler Musharraf apologizes for “negative actions” while in power, launches political party from exile in the UK.
The rise in targetted political killings, bombings in the commercial hub of Karachi.
2010 December – 50 killed in a double suicide attack in Mohmand, near the Afghan border, during a gathering of tribal elders
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5.0 ISLAND RESIDENTS (1793-1867)
Soon after purchasing McNabs Island in 1782, Peter McNab I acquired a number of tenants who helped clear the island and assisted in watching over the Governor's sheep. Thomas Fraser was the first such tenant. Fraser had fought in the Battle of Culloden in 1746 where "Bonnie" Prince Charlie had seen his dream of a Stuart Restoration destroyed. He came out to Halifax when the discharge of soldiers had occurred following the war.
The assessment role of 1793 shows a sizable population on McNabs Island. In that year, ratepayers and their livestock (or occupation) were as follows:
Thomas Fraser - 3 cows
William Cooper - labourer
James McNab - 1 horse and 4 cows
John Watts - labourer
James Peters - l cow
Beriah Rice - labourer
Peter McNab, Jr. - 2 horses, 12 cows, 200 sheep
George Ray - labourer
John McNab - labourer
Henry Kuhn, Sr. - 1 horse, 4 cows
--- Hawthorne, Jr. - 4 cows
David McGarth - labourer
Henry Kuhn, Jr. - labourer
With the addition of wives, children and other dependents, the island's population totalled about 50 at this time.
On June 12, 1796, James Hawthorne, one of the island residents, petitioned the government for assistance after his house burned. In his petition, Hawthorne noted that he had lived on the island for four years and was of "extreme old age." Hewitt notes that Hawthorne first lived on Green Hill, at the southern end of the island, but then moved to what was to be called Hawthornes Point and is now known as Hugonin Point.
John Little, a Scotsman, was known as Squire Little and lived by Fort Ives in the place at one time inhabited by Peter II. Hewitt records that Little was, before the incorporation of Halifax in 1841, its chief magistrate.
Another survey of ratepayers, conducted between 1798 and 1800, indicates an even larger population on McNabs Island. The twenty-one ratepayers listed in this survey were as follows:
Thomas Fraser James Peters
James Anderson ----- Williams
John Wright Donald McIntyre
John Modest Beriah Rice
John Cook George Ray
William Cooper Andrew Johnson
Roger Swinney Peter McNab, Jr.
James McNab John McNab
John Watts Henry Kuhn, Sr.
Henry Kuhn, Jr. John Quinland
John Munday ----- Williams
An 1808 map entitled "Plan of the Peninsula and Harbour of Halifax," completed by John G. Toler of the Royal Engineers, illustrates the location of several of the island's inhabitants (Figure 15). McNab's house and barn are shown near the shores of McNab Cove. Culliton (also incorrectly spelled as "Cullerdon," "Cullerton" and "Culleton,"), Peter II's father-in-law, lived several hundred yards south of the McNab residence. The MacLean farm is situated on the eastern side of the island. The Fraser farm, presumably that of Thomas Fraser, is located near Ives Cove. Several additional buildings clustered near Ives Cove, and others located immediately east of the Fraser farm, no doubt were occupied by some of the previously mentioned ratepayers.
A 1991 archaeological survey of the north end of McNabs Island uncovered several sites of archaeological value relating to the island's early settlers. Artifacts recovered from test pits at two foundations near Indian Point date from between 1800 and 1840 and are believed to mark the location of the Trainer and Kuhn dwellings.
Interestingly, the 1808 map also shows "an old fort" located in the vicinity of present-day Fort Ives. This is the same fort that was partially built in 1762 following the capture of St. John's by the French.
Other tenants also resided on the island about this time. One such resident was Timmons, an old soldier whose discharge Peter II had purchased. When the War of 1812 broke out, Timmons went off to have a hand in the fighting. Faithfully he returned at war's end and was a good servant and afterwards "a rather drunken old tenant." He lived at Timmonds Point.
Andrew Henneberry lived in the vicinity of Timmonds Cove and the area was still referred to as "Henneberry's Fields" at the end of the nineteenth century. When his lease expired he moved to Stoney Beach (Eastern Passage) and later resettled on Devils Island. In 1840, Henneberry, his wife, and son James, were drowned off Devils Island.
Old Peter Wamboldt lived in the cottage, later the Officer's Mess, situated near Peter McNab's home. Some of the McNab family once saw Wamboldt proceeding around a room in which a ladder stood, leading to a loft. In his arms was an offspring and after circling the ladder three times the child was solemnly passed between the ladder rungs as a "sure cure for the whooping cough."
The census of 1827 provides information on three additional ratepayers on McNabs Island who are not mentioned in other sources. Andrew Hutt was a Presbyterian farmer who's household consisted of three males and three females. Jacob Loner was a Presbyterian farmer who lived with three females and one male. There was one birth in his family in the year ending October 1, 1827. Peter Ott (perhaps "Old Oates") was a Roman Catholic farmer who resided with one male and three females. They had a male servant.
John McNab, listed as a Presbyterian farmer in the 1827 census, was most likely a son of Peter I. In addition to himself, his household consisted of one male and two females. These may have been a son, 17-year old James, wife Ellen (or Eleanor) and daughter Catherine Susan. In 1828, the later married Joseph Howe.
John Fraser was a Presbyterian fisherman with three males in his household.
An updating of the 1808 Toler map (Figure 15) by the Royal Engineers in 1826, provides an another illustration of land use and settlement patterns on McNabs Island. A comparison of the 1826 map with Figure 15 indicates that the population of McNabs Island remained relatively stable during the first portion of the nineteenth century. Three new buildings located at Hugonin Point appear on the map of 1826 while one building near Ives Cove has been removed.
Further evidence of a relatively stable population during this period is found in the work of Haliburton who, in 1829, published his Historical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia. In this book, Haliburton established the population of McNabs Island as 55, approximately the same number identified in the 1793 survey. All those residing on the island would have been tenants of Peter McNab or belonged to his immediate family. Haliburton found the island's inhabitants actively engaged in farming, with 177 acres of land under cultivation, producing 590 bushels of grain other than wheat, 2580 bushels of potatoes and 181 tons of hay. Livestock included 32 horned cattle, 550 sheep and 14 pigs.
Among the tenants of Peter McNab II during this period was Harry Hill, otherwise known as "Black Harry." He lived near the present remains of the old Findlay property and was the only negro known to have resided on the island. Every Sunday Harry held long prayers where a tin pan was placed in the middle of the table and each of his many children were expected to keep a forefinger on the pan as proof of attention.
Roger Drake was a fisherman who lived near the government wharf at Wreck Cove. From him the narrow passage between McNabs and Lawlor islands received its name. The census of 1827 indicates that he was a Roman Catholic and that in his house at that time were two males and one female. His son Alex, presumably one of the males, lived there after him.
William Frost lived at the extreme end of Wreck Cove, near the mouth of Frost Fish Brook. The place had first been occupied by a man named Farrell and later by Jacob Hutt. Andrew Hutt was listed in the 1827 census as being a Presbyterian farmer who's household consisted of three males and three females.
After Frost came Robert O'Brien who was in turn succeeded by Stephen White, a brother-in-law of O'Brien. Malachi Clearly lived not far from the wharf in Wreck Cove but later moved to Eastern Passage. Peter Oates, (possibly he and Peter Ott were one and the same) affectionately known as "Old Oates," was in charge of McNab's schooner and lived in the vicinity of Timmonds Cove. John Cooney, a Roman Catholic farmer, lived alone nearby. In 1827, there was one death in his family, possibly his wife. A man named Doyle lived on a point at the southern end of the island at a place once called Doyles Point.
John Harrigan lived at Harrigans Point or, by its later name, Hugonin Point. The buildings which were erected at Hugonin Point sometime between 1808 and 1828 were likely those belonging to Harrigan or his father. The latter was a soldier who had settled on McNabs Island, first as a servant to Peter McNab then as a tenant. John drowned while making a trip from Halifax to the island.
Patrick Trainer lived at Indian Point and was later succeeded by his son, Thomas. George and Alexander Kuhn were brothers who lived at the head of the island. A house, probably belonging to the Kuhns, burned there about 1829, killing two children. Henry Kuhn, Sr., is believed to have at one time lived at "Big Thrum Cap Island" where he lived in the home formerly occupied by George Ray.
Thomas Culliton, a Roman Catholic farmer, lived on McNabs Island with one female (presumably his wife Sarah) in 1827. He died on December 12, 1837, "in the 73 year of his age ... deeply regretted by his acquaintances and friends." His wife died in 1833 and both are buried in the cemetery on McNabs Island. Thomas was, most likely, a brother of Joanna and the brother-in-law of Peter II.
A map of the island completed in July, 1865, shows a number of inhabitants scattered throughout McNabs Island (Figure 16). The Hugonin house is shown, although the owner's name is not given, a consequence of Hugonin's departure for England only two months previous. The Innes Farm is located a short distance north of the Hugonin house. A photograph of the farm (Figure 11) taken about 1875 shows three houses and a number of outbuildings. The large two story house on the left is the recently constructed residence of James Findlay. The centre house, partially hidden by the picket fence, and the house on the right, are both much older. One of the two may have been previously occupied by "Black Harry" who, as records indicate, "lived in the vicinity of the Findlay house."
Three buildings referred to as the "Timmons Farm," are shown near Timmonds Cove. These buildings may have been occupied at various times by the soldier Timmons, Peter Oates, or John Cooney, to name but a few.
John McCurdy, a tenant of Captain Hugonin, farmed on Hugonin Point.
Church's 1865 map of Halifax County also shows several inhabitants residing on McNabs Island. In addition to Captain Lyttleton, Roderick Hugonin and Mrs. McNab (widow of Peter III), an S. Tupper, farmer, is shown near Back Cove, an E. Timmins near Timmonds Cove, a Kuhn near Indian Point and a Trider near the soon-to-be- constructed Fort Ives.
In 1866, a new school house was built for the benefit of island children.
Despite a long history of activity and occupation at Indian Point, it appears that by the late 19th century the area became uninhabited. An 1886/88 map shows no cultural features in this area except an old orchard. This state apparently continued into the early 20th century. Ives Cove and the northwest section of Indian Point became popular again in the 1930's and 1940's when numerous cottages, many, if not all owned and rented by Matthew Lynch, small houses, a school, a church and a bandstand were established.
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President Obama has stated that all children should be introduced to computer programming in schools, due to the rise of computer-centric jobs and America’s increasing interest in videogames.
In a recent Google+ Fireside Hangout interview (above) – via Polygon – Obama said that introducing required computer programming studies in schools “made sense”, given the popularity of gaming among children. He suggested that the move would also help make more kids ‘job-ready by the time they wrap up their education.
Citing Mark Zuckerburg as an example of someone who made their riches off the back of a love for gaming, Obama continued, “Part of what I’m trying to do here is make sure that we’re working with high schools and school districts all across the country to make the high school experience relevant for young people, not all of whom are going to get four year college degree or advanced degree.
“There are a whole bunch of young people out there who I suspect if in high school are given the opportunity to figure [that] out — ‘Here’s how you can design your own games, but it requires you to know math and requires you to know science,’ or you know, ‘Here’s what a career in graphic design looks like, and we’re going to start setting those programs in our high schools not waiting til community college’ — Not only does it prepare young people who are not going to a four-year college to be job-ready, but it also engages kids because they feel like, ‘I get this,'”
He added, “Given how pervasive computers and the Internet is now and how integral it is in our economy and how fascinated kids are with it, I want to make sure that they know how to actually produce stuff using computers and not simply consume stuff.”
What do you make of the above? is Obama laying down some truth-bombs here? Let us know below.
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A complex contingency operation is a multifaceted response to an emergency. It may include deployment of military personnel and will usually provide humanitarian assistance. Its complexity comes from the involvement of organizations from several nations with different priorities and functions. President Clinton formalized a structure at a governmental level for possible United States complex contingency operations by issuing Presidential Decision Directive 56 in May 1997. Such operations require detailed planning, careful implementation and a continuing assessment of progress toward the stated goals.
Define your mission, the purpose of the operation and its objectives. Solicit feedback from the organizations involved and make corresponding adjustments to ensure that all participants are committed to achieving the stated goals.
Establish a coordinating structure to ensure that actions match overall policies and all initiatives are directed at the same objectives. Place members of each organization that contributes personnel in positions where they are informed of the initiatives of the other member organizations and provide information on the actions of their own organization.
Assign responsibilities for specific aspects of the operation to organizations that are competent and have experience in the particular field. Pass these assignments through the coordinating structure. Check to make sure that the organizations have the resources that will allow them to carry out the assignments.
Use the coordinating structure to let each organization take up its responsibilities. Request milestones that indicate when an organization has completed a particular task. Check that each organization is keeping the coordinating structure informed regarding its actions.
Optimize resource usage. Encourage organizations to use the coordinating structure for sharing resources and making the most efficient use of available manpower and transportation. Bring in additional partners or reassign responsibilities if an organization is not meeting its commitments or carrying out its responsibilities competently and in a timely manner.
Identify security risks and develop countermeasures to make sure that all operations are taking place in a secure fashion. Keep local representatives informed and engaged where possible. If security risks are substantial, develop a plan for the rapid evacuation of the operation's personnel.
Monitor progress on milestones. When an organization achieves one milestone, make sure that it is working on a subsequent one. If an organization does not meet a milestone, ask for a plan for corrective action and insist on initiatives that will put the work back on track.
Evaluate continuously whether each action is moving the operation closer to its agreed goals. If goals are no longer achievable or become more difficult to reach, suggest appropriate changes in operations and get agreement on changes in their plans of action from the organizations concerned.
Review periodically the operation's actions, goals and achievements in terms of the agreed mission. Advise member organizations if achieved progress does not seem to match the original mission and suggest adjustments, either in the agreed mission or on the operations side. Only make changes when all concerned organizations agree to commit to the changed plans.
- "Complex Contingency Operations Handbook"; Sandy Berger
- Rand Corporation: Characteristics of Complex Contingency Operations
- National Defense University; Through the Complex Operations Prism; Hans Binnendijk et al.
- Foundation of American Scientists; PDD/NSC 56, Managing Complex Contingency Operations; May 1997
- Thinkstock/Comstock/Getty Images
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While severely cold winters have become less and less common in our region, it is obvious that we still can count on our extremely hot summers. When selecting trees, shrubs or perennial plants for local landscapes, a plants ability to withstand the stress of multiple days of high temperatures during the summer should be considered along with a plants ability to survive cold winter temperatures.
The late Dr Marc Cathey, American Horticulture Society (AHS) president emeritus, noted that heat damage is not as obvious as severe cold temperature injury that can kill or damage a plant. Heat damage typically is more of a chronic condition with plants failing over time from accumulated stress that leads to poor growth and attack by insects or disease.
Thats why in 1997 the American Horticulture Society under the direction of Dr Cathey developed the AHS Heat Zone Map. Similar to the U.S. Department of Agricultures Hardiness Zone Map, the AHS Heat Zone Map is divided into zones. The Heat Zone map has 12 zones based on the average number of days that zone experiences with temperatures above 86 degrees. Above the suitable zones, a plant will suffer heat damage.
Most of Benton and Franklin counties is rated as being in AHS Heat Zone 6 with greater than 45 days and less than 60 days above 86 degrees. However, the area immediately outside the Tri-Cities is rated in AHS Heat Zone 7, with greater than 60 days and less than 90 days above 86 degrees. Thank goodness we arent in Zone 1, with less than one heat day, or Zone 12, with greater than 210 days!
It is important to note that the AHS Heat Zone Map assumes that adequate water is supplied to the roots of the plant at all times. The accuracy of the zone coding can be substantially distorted by a lack of water, even for a brief period in the life of the plant. Most plants we place in our area home landscapes are not native to our region and require adequate supplemental watering. Indicating a plant is heat tolerant in our zone doesnt mean that it is drought tolerant.
Water isnt the only factor that could skew a plants ability to thrive in a particular heat zone. Soil aeration and drainage; exposure to light; air circulation; exposure to radiant heat from mulches, structures and paving; soil fertility; and soil pH all affect a plants ability to thrive in a particular heat zone.
I am seeing more and more trees and shrubs with a USDA Hardiness Zone Map rating and a AHS Heat Zone Map rating in catalogs and on plant labels. When you go plant shopping, look for these ratings to help ensure your plants will have a long and happy life.
Reminder: Our area is in USDA Hardiness Zones 6B to 7A.
-- Marianne C. Ophardt is a horticulturist for Washington State University Benton County Extension.
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What causes balding
Heredity, hormonal changes, medical conditions or a normal part of aging. Anyone can lose hair on their head, but it’s more common in men. Baldness typically refers to excessive hair loss from your scalp. Hereditary hair loss with age is the most common cause of baldness.
American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) suggested that both sulfates (cleansing agents) and formaldehyde (a preservative) can contribute to hair loss. Shampoo that contains high amounts of these sulfates, it can not only damage in the proteins in your hair which increases the likelihood of hair breakage but it can also irritate your skin, causing you to lose even more hair.
–Other chemicals used in shampoo and conditioner such as sodium chloride, parabens, Diethanolamine (DEA) and Triethanolamine (TEA) and alcohol also destroys ur hair and causes hair loss
DHT what is it?
DHT is a male sex hormone created when certain enzymes convert testosterone in men’s testes and prostate and women’s ovaries. DHT is a more powerful hormone than testosterone that actually is essential for most hair growth but excess amounts of this hormone can affect the hair follicles. DHT interferes with the hair’s growth cycle, shrinking and shortening the hair making it easier for it to fall out and more difficult for it to grow back.
Can keto or carnivore diet cause hair loss? Does diet effect hair loss?
Keto/Carnivore diet : Hair Needs Protein
If you are eating a low-protein diet, you are increasing your chances of losing your hair. A low protein diet can weaken your hair strands, and extreme protein deficiency can result in hair loss. Research proves the role of various amino acids (building blocks of proteins) in hair growth.
Answer is big yes.
Protein restriction can happen in some very low calorie diets and lead to hair thinning and hair loss. Your hair needs amino acids, the building blocks of protein, to grow properly, so a diet without enough protein may lead to hair growth abnormalities, such as hair loss and thin, brittle hair. Studies suggest deficiencies in vitamins B12 and D, biotin, riboflavin, iron, and other nutrients are associated with hair loss. Eating a balanced diet that is rich in these vitamins and minerals may help promote hair growth, especially if you’re experiencing hair loss due to poor nutrition.
How does chronic disease like diabetes effect our hair?
High blood sugar levels
Damage to blood vessels can restrict blood flow, resulting in certain cells getting less oxygen and nutrients than they need. This deficiency can negatively impact the normal growth cycle of hair follicles, which can lead to hair loss.
In CFS and fibromyalgia patients, as in any chronic illness, a very common cause of unusual hair loss is a condition called telogen effluvium. This is when the normal cycles of hair growth and shedding become jolted out of their usual random phases due to illness.
What is minoxidil and finasteride, whats the difference and are the scientific results effective and its side effect? Are there more natural alternatives?
Minoxidil and finasteride are both approved by the FDA to treat male pattern baldness. Both are supported by a significant amount of research, although there are a few major differences in the ways that they work to stop hair loss and promote hair growth.
The main difference between minoxidil and finasteride is the dosage form that each medication takes.
Minoxidil is a topical medication that comes in liquid or foam form. It’s formulated for use directly on your scalp (more specifically, areas of your scalp with visible hair loss) and works primarily by promoting local hair growth.
Finasteride, on the other hand, comes as a tablet for oral use. Instead of working locally to help your hair grow, it has a systemic effect throughout your body by reducing levels of the hormone that’s responsible for male pattern baldness.
both minoxidil and finasteride can both potentially cause side effects, including some that may be bothersome.
Common side effects of minoxidil include:
- Skin irritation
- Burning sensation
- Exacerbation of seborrheic dermatitis
- Hypertrichosis (excessive hair growth)
- Isolated pruritus (dry, itchy skin)
- Allergic contact dermatitis
Minoxidil can also cause a form of temporary hair loss called telogen effluvium, in which hairs prematurely exit the telogen phase of the hair growth cycle.
Although the idea of a hair loss treatment causing hair shedding might seem unusual, this is a common issue for people who use minoxidil. It occurs because minoxidil can affect the natural growth cycle of hair when it shifts follicles into the anagen phase.
In the short term, this can cause a shortening of the telogen phase, resulting in some degree of hair shedding.
This hair shedding is only temporary. Over the course of several months, minoxidil produces a noticeable improvement in hair growth and hair thickness in most men.
Although uncommon, finasteride can cause side effects, including sexual side effects that may affect your sexual function or enjoyment.
Potential side effects of finasteride include:
- Erectile dysfunction (ED)
- Changes in ejaculatory volume
- Gynecomastia (increased breast gland tissue)
- Decreased libido
While these forms of sexual dysfunction may sound concerning, they aren’t very common, and research suggests that they almost always stop upon cessation of treatment.
Natural alternatives for minoxidil and finasteride
Other natural solutions that are sometimes touted for having hair growth benefits include onion juice, keratin, vitamin E. A study showed that the use of crude onion juice gave significantly higher results with regard to hair re-growth than did tap water (P<0.0001), and that it can be an effective topical therapy for patchy alopecia areata. onions are high in dietary sulfur, a nutritional element our bodies need.
Sulfur is found within amino acids, which are components of protein. Proteins — and especially keratin, which is known to be sulfur-rich — are needed for growing strong hair.
When added to the hair and scalp, onion juice can provide extra sulfur to support strong and thick hair, thus preventing hair loss and promoting hair growth.
The sulfur from onions may also help promote collagen production. Collagen in turn helps the production of healthy skin cells and hair growth.
It’s also believed that onions may boost circulation. Applying onion juice to the hair and scalp could increase blood supply to hair follicles, which in turn improves hair growth.
Mature hairline, sad word for getting old, what are my opinion.
A mature hairline occurs when the hairline moves back about a half inch to one inch from where it used to be. That’s all it is. A mature hairline is a completely natural occurrence for most men and not something to worry about
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In 1875, a botanist by the name of Stephen Wilson combined wheat and rye in hopes of producing a grain with wheat's high acre yield and high gluten content for great bread, and rye’s hardiness. His efforts did not succeed, but a few years later another botanist, Wilhelm Rimpau, was successful, and the resulting grain was triticale. It wasn't until 1935 that the name of triticale became official, the name a mix of wheat (Triticum) and rye (Secale). Today, about 6.5 million acres around the world are dedicated to triticale cultivation. The countries Poland, Germany, China, and France are responsible for about 90 percent of the world's triticale crop, though Russia, Australia, Argentina, Canada, and the United States contribute some as well.
Being a hybrid of wheat and rye, triticale is said to have the health benefits of both of these grains, yet is higher in protein than is wheat. From rye, triticale gained resilience; it can survive in cold temperatures, drought, and acidic soils. All of these conditions would destroy crops of wheat. However, like wheat, it contains gluten, meaning triticale can be used alone to make bread which tends to be more dense and heavy due to its lower gluten content. Triticale does require a more fertile and well watered ground and has a yield per acre that is less than wheat. It is similar to wheat in size, shape, and color, but triticale grain is longer and a little bit darker than wheat and is fatter than rye.
Triticale is consumed by humans primarily in the form of bread, flour, and cereals, though most of the triticale crop is used for livestock feed. Many scientists have made it their life's work to improve the triticale crop to make it better for breads (making a higher gluten grain that produces a lighter bread), to make it a higher yield per acre crop, and to increase its balance of amino acids. Due to these efforts, triticale is higher in the amino acid lysine than other cereal grains. Lysine is particularly important as it's lost in much food processing, and is often deficient in the body.
Nutritionally, triticale is fairly similar to wheat. Triticale though has a better amino acid balance, including the benefit of more lysine, as was mentioned above. Triticale is also a great source of dietary fiber, which helps to promote regularity, reducing the chance of developing one of the most common cancers of our day: colon cancer. The digestive benefits of sufficient fiber intake are many, including a reduced chance of having irritable bowel, diverticulitus, Crohn's, and other such diseases.
If we can prevent a buildup of toxins (waste) from sitting in our digestive tract for long, then the body isn't given a chance to resorb the toxins, which helps to keep our bodies less toxic, less acidic, and more in balance. The body is clean and clear to digest and assimilate new food coming into the body. If there is build up, the body will have greater difficulty absorbing and utilizing nutrients, even if the food eaten was healthy. So in just the digestive benefits alone, getting enough high fiber foods like triticale in the diet is of great importance. But fiber also helps balance blood sugar, thereby assisting in the prevention of diabetes, and it also helps to give bulk, which provides a feeling of fullness to help prevent overeating.
