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A Wagga-based academic is pushing for the city to become a nationwide leader in space exploration, as part of a plan to use satellite technology in safeguarding against devastating bushfires.
Over the past several years, astronomy expert Dr Graeme White has been working alongside a Queensland-based team in the domestic development of a bushfire early detection program.
"Given the way the bushfires have gone recently, I think there's a unique position for something innovative to be tried," Dr White said.
"It won't change the underpinning process of a warming planet or the severity of droughts. Bushfires will still come and be intense, but we need to change the way we fight the fires, get to them faster and get rid of them before they spread."
Known as 'Fireball' and developed originally for the Californian fire season, the machine learning software can pinpoint the ignition of a fire within minutes.
"We believe it to be the most effective way to fight fires," said University of Queensland academic and team leader Professor Bradley Carter.
"The software learns what to look for in images, and is then able to identify smoke and fires when they begin."
Using specially made camera and computing hardware, known as FUEGO - 'Fire Urgency Estimator in Geosynchronous Orbit' - the system scans the continent for fire activity from the air, the ground, and satellite orbit.
"It can detect a fire within a minute, and actually in one example in America, it found the fire just 66 seconds after it was ignited using a sensors in the air, on a tower and in orbit," Professor Bradley said.
"What that means is that, if you have the resources ready to go, you can put that fire out before it's become a problem. This technology can save lives as well as properties.
"Naturally, we want to be able to deploy this system in Australia before the next fire season."
Using existing telecommunications satellite technology will keep costs down, but since each camera will cost around $30,000, continent-wide coverage will be hard to manage.
To begin trials ahead of the next fire season, Dr White is pushing for significant government investment.
If it were to be trialed in Wagga, Dr White hopes the initiative would prove a springboard to create a space industry in the Riverina.
"It would be a new wing to the economics of Wagga. A high-tech wing alongside the agriculture, the [defence] forces, the university, medicine, and what I call the diesel and transport hub in Bomen," he said.
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Graphics come in three major types: raster, vector, and metafile.
Raster graphics (also known as bit-maps) are produced by paint programs. They consist of many equal-sized dots of colour, called pixels. Such graphics may not be resized without distortion, since pixels must either be added or taken away. Graphics produced at one resolution are best displayed and printed at the same resolution. Since screens commonly support only up to 96 dpi (dots per inch) and printers allow for 300 dpi or more, print quality usually suffers.
File types include:
Note that variations exist within these formats. (For example, TIFF implementations may support versions up to 6.0.) This can create a great deal of confusion. Two programs which support a given file format may not necessarily share files.
Vector graphics (also called object-oriented) are produced by draw programs. They consist of mathematically described curves, and may thus be resized without distortion. Since they are resolution-independent, such graphics may be designed for the screen but still print optimally.
File types include PostScript and EPS (Encapsulated PostScript).
Metafile graphics are combinations of raster and vector. Often these file types are incorrectly referred to as vector, since the bitmap portion is optional. Examples include:
Each graphic has a palette which supports a number of colours. Black and white pictures need only one bit to describe each pixel. Eight-bit graphics provide up to 256 colours or grey shades. This is usually sufficient to create detailed images. Photorealistic graphics require 24 bits or 16.8 million colours. As the palette grows larger, so does the size of the file. 24-bit graphics require enormous storage space.
Support for different palette sizes and resolutions varies among the file types. For instance, PICT allows only eight colours and a resolution of 72 dpi.
Note that one must have a graphics card and monitor of sufficient resolution and colour depth to display the graphics one wishes to use.
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Definition - What does Vajra mean?
Like many Sanskrit words, vajra has more than one possible meaning in English. In this case, it can be translated as both “thunderbolt” and “diamond." This dual definition can be traced back to its origins as a ritual object that had both the indestructible nature of a diamond and the irresistible force of a thunderbolt. It is a sort of club that ends in a spherical head and is said to be the weapon of the deity Indra. The vajra is important in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism as a symbol of spirituality and spiritual power.
In yoga, vajra is a style that encourages a slower and more meditative approach to yogic practice.
Yogapedia explains Vajra
The term, vajra, is an ancient and deeply powerful one that conveys images of strength, indestructibility and force. The symbolism and spiritual background of the vajra make it an important element in a number of different religions and cultures.
Vajra is also a type of yoga that is slower paced than many other variants. It encourages practitioners to focus on their breathing and to slowly discover the spirituality they are looking for without too many sudden physical exertions. It is a deeply meditative style of yoga that encourages the individual to engage in embodied mindfulness so they may become more deeply rooted in the present moment.
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On This Day
Discover events that happened On This Day including famous birthdays and notable deaths. Each day we highlight famous people, past and present, who have impacted our world. Browse sections by selecting the links below or click the calendar to view events on another day.
Events on This Day
Ludwig van Beethoven composes one of his famous piano pieces, “Fur Elise.”
At 31, heavyweight boxing champ Rocky Marciano retires. He remains the only heavyweight fighter to retire undefeated.
South Africa holds its first multiracial elections, with more than 22 million citizens voting. Anti-apartheid leader Nelson Mandela wins by a landslide.
After much controversy, President Obama releases his long-form birth certificate from Hawaii in an effort to quell "Birther" conspiracy theories.
Babe Ruth Day is held at Yankee Stadium to honor the legendary baseball icon.
Pitcher Nolan Ryan breaks Walter Johnson’s career record of 3,508 strikeouts. He retires in 1993 with an impressive 5,714.
Born on This Day
Civil Rights Activist, Women's Rights Activist, Anti-War Activist, Writer / 1927 - 2006
Coretta Scott King was an American civil rights activist and the wife of 1960s civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr.
Born: April 27, 1927
Birthplace: Marion, Alabama, United States
Occupation: Civil Rights Activist, ...
1923 | 89 years old
Educator, Philosopher, Scholar, Women's Rights Activist, Journalist / 1759 - 1797
Mary Wollstonecraft was an English writer who advocated for women's equality. Her book A Vindication of the Rights of Woman pressed for educational reforms.
1759 | 38 years old
Educator, Philosopher, Scholar, ...
Born: April 27, 1922
Birthplace: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
Occupation: Film Actor, Theater Actor, ...
1948 | 65 years old
1822 | 63 years old
General, U.S. President
Died on This Day
Died: April 27, 1882
Age: 78 years old
Place: Concord, Massachusetts , United States
Occupation: Philosopher, Journalist, Poet
1521 | 41 years old
1972 | 62 years old
World Leader, Prime Minister
Answer questions and see how you rank against other players.Play Now
profile name: Coretta Scott King profile occupation: Civil Rights Activist, ...
profile id: 229550
profile name: Jean Harris profile occupation: Educator, Murderer
profile id: 9535967
profile name: Mary Wollstonecraft profile occupation: Educator, Philosopher, Scholar, ...
profile id: 259518
profile name: Jack Klugman profile occupation: Film Actor, Theater Actor, ...
profile id: 20657335
profile name: Frank Abagnale profile occupation: Criminal
profile id: 9318285
profile name: Ulysses S. Grant profile occupation: General, U.S. President
profile id: 9287153
profile name: Ralph Waldo Emerson profile occupation: Philosopher, Journalist, Poet
profile id: 9395202
profile name: Ferdinand Magellan profile occupation: Explorer
profile id: 9424127
profile name: Kwame Nkrumah profile occupation: World Leader, Prime Minister
profile id: 9204862
profile name: Ludwig van Beethoven profile occupation: Songwriter
profile id: 9398575
profile name: Rocky Marciano profile occupation: Boxer
profile id: 9397017
profile name: Nelson Mandela profile occupation: Writer
profile id: 12782369
profile name: Barack Obama profile occupation: U.S. Representative
profile id: 9468009
profile name: Babe Ruth profile occupation: Baseball Player
profile id: 9262159
profile name: Bing Crosby profile occupation: Songwriter
profile id: 9361156
profile name: Danny Kaye profile occupation: Philanthropist
profile id: 9379045
profile name: John Lennon profile occupation: Songwriter
profile id: 9542162
profile name: Yoko Ono profile occupation: Anti-War Activist
profile id: 9468290
profile name: Nolan Ryan profile occupation: Baseball Player
profile id: 183550
profile name: Carolyn Jones profile occupation: Television Actress
profile id: 37173
profile name: Hirohito profile occupation: Emperor
profile id: 38867
profile name: Fielding Yost profile occupation: Coach
profile id: 38153
profile name: Sterling Brown profile occupation: Poet
Sign in with Facebook to see how you and your friends are connected to famous icons.
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8th October 2019‘’Transforming a Tyrone Desert into a Wildlife Garden’’ Sir Bob SalisburyOur lecture room in Loughry was filled to capacity for Sir Bob’s talk .Sir Bob Salisbury moved to N. I. in 2001. He was a Professor in the School of Ed. at the University of Nottingham. Before this, Bob was Head teacher of The Garibaldi School in Forest Town, Mansfield, Notts. His wife Rosemary, with a Seskinore background, was first Woman Principal of Edward VI School in Nottingham. Sir Bob has received many awards, not just for environmental work, but also educationThe land purchased in 2002 was boggy ,wet, over-grazed,misused, and depressing. His wife described it as a rural desert.They discussed whether they could turn the clock back and create a wildlife area (with little knowledge of biodiversity or gardening) just a dream.They bought a camera and took photographs of the land. Both were aware of reduction in wildflower meadows, lowland woods, heaths and traditional orchards -due to modern agriculture. Think of curlews, skylarks, yellowhammers, cowslips and newts and reduction in their numbers.The first tree bought was a crab apple which fruited after four years.They planned, studied the micro climate,and produced a design to fit with the house. A list of items required was made and in March 2003 a path created using 70 loads of stones and drainage carried out, as advised. The Garden Centre in Moy suggested planting hedges before building.Initially, everything looked like a building site but soon dormant vegetation grew. A pond was created, with a seat and bird watching hut. Trees and shrubs were planted ,under-planted with bluebells. The woodland edge had a path providing a great habitat and trees already required coppicing.Meadows were created with wild flowers, Bob and his wife eventually decided on a wildflower garden. Yellow rattle was suggested as one of the plants. Trees were brought as Garden Centre throw-outs. Inside a year, Barn Owls,Wood Pigeons, Buzzards, House Martins, Sparrow- hawks and Spotted Flycatchers were seen. To date, 65 species have been observed, the last one-a Raven.A standing stone was uncovered and moved to the garden. A low maintenance garden seen from the kitchen window attracts many species. A pheasant feeder from 1930 was added. An old style shed was built and new land obtained (12 acres in all ). This has been developed with Woodland Trust providing trees and pathways. There are two lakes, and signs have been erected to warn children about the lakes.In August 2014 a new lake was created beside 3 acres of old woodland. The number of frogs has increased, despite buzzards eating them! Herons, otters, newts,hares, pheasants, pine martens, grey squirrels and rabbits have taken residence. The lake has trout, mallard and teal. Wood pigeons, jays, cormorants are also seen.In his conclusion Sir Bob pointed out how amateurs can make a difference. Everyone can create a bee-loud glade. He indicated how good being close to nature is for ones mental state. Having a wildlife area is a soap opera-always waiting for the next arrival Sir Bob suggested that work done on Tyrone fields could not have been done in England.This was an inspiring, uplifting talk-interspersed with humorous tales-from a man of vision and also an excellent speaker. The link below is to a BBC interview with Sir Bob.https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m00003sq12 November 2019 ‘Natural History of Swifts’ Mark SmythA large number of members were present for Mark Smyth’s talk.Swifts have only rudimentary feet, they never perch, feed on the wing, and can reach 70 MPH. Swallows, Swifts, Sand Martins and Martins are similar migrants and sometimes confused. More than half of British Swifts have been lost since 1995, but reasons for the decline are unclear. Scientists are addressing knowledge gaps by tracking work using the latest technology.Between 2010 and 2016, tiny geo-locators were placed on adult Swifts to investigate migration, and identify areas important on their journey to and from Africa. Results showed an incredible journey. Swifts have taken as little as 5 days to reach East Anglia. The wintering range of individual Swifts is huge, and birds visit several countries across Africa after their migration, including Mozambique and South Africa. Swifts live up to their name, one individual took only five days to travel 3,000 miles from West Africa back to UK. The bird stopped for 15 days in Liberia before the final leg of its return journey.Since 2014, GPS tags have been used to study movement during the breeding season. Swifts are brown in colour and eat midges, aphids, beetles, bugs and crane flies. They often use nests of starlings, sparrows and other small birds. They can fly at 50 m.p.h directly to the right nest box. Nests they commandeer, are reworked with feathers/hay/willow fluff and even plastic-much of the material collected while flying. The nest is created around the eggs. A maximum of 3 eggs are laid, hatching after around 19 days. When the chicks are ready they just get up and go. Young swifts don’t breed until 3 or 4 years old.So what is going wrong with swifts? There has been a 56% decline in numbers across the UK . Building development, types of building, use of PVC and ignorance all have a part to play. Some organisations do not want swifts breeding in buildings. Recently however, many renovated or new buildings have spaces under eaves to allow for swifts. Mark gave us a run-down on buildings in N. Ireland which have become poor homes for swifts, and indicated organisations who adapted building changes to suit swifts.So what can be done? Education of farmers, teaching in schools, church and church hall projects, nest boxes at work-places are all needed. Swifts do not leave a mess! Nest-boxes can be bought and erected on houses but don’t encourage near sparrow-hawks!! Some Councils have spent money on attracting swifts foolishly, new builds can be designed with open eaves to attract swifts.
