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Background Genetic variation and speedy evolution are hallmarks of RNA viruses, the consequence of high mutation prices in RNA selection and replication of mutants that enhance viral adaptation, like the escape from host immune system responses. sequences of 9 proteins or more, and thus immune-relevant as potential T-cell determinants. DENV protein sequence data were collected from the NCBI Entrez protein database in 2005 (9,512 sequences) and again in 2007 (12,404 sequences). Forty-four (44) sequences (pan-DENV sequences), mainly those of nonstructural proteins and representing 15% of the DENV polyprotein length, were buy 349438-38-6 identical in 80% or more of all recorded DENV sequences. Of these 44 sequences, 34 (77%) were present in 95% of sequences of each DENV type, and 27 (61%) were conserved in other which are buy 349438-38-6 phylogenetically related to other important human pathogens, such as (YFV), (JEV), and (WNV) viruses, among others. DENVs are enveloped, single-stranded RNA (+) viruses coding for a polyprotein precursor of approximately 3,400 amino acids, which is cleaved into three structural (capsid, C; precursor membrane and membrane, prM/M; envelope, E) and seven nonstructural proteins (NS1, 2a, 2b, 3, 4a, 4b and 5). Viral replication occurs in the cytoplasm in association with virus-induced membrane structures and involves the NS proteins. There are 4 genetically distinct DENV types, referred to as DENV-1 to -4, with multiple genotypic variants ,. DENVs are transmitted to humans primarily by mosquitoes and cause a wide range of symptoms from an unapparent or mild dengue fever (DF) to severe dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF)/dengue shock syndrome (DSS) that may be fatal. It is estimated that more than 100 million people are infected each year, with up to several hundred thousand DHF/DSS cases . To date, there is no licensed prophylactic vaccine and no specific therapeutic formulation available. Adaptive immune responses include cellular responses to short peptides derived from self and foreign proteins by proteolysis. The peptides are presented to T-cell receptors (TCRs) by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, referred to as human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules in humans. HLA class I and class II molecules bind and present peptides to CD8 and CD4 T-cells, respectively, that play a critical role in antigen (Ag)-specific cytotoxic responses and the induction and maintenance of Ag-specific memory responses C. Peptides that are recognized by the T cells and trigger an immune response are referred to as T-cell determinants. One problem in developing a tetravalent DENV vaccine is the viral diversity , with rather low intra-type, but high inter-type variability, resulting in type-specific and type cross-reactive T-cell determinants . This variability of related structures gives rise to a large number of variant peptide sequences with one or more amino acid differences that may function as alternative determinants, or altered peptide ligands , and affect anti-DENV host immunity ,. There is abundant evidence that interactions of memory T cells with peptide ligands bearing amino acid substitutions at TCR buy 349438-38-6 contact residues may alter T-cell activation and effector function , C. Even a single amino acid substitution can impair the function of T cells in a variety of ways, producing profoundly different phenotypes that range from modified stimulatory function to complete inhibition . These findings suggest that infection or immunization with multiple DENV types, as may be the complete case with some tetravalent vaccines, can lead to T-cell reactions to variant peptides that could be deleterious. There may be the probability how the altered-ligand trend and cross-reactive T-cell reactions also, known as first antigenic sin, may are likely involved in DHF/DSS ,,,. Even though the etiology of DHF and DSS is partially understood, this consideration may have profound implications for the safety and efficiency of candidate vaccines. The objective of this study was to search for sequence regions FGF22 conserved across the majority of DENVs and representing potential immune targets . Bioinformatics-based approaches were used to (a) extract all DENV sequences available in open public databases, (b) recognize and look at the structure-function romantic relationship and distribution in character of sequences that are extremely conserved in nearly all DENVs (known as pan-DENV sequences), (c) evaluate the variability of DENV sequences, buy 349438-38-6 and (d) look at the immune system relevance from the conserved sequences as potential T-cell determinants that might be applicable to a lot of the human population world-wide . We’ve also correlated the conserved DENV sequences to previously reported T-cell determinants and additional identified novel applicant T-cell determinants by examining HLA-restricted immune system replies in HLA transgenic mice. Strategies Technique overview The bioinformatics techniques.
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In September 1939, around 1.5m children and adults were evacuated from the cities to the countryside in Britain in the ‘official’ Government evacuation scheme. Another 2m children were evacuated privately. In this Special Subject you will explore such questions as how did children and parents cope with the long periods apart? What happened if brothers and sisters were separated? How did the children feel when they finally went home? And what impact did the evacuation have on ideas about poverty, state intervention, the scope of health and welfare services, and British society more generally?
Taught by the leading authority on the evacuation, this module makes particular use of primary sources such as diaries, novels, newspapers, articles in journals, Parliamentary debates, official reports, social surveys, and memoirs. Evacuation has been the subject of important debates between historians in recent years. Whereas earlier accounts argued that the evacuation had a significant impact on British society, more recent revisionist interpretations have stressed how its influence has been exaggerated. In all of this, the effect of evacuation on the children themselves has been relatively neglected. The underlying themes of the module are those of the parallel histories of public policy, and private lives.
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Wednesday, April 6, 2011
Class Size Research Trumps School Library Research in Neenah
Cuts to Neenah School Staff Recommended. (Appleton Post-Crescent, 4/6/2011)
Excerpt: At the elementary level, administrators recommended adding two elementary teachers and five kindergarten teachers. The additional kindergarten teachers would lower the average class size from 24 to 19 pupils.
"We've learned through research that smaller class sizes, particularly at the primary levels, have academic benefits," said Steve Dreger, assistant district administrator of elementary learning and leadership.
To offset the additional elementary teachers, the administrative plan calls for cutting seven positions from instructional support services, including four of the eight elementary library-media specialists and two gifted-and-talented teachers.
LINK to "School Library Impact Studies 101: An Overview of the Research".
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Oracle tackles the context conundrum
- By Joab Jackson
- Feb 14, 2008
The trouble with keeping data in a standard relational database is that such information does not typically come with machine-readable descriptions of what the data is. Searching through an Air Force database will not provide any indication that what you are looking at is an Air Force database.
As long as the database is used by its intended audience, this lack of database self-awareness is not a problem. But when another system needs to access the data, how will it make sense of the columns and rows of data? It is this semantic cluelessness that slows the process of gathering intelligence from the data.
At least one commercial database vendor is addressing this problem. Oracle is using two Semantic Web tools for the job: the Resource Definition Framework (RDF), support for which was added in Oracle 10g, and the Web Ontology Language (OWL), added in Oracle 11g.
RDF is the starting point.
'By storing RDF and applying rules to it, you can infer new information' and render explicit context about the data, said Xavier Lopez, director of spatial and semantic technologies at Oracle.
RDF offers the ability to link two data elements along with a term that describes the relationship between the two. The resulting three terms are called a triple. For instance, the database can ingest this statement: Lopez works at Oracle. 'Lopez' would be the subject, 'Oracle' the object and 'works at' the predicate tying together the two, according to the description of RDF from the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which oversees the framework (GCN.com/960).
But that's just the start. Having these relationships in machine-readable language allows further reasoning about the data ' making it machine-readable by other systems.
'Once you have triples in the database, you can start doing things you couldn't do before,' Lopez said. 'It is essentially designed to find patterns. Previously, it was available everywhere, but you couldn't find patterns. Now you can find patterns across it.'
Unlike the traditional data cubes used in data mining applications, the schema of the data does not need to be established beforehand, making ad hoc queries a lot easier to execute.
Lopez has seen customers compile billions of triples. After enough data has been rendered into this format, additional inferences can be made.
For instance, if you have 'Xavier works at Oracle' and 'Oracle is a software company' then an inference could be that Xavier works for a software company.
This is a simple example, but a logical step-by-step process can generate new information.
And this is where OWL comes in.
OWL extends the range of inferencing that can be done on a dataset, Lopez said. Another W3C standard (GCN.com GCN.com/961), OWL is a 'richer rule base,' he said. It offers sets of hierarchies that allow data to be described in terms of property characteristics, equalities and inequalities, data types, and restrictions on how the data can be defined.
Oracle has tools that can render standard relational data into the RDF format. And many software tools exist that parse unstructured data from Web sites, e-mail messages, blog sites and any other text-based documents into the RDF format.
Joab Jackson is the senior technology editor for Government Computer News.
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EE Times: So, what was the original vision of wireless sensor network?
Weiss: I wasn't a co-founder of Dust Networks, but I joined the company early on. Considering the expected advancements of sensors, microcontrollers, and radio, our vision then was to create this tiniest thing -- operated by battery or by using energy harvesting -- that can sense, detect, and take the information in the physical world and use it in applications.
EE Times: That's how the idea for a wireless sensor network was born?
Weiss: Bear in mind that there was nothing new about the sensor network. Sensors have been around. A game-changer was the idea to do it at an ultra-low power and without wires. I mean, no wires for both communication and power.
EE Times: What conditions did your wireless sensor network have to meet in order to cater to the real-world applications?
Weiss: First, we needed to develop a large-enough industrial wireless network -- that must be very reliable -- to detect what's going on with their industrial processes.
Second, we had to use no wires at all -- no wires even for power. Unlike other communication technologies such as Bluetooth and cellular phones whose power only last so many hours and they expect to be plugged in for recharge, we had to build a wireless network so that people can walk away from, for example, pipelines in Siberia, not thinking about replacing batteries for many years.
Third, this had to be a wireless sensor network simple to deploy. We're working with people walking around with tools in their tool belts. They weren't going to replace what they've used for decades (communication protocols like HART standard in industrial applications) with IP. The wireless sensor network had to be so simple that it required no training.
EE Times: How do you compare your technology with others?
Weiss: There is a range of technologies that play in a wireless sensor network. It includes everything from a garage door opener to Bluetooth, which is great in a personal network, and Near Field Communications (NFC), which you literally need to be next to a thing that you need to operate. They are all good technologies but they're not very reliable for a wireless sensor network that must covers nodes in a hundreds of acres of physical environment.
EE Times: What was the impact of Linear's acquisition on Dust Networks?
Weiss: In early days, we only had three people trying to sell our wireless sensor network. With Linear's acquisition, we now have a couple of hundred sales people. We're also exposed to a vast number of applications and companies Linear works with in the industrial, automotive and communications market. Linear, by design, is not into the consumer market, and that's well aligned with our focus.
EE Times: Looking back on early 2000s when nobody was talking about IoT, what differences do you see now?
Weiss: Ten years ago, the wireless sensor network was my soapbox. That was the thing all my buddies and I thought the world needed. The wireless sensor network has then become a subset of today's bigger IoT world, where a cast of characters -- like Cisco, General Electric, and Intel -- are trying to sort out a range of issues including the network's efficiencies, operating cost, and big data.
The wireless technology [for both data and power] and high reliability are still very important and relevant [in IoT].
EE Times: Dust Networks today have two product lines: SmartMesh WirelessHart and SmartMesh IP. Do you encounter customers who tell you that they want to transition from WirelessHART sensors to IP-based wireless sensor networks?
Weiss: For legacy systems in industrial applications, it's important to preserve the Hart standard from the asset management perspectives. When Hart sensors in the network interface with an infrastructure, the system needs to know what to do with data.
In a case like SierraNet program, where the system measures temperature, humidity, snow depth, soil moisture, etc., in remote environments, SmartMesh IP-enabled sensors do a great job for researchers working on the web.
Wireless sensor network installed at Duncan Peak in the Sierra Nevada mountains. Sierra*net (http://systems.berkeley.edu/wsn/), an initiative between UC Berkeley and UC Merced, is aimed at studying mountain hydrology and improving the forecasting and control of water supplies by using SmartMesh-enabled sensors.
But if it were a wireless sensor network in oil refineries, no. Our customers value the legacy system that runs on the Hart standard.
EE Times: Of all the technologies Dust Networks pioneered for wireless sensor networks, which specific building blocks are you contributing to the IP-based networks?
Next page: Contribution to 6LowPAN network
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Genghis Khan[geŋ′gis, jeŋ′-]
Used by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
also Jen·ghis Khan or Jen·ghiz Khan Originally Temujin. 1162?-1227.
genghis khan Facts
Genghis Khan (1167-1227) was the creator of the Mongol nation and the founder of one of the vastest empires the world has ever seen.
Genghis Khan, whose original name was Temüjin, was born on the banks of the river Onon in the extreme northeast corner of present-day Mongolia. He was left an orphan at the age of 9, his father, a nephew of the last khan of the Mongols, having met his death at the hands of the Tatars, who in the second half of the 12th century had displaced the Mongols as the dominant tribe in eastern Mongolia. Temüjin's mother was deserted by her husband's followers at the instigation of the Taichi'uts, a rival clan who wished to prevent his succeeding to his father's position, and she was reduced to bringing up her family in conditions of great hardship.
Rise to Power
When Temüjin had grown into young manhood, he was taken prisoner by the Taichi'uts, whose intention it was to keep him in perpetual captivity. However, he succeeded in escaping and soon afterward became the protégéof Toghril, the ruler of the Kereits, a Christian tribe in central Mongolia. It was with the aid of Toghril and a young Mongol chieftain called Jamuka that Temüjin was able to rescue his newly married wife, who had been carried off by the Merkits, a forest tribe in the region which is now the Buryatiya in present-day Russia. For a time after this joint operation Temüjin and Jamuka remained friends, but then, for some obscure reason, a rift developed between them and they parted company. It was at this time that certain of the Mongol princes acclaimed Temüjin as their ruler, bestowing upon him the title by which he is known in history, Chingiz-Khan (Genghis Khan), which bears some such meaning as "Universal Monarch."
Genghis Khan's patron Toghril was driven into exile and then restored to the throne by the efforts of his protégé2 years later, in 1198, the first precise date in Genghis Khan's career. The two chieftains allied themselves with the Chin rulers of North China in a campaign against the Tatars, Toghril being rewarded for his share in the joint victory with the Chinese title of wang (prince), whence his Mongol title of Ong-Khan, while Genghis Khan received a much inferior title. In 1199 they took the field against the Naimans, the most powerful tribe in western Mongolia, but the campaign was unsuccessful owing to Ong-Khan's pusillanimous conduct. In the years 1200-1202 the allies won several victories over a confederation of tribes led by Genghis Khan's former friend Jamuka; and in 1202 Genghis Khan made his final reckoning with the Tatars in a campaign which resulted in their total extinction as a people.
Relations with Ong-Khan had in the meanwhile so deteriorated that it came to open warfare. The first battle, though represented as indecisive, seems in fact to have been a defeat for Genghis Khan, who withdrew into a remote area of northeastern Mongolia. He soon rallied, however, and in a second battle (1203) gained a complete victory over Ong-Khan, who fled to the west to meet his death at the hands of the Naimans, while his people, the Kereits, lost their identity, being forcibly absorbed by the Mongols.
Genghis Khan now turned against his enemies in western Mongolia: the Naimans allied with Jamuka and the remnants of the Merkits. The Naimans were finally defeated in 1204, and Küchlüg, the son of their ruler, fled westward to find refuge with the Kara-Khitai, descendants of the Chinese Liao dynasty, who after their expulsion by the Chin had founded a new empire in the area of present-day south Kazakhstan and Xinjiang region of China. Jamuka, now a fugitive, was betrayed by his followers and was put to death by Genghis Khan, his former friend, who found himself at last in undisputed control of Mongolia. In 1206 a kuriltai, or diet, of the Mongol princes, meeting near the sources of the Onon, proclaimed him supreme ruler of the Mongol peoples, and he was now able to contemplate the conquest of foreign nations.
Conquest of China
Already, in 1205, Genghis Khan had attacked the Tanguts, a people of Tibetan origin in what is today Kansu and the Ordos Region of China, and two further campaigns against that people in 1207 and 1209 cleared the way for a frontal assault on China proper. In 1211 the Mongols invaded and overran the whole of the region north of the Great Wall; in 1213 the wall was breached, and their forces spread out over the North China plain; in the summer of 1215 Peking was captured and sacked, and the Chin emperor fled to Kaifeng on the southern banks of the Yellow River. Leaving one of his generals in charge of further operations in North China, Genghis Khan returned to Mongolia to devote his attention to events in central Asia.
Küchlüg the Naiman, who had taken refuge among the Kara-Khitai, had dethroned the ruler of that people and had possessed that kingdom. An army dispatched by Genghis Khan chased him from Kashghar across the Pamirs into Afghanistan, where Küchlüg was captured and put to death; and the acquisition of his territory gave the Mongols a common frontier with Sultan Muhammad, the hereditary ruler of Khiva, who as the result of recent conquests had annexed the whole of central Asia as well as Afghanistan and the greater part of Persia.
Campaign in the West
War between the two empires was probably inevitable; it was precipitated by the execution of Genghis Khan's ambassadors and a group of merchants accompanying them at the frontier town of Otrar on the Syr Darya. Genghis Khan set out from Mongolia in the spring of 1219; he had reached Otrar by the autumn and, leaving a detachment to lay siege to it, advanced on Bukhara, which fell in March 1220, and on Samarkand, which capitulated a month later, the victors of Otrar having taken part in the siege. From Samarkand, Genghis Khan sent his two best generals in pursuit of Sultan Muhammad, who crisscrossed Persia in flight until he met his end on an island in the Caspian Sea. Continuing their westward sweep, the generals crossed the Caucasus and defeated an army of Russians and Kipchak Turks in the Crimea before returning along the northern shores of the Caspian to rejoin their master on his homeward journey. Genghis Khan, in the meantime, having passed the summer of 1220 in the mountains south of Samarkand, attacked and captured Termez in the autumn and spent the winter of 1220/1221 in operations in what is now Tajikistan.
Early in 1221 he crossed the Oxus to destroy the ancient city of Balkh, then part of the Persian province of Khurasan, and dispatched his youngest son, Tolui (Tulë), the father of the Great Khans Mangu (Mngkë) and Kublai, to complete the subjugation of that province, which he subjected to such devastation that it has not fully recovered to this day. In the late summer Genghis Khan advanced southward through Afghanistan to attack Sultan Jalal al-Din, the son of Sultan Muhammad, who at Parvan near Kabul had inflicted a defeat upon a Mongol army. He gave battle to Jalal al-Din on the banks of the Indus; the sultan was decisively defeated and escaped captured only by swimming across the river.
With Jalal al-Din's defeat the campaign in the west was virtually concluded, and Genghis Khan returned by slow stages to Mongolia, which he did not reach till the spring of 1225. In the autumn of the following year he was again at war with the Tanguts; he died, while the campaign was still in progress, in the Liupan Mountains in Kansu on Aug. 25, 1227.
Further Reading on Genghis Khan
René Grousset, The Conqueror of the World (1944; trans. 1967), is still the best biography, though clearly no longer abreast of contemporary research. Other biographies include Henry Desmond Martin, The Rise of Chingis Khan and His Conquest of North China (1950), and Franklin MacKenzie, The Ocean and the Steppe: The Life and Times of the Mongol Conqueror Genghis Khan, 1155-1227 (1963). Several original sources are available in English translation; the work of the Persian historian Juvaini is available as The History of the World-Conqueror (trans. 1958), and extracts of the native chronicle, The Secret History of the Mongols, are in Arthur Waley, The Secret History of the Mongols and Other Pieces (1963). For details of the campaigns in central Asia and eastern Persia see Wilhelm Barthold, Turkestan down to the Mongol Invasion (trans. 1928), and John Andrew Boyle, ed., Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 5 (1968). □
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Does Coulomb's law apply to Plasma?
You will be enlightened by this article in wikipedia:
So plasma is mainly neutral, viewed from afar. Coulombs law applies within the plasma for each individual ion and electron, in a many body statistical conglomerate, a different phase of matter.
Thus it will depend on the problem you want to solve whether coulomb's law should be used explicitly, for example near electrodes, or conducting surfaces.
To add a little info about the very good answer of anna v, I will say that in plasmas, a very common parameter is the Debye Length. This length can be referred to as the "characteristic length after which the charge of a charged particle in the plasma, in efficiently screened by it". To summarize, if Coulomb's law features a potential varying as 1/r, where "r" is the distance to the charged particle, in plasmas this potential, due to a single charged particle immersed in the plasma, goes like (1/r)*exp(-r/lambda_D) where lambda_D is the Debye length. So, to the 1/r dependency, plasma adds exponential decay, which is a lot stronger. This is why we speak of screening of the field due to an electrode, or to a probe, or to some charged dust particle, or to a single ion, after "a few Debye Lengths" (thus the "Debye Sphere" mentionned in the wikipedia article mentionned by anna v).
So, short answer: in plasmas replace 1/r by (1/r)*exp(-r/lambda_D) in the potential created by a point charge, in the derivation of Coulomb's law.
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The Brutal Ape vs. the Sexy Ape?
The Make-Love-Not-War Ape
Since the mid-1980s, the closely related, but only recently studied, bonobo has come to serve as an evolutionary counterpoint to the chimpanzee. They may look very much like chimpanzees—they were once called pygmy chimpanzees—but bonobos appear to be an ape of a different character. Studies of bonobos reveal a society molded by cooperation, alliance formation and recreational sex "as social communication." As primatologist Frans de Waal of Emory University puts it, "...[T]he high points of bonobo intellectual life are found not in cooperative hunting or strategies to achieve dominance but in conflict resolution and sensitivity to others."
Female bonobos band together in coalitions to dominate males, avoiding the sort of physical domination and sexual coercion that male chimpanzees routinely inflict on their females. Such female coalitions are nearly unknown among chimpanzees, where the male bonds are the cause and consequence of everything from communal hunting of small game to the fierce defense of their territorial borders.
Then there is the sex. Bonobos are often said to be, more than anything else, the sexy ape. They mate more often, in more positions and with more recreational than procreational intent than any mammal other than Homo sapiens. Copulation rates recorded by de Waal and Parish for captive bonobos in the San Diego Zoo and at the Yerkes Regional Primate Center in Atlanta are sky-high compared with such activities among wild chimpanzees. Bonobos also engage in female-female pairings, in which two females rub their genital swellings together ("GG rubbing" in the lexicon of bonobo researchers) to ease tensions between individuals. Male bonobos will also engage in same-sex genital rubbing. Such same-sex bonding is absent in chimpanzee society.
Relative to chimpanzees, bonobo society appears to be sex oriented and "less dominated" by males. As de Waal states, "The chimpanzee resolves sexual issues with power; the bonobo resolves power issues with sex."
An even more striking difference between female chimpanzees and bonobos is said to link the bonobos more closely to the human family tree. The females of nearly all mammalian species are reproductively active only during a constricted time period surrounding ovulation. This estrus period characterizes all of the higher primates, except human beings. Females of our species, although more likely to conceive around the time of ovulation, are freed from the bonds of a strictly defined period of "heat." The result is that sex serves not only for procreation, but also as a mechanism of social communication and reinforcement of long-term pair bonds.
Bonobo females are often said to be released from the bonds of estrus because they maintain their sexual swellings for a much longer portion of their menstrual cycles than chimpanzees do and therefore mate throughout much of the cycle. Since female apes of either species show little interest in mating except when they are swollen, this translates into more sex for the bonobos. Being "released from estrus," bonobos have come to use sex as much for communicating with males as for conceiving offspring, as in our own species.
In war as well as in romance, bonobos and chimpanzees appear to be strikingly different. When two bonobo communities meet at a range boundary at Wamba, a research site in the lowland rain forests of the Democratic Republic of Congo, bonobo researcher Takayoshi Kano observed that not only is there no lethal aggression as sometimes occurs in chimps, there actually may be socializing and sex between females and the enemy community's males.
When it comes to hunting and meat eating, we see a final striking contrast between bonobos and chimps. Bonobos catch monkeys in their rainforest habitat almost as well as chimpanzees do, but they don't seem to know what to do with them. Bonobos capture baby monkeys and then use them as dolls or playthings for hours, only to release the monkey unharmed (though worse for the wear) when they become bored with them. It's as if the protein and fat value of the prey hasn't dawned on their kinder, gentler nature.
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The Prince and the Pauper
Goodreads helps you keep track of books you want to read. Want to Read saving…. Want to Read Currently Reading Read. Other editions. Enlarge cover. Error rating book. Refresh and try again.
Twain's popular novel chronicles the adventures of two young boys, a Prince and a Pauper, who exchange roles and stations in life. Each boy has strong misconception's of what the other boys life is like and series of educational and entertaining adventures play out as the boys grow more comfortable in both their real and assumed roles in life. Chapter I. The birth of the Prince and the Pauper. Chapter II. Tom's early life. Chapter III.
The Prince and the Pauper by Mark Twain (Book Summary) - Minute Book Report
Series: English Learner's Editions 5: Advanced. Write a review. Currently unavailable on this website. The popular adventure by Mark Twain retold for children growing in reading confidence and ability. In Tudor England, a young beggar boy passes the golden gates of Westminster Palace and by chance, meets the Prince.
May 01, ISBN They are the same age. They look alike. In fact, there is but one difference between them: Tom Canty is a child of the London slums; Edward Tudor is heir to the throne of England. Just how insubstantial this difference really is becomes clear when a chance encounter leads to an exchange of roles…with the pauper caught up in the pomp and folly of the royal court, and the prince wandering, horror-stricken, through the lower depths of sixteenth-century English society. Out of the theme of switched identities, Mark Twain has fashioned both a scathing attack upon social hypocrisy and injustice and an irresistible comedy imbued with the sense of high-spirited play that belongs to his most creative period. With an Afterword by Everett Emerson.
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Dr Kathy Niakan said the experiments would provide a deeper understanding of the earliest moments of human life and could reduce miscarriages.
The regulator, the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA), will consider her application on Thursday.
If Dr Niakan is given approval then the first such embryos could be created by the summer.
Every person has gone through a remarkable transformation from a single fertilised egg into a fully fledged human being made of trillions of precisely organised cells.
Read more on this in the source site, after the first four sentences. Click.. here.
Source Credits: James Gallagher in BBC Health
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|Home||B+Tree Product||B+Tree Guide||B+Tree Performance||Demos||Licensing and Pricing||B+Tree FAQ|
The theory of BTrees
What is a BTree?
B-Trees are highly efficient data storage systems used by a number of operating systems and languages e.g. Novell, MUMPS. They provide rapid access to stored data using textual keys. The B-Tree presented here is in fact a B+Tree - this is distinguished from other B-Trees by its use of two files - one holds the indices and the other holds the indices and data. The index file is much smaller than the combined total of all the indices since it holds only the first index to each page in the index file. In simplified form the B+Tree looks like this -
As the diagram shows we only need 9 keys to access the 26 pieces of data. In fact a data page can hold much more than the amount of data we have shown in this trivial example. We can also see that to find out which data page holds a particular piece of data we only need to look at 2 index pages (i.e. we only have to access the disk twice. Let's say we want the data held at index 'R'. We access the Root Index Page (this is always the first page accessed when looking up an index - In this case Index Page 1). 'R' is greater than 'N' so we look at index page 3 (I3). 'R' is greater than 'Q' but less than 'T' so it must be in data page 6 (D6). We find then that the data corresponding to 'R' is 7. In practice very large quantities of data can be stored using only 3 or 4 index 'levels' and since the number of disk accesses is determined by the number of levels (i.e. 1 access is required per level) we can see that data retrieval can be very fast indeed.
The number of levels is determined not only by the quantity of data stored in the file but also by the size of the keys used and the size of the data and index pages used. Very large keys in very small pages will result in an increased number of index pages and therefore in index 'levels'. There are two different types of level in the tree IndexPages 2 and 3 are said to be at the 'leaf' level in the tree - i.e. they contain pointers to data pages. Index page 1 is at the 'non-leaf' level and contains pointers to other index pages. Since the non-leaf levels are use primarily for navigation of the tree they have a different structure to the leaf levels. Non-leaf index pages always have one more page pointer than they have indices. This is because the indices are used comparatively.
In our simple illustration above 'N' is the only index but we have two pointers - one to IndexPage 1 and another to IndexPage 2. If the index we wish to find is less than 'N' we go to IndexPage 1 , if it is greater than or equal to N we go to IndexPage 2. This reduces the number of keys required in each non-leaf index block. If there are n levels in a B+ Tree then there will always be 1 leaf level and n-1 non-leaf levels. Let us now look at a less trivial example. Say that we wish to store 2000 records with an index length of 25 and a data length of 50 e.g. a collection of names with addresses and phone numbers. If we set the data page size and the index page size to 512 bytes we end up with the following calculation (the overheads are required for the maintenance of the tree ) :-
data+index - each is 75 + overhead ( 3)
The penalty paid for this is the size of the files. In this case the size of the index file is 24 pages (including 1 control page) or 12k and the size of the data file is 335 pages (including 1 control page) or 167.5k - a total of 179k for 150000 bytes of data. Using 512 byte index pages and 4096 byte data pages you would end up with 40 data pages (160k) and 5 index pages (2.5k) and would only require 3 disk accesses per data fetch. The data levels are all held in one file (SOMENAME.DAT) and the index levels in another (SOMENAME.IND).
Only three general operations are required to maintain a B+ tree database:-
Other specific operations are used to traverse the tree sequentially or to delete large amounts of data efficiently. Operations are also required to open and close the tree.
What advantages are there to using a B+Tree?
BTrees span the area between memory resident keyed collections such as HashMaps and full scale disk-based data storage mechanisms such as relational databases. They have the advantage of being disk persistent without needing the design and management overhead associated with databases. By cacheing the BTree pages performance can be in the same order as memory-based collections (See performance figures here). Databases tend to impose restrictions on data size and type and to be inefficient when they don't. They also tend to be inefficient to traverse - for example where you want to keep getting the next record or the previous record. Because B+Trees always keep their data in order traversal (especially where pages are cached) is always extremely fast. Because BTrees always maintain their order they don't tend to degrade as badly as databases (Virtual Machinery provides a toolkit which rejuvenate a degraded BTree).
You can find out more about our implementation on the BTree FAQ page. The best way to find out more about or B+Trees is to download our sample applications here - these sample applications contain full code will show you how to make the most efficient use of B+Trees in your application. We always welcome feedback on our product and demos - please feel free to contact us using the link at the bottom of the page.
Why should I use Virtual Machinery's BTree?
Virtual Machinery have been producing BTree code since 1990 when they produced one of the first B+Trees to be written entirely in an object-oriented language (Smalltalk/V for DOS). The version for the Java platform has been in existence since 1997. Virtual Machinery's version is extremely efficient and when used in conjunction with caching can give performance figures for reads in the sub-millisecond region (See figures here). Virtual Machinery's BTree implementation also provides transaction control. Despite all this functionality the standard jar only has a footprint of 38k. We also provide a version for mobile devices including the J2ME Java Platform and the Apple iOS platform. The standard Java version works without modification on the Google Android (TM) Mobile platform. All our products come with full documentation and demonstration code which will get you up and running quickly. We also produce a toolkit which allows you to inspect and repair B+Trees created with our code. You can download demo code here.
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In May, I explained how to perform a nonsurgical extraction on single-rooted teeth including the incisors, first premolars,
deciduous canines, and mandibular third molars. A surgical approach is indicated to extract canines, certain large incisors,
and multirooted teeth and to retrieve root tips (Figure 1).
Figure 1 1. A German shepherd with a fractured maxillary right canine tooth. This tooth had previously received endodontic
treatment as evidenced by the gutta-percha in the pulp chamber (white arrow) and has subsequently refractured near the gingival
margin. Further restoration (crown lengthening, post and core build-up) was not elected; surgical extraction is indicated.
Surgical extraction involves creating a mucoperiosteal flap, removing the buccal cortical bone, sectioning the roots in multirooted
teeth, elevating the roots individually, performing alveoloplasty, and suturing the extraction site.1-4 Proper extraction technique minimizes complications, reduces the time the procedure takes, and provides you with increased
satisfaction (see boxed text titled "General surgical extraction principles").
General surgical extraction principles
- Intraoral dental radiography
- A high-speed, water-cooled dental drill powered by compressed air or nitrogen
- A variety of dental burs, including No. 2 and No. 4 round burs in regular and surgical length, to be used with the drill
- An oral surgery pack including a Molt (or similar) periosteal elevator, No. 2 and No. 4 Wiggs winged elevators, a periotome,
small-breed extraction forceps, Peet root tip forceps, a hemostat, scissors, tissue forceps, a 5-in Derf needle holder, and
lip retraction forceps; an autoclaved pack should be provided for each patient.
- No. 15 scalpel blades, 3-0 and 4-0 chromic gut (or other absorbable) suture material, and Gelfoam (Pfizer Animal Health) or
HemaBlock (Abbott Animal Health) to help stabilize the clot
SURGICAL EXTRACTION TECHNIQUE
Step 1: Provide analgesia, obtain pretreatment radiographs, and clean the oral cavity
Before surgical tooth extraction, administer analgesics and perform regional anesthetic nerve blocks to provide preemptive
analgesia. Obtain pretreatment radiographs to reveal any hidden pathology, such as root fracture or dilacerations. Perform
a dental prophylaxis, and thoroughly rinse the oral cavity with a dilute chlorhexidine solution to prepare the mouth for oral
surgery. Try to avoid using a mouth gag because its prolonged use can leave the patient uncomfortable after the procedure.
Step 2: Create a mucoperiosteal flap
Create a mucoperiosteal flap by making two full-thickness incisions (through the mucosa and periosteum) with a scalpel blade
starting at the gingival margin on one or both sides of the tooth to be extracted and then extending the incisions apically.
The incisions should diverge so that the base of the flap is slightly wider than the gingival margin. Then, use the scalpel
blade to incise the epithelial attachment of the flap at the gingival margin. Next, raise the flap with a periosteal elevator
When using the elevator to create the flap, keep the pressure angled into the bone to incorporate the periosteum in the flap;
the flap should contain mucosa and periosteum. Once raised, the flap will expose the buccal cortical bone overlying the tooth
Figure2: The same tooth as in Figure 1. A mucoperiosteal flap has been created by making a full-thickness releasing incision
(white brackets), and the gingival epithelial attachment has been incised. A Molt periosteal elevator is being used to elevate
the flap, starting at the gingival margin; Figure 3: The same tooth as in Figures 1 and 2. The mucoperiosteal flap (white
arrow), containing the oral mucosa and the underlying periosteum, has been created and is being reflected to expose the underlying
buccal cortical bone (black arrow). A No. 4 round bur operating on a high-speed, water-cooled dental drill is shown ready
to remove the bone. Note the color difference between the bone (black arrow) and the tooth; Figure 4: A mandibular right fourth
premolar being surgically extracted. A mucoperiosteal flap has been raised, the buccal cortical bone has been removed, and
the two roots have been separated by sectioning the crown. These crown-root segments can now be elevated individually.
Step 3: Remove the buccal cortical bone
Once the buccal cortical bone overlying the root is exposed, remove it with a round bur operating on a high-speed, water-cooled
dental drill (Figure 3). A water-cooled dental drill is essential to prevent heat necrosis of the surrounding bone. The jugum is the bony prominence
overlying the root. Palpating and visualizing the jugum give you landmarks for removing the bone. The root can be identified
by its different color. Use the bur with a gentle touch, and keep it moving. For multirooted teeth, it is also helpful to
use the bur to expose the root furcation (the area where the root splits). For most surgical extractions, you should remove
two-thirds to three-fourths of the buccal bone overlying the tooth root.
Step 4: Section roots (for multirooted teeth)
To aid in extraction, section all multirooted teeth into individual root components by using a round or taper fissure crosscutting
bur operating on a high-speed, water-cooled dental drill (Figure 4). To ascertain if the sectioning is complete, place a dental elevator between the sectioned roots and gently rotate it. If
the sectioning is complete, the individual roots will move. A working knowledge of tooth root anatomy (or a skull beside the
dental workstation) of all multirooted teeth, especially the three-rooted teeth, is essential for making the proper sectioning
Step 5: Sever the periodontal ligament, and elevate the roots
The individual roots must now be separated from their alveolar attachment. The teeth are attached to the alveolus by the periodontal
ligament, so the remaining periodontal ligament must be severed (a portion of the periodontal ligament was removed when the
buccal cortical bone was removed).
Insert a dental elevator into the gingival sulcus. Insert the tip or blade of the elevator between the tooth and the alveolar
crest, slightly angling it toward the tooth. Establish a purchase by applying gentle pressure apically while also rotating
the elevator a few degrees in a side-to-side rocking motion. From this point, rotate the elevator in a motion similar to turning
a door handle (Figure 5). Hold the elevator in this rotated position for 10 to 30 seconds, creating tooth movement. Next, find another purchase point
and repeat the procedure, again holding the tooth in the distracted position for 10 to 30 seconds.
Figure 5: The same tooth as in Figures 1 to 3. A mucoperiosteal flap has been raised, and about two-thirds of the buccal cortical
bone has been removed with a round bur. The round bur was also used to cut a notch in the mesial aspect of the tooth into
which a No. 4 Wiggs winged elevator has been placed. Gentle, controlled rotation of the elevator, in a manner similar to turning
a door handle, will stretch the periodontal ligament. Sustaining this stretching force for 10 to 30 seconds and repeating
this procedure several times will cause the periodontal ligament to fatigue and separate, allowing the tooth to be removed
from its alveolus; Figure 6: The same surgical site as in Figures 1 to 3 and 5 after tooth extraction. Alveoloplasty is being
performed on the sharp and rough edges.
Repeat this procedure several times to stretch the periodontal fibers to the point of fatigue, at which time the tooth will
loosen. Then use appropriately sized dental extraction forceps to grasp the crown near the gingival margin. Gently rotate
the tooth along its long axis until it can be removed from the alveolus.
This step is where most root fracture complications occur. Go slowly—taking a few extra minutes to be careful avoids many
extra minutes digging out broken root tips. Evaluate each root to be sure extraction is complete.
Step 6: Perform alveoloplasty
Perform alveoloplasty to remove any rough or sharp bony projections in the extraction site, which can negatively affect flap
adaptation and the healing and comfort of a mucoperiosteal flap. Alveoloplasty is best accomplished with a No. 4 round bur
operating on a high-speed, water-cooled dental drill (Figure 6).
Alveoloplasty is complete when digital palpation of the extraction site reveals no sharp projections. Débride any necrotic
debris or other infected tissue from the alveolus, and flush the alveolus with saline or dilute chlorhexidine solution.
Step 7: Suture the extraction site
Suture the extraction site to help stabilize the clot and allow primary healing. The general rules of surgery apply to oral
surgery as well, especially that sutures should not be under tension. To relieve tension, fenestrate the periosteum (Figure 7). Be careful not to sever the flap.
Figure 7: The same dog as in Figures 1 to 3, 5, and 6. To relieve tension, fenestrate the periosteum by gently incising the
periosteal fibers on the underside of the flap with a No. 15 blade. In 7A, the periosteal fibers have yet to be severed. After
periosteal fenestration (7B), the flap is more pliable and can be placed over the alveolus without tension. The white arrows
show the border where the periosteum has been fenestrated; Figure 8: Suture fresh-cut epithelium to fresh-cut epithelium.
The suture material should be absorbable and not bulky.
Another rule that applies is to suture fresh-cut epithelium to fresh-cut epithelium. Freshen the epithelial edges to be sutured
with a scalpel blade or scissors. For oral surgery, the suture material of choice should be absorbable and not bulky. Good
choices are 4-0 chromic gut and 4-0 Monocryl (Ethicon) sutures (Figure 8).
Postoperative radiography is unnecessary unless complications occur. Complications can include root tip, alveolar bone, or
mandibular fracture; excessive hemorrhage; iatrogenic trauma to adjacent tissues caused by a misdirected dental elevator;
oronasal fistula formation; and alveolitis.
Step 8: Provide aftercare
If antibiotics are indicated because of infection, administer them for five to 10 days after surgery. Analgesics are essential
and based on the anticipated amount of pain. Instruct owners to provide patients with only soft food and to avoid giving patients
hard chew toys for several weeks. A recheck examination of the extraction site in two or three weeks is recommended to ensure
that proper healing has occurred.
1. Bellows J. Small animal dental equipment, materials and techniques. In: Oral surgical equipment, material, and techniques. Ames, Iowa: Blackwell, 2004;297-321.
2. Colmery BH. Oral surgery: dental extractions. In: Carmichael DT, ed. Recent advances in small animal dentistry. Ithaca, NY: International Veterinary Information Service (
3. Holmstrom SE, Frost P, Eisner ER. Exodontics. In: Veterinary dental techniques for the small animal practitioner. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders, 1998;215-254.
4. Carmichael DT. Surgical extraction of the maxillary fourth premolar tooth in the dog. J Vet Dent 2002:19;231-233.
The information and photographs for "Dental Corner" were provided by Daniel T. Carmichael, DVM, DAVDC, The Center For Specialized
Veterinary Care, 609-5 Cantiague Rock Road, Westbury, NY 11590.
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In traditional stories, people who are greedy often come to a sticky end. I'm thinking of King Midas, for example, or some of those eldest sons who want money and come to a bad end, while the youngest, who is "simple" and kind, does well. It seems to be a useful moral in these money-fuelled times. Are there any contemporary stories which do the same thing?
Those messages from folk tales that we learn young about greed, being careful what you wish for, using brain and not brawn are all invaluable reserves of advice about how to react in many situations. Would the financial crash have been prevented if more young executives had known the perils of chasing dreams of "king's ransoms"?
Would children's pester power be reduced if more books paid attention to the messages they give about the value to the value of friendship, loyalty or community rather than money? It is to be hoped so!
Currently, children have access to a great many versions of traditional tales in beautiful picture book versions such as Max Eilenberg and Angela Barrett's Beauty and the Beast. But the themes are also tackled by contemporary writers, with stories such as Frank Cottrell Boyce's Millions, in which two boys find a great deal of money which has to be spent very quickly and soon discover some of the downsides of wealth!
The idea of the poor child as the underdog who nonetheless wins the hand of the princess is still very much alive in children's books, not least in Roald Dahl's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, in which the rich kids fail and Charlie, whose family is so poor that they all live in one bed, wins through.
If you have a question for Book Doctor, email us at [email protected] or tweet them to @GdnChildrensBks
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Born Malcolm Little, Malcolm X later substituted his surname with an “X” to signify an African American heritage lost to a wider US narrative that he believed to be irredeemably bound up with the logic of slavery and racism. In his attempt to defeat such logic, Malcolm X became known as a prophet of black nationalism, the philosophy that came to characterize the latter stages of the post-1945 black struggle. Malcolm X rose from a life of crime – during which he was known as “Detroit Red” – to become the foremost spokesperson of the Nation of Islam, a controversial sect that was offering black people an alternative ideology to that being offered by Martin Luther King and the Civil Rights movement. Malcolm would later split …
We have have no profile for this entry. If you are a qualified scholar and you wish to write for The Literary Encyclopedia, please click here to contact us.
Hartnell, Anna. "Malcolm X". The Literary Encyclopedia. First published 10 January 2009
[http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=4823, accessed 27 June 2017.]
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The geography of the state of Colorado is diverse, encompassing both rugged mountainous terrain, vast plains, desert lands, desert canyons, and mesas. The state of Colorado is defined as the geospherical rectangle that stretches from 37°N to 41°N latitude and from 102°03'W to 109°03'W longitude (25°W to 32°W from the Washington Meridian). Colorado is one of only three U.S. states (with Wyoming and Utah) that have only lines of latitude and longitude for boundaries.
The summit of Mount Elbert at 4401 meters (14,440 ft) elevation in Lake County is the state's highest point and the highest point in the entire Rocky Mountains. Colorado has approximately 550 mountain peaks that exceed 4000 meters (13,123 ft) elevation. Colorado is the only U.S. state that lies entirely above 1000 meters (3281 ft) elevation. The state's lowest elevation is 1010 meters (3315 ft) at the point on the eastern boundary of Yuma County where the Arikaree River flows into the state of Kansas.