Like wheat and other cereal grains, triticale is also a good source of several vitamins and minerals, including manganese, folic acid, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, copper, magnesium, iron, the B vitamins, and vitamin E. Triticale is also a good source of dietary protein.
Triticale can be found as whole triticale berries, as flakes, flour, cereal, bread, or crackers. A versatile grain that can be used in a variety of ways, it can easily replace wheat, rye, or brown rice in recipes. Obviously, due to triticale's gluten content, it should be used with caution for those who are sensitive to wheat and gluten.
The berries or flour are best kept in a cool, dry place, and preferably in a glass container that is away from sunlight and moisture, which cause the healthy oils in the triticale from going rancid. When stored like this, triticale can be kept fresh for about a year.Skillet Brown Rice, Barley or Triticale Salad With Mushrooms and EndiveIngredients:rn
- 1 cup triticale
- 3 cups chicken stock, vegetable stock, or water for triticale
- Salt to taste
- 1 tablespoon extra virgin olive oil
- 1/4 pound shiitakes, sliced
- 1 garlic clove, minced
- 4 leaves fresh sage, cut in very thin slivers
- 1/4 pound white or cremini mushrooms, thinly sliced
- 1/4 cup chopped fresh parsley, or a mixture of parsley and other herbs such as chives, dill, tarragon, marjoram
- 1 Belgian endive, red or green, cut crosswise in thin rounds (about 1/4 inch)
- Freshly ground pepper
- Shaved Parmesan (optional)
- For the dressing:
- 2 tablespoons sherry vinegar
- 1 teaspoon balsamic vinegar
- Salt to taste
- 1 small garlic clove, minced or pureed
- 1 teaspoon Dijon mustard
- 1/3 cup extra virgin olive oil
- 2 tablespoons walnut oil
Our mission is to nourish & transform the planet, one individual at a time, by providing the highest quality, clean, affordable, plant-based nutrition, education, and science-backed bio-technologies.
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WYOMING- “The Bureau of Land Management is responsible for coal on federal lands. That coal makes up about 40 percent of total coal production in the U.S. Of the 314 existing federal coal leases, nearly a quarter of the leases are in Wyoming’s Powder River Basin. Companies acquire these leases by bidding on the right to mine the federal coal. It has generated a lot of income, which the federal government splits with states. But not everyone thinks the program is working as it should and that the government might be losing out on money.
IRINA ZHOROV: The American people own the about 570 million acres of coal in the U.S. and it is the Bureau of Land Management that administers the leasing of that coal. The current coal leasing program is supposed to ensure that the federal government gets a fair return on this one-time-use resource. But Director of the Natural Resources Law Center at the University of Colorado Law School, Mark Squillace, says the program is broken. Leases are now drawn up through a process that was initially supposed to be the exception.
MARK SQUILLACE: Instead of the government deciding how much coal to lease and how the track should look to maximize return to the government, the coal company makes those decisions. They design the tracts; they decide how much coal they’re going to lease. The government can change the application when it comes in, it rarely does in any significant way, and then the government basically acts on the application that was there.
ZHOROV: That process is called lease by application. Or, LBA. In the LBA system, sales are rarely competitive which, presumably, affects prices.
SQUILLACE: Since 1991 we’ve never had 3 bids on any lease tract, and in most cases, the vast majority of cases, only 1 bidder.
Financial analyst of the Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis, Tom Sanzillo, says it’s possible to set fair market value even without competition.
TOM SANZILLO: You push the upper limits, you set higher prices, and you see how far the companies are going to go. It’s a tough tough negotiation to take place, but it’s one that ultimately the United States tax payer needs. There’s no competition, the appraisals by all accounts including the Inspector General of the DOI are flawed, and there been no audit in 30 years. So there’s no accountability for the program, no oversight.
ZHOROV: The report he mentions makes clear that “even a 1-cent-per ton undervaluation in the fair market value calculation for a sale can result in millions of dollars of lost revenues.”
And Sanzillo says the market itself is as good an indicator as any that BLM’s fair market value estimates are not accurate. He gives the example of Cloud Peak Energy after a recent tract acquisition.
SANZILLO: It got a tract of coal, it got it for below fair market value, the markets are not stupid, the analysts understand, they stated so in the newspapers, and the stock price went up. That’s what happens when a company gets an undervalued asset; the company is actually worth more now. If you had a real fair market value then that impact on the stock market should be zero.
ZHOROV: Squillace and Sanzillo equate what they see as the too-low pricing of federally owned coal with a subsidy to coal companies. Sanzillo say the U.S. has lost out on 29 billion dollars in the past 30 years because of this practice. The Inspector General’s report put those potential losses at 60 million dollars for recent lease sales. The issue is perhaps all the more alarming as exports to Asia increase, since then the U.S. government would be subsidizing coal for Asia.
ZHOROV: Still, with high prices abroad, that small percentage of exports sometimes makes up a much more significant piece of the revenues for certain operators. And, by the way, exported coal prices are excluded from the appraisal process.
SANZILLO: I talk to the industry all the time. They don’t agree with us. I have to tell you, I am a person who has been involved in investing billions of dollars, I’m not quite sure that they understand what they’re doing.
ZHOROV: Sanzillo says Wyoming, with its high production in the Powder River Basin is a lynchpin in any discussions about changing the system and he says now is the time to do it, as the coal industry itself restructures and reevaluates this brave new coal world.
But at a recent coal lease sale, the BLM received even less bids than usual – zero. What Squillace and Sanzillo argue is below fair market value wasn’t low enough for companies being cautious in the struggling coal market.”
Irina Zhorov, Wyoming Public Radio
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Tennessee, Formation of
See also: Franklin, State of.
Prior to the American Revolution, white settlers were building cabins along the Watauga and Nolichucky Rivers in the western part of the North Carolina colony. In 1772 they drew up a compact called the "Watauga Association." Four years later they petitioned North Carolina to extend its jurisdiction over their area, and the following year North Carolina created Washington County with boundaries that included all of modern Tennessee. Between 1779 and 1788 the state legislature established six additional counties in the Tennessee country: Sullivan (1779), Greene (1783), Davidson (1783), Sumner (1787), Hawkins (1787), and Tennessee (1788).
In 1784 the General Assembly ceded the state's western lands to the United States, then revoked the cession later that year. Nevertheless, the frustrated settlers, led by John Sevier, organized the State of Franklin with a constitution, a separate legislative body, and Sevier as governor. The Continental Congress, as well as Virginia and North Carolina, refused to recognize the new state, and it soon collapsed. In 1789 North Carolina ceded its western lands to the newly established federal government, and on 1 June 1796 Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the sixteenth state. Sevier was elected governor.
Noel B. Gerson, Franklin: America's "Lost State" (1968).
Hugh T. Lefler and Albert R. Newsome, North Carolina: The History of a Southern State (3rd ed., 1973).
William S. Powell, North Carolina through Four Centuries (1989).
"Cessions to the United States.Tennessee. An Act for the Purpose of Ceding to the United States of America, Certain Western Lands Therein Described." Revised statutes of the State of North Carolina, passed by the General Assembly at the session of 1836-7. Raleigh [N.C.]: Turner & Hughes. 1837. p.171. http://digital.ncdcr.gov/u?/p249901coll22,633039
Scott, Joseph and Smith, Daniel. "A map of the Tennassee government, formerly part of North Carolina, taken chiefly from surveys by Gen. D. Smith & others." [Philadelphia]: [M. Carey]. circa 1794. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/ncmaps/id/141/rec/10
"North America with the boundaries of the thirteen United States, as settled by the Treaty of 1783" (map). http://dc.lib.unc.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/ncmaps/id/66/rec/9
1 January 2006 | Williams, Wiley J.
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Cassini's radar mapper has obtained stereo views of close to 2 percent of Titan's surface during 19 flybys over the last five years. The process of making topographic maps from images is just getting started, but the results already reveal some of the diversity of Titan's geologic features.
The prominent, roughly circular feature in the western part of this image is an area known as Ganesa Macula. This 180-kilometer-(110-mile)-wide feature crudely resembles steep-sided volcanic domes on Venus that were imaged with the NASA Magellan spacecraft in the 1990s. It was therefore hypothesized initially to be a cryovolcanic feature. The topographic map derived from radar stereo shows that Ganesa as a whole is not elevated, as would be expected for a volcano. Instead, it is tilted (low in the west, high along the eastern margin). Other high and low areas with north-south trending margins alternate to the east of Ganesa. Low areas are consistently filled by radar-bright (rough) channels and flow deposits. The largest of these, in the center of the map with two bright channels leading to triangular fan structures on its western margin, is known as Leliah Fluctus. Although Ganesa Macula could have originated as a cryovolcanic feature (or perhaps as an impact crater, either of which would account for its distinct circular outline), it appears to have been extensively modified by both tectonic (faulting) and fluvial (erosion by fluids derived from rainfall) processes.
The region shown here is centered near 50 degrees north latitude, 80 degrees west longitude, and is about 1,480 kilometers (920 miles) across. The maps are in equirectangular projection with north at the top. The images used for mapping were acquired during flybys on Oct. 26, 2004, and Jan. 13, 2007 (known as Ta and T23). The Ta image is shown in black and white at the top. It has a pixel spacing of 351 meters (about 1,200 feet). Below, the same image is shown with color coding to indicate elevations, as shown by the color bar at left. The total range of relief from purple (low) to red (high) is 1,000 meters (about 3,300 feet).
Video clips showing a "flyover" of these regions are shown in Figure 1 (in color) and Figure 2 (in black and white). These movies are vertically exaggerated by 15 times. Elevation is shown in color, from purple (low) to red (high).
The flight path starts by looking down at the area from the north, then flies down to the northeast end of the map and looks more horizontally across to the west. This gives an especially good view of the major flow deposit Leilah Fluctus, the big bright area with two prominent bright triangular extensions on its far (west) side. The flight path then rotates down around the southern side of the area. Note the channels carved into the mountains by the flows that created Leilah Fluctus. The high-standing areas are generally more radar-dark and the low areas are filled with very radar-bright material. This pattern of flow materials being extremely bright is seen in many places on Titan and may have to do with the cobbles (roughly fist-sized rocks) deposited by the flows. Such rocks would reflect the radar signal much more strongly than smooth terrain does. Finally, the flight path continues around the southern edge of Ganesa Macula and then up across the map to look eastward across it. The circular outline of Ganesa shows only in the black and white image and is a little hard to see from this horizontal view.
The color movie (Figure 1) makes it clear that Ganesa is generally high on the eastern side, with a few isolated very high peaks, seen in red, and low on the western side. Other high and low areas with north-south trending margins alternate to the east of Ganesa. Once again, low areas are consistently filled by radar-bright (rocky) channels and flow deposits. Thus, though Ganesa Macula may have originated as a cryovolcanic feature (or an impact crater, either of which would account for its distinct circular outline), it appears to have been extensively modified by both tectonic and fluvial processes.
The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C. The Cassini orbiter was designed, developed and assembled at JPL. The radar instrument was built by JPL and the Italian Space Agency, working with team members from the United States and several European countries.
For more information about the Cassini-Huygens mission, visit http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/index.cfm.
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Linda Carroll writes: Anyone who’s walked out of a dark movie theater into bright sunlight knows how painful this can be to the eyes. Imagine how much worse it would be if, like the Chilean miners, you stepped into the light after spending months underground.
That’s why rescue personnel sent dozens of sunglasses into the shaft for miners to wear as they were pulled up to safety. (And not just any sunglasses -- $450 designer sunglasses from Oakley.) For further protection for their sensitive eyes, miners will spend their first few hours in dimly-lit hospital rooms as their eyes slowly adjust to light.
Our eyes have two sets of cells to deal with light and dark conditions, explains Dr. David Sarraf, a clinical associate professor of ophthalmology at the Jules Stein Eye Institute at the University of California, Los Angeles. The six million cone-shaped cells, officially called cones, are what allow us to see what is directly in front of us when the light is bright. These cells also allow us to see color.
The cylindrical-shaped cells, called rods, are responsible for peripheral and night vision. As conditions darken, more and more of our 120 million rods are put to work. But it takes time for the rods to come on line. That’s why you’re almost blind for the first five minutes after you step into a lightless room, and why you can start making out shapes 20 to 30 minutes later.
It’s pretty safe to say that after months in a mine with no light, 100 percent of the rods are on the job, Sarraf explains. And those rods aren’t going to go off line in a flash. That’ll probably take several hours.
With no sunglasses to protect their eyes, the miners would experience significant pain when they hit direct sunlight. “If you jump into brightly-lit conditions with your eyes open you’re going to have stimulation overload,” Sarraf says. “You’re basically releasing a huge electrochemical impulse in one shot. That’s why our instinct is to decrease the light stimulus by squeezing our eyes shut. The pain is a protective mechanism.”
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An object X is formally describable if a finite amount of information completely describes X and only X. More to the point, X should be representable by a possibly infinite bitstring x such that there is a finite, possibly never halting program p that computes x and nothing but x in a way that modifies each output bit at most finitely many times; that is, each finite beginning of x eventually converges and ceases to change. Definitions 2.1-2.5 will make this precise, and Sections 2-3 will clarify that this constructive notion of formal describability is less restrictive than the traditional notion of computability [#!Turing:36!#], mainly because we do not insist on the existence of a halting program that computes an upper bound of the convergence time of p's n-th output bit. Formal describability thus pushes constructivism [#!Brouwer:07!#,#!Beeson:85!#] to the extreme, barely avoiding the nonconstructivism embodied by even less restrictive concepts of describability (compare computability in the limit [#!Gold:65!#,#!Putnam:65!#,#!Freyvald:74!#] and -describability [#!Rogers:67!#][#!LiVitanyi:97!#, p. 46-47]). The results in Sections 2-5 will exploit the additional degrees of freedom gained over traditional computability, while Section 6 will focus on another extreme, namely, the fastest way of computing all computable objects.
Among the formally describable things are the contents of all books ever written, all proofs of all theorems, the infinite decimal expansion of , and the enumerable ``number of wisdom'' [#!Chaitin:87!#,#!Slaman:99!#,#!Calude:00!#,#!Solovay:00!#]. Most real numbers, however, are not individually describable, because there are only countably many finite descriptions, yet uncountably many reals, as observed by Cantor in 1873 [#!Cantor:1874!#]. It is easy though to write a never halting program that computes all finite prefixes of all real numbers. In this sense certain sets seem describable while most of their elements are not.
What about our universe, or more precisely, its entire past and future history? Is it individually describable by a finite sequence of bits, just like a movie stored on a compact disc, or a never ending evolution of a virtual reality determined by a finite algorithm? If so, then it is very special in a certain sense, just like the comparatively few describable reals are special.
This assumption has dramatic consequences. For instance, because we know that our future lies among the few (countably many) describable futures, we can ignore uncountably many nondescribable ones. Can we also make more specific predictions? Does it make sense to say some describable futures are necessarily more likely than others? To answer such questions we will examine possible probability distributions on possible futures, assuming that not only the histories themselves but also their probabilities are formally describable. Since most (uncountably many) real-valued probabilities are not, this assumption -- against which there is no physical evidence -- actually represents a major inductive bias, which turns out to be strong enough to explain certain hitherto unexplained aspects of our world.
Each prior P stands for a particular ``theory of everything'' or TOE.
Once we know something about P we can start making informed predictions.
Parts of this paper deal with the question: what are plausible properties of P?
One very plausible assumption is that P is
approximable for all finite
of x in the following sense.
There exists a possibly never halting computer which outputs a sequence of numbers
at discrete times
in response to input
such that for each real
there exists a finite
time t0 such that for all
All of this will require an extension of earlier work on Solomonoff's algorithmic probability, universal priors, Kolmogorov complexity (or algorithmic information), and their refinements [#!Kolmogorov:65!#,#!Solomonoff:64!#,#!Chaitin:69!#,#!Zvonkin:70!#,#!Levin:73a!#,#!Levin:74!#,#!Gacs:74!#,#!Chaitin:75!#,#!Gacs:83!#,#!Schnorr:73!#,#!Solomonoff:78!#,#!Chaitin:87!#,#!Barzdin:88!#,#!Cover:89!#,#!Uspensky:92!#,#!LiVitanyi:97!#]. We will prove several theorems concerning approximable and enumerable objects and probabilities (Sections 2-5; see outline below). These theorems shed light on the structure of all formally describable objects and extend traditional computability theory; hence they should also be of interest without motivation through describable universes.
The calculation of the subjects of these theorems, however, may occasionally require excessive time, itself often not even computable in the classic sense. This will eventually motivate a shift of focus on the temporal complexity of ``computing everything'' (Section 6). If you were to sit down and write a program that computes all possible universes, which would be the best way of doing so? Somewhat surprisingly, a modification of Levin Search [#!Levin:73!#] can simultaneously compute all computable universes in an interleaving fashion that outputs each individual universe as quickly as its fastest algorithm running just by itself, save for a constant factor independent of the universe's size. This suggests a more restricted TOE that singles out those infinite universes computable with countable time and space resources, and a natural resource-based prior measure S on them. Given this ``speed prior'' S, we will show that the most likely continuation of a given observed history is computable by a fast and short algorithm (Section 6.6).
The S-based TOE will provoke quite specific prophecies concerning our own universe (Section 7.5). For instance, the probability that it will last 2n times longer than it has lasted so far is at most 2-n. Furthermore, all apparently random events, such as beta decay or collapses of Schrödinger's wave function of the universe, actually must exhibit yet unknown, possibly nonlocal, regular patterns reflecting subroutines (e.g., pseudorandom generators) of our universe's algorithm that are not only short but also fast.
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Assessment 2: Environmental risk
Please use this template to develop your assignment 2
(Title of your assignment)
Assessment 1: PUBH6002: Student name, Student ID
Note: Keep the headings and subheadings (Bold) and erase the instructions.
From the table provided by your lecturer, select ONE environmental health issue in ONE region (erase this announcement before submitting your assessment)
Write a report of the environmental health issue impacting your chosen region addressing the following key points:
Note: Erase the instructions in your final document. Keep the headings (bold). Add subheadings (optional)
1 Introduction (Max. 250 words)
Provide a short introduction about the environmental issue, the chosen region and the report which gives the reader an overview of the whole assignment.
2 .DPSEEA Framework (Approx. 1250 words)
Apply the DPSEEA framework to critically explain the causal chain attributed to the selected environmental health issue in your chosen region, using the following sub-headings:
2.1 Driving forces:
Include at least two driving forces of the environmental issue in the chosen region
Explain which pressures are caused by the driving forces leading to the changes in the state of the environment.
2.3 State of the environment:
Explain the impact in the environment derived from the pressures. Include data and evidence.
Explain how the population of the specific region is exposed to the changes in the state of the environment leading to the health issues.
2.5 Effects (Health and additional environmental effects):
Explain the health effects and any additional environmental effect attributed to the exposures described previously.
Describe the current actions aimed to reduce the health effects. The actions can be aimed at any level of the framework.
3 .Include the concept map of your DPSEEA framework
4 .Vulnerable population(s) (approx. 150 words)
Identify and describe any vulnerable populations that are disproportionately affected by the problem in the chosen region.
5 .Gaps in management and legislation (Approx. 350 words)
Research and discuss at least two gaps in management and legislation in different sectors (Government and non-government) that triggered the environmental health issue in the chosen region (based on your framework investigation).
6 .Stakeholders (Approx. 250 words)
Explain the role of existing health agencies and other agencies, key stakeholders including community groups, critical infrastructure addressing the environmental health issue.
7 .Recommendations (Approx. 250 words)
Based on your findings, review and analyse the literature related to the environmental health issue and propose 3-4 evidence-based recommendations addressing the gaps in current policy, regulation, and management in your chosen region.
8 .References (Not part of the word count)
Include at least 10 academic valid references. Use credible evidence to inform and support your point of view. Ensure to appropriately reference the information you have found from academic sources by applying the APA referencing style.
9 .Learning Journal: Compulsory task of this assessment, no more than 200 words in total (not part of the assessment word count)
Use the table below to present key information/data/ideas of at least 4 references from your reference list. Present what you have learnt from developing this assessment, please present in a succinct form (see example in the next page).
Evidence (APA 7th)
(e.g. Report, research articles)
Key information/data/idea that you learn from this evidence
Example: Wechkunanukul, K., & Ullah, S. (2021). Ethnic Differences in GRACE Score Among Ten Ethnic Groups in Australia: Time, Ethnicity, and Delay (TED) Study III. Heart, Lung and Circulation, 30, S261.
There was association between ethnicity and 1-year post-discharge mortality among ten ethnic groups in Australia. European migrants were more likely to fall in a high risk group compared to migrants from Asia and Africa.
PUBH6002 Assessment 1 Template Ver 1.0 Ι June 2022 Page 1 of 3
Assessment 2: Environmental risk assessment Template Please use this template t
Assessment 2: Environmental risk
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So what happens if Keystone XL fails? Nothing much.
by Brian Bow
The Keystone XL pipeline project never mattered as much as we thought it did.
Proponents argued that it would unlock energy independence and catalyze economic growth. Opponents argued that it would trigger a catastrophic “carbon bomb” that would massively accelerate global warming. Basically, the pipeline came to represent not only the source of the oil it would carry, but also the broader North American revolution in oil and gas, with all of its incredibly complex geopolitical, economic and environmental implications.
There was a way in which the project really was — and perhaps still is — a “keystone” for the restructuring of the oil and gas industry, as it would be the largest and most important outlet for Alberta bitumen (and some oil from the central U.S.) to Gulf refineries, and from there to global markets. But Keystone was always just one option among many.
Over the last couple of years, industry has been finding other ways to bring oil to market. Most of the attention has been on the mega-project alternatives to Keystone XL: the Trans Mountain expansion, Enbridge’s Northern Gateway, and TransCanada’s Energy East. More tangibly, but less spectacularly, there have been dozens of small-scale work-arounds, which are pushing crude oil down to the Gulf.
Some recently-finished pipelines, like Keystone’s southern leg, are being brought on-line. Old pipelines in the Midwest are being reversed, so that instead of carrying refined oil from the Gulf to Midwestern markets, they now bring crude from the north to Gulf refineries. And despite some controversy, more and more oil is being shipped by rail, with new technology and facilities to support it.
With a tidal wave of oil now reaching the market, there is even speculation about the U.S. possibly relaxing its restrictions on oil exports. On top of all this, the world price is dropping like a rock, raising questions about whether it might fall so low that oilsands production is no longer viable. No wonder the business media’s main narrative about Keystone XL today is that it might not matter anymore.
Keystone XL still does matter, though perhaps not in the way most people think. If the pipeline is built, there will be significant economic and environmental consequences. If it isn’t built, there will be … significant economic and environmental consequences.
But most of the differences between these two sets of outcomes will be felt locally, not globally. Some corporate shareholders will reap a windfall, and others will earn less. Jobs will be created in one district rather than another, and some politicians will claim credit while others are criticized. One watershed will be put at risk, rather than another.
The net global effect probably will be negligible, at least in the longer run, because there are other ways for the oil to get through. Even if Keystone XL is ultimately rejected by the U.S. government and abandoned by TransCanada, that would only slow the oilsands’ inexorable march to global markets — not stop it.
In the meantime, a new regional energy production and distribution system is being built, without any overarching strategy or design to guide it. This has enormous public policy implications, as the result seems likely to be a profoundly inefficient and under-regulated system which wastes tax dollars, puts public safety at risk and does nothing to encourage responsible environmental stewardship, locally or globally.
Without viable political and diplomatic mechanisms for developing coherent and sustainable national and regional energy plans, policy will continue to be driven by the results of piecemeal battles over specific private-sector projects or regulatory changes. No one is happy with the way the Keystone XL debacle played out (except maybe public relations consultants), yet in all that has been written about it lately, virtually no one seems to be calling for institutional changes that might guide policy-making toward greater transparency and balanced, “win-win” outcomes.
We seem to have given up on the idea that we could design something better than the mess we have now. That might be the main lesson to draw from the Keystone XL experience: It suggests that we have reached the point where things can get this ugly, and yet we still don’t trust each other — or ourselves — enough to try to negotiate something that might work better.
Brian Bow is an associate professor of Political Science and director of the Centre for Foreign Policy Studies at Dalhousie University, and a Fellow at the Canadian Defence and Foreign Affairs Institute.
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Alabama is not like any of the other southern states. It has, however, until the immediate present, accepted its social and economic philosophy from its sister commonwealths in Dixie. Two facts combine to make Alabama the best place to view the march of industry upon southern tradition: sectional legend is less firmly ensconced in Alabama than in Virginia or the Carolinas, and the industrial resources are more available in Alabama. One may prophesy that Alabama will be the first of the southern states to take the measure of a gentleman in terms of material possessions.