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CHARLESTON, S.C. — Ruby-throated hummingbirds are migrating to North America weeks earlier than in decades past, and research indicates that higher temperatures in their winter habitat may be the reason.
Researchers say the early arrival could mean less food at nesting time for the tiny birds that feed on insect pests, help pollinate flowers and are popular with birdwatchers.
“Hummingbirds are charismatic, and they do things that fascinate us,” said Ron Johnson, a scientist at Clemson University and one of the study’s authors. “They fly backward, and they hover, and they will come to feeders at homes so people can easily see them.”
Johnson and colleagues from Clemson; Taylor University in Upland, Ind.; and the University of Nebraska last month published an article on the migration of the hummingbirds in The Auk, the Journal of the American Ornithologists Union.
The birds, which weigh little more than a nickel, fly hundreds of miles over the Gulf of Mexico from their wintering grounds in Central America to arrive in North America. The research compared data on their first arrival times from 1890 to 1969 with arrival times during the past 15 years or so.
The comparison found that the birds are arriving in North America 12 to 18 days earlier than in the past.
Jason Courtier of Taylor University said the historical data on hummingbirds is based on government surveys from about 3,000 naturalists around the country who recorded the first spring arrival time of bird species over the decades.
About 6 million such records exist and are being scanned into computer databases by the North American Bird Phenology Program.
The research compared the historical documents with about 30,000 recent records on hummingbird arrivals. Scientists say the earlier arrival times could be problematic for hummingbirds, of which there are an estimated 7 million.
“With any bird that migrates over long distances, it’s good to show up at the nesting grounds at a good time when you can set up a territory and build your nest and when the young come along there will be a lot of food available,” Johnson said.
“You want to be there ideally right when the food becomes available at its peak so the young ones will have enough food.”
Ecological systems work differently, Johnson said, and the hummingbirds’ early arrival doesn’t necessarily mean that the flowers and insects of their diet are available earlier.
Courtier said future research might focus on other species farmers needed for pollination of plants.
“We’re wondering what the consequences are and are hummingbirds representative of other species farmers rely on for other pollination and biological pest control,” he said.
James Van Remsen, the curator of birds at the Museum of Natural Science at Louisiana State University, said that while he had not seen the hummingbirds research, a wide body of literature shows other species of birds flying north earlier in both North America and Europe.
But he added that sometimes too much emphasis is placed on the earliest date a bird appears. It could reflect a couple of extremely early arrivals, he said.
“What really counts, biologically, is whether the peak period of migration has actually changed,” he said. “That is what would most likely affect population biology.”
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Ollie lives on a sparsely populated island. There is lots of space to play, but not many friends to play with. One day the sneaky wind steals Ollie’s hat, then it takes his scarf and his balloon too! Ollie wonders why the wind is being so naughty, but then decides that the wind must just want to play. He tries to play with the wind using all his favourite toys, but the wind isn’t interested. Being the problem solver that he is, Ollie keeps persisting until he figures out how to play with the wind.
Ollie and the Wind is a sweet story that personifies the wind. Children will enjoy identifying the obstacles to Ollie’s actions (e.g. why can’t he catch the wind with a net or with a can? Why can’t the wind play chess? etc). This also allows children to work on using the conjunction ‘but’ in their sentences (e.g. He tried…. but….). The pronouns ‘he’ and ‘his’ are repeated many times throughout the book, making it a great choice if your little one is working on this goal. The illustrations are delightful and will encourage children to make inferences about the story. I particularly enjoy the final pages of the book showing a wordless scene of the wind ‘returning’ Ollie’s hat and scarf.
Narrative Structure: Complete Episode
Story Plot: Wishing Tale
Published by Random House Australia in 2015 (ISBN: 9780857988485)
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This post is the second instalment in our ‘Say No to Gluten’ series – read Part 1 here.
Why can’t we eat gluten?
Our bodies aren’t made to eat gluten. Unfortunately, when we made the leap from animals to cave men (if you believe the evolution theory of mankind) our genetics forgot to adapt to grass and other forms of gluten in our diet (or God just forgot to put that gene in when he made Adam).
Today it is estimated that 99% of the population has the genetic potential to develop antibodies against gluten.
Why shouldn’t we eat gluten?
Well it is probably easier if we just list the effects (well some of them anyway) of eating gluten…here goes:
- Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA – a lectin found in wheat) can irritate our gut, causing premature cell death which can lead to a leaky gut.
- WGA disrupts the mucus membrane in our gut, causing bacterial overgrowth and resulting in numerous of digestive issues (bloating, gas, nutritional deficiencies, ulcers, GERD etc.).
- Lectin ends up circulating in our body and brain, leading to leptin resistance. Leptin resistance has effects similar to insulin, whereby our hormones are unable to properly regulate our hunger signals. And when this happens it is extremely difficult to maintain a normal weight and energy balance.
- WGA can cause vitamin D stores to deplete abnormally fast, causing a vitamin D deficiency. This is a problem because a vitamin D deficiency can lead to weak bones, a weakened immune system and susceptibility to infectious diseases and bacterial attacks.
- Opioid peptides (psychoactive chemicals found in wheat) are similar to the chemicals found in psychoactive drugs like opium or morphine.
- Opioid peptides, like psychoactive drugs, can cause an addiction to wheat, compounding all of the nasty problems listed above.
- These peptides also make it difficult to remove wheat from the diet as it causes withdrawal symptoms (think headaches, mood swings, irritability, aches and pains etc.).
- Scarily, opioid peptides have been associated with Schizophrenia.
Why eating gluten when suffering from an autoimmune disease is disastrous
The main problem causing gluten protein is gliadin. This protein is similar in structure to the proteins found in the tissue of some of our organs, including the thyroid and the pancreas. In response to eating foods containing gluten, the antibodies that react against gliadin can mistakenly attack these organs (called mimicry), which can ultimately lead to hypothyroidism and type 1 diabetes.
And when we are already suffering from these autoimmune diseases, the antibodies’ attack can result in further antibody activity, increasing inflammation and autoimmune flare-ups. This exacerbates the existing symptoms and creates even more havoc in our bodies.
So how do you know if you are sensitive to gluten? Read Part 3 here.
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Researchers at the University of Minnesota School of Dentistry have found treatment of periodontal (gum) disease in pregnant women does not significantly alter rates of preterm birth, low birth weight, or fetal growth restriction.
The Obstetrics and Periodontal Therapy Trial (OPT), published in the Nov. 2, 2006, issue of the New England Journal of Medicine, concluded that while treatment for periodontal disease during pregnancy is safe and effective, it does not directly affect a woman's risk for preterm birth or having a baby of low birth weight.
Past research has associated maternal periodontal disease (periodontitis) with an increased risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, infant mortality, and the risk for long-term health problems, including cerebral palsy, blindness, and learning disabilities. Scientists suspected that bacteria from infected gums could enter the bloodstream and cause the immune system to provoke changes in tissues and organs elsewhere in the body, leading to premature labor.
"But, this research does not show a direct cause and effect relationship between periodontal disease and preterm birth," said Bryan Michalowicz, D.D.S., M.S., lead author and associate professor in the Division of Periodontology at the University of Minnesota School of Dentistry. "A common, nonsurgical treatment for periodontitis delivered between weeks 13 and 21 of pregnancy did not reduce the rate of preterm birth or low birth weight. This could suggest that in the future, researchers focus on testing other means to reduce rates of preterm birth."
Periodontal disease is a bacterial infection that affects the tissues that support the teeth at and below the gumline. In its mildest form, known as gingivitis, the gums will redden, swell, and bleed. Untreated, bacteria build up and produce toxins that irritate the gums and stimulate an inflammatory response that breaks down the gum tissue. As the tissues are damaged, gums begin to separate from the teeth, forming "pockets" between the teeth. Eventually, the attachment of the tooth and its support system is destroyed – teeth can then loosen and have to be removed.
Symptoms of periodontal disease include reddened, puffy, and bleeding gums. Unlike gingivitis, periodontal disease cannot be diagnosed by visual examination alone. It is diagnosed with a probe that is inserted into the space between the tooth and gumline.
Although periodontal disease is not caused by pregnancy, pregnant women often experience an increase in gingival bleeding, which is thought to be caused by increased levels of female hormones that favor the growth of certain oral bacteria.
More than 800 women who had early-to-moderate periodontitis participated in the study. Half of the women were randomly assigned to receive nonsurgical periodontal treatment during their second trimester of pregnancy. The other half was monitored closely through the trial and received periodontal treatment after giving birth.
"Although treatment for periodontal disease didn't have a direct impact on risk of pre-term birth, expectant mothers should continue to visit their dentists and maintain good oral health." said Michalowicz. "This study showed that dental checkups and treatment are safe and effective at the appropriate times during pregnancy."
The phase III, multi-center clinical trial was sponsored by a three-year, $7.5 million grant from the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR). Other centers participating in the study include Hennepin County Medical Center in Minneapolis, University of Kentucky in Lexington, University of Mississippi – Jackson Medical Mall, and Harlem Hospital – Columbia University.
Last reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 21 Feb 2009
Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved.