The United States is a country in the Northern Hemisphere, Western Hemisphere, and the Eastern Hemisphere. It consists of forty-eight contiguous states in North America, Alaska, a peninsula which forms the northwestern most part of North America, and Hawaii, an archipelago in the Pacific Ocean. There are several United States territories in the Pacific and Caribbean. The term "United States", when used in the geographical sense, means the continental United States, Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Virgin Islands of the United States. The country shares land borders with Canada and Mexico and maritime (water) borders with Russia, Cuba, and the Bahamas in addition to Canada and Mexico.
Papa John's Pizza is the third largest take-out and delivery pizza restaurant chain in the United States behind Pizza Hut and Domino's Pizza, according to Pizza Today magazine with headquarters in Jeffersontown, Kentucky, near Louisville. Its slogan is "Better Ingredients. Better Pizza. Papa John's."
Internationally, there are over 4,000 Papa John's establishments, including over 3,200 in the U.S. and the remainder spread among 32 other countries. In September 2012, Papa John's Pizza opened its 4,000th restaurant, in New Hyde Park, NY. The company celebrated the event by giving away 4,000 free pizzas to customers throughout New York City.
West Colfax is a neighborhood of Denver, Colorado. The neighborhood is located in the West Denver area. According to the Piton Foundation, in 2007, the population of the neighborhood was 11,285, and there were 3,958 housing units.
John Francis Campion (1849–1916) was the wealthy owner of several hard rock mines in the Leadville, Colorado area. After 1900, he made a second fortune growing sugar beets. The community of Campion, Colorado is named after him. Campion is a somewhat obscure figure today, but was well known in his day. His big gold strike at the Little Jonny Mine in Leadville made him and his partners rich. He had help engineering the dig from James J. Brown, whose wife Margaret "Molly" Brown won fame in the sinking of the great liner Titanic. Campion was partnered with industrialist Charles Boettcher in ventures including mining in Leadville, the formation of the Great Western Sugar Company and the co-founding of the Ideal Cement Company. Campion was also an owner (with Boettcher) of the Leadville Light and Power Company and the Western Meat Packing Company, and once owned the Herald-Democrat newspaper.
After moving his family to Denver, he was named president of the Denver Chamber of Commerce, and was influential in helping to build the Denver Municipal Auditorium in time for the 1908 Democratic Convention. He was a founder and president of the Denver Art League - a precursor to the Denver Art Museum. Campion was a co-founder of the Denver Museum of Natural History (now the Museum of Nature & Science) and his donated gold collection is on display at the museum. He also gave money, along with James J Brown, Dennis Sheedy and others, toward the purchase of land for the construction of the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in Denver, at Colfax Ave. and Logan St. The bell in the east tower is dedicated to his memory.
Finance is the allocation of assets and liabilities over time under conditions of certainty and uncertainty. A key point in finance is the time value of money, which states that a unit of currency today is worth more than the same unit of currency tomorrow. Finance aims to price assets based on their risk level, and expected rate of return. Finance can be broken into three different sub categories: public finance, corporate finance and personal finance.
Science of drugs including their origin, composition, pharmacokinetics,
pharmacodynamics, therapeutic use, and toxicology.
Pharmacology (from Greek φάρμακον, pharmakon, "poison" in classic Greek; "drug" in modern Greek; and -λογία, -logia "study of", "knowledge of") is the branch of medicine and biology concerned with the study of drug action, where a drug can be broadly defined as any man-made, natural, or endogenous (within the body) molecule which exerts a biochemical and/or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism. More specifically, it is the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function. If substances have medicinal properties, they are considered pharmaceuticals.
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Fritz is a new student in Year 5 at a large primary school in a coastal town. He enrolled at the school in the middle of Term 2 and was absent for five days during his six weeks of attendance. The staff member who conducted Fritz’s enrolment interview noted that he appeared shy and nervous, and made limited eye contact, including with his parents. He answered questions politely, but offered little information about his personal interests.
Fritz’s class teacher, a playground duty teacher and a specialist music teacher have independently expressed concerns to special education staff and the Wellbeing Team. They have observed that Fritz prefers to sit alone at all times and appears uncomfortable when other students say hello or ask him questions. When sitting alone, Fritz doesn’t use a device, read or entertain himself; he simply watches others. In class, Fritz asked his teacher if he could use one of the sensory toys available to all students. He has since kept the toy in his desk and uses it during discussions.
The population of the town Fritz and his family have moved to is transient. All new school enrolments participate in a brief transition program to ensure they feel welcome and can navigate their new environment. One week after Fritz enrolled, another new student joined his class. When his teacher spoke with the boys and suggested they could be buddies, Fritz became highly agitated, said ‘No’ firmly and walked out of the classroom. His teacher called Fritz’s parents to discuss this incident and her other concerns; however, his father simply described Fritz as a loner.
Contact with Fritz’s previous school revealed a high level of absenteeism and similar behaviours. The Wellbeing Team at Fritz’s current school are monitoring him and planning scheduled check-ins after further consultation with his parents.
Fritz has completed end-of-semester literacy and numeracy assessment tasks and despite only enrolling recently and having some absences, has achieved high results for both.
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Over the centuries Macael's marble has been considered a material of luxury and magnificence. It has been used by former civilizations, crossing the most important ages, assuming always more importance nowadays. Phoenician anthropoid sarcophagi of Cadiz, dated around 480 BC, the Court of Lions in the Alhambra, the Royal Palace in Madrid, the Roman Theatre in Merida, the Kremlin Palace in Moscow, the Metropolitan Museum in New York or Burj Al Arab Hotel in Dubai are just some examples.
All this activity has created an entrenched culture around the marble that is embodied in many traditions and customs. The stonecutters and mason trades were passed from father to young sons. Food for the stonemason was sent to the quarries in baskets carried by donkeys and basically consisted of a piece of bread and bacon or sausage at breakfast and “Migas” at lunch.Wooden carts pulled by oxen, in which the blocks were loaded and tied with ropes to keep them fixed were used to carry the marble blocks from the quarries to the factories.
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A comprehensive pro-birth plan . . .
On Tuesday, China’s National Health Commission (NHC) unveiled a country-wide plan, the ‘Guidelines for Further Improving and Implementing Fertility Support Measures,’ jointly issued by 16 other agencies to encourage families to have more babies. The new plan aims to offer support systems for families focused on marriage, childbirth, child-rearing, and education. For example, it introduces targeted pro-birth measures, including promoting family-oriented traditional values, expanding access to childcare services, and encouraging employers to adopt flexible working arrangements. The new measures represent Beijing’s most comprehensive attempt to address the social and economic factors behind the low birth rate and declining population growth in China.
Discouraging abortions, expanding access to infertility treatment . . .
According to the guidelines, the Chinese government will “reduce abortions that are not medically necessary,” renewing concerns that the country may restrict abortion access. Yet it remains unclear what this will mean in practice. For example, in the 1980s and 1990s, China attempted to curb population growth via forced abortions, sterilization and contraception; however, abortions remain readily available, and China has one of the world’s highest abortion rates. The guidelines also nudge local governments to gradually include assisted reproductive technology in public health insurance coverage. This is the first time such a guideline has been outlined in a national policy document. Technologies like in vitro fertilization and egg freezing services are expensive without coverage and remain unavailable to unmarried women in China.
Preventing a population crisis . . .
China began moving away from its one-child policy to two- and three-child policies in 2016. Yet, according to the National Bureau of Statistics, the country’s birth rate fell for five consecutive years to a record low in 2021. With one of the lowest total fertility rates in the world, demographers suggest that China’s population may shrink for the first time this year since the great famine of 1959-1961. Despite new support measures, it remains unclear if couples want more children, especially during the current economic downturn and record-high youth unemployment rate.
- Human Rights Watch: How to fix China’s population crisis: Say sorry to women
- South China Morning Post: China tries to lift birth rate with new measures to make it easier to work and raise a family
- Sixth Tone: China’s new pro-birth plan: Give families what they need
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| 0.921947 | 514 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Annie Nahar was born in 1844. Records of her life are spotty, but the little information available reveals a woman of remarkable courage.
“In Elizabeth and Abraham Nahar’s household, suddenly there was a 10-year old girl and an 18-year old girl, named Annie Mattie and Geostina, who hadn’t been there before,” said Nantucket historian Karttunen. “And because Elizabeth’s brother was very active in the Underground Railroad, we began to think maybe these children had been placed by Elizabeth’s brother and were being given protection.”
The Nantucket public schools were integrated in 1846. Annie Nahar attended Nantucket High School during the Civil War, and one of Annie’s teachers was a Quaker woman named Anna Gardner.
“Anna had been a teacher in the African school. One of the things that happened during the fight for integration was that she refused to teach in a segregated school any more. She very bravely as a middle-aged woman decided that she would go and establish schools for freedmen in the South,” said Karttunen.
Gardner encouraged other Nantucket women to join her, and Annie Nahar decided to go – the only woman of color to volunteer. She and a group of other island women ended up traveling to New Orleans to become teachers - an extremely risky endeavor, especially for Annie, a woman of color in the Deep South just after the Civil War.
“People would go by on the railroad and shoot into her school,” Karttunen said. “New Orleans was a pretty dangerous place in June of 1864 when she arrived. A couple of years later, there were terrific riots in New Orleans, and we think that’s probably why she left New Orleans for a couple of years and went to teach in San Antonio, Texas.”
Annie Nahar eventually made her way back to New Orleans, becoming principal of the McDonough School in New Orleans, which was established by a bequest of a wealthy slave-owner.
“McDonough was said to be a rather reclusive plantation owner who lived on his plantation in Louisiana quite all by himself with his slaves. And then when he died he left all the money from his plantation to be used for the free schooling of children regardless of race,” said Fran Karttunen.
After a year as principal at the McDonough School, Annie married, had a son, and moved to Queens, New York. Within ten years, she was widowed and went back to teaching in Queens. She taught there for another decade, eventually moved to Connecticut with her son.
Annie Nahar largely remains a mystery woman who grew up on Nantucket, and took on a very dangerous and courageous task to improve the lives of others. There are no surviving photos of her, nor did she leave behind any journals or other writings about her life. Her obituary mentions only that she was a resident of Queens, New York, and that there was a family plot in the local cemetery. It leaves out her accomplishments as a teacher of freedmen in the Deep South, and later as a school principal.
Annie never returned to Nantucket. She died in 1931.
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The American Cancer Society, which has long been a staunch defender of most cancer screening, now says the benefits of detecting many cancers, especially breast and prostate, have been overstated.
It is quietly working on a message, to put on its Web site early next year, to emphasize that screening for breast and prostate cancer and certain other cancers can come with a real risk of overtreating many small cancers while missing cancers that are deadly.
"We don't want people to panic," said Dr. Otis Brawley, chief medical officer of the cancer society. "But I'm admitting that American medicine has overpromised when it comes to screening. The advantages to screening have been exaggerated."
Prostate cancer screening has long been problematic. The cancer society, which with more than 2 million volunteers is one of the nation's oldest and largest voluntary health agencies, does not advocate testing for all men. And many researchers point out that the PSA screening test for prostate cancer has not been shown to prevent cancer deaths.
There has been much less public debate about mammograms. Studies from the 1960s to the 1980s found that they reduced the death rate from breast cancer by up to 20 percent. But it has been unclear how much of the decline is because of mammograms or improved treatment.
The cancer society's decision to reconsider its message about the risks as well as potential benefits of screening was spurred in part by an analysis published Tuesday in the Journal of the American Medical Association, Brawley said.
In it, researchers report a 40 percent increase in breast cancer diagnoses and a near doubling of early stage cancers, but just a 10 percent decline in cancers that have spread beyond the breast to the lymph nodes or elsewhere in the body. With prostate cancer, the situation is similar, the researchers report.
If breast and prostate cancer screening really fulfilled their promise, the researchers note, cancers that once were found late, when they were often incurable, would now be found early, when they could be cured. A large increase in early cancers would be balanced by an equal decline in late-stage cancers. That is what happened with screening for colon and cervical cancers - but not with breast and prostate cancer.
Still, researchers and others say they do not think all screening will - or should - go away. Instead, they hope doctors and the public will understand that the decision to be screened comes with a risk.
Brawley says mammograms can prevent some cancer deaths. But he says, "if a woman says, 'I don't want it,' I would not think badly of her but I would like her to get it."
Colin Begg, a biostatistician at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York, worries that the increased discussion of screening's risks will confuse the public and make people turn away from screening, mammography in particular.
"I am concerned that the complex view of a changing landscape will be distilled by the public into yet another 'screening does not work' headline," Begg said. "The fact that population screening is no panacea does not mean it is useless," he added.
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| 0.978149 | 639 | 2.859375 | 3 |
“It’s not that I’m so smart,
it’s just that I stay with problems longer.”
In just about any industry or any role, we are almost constantly involved in solving problem. It is what makes humanity progress forward by constantly searching for better solutions to common problems or new solutions to new problems as our societies become more complex.
As the problems have become more complex, the need to solve problems in a group has increased. Groups now contain a variety of experts looking at a problem in relation to their own respective domains. This course is ideal for groups of people who aim to solve problems collectively together. Solving problems as a group has its own unique issues. For example, some people like to dominate a meeting with their ideas at the expense of other less talkative members. This could be because of their character or a political agenda. This can lead to suboptimal solutions. Without a good thinking system a group may never come across novel ideas and even if it does, the idea might quickly be put aside, criticised or ridiculed.
Today, there are many powerful group-based problem solving and brainstorming techniques that can be used to increase creativity and productivity.
The aim of this exercise-driven course is to get the delegate practice these techniques in a simulated environment working on smaller problems. This allows them to learn how these techniques work. If the delegates are from the same organisation, you can also run it as a team building course where delegates go through a shared experience while solving problems. They will learn how to work together and improve their communication skills.
The course is also effective if delegates are from different organisations as they can focus on the details of the techniques and learn from each other’s approaches or how various techniques might be used in different industries.
The course contains many exercises. Optional exercises are also provided so the content of the course can be biased based on the requirements of the delegates.
A series of extra problem solving techniques are also discussed briefly at the end of the workbook. These can be explored by those interested to know more about this topic after the course.
In this highly practical course participants will learn:
What is Problem Solving?
- Why people fail in solving problems?
- What are the helpful attitudes that can help to solve problems more efficiently?
- What are the ideal roles in a productive meeting?
- What techniques help to improve problem solving?
Defining the Problem
- What techniques are helpful in systematically exploring a problem domain?
- How to search for root causes of problems and visualise this using a powerful technique
- How to generate lots of ideas as a group and methodically organise them as they are generated
- How to use a powerful visual technique to increase the creativity of a group in coming up with new ideas
- How to avoid killing new ideas before they can be given a chance
- How to get a group to cooperate with each other when solving a problem rather than competing with each other
- What should you do to improve your brainstorming sessions?
- What are good questions to ask in a meeting or when someone suggests an idea?
- What are bad questions?
- What are commonly used brainstorming techniques?
- What are their strengths and limitations?
- How to take advantage of a number of powerful qualitative decision making techniques to decide on a course of action
- How to use a system that helps to look at making a decision from many angles
- What is a Work Breakdown Structure?
- How can you use Gantt charts to plan?
- How to analyse work package dependencies to find out how late a work can finish without affecting the overall schedule
- How to analyse requirements to make sure you only focus on those that matter the most and can prioritise your plan
Course Duration: 1 Day
Course Level: Beginners & Intermediate
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What is Australia like?
In this lesson, we are going to be virtually flying to Australia; the continent is also known as Oceania and Australasia. Today, we are learning more about this small continent. First, we will be filling our brains with facts about the population, how many countries are in Australia and the currency they use. Then we will be looking at the interesting animals and landmarks you could see if you visited Australia.
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| 0.959844 | 89 | 2.578125 | 3 |
For the first time, a detailed, range-wide habitat assessment of the bonobo, a great ape native to the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), has found that the already endangered species is under immediate threat of losing forest space due to human activity and growing human populations. University of Maryland Department of Geographical Sciences professor Janet Nackoney is one of the authors from international universities and institutions that were part of this critical study, which appears in the December edition of Biodiversity and Conservation.
The study revealed that the bonobo is threatened by a combination of habitat fragmentation and human activities that put pressure on existing habitat and contribute to increased poaching.
The bonobo is smaller in size and more slender in build than the common chimpanzee. Its social structure is complex and matriarchal. Unlike the common chimpanzee, bonobos establish social bonds and diffuse tension or aggression with sexual behaviors. A stable, sustainable habitat is critical for the species' survival. Using data from nest counts and remote sensing imagery, the research team found that the bonobo—one of humankind's closest living relatives—avoids areas of high human activity and forest fragmentation, and about 28 percent of its range is characterized as suitable for habitation.
"Bonobos that live in closer proximity to human activity and to points of human access are more vulnerable to poaching, one of their main threats," Dr. Nackoney said. "This research increases our understanding of threats to bonobos and their distribution, and we hope it will help prioritize conservation interventions. Overall, the results show enormous challenges for future bonobo conservation efforts in a country with persistent poverty and growing human populations that depend heavily on resources from surrounding ecosystems. Maps and models such as those produced by this study are essential tools for protected area planning and for targeting locations of future conservation activities."
Dr. Nackoney's research focuses on developing spatial models and using remote sensing technology for assisting biodiversity conservation efforts in Africa. UMD was recently ranked fourth globally for its leadership in remote sensing research and technology by the journal Scientometrics.
The entire range of the bonobo lies within the lowland forests of the DRC, the largest country in sub-Saharan Africa and currently beset with warfare and insecurity. The research team created a predictive model using available field data to define bonobo habitat and then interpolated to areas lacking data. Specifically, the team used data on bonobo nest locations collected by numerous organizations between the years 2003-2010. The team compiled data from 2,364 "nest blocks," with a block defined as a one-hectare area occupied by at least one bonobo nest.
The team then tested a number of factors that addressed both ecological conditions (describing forests, soils, climate, and hydrology) and human impacts (distance from roads, agriculture, forest loss, and density of "forest edge") and produced a spatial model that identified and mapped the most important environmental factors contributing to bonobo occurrence. The researchers found that distance from agricultural areas was the most important predictor of bonobo presence. In addition to discovering that only 28 percent of the bonobo range is classified as suitable for the great ape, the researchers also found that only 27.5 percent of that suitable bonobo habitat is located in existing protected areas.
This collaborative effort was initiated at a bonobo conservation action planning meeting held in Kinshasa, DRC in January 2011.
"Our research would not have been possible without contributions from the numerous bonobo scientists who came together to provide key data on locations of bonobo observations. Although compiling and standardizing the data was challenging, it was a rewarding experience to help facilitate this collaboration in order to develop a map and consensus about threats to suitable bonobo habitat," Dr. Nackoney said.
December 4, 2013
Human Activity, Forest Loss Threaten Closest Kin
Did You Know
UMD's Neutral Buoyancy Research Facility, which simulates weightlessness, is one of only two such facilities in the U.S.
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Svetlana Savranskaya: Cuba Almost Became a Nuclear Power in 1962
Svetlana Savranskaya is director of Russia programs at the National Security Archive, George Washington University. Her new book, with the late Sergo Mikoyan, is The Soviet Cuban Missile Crisis: Castro, Mikoyan, Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Missiles of November (Stanford CA/Washington DC: Stanford University Press/Wilson Center Press, 2012).
Cuba would have become the first nuclear power in Latin America 50 years ago, if not for the dynamics captured in this remarkable verbatim transcript -- published here for the first time -- of Fidel Castro's excruciating meeting with Soviet deputy prime minister Anastas Mikoyan, on November 22, 1962. The document comes from the personal archive of his son, the late Sergo Mikoyan, which was donated to the National Security Archive and which appears for the first time in English this month in the new book, The Soviet Cuban Missile Crisis.
Long after the world thought the Cuban Missile Crisis had ended, with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev's withdrawal of his medium-range nuclear missiles announced on October 28 -- and two days after President John F. Kennedy announced the lifting of the quarantine around Cuba -- the secret crisis still simmered. Unknown to the Americans, the Soviets had brought some 100 tactical nuclear weapons to Cuba -- 80 nuclear-armed front cruise missiles (FKRs), 12 nuclear warheads for dual-use Luna short-range rockets, and 6 nuclear bombs for IL-28 bombers. Even with the pullout of the strategic missiles, the tacticals would stay, and Soviet documentation reveals the intention of training the Cubans to use them.
But Fidel Castro was livid. Khrushchev had not consulted or even informed Castro about any deals with the Americans -- Fidel heard about the missile withdrawal from the radio. The Cuban leader refused to go along with any onsite inspections in Cuba, and raised further demands. The Soviets had their own Cuban crisis: They had to take back what the Americans called the "offensive weapons," get the U.S. to confirm its non-invasion pledge, and most importantly, keep Cuba as an ally. At the Soviet Presidium, everyone agreed only one man could achieve such a resolution: Anastas Mikoyan...
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| 0.95241 | 481 | 2.78125 | 3 |
One of the best first approaches to reducing energy use is through optimizing the building envelope to minimize heating and cooling (HVAC) loads – this can be accomplished through increased insulation, air tightness, and the quality of the windows.
The ERC is highly insulated in order to keep heating and cooling loads to a minimum. A minimum of R40 insulation is used on the roof and R30 in all of the walls – both assemblies of which exceed the insulation requirements of Canada’s Model National Energy Code for Building.
By increasing the insulation in the building, resultant demand on mechanical systems is reduced, this leads to greater overall energy savings for the building. The Earth Rangers Centre is nearly 90% more efficient than other “normally constructed” buildings of its size.
To learn more, visit http://www.ercshowcase.com
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| 0.943765 | 173 | 3.015625 | 3 |
In Victoria, the Cain (ALP) government was unable to persuade the Upper House to pass its 1983 Land Claims Bill. The Victorian Government asked the Commonwealth to exercise the powers conferred on it in 1967 - resulting in the Aboriginal Land (Lake Condah and Framlingham Forest) Act 1987. This Commonwealth statute created Aboriginal Corporations to hold title for each of the two named areas, and to determine membership and land use. Powers over mining are substantial, but the Aboriginal freehold land area is so tiny (20 square kilometres, or 0.01 per cent of Victoria) that it fails to register on Australia's most authoritative land tenure database.
Keywords: Aboriginal Land (Lake Condah and Framlingham Forest) Act, 1987, land rights, States' rights, Victoria, 1983-1987
Author: Rowse, Tim and Graham, Trevor
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| 0.892635 | 172 | 3.375 | 3 |
This is one of the coolest videos I’ve seen in a while: during a routine reboost of the International Space Station to a higher orbit, the astronauts on board show that the station tries to leave them behind!
What a fantastic example of Newtons’s First law: an object in motion tends to stay in motion unless acted upon by an outside force. As the ISS circles the Earth, all the forces on it are balanced. You can think of it this way: the force of gravity pulling it toward the Earth is balanced by the centrifugal force (or the centripetal acceleration, which is equivalent*) outward. Because there are no leftover forces on the ISS, it feels like it’s in free fall, what some people call weightlessness. No force means no acceleration which means no weight.
However, that’s not always the case. Even a few hundred kilometers up, there’s air. It’s thin, but over time it robs energy from the ISS, dropping it lower in its orbit. This is called drag, and it’s a very tiny force (too small to feel on board the ISS), but it adds up over time. To prevent the station from falling too far and burning up, every now and again low thrust rockets are used to push it up into a higher orbit.
But that applies a force that is not balanced! While the rocket is firing, the ISS feels a force upwards. The astronauts inside, though, aren’t connected to the station unless they hold on. So they don’t feel that force. The station moves upward while their bodies stay on their individual orbits around the Earth. It’s only when they hit the back wall (or grab onto a handhold) that they feel the force from the rocket.
The camera is mounted on a bulkhead at the end of the ISS opposite the rocket, looking back "down" toward it. When the rocket fires, from the camera’s point of view the astronauts move away, "downward". When they reach the end of that corridor, they grab on, climb back up, and fall again.
Think of it like this: imagine you’re in a car, with a camera on the dashboard facing you. When you hit the gas and accelerate forward, you feel like you’re being pushed back in your seat. What’s really happening is that the engine is pushing the car forward, leaving you behind. The seat then pushes on you, accelerating you along with the car. If the seat weren’t there, you’d fall to the back of the car — just like the astronauts on the ISS!
On the ISS, a rocket does the accelerating. On Earth, gravity does that job when you drop something. But on Earth, it would fall much more rapidly — 5 meters (about 16 feet) in the first second, 15 meters in the second, 25 in the third, and so on. But the rocket is far more gentle than Earth’s gravity; judging by the video, I initially guessed it was less than 1% of Earth’s gravity. I think that’s about right: if this was the reboost they did on October 26, then they accelerated at about 0.02 meters per second per second†, which is 1/500 of Earth’s gravity. Not much, but enough to see!
And enough to move the station. The thrust was held for nearly two minutes, which was enough to boost the ISS about 3.2 km (2 miles) higher than it was. Not a huge amount, but enough to extend its life for quite some time.
Physics! It’s not only cool, it can also save your $100 billion science project.
Tip o’ spacesuit visor the Burt Humburg. Image and video credit: NASA.
* Yes, they are equivalent. Just to be sure, I’ll link to this again. If you don’t read that before leaving a comment telling me there’s no such thing as centrifugal force, then you are granting me tacit permission to make fun of you.
† For you math and physics dorks out there, they changed their velocity by about 1.8 meters per second over 114 seconds. That’s an acceleration of 1.8/114 = 0.016 m/sec/sec. Earth’s gravity is an acceleration of 9.8 m/sec/sec, so the ratio is about 0.0016. I rounded a bit in the numbers in the main text.
Links to this Post
- World’s Strangest | Space Station Reboost | November 10, 2011
- Space Station Reboost | Hub Tank - True knowledge lies in knowing how to live. | November 10, 2011
- “Got Boobs?” | November 13, 2011
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From early childhood the well-born Catesby was exposed to many
of England's "new intelligentsia" who were ushering in the Age of
1 His uncle, a minor local historian by the name of Nicholas
Jekyll, introduced him to the prominent naturalist John Ray. Ray
nurtured the young Casteby's interest in botany and introduced him
to others who shared it, notably Samuel Dale, an amateur botanist
who would help finance Catesby's later American collecting expeditions.
Catesby's first opportunity to travel to America came through a family
connection. His sister, Elizabeth, had married Dr. William Cocke and
the two lived in Williamsburg, Virginia. Cocke had become involved
in Colonial politics and provided Catesby with introductions to the
many of the ruling class in Virginia, including William Byrd, who
would also provide support for Catesby's second trip to the Colonies.
Catesby arrived in Virginia on April 23, 1712. It was seven years
before he would return to England. Except for a visit to Jamaica
in 1714, he spent his time in Virginia, traveling through the Tidewater
and up the James River towards the Appalachians. He observed and
sketched local flora and fauna. He also collected botanical specimens
for Samuel Dale and for Thomas Fairchild, whose nursery at Hoxton
Catesby often mentions in the Natural History.
In his preface to the first volume of the Natural History
Catesby expressed regret that he had not approached his study with
I thought then so little of prosecuting a Design of the Nature
of this Work, that in the Seven Years I resided in that Country,
(I am ashamed to own it) I chiefly gratified my Inclination in
observing and admiring the various Productions of those Countries,
-- only sending from thence some dried Specimens of Plants and
some of the most Specious of them in Tubs of Earth, at the Request
of some curious Friends.
Yet his time in Virginia proved to have been well spent, for his
observations, sketches and specimens collected during that time, with
the help of a few well-placed friends, secured him funding for a second
trip. Samuel Dale provided him with an introduction to England's premiere
botanist, William Sherard, writing to him:
Mr. Catesby is come from Virginia...He intends againe to return
, and will take an oppertunity to waite upon you with some paintings
of Birds &c. which he hath drawn. Its [a] pitty some incouragement
can't be found for him, he may be very usefull for the perfecting
of Natural History.
Happily for Catesby, Sherard had just begun plans to send a naturalist
to America. He lobbied several of his influential friends and colleagues
to select Catesby for this role.
Sherard's affiliation with The Royal Society of London for the
Advancement of Science (known simply as the Royal Society) a group
sponsored by the British government to support scientific investigation
since 1662. In October of 1720 Colonel Francis Nicholson, about
to depart for America as the first Royal Governor of South Carolina,
told the Royal Society that throughout his reign he would provide
Catesby with a pension of twenty pounds per year "to Observe the
Rarities of the Country for the uses and purposes of the Society."
5 While the Royal Society itself did not fund Catesby, their
endorsement of him was instrumental in securing funding. Catesby
soon received the support of Sir Hans Sloane, then President of
of the Royal College of Physicians and later President of the Royal
Catesby's backers were not only men of science and politics, but
also business men, who clearly stood to gain from the as yet unknown
natural resources of America. Among such men was Charles Dubois,
merchant and former treasurer of the East India Company.
7 Catesby included a list of sponsors on page vi of the preface
to Volume I.
8 Without such support, Catesby could not have made this second
trip to America, yet this support would come at a price.
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1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pansy
PANSY, or Heartsease. This flower has been so long cultivated that its source is a matter of uncertainty. As we now see it, it is a purely artificial production, differing considerably from any wild plant known. It is generally supposed to he merely a cultivated form of Viola tricolor (see Violet), a cornfield weed, while others assert it to be the result of hybridization between V. tricolor and other species such as V. altaica, V. urandijlora, &c. Some experiments of M . Carriere go to show that seeds of the wild V. tricolor will produce forms so like those of the cultivated pansy that it is reasonable to assume that that flower has originate<l from the wild plant by continuous selection. The changes that have been effected from the wild type are,
|Wild Pansy (Viola tricolor), about half nat. size.|
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however, more striking to the eye than really fundamental. Increase in size, an alteration in form, by virtue of which the narrow oblong petals are converted into circular ones, and variations in the intensity and distribution of the colour — these are the changes that have been wrought by continued selection, while the more essential parts of the flower have been relatively unaffected. The modern varieties of the pansy consist of the show varieties, and the fancy varieties, obtained from Belgium, and now very much improved. Show varieties are subdivided according to the colour of the flowers into selfs, white grounds and yellow grounds. The fancy or Belgian pansies have various colours blended, and the petals are blotched, streaked or edged. The bedding varieties, known as violas or tufted pansies, have been raised by crossing the pale-blue Viola cornula, and also V. lutea, with the show pansies. They are hardier than the true pansies and are free-blooming sorts marked rather by effectiveness of colour in the mass than by quality in the individual flower; they are extremely useful in spring and summer flower-gardening.
The pansy flourishes in well enriched garden soil, in an open but cool situation, a loamy soil being preferable. Cow-dung is the best manure on a light soil. The established sorts are increased by cuttings, whilst seeds are sown to procure novelties. The cuttings, which should consist by preference of the smaller non-flowering growths from the base of the plant, may be inserted early in September, in sandy soil, under a hand-light or in boxes under glass, and as soon as rooted should be removed to a fresh bed of fine sandy soil. The seeds may be sown in July, August or September. The bed may be prepared early in September, to be in readiness for planting, by being well manured with cow-dung and trenched up to a depth of 2 ft. The plants should be planted in rows at about a foot apart. In spring fhey should be mulched with half-rotten manure, and the shoots as they lengthen should be pegged down into this enriched surface to induce the formation of new roots. If the blooms show signs of exhaustion by the inconstancy of their colour or marking, all the flowers should be picked off, and this top-dressing and pegging-down process performed in a thorough manner, watering in dry weather, and keeping as cool as possible. Successional beds may be put in, about February, the young plants being struck later, and wintered in cold frames. The fancy pansies require similar treatment, but are generally of a more vigorous constitution.
When grown in pots in a cold frame, about half a dozen shoots filling out a 6-in. pot, pansies are very handsome decorative objects. The cuttings should be struck early in August, and the plants shifted into their blooming-pots by the middle of October; a rich open loamy compost is necessary to success, and they must be kept free of aphides. Both the potted plants and those grown in the open beds benefit by the use of liquid manure.
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Finding the Area of a Trapezoid Series
This is the summary of series on how to find the area of a trapezoid. A trapezoid is a quadrilateral ( a figure with four sides), whose two sides are parallel. This series is divided into three parts.
How to Find the Area of a Trapezoid Part 1 discusses the derivation of the formula. The derivation uses the two trapezoids to form a parallelogram and since the formula for finding the area of a parallelogram has been discussed, it can be used for computation. In this post, an example was also shown on how to find the area of a trapezoid.
How to Find the Area of a Trapezoid Part 2 discusses two examples. The first one is how to find the area given the base and height. The second example is how to look for the height given the base and the area.
How to Find the Area of a Trapezoid Part 3 discusses how to find the base given the height and the area.
That’s it for this post, we will have exercises and quizzes in the next few days.
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When the inside of an apple is exposed to oxygen, it begins to brown quickly, making it unappealing to many apple eaters, especially children. To combat this problem, sliced apples that are sold in stores, fast food restaurants, schools and other places are treated with an antioxidant chemical.
In 2010, the Canadian biotech firm Okanagan Specialty Fruits asked the USDA to approve a genetically modified apple that won’t brown after it’s been sliced. The USDA is close to making a decision on the fruit. The agency has opened up a public comment period on the issue before making its decision.
If the apples, named “Arctic” apples, are approved, they won’t be labeled GMO when they get to the grocery store, unless GMO labeling laws change between now and then. NPR is reporting that apple producers are worried that “this new product will taint the apple's wholesome, all-natural image.”
Christian Schlect, president of the Northwest Horticultural Council, says the concern is with marketing.
Schlect sees a risk that consumers who are viscerally opposed to genetic engineering will avoid apples entirely, and the industry will have to spend precious time and money keeping GMO apples separate from their conventional cousins.
The USDA’s preliminary findings are that these GMO apples are no more harmful than a conventional apple. Right now the Arctic apples are being grown as Golden Delicious and Granny Smith varieties, but Gala and Fuji are also a possibility. These are varieties that are common at most grocery stores, so unless there was labeling to differentiate them, consumers could find it problematic.
There is a way now to tell genetically modified fresh produce from conventional fresh produce. It’s all on the produce sticker. A sticker with a four-digit code is non-GMO; a sticker with a five-digit code that begins with then number 8 means the produce has been genetically modified.
But, those stickers don’t go on packets of sliced apples. It could be impossible for people to tell if the sliced apples in a package are free from browning because they are the GMO variety.
If the GMO apples are approved, it might take some vigilance on the part of those who don’t want to consume GMOs to assure avoidance. I’m not so sure if it would make people forgo apples altogether, though.
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Today in History: Congress Adopts the Great Seal of the United States
June 20th, 2013
On June 20, 1782, Congress adopted the Great Seal of the United States. The seal’s design took six years, three committees, and the combined efforts of 14 men before it was completed. The final version, combining features suggested by each of the committees, was designed by Charles Thomson of Philadelphia (1729–1824), secretary of the Continental Congress.
Yet despite these efforts, our national seal is widely seen yet little noticed. Most Americans, in fact, hold it in their hands on a daily basis: images of its two sides appear on the back of every one-dollar bill. Like the republic it represents, the Great Seal bears the marks of its origin in democratic deliberation. Each of its various details was hotly debated, including, on its obverse (or front), the bald eagle and the bundle of arrows and olive branch in the eagle’s talons, and, on its reverse (or back), the unfinished pyramid, the Roman numerals at the pyramid’s base, and the eye of Providence above. And, to complicate things further, not one but three mottoes were affixed to the seal. Each is in Latin:E Pluribus Unum (Out of many, one), Annuit Coeptis (He has approved of our undertakings), and, borrowed from Virgil, Novus Ordo Seclorum (A new order of the ages).
Many subscribe to the adage “A picture is worth a thousand words.” Is this the case with the Great Seal of the United States? Can you weave a coherent story from the images affixed on it? Or, are the images—and mottoes—in tension? Why are the mottoes of the United States in Latin rather than English, and what difference does that make? How does the obverse differ from the reverse, and what picture of the nation does each side convey? What feelings do the images evoke in you?
View a picture of the seal and learn more.
Click here to sign up for our newsletter.
Tags: symbols, Today in History
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A lumbar puncture (LP) or spinal tap may be done to diagnose or treat a condition. For this procedure, your healthcare provider inserts a hollow needle into the space surrounding the spinal column (subarachnoid space) in the lower back to withdraw some cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or inject medicine.
CSF is a clear fluid that bathes and cushions the brain and spinal cord. It is continuously made and reabsorbed in the brain. CSF is made up of cells, water, proteins, sugars, and other substances that are essential to maintain balance in the nervous system.
Why might I need a lumbar puncture?
A lumbar puncture may be done for various reasons. The most common reason is to remove a small amount of CSF for testing. This can help in the diagnosis of various disorders. The fluid is tested for red and white blood cells, protein, and glucose (sugar). The clarity and color of the fluid are also checked and it is tested to see whether bacteria, viruses, or abnormal cells are present. Excess CSF may also be removed in people who have an overproduction or decreased absorption of the fluid.
A lumbar puncture procedure may be helpful in diagnosing many diseases and disorders, including:
Meningitis. An inflammation of the membrane covering the brain and spinal cord. The inflammation is usually the result of a viral, bacterial, or fungal infection.
Encephalitis. An inflammation of the brain that is usually caused by a virus.
Certain cancers involving the brain and spinal cord
Bleeding in the area between the brain and the tissues that cover it (subarachnoid space)
Reye syndrome. A sometimes fatal disease that causes severe problems with the brain and other organs. Although the exact cause of the disease is not known, it has been linked to giving aspirin to children. It is now advised not to give aspirin to children during illnesses, unless prescribed by your child's healthcare provider.
Myelitis. An inflammation of the spinal cord or bone marrow.
Neurosyphilis. A stage of syphilis during which the bacteria invades the central nervous system.
Guillain-Barré syndrome. A disorder in which the body's immune system attacks part of the nervous system.
Demyelinating diseases. Diseases that attack the protective coating that surrounds certain nerve fibers - for example, multiple sclerosis or acute demyelination polyneuropathy.
Headaches of unknown cause. After evaluation and head imaging if necessary, a lumbar puncture may be done to diagnose certain inflammatory conditions that can result in a headache.
Pseudotumor cerebri (also called idiopathic intracranial hypertension, or IIH). In this condition,pressure within the subarachnoid space is elevated for reasons that are not clear. A lumbar puncture is only done in this condition after evaluation and head imaging.
Normal pressure hydrocephalus. A rare condition affecting mainly older people in which there is a triad of loss of urinary control, memory problems, and an unsteady gait. A lumbar puncture is done to see if the pressure of the CSF is elevated or not.
In addition, a lumbar puncture may be used
to measure the pressure of the CSF. The healthcare provider uses a special tube
(called a manometer) to measure
s the pressure during a lumbar puncture.
Finally, a lumbar puncture may be done to inject medicine directly into the spinal cord. These include:
- Spinal anesthetics before a surgical procedure
- Contrast dye for X-ray studies - for example, myelography
- Chemotherapy drugs used to treat cancer
Your healthcare provider may have other reasons to recommend a lumbar puncture.
Pseudotumor Cerebri | Ashley's Story
What are the risks of a lumbar puncture?
Because this procedure involves the spinal cord and brain, the following complications may occur:
- A small amount of CSF can leak from the needle insertion site. This can cause headaches after the procedure. If the leak continues, your headache can be severe.
- You may have a slight risk of infection because the needle breaks the skin’s surface, providing a possible way for bacteria to enter the body.
- Short-term numbness of the legs or lower back pain may be experienced.
- here is a risk of bleeding in the spinal canal.
There may be other risks depending on your specific medical condition. Be sure to discuss any concerns with your healthcare provider before the procedure.
If you are having a lumbar puncture at Johns Hopkins Hospital or Bayview Medical Center, a neuroradiologist or radiology nurse will contact you by phone two or three days prior to your lumbar puncture to discuss the procedure and answer any questions you may have.
Please inform the neuroradiology physician if:
- You are on antibiotics - you may need to wait to do the procedure if currently on antibiotics for an in infection in your blood. If you have an active infection or fever, your procedure may need to be rescheduled.
- You are allergic to any local anesthetics (lidocaine)
- There is any chance that you could be pregnant
- You are on anticoagulant therapy (blood thinners)
PRECAUTIONS: If you are pregnant or think you might be pregnant, please check with your doctor before scheduling the exam. Other options should be discussed with you and your doctor.
EAT/DRINK: Try to increase your fluid intake (such as water and juice) for the two days leading up to your procedure unless a medical condition does not allow you to safely do so. If you are not sure if it is safe for you, contact your primary care provider or referring provider.
However, on the day of the procedure, do not eat for three hours before the procedure. You may have liquids and can take your usual medications unless previously advised to hold certain medications in preparation for the lumbar puncture.
MEDICATION: All patients can take their prescribed medications as usual unless instructed to hold certain medications such as blood thinners. Please bring a current list of your medications and allergies with you.
TRAVEL: You must have an adult driver accompany you so they can drive you home after the procedure. This is for your safety and comfort.
- Arrive one hour prior to the scheduled procedure time for check-in and to be prepped for the procedure.
- Please note: You will be unable to drive for 24 hours after the procedure. If you are taking a cab or using public transportation, you need to bring a friend or family member to accompany you after the procedure to your home or hotel. A cab or public transportation driver is not considered an escort.
What happens during a lumbar puncture?
A lumbar puncture procedure may be done on an outpatient basis or as part of your stay in a hospital. Procedures may vary depending on your condition and your doctor's practices. Some healthcare providers may prefer to do this procedure at the bedside or may opt to have it done using a type of live X-ray called fluoroscopic guidance.
Generally, a lumbar puncture follows this process
- You will remove any clothing, jewelry, or other objects that may interfere with the procedure
- You will be given a gown to wear.
- You will be reminded to empty your bladder prior to the start of the procedure.
- During the lumbar puncture you may lie on the exam table on your side with your chin tucked to your chest and knees tucked to your abdomen. Or, you may sit on the edge of an exam table with your arms draped over a table positioned in front of you. In either position the back is arched, which helps to widen the spaces between your vertebrae.
- Therefore, your back will be cleansed with an antiseptic solution and draped with sterile towels. The healthcare provider will wear sterile gloves during the procedure.
- The provider will numb the skin by injecting a local anesthetic. This injection may sting for a few seconds, but makes the lumbar puncture less painful.
- The hollow needle will be inserted through the numbed skin and into the space where the CSF is located. You will feel some pressure while the needle is inserted. You must remain absolutely still during the insertion of the needle.
- The CSF will begin to drip out of the needle and a small amount, about one tablespoon, will be collected into test tubes.
- If the provider needs to inject medicine into the spinal canal, it will be given through the same needle after the CSF is collected.
- When the procedure is done, the needle will be removed and a bandage will be placed over the injection site. The test tubes will be taken to the lab for testing
- Tell the healthcare provider if you feel any numbness, tingling, headache, or light-headedness during the procedure.
You may have discomfort during a lumbar puncture. Your healthcare providers will use all possible comfort measures and complete the procedure as quickly as possible to minimize any discomfort or pain.
What happens after a lumbar puncture?
This helps reduce the incidence of a headache. You will be allowed to roll from side to side as long as your head is not elevated. If you need to urinate, you may need to do so in a bedpan or urinal during the time that you need to stay flat.
You will be asked to drink extra fluids to rehydrate after the procedure. This replaces the CSF that was withdrawn during the spinal tap and reduces the chance of developing a headache.
After recovery, you may be taken to your hospital room or discharged to your home. If you go home, usually your healthcare provider will advise you to rest for the remainder of the day
Once you are at home, notify your provider of any abnormalities, such as:
- Numbness and tingling of the legs
- Drainage of blood or pain at the injection site
- Inability to urinate
If the headaches persist for more than a few hours after the procedure, or when you change positions, contact the neuroradiology team with the phone number provided on your discharge instructions.
You may be instructed to limit your activity for 24 hours following the procedure.
Your healthcare provider may give you other specific instructions about what you should do after a lumbar puncture.
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Why is scientific method important?