There are several reasons why the sectional legend is not so firmly rooted in Alabama. The state has lacked the names of both persons and places which seemed fittingly to embody the southern tradition. Though Jefferson Davis, as president of the Confederacy, was first seated at Montgomery, Alabama, the names “Jefferson” and “Davis” certainly have the untransferable ring of Virginia, and it was appropriate that Richmond should soon succeed Montgomery,. Though the “Gallant” Pelham was a daring and picturesque native son, Alabama contributed no heroes like Stonewall Jackson, Nathan B. Forrest, J. E. B. Stuart, Wade Hampton, and Robert E. Lee to the Civil War; nor can the state gather its sectional feeling about even such figures as Andrew Jackson or Daniel Boone.
Though the material of typically southern writers like Joel Chandler Harris and Sidney Lanier might be applied accurately to Alabama, these two were Georgians; and the reputation of only one thoroughly native Alabama writer has spread north of the Tennessee River—that of Samuel Minturn Peck, whose “Swinging in the Grapevine Swing” reached a popular vogue some twenty years ago. Such writers as Sara Haardt, Lawrence Lee, and Clement Wood, who were born in Alabama, have not gained their fundamental impulses from the state or its people.
Emotionally powerful songs like “Carry Me Back to Old Virginny,” “My Old Kentucky Home,” and Tennessee’s “Way Down upon the S’wanee River” have no counterpart in Alabama folksong. Ludicrous imitations of the authentic folk lyric—such as “Alabama Coon” and “Down on Mobile Bay”—can do no more than give sad evidence of our times. Jazz monstrosities have done much to remove the Alabama Negro from the genuinely, sentimental world suggested in “Old Black Joe.” Hand in hand with the whining vaudeville lyrics have come the minstrel-man stories of Oc-tavus Roy Cohen. National acceptance of such catch-penny balderdash certainly tends to fixate a frivolous attitude toward Alabama within the state itself, as well as an undesirable view in the minds of outsiders.
Alabama, furthermore, has lacked places suitable to embody the southern tradition. The state possesses beautiful old towns where wide streets with parkways of crepe myrtle move naturally, as it were, from house to house. It has old porticoes, weather-beaten and unpainted for many years, with which in the spring the faintly glorious blossoms of wistaria combine in that appropriate harmony of old age— lavender and gray. And there are broad magnolia trees which fill the air on summer nights with the mellow odor of their cream-colored flowers. Box hedges still border long gravel walks stretched beneath huge water oak trees. There are wide verandahs, two-story pillars painted white, wide hallways and cavernous apartments with windows reaching to the floor, kitchens and servants’ quarters along a side porch at the rear. But there are few servants in the quarters, and often not a great deal to cook in the spacious kitchens. Country homes have their japonica hedges and their fine old oak and walnut furniture. Yet, even these material things are scattered; they, are not gathered together in definite places to be looked upon and revered. There is no Blue Grass section—no stronghold where material relics make pretense of representing social and spiritual values which began to depart half a century ago. Certainly there is no shrine like Monticello or The Hermitage.
And while there is less of the sectional legend to hamper the march of industrialism in Alabama, the state is far richer than its neighbors in the resources of manufacturing. An economist might divide Alabama into three main parts: the southernmost portion has valuable forests of long-leaf pine which may be utilized for lumber and also for making naval stores; the central portion, with Montgomery as the leading city, is known as the black belt, and the term is applicable both to the fertility of the soil and to the hue of the populace; the northernmost section, though the land is poor for farming, boasts of both the Birmingham area and Muscle Shoals. In the Birmingham district apparently unlimited supplies of coal, iron, and limestone—the basic materials of the steel industry—are to be found within a stone’s throw of each other. One company has the remarkable daily experience of obtaining all three of these elements from mines situated actually within the boundaries of its yards. The area in which such deposits may be found is not confined merely to the Birmingham district; Birmingham is the center of a mineral land which is rich in all directions for an average radius of fifty miles. From Birmingham one of the most active power interests in the United States has been reaching out a long arm for the control of Muscle Shoals, about ninety miles away.
The piercing voices of the chambers of commerce, however, require no support from me. I am concerned with the changes which the inevitable industrial development is making upon the social and economic landscape of Alabama— the first center of the Confederacy and the first state to release the ideals of the Old South.
I have said that, until the immediate present, Alabama has taken its social and economic philosophy from its sister states in Dixie. This philosophy was built upon land ownership. Social distinctions stood according to one’s relationship to the land. In Alabama real estate was not apportioned out by European monarchs, as was the case in Virginia and Carolina during the middle of the seventeenth century. But that essential concept of “original” land ownership was well marked in Alabama, where the term implied, preferably, a grant from a territorial governor, or, at least, an early seizure from the Indians.
Since the Creek Indians of Alabama were an especially fierce tribe, an inherited land ownership implied lofty courage in one’s forbears—and this courage, as a token of ancestral purity, stood in second place to an ancestral social position worthy of special favor from a territorial governor. Place names in Alabama bear witness to the importance of Indian struggles in the development of the state. Some of the Creek names are Tuscaloosa, Talladega, Wetumpka, Coosa, Tuscumbia, Tallapoosa, Tallaseehatchee, Chocolocca, Shocco, and Wedowee. A contrast of these names with those of original white settlements in the Carolinas clearly indicates that land ownership in Alabama bears a closer relationship to Indian battles than to colonial grants from European rulers. Most of the vested land interests in Alabama have dated from the eighteenth century. No gentleman of the Carolinas would sell the land granted him by the king. That tradition, unassailable in Virginia and the Carolinas, was also strong in Alabama; but in Alabama it was alloyed slightly, as a point of honor, as a result of the high proportion of Indian seizures as compared to royal or government land grants. This important difference in view impaired the purity of the sectional legend in Alabama.
Southerners themselves have least recognized the devastation of the Civil War in its complete destruction of the landed proprietor system. For fifty years after that war, the continuous division of the great plantations was in progress. Tracts naturally went to pay debts, because livelihoods under the old system were impossible after the passing of slavery. Gradually the land in Alabama went into the possession of a new class of proprietors, who were often comparatively irresponsible. By slow degrees land began to lose its quality of being an integral part in a family tradition, and to assume the character of a business commodity. Nevertheless, the people remained land-minded, rather than industrial-minded. That fact, as I shall try to show in a moment, is responsible for the failure of Alabamians to enjoy anything beyond a real estate profit in the present industrial movement which is sweeping their state.
My early life was spent in an Alabama town settled in 1711. Though the town is in the center of the rich coal and mineral section of the state, no one there considered life or livelihood except in connection with agriculture. Since the land itself is not especially rich, cotton growing has always been precarious except when practised on the huge scale possible before the division of the old plantations.
From my earliest childhood I remember the bulk of an old abandoned iron furnace which stood about a mile from my home. Periodically we would hear news that a new company was going to operate the furnace; but invariably we would learn a short time afterward that the company was going to shut down, and soon the night skies over the town would no longer burst into livid hue from the “runs” of the molten iron. Wire grass and weeds would again grow in the sand where the pig-iron had been molded, and we boys could slip off down there after school to smoke our surreptitious cigars in a safe place, and climb the rusted and rattling iron ladder a hundred feet to the top of the deserted retort tower. The surrounding district was dotted with many ore washing and smelting plants; but, after various unsuccessful attempts at operation, most of them were abandoned and allowed to rust and rot into uselessness, All of these deserted towers, falling into decay, within the very sight of untouched coal and ore, bear convincing witness to the lack of industrial background and skill among the natives of Alabama.
Fifteen years ago in the town where I lived the important names were invariably those of families who had held their land for generations. The major motivations of life rested upon the possession of land. Banks existed mainly through farm loans; capitalists were men who lived in town and drew their money from tenants who worked small portions of country estates; farm implements were the basic stocks of the largest merchants; lawyers were mainly versed in real property. The moment that cotton as a commodity passed from the agricultural to the industrial stage, there were signs of unnaturalness and unfamiliarity on the part of the people. Three small textile mills in the town had only sporadic success; even such small industrial plants as cotton compresses appeared somewhat beyond the aptitudes and interests of the people. The niills were constantly changing ownership and management, and the compresses and cottonseed-oil plants were always on the verge of failure. Machinery and milling processes were obviously foreign to the background—both American and European— of the Alabama people.
There persisted, however, a fundamental consciousness of the integrity, of land ownership, which depended largely upon the inheritance of large tracts. I distinctly remember the contemptuous attitude of the town toward outsiders who had come into the section and acquired farm areas through the process of piecing together bits acquired from foreclosures of mortgages, and from the necessary sales by original owners who were more and more feeling the need of cash.
Wealthy bankers who had gained land through foreclosures of mortgages were regarded as pawnbrokers. Merchants who had made fortunes by selling supplies to tenants at exorbitant rates of interest found that their new riches could not raise them socially above the classification of prosperous tradesmen. A cotton buyer who won half a million dollars on the New York cotton exchange could not approach the social barrier; even with the handsomest residence in the county and the wealth of Midas, he remained a cotton buyer to the town. One of the standing jokes at our school in those days dealt with this kindly man’s gift of five one hundred dollar bills to his twelve-year old son one Christmas. The son of the richest banker in town we cruelly knew by no name other than “The Bank”—and we regularly punched him in the stomach and sent him home.
But such a philosophy of anti-democracy, which was made economically impossible in 1865, could not permanently exist even in the dreams of those who for so many years utterly refused to recognize reality. The old order—which placed living before livelihood—is losing its social and economic grip in many sections of the South. It is fading into the distance most obviously in Alabama, because in that state it was less firmly rooted than in some of the others.
The irrevocable triumph of our machine era—which found immediate response from the artisan population of the Middle West—is not appropriate to the ethnic structure of the South. But the South, forced to abandon large-scale farming, has found small-farming pursnits unsuitable and unprofitable in view of conditions of land and labor. Lacking intelligent leadership in the adjustment of its agricultural problems, the South has seen its lands waste away and its bales of cotton decrease year by year. In desperation it has taken up the cry that Industry, a heathen god, alone can save its people. Knowing nothing of manufacturing—not being industrial-minded—the South has two recourses: it may borrow capital and hire industrial skill, or it may sell its land for cash. Alabama, unfortunately, appears to have chosen to sell its land.
So far as the state of Alabama is concerned, the much-heralded industrial expansion in the South is basically, from the local point of view, a real estate boom. The origins and experiences of the Alabama people have given them a consciousness of land values, but no consciousness of industrial values. And the breaking down of the southern aristocracy, with its consequent shift in the land-owning class, has placed a modern real estate dealer in the seat of the old southern planter. The southern planter, let me repeat, was deeply ingrained with the integrity of ownership; he could no more have sold his land without dishonor than he could have sold a Negro slave without at least a tinge of disgrace. The land, he reasoned, was a gift to his family, and gentlemen do not sell their gifts for cash.
Even the most superficial investigation reveals that practically all the recent development in Alabama is financed, and, therefore, owned by outside interests. Chambers of commerce have concentrated upon bringing industiy into the state. Delegations go here and there over the North and East seeking new industries. Towns vie with each other in offering guaranteed profits to outside concerns.
Citizens of the towns put their five hundred dollar checks into local pools to guarantee milk condensaries, kraft paper concerns, tire manufacturing plants, and other outside industries against the faintest chance of loss. And the most ironical part of it all is the vast hullabaloo set up by the local newspapers when a company with an established trade name, perhaps masking smiles of incredibility with an air of benevolent condescension, announces its willingness to accept profits from the community’s resources—in view of the guarantee against possible loss. Further, the chambers of commerce advertise “unlimited supplies of cheap Anglo-Saxon labor.” Such a prospect for manufacturers beset by strikes and high wages is of course so contrary to fact and reality that it does not deserve a passing glance. Manufacturers who ingenuously accepted such glib statements from hired promoters have at once found, to their sorrow, that the South does not offer “unlimited supplies of cheap Anglo-Saxon labor.” Newspaper reports of the current wave of labor strikes in the South, particularly those at Gastonia and Eliza-bethton, have been rather embarrassing to the chambers of commerce.
Alabama does not share in the major profits of concerns with headquarters in Chicago, St. Louis, or Detroit; the major profits go back home. Alabama has no unemployment problem for which it needs new industries; nor are its workers trained to the machine. Imported workers do not always fill the coffers of the local grocery store or meat shop; chain stores usually spring up to serve not only the imported workers but also some of the old customers of the local tradesmen. Increased deposits at the local banks are hardly enough to compensate the community for its complete change in landscape, for the steady retirement of its established leaders into the background.
In my Alabama home-town New England interests are building a $2,000,000 cotton mill. This stroke on the part of our chamber of commerce was heralded with awe throughout the state. Naturally some of our townsmen sold a tract of land, doubtless at a good profit. Outside contractors are bnilding the plant; their materials come from a distance. A local contractor could not obtain the business of constructing the workers’ houses; and most of the workers themselves will be gathered from the outside. Our local grocery stores are in imminent danger of being supplanted by chain companies; our drug and dry. goods dealers face a similar hazard. We shall have five- and ten-cent emporiums. We shall have new professional men in the town; new doctors, new lawyers, new Ford dealers, new radio men; a new and expanded country club. The owner of our golf club land expects to sell her property to a kraft paper mill. And we shall have new odors.
Real estate men come from adjacent cities to view our lots in town and our outlying possibilities for rural developments. One of them has laid out lots along a country road four miles out of town. He holds auctions, at which seventy-piece dinner sets are given away to the lucky-ticket holder. From a nearby city a company brings (investors in automobiles free of charge. It is a realtors’ party. I am not sure that we shall rival the Florida boomers in grandeur, but I am confident that our economics is quite as unsound as theirs,
Disloyalty to one’s native state is a major sin; I shall not be guilty of it. Nor do I record a peevish attitude toward protagonists of the new era in Alabama. It is beyond my province to assume the saeva indignatio of John Ruskin and Thomas Carlyle. And yet, one must wonder whether the pride of a race is so frangible—whether the need of cash payment so great—as to justify an uncritical attitude toward our gradual surrender of the integrity of ownership of our lands and resources.
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National 07/13/10 cjonline.com: by The Capital-Journal, Topeka, Kansas
Summer is a prime time for animals, especially cats, to contract the bacterial disease tularemia, according to a Kansas State University veterinarian.
Tularemia, which also can be a problem in spring and fall, is zoonotic, meaning it is a disease of animals, such as rabies or psittacosis, which can be transmitted to humans.
Tularemia also is known as deer fly fever and rabbit fever, according to dictionary.com.
“Most cases I know of where it has been transmitted to humans have been through a bite wound,” DeBey said. “If a sick cat doesn’t feel well and bites someone trying to help it, it can be bad because the cat has the organism in its mouth, which makes it easy to spread.”
The K-State lab team diagnoses 20 to 40 cases of tularemia per year, with more than 90 percent of the diagnoses in cats. However, primates have been diagnosed as well, DeBey said. Dogs and sheep also can be susceptible to the disease, although it is rare in those species.
DeBey said most cases he’s observed are from eastern Kansas. A recent case was from south-central Nebraska.
“My feeling is that while eastern Kansas does have many positive cases of tularemia, there are probably a lot more cats that die from tularemia because they weren’t diagnosed with it,” he said.
Clinical signs in cats with tularemia include lethargy, anorexia and fever. It also is possible for a clinically healthy cat to transmit the disease if the organism is present in its mouth, even if the cat hasn’t yet developed symptoms, DeBey said.
The incubation period for tularemia is relatively short. Owners who suspect a pet has the disease should visit a veterinarian immediately. DeBey recommends using gloves to handle the animal.
No vaccines are available for tularemia. DeBey said the best way to prevent cats from contracting the disease is simple: keep them indoors.
“That is the best way, so cats won’t be exposed to rabbits and to ticks,” he said. “For people who have cats but don’t want to keep them indoors, the next best thing is to control ticks. Unfortunately, there’s no way to control a cat from hunting rabbits since that’s in their nature, but it’s the risk you’ll have to take with a cat being outdoors.
“Veterinarians need to consider tularemia especially when outdoor cats are ill or dying,” DeBey said. “As veterinarians, we’re a piece of the puzzle when it comes to preventing human disease.”
Although far more uncommon, humans can also contract tularemia by mowing the lawn.
“After an outbreak of tularemia on Martha’s Vineyard in Massachusetts, it was found that lawn mowing was linked to increased risk of contracting tularemia, leading to the name ‘lawnmower tularemia,’ ” DeBey said. “It is hypothesized that aerosolization of the organism occurs when the lawn mower passes over and contacts a rabbit carcass that is infected with the organism.”
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Reasons Why the United States Entered WWI
President Woodrow Wilson initially maintained a neutral stand that made the United States to seize from war in 1914. Initially, the country only supported trade through the provision of material assistance to the allies. As of May 1915,128 United States citizens were killed after the Germans sunk a British an event that angered the US. For this reason, the president requested the Congress to declare war on Germany on April, 1917. The aim of Germany was to starve the British until they surrendered and it sunk all the ships across the Atlantic that provided aid to the Britain to achieve this outcome. These events angered United State because it violated German pledge to suspend its submarine welfare in the Atlantic. This encouraged US to enter the war. After Zimmerman telegraph was intercepted by the British, the US realized that Germany was forming an alliance with Mexico against them. The entire US population was immensely mobilized to produce soldiers to the war and food supplies through planting extra vegetables. The whole economy was also channeled into the war to provide munitions and money to win the war.
Consequences of U.S participation in the war
The participation of US in the First World War came with consequences one being the growth of industries in America. This came about as the munitions had to be manufactured to support the war. This needed technology development that led to the growth of industries. The war also opened job opportunities to women and African-Americans. This was because able-bodied American men had gone to wars leaving women and African-Americans as the only options to work in Factories. The status of women changed and were given the right to vote following their commitment and strength they had shown in the war.
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Complete Commentary on the Whole Bible, by Matthew Henry, at sacred-texts.com
(Gen 2:1-3) The first sabbath.
(Gen 2:4-7) Particulars about the creation.
(Gen 2:8-14) The planting of the garden of Eden.
(Gen 2:15) Man is placed in it.
(Gen 2:16, Gen 2:17) God's command.
(Gen 2:18-25) The animals named, The making of woman, The Divine institution of marriage.
After six days, God ceased from all works of creation. In miracles, he has overruled nature, but never changed its settled course, or added to it. God did not rest as one weary, but as one well pleased. Notice the beginning of the kingdom of grace, in the sanctification, or keeping holy, of the sabbath day. The solemn observing of one day in seven as a day of holy rest and holy work, to God's honour, is the duty of all to whom God has made known his holy sabbaths. At this time none of the human race were in being but our first parents. For them the sabbath was appointed; and clearly for all succeeding generations also. The Christian sabbath, which we observe, is a seventh day, and in it we celebrate the rest of God the Son, and the finishing the work of our redemption.
Here is a name given to the Creator, "Jehovah." Where the word "LORD" is printed in capital letters in our English Bibles, in the original it is "Jehovah." Jehovah is that name of God, which denotes that he alone has his being of himself, and that he gives being to all creatures and things. Further notice is taken of plants and herbs, because they were made and appointed to be food for man. The earth did not bring forth its fruits of itself: this was done by Almighty power. Thus grace in the soul grows not of itself in nature's soil, but is the work of God. Rain also is the gift of God; it came not till the Lord God caused it. Though God works by means, yet when he pleases he can do his own work without them; and though we must not tempt God in the neglect of means, we must trust God, both in the use and in the want of means. Some way or other, God will water the plants of his own planting. Divine grace comes down like the dew, and waters the church without noise. Man was made of the small dust, such as is on the surface of the earth. The soul was not made of the earth, as the body: pity then that it should cleave to the earth, and mind earthly things. To God we must shortly give an account, how we have employed these souls; and if it be found that we have lost them, though it were to gain the world, we are undone for ever! Fools despise their own souls, by caring for their bodies before their souls.
The place fixed upon for Adam to dwell in, was not a palace, but a garden. The better we take up with plain things, and the less we seek things to gratify pride and luxury, the nearer we approach to innocency. Nature is content with a little, and that which is most natural; grace with less; but lust craves every thing, and is content with nothing. No delights can be satisfying to the soul, but those which God himself has provided and appointed for it. Eden signifies delight and pleasure. Wherever it was, it had all desirable conveniences, without any inconvenience, though no other house or garden on earth ever was so. It was adorned with every tree pleasant to the sight, and enriched with every tree that yielded fruit grateful to the taste and good for food. God, as a tender Father, desired not only Adam's profit, but his pleasure; for there is pleasure with innocency, nay there is true pleasure only in innocency. When Providence puts us in a place of plenty and pleasure, we ought to serve God with gladness of heart in the good things he gives us. Eden had two trees peculiar to itself. 1. There was the tree of life in the midst of the garden. Of this man might eat and live. Christ is now to us the Tree of life, Rev 2:7; Rev 22:2; and the Bread of life, Joh 6:48, Joh 6:51. 2. There was the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, so called because there was a positive revelation of the will of God about this tree, so that by it man might know moral good and evil. What is good? It is good not to eat of this tree. What is evil? It is evil to eat of this tree. In these two trees God set before Adam good and evil, the blessing and the curse.
After God had formed Adam, he put him in the garden. All boasting was thereby shut out. Only he that made us can make us happy; he that is the Former of our bodies, and the Father of our spirits, and none but he, can fully provide for the happiness of both. Even in paradise itself man had to work. None of us were sent into the world to be idle. He that made our souls and bodies, has given us something to work with; and he that gave us this earth for our habitation, has made us something to work upon. The sons and heirs of heaven, while in this world, have something to do about this earth, which must have its share of their time and thoughts; and if they do it with an eye to God, they as truly serve him in it, as when they are upon their knees. Observe that the husbandman's calling is an ancient and honourable calling; it was needful even in paradise. Also, there is true pleasure in the business God calls us to, and employs us in. Adam could not have been happy if he had been idle: it is still God's law, He that will not work has no right to eat, Th2 3:10.
Let us never set up our own will against the holy will of God. There was not only liberty allowed to man, in taking the fruits of paradise, but everlasting life made sure to him upon his obedience. There was a trial appointed of his obedience. By transgression he would forfeit his Maker's favour, and deserve his displeasure, with all its awful effects; so that he would become liable to pain, disease, and death. Worse than that, he would lose the holy image of God, and all the comfort of his favour; and feel the torment of sinful passions, and the terror of his Maker's vengeance, which must endure for ever with his never dying soul. The forbidding to eat of the fruit of a particular tree was wisely suited to the state of our first parents. In their state of innocence, and separated from any others, what opportunity or what temptation had they to break any of the ten commandments? The event proves that the whole human race were concerned in the trial and fall of our first parents. To argue against these things is to strive against stubborn facts, as well as Divine revelation; for man is sinful, and shows by his first actions, and his conduct ever afterwards, that he is ready to do evil. He is under the Divine displeasure, exposed to sufferings and death. The Scriptures always speak of man as of this sinful character, and in this miserable state; and these things are true of men in all ages, and of all nations.
Power over the creatures was given to man, and as a proof of this he named them all. It also shows his insight into the works of God. But though he was lord of the creatures, yet nothing in this world was a help meet for man. From God are all our helpers. If we rest in God, he will work all for good. God caused deep sleep to fall on Adam; while he knows no sin, God will take care that he shall feel no pain. God, as her Father, brought the woman to the man, as his second self, and a help meet for him. That wife, who is of God's making by special grace, and of God's bringing by special providence, is likely to prove a help meet for a man. See what need there is, both of prudence and prayer in the choice of this relation, which is so near and so lasting. That had need to be well done, which is to be done for life. Our first parents needed no clothes for covering against cold or heat, for neither could hurt them: they needed none for ornament. Thus easy, thus happy, was man in his state of innocency. How good was God to him! How many favours did he load him with! How easy were the laws given to him! Yet man, being in honour, understood not his own interest, but soon became as the beasts that perish.
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In January 1971, two oil tankers collided under the Golden Gate Bridge, spilling more than 800,000 gallons of crude oil into the San Francisco Bay. Little was known about oiled bird care at that time and despite the courageous attempts of hundreds of volunteers, only 300 birds survived from the 7,000 collected.
Alice Berkner, a registered nurse, came up with the concept of International Bird Rescue while trying to help the more than 7,000 birds that filled warehouses around the San Francisco Bay Area during this 1971 oil spill. The plight of these birds inspired her, along with a handful of other concerned individuals, to do everything they could to save them, and by April of 1971 International Bird Rescue Research Center (now known as International Bird Rescue) was incorporated as a non-profit organization.