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Sixty intact, non-carious and unrestored teeth extracted due to periodontal disease were used to determine the most effective method of sterilisation. The teeth were divided into six groups, each containing 10 teeth. Group 1 teeth were immersed in 10% formalin for seven days, group 2 teeth were immersed in 3% hydrogen peroxide for seven days, group 3 teeth were immersed in 2.6% sodium hypochlorite for seven days, group 4 teeth were boiled in water at 100°C for 20 minutes, group 5 teeth were autoclaved at 121°C at 15 lbs psi for 30 minutes, and group 6 teeth were immersed in normal saline for seven days. After the treatment, the teeth were individually inoculated into trypticase soy broth and incubated for 48 hours. A questionnaire survey was also conducted to determine the awareness of dental students regarding infection due to extracted human teeth and the common disinfection/sterilisation methods used. Autoclaving at 121°C, 15 lbs psi for 30 minutes and immersion in 10% formalin for seven days were effective in disinfecting/sterilising extracted human teeth. Chemicals such as 2.6% sodium hypochlorite, 3% hydrogen peroxide and boiling in water were not effective. The results indicate that autoclaving for 30 minutes or immersion in 10% formalin for seven days could be effectively used for disinfection/sterilisation of extracted human teeth.
|Number of pages||3|
|Journal||Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology|
|Publication status||Published - 01-10-2005|
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Microbiology (medical)
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Our Diet: Leading to a Sustainable Future or Killing the Planet - Part 3
Written by Aryan Tavakkoli
Created Tuesday, 17 April 2012
Transcript for the following video on changing our diet to save our planet:
Because if the current rate of deforestation continues, very soon we will have reached a stage where we will have destroyed our ecosystems to such an extent, that they in turn will no longer be able to support our survival – the very existence of mankind will become threatened.
You see for decades now, environmental scientists have warned of environmental trends such as climate change, such as loss of animal and plant diversity, which, unless reversed, could ultimately lead to the loss of civilisation as we know it. We are rapidly approaching what some call the Omega Point, when the earth’s ecological systems are so weakened that human existence is no longer possible – scientists have warned of the extinction of the human race once we have destroyed our ecosystems to such a degree.
Few of us realise how little time we have left to act.
In the words of John Robbins, author of “Diet for a New America”: The oldest ecosystems on earth are being decimated at an alarming rate so that we can eat cheap beefburgers.
But of course they are not cheap at all are they – eating meat seems to be costing us the earth
Why don’t we hear more about the effect that meat-eating has on the environment? Because if eating meat was really an important contributor to global warming and climate change, we should know about it, shouldn’t we? Surely meat-eating can’t contribute more than 5%, say 10% at most, to greenhouse gas emissions, right?
Wrong – according to the 2006 UN report on global warming, entitled ‘Livestock’s Long Shadow’, almost one fifth of this entire planet’s greenhouse gas emissions come from the livestock trade – nearly one fifth. (Addendum. NB: Updated report in Journal of The Worldwatch Institute indicates emissions from animal farming account for over half of Earth’s greenhouse gas emissions).
When this is examined more closely, we see that ruminant livestock are the largest single source of methane, accounting for nearly 40% of the planet’s methane emissions. And methane is a much more toxic gas than carbon dioxide – methane is often quoted to be 23 times stronger than carbon dioxide in causing global warming, over a period of one hundred years, however methane largely clears from the environment in around a decade, so averaging its effect over a one hundred year period makes no sense and greatly diminishes its true effect. In fact when the potency of methane is calculated over a more practical time period, twenty years, it is found to be 73 times more potent
than carbon dioxide in warming our atmosphere – this carries a very significant effect which we are going to look at in a moment.
And 65% of all nitrous oxide emissions come from the livestock trade - nitrous oxide carries nearly 300 times the GWP of carbon dioxide – it is an incredibly toxic gas, and most of it comes from the livestock trade.
But the really worrying fact from this report, is that the total amount of GGEs emitted by the livestock trade exceeds that caused by all modes of transport – So when someone asks me what is the link between climate change and eating meat, the answer is this: The major cause of climate change is toxic greenhouse gas emissions. A major cause of toxic greenhouse gas emissions is animal agriculture – the breeding of huge numbers of animals for the purpose of human consumption. And according to the UN report, the resulting greenhouse gas emissions arising from the livestock trade exceeds those produced by every car, every truck, every ship, every train and every aeroplane on this planet
Livestock currently occupy one third of the land on this planet. The human population numbers nearly 7 billion, yet we slaughter 50 billion animals every year, with a significant number being livestock. That’s nearly 1 billion animals every week – now just considering the fact that it takes up to 100 000 litres water to produce 1 kilo beef, that only one person a year can be fed from one hectare of land used for beef production, that there are ten times more fossil fuels burned and ten times more carbon emissions from meat production, can you imagine the amount of water, the amount of land, the amount of medicines, the amount of energy that is being pumped into these animals? The amount of deforestation that has occurred in order to feed them? And the amount of pollution that has been caused as a result? The facts are compelling – that the production of meat for human consumption is outstripping our planet’s resources – Because eating meat is not just about killing animals – eating meat is literally killing our planet. This Earth simply does not have the resources to maintain and feed 57 billion beings a year. That’s 7 billion humans and 50 billion farmed animals. Meat production is decimating our forests, polluting our water and air, destroying our fertile soil, and wiping out our wildlife. And by choosing to eat meat, we unwittingly contribute to, and support, the devastating impact of meat production on our planet.
There is worldwide concern about the increasing need for pasture land and crop land to feed livestock, the subsequent deforestation and the catastrophic effects of deforestation. There is worldwide concern about water depletion and a water crisis, because of the huge amounts of water we are pumping into these animals. There is worldwide concern about contamination of our groundwater, our streams and freshwater supplies because of the enormous amount of animal waste and all the processes that go with intensive animal farming. Just one cow can produce more than 23 tons of manure every year entering and polluting our water systems, and we have over 1.3 billion cows.
In the US alone, farmed animals produce 130 times more excrement than the entire human population 39,000 kgs per second.
This concentrated waste pollutes our water, destroys the topsoil and contaminates the air.
Livestock production can be seen to be at the heart of almost every environmental catastrophe confronting this planet today – rainforest destruction, spreading deserts, air pollution, water pollution, soil erosion, acid rain, species extinctions etc. And it is increasingly becoming recognized that animal farming throughout the world cannot be seen as a sustainable solution.
That is why the UN conclude their report by saying that “Livestock are one of the most significant contributors to today’s most serious environmental problems. Urgent action is required to remedy the situation” They go on to say that a reduction in the amount of animal agriculture should be rated as one of the number one issues for future global environmental policy
To get back to methane - usually we hear about carbon dioxide emissions but the full impact of methane is often underestimated – to illustrate this, let’s take an example from Australia:
According to Dr. Barry Brook, Director of the Research Institute for Climate Change and Sustainability in Adelaide University:
In Australia, the coal-fired power stations release 180 million tonnes CO2 per year, and the cattle industry 3 million tonnes methane per year –
It appears that coal-fired power stations are contributing more to global warming than cattle. But when the 3 million tonnes of methane is multiplied by 72, to calculate the correct potency of methane as compared with carbon dioxide, we see form the resulting figure that actually it is methane produced through livestock farming, that is having the greater impact on greenhouse gas emissions and therefore climate change.
This is not even taking into account the nitrous oxide emissions from the cattle industry, which obviously makes the total emissions from livestock much higher.
Therefore when we examine the potency of methane gas, what we see is that the cattle industry is contributing more to the global warming gases, than the coal-fired power stations.
There are definite advantages to focusing on a reduction of methane as a quicker and easier short term solution to climate change – firstly methane has a much shorter half life than carbon dioxide. That means that it clears out of the atmosphere much faster. Even if carbon dioxide emissions were reduced now, we would not notice any significant effect for years as it remains in our atmosphere for over a century. Whilst it is essential that we reduce carbon emissions, this usually requires wealthy organizations to take the steps of reducing their carbon emissions drastically and is unlikely to happen in the very short term.
There is a more practical and easier solution that we can take on as our individual responsibility, rather than waiting for wealthy international corporations to make a change. We can reduce greenhouse gas emissions significantly in the short term by reducing or eliminating animal products from our diet. This is how it works:
The methane produced by the livestock industry clears from our atmosphere within a few years because methane has a much shorter half life than carbon dioxide – reducing the number of livestock we breed for human food, will result in a significant reduction in methane emissions in the short term.
And reducing our meat intake is the most effective way to reduce our methane emissions – where there is less consumer demand for meat, the livestock trade will respond by producing less meat and more plant foods such as cereals and grains for human consumption.
Choosing less meat or a vegetarian option at our next meal is a realistic and more rapid solution to reducing the harmful impact of greenhouse gases in the short term, and as we are about to see, time is of the essence.
Dr Aryan practices as a Consultant Physician in Respiratory Medicine in the Hutt Valley, New Zealand. Dr Aryan is also interested in the many-fold and far-reaching effects of our diets, and particularly how our diet affects the environment. She has written and spoken widely about this topic and has presented her talk, Our Diet: Leading to a Sustainable Future or Killing Our Planet? in many venues around New Zealand. She has been interviewed about the link between diet and climate change by both local and national radio and newspapers.
|← Animal Experimentation (vivisection): did it ever save us? 2||Fatigue: A holistic approach to maximise your energy potenti →|
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Postcards are a delight to send and to receive as they usually have a lovely picture on the front. There would be news or other information on its reverse. Postcard printing is thus an essential service in society which allows consumers to communicate with others in a different form.
There are many uses of postcard. Most travelers send a postcard or two during their travels; these postcards inform their loved ones back home on their safety and trip. Each port of call has different local specialties which can be shared with loved ones at home through a postcard. A quick note is written on its reverse to convey good wishes and information updates on the traveler to ease the hearts and minds of loved ones.
Postcards can also be used to keep in touch with those who have not been in touch for sometime. The postcards can be used to express one’s feelings too; today, there are many quaint and unique postcards with cartoon drawings and characters to depict one’s feelings. A short message on its reverse can do wonders to the relationship between the sender and recipient.
Postcards are small pieces of medium hard papers which can be crumpled or torn easily if they were not well printed. Poor quality postcards can become damaged easily. The picture on the front may not be attractive if there is no gloss finishing over it.
Postcards can be easily lost or misplaced in transit because they are smaller than other mail. Private messages are publicly read as the reverse is open for all to view. Hence, one must be careful with the use of postcards.
Postcard printing is usually undertaken by professional printers for bulk orders by certain companies especially in the tourism industry. Beautiful pictures of landscapes and photographs can be put on postcards.
Today, one can be creative and have wedding or graduation photos printed on postcards to be sent to inform loved ones and friends of the special occasion. Small pieces of postcards to be printed may be quite expensive while larger number of pieces would lower the price.
Postcard printers have a special machine for printing postcards with lamination, embossing, die cutting and foil blocking services. Postcards can be printed on different types of paper at different sizes depending on the needs of the consumer. Printers have a special machine to cut the postcard into the desired sizes although the postal department may only accept the standard size as postcards.