The scientific method is a technique primarily used in science to orderly and rationally performs procedures to obtain a result or conclusion. This method is used to aid in organizing thoughts and processes that can explain certain events and occurrences. It is a method of identifying and dealing with a problem or answering a question. The scientific method is not only applicable in the field of science per se but it can also be used in the day to day situations.
Comprising of six simple steps, the scientific method proved to be one of the most reliable techniques in providing answers to questions. The first step is to ask a question or simply find a problem. The second step is to gather information about the topic of interest. The third step is to formulate a possible solution to the problem based on evidences. The fourth step is to conduct an experiment to test whether the hypothesis formulated holds to be true or is proven otherwise. The second to the last step is to analyze the result of the experiment. And the final step is to report the result of the experiment for further amendments or changes.
The technique of utilizing the scientific method, which was found to be effective by Galileo Galilei, is an important tool that many people use all over the world. The use of this technique is not limited to scientists, mathematicians or chemists only but it scopes the entire population that even the simplest person in the world utilizes such method. The scientific method is considered the complete method of solving problems and decision making creatively. This method encompasses the global, national, educational and individual competitiveness that no other existing method or technique can surpass that without which, life becomes difficult.
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Wherever you call home, it probably didn’t come wired up for that most precious of home utilities: internet access. Sometimes wireless networking can only take you so far. Guerrilla network wiring might sound a little strong, but sometimes it ends up feeling like an episode of MacGyver, without the bombs. (Unless you count flaming laptops.) In today’s How-To, we’ll show you how to make your own cables and teach you a few tricks for getting them where you need ’em most around the house.
The supplies for making network cable are simple. We’ll need:
RJ-45 crimping tool
Category 5 cable (Our 1000 foot spool is seven years old)
These used to be pretty esoteric, but these days you can get crimpers and connectors at most computer stores. (The cable is usually cheaper at the hardware store.)
To crimp your own RJ-45, you’ll first need understand the pinouts. A regular ethernet cable consists of four pairs of twisted wires. Each pair needs to be connected in the proper order for the network connection to work. For a normal cable, both ends are connected in the same order. Pinouts.ru is handy, but we’ve found that color graphics are easier to keep track of.
There are a couple of standards for ethernet wiring. They’re generally the same, but they like to use different colors. Just make sure you use the same standard for each end of a cable and everything will be fine.
Cut the sheath off of the cable about an inch or so from the end. of the wires. Be careful not to nick the wires in the process.
You don’t need to strip any of the wires. Just spread the wires apart, un-twist them down to the sheath and put them in the order they’ll go in the the connector.
Straighten each of the wires and pull them together so they’re flat and in the right order.
Cut the wires across the tips so that they are flat across the end. Use a smaller wire cutter so that each wire will stay in the right shape. (If they get distorted, they might not fit into the connector very well)
Slide them into the plug until the ends of the wires are touching the far end of the connector. You might want to compare the end to a pre-made cable to double check everything before crimping.
Insert the connector and wire into your crimping tool. Crimp the connector and use plenty of force to get solid connections. Repeat the process for the opposite end, and you’ve made your own network cable. (If you can get/borrow them, we recommend ratcheting crimpers over the cheapies.)
Now that you can make your own cables, it’s far easier to run Cat 5 anywhere you want it.
One of our favorite tricks is to run cables through the A/C vents. Unfinished basements are fantastic for running wires. Here we’ve slipped it in between the actual duct and the hole it runs through.
Up top, we ran the wire through one of the slits in the air vent. When we move out, we’ll just cut the end off the wire and remove it.
To get our TiVo networked, we took advantage of the pre-existing monster hole in the floor.
For easy removal and wiring containment, a few zip ties go a long way.
That’s all there is to it. Don’t be afraid to get out your drill, but there’s usually an easier to run your network wiring. It’s often noted that one should use plenum rated cable for runs through air conditioning ducts. We’ve found that basic Cat 5 is pretty tough stuff. (We had a piece strung between two houses for over a year and never had a problem with the network connection.) You can probably get away with non rated Cat-5 for short term use, but you probably know as well as we that one gets what one pays for — so use the good stuff, and go nuts!
A+ Cable Runners brings you the latest news about network installation services, home theater installation, computer network cabling, security surveillance camera installation and IT services in Palm Harbor, Dunedin, Clearwater, Countryside, Safety Harbor, Pinellas Park, St. Petersburg, Tampa, Wesley Chapel, Brandon, New Port Richey, and throughout Pinellas, Hillsborough, Pasco, Polk, and Manatee counties.
via Jeremy Bufford
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Marie Chapman is CEO of the Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21, located at the National Historic Site in Halifax where one million people – including immigrants, refugees, evacuee children and war brides – first stepped foot in Canada between 1928-1971. Pier 21 is also the site where 500,000 Canadian military personnel left to serve overseas during the Second World War. Today, an estimated one in five Canadians has a direct connection to Pier 21.
The museum’s mandate is to explore the theme of immigration to Canada, thereby enhancing public understanding of the experiences of new immigrants, the vital role that immigration has played in the building of this country and the contributions immigrants have made to Canada’s culture, economy and way of life.
Ms. Chapman played a central role in the establishment of the museum and was appointed by the federal government in 2011 to be its first CEO. She was the museum’s director of marketing, sales and development from 2003-2011 and has been its chief operating officer since 2008.
The Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21 is Canada’s sixth national museum, the second to be established outside the National Capital Region and the only one in Atlantic Canada.
Curating Canada, 2014 Our Canada Symposium session (audio)
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Biology: Homologous Chromosomes
http://mindbites.com/lesson/1468-biology-homologous-chromosomes Professor Wolfe proposes two problems that have to be overcome during meiosis. One problem is that offspring have to have the same number of chromosomes as the parents, which means that the cells used in sexual reproduction need to have half the number of chromosomes as normal somatic cells. This means that meiotic division has to produce haploid cells. The second problem is the sorting of chromosomes. Each offspring will have to have not just the correct number of chromosomes, but also all the correct types of chromosomes. These two problems can be overcome by understanding that humans don't just have 46 chromosomes, but 23 pairs of chromosomes. A diploid cell is a cell with two copies of each chromosome. Sexual reproduction uses homologous chromosomes, which are chromosome pairs that have the same genetic composition but are derived from different parents. This lesson is perfect for review for a CLEP test, mid-term, final, summer school, or personal growth! Taught by Professor George Wolfe, this lesson was selected from a broader, comprehensive course, Biology. This course and others are available from Thinkwell, Inc. The full course can be found at http://www.thinkwell.com/student/product/biology. The full course covers evolution, ecology, inorganic and organic chemistry, cell biology, respiration, molecular genetics, photosynthesis, biotechnology, cell reproduction, Mendelian genetics and mutation, population genetics and mutation, animal systems and homeostasis, evolution of life on earth, and plant systems and homeostasis. George Wolfe brings 30+ years of teaching and curriculum writing experience to Thinkwell Biology. His teaching career started in Zaire, Africa where he taught Biology, Chemistry, Political Economics, and Physical Education in the Peace Corps. Since then, he's taught in the Western NY region, spending the last 20 years in the Rochester City School District where he is the Director of the Loudoun Academy of Science. Besides his teaching career, Mr. Wolfe has also been an Emmy-winning television host, fielding live questions for the PBS/WXXI production of Homework Hotline as well as writing and performing in "Football Physics" segments for the Buffalo Bills and the Discover Channel. His contributions to education have been extensive, serving on multiple advisory boards including the Cornell Institute of Physics Teachers, the Cornell Institute of Biology Teachers and the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics SportSmarts curriculum project. He has authored several publications including "The Nasonia Project", a lab series built around the genetics and behaviors of a parasitic wasp. He has received numerous awards throughout his teaching career including the NSTA Presidential Excellence Award, The National Association of Biology Teachers Outstanding Biology Teacher Award for New York State, The Shell Award for Outstanding Science Educator, and was recently inducted in the National Teaching Hall of Fame.
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Welcome to the Tomato Quizzes – Good Luck!
The answers to Quiz One (below) are in the following text.
It is thought that the tomato plant, which is a fruit, originated from the highlands of Peru.
There are basically two types of tomato plant, bush tomato plants which are also called determinate and tall plants that are called indeterminate or cordon.
Medium size tomatoes are also called salad tomatoes, large size are called beefsteak and small are known as cherry size.
Because tomatoes are sub-tropical and require mild growing conditions, there isn’t enough time to grow more than around 4 or 5 trusses, when growing outdoors (in the UK that is).
Nitrogen is used for leaf growth and Potassium – often called potash, is used to promote fruit growth.
It is easy to kill tomato plants with kindness, too much food may cause root burn owing to chemical build-up in the soil.
Tomato plants are best grown in pots and new compost to protect them from all the bugs and diseases in garden soil. One way to grow tomatoes is by using grow bags placed around the garden on top of the border soil beneath.
Bush, cherry tomatoes are best grown in containers to trail over the sides so that the fruit is kept off the ground. Tall varieties are best grown in grow bags and need support.
Sorry, quizzes no longer available!
There are ten questions in each quiz – you need six out of ten to pass!
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Building a residential facility, an office, or a board for advertisement can sometimes be a challenging and daunting task due to the complexity involved in the installation process. Developing a structure from 0 to 100 requires having a precise plan and schedule, but it also needs to be cost-effective and enjoyable. The essential part for building construction or an advertisement board mostly depends on various elements, including the contractor, project budget, and materials used for the purpose. This is why modern building materials come to the picture, including ACM panels.
Some factors for building a new office or home may not be in the customer’s hands. However, choosing and installing suitable building materials is unquestionably a choice. Choosing and buying construction materials for a custom facility or commercial building has become more manageable after manufacturers started developing aluminum composite material panels (ACM panels). However, before utilizing them in your next project, you will need to know what ACM panels or ACP materials are and how ACM panel installation should be done.
What are Aluminum Composite Materials (ACM)?
ACM panels manufacturers developed these functional materials with beneficial characteristics making the head product in construction and architecture. Compared to other construction materials, Aluminum composite panel (ACP) and supplies reveal their advantages. By looking at some high-quality ACM panels characteristics, including durability, rigidness, flexibility, and lightweight, the difference between other traditional cladding materials is evident. Additionally, it is easy to recycle ACM panels for other projects. Furthermore, the numerous applications of ACM panels make them the perfect choice for architects and builders.
Aluminum composite panels feature two primary layers of aluminum sheets and a core substance placed between other layers. Although ACP materials have not raised severe issues after their development, the core materials have been a leading obstacle. In other words, old composite panels didn’t feature non-combustible core material. However, ACM panels manufacturers managed to find and utilize FR (fire-retardant) substances and solve the issue once and for all. ACM manufacturers changed the polystyrene to a mineral-filled sense, and these materials gained approval from building regulations for safety. Thus, it is essential to check if the core is made from FR materials before ACM panels installation.
ACM Panels Installation Process
Although ACM panels are functional for various applications, including transportation, signage, industry, and more, they are primarily used as exterior building metal cladding systems and interior decoration materials. ACM panels installation involves different steps depending on the client’s demands. Thus, it is better to contact the ACM panel manufacturers and gather the details when buying aluminum composite panels.
Aluminum Composite Panel Installation Steps:
- Measurement: The first step of installing any building material is to measure the dimensions and size of the demanding product. It is essential to do the measurements precisely. Even the slightest mistakes can cause money and time loss.
- Fabricate: After determining the accurate size of the aluminum composite panels, the board provider should fabricate them in the demanding dimensions. ACM panels manufacturers utilize various professional tools for cutting, folding, bending, and drilling their materials. Installing supporters and fasteners can also take place in this step.
- Waterproofing: Another essential step of ACM panels installation is waterproofing. The weather barrier which should protect the structure needs to be installed before applying the aluminum composite claddings. In this step, a primer should be applied to the framings, and then the barrier is utilized to seal the cladding materials.
- Applying the Mounting System: Builders use a mounting system to ensure the straight alignment of ACM cladding panels. After applying the mounting system, the cladding boards are installed in a fixed order. The order depends on different factors, such as the priority of shaped areas and corners.
- Installing ACM Panels: In the final stage, ACM panels should be installed on the mounting. It is better to ensure that the primary profiles (clips) are connected to the aluminum composite panels. Then, the installer must screw the boards to the wall. After ACM panels installation, there will be a gap between the boards. Most ACM manufacturers utilize a strip for matching and hiding these gaps. Other supporters, such as shims and additional clips, are utilized in the final stage for leveling and attaching the cladding materials.
ACM Panels Installation Guide for Outdoor Application and Purpose
ACM panels outdoor applications require different installation methods. All methods require accuracy and precision. Due to the wind loads in the back of the composite panels, it is crucial to install weather resistance barriers. As told earlier, fire retardant core also represents a significant role in ACM panels cladding systems.
- The primary consideration for aluminum composite cladding panels is preparations. Choosing a fixed direction is essential to paint ACM panels. (Arrow direction on the protective film)
- For preventing damages and scratches on the boards, it is better to roll, cut or drill the product from the back.
- Developing a sketch for ACM panels installation is essential since some sections such as windows and doors need to be installed before other portions.
- Builders should install the first panel in areas such as corners.
- Permanently remove the protective films as each section’s installation is done.
- Aluminum composite installation for exterior wall cladding is crucial. The ACM panels should be sealed in the correct order. Otherwise, water leakage will possibly be an issue during rainy weather.
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Lottery is a game in which you pay money for the chance to win a prize. The prizes are usually cash, but some lotteries offer goods or services. Some states also use lottery proceeds to finance public projects, such as schools and roads. Lotteries are popular among people of all ages, but they are often considered addictive. Some studies have shown that winning the lottery can cause a decline in people’s quality of life. Nevertheless, many people continue to play lotteries in spite of the risks.
Most people know that the odds of winning are slim, but they still feel like they have a shot at getting rich quick by buying tickets. The reality is that the chances of being struck by lightning are much greater than the odds of winning a major lottery jackpot. The best way to reduce your risk of losing is by purchasing a ticket from a legitimate lottery retailer. Buying from an unlicensed seller can be illegal, and the lottery operator will not distribute your winnings to you.
The word lottery is derived from the Dutch noun lot, meaning “fate.” The first lotteries were held in the Low Countries in the 15th century to raise funds for poor relief and town fortifications. In the United States, lotteries became popular during the Revolutionary War to fund the Continental Army. Lotteries were also hailed as a painless form of taxation.
In order to keep lottery sales strong, states have to pay out a portion of the proceeds as prize money. This decreases the amount that is available for state revenue and public expenditures, such as education. Moreover, since lotteries are not as transparent as a regular tax, consumers aren’t always aware of the implicit tax rate.
If you want to increase your chances of winning, consider choosing numbers that are less likely to be selected by other players. You can do this by looking at the winning history of past winners, or by using a statistical analysis tool to look at the likelihood of selecting specific numbers. It is also a good idea to choose numbers that are less common in your area, as these will be easier for others to identify and remember.
When selecting lottery numbers, it is important to consider the fact that you will need to split your prize if you win. Many players pick the same numbers, such as children’s birthdays or ages, so you will have to share the prize with anyone else who chooses those same numbers. Harvard statistics professor Mark Glickman recommends playing the lottery with random numbers or buying Quick Picks to increase your chances of winning.
If you are planning to join a lottery pool, it is important to create a system for keeping track of members and responsibilities. Elect the most trustworthy member as pool manager and make a contract for all participants to sign that includes the rules of the lottery pool. The pool manager will be responsible for tracking the members, collecting payments, buying lottery tickets, and monitoring drawings. The contract should also include information about how the winner will be paid, whether in lump sum or annuity payments, and which lottery games you will play.
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Tax Day is just around the corner. How’s the income tax thing going for you? Done? Or maybe you join the line up at the Post Office to get that April 18th postmark? Something that is not talked about much is the history of the Sixteenth Amendment, which allowed the Federal government to tax your income.
What Does the Constitution Say?
Article 1 Section 9 of the original Constitution tells us that no capitation or other direct tax could be laid upon a person. That means no Federal taxes. To exercise Common Sense Civics and Citizenship, let’s look a little further into the history of taxation in the USA.
What Is Our Income Tax History?
A bit of interesting income tax history: the states could levy a tax on the population according to the numbers or census and send the revenue to the Federal government. However, if the States didn’t like what the Federal government was planning to spend money on, the States could withhold the funds. At that time, tariffs were the primary source of income except during a time of war.
Remember, Senators used to be appointed by state legislatures, so they had the pulse on the very needs of their respective states. Indeed, they worked for their constituents. If Senators didn’t like what the Federal government was going to spend their money on, they wouldn’t raise the revenue to pay for it! And if We, the People didn’t like it, rest assured, our Senators knew it, and so did our state legislatures. Today, Senators are elected directly by popular vote, so We the People have lost a good deal of direct influence.
About 100 years after the original Constitution was ratified, Congress passed an income tax law on corporations- NOT individuals. The Supreme Court of the United States declared that law unconstitutional because it taxed property and that was a form of direct taxation.
Moving forward to 1909, President William Howard Taft proposed the Sixteenth Amendment. He wanted to assure the constitutionality of his Corporation Income Act, which placed a tax on corporations at a rate of TWO percent. No direct tax on U.S. citizens was to be laid. Other court cases followed, all seeming to support the Constitution by not placing a capitation tax on Americans.
What About Today?
Never has Article 1, Section 9, clause 4 of the U. S. Constitution been amended. The Sixteenth Amendment, however, governs us today:
“The Congress shall have the power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.” So, paying taxes is the law. Not paying taxes is illegal. Therefore, pay your taxes. If you object, join Sixteenth Amendment causes or peaceful protests. Vote accordingly.
What Is the Lesson To Be Learned?
What is the lesson to be learned about the Income Tax? Our Founders designed our Constitution for We the People to live in freedom. Little tweaks to it here and there over time lead to less freedom, not more. After the Bill of Rights was passed, the amendment process tends to give the federal government more power. That is not the original intent of the Constitution. Never lose sight of our freedoms and how easily they can be taken from We the People.
This is Common Sense Civics and Citizenship.🇺🇸
Join the discussion! https://www.facebook.com/commonsensecivics
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Future vehicles will use hydrogen for fuel. One challenge is how do we make the hydrogen fuel cheaply. NASA is very interested in hydrogen production because it is used for fueling vehicles for space travel. Make sure you watch this video: Hydrogen, a great way to store energy made from the sun!
Lately a company called Nanoptek has received a grant from NASA to come up a process and machinery to produce cheap hydrogen fuel.
titania to make the process even more effective. It has been known since the seventies that titania can do this. However in the semiconductor field they have found if they alter an elements atomic structure it changes its electrical properties. They have found this process using titania can make the solar to hydrogen faster and more efficient. Hydrogen cars in the future will have cheaper fuel. Space travel will become more affordable in the future as well. Hydrogen vehicles just became an affordable and green solution to higher gasoline prices.
Read the full article at this link: Cheap hydrogen fuel.
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Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland, is a Nordic island sovereign country situated in Northern Europe, between the Greenland Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, northwest of the United Kingdom. With a total area of 39,770 square miles, Iceland is slightly smaller than Kentucky and is ranked 108th in comparison to the world. Iceland is home to about 315,000 people and has a density of 7.5 inhabitants per square mile, making it the world’s 179th most populous nation on Earth. More precisely, Iceland is the most sparsely populated country in Europe. Reykjavik is the capital and the largest city in Iceland, with a population of approximately 202,000 people and a density of 1,131 inhabitants per square miles.
Basic History of Iceland
Iceland was discovered by Norwegian and Celtic sailors between the 9th and the 10th centuries. Among all the European countries, Iceland was the last one to be settled. After the sailors discovered Iceland, they settled there, becoming the first inhabitants of the icy island. Also, Iceland maintains the world’s oldest operational legislative assembly, the Althing, established almost 1,100 years ago. Even though it was independent for over 300 years, Norway and Denmark subsequently ruled Iceland. On the December 1, 1918, Iceland became a sovereign state under the Danish Crown and on of June 17, 1944 it became independent from Denmark. Because Icelanders are proud of their Viking heritage, they have preserved this inheritance in music, art, and festivals. Iceland is mostly known as being the motherland of eccentric pop star Bjork and has given the world’s first female head of state – Vigdis Finnbogadottir. Today, Iceland is a constitutional republic ruled by President Olafur Ragnar Grimsson and by Prime Minister Sigmundur Davio Gunnlaugsson. Even though Iceland is a NATO member, it has no standing army but a lightly armed Coast Guard in charge of its defenses.
Geography of Iceland
Strategically located between Greenland and Europe, Iceland is westernmost European country. Situated at the confluence of the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Iceland has a total surface of 39,770 square miles and it is the world’s 108th largest country. Divided into 8 regions, Iceland has more land covered by glaciers than all of continental Europe. Its terrain is mostly plateau interspersed with mountain peaks and icefields, with coast deeply indented by bays and fiords. Iceland’s climate is moderated by North Atlantic Current, with mild winters and cool summers. The lowest point in Iceland is in the Atlantic Ocean, while the highest peak is Hvannadalshnukur, at Vatnajokull glacier (6,923 feet). Due to its location, Iceland is a victim of natural hazards like earthquakes and volcanic activity. Because it is situated on top pf a hotspot, Iceland experiences severe volcanic activity: Eyjafjallajokull (5,466 feet) erupted in 2010, sending ash high into the atmosphere and seriously disrupting European air traffic. Furthermore, scientists continue to monitor nearby Katla (4,961 feet) which has a high probability of eruption in the very near future with a likelihood of affecting air traffic. Grimsvoetn and Hekla are among Iceland’s more active volcanoes. Furthermore, Iceland faces environmental issues such as water pollution from fertilizer runoff and inadequate wastewater treatment.
Population of Iceland
Iceland’s total 2013 population numbers 315,281 people and the island country has a density of 7.5 inhabitants per square mile, according to an August 2013 estimate provided by CIA World Factbook. By population Iceland is the 179th most populated nation on Earth. A census that took place in 1703 showed Iceland had a total population of 50,358 people and after the destructive eruption of the Laki volcano during 1783–84 there were only approximately 40,000 people. By improving living conditions, Iceland’s population has grown from 60,000 people in 1850 to 320,000 people in 2008, as shown by a census carried out five years ago. In 2013, the population growth rate of Iceland is of 0.66%. As a fun fact, an international study from 2006 ranked Iceland as the “Fourth Happiest Nation” in the world. Also, many Icelanders actually believe in elves and have rerouted some rural roads in an effort to avoid disturbing them. The literacy rate in Iceland is among the highest in the world: 99% for both males and females. On the other hand, the obesity rate is of 23.2%. Life expectancy at birth of the total population is 81.11 years, 78.89 years for males and 83.42 years for females. Birth rate is of 13.15 births/1,000 population, death rate is of 7.07 deaths/1,000 population, while sex ratio of the total population is 1 male(s)/female. According to a projection made by Statistics Iceland, the population will reach 438,434 people by the end of 2050.
Largest city in Iceland
Reykjavik is the capital and the largest city in Iceland. Actually, Reykjavik, located in southwestern Iceland, on the southern shore of Faxafloi Bay, is the northernmost capital. With a total population of 202,341 people and a density of 672 inhabitants per square mile, Reykjavik is home to two-thirds of the country’s population. According to Iceland’s history, Reykjavik is thought to be first permanent settlement in the country. The next largest city in Iceland is Kopavogur – 31,726 people, Hafnarfjorour – 26,099 people, Akureyri – 17,754, and Reykjanesbær – 14,231 people.
Ethnicity in Iceland
Icelanders are mostly descendants of Norse and Gaelic settlers. According to a 2013 census, 93.44% of the total population is Icelandic, 2.83% is Polish, and 3.73% is of other nationalities. According to CIA World Factbook, 94% of the Icelanders are a homogeneous mixture of descendants of Norse and Celts, while only 6% of the population is of foreign origin. Icelanders of American, Australian, Austrian, British, Cuban, Danish, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Irish, Italian, Japanese , Jewish, Latvian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Russian, Scottish, Spanish, Sri Lankan, and Ukrainian descent are among the 6%.
Religion in Iceland
The January 2013 census revealed that the majority of Icelanders are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Iceland (76.18%), while 11.33% are members of some other Christian denomination (about 400 Jehovah’s Witnesses worship in Iceland), 5.91% are of other and not specified religions, and 5.16% are unaffiliated. 1.42% of Icelanders are members of non-Christian denomination like Germanic neopaganism (0.68%), Buddhism (0.38%), and Islam (0.24%).
Language in Iceland
The official language in Iceland is Icelandic, a North Germanic language of Old Norse descent. Icelandic is closely related to Faroese and some West Norwegian dialects. On the other hand, the Icelandic constitution does not mention the language as the official language of the country. As stated by CIA, the languages spoken in Iceland are Icelandic, English, Nordic languages, and German. Iceland is member of Nordic Council, which uses only Danish, Norwegian and Swedish as its working languages. The council does, though, publish material in Icelandic. The writing system in Iceland is Latin (Icelandic alphabet) and Icelandic Braille.
Economy in Iceland
Iceland’s economy is based largely on aluminum smelting, agriculture, geothermal power, fish processing, hydropower, ferrosilicon production, and tourism. More precisely, its economy depends mostly in the fishing industry, which provides 40% of export earnings, more than 12% of GDP, and employs nearly 5% of the work force. Iceland’s GDP was in 2012 of $13.04 billion, in 2011 of $12.83 billion, and in 2010 of $12.47 billion. In 2013, United Nations’ Human Development Index ranked Iceland’s economy as the 13th most developed economy in the world. Despite the world financial crisis, Iceland’s economic growth reached 1.6% in 2012. With a GDP per capita of $39,900, Iceland managed to decrease the unemployment rate from 7.4% in 2011 to 6% in 2012. In July 2010, Iceland began accession negotiations with the European Union. However, public support has dropped substantially since then because of concern about losing control over fishing resources and in reaction to worries over the ongoing Eurozone crisis.
Incoming search terms:
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Megrim: Migraine. Usually periodic attacks of headaches on one or both sides of the head. Megrim (migraine) may be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, increased sensitivity of the eyes to light (photophobia), increased sensitivity to sound (phonophobia), dizziness, blurred vision, cognitive disturbances, and other symptoms. Some megrims (migraines) do not include headache. They may or may not be preceded by an aura.
"Megrim" and "migraine" share a meaning and an etymological origin. Latin and Greek speakers called their pain, if it was just on one side of the head, "hemicrania" or "hemikrania," from the Greek terms "hemi-" meaning "half" plus "kranion" meaning "cranium" = half-skull. The French used "migraine," a modification of "hemicrania," for the same condition. English twice borrowed "migraine" from the French. In the 14th century, the French term was modified to form "migreime," which gave rise to "megrim." Later, in the 15th century, the French "migraine" was borrowed again and its spelling stayed intact. "Megrim" and "migraine" now can be used interchangeably.
The term "megrim" also refers to vertigo or dizziness and, in the non-medical arena, to a fancy or whim or to low spirits.
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415 Thermal Physics
This is an introduction to the physics of macroscopic collections of particles, classical and quantum. This course differs from other courses in that the focus is not so much on the microscopic behavior of systems, but how that microscopic behavior manifests itself in the macroscopic phenomena typically observed. A highlight of the course is understanding how the quantum nature of particles is often necessary for understanding the macroscopic behavior of collections of those particles. The course begins with an introduction to probability theory. That theory is then used to develop thermodynamics, describing work, heat, entropy, and related concepts. The course then proceeds to statistical mechanics, which looks at thermodynamics from the point of view of the microscopic physics governing the particles that make up the thermodynamic system. This leads to new insights and a deeper understanding. Finally, the topic of quantum statistical mechanics is introduced and applied to simple quantum systems, such as metals and gases.
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St. Stephen of Hungary: The King who converted his country to Catholicism
On August 16, the Church commemorates the feast day of St. Stephen of Hungary (975 – 1038), the last Grand Prince of the Hungarians (997 -1000) and the first Christian king of Hungary, who led his country to embrace Christianity.
Prior to Stephen’s birth, his mother, the duchess Sarolt had a vision in which St. Stephen, the martyr appeared to her and told her that her son would convert the people of Hungary to Catholicism.
Born a pagan, Stephen was baptized at age 10, along with his parents, and was raised as a Christian. At the age of 20, he married Gisela, the daughter of Duke Henry II of Bavaria.
Stephen crushed the pagan counter-reaction to Christianity, and converted the so-called Black Hungarians after their failed rebellion. In recognition of his efforts, Stephen was crowned king of Hungary at the age of 25, receiving the cross and the crown from Pope Sylvester II. His crown and regalia became beloved symbols of the Hungarian nation, and Stephen was venerated as the ideal Christian king. He devoted much of his reign to the promotion of the Christian faith. He gave his patronage to Church leaders, helped build churches, and was a proponent of the rights of the Holy See.
The secret of St. Stephen’s amazing success in leading his people to the Christian faith was his deep devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary. He placed his entire kingdom under her protection and built a magnificent church in her honor.
Only one of Stephen’s children survived to adulthood. Stephen’s only living son Emeric was raised a Catholic and was expected to succeed his father as king. However, Emeric died before Stephen, after a hunting accident in 1031.
In 1038, on the feast of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, Stephen spoke his final words to leaders of the Church and state, instructing them to protect and spread the Catholic faith.
He directed one of his last prayers to the Blessed Mother: “To thee, O Queen of heaven, and to thy guardianship, I commend the holy Church, all the bishops and the clergy, the whole kingdom, its rulers and inhabitants; but before all, I commend my soul to thy care.”
Stephen served as King of Hungary for 42 years and died at Szekesfehervar on August 15, 1038. He was buried alongside his son St. Emeric, and the two were canonized together in 1083. Soon after Stephen’s death, miracles of healing occurred at his tomb.
He is the patron saint of: bricklayers, death of children, Hungary, kings, masons, stone masons, and stone cutters.
Saint Quote: “Be humble in this life, that God may raise you up in the next. Be truly moderate and do not punish or condemn anyone immoderately. Be gentle so that you may never oppose justice. Be honorable so that you may never voluntarily bring disgrace upon anyone. Be chaste so that you may avoid all the foulness of lust like the pangs of death.”
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One hundred cities in the EU have pledged to drastically reduce their carbon emissions by 2030.
The 100 Climate-Neutral and Smart Cities initiative by the European Commission received more than 370 applications. And while cities are taking the lead in the fight against the climate, they are also responsible for the majority of the world's pollution.
Some cities will do more than others, especially considering these plans are not legally binding. Nonetheless, it’s a great sight to see cities taking the lead towards a cleaner and better future for Europe’s cities and the planet.
Clean European waterways
In Propel’s home country, The Netherlands, six cities demonstrated that battling the climate crisis is on top of their agenda. Rotterdam, The Hague, Utrecht, Groningen, Eindhoven, and Amsterdam each decided to do their part in reducing carbon emissions.
While the country is renowned for its waterworks, The Netherlands is also in the top 10 on the Eco-Innovation scoreboard and has the highest density of Electric Vehicle (EV) charging stations.
Interestingly, when you think about reducing carbon emissions, you might not immediately think about boats. Yet, throughout Europe, various cities and counties have already banned fossil fuel powered boats or will forbid banning them over the next few years.
For example, on virtually all lakes in Austria and Germany, only electric propelled boats are permitted. And for cities, there is another good reason to ban fossil fuel powered boats, they are relatively large contributors to local air pollution.
Electrified canals of Amsterdam
In the ‘Venice of the North’, Amsterdam, something interesting is happening. The Dutch capital did not only focus on climate change, they are also considering the shortened expected life span of its residents, caused by air pollution.
Air pollution is the number-3 cause of premature death, after smoking and unhealthy lifestyles.
"Everyone wants clean air. We are therefore taking measures to improve air quality in Amsterdam. All forms of transport must be emission-free within 10 years. This includes transport by water. From 2025 this will already apply to the city centre," is written on the informative webpage by the municipality of Amsterdam.
The city first researched what devices and equipment are causing the air pollution and greenhouse gasses, and then ranked only those that are within the city’s span of control.
While cars are responsible for most emissions, commercial and leisure marine take the second spot. Therefore, the municipality of Amsterdam has decided to decarbonize its canals by 2025.
As of 2030, the rules will also apply for all other Amsterdam waters. Switching to electric boating is already encouraged by the city’s municipality: Emission-free boats currently receive a 70% discount on inland port dues.
Driven by legislation, canal cruise operators have already electrified their fleets, but now, private boat owners will need to make the transition as well. This means that the 7000+ boats that cruise the city’s historical canals, will have to convert into electric propulsion in less than 3 years. Considering that in 2019 only 5% of the privately owned fleet were driven by emission-free propulsion, it’s quite the ambition.
Change does matter
Now, if you think that electrifying boats will not make a difference in reducing emissions, here are some stats to convince you otherwise.
Privately owned boats, and commercially owned boats that are used recreationally, are collectively responsible for 7% of all nitrous oxide emissions and 4% of the total particulate matter within the city.
Moreover, due to the lack of exhaust gas treatment systems in boat engines, as found in all modern car engines, a modern 5 horsepower 4-stroke outboard engine can be as polluting as 39 passenger cars driving at 95 km/h. Try to visualize that.
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Thirty years ago catching a glimpse of our national symbol, the American Bald Eagle, would have been a rare occurrence. Loss of habitat, pesticide pollution, and indiscriminant killing brought this second largest North American bird to near extinction. After the Bald Eagle was listed as endangered in 1976, local, state, and federal agencies worked together to study, monitor, and protect this imperiled raptor. As testament to Endangered Species legislation and multi-agency efforts, on August 11, 1995, the Bald Eagle was down-listed from endangered to threatened. Today, Colorado boasts of over 60 pairs of nesting Bald Eagles and during the winter, as they migrate southward from Canada and Alaska, it is not unusual to find pockets of 10 to 100+ birds roosting near rivers, lakes, and reservoirs.
Best viewing months: Although they can be seen year round, your best opportunity for viewing Bald Eagles in Colorado occurs from October to March when as many as 1200 birds spend the winter here.
Why do so many eagles migrate into Colorado? It’s simple. The state’s relatively mild winters and trout-stocked waters are an open invitation to this fish-eating bird.
Where to go to observe these remarkable raptors:
- Any large, open body of water with an ample population of fish will likely attract Bald Eagles such as Big Johnson Reservoir.
- Pueblo Reservoir area as it hosts its tenth annual Eagle Day event in February. Along with opportunities to view Bald Eagles and other raptors there will be lots of fun and educational activities for all ages. Visit puebloeagledays.org/ to learn more.
- In the 2nd edition of the Colorado Wildlife Viewing Guide: Visit the bottomlands of the Arkansas(site 83), South Platte River drainage (site 7), Colorado River drainage (site 179)
The best times of the day for seeing roosting eagles is early morning or late in the day. Remember to take along those binoculars and spotting scopes because eagles can see 5 to 8 times better than humans and they won’t tolerate close approaches. Have an engaging eagle excursion!
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Naati Accredited Certified Translator
Are you looking for information on becoming a better leader? If that is so, this article will help you become a better leader. All you have to do is keep reading to learn what it takes to be the best leader possible.
A good leader is someone who thinks about the future. You must look to the future, look ahead, and make plans for that. There may be surprises along the way; however, with practice you can hone this skill. Constantly reevaluate your goals and know where you are headed next.
Offer incentives for high quality work. Incentives are a great way to boost morale and productivity. Rewarding a hard-working employee is important. Good leaders do not penny-pinch here.
When you're trying to be a good leader, remember your morals. Consider your decision before you make it. Don't make a decision that will leave you upset or guilty. While others may sink to lower levels than you, you don't have to follow their lead.
Tenacity is key when you are striving to be a great leader. Your team will follow your example in tough situations. You have to focus on the goals despite all of the obstacles. Your hard work will teach the group a valuable lesson.
Always remain approachable. You should not try to rule with intimidation, even if others do. It isn't good, and you won't have the respect of others. Let subordinates know that they can bring you any concerns they have.
Focus on working well with people and the people will focus more on the work. Find out what inspires and gives encouragement to your team members. Motivate your team instead of pushing them hard to complete everything.
Focus on diversity in your staff. It'll give you a wide array of perspectives and ideas. Don't hire a bunch of people that are pretty much like you. You will not get the innovation you need. It can also quickly lead to failure.
Think about synergy often. Have a good grasp of your own personal goals. Also know clearly what your business goals are. Things are best when there is alignment and overlap between your personal goals and your organization's ideals. This allows you to concentrate on both sets of goals together. If you are not able to, you may seem like you do not have enough motivation.
Own your words. You have to be accountable for what you say and do. You're the center of the company and what you say and do reflects them. When you make a mistake, own up to it. Don't expect it to be overlooked or allow others to do it for you.
Leaders should never be alone. Let others help you; teamwork is essential. As a leader, bring all of your team members on board to collaborate and offer different perspectives. Having a responsible, hard working staff gives you the opportunity to be an effective leader.
You don't want to show favoritism about suggestions and ideas presented by other team members. Show the same interest and respect to everyone. One sign of a good leader is treating others how you want to be treated. Being fair is one of the best qualities of a great leader.
Anyone thinking about becoming a true leader of a group, must first be a leader themselves. Think about what you appreciate in a leader and emulate those traits. Dress nicely, speak well, and always show respect to the people you come in contact with. Even when it seems like there is no hope, go that extra mile. When you do, it shows you have the drive and work ethic to be a real leader.
An effective leader is always improving their skills. You need to make sure you are confident in your abilities when one of your responsibilities is leading people. This article has offered pertinent information that will help you. Being a leader at times is called for, and you want to be ready.
NAATI Certified Professional Translation Services
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La Maison Blanche means literally "the White House". I am sure you can guess where this name came from.
It was the first creation of Le Corbusier as independent architect. It is neo-classical, with some influence of modern German architecture.
Le Corbusier designed this house for his parents. Nowadays, it is run by an association and can be visited. So let's get inside, my friends.
Le Corbusier was known for his desire to bring light into the buildings. This house is rectangular, with four main pillars that free up the space from walls and let the light in. All the interior have been carefully renovated, in line with old pictures and written memories of the original design.
The windows are large and are a natural link with the garden.
On the walls you can study the original drawings of the house.
There is also a wooden model, that allows you to contemplate how the house is embedded into a steep hill.
Also on the upper floor you will find spacious rooms with large window, open and inviting.
Since the house was designed for his parents, Le Corbusier had a room of his own as well. Additionally, he has planned to have his atelier on the upper floor. The drawing table was lit up by sunlight, entering the room through a large roof window. Unheard of at that time.
La Maison Blanche is quite small but it marks the opening of a new era in modern architecture. The outstanding contribution of Le Corbusier to the modern movement was recognised by UNESCO who has inscribed several building he has designed into the World Heritage Site List. And it all began here, in La Chaux-de-Fonds.
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|Home A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z|
|Home S Sinusitus: What Is Sinusitus?|
What Is Sinusitis?
Sinusitis is a swelling of the inner lining of the sinuses. The swelling blocks the openings in the sinuses through which mucus drains into the nose. When mucus cannot drain properly, the pressure of the blocked fluid inside the sinuses can be painful. Acute sinusitis is usually due to the common cold, while chronic sinusitis is mostly caused by allergies or fungus, or by bacteria or a virus.
Common symptoms include a stuffy or runny nose, clear, thin discharge from the nose (as in chronic sinusitis), or thick yellow of green discharge from the nose, sometimes tinged with blood (as in acute sinusitis), sneezing and/or coughing, pain over the bridge of the nose and a headache that is worse in the morning and when bending forward an altered sense of smell and/or taste and bad breath.
Glossary References Links Contact
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Chapter 1 - The Cruelest Month
From Literary Wiki.org
This first few pages mix up quotations and references to works that mention fog; later, we find that these quotations probably come from the main character's anthology of works on fog, and some of them are repeated, now with their authors' names and references (pages 31-32 and 59-62). As befits a first chapter, many of the references are also the the first lines of famous novels and poems, as in the title of the chapter itself, a reference to the "cruelest month" of April that begins T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land.
Bruges the Dead
one of the most famous French-language 19th century novels about Belgium is Bruges-la-Morte (Bruges the Dead, french text) by Georges Rodenbach. A short novel, portraying the Flemish city in Belgium as a place out of time, quiet, mysterious.
Tomb of Georges Rodenbach, Père Lachaise cemetery, Paris; a Bruges canal
Where fog hovers between the towers like incense dreaming
the beginning of a poem by Georges Rodenbach, author of Bruges-la-Morte:
Le brouillard indolent de l'automne est épars... Il flotte entre les tours comme l'encens qui rêve.
[The lazy autumn fog is scattered; it floats among the towers like dreaming incense.]
Georges Rodenbach wrote 'Bruges-la-Morte' in French in 1892. In this highly symbolic novel, a widower has established himself on one of the oldest parts of Bruges along the water, the Rozenhoedkaai. He lives a sad and retired life, cultivating his pain and memories. The house is probably the ‘Spanish House’, where mayor Perez de Maluenda hid the Holy Blood in a lead casket in 1580 during the protestant iconoclasty. The town of Bruges takes the form of his grief, becomes a character of the novel, even becomes a symbol for his dead wife. In analogy to the eight-sided crystal brought back by Dirk of Elzas around 1130, supposedly containing the blood of christ collected in a cup by Joseph of Arimathea, the hero keeps locks of his deceased wife’s hair in a crystal relicary. One evening, leaving the cathedral, he sees a young woman who seems a dead ringer for his wife. He follows her up to the theatre; it seems she’s an actress playing in ‘Robert the Devil’. He becomes her lover but feels the city doesn’t approve. It all ends tragically during the yearly religious procession of the Holy Blood in which the whole town participates. Symbolically, he is punished for having transformed his spiritual feelings into sensual ones.
A gray city, sad as a tombstone with chrysanthemums
from another poem by Georges Rodenbach, this one with the first line "C'est là qu'il faut aller quand on se sent dépris..." (also on a site):
Ville morte où chacun est seul, où tout est gris, Triste comme une tombe avec des chrysanthèmes.
Dead city, where each man is alone, where everything is grey, sad as a tombstone with chrysanthemums.
where mist hangs over the façades like tapestries -
My soul was wiping the streetcar windows so it could drown in the moving fog of the headlamps. -
Fog, my uncontaminated sister... -
A thick, opaque fog, which enveloped the noises and called up phantoms -
Finally I came to a vast chasm and could see a colossal figure, wrapped in a shroud, its face the immaculate whiteness of snow.
this evokes the final lines of The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket by Edgar Allen Poe, online many places, including the A. Poe Society of Baltimore:
"a chasm threw itself open to receive us. But there arose in our pathway a shrouded human figure, very far larger in its proportions than any dweller among men. And the hue of the skin of the figure was of the perfect whiteness of the snow."
E. A. Poe and two illustrations of Pym's encounter with a gigantic figure at the South Pole. The one to the right, by Yan Dargent, shows the figure with a scythe, i.e. as Death itself.
This astonishing image is followed by a note explaining that Mr. Pym was revising the last few chapters and they were lost with him at his death (apparently in some accident too well-known to need description). So there is no further explanation of the gigantic figure or how Pym got home to describe his adventures.
"My name is Arthur Gordon Pym"
the very first line of Poe's Arthur Gordon Pym. The novel, told in the first person but ending abruptly, describes adventures leading up to the approach to a "chasm" throwing up or pouring down "gray vapour" at the South Pole. The effect of Yambo's following the inexplicable vision of the novel's last line with the banality of the very first is startling, and suggestive already of the themes of Queen Loana: seeking to reconstruct identity, to confront the colossal foggy vision of the self. On pp. 115-116, Yambo discusses why this story might have become so important to him as an adult that it intruded on his first conscious thoughts as he recovered from his "incident."