This 12,000 square-foot facility, completed in February 2001, is one of the two primary oiled bird facilities built by the Oiled Wildlife Care Network (OWCN) in California. The facility is designed to accommodate up to 1,000 birds indoors during a large oil spill in the Bay area, and includes specialized areas for bird intake, holding, washing, drying, isolation and recovery, as well as for food preparation, radiography, surgery and necropsy.
Last weekend I was treated to a tour of their San Francisco Bay facility, located in Fairfield, California, by the Wildlife Center Manager, Michelle Bellizzi. Michelle is not only a gracious host but a very knowledgeable and dedicated member of the staff. She explained to me while standing in the oiled bird intake area…
that not only are there many different types of oils spills (that can now be identified as to origin by chemical evaluation of the oil itself), there are different threats to seabirds as well, all of which International Bird Rescue is involved with.
In addition to responding to oil spills around the world, International Bird Rescue staff work to care for birds impacted by lesser known threats like natural oil seeps under the ocean, algal blooms, marine debris, and extreme weather.
Research is a continuous part of oiled wildlife care and one thing that researchers figured out was that birds benefit greatly from a period of rest and supportive care before the cleaning process begins.
Birds are brought to the pre-wash care team for warmth, food, fluids, and medical care. Once a bird has been in care for approximately 48 hours, a pre-wash examination and assessment determines if it is medically stable and ready for wash.
I quickly learned that there was much more to bird and wildlife rescue than I had previously known. Washing an oiled bird is very stressful on the bird and not easy for the rescuers either. Just look at the energy that goes into washing a single pelican. Imagine this facility can wash six birds at a time, and over 200 oiled birds a day!
This is where the washing of oiled birds takes place at the San Francisco Bay facility.
The birds are then rinsed to remove the detergent at the rinse station using 106o water at 40 to 60 PSI
After being dried with commercial pet dryers Michelle explains, “they come out with their feathers all puffed out. They are transformed.”
Dawn donates all the detergent the facility needs.
This facility also boasts an X-ray machine…
and a surgical area where their veterinarian can perform life saving procedures.
In 1992 International Bird Rescue developed warm water therapy pools which increase the survival rates of oiled aquatic birds. The water can be heated to a specific temperature and continuously circulated to filter out contaminants as the birds regain their strength. This is a series of these tanks arranged in a tiered fashion increasing their capacity.
Adjacent to the warm water therapy pools there were a few Common Murre chicks in a large holding tank that looked like they were doing quite well.
Then we walked over to the aviaries to see the Brown Pelicans. There were at least thirty pelicans rehabbing in the aviary along with a few gulls.
Current research projects of International Bird Rescue include:
- Revising and developing new sea bird diets,
- Developing protocol for the control of airborne fungal disease in oiled birds, Researching long-term alcid rehabilitation techniques,
- Improving caging for difficult species (Loons and Grebes),
- Assisting avian specialists in post release radio telemetry studies on rehabilitated oiled birds and
- Collecting blood normals for each species.
Remember Alice Berkner, the nurse that founded this organization? This is what she had to say recently about the International Bird Rescue’s accomplishments:
“Had I been told in 1971 that 30 years hence we would end up treating over 148 species of birds (not to mention assorted turtles, snakes and other non-feathered wildlife) in 100 different oil spills on five continents and attain a 78% release rate of King Eiders on the extremely remote Pribilof Islands, 100% release rate of White Pelicans in Louisiana, a 96% release rate of American Coots in congested and polluted Southern California or the rehabilitation of 18,200 penguins in South Africa… my response would have been “In your dreams!” But we have done just that and at times I tend to view with disbelief what we have accomplished. Many people still do not see the value in treating oiled wildlife but as more and more species head for extinction at a greater rate than ever before, perhaps this attitude will in itself become extinct for it has no place in today’s world.”
International Bird Rescue believes (as do I) that we all use oil or oil-related products in some form or another, and, as species co-existing on this earth with other life forms, we are responsible for the messes that we make. We know that oiled birds can be rehabilitated and we maintain the belief that each individual animal life is valuable and that each animal is deserving of our care. In a world where life is not always respected and cherished we feel that preserving even the life of one bird sends an important message. In other words:
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- (Subclass Copepoda):One of up to four stages in copepodid phase of development of caligid-like parasitic copepods; the chalimus usually is attached to the host, often by a frontal filament held by maxilla 2. The first chalimus is molted from the first copepodid stage; the four chalimus stages correspond to the second to fifth copepodid stages [Ferrari and Dahms, in press].(Subclass Copepoda):The post-copepodid developmental stage of most siphonostomatoid fish parasites, characterised by possession of a frontal filament for attachment to the host [Boxshall and Halsey, 2004].
Crustacea glossary. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. 2011.
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Arrays arrays arrays! Activities, worksheets, and math centers to help your students practice rectangular arrays! Everything you need to teach rectangular arrays!
All arrays are up to 5x5.
Included: (Please download preview to see!)
- Array Puzzles Math Center: Students match the eight different 3-part puzzles (24 puzzle pieces total) to match the rectangular array (picture) to its repeated addition (3+3+3+3=12) and multiplication factors (4x3). Students record their matches on the recording sheet - this is great practice for them to understand how arrays work.
- Arrays Sorting Activity Book: Students create a cute book where they cut, color, and glue pictures of rectangular arrays under the correct factors. For example, they will glue the 3 sets of 2 kittens picture under the 3x2 factor. This will create a little book to help them solidify their understanding of arrays while having fun.
- Cookie Tray Arrays: Students draw a rectangular array of cookies on the cookie sheet and color their picture. Then, they answer the questions about their cookie array. This cute little activity would look great on a bulletin board!
- Array Matching Math Center: Students get a sheet of colorful array pictures and a baggie of factors cards (3x4, 2x5, etc.) to match on top of the arrays that represent them. Then, they record their matches on their recording sheet. You could also give them the sheet of factors and cut up the array pictures to match on top instead. For differentiation, I also included cards you can cut up of the totals to either make it easier by switching them out for the factors cards OR make it more difficult by adding them as a 3rd element to match.
- My Little Book of Arrays: This is a 2nd book the kids can make where they are given the factors of an array (ex: 3x4) and they write the repeated addition equation (4+4+4=12) and draw a picture array of it. The book has 8 pages including the cover and is a fun way to practice arrays.
- Fun with Arrays worksheet: Students look at the repeated addition equation and draw a picture of an array to represent it. *ADDED 2-24-13: Two more worksheets like this one, another with repeated addition and one with "3x4 =__" to give a bit of an extra challenge. If you've already purchased this, download it for free :) These 2 added pages are not shown in the preview.
- Arrays in Columns and Rows worksheet: Students look at a rectangular array and simply write how many columns it has and how many rows.
- 2 Array-nbows worksheets: Students are given factors (ex: 3x4) and a grid for each to color in an array to match it.
- 2 Arrays Practice worksheets: Students are given a large grid and are challenged to find as many arrays that total a certain number as possible. Example included.
- Arrays in Real Life homework sheet: A challenge to find arrays in real life around their house (eggs in a carton, water bottles in a large pack, quilt, ice cubes in a tray, etc.)
- Cereal Arrays: A fun activity to do in class where students use cereal o's to make rectangular arrays, glue them on their sheet, and write a description underneath (ex: 3+3+3+3=12 or 3x4=12 or both, however you want to do it)
- Miss Giraffe
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25 Jan A Small-Scale Solution for a Big Problem: Small Farming Robots for Every Tom, Dick and Harry
Driverless tractors, bumper crops and an end to herbicide resistance. Despite the hype in recent years, the new agricultural revolution that technology promised is yet to be fully realised. While precision agriculture technologies have made significant inroads into sustainability gains, most still rely on a significant input from a human component, whether it be the labour required to operate machinery or the interpretation of gathered data.
In the UK, the Small Robot Company has made significant inroads into the use of autonomous technology in cropping, with the development of robotic units pared with a clever management system to turn gathered data into useful insights into crop performance.
Nicknamed Tom, Dick and Harry, these three small autonomous robots have been developed to manage specific on-farm tasks with the aim of driving productivity and environmental outcomes.
Tom, for example, is the agronomist of the team. Capable of moving across the farm independently, he collects topographical information and monitors crops to single-plant accuracy, collecting data for future analysis. When his battery becomes low, he returns to his ‘kennel’ for a recharge, and transfers collected data to Wilma, an a AI-based decision-making system that interprets field data to make management plans.
Weeding and fertilising the crop is undertaken by Dick, a small robot capable of precision micro-spray applications and physical weed eradication through burning and crushing. Harry is responsible for seeding crops with minimising soil disturbance and compaction, while recording the exact location of each planted seed. When Wilma detects an ungerminated seed, Harry can be dispatched to replant it.
The benefits of such a system are well-documented. Lower input costs drive profitability while reducing the risk of herbicide resistance and adverse environmental issues. Precision planting improves crop performance, lifting crop uniformity and overall productivity. The added advantage for autonomous technologies is their ability to reduce labour pressures.
While the cost of owning a herd of on-farm robots could be prohibitive for some, the Small Robot Company has developed a subscription model to increase the accessibility of the technology. Farming as a Service (FaaS) provides growers with access to the three robots plus Wilma with the farmer charged on a per-hectare fee. Each farmer is given a ‘Tom’, while ‘Dick’ and ‘Harry’ are dispatched to the farm when required.
While the company is still in its infancy, a surge of support from crowd funding and pilot projects has generated a significant amount of interest in robo-farming. Last week, the Small Robot Company announced that it had raised more than AUD$2 million through an equity crowdfunding campaign, supported by investors including Matt Jones, principal designer at Google AI.
“We’re on the cusp of a fourth agricultural revolution, taking farming into the digital age: and with British ideas and British technology at the helm,” said Ben Scott-Robinson, co-founder of the Small Robot Company.
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Cardiovascular exercise increases your heart rate and breathing. The American College of Sports Medicine recommends that most adults get 30 minutes of moderate cardio exercise, 20 minutes of intense cardio exercise or a combination of moderate and intense cardio exercise five or more days each week, in addition to two to three days of resistance exercise. Engaging in different types of cardio reduces boredom and offers an effective fitness program.
Cardio increases your blood flow, supplies nutrients to your body, reduces your risk of heart disease and osteoporosis, improves your cholesterol level and may help you lose weight. Intense cardio burns more calories than exercising at a moderate rate and burns fat more effectively. Varying the intensity of your cardio workout may work the body more efficiently and burn more fat. For example, run as hard as you can for up to 60 seconds, slow down to a brisk walk for two minutes and then repeat this pattern three or more times.
Swimming, water aerobics and working out on an elliptical machine are examples of no-impact cardio exercises. This means they don’t put stress on your spine or joints. Exercising in water combines cardio with resistance to give you an effective full-body workout. An elliptical machine workout also exercises your upper and lower body with resistance. Resistance strengthens your muscles, so you get twice the benefit during your workout. Most people can engage in no-impact cardio with few restrictions.
Walking, jumping on a mini trampoline, biking, dancing, skating and rowing are examples of low-impact cardio exercise. Fitness professionals recommend low-impact cardio for most individuals, but your doctor may recommend restrictions if you have certain health conditions, joint damage or a recent injury. Most low-impact cardio is moderate to low intensity, so you need to exercise 30 minutes or more per day. If you can’t carve out a 30-minute or longer exercise window, break your exercise into 10- to 15-minute intervals two or more times per day. For example, you might walk for 10 minutes on your lunch hour and then bike for 20 minutes when you get home or exercise at the gym before or after work.
Running, jumping rope, tennis, racquetball and aerobic dancing that includes jumping are high-impact cardio. If you have back pain, mobility issues, or knee or hip problems, you should probably avoid high-impact cardio exercise. If you do engage in high-impact exercise, always warm up first.
Consult your doctor before beginning a cardio workout if you have a medical condition or have been sedentary. Spend five to 15 minutes in a pre-exercise warm-up and stretch and five to 10 minutes cooling down after exercise. Stop exercising and see your doctor if you become dizzy or nauseous, if you experience sudden pain or if you faint. Stay well-hydrated during exercise. If you are just starting to exercise, start slow and gradually increase your intensity and duration.
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise: Quantity and Quality of Exercise for Developing and Maintaining Cardiorespiratory, Musculoskeletal, and Neuromotor Fitness in Apparently Healthy Adults: Guidance for Prescribing Exercise
- WebMD: Kick It Up With Cardio Exercise
- Military.com: Choosing Non-Impact Workout Options
- Spine-Health: Low-Impact Aerobic Exercise
- BodyBuilding.com: Back to the Basics of Cardio Exercise!
- Jupiterimages/BananaStock/Getty Images
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Why study Music? The Importance of Music:
Music, apart from being a universal language, is a unique form of communication that can change the way pupils feel, think and act.
Music forms part of an individual’s identity, and a positive interaction with music can develop pupils’ competence as learners and increase their self-esteem. Music brings together intellect and feeling and enables personal expression, reflection and emotional development. As an integral part of culture, past and present, music helps pupils understand themselves, relate to others and develop their cultural understanding, forging important links between home, school and the wider world. Music education encourages active involvement in different forms of music-making, both individual and communal, helping to develop a sense of group identity and togetherness. Therefore, Music fosters personal development and maturity, creating a sense of achievement and self-worth, and increasing pupils’ ability to work with others in a group context.
Further essential benefits of Music learning is the development of pupils’ critical skills: their ability to perform and compose music with their individual critical interpretation and expression, and also their ability to appreciate, by active listening, a wide variety of music genres, and to make judgements about musical quality. In addition, an active engagement with Music increases pupils’ self-discipline, cognitive function, self-esteem, creativity, aesthetic sensitivity and emotional fulfilment.
Please contact the Head of Department for more information. A full teaching staff list can be found under 'About Us' 'Staff and Governance'.
Head of Department: Mr J Willows Email: [email protected]
What your child will be learning (curriculum mapping)
To view the modules studied each term, please click here.
Aims and enrichment
The Music Curriculum at CCF aims to ensure that ALL pupils:
- Become successful learners who enjoy learning music, make progress and achieve their highest potential.
- Are engaged and inspired to cultivate a love of music and to develop their skills and knowledge as musicians.
- Perform, listen to, review and evaluate music across a wide range of historical periods, genres, styles and cultural traditions, including the works of the great composers and musicians.
- Learn to sing and to use their voices, learn performing on a variety of musical instruments, use music technology appropriately, and have the opportunity to progress to the next level of musical excellence.
- Understand and explore how music is created, produced and communicated, through the interrelated dimensions of: pitch, duration, dynamics, tempo, timbre, texture, structure and appropriate musical notations.
- Are provided with the opportunities to Compose and Perform music on their own and with others.
- Become confident individuals who are able to live safe, healthy and fulfilling lives.
- Have the opportunity to develop their Social, Moral, Spiritual and Cultural experience through the multidisciplinary approach of the teaching methods and topics of learning that are on offer.
- Are provided with a variety of vocational and academic careers pathways that are embedded within the schemes of learning both, at the end of KS3 and throughout KS4.
- Become responsible citizens who make a positive contribution to society.
As part of the Music Curriculum Enrichment at CCF, pupils have the opportunity (on a weekly basis) to join such school clubs as, the ‘Pop & Rock Choir’, lunchtime music sessions and Music Technology.
In addition, the CCF students with a special inclination to music are invited to attend out of school Music Recitals and Music trips on a half-term basis. Furthermore, there is a wide variety of performance opportunities within the school setting at different times throughout the school year, such as: The annually established Art Awards Evening, Summer Concert, Music & Drama Productions in combination with the Drama and English departments, and furthermore opportunities that are constantly arising.
Key stage 3
Pupils at KS3 build on their previous musical knowledge and skills through performing, composing and listening.
Moreover, they advance their vocal and instrumental fluency, accuracy and expressiveness, in combination with the development of their understanding of musical structures, styles, genres and traditions by identifying the expressive use of musical dimensions. Furthermore, they listen with increasing discrimination and awareness to inform their practice as musicians through a wide range of musical contexts and styles.
Pupils at CCF are being taught to:
- Play and perform confidently in a range of solo and ensemble contexts using their voice, playing instruments musically, fluently and with accuracy and expression.
- Improvise and compose; and extend and develop musical ideas by drawing on a range of musical structures, styles, genres and traditions.
- Use staff and other relevant notations appropriately and accurately in a range of musical styles, genres and traditions.
- Identify and use the interrelated dimensions of music expressively and with increasing sophistication, including use of tonalities, different types of scales and other musical devices.
- Listen with increasing discrimination to a wide range of music from great composers and musicians.
- Develop a deepening understanding of the music that they perform and to which they listen, in combination with its historical and cultural background.
Key stage 4
At KS4, Music is a GCSE option.
In order to take this, students must either be able to play a musical instrument before beginning the course, or to have the sincere desire, commitment and devotion to start instrumental/vocals lessons within the school (peripatetic instrumental teachers) or on their own initiative (private tuition).
The Edexcel specification is followed which comprises three units:
Unit 1: Performing Music (30%)
Unit 2: Composing Music (30%)
Unit 3: Music – Listening and Appraising (40%)
The specification allows students to perform on the instrument of their choice and to select their own repertoire. It requires two compositions, one free (any style/genre of their choice) and one set to a brief. It is not only accessible to students trained in classical music but also to those trained in popular music such as rock or jazz. Unit 3 consists of four areas of study with eight set works which widen the students’ knowledge of music and compositional techniques.
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Unusually heavy winter rains have flooded the town of Chertsey, west of London, twice in the past three years. Only its old center—a raised plot on the bank of the River Thames where Anglo-Saxon monks built an abbey in the seventh century—has remained consistently dry. For most residents, the rising waters, often stinking with sewage, have come as an unwelcome surprise after centuries of a relatively dry, stable climate. They seem to have forgotten, or perhaps never knew, this telling fact about the place they call home: In Old English, Chertsey means “Ceorot’s island.”
The name harkens back to the Early Medieval Period, when Germanic tribes began to settle, and name, many of the places dotting maps of modern Britain. Back then, water was ubiquitous. Sediment deposits dating to this era paint a picture of overtopped riverbanks and runoff rushing down slopes. “Anglo-Saxon England was a water world,” says Richard Jones, a landscape historian at the University of Leicester. He studies how early English settlers used place names, or toponyms, to encode practical information about their watery environment. For instance, Byfleet, a village in southern England, indicates a “tidal creek,” or “estuary”; Buildwas, in the west, describes “land subject to rapid flooding and draining”; and Averham, in the east, a “settlement at the floods.”1
But starting around the 11th century, the British landscape got drier as its climate stabilized and glaciation drew moisture from the biosphere, and many of these toponyms lost their original meaning. Development spread from “island” sanctuaries like Chertsey Abbey into newly parched floodplains once composed of forests, fields, and marshes. Over time, Britons’ close relationship with water, and their deep understanding of its patterns, dried up with the land.
The names of these doomed places will bring to mind the single most salient fact about them: They are gone.
Now, as the planet warms, Britain may be returning to a wetter, more volatile climate. In the last decade, England and Wales have seen some of the worst flooding on record. And as winter storms get stronger and more frequent, often swelling rivers and tributaries beyond their capacity, Chertsey and other waterlogged places are reclaiming their medieval identities. “These names are once again accurately describing the behavior of water in England,” Jones says.
Beyond offering a glimpse into past landscapes, he argues, toponyms could help today’s communities adapt to their changing environment. “We may have a lot to learn from the Anglo Saxons and their ability to live in a watery place,” Jones says. Their knowledge, preserved in names passed down over centuries, could inform where urban planners build new subdivisions, install barriers or drainage systems, or restore wetlands.
Perhaps by examining our past, we can better prepare for the future.
Place names are among the things that link men most intimately with their territory,” wrote British archeologist Jacquetta Hawkes in 1951. “As the generations pass on these names from one to the other, successive tongues wear away the syllables just as water and wind smooth the rocks.” The English toponymist Margaret Gelling called these timeworn names “signposts to the past,” as they have long guided scientists in reconstructing forgotten histories and landscapes. Where you find a form of the Old English weard-setl, for example, you will likely find a place where a “guard house” once stood. Likewise, ceaster identifies the site of a “walled town,” hlæw a “burial mound,” æcer a “plot of cultivated land.”
But researchers like Jones are finding that place names can also be used to track environmental change. In a 2010 study of wetlands along the coast of southwest Spain, scientists analyzed some 700 toponyms on maps dating to 1869. From ecological records, such as naturalist accounts, aerial and satellite photographs, and rain and temperature measurements, they knew that the land had gotten drier, starting around the mid-20th century. After the Spanish Civil War, which ended in 1939, the government, facing a resource shortage, aggressively planted pine and eucalyptus trees in this strip of mosquito-ridden bogs and brooks. The new managed forests, along with reduced rainfall and warmer temperatures, gradually sapped moisture from the soil.
And as water features shrank or disappeared, their names changed too: Arroyo Harinoso (Floury Brook) became Arroyo del Pino (Pine Brook); Laguna de la Higueruela (Stinking Clover Lagoon), once one of the region’s largest peat bogs, was reduced to a smattering of small water holes, including Reedy Lagoon, Moor Thicket Lagoon, and Puddles. Local toponyms can thus provide a detailed and enduring portrait of a landscape in flux, the researchers argued in the journal Climatic Change. “Although they cannot be used as proxy data”—data gathered from natural resources such as sediments, tree rings, and fossil pollen—“they can be used to mark climate changes or turning points,” they wrote.1
“As modern western society has turned its back on the landscape, place names have become little more than convenient geographical tags.”
Another study, published in 2007, found that toponyms can offer a quick, reliable record of how animal populations shift over time. For nearly two decades beginning in 1985, Swedish ecologist Johan Spens sought to reconstruct the distribution of brown trout in northern Sweden over the past three centuries using historic maps, interviews with local fishermen and fishing-rights owners, and gillnet surveys. Talking to an elder fisherman, he was surprised to learn that an old traditional name for this species was Rӧ, a common prefix of lake names in the area. Comparing these toponyms to population data, he found that nearly one-third of all lakes with past or current brown trout populations included Rö in their names—Rödingtjärnen, for instance. Even more remarkable, any given Rö lake had a 92 percent chance of containing brown trout at one time or another. (The odds were only 11 percent for any random lake, Rö or no Rö.)
Spens concluded that lake names could help identify historic trout populations that have since gone extinct, as well as the disturbances, such as from predators or human industry, that led to their decline. Lake names, he proposed, could also help guide modern population surveys, allowing ecologists to accomplish in a couple of months what would typically take five years using random sampling. “With the Rö-names,” he wrote, “fishers from hundreds of years back in time are communicating to us and saying: ‘This lake is characterized by its richness in brown trout. There are good habitat conditions for this species here.’ ”2
The meanings and messages behind toponyms will become increasingly significant as global warming and other environmental changes render many of them obsolete. In Montana, for instance, Glacier National Park, which had 150 glaciers in the mid-1800s, at the end of the Little Ice Age, now has 25 and will probably have none by 2030. In Barrow, Alaska, whose centuries-old Inuit name, Ukpeagvik, means “the place where we hunt snowy owls,” the species’ numbers appear to be declining, according to ornithologist Denver Holt, who has observed wildlife in the area for 25 years. And in northeast Siberia, there is a bulge in the Kolyma River called Kray Lesa (“Forrest’s Edge”), which once marked the border between the boreal forest and tundra. But in recent decades, as average temperatures have risen, that boundary has shifted a dozen or so miles north.
Other places, including coastal towns and island nations, are slowly disappearing as sea level rises and the land sinks. One day in the not-so-far future, the names of these doomed places will bring to mind the single most salient fact about them: They are gone.
It was the winter rains of 2007, which brought some of the worst flooding in a century to southern England, that sparked Jones’ interest in British toponyms. At the time, he was pursuing a lectureship at the University of Leicester—where he now works—and was casting around for a research program to propose. With the floods on his mind, his thoughts turned to the subject of his undergraduate thesis: a medieval monastery in the village of Buildwas, recently drenched by the overflowing River Severn.
Poking into the town’s history, he learned that the suffix of its name, was, from the Old English waess, means “land that floods and drains quickly.” He knew that this root shows up in many other place names and began to look into their etymology. He learned, for example, that Arley meant a “woodland clearing where eagles could be found,” and that Alderwasley designated a “pasture with alder trees where water can fill and drain.” In medieval times, myriad marshes and woodlands along a river’s edge helped absorb floodwater.
Jones had found his project: He would decipher and map the Old English names that identify modern Britain in hopes of gaining insight into Anglo Saxons’ relationship to the land. How, for instance, had these early settlers, who had built a monastery in a floodplain, managed to thrive so close to water—a resource that was crucial for travel, for farming, and for powering mills, but was often destructive and unpredictable?