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I think that Boyne is able to use the mental picture to convey much about the condition of prejudice and discrimination in which Bruno finds himself, but also towards that which he pledges to overcome. The concept of the fence, itself, is one such image. Bruno is repeatedly told about the fence and how he must stay away from it. Yet, by going to the end of it and finding Shmuel, Bruno has been able to appropriate an image of discrimination into one of friendship. At the signt of the two trains, Boyne uses another image to bring out the condition of racism and discrimination that exists in Nazi Germany. Bruno notes how there is a fundamental difference in both trains. The train he is traveling on is radically different than the train that others are boarding with facial expressions of sadness and despair accompanying them. This is another image to bring out how there is a difference that Bruno perceives to bring out the discrimination and racism that exists in his world. The "pajamas" themselves become another image that Bruno appropriates to mean something other than what it does. The uniform that people like Shmuel must wear is the ultimate identification of the discrimination and brutal racism inflicted by the Nazis. Bruno sees them as "pajamas," something that he himself dons at the end of the novel, leading to its climax. In this, Bruno has himself take the objects of racism and discrimination and made them something of solidarity and strength with his friend. These images are what Boyne employs to bring out the condition that surrounds Nazi Germany and the people in it.
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National Museum of American History
14th Street and Constitution Avenue, NW
3rd Floor, West Wing, Documentary Photo Gallery Floor Plan
See 80 photographs that focus on the key events and personalities of the Civil Rights Era (1954-1968). Voter registration drives, literacy training, marches, and acts of civil disobedience document the endeavors of American activists to uphold the promise of the Constitution. Photographs of activists include Martin Luther King Jr., Fannie Lou Hamer, Julian Bond, Medgar Evers, James Baldwin, Gordon Parks, Charles Moore, Bob Adelman, Leonard Freed, Matt Herron, Bob Fitch, and Robert Sengstacke.
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Associations to the word «Leap»
Pictures for the word «Leap»
LEAP, verb. (intransitive) To jump.
LEAP, verb. (transitive) To pass over by a leap or jump.
LEAP, verb. (transitive) To copulate with (a female beast); to cover.
LEAP, verb. (transitive) To cause to leap.
LEAP, noun. The act of leaping or jumping.
LEAP, noun. The distance traversed by a leap or jump.
LEAP, noun. (figuratively) A significant move forward.
LEAP, noun. (mining) A fault.
LEAP, noun. Copulation with, or coverture of, a female beast.
LEAP, noun. (music) A passing from one note to another by an interval, especially by a long one, or by one including several other intermediate intervals.
LEAP, noun. (obsolete) A basket.
LEAP, noun. A weel or wicker trap for fish.
LEAP, noun. Basket
LEAP, noun. A trap or snare for fish
LEAP, noun. Half a bushel
LEAP, noun. (acronym) Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol
LEAP DAY, noun. The extra day (currently February 29th in most countries, in Julian calendar February 24th) in a leap year.
LEAP DAYS, noun. Plural of leap day
LEAP DOWN SOMEONE'S THROAT, verb. Alternative form of jump down someone's throat
LEAP FROG, noun. A children's game of lining up, squatting down on all fours, with the person last in line then leaping over each of the others in turn, like a frog and squatting down when at the front of the line.
LEAP IN THE DARK, noun. Shot in the dark
LEAP MONTH, noun. In the Jewish calendar or other lunisolar calendars, a extra month added to usual 12 months because solar year is slightly longer than 12 luna month.
LEAP OF FAITH, noun. (philosophy) (religion) The act of believing in something, despite lack of proof of its truth or existence.
LEAP SECOND, noun. A second of time added to the year occasionally to compensate for variation in the rate of Earth's rotation relative to the absolute standards of time.
LEAP SECONDS, noun. Plural of leap second
LEAP TO MIND, verb. (idiomatic) To appear in one's thoughts.
LEAP WEEK, noun. In the calendar reform, a week added to usual 52, such that every year starts on the same day
LEAP YEAR, noun. In the Gregorian calendar, a year having 366 days instead of the usual 365, with the extra day added to compensate for the fact that the Earth rotates approximately 365.25 times for each revolution it makes around the Sun.
LEAP YEAR, noun. In the Jewish calendar or other lunisolar calendars, a year having 13 months instead of 12, with the extra month added because 19 solar years is approximately 19*12+7 lunar months.
LEAP YEARS, noun. Plural of leap year
LEAP, noun. A light, self-propelled movement upwards or forwards.
LEAP, noun. An abrupt transition; "a successful leap from college to the major leagues".
LEAP, noun. A sudden and decisive increase; "a jump in attendance".
LEAP, noun. The distance leaped (or to be leaped); "a leap of 10 feet".
LEAP, verb. Move forward by leaps and bounds; "The horse bounded across the meadow"; "The child leapt across the puddle"; "Can you jump over the fence?".
LEAP, verb. Pass abruptly from one state or topic to another; "leap into fame"; "jump to a conclusion"; "jump from one thing to another".
LEAP, verb. Jump down from an elevated point; "the parachutist didn't want to jump"; "every year, hundreds of people jump off the Golden Gate bridge"; "the widow leapt into the funeral pyre".
LEAP, verb. Cause to jump or leap; "the trainer jumped the tiger through the hoop".
All our words are but crumbs that fall down from the feast of the mind.
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Principles of operation
The major components of a typical radioisotope calibrator include a detector (usually an ionisation chamber), a high voltage source, a current-to-voltage amplifier / electrometer and a display unit with power supply (see fig. 1 for a schematic diagram of a typical device). Radioisotope calibrators use a well-type ionisation chamber to measure the total amount ionisation produced by the (liquid) sample to be administered to the patient. A volume of gas (usually Argon under high pressure) is contained in a sealed chamber with two electrodes having a voltage difference between them. The electrodes (cathode and anode) can be parallel plates (or cylinders), a pair of wires, or a single wire inside a cylinder.
No electrical current flows between the electrodes until the gas is ionised when the vial or syringe containing the radionuclide is put into the chamber. The electrical potential between the electrodes causes the positively charged gas molecules to flow toward the cathode and the negatively charged gas molecules to flow to the anode. The high voltage source must be sufficient to allow most of the ions produced to9 collect at the electrodes; called the saturation voltage, it usually ranges from 100 to 300 Volts, depending on the chamber. If the potential across the chamber electrodes is too low, recombination of the charged particles will occur, reducing detection efficiency when measuring high activities.
The movement of charged particles toward the cathode and anode produces an ionisation current that is proportional to the activity of the activity of the measured radioisotope – the higher the activity, the more photons pass through the chamber. The magnitude of this current is usually very small (0.1 pico Amp to 100 µ Amp), even for large amounts of radionuclides, and its measurement requires the use of an electrometer, a sensitive device for quantifying minute electric currents. The electrometer output is electronically manipulated to produce a digital output expressed in multiples of either Curies (Ci) or Becquerels (Bq) (1 mCi = 37 MBq).
The degree to which ionisation occurs is not only a function of the amount of a radionuclide, but also a function of the energy level of the radionuclide. The chamber’s response is different for 1 Bq of Tc-99m (140 keV) than for 1 Bq of I-131 (364 keV). A correction factor is necessary so that the calibrator reads the same for equal activities of different isotopes. This is either accomplished by using adjustable resistors to regulate the amplifier gain (analog method) or by multiplying the digital output with an isotope specific calibration factor (digital method).
Radioisotope calibrators have a separate resistor or (digital) setting for each isotope to be calibrated, based on a chamber response curve determined for the calibrator. The settings for selected isotopes are normalised to this curve, which in its turn has been confirmed using national standard traceable calibration sources. Where traceable standards are not available, settings are determined by interpolation.
Most calibrators have either a LED or LCD readout. In more sophisticated calibrators the readout is taken care of by a (standard) PC. The more sophisticated dose calibrators allow calculations like the assay of radionuclidic impurities such as Mo-99, the sample concentration, and the volume to deliver for a particular dose. The connection to a PC (RS-232 interface) opens up the possibility to integrate the dose calibrator in Hotlab Management Systems.
Ion chambers are relatively inefficient for detecting X-ray and gamma radiation, because only a small percentage of photons passing through the chamber interact with the gas molecules. Detection efficiency can be improved by increasing the pressure of the gas, thus increasing the gas density and the interaction probability. Most detectors have sealed, pressurised (as much as 20 atmospheres) ionisation chambers. The use of inert gasses such as Argon further enhances detection by helping the negative charged particles to collect at the anode as free electrons rather than recombine with large, slower-moving molecules such as oxygen. Slower collection at the electrodes increases response time and requires a higher saturation voltage to prevent recombination. Well type ion chambers also are relatively insufficient for detecting Beta radiation, but for a different reason. Beta particles are stopped by the solution itself, the vial and in the end by the chamber wall, before they reach the gas inside of the ionisation chamber. A readout is still obtained however because the secondary radiation (bremsstrahlung) produced by the interaction with those materials consist of photons which ionise the filling gas. The efficiency is a factor of 10 to 100 lower than for gamma radiation however.
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Professional Learning Subcommittee
HUMAN BEHAVIOR BASICS.
The focus of this project is to ensure that professionals, autistic self-advocates, and families with autistic children have sufficient knowledge of human behavior basics to understand the issues experienced by autistic individuals and help them develop to their maximum potential.
Phase 1: Develop a list of curriculum elements regarding human behavior basics for professionals and family members as stated in the Long-Term Vision and the Strategic Plan.
Phase 2: Identify gaps in current Oregon training programs. Determine how to promote adoption of curriculum elements. Identify barriers to implementation of desired training. Develop strategies to overcome barriers.
Why This Is Needed: Current research has shown that human behavior in general and autism specifically are very complex. Some professionals are familiar with this research, but most are not. Almost all autistic individuals have one or more other physical or mental health conditions as well. In order to best support autistic individuals, those who care for and provide services for them need to tailor services and supports to the unique needs of the individual. This requires some understanding of human behavior basics.
Suggested Members for Phase 1a (training for those with a background in science): Academics and practicing professionals from the fields of neuroscience and psychology (developmental and adult); professionals practicing in speech language pathology, medicine, nursing, and occupational therapy; family members and autistic adults who possess a background in science.
Suggested Members for Phase 1b (training for those with a background in other subjects): Family members, autistic adults, professionals with other backgrounds.
ASD TRAINING. The focus of this project is to ensure that families, autistic individuals and professionals have sufficient understanding of autism specifically. The subcommittee will review existing training materials designed to introduce professionals to ASD and determine whether they meet the requirements stated in the Long-Term Vision and the Strategic Plan. Develop guidelines for training materials and curriculum elements to fill in gaps. Determine how to promote implementation of guidelines and adoption of curriculum elements.
Why This Is Needed. There are many organizations that offer ASD training, but these trainings differ widely in their scope and quality, including the degree to which they incorporate current scientific research and the experiences of autistic individuals and their families.
Suggested Members: ASD specialists and consultants (education), health professionals specifically trained in ASD and regularly serving individuals with ASD, autistic adults, family members.
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- Services Overview
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An Excel function worth knowing is Vlookup(). It allows you to pull in information from other worksheets. For more information, read the full text...
The purpose of the Vlookup function is to bring related data from another table into the current cell. Vlookup stands for “Vertical Lookup”. It is used to “lookup” information from another worksheet.
The Vlookup is useful when you have data that exists in another worksheet that you need to bring into the current worksheet. For example, you have department numbers in the current spreadsheet, and you have the department number and names in another worksheet. You want to bring in the department names into the current worksheet.
The Vlookup function is designed as follows: =Vlookup(Value to Lookup, Lookup Range, Return Value from Column Number, Match Type) WHERE
* Value to lookup is the value in the current table to lookup, for example department number
* Lookup Range is the table that contains all of the values
* Return Value from Column Number is the column number that has the data you wish to return, for example 2 for the second column
* Match Type is usually 0, for exact match.