I was chewing fog. Phantoms were passing, brushing me, melting. Distant bulbs glimmered like will-o'-the-wisps in a graveyard. Someone is walking by my side, noiselessly, as if in bare feet, walking without heels, without shoes, without sandals. A patch of fog grazes my cheek, a band of drunks is shouting down there, down by the ferry. -
These paragraphs are a revision of lines from Gabriele D'Annunzio's Notturno: Commentario delle tenebre or Nocturne: Commentary on the shadows, mentioned and quoted on page 60. D'Annunzio wrote these prose poems while recovering from an eye injury. The book is online in Italian here.
D'Annunzio Casetta Rossa
The setting is Venice, like Bruges a city of canals; DÁnnunzio was living at Casetta Rossa there when he wrote Notturno.. Here are 8 lines taken from a 45-line section of the Notturno:
"Usciamo. Mastichiamo la nebbia. La città è piena di fantasmi. Gli uomini camminano senza rumore, fasciati di caligene. I canali fumigano. ... Le lampadine lucono come i fuochi fatui in camposanto.... I fantasmi passano, sfiorano, si dileguano.... [qualcuno] Cammina senza tacchi, senza scarpe, senza sandali... Una falda di nebbia mi strischia su la gota. Una frotta di ubriachi urla lagiù, in fondo al traghetto."
[Let's go out. Let's chew the fog. The city is full of phantoms. Men walk noiselessly, wrapped in dimness. The canals smoke.... The lamp bulbs shine like will-o'-the-wisps in a graveyard... The phantoms are passing, brushing by, melting.... (Someone) is walking without heels, without shoes, without sandals.... A flap of fog grazes my cheek. A band of drunks is shouting down there, down by the ferry.]
"The Fog comes on little cat feet" - is the first line of poem, "Fog," by Carl Sandburg:
The fog comes
on little cat feet.
It sits looking
over harbor and city
on silent haunches
and then moves on.
Maigret is the main character in 103 novels and short stories written by Georges Simenon (another Francophone Belgian writer, like Rodenbach) from 1930-1972. Jules Maigret is the head of the homicide squad (Brigade spéciale) of the "Police Judiciaire" in Paris, France. A number of the Maigret novels include references to thick fog.
Elementary, my dear Watson
Sherlock Holmes's famous dismissal of his brilliant conclusions. (but Holmes never actually says this in any A.C. Doyle story)
ten little indians
an old counting rhyme, a politically correct (ha!) version of "ten little niggers" in which the little persons of color are killed off or eliminated one by one "and then there were none." American title of an Agatha Christie mystery novel, originally Ten Little Niggers and also called And Then There Were None.
hound of the Baskervilles
Sherlock Holmes's most famous case, which involves a glowing dog roaming the moors at night. Of special significance to Eco since the Holmesian hero of his first novel, The Name of the Rose, was named William of Baskerville.
The gray vapor was gradually losing its grayness...
Poe's Arthur Gordon Pym, ch. 25: "The gray vapour had now arisen many more degrees above the horizon, and was gradually losing its grayness of tint. The heat of the water was extreme, even unpleasant to the touch, and its milky hue was more evident than ever."
And now we rushed into the embraces of the cataract, where a chasm threw itself open to receive us.
third-to-last sentence of the last chapter, ch. 25, of Arthur Gordon Pym (see note to p. 3)
The term, which could also be in English "bachelor machines" (fr. bachelor==celibataire) comes from the surrealists of the early 20th century, especially Marcel Duchamp, one of whose themes is "The Bride and her Bachelors." In 1954 Michel Carrouges wrote a book called Les machines celibataires, depicting the killing power of machinery and comparing Duchamp's Large Glass (aka "The Bride Stripped Bare by her Bachelors, Even", see illustration above) with the machine in Kafka's story "In the Penal Colony," to which Yambo refers in the next sentence. See Christian Hubert's note machines. The term has been taken up by modern French philosophers to indicate a sterile male love, with a feminine object but basically egocentric. Jean Baudrillard uses the term to refer to the final exhausted form of selfhood (NB probably the wrong word) "when everything is already calculated, subtracted, realized in advance." See his essay the Shadow of the Millennium.
in the penal colony
title of a short story by Franz Kafka. It involves a machine designed to inscribe, by means of needles, a "sentence" (the commandment broken by the condemned man) ever more deeply on the body, until the subject dies, supposedly happy in his understanding of the justice of his death.
the iron mask
The Man in the Iron Mask (illustration above) was an historical person, but here Yambo probably refers to the famous Dumas novel The Man in the Iron Mask, in which Louis XIV of France is "really" identical twin brothers, one of whom has been imprisoned with an iron mask over his head to hide his identity without killing him. A couple of other "masterpieces of popular romanticism" by Dumas are mentioned on page 114.
long laments of the steam engine
from the Italian poet Giovanni Pascoli's poem "Il bacio del morto" (The Kiss of the Dead Man). On page 61, Yambo and Sibilla read excerpts from this poem and two others by Pascoli in which fog is mentioned.
priests shapeless in the fog walking single file toward San Michele in Bosco
a church near Bologna. The name evokes St. John Bosco, AKA Don Bosco, who will be an important figure in Yambo's recovery of memories. The verse is from the poem "Diario Autunnale (ii)" of Giovanni Pascoli's Canti di Castelvecchio.
.... preti, nella nebbia informi,
che vanno in riga a San Michele in Bosco.
Vanno. Tra loro parlano di morte.
Cadono sopra loro foglie morte.
Priests shapeless in the fog walk single file toward San Michele in Bosco. They walk. They speak among themselves of death. Dead leaves fall on them.
The sky is made of ash
perhaps the first line of the Spanish poet Federico Garcia Lorca's 1920 poem "Campo", " El cielo es de ceniza."
Fog up the river, fog down the river
evokes the second paragraph of Dickens' Bleak House, quoted more fully on page 60-61:
"Fog everywhere. Fog up the river, where it flows among green aits and meadows; fog down the river, where it rolls defiled among the tiers of shipping and the waterside pollutions of a great (and dirty) city."
fog biting the hands of the little match girl
Hans Andersen's story Little Match Girl" ends with the child dying in the snow at Christmas time. In the story, it is dark, cold, and snowing, but not foggy. File:Matchgirl.jpg A Danish stamp celebrating Andersen's Little Match Girl.
bridges to the Isle of Dogs
the island is in East London. T.S. Eliot refers to it in The Waste Land:
The barges wash
Down Greenwich reach
Past the Isle of Dogs.
as if they were up in a balloon and hanging under the brown fog
(see comment by nebbia)--Bleak House again.
I had not thought death had undone so many
a line from Dante, Inferno 3, as translated by T. S. Eliot in The Waste Land. Dante is of course talking about all the people in a particular area of Hell; Eliot is talking about people in a particular part of London. On page 31 Yambo quotes at more length this passage from The Waste Land.
Posco reposco flagito
These are three Latin verbs meaning something like "I ask, I ask again, I beg". Interesting that Yambo asks a question about their grammar (a question relevant to his own story): do they have a future infinitive? That is a schoolboy's anxiety.... http://taras66.tripod.com/indice2.htm
cujus regio, ejus religio
(The ruler decides the religion of his realm) - the policy that was the essence of the Peace of Augsburg, The Peace of Augsburg was a treaty signed between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and the forces of the Schmalkaldic League on September 25, 1555 at the city of Augsburg in Germany. The effect of the treaty was to establish official toleration for Lutherans in the Holy Roman Empire. According to the policy of cuius regio, eius religio, the religion (Catholic or Lutheran) of a region's ruler determined the religion of its people.
Autosole Highway, between Roncobilaccio and Barberino del ?-
this weather report refers to two small towns, about 19 km. apart, on the main highway between Bologna and Florence. On an geographical website, it is remarked, "Chi non ha mai sentito parlare della nebbia fra Roncobilaccio e Barberino del Mugello?" ["Everybody's heard at some time or another about the fog between Roncobilaccio and Barberino del Mugello"].
spring on all sides shines in the air, and in the fields rejoices
lines 5-6 of Giacomo Leopardi's poem "Il passero solitario."
Perhaps a reference to Guglielmo Gratarolo, the sixteenth-century physician who edited an important collection of alchemical texts: Verae Alchemiae Artisque Metallicae (Basel, 1561).
Pym was someone else. He did not come back again
Actually, like Yambo, Pym did come back long enough to tell his story, at least up to his wonderful vision at the South Pole; but he died before he could publish the ending.
the opening sentence of Moby Dick by Herman Melville. (Ishmael was also the son of Abraham, who is mentioned on page 19, the prototypical wanderer). The actual first sentence is "Call me ishmael." -- without the ellipsis, and without the question mark. Eco discusses the importance of this decisive opening sentence (as compared to the more "hesitating" version presented here) in his book "Six Walks in the Fictional Woods".
Saying Euclid or Ishmael was easy, like saying Jack and Jill went up a hill
Euclid suggests Greek learning, science and math; Ishmael, the Bible, hence Christian literature, and also American literature; "Jack and Jill went up the hill" must be Yambo's favorite nursery rhyme, since it recurs in the fugue of quotations on p. 20. The Italian Yambo says that Euclid and Ishmael are as easy to say as "ambarabà cicci coccò tre civette sul comò." This tonguetwisty rhyme is online in 2 versions at , where it seems slightly naughty, "three civette (owls/flirts) made love to the doctor's daughter." This makes Jack and Jill a good equivalent, since it also has versions or readings in which Jill's tumbling has a sexual connotation.
"April is the cruelest month
the first line of T.S. Eliot's famous poem, Waste Land, which also explores memory and makes one reference to fog.
the Sacks book
The Man Who Mistook His Wife For A Hat : And Other Clinical Tales, by Oliver Sacks. Sacks's accounts of rare or unique neurological problems surely help Yambo--and Eco--to formulate the nature of this particular brand of amnesia.
(1740-1813) Bodoni, the quintessential Italian font, is widely used to this day. Bodoni himself was born in Piedmont, where Eco hails from, and Eco's grandfather was a typographer. In Eco's Foucault's Pendulum, the publisher and publishing firm for whom two of the protagonists work in named Garamond Press, Garamond being another famous French typeface. Note also that the name of William of Baskerville (in The Name of the Rose), although ostensibly referring to Sherlock Holmes, could perhaps also be a reference to the 18th-century English typographer John Baskerville, who created an eponymous typeface.
Napoleon ... he was as if unmoving.
Ei fu. Siccome immobile,... the first line of Alessandro Manzoni's poem Il Cinque Maggio (1821), the date of Napoleon's death.
I was going whack whack and having a great time
By the end of the page, Yambo becomes afraid of such "exquisite sensations," remembering the name of Broglio who (p. 18) goes whack on soft cheeses just for the pleasure of it. (Albeit that the going whack whack was hitting his pillow, while the piacevolissima sensazione - singular! - came from pressing tooth paste out.)
On a tightrope. Like the Little Mermaid
Hans Christian Andersen's story Little Mermaid actually compares the heroine's first standing up to walking on knives or needles. Like Yambo, however, she is performing this routine in a new body, for the first time, after she sacrifices her tail.
In Foucault's Pendulum, chapter 113, Casaubon describes having feet numb from standing in one position for a long time as "standing on a bed of spiny sea urchins. The Little Mermaid." Interestingly, back in chapter 8 of that book, Belbo reminisced about little Marilena "tightrope-walking" on the back of a bench, a vision that becomes part of his erotic fantasies. (But everyone who has experienced trying to walk after having passed some weeks completely horizontal, remembers the shock of not being quite able to maintain one's balance on those hurting rag doll's legs. So Belbo's hang up seems of quite a different order than can be referenced to Andersen's tale. Let's not trip into the Pendulum's trap of relating all to everything.)
a mirror, as everyone knows
The mirror, through which all knowledge is reflected (and hence distorted), features prominently In Eco's writings on semiotics.
I would not want to met me on a deserted road at night, Mr. Hyde
Refers to Robert Louis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, in which Mr. Hyde is an alter ego of the Doctor who concentrates all his depraved impulses with no conscience. Physically, he is much smaller than the good doctor himself.
Le serpent qui danse
a by Baudelaire and song by Serge Gainsbourg. A reference to semen? The story about Broglio, given on 17-18, has to do with an obssessive sensual squeezing.
an expression of comparison comprising a banal saying or a quotation followed by a joking "said ..." clause ("I mustn't lose my head," said Marie Antoinette); from Charles Dickens's character of Sam Weller (pictured above left) in The Pickwick Papers. Presumably the Confucius sentence is a Wellerism because a Duke is an Excellency (?).
y la hierbabuena -
("and the mint") from the poem "Memento" by the Spaniard Federico Garcia Lorca:
Cuando yo me muera,
entre los naranjos
y la hierbabuena.
When I die between the oranges and the mint.
a las cinco de la tarde
("at five in the afternoon") This phrase is repeated through a Garcia Lorca poem - LA COGIDA Y LA MUERTE. (from a comment by dmarino) . Both poems are online at a literature site.
like I was a circus freak
(The italian expression is comme se fossi un fenomeno sa baraccone. As it is a very commonly used one, it's hard to explain the italization.)
the concept of filtering information once fascinated Eco, as evinced in this from 1995.
the section of the human brain is involved in language processing, speech production and comprehension (see above).
the Collegno amnesiac
refers to a man who was arrested for theft in Turin in 1926 but plead innocent because he claimed to have lost all memory of his identity and past.
You only have one mother, your mother is still your mother
googling "Di mamma ce n'è una sola" gives 645 hits; "la mamma è sempre la mamma" gives 942. These are proverbial phrases in Italian.
This is actually a quote from Albert Camus' novel "L'Étranger" ("The Stranger" in English). In the novel, the main character, an extremely apathetic young man named Mersault, experiences the death of his mother. These lines, within the context of the novel, help to illustrate Mersault's disinterest in the fundamental emotions and attachments of life.
Pleasure is the cessation of pain
a common philosophical definition, attributed to Epicurus, Socrates and Buddha....
The provident young man sleeps on his back with his hands clasped on his chest
A reference to Don Bosco's book The Provident Young Man, a guide to extreme purity for Catholic boys, which turns out to be important to Yambo's adolescence. Don Bosco and his book will figure in Yambo's final vision.
"you always said you could resist anything but temptation" -
quoted from Lady Windermere's Fan by Oscar Wilde.
"you were fanatical about pinball, like a little kid"
Foucault's Pendulum by Eco also contains a discussion of Pinball, which occur (most notably) on page 222 and 415 in the trade papeback, and 187 and 345 in the standard paperback. "You don't play the pinball with you hands, you play it with your groin, too... But a female groin is required, one that interposes no spongy body between the ileum and the machine, only skin, nerves, padded bone sheathed in a pair of jeans, and a sublimated erotic fury, a sly frigidity, a disinterested adaptability to the partern's response, a taste for arousing desire without suffering the excesses of one's own..." (222, 187.)
Palazzo Campana-- nice (exterior) photo on the of Turin website.
"unless this is all conspiracy"
conspiracy was one of the principal themes of Foucault's Pendulum.
probably not a literary character. A jimmy is another word for a pick-lock tool. Coincidently, the italian word for burglar, scassinatore, googles Bilbo Baggins, in Tolkien's The Hobbit.
the Ipcress File
a Cold War-era spy film from 1965, starring Michael Caine, based on a book by Len Deighton
I trust you. What are stracchini?
a reference back to the wandering thought about "Broglio with the stracchini" which had come to Yambo while he was squeezing the toothpaste tube (p. 9). This is the first time Yambo asks for help to release a memory.
An example of stracchino, a kind of italian cheese.
Note: in this brilliant fugue of quotations, each clause a joining of two disparate bits of literature, some of the references are the work of the English translator, Geoffrey Brock, as one can determine by a comparison with the very end of the excerpt at
"there are perfumes as fresh as a child's flesh"
"Correspondences", Baudelaire. text (French)
"the marchioness went out at five o'clock"
"in the middle of the journey of our life"
first line of Dante's Inferno.
"Abraham begat Isaac and Isaac begat Jacob and Jacob begat " Matthew 1:2, the beginning of the New Testament humourously conflated with the following-- "the Man of La Mancha" - Don Quixote, aka 'The Man of La Mancha'. "that was when I saw the Pendulum" - the first line of Foucault's Pendulum by Umberto Eco "betwixt a smile and tear," - [Byron]: "Man! Thou pendulum betwixt a smile and a tear." "where late the sweet birds sang," - Shakespeare's sonnet 73, spoken by an aging lover, grafted onto a "branch" of Lake Como, expression that rememembers the really first phrase of Manzoni's novel "Betrothed"("I promessi sposi"), novel known by everyone in Italy. (NB Eco has a different literary bird perching on the lake's branch in the Italian original, a reference to an other italian poem). "the snows of yesteryear" - François Villon, "[Of The Ladies Of Yore]" "softly falling into the dark mutinous Shannon waves," - from the end of "The Dead," the last short story in Joyce's book []. "messieurs les Anglais" - first words of the phrase: "Messieurs les Anglais tirez les premieres!" Comte d'Anterroche.
je me suis couché de bonne heure,
the first line of Proust's massive work, A la Recherche du temps perdu; in Foucault's Pendulum ch. 73, Belbo also quotes the line, presumably in Italian.
"though words cannot heal"
from the first line of poem 128 of Petrarch's Canzoniere, a collection of love poems
"the women come and go"
from The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock by T.S. Eliot
"here we shall make Italy or"
"Here we shall make Italy, or die!" was uttered by Garibaldi before leading the charge that overran the Bourbon positions at the Battle of Calatafimi, 1860.
"a kiss is just a kiss"
a line from "As Time Goes By," the song made famous by Casablanca, a film that Eco has written extensively on.
"tu quoque alea"
The Spanish wiki on Queen Loana interprets this as a combination of two famous quotations from Julius Caesar: "Tu quoque, Brute,fili mihi" ("Thou also, Bruus, my son" better known in English as Shakespeare's "Et tu, Brute") when he saw Brutus among his assassins, and "Alea jacta est," The die (sing. of dice) is cast, when he crossed the Rubicon river to march on Rome. In French, "aléas" means something like "disasters."
"a man without qualities"
the title of Robert Musil's magnum opus
"fights and runs away"
from the rhyme "He that fights and runs away, will live to fight another day", completed two lines later.
"brothers of Italy, ask not what you can do for your country"
a twist on John F. Kennedy's inaugural address, 1961, quoting the italian national anthem ("Fratelli d'Italia", brothers of Italy) in the first part as well; in the italian original version lacks the Kennedy reference.
"the plow that makes the furrow"
in the context, this suggests the idea of "beating swords into plowshares" (Joel 3:10) with its opposition between war (swords, brothers of Italy, fighting) and agriculture (plow, the wise fellow who runs away). A similar opposition is represented by the description a battle followed by one of ploughing depicted on Achilles' shield in the Illiad Book 18. The poet Pare Lorentz made a film in 1930 with the title "The Plow That Broke the Plains," music by Virgil Thomson (), but this is unlikely to be a referent.
"will live to fight another day"
the completion of the rhyme just mentioned above.
"I mean a Nose" -
A bit from Volume 3, Chapter 31 of Laurence Sterne's 1760 novel Tristram Shandy, the 18th-century equivalent of "Sometimes a cigar is just a cigar":
"I define a nose as follows, intreating only beforehand, and beseeching my readers, both male and female, of what age, complexion, and condition soever, for the love of God and their own souls, to guard against the temptations and suggestions of the devil, and suffer him by no art or wile to put any other ideas into their minds, than what I put into my definition. For by the word Nose, throughout all this long chapter of noses, and in every other part of my work, where the word Nose occurs, -- I declare, by that word I mean a Nose, and nothing more, or less."
"by any other name"
a play off of Juliet's line in Romeo and Juliet, "a rose by any other name would smell as sweet." There, Juliet means that names are unimportant and do not affect the things they designate, but Eco has written that his use of the title, The Name of the Rose, implies exactly the opposite: names are important.
"Italy is made"
Massimo D'Azeglio, Cavour's predecessor as prime minister of Piedmont suggested, in the first meeting of the parliament of the newly united Italian kingdom, famously suggested that "Italy is made, We still have to make Italians."
"now the rest is commentary"
This seems to have become a bit of a statement of finality, a la "...and that's final". The (assumably) oldest reference I can find is to a Jewish story about a question asked of Rabbi Hillel -- a notable rabbi from the 1st century BCE. A non-Jew asked the rabbi to teach him everything about the Torah while standing on one foot. Rabbi Hillel responded: "What is hateful to you, don't do unto your neighbor. The rest is commentary. Now, go and study." Eco has also mentioned this motif in Foucault's Pendulum, explaining that "truth is brief (afterward, it is all commentary.)" (525)
"mi espiritu se purifica"
from a novel by the Spanish philosopher Miguel de Unamuno, Niebla (Fog). One of the last sentences of the book is, "Siento que mi espiritu se purifica al contacto de esta muerte", "I feel that my spirit is purified in contact with this death."
"en Paris con aguacero" -
"Me morire en Paris con aguacero," "I will die in Paris with rain pouring down," is the first line of the Peruvian poet Cesar Vallejo's poem "Piedra Negra Sobre una Piedra Blanca". Interestingly, the omitted element which joins the two Spanish quotations is "death": esta muerte, me morire.
"don't ask us for the word"
Eugenio Montale, "chiederci la parola"
"crazed with light"
Eugenio Montale again, "il girasole ch'io lo trapianti" (Bring Me the Sunflower So I Can Transplant It)
Bring me the flower that leads us out
where blond transparencies rise
and life evaporates as essence.
Bring me the sunflower crazed with light.
"we'll have our battle in the shade"
"...on the eve of [the battle of Thermopylae], [the Spartan officer, Dienekes] was told by a native of Trachis that the Persian archers were so numerous that, when they fired their volleys, the mass of arrows blocked out the sun. Dienekes, however, quite undaunted by this prospect, remarked with a laugh, 'Good. Then we'll have our battle in the shade.'" -Herodotus, The Histories (a common online version; for a better one see )
"and suddenly it's evening"
A famous line, title of a three-line poem and of a 1942 collection of poems by the anti-Fascist poet Quasimodo. The poem can be read in Italian and English at . The English phrase is the title of at least three different musical compositions, by Elizabeth Luytens (1966), Tobias Picker (1994), and Donald Erb (1997).
One of the Monks in "The Name of the Rose" is called Salvatore. The monk Salvatore has a secret past he tries to hide. When his secret is revealed, (ray of light - see poem above) he is burned at the stake - "suddenly it's evening"???
The monk Salvatore may have gotten his name partly from the double pseudonym Salvatore Quasimodo since, like Quasimodo in Victor Hugo's novel Notre-Dame de Paris, he is deformed and in some ways isolated. The Italian poet may have been looking to Hugo's hunchback too, or else to the origin of his name, the entrance verse for Low Sunday, "Quasi modo geniti infantes, rationabile, sine dolo lac concupiscite" ("Like newborn babies, desire milk rationally and without deceit").
"around my heart three ladies'"
a line from Dante, "Tre donne intorno al cor mi son venute," "Three ladies came to me and sat around my heart" -- Later Poems. Late in the book, in chapter 14, Yambo evokes three ladies in his own life. And Belbo's file ending chapter 8 of the Pendulum is also named Tre donne intorno al cor...
"arms I sing" -
the first line of Virgil's Aeneid, "Arms and the man I sing." The Aeneid line in turn evokes the beginning of Homer's Illiad, which is parodied a few lines later here in the fairy-tale of Achilles.
"oh Valentino Valentino wherefore art thou"
another play on a famous line from Romeo and Juliet, here substiuting Romeo with the heartthrob film star of yesteryear, Rudolph Valentino
"happy families are all alike"
The first line of Tolstoy's Anna Karenina: "Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way."
"said the bridegroom to the bride"
This may just be a varation on the actress to the bishop, although this specific phrase does turn up in some versions of "The Robber Bridegroom" by the Brothers Grimm.
"Guido I wish that"
Dante, Guido Cavalcanti
Guido, I wish that Lapo, you and I,
in one enchantment bound, right now could be
inside a vessel faring on the sea,
braving the wind, to your content and mine.
"mother died today"
the first line of The Stranger by Camus
"I recognized the trembling"
Dante again: , Canto I, 117, "I recognized the trembling of the sea."
of man's first disobedience"
Paradise Lost, Milton
Of Mans First Disobedience, and the Fruit Of that Forbidden Tree...
"de la musique"
"De la musique avant toute chose" ("music before all other things") --Paul Verlaine (1844-1896)
"où marchent des colombes" -
Paul Valéry (1878-1945) Le Cimetière marin (The marine cemetery, 1920) "Ce toit tranquille, où marchent des colombes, / Entre les pins palpite, entre les tombes; [...]" ("This quiet roof, where doves walk, trembles among the pines, among the tombs")
"go little book""
Robert Louis Stevenson, "Little Book", taking a line from the end of Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde: "Go, little book, go, little myn tragedye." A classic way of beginning an envoy or final stanza of a long poem.
'to where the lemons blossom"
Johann Stauss II "die Zitronen bluhen"? Where the lemons blossom being Italy.
"once upon a time there lived Achilles son of Peleus"
A cheeky twist on the beginning of Homer's Iliad.
"and the earth was without form"
the beginning of Genesis, "the earth was without form and void.", in italian twisted with a reference to a Manzoni's poem.
"[the earth was] too much with us"
the first line of Wordsworth's poem,
"The world is too much with us; late and soon,
Getting and spending, we lay waste our powers;
Little we see in Nature that is ours."
"Licht mehr licht über alles"
combination of Goethe's last words ("Light, more light!") and "Deutschland, Deutschland, über alles," the German nationalist hymn of the 19th century, part of which remains Germany's national anthem today. In Foucault's Pendulum ch. 73, Belbo attributes the phrase to the dying John Dee.
"Contessa, what oh what is life?"
Giosué Carducci (1835-1907), Nobel Prize 1907. "Ode Jaufré Rudel" (1888)
Contessa, che è mai la vita? / Countess, what oh what is life?
É l'ombra di un sogno fuggente./ Is the shadow of a fugitive dream.
La favola breve è finita, / The brief tale is finished,
Il vero immortale è l'amor. /The real immortal is love.
"and Jill came tumbling after"
from the rhyme "Jack and Jill/went up the hill/to fetch a pail of water./Jack fell down/and broke his crown/and Jill came tumbling after". The sort of rhyme one is told as a child, already cited on p. 7 by Yambo.
Names, names, names:
Eco has a longtime love of lists, and it's possible, even probable, that someone could trace the connection that emerges throughout this list of seemingly random names from history. (Could also be taken as an out-of-context play on "Words words words" from Hamlet, as words are all Yambo can remember, rather than the emotions, etc that might be attached to what the words represent.)
insert info from http://pandora.bloging.us/blog
Angelo Dall'Oca Bianca
(Verona, 1858-1942), realistic painter of figures and landscapes; above, his 1915-20 Piazza delle Erbe. See http://www.verona.com/index.cfm?page==veronesi_illustri&id==529
(1778-1840), famous dandy, "Beau" Brummel, a commoner who rose to associate with the Prince Regent through his wit.
5th century BC Greek lyric poet, famous for his odes to victors in athletic contests.
(1821-1880), French novelist, author of Madame Bovary, who is evoked elsewhere in the novel.
(1804-81) British statesman, Queen Victoria's Prime Minister
(1850-1917). Italian Catholic author of fiction (pseudonym of Gaspare Invrea).
geological period when the dinosaurs roamed.
(1825-1905), probably Giovanni Fattori, Italian Realist Painter. The name means "makers"... Abovbe, his self-portrait. See http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/fattori_giovanni.html
Straparola and the pleasant nights
16th-century author and his Piacevoli Notti, a collection of Italian and Middle Eastern fairy tales, structured like the Decameron.
(1721-64), Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, Marquise de Pompadour, mistress of Louis XV, famous for wit as well as beauty.
Smith and Wesson
gun manufacturers in the days of the American Old West, founded 1852 and still going strong: [site].
(1871-1919), Polish-born German Marxist philosopher and revolutionary. Wikipedia
self-analysing anti-hero of Italo Svevo's 1929 novel Confessions of Zeno. Also evokes the "paradox of Zeno" mentioned elsewhere in the novel.
Palma the Elder
(ca.1480-1528), Palma il Vecchio, Italian painter. Above, his Judith with the Head of Holofernes. http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/palma_vecchio.html
prehistoric bird with feathers.
Angelo Brunetti (1800-1849), participated in Italian revolutionary politics in Rome, partly by throwing parties: http://www.cats.ohiou.edu/%7EChastain/ac/brunetti.htm
Matthew Mark Luke John
authors of the four Gospels.
hero of Carlo Collodi's 1883 book, the naughty wooden puppet who achieves his goal of becoming a living son to his creator, Gepetto, with the help of a blue-haired fairy. Several references later in the novel, both to the book and to the illustrations of Attilio Mussino, of which one is shown above..
Sade's Justine's frontispiece of Virtue being worried by Lust and Vice, Saint Maria Goretti, and Gustave Dore's vision of Dante's vision of Thais.
heroine of a 1791 novel by the Marquis de Sade; she is the naive sexual victim.
(1890-1902) pre-teen girl saint who was murdered by a would-be rapist: "Death rather than sin." The female equivalent of Aloysius Gonzaga and Domenico Savio, mentioned in chapter 17 as ideals of chastity for boys.
Thais the whore
Eco refers to Dante's depiction of Thais immersed in excrement among the flatterers in Inferno XVIII, lines 127-136. Thais was a mistress of Alexander the Great, who turns up a few names later. The name also belongs to St. Thais, a repentant whore.
loss of bone density, usually with age, leading to curvature of the spine.
(6th c. bishop of Amiens) has a fashionable long straight street in Paris named after him, and is the patron saint of bakers and millers. A Gâteau St-Honoré is a fabulous dessert of puff pastry decorated with caramel and whipped cream.
Bactria Ecbatana Persepolis Susa Arbela
cities of the Persian Empire, conquered by Alexander the Great (see map above).
Alexander and the Gordian knot
Alexander the Great "solved" the riddle of the Gordian knot, the solver of which was to rule all Asia. Instead of untying it, he cut it with his sword.
The encyclopedia was tumbling down on me, its pages loose, and I felt like waving my hands the way one does amid a swarm of bees.
This is a nightmare version of some images from the last cantos of Dante's Paradiso, which are taken up again but in a sublime mode on 421 ("the jumbled notebook of my memories") and 442 (Yambo's family now seeming to emerge like bees from "a happy apiary"). Encyclopedic knowledge makes his grandchildren seem like menacing bees; his recovered if jumbled notebook of memories restores them to the happy, orderly bees of Virgil and Dante.
A-tisket, a-tasket, a green and yellow basket... Was it red? Was it brown? Was it blue? No! Just a little yellow basket.
from Ella Fitzgerald's rendition of "A-tisket a-tasket"
"A noir, E blanc, I rouge..."
from the poem, "Vowels," by French poet Arthur Rimbaud (portrait above by Henri Fantin-Latour), which assigns a color to each vowel of the alphabet. text (French)
Note: this fugue has a different format from the previous one: the series of quotations are based on a noun common to two in a sequence, a kind of poetic puzzle. The keywords sometimes point to motifs important later in the novel: mind, love, stars, fire, world, string, orders, angels, tread, lightly, lie, beauty, wonder. For example, in Chapter 8 Yambo puts on a set of records with themes of "night", most of which are love-songs which mention the stars (here linked in Dante); the "mysterious flame" of Queen Loana is evoked here in the image of fire. And Yambo's heart suffers because he will not follow the doctor's orders. (But at the same time the reader must keep in mind that many of these references are the translator's and not Eco's, because the translator had to find equivalents where straightforward translating would not do.)
love that within my mind discourses with me
Dante, Purgatorio, 2, line 112
the love that moves the sun and the other stars
Dante, Paradiso, 33, line 145
stars hide your fires
Macbeth in Macbeth, Act I, Scene 4, Shakespeare
if I were a fire I would burn the world
Cecco Angiolieri (Siennese, c.1258–1312), "I were a fire, I'd burn up the world"(S'i' fossi foco, arderei 'l mondo)
I've got the world on a string
song written by Harold Arlen & Ted Koehler; peformed by Frank Sinatra, Ella Fitzgerald, and others.
there are strings in the human heart
Dickens, "Seven Poor Travellers"
the heart does not take orders
who would hear me among the angel's orders
from the first line of Duino Elegies by Rilke :" Wer, wenn ich schriee, hörte mich denn aus der Engel / Ordnungen?"
fools rush in where angels fear to tread
From Alexander Pope, "An Essay on Criticism", part III, line 66. First lines of "Fools rush in," a song performed by Sinatra. "Where Angels Fear to Tread" is also the title of E.M. Forster's first novel.
tread lightly she is near
first line of Requiescat, by Oscar Wilde
lie lightly on her
evokes the burial of a young woman, a voice asking the earth or turf to lie gently on her body, probably a translation of an epigram by Martial, "Erotion the slave-girl",
a beautiful lie
one traditional definition of poetry.
touched with the wonder of mortal beauty
from Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, by Joyce
wonder is the poet's aim
Gianbattista Marino (1569-1625), (E’ del poeta il fin la meraviglia) "La Murtoleide.
"I was twenty. I won't let anyone say that's the best time of a person's life."
" J'avais vingt ans. Je ne laisserai personne dire que c'est le plus bel âge de la vie ," Paul Nizan, Aden Arabie (1931). In Foucault's Pendulum ch. 73, Belbo quotes this line, changing the age to thirty.
When Gregor Samsa woke one morning
opening of Franz Kafka's short story "The Metamorphosis."
The Mona Lisa, Manet's Olympia ( image),
aka La gioconda, Leonardo da Vinci's famous painting (ca. 1500) now in the Louvre. Probably the most recognizable face in Western culture. But "no one's ever been devoured by the Mona Lisa--an androgynous Medusa only for esthetes," says Casaubon in Foucault's Pendulum, chapter 2.
a painting by Edouard Manet which shocked Paris in 1865 with its unromanticized, unmythologized picture of a beautiful naked woman.
(1881-1973), Spanish-born painter famous as the leader of the cubist school but also for many other styles. "A good imitation" of a Picasso might well be a painting by another distinguished French or Spanish artist. Below: Picasso's 1910 portrait of Kahnweiler, Salvador Dali's 1923 "cubist self-portrait."
Swedish film actress (1909-1990). NB she, like Moravia, had died recently at the time of Yambo's "incident." She had however retired from films in the early 1940s.
Albert Einstein, physicist (1879-1955).
Antonio de Curtis (1898-1967), a famous and beloved Italian comedian and actor. Note: the San Marino 2005 "Varietà" stamp series above was issued for the centennial of the birth of Wanda Osiris, a music-hall star who will be important in the book.
John F. Kennedy, American president (1917-1963)--only 14 years older than Yambo.
Alberto Moravia (1907-1990) - pseudonym of Alberto Pincherle, Italian journalist, short-story writer, and novelist.
Among those who have compared vision or memory to a camera obscura are Locke, Descartes (La Dioptrique, 6th section, in which he carefully describes the role of the lens in sharpening the image)., Leibniz, Nietzche, Marx, Henri Bergson and Freud.
A typical analysis is that cited by Jonathan Crary in Suspensions of Perception (page 24):
"John Dewey provides an exemplary account, using optical figures, in his 1886 textbook: 'In attention we focus the mind, as the lens takes all the light coming to it, and instead of allowing it to distribute itself evenly concentrates it in a point of great light and heat. So the mind, instead of diffusing consciousness over all the elements presented to it, brings it all to bear upon some one selected point, which stands out with unusual brilliancy and distinctness.'"
Gratarolo, however, speaks of memory (not attention) as the lens which focuses and even enhances the image.
"It seems there must be an involuntary memory of the limbs"
Time Regained by Proust, page 11 (Modern Library edition)
"Nothing compels memories to manifest themselves as much as smells and flames"
This is a quotation from the French novellist Céline, "Rien ne force les souvenirs comme les odeurs et les flammes." The phrase is used in an account of French paratroopers during the Algerian war in 1954, by Pierre Leuillette, at 2004-05, without attribution. An literary site identifies it as by the writer Céline.
"Soleil, soleil, faute éclatante"
Paul Valéry, Ébauche d'un serpent:
"Soleil, soleil !...Faute éclatante !
Toi qui masques la mort, Soleil....
Tu gardes les cours de connaître
Que l'univers n'est qu'un défaut
Dans la pureté du Non-être.
Sun, sun! dazzling fault! you who mask death, O Sun... you keep the courses from knowing that the universe is just a mistake in the purity of Non-being.
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CC-MAIN-2014-10
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http://literarywiki.org/index.php?title=Chapter_1_-_The_Cruelest_Month
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| 0.920452 | 11,737 | 2.609375 | 3 |
|To help secure a better future for the world's poorest children, World Vision focuses on lasting, community-based transformation. Our long-term projects help families gain access to critical necessities like clean water, sustainable food sources, health care, education and economic opportunities. |
We also address special challenges like the AIDS pandemic and exploitative practices that threaten children and keep communities trapped in poverty.
World Vision is tackling the causes of poverty in nearly 100 countries to empower children and families to break free from poverty.
|Global future |
A World Vision journal of human development
In this issue:
Can we close the education gap?
Also, see what World Vision is doing through microenteprise in Eastern Europe.
Who Is World Vision?
World Vision is a Christian humanitarian organization dedicated to working with children, families and their communities worldwide to reach their full potential by tackling the causes of poverty and injustice.
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CC-MAIN-2014-15
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http://www.worldvision.org/worldvision/pr.nsf/stable/press_development?Open&lid=Comm_Dev_home&lpos=main
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en
| 0.902249 | 186 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Bruner’s theory of how children construct knowledge involves three basic modes of instruction.
In their very early years, young children rely extensively upon enactive modes to learn. As a child learns to roll over, sit up or walk, they are learning to do so through their own actions. While this mode is present in people of all ages it is more dominant when a person is young. An example of this dominance is the way a young person can often learn to play a musical instrument more quickly than an older person.
Iconic representation normally becomes dominant during the next stage of childhood years. Children learn to understand what pictures and diagrams are and how to do arithmetic using numbers and without counting objects.
Later – usually around adolescence - the symbolic mode of learning becomes most dominant. Students can understand and work with concepts that are abstract.
According to Bruner, developmental growth involves mastering each of the increasingly more complex modes - enactive to iconic to symbolic. Mastering this incorporates becoming more skilled in translating between each mode. An example of this sort of translation could be a discussion (symbolic mode) of what students had learned from an experiment (iconic mode).
An implication of Bruner’s developmental theories is that children should be provided with study materials, activities, and tools that are matched to and capitalise on their developing cognitive capabilities. For example, a teacher wanting to help children learn about dinosaurs could use all three modes. Students could be asked to construct models of dinosaurs (enactive); they might watch a film about, or involving, dinosaurs (iconic); or they could consult reference texts and then discuss their findings (symbolic).
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<urn:uuid:0462de6b-e344-485e-9caa-683b029a23e7>
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CC-MAIN-2014-41
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http://vanitha-edutechbdu.blogspot.com/2009/02/jerome-sbruner-educational-implications.html
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en
| 0.951971 | 338 | 3.859375 | 4 |
Carter, Mette S. and Ambus, Per (2009) Greenhouse gas emissions from cultivation of energy crops – is it important? ICROFS news, November 2009, 4, pp. 2-3.
This is the latest version of this item.
Online at: http://www.icrofs.org
Replacing fossil fuel-derived energy with biomass-derived energy is commonly emphasized as a means to reduce CO2 emissions. However, our study highlights the risk of large greenhouse gas emissions when wastes from bioenergy production are recycled as fertilizer for energy crops. Crop management affects the magnitude of these emissions, which in some cases negate a considerable fraction of the global warming savings associated with biofuels.
|EPrint Type:||Newspaper or magazine article|
|Keywords:||biofuel; greenhouse gas; rye; maize; nitrous oxide|
|Subjects:|| Soil > Nutrient turnover|
Food systems > Recycling, balancing and resource management
Crop husbandry > Composting and manuring
Environmental aspects > Air and water emissions
|Research affiliation:|| Denmark > DARCOF III (2005-2010) > BIOCONCENS - Biomass and bio-energy production in organic agriculture|
Denmark > DTU, RISØ - Risø National Laboratory
|Deposited By:||Carter, Mette Sustmann|
|Deposited On:||19 Mar 2010 13:52|
|Last Modified:||30 Aug 2011 11:08|
Available Versions of this Item
- Greenhouse gas emissions from cultivation of energy crops – is it important? (deposited 19 Mar 2010 13:52) [Currently Displayed]
Repository Staff Only: item control page
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<urn:uuid:eb1dd9b9-566a-4863-8b0a-c3179e0a7593>
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CC-MAIN-2014-35
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http://orgprints.org/16880/
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en
| 0.762492 | 371 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Published On October 5, 2015
Number of U.S. babies delivered before 37 weeks of pregnancy in 2013.
Percentage of preterm births in the United States at the rate’s national peak in 2006. While this number has steadily declined, the United States still has one of the highest premature birth rates in the developed world.
Rank of preterm birth and its subsequent complications as a cause of newborn death in the United States, accounting for 35% of cases. It is also the leading cause of long-term neurological disabilities in children.
Medical expense to employers for an average premature infant, compared with $4,000 for a healthy newborn. Costs for infants who arrive extremely early can top $1 million.
Annual costs associated with preterm births in the U.S., according to the National Academy of Medicine. This includes medical and health care costs as well as special education and other interventions.
Number of consecutive years California has reduced its preterm birth rate, now at 8.8%, through expanding insurance coverage for women of childbearing age and making preventive services, such as smoking cessation, widely available to pregnant women.
Stay on the frontiers of medicine
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://protomag.com/pregnancy/born-too-soon/
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en
| 0.960287 | 261 | 2.875 | 3 |
Enhancing Efficiency and Productivity
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing the way businesses operate by enhancing efficiency and productivity. With its ability to process vast amounts of data quickly and accurately, AI-powered tools and systems are streamlining business processes, automating repetitive tasks, and improving decision-making processes.
One example of AI’s impact on business efficiency is in customer service. AI-powered chatbots and virtual assistants are replacing human agents, providing round-the-clock support and resolving customer queries in real-time. This not only improves customer satisfaction but also frees up human resources to focus on more complex and strategic tasks. If you want to learn more about the topic, Artificial Intelligence (AI) https://www.cichocki.com, to complement your study. Find valuable information and new perspectives!
Driving Personalization and Customer Experience
AI is also driving personalization and improving the overall customer experience. By analyzing customer data and behavior, AI algorithms can provide personalized recommendations, tailored marketing campaigns, and a more personalized shopping experience.
For instance, e-commerce platforms are leveraging AI technology to analyze customer browsing patterns, purchase history, and preferences to offer customized product recommendations. This level of personalization not only enhances customer satisfaction but also increases conversion rates and ultimately boosts revenue.
Enabling Predictive Analytics and Forecasting
AI enables businesses to leverage predictive analytics and forecasting to gain valuable insights into market trends, customer behavior, and demand forecasts. By analyzing vast amounts of historical and real-time data, AI algorithms can identify patterns, make accurate predictions, and inform strategic decision-making.
For example, AI-powered demand forecasting models can analyze historical sales data, market trends, and external factors to predict future demand for products. This allows businesses to optimize inventory levels, reduce wastage, and better meet customer demands, ultimately increasing profitability and reducing costs.
Automating Decision-Making Processes
AI is increasingly being used to automate decision-making processes, enabling businesses to make faster and more accurate decisions. Through machine learning algorithms, AI systems can analyze complex data sets, identify patterns, and provide data-driven insights that assist in decision-making.
One application of AI in decision-making is in financial institutions. AI-powered systems can analyze vast amounts of financial data, market trends, and risk factors to make data-driven investment recommendations. This not only reduces the risk of human error but also improves investment performance.
Implications for the Workforce
While AI brings numerous benefits to businesses, it also raises concerns about the impact on the workforce. As AI-powered automation replaces certain jobs and tasks, it is important for businesses to consider the implications for their employees and plan for workforce transitions.