One option was to control the water’s behavior. Some communities built flood banks and dykes, or set aside undeveloped land to serve as so-called water meadows, which soaked up floodwater like sponges. Another option was to settle in the highlands, away from water. But Jones, who had landed the teaching job, was struck by the fact that the Anglo Saxons mostly did neither. “Over time, they established the high water mark,” he observes, and then “they located themselves just above it without the need for more defenses.” Sometimes the difference between safety and submersion was just a few centimeters.
In lieu of modern mapping tools like lidar, the Anglo-Saxons simply read the landscape and grew to know it intimately. “Anglo-Saxon society was a more naturalistic world in which people were fully immersed and embodied in their environment,” Jones wrote in an unpublished paper. “Modern western society,” he laments, “has turned its back on the landscape.” And as a result, “place names have become little more than convenient geographical tags.”
“Everyone knows that our Prime Minister attended Eton College,” Jones told me. “But I’d bet my bottom dollar that very few know that Eton means ‘river settlement’ even if they know that it is on the floodplain of the River Thames.” Nor does the average visitor to Stockholm know that its name denotes “log islet.” Or that Dublin means “black pool.”
At the same time, the technical language that bureaucrats often use to warn the public about flood risk may be further alienating Britons from their environment, says John Curtin, Director of Incident Management and Resilience at the United Kingdom’s Environment Agency. In public workshops, for example, the Agency was surprised that participants rated “abstraction and flow” as less significant than other water management issues, including chemical pollutants and sewage treatment. The workshops’ organizers wondered if the problem might be the terminology. “It would have been interesting to see what would have changed if [abstraction and flow] had been called ‘water supply’ or ‘availability of water,’ ” they wrote in a report.3
“The language that experts like me are using to describe the science is becoming a barrier to people’s understanding of risk,” Curtin says. According to the Agency, one in six homes in England are currently at risk of flooding from river swells or coastal surges, but surveys show that only 5 to 8 percent believe it. “We have a large at-risk population, but only a small population of them understand that,” Curtin says. He applauds Jones’ efforts to “connect people to the nature around them” and “bring back that awareness of place.”
Together with colleagues, Jones plans to apply for a grant to test, using soil sampling, how closely place names actually reflect historic ecological features and events. Was Alderwasley really a water sink? Did Broadwas represent a wide land that flooded and drained? Was the River Blythe (“easygoing”) calm and the River Bollin (“noisy”) tumultuous?
Jones hopes that the results will inform studies of past ecologies while also helping to mitigate flood risk in modern times. Many clearings on the outskirts of British towns, for example, have the name hamm feld (“island field”), suggesting they once attracted floodwaters. If that’s true, Jones says, they could be good places to restore wetlands, which can absorb water that would otherwise pool in buildings and streets.
But Jones would be satisfied if his work simply made his countrymen more aware of their homes’ hydrological legacy. “I live in a place called Upton, which is just that,” he says. The town lies three miles away from low-lying Averham (“settlement at the floods”). “I get the impression that had the residents of Averham known what their name implied, they might now be my neighbors.”
Eli Kintisch, a correspondent for Science magazine, writes about the Arctic, climate change, and oceans.
1. Sousa, A. Garcia-Murillo, P., Sahin, S., Morales, J., & Garcia-Barron, L. Wetland place names as indicators of recent climate change in SW Spain (Donana Natural Park). Climatic Change 100, 525-557 (2010).
2. Fishers’ Knowledge in Fisheries Science and Management. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. www.unesco.org (2007).
3. Public dialogue on Significant Water Management Issues. Environment Agency. www.gov.uk (2014).
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"Good News" at the Cape of Good Hope
Early LDS Missionary Activities in South Africa
Jay H. Buckley, "'Good News' at the Cape of Good Hope: Early LDS Missionary Activities in South Africa," in Go Ye into All the World: The Growth & Development of Mormon Missionary Work, ed. Reid L. Nielson and Fred E. Woods (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, 2012), 471–502.
Jay H. Buckley was an associate professor of history at Brigham Young University when this article was published.
Portuguese explorers Bartolomeu Dias and Vasco da Gama arrived in South Africa during the last decades of the fifteenth century while seeking an ocean route to India. These European mariners recorded the first descriptions of the South African coast by Christian believers. Several decades later, Jan Van Riebeeck of the Dutch East Indian Company (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie) established the Cape Colony and founded Cape Town in Table Bay in 1652 and instigated the dominant influence of the Dutch Reformed Church (Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk) in the region. After British annexation of the Cape Colony in 1806, the Church of England and other Christian denominations gained a foothold in the area.
Since its founding on April 6, 1830, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has emphasized missionary work. Fewer than six months after the organization of the Church, the Latter-day Saint prophet Joseph Smith Jr. revealed that it was the will of the Lord to preach the restored gospel of Jesus Christ to every nation and to send missionaries to gather his elect from the four corners of the world. South Africa represented one of those remote corners of the globe. During the 1850s and 1860s, the LDS Church initiated missionary activity in the shadows of Table Mountain and other parts of the British-controlled Cape Colony. An examination of the journals of Jesse Haven, William Walker, and other LDS missionaries, as well as the diaries kept by early LDS converts such as Eli Wiggill, reveal the limitations and successes of the Church’s initial proselyting endeavors in South Africa, the challenges the missionaries and converts faced in establishing the Church, and the outcomes of their labors. These accounts chronicle the missionary efforts that established the first LDS presence on the African continent, the labors of early converts who assisted in building and strengthening the fledgling church in Africa, and the efforts of those who strengthened Zion by immigrating to Utah Territory in America.
Several major developments between 1820 and 1850 helped prepare the way for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints to initiate its missionary activity in South Africa. The first development occurred in the spring of 1820, at the same time that Joseph Smith experienced the First Vision of the Father and the Son in upstate New York. Across the Atlantic, the British government and the Cape Colony authorities initiated, sponsored, and funded the immigration and settlement of five thousand English settlers to the Algoa Bay area of the Eastern Cape. This Albany Colony was intended to serve as a buffer between the Xhosas (an African confederacy of Bantu-speaking tribes living in the Ciskei/
Thomas Baines, The British Settlers of 1820 Landing in Algoa Bay (1853). These settlers provided a boost to the English-speaking population, facilitated the extension of British administration and control over the area, and eased unemployment in Britain. Courtesy of the Albany Museum, Grahamstown, South Africa.
Second, Anglican and Protestant missionary societies laid the foundation for other Christian denominations to proselytize. The Moravian Church, the Church Missionary Society, the Baptist Missionary Society, the British and Foreign Bible Society, the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society, and the London Missionary Society all gained influence and established missions in South Africa during the first half of the nineteenth century. Although these missionary societies competed with one another over resources and African converts, they also crusaded to spread the knowledge of Christ to all nations, advocated for African causes and civil rights, constructed mission stations, and supported the 1834 abolition of slavery.
Third, British policies, administration, laws, religion, and settlement spurred numerous groups of Afrikaners to leave the Cape and trek overland into the interior. From the mid-1830s to the mid-1840s, perhaps as many as ten to fifteen thousand Afrikaans- or Dutch-speaking pioneers (Voortrekkers) embarked from the Cape on an overland migration to the north and east, seeking new farms and greater freedom from British interference. The Afrikaners’ Great Trek somewhat paralleled the Mormon pioneer migration to the Great Basin that commenced about the same time the Great Trek ended. After many Afrikaners migrated to the interior, the Anglicization process among the remaining inhabitants in the Cape Colony gained momentum. English, which had become the official government language in 1824, proliferated in the court system, the newspapers, and the schools. In 1843, the British annexed Natal as their second South African coastal colony.
Meanwhile, in Nauvoo, Illinois, on April 19, 1843, the Prophet Joseph Smith instructed Brigham Young and the Twelve Apostles to not let “a single corner of the earth go without a mission.” Following Smith’s martyrdom in June 1844, it was unclear how his desire would be fulfilled. Within the next decade, the bulk of the Church membership moved to Utah Territory. Once there, Young and the Church’s leaders began fulfilling this directive. They convened a special Church conference concerning missionary work in August 1852 in Salt Lake City. As the parishioners gathered on Saturday, August 28, they sat listening with both anticipation and perhaps some anxiety as Church leaders read the names of 108 missionaries called to serve in various places around the globe. Three men—Elders Jesse C. Haven, William Holmes Walker, and Leonard I. Smith—received mission calls to preach the gospel of Jesus Christ in South Africa and to establish the Cape of Good Hope Mission. The Sunday session of the conference featured Orson Pratt’s sermon on plural marriage. This was the first public declaration of this marital practice from Church leaders that missionaries were asked to convey to the world.
It was a difficult time for these three married men to embark on their overseas mission. Not only was Haven leaving his first wife, Martha, but his new bride, Abigail, was pregnant with their first son. Walker was leaving his two wives and their young families. Smith had only been married a few months and his wife Eveline was pregnant with their first daughter. Nevertheless, these three married missionary men departed on their South African missions by traveling east along the Mormon Trail, leaving Salt Lake City on September 15 on their way to New York, where they arrived a few months later. On December 17, they purchased passage on the ship Columbia from New York to Liverpool for a ten-dollar fare. After sailing for eighteen days, the elders reached Liverpool, England, on January 3, 1853, and spent five weeks in the British Isles, where they met the British Isles mission president, Samuel W. Richards. Elder Haven recorded, “The Saints in London were very kind in assisting me, and asked, to what few things I still needed, to make my journey comfortable to the eight or nine thousand miles I yet had to sail across the mighty deep to get to my field of labor. And I will say that the Saints in every part of England I visited were extremely kind, frequently compelling me against my will, to receive from them a sixpence or a shilling as a token of their desire and willingness to help me perform the task that lay before me.”
On February 11, 1853, the trio set sail for Cape Town aboard the Domitia. As they neared Cape Town, Elder Walker described a severe storm on April 15 that raged with immense waves threatening to destroy their ship. He recorded, “We prayed to the Lord and rebuked the Winds and waves in his name and they from that time began to Abate and the weather become favorable as also the Winds.” The ship safely docked in Cape Town’s harbor on April 18.
Preaching amid Persecution
The landing of the three elders ushered in a dozen years of LDS missionary activity in South Africa. Journals, published tracts, newspaper articles recounting their activities, and convert diaries and correspondence help reconstruct the early LDS proselyting ventures during the 1850s and 1860s. They convey the persecution the missionaries and those who assisted them faced from other religious leaders and the members of the press, highlight the conversion stories of the faithful, detail the establishment and growth of branches of the Church, and chronicle the subsequent emigration of some of those early converts from South Africa to America.
Penniless, friendless, and thousands of miles from home, the three missionaries set about to teach the gospel in Cape Town, but they faced immediate persecution. Elder Walker’s April 18, 1853, journal entry captures the humble beginnings of the mission: “We thanked the Lord for all the blessings and also so favorable circastances while crossing the sea as a good cabin Pashage for which realized was a blessing from God for we left our homes without Purs or scrip and have no other dependance only in God we as now are landed in a strang Land among strangers with out home and with out friends and with out money.”
Despite the overwhelming odds, they prayed for the Lord’s help to accomplish their task and went to work. On April 23, the first recorded Latter-day Saint service held on the African continent took place in the home of a Mr. Naughton, but not many attended. Two days later, the elders booked the town hall for six consecutive nights and advertised their meetings in the local newspapers. Their first meeting on April 25 drew quite a crowd, but opposition and persecution plagued the elders from the beginning. After Elder Haven taught the first principles of the gospel, Elder Smith bore testimony of the Prophet Joseph Smith. This caused the crowd to form a mob, which broke up the meeting. The only positive outcome was that a gentleman offered them money for their lodging and walked them there to ensure they were unmolested.
The elders found themselves locked out of the town hall the following day, so they delivered a sermon at the Bethel (Sailor’s) Chapel. Shortly after Elder Walker began talking about the Book of Mormon, a mob gathered and started shouting to drown out the missionaries. The elders acknowledged, “We did not continue the meeting as long as we intended.” As the missionaries exited the building, the mob hurled stones and rubbish at them but the elders wrote, “We past through their midst unharmed.” The next night was not any better. They tried to have a meeting “but the people made so much disturbance, we were obliged to dismiss before we had spoken much.” A few days later, a mob armed with sticks and stones formed near the Bethel Chapel, but the missionaries did not appear. Then the mob came to the house where the missionaries lodged and tried to get them to come out, but the elders stayed inside. For the next few weeks, other meetings planned for public halls or private homes were broken up by intolerant mobs that heckled the missionaries and pelted them with rotten eggs and stale vegetables.
The hostility and violence the Mormon missionaries encountered emanated from clergy from the Dutch Reformed and Anglican churches, the two faiths most influential among the Dutch and English inhabitants of the Cape. Elder Walker recounted, “The Clergemen and Ministers are going about from House to House teling the people not to harbour us in their Houses nor feed us and also teach this in publick they are determin to starve us out.” Methodists, Presbyterians, and other faiths also joined together in shunning and preaching against the Mormons. Articles published in the local newspapers supported the preachers’ prejudices by labeling the Mormons “a dangerous sect,” which caused Elder Walker to lament that “all the combined Powers of Earth and Hell is against us.” Hence, the elders left Cape Town and traveled several miles inland to Mowbray, Newlands, Rondebosch, Wynberg, and other communities within the peninsula.
Much of this opposition against the Latter-day Saints resulted from the Church’s public declaration of plural marriage. Ministers and newspaper publishers spread numerous rumors and falsehoods attacking polygamy. A common practice among African nations in South Africa, polygamy was viewed as barbaric by many Christian denominations, especially when practiced by Caucasian Christians. Fortunately, Jesse Haven was a prodigious writer and matched the attacks from the ministers and printers with his own publications, particularly when he could find publishers who would cooperate. During his mission, Haven prepared and printed at least eleven documents defending the Church. A few of these titles included Some of the Principal Doctrines or Beliefs of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints; Voice of Joseph; Celestial Marriage, and the Plurality of Wives!; and A Warning to All.
Celestial Marriage, and the Plurality of Wives!, by Jesse Haven, written in 1853 as a response to the rumors and falsehoods attacking polygamy. Note that the printer misspelled the word Celestial.
Establishing and Expanding the Cape of Good Hope Mission
On May 23, 1853, the three missionaries established the Cape of Good Hope Mission. The trio, who had been subsisting on bread and water for several weeks, climbed the Lion’s Head—the second-most prominent Cape Town landmark next to Table Mountain—“for the purpose of organizing the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the Cape of Good Hope.” After singing a hymn and saying a prayer, the trio sustained Haven as the president of the mission and approved Elders Walker and Smith as his two counselors. “Elder Haven then prophesied, that the Church now organized in the Cape of Good Hope, will roll forth in this Colony, and continue to increase, till many of the honest in heart will be made to rejoice in the everlasting Gospel. . . . After we came down off the mountain and came back into town, a man made application to Elder Smith to be baptized, and appointed Thursday the 26 inst. to attend to the ordinance.” Three days later, Smith baptized the first two LDS converts in Africa, Joseph Patterson and John Dodd. The Mowbray (Cape Town) congregation holds the distinction of being the first branch of the Church in Africa, formed on August 16, 1853. The Newlands Branch, created the following month on September 7, was composed of the “meek and the poor.”
Mobs—sometimes numbering two to three hundred people—continued to harass and break up any public meetings the missionaries advertised. The peoples’ prejudices against the Mormons remained very strong. Preachers persecuted those who fed or housed the missionaries, tried to prevent baptisms, and encouraged those who were baptized to abandon their new faith and return to the church of their birth. Haven remarked that the “priests are busy in their exertions against us. Many of them have lectured against us, but they are very careful not to come where we are. They look upon us as a set of poor ignoramuses, and would consider it a great detriment to their dignity to be seen speaking with us, much more to converse upon the plan of salvation.” The preachers instructed their parishioners to lock up their valuables, to not let Mormons into their homes, and to starve them and drive them from the country.
Nevertheless, some accepted the gospel message. Within six months, the elders had baptized forty-five persons, organized two branches, held one conference, and blessed a number of children. New converts sometimes presented the missionaries with a different type of challenge. After Amelia Paine was baptized, her former minister, Reverend Lamb, was adamant that she repent of her mistake and forsake Mormonism. President Haven tried to comfort her, wrote a letter to her minister, and gave her a copy of the Doctrine and Covenants. He also began spending a lot of his spare time with her and confessed in his journal that he had “very kind feelings towards her” and enjoyed their leisurely walks together, arm in arm. Despite missing the association of his young wife Abigail (who had given birth to their son Jesse since Haven’s departure), Haven may have entertained the notion of adding another plural wife. He did not act upon it, however, even though he often preached and wrote about the doctrine of celestial marriage and the plurality of wives.
As the missionaries enjoyed some proselyting success, other developments thwarted their efforts. Persecution from printers and preachers increased. The inability of the missionaries to speak Dutch or Afrikaans impeded their efforts, as did their lack of Church materials, scriptures, and religious tracts in those languages to distribute. Haven wrote Church President Brigham Young that there “are many here who speak the Dutch language, though they have a little knowledge of English; but not enough to read and understand English books. There are also many back in the country, who have no knowledge of the English language. I would like to do a considerable printing in Dutch, but have not yet been able to do much for want of means.”
President Haven’s desires to have the Book of Mormon translated into Dutch did not come to fruition, primarily due to a lack of funds, and his attempts to have pamphlets translated into Dutch faced numerous obstacles. Not one to be deterred, Haven, along with Thomas Weatherhead (a local English-speaking convert and the Newlands branch president), set out for Stellenbosch on January 19, 1855, to preach to the Afrikaans-speaking farmers in the region. The local dominees (ministers of the Dutch Reformed Church) asked their members to boycott Latter-day Saint meetings and occasionally treated the missionaries roughly. Nevertheless, a few Afrikaners expressed some interest in the Church. But Haven lamented to President Richards of the European Mission that he still did not have sufficient funds to have Dutch versions of pamphlets or scriptures and hoped that Dutch-speaking missionaries could soon be sent to preach the gospel in South Africa.
The following month, President Haven and local Anglo member Richard Provis traveled to Paarl, Malmesbury, and D’Urban (Durbanville) to preach to the Afrikaners. The Afrikaans- and Dutch-speaking population made up over half of the white South Africans in the colony, and Haven desired to carry the work to them. Johanna Provis, Richard’s Afrikaner wife, had been giving Haven lessons to help him learn Afrikaans, but he never became sufficiently proficient to preach the gospel in that language. Johanna appears to have been Haven’s only Afrikaner convert during his mission. In addition to the language problems, the Church’s practice at that time did not allow for the ordination of blacks to the priesthood, which limited proselytizing efforts almost exclusively to those of European descent, and primarily to the English-speaking inhabitants.
While President Haven nurtured the Church in the vicinity of Cape Town, Elders Walker and Smith journeyed to the Eastern Cape. Walker traveled overland by horse cart to the villages of Fort Beaufort and Grahamstown, while Elder Smith sailed to Port Elizabeth. The English settlers that had arrived in Algoa Bay in 1820 had augmented the significance of Port Elizabeth’s harbor. They had also developed other communities in the Zuurvelt and the Albany District, especially Grahamstown, the Cape Colony’s second largest city after Cape Town and the cultural center of the Albany District. Smith and Walker drew most of their converts from among the settler families who had arrived from Britain in 1820.
Elder Smith had barely arrived in Port Elizabeth when he was summoned to appear before the magistrate to answer trumped-up charges made against him by a man from Cape Town. His appearance in court on April 4, 1854, resulted in both good feelings and a growing friendship between Elder Smith and the local magistrate, who authorized him to preach wherever he pleased. Nevertheless, despite his initial courteous treatment, it took Smith a month before he was finally able to secure a place to hold a public meeting. Approximately five hundred people showed up and broke up the meeting (and a few windows) by throwing brickbats and potatoes. The magistrate arranged for police to protect Smith and told the people assembled that if they meddled with Smith, he would punish them to the full extent of the law. After the magistrate’s stern warning to the crowd, Smith taught in Port Elizabeth without any further disturbance.
Elder Walker, accompanied by a South African member missionary named John Wesley, was also experiencing some success. Walker organized the third branch in the mission on Thursday, February 23, 1854, at Fort Beaufort, Cape Colony. He also began publishing tracts and notices in the Port Elizabeth Examiner, such as “To the Intelligent Public,” “A Voice of Warning,” and “Replies to Some False Statements.” These publications outlined his logical responses to allegations against the Mormons and served to inform the public about the tenets of the faith. As he taught the gospel in the vicinities of the inland towns of Beaufort, Grahamstown, and Queenstown, Walker was able to teach a man named George Wiggill. Eventually, in February 1855, George introduced him to his brother Eli, who eventually became an important Church leader in the Eastern Cape.
Eli Wiggill, the eldest son of Isaac and Elizabeth Wiggill, had emigrated with his parents from Gloucester, England, as a nine-year-old boy on January 10, 1820. Working with his father until he was twenty-two, Eli married Susannah Bentley in 1831 and spent time in Grahamstown, Bathurst, and Queenstown, working as a wheelwright, wagon maker, and Methodist preacher. He learned Dutch and began to prosper in his trade. In 1846, the War of the Axe commenced with Xhosa reprisals against settler encroachments; the war resulted in the death of several men on both sides and the loss of thousands of cattle and sheep. Wiggill finally settled in Winterberg. In 1850, Eli’s son John was taken captive by native warriors. Eli’s wife, Susannah, met with the Xhosa leaders and arranged for John’s release, which was granted because the African tribesmen knew and respected Eli, who had “often preached to us, he is a good man, he has never done us any harm. We will not kill him, as we want him to make wagons for us.”
Map of Missionary Activity, 1853–65, adapted from Farrell R. Monson, "History of the South African Mission of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1853–70" (master's thesis, Brigham Young University, 1971), 131.
When the war ended in 1852, the government compensated white settlers who had lost their farms with land ceded by the Xhosas, forming a new village named Queenstown. Eli Wiggill applied for a farm in this new territory and was granted land at the head of the Komani River, where an old mission station was located. He also bought a corner lot in Queenstown, where he built his home. When Elder Walker arrived to preach in the area, George Wiggill compared Walker’s teachings with the scriptures and found that they “corresponded well with the New Testament Doctrine, so he came to the conclusion that it was worth studying.” Elder Walker stayed with George for several weeks, preaching and explaining his doctrines to all who would listen. George brought Elder Walker seventy miles to see Eli because Eli had been a preacher, so George wanted to hear his opinions regarding the Mormon missionary’s teachings. Eli met them on February 23 and took them home, conversing about this new religion the entire eight miles. Once they got back to his farm, Eli invited his neighbors to come hear Elder Walker preach, but only a few came to satisfy their curiosity. Eli commented that Walker’s discourse was “principally on Baptism, which impressed me. He also talked on Divine Authority. His language was so plain that any schoolboy could have understood him.”
Eli Wiggill spent time investigating the Latter-day Saint faith and asked many questions, “all of which were answered satisfactorily” by Elder Walker. He received a copy of the Book of Mormon from Walker and recounted, “Its pages were full of interest and all its doctrines in accordance with Bible truths.” Parley P. Pratt’s The Voice of Warning pamphlet astonished Eli, and he was impressed with Elder Walker’s friendship with Joseph Smith and with how Walker personally vouched for Joseph’s noble character and pure life and attested to his cruel murder. Not long after they left and went back to Grahamstown, the Wiggill brothers and Elder Walker went to Fort Beaufort to teach, and Eli heard the Mormon hymns sung for the first time. Although Walker wanted to baptize him while they were there because he was “firmly convinced” that Eli believed the gospel to be true, Eli told him that he wanted to investigate more before making a decision.
After the visit, and upon his return trip to Queenstown, Eli Wiggill said his mind was “full of this wonderful religion,” and noted, “And as I rode along, I seemed filled with a light and knowledge which illumined every page of the Bible as text after text flashed into mind. On arriving home, my wife said: ‘I believe you are converted to “Mormonism” already.’ Eli devoted every leisure moment to studying the books and pamphlets he received from Walker and recounted that he “could not help telling my friends and neighbors of Mormonism, and thus I gained their ill-will, My wife felt very bad to have our friends treat us coldly. So I put all the books on a high shelf, and decided not to read them any more.” But the spiritual feelings he had experienced were too poignant for him to ignore or dismiss. “At last I pulled the books down again and once more began to read them. I found them more interesting than ever, and the Lord opened my eyes to see every truth they contained.” Yet he decided to continue to study the teachings of the Church without formally becoming a Latter-day Saint.