We will use two exercises to demonstrate Vlookup. Department name lookup Many times we receive raw data from an accounting system or other database. From that raw data, we need to generate summary reports. Sometimes, we may receive data that does not contain all of the fields we need for our report. For example, we may receive a report that shows department number and monthly expense, but the data does not include department name. In our final report however, we need department name. Rather than type in the department names, we use Vlookup. In addition, many times we cannot simply copy and paste the department names from another source because the order of the departments may be different, and certain departments may be excluded. In this exercise, we will bring the department name in from the department listing into our expense report.
The department listing is shown in Figure 60.
The expense report is shown in Figure 61.
Our objective is to get the department names into column B without typing or pasting. The logic behind the Vlookup formula we are about to write in cell B5 is: Lookup the department number 100 in the department listing and return the department name if there is an exact match of department numbers. We instruct Excel to perform this by using the following formula logic: Vlookup(department number, in the department listing, department name, exact match) The actual formula is shown in Figure 62.
You can see the formula above, where:
* A5 represents the department number
* “Source!A4:B8” represents the department listing on the Source worksheet as shown in Figure 60
* 2 represents the second column in the range (1st column is department number, 2nd column is department name)
* 0 represents “exact match only” logic
If we use absolute references for the lookup range and fill the formula down from B5 to B7, we will get the correct department names as shown in Figure 63.
You can imagine that this same technique can be used with looking up account names in the chart of accounts as well. This technique has wide ranging applications.
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| 0.922668 | 719 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Athletes may deal with many different types of medical personnel after an injury. Athletes also may be referred by their primary care doctors to a sports medicine doctor or other sports medicine specialists for further evaluation and treatment. The following is information from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) about the most common sports medicine specialists.
Sports medicine doctors (primary care)
sports medicine doctors are pediatricians, family medicine doctors, and other doctors with special training in sports medicine. Training includes 4 years of medical school and 3 years of general residency training. In addition, some have 1 to 2 additional years of fellowship training in sports medicine and a Certificate of Added Qualification (CAQ). Primary care sports medicine doctors diagnose, treat, and manage musculoskeletal and medical problems, including the following:
Sports medicine doctors (orthopedic)
Orthopedic sports medicine doctors are
orthopedic surgeons with special training that specialize in operative treatment. Training includes 4 years of medical school; 5 years of orthopedic residency; 1 year of additional study in sports medicine; and CAQ from the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgery with the Sports Medicine Subspecialty Board Certification. Orthopedic sports medicine doctors diagnose, treat, and manage musculoskeletal problems including the following:
- Limb and spine deformities (such as club foot,
- Gait abnormalities (limping)
- Bone and joint infections
- Sprains and strains
- Ligament injuries
- Overuse injuries
- Cartilage injuries
Certified athletic trainers
Your school or team may have a certified athletic trainer, or ATC, who may be the first person to evaluate you after an injury. They can help with assessing injuries, initial care, referring to doctors or other medical specialists, rehabilitation, and determining readiness for a safe return to play. Athletic trainers can also help organize injury prevention programs and help with taping, bracing, or special equipment to help protect or prevent injuries.
Certified athletic trainers must complete a 4-year college degree in athletic training and undergo rigorous testing to become certified and maintain their certification. Many go on to complete a master’s program in sports medicine. Certified athletic trainers work closely with physicians, physical therapists, and other members of the sports medicine team. They can be a valuable liaison between the injured athlete and the coaches to help explain the injury and treatment.
Your doctor may refer you to a physical therapist to help you recover from your injury. Physical therapists have a minimum of a bachelor’s degree, although many have master’s-level or doctoral training in the use of special techniques to treat musculoskeletal injuries. This includes ultrasound, electric stimulation, massage, manual therapy, and therapeutic exercise. Physical therapists work with your doctor to set up individual exercise programs for general fitness and to help players with sport-specific skills. Some physical therapists are also certified as athletic trainers and can offer both services.
Chiropractors receive a doctorate in chiropractic after 4 years of postgraduate training to deal with musculoskeletal conditions, injuries, and pain. Many chiropractors focus on the spine and alignment issues to treat an injury or pain. Chiropractic treatment often involves spinal manipulation and/or adjustments to correct possible malalignment.
Vigorous spinal manipulation in a young person who may already have a hypermobile or “loose” spine must be done with caution, if it is done at all. Any child with back pain should be examined by a medical doctor prior to chiropractic treatment. There may be other important aspects of diagnosis and treatment, including the evaluation for underlying medical conditions, use of specialized radiology studies, use of therapeutic exercise, and use of prescription medicines, which require the involvement of other specialists.
Podiatrists are specialists for problems of the foot who receive 4 years of postgraduate doctoral-level training and then complete a 2 or 3 years residency. They are trained to diagnose and treat foot and ankle problems using both surgical and nonsurgical methods. Podiatrists can order x-rays or other special diagnostic tests, prescribe medicines, prescribe physical therapy, and create custom arch supports for foot problems if needed. While many lower body overuse problems can be linked to the foot, pain in the knee, hip, or back is not in the podiatrist’s area of expertise.
Other sports medicine professionals
Other individuals and medical specialists may assist athletes with training, injury prevention, or injury management. These include personal trainers, massage therapists, acupuncturists, sports nutritionists, and sports psychologists. Each has specific training in their field. However, none of these specialists are certified to diagnose injuries, prescribe treatment, or give medical clearance to return to play.
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John York, Indian fighter and soldier in the Texas Revolution, was born in Kentucky on July 4, 1800. He moved to Texas in 1829 and was soon engaged in leading expeditions against the Indians. During the Texas Revolution, the Convention of 1835 at San Felipe appointed him a first lieutenant in the regular infantry in the Texas army. As such he participated in James W. Fannin’s search in the Frio and Medina river areas in November 1835 for Domingo de Ugartechea, then bringing Mexican reinforcements to Martín Perfecto de Cos at Bexar. That same month Stephen F. Austin appointed York, along with Edward Burleson, as appraiser of horses and equipment of the Texan volunteers at Bexar. In early December 1835 York participated as a captain in the Siege of Bexar. On December 20, 1835, he was elected a captain in the legion of cavalry under Lt. Col. William B. Travis. Later the General Council appointed him one of the agents to raise a mounted company to fight Indians in the Mill Creek (in present Austin County) and Colorado River areas. In January 1837 he was serving as county sheriff, and in 1840 he was listed as owning one slave, twenty-five cattle, twenty workhorses, and one “pleasure carriage.” In March 1844 York was among the six men appointed commissioners by the Republic of Texas Congress to select the seat of Austin County, and in 1846 he was elected one of the commissioners for newly established DeWitt County, where he had resettled on Coleto Creek. Two years later he sold his half interest in a league of land for one dollar in cash. The purchasers agreed to lay out the town of Yorktown, named in his honor, and York was to retain each alternate lot, block, and acre lot. The veteran soldier was chosen to lead his neighbors, including Robert Justus Kleberg, in a retaliatory campaign against Indians in October 1848. York and his son-in-law, James Madison Bell, were among those killed on October 11 on Escondida Creek in a battle that generated much notorious publicity. York was buried eight miles east of Yorktown in the same grave with Bell. The state erected a marker at the gravesite in 1936.
You are here: / / York, John
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Over 30% of Americas are obese according to the American Centers for Disease Control. Not only that, more than 60% are overweight, or 20 pounds over their normal Body Mass Index (BMI) range.
In the past, BMI was the ubiquitous measurement for healthy and unhealthy weight, recently scientists have found striking flaws in the system. Muscle weighs more than fat, so someone who is more muscular may register as being “over weight” according to the BMI scale, when actually he or she is perfectly healthy. The new standard measurement for healthy weight is waist circumference. Though your actual weight still matters, where you carry that weight is what’s most important. Research has shown that the bigger your waist size, the greater your risk for cancer, diabetes, heart attack and dementia. The primary reason for this is that belly fat is metabolically active, meaning it releases substances that increase inflammation. A bigger waistline also indicates that one is storing fat around the heart and liver, which is another serious health risk.
1) What are the causes? In plain terms, people gain weight when they consume more calories than they burn through activity. Those excess calories then become stored as fat cells. Some people are genetically predisposed to have an unnaturally low rate of thermogenesis, the amount of calories burned during resting metabolism. For example, a person who is thin may exhibit a 40% increase in thermogenesis after eating as compared to a 10% increase for someone who is overweight. This happens primarily because muscle burns twice as many calories as fat.
Though exercise has a major influence on weight, diet is the primary key to weight loss. You’ll lose more weight and lose it faster if you stick to the high volume, low-calorie foods in the MyHealingKitchen.com diet, than by exercising for hours on end.
Stress also has a great deal to do with abdominal weight gain. Researchers have drawn a stark connection between cortisol, one of the body’s main stress hormones, and the accumulation of fat around the waist. People under a great deal of stress produce high levels of cortisol, which in turn, increases their ability to store fat.
Disability and immobility also contribute to weight gain. Due to physical limitation, such as arthritis or joint pain, many people cannot be as active as they’d like to be. Those managing these conditions must monitor their calorie consumption very carefully in order to avoid putting on those extra pounds.
2) Loosing weight may seem impossible, but you can reverse obesity. Many overweight Americans jump from fad diet to fad diet, hoping to find the answer to all of their problems. Yet, research has shown that about 95% of all diets fail to achieve lasting results. It’s much easier to lose weight in the short term than to keep that weight off for life.
Many quick-loss fad diets not only require calorie restriction, but also cut out certain foods like meat and fats (even the good ones). With a diet like that, you end up craving the foods you can’t have. The only weight loss strategies that truly work are those that follow a more active lifestyle and focus on eating healthily. Research shows that a diet like the one offered at MyHealingKitchen.com will help you make a permanent, lifestyle change versus the quick fixes you’ve seen on the market.
Another easy way to lose weight is to burn an extra 500 calories from your daily routine. Simple things—like walking a mile at a brisk pace or giving up that daily soda—can contribute significantly to daily calorie reduction. Losing weight requires you to create a calorie deficit, meaning you’ve got to add exercise and also cut back your daily caloric intake.
3) The number of calories you actually need per day reflects the amount of energy you use and the amount of lean muscle mass your body contains. To calculate this number, multiply your body weight by ten. This is the approximate amount of energy your body needs to maintain its functioning in a resting state. This number, however, only accounts for 70% of the total calories you need to fuel yourself. Someone who is active obviously needs more—but how much more depends on age, activity level, and body composition.
Our bodies are constantly burning calories—even when we’re napping! Those who decide to deprive themselves of the foods they need usually lose lean muscle and experience a drop in their Basal Metabolic Rate, (BMR). A lower BMR means the body is adapting to burning fewer calories at rest than it would usually, which will eventually stop your weight loss all together. The MyHealingKitchen.com diet protects against this decrease in BMR because the meal selection is vast and doesn’t seem like a diet at all. Burn more calories than you take in with more physical activity. As long as you maintain muscle, your body will keep burning calories and the weight will just fall off!
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Per Diem Definition
Per Diem refers to the daily stipend an employee receives to cover travel expenses in addition to salary and wages.
An employee’s per diem pay typically covers lodging expenses. Per diem may also include additional money to cover meals and other incidental expenses, such as laundry or tips for service workers. As long as the per diem rate does not exceed the standard rate set by the government, the employee does not have to pay taxes on this type of compensation.