However, rather than displacing workers entirely, AI can also amplify human capabilities and augment existing job roles. By automating repetitive and mundane tasks, AI frees up employees to focus on more creative and strategic work. This not only enhances job satisfaction but also enables employees to contribute more value to the organization.
Moreover, the rise of AI also opens up new job opportunities. As businesses adopt AI technologies, there is a growing demand for professionals with AI skills, such as data scientists, AI engineers, and AI trainers. Therefore, businesses should invest in upskilling their workforce to leverage the potential of AI and ensure a smooth transition. Looking to dive even deeper into the topic? Visit this carefully selected external resource and find valuable and complementary information. Artificial Intelligence (AI) https://www.cichocki.com, investigate and expand your knowledge!
In conclusion, the impact of AI on business is substantial and far-reaching. From enhancing efficiency and productivity to driving personalization and improving decision-making processes, AI is revolutionizing the way businesses operate. However, it is crucial for businesses to consider the implications for their workforce and plan accordingly to ensure a successful and sustainable integration of AI into their operations.
Check out the related links and expand your understanding of the subject:
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://gmvlawyer.com/26480-the-impact-of-artificial-intelligence-ai-on-business-23/
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en
| 0.924081 | 811 | 3 | 3 |
For 20 years, field scientists participating in CI’s Rapid Assessment Program (RAP) have been exploring some of the world’s most abundant, mysterious and threatened tropical ecosystems; to date, they’ve discovered more than 1,300 species new to science. In this excerpt from RAP’s new book, “Still Counting,” herpetologist Jessica Deichmann remembers her first RAP survey — conducted in 2009 in Ecuador’s Nangaritza River Valley.
The tepuis in southeastern Ecuador may not be quite as grand as those of the Guianas, but they are impressive in and of themselves. Table-top mountains rising above the other peaks on the border with Peru, these tepuis (pronounced te-poo-ees), with their dwarf vegetation and potential to contain unique species, were little wonderlands to me that I couldn’t wait to explore. This was the site of my first RAP survey. Before the trip, I thought I would see some really cool things and that we might even find new species — after all, we were going to an area that few scientists had ever visited — but I really had no idea just how exciting this trip would be for me.
One afternoon, my colleague Elicio and I were searching for frogs and lizards along the margins of a small stream near our first camp. An hour or so passed with no luck — frogs in particular are typically more active and easier to find at night. My eyes were getting a little fuzzy (we had been out late searching for herps the night before) as I approached a rock wall that bordered the stream. I ran my eyes across the wall and suddenly did a double take — staring back at me, blending in perfectly with the orange and green moss, was a small harlequin frog, about the size of my thumb! For a herpetologist in the mountains of South America, this is like finding a diamond in a coal mine. Harlequin frogs (which are actually toads) of the genus Atelopus, among many other amphibian species, have been largely wiped out in the Andes of South America by a nasty fungus which kills frogs by preventing regulation of electrolytes. That night, I went to sleep excited to have found an Atelopus, but a little sad because I assumed that she was simply an unlikely individual that had temporarily survived in the wake of the fungus.
Trudging miles back to base camp down the mountain in the dark, after searching all night for herps at the top of the tepui, was absolutely exhausting. To avoid the back and forth, we decided to make a satellite camp closer to the top and stay there for the next few days. After a muddy trek to the base of the tepui, and a treacherous climb up to a flatter area where camp was to be set up, we decided to rinse off in the mountain stream flowing next to our new camp. I slowly stepped down into the cold water and glanced at my feet. Once again, I couldn’t believe my eyes — the rocks at the bottom of the stream were teeming with tiny, shiny black and gold critters — Atelopus tadpoles! Over the next few days, we found other healthy adult frogs; these combined with lots of healthy tadpoles was a good indication to us that we hadn’t just found an unlikely individual survivor, but rather an entire healthy population of harlequin frogs.
Without this RAP survey, we may never have found this Atelopus population. Local communities and NGOs are now working hard to give this population the protection it deserves. Who knows, these frogs might even teach us something about how they have managed to survive a global epidemic to which so many other amphibian species have succumbed.
Jessica Deichmann works for CI’s Rapid Assessment Program (RAP). Check out other posts in our series commemorating RAP’s 20th anniversary.
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<urn:uuid:ddb41151-864d-4917-8345-e62708975a29>
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CC-MAIN-2014-10
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http://blog.conservation.org/2011/04/field-journal-surprise-frog-finds-in-ecuador/
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en
| 0.965709 | 823 | 3.546875 | 4 |
The living room is primarily the family “common room”. It is also in most households something of a family showpiece, since it is the room in which friends are entertained formally or informally. It may be a large open-plan room absorbing the dining area, partially open plan with a chimney breast or other feature dividing it or a quite small sitting room next to, or near, a separate dining room.
Here are some of the main questions to resolve when planning or improving the living area.
1 Do you prefer open-plan or closed plan? A spacious open-plan living area can give an otherwise small house an attractive dimension. But say you and your spouse are watching television, one child is trying to concentrate on homework, another is assembling a model kit on the floor and your teenage daughter has invited friends in. If such diverse activities typically take place in a single undivided communal area, tension is the likely outcome. The large area may be costly to heat too. Should you inherit or be disillusioned with an open-plan area, you could put up screens or storage dividers to sub-divide it into centres for sitting and conversing, for viewing television, for working, for playing.
What about a closed plan living room? It may be too small and enclosed for its communal function. If a dining room adjoins it, you could help to merge the two rooms simply by removing the door between them and perhaps arching the opening.
2 What are the family and individual activities that go on in the living area? Conversation, viewing television, meals, reading, sewing, homework, writing letters, children’s play, games of cards, entertairing neighbours and friends? In you’ family, do many of these activities go on simultaneously and is there conflict? How many of them can be diverted to other parts of the house? Many people find, for instance, that having the television set in the living room practically precludes doing anything else in the room — even casual conversation. Is there scope for a separate TV room or corner? Is the child’s bedroom suitable for homework? Is there space in the kitchen for’family meals?
3 Is the relationship of the living area to the front door, the kitchen, the bedrooms and the garden or patio satisfactory and, if not, can you improve it? Direct access to the living area from the front door, with no hall or lobby intervening, is likely to cause draughts and to bring in dirt. You need at least to partition off the entrance area. The kitchen should adjoin the dining room or dining area of the living room. A serving hatch can link them. Bedrooms in a large mixed-age household should be well away from the living area; otherwise when the children are in bed or somebody is ill conversation with friends or listening to music is inhibited. In the summer the garden or patio is an extension of the living room, which should have French doors or floor-level sliding windows to link the two.
4 As a multi-purpose place in which the family congregate, the living area is almost bound to be cluttered. It is also bound to accumulate a variety of possessions over the years — from trophies and souvenirs to books, framed photographs, prints, paintings — quite apart from the basic furniture. In planning or re-planning the area, try to keep some wall space in reserve to accommodate, perhaps, the hi-fi unit or drinks cabinet that you hope to acquire in a year or two.
Assess the storage potential of the room under three heads: objects that you wish to display such as ornaments; objects in everyday use — concentrate these on open shelving or in the front of cupboards: objects infrequently used such as Christmas game sets or family albums — deep-store these in other cupboards.
5 A multi-purpose room often involves changing the scene rapidly: a room littered with toys may need to be transformed within 20 minutes into a semblance of tranquility and elegance before guests arrive for a dinner party. Flexible furniture (e.g. nesting chairs that can be quickly deployed for special occasions and then stacked away), wipe-clean surfaces, an unobstructed run for the vacuum cleaner, dimmer switches that enable you to adjust the level of lighting to the occasion: all these help to change the scene in a room that, because it is in constant use, must, of course, be laboursaving and easy to maintain.
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<urn:uuid:83b5a1e9-cc6d-4e2c-9dc6-4b98bf08d381>
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CC-MAIN-2020-16
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http://secrets-of-self-sufficiency.com/designing-the-living-room
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en
| 0.949399 | 917 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Manning and Organizing
the New Atlantic Bases
Newfoundland on the northern flank, Trinidad on the southern, and Bermuda in the center were the first of the new Atlantic bases to be garrisoned. The first contingent arrived in Newfoundland in January 1941, ahead of the construction forces, and in April the first garrison troops arrived in Trinidad and Bermuda, only a few weeks after the advance party of construction people.
The timing was not exactly what the War Department had at first envisaged. In spite of the pessimism over the chances of Britain's winning the war which in September 1940 still colored the War Department's estimate of the situation, General Marshall laid down the dictum that garrisons would riot be sent to the Atlantic bases until construction was well advanced. Some definite threat to the base sites might require the dispatch of a garrison prematurely, but this was a possibility that could apparently be waited for.1
The Garrisons and Their Mission
It was at the suggestion of General Embick, senior U.S. Army member of the Permanent Joint Board on Defense, United States and Canada, that a garrison was sent to Newfoundland before the bases there were scarcely under construction. The board, recognizing Newfoundland as an especially vital area, had assumed that the United States would send forces for its defense "at the earliest practicable date." 2 When the subject came up for discussion during a conference in the Chief of Staff's office on 12 September, General Embick urged that they be sent without waiting for the bases to be completed, and on the next day G-3 was directed to consider the matter.3
The principal consideration, apart from factors of strategy and available forces and of immediate deployment as opposed to training for the future, was the question of housing. When reinforcements had been sent to Anchorage, Alaska, in June 1940, it had been necessary to house them in tents for a month or so until barracks were available. But Anchorage in midsummer was very different from Newfoundland in winter, and it would be many months before suitable accommodations could be erected in Newfoundland. The enactment of the Selective Service law was bringing this question of Army housing into the glare of public interest, which would have flamed quickly into public criticism, loud and widespread, had American soldiers been sent to Newfoundland with nothing but tents as shelter against the rigors of winter. An alternative to housing the troops in tents lay apparently unnoticed among the pages of the Greenslade Board Report: that a vessel be chartered and used as a floating barracks at St. John's until accommodations were provided on shore. Col. Douglas C. Cordiner, chief of the Water Transport Branch in the Transportation Division of the Quartermaster Corps, seems to have had the same thought quite independently.4 This solution was finally adopted. The large but antiquated ocean liner America, taken over from Germany during the first World War, was refitted and renamed the Edmund B. Alexander. After a longer delay than had been expected, she finally left New York on 20 January 1941 and made her way slowly northeastward with the first contingent of the Newfoundland garrison: 58 officers and gig enlisted men principally of the 3d Infantry, 62d Coast Artillery (AA), and 57th Coast Artillery under the command of Col. Maurice D. Welty. Their task was to defend, in co-operation with the Canadian and Newfoundland troops, the city and harbor of St. John's.5
No further steps toward manning the Atlantic defenses were taken until April 1941, when the first units went to Bermuda and Trinidad and reinforcements were dispatched to Newfoundland. The impetus then came from the President.
During the intervening months the focus of American military plan-
THE ARMY TRANSPORT, EDMUND B. ALEXANDER, leaves New York for Newfoundland.
ning had shifted. The probability now was that England and the British Fleet could withstand the German war machine, that if the United States were forced into the war (and there was a tendency to substitute "when" for "if") it could be as an ally of an undefeated Britain. With this the probability, the ABC-1 agreement had been concerted to the end that American power might be brought to bear against the Axis in Europe. The Atlantic islands, already considered essential as outlying bastions of defense in the event of a British collapse, could serve equally well the interests of attack, as bases for the projection of American power eastward or for the protection of this eastward advance. But the architects of Army strategy were not yet ready to blueprint the course of the eventual offensive by garrisoning the islands as advance bases; and the more convinced they were that Britain and the British Fleet would hold out, the less urgent it seemed to man the bases as outlying bastions of hemisphere defense. As late as 31 March they had no expectation of sending reinforcements to Newfoundland or any forces to any of the other
bases before the first of July.6 Furthermore, however one viewed the Atlantic bases, the Army's strength in trained men and in ammunition was still limited. To disperse the available forces at this time would, it was feared, disrupt the training of the larger army that would some day be needed.
While the Anglo-American staff conferences were going on in Washington, the Battle of the Atlantic had taken an extremely critical turn. In Admiral Stark's opinion it had become, in fact, "hopeless except as we take strong measures to save it." 7 Four of the most powerful surface vessels of the German Navy-the pocket battleship Scheer, the heavy battle cruisers Scharnhorst and Gneisenau, and the 8-inch cruiser Admiral Hipper---were on the loose, prowling the Atlantic sea lanes and adding serious destruction to the mounting toll of the U-boat packs.8 Submarine attacks could be countered by light escort vessels; but the German surface raiders, whether in refuge or at sea, presented a different threat, one that only capital ships or strong cruiser and carrier forces could meet. Admiral Stark had not at all exaggerated the seriousness of the situation. By March it seemed to him only a matter of at most two months before the United States would be at war, "possibly undeclared," with Germany and Italy; although the Army at this time was counting on at least five months' grace. Admiral Stark discussed his analysis with the President on 2 April and again the next day, thrashed out the steps to be taken, and was told to adopt the strong measures he thought were required: to draw up plans for escort of convoy west of longitude 30° west and issue orders for the transfer into the Atlantic of a heavy striking force, including three battleships, from the Pacific.9 The destructive forays of the Scharnhorstand Gneisenau had given President Roosevelt an understandable concern for the safety of the American bases, particularly those which were most exposed or of most value to the Navy-Bermuda, Trinidad,
and Newfoundland. On 7 April he directed the Secretary of War to have Newfoundland reinforced and to send garrisons to Bermuda and Trinidad immediately.10
In quick succession, two other steps followed. On 9 April Secretary of State Hull and the Danish Minister in Washington signed an agreement under which the United States undertook the defense of Greenland and was granted the right to establish any facilities considered necessary for that purpose or for the defense of the North American continent. Then, on 14 April, Mr. Harry L. Hopkins and Under Secretary of State Welles met with the Icelandic consul general in Washington and reopened the question of defending Iceland, a question which both the State and War Departments had hitherto regarded with a noncommittal attitude.11 In the meantime, Mr. Hopkins had been casting about for some way of using the Atlantic bases for delivering lend-lease materials to the British. He had discussed with his chief legal assistant, Mr. Oscar Sydney Cox, the possibility of convoys, of transshipping goods within the western hemisphere, even of transporting goods in public vessels. Although their discussions reached no firm conclusion, they were closely tied in with the developments of April, if only by reason of their contemporaneousness.
The War Department had immediately set about making the preliminary arrangements for sending the garrisons. Heavy coast artillery, bombers, and sufficient infantry to repel landing parties appeared to be the answer to the particular threat seen by the President. His special concern for the safety of Bermuda gave that base the highest priority and evoked an admonition to the War Department to "get planes there as soon as any place can be prepared." 12 There were as yet no facilities, however, for land plane operations and no housing at the base site. Fortunately, one of Bermuda's large, modern resort hotels, the Castle Harbour, was available for lease. Conveniently situated about two miles across the harbor from the site of the Army base, it could accommodate approximately 1,000 men. But for the time being, air defense would have to be limited to the three patrol bombers stationed at Great Sound, which the Navy agreed to make available for purposes of local de-
fense, assisted, whenever their ship was in port, by the dive bombers of the Atlantic Fleet carrier that was to be based there.13 The situation was somewhat better in Trinidad. There too the Army base would not be ready for occupancy for several weeks at the earliest, but a camp site suitable for troops was available in Queens Park, on the outskirts of Port of Spain; and a limited number of bombers could be accommodated at Piarco Field, the commercial airport. In Newfoundland, thanks to the airport at Gander and the fact that an American garrison was already at St. John's, less improvisation would be necessary. Operating facilities for a bomber squadron together with quarters for the men were to be ready at Gander by 19 April, and additional ground troops to the number of about one thousand could be housed on board the Edmund B. Alexander. Reinforcements thus presented no great problem. Transports were to be available during the month on the dates set for each move.14 The consent of the British Government to the stationing of troops outside the leased areas was given without delay. By 8 April only one detail remained to be worked out, the choice of officers to command the Bermuda and Trinidad forces, and this was taken care of the next day.15
The recommendations of the War Plans Division as to the strength and composition of the respective forces were not accepted in their entirety. The infantry units for Bermuda and Trinidad were scaled down to one company each, and no B-17's were available for Newfoundland. Furthermore, owing to the President's desire to speed the defenses of Bermuda, the sailing dates of the Newfoundland and Bermuda contingents were interchanged.16
The Bermuda force of some 860 men, comprising Company G, 11th Infantry, Battery F, 52d Coast Artillery, and Battery B, 57th Coast Artillery, and commanded by Col. Alden G. Strong, landed in Bermuda on Sunday, 20 April. It had been preceded, a week before, by Brig. Gen. Francis B. Wilby, chief of staff of the First Army, and Lt. Col. Harold F. Loomis of the War Plans Division, who had been surveying the general situation and choosing sites for the coast defense guns and who now were among those on hand to
welcome Colonel Strong and his men. Within a few hours after he arrived, Colonel Strong had drawn up in collaboration with Capt. Jules James, USN, commandant of the naval base, a joint plan for the defense of the islands, for which he disposed his troops as follows: one 2-gun battery of the 8-inch coast defense guns was to be placed at Fort Victoria, on St. George's Island, and another on Somerset Island, not far from the U.S. naval base; a like-sized battery of 155-mm. guns was to be placed on Cooper's Island, near the Army base, and another on Hamilton Island, in the vicinity of Riddle's Bay; and the infantry company, quartered in the Castle Harbour Hotel, was to be the mobile reserve.17
The air unit of the Trinidad garrison was the next to reach its destination. On 24 April some 432 men of the 1st Bomber Squadron arrived from Panama on board the USAT Chateau Thierry. They set up a tent camp at Piarco Field, where the planes arrived on 28 April, about the time the ground units were leaving New York. The arrival of the latter at Port of Spain on 5 May brought the total garrison to about 1,487 men, under the command of General Talbot. The principal ground elements were one battalion, 252d Coast Artillery, 155-mm., and a rifle company of the 11th Infantry. A site was chosen for the artillery on Chacachacare Island, at the northern entrance to the Gulf of Paria, but for the time being most of the men were housed in a tent camp on recently reclaimed land near the Port of Spain docks.18
Meanwhile, on 1 May the Newfoundland force consisting of some 646 officers and enlisted men had arrived at St. John's. Six B-18's of the 21st Reconnaissance Squadron were flown from Miami to Gander, and the remainder of the force sailed from New York on board the USAT Leonard Wood, Apart from the air unit, the principal component was the coastal defense battery, a unit of the 52d Coast Artillery, whose 8-inch railway guns were to be the backbone of the harbor defenses.19
Much valuable planning experience that would have been useful when the Iceland occupation was undertaken later in the year could have been gained had the Newfoundland, Bermuda, and Trinidad movements been
carried out as task forces. As it was, the preparations resembled those made for a routine change of station. Instead of an operations plan, the commanding officers were given a Defense Project, drawn up by the War Plans Division, in which the mission of the Army forces, the available strength, and other pertinent military and geographical data were set forth.
The primary mission-to defend the United States military and naval installations-was clear. The corollary-to deny hostile forces an approach to the eastern seaboard or the Caribbean-was almost equally clear, whether expressly stated, as in the case of Bermuda and Trinidad, or implicit, as in the case of Newfoundland.20 The perplexing element was the question of the steps to be taken at the appearance of German warships or planes. Secretary Stimson, on 24 April, proposed to instruct the base commanders that any such forces approaching within twenty-five miles of a British possession in which an American base was located must be warned, and that, if the warning went unheeded, the vessel or plane should be "immediately attacked with all available means." 21 Although the President put his "O.K." on the proposed instructions, he directed Secretary Stimson to show them to the Navy. As a result the formal directive drafted for The Adjutant General by the War Plans Division on r May was withheld by the Chief of Staff for discussion with Admiral Stark and Under Secretary of State Welles. After an attempt to put through a revised draft which omitted reference to the 25-mile zone, the tear Plans Division learned that the President wanted all mention of American forces opening fire eliminated also. Secretary of State Hull thought the President's views would be best followed by having the base commanders report by radio and ask for instructions when "hostile" forces appeared; but from a military point of view such a procedure would have been unrealistic.22 Finally, Lt. Col. Robert W. Crawford, head of the War Plans Division Projects Group, and Mr. Green Haywood Hackworth, of the State Department's legal staff, agreed on a draft which they thought would meet the views of the President and Secretary Hull, but which Secretary Stimson apparently found too ambiguous. He changed it to read as follows:
In case any force of belligerent powers other than those powers which have sovereignty over Western Hemisphere territory attacks or threatens to attack any British
possession on which any United States air or naval base is located, the commanding officer of the Army Base Force shall resist such attack, using all means at his disposal.23
And in this form, the instructions went out from the War Department on 10 May.24
The question of what constituted a threatened attack remained vague until midsummer. Then, during the planning for the Iceland movements, the President revived the idea of an interdicted zone, of fifty miles, within which the presence of Axis forces would be considered as evidence of hostile intentions and justification for attack. This was a "shoot on sight" policy in all but name, and on 11 September the President announced it as such. By the end of October 1941 American forces were committed to the task of destroying all German and Italian vessels or planes encountered anywhere in the western Atlantic.25
Added responsibility had fallen on the Newfoundland garrison in early June when the Air Corps Ferrying Command was created and a military air transport service was begun across the North Atlantic. General Embick, who in the past had not been entirely in sympathy with the Air Corps' expanding conception of its role, and who as the Army representative on the Permanent Joint Board on Defense, United States and Canada, had participated in drafting the mission of the Newfoundland force, was of the opinion that the security of the ferry route and the protection of transport operations were purely incidental. Both General Drum and General Arnold insisted that this mission was of equal importance to that of defending the base installations.26 The matter was discussed by General Arnold and members of the Air Staff and of the War Plans Division on 21 August; and the conclusion was reached that no change in the mission need be made for the time being. It was, it seemed, sufficiently comprehensive to cover the situation.
Problems of Organization and Command
At the beginning of 1940, before the Atlantic bases were acquired and before the Alaska defenses were built up, the Army's overseas garrisons were organized into the four departments: the Panama Canal Department and
the Puerto Rican Department in the Caribbean, the Hawaiian Department in the Pacific, and the Philippine Department in the Far East. They were primarily designed to provide local defense. The wider operations that would be necessary in time of war were to be conducted by theater commanders under the direct control of GHQ, and into this chain of organization and command the various base forces would be linked. No provision, however, had yet been made for the twilight time between war and peace which the United States was about to enter. When the first reinforcements went to Alaska in mid-1940, they were kept under the tactical commander most interested in that area, General DeWitt, the commanding general of the Fourth Army and Ninth Corps Area.27 Alaska served as a precedent for Newfoundland and Bermuda.
Both Newfoundland and Bermuda were intimately tied in with the defense of the northeastern seaboard, the responsibility for which rested with the Commanding General, First Army. Both garrisons, except troops engaged in construction work under the immediate supervision of the Chief of Engineers, were therefore attached to the First Army. Each was responsible for its own supply, which was to be provided by the Second Corps area to the same extent as for units of the field forces within the corps area.28
After some discussion by one of General Marshall's deputies with the heads of the several staff divisions, it had been decided that the only designation that would not be a source of confusion with the Navy was the rather unwieldy one, U.S. Troops in Newfoundland (or Bermuda, as the case might be).29 But the official orders, a week later, designated the Newfoundland force as the Newfoundland Base Command, U.S. Army, and the same terminology was used later for the Bermuda and Trinidad garrisons.
In the Caribbean, the need of an integrated regional command as well as unity of command was obvious if the new bases were to play a part in the defense of that area. A "defense command," with the organizational features of a theater of operations, was the answer to the regional side of the problem, and on 10 February 1941 the Caribbean Defense Command officially came into being. It became the foster parent of the Trinidad garrison on 18 April when the latter, now formally designated the Trinidad Base Command, was assigned to the Caribbean Defense Command. All the
Antilles south of Martinique, the Dutch islands off the Venezuelan coast, together with Venezuela itself and British Guiana, Surinam, and French Guiana were grouped together into a Trinidad Sector of the Caribbean Defense, Command under General Talbot, who thus occupied a dual position.30 The other side of the problem-unity of command- was a perennial troublemaker, one which involved the arrangements not only for the entire region but within the respective base commands as well. The authority of the commanding officers of the various bases over the air units assigned to them was, in the Caribbean, limited by the regional air command, and the bounds of authority were not always distinct. It was therefore a source of misunderstanding and frustration for the local commanding officers.31
In Newfoundland, on the other hand, where a unit of the First Air Force was placed under the direct command of an infantry colonel and, on a higher level, of the Commanding General, First Army, the command arrangements in their entirety were not to the liking of the Air Corps. General Spaatz, chief of Air Corps Plans Division, argued that these arrangements would make it difficult to co-ordinate activities with those of the Royal Canadian Air Force, that they would hamper the control of transient plane movements, and complicate joint operations with the air units that might be sent to Greenland.32 They were an obvious setback to the Air Corps' drive for centralized control of its striking forces. According to General Spaatz, the solution would be to place all air units in Newfoundland under the Commanding General, First Air Force, and to leave only routine supply and administration to the Commanding General, First Army. Neither the War Plans Division nor G-3 concurred. Although they were agreeable to making the Air Corps responsible for technical supply and the supervision of training activities, both the War Plans Division and G-3 opposed any further change in the command arrangements. General Arnold's views were an exact reiteration of the position taken by General Spaatz. A new element, the question of air reinforcements, was injected into the problem when the War Plans Division suggested that in the event of an attack or the threat of one the base commander be authorized to call directly on the Commanding General, First Air Force, for air reinforcements. But this likewise failed to meet the approval of General Arnold, who in a memorandum to the Chief of Staff on 23 May proposed that in case of an attack all units, ground as
well as air, become a task force commanded by the senior officer present and operating under the theater commander.33 Part of the problem was thus shunted over to the procedural level where more likelihood of reaching a compromise was to be expected.
When General Arnold advocated unity of command over combat operations, he was resting on a principle on which General Marshall himself placed the utmost reliance, but which had conventionally involved only Army or Navy command. Nevertheless, in view of the Chief of Staff's partiality toward a functional allocation, the Air Corps believed it could be fairly certain of obtaining command where operations were principally air.
During these last days of May 1941 there were signs that the North Atlantic area might soon take on greater significance. Plans for sending a garrison to Greenland were completed. There was the possibility of a move into the Azores. Then, at a conference on 4 June, General Marshall informed his staff that the President had resolved to send American forces to Iceland.
The Newfoundland problem was taken up during the same conference, and the decision was reached to organize the Newfoundland Base Command as a task force under the direct control of GHQ as soon as GHQ took on its normal command functions. A general officer of the Air Corps, it was decided, would be given command of the force.34 The steps to put the decision into effect were taken in July. On the first of the month, Brig. Gen. Henry W. Harms, who had been commandant of the Air Corps training center at Moffett Field, Calif., was designated Commanding General, Newfoundland Base Command. Two days later GHQ was given command of Army task forces and the control of military operations. On 8 July, the Newfoundland Base Command was designated a task force, to operate directly under GHQ, and The Adjutant General was directed to notify GHQ to assume command, relieving the Commanding General, First Army, as of 10 July. Similar instructions were also issued placing the Bermuda Base Command under GHQ.35
Neither the Air Corps nor GHQ was completely satisfied with the arrangement, and a number of changes were proposed. General McNair,
chief of staff of GHQ recommended a North Atlantic Defense Command consisting of Newfoundland, Labrador, Greenland, and Iceland and with logistics as well as operations under the control of GHQ The Air Corps promoted a Northeastern Air Theater, with the Newfoundland air units placed directly under the Commanding General, Air Force Combat Command. As for Bermuda, the Supply Division of the General Staff (G-4) recommended that it be included in the Caribbean Defense Command. The War Plans Division favored leaving things as they were.36
No agreement was reached on any one of the proposed changes. Falling back instead on the War Plans Division suggestion of the previous May, General Marshall authorized the Newfoundland Base commander to bypass the normal channel, which ran through GHQ and to call directly on the First Air Force when, in an emergency, air reinforcements were urgently needed.37 Otherwise the command situation remained as it was when GHQ had first called attention to it. The War Plans Division, the Second Corps Area, Middletown Depot, the Chief of Engineers, and the Chief of Army Air Forces were all linked in some fashion to the chain of command and supply; and the United States-Canadian Permanent Joint Board on Defense had a measure of responsibility for the defense plan. What was left for GHQ General McNair pointed out, was merely "such inspection and coordination as is practicable under the circumstances." 38
A fouled chain of command was not, however, the major difficulty. Regardless of the palliatives that had been recommended, the fact remained that GHQ had been given a job to do without all the means it considered, necessary for accomplishing the task. The remedy was either to "streamline" the War Department and establish a "command post" within the General Staff or to enlarge the authority of GHQ but a difference of opinion involving the very nature of GHQ's mission brought on further complications. That GHQ had been called into being presupposed the existence of an
emergency and more than suggested the imminence of combat operations. Proceeding on this basis, and recognizing the significance of the North Atlantic area, GHQ was attempting to have theaters of operations established well in advance of actual hostilities. Its efforts were thwarted, it believed, by procrastination and myopia in the General Staff. 39 An investigation of the basic problem was begun in the War Department, and in order to provide "a better understanding of the prospective development of command" the Caribbean Defense Command was placed under GHQ control, effective 1 December 1941.40 What actually developed thereafter was a drastic reorganization of the War Department.
In the meantime, during the summer and fall of 1941, garrisons were being sent out to British Guiana, Antigua, St. Lucia, and Jamaica, for construction had progressed to the point where some protection seemed to be required either against external attack or, as in the case of Jamaica, against strike and riot damage.
Early Administrative Problems
Many of the "housekeeping" chores and administrative problems that arose in the Atlantic bases had also plagued the commanders of all the new and rapidly mushrooming Army camps in the continental United States. Overcrowded, inadequate housing, dust and mud, isolated surroundings, and shortages of equipment slowed down activities, depressed the spirits of the men, and frayed the tempers of commanding officers in Massachusetts or New Jersey as well as in Trinidad or Bermuda, and in Georgia as in Newfoundland. But circumstances of geography and politics magnified the more familiar problems and gave rise to new ones that had no recent precedent in Army experience.
Throughout 1941 housing was an object of careful study in the War Department and a source of frequent communications with the base commanders, none of whom wished to keep his men in tents for any length of time. The War Department, which was keeping its eye on accommodations for the authorized garrisons, seems to have been particularly concerned over the reduction the President made in the permanent housing planned for
FIRST TROOPS IN TRINIDAD. Tent camp at Fort Read (top). Machine gunners wearing mosquito nets during maneuvers (bottom).
INSTALLATIONS IN NEWFOUNDLAND. Barracks at Fort Pepperrell (top). U.S. Army supply dock, St. John's harbor (bottom).
Bermuda. Tents were entirely unsuitable, reported Colonel Strong, the commanding officer, for severe hurricanes could be expected about once a year and there would be long periods of wet, windy weather which, if the men were in tents, would raise the rate of illness.41 Consequently, in July the district engineer was authorized to divert a part of the construction effort to erecting temporary barracks. In Trinidad, the construction of temporary barracks at Fort Read began a few weeks after the arrival of the troops. At the same time, General Talbot on his own initiative negotiated an arrangement with the, British governor which gave the base command a temporary cantonment area on the outskirts of Port of Spain. Early in June the garrison at St. John's, Newfoundland, was evicted from its quarters on board the Edmund B. Alexander and went into a tent camp outside the city. No temporary housing was authorized for the Newfoundland garrison, but its permanent quarters at Fort Pepperrell were expected to be ready before winter set in. In spite of reinforcements during the second half of the year, the housing situation was under fair control by December. Perhaps 150 men were still in tents at the temporary coast defense sites in Bermuda, while in Newfoundland about half the St. John's garrison had moved into permanent quarters. About 500 men were in temporary barracks that had apparently been taken over from the construction people. Housing for the remainder was promised during December. About half the Trinidad garrison were in barracks by 1 November, and each week saw sizable numbers transferred out of the tent camp. At the secondary bases temporary housing was available for two or three times the number of troops that were there. 42.
Uncertain port conditions in Newfoundland, inadequate rail communications with Gander airport, the lack of shipping for local transportation between Panama and Trinidad and between Trinidad and the outlying bases, and restrictions on the purchase of local commodities served to complicate the supply problem. The rehabilitation of the Newfoundland Railway, first taken under study by the Permanent Joint Board on Defense as early as January 1941, was of interest to several agencies, and some duplication of effort occurred when both the Newfoundland Base Command and the Reconstruction Finance Corporation made a survey of the physical needs
of the railroad. New rolling stock, financed by the United States, began to ease the situation late in 1941. Harbor improvements at St. John's and Argentia were a much-needed and welcome supplement.43 In Trinidad, General Talbot was concerned from the start about the storage space provided for perishable supplies. It would have to be increased, he reported, unless a better shipping schedule could be worked out. In any event, the existing space would be inadequate, he continued, for any reinforcements that might be added to his command.44 As temporary remedies, the Office of The Quartermaster General considered obtaining a refrigerated ship to be used for storage and allocating funds for the purchase of local products, but apparently the cold storage plant under construction by the Engineers was completed before these measures were taken. All the same, the refrigeration problem was still unsolved, according to Talbot, at the end of August.45 In reporting the supply situation to The Quartermaster General in May, General Talbot pointed out with some understatement that the local gasoline supply was "adequate" and shipments from the United States should be immediately discontinued. It would have been no exaggeration had he said that shipping gasoline to Trinidad was a far more wasteful and senseless effort than carrying coals to Newcastle, which in fact had sometimes been a profitable venture. But the restrictive provisions of the "Buy American" Act of 3 March 1933 had been interpreted by the War Department as applying to products used in the leased bases. Although the Secretary of War could authorize the purchase, without regard to country of origin, of goods not produced in the United States of satisfactory quality or in sufficient and reasonably available quantities, nevertheless not many products had been certified as coming in this category.46 When the problem of supplying air bases in the Philippines, in Hawaii, in Alaska, in the West Indies, and in the North Atlantic began to assume tremendous proportions in the summer of 1941, both War Plans Division and the Air Corps. raised the question of lifting the provisions of the law as far as the overseas bases were concerned. This step was not taken until after the United States entered the war; but for the meantime a long
list of commodities, including aviation gasoline and petroleum products in general, was exempted by authority of the Secretary of War on 30 July 1941.47
In October, General Andrews, the new commanding general of the Caribbean Defense Command, recommended a change in supply procedure. Consideration of the question whether the commanding officers of the various base commands should deal with the Second Corps Area directly or through the headquarters of the Caribbean Defense Command had resulted in GHQ's suggesting that the Caribbean Defense Command take over the responsibilities originally entrusted to the Second Corps Area and build up a supply depot at Panama for the entire area. Just as unwilling as his predecessor had been to make Panama the hub of a Caribbean theater, General Andrews disagreed with GHQ's suggestion and recommended instead that depots be established in Puerto Rico and Trinidad for supplying all bases in the respective sectors.48 His proposal circulated within the War Department for six weeks, receiving the concurrence of the interested staff divisions and also of GHQ and finally the official approval of the Chief of Staff. On 23 December 1941, GHQ was informed that the Second Corps Area would be relieved of the administration and supply of the Jamaica, Antigua, St. Lucia, Trinidad, and British Guiana Base Commands at a time to be designated later. St. Lucia and British Guiana were to be placed under the Trinidad Base Command, as Andrews had suggested; Antigua and Jamaica were to come under the Puerto Rican Department for supply. Six months later, in June 1942, the commanding general of the Caribbean Defense Command was authorized to establish general depots in Trinidad and Puerto Rico within the limits of existing or already authorized facilities.49
One of the burdens that fell hard on the staff officers of the base commands, and chiefly on the chaplains and medical officers, was the censoring of mail. By midsummer 1941, some 39,000 letters and nearly ,1,000 packages were passing through the post office of the Bermuda Base Command each month. In Trinidad the volume was only slightly less. The mail of the construction people as well as that of the military was examined by the
base censors in Bermuda; but in Trinidad the civilian mail was censored by employees of the contractors under the immediate supervision of the district engineer. In the one case, mails were delayed as much as five days; and in the other, there were complaints among the contractors' people against the integrity of their fellow employees in the censorship office.50 During the fall of 1941 the base censors were authorized to employ civilian examiners. The Bermuda censorship office came to be staffed principally by the wives of men stationed there, which posed a special problem after the attack on Pearl Harbor when the evacuation of dependents was undertaken.51 Censorship caught the usual careless disclosure of restricted information and, perhaps more important, gave the commanding officer a steadier finger on the pulse of his men. On the other side of the picture, the historical officer of the Trinidad Sector has criticized censorship operations in his sector on grounds that they were inflexible and overly meticulous and gave rise to "considerable resentment" among the troops.52 But such is the lot of a censor.
No troops had ever had more thought devoted to their physical welfare than the American Army of 1940-41.53 So much importance was attached to it that comfortable housing, a plentiful supply of good food and equipment, recreation facilities, and the like, took on an intrinsic worth, in pursuit of which other factors were sometimes lost to sight. The Army made every effort to ease the physical hardships of service in the jungles of Trinidad and British Guiana or on the fog-swept coasts of Newfoundland; but its failure to provide for the emotional needs of men surrounded by a wholly strange environment was as dismal as the situations that often resulted. Too little cognizance was taken of the incapacity of Americans generally to adapt their ways to those of strangers or to take comfort and serious interest in unfamiliar surroundings. Too little attention was given to preparing the men for the antipathy of a local populace, however friendly, toward any foreign garrison, however well-intentioned. By any test of physical comfort, Bermuda should have had no "morale" problems, but as time went on complaints were made and incidents took place that paralleled those elsewhere. Wherever the men sought recreation among the townspeople, as they were accustomed to doing in the United States, brawls and similar unpleasantness
were bound to occur. Off-post recreation facilities operated by local committees varied in the service they performed. In Jamaica, the local effort was received enthusiastically; in Bermuda, the local service club was charged with price-gouging and discrimination.
During the fall of 1941 the United Service Organizations (USO) extended its operations to the Atlantic bases.54 The USO recreation centers helped to allay the tediousness and boredom of the men's leisure time but had less effect on the attitude of townsfolk and garrison toward each other. For its solution, this, like most of the problems, required the closest co-operation between the commanding officers and the local authorities.
The conduct of official relations rested on the base agreement of 27 March 1941; but, not being a treaty, the base agreement was inferior to local legislation, and any laws that failed to conform to the agreement stood until repealed by act of the colonial authorities. The objections raised by representatives of the colonies during the negotiations foreshadowed, and the lack of enthusiasm with which the colonies received the agreement further indicated, that any conflict of law would not easily be corrected. Instead of enacting a general nullifying ordinance, the colonies preferred to deal with specific conflicts as they arose. The remission of customs duties and local taxes under Articles XIV and XVII of the base agreement was not enacted by the Bermuda legislature until 27 June, exactly three months after the agreement came into effect. Even then there was only a partial conformity. Bermuda continued to levy duties on bulk petroleum products not consigned direct to the Army and Navy and on household effects and personal belongings. Various wharfage charges were assessed on goods destined for the bases, and a stamp tax was levied on bank checks and steamship tickets. At the end of 1941 the State Department was still pressing for determination of a few of the matters.55 In Trinidad a similar stamp tax was one of a number of controversial questions still outstanding at the end of September. Among these, the failure of the Trinidad Government to grant the right of audience in local courts to United States counsel took on urgent importance when an American soldier was charged with the murder of a
Trinidad civilian.56 But, as it turned out, the question of audience was submerged in that of jurisdiction.
This affair concerned a shooting that had taken place in the town of Arima, outside the leased area in Trinidad, and involved a jurisdictional issue that was not specifically covered by the base agreement. In a similar case that had arisen in Antigua a few weeks earlier, both the United States and the British Government recognized the right of the other to try the alleged offender, a U.S. marine. If the precedent established in that instance were to be followed, the representative of the State Department would ask the local authorities whether they objected to a trial by court-martial and would inform them at the same time that the United States had no objection to their making a public statement to the effect that in recognizing American jurisdiction they were not renouncing the concurrent jurisdiction of the local court.57 But the precedent was not closely followed. The Secretary of the colony, acting as Governor of Trinidad in the temporary absence of Sir Hubert Young, was reluctant to raise the question of jurisdiction, although he was pressed by the Legislative Council to do so. When he asked General Talbot for a letter that would quiet any public agitation, the general responded readily enough, but he too preferred to let the issue lie. Instead of acknowledging the fact of dual jurisdiction, General Talbot replied with assurances that the prisoner would be given a public trial, by a military court, to which representatives of the colonial government would be invited.58 Whether this would have had the effect the acting governor hoped was never put to test, for the letter had not been made public when Governor Young returned and immediately brought the jurisdictional issue before the American consul. The Governor suggested that he make a statement with the approval of the United States Government similar to the one issued by the Antigua authorities. The consul, having received no instructions, referred the matter to the State Department. Meanwhile, the preliminaries to the trial had already begun. Three or four days before the military court convened the Governor agreed that it was now too late to do anything except issue a formal press release waiving jurisdiction, which he would do provided the consul repeated General Talbot's announcement of the court-mar-
tial, and this was done. Then, on 19 November, the War Department instructed Talbot to postpone the trial until the Governor issued a public statement such as he wished, to the effect that recognition of court-martial jurisdiction was not a renunciation of the concurrent jurisdiction of the local court. But the trial had started the day before.59
The result of the proceedings, which ended in the acquittal of the accused soldier, did nothing to appease the Governor's dissatisfaction. He urged, as he had in the beginning, that in future cases involving dual jurisdiction the Trinidad Government be informed in good time of the steps taken, that this be done through the American consulate, and that a definite procedure be settled upon by which requests for any waiver of jurisdiction could be given due consideration.60
A successful modus vivendi between the American authorities and the local government required a measure of co-operation and mutual understanding seldom achieved in Trinidad until after the United States entered the war. There was scarcely the best of teamwork between the American consulate and the headquarters of the base command. In transmitting to the War Department one of the consular dispatches relating to the shooting affair at Arima, the Secretary of State invited attention to the arrangement between the two departments under which "it was agreed that the American consul at Trinidad should be the intermediary in matters relating to the defense bases and that all communications to the Governor should be sent through him.61 This had been agreed upon early in June, and on at least five occasions thereafter General Talbot had been directed to comply with it.62 There was even less teamwork between the general and the Governor. Both were of the same cut of cloth, blunt and outspoken in their opinions; each was insistent that the prestige of his own government could best be upheld by not yielding to the other; neither believed in appeasement. When the Governor refused the right of audience to American military counsel, the general retaliated by refusing to permit the service of summonses on American military personnel.63
At the other bases temporary agreements were worked out with the local authorities in a spirit of compromise. There was close co-operation between the American consulate general and Army headquarters in Bermuda, and the vigorous efforts of the consul general, ably seconded by Colonel Strong, were successful in bringing about a satisfactory disposition of the tax and customs questions. Although the Governor was not to be hurried into removing the legislative obstacles, a working compromise was agreed upon, the final decision being left to Washington and London. In Newfoundland, the consul general seems to have taken very little active part in matters relating to the bases. Until the arrival of the new consul general in July 1941, and afterwards to a lesser extent, both the district engineer and the commanding officer of the garrison dealt directly with the Newfoundland Commissioners on many questions. They took the same approach that had been followed in Bermuda, but the situation was clouded at times by the presence of Canadian forces, by the role of the Permanent Joint Board on Defense, and by changes of command, of consular officers, and in the Newfoundland Commission of Government.64
In retrospect, the 1941 experience in establishing the defense outposts in the Atlantic leaves one with the distinct impression that the greatest flaws were in the sphere of social relations. Plans for the construction and defense of the bases were drawn up with due attention to needs and resources and rested on a solid basis of firsthand information competently assembled. The construction program was fairly prompt in getting under way. If its progress was not all that the most optimistic hoped, it was perhaps because the goal had been placed too far off. In the seeming emergency of April 1941 troops reached the bases in rather quick order, and when the real crisis broke in December the airfields were ready for their part in the Battle of the Atlantic. These technical problems of engineering and defense were no less complicated, no more important, than the social problem, which deserved far more attention than it received. No attempt seems to have been made to prepare the men in advance for the social and physical environment in which
they were to live. In the selection of units the only deference to local sensibilities was the decision not to send Negro troops to the West Indian bases, a decision that was amended in April 1942 without undue disturbance. The attitude of white troops toward the colored citizens, an equally fertile source of trouble, was given little weight in choosing the original units for the Trinidad garrison. "The character of the men in command of the bases," Ambassador Winant wrote at the conclusion of the base negotiations, "is of tremendous importance especially in the beginning. If they are the right kind and ready to carry out our part of the agreement in a friendly and understanding spirit they can do much to inaugurate ninety-nine years of good neighborliness."65 Only professional competence, however, and what might be called the exigencies of the service guided the selection of commanding officers. Dexterity in the art of diplomacy, a certain skill in getting along with people who lived differently, and the ability to follow the established channels of intercourse between nations were not considered. In the personnel files of G-1 there were scarcely any measurement data or code numbers for qualities of this sort. It was a matter of chance and not of choosing when an officer with these qualities was placed in command.