Missionaries Return to America with Emigrant Saints
At a conference held at Port Elizabeth on August 13, 1855, the Church in the Cape of Good Hope Mission consisted of three conferences, six branches, and a total membership of 126. In the fall of 1855, with their missions drawing to a close, Haven, Walker, and Smith began raising money to aid South African Saints to immigrate to America. The Latter-day Saint notion of gathering believers into one place had gained momentum in 1849 with the establishment of the Perpetual Emigrating Fund (PEF), which was designed to provide economic aid to converts throughout the globe to journey to Zion. Proselytizing and gathering became synonymous. President Brigham Young declared in 1860 that emigration “upon the first feasible opportunity, directly follows obedience to the first principles of the gospel we have embraced.”
But gathering home to Zion for the South African Saints meant a long oceanic voyage that cost £15 to £20 ($70 to $95). It also required the cooperation of ship captains. When several ship captains in South Africa formed a pact wherein they agreed not to transport Mormons, Port Elizabeth Saints John Stock, Thomas Parker, and Charles Roper shocked the countryside by selling their sheep and raising £2,500 ($11,875) to purchase their own ship, a 169-ton brig named the Unity. On November 28, 1855, Elders Walker and Smith, ten adult Saints, and five children set sail from Port Elizabeth to London aboard the vessel. This represented the first of a dozen voyages from Port Elizabeth on various ships that carried South African Saints to America. Between 1855 and 1865, at least 278 South African Saints emigrated from Port Elizabeth before ending their journey in Utah Territory.
While these emigrating Saints strengthened the growth and prosperity of the Church in America, their leaving impeded the growth of the Church in South Africa because it drained strength from the fledgling branches. Every time the Church started to grow, many of the most devoted and stalwart members of the congregation boarded a ship and sailed to America, often accompanied by missionaries returning home, like Elders Walker and Smith. President Haven was one of the few missionaries who returned to America by himself. Before he left, the mission president sent an “Epistle to the Saints in the Cape of Good Hope Mission” to the various branches. He entrusted the Port Elizabeth Saints to the care of a local elder, Edward Slaughter, and the Cape Colony Saints to local elder Richard Provia. On December 15, 1855, Haven embarked for America aboard the Cleopatra. The first three missionaries had baptized 176 persons, some of whom had emigrated and a few others who had been cut off, leaving 121 Saints in the colony.
While aboard the ship, Haven drafted a report of his mission to the Church’s First Presidency, consisting of Brigham Young, Heber C. Kimball, and Jedediah M. Grant. Haven reported, “I feel that the Lord has blessed us. The foundation of a good work has been laid in this land and a seed has been sown.” He continued, “We have taken men and ordained them Elders and appointed them to preside over the Saints we have left behind; and I believe these men will prove faithful, acting up to the best light they have.” He concluded his report by confiding, “It is not so easy a matter as one might suppose at first thought to establish the Gospel in a country where it has not before been established, where the climate weakens the constitution, . . . where the people speak three or four different languages and where they are all kinds, grades, conditions, casts, and complexions; and where only two or three hundred thousand inhabitants are scattered over a territory twice as big as England.” He also indicated that the Saints were eager to have more missionaries sent to South Africa.
It would be several years before more elders did arrive. In 1857, Elder Ebenezer C. Richardson was sent from the British Mission to preside over the Cape of Good Hope Mission. Joseph Smith had baptized Richardson in 1834. President Richardson was accompanied by Elder James Brooks. The duo went to work reviving the branches, strengthening the Saints, and preaching the gospel. They rebaptized fifty-four earlier converts and baptized ten new members. This reformation infused new life into the fledgling branches. They instituted the law of tithing, emphasized the spirit of the gathering, and established a penny fund to raise money for the Perpetual Emigrating Fund. On April 24, 1858, fifty-five Saints boarded the Gemsbok and departed from Port Elizabeth, sailing for Boston. The LDS Church in South Africa numbered 243 members, who were once again left to the supervision of local leaders.
John Wesley, a former Methodist Preacher from Cape Town who joined the new faith and became a missionary, traveled with Walker to the Eastern Cape to preach. Long-time investigator Eli Wiggill had many conversations with him since they had Methodism in common. After years of investigating and enduring persecution because his employer thought he had been “deluded by the Mormons,” Eli and his wife and a daughter were baptized by John Green on March 1, 1858. “Joy filled my soul,” Wiggill recorded, “as I was confirmed a member and ordained a Priest of the Church.”
After their baptism, the Wiggills truly learned what it meant to be shunned by their friends. Many showed up to debate Wiggill, but he confounded them all with his knowledge of the gospel. One preacher capitulated, saying, “It is no use to talk with you, for you know the Bible from end to end.” The rest of Wiggill’s family was baptized in June 1858. After a thunderstorm destroyed his farm, Wiggill recounted how he “began to feel that I must gather with the Saints, and to reflect on pulling stakes and departing for Zion.” He sold his farm for £1,020 ($4,845) in bills. While making preparations to leave, Eli shared preaching duties with Henry Talbot. They left Queenstown for Port Elizabeth in April 1860.
When they arrived in Port Elizabeth on May 14, 1860, Wiggill was appointed branch president. He was “well employed in acting as a teacher, visiting the sick and poor, and other Church duties. It was very comfortable and we got the people more united.” He also worked at gathering monies for the Perpetual Emigrating Fund and at preparing a group of Saints to travel to America. Wiggill engaged passage to America for his family and friends on the Race Horse, a three-masted barque bound for Boston. After nearly a year of Church service in Port Elizabeth, they awaited the arrival of new missionaries from Utah Territory who had been detained in England. No American missionaries had arrived in South Africa since Ebenezer Richardson and James Brooks had departed in 1858. On February 20, 1861, unable to wait any longer for more missionaries to arrive, they bade their friends farewell and boarded the Race Horse. Wiggill wrote, “Our company consisted of myself, and wife, two sons and three daughters, my son-in-law, George Ellis, his wife and three children; Mr. Henry Talbot, wife and large family, his son, Henry Jun., wife and child, making in all thirty souls.” In addition, a young Xhosa boy named Gobo traveled with the Talbot family.
More American missionaries finally arrived at the Cape in December 1861. William Fotheringham was appointed mission president. Other missionaries included Elders John Talbot and Henry A. Dixon, two South Africans who had immigrated with their families to Utah but who returned to the land of their nativity on missions; Elder Miner C. Atwood; and Dutch-speaking Elder Martin Zyderlaan. These were the last Mormon missionaries to travel to South Africa in the nineteenth century. The Cape of Good Hope Mission was also renamed the South African Mission.
President Fotheringham assigned Elders Talbot and Dixon to serve with him in the Eastern Cape and requested Elder Zyderlaan labor among the Dutch/
Miner C. Atwood, a South African native who had immigrated to Utah, was one of the missionaries called to return to South Africa in 1861. Courtesy of the Church History Library.
After arriving in Port Elizabeth, President Fotheringham and his fellow servants found the Church in the Eastern Cape in disarray. He wrote, “I find from a day’s experience in this place the few that profess to be saints are so divided, and destitute of the one spirit that you could not get them to come together on a ten acre lot. We have been visiting a few of them and with the help of God trying to instill in them the spirit union and love.” Meanwhile, Elder Zyderlaan did not have much success proselyting among the Afrikaners. Eventually, he baptized one emigrant from Holland.
Meanwhile, Elder Dixon and local missionary Adolphus Noon embarked on the steamer Norman on February 25, 1863, to preach the gospel and establish the Church in Natal. They arrived on April 23 and commenced the work, preaching in the two largest cities in that colony—Durban and Pietermaritzburg. Like the first LDS missionaries who served in the Cape Colony a decade earlier, Dixon and Noon also faced hecklers, mobs, and little support from the local magistrates and constables. Once, a mob released a red-faced monkey to attack the elders, but they were unharmed. Nevertheless, Dixon recorded in his journal that “we found there was no law for the Mormons.” In a lengthy diatribe he expressed his frustration with the persecution: “Darkness seems to reign throughout this land of Ham. I feel we have done our duty faithfully in warning this people. I have been in Natal about seven months. South Africa is a hard country to labor in. . . . I have had but little success as yet in baptizing, and I realize that we may preach to the people but cannot make Saints of them.”
To make matters worse, Elder Dixon had spent the entire previous year visiting, conversing with, and teaching family and friends in Uitenhage, a town seventeen miles inland from Port Elizabeth. In particular, he wanted to make peace with his father and mother, who were not pleased he had joined the Church at age twenty-one, immigrated to America, and now returned as a missionary without purse or scrip. Dixon’s grandfather was the Reverend William Boardman, the first colonial minister of the Church of England, and Dixon’s parents were troubled that their son had forsaken his family’s faith. His parents helped support him financially during 1862, but by December they parted ways. Dixon felt he had “done [his] duty to them” in his reconciliation efforts. Soon afterwards, he embarked to Natal to share the gospel.
President Fotheringham, too, was getting discouraged with the slow progress of the Church in South Africa. In a letter to the European Mission president, George Q. Cannon, he lamented, “It is now bordering on two years since our arrival in the colony. . . . I feel it is my duty to lay before you the present situation of things as they exist in this land of Ham, without leaning particularly to one side or the other, then you will be able to form your own conclusions.” He then related, “From the letters I receive from my brethren and my own experience, I feel safe in saying that the inhabitants of South Africa are very well satisfied with the institutions of Babylon at present. There is a rankling, deadly hatred in their bosom against the truth and a determination on their part not to receive it.” Grahamstown, for instance, contained the second largest population next to Cape Town, but the elders found they could not establish a branch there because the “inhabitants of this colony, Dutch and English, are completely under the influence of priestcraft.”
The missionaries eventually returned home, accompanied by South African Saints gathering to Zion. On March 31, 1863, Elder Zyderlaan and thirty-one Saints boarded the Henry Ellis and set sail for New York. South African newspapers like the Colesberg Advertiser reported these departures, saying, “A ship has again left Port Elizabeth, Cape Colony, South Africa, destined for New York, with a number of new members of the Mormon Sect on board, who are all travelling to the town on the Salt Lake. Altogether there were 32 of them, amongst which were 25 adults.” The following year, Elder Talbot took a group of eight on the Echo on April 5, 1864. President Fotheringham and Elder Dixon left with sixteen Saints aboard the Susan Pardeau on April 10, 1864, leaving Elder Atwood in charge as mission president.
Elder Atwood held his own farewell on Sunday, April 9, 1865. He was unanimously chosen by the “vote of the saints to be the president of the company of saints about to leave for Utah.” He commented there was a “good spirit manifest among all. I counseled those remaining behind to meet together and sing and pray, but not to officiate in any of the ordinances of the gospel.” A few days later, on April 12, 1865, Elder Atwood and a company of forty-seven Saints sailed from Port Elizabeth on the Mexicano bound for Zion.
Governmental restrictions, difficulties with the language, isolation from Church headquarters, persecution over polygamy in America and abroad, and the immigration of members to Utah all contributed to the discontinuance of the South African Mission on April 12, 1865. Although American missionaries had taken the lead, local missionaries played an important role in helping the Church grow. When the last American missionaries departed, a large company of Saints immigrated to Utah, and those remaining were left in the care of local Church leaders. Thirty-eight years elapsed before President Warren H. Lyon arrived and reopened the South African Mission on July 25, 1903. In spite of the long lapse, the missionaries that arrived—Elders William R. Smith, George A. Simpkins, and Thomas L. Griffiths—found that the seeds President Haven and his fellow servants had sown still bore fruit. A small number of Church members remained faithful in the gospel around Cape Town and in the Eastern Cape.
Over the next hundred years, the Church grew slowly but steadily. Church Presidents and General Authorities began visiting South Africa. President David O. McKay was the first to do so, arriving in Johannesburg in 1954, one hundred years after Jesse Haven had opened the Cape of Good Hope Mission. The Transvaal Stake was created in 1970, the first in Africa. In 1973, President Spencer W. Kimball visited the stake and rededicated the land for the preaching of the gospel and for preparation for a future temple. Five years later, in 1978, he received a revelation granting the priesthood to all worthy male members of the Church, which had a tremendous impact on the growth of the Church in South Africa and throughout the continent. On August 24, 1985, the Johannesburg South Africa Temple was dedicated. Latter-day Saint Church membership in Africa reached one hundred thousand in 1997. After 150 years, South Africa boasted thirty-five thousand members and ten stakes in 2003. As of 2012, nearly fifty thousand Church members reside in South Africa, with three missions headquartered in Johannesburg, Durban, and Cape Town.
Table 1
Elders from America
Dates Served as Cape of Good Hope Mission President
|Jesse Haven||1852–55||April 18, 1853, to December 15, 1855|
|William H. Walker||1852–55|
|Leonard I. Smith||1852–55|
|Local members in charge
of missionary work
|Ebenezer C. Richardson||1857–58||Autumn 1857 to April 24, 1858|
|Local members in charge of missionary work 1859–60|
|Name changed to South African Mission in 1862|
|William Fotheringham||1861–64||December 1861 to summer 1864|
|Henry A. Dixon*
|Miner G. Atwood||1864–65||Summer 1864 to April 1865|
|Local members in charge of missionary work 1865 to 1903|
|Local missionaries who served between 1853 and 1903 include John Green, George Kershaw, Adolphus Noon, William Priestley, Richard Provis, Joseph Rands, Edward Slaughter, John Stock, John Talbot, Thomas Tredgidga, Thomas Weatherhead, John Wesley, Eli Wiggill, and Charles Wood.|
|Warren H. Lyon reopened South African Mission in 1903|
Leonard Thompson, A History of South Africa, 3rd ed. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000), 31–69; J. D. Omer-Cooper, History of Southern Africa, 2nd ed. (London: James Currey, 1994), 17–51. I have retained the original spelling of quotations drawn from primary sources throughout. I am grateful to my research assistant, Aaron Cobia, who helped compile some of the information for this essay. I appreciate the suggestions of colleagues James B. Allen, Herman du Toit, Spencer Fluhman, and Leslie Hadfield and of the peer reviewers. Finally, I thank the editors, Fred E. Woods and Reid Neilson, for their encouragement and support.
William W. Bird, comp., State of the Cape of Good Hope, in 1822 (London: John Murray, 1823; facsimile reprint, Cape Town: C. Struik, 1966), 178–243; H. E. Hockly, The Story of the British Settlers of 1820 in South Africa (Cape Town: Juta, 1948). The 1820 settlers and their contributions are commemorated in Grahamstown in the 1820 Settlers National Monument, which opened in 1974. A living monument, it hosts plays, musical performances, and cultural events (see British 1820 Settlers to South Africa, http://
H. C. Bredekamp and Robert Ross, eds., Missions and Christianity in South African History (Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1995); John S. Galbraith, Reluctant Empire: British Policy on the South African Frontier, 1834–1854 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963), 79–97; J. G. Pretorius, The British Humanitarians and the Cape Eastern Frontier, 1834–1836 (Pretoria: Government Printer, 1988); Robert C. H. Shell, Children of Bondage: A Social History of the Slave Society at the Cape of Good Hope, 1652–1838 (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, for Wesleyan University Press, 1994); Richard Elphick and Rodney Davenport, eds., Christianity in South Africa: A Political, Social, and Cultural History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997).
Piet Retief, “A Trek Leader Explains Reasons for Leaving the Cape Colony, 1837,” in George von Welfling, ed., Select Constitutional Documents Illustrating South African History (London: Routledge, 1918), 144–45; Eric Walker, The Great Trek (London: Black, 1948); Norman Etherington, The Great Treks: The Transformation of Southern Africa, 1815–1854 (New York: Longman, 2001). One of the most significant conflicts between Africans and Afrikaners occurred on December 16, 1838, at the Battle of Blood River, wherein the Afrikaners entered into a covenant with God to serve him if he would help them win the battle. They defeated Dingane’s Zulu army and avenged the death of Piet Retief. December 16 is commemorated as a religious public holiday known as the Day of the Vow or, since 1994, the Day of Reconciliation. It has played an important role in fostering strains of Afrikaner nationalism and identity. See Donald H. Akenson, God’s People: Covenant and Land in South Africa, Israel, and Ulster (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992). Afrikaans, a derivation of high Dutch, became a distinct language during the first half of the nineteenth century. Afrikaans is the mother tongue of approximately 60 percent of South Africa’s white population. See T. Moodie, The Rise of Afrikanerdom: Power, Apartheid, and the Afrikaner Civil Religion (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975).
Joseph Smith diary entry recorded by Willard Richards on April 19, 1843. B.H. Roberts, ed., History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 2nd ed. rev. (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1957), 5:368.
Jesse C. Haven (March 28, 1814–December 13, 1905) traveled west with his family with the Edward Hunter Company in 1850. William H. Walker (August 28, 1820–January 9, 1908) was a member of the Mormon Battalion Sick Detachment and traveled to Utah in 1847. Leonard I. Smith (October 18, 1825–July 25, 1877) traveled to Utah Territory with his wife Ann in 1851. It is likely that none of the three attended the meeting when their names were announced. The revelation on polygamy, now recorded in Doctrine and Covenants 132, was attached as “Supplement, 1853,” Millennial Star, January 1, 1853, 5–8. For discussion of the 1850s defense of polygamy, see David J. Whittaker, “Early Mormon Polygamy Defenses,” Journal of Mormon History 11 (1984): 43–63.
“The Daily Journal of Jesse Haven,” Journal A, January 3, 1853, Church History Library, Salt Lake City. Haven recorded that on December 29 a terrible storm arose that the captain said was the worst he had seen in twenty years. It nearly destroyed the ship, and Haven was convinced that the presence of the elders on board and the prayers they offered kept the ship from sinking. See “The Daily Journal of Jesse Haven,” Journal A, December 29, 1852.
Missionary Journals of William Holmes Walker: Cape of Good Hope South Africa Mission, 1852–1855, ed. Ellen Dee Walker Leavitt (Provo, UT: John Walker Family Organization, 2003), 17; William Holmes Walker, The Life Incidents and Travels of Elder William Holmes Walker and His Association with Joseph Smith the Prophet (Salt Lake City: Elizabeth Jane Walker Piepgrass, 1943; reprinted by the John Walker Family Organization, 1971). After they had embarked on February 11, the trio retired to their bedrooms and all prayed. Haven blessed Walker and Smith, and Walker and Smith blessed him. They felt perfectly united and that the Spirit of God was with them. They prayed for favorable winds and a speedy passage to their destination. See “The Daily Journal of Jesse Haven,” Journal A, 42–43. When they arrived at Cape Town, Haven wrote, “Apr. 18th . . . Nearly a calm this morning. Wind breezed up a little afternoon; so we were able to go into the Bay. In the evening very pleasant. Anchored about one mile from the town. The town lies in nearly under a mountain. mountains all round. Apr. 19th . . . Came off the ship into Cape Town.” Walker, Missionary Journals, 63.
Walker, Missionary Journals, 18. Millennial Star, January 22, 1853, 58, 115, 160, 410.
“Apr. 25th . . . The assembly done very well till Bro. Smith got up and spoke of Joseph Smith being sent of God and of the Book of Mormon being a divine revelation; they then made so much disturbance that we were obliged to dismiss.” “Journal of Jesse Haven,” Journal A, 64–65; Walker, Missionary Journals, 20. Haven wrote a letter regarding the first month’s activities that was published in the Millennial Star: “Elder Haven spoke on the coming forth of the Book of Mormon. Great confusion prevailed, and he had much difficulty in making himself heard. The following evening, a meeting was attempted, but the mob made so much confusion, that the meeting was broken up. The brethren determined not to hold any more public meetings, for a time, and concluded to do what could be done by circulating tracts, private conversation, &c. Some preachers had begun to deliver lectures in opposition. On the 10th of June, the brethren tried to hold another meeting, but the mob soon broke it up, threatening them. Friends were springing up, inquiring after the truth, and a few seemed ready for baptism. One person had had a vision concerning the work. An extensive order for Books of Mormon, Doctrine and Covenants, and other publications, was enclosed in Elder Haven’s letter.” Millennial Star, July 23, 1853, 475.
“Journal of Jesse Haven,” Journal A, 65–66; Walker, Missionary Journals, 21.
Walker, Missionary Journals, 22–25.
An example of the anti-Mormon literature of the period is a Dutch pamphlet written by the Reverend J. Beijer, minister of the Dutch Reformed Church in the Orange Free State, entitled De Mormonen in Zuid-Afrika and published in 1863. He opposed the Mormon religion, their missions, and their proposed university and lamented, “The Mormons, who have their headquarters in North America, are not along active there, but . . . they even work unashamed in South Africa to gain proselytes.” Title page reprinted in Eric Rosenthal, “Mormons in Africa,” Stars and Stripes in Africa (London: George Routledge and Sons, 1938), 101–3.
David J. Whittaker, “Early Mormon Imprints in South Africa,” BYU Studies 20, no. 4 (Summer 1980): 404–16.
“May 26th . . . A little past sunset bro. Smith baptized Joseph Patterson and John Dodd. We then went to bro. Dodd’s shop and confirmed them.” “Journal of Jesse Haven,” Journal A, 71–74. Rondebosch resident Henry Stringer was baptized by Elder Smith on June 15, 1853. Eight days later, Nicholas Paul was baptized. Paul, a thirty-year-old builder and an influential member of the community, aided the missionaries greatly and was called the following November to be the Mowbray branch president. The Newlands Branch was formed on September 7, 1853, with Thomas Weatherhead as branch president. Up to that time, about fifty persons had been added to the Church by baptism. Elder Haven said, “The majority of the converts are the meek and the poor.” For a detailed record of the Mowbray Branch’s history, meetings, funding, membership, ordinations, and records, see South Africa Mission, Mowbray Branch Record, vols. 1 and 2, 1853–69, Church History Library. For a record of the entire western Cape during this period, see South Africa Mission, “Cape Conference, Historical Record, 1853–1890,” Church History Library.
For a general overview of the mission, see Farrell R. Monson, “History of the South African Mission of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1853–1970” (master’s thesis, Brigham Young University, 1971); Evan P. Wright, “A History of the South African Mission, 1852–1970,” 3 vols. (n.p., 1977–86).
Jesse Haven to Samuel W. Richards, Liverpool, August 20, 1853, and January 20, 1854; South Africa Mission, “Manuscript History,” vol. 1, Church History Library; Millennial Star, March 18, 1854, 173.
“Journal of Jesse Haven,” Journal A, 95–140; “Journal of Jesse Haven,” Journal B.
Jesse Haven to Brigham Young, November 1, 1854, in South Africa Mission, “Manuscript History,” vol. 1, Church History Library.
The Book of Mormon was eventually translated into Dutch (Het Boek van Mormon; 1890), Afrikaans (Die Boek van Mormon; 1972), Xhosa (Incwadi ka Mormoni; 2000), and Zulu (Incwadi Kamormoni; 2003). The first Afrikaans-speaking LDS missionaries arrived in South Africa in 1963.
“Journal of Jesse Haven,” January 24–29, February 12–16, 1855, Journal B, 348; Jeffrey G. Cannon, “Mormonism’s Jesse Haven and the Early Focus on Proselytizing the Afrikaner at the Cape of Good Hope, 1853–1855,” Dutch Reformed Theological Journal 48, nos. 3–4 (September and December 2007): 446–56.
This changed in 1978 with the revelation given to President Spencer W. Kimball that allowed the priesthood to be conferred upon any worthy male, which increased LDS proselyting activities throughout Africa. See Official Declaration 2. E. Dale LeBaron, who served as the South Africa mission president in 1978, later recounted the importance of the 1978 priesthood revelation. See E. Dale LeBaron, oral history, interview by Matthew K. Heiss, March 10, 1989, Church History Library; Andrew Clark, “The Fading Curse of Cain: Mormonism in South Africa,” Dialogue 27, no. 4 (Winter 1994): 41–56.
Wright, “A History of the South African Mission, 1852–1970,” 1:96–97. Haven praised the work Smith was doing by saying that he was “first rate to break new ground; he likes to visit the Priests of the day, and the way he manages them and their flocks wonderfully disturbs their equilibrium.” Jesse Haven’s report on the mission, written to the First Presidency of the Church in June 1854 while onboard the ship Cleopatra, South African Mission History, Church History Library.
The Port Elizabeth Mercury would not publish Elder Walker’s tracts, but the Port Elizabeth Telegraph did. William Holmes Walker, To the Intelligent Public (1854). He had five hundred copies of the broadside published. See Millennial Star, March 15, 1856, 172–73; David J. Whittaker, “Early Mormon Imprints in South Africa,” BYU Studies 20, no. 4 (Summer 1980): 408.
Noel Mostert, Frontiers: The Epic of South Africa’s Creation and the Tragedy of the Xhosa People (New York: Knopf, 1992); Timothy J. Stapleton, Maqoma: Xhosa Resistance to Colonial Advance, 1794–1873 (Johannesburg: J. Ball, 1994), 133–37, 144–45.