What Is Per Diem Pay?
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Town of Bristol
|Incorporated||October 28, 1681|
|Annexed from Massachusetts||January 27, 1747|
|• Town Administrator||Steven Contente (I) RI|
|• Town Council||Timothy E. Sweeney (D)|
Mary A. Parella (R)
Nathan T. Calouro (D)
Aaron Ley (D)
Antonio A Teixeira (I)
|• Town Clerk||Louis P. Cirillo (R)|
|• Total||20.6 sq mi (53.4 km2)|
|• Land||10.1 sq mi (26.2 km2)|
|• Water||10.5 sq mi (27.2 km2)|
|Elevation||0–131 ft (0–40 m)|
|• Density||2,269/sq mi (876.1/km2)|
|Time zone||UTC−5 (EST)|
|• Summer (DST)||UTC−4 (EDT)|
|GNIS feature ID||1220083|
Bristol is a town in Bristol County, Rhode Island, as well as the historic county seat. The town is built on the traditional territories of the Pokanoket Wampanoag. It is a deep-water seaport named after Bristol, England.
The population of Bristol was 22,954 at the 2010 census. Major industries include boat building and related marine industries, manufacturing, and tourism. The town's school system is united with neighboring Warren, Rhode Island. Prominent communities include Luso-Americans (Portuguese-Americans), mostly Azorean, and Italian-Americans.
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Before the Pilgrims arrived in 1620, the Pokanokets occupied much of Southern New England, including Plymouth. They had previously suffered from a series of plagues which killed off large segments of their population, and their leader, the Massasoit Osamequin, befriended the early settlers.:10 King Philip's War was a conflict between the Plymouth settlers and the Pokanokets and allied tribes, and it began in the neighboring area of Swansea, Massachusetts. Metacomet made nearby Mount Hope (a corruption of the Pokanoket word Montaup) his base of operations; he died following an ambush by Captain Benjamin Church on August 12, 1676.:11 "Massasoit's Seat" is a rocky ledge on the mountain which was a lookout site for enemy ships on Mount Hope Bay.
After the war concluded, four colonists purchased a tract of land known as "Mount Hope Neck and Poppasquash Neck" as part of the Plymouth Colony. Other settlers included John Gorham and Richard Smith. A variant of the Indian name Metacomet is now the name of a main road in Bristol: Metacom Avenue (RI Route 136).:11 Bristol was a town of Massachusetts until the Crown transferred it to the Rhode Island Colony in 1747.:11
Slave trade and the DeWolf family
The DeWolf family was among the earliest settlers of Bristol. Bristol and Rhode Island became a center of slave trading. James DeWolf, a leading slave trader, later became a United States Senator from Rhode Island. Beginning in 1769 and continuing until 1820 (over a decade after the slave trade was outlawed in the Atlantic), the DeWolf family trafficked people out of West Africa, enslaving them and bringing them to work on DeWolf-owned plantations, or selling them to be auctioned at ports in places such as Havana, Cuba and Charleston, South Carolina. When in Cuba, sugar and molasses, harvested/created by enslaved Africans, was brought back to Rhode Island to DeWolf-owned distilleries. By the end of 1820, the DeWolf family had trafficked and enslaved over 10,000 African people. James DeWolf died as the second wealthiest person in the United States.
As it did many northern towns and port cities, slavery built the wealth of Bristol, which processed various materials, such as cotton, created or harvested through the use of slave labor. Quakers from Rhode Island were involved early in the abolition movement, although abolition was a divisive issue among Quakers, resulting in the creation of new Quaker groups.
The history of the DeWolf family, as well as Bristol's and the northern United State's participation in slavery, are covered in the 2008 documentary, Traces of the Trade: A Story from the Deep North.
During the American Revolutionary War, the British Royal Navy bombarded Bristol twice. On October 7, 1775, a group of ships led by Captain Wallace and HMS Rose sailed into town and demanded provisions. When refused, Wallace shelled the town, causing much damage. The attack was stopped when Lieutenant Governor William Bradford rowed out to Rose to negotiate a cease-fire, but then a second attack took place on May 25, 1778. This time, 500 British and Hessian troops marched through the main street (now called Hope Street (RI Route 114)) and burnt 30 barracks and houses, taking some prisoners to Newport.
Other history and current day
Until 1854, Bristol was one of the five state capitals of Rhode Island.
The southerly terminus of the East Bay Bike Path is located at Independence Park on Bristol Harbor. The bike path continues north to India Point Park in Providence, R.I., mostly constructed following an abandoned railroad right of way. Some of the best views of Narragansett Bay can be seen along this corridor. This path is a valued commodity to Bristol; it allows bikers, roller skaters, and walkers to enjoy the area. The construction of the East Bay Bike Path was highly contested by Bristol residents before construction because of the potential of crime, but it has become a welcome asset to the community and the anticipated crime was non-existent.
The Bristol-based boat company Herreshoff built five consecutive America's Cup Defenders between 1893 and 1920. The Colt Estate, now known as Colt State Park, was home to Samuel P. Colt, nephew of the man famous for the arms company, and founder of the United States Rubber Company, later called Uniroyal and the largest rubber company in the nation. Colt State Park lies on manicured gardens abutting the West Passage of Narragansett Bay, and is popular for its views of the waterfront and sunsets.
Bristol is the site of the National Historic Landmark Joseph Reynolds House built in 1700. The Marquis de Lafayette and his staff used the building as headquarters in 1778 during the Battle of Rhode Island.
Fourth of July parade
Bristol has the oldest continuously celebrated Independence Day festivities in the United States. The first mention of a celebration comes from July 1777, when a British officer noted sounds coming from across Narragansett Bay:
This being the first anniversary of the Declaration of Independence of the Rebel Colonies, they ushered in the morning by firing 13 cannons, one for each colony, we suppose. At sunset, the rebel frigates fired another round of 13 guns, each one after the other. As the evening was very still and fine the echo of the guns down the Bay had a grand effect.
The annual official and historic celebrations (Patriotic Exercises) were established in 1785 by Rev. Henry Wight of the First Congregational Church and veteran of the Revolutionary War, and later by Rev. Wight as the Parade, and continue today, organized by the Bristol Fourth of July Committee. The festivities officially start on June 14, Flag Day, beginning a period of outdoor concerts, soap-box races and a firefighters' muster at Independence Park. The celebration climaxes on July 4 with the oldest annual parade in the United States, "The Military, Civic and Firemen's Parade", an event that draws over 200,000 people from Rhode Island and around the world. These elaborate celebrations give Bristol its nickname, "America's most patriotic town".
Bristol is represented in the parade with hometown groups like the Bristol Train of Artillery and the Bristol County Fifes and Drums.
Bristol is situated on 10.1 square miles (26 km2) of a peninsula (the smaller sub-peninsula on the west is called Poppasquash), with Narragansett Bay on its west and Mount Hope Bay on its east. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 20.6 square miles (53.4 km2), of which, 10.1 square miles (26.2 km2) of it is land and 10.5 square miles (27.2 km2) of it (50.99%) is water. Bristol's harbor is home to over 800 boat moorings in seven mooring fields.
|Climate data for Bristol, Rhode Island|
|Record high °F (°C)||67
|Average high °F (°C)||38
|Average low °F (°C)||21
|Record low °F (°C)||−7
|Average precipitation inches (mm)||3.66
|Average snowfall inches (cm)||10
|Source: , |
|U.S. Decennial Census|
As of the 2010 census Bristol had a population of 22,954. The ethnic and racial composition of the population was 94.9% non-Hispanic white, 0.8% Black, 0.1% Native American, 0.9% Asian, 0.4% some other race, 1.4% from two or more races and 2.0% Hispanic or Latino of any race.
As of the census of 2000, there were 22,469 people, 8,314 households, and 5,653 families residing in the town. The population density was 2,222.2 people per square mile (858.1/km2). There were 8,705 housing units at an average density of 860.9 per square mile (332.4/km2). The ethnic group makeup of the town was 97.14% White, 1.29% Hispanic or Latino (of any race), 0.67% Asian, 0.62% Black, 0.16% Native American, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.33% other ethnic group, and 1.03% from two or more races.
|2016||38.26% 4,080||54.11% 5,771||7.63% 814|
|2012||36.11% 3,707||61.94% 6,359||1.96% 201|
|2008||35.39% 3,834||63.08% 6,833||1.53% 166|
|2004||38.30% 4,000||60.10% 6,276||1.60% 167|
|2000||32.20% 3,065||62.13% 5,914||5.67% 540|
|1996||26.15% 2,293||62.42% 5,474||11.44% 1,003|
|1992||28.00% 2,818||49.87% 5,018||22.13% 2,227|
|1988||42.51% 3,538||57.02% 4,746||0.47% 39|
In the Rhode Island Senate, Bristol is split into three senatorial districts, all Democratic:
- District 10: Walter S. Felag, Jr.
- District 11: James A. Seveney
- District 32: Cynthia Armour Coyne
At the federal level, Bristol is a part of Rhode Island's 1st congressional district and is currently represented by Democrat David N. Cicilline. In presidential elections, Bristol is a Democratic stronghold, as no Republican presidential nominee has won the town in over three decades.[when?]
Points of interest and Registered Historic Places
- America's Cup Hall of Fame
- Blithewold Mansion, Gardens and Arboretum
- Bristol Art Museum
- Bristol County Courthouse (Rhode Island)
- Bristol County Jail
- Bristol Customshouse and Post Office
- Bristol Ferry Lighthouse
- Bristol Waterfront Historic District
- Coggeshall Farm Museum (c. 1790)
- Colt State Park
- Juniper Hill Cemetery
- Herreshoff Marine Museum
- Linden Place, home of the DeWolfs
- Longfield (Charles Dana Gibson house)
- Mount Hope Bridge
- Mount Hope Farm
- Poppasquash Farms Historic District
- Joseph Reynolds House
- Roger Williams University
- William Thomas "Billy" Andrade, golfer with the PGA Tour; born in Bristol
- Benjamin Bourne, US congressman and federal judge; born in Bristol
- William Bradford (1729–1808), physician, lawyer, and President pro tempore of the US Senate; lived and died in Bristol
- Jonathan Russell Bullock, federal and Rhode Island Supreme Court judge; born in Bristol
- Ambrose Burnside, railroad executive, US senator, 30th governor of Rhode Island, and Union Army general; lived and died in Bristol
- Sean Callery, Emmy-winning composer, raised in Bristol
- Mary Cantwell, journalist, magazine editor, author and member of The New York Times editorial board; grew up in Bristol
- Mary H. Gray Clarke (born 1835), correspondent
- Ethel Barrymore Colt, silent film and stage actress; member of the influential Barrymore family
- Samuel P. Colt, entrepreneur, child labor advocate, and Rhode Island state representative; lived in Bristol
- James De Wolf, slave trader and United States senator
- Jonathan DeFelice, president of Saint Anselm College; lived in Bristol
- Rebecca Donovan, novelist
- Nancy Dubuc, businesswoman
- Ramon Guiteras, surgeon and urologist, born and buried in Bristol
- Nathanael Herreshoff, naval architect and mechanical engineer, designed several undefeated America's Cup winners; born in Bristol
- Gilbert C. Hoover, USN admiral involved in the nuclear bomb project
- Edward L. Leahy, US senator and federal judge; born in Bristol
- Jeanne Mack, runner and 2020 U.S. Olympic Marathon Trials qualifier
- Ira Magaziner, senior adviser for policy development to the Clinton administration; Chairman of the Clinton Foundation Policy Board; lives in Bristol
- Pat McGee, musician (Pat McGee Band)
- Anthony Quinn, actor (Zorba the Greek, Lawrence of Arabia, Viva Zapata!, Lust for Life); twice won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor (1952, 1956); lived and died in Bristol
- Norman Rene, theater and film director; born in Bristol
- John Saffin, merchant and author (A Brief and Candid Answer to Samuel Sewall's The Selling of Joseph, 1700); lived in Bristol
- Chris Santos, executive chef and owner of the Stanton Social and Beauty & Essex, judge on Chopped (Food Network TV), born in Bristol
- "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
- "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
- MacKay, Scott (October 7, 2013). "Why I'll Never Call Myself a Bristolian". One Square Mile (story series). Rhode Island Public Radio. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
- "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on 2011-05-31. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
- "Po Metacom Camp responds to Brown letter disputing Pokanoket legitimacy". rifuture.org. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
- Susan Cirillo; Lombard John Pozzi (1980). Bristol: Three Hundred Years. Providence, Rhode Island: Franklin Graphics. OCLC 6811058.