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Stories from Africa frequently are about the Seven Deadly Sins, says poet and storyteller Bonita Edwards.
The one she has chosen to tell for the holidays, when materialism covers the land as uniformly as new-fallen snow, is about greed. Edwards will tell her story Sunday at the Du Sable Museum of African-American History as part of its Kwanzaa celebration.
Edwards` tale is from Kenya and is called ``The Magic Stone.`` It`s about a poor woman with many children to feed who goes to ask her wealthy sister for help and is turned down.
As she returns home, she comes upon an old lady and shares a stale crust of bread with her. In return, the old woman gives her a magic stone and tells her how to use it. ``There is always an element of mysticism in African stories,`` explains Edwards, ``where you are being tested by a stranger who appears to be a normal human being but, like the old lady, is from a special spiritual world.``
The poor sister uses the magic stone not only to feed her children but to help the rest of the village. ``She isn`t selfish with her wishes,`` says Edwards, ``but then the stone is stolen, and the story tells what happens when it is misused.
``African stories show how to avoid the deadly sins and why they should be avoided,`` explains Edwards.
During December, the Du Sable Museum will also present a workshop on the principles and symbolism of Kwanzaa. The Kwanzaa holiday was created in the
`60s in the United States, but was inspired by a traditional African harvest festival. Each day during Kwanzaa, for seven days from Dec. 26 through Jan. 1, a candle is lit to represent one of the seven principles of the holiday, which celebrates the Afro-American family: unity, self-determination, collective work and responsibility, cooperative economics, purpose, creativity and faith.
``Families talk about those principles and how they relate to their lives and how they can make their lives better both individually as a family and collectively as a race,`` says Doris Franklin, a spokeswoman for the museum.
The workshop will explain the seven symbols of Kwanzaa, which include an African mat representing history and tradition. On it are placed ears of corn to represent each child in the family. Children may receive presents, but this is not a celebration of abundant gift-giving. ``The gifts are rewards for children`s accomplishments and achievements,`` explains Franklin.
Although Kwanzaa was established to give black Americans a sense of identity, Edwards says anyone can learn from the celebration and join in the holiday. She herself has traveled throughout the world from America to Africa to India and studied with teachers in churches, temples and ashrams. As a result, she says, ``I celebrate everything that`s celebrated on this planet. There is so much stress and negativity in the world, that when we can celebrate we should.``
Du Sable Museum of African-American History, 740 E. 56th Pl.; 947-0600. Hours: 9 a.m.-5 p.m. weekdays, noon-5 p.m. weekends and holidays. Admission:
$2, students and seniors $1, children 12 and under 50 cents, members free;
Storytelling by Bonita Edwards: 2 p.m. Sunday.
Kwanzaa Workshops: 2 p.m. Saturday (for members only) and Dec. 10 (for the public).
Children`s Holiday Film Festival: Dec. 26, ``World Upside Down`` and
``The Black West``; Dec. 27, ``Men of Bronze``; Dec. 28, ``Frederick Douglass``; Dec. 29, ``George Washington Carver`` and ``Hurdler``; Dec. 30,
``Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad``; Dec. 31, ``Booker.``
Screenings are at 11 a.m. and 2 p.m. Each film will be preceded by a Kwanzaa film strip.
Special events are free with museum admission. Reservations recommended.
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Note: This message is displayed if (1) your browser is not standards-compliant or (2) you have you disabled CSS. Read our Policies for more information.
Please CLICK HERE to download this document in PDF format.
What is shigellosis?
Shigellosis (shig-uh-LOH-sis) is a contagious diarrheal illness caused by Shigella bacteria. There are four types of Shigella bacteria: sonnei, flexneri, boydii, and dysenteriae. Shigella bacteria are found mainly in humans, and the infection is very easily passed from one person to another. It is very serious in babies, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems. On average, 200 cases of shigellosis are reported in Indiana each year.
How is shigellosis spread?
Shigella is passed in the stool, and people become infected by having contact with stool from an infected person (fecal-oral route). Infection may be transmitted in several ways:
• Consuming food or beverages prepared by an infected person.
• Hand-to-mouth exposure to the stool or vomit of an infected person, such as:
High-risk settings include those involving large groups of people, food, or poor hand hygiene, e.g., daycare centers, schools, hospitals, and long-term care facilities. Persons who work in certain occupations, such as food handlers, daycare providers, and health care providers, have a greater risk of transmitting infection to others. Shigella bacteria are not naturally found in foods of animal origin.
What are the symptoms of shigellosis?
• Sudden stomach pain
• Stomach cramps
• Blood, pus, and mucus in stool
Symptoms usually begin 24-72 hours (range of 12 hours to 5 days) after exposure and last about 4-7 days. Some people may have no symptoms but can still spread the infection to others.
How do I know if I have shigellosis?
A person having diarrhea lasting more than 24 hours or having bloody stool should consult a health care provider. The health care provider may collect a stool sample to test for Shigella.
How is shigellosis treated?
Antibiotics are usually used to treat shigellosis. However, some strains of Shigella bacteria are resistant to certain antibiotics. Your health care provider will determine which antibiotic is right for you. It is important that the entire course of medication is finished and not share your medication with others.
Is shigellosis a reportable disease?
Yes. Health care providers and laboratories must immediately report cases of shigellosis to the local health department (LHD) or the Indiana State Department of Health (ISDH). The LHD will contact all cases diagnosed with Shigella, so a possible exposure can be determined to help prevent others from becoming ill.
How can shigellosis be prevented?
In general, shigellosis can be prevented by strictly adhering to the following guidelines:
Practice good hygiene:
Eat safe foods and drink safe water (Remember: Contaminated foods may look and smell normal):
Updated on January 9, 2009
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Gastropoda | Littorinimorpha
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Living on rocks near high-water mark (Ref. 88739).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Members of the order Neotaenioglossa are mostly gonochoric and broadcast spawners. Life cycle: Embryos develop into planktonic trocophore larvae and later into juvenile veligers before becoming fully grown adults.
Tan, K.S. and W.W. Kastoro. 2004. (Ref. 2925)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 126983)
CITES status (Ref. 108899)
Threat to humans
| FishSource |
Estimates of some properties based on models
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Have you recently noticed an itchy or burning rash developing on the bottom of your foot or around your toes? Watch out: you may have contracted a skin infection commonly known as athlete’s foot! Though generally mild in severity, athlete’s foot is incredibly common, particularly as a condition related to sporting activities, and has the potential to worsen or create complications if not addressed. How did this disease get its name? Why is it such a common ailment? How is it contracted, diagnosed, and treated?
What exactly is Athlete’s Foot?
Known throughout the medical community by the name tinea pedis, athlete’s foot is a pathological infection caused by the accumulation of fungi. It is known by its street name due to its prevalence among athletes; fungi that can cause this disease survive and thrive in warm, damp environments, such as communal showers, locker rooms, swimming pools, and other similar locations. Areas that are prone to such environmental conditions and frequently experience heavy foot traffic can become breeding grounds for the pathogen which, once established, can be difficult to resolve. People who periodically walk barefoot along wet, populated floors, do not keep the skin of their feet dry and healthy, and who share socks and towels with infected persons are at high risk of contracting this common affliction.
Identification and Treatment
Athlete’s foot can be identified on the feet as a scaly, rash-like irritation. Some of the side-effects of this affliction are cracked skin, swelling, roughness and blistering. It may be difficult to differentiate between athlete’s foot and another type of dermatitis (milder, more common skin irritation). However, if the condition persists and/or worsens in a few days, a visit to the dermatologist is likely the best course of action.
Depending on the severity or likelihood of athlete’s foot being the cause of the skin irritation, a professional diagnosis could be skipped. Treatments for athlete’s foot are generally accessible either over the counter from a local pharmacy or by doctor’s prescription. These treatments typically consist of antifungal topical creams or oral tablets. Though minor cases of athlete’s foot tend to resolve without external treatment, moderate-to-severe developments may require medical attention. Complications can lead to more serious developments in the disease, so it should not be ignored.
The best way to prevent athlete’s foot from resurfacing is by keeping vulnerable body locations free of dampness. Appropriate exercise footwear is generally enough to prevent athlete’s foot from becoming a serious recurrence. Not everyone is equally vulnerable to contracting this disease, but it has the potential to throw a wrench into any athlete’s exercise regiment!
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California’s whooping cough cases have reached epidemic level, causing concern for citizens.
According to California’s public health agency, there have been 800 new cases documented in the last two weeks. As of June 10, there have been 3,458 cases of the infection, formerly known as pertussis; that is more than the entire number of cases for the whole year of 2013.
The people who are at the highest risk of contracting whooping cough are infants, and already two have died since the outbreak began. “Our biggest concern is always infants,” Stacey Martin, an epidemiologist with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s division of bacterial diseases, said. “There’s a gap in coverage between birth and the first vaccine.”
Whooping cough is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. The symptoms of the infection vary by age. In children, whooping cough can start out with cold like symptoms, and progress to a violent cough, making it hard to breathe. Many times, infants will not have the cough, but will instead suffer from something called apnea which is a pause in the child’s breathing patters. According to the CDC, approximately half of infants under the age of one, who contract the infection, will have to be hospitalized. A person is typically most contagious up to two weeks after the coughing fits begin.
Below is a disease progression chart that shows how the infection will progress after diagnosis.
California’s health department director Ron Chapman explained that by vaccinating pregnant women and infants, the state is significantly cutting down on the likelihood of these people contracting the infection. The CDC recommends for infants to receive their immunization as early as six weeks after birth because the vaccine given to the pregnant mother can soon wear off, leaving the infant vulnerable.
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Over the last two centuries Medical Scientists and Nutritionists have discovered 42 small molecule nutrients in foods and spices, which they have proven are essential for maintaining human health. Essential nutrients are very different from most chemicals found in foods and spices. They are small molecules and so very low in abundance that standard chemical analysis equipment cannot detect their presence. Our only source of these essential nutrients is diet because the human body does not synthesize or produce these necessary for health chemicals. Not consuming adequate amounts of essential nutrients results in the onset of debilitating and sometimes fatal disease conditions.
Examples of essential nutrients are Vitamins A, B, C, D, E and K. Regular consumption of these is needed to prevent the occurrence of a specific disease condition such as rickets, beriberi, scurvy, night blindness and uncontrolled bleeding. Multiple studies conducted by leading medical scientists have proven that plant based diets prevent the onset of many of today’s most difficult chronic disease conditions. Leading members of these groups have instructed that, like essential nutrients, the not yet identified small molecule nutrients in the plant based foods are responsible for the observed beneficial bioactivity. Which nutrients amongst the thousands of chemicals in a food or spice are responsible for the essential nutrient-like bioactivity noticed against other major disease conditions? An understanding of this very complex problem required new technologies to be developed.
HerbalScience seized the opportunity and developed the diverse technologies required to realize this breakthrough. The technologies were successfully integrated into BRILLIANT™, a proprietary technology platform that is bringing positive transformative change to global food and food related industries. In less than 2 years BRILLIANT™ identified and developed the methods and conditions to identify and capture, in whole food ingredients, over 3,000 not before identified bioactive small molecule nutrients. This achievement is remarkable in that these newly discovered nutrients represent less than 1/8th of 1% of the small molecule chemicals present in the 341 top consumed foods and spices that were the focus of the discovery effort. Medical scientists have demonstrated that the newly discovered nutrients are not only essential to enhancing human performance, but importantly, also essential to preventing many Infectious, Chronic Age and Lifestyle related disease conditions.
Medical scientists have also determined these newly discovered nutrients uniquely mimic the bioactivity of new generation biopharmaceuticals by engaging the disease condition related genes and enzymes within the human genome known to be involved in 8 major human health categories. Clinical studies verify that products containing these proprietary bioactive nutrients are safer and measurably more effective than current leading generic drugs. And that not all of the good news, when these newly discovered bioactive nutrients are combined or used as a co-therapy treatment they deliver a synergistic activity to many off-patent generic drugs enabling enhanced treatment outcomes, improved safety profiles and new long-life patents. Inexpensive GRAS Status food and spice based natural products containing these proprietary nutrients can now deliver clinically proven solutions for Enhanced Human Performance and many Infectious, Chronic Age and Lifestyle related disease conditions.
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Legal agreements and contracts form the backbone of various business and personal transactions. Understanding the nuances of these agreements is essential to protect the rights and interests of all parties involved. In this article, we will delve into some key examples and concepts surrounding different types of agreements.
1. Privity of Contract Example Sentence
One concept that often comes up in contract law is the privity of contract. Privity of contract refers to the relationship that exists between the parties who are direct participants in a contract. For example, in a recent real estate deal, John sold his property to Sarah. The privity of contract lies between John and Sarah as they are directly involved in the sale transaction. To learn more about privity of contract and its implications, click here.
2. Operating Agreement for Corporation Georgia
When setting up a corporation in Georgia, it is crucial to have an operating agreement in place. An operating agreement outlines the rules, regulations, and procedures for the corporation’s internal operations. This agreement helps prevent conflicts and provides clarity on important matters such as decision-making authority, profit distribution, and ownership rights. To view a sample operating agreement for a corporation in Georgia, visit here.
3. Contractor Apprentice Jobs
If you are looking to kickstart your career in the construction industry, consider exploring contractor apprentice jobs. These jobs offer hands-on training and mentorship opportunities to individuals who are new to the field. Contractors are often willing to take on apprentices to help them gain practical skills while working on real projects. To find out more about contractor apprentice jobs and how to apply, click here.
4. Rate Implicit in the Agreement
The rate implicit in the agreement refers to the interest rate that is implied by the terms of a contract. This rate is typically used when calculating the present value of future cash flows or when determining the fair value of financial instruments. Understanding the rate implicit in the agreement is crucial for accurate financial calculations and assessments. To gain a deeper understanding of this concept, visit here.
5. Vehicle Borrowing Contract
When borrowing a vehicle from someone, it is essential to have a vehicle borrowing contract in place. This contract outlines the terms and conditions of the borrowing arrangement, including responsibilities, liabilities, and potential fees. Having a contract ensures clarity and protects both parties involved in the vehicle lending transaction. To access a sample vehicle borrowing contract, click here.
6. RBC Margin Agreement Form
If you are considering using margin trading services provided by RBC (Royal Bank of Canada), you will need to complete an RBC margin agreement form. Margin trading involves borrowing funds to invest in securities, and the margin agreement form outlines the terms and conditions of this borrowing arrangement. To learn more about the RBC margin agreement form and its requirements, visit here.
7. Damages Based Agreement Insurance
A damages-based agreement (DBA) is a type of arrangement where legal fees are contingent upon the successful outcome of a case. DBA insurance provides protection against potential adverse costs liability if the case is unsuccessful. Understanding the ins and outs of damages-based agreement insurance is crucial for legal professionals and clients considering such arrangements. To explore further, click here.
8. Collective Bargaining Agreement Traducción
In a globalized world, it is essential to ensure effective communication across language barriers. When it comes to collective bargaining agreements, accurate translation is crucial to avoid ambiguity and misunderstandings. For reliable translation services for collective bargaining agreements, visit here.
9. Buyer Agency Agreement Colorado
When engaging a real estate agent as a buyer in Colorado, it is common to enter into a buyer agency agreement. This agreement establishes the agent’s fiduciary duties towards the buyer and outlines the terms of their working relationship. To understand the key elements of a buyer agency agreement in Colorado, check out this resource here.
10. Electrical Service Contractor Marketing
For electrical service contractors, effective marketing strategies are essential to attract clients and grow their business. From online advertising to word-of-mouth referrals, implementing the right marketing techniques can make a significant difference. To explore marketing tips and best practices for electrical service contractors, visit here.
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Presentation on theme: "SAT-10 Kindergarten Parent Night"— Presentation transcript:
1 SAT-10 Kindergarten Parent Night Tuesday, January 13, 2015
2 Preparing for the SAT-10 Ms. Barrera Mrs. Leon Ms. Ruiz Mrs. Valdes Mrs. CamposMrs. TrianaMrs. TraviesoMrs. BalujaMrs. Caballero
3 Welcome - Agenda What is the SAT (Stanford Achievement Test)? The Big SixSkills tested on the SATMath SAT skillsHow to help your child atat home
4 Introduction to the SAT The Stanford Achievement Test Series, with a rich history dating from the twentieth century, measures students’ school achievement in Reading, Language Arts and Mathematics. This Tenth Edition of the Stanford battery (Stanford 10) provides updated content that reflects the national curriculum and educational trends of the end of the twentieth century.
5 What is the SAT-10?The SAT-10 (Stanford Achievement Test) consists of two levels that measure the achievement of children in kindergarten and the first half of first grade.The SAT will measure children’s skills in the domains of reading and mathematics.It’s purpose is to assess the cognitive development of children in order to establish a baseline where instructional experience may best begin.
6 The Big Six Phonemic Awareness Phonics Fluency Comprehension VocabularyOral Language
7 Phonemic Awareness The knowledge that all letters stand for a sound When sounds are put together, words are formedStudents must know all letters and their sounds“A” makes the “a” sound as in apple.
8 Phonics The ability to put letter sounds together to make words. -at word familiesb at = batc at = cat-en word familiesh en = henp en = pend en = den
9 FluencyFluency is how fast or slow a child can read at their independent reading level.Fluency can be practiced through choral reading; reading together with your child.Modeling good reading is also beneficial for children to understand what good reading should sound like.
10 ComprehensionComprehension is understanding what is read or what a student reads.Oral comprehension is always higher than independent reading comprehension.In order to help your child with reading comprehension, it is important to ask questions while reading. For example: Who are the characters? Where did the story take place? What is the problem? What is the conflict? Ask your child: What happened in the beginning of the story? What happened at the end of the story? These are just some examples.
11 Vocabulary How to build vocabulary? Oral comprehension Oral language – daily experiencesDiscussions in classReading booksHigh Frequency Words
12 Oral LanguageOur ability to understand and pronounce English words demonstrates that we use a vast number of rules in the English language.
13 How to help your child succeed in reading Read to or with your child everyday.Demonstrate the importance of reading by example.Use time in the car, at restaurants, supermarkets to show how important it is to be able to read.Create flash cards with sight words and practice them everyday as part of the home learning assignment.
14 Continue…How to help…Use word families to help children learn how to segment and blend sounds together.Read nursery rhymesVisit the library and use age and grade appropriate booksCreate your own home library of books that your children will enjoy reading. Books of interest, such as dinosaurs or sea animals, etc.Make reading together a fun event that your children will look forward to each day.
15 Second Language Learners For students who are learning English as a second languageLabel objects around the home, such as: mirror, table, chair, refrigerator, bed, windowListen to stories on tape in order to learn how words are pronounced correctly in the English language. Make sure to follow along with the books and recognize words being read on actual printUse media and technology as a resource
16 Media and Technology for Second Language Learners PBS Television has resources such as: Super Y, Word Girl and Sesame Street that are great for language acquisition.is a great resource for Pre-Reading and Reading SkillsLeap Frog DVD’s such as: Letter Factory and Word Factory. Leap Pads are also excellent tools.available through the parent and student portal(Not free) annual fee
17 Reading Comprehension Skills Sequence of EventsCompare and ContrastCause and EffectAuthor’s PurposePredicting and InferringUnderstanding Characters and SettingMain Idea
18 Some things that may be seen on the SAT-10 Concepts of PrintWord MatchingLetter RecognitionLetter Recognition in TextRhymingLetter Sound Relationships – Single ConsonantsWord Reading
19 Skills Tested on the SESAT-2 Printed Word to Spoken WordPrinted Word to PictureDictated Word to Printed WordSentence ReadingLetter Sound Relationships- Consonant Blends/Diagraphs
20 Concepts of PrintWhich one of these is a sentence? Mark the space next to the one that is a sentence.He is little.Ve3qsWhat/is/how
21 Word MatchingMark the space under the word that is the same as the first word.Where white there where
22 Letter RecognitionMark next to the letter m…m.RMN
23 Letter-Sound Relationships-Consonant Blends/Diagraphs Mark the space under the picture that begins with the letters you see.Br
24 Printed Word to Spoken Word Mark next to the word monkey…monkey.MonkeyMaybemorning
25 Printed Word to Picture Look at the picture; then mark the space next to the word that names the picture.HasWholeHouse
26 Multiple Printed Words to Picture Look at the picture. Next to the picture there are two rows of words. In each row, mark under the word that tells something about the picture.BasketsleepingflowersWateringBetweenhungry
29 Mathematics Identify numbers 1-100 Skip Counting by 2’s, 5’s and 10’s Be able to count forward and backwardsAdditionSubtractionTell time, read a clockIdentify coins – coin valueCalendar skills – be able to read a calendar
30 Mathematics Continued PatternsNumber Word RecognitionOrdinal NumbersFractions – SymmetryMeasurementCapacity
31 Number RecognitionStudents must be able to identify all numbers from 1-100Be able to match number words with the numbersChoose the number word for 2.five one two
32 Skip Counting Students must be able to skip count by 2’s, 5’s and 10’s
33 Addition and Subtraction Students must be able to subtract using different terminology such as: take away, minus, less than, and the difference of.Students must be able to add using different terminology such as: in all, all together, the sum of, and join.
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SUBSTANCE ABUSE & PREGNANCY
Substance abuse, whether alcohol or drugs, can have lasting and dire effects on the fetus’ health both within the uterus and post-birth. Use of alcohol or drugs during pregnancy can cause birth defects, babies born addicted and suffering the effects of withdrawal, low birth weight, mental and physical disabilities and more. The sooner a person stops using, the more hope there is of having a healthy baby. So, if you or someone you know is pregnant and using alcohol or drugs, please contact us. Help is available. Many of the women who have gone through Arizona Women’s Recovery Center programs have delivered healthy babies and are parenting and living healthy lives. AWRC also provides emergency and transitional housing for women in recovery.
In addition to illegal drugs, prescription drug use and alcohol can have severe effects on unborn babies. Babies can be born with birth defects, low birth weight, premature birth, small head circumference, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and more.
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) is a group of problems that occur in newborn babies whose mothers used addictive, illegal or prescription drugs while they were pregnant. Drugs can include heroin, methadone, cocaine, amphetamines, benzodiazepines and pain medications like codeine, Oxycodone, Percocet, and Vicodin. These and other substances pass through the placenta to your infant during pregnancy causing babies who are born drug-dependent.
Many medications should not be taken during pregnancy. Please, ask your doctor before taking any prescriptions. From 2008 – 2013, 1 in 3 babies was born with Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS), a disease primarily caused by drug use during pregnancy. Babies born with NAS could have low birth weight, respiratory issues, feeding difficulties and seizures in addition to many other symptoms.
Alcohol use during pregnancy is the leading cause of developmental disability and birth defects in the United Staes. In fact, Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) affect an estimated 40,000 infants every year – more than Spina Bifida, Down Syndrome and Muscular Dystrophy combined (SAMHSA, 2003)! Effects of FASD include physical, mental, behavioral and/or learning disabilities with lifelong implications. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, one of the effects of FASD, costs the United States $5.4 billion annually and it is 100% preventable.
Although Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders can occur when a woman drinks/uses even before she knows she is pregnant, in order to limit effects a woman must stop drinking/using immediately upon finding out she is pregnant. If you or a loved one is pregnant and having difficulty stopping drinking alcohol or using drugs, please call us at 602-264-6214.
It’s never too late. We have programs and supportive housing to help you or your loved one give birth to a happy, healthy baby. For more information, download the Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome flyers.
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“Ghost chips” struck a chord with teenagers, showing the power of effective representation. Media studies students can choose varied road safety texts for the this assessment activity.
Internal assessment resource for:
Achievement Standard 91250: Demonstrate understanding of representation in the media.
Students demonstrate understanding of how road users are represented in short media texts designed to educate a target audience about keeping themselves, peers and family, safe in and around cars. This is a Quality Assured Assessment Material certified by NZQA.
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HPJava is designed as a language for parallel programming. It extends the standard Java language with syntax for manipulating a new kind of parallel data structure--the distributed array. The extensions evolved out of work on Fortran 90 and High Performance Fortran (HPF), but in fact the parallel programming model of HPJava is different to HPF. We will start to discuss the parallel features of HPJava in Chapter 2. This introductory chapter will mainly show you how to get started with HPJava. It describes how to compile and run simple HPJava programs. It also describes the sequential part of HPJava language. HPJava only introduces one language extension for sequential programming, namely the multiarray.
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Purple Martins are native songbirds in the swallow family.
East of the Rocky Mountains, Purple Martins nest almost exclusively in human-supplied housing. They are dependent on us for their survival. They are one of America’s most well-loved songbirds for many reasons; their chattering song, aerial acrobatics, insect-eating habits and their tolerance of humans.
Whether you are a seasoned Purple Martin landlord or just starting out there’s always something new and exciting to learn about martins.
Biology – Learn about the basic Purple Martin biology, their songs and calls, nesting habits, and the life cycle of the Purple Martin.
Identification – Have a Purple Martin at your colony site? View the different plumages and characteristics between the Purple Martin ages and sexes, as well as how to make sure what you see is a Purple Martin, and not an imposter
Attracting – Ready to attract Purple Martins? Learn about housing placement, when to open the cavities and the best ways to attract martins.
Managing – Now that you have an active colony site, what’s next? Learn how to conduct nest checks, how to manage predators, and how to troubleshoot any problems.
History – Learn about how Purple Martins came to be managed by humans
Housing Standards – What to look for in Purple Martin housing
Migration – Where do Purple Martins go when they leave the colony site?
Competitors – Need help dealing with House Sparrows, starlings, Tree Swallows, or bluebirds?
Troubleshooting Problems – Dealing with predation, cold weather, or drought?
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https://www.purplemartin.org/purple-martins/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144058.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200219061325-20200219091325-00205.warc.gz
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en
| 0.911441 | 346 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Egypt’s worrying population boom fails to generate the same headline attention as terrorist attacks, the impact of economic reforms on the poor, the country’s hyper-constrained politics, or accusations of human rights violations. Yet, the very real dangers it poses were highlighted when the head of the country’s statistical agency, Abu Bakr el-Gendy, called this seemingly irrepressible tide a “catastrophe.” To Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, it is a “challenge as critical as terrorism.”
The numbers are certainly daunting. In 2000, the United Nations estimated that Egypt’s population would hit 96 million in 2026. They were off by about 10 years. In 2017, there were some 104.5 million Egyptians, of which 9.5 million lived outside the country. The 2006 census counted 73 million people, an annual increase of 2.6 percent since then. Unless the fertility rate of 3.47 changes, by 2030, Egypt’s population is expected to grow to 128 million. This growth, with 2.6 million babies born in 2016, comes at a time of unprecedented challenges on the climate front with serious implications for loss of arable land (also under pressure from housing), rising sea levels, and depletion of scarce water resources. The Nile faces upstream challenges as Ethiopia builds Africa’s largest dam and pollution eats away at the river’s usability for agriculture and other needs.
This growth has grave implications. The number of primary school students grew by 40 percent from 2011 to 2016. One can imagine the impact on a system where 35 percent of students entering middle school cannot read or write. Employment is another challenge, with 700,000 new entrants annually into a labor force where over 25 percent of those 18-29 years old—one-third of whom have university degrees—are unemployed. The International Monetary Fund projects a labor force of 80 million by 2028. Reminiscent of the 2011 revolution, in which youth played a major role, 61 percent of the current population is under 30 years old and 34.2 percent is under 15 years old.
According to Egypt’s statistical agency, the population growth rate must be one-third that of economic growth to prevent living standards from deteriorating. Even if one accepted GDP growth of double the population growth rate, a more realistic 5.2 percent, the challenge remains that GDP growth in Egypt averaged 4.07 percent from 1992 until 2017. Yet, Egypt has done better on both accounts: It has sustained growth rates of well over 5 percent and lowered the birth rate to less than 2 percent—all within recent memory.
There is a preconception that Egypt’s family planning successes were undone by the 2011 events, with the Muslim Brotherhood blamed. While these events exacerbated the situation, the reversal of Egypt’s family planning success started years earlier. Population growth rates fell from 3.5 percent in the 1970s to 1.7 percent in the mid-2000s. By 2008, however, the rate increased, reaching 2.11 percent in 2011. The government eased its support, perhaps complacent in their success, and external partners re-deployed their resources, including the U.S. Agency for International Development’s family planning program in Egypt.
USAID identified the major drivers behind Egypt’s fertility reversal as “decreased exposure to family planning (FP) and reproductive health (RH) messages in the media and to FP/RH information and counseling; limited contraceptive method mix and shift in method choice by women, from intrauterine devices to oral contraceptives; discontinuation of methods due to mismanagement of side effects; trend toward earlier marriage, having the first child sooner and having shorter birth intervals; and fewer young women using contraception.” Earlier marriages and fewer women using contraceptives may also point to increased conservatism. Egypt is not the only country to have prematurely relaxed family planning—among others one can cite Pakistan and in roughly the same period.
The government has launched a family planning campaign with the slogan “two are enough.” The Ministry of Health’s Operation Lifeline aims to reduce the birth rate to 2.4, targeting rural areas where many view large families as a source of economic strength and resist birth control believing that it is un-Islamic. Egypt’s Al-Azhar University, one of the world’s foremost sources of Islamic learning, supports the ministry.
The plan is to deploy 12,000 family planning advocates across 18 governorates and enhance services in the country’s 6,000 family planning clinics where women receive free checkups and buy subsidized contraceptives. Details on the program and its budget are unclear. Large family planning campaigns using broadcasting are out because of the cost, which is well over $100,000 for private television stations. Campaigns are instead held in women-only social clubs or youth centers—drastically limiting effectiveness.
But the challenge is clear: Between 2009 and 2014, the desired number of children among young couples increased from 2.5 to 3, while contraceptive usage dropped. Unless this challenge is met, all the hard reforms and aid could prove inadequate to pull Egypt into a rapidly growing economy with a well-educated and globally competitive work force. USAID is back in the family planning business and other development actors like the World Bank are likely to join. The private sector, including private clinics who dispense over 20 percent of the contraceptives used in Egypt, and nongovernmental organizations also need to be part of the solution, as do examples of successful community driven approaches from elsewhere.
As the largest Arab and Mediterranean country, this problem could arguably be a regional if not a global one. Unless Egypt curbs its population and develops an economy that turns its youth into an asset, the liability resulting from failure is unlikely to be contained within Egypt.
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<urn:uuid:463c6dda-ce2c-489c-883a-1918432ca9f1>
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CC-MAIN-2020-10
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https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2018/05/22/egypts-population-boom-then-bust/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875141396.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200216182139-20200216212139-00054.warc.gz
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en
| 0.953109 | 1,204 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Hunmin Jeong'eum is the basis of modern Korean written script. Some of the letters have become obselete, but they are included in the computer encoding for Korean, and thus, they are also found as glyphs in Unicode.
When the new script was proclaimed, a version in written Chinese was written. In the Korean version, a mix of hangeul and Chinese characters were used, including the marks used for indicating the tones.
See Taiffalo's site for the scans where the following text is taken from. He also includes scans in Korean hangeul as well.
This page was created on Wednesday 23rd April 2003.
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<urn:uuid:5fc28354-9c28-43f4-bf54-628398292b30>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://dylansung.tripod.com/flux/hunminjeongeum.htm
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320666.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626013946-20170626033946-00168.warc.gz
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en
| 0.750306 | 134 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Natural Law does contain serious weaknesses, first of all it may be regarded as idealistic; Aquinas says that humans have a “tendency to do good and avoid evil”, however provides no basis for this assumption and no evidence to back it up. Furthermore it is based upon single idea of human nature. To be pragmatic however, people have different lifestyles and opinions. Aquinas seems to presume that we are inherently all the same and fit under the bracket of one human nature. For example homosexuality would be persecuted under Natural Law because it doesn’t seek to reproduce, but most would now agree that there is nothing morally wrong with homosexuality.
In being an absolutist theory, Natural Law is ignorant of the situation and thus may fall prey to many of the moral “pitfalls” that come with being unable to employ moral flexibility based upon the situation. Proponents of the theory might say that Natural Law tells us, as humans, to push and become the best we can be. We are told to aim for a purpose and maintain an ordered society. This is important for maintaining an ordered and moral society. However Natural Law could result in poor outcomes if the primary precepts are rigidly adhered to. In terms of sexual ethics, Natural Law would rule out contraception, as an example: the removal of contraception in many strictly religious countries has already led to more and more cases of AIDS across the globe.
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<urn:uuid:b54760f8-9960-48b9-ac6a-371c146ed482>
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CC-MAIN-2017-47
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https://blablawriting.com/natural-law-has-no-serious-weaknesses-essay
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805708.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119172232-20171119192232-00496.warc.gz
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en
| 0.968918 | 290 | 3.125 | 3 |
It seems like every six months or so we get a new food poisoning/contamination scare. Bird flu, e.coli, salmonella, the list of invisible invaders is long. What can you do to keep your family safe and healthy?
In an effort to soothe our fears, new regulations are being put into place that will require identifying a food’s country of origin via labels. It’s an attempt to keep consumers informed. If you know about an outbreak originating from a certain country, it will be much easier to avoid those foods.
“It’s vitally important to ensure that products coming in from other countries as well as ones growing here are quickly identified in an outbreak,” says Caroline Smith DeWaal, Director of Food and Safety Center for Science in the Public Interest.
In big business, Newton’s famous law of physics applies. That is, for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. So with this push, comes a push back from the food industry.
“The industry has fought labeling tooth and nail because if you have labeling… people could decide whether they wanted to eat this food or not,” says Michael Pollan, author of In Defense of Food.
For more on the subject, check out the ABC News website.
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<urn:uuid:c2783b25-388b-41a1-a6ec-5e8f3e6b7385>
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CC-MAIN-2013-48
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http://www.dietsinreview.com/diet_column/tag/food-poisoning/page/2/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163047545/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131727-00072-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.948346 | 271 | 3.203125 | 3 |
The gorgeous St. Anna Bay divides Willemstad into two major districts — Punda on the east and Otrobanda on the west. When the Dutch captured the island from Spain in 1634, Punda (from “Punta,” or “the point” in Papiamentu and Spanish) was born. The new leaders began to build a fort, Fort Amsterdam, to protect their settlement and soon the city began to grow.
Today, the Fort serves as the seat of the Government. Along with what are now Columbusstraat, Madurostraat, and Handelskade ("Commerce Street"), the up-and-coming Dutch Protestant merchants built their combined offices, warehouses, stores, and living quarters. The basic layout of this area, with its narrow perpendicular streets, still retains its original character.
In 1707, building permits were granted for Otrobanda, "The Other Side.” The buildings along Otrobanda’s Breedestraat were similar to those in Punda, with commercial space downstairs and living quarters on the upper floors. Off Breedestraat, a grand residential neighborhood was built by those eager for stately mansions reflecting their higher social standing.
In contrast to the neat grid of Punda, Otrobanda is a maze of twisting streets and alleyways, giving the neighborhood its own intimate charm. By 1774, Otrobanda was as big as Punda. In the 18th and 19th centuries, free blacks began to migrate to the city. Some of the spacious Otrobanda yards were built over with more modest living quarters and small craft shops, forming the city's first working class neighborhood and urban center. By the 20th century, Otrobanda had become a major cultural center for the rising black middle class.
Scharloo and Pietermaai
Just steps from Punda and Otrobanda, you’ll find Scharloo and Pietermaai, home to a wealth of gorgeously restored mansions. These historical suburbs are listed along with Willemstad on the UNESCO World Heritage List, commemorating their unique value to the world's cultural and natural heritage.
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<urn:uuid:f38c7ab4-e6f1-4413-9c0f-acad4d9fc0a1>
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CC-MAIN-2020-16
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https://news.curacao.com/en-us/historic-districts/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370510287.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20200403030659-20200403060659-00500.warc.gz
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en
| 0.949156 | 452 | 2.890625 | 3 |
07-09-13 | Blog Post
According to DetroitNews.com, personal information of 49,000 individuals – including that of names, SSNs, DOB, cancer screening test results and dates of completion – were accessed by hackers recently. The data resided in a password-protected area of the Michigan Cancer Consortium website hosted on a private company’s server.
However, a Michigan Department of Community Health (MDCH) spokesperson claims that the breached information does not qualify as a medical record, and therefore the agency is not subject to complying with the HIPAA breach notification rule. The spokesperson also claims that the department has removed its files from the hacked server, and are now only hosted on an MDCH secure server, and that the issue has been corrected as a result.
One can assume the information was not encrypted if it was previously not located on a ‘secure’ server. Encryption is a general best practice and highly recommended for any health organization that collects protected health information (PHI).
The federally mandated HIPAA Security Rule for healthcare organizations handling electronic protected health information (ePHI) dictates that organizations must:
In accordance with §164.306… Implement a mechanism to encrypt and decrypt electronic protected health information. (45 CFR § 164.312(a)(2)(iv))
HIPAA also mandates that organizations must:
§164.306(e)(2)(ii): Implement a mechanism to encrypt electronic protected health information whenever deemed appropriate.
Protecting ePHI at rest and in transit means encrypting not only data collected or processed, but also data stored or archived as backups.
One of the first steps toward implementing encryption is classifying and determining what data to encrypt, as Certified Information Systems Security Professional Chris Heuman stated in a recent webinar, Encryption – Perspective on Privacy, Security & Compliance. Any regulated, confidential or non-public information should be identified and then encrypted.
Since the HIPAA Privacy Rule dictates that any PHI includes demographic information that relates to “the individual’s past, present or future physical or mental health or condition,” the MDCH’s breached data including cancer screening test results and dates definitely fall under that definition.
The Dept. of Health & Human Services also makes the distinction between identifying information alone, such as names, addresses or phone numbers, and designated protected health information. With just identifying health data, they wouldn’t be categorized as PHI, since the same information could be found in a publicly-available phonebook.
But when paired with information such as listed health conditions, healthcare provision or payment data, or even any indication that a person was treated at a certain clinic is enough to count as PHI.
Additionally, when contracting with a private company and securing a server, check to ensure their facilities, company policies, staff training and technical services can pass an audit verifying they are in compliance with HIPAA standards.
While the OCR/HHS do not officially verify any product is ‘HIPAA compliant or certified,’ vendors that provide servers and server security are now considered business associates or even subcontractors of health organizations and are subject to HIPAA breach fines and consequences (read Final HIPAA Omnibus Rule: How it Changes Cloud Computing for Healthcare for more information).
An audit report from an independent auditor following the OCR HIPAA Audit Protocol can provide insight into the security of your data/application hosting provider.
For more about HIPAA compliant solutions, read our HIPAA Compliant Hosting white paper. Questions to ask your HIPAA hosting provider, data center standards cheat sheet and a diagram of the technical, physical and administrative security components of a HIPAA hosting solution (including HIPAA compliant clouds) are included.
Guidance Regarding Methods for De-identification of Protected Health Information in Accordance with the HIPAA Privacy Rule
Michigan Agency Breaches PHI But Says Not Bound by HIPAA
State Health Department Falls Victim to Hackers
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<urn:uuid:86ee2514-928b-48a2-9a2c-948616c4c36f>
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CC-MAIN-2023-23
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https://www.otava.com/blog/hipaa-encryption-first-steps-to-identifying-and-securing-health-data/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224654012.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20230607175304-20230607205304-00428.warc.gz
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en
| 0.927855 | 813 | 2.625 | 3 |
The Iloko people still tell stories of their hero Lam-Ang, a symbol of strength and perseverance so pure that he was elevated into the ranks of godhood. Below is a short version of Ti Biag ni Lam-Ang, the epic story of this most unusual hero.
Nine months before he was born to a noble family his father left for the mountains to defeat an evil tribe of Igorots. Unfortunately, he was beheaded, and his head was displayed at the center of the village as a prize. When the mother gave birth, she was surprised when the baby grew up instantly. Lam-Ang, as he was named, promised to find out what happened to his father by going up the mountains himself. There, helped by a good tribe of Igorots, he encountered the evil tribe and killed every last one of them as vengeance, just by using a single spear.
When he returned home, he was so tired that he wanted to bathe. He dipped into the Amburayan river, which was instantly drenched in mud and blood. So filthy was the flow that the animals in the river crawled out and died on its shores.
The following day he told his mother that he wanted to marry; using his supernatural abilities he predicted he would wed a woman named Ines who lived north in a small town named Kandon. On the way he encountered a stone giant who was burning the rice and tobacco plants. Using a silver shield he inherited he beheaded the giant and burned the body.
Ines had a multitude of suitors, and they crowded her house in Kandon. So many were they that Lam-Ang had to step on their heads and walk through a window just to enter the house. Ines was immediately stricken by his strength that she agreed to marry him. But her parents were still skeptical: they needed a dowry from his parents in return for Ines’ hand. Lam-Ang agreed to return in a week, bringing his mother, as well as wealth and goods. Back in his town Lam-Ang prepared a gold gilded with gold, filled with fruit, jewels, statues and other amenities. When he...
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<urn:uuid:217d6896-e9cb-4119-8a2e-6dc3a7c4373f>
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CC-MAIN-2014-35
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http://www.studymode.com/course-notes/Filipino-Epic-Fable-Legend-1133737.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535921872.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909032416-00092-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.995203 | 439 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Remote detection of aerial parasitic plants in forests is imperative in precision forestry, as it can help to manage tree stands and to monitor forest ecosystem health. The plain forests located in Noor and Hyrcanian forests (Iran), characterized by mixed broadleaved forests, host large populations of mistletoe (Viscum album). In this study, aiming to delineate trees infected by mistletoe, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with an RGB camera was used to acquire series of images in winter (February of 2020) and summer (September of 2020). The canopy height model (CHM) was generated from UAV images then Gaussian filter was applied to the CHM. Two sites were selected and the individual tree crowns in these sites were delineated manually and automatically (using a region growing algorithm based on the filtered canopy height model). A range of UAV-based RGB vegetation indices (VIs) was generated. Individual trees were classified into two classes (i.e., infected and non-infected) using a random forest classification algorithm, and based on six image processing scenarios (i.e., three scenarios where tree crowns were delineated manually, followed by identification of infected trees in leaf-off, leaf-on, and combined leaf-off and leaf-on seasons, and three scenarios with the same identification procedure applied to automatically delineated tree crowns using a regional growing algorithm). Optimal classification results using manual and automatic crown delineation were obtained by leaf-off and combined leaf-off + leaf-on season data with the overall accuracy of 87% and 76% for site 1, respectively. Also, the overall accuracy of 80% and 69% was obtained from combined leaf-off + leaf-on season data for site 2. The study demonstrates the potential of using UAV-based RGB data for studying mistletoe infection and distribution in a complex forest ecosystem.