“Eli Wiggill Autobiography,” 22–23, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT. Eli Wiggill (November 5, 1810–April 13, 1884), also spelled Wiggall and Wiggell, was a convert from Eastern Cape. He eventually served as the branch president in Port Elizabeth. He was one of only a few South African converts to keep an extensive journal, both before and after his conversion to the Church. I thank Nancy and Mike Wiggill for their assistance with finding additional information about, and images of, Eli Wiggill and his family. See “Eli Wiggill,” in An Enduring Legacy, comp. Kate B. Carter (Salt Lake City: Daughters of the Utah Pioneers, 1985), 8:169–212.
Wiggill, “Autobiography,” 26; Walker, Journal of William Walker, 161. Elder Walker’s journal discusses his missionary labors in Grahamstown, Fort Beaufort, Alice, Uitenhage, and Port Elizabeth. Entries include his travels with fellow missionaries Jesse Haven and Leonard Smith and Church members such as John Wesley, Thomas Parker, Joseph Ralph, and Eli Wiggill.
Wiggill, “Autobiography,” 26.
Wiggill, “Autobiography,” 26.
Brigham Young to Amasa Lyman, and others and Saints in the British Isles, August 2, 1860, Brigham Young Letterbooks, Church History Library.
The approximate equivalent of the British pound in US dollars in the mid-nineteenth century was $4.75.
The South African Saints aboard the Unity arrived in London on January 29, 1856, the first Mormon emigrants from Africa. See Conway B. Sonne, Saints on the Seas: A Maritime History of Mormon Migration, 1830–1890 (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1983), 18, 80–81; E. Dale LeBaron, “The Church in Africa,” in Encyclopedia of Mormonism, ed. Daniel H. Ludlow (New York: MacMillian, 1992), 1:22–26; David F. Boone and Richard O. Cowan, “The Church in Africa,” in Unto Every Nation: Gospel Light Reaches Every Land, ed. Donald Q. Cannon and Richard O. Cowan (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2003), 395–417. For details on the lives of some of these South Africa emigrants, see Sophie W. Schurtz, “South Africa’s Contribution to Utah,” in Treasures of Pioneer History, comp. Kate B. Carter (Salt Lake City: Daughters of Utah Pioneers, 1957), 6:237–300.
Andrew Jenson, “The South Africa Mission,” Encyclopedic History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Salt Lake City: Deseret News, 1941). Haven arrived in America and led a handcart company across Iowa. At Florence, his handcart company was merged with the Martin Company. He began traveling in Hunt’s wagon company, and about September 1, 1856, he began traveling in William B. Hodgetts’ company and arrived in Utah in December. The Martin Handcart Company was too late in their journey, and Brigham Young sent out a rescue party to bring the pioneers safely home after their terrible winter ordeal.
Millennial Star, March 22, 1856, 189; Jesse Haven, “Report to the First Presidency, January 1856,” unpublished manuscript by Jeffrey G. Cannon.
Millennial Star, April 24, 1858, 619; William Fotheringham, “Diaries, 1854–1910,” Church History Library. The conference held in Port Elizabeth on July 11, 1858, had nineteen elders, five priests, five teachers, two deacons, and 212 total members.
Wiggill, “Autobiography,” 27. Wesley (1831–1909) joined the Church in 1853, became a local missionary from 1855 to 1858, and emigrated to Salt Lake in 1859. See John E. Wesley, “Diaries” (ca. July 1857 to January 1859), Granite Mountain Record Vault, Salt Lake City.
Wiggill, “Autobiography,” 27, 29.
Wiggill, “Autobiography,” 30. After settling in Utah, Wiggill’s beloved Susannah died. After Wiggill remarried, he took the opportunity to visit South Africa and made wagons for prospectors heading to the diamond fields of Kimberly in the late 1860s and early 1870s. With the outbreak of the American Civil War in April 1861, people in Chicago accused the Talbots of owning a slave, so they disguised Gobo as a girl for the rest of his train ride. Upon arriving in Utah Territory, Gobo worked as a sheepherder and eventually became a prosperous sheep raiser in Idaho before his tragic death in 1886. See H. Dean Garrett, “The Controversial Death of Gobo Fango,” Utah Historical Quarterly 57, no. 3 (Summer 1989): 264–72. For information on the Talbot family, see “Historical Data on the Talbot Family, 1932,” L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT.
“A Revelation and Prophecy by the Prophet, Seer, and Revelator Joseph Smith: Given December 25th, 1832. [Doctrine and Covenants 87]” (Cape Town: s.n., 1863), L. Tom Perry Special Collections; also in the Church History Library.
William Fotheringham, “Diaries, 1854–1910,” February 10, 1862, Church History Library.
Fotheringham, “Diaries, 1854–1910,” July 11, 1862, Church History Library.
Henry A. Dixon, “Diary of Henry Aldous Dixon [1835–1884], August 1861–August 1863,” 93–126, L. Tom Perry Special Collections; excerpt printed in the Millennial Star, December 19, 1863, 812–15.
“Diary of Henry Aldous Dixon, August 1861–August 1863,” December 1862, 78; see also 19–20, 34, 70–71, 77–78.
William Fotheringham to George Q. Cannon, in South Africa Mission, “Manuscript History,” vol. 1, Church History Library.
Printed in the Millennial Star, December 19, 1863, 812–15.
Colesberg Advertiser, April 2 and 4, 1863.
Wright, “A History of the South African Mission,” 1:264–80. For records, receipts, accounts, and inventories, see South Africa Mission, “Account Books, 1854–1863,” vols. 1 (1854–1859) and 2 (1859–1863); and South African Mission, “Port Elizabeth Branch Record, 1858–1864,” Granite Mountain Record Vault, Salt Lake City.
Miner G. Atwood, “Journals –1865,” L. Tom Perry Special Collections; and “Excerpts from the Journal of Miner G. Atwood, 1861–65,” in South Africa Mission, “Manuscript History,” vol. 1, Church History Library. Crossing the plains, Atwood was placed in charge of a company of four hundred souls. West of Fort Laramie they were attacked by Indians, who wounded seven men and Mrs. Grundtvig. See B. H. Roberts, A Comprehensive History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Press, 1965), 5:96.
South Africa Mission, “Manuscript History,” vol. 2, Church History Library.
Andrew Jensen, “The South Africa Mission,” Encyclopedic History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Salt Lake City: Deseret News, 1941); R. Val Johnson, “South Africa: Land of Good Hope,” Ensign, February 1993, 32–42; Hiram and Anne McDonald, “Membership Reaches 100,000 in Africa,” Church News, January 18, 1997, 3; Julie D. Heaps, “South Africa Celebrates 150 Years,” Church News, September 6, 2003, 6; H. Dean Garrett, “South Africa,” in Encyclopedia of Latter-day Saint History, ed. Arnold K. Garr, Donald Q. Cannon, and Richard O. Cowan (Salt Lake City: Desert Book, 2000), 1160–61.
South Africa Mission, “Manuscript History and Historical Reports,” vol. 1 (1853–87), Church History Library.
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By the end of the course, you will be able to:
- Draft, edit, and proofread written messages in a variety of business document formats.
- Create videos and both perform self-analysis as well as give and receive constructive criticism on your mastery of non-verbal and verbal skills.
- Work in teams and examine the challenges of communicating through different channels, languages, cultures, schedules, and time zones.
- Learn how to make a great first impression.
- Develop techniques for building, monitoring, and protecting your reputation and the reputation of your business.
Lesson 1: Business Communications
- First Impressions
- The Audience
- Communication Channels
- Effective Communication
Lesson 2: Nonverbal Communication
- Nonverbal Cues
- Nonverbal Cues in Written Messages
- Working in Teams
Lesson 3: Diversity and Ethics
- Word Choice
Lesson 4: Effective Writing
- Writing in Business Settings
- Writing Clear Messages
Lesson 5: Communication Choices in Business
- Planning to Communicate
- Addressing the Unknown
Lesson 6: Reputation Building
- Personal Reputations
- Business Reputations
- Monitoring Reputations
Lesson 7: Conflict
- Conflict and Criticism
Lesson 8: Communicating with Clients and Customers
- Customer Service
Lesson 9: Meetings
- Planning to Hold a Meeting
- Meeting Formats
- The Agenda
- Meeting Follow-Up
Lesson 10: Presentations
- Types of Presentations
- Learning Styles
- Creating a Presentation
Lesson 11: Opportunities
- Opportunities through Networking
- Letter Writing
Lesson 12: Interviewing Skills
- Types of Interviews
- Talking Points
Prerequisites and Course-Specific Requirements
This course does not have any prerequisites.
- Business Writing: What Works, What Won't by Wilma Davidson, Ed.D., Revised Edition
- Word processing software (Word, Pages, etc.)
- Presentation software (Powerpoint, Keynote, etc.)
After enrolling, please check the Getting Started section of your course for potential deals on required materials. Our Student Deals page also features several discounts you can take advantage of as a current student. Please contact [email protected] for any questions.
General Course Requirements
Below are the minimum requirements to access the course environment and participate in live chats. Please make sure to also check the Prerequisites and Course-Specific Requirements section above, and ensure your computer meets or exceeds the minimum system requirements for all software needed for your course.
- Latest version of Google Chrome
- Zoom meeting software (available in the course when joining your first chat)
- Speakers or headphones
- External or internal Microphone
- Broadband Internet connection
Author & Instructor
Valerie Lovely is Assistant Professor of Music Business/Management at Berklee College of Music and a practicing transactional music attorney. Her clientele is limited exclusively to musicians, songwriters, publishers, record labels, and others with music law needs. The firm provides various transactional music law services, such as contract drafting, negotiation and explanations, copyrights, trademarks, band business evaluation reports, and other music business and legal services. Attorney Lovely also hosts a free informational Web site, MusicLawInfo, that provides numerous music law articles of interest to today's musicians.
Valerie has been a guest speaker, panelist, and lecturer at a variety of events sponsored by legal- and music-based organizations (American Bar Association, Massachusetts Bar Association, Berklee College of Music, Blacksun Festival, etc.). She has taught copyright law to attorneys as a member of the Volunteer Lawyers for the Arts faculty.
Valerie has also been a musician for most of her life. She plays several instruments, has performed in rock bands, chamber groups, wind ensembles, and in studio projects, and has composed music in various styles and for use in a variety of media. Read Less
When taken for credit, Business Communications can be applied towards these associated programs:
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If your child refuses reunification therapy, it can be challenging to deal with. Last month I met my college friend Jessy, who shared a story about her child refusing to attend reunification therapy. She said that when she approached her child and talked to them about it, they shut down and refused to discuss the topic.
She was feeling frustrated and didn’t know how to handle the situation. If you are also in the same situation as Jessy, here I will discuss eight things you can do to help your child through this tough time.
What is child reunification therapy?
Child reunification therapy is a type of psychotherapy that focuses on helping children who have been separated from their parents overcome the psychological effects of separation. Child reunification therapy aims to help the child develop a positive view of themselves and their relationship with their parent and improve communication and coping skills.
Child reunification therapy typically involves weekly sessions with the child and their parent and individual sessions with the child. The therapist will work with the child to explore their feelings about separation, help them develop positive coping mechanisms, and teach them how to communicate effectively with their parent.
In addition, the therapist will support and guide the parent to help them create a healthy and supportive environment for their child. Child reunification therapy can be crucial in rebuilding the parent-child bond after separation.
Child Refuses Reunification Therapy: 8 Things You Can Do
Eight things that you should do when your child refuses reunification therapy. Follow each step accordingly.
1. Don’t force the child:
Don’t force the issue if your child refuses to participate in reunification therapy. Remember, forced reunification therapy will not be effective and may worsen the child’s relationship with their parent.
Instead, try to have a non-judgmental conversation with your child about why they are refusing therapy and listen to their concerns. Explain the benefits of reunification therapy compassionately and let them know that you are there for support.
Forcing a child to participate in reunification therapy is not recommended because it can cause more harm than good. Here’s why:
- Resistance and lack of engagement: If a child is forced to participate in reunification therapy, they may be resistant and uncooperative. This can lead to a lack of engagement and progress in the therapy, as the child may feel like they have no say in the process.
- Emotional distress: Forcing a child to participate in reunification therapy can also cause emotional distress. The child may feel like they are being forced to reconcile with a parent that they do not feel safe or comfortable around, which can be traumatic.
- Damaged trust: Reunification therapy relies on building trust and rapport between the child and the estranged parent. If a child is forced into therapy, it can damage their trust in the therapist and the parent, making it more difficult to build a healthy relationship.
- Negative association: If a child is forced to participate in reunification therapy and has a negative experience, they may associate therapy and counseling with the negative emotions and experiences they had during the forced therapy. This can make it more difficult for them to seek therapy in the future, even if they need it.
2. Be patient:
Healing takes time, and your child may not be ready for therapy at the moment. He/she may hate parents for any reason. Don’t push them into it if they are not willing or ready.
Instead, be patient when working with a child who is resistant to therapy. It may take some time for them to come around, but eventually, they will hopefully see the value in participating.
Also, continue to have open and understanding conversations with them about therapy and let them know that you are there for support when they decide they are ready to participate.
3. Talk to the therapist:
If your child refuses therapy, talk to their therapist about the situation. They may be able to offer some insight into why your child is resistant and how you can handle the situation.
The therapist may also be able to offer alternative forms of therapy or support for your child, such as individual therapy sessions.
4. Take a break from therapy:
If your child consistently refuses to participate in reunification therapy, taking a break from therapy may be necessary. During this break, try to work on repairing the parent-child relationship outside therapy.
You can do this through participating in activities together, having open and honest conversations, and showing love and support for your child. Then, once the relationship has improved, you can revisit the idea of child reunification therapy.
5. Offer alternative forms of therapy:
There are several alternatives to child Reunification therapy that may be helpful in cases where a child is struggling with issues related to family separation or estrangement. Here are a few examples:
- Play therapy: Play therapy can be helpful for children who are struggling with emotional or behavioral issues related to family separation. Play therapy provides a safe and supportive environment where children can express their feelings and work through their emotions.
- Family therapy: Family therapy can be helpful for families who are trying to work through conflict and rebuild their relationships. A family therapist can work with all family members to identify the underlying issues and help them develop strategies for moving forward.
- Individual therapy: Individual therapy can be helpful for children who are struggling with emotional or behavioral issues related to family separation. A therapist can work with the child to develop coping skills and strategies for managing their emotions.
- Co-parenting coaching: Co-parenting coaching can be helpful for parents who are struggling to co-parent effectively. A co-parenting coach can help the parents develop a parenting plan and work through conflicts that may arise.
- Support groups: Support groups can be helpful for children who are dealing with difficult emotions related to family separation. Support groups can provide a safe and supportive environment where children can share their experiences and receive support and guidance from others who are going through similar situations.
Overall, there are several alternatives to child Reunification therapy that can be helpful for families who are dealing with issues related to family separation or estrangement. It is important to work with a qualified professional who can help you determine which approach is best for your particular situation.
6. Seek outside support:
In addition to therapy, seeking outside support from family and friends can also be helpful for your child’s healing process.
Support from loved ones can offer a sense of comfort and understanding during this difficult time. You can also look into community resources such as support groups for children and families dealing with separation.
7. Build a positive relationship with their parent:
Even if child reunification therapy is not an option at the moment, you can still work on helping your child build a positive relationship with their parent.
Encourage open communication between them and create opportunities for them to spend time together in a safe and supportive environment. Also, work on building trust and repairing damaged family relationships.
8. Focus on your child’s well-being:
Above all, focus on your child’s emotional well-being and what they need to heal. This may mean taking a break from child reunification therapy or exploring alternative forms of therapy.
Listen to their concerns and support them as they work through their emotions surrounding separation from a parent. If they have any other preferences in this regard, try to accommodate them as much as possible.
What if your child refuses to allow you to be involved in their therapy? Discussed this matter deeply here:
7 FAQs on Child Refusing Reunification Therapy
Can a minor refuse court-ordered reunification therapy?
While courts have the power to order minors into therapy, minors retain the right to refuse treatment. This is based on the legal principle of autonomy, which holds that individuals can make their own decisions about their bodies and lives.
In the case of reunification therapy, minors may feel that they are being forced to confront painful memories and emotions that they are not yet ready to deal with. As a result, they may choose to refuse treatment to avoid further distress.
However, it is essential to note that courts will typically only order reunification therapy if it is in the child’s best interests. Therefore, minors who refuse treatment may be at risk of being placed in foster care or other forms of protective custody.
Why does a child refuse reunification therapy?
Much research has been conducted on why children refuse reunification therapy, mostly with parents who have lost custody of their children.
The findings have shown that most children refuse reunification therapy because they are afraid of their parents. They may have witnessed their parents argue or even physically fight, and they think that if they return to their parents, the abuse will start again.
Some children refuse reunification therapy because they don’t want to leave the foster family they are currently living with. They may have formed a strong attachment to their foster family and don’t want to leave them.
And lastly, some children refuse reunification therapy because they don’t want to go back to the home they were living in when the abuse occurred.
All of these reasons are valid and understandable, but therapists must try to work through these issues with the child so that they can reunite with their family.
Who pays for reunification therapy?
The cost of family reunification therapy can vary depending on the therapist, the length of the therapy, and the number of sessions.
In some cases, insurance may cover the cost of therapy. However, many insurers do not cover family reunification therapy, and it can be costly out-of-pocket. In addition, some therapists may only offer pro bono therapy to families who cannot afford to pay. As a result, the cost of family reunification therapy can be a barrier to seeking treatment.
Several organisations provide financial assistance for families seeking reunification therapy. These organisations may provide grants or subsidies to help cover the cost of therapy.
In addition, some therapists may offer sliding-scale fees based on income. As a result, many options are available for families who cannot afford the total cost of therapy.
What are the steps of reunification therapy?
The first step in reunification therapy is to assess the child’s current level of attachment to each parent. This can be done through various means, such as interviews, questionnaires, and observations.
Once the child’s attachment level has been determined, the therapist will gradually work to increase the child’s time with the non-custodial parent. This process is typically done slowly and methodically to avoid overwhelming the child or triggering negative emotions.
The ultimate goal of reunification therapy is to help the child form a healthy attachment to both parents so that he or she can thrive in a joint custody arrangement.
Several techniques can be used to achieve this goal, and the therapist will tailor the approach to fit the individual child’s needs.
What are the advantages of child reunification therapy?
Child reunification therapy is a type of counselling that can help families who have been estranged to reconnect and build healthy relationships.
This therapy can offer many advantages, such as helping children to understand and express their emotions, increasing communication and problem-solving skills, and promoting forgiveness.
In addition, child reunification therapy can provide a safe space for families to work through past hurts and pain. Families can develop stronger bonds and improve their relationships by working through these issues.
As a result, child reunification therapy can be an incredibly beneficial experience for families who have experienced estrangement.
What are the disadvantages of child reunification therapy?
While child reunification therapy can be an effective way to help families heal after a divorce, it can also cause some children to feel caught in the middle.
In some cases, former spouses may use the therapy sessions as an opportunity to argue or belittle one another, which can strain the relationship between the parent and child. Additionally, if one parent is significantly more invested in the process than the other, it can cause feelings of resentment.
Finally, child reunification therapy can be emotionally draining for everyone involved, and it may not be possible to resolve all issues in just a few sessions. For these reasons, weigh the pros and cons of child reunification therapy before deciding.
How many sessions are required for child reunification therapy?
The child reunification process begins with an initial assessment, which helps determine the level of support the child will need. After that, a series of sessions are held to help the child adjust to their new situation.
The number of sessions required varies depending on the individual case, but most children will need between four and six sessions. During these sessions, the therapist will work closely with the child and their caregivers to help them develop a healthy relationship.
In addition, the therapist will guide how to deal with any challenges. By working closely with the child and their caregivers, the therapist can help to ensure that the child can adjust to their new situation and develop a healthy, lasting relationship with their family.
The road to recovery is long, and every child will have different requirements when it comes time for therapy to help them reconnect with a parent.
You must handle the situation with kindness and patience, always keeping your child’s safety in mind. Don’t be afraid to ask for help from those who know best – therapists and loved ones can offer invaluable support and guidance during this difficult time.
Remember, child reunification therapy is not the only option for healing and repairing relationships within the family. There are various ways to support your child during this difficult time.
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West Bengal is India’s fourth most populous state with 91.3 million, and a fifth of who are poor. It occupies only 2.7 per cent of the total land area of India and this density of population often throws numerous challenges in terms of access and quality of services. By 2021, West Bengal’s population is expected to increase by an additional 10 million, making it a ‘100 million’ state. However, the state’s pace of development may not be adequate to cope up with this population dividends in the coming years.
West Bengal is among the eight poorest states, which reflect high deprivation levels across social indicators such as health, education and standard of living. However, historically, the state has had a strong Panchayati raj system, which provides an opportunity to influence the realization of children’s rights at the grass roots level.
Although poverty reduction in the state has been faster after 2005, pockets of high poverty persist within the state. Despite redistributive land reform measures, weak socio-economic and industrial policies impede development, particularly relating to children.
As per Sample Registration System (SRS) 2015 the Neonatal Mortality is at 18 per 1,000 live births. As per National Family Health Survey (NFHS) 4, stunting among children under age five is at 32.5 per cent and wasting is at 20.3 per cent. Only 47.5 per cent children are breast fed within the first hour of birth. The state has a high prevalence of childhood anaemia at 54.2 per cent.
The average gross state domestic product growth rate from 2005-06 to 2015-16 has been 10.42 per cent. Despite a consistent increased investment in the social sector, West Bengal continues to show wide variations in human development indicators, along the rural-urban divide and by social groups.
West Bengal’s performance in closing gender gaps is mixed. Schooling and maternal health have improved, yet the child sex ratio is declining, and secondary school completion rates are lower than in many other states. The Scheduled Tribes record higher levels of poverty than others. And, both Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes lag others in schooling and access to basic services.
An estimated 94.6 per cent of households have access to improved drinking water source, and approximately 41.6 per cent of women aged 20-24 years are married before 18 years of age and 18.3 per cent women aged 15-19 years have started childbearing. Over 70 per cent of children in the age group of 3-6 years attend preschool (Source: Rapid Survey on Children 2013-14).
A large proportion of maternal deaths still occur among Muslim, tribal and Scheduled Caste populations. Over the past decade, West Bengal has seen an expansion of the health infrastructure; however, the distribution of health facilities is skewed, and hard-to-reach areas often do not have functional primary health centers.
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August, SE Queensland, Australia
April, SE Queensland, Australia
The Double-banded Plover (Charadrius bicinctus), known as the Banded Dotterel in New Zealand, is a small (18 cm) wader in the plover family of birds. It lives in beaches, mud flats, grasslands and on bare ground. Two subspecies are recognised, the nominate Charadrius bicinctus bicinctus breeding in New Zealand and the Chatham Islands and Charadrius bicinctus exilis breeding in the Auckland Islands.
Adults in breeding plumage are white, with a dark greyish brown back, and have a distinctive brown breast, with a thinner band of black below the neck, and between the eyes and beak. Younger birds have no bands, and are often speckled brown on top, with less white parts.
They are fairly widespread in the south of New Zealand, but not often seen in the north. The nominate subspecies is partly migratory, breeding in New Zealand and the Chatham Islands and some wintering in Australia, New Caledonia, Vanuatu and Fiji, others staying in New Zealand. The Auckland Islands subspecies is sedentary but some birds move from their territories to the shore.
Their eggs are grey, speckled with black, making them well camouflaged against river stones and pebbles, which make up the main structure of their very simple nest.
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Sodium-sulfur batteries are becoming increasingly popular due to their high energy density and ability to store large amounts of electricity. These batteries have revolutionized the field of renewable energy by providing a reliable and efficient solution for storing power generated from solar panels and wind turbines.
But how do sodium-sulfur batteries work?
At their core, sodium-sulfur batteries rely on the movement of charged particles or ions between two electrodes, one made of sodium and the other sulfur. When the battery is charged, sodium ions move from the sulfur electrode to the sodium electrode and form a solid compound called sodium polysulfide.
When the battery is discharged, these ions move back to their original positions, releasing electrical energy in the process. While this may sound simple enough, there are many intricate mechanisms at play that govern how efficiently these batteries work.
In this article, we will explore these mechanisms in detail and explain how sodium-sulfur batteries are paving the way for a more sustainable future.
An Overview Of Sodium-Sulfur Batteries
Sodium-sulfur batteries are a type of rechargeable battery that use a liquid sodium as the negative electrode and molten sulfur as the positive electrode. These batteries have been used for various applications, such as energy storage for renewable energy systems and electric vehicles.
One of the main advantages of sodium-sulfur batteries is their high energy density. This means that they can store more energy per unit volume than many other types of batteries. Additionally, these batteries have a long cycle life, meaning that they can be charged and discharged many times before needing to be replaced.