- "Synopsis". Traces of the Trade. 2008-06-14. Retrieved 2020-04-29.
- Faulkner, Carol (2011-05-10). Lucretia Mott's Heresy: Abolition and Women's Rights in Nineteenth-Century America. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-0500-8.
- Archived May 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- Archived July 4, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- Simpson, Richard V. (2002). Bristol: Montaup to Poppasuash (RI). Making of America. Mount Pleasant, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-738523-56-9.
- "Annual Fourth of July Celebration | Bristol, Rhode Island". July4thbristolri.com. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
- MSN weather records and averages for Bristol, RI
- MyForecast.co for snowfall averages
- "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015". Archived from the original on 2016-06-02. Retrieved July 2, 2016.
- "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
- Snow, Edwin M. (1867). Report upon the Census of Rhode Island 1865. Providence, RI: Providence Press Company.
- 2010 general profile of population and housing characteristics of Bristol from the US Census
- "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-08-14. Retrieved 2018-08-14.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- Bristol Art Museum
- Coggeshall Farm Museum
- Warren, Elizabeth Sargent; Pamela A. Kennedy (1990). Historic and Architectural Resources of Bristol, Rhode Island (PDF). Providence, RI: Rhode Island Historical Preservation Commission. OCLC 23833645. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bristol, Rhode Island.|
|Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Bristol, Rhode Island.|
|Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Bristol (Rhode Island).|
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• Improving your ability to communicate effectively by analysing your speech, message and voice.
• Improving your image by working on gesture, staging, presence and relaxation.
• Managing stress through breathing techniques and emotional involvement.
The simple scheme of human interpersonal communication based on the works of Palo Alto
The difficulties of speaking on a specific topic
– Cultural difficulties
– Psychological difficulties
– Sociological difficulties
The impact of communication
– The winning shot to speaking in public : ACE
Delivering a speech : An art ? A gift ? Mental gymnastics ?
– Preparation is 90 % of the success of speaking in public
– First know yourself
– Prepare intellectually
– Prepare your material
– Prepare psychologically
– How much should we improvise ?
What are the essential physical attributes to be in control of when speaking in public ?
– Breathing : the plane, the « S », the chair and the respiratory drain
– The voice : the cry, the whisper, the murmur
– The look : the lines, the look and refuge
– The Body : the bubble, due image, given image and perceived image,
– weight, strength and lightness
– Implementation : the rapport between the voice and the body
– Essential work on the congruence between what the voice is saying
and the body is doing. The art of expressing happiness.
Executives, managers, project managers, business managers and anyone who is required to make public appearances in the course of their duties.
For those who want to heighten their impact on their audience.
Prerequisite : none.
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There is some basic physiology that effects how stress impacts ones well being. Health could be defined as bodily, psychological, and social wellbeing, and as a useful resource for dwelling a full life. A healthful lifestyle offers the means to lead a full life. Samsung Health helps to create a balanced way of life sample by recording a variety of information like your meals, caffeine and water intake details.
There are lots of issues you are able to do to make your life wholesome. For instance: investments in roads can enhance access to health services; inflation targets can constrain health spending; and civil service reform can create alternatives – or limits – to hiring extra well being staff.
If you want to add dental and prescription protection, it might probably usually be added to both sort of medical health insurance plan for an additional value. HIPAA covers health plans, well being care clearinghouses, and people well being care providers that conduct sure monetary and administrative transactions electronically.
Mental health parity†means that protection and treatment for psychological health and substance use dysfunction are supplied on equal phrases as remedy for bodily situations. Samsung Well being provides core options to maintain up your physique fit and healthy.
If you solely have yourself to cover, there is no doubt that selecting an individual medical health insurance plan is the best choice to make. There are some healthy issues for men that make sex after the age of 60 troublesome which can be extra on the mental degree than anything else.
Staying alive known as dwelling a life and the standard of life you reside is your well being. By including these tremendous meals in a healthy diet on a regular basis you’ll be able to easily acquire many well being advantages. The Anti-Kickback statute creates a protecting umbrella, a zone through which patients are protected in order that the most effective health care is supplied.
Some hope spraying water on infants will shield them from the deadly measles virus rocking Samoa, however health authorities say obligatory vaccinations are one of the best ways to stop the illness and are warning individuals to not discourage immunisations.
As the body has been designed to maneuver it’s the constant of physical exercise that keeps your coronary heart match. When individuals are bodily and mentally healthy, they produce more; they be taught better; they incur less healthcare related costs(to themselves and to authorities)and communities, households and people thrive(Strategic Plan 2013-2017).
The choice of a public plan empowers people to make their very own choices relating to the type of health care that is sensible for them by leveling the enjoying field between sufferers and the health care system. The Medicare and Medicaid Affected person Protection Act of 1987 (the “Anti-Kickback Statute”), has been enacted to prevent healthcare providers from inappropriately benefiting from referrals.
Well being Benefits Of Indium
The term well being and wellness are incessantly used interchangeably, but the meanings are barely different from each other. Pete will enforce parity in several methods, including requiring health plans to annually report how they manage and meet parity. Quick term medical insurance is medically underwritten and does not cowl preexisting circumstances. Whether or not you want to higher manage a condition like diabetes, make more healthy food decisions, or reduce stress, there’s an app designed that can assist you prioritize your objective.
One in five Australians experience mental sickness every year, and nearly half of all individuals will expertise issues with mental well being of their lifetime. 50% of individuals throughout the globe lack entry to essential health care. If you don’t have a significant medical policy, you may wish to get gap insurance coverage to get protection in case of great health issues.
Open Enrollment Assist
Quick time period medical health insurance is medically underwritten and doesn’t cowl preexisting situations.
Folks want to look their greatest – no matter “their greatest” might imply to any individual. People in developed nations with universal healthcare providers have longer life expectancies than folks in developed nations with out universal healthcare. Most well-liked Provider Group (PPO) plans : Below a PPO plan, both you and your family can see any well being care provider within the insurance firm’s community, including specialists, without a referral.
Sustaining physical fitness, for example, can defend and develop the endurance of an individual’s respiratory and heart operate, muscular energy, flexibility, and body composition. As well as, brief-term plans can exclude protection for pre-present situations.
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| 0.949555 | 1,128 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The Large, Oxygen-Rich Halos of Star-Forming Galaxies Are A Major Reservoir of Galactic Metals
The circumgalactic medium (CGM) is fed by galaxy outflows and accretion of intergalactic gas, but its mass, heavy element enrichment, and relation to galaxy properties are poorly constrained by observations. In a survey of the outskirts of 42 galaxies with the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph onboard the Hubble Space Telescope, we detected ubiquitous, large (150 kiloparsec) halos of ionized oxygen surrounding star-forming galaxies, but we find much less ionized oxygen around galaxies with little or no star formation. This ionized CGM contains a substantial mass of heavy elements and gas, perhaps far exceeding the reservoirs of gas in the galaxies themselves. It is a basic component of nearly all star-forming galaxies that is removed or transformed during the quenching of star formation and the transition to passive evolution.
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://www.citeulike.org/user/nhmc/article/10041140
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en
| 0.870954 | 191 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Thirteen Generic Applications?
We may expect students to be aware of the basic generic applications but to what extent do we formally explain
their similarities and differences? To what extent do we actually teach the broad range of functions of each?
To what extent do some applications remain untaught because no-one has thought
to explore the virtues of studying certain applications? To what
extent is regularly observed poor practice the result of 'the blind leading the blind'? or, worse still, hoping that children
will learn by themselves!
The list of 13 basic applications is not exclusive. It does not, for instance, specifically identify specialist applications such as Music software, Statistics, CAD/CAM, Visual Basic, Project Management etc although you will find references to these within the headings below. This list, however, is essential reading for all staff - even if you do not use every application every day - you should be aware of their uses and be capable of cross-referencing your usage with that of the other applications.
Such a list is easily made but to what extent can we easily define their special properties? It is a temptation, far too often adopted, that we tell our students which specific application to use rather than encouraging students to choose an application according to purpose or need and thus failing to reinforce their autonomous 'capability'.
Or, put another way, we must teach both the functions and functionality of each application. Please see next page for more on 'Functionality'.
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://www.maximise-ict.co.uk/Twelve%20Apps-01.htm
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| 0.937804 | 301 | 2.828125 | 3 |
|Photo ©2001- -|
Rose Chafer or Scarab Beetle - Cetonia aurata
Family - Scarabaeidae, Order - Coleoptera
Also known as - Goldsmith beetle, Golden Fly
A reasonably large beetle growing to 18mm (0.7in) long. Metallic green colouration (but can be bronze, copper, violet, blue/black or grey) with a distinct v shape across the upper back just below the head and several other irregular small white lines and marks. The underneath is a coppery colour. Laborious movement amongst grass and vegetation and capable of flight. Found on roses (from where it gets its name), a very common insect in some areas usually seen between May to June/July occasionally to September, usually in sunny weather. Feeds on foliage, buds, flowers and fruits of blackberry, raspberry, strawberry, cabbage, beans, beet and pepper.
Larvae over winter in soil or rotting timber, rising to the surface in the spring to pupate. After a few weeks the adult beetle emerges to feed for 4-6 weeks. Following mating the females ♀ deposit groups of 6-40 eggs about 15cm (6in) below the soil surface in sandy or grassy areas and then die (eggs are occasionally laid in rotting wood). Larvae hatch, depending on the temperature, in 1-3 weeks to voraciously feed on plant roots*. Found over Southern and central Europe and parts of America, but apparently uncommon in the UK. They are capable of a heavy lumbering flight with a low droning sound. Commonly known as Leaf Chafers.
* The feeding habits of C. aurata larvae are currently under review as this information may be incorrect. ()
Site design ©1999- Brickfields Country Park - Privacy -
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http://www.brickfieldspark.org/data/scarabrosechafer.htm
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| 0.928899 | 372 | 2.84375 | 3 |
There is 36 page report on new computer models of a 105-mm Rarefaction Wave Gun
Currently, large-caliber guns require a heavy mount to absorb the recoil. However, the emphasis in the U.S. Army is now on lightweight and deployable vehicles. The Rarefaction wAVE guN (RAVEN) was invented by Kathe to substantially reduce the recoil and, hence, the mass of the system that absorbs the recoil, while minimally reducing the projectile velocity. This is accomplished by venting the breech through an expansion nozzle during the firing cycle. If the timing is done correctly, the rarefaction wave from the venting will not reach the projectile until muzzle exit. Therefore, the projectile does not know that the vent has opened.