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<urn:uuid:d7bbc409-c100-45b7-9fcf-f30f8a2f6dd7>
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/206216/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296950383.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20230402043600-20230402073600-00353.warc.gz
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en
| 0.965247 | 388 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Thermal Expansion of Solids
It is a basic fact that gases expand when heated. The volume of an ideal gas is proportional to the absolute temperate according to the the kinetic theory of gases. In fact, substances in general expand when they are heated, whether the substance be a gas, solid or liquid.
In a solid, unlike a gas or liquid, the atoms are not free to move. The atoms vibrate about fixed positions. When a substance is heated, the atoms vibrate more vigorously and occupy slightly more space.
The change in length,of an object that is warmed or cooled depends on the change in temperatureit's original lengthand the material of which it is made. Each material has a different coefficient of thermal expansionThe equation describing thermal expansion is
The coefficient of thermal expansion is not constant. It varies slowly with temperature, but can be assumed to be constant ifis small.
Long structures such as railway tracks and pipelines can fail from buckling. In the summer a long single piece of railway track can increase in length significantly. If the ends are not free to move, if they are welded for example, the thermal expansion, introduces a compressive stress along its length. When this stress becomes too large, the rail cannot maintain its original shape and it buckles sideways as shown.
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<urn:uuid:ab789f1f-4225-4043-8a2a-f239a3515736>
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CC-MAIN-2017-47
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https://astarmathsandphysics.com/a-level-physics-notes/thermal-physics-and-gases/3071-thermal-expansion-of-solids.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934807650.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124104142-20171124124142-00430.warc.gz
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en
| 0.917103 | 266 | 3.96875 | 4 |
Alexis Templeton remembers January 12, 2014, as the day the water exploded. A sturdy Pyrex bottle, sealed tight and filled with water, burst like a balloon.
Templeton had just guided her Land Cruiser across the bumpy, rock-strewn floor of Wadi Lawayni, a broad, arid valley that cuts through the mountains of Oman. She parked beside a concrete platform that rose from the ground, marking a recently drilled water well. Templeton uncapped the well and lowered a bottle into its murky depths, hoping to collect a sample of water from 850 feet below the surface.
Wadi Lawayni is enclosed by pinnacles of chocolate-brown rock, hard as ceramic yet rounded and sagging like ancient mud-brick ruins. This fragment of the Earth’s interior, roughly the size of West Virginia, was thrust to the surface through an accident of plate tectonics millions of years ago. These exotic rocks—an anomaly on Earth—had lured Templeton to Oman.
Shortly after she hoisted her sample from the well, the bottle ruptured from internal pressure. The water gushed out through the cracks, fizzing like soda. The gas erupting from it was not carbon dioxide, as it is in soft drinks, but hydrogen—a flammable gas.
Templeton is a geobiologist at the University of Colorado at Boulder, and to her, the gas has special significance: “Organisms love hydrogen,” she says. They love to eat it, that is. The hydrogen in the sample was not, itself, evidence of life. But it suggested that the rocks beneath the surface might be the sort of place where life can flourish.
Templeton is one of a growing number of scientists who believe that the Earth’s deep subsurface is brimming with life. By some estimates, this unexplored biosphere may contain anywhere from a tenth to one-half of all living matter on Earth.
Scientists have found microbes living in granite rocks 6,000 feet underground in the Rocky Mountains, and in seafloor sediment buried since the age of the dinosaurs. They have even found tiny animals—worms, shrimp-like arthropods, whiskered rotifers—among the gold deposits of South Africa, 11,000 feet below the surface.
We humans tend to see the world as a solid rock coated with a thin layer of life. But to scientists like Templeton, the planet looks more like a wheel of cheese, one whose thick, leathery rind is perpetually gnawed and fermented by the microbes that inhabit its innards. Those creatures draw nourishment from sources that sound not only inedible, but also intangible: the atomic decay of radioactive elements, the pressure-cooking of rocks as they sink and melt into the Earth’s deep interior—and perhaps even earthquakes.
Templeton had come to Oman in search of a hidden oasis of life. That fizz of hydrogen gas in 2014 was a strong sign that she was onto something. So this past January, she and her colleagues returned, intent on drilling 1,300 feet into these rocks and finding out what lived there.
On a hot winter afternoon, a guttural roar reverberated across the sun-drenched expanse of Wadi Lawayni. A bulldozer sat near the center of the valley. Mounted on its front was a towering drill shaft, spinning several times per second.
Half a dozen men in hard hats, most of them Indian workers employed by a local company, operated the drill. Templeton and a half-dozen other scientists and graduate students congregated a few yards away, beneath the shade of a canopy that billowed in the gentle breeze. They bent over tables, examining the sections of stone core being brought up by the workers every hour or so.
The rig had been running for a day, and the cores coming out of the ground were changing color as the drill penetrated deeper into the earth. The top few feet of stone were tinted orange and yellow, indicating that oxygen from the surface had turned the iron in the rock into rusty minerals. By 60 feet below the surface, those fingerprints of oxygen petered out, and the stone darkened to greenish-gray, spider-webbed with black veins.
“This is beautiful rock,” said Templeton, running a latex-gloved finger over its surface. Her sunglasses were pushed back over her straight brown hair, revealing cheekbones darkened from years of working outside on ships, on tropical islands, in the high Arctic, and everywhere else her work has taken her. “I’m hoping we see a lot more of this,” she said.
The green-black rock was giving her a close look at something that is all but impossible to observe just about anywhere else on the planet.
These rocks from deep inside the Earth are rich in iron—iron in the form of minerals that don’t ordinarily survive anywhere near the planet’s surface. This subterranean iron is so chemically reactive, so eager to combine with oxygen, that when it comes in contact with water underground, it rips the water molecules apart. It yanks out the oxygen—the “O” in H2O—and leaves behind H2, or hydrogen gas.
Geologists call this process “serpentinization,” for the sinuous veins of black, green, and white minerals that it leaves behind. Serpentinization usually happens only in places inaccessible to humans, such as thousands of feet beneath the floor of the Atlantic Ocean.
Here in Oman, though, deep-earth rocks have been lifted so close to the surface that serpentinization occurs only a few hundred feet underground. The hydrogen gas that burst Templeton’s water bottle in 2014 was a tiny sample of serpentinization’s yield; one water well, drilled a few years ago in this same region, released so much hydrogen that it was judged an explosion risk—prompting the government to seal it shut with concrete.
Hydrogen is special stuff. It was one of the fuels that propelled the Apollo missions, and the space shuttles, into orbit; ounce for ounce, it is one of the most energy-dense naturally occurring compounds on Earth. This makes it an important food for microbes below Earth’s surface.
All told, the microbes living beneath the mountains of eastern Oman may consume thousands of tons of hydrogen each year—resulting in a slow, controlled combustion of the gas, precisely choreographed by the enzymes inside their water-filled cells.
But that hydrogen supplies only half the equation of life: To produce energy from hydrogen, microbes need something to burn it with, just as humans inhale oxygen to burn food. Figuring out what the microbes are “breathing” so far underground, beyond the reach of oxygen, is a key part of Templeton’s mission.
At two in the afternoon, a battered pickup truck trundled past the drill site on a dusty dirt track. Behind it, six camels trotted in tight formation, their heads bobbing in the air: local livestock, tethered on short leashes, being led to a fresh patch of rangeland somewhere up the wadi.
Templeton, oblivious to the camels, called out in excitement: “Gold!” She pointed to a section of core lying on the table, and to a dime-sized cluster of yellow metallic crystals. Their cubic shapes revealed her little joke: The crystals were not real gold, but fool’s gold, also known as pyrite.
Pyrite, composed of iron and sulfur, is one of dozens of minerals known to be “biogenic”: Its formation is sometimes triggered by microbes. The crystals coalesce from the waste products that microbial cells exhale. So these pyrite crystals could be a byproduct of microbe metabolism—a possibility Templeton calls “beautiful.”
Back home in Colorado, she’ll give these crystals the same careful attention that an archaeologist would devote to a Roman trash pile. She’ll cut them into transparent slices and view them under a microscope. If the pyrite is, in fact, the product of living cells, she says, then the microbes “might even be entombed in the minerals.” She hopes to find their fossilized bodies.
Not until the early 1990s did anyone suspect that abundant life might inhabit the deep earth. The first evidence came from the rocks that sit below the seafloor.
Geologists had long noticed that volcanic glass, found in dark, basaltic rocks that lay hundreds to thousands of feet below the seafloor, was often riddled with microscopic pits and tunnels. “We had no idea that this might be biological,” says Hubert Staudigel, a volcanologist at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, California.
In 1992, a young scientist named Ingunn Thorseth, of the University of Bergen in Norway, suggested that the pits were the geologic equivalent of tooth cavities: Microbes had etched them into the volcanic glass as they consumed atoms of iron. In fact, Thorseth found what appeared to be dead cells inside the cavities—in rock samples collected from 3,000 feet beneath the seafloor.
When these discoveries unfolded, Templeton had not yet entered the field. She finished a master’s degree in geochemistry in 1996, then took a job at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California, where she studied how quickly microbes were eating the jet fuel embedded in the soil of a former U.S. Navy base. A few years later, for her Ph.D. research at Stanford, she studied how underground microbes metabolize lead, arsenic, and other pollutants.
In 2002, she moved to Scripps to work with Bradley Tebo, a biology professor, and Staudigel, on a related question: How were microbes living off the iron and other metals in basaltic glass from the seafloor?
In November of that year, on the back deck of a research ship in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, she climbed down the hatch of the Pisces-IV, a car-sized submersible, and was lowered into the sea. Terry Kerby, a pilot with the Hawaii Undersea Research Laboratory, guided the craft to the southern slope of Loihi Seamount, an undersea volcano near Hawaii’s Big Island.
At a depth of 5,600 feet, the sub’s floodlights dimly illuminated a bizarre undersea landscape: a jumble of what resembled black, bulging trash bags, haphazardly stacked into towering pinnacles. These so-called pillow basalts had formed decades or centuries before as lava oozed from cracks, encountered seawater, and flash-cooled into lobes of glassy rock. Templeton lay on her side on a bench, bundled up against the cold, and watched through a thick glass portal as Kerby broke off pieces of basalt with the craft’s robotic pincer arms. Eight hours after they were lowered into the ocean, they returned to the surface with 10 pounds of rock.
The same year, she and Staudigel visited Hawaii’s Kilauea volcano, hoping to collect microbe-free volcanic glass that they could compare with their deep-sea samples. Clad in heavy boots, they walked onto an active lava flow, treading on a black crust of hardened rock just half an inch thick. Staudigel found a spot where the orange, molten lava had broken through the overlying crust. He scooped up the glowing material with a metal pole and plopped it—like hot, gooey honey—into a bucket of water. It hissed and crackled, boiling the water as it hardened into fresh glass.
Back in the lab, Templeton isolated dozens of the bacterial strains that leach iron and manganese out of the deep-sea rocks. She and her colleagues remelted the sterile glass from Kilauea in a furnace, doped it with different amounts of iron and other nutrients, and grew the bacterial strains from the seafloor on it. She used sophisticated X-ray techniques to watch, fascinated, as the bacteria digested the minerals.
“I have a basement full of basalt from the seafloor because I can’t let it go,” she told me one day during a break in the drilling.
But those rocks, and the critters that chew on them, had one major drawback for Templeton: They came from the seafloor, where the water contains oxygen.
Oxygen sustains every animal on Earth, from aardvarks to earthworms to jellyfish; our atmosphere and most of our ocean is chock-full of it. But Earth has only been highly oxygenated for a tiny fraction of its history. Even today, vast swaths of our planet’s biosphere have never encountered oxygen. Go more than a few feet into bedrock, and it’s virtually nonexistent. Go anywhere else in the solar system, including places like Mars that might harbor life, and you won’t find it, either.
As Templeton explored Earth’s deep biosphere, she had become interested in how life originated on Earth—and where else it might exist in the solar system. The subsurface could provide a window into those distant places and times, but only if she could delve deeper, below the reach of oxygen.
The mountains of east Oman seemed like the perfect place. This massive slab of slowly serpentinizing rock preserves, in its interior, the oxygen-deprived conditions and chemically reactive iron minerals that are thought to exist deep inside the planet.
Templeton and several other deep-biosphere researchers connected with a major effort that was in early planning stages—the Oman Drilling Project.
The effort was co-led by Peter Kelemen, a geologist at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory in New York. He had his own mission: The deep-earth rocks in Oman react not only with oxygen and water but also with carbon dioxide, pulling the gas out of the atmosphere and locking it into carbonate minerals—a process that, if understood, could help humanity offset some of its carbon emissions.
Kelemen was present during the drilling at Wadi Lawayni in January 2018. And he was bullish on the prospects of finding life. These rocks had originally formed at a temperature of more than 1,800 degrees Fahrenheit. But they would have rapidly cooled, and today the top thousand feet of rock hover around 90 degrees Fahrenheit. These rocks, he said, “have not been hot enough to kill microbes since the Cretaceous”—the age of the dinosaurs.
At three in the afternoon at the drill site, half a dozen team members gathered near the rig for what had become an hourly ritual: a moment of suspense.
A new section of core, freshly raised from the borehole, was lowered onto a sawhorse—a stone cylinder 10 feet long and as big around as the fat end of a baseball bat, concealed in a metal pipe.
Workers lifted one end of the pipe. And out slid the core—along with a gush of black gunk. Glops of thick, dark sludge dripped on the ground. The core was covered from end to end.
“Oh my god,” someone said. “Oya.” Murmurs all around.
A worker wiped down the core, and pinprick bubbles erupted on its smooth, sheeny surface—reminiscent of the bubbles in hot cooking oil. The stone, no longer pressurized underground, was degassing before our eyes, the bubbles squirting out through pores in the rock. The odor of sewer and burnt rubber rose into the air—a smell that had instant meaning for the scientists present.
“That rock is seriously alive,” said Templeton.
“Hydrogen sulfide,” said Kelemen.
Hydrogen sulfide—a gas found in sewers, in your intestines, and, apparently, underground in Oman—is produced by microbes living in the absence of oxygen. Deprived of that life-giving gas, they pull a trick that no animal on Earth can do: They breathe something else. In other words, they burn their food using some other chemical that is available underground.
The sections of core brought up so far offered clues about what they might be breathing. The gassy core was crisscrossed by bands of orange-brown stone—marking the places where hot magma had spurted through deep fissures in the Earth millions of years before, when this rock lay miles underground.
Those bands of fossil magma would have gradually bled their chemical components into the groundwater—including a molecule called sulfate, which consists of a single sulfur atom studded with four oxygen atoms. The microbes were probably using this molecule to digest hydrogen, said Templeton: “They eat the hydrogen and they breathe the sulfate.” And then, they exhale fart gas.
Hydrogen sulfide isn’t just stinky. It is also toxic. So the very microbes that produce it also run the risk of poisoning themselves as it accumulates underground. How did they avoid doing so? Once again, the rock provided clues.
As drilling continued over the next several days, the black goo petered out. Each new section of core was dry and stink-free. But the stone itself had changed: Its mosaic of veins and serpentine minerals had darkened into shades of gray and black, like a plaid shirt soaked in ink.
“All of that blackening is a bio-product,” Templeton said one afternoon, as she and her research associate, Eric Ellison, crowded inside a cramped laboratory trailer, packing samples of rock to send home. Some of the rocks sat in a sealed Plexiglass box, and Ellison handled them with his hands inserted through gloves mounted in the walls of the box—giving the appearance that the rocks contained something sinister. But the precaution wasn’t intended to protect humans; it was meant to keep the delicate microbes out of contact with oxygen.
Templeton speculated that the microbes had stained the most recent rock samples: The hydrogen sulfide they exhaled had reacted with iron in the surrounding stone, creating iron sulfide—a harmless black mineral. The pyrite minerals we’d seen earlier were also composed of iron and sulfide, and could have formed the same way.
These black minerals are more than an academic curiosity. They provide a glimpse of how microbes have not only survived inside the Earth’s crust, but also transformed it, in some cases forming minerals that might not otherwise exist.
Some of the world’s richest deposits of iron, lead, zinc, copper, silver, and other metals formed when hydrogen sulfide latched onto metals that had dissolved deep underground. The sulfide locked the metals in place, concentrating them into minerals that accumulated for millions of years—until they were exhumed by miners. The hydrogen sulfide that formed those ores often came from volcanic sources, but in some cases, it came from microbes.
Robert Hazen, a mineralogist and astrobiologist at the Carnegie Institution in Washington, D.C., believes that more than half of Earth’s minerals owe their existence to life—to the roots of plants, to corals and diatoms, and even to subsurface microbes. He has even speculated that the world’s seven continents may owe their existence, in part, to microbes gnawing on rocks.
Four billion years ago, Earth had no permanent land—just a few volcanic peaks jutting above the ocean. But microbes on the seafloor may have helped change that. They attacked iron-rich basalt rocks, much as they do today, converting the volcanic glass into clay minerals. Those clays melted more readily than other rocks. And once melted, they resolidified into a new kind of rock, a material lighter and fluffier than the rest of the planet: granite.
Those buoyant granites piled into heaps that rose above the ocean, creating the first permanent continents. This would have happened to some degree without the help of microbes, but Hazen suspects that they accelerated the process. “You can imagine microbes shifting the balance,” he says. “What we’re arguing is that microbes played a fundamental role.”
The emergence of land had a profound effect on Earth’s evolution. Rocks exposed to the air broke down more quickly, releasing trace nutrients such as molybdenum, iron, and phosphorus into the oceans. These nutrients spurred the growth of photosynthetic algae, which absorbed carbon dioxide and exhaled oxygen. Just over 2 billion years ago, the first traces of oxygen appeared in Earth’s atmosphere. Five hundred and fifty million years ago, oxygen levels finally rose high enough to support the first primitive animals.
Earth’s abundant water, and its optimal distance from the sun, made it a promising incubator for life. But its evolution into a paradise for intelligent, oxygen-breathing animals was never guaranteed. Microbes may have pushed our planet over an invisible tipping point—and toward the formation of continents, oxygen, and life as we know it.
Even today, microbes continue to make, and remake, our planet from the inside out.
In some ways, the microbe underworld resembles human civilization, with microbial “cities” built at the crossroads of commerce. In Oman, the thriving oasis of stinky, black microbes sat 100 feet underground, near the intersection of several large rock fractures—channels that allowed hydrogen and sulfate to trickle in from different sources.
Elisabetta Mariani, a structural geologist from the University of Liverpool in England, spent long days under the canopy, mapping these breaks in the rock. Late one morning, she called me over to see something special: a break cutting diagonally across a core, exposing two rock faces streaked in paper-thin layers of green-and-black serpentine.
“Can you see here these grooves?” she asked, in English accented with her native Italian, pointing out scratches that raked the two serpentine faces. They showed that this was more than just a passive break; it was an active fault. “Two blocks of rocks have slipped past each other along this direction,” she said, gesturing along the grooves.
Tullis Onstott, a geologist at Princeton University not affiliated with the Oman drilling, believes that such active faults may do more than just provide routes for food to move underground—they may actually produce food. In November 2017, Onstott and his colleagues began an audacious experiment. Starting from a tunnel 8,000 feet down in the Moab Khotsong gold mine in South Africa, they bored a new hole toward a fault that lay nearly half a mile deeper still. On August 5, 2014, the fault had sparked a magnitude-5.5 earthquake. By drilling into it, Onstott hoped to test the provocative idea that earthquakes supply food to the deep biosphere.
Scientists have long noticed that hydrogen gas seeps out of major faults such as the San Andreas in California. That gas is produced in part by a chemical reaction: Silicate minerals pulverized during a quake react with water and release hydrogen as a byproduct. For microbes sitting next to the fault, that reaction could result in something like a periodic sugar rush.
In March 2018, four months after the drilling in the Moab Khotsong mine began, workers brought up a stone core that crossed the fault.
The rock along the fault was “pretty banged up,” says Onstott—torn with dozens of parallel fractures. The stone lining some of those cracks was crushed into fragile clay, marking recent earthquakes. Other cracks, filled with veins of white quartzite, marked older ruptures from thousands of years before.
Onstott is now searching those quartzite veins for fossilized cells and analyzing the rock for DNA, in hopes of finding out what kind of microbes—if any—inhabit the fault.
More importantly, he and his colleagues have kept the borehole open—monitoring water, gases, and microbes in the fault, and taking new samples each time there’s an aftershock. “You can then see whether or not there’s a gas release,” he says, “and whether or not there’s a change in the microbial community because they’re consuming the gas.”
Even as Onstott awaits those results, he is starting to consider an even more radical possibility: that deep-dwelling microbes don’t just feed off of earthquakes, but might also trigger them. He believes that as microbes attack the iron, manganese, and other elements in the minerals that line the fault, they could weaken the rock—and prime the fault for its next big slip. Exploring that possibility would mean doing laboratory experiments to find out whether microbes in a fault can actually break down minerals quickly enough to affect seismic activity. With a scientist’s characteristic understatement, he contemplates the work ahead: “It’s a reasonable hypothesis to test.”
By January 30, the drill in Wadi Lawayni had reached a depth of 200 feet. Its motor growled in the background as Templeton and her colleague, Eric Boyd, rested in camp chairs under an acacia tree. Strewn at their feet lay the signs of other travelers who had paused in this rare island of shade—nodules of camel dung, smooth and round like leathery plums.
“We think that this is an environment that’s important for understanding the origins of life,” said Boyd, a geobiologist from Montana State University in Bozeman. That potential, he said, is part of what lured him and Templeton to these deep-earth rocks in Oman: “We like hydrogen.”
Both Boyd and Templeton believe that life on Earth started in an environment similar to that which lies a few yards beneath their camp chairs. They believe that life began within subsurface fractures, where iron-rich minerals gurgled out hydrogen gas as they reacted with water.
Of all the chemical fuels that existed on Earth 4 billion years ago, hydrogen would have been one of the easiest for early, inefficient cells to metabolize. Hydrogen wasn’t only produced by serpentinization, either; it was also produced—and still is, today—by the radioactive decay of elements such as uranium, which constantly splits apart water molecules in the surrounding rock. Hydrogen is so labile, so willing to break apart, that it can even be digested using sluggish oxidants, like carbon dioxide or pure sulfur. DNA studies of millions of gene sequences suggest that the forerunner of all life on Earth—the “last universal common ancestor,” or LUCA—probably did use hydrogen as its food, and burned it with carbon dioxide. The same might be true for life in other worlds.
The iron minerals that exist here in Oman are common across the solar system, as is the process of serpentinization. The Reconnaissance Orbiter, a space probe now circling Mars, has mapped serpentine minerals on the Martian surface. The space probe Cassini has found chemical evidence of ongoing serpentinization deep within Saturn’s ice-covered moon, Enceladus. Serpentine-like minerals have been detected on the surface of Ceres, a dwarf planet that orbits the sun between Mars and Jupiter. Serpentine minerals are even found in meteorites, the fragments of embryonic planets that existed 4.5 billion years ago, just as Earth was being born—raising the possibility that the cradle of life’s origin actually existed before our planet did.
Hydrogen—an energy source for nascent life—was produced in all of these places. It is probably still being produced throughout the solar system.
To Boyd, the implications are breathtaking.
“If you had rock like this, at a temperature similar to Earth, and you had liquid water, how inevitable do you think life is?” he asked. “My personal belief is, it’s inevitable.”
Finding that life will be a challenge. With existing technologies, a probe sent to Mars could drill no more than a few feet below its hostile surface. Those shallow rocks might contain signs of past life—perhaps desiccated carcasses of Martian cells, sitting inside the microscopic tunnels that they chewed into the minerals—but any living microbes are likely to be buried hundreds of feet deeper. Templeton has grappled with the problem of detecting past signs of life—and of distinguishing those signs from things that happened without the influence of life—ever since she started looking at basaltic seafloor glasses 16 years ago.
“My job is to find bio-signatures,” she says. As she studies the rocks drilled out of Oman, she’ll subject them to some of the same tools that she used on the glasses. She will bounce X-rays off the mineral surface in order to map how the microbes are altering the minerals, and whether they are leaving metals in place or etching them away. By learning how living microbes chew on minerals, she hopes to find reliable ways of identifying those same chemical chew marks in extraterrestrial rocks that haven’t held living cells for thousands of years.
One day, these tools might be packed onto a Mars rover. Or they might be used on rocks that are brought back from other worlds. For now, she and her colleagues have plenty to do in Oman, figuring out what inhabits the dark, hot, hidden biosphere below their feet.
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What Are Non-Fungible Token (NFT)?
A Non-Fungible Token (NFT) is a token that cannot be exchanged for one another. Non-fungible tokens, also known as NFT, are cryptographic units of data or assets stored on a blockchain with unique identifications that distinguish them from each other and make them not exchangeable.
Fungible means “CAN be exchanged with another identical item.” A typical example is a currency; $10 will always be $10, even two $5 bills. They remain fungible regardless of the bill’s condition.
But what about a $10 bill signed by Elon Musk? Now we’re getting into the idea of non-fungible. Non-fungible means something is unique and can’t be exchanged. The website domain blockchainreporter.net, there can only be one of blockchainreporter.net, and it can never be changed because it’s unique, one of a kind.
Understanding Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs)
A non-fungible token might be similar to cryptocurrency since it can also be traded, except that the non-fungible tokens paradigm is different from crypto. Non-fungible tokens are unique and irreplaceable, making it impossible for one non-fungible token to be exact or equal to another. Non-fungible tokens are digital representations of assets and have been similar to the form of digital passports because each non-fungible token always contains a unique, non-transferable identity to differentiate it from other tokens. Non-fungible tokens can also be extensible. That is, one non-fungible token could be bred. You can combine one Non-fungible token with another to produce a third unique non-fungible token.
Non-fungible tokens are used as proof of ownership of underlying assets. They can also be used to represent digital art. An example is CryptoKitties, an extremely popular digital representation of cats with unique identification based on the Ethereum blockchain. It is associated with unique images of cartoon cats and allows users to trade those cats by exchanging complimentary tokens.
Although non-fungible tokens might only be considered art, it’s not. Non-fungible tokens are more than just a bunch of digital arts. They could also represent other types of digital assets. Such as; real-world items like real estate and even represent individuals’ identities, property rights, etc.
Because NFTs are developed on the blockchain, they can also work for identity management and remove the need for intermediaries. Non-fungible tokens can remove intermediaries, simplify transactions, and create new markets.
Examples of Non-fungible Tokens
Some other popular non-fungible token examples are:
Beeple is a digital art that happens to be the first-ever non-fungible token sold at a major auction house. This NFT was auctioned off by Christie for a whopping sum of $69 million.
Bored Ape non-fungible token or NFT is a digital art often also called Bored Ape Yacht Club (BAYC). This NFT collection is built on the Ethereum blockchain. Its collection features a photo of cartoon Apes that actually looks bored, some different than the other. Yuga Labs is the parent company of this NFT collection Bored Ape.
Memorabilia by actor William Shatner. This NFT collection contains photos of personal memorabilia from his sixty years career. The NFT was eventually sold, and the actor sold 125,000 units of the Memorabilia NFT in 9 minutes.
Another example of a non-fungible token is the one by singer and songwriter Grimes. Grimes made a whopping profit of $5.8 million, selling a collection of 10 of this NFT. This NFT is one of the top-selling NFT and was a one of a kind video called “Death of the Old” that sold for $389,000.
Non-fungible tokens are evolving, and it could also be an expansion for cryptocurrencies. Modern finance operations have issues with several complicated trading and loan systems for different asset types that they are dealing with, varying from real estate to lending contracts to artwork. But by using digital replicas of physical assets, Non-fungible tokens are a step forward in the innovation of this infrastructure.
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This summary for policymakers of the International Panel on Climate Change Working Group III analitycal report outlines technological and behavioral changes that can limit the increase in global average temperatures to less than two degrees Celsius, the point at which science shows that climate impacts begin to overwhelm human coping efforts. The report further notes that only major institutional and technological change will result in a better than even chance that global warming will not exceed this threshold.
Download file: ENG
Topics: Science, Mitigation
Type of material: Analytical-Technical Document
Publication date: 2014
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This is the sort of thing that might become a landmark in the field. As a collaboration among a number of different groups of proponents of learning design, it stands as a sort of marker or statement of the core values of the field. The aim of this work is to define and extend the Larnaca Declaration of learning design, first formulated a couple of years ago, which seeks to create a 'notation' to educators can use to describe and share successful strategies. The declaration employs an excellent analogy, that of musical notation, which allows us to share through the generations the thoughts of great componsers. Even jazz can be understood this way, the authors argue. "Even improvisation often uses some predetermined basic musical structures, such as the chord progressions in the twelve-bar blues."
I'm not on board with this project. In all fairness, I should engage with it more fully and formally, to tease out the nuances of exactly why I don't think this is the right approach. That work lies far in the future. Even so, let me take a few paragraphs to explain where I feel the fundamental issues inherent in this approach will arise:
- why should there be a separate notation for educational or learning activities, as opposed to the notation we might use for activities generally? For example 'role playing' is not only a learning strategy, but a design strategy.
- what is the basis for the proposed standardized and formalized vocabularies, and how are these vocabularies created, especially in cases where the 'educational' activity (such as roleplaying) overlaps with other fields?
- the authors talk of the "need to create clearer conceptual foundations" - but I am sceptical that they have 'solved' learning. Compare with their description of the "wide range of theories and research methods that are used to guide decisions about teaching and learning activities". There aren't conceptual foundations yet.
- indeed, there isn't an accepted ontology of learning or educational objects or events. Consider the "AUTC Learning Design project" described in the declaration: there is no principled distinction between a 'resource' and a 'support'.
- The understanding of conceptual types in learning design seems primitive compared to more established areas there notation is based on specific methodologies and principles, such as computer programming or interaction design. For example, consider the Jigsaw design pattern used as an example. The processes of combination and recombination strike me, at least, as a superficial replication of some neural network designs.
- there is a presumption in this work that different theories can and will use the same terminology in the same way. But this does not accord with the work of people like Kuhn, who point to the incommensurability of concepts and terms between theories
- the point of learning design is to depict "a sequence of teaching and learning activities is created independent of its implementation context," however, no vocabulary or syntax can be created independently of implementation (cf. Quine, 'Two Dogmas of Empiricism')
- learning design is ultimately top-down and formal: the "usual expectation is that an educator who adopts a learning design will still need to adapt it to suit the particular needs of his/her learners." Compare this with discussions of (and criticisms of) 'knowledge translation'
- it's not clear learning design as described here even makes sense outside the context of classroom instruction. As the authors note, there are different reserach methods, expectations, etc. with SCORM. How would learning design fare with an approach to learning that did not have learning outcomes or employ a curriculum?
The attempt to depict Learning Design with a common notation is an attempt to formalize in a reductive way the underpinnings of a creative act. It focuses on the world of the teacher. As a creative act, teaching can be - like drama or music - formalized in some interesting ways. But the processes of teaching and learning are not simply creative acts. They must function in a complex and often chaotic world, in a constantly changing environment where there is currently no consensus on what the fundamental objects are. It's like applying stage notation to the floor of the stock exchange, or applying musical notation to describe a busy intersection. It's just not the right tool to use to understand human interaction or the interplay of sound. And if we can't use it to foster this understanding, why use it all?
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This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2015)
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A war novel or military fiction is a novel about war. It is a novel in which the primary action takes place on a battlefield, or in a civilian setting (or home front), where the characters are preoccupied with the preparations for, suffering the effects of, or recovering from war. Many war novels are historical novels.
The war novel's origins are in the epic poetry of the classical and medieval periods, especially Homer's The Iliad, Virgil's The Aeneid, sagas like the Old English Beowulf, and Arthurian literature. All of these epics were concerned with preserving the history or mythology of conflicts between different societies, while providing an accessible narrative that could reinforce the collective memory of a people. Other important influences on the war novel included the tragedies of dramatists such as Euripides, Seneca the Younger, Christopher Marlowe, and Shakespeare. Euripides' The Trojan Women is a powerfully disturbing play on the theme of war's horrors, apparently critical of Athenian imperialism. Shakespeare's Henry V, which focuses on events immediately before and after the Battle of Agincourt (1415) during the Hundred Years' War, provides a model for how the history, tactics, and ethics of war could be combined in an essentially fictional framework. Romances and satires in Early Modern Europe, like Edmund Spenser's epic poem The Faerie Queene and Miguel de Cervantes's novel Don Quixote, to name but two, also contain elements that influenced the later development of war novels. In terms of imagery and symbolism, many modern war novels (especially those espousing an anti-war viewpoint) are influenced by Dante's depiction of Hell in the Inferno, John Milton's account of the war in Heaven in Paradise Lost, and the Apocalypse as depicted in the biblical Book of Revelation. A Notable non-western example of war novel is Luo Guanzhong's Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
As the realistic form of the novel rose to prominence in the seventeenth century, the war novel began to develop its modern form, although most novels featuring war were picaresque satires rather than truly realistic portraits of war. An example of one such work is Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen's Simplicius Simplicissimus, a semi-autobiographical account of the Thirty Years' War.
19th century war novels
The war novel came of age during the nineteenth century, with works like Stendhal's The Charterhouse of Parma (1839), which features the Battle of Waterloo, Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace (1869), about the Napoleonic Wars in Russia, and Stephen Crane's The Red Badge of Courage (1895), which deals with the American Civil War. All of these works feature realistic depictions of major battles, scenes of wartime horror and atrocities, and significant insights into the nature of heroism and cowardice, as well as the exploration of moral questions.
World War I and World War II
World War I produced an unprecedented number of war novels, by writers from countries on all sides of the conflict. One of the first and most influential of these was the 1916 novel Le Feu (or Under Fire) by the French novelist and soldier Henri Barbusse. Barbusse's novel, with its open criticism of nationalist dogma and military incompetence, initiated the anti-war movement in literature that flourished after the war.
Of equal significance is the autobiographical work of Ernst Jünger, In Stahlgewittern (1920) (Storm of Steel). Distinctly different from novels like Barbusse's and later Erich Maria Remarque's Im Westen nichts Neues (All Quiet on the Western Front), Jünger instead writes of the war as a valiant hero who embraced combat and brotherhood in spite of the horror. The work not only provides for an under-represented perspective of the War, but it also gives insight into the German sentiment that they were never actually defeated in the First World War.
The post-1918 period produced a vast range of war novels, including such "home front" novels as Rebecca West's The Return of the Soldier (1918), about a shell shocked soldier's difficult re-integration into British society; Romain Rolland's Clérambault (1920), about a grieving father's enraged protest against French militarism; and John Dos Passos's Three Soldiers (1921), one of a relatively small number of American novels about the First World War. Also in the post–World War I period, the subject of war is dealt with in an increasing number of modernist novels, many of which were not "war novels" in the conventional sense, but which featured characters whose psychological trauma and alienation from society stemmed directly from wartime experiences. One example of this type of novel is Virginia Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway (1925)', in which a key subplot concerns the tortuous descent of a young veteran, Septimus Warren Smith, toward insanity and suicide. In 1924, Laurence Stallings published his autobiographical war novel, Plumes.
The 1920s saw the so-called "war book boom," during which many men who had fought during the war were finally ready to write openly and critically about their war experiences. In 1929, Erich Maria Remarque's Im Westen nichts Neues (All Quiet on the Western Front) was a massive, worldwide bestseller, not least for its brutally realistic account of the horrors of trench warfare from the perspective of a German infantryman. Less well known but equally shocking in its account of the horrors of trench warfare is the earlier Stratis Myrivilis' Greek novel Life in the Tomb, which was first published in serialised form in the weekly newspaper Kambana (April 1923 – January 1924), and then in revised and much expanded form in 1930. Also significant were Ernest Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms (1929), Richard Aldington's Death of a Hero (1929), Arnold Zweig's Der Streit um den Sergeanten Grischa (1927) (The Case of Sergeant Grischa), Charles Yale Harrison's Generals Die in Bed (1930). and William March's Company K (1933).
Novels about World War I appeared less in the 1930s, though during this decade historical novels about earlier wars became popular. Margaret Mitchell's Gone with the Wind (1936), which recalls the American Civil War, is an example of works of this trend. William Faulkner's The Unvanquished (1938) is his only novel that focuses on the Civil War years, but he deals with the subject of the long, aftermath of it in works like The Sound and the Fury (1929) and Absalom, Absalom! (1936).
The 1990s and early 21st century saw another resurgence of novels about the First World War, with Pat Barker's Regeneration Trilogy: Regeneration (1991), The Eye in the Door (1993), and The Ghost Road (1995), and Birdsong (1993) by English writer Sebastian Faulks, and more recently Three to a Loaf (2008) by Canadian Michael Goodspeed.
World War II
World War II gave rise to a new boom in contemporary war novels. Unlike World War I novels, a European-dominated genre, World War II novels were produced in the greatest numbers by American writers, who made war in the air, on the sea, and in key theatres such as the Pacific Ocean and Asia integral to the war novel. Among the most successful American war novels were Herman Wouk's The Caine Mutiny, James Jones's From Here to Eternity, and Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Tolls, the latter a novel set in the Spanish Civil War.
Jean-Paul Sartre's novel Troubled Sleep (1949) (originally translated as Iron in the Soul), the third part in the trilogy Les chemins de la liberté, The Roads to Freedom, "depicts the fall of France in 1940, and the anguished feelings of a group of Frenchmen whose pre-war apathy gives way to a consciousness of the dignity of individual resistance - to the German occupation and to fate in general - and solidarity with people similarly oppressed." The previous volume Le sursis (1945, The Reprieve, explores the ramifications of the appeasement pact that Great Britain and France signed with Nazi Germany in 1938. Another significant French war novel was Pierre Boulle's Le Pont de la rivière Kwaï (1952) (The Bridge over the River Kwai). He served as a secret agent under the name Peter John Rule and helped the resistance movement in China, Burma and French Indochina. War is a constant and central theme of Claude Simon (1913 – 2005), the French novelist and the 1985 Nobel Laureate in Literature: "It is present in one form or another in almost all of Simon's published works, "Simon often contrasts various individuals' experiences of different historical conflicts in a single novel; World War I and the Second World War in L'Acacia (which also takes into account the impact of war on the widows of soldiers); the French Revolutionary Wars and the Second World War in Les Géorgiques." He served in the cavalry in 1940 and even took part in an attack on horseback against tanks. "The finest of all those novels is the one in which his own brief experience of warfare is used to tremendous effect: La Route Des Flandres (The Flanders Road, 1960) [...] There, war becomes a metaphor all too suitable for the human condition in general, as the forms and protocols of the social order dissolve into murderous chaos.'" French philosopher and novelist,
The bombing of London in 1940-1 is the subject of three British novels published in 1943; Graham Greene's The Ministry of Fear, James Hanley's No Direction, and Henry Green's Caught. Greene's later The End of the Affair (1951) is set mainly during the flying bomb raids on London of 1944. According to Bernard Bergonzi "[d]uring the war the preferred form of new fiction for new fiction writers [in Britain] was the short story". Although John Cowper Powys's historical novel Owen Glendower is set in the fifteenth century historical parallels exist between the beginning of the fifteenth century and the late 1930s and early 1940s: "A sense of contemporataneousness is ever present in Owen Glendower. We are in a world of change like our own". The novel was conceived at a time when the "Spanish Civil War[note 1] was a major topic of public debate" and completed on 24 December 1939, a few months after World War II had begun. In the "Argument" that prefaced the (American) first edition of 1941, Powys comments "the beginning of the fifteenth century [...] saw the beginning of one of the most momentous and startling epochs of transition that the world has known". This was written in May 1940, and "[t]here can be no doubt" that readers of the novel would have "registered the connection between the actions of the book and the events of their own world".
Fair Stood the Wind for France is a 1944 novel by H. E. Bates, which is concerned with a pilot of a Wellington bomber, who badly injures his arm when he brings his plane down in German-occupied France at the height of the Second World War. Eventually he and his crew make the hazardous journey back to Britain by rowing boat, bicycle and train. Bates was commissioned into the Royal Air Force (RAF) solely to write short stories, because the Air Ministry realised that the populace was less concerned with facts and figures about the war, than it was with reading about those who were fighting it.
British novelist Evelyn Waugh's Put Out More Flags (1942) is set during the "Phoney War", following the wartime activities of characters introduced in his earlier satirical novels, and Finnish novelist Väinö Linna's The Unknown Soldier (1954) set during the Continuation War between Finland and the Soviet Union telling the viewpoint of ordinary Finnish soldiers. Waugh's Sword of Honour trilogy, Men at Arms (1952), Officers and Gentlemen (1955) and Unconditional Surrender (1961) (published as The End of the Battle in the US), loosely parallel Waugh's experiences in the Second World War. Waugh received the 1952 James Tait Black Memorial Prize for Men at Arms.
Elizabeth Bowen's The Heat of the Day (1948) is another war novel. However, even though events occur mainly during World War II, the violence of war is usually absent from the narration: "two years after the Blitz, Londoners, no longer traumatised by nightly raids, were growing acclimatised to ruin." Rather than a period of material destruction, war functions instead as a circumstance that alters normality in people's lives. Stella confesses to Robert: "'we are friends of circumstance⎯war, this isolation, this atmosphere in which everything goes on and nothing's said." There are, however, some isolated passages that deal with the bombings of London:
More experimental and unconventional American works in the post-war period included Joseph Heller's satirical Catch-22 and Thomas Pynchon's Gravity's Rainbow, an early example of postmodernism. Norman Mailer's The Naked and the Dead, Irwin Shaw's The Young Lions, and James Jones' The Thin Red Line, all explore the personal nature of war within the context of intense combat.
The English Patient is a 1992 Booker Prize-winning novel by Canadian novelist Michael Ondaatje. The book follows four dissimilar people brought together at an Italian villa during the Italian Campaign of World War II. The four main characters are: an unrecognisably burned man—the titular patient, presumed to be English; his Canadian Army nurse, a Sikh British Army sapper, and a Canadian thief. The story occurs during the North African Campaign and is about the incremental revelations of the patient's actions prior to his injuries and the emotional effects of these revelations on the other characters.
The decades following World War II period also saw the rise of other types of war novel. One is the Holocaust novel, of which Canadian A.M. Klein's The Second Scroll, Italian Primo Levi's If This Is a Man and If Not Now, When?, and American William Styron's Sophie's Choice are key examples. Another is the novel of internment or persecution (other than in the Holocaust), in which characters find themselves imprisoned or deprived of their civil rights as a direct result of war. An example is Joy Kogawa's Obasan, which is about Canada's deportation and internment of its citizens of Japanese descent during World War II. Similarly, the life story of a Ukrainian boy who is at first interned in a labour camp and then drafted to fight for Russia is depicted in UKRAINE - In the Time of War, by Sonia Campbell-Gillies. Black Rain(1965) by Masuji Ibuse is a novel based on the atomic bombing of Hiroshima. The Sea and Poison (1957) by Shusaku Endo is about Japanese medical experimentation on an American POW.
Almost immediately following World War II was the Korean War (1950–1953). The American novelist's Richard Hooker's MASH: A Novel About Three Army Doctors is a black comedy set in Korea during the war; it was made into a movie and a successful television series. In his "A World Turned Colder: A Very Brief Assessment of Korean War Literature", Pinaki Roy attempted in 2013 to provide a critical overview of the different publications, principally novels, published on the war.
Vietnam and later wars
After World War II, the war that has attracted the greatest number of novelists is the Vietnam War. Graham Greene's The Quiet American was the first novel to explore the origins of the Vietnam war in the French colonial atmosphere of the 1950s. Tim O'Brien's The Things They Carried is a cycle of Vietnam vignettes that reads like a novel. The Sorrow of War by Bao Ninh is a poignant account of the war from the Vietnamese perspective.[note 2] In the wake of postmodernism and the absence of wars equalling the magnitude of the two world wars, the majority of war novelists have concentrated on how memory and the ambiguities of time affect the meaning and experience of war. In her Regeneration Trilogy, British novelist Pat Barker reimagines World War I from a contemporary perspective. Ian McEwan's novels Black Dogs and Atonement take a similarly retrospective approach to World War II, including such events as the British retreat from Dunkirk in 1940 and the Nazi invasion of France. The work of W. G. Sebald, most notably Austerlitz, is a postmodern inquiry into Germany's struggle to come to terms with its troubled past.