However, there are also some limitations to using sodium-sulfur batteries. For example, these batteries operate at very high temperatures, typically around 300-350°C. This means that they need to be carefully insulated and cooled to prevent overheating or damage to surrounding materials.
Additionally, sodium-sulfur batteries are not suitable for all applications due to their specific requirements for operation and maintenance.
The Role Of Charged Particles In Energy Storage
Ion intercalation is a process where ions are inserted between two materials in order to create energy storage.
Electrochemical reactions are chemical reactions that involve electrical energy and are often used in batteries.
Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between two molecules, which is what happens in sodium-sulfur batteries.
These reactions help store energy in the form of ions.
Sodium-sulfur batteries work by intercalating sodium ions into a sulfur-based electrode.
The ions are then exchanged back and forth between the electrodes, resulting in a redox reaction.
This process produces electricity and is a great way to store energy.
Have you ever wondered how sodium-sulfur batteries work?
Ion intercalation is a crucial mechanism that drives the energy storage process in these batteries. In this mechanism, ions move in and out of the cathode material (typically made of sulfur) during charging and discharging cycles.
The electrolyte solution used in sodium-sulfur batteries plays a significant role in the ion intercalation process.
During charging, sodium ions are drawn to the cathode while electrons flow through an external circuit to power a device. The sulfur atoms then react with the incoming sodium ions to form Na2S molecules, which store energy until needed.
When it’s time to discharge the battery, the Na2S molecules break apart, releasing electricity and reforming into sulfur and sodium ions.
Ion intercalation has broad applications beyond just sodium-sulfur batteries. It’s a key mechanism utilized in many other battery types as well, including lithium-ion batteries.
Understanding how this process works is vital for developing new and improved energy storage technologies that can help us build more sustainable and efficient power systems for our future needs.
Now that we have gained some understanding of the ion intercalation mechanism, let’s delve deeper into how electrochemical reactions contribute to energy storage. Electrolyte composition and reaction kinetics play critical roles in these reactions.
The electrolyte solution acts as a medium for the charged particles to move between the anode and cathode during charging and discharging cycles. The composition of this solution can significantly impact the battery’s performance, including its capacity, voltage output, and lifespan.
For instance, lithium-ion batteries use a variety of electrolytes like propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), and dimethyl carbonate (DMC). The choice of electrolyte depends on factors such as temperature range, stability, and ability to dissolve lithium salts.
The reaction kinetics refers to how fast or slow a chemical reaction occurs within a battery’s electrodes. It plays a crucial role in determining how much energy can be stored and released from a battery over time. Understanding this mechanism is vital for developing better electrode materials that can facilitate faster ion transfer while maintaining high energy density.
By optimizing these factors, researchers aim to create more efficient and sustainable energy storage technologies for future needs.
Now that we have explored the importance of electrolyte composition and reaction kinetics in energy storage, let’s shift our focus to another critical aspect: redox reactions. Electrode potentials play a vital role in these reactions, where electrons are transferred between the anode and cathode during charging and discharging cycles.
In redox reactions, one electrode undergoes oxidation (loses electrons), while the other undergoes reduction (gains electrons). The potential difference between the two electrodes determines how much energy can be stored and released from the battery. This potential difference is commonly referred to as the cell voltage or electromotive force (EMF).
The ability to control redox reactions is crucial in developing high-performance batteries with improved energy density, capacity, and lifespan. Researchers are continually exploring new materials that can facilitate faster electron transfer while maintaining stable electrode potentials.
By understanding these mechanisms, we can develop more efficient and sustainable energy storage technologies for future needs.
The Sodium Electrode: An Inside Look
As we delve deeper into understanding the workings of sodium-sulfur batteries, it is important to take a closer look at the sodium electrode. This component plays a crucial role in the battery’s ability to store and release energy efficiently.
The electrode composition is made up of solid sodium metal, which is an ideal material due to its excellent conductivity and high electrochemical potential.
When a sodium-sulfur battery is charged, ions migrate through an electrolyte solution to the electrode surfaces. In this process, positively charged ions move towards the negatively charged sulfur electrode while negatively charged ions move towards the positively charged sodium electrode. This movement of ions creates an electrical current that charges the battery.
As charging continues, huge quantities of sodium ions move into the porous carbon matrix of the electrode, leading to a significant increase in its volume.
The ion migration process reverses when the battery discharges. During discharge, electrons flow from the negative sulfur electrode through an external circuit and back to the positive sodium electrode. As electrons leave the sodium electrode, large quantities of sodium ions are released back into the electrolyte solution.
This discharge process results in a reduction in volume of both electrodes and releases significant amounts of energy that can be used as electricity.
The Sulfur Electrode: A Closer Examination
Sulfur structure is essential to understanding how sodium-sulfur batteries work. It’s made up of multiple layers of sulfur atoms that create a porous material allowing for charge storage.
The reaction mechanisms used in these batteries involve the oxidation of sulfur, which is then balanced by sodium ions to form a charge. This charge is then stored in the porous sulfur material, making it a powerful and efficient energy source.
Furthermore, the reaction between sodium and sulfur is reversible, meaning it can be recharged for extended use.
Finally, the sulfur material’s porous structure gives it an advantage over other types of batteries by allowing for more efficient charge storage and reaction.
Looking closely at the sulfur electrode, it is important to understand the structure of sulfur itself. Sulfur is a non-metallic element that can form various compounds through sulfur bonding.
In the context of sodium-sulfur batteries, the sulfur cathode design involves using elemental sulfur in its cyclical form, which can store and release electrical energy.
The cyclical form of sulfur used in sodium-sulfur batteries has a unique structure that allows for efficient charge flow. It consists of two sulfur molecules bonded together with an organic linker, forming a ring-like structure known as cyclooctasulfur or S8.
This arrangement provides multiple sites for storing and releasing electrons during charging and discharging cycles. Moreover, the spacing between these sites allows for high conductivity and low resistance within the battery’s cathode.
Understanding this fundamental aspect of the sulfur electrode is crucial in designing efficient and long-lasting sodium-sulfur batteries that can power everything from homes to electric vehicles.
Now that we have discussed the structure of sulfur in the context of sodium-sulfur batteries, let us delve deeper into how this element stores and releases charges.
The charge storage capacity of a battery is largely dependent on its electrolyte composition and charging rate.
In sodium-sulfur batteries, the electrolyte typically consists of liquid sodium and sulfur at high temperatures, allowing for efficient ion transfer between the anode and cathode.
During charging cycles, electrons are transferred from the anode to the cathode through the electrolyte, where they are stored in the cyclical form of sulfur.
The unique structure of S8 allows for multiple sites for electron storage, providing a high charge density within the cathode.
Additionally, the spacing between these sites enables low resistance and high conductivity within the electrode, leading to efficient charge flow.
However, it is important to note that charging rates also play a crucial role in determining charge storage capacity.
Slow charging rates allow for more complete conversion of elemental sulfur to cyclical S8 form, resulting in higher energy densities.
On the other hand, fast charging rates may cause incomplete conversion or cracking of S8 rings, leading to lower energy densities and decreased cycle life.
Therefore, understanding both electrolyte composition and charging rate is crucial in optimizing charge storage in sodium-sulfur batteries.
Now that we have discussed the charge storage capacity of sulfur in sodium-sulfur batteries, let us examine the reaction mechanisms involved in this process.
Reaction kinetics and electrochemical behavior are crucial in understanding how sulfur stores and releases charges during charging cycles.
The electrochemical reaction between sulfur and sodium involves multiple steps, including the conversion of elemental sulfur to soluble polysulfides and their subsequent reduction at the cathode.
The rate of these reactions is dependent on various factors, such as temperature, electrolyte composition, and electrode morphology.
Furthermore, the electrochemical behavior of sulfur electrodes can be affected by factors such as electrode potential and cycling stability.
Understanding these mechanisms is essential in optimizing battery performance and improving cycle life.
In conclusion, a thorough understanding of the reaction kinetics and electrochemical behavior of sulfur electrodes is necessary for developing efficient sodium-sulfur batteries.
By studying these mechanisms, researchers can optimize battery design parameters such as charging rates, temperature control, and electrode morphology to enhance energy density while maintaining long cycle life.
The Charging Process: How Sodium-Sulfur Batteries Store Energy
As we have seen in our previous section, the sulfur electrode plays a crucial role in sodium-sulfur batteries. Now, let’s take a closer look at the charging mechanism of these batteries.
The sodium sulfur battery charging mechanism involves electrolysis and ion migration. During the charging process, sodium ions move towards the sulfur electrode, while sulfur ions move towards the sodium electrode. This movement of ions leads to the formation of solid Na2S and solid S8 at their respective electrodes.
This reaction is reversible, which means that during discharge, Na2S and S8 react to form Na+ and S2- ions again. It is this reversible reaction between Na+ and S2- that produces electricity when connected to an external circuit.
With this understanding of how a sodium-sulfur battery works, we can appreciate how it has become a popular choice for grid-scale energy storage applications.
Energy storage is critical for reducing carbon emissions.
- Without efficient energy storage solutions, renewable energy sources cannot be fully utilized.
- Sodium-sulfur batteries offer a promising solution due to their high efficiency and long lifespan.
- Investing in research and development of such batteries can lead to significant reductions in carbon emissions.
The need for sustainable energy solutions is more pressing than ever before.
- Climate change poses a threat to our planet’s health and future generations.
- Adopting cleaner energy sources like renewables can help mitigate this threat.
- Energy storage technologies like sodium-sulfur batteries can make renewables more viable.
Innovation is key to meeting our energy needs sustainably.
- Advancements in technology have led to increased accessibility of clean energy sources.
- Further innovation in energy storage will only accelerate this transition towards cleaner energy sources.
- Supporting research and development efforts for sustainable energy solutions should be a priority for governments worldwide.
The Discharging Process: How Sodium-Sulfur Batteries Release Energy
Energy storage is an important part of how sodium-sulfur batteries work. For these batteries, energy is stored in the form of an ion exchange between sodium ions and sulfide ions.
Ion transport is then used to move the ions between the two electrodes, which triggers a series of chemical reactions that release the energy. These chemical reactions involve the oxidation of the sodium ions to form sodium sulfide, while the sulfide ions are reduced to form sulfur.
The energy released through these reactions is what powers the battery and can be used for a variety of applications.
Are you tired of constantly replacing your phone or laptop batteries? Do you wish there was a more efficient way to store energy? Look no further than sodium-sulfur batteries. These batteries have numerous applications, including use in electric vehicles and grid-scale energy storage. One of their main advantages is their high energy density, meaning they can store a large amount of energy in a small space.
So how do sodium-sulfur batteries actually work? During the discharging process, stored energy is released as electrons flow from the sulfur electrode to the sodium electrode through an electrolyte solution. This creates a flow of electricity that can power various devices.
Unlike traditional lithium-ion batteries, which use liquid electrolytes that can leak and cause fires, sodium-sulfur batteries use solid ceramic electrolytes that are safer and longer-lasting.
Another advantage of sodium-sulfur batteries is their ability to operate at high temperatures. This makes them ideal for use in hot climates or in situations where heat is generated during the charging or discharging process.
While they may not be as well-known as other types of batteries, sodium-sulfur batteries offer a promising solution for energy storage needs in various industries.
So, we’ve just discussed how sodium-sulfur batteries release energy during the discharging process. But have you ever wondered about the transport mechanisms involved in this process? Well, it all boils down to the behavior of the electrolyte.
As mentioned earlier, during discharge, electrons flow from the sulfur electrode to the sodium electrode through an electrolyte solution. This is where transport mechanisms come into play.
The solid ceramic electrolyte used in sodium-sulfur batteries allows for efficient ion transport between electrodes. The ions are transported through a lattice structure within the electrolyte material, which helps to maintain stability and prevent leakage that could lead to fires.
The behavior of the electrolyte also plays a crucial role in determining the performance of sodium-sulfur batteries. It must be able to withstand high temperatures and resist corrosion over time.
Researchers are continually working on improving electrolyte materials to enhance battery efficiency and durability. With continued advancements in this field, we can expect even more significant breakthroughs in energy storage technology!
Now that we understand the transport mechanisms involved in the discharge process of sodium-sulfur batteries, let us delve deeper into the chemical reactions that occur during this process.
The electrolyte composition plays a crucial role in determining the thermodynamic equilibrium of the battery.
During discharge, sulfur and sodium ions combine with electrons to form solid sodium sulfide and liquid sulfur.
This chemical reaction results in an increase in temperature within the battery, which is another reason why the electrolyte must be able to withstand high temperatures.
The release of energy during this process can be harnessed to power various applications, such as electric vehicles and grid-scale energy storage systems.
To improve battery performance, researchers are also exploring ways to optimize the chemical reactions that occur during discharge.
By modifying the electrolyte composition or adding catalysts to enhance reaction kinetics, it may be possible to increase energy density and cycle life while reducing costs.
As such, continued research in this area holds great promise for advancing energy storage technology for a sustainable future.
Factors Affecting The Efficiency Of Sodium-Sulfur Batteries
Efficiency improvements and temperature control are crucial factors affecting the performance of sodium-sulfur batteries. The efficiency of these batteries can be improved by reducing internal resistance, optimizing the electrode design, and increasing the active material’s surface area. Additionally, advancements in manufacturing processes have also contributed to higher efficiency levels.
Temperature control is another critical factor affecting the performance of sodium-sulfur batteries. High operating temperatures (above 300°C) improve battery performance, but they also lead to faster degradation and shorter lifespan. Therefore, it is essential to maintain optimal operating temperatures for maximum efficiency and longevity.
A table below shows some of the factors that affect the efficiency of sodium-sulfur batteries and their impact on battery performance:
|Electrode Design||Affects active material utilization|
|Temperature Control||Affects battery life and discharge rate|
|Manufacturing Process||Affects consistency and quality|
|Internal Resistance||Affects power output capacity|
|Active Material Surface Area||Affects energy density|
In summary, efficiency improvements and temperature control play a vital role in enhancing the performance of sodium-sulfur batteries. By addressing these factors, researchers can develop more efficient and durable batteries for various applications.
The Future Of Renewable Energy: Sodium-Sulfur Batteries And Beyond
Imagine a world where we rely on renewable energy sources to power our homes, cars, and industries. This vision is becoming more of a reality with advancements in technology such as sodium-sulfur batteries.
These batteries have the potential to revolutionize the way we store and use energy. One of the main advantages of sodium-sulfur batteries is their high energy density, meaning they can store large amounts of energy in a small space. This makes them ideal for use in electric vehicles and renewable energy systems.
However, there are still challenges that need to be overcome before these batteries can become a mainstream technology. One major challenge is the high operating temperature required for sodium-sulfur batteries. They need to be kept at around 300-350 degrees Celsius to function efficiently, which can be difficult and expensive to maintain.
Despite this challenge, researchers are working on improving the design and materials used in these batteries to make them more practical for everyday use. The future looks promising for sodium-sulfur batteries and other innovative technologies as we strive towards a cleaner, more sustainable future.
In conclusion, sodium-sulfur batteries are a promising technology for energy storage in the renewable energy sector.
By utilizing charged particles and electrodes made of sodium and sulfur, these batteries can store large amounts of energy for long periods of time.
However, factors such as temperature and electrode degradation can affect their efficiency.
Despite these challenges, the future looks bright for sodium-sulfur batteries and other innovative technologies in energy storage.
As we continue to shift towards more sustainable sources of energy, it is crucial to invest in research and development of new battery technologies that can meet the growing demand for clean energy.
Ultimately, this will lead us towards a more sustainable future for generations to come.
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- It's useful to combine the study of these tutorials with the lessons from this web site.
- Simple 'Hello World' (2:56)
- Simple 'Hello World' Pop-Up (3:12)
• Put the Js script inside <head> tag.
- From External File (1:31)
• Using JS script from external .js file.
- Variables and Simple Operations (5:17)
• Learn the basics of programming, variables and simple operators.
- More Variables and Output Formatting (4:54)
• Working with variable and mathematical operators.
- MouseOver and MouseOut (3:47)
• Learn how to use onmouseover() and onmouseout() events.
- If - Else Statements (3:35)
• What you can do with if(), else if() and else statements.
- While Loop (1:57)
• A brief tutorial about the "while()" instriction.
- For Loop (1:37)
• A short example with another Loop instruction, "for()".
- Comments (1:41)
- Arrays (5:15)
• Creating and using Array variable. Traversing the array elements with "for()" instruction.
- Confirmation Example (5:40)
• A video tutorial with an example that use multiple programming elements: function, "if()" - "else" statements and confirm dialog box window.
- Prompt - Alert Example (2:10)
• Tutorial with other dialog box windows: Prompt and Alert.
- Print Function (1:53)
• Print the web page content with the JS print() function.
- HyperLinks (3:56)
- The Date Function (4:57)
• Working With The Date function, display and manipulate the date.
- Form Input Check (7:13)
• Checking the input form fields before submit.
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Hello everyone, in this video we will be discussing the topic of fish tank cleaning. Cleaning your fish tank not only helps to keep your fish healthy, but also enhances the overall aesthetic appeal of the tank. In this video, we will go over the steps to properly clean and maintain your fish tank to ensure the health and happiness of your fish. Let’s get started!
The Importance of Cleaning Your Fish Tank Regularly
Maintaining a clean and healthy fish tank is essential for the well-being of your fish. Regular cleaning helps to keep the water clean and clear, which reduces the risk of disease and infection. A dirty fish tank can also affect the quality of the water, making it harder for your fish to breathe and thrive. Cleaning your fish tank regularly also helps to remove any unwanted debris, such as uneaten food and fish waste, which can accumulate and harm your fish.
How Often Should You Clean Your Fish Tank?
The frequency of cleaning your fish tank depends on the size of the tank, the number of fish you have, and the type of filtration system you use. In general, it is recommended to clean your fish tank at least once a week, but you may need to clean it more frequently if you have a large number of fish or a smaller tank. You should also check the water quality regularly to ensure that the ammonia and nitrate levels are within the safe range.
What Equipment Do You Need for Cleaning Your Fish Tank?
To clean your fish tank effectively, you will need a few essential tools, including a fish net, a gravel vacuum, a algae scraper, and a clean bucket. You may also need a water testing kit, a water conditioner, and a filter media replacement.
The Step-by-Step Guide to Cleaning Your Fish Tank
Cleaning your fish tank requires a few simple steps, but it is essential to follow them carefully to ensure that you do not harm your fish or damage the tank.
Step 1: Turn off the Equipment
Before you start cleaning your fish tank, turn off all the equipment, including the filter, heater, and lights. This will prevent any accidents and keep your fish safe.
Step 2: Remove the Fish
Use a fish net to carefully remove your fish from the tank and place them in a clean bucket filled with tank water. Do not leave your fish out of the water for too long, as this can harm them.
Step 3: Clean the Gravel
Use a gravel vacuum to clean the substrate, removing any debris and uneaten food. Be careful not to suck up any fish or plants, and avoid disturbing the beneficial bacteria that live in the gravel.
Step 4: Clean the Glass
Use an algae scraper to clean the glass, removing any algae or debris. Be gentle and avoid scratching the glass, as this can damage the tank.
Step 5: Replace the Filter Media
If your filter has replaceable media, now is the time to replace it. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions carefully to ensure that you do not damage the filter or harm your fish.
Step 6: Add Water and Conditioner
Fill the tank with clean, conditioned water at the same temperature as the tank. Use a water conditioner to remove any chlorine or chloramines from the water, which can harm your fish.
Step 7: Return the Fish
Carefully acclimate your fish to the new water temperature and return them to the tank. Be sure to monitor their behavior carefully to ensure that they are healthy and happy.
Tips and Tricks for Maintaining a Clean and Healthy Fish Tank
Maintaining a clean and healthy fish tank requires more than just regular cleaning. Here are a few tips and tricks to help you keep your tank in top condition:
Tip 1: Do Not Overfeed Your Fish
Overfeeding your fish can lead to excess waste and debris in the tank, which can harm your fish and affect the water quality. Feed your fish only what they need, and remove any uneaten food after a few minutes.
Tip 2: Monitor the Water Quality
Test the water quality regularly to ensure that the ammonia and nitrate levels are within the safe range. If necessary, do a partial water change to help reduce the levels.
Tip 3: Maintain the Filtration System
Clean and maintain your filtration system regularly to keep it in top condition. Replace the filter media as recommended by the manufacturer, and avoid over-cleaning the filter, which can remove beneficial bacteria.
Tip 4: Add Live Plants
Live plants can help to absorb excess nutrients and provide oxygen for your fish. They also help to create a natural and beautiful environment for your fish to thrive.
Tip 5: Do Not Overcrowd Your Tank
Overcrowding your tank can lead to excess waste and debris, which can harm your fish and affect the water quality. Follow the recommended stocking guidelines for your tank size and type of fish.
FAQs for Fish Tank Cleaning Video
What is a fish tank cleaning video?
A fish tank cleaning video is a video content that demonstrates the process of cleaning a fish tank. It usually provides a visual guide for aquarium owners to follow in maintaining clean and healthy fish tank conditions. The video covers everything from basic aquarium cleaning procedures, choosing the right equipment and cleaning supplies to troubleshooting common fish tank problems.
Why do I need to clean my fish tank?
Regular fish tank cleaning is a crucial responsibility of fish owners. A fish tank is an enclosed space where fish live in a delicate and sensitive ecosystem. If you do not clean it regularly, the water can become toxic due to the build-up of waste, excess fish food, and other pollutants. Dirty water can also lead to various fish diseases, foul odors, and algae growth. Cleaning your fish tank regularly will keep the water quality in good condition and promote fish health and well-being.
How often should I clean my fish tank?
The frequency of cleaning your fish tank depends on several factors, such as the size of the tank, type and number of fish, and filtration system. As a general rule, it is advisable to clean your fish tank once every two weeks. However, you must monitor the condition of your fish and the water quality regularly. If the water looks cloudy, smells foul, or the fish show signs of stress, it may be time to clean the tank.
What are the common tools and supplies needed for fish tank cleaning?
The basic tools and supplies required for fish tank cleaning include a siphon, a bucket, a fishnet, and an algae scraper. You may also need a water conditioner, a pH testing kit, and a replacement filter media. Depending on the type of fish tank, you may use a gravel vacuum, a magnetic glass cleaner, and a scrub brush. When selecting your cleaning equipment and supplies, it’s important to choose ones that are suitable for the type of fish, tank size, and filtration system.
How do I clean a fish tank?
Cleaning a fish tank involves several procedures, including removing excess debris, draining the water, cleaning the glass and decorations, and replacing the water. Before starting, ensure that you have prepared all the necessary cleaning equipment and supplies. You should also follow a sequence of steps to avoid stressing your fish. First, turn off the aquarium equipment and unplug it from the power source. Next, use a fishnet to remove the fish and place them in a separate container with some of the original tank water. Siphon out about 20-30% of the water from the tank, but only remove enough to enable you to clean the gravel, ornaments, and glass. Using an algae scraper, clean the glass and ornaments, and then vacuum the gravel thoroughly. Refill the tank with fresh dechlorinated water and add the fish back into the tank.
Are there any tips for maintaining the cleanliness of my fish tank?
The most important tip for maintaining a clean fish tank is to establish a routine and stick to it. Regular partial water changes, alongside vacuuming and algae scraping, are essential for keeping your fish tank healthy. Overfeeding your fish can also cause excess waste and foul water, so limit the quantity to what they can consume within a few minutes. Additionally, avoid using harsh chemicals or cleaners while cleaning the tank, as these can damage the fish and leave residue on the surfaces. Lastly, invest in a high-quality filtration system and ensure it works correctly, as this will help eliminate toxins and waste from the water.
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August is quickly coming to an end and that means if your kids haven’t already gone back to school, they will soon. With school back in session, you will be seeing school buses back on the road. School buses play an important role in the community by helping kids get to school. To help make sure they get there safely, follow these school bus safety tips.
When driving behind a school bus, allow greater following distance then you normally would. This will give you more time to stop once the yellow lights start flashing. Remember, it is illegal in all 50 states to pass a stopped school bus that is loading or unloading children, no matter which direction you are travelling.
If you are stopped behind or in front of a school bus, be sure to allow enough space for children to safely cross the street, if necessary. And, remember, children may not follow safety rules and may run in an unexpected direction, so be extra cautious and alert until you have passed them by.
In addition to extra caution around school buses, be aware of any school zones you may drive through and slow down when necessary. Do not block any crosswalks as this will cause pedestrians to walk around you and could force them into traffic. Also, never honk or rev your engine to scare a pedestrian.
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en
| 0.960832 | 264 | 2.9375 | 3 |
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