Some contemporary novels emphasize action and intrigue above thematic depth. Tom Clancy's The Hunt for Red October is a technically detailed account of submarine espionage during the Cold War, and many of John le Carré's spy novels are basically war novels for an age in which bureaucracy often replaces open combat. Another adaptation is the apocalyptic Christian novel, which focuses on the final showdown between universal forces of good and evil. Tim LaHaye is the author most readily associated with this genre. Many fantasy novels, too, use the traditional war novel as a departure point for depictions of fictional wars in imaginary realms.
Iran–Iraq War was also an interesting case for novelists. Events and memoirs of Iran–Iraq War has led to unique war novels. Noureddin, Son of Iran and One Woman's War: Da (Mother) are among the many novels which reminds the horrible situation of war. Many of these novels are based on the interviews performed with participants and their memoirs.
The post 9/11 literary world has produced few war novels that address current events in the War on Terrorism. One example is Chris Cleave's Incendiary (2005), which made headlines after its publication, for appearing to anticipate the 7 July 2005 London bombings.
- Epic poetry
- War poet
- Nautical fiction
- Historical fiction
- The Holocaust in popular culture
- Category:War novels
- On the April 26, 1937, two days after Powys began his novel, the Spanish town of Guernica, was bombed by the Nazi Germany's Luftwaffe. It inspired the painting Guernica by Pablo Picasso.
- For a critical overview of the different Vietnam War novels written or translated into English, see Pinaki Roy's "The Minds at War: Sensibilities in Select Vietnam War Novels", published in The Atlantic Literary Review Quarterly International (Vol. 9, No. 4, October–December 2008, pp. 121–37, ISBN 978-81-269-1091-5; ISSN 0972-3269).
- Moses Hadas, Ten Plays by Euripides, Bantam Classic (2006), page 195
- Random House blurb
- Sturrock, John (11 July 2005). "John Sturrock, "Obituary" The Guardian, 11 July, 2005". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 10 April 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
- John Sturrock, "Obituary"
- John Sturrock, "Obituary"
- Bergonzi, Bernard, War and Aftermath: English Literature and its Background 1939-60. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993, p. 29.
- Bergonzi, Bernard, War and Aftermath, p. 89.
- Bergonzi, Bernard, War and Aftermath, p. 40.
- Herbert Williams, John Cowper Powys (Brigend: Seren, 1997), p.126.
- Charles Lock, "Owen Glendower and the Dashing of Expectations". The Powys Journal, vol. XV, 2005, p.71.
- W. J. Keith, Aspects of John Cowper Powys's 'Owen Glendower' , p.69.
- Ellmann, 152.
- Heat of the Day, 210
- Heat of the Day, 98
- Campbell-Gillies, Ms Sonia (8 September 2016). UKRAINE - In the Time of War: UKRAINE - When will Peace reign? (1 ed.). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 9781537546179.
- The Atlantic Literary Review Quarterly 14 (3), July–September 2013, pp. 39-53)
- Sansom, Ian (21 August 2005). "Dear Osama". The New York Times. New York, New York. Archived from the original on 22 November 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
- Beidler, Philip D., American Literature and the Experience of Vietnam (U Georgia Press, 1982) ISBN 0820306126
- Bergonzi, Bernard, Heroes' Twilight: A Study of the Literature of the Great War (Coward-McCann, 1965). OCLC 349598
- Buitenhuis, Peter, The Great War of Words: British, American and Canadian Propaganda and Fiction, 1914–1933 (UBC Press).
- Casadei, Alberto, Romanzi di Finisterre: Narrazione della guerra e problemi del realismo, Roma, Carocci, 2000.
- Cobley, Evelyn, Representing War: Form and Ideology in First World War Narratives (U of Toronto Press, 1993). ISBN 0802005373
- Cooperman, Stanley, World War I and the American Novel (Johns Hopkins Univ. Press,1967). OCLC 269388
- Dawes, James, The Language of War (Harvard UP).
- Fussell, Paul, The Great War and Modern Memory (Oxford UP); Wartime (Oxford UP). ISBN 0195019180
- Craig, David and Michael Egan. Extreme Situations: Literature and Crisis from the Great War to the Atom Bomb (Macmillan). ISBN 0333245792
- Friedman, Saul S. (Ed.) Holocaust Literature: A Collection of Critical, Historical, and Literary Writings (Greenwood Press)
- Harvey, A.D., A Muse of Fire: Literature, Art and War, London, Hambledon Press, 1998. ISBN 1852851686
- Horowitz, Sara R, Voicing the Void: Muteness and Memory in Holocaust Fiction (SUNY UP). ISBN 0-7914-3130-4
- Isnenghi, Mario, Il mito della grande guerra (Bologna, Il Mulino).
- Madison and Schaefer (Eds.), Encyclopedia of American War Literature (Greenwood Press). ISBN 0-313-30648-6
- Novak, Dagmar, Dubious Glory: The Canadian Novel and the Two World Wars (Peter Lang). ISBN 0820445495
- Rossi, Umberto, Il secolo di fuoco: Introduzione alla letteratura di guerra del Novecento, Roma, Bulzoni, 2008. ISBN 978-88-7870-320-9
- Roy, Pinaki, The Scarlet Critique, New Delhi, Sarup Book Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 2010, ISBN 978-81-7625-991-0
- Wilson, Edmund, Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War (WW Norton). OCLC 269476
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Why Robust Statistics?
For my new EEG course in Stuttgart I spend some time to make this gif – I couldn’t find a version online. It shows a simple fact: If you calculate the mean, the breakdown point of 0%. That is, every datapoint counts whether it is an outlier or not.
Trimmed or winsorized means instead calculate the mean based on the inner X % (e.g. inner 80% for trimmed mean of 20%, removing the top and bottom 10% of datapoints) – or in case of winsorizing the mean with the 20% extreme values not removed, but changed to the now new remaining limits). Therefore they have breaking points of X% too – making them robust to outliers.
Fun fact: a 100% trimmed mean is just the median!
As you can see, increasing the amount of outliers has a clear influence on the mean but not the 20% trimmed mean.
One important point: While sometimes outlier removal and robust statistics are very important, and arguable a better default (compared to mean) – you should also always try to understand where the outliers you remove actually come from.
The source code to generate the animation is here:
using Plots using Random using StatsBase anim = @animate for i ∈ [range(3,20,step=0.5)...,range(20,3,step=-0.5)...] Random.seed!(1); x = randn(50); append!(x,randn(5) .+ i); #add the offset histogram(x,bins=range(-3,20,step=0.25),ylims=(0,9.),legend=false) vline!([mean(x)],linewidth=4.) vline!([mean(trim(x,prop=0.2))],linewidth=4.) #vline!([mean(winsor(x,prop=0.2))])# same as trimmean in this example end gif(anim, "outlier_animation.gif", fps = 4)
Very nice demo. You have to differentiate whether outliers are measurement artifacts (e.g. the fridge next doors started and induced a power surge) or the variable of interest in non-Gaussian distributed (e.g. reaction times). In the first case you just want to get rid of the respective data points. In the second case robust statistics of some type is asked for.
Very useful message
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One of the most common questions I get asked from parents is if I can talk to their kid about nutrition. Every team and player I work with gets educated on high performance nutrition, but it has to start in the home and be reinforced by their parents (who actually need the education).
When I ask players how their nutrition was during the day they often reply, “There’s no food in the house”, or “I had some chips and cookies after school.” So here’s the thing I think we all understand, young hockey players don’t do the grocery shopping and they don’t prepare their own meals. Parents need to hold themselves more accountable for supporting the healthy eating habits we talk about.
If parents don’t want their kids eating junk then they shouldn’t buy it. If they don’t want their kids skipping meals then have healthy food already prepared in the house. I know parents are busy running kids around from practice to games on top of managing everything else, but there’s always time to prepare proper healthy meals.
So here we go, these five tips below will help players performs at a higher level having more energy and focus for games and workouts.
#1. PREPARATION IS KEY
As mentioned above, parents have to make the time to prepare meals. You can’t just give kids twenty bucks all the time for fast-food. The best way to be prepared is cook a bunch of food the night before and eat left-overs for a couple days. Tupperware it and stick it in the fridge, bam…done!
#2. ELIMINATE THE JUNK
Again, briefly mentioned above if you don’t want kids eating junk then don’t buy it. Sugar cereals and cookies and chips we all know is junk and if it’s in the cupboard or fridge they’re going to eat it. Load up on fruits and vegetables instead. Slice them up, put them in a Zip-Lock bag and kids are more likely to eat it if it’s prepared for them.
#3. EAT HEALTHY WHOLE FOOD
Everyone’s heard about balanced nutrition includes organic food, hormone/anti-biotic free, grass fed, grain fed, vegan, all that stuff. Yes healthy whole foods can be expensive, but not as expensive as giving kids twenty bucks all the time for fast-food. A balanced diet includes eating healthy proteins and carbohydrates together to get the proper nutrients and energy players need.
#4. HOW MUCH TO EAT
This is about portion control and it’s very important to know how much kids should be eating in one sitting. It’s not hard for an active young hockey player to crush a huge plate of pasta or eat 4-5 pieces of pizza, just make sure it’s not right before a game. Blood sugar levels rise dramatically after consuming high sugar or high carbohydrate foods and can cause a crash in energy not too long after. This can have a very negative effect on player’s physical stamina and mental focus during a game. A good guideline to follow is to consume smaller meals more frequently throughout the day to sustain energy levels.
#5. TIMING OF MEALS
This is critical for getting optimal energy when needed for games. Different foods eaten in different amounts will digest, breakdown, and release different amounts of energy at different times. So, understanding what foods to eat, reference tip #3, how much to eat, reference tip #4, and when to eat is the secret. As a rule of thumb, consume a larger meal approximately 2.5-3 hours before a game, and eat a small power-food snack 20-30 minutes before a game. When that large meal is finally digested it will sustain your energy throughout the game, especially for the third period. And that small snack will digest faster, giving the boost you need to get fired up for puck drop.
Remember, education starts in the home and needs to come from parents. Being prepared will save you time and money while setting your kids up for ultimate performance and a healthy lifestyle in the future.
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- 3 Things You Need to Know About First Step Quickness For Ice Hockey
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A few months ago, the Sustainable UConn blog began 2013 with a New Year’s resolution of sorts, referencing an op-ed piece, written by four UConn scientists and published in the Hartford Courant, that called for leadership from then newly re-elected President Obama to address climate change. The blog post, “Accelerating to the Climate Cliff,” resolved that 2013 should be the year for policymakers in the U.S. and around the globe to do the same, before it’s too late.
The UConn group – Greg Anderson, Gene Likens, Bob Capers, and Mark Urban, the co-author of this article – had been leading a seminar for students in the fall on the role of science in American politics. Together with many of their colleagues at UConn and in higher education, and the overwhelming majority of the world’s climatologists, they had concluded that global warming presents a major threat to society and to nature. Yet they saw no national leadership on the issue.
At the time, the American media and politicians were focusing instead on the now forgotten fiscal cliff.
In the meantime, the climate problem has become more difficult to fix, and day by day we’ve come ever closer to the “climate cliff” – the point where we would be unable to reverse climatic changes without facing substantial impacts. The developing world’s thirst for cheap energy has led to more carbon-intensive, coal-fired power plants in Asia and India, where many products sold in America are manufactured. And extraction of shale oil and natural gas reserves, now made accessible through hydraulic fracturing – or “fracking” – of the overlying rock formations, has led to fossil-fuel booms in several states across the northern U.S.
So instead of cutting back on the use of coal, oil, and natural gas for energy and transportation, the world is still accelerating to the climate cliff. Just this May, our atmosphere crossed a dangerous milestone, reaching 400 ppm of CO2 for the first time in three million years.
Then suddenly it happened. Last week, the President delivered the much hoped-for speech on climate change. Standing in front of a Georgetown University crowd, mopping the sweat from his face on another sweltering day in Washington, D.C., Obama reinforced the scientific consensus that the global climate is changing dramatically and humans are driving that change. He spoke of the dangers our country faces if we fail to act now, such as sea level rise, hurricanes and floods, heat waves, droughts, and wildfires. He spoke of the increasing cost of our failure to act. Most importantly, he proposed that America should lead the fight against climate change. In his own words:
I am convinced this is the fight America can, and will, lead in the 21st century.
The President also laid out a plan to address climate change and its impacts. Like many Climate Action Plans, including UConn’s, Obama’s contains measures to cut carbon pollution, along with steps to adapt or “prepare for the impacts of a changing climate that are already being felt across the country.”
Importantly, he’ll use extant executive power through agencies like EPA, to drive implementation of this plan. This avoids the need for Congressional action and circumvents the inevitable political gridlock on climate change, which would, as always, be driven by the coal-mining and predominantly coal-burning states, along with other fossil-fuel interests. Politicians from those states and conservative pundits have already characterized the President’s plan as a “war on coal.”
If that’s the case, Connecticut has already paid an environmental and economic price based on the atmospheric transport of pollution into our state from coal plants in the Midwest and South. In effect, our state is at the end of the tailpipe, downwind from large coal plants that generate cheap power in other regions – and the regulatory costs of doing business here have been higher because of it. In a “war on coal,” our region stands to gain, not only in the costly battle against the effects of climate change, but also in terms of reduced smog and improved public health. Coal may have powered the Industrial Revolution in the mid-1800s but it has been an inconsequential part of the energy mix in Connecticut, and certainly at UConn, for many years now.
Instead, our state’s economic growth lies in advanced technologies that can forge a more socially and environmentally responsible future, as envisioned in Next Generation Connecticut, legislation that was recently signed into law by Gov. Malloy. NextGen is a $1.5 billion investment, over the next decade, in UConn and our research, innovation, and job-creation, through science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) disciplines.
In addition, final design and construction of the Innovation Partnership Building on our North Campus – the first building in the UConn Tech Park – will begin soon. The building will incorporate clean and efficient energy sources, including smart grid, microgrid, battery storage, and other green sector technologies, that could well become cornerstones of the Tech Park. The President’s climate action plan will further align with and promote this kind of research, innovation, and economic development.
Now it’s time to do something that simply is not done enough, whether in politics or society in general: to say thank you when leaders do the right thing, especially when what they do is not the politically expedient thing. Although the plan falls short of our greatest expectations, it is a pragmatic compromise – an exciting and unprecedented commitment to climate leadership by an American president.
So thank you, President Obama. We are encouraged by your speech and the plan you set forth. For this week, we will celebrate and call it a victory, knowing that there are more battles ahead. You’ve inspired us to redouble our efforts and reassured us that climate action taken by UConn and hundreds of other institutions striving for carbon neutral campuses through the American College & University Presidents’ Climate Commitment, has not been in vain. Most importantly, you’ve reaffirmed our faith in the capacity of the United States to provide the leadership needed to avoid a global environmental crisis.
For archived Sustainable UConn blog posts, click here.
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Learning how to describe your pain is often the first step in your road to recovery.
Types/Categories of Pain
Pain may be classified by its duration (acute or chronic/persistent pain) or by its pathophysiology (by the kind of damage that causes it). The latter classification divides pain into nociceptive pain and neuropathic pain.
Nociceptive pain is a sharp, throbbing, or aching pain due to tissue damage. This is the most common type of pain that everyone has experienced to some degree.
Tissue damage and the resulting nociceptive pain can be the result of:
- Trauma (e.g., broken bone)
- Sprained, strained or torn tendon or ligament
- Superficial burn
- Superficial cut
- Tumor pressing on an internal organ
Neuropathic pain is numbness, pins and needles, and/or burning pain due to nerve damage. The nerve damage may be in the brain, spinal cord or peripheral nerves \ (nerves in the rest of the body that send signals to the brain).
Nerve damage and the resulting neuropathic pain can be the result of:
- Nerve compression/pinched nerve (e.g., herniated disc, trigeminal neuralgia)
- Autoimmune disorders (multiple sclerosis, HIV)
- Infections (e.g., shingles)
- Nutritional deficiencies
- Tumors pressing on a nerve or a group of nerves
Nerves allow communication between the brain and the rest of the body. This communication involves pain signals. Therefore, nerve damage can interfere with the transmission of these signals as well as cause abnormal pain signals. For example, patients may feel burning sensations even when there is no external stimulus affecting the area involved. Nerve damage can also manifest as hypersensitivity to things such as touch/pressure or temperature.
Complex Conditions and Categorization of Pain
Due to the complexity of pain, it may not easily be categorized in an “either/or” sense. In fact, there are many patients that suffer from chronic/persistent conditions, such as diabetes, cancer and multiple sclerosis, whose pain defies a simple categorization. These complex types of pain may belong to multiple categories. Therefore, each patient’s pain must be examined in order to come up with an individual diagnosis and a holistic treatment plan.
There are a multitude of treatment options available for patients suffering from pain. They range from therapeutic to medical to surgical and often more than one course of treatment is required to find the best method of helping patients learn to manage their pain.
Pain treatment options include:
- Steroid injections / blocks
- Chiropractic care
- Physical therapy/physiatry
- Psychological therapy
- Nutritional therapy
- Targeted drug delivery
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Fat is an important part of your diet. Too much is bad for you, but too little is also very unhealthy. You need fat in your diet to build new cells, act as a long term energy store, and also to act as insulation. The American Heart Organisation recommend that to maintain a healthy weight, 25% of your calorie intake should be fat.
That means, to remain at the weight you are right now, 25% of your calories should come from fat. Some people misinterpret this to mean that 25% of their food should be fat, which would result in them eating too much fat. In fact, the 25% of calories represents about 55g of fat (2oz).
To lose fat from your body, you might reduce the 25% to 15% of calories coming from fat, which, based on a 2000 calorie / day diet would mean about 30g of fat.
Saturated Fat is often thought of as being bad fat, but again, you do need some in your diet. Most recommendations such as that from the AHA suggest that no more than 5% of your calories should come from saturated fats. That means about 11g of saturated fat each day.
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In 1885 the iconic clock tower, now affectionately known by locals as Big Brum, was added to the Council House. It was part of the first major extension of the building, designed by Yeovil Thomason.
Inside the tower a narrow winding staircase of 159 steps provides access to five floors, which house the impressive clock mechanism, donated by local meteorologist and entrepreneur Abraham Follett Osler, and a collection of enormous bells. The largest is the hour bell, giving the tower its title Big Brum, which weighs 3 tons. At the pinnacle of the tower is a lookout platform giving panoramic views across the city.
Join Birmingham City Council and Birmingham's Hidden Spaces for a chance to climb Big Brum's 159 steps and see inside this iconic Birmingham landmark, as part of Birmingham Heritage Week.
This event is organised by Birmingham City Council.
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Everyone has that one big bag tucked with the unwanted plastic bags at their house. They may come in handy sometimes but not to forget the harm they cause to the environment. Although plastic bags have become a go-to option for individuals worldwide, the time has come to switch to a more sustainable alternative like reusable grocery bags. Unlike plastic bags, which will be thrown away or discarded after 3-4 uses, reusable plastic bags are highly durable and can be used for a long time. The plethora of sizes, colors, and design options of reusable shopping bags are attracting most customers for investing in them:
Besides their unique appearance, let us discuss the functional benefits of using reusable grocery bags:
1. Does not leave a toll on your pocket
Due to the harmful effects of plastic on the environment, many countries have imposed a ban on them. This is why even the retail stores using plastic bags impose extra charges for asking for plastic bags. Switching from plastic bags to reusable grocery bags can save you a lot of bucks as you do not have to buy them again and again when you go grocery shopping. Whenever you run your errands, carry your grocery bag along, and you are good to go, saving money on each shopping spree.
2. Saves valuable resources
It is a well-known fact that plastic is a non-biodegradable material and uses crude oil and natural gas for its manufacturing. Thus with the production of each bag, valuable fossil fuels are used. On the other hand, alternatively using reusable grocery bags reduces the use of non-renewable resources which are used to manufacture plastic-based products. Adopting renewable grocery bags as a community can significantly reduce environmental pollution and reduce the cost associated with degrading plastic waste.
3. Retains their quality for years
The commendable durability and reliability of reusable grocery bags make them a must-have, especially for shopping for groceries. Unlike plastic bags, which are likely to tear apart with heavy weighted goods, reusable grocery bags are made up of durable materials like cotton or jute. They retain their shape and texture for years to come and are capable of holding heavy groceries or other goods. This means you can comfortably carry the goods home from the market without worrying about the bag ripping or tearing in the middle of the journey.
Besides carrying the bag for grocery shopping, the bags are so beautiful that they can be carried to the beach or be used as a purse. Even if you are planning to spend the night at your friend’s place, use the bag as a garment storage bag and pack your essentials to go.
If you have read through, you must be convinced of the numerous advantages of using reusable grocery bags for every purpose. Save up some space in your house by replacing the sack of plastic bags with reusable grocery bags. It is time for you to contribute to reducing environmental pollution by switching from plastic to sustainable products.
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While gross farm income roughly measures the total value of agricultural output, it does not reflect the farm sector’s contribution to that value, nor does it measure the income earned by farm operators and other farm sector stakeholders. Net farm income—which reflects income from production in the current year—is calculated by subtracting farm expenses from gross income. Net farm income is forecast to be $113.2 billion in 2014, down 13.8 percent from 2013’s forecast of $131.3 billion. If realized, the 2014 forecast would be the lowest since 2010, but would still remain more than $25 billion above the previous 10-year annual average.
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Mises on the Basics of Money
Is money not absurd? Daily we give up perfectly useful goods and services for the sake of little green pieces of paper.
But it is not just the fiat paper money we are familiar with that can seem strange in this regard. Even commodity money can seem weird when you think about it.
Why would people give up goods and services for little disks of silver and gold that they never actually use? Such disks are passed around via innumerable exchanges, perhaps never ultimately providing any ornamental or industrial services. What a bizarre custom!
One does not need to be an economist to see the social benefit of such an arrangement. And once everybody is already using money, each individual in accepting money would expect to benefit, confident that others too will accept the money.
But how did it start? This is a question I asked myself even as a child. At the beginning of it all, it would seem that the first person who accepted money would have no such confidence in its future purchasing power. So why would he do it? It would seem necessarily to involve a private sacrifice for the sake of public gain.
To a certain stripe of thinker, compelling such sacrifices is the raison d'être of the state. So to them, it is natural to think that the state must have first instituted money. Thus, the etatist theory of the origin of money was dominant through most of the history of economic thought.
The etatists were wrong. But that was just one of the many problems with the sorry state of monetary theory up through the mid-19th century. The whole field was a hodgepodge of disjointed insights. Nobody knew how to integrate those insights into a system, much less how to integrate monetary theory with the rest of economics.
Carl Menger, founder of the Austrian School of economics, started to unravel the mystery of money in the late 19th century. One hundred years ago, this June, Ludwig von Mises finally cut the Gordian knot with his first magnum opus, The Theory of Money and Credit (1912), arguably the most important single advance in monetary theory in the history of economic thought.
In that treatise, Mises erected a theory of money of astounding originality that was complete and internally integrated — as well as externally integrated with modern, subjectivist economics in general. With this book, Mises completed the victory of the "marginal revolution" by extending its conquest to the monetary realm. In doing so, Mises finally made economics whole.
The following discussion of the basics of money will largely be based on chapter 1 of that epochal work.
Money: Its Definition and Realm of Use
Money is defined by Mises in Theory of Money and Credit as a "universally employed" medium of exchange. This differs from how Mises would define money in his 1949 treatise, Human Action: as a "commonly used" medium of exchange.
Mises delimits the realm of money by indicating in which economic situations money would have a function, and in which economic situations money would not have a function.
First, there is no need for money in autarky. In autarky there is no division of labor among household units. Each household consumes only what it produces and only produces for its own consumption. In such conditions there is no exchange and therefore no use for money.
Secondly, there is no need for money in socialism. In socialism there is a division of labor (however unrealizable that division may be). However, because there is no private property, that also precludes the possibility of exchange, thereby eliminating any use for any medium of exchange.
In his 1922 book Socialism, Mises changes his mind on this matter. He states that in socialism, while money would have no role with regard to the means of production, it could still have a function with regard to consumers' goods.
Thus money, according to Mises in 1912, is only useful under capitalism: the state of affairs in which means of production are privately owned. In capitalism, the function of money is to facilitate exchange by making indirect exchange possible.
The Origin of Money
As Mises explains how money comes to be, the development occurs through three steps.
Step 1: From Commodity to Medium of Exchange
Direct exchange requires a double-coincidence of wants. For the shoemaker to get the dozen eggs that he wants in exchange for a pair of shoes, it is not enough that he prefer the eggs to the shoes. The chicken farmer must also happen to prefer the shoes to the eggs.
A big problem is that such a "double-coincidence of wants" is rare; it would be quite a stroke of luck for the egg-craving shoemaker to come across a barefoot chicken farmer.
However, the individual can solve that problem by resorting to indirect exchange. For example, the shoemaker may notice that the chicken farmer needs candlesticks, and the candlestick maker needs shoes. He can then trade his pair of shoes for some candlesticks, and then trade those candlesticks for the dozen eggs.
But the solution of ad hoc indirect exchange is a very limited one. It would still take an enormous degree of luck for the shoemaker to be able to find someone who is offering something the chicken farmer wants and who also wants shoes.
Chances are that the best series of exchanges that would get the shoemaker his eggs would be a lot longer. Perhaps he would need to trade shoes for rope, and then rope for timber, and then timber for fish, and then fish for candlesticks, and then candlesticks for eggs. And what about all the other goods the shoemaker wants? Many of those very well may each involve the same logistical nightmare.
Mises notes that "indirect exchange becomes more necessary as division of labor increases and wants become more refined." The more people specialize, the less likely it is that any individual can acquire the various things he wants in exchange for the niche product that he brings to market.
Step 2: From Medium of Exchange to Common Medium of Exchange
After thus explaining how a commodity becomes a medium of exchange, Mises then explains how a medium of exchange becomes a common medium of exchange.
Whether a good arises as a common medium of exchange hinges on its marketability (or, in mainstream argot, "liquidity"). For "marketability" Menger uses the term "saleability," which he defines as the
facility with which [a good] can be disposed of at a market at any convenient time at current purchasing prices, or with less or more diminution of the same.
Menger uses the example of grain as a good with high marketability and an astronomical instrument as a good with low marketability.
In his article "The Origin of Money and Its Value," Austrian economist Robert P. Murphy explains the example very clearly:
For example, someone selling wheat is in a much stronger position than someone selling astronomical instruments. The former commodity is more saleable than the latter.
Notice that Menger is not claiming that the owner of a telescope will be unable to sell it. If the seller sets his asking price (in terms of other goods) low enough, someone will buy it. The point is that the seller of a telescope will only be able to receive its true "economic price" if he devotes a long time to searching for buyers. The seller of wheat, in contrast, would not have to look very hard to find the best deal that he is likely to get for his wares.…
We might find that one telescope trades against 1,000 units of wheat. But Menger's insight is that this fact does not really mean that someone going to market with a telescope can instantly walk away with 1,000 units of wheat.
Moreover, it is simply not the case that the owner of a telescope is in the same position as the owner of 1,000 units of wheat when each enters the market. Because the telescope is much less saleable, its owner will be at a disadvantage when trying to acquire his desired goods from other sellers.
Due to recognition of this disadvantage, vendors of less-marketable (saleable) goods will generally trade for more-marketable goods before they enter the market for the things they want to use themselves.
Since marketability, according to Mises, is a function of how "general and constant" is the demand for the good, this sets off an upward spiral of marketability for some goods.
Their high marketability draws more demand, which increases their marketability, which draws forth still more demand, and so on. This continues until a few goods are selected as "common media of exchange."
Step 3: From Common Medium of Exchange to Money
Yet the selection process does not stop there. Naturally, individuals will want to trade their goods for the most marketable of these common media of exchange. As consensus grows as to which common medium is the most marketable, the upward spiral of marketability will tend to benefit only that medium, at the expense of others. Thus do inferior common media of exchange tend to drop out of the market entirely, and a single medium becomes generally used: in other words, becomes money.
According to Mises, through the process of what is now called "globalization," moneys tend to die out as markets merge and competition begins anew among the moneys of the various markets. This process leads toward the establishment of a single money for the whole world.
The "Secondary Functions" of Money
According to Mises, the "secondary functions" of money, which many theorists write about, are really just instances of its primary and sole function: to facilitate exchange by making indirect exchange possible.
For example, the facilitation of credit transactions is not a separate function, as is often supposed, because credit transactions are simply exchanges of present goods for future goods.
Let us say a would-be lender who has produced present goods and services would like to acquire a claim to a greater amount of future goods and services. However, borrowers on the market are not likely to be interested in the specific goods and services he has produced. So the lender facilitates future exchange by exchanging his goods and services for present money, which borrowers on the market will likely desire.
The transmission of value across space is not a separate function either. Exchanging "a good here" for money, in order to exchange money for "a good there" is, again, simply another instance of acquiring a good via indirect exchange that would have been impossible to acquire via direct exchange.
No state enforcement is required to institute money by compelling private sacrifice for a public gain. The emergence of money need not involve such selflessness in the first place. As Mises tells the story of the origin of money, the economic actor benefits at each step of the way: when he first resorts to indirect exchange, when he first uses a common medium of exchange, and when he first accepts money for his wares.
The "market-process" theory of the origin of money is often characterized as a "spontaneous order," as against the "deliberate order" of the etatist theory. But that should never obscure the fact that each step of the way in the market process origin of money is, as in all economic phenomena, a deliberate action undertaken by an individual to improve his state of affairs.
"In the socialist commonwealth, exchange itself has a much narrower significance, since it is confined to consumers' goods only." Mises, Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis, Part 2, Chapter 7.
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In 2366, in an attempt to escape from a Promellian battle cruiser surrounded by aceton assimilators, Jean-Luc Picard used only two of the USS Enterprise-D's RCS thrusters to maneuver the vessel through the remains of Orelious IX. (TNG: "Booby Trap")
In 2369 Deep Space 9 was moved from the orbit of Bajor to the mouth of the Bajoran wormhole with six of the stations RCS thrusters. A subspace field was used to reduce the stations inertial mass to shorten the travel time from two months to some minutes. (DS9: "Emissary") Another way of getting more velocity from RCS thrusters is to accelerate the deuterium feed and burn them beyond safety limits. (VOY: "The Cloud")
Starfleet regulations state that only thrusters are allowed for propulsion inside a space dock. (Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country)
According to Star Trek: The Next Generation Technical Manual, although all thrusters serve the same function, the propulsive exhaust production behind an RCS thruster varies slightly, depending on the size of the craft.
Starships have primary and auxiliary thrusters. The primary thrusters are powered by a gas-fusion reaction chamber. It uses deuterium fuel from fuel tanks that in turn are fed from the ships main deuterium tank. Exhaust is delivered through a field trap into the vectored thrust nozzles visible from the outside. Auxiliary thrusters have no tanks or fieldtraps, and are powered by a microfusion chamber. The generated thrust is considerably lower.
Shuttlecraft, escape pods, cargo management units and some probes also use microfusion thrusters. In the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Technical Manual, the Defiant's lifeboats are said to use impulse microthrusters and microtorpedoes in turn use a miniature fusion thruster for propulsion.
According to Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Technical Manual, the thrusters of Cardassian space stations also use deuterium fuel, fed into a protean-cycle fusion reaction chamber to produce the exhaust to the thrust nozzles. This seems to differ from a starship thruster in the sense that it is designed to create a low thrust. RCS thrusters of a Federation space station are stated to function in a similar way.
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The main challenge is to reduce the reactivity of certain gases with alloys in the metal container, reactions to the metal interior surfaces in a pressurised environment, and to reduce the possibility of moisture retention.
Gas stability within a cylinder means that the composition of a gas or gas mixture will remain within a defined and acceptable limit for a designated period. There are many factors that can affect the gas stability in a cylinder, these include reactions occurring within the gases themselves, pressure, the length of storage time, temperature variations and moisture.
Recently maintaining stability has become even more difficult with the introduction of more complex, multi-component gas mixtures which could be certified to purity levels of 99.999% or higher. It is not uncommon for highly specialised gas mixtures to contain 60 or more components.
Aluminium alloy cylinders in specialty gas services
Aluminium alloy cylinders were first developed in Germany in the 1930s. In France in 1941, Société Métallurgique de Gerzat (SMG, now Luxfer France) used a hot extrusion method to produce the world’s first commercially available seamless high-pressure aluminium alloy cylinder, and Luxfer Gas Cylinders in England made the first commercially available, cold extruded seamless higher-pressure aluminium alloy cylinders in 1958.
As aluminium alloy cylinders are typically much lighter in weight than conventional steel cylinders, they became more popular for portable gas containment. It was also found that they provided better gas stability than steel cylinders for a variety of reactive gases. In 1973, Airco worked with Luxfer Gas Cylinders at its Riverside facility in California to produce the first cylinders that would be subjected to Airco’s proprietary Spectra-Seal process that the company described as an anodising process on the cylinder interior.
This and another process reportedly eliminated pinhole coating porosity and shielded the wall from reactive gases. BOC acquired Airco in 1978, and Linde then acquired BOC in 2006. Linde still markets the Spectra-Seal process.
Source: Luxfer Gas Cylinders
In the late 1970s another US-based company, Scott Speciality Gases (acquired by Air Liquide in 2007), introduced its own propriety aluminium treatment called Aculife which was also applied to cylinders manufactured by Luxfer. “Aculife is a chemical vapour deposition process that eliminates gas to cylinder surface interactions to provide guaranteed stability,” explains the Air Liquide website. There are many industrial applications that use specialty gas applications utilising aluminium alloy cylinders. These include electronics manufacturing, including semiconductor production that requires a high purity nitrogen and arsine, which is a highly toxic and flammable gas.
Aluminium alloy cylinders are also used in medical markets. For example, these specialty gases can be used for biotechnology and biopharmacology, including research and laboratory gases as well as high purity therapeutic gases. Other applications include chemical and refining processes industries; and environmental monitoring using calibration gases which are used to calibrate sensors and instruments to warn personnel of dangerous levels of gases which may not be detected without these monitoring devices.
Commonly used calibration gases include hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen cyanide, sulfur dioxide, chlorine, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, phosgene, ammonia and carbonyl sulfide. To meet strict environmental protocols, the user is required to calibrate sensors on a regular basis which requires the device to be exposed to a controlled concentration of a target gas to verify that the device identified the gas correctly. To work correctly, the test gases must have properties that are known and stable. If the test gas becomes unstable in the cylinder, then the results could give false readings leading to dangerous conditions.
“To enhance gas stability and shelf life, gas companies have developed techniques to minimise the potential potency of local active sites for catalytic surface in aluminium cylinders before filling with specialty gases”
Increasing specialty gas stability
To enhance gas stability and shelf life, gas companies have developed various techniques to minimise the potential potency of any local active sites for catalytic surface in aluminium cylinders before filling them with speciality gases. Some common techniques are outlined in EIGA 161/16 paragraph 11. It advises:
“The cylinder shall be dried by suitable heating and by evacuation or other equivalent methods. The moisture in the cylinder shall be minimised and the concentration established by analysis or other means.”
This can be achieved by:
- Introducing an inert dry gas into the cylinder at approximately 10 barg
- Leaving the gas to equilibrate with the cylinder over several hours
- Measuring the concentration of moisture present, and
- Repeating the process until the required level of dryness is achieved.
The final moisture concentration shall be compatible with the mixture to be produced and shall be equal or less than 10 ppm (parts-per-million). A residual pressure valve (RPV) – non-return valve (NRV) cylinder valve should be fitted in order to avoid back flow and exposure of the internal cylinder walls to air during the use of the mixture.
All cylinder preparations mentioned above involve treating the interior of a cylinder post manufacture. Using more than 40 years of collaboration with gas companies, Luxfer Gas Cylinders has concentrated on improving the cylinder manufacturing process itself to create a superior cylinder internal surface that can increase the efficiency and effectiveness of post manufacturing techniques to improve gas stability.
At Luxfer’s factory in Nottingham, England, aluminium alloy gas cylinders for speciality gas applications use L6X, its own version of AA6061 formulated by Luxfer metallurgists to provide optimal durability, fracture toughness and improved tearing resistance.
Luxfer Nottingham uses a proprietary manufacturing process that is able to generate a superior surface finish specifically intended for demanding specialty gas service. This manufacturing route includes specialised procedures and more rigorous controls. The result is a cylinder with Luxfer’s SGS™ (Superior Gas Stability), a high performance internal surface.
Any gas cylinder is pretty much unusable if it cannot be transported. The idea of a pressurised gas container to compress a large volume of gas into a relatively small package is an accepted norm with potentially millions of cylinders in service at customer premises worldwide. Transport compliance is therefore critical to the usability of a gas cylinder.
Different economic regions adopt varying compliance rules for the transport of compressed gas cylinders, considering not only classification groups (UN numbers) for the gas content, but also requirements for the cylinders themselves.
For UN Member States, the guiding principle is found within the UN Model Regulations which attempts to normalise requirements for the classification and transport of dangerous goods. However, different regions of the world will adopt different versions of the UN Model Regulations as their guide and hence local Dangerous Goods Transport regulations can vary region to region. In Europe, it is enshrined with ADR/RID/ADN. In the US, DOT rules apply and Australia has its own ADG rules. Luxfer Gas Cylinders aim to bridge these regional variations and offer a worldwide solution.
Phil Edwards of Vonix Limited, previously Scientific and Technical Gases (StG) operations director, said, “The development of the superior internal finish for small calibration gas cylinders enabled improvement to processes that provide excellent gas stability of reactive gas mixtures.”
“Having a cylinder that removes 75% of the variables known to contribute to stability failures assured a class-leading calibration gas was available to market.”
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- Combining social and cultural factors: the sociocultural differences between the sexesMore example sentences
- As women, we are influenced by the same sociocultural factors that affect all women in our culture.
- Research on health promoting lifestyles has focused on individual choice with little attention to sociocultural and environmental factors.
- The influence of sociocultural factors on language minority children's development is the second significant factor analyzed.
- More example sentences
- Those projects judged socioculturally compatible, with a demonstrated understanding and analysis of social conditions, were found to have a rate of return more than twice as high as those judged deficient in these areas.
- Canada's regions, from the Atlantic to the Pacific to the Arctic oceans, are socioculturally and geographically diverse, and its political structure is officially bilingual, English and French.
- According to this view, serious psychological problems are typically intrapsychic and interpersonal in nature rather than socioculturally generated.
More definitions of socioculturalDefinition of sociocultural in:
- The US English dictionary
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| 0.929308 | 228 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Red Osier Dogwood
1 entry found.
Red Osier Dogwood
Common Name: Red Osier Dogwood, American Dogwood
Botanical Name: Cornus stolonifera (COR-nus sto-lon-IF-er-a)
Decorative Life: Weeks to months depending on conditions.
Post Harvest Care
- Recut stems under water and place into a hydration or bleach solution as there is no data to show that one is better than another. Flower food is not required.
Harvest Instructions: Reported good cultivars for both leaf and stem colors include 'Cardinal', 'Flaviramea' and 'Bud's Yellow'.
- Is a member of the Cornaceae (dogwood) family.
- Native to the Eastern North America.
- Two not so common relatives are Aucuba and Griselinia. This species if often listed under C. baileyi and C. sericea. However, The Royal Horticultural Society "Dictionary of Gardening" and the taxonomic authority for this Internet site lists them all under C. stolonifera.
- Stems of various colors (red - yellow) are cut to various lengths.
- Plant is a deciduous tree, classed as a dicotyledon, leaves not parallel veined.
Availability: Mostly winter to mid spring.
Flower Color: Not applicable.
Storage Specifics: Can be stored in water for 6-10 weeks and longer if sealed in plastic bag to maintain high humidity.
- Cornus is Latin for "horn" and refers to the hard wood, which was used by the Greeks and Romans to make javelins and spearheads.
- The name dogwood refers to the use of a decoction of the leaves to wash fleas from dogs.
- Dogwood is sometimes called the "crucifixion tree" because the flower-like bracts are in the shape of a cross and each bract has a brown spot or "blood stain" at the base.
- Cut dormant branches of C. florida can be forced into bloom by immersing them in 82 F water for 12 hours, then placing them upright in opening solution at 59-64F and high humidity for 1-3 weeks.
- Plant parts have been used to make gunpowder, soap, dye (used to color Turkish fez), ink, toothbrushes and fish intoxicant. The bark contains small amounts of quinine.
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Ohio joins Michigan, Ontario in plan to stop toxic algae
Ohio, Michigan and Ontario are expected to sign an agreement Saturday that would require each to reduce phosphorous runoff that fuels toxic algae on Lake Erie.
The goal is to cut phosphorous from fertilizer, wastewater plants and other sources getting into the lake’s western basin by 40 percent by 2025, which would help stop the annual summer blooms of toxic blue-green algae on Lake Erie.
The algae, which produces a toxin called microcystin, can sicken people and pets and threatens Lake Erie’s tourism industry. Last August, the toxin contaminated the city of Toledo’s drinking water supply for three days, affecting nearly 500,000 water customers in Ohio and Michigan.
Ohio Lt. Gov. Mary Taylor, Michigan Gov. Rick Snyder and Ontario Premier Kathleen Wynne are expected to sign the agreement Saturday in Quebec City in Canada during a meeting of the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Council of Governors and Premiers. Ohio Gov. Kasich is not attending the meeting.
Although the states and Ontario have already started initiatives to reduce runoff, working together will better help the health of the lake, Wynne said.
“I don’t think that we can do that in isolation from each other,” she said. “That will hold all of our feet to the fire to work with our jurisdictions.”
The planned 40 percent reduction comes after the Ohio Lake Erie Phosphorous Task Force II , which studied the algae problem and looked at potential solutions, recommended in 2013 that phosphorous loading to Lake Erie be cut by that amount.
“This is a goal we need to have,” Snyder said during a news conference Friday. “I believe it’s an achievable goal. I think a lot of good practices have already started, but I think we can do more partnerships.”
Although agriculture has been identified as the biggest source of the phosphorous loading, wastewater plants, faulty septic systems and other sources contribute.
Earlier this year, Ohio legislators passed a law that bans farmers from spreading fertilizer and manure — which contain phosphorous — on frozen and rain-soaked fields. It also will end within five years the dumping of sediment from dredging into Lake Erie, which also has been blamed for contributing to algae.
And an Ohio law requiring farmers to take a state-run certification course that teaches them how much fertilizer is needed for certain areas of land and when it should be applied takes effect in 2017.
Scientists made a very early prediction last month that the algae would not be as bad this year as it was in the record-setting 2011 bloom and heavy bloom of 2013. But heavy rains could change that prediction, and there isn’t a way to forecast whether toxins from algae will again foul drinking water.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration is expected to release its annual summer algae forecast in early July at Ohio State University’s Stone Laboratory on Gibraltar Island near Put-in-Bay.
A type of harmful algae, called planktothrix, has already covered much of the Sandusky Bay, said Doug Kane, associate professor of biology at Defiance College, who also teaches at Stone Lab. This isn’t unusual because planktothrix is normally blooming heavily at this time of year on the bay, which is the southernmost part of the Great Lakes and warms up the fastest.
Its presence is a concern because it can produce toxins, including microcystin, Kane said. Planktothrix is a greenish-brown algae that thrives in warmer temperatures, which explains why it is found on the bay, he said.
“My recommendation is don’t swim in the bloom and don’t have your pets drink there,” Kane said.
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| 0.953309 | 785 | 2.671875 | 3 |
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