A 35 mm rarefaction gun was built and tested. A 105-mm demonstrator RAVEN gun showing
significant differences from the 35-mm gun design is being designed.
Lighter and Stronger Materials
Here is a 29 page presentation that discusses the lightweight materials that are to be used in a RAVEN gun and other systems
• Combining composite and ceramic technologies with castings of any alloy – for dramatic weight reduction
• Opportunities for improved cast metal adhesion to inserts
• New opportunities ceramic inserts for improved wear resistance and lower weight
Develop and demonstrate hybrid component concepts (design, fabrication, and properties) that combine aluminum castings with both polymer matrix composites and ceramics.
• For DoD
– Weight savings over alternate steel casting design
– Meet or exceed design strength and durability
• For the Metalcasting Industry
– Provide advanced fabrication technology to expand metalcasting in high performance markets
• defense, aerospace, automotive, alternative energy
Proposed 105 mm Raven Gun design
The proposed 105-mm demonstrator is based on a modified cased telescope ammunition automatic Colt pistol cartridge. The projectile has a long boat tail extending almost to the breech. The charge is JA2 stick propellant. The figure shows a preliminary design where the breech is replaced by a piston with one of six spindles on the end. The spindle initially seals the breech. Unlike the 35-mm gun, there is no shear plug. The piston is initially held in place by recuperators exerting a small forward force (see section 5.4). Spindle A (left) takes the longest time to open the vent. The other spindles are cut away to open the vent sooner. The demonstrator has a split nozzle. The inside part of the nozzle is attached to the gun. The outside part of the nozzle is attached to the piston (not shown). As the piston moves backwards, the nozzle becomes longer. The piston is stopped by recoil brakes. Unlike the 35-mm gun, the piston is decelerated to the mount instead of the gun. Recuperators return the piston to the initial position. The gun will move forward at a slow velocity and is stopped with forecoil pads.
The 1-D code now more accurately models the nozzle when it is overexpanded. The pressure in the nozzle can be under atmospheric pressure for a significant amount of time. During this time, the nozzle produces negative thrust since the pressure on the outside of the nozzle is larger than the pressure inside the nozzle. Due partially to this effect, the 35-mm nozzle and the proposed 105-mm nozzle are larger than necessary. The nozzles can be reduced significantly in size, with only a minor effect on the recoil. There may be other reasons for a large nozzle than recoil reduction, such as blast reduction.
For both basic gun designs, the code indicates that the recoil can be reduced 50%, with only a small decrease in the muzzle velocity. The recoil can be reduced by at least 75% if a large decrease in muzzle velocity is allowed.
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CC-MAIN-2014-23
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http://nextbigfuture.com/2009/12/update-on-rarefaction-wave-gun.html
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| 0.933001 | 787 | 2.65625 | 3 |
On Feb. 1, the CDC released new guidelines urging women of childbearing age to avoid drinking alcohol unless they are using contraception. This new guideline is designed to prevent fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), which are caused by a fetus being exposed to alcohol in utero. FASD is a 100 percent preventable condition.
According to the CDC, more than 3.3 million U.S. women are at risk of exposing a developing fetus to alcohol because they drink, are sexually active, and don’t use birth control and are therefore at risk for an unplanned pregnancy. Furthermore, three in four women who would like to get pregnant as soon as possible report drinking.
Image: Jocelyn Runice for SELF
“Alcohol can permanently harm a developing baby before a woman knows she is pregnant,” Anne Schuchat, the principal deputy director of the CDC, said in a statement. “About half of all pregnancies in the…
View original post 293 more words
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CC-MAIN-2020-16
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https://nwfasdnetwork.com/2016/02/10/is-it-ok-to-drink-alcohol-while-pregnant-10-things-you-should-know/
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| 0.945074 | 207 | 3.3125 | 3 |
The Hawaiian steel guitar, invented by Joseph Kekuku around 1885 in Honolulu, was a late addition to the line-up of string bands. But, for a short time, Hawaiian Steel guitar playing was a national craze. “It was originally a 6-string wooden guitar built to be a Spanish guitar, but converted to a steel guitar by inserting a metal converter nut (adapter nut) (extension nut) over the nut at the headstock to raise the strings about a half inch off the fretboard. It was originally tuned A Major low bass (1-6) E.C#.A.E.A.E, which has three strings tuned the same as the Spanish guitar.” (from http://www.hsga.org/history.htm) Some notable national performers include Don Castro, Lani McIntire, and Barney Isaacs. A donation to the Kentucky Library by the family of Fred Lewis included a Hawaiian Steel guitar and many pieces of sheet music. As more and more people were exposed to many different forms of music, the production and sale of sheet music became big business. Many professional and amateur performers used the sheet music, and people enjoyed not only the scores but also the colorful covers. Many times they featured the performer’s photo, as well as an illustration. The Kentucky Library has a very extensive collection of sheet music that is valued not only for the scores but for the historical evidence of the ideas and images of popular culture in the early 20th century.
~ Nancy Richey
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http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/pos04/index.html
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| 0.980101 | 314 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Coiled Clay Trivets
Term: 2 Year: 2012
MELBOURNE MONTESSORI SCHOOL 9 TO 12 YEAR OLD CHILDREN’S: COILED CLAY TRIVETS after the “chorus,” figures in Gustav Klimt’s Beethoven Frieze, 1902, Ode to Joy Section:
As further preparation for the 9 to 12 year old children’s visit to the NGV’s, Vienna: Art and Design – Klimt, Schiele, Hoffman and Loos exhibition, the clay program in Art Class focused on images of music seen by the children in many of Gustav Klimt’s paintings, and especially in The Beethoven Frieze, 1902. The children saw a copy of this room sized frieze on exhibition at the NGV in September on excursion. The children learnt that Klimt and his contemporaries were very influenced by the music of their time and that the revered Beethoven had lived and composed in Vienna. They learnt that some of the Secession artists on view at the NGV were both musicians and composers. The children noted that the ancient Greek instrument, the Cithara (or lyre) was a metaphor used by Klimt to represent music or poetry or art in many of his works, especially in The Beethoven Frieze. They know that on the last wall of the Beethoven room of work, the figure of music, or poetry or art, triumphs over all of humanity’s struggles.
The children learnt that "Ode to Joy" was written in 1785 by the German poet, playwright and historian Friedrich Schiller, celebrating the brotherhood and unity of all mankind. It was later used by Ludwig van Beethoven in the final movement of his Ninth Symphony (completed in 1824), a choral symphony for the orchestra, with four solo voices and a choir. The children observed Beethoven’s anguish in composing this work through viewing the 1999 BBC film, Beethoven Lives Upstairs, borrowed from ACMI.
The 9 to 12 year old children viewed the final chorus section of Klimt’s The Beethoven Frieze -which symbolises the ecstasy of Beethoven’s Ode to Joy -at the end of the golden knight’s triumphant journey. They learnt that Klimt’s golden knight was also a metaphor for life’s journey and saw this image in several of Klimt’s paintings and also works by Carl Otto Czeschka (the story book illustrations for Die Nibelungen – toy soldiers and card table, etc). The children all learnt to play the Ode to Joy section of Beethoven’s Ninth symphony on their recorders in music class. Their best understanding of the feelings, thoughts and importance of this piece of music was gained from one of the younger children singing it each week in English and German.
The children noted the Japanese influence on Klimt’s patterning. They viewed images of the elongated Byzantine mosaic figures seen by Klimt during his travels to Ravenna. They also looked at Egyptian antiquities known to Klimt in his home town’s Art Museum. They noted all of these different influences on Klimt’s focus on surface decoration to cover their Ode to Joy figures rather than the style or types of garment.
To complete their clay trivets the children worked with soft, white earthenware clay to roll coils that they manipulated into concentric circles, spirals, balls, and even woven trivets of clay, to form the golden, singing, patterned angels viewed in Klimt’s work. This was very intricate work which required focused joining with enough clay on the back of the work to hold it together as it dried. The children glazed their pieces in mostly primary colours. After the second firing of each piece was completed the children decorated their background boards with Poscas, after practising (the type of patterning used by Klimt. Like Klimt’s Beethoven Frieze, they added tiny beads and bits of costume jewellery in specific places to complete and balance their compositions and add more texture and life to their work.
Each piece of work completed had required much discussion and observation, purposeful experimentation, practise of many skills and patient and diligent execution, as part of a long but rewarding process to finish their work.
Melbourne Montessori School
Suitable for Level 6 – VCE
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CC-MAIN-2020-24
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https://www.zartart.com.au/zartstatic/page/coiled-clay-trivets
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| 0.966544 | 955 | 3.4375 | 3 |
[leaflet-map lat=39 lng=-84.5 zoom=7 width=575 height=250 align="right"]
Map point data provided by iDigBio.
- C5 Sequence (Whitewater)
- C1 Sequence (Lexington)
Identification in Hand Sample
- A medium sized, broadly turreted species
- Whorl profile strongly subangular at the periphery
- Has a deep V-shaped sinus in the outer lip culminating at the subangular periphery in a short slit or notch
- Has a higher arcing spire
- Wider, more strongly defined selenizone that is visible in previous whorls
Clathrospira subconica from the Whitewater Formation of Richmond, Indiana (OUIP 1674)
Fossils of Ohio (1996):
- Clathrospira subconica (Hall) is a medium –sized, broadly turreted species.
- Clathrospira subconica (Hall), 1847, the most widespread North American species of the genus has a higher spire and a more strongly defined, wider selenizone which is visible in previous whorls.
- Turbiniform, narrowly phaneromphalous gastropod of moderate size with a deep V-shaped sinus in the outer lip culminating at the subangular periphery in a short slit or notch that gives rise to a gently concave selenizone; whorl profile strongly subangular at the periphery, above the periphery gently convex on the upper and gently concave on the lower part, periphery truncated by the vertical selenizone; sutures shallow, the lower line of suture falling just below the selenizone; nucleus unknown; base gently arched, narrowly phaneromphalous; columnar lip seemingly thin and reflexed about the umbilicus; parietal inductura thin; outer lip with a deep V-shaped sinus culminating at the periphery in a short slit which gives rise to the selenizone, the margin of the lip passing from upper suture to the selenizone with strong backward obliquity and gently forward convexity, the obliquity increasing as the selenizone is approached, below the periphery strongly oblique forward for a short distance the gradually turning with marked forward convexity until a radial direction is assumed on the inner half of the base; selenizone gently concave between low bordering carinae, lunulae simple, some at rather regular intervals stronger than the others; ornamentation transverse lines of growth and very fine revolving lirae; shell thin, its structure unknown.
- Shell with relatively straight profiles along its upper face, from its apex to the angular peripheral outline. Slit-band vertical, occupying the outer edge of periphery. Lower margin of the slit-band in contact with top of the next following whorl. Lower surface of the body whorl evenly convex.
- Locality and Horizon. Originally described from near the base of the Trenton in New York. Apparently ranging from the Black River and Trenton to the Richmond, from New York and Canada to Ohio, Tennessee, Iowa, and Minnesota. Two specimens, No. 8458 a and b, were found in the Nicolet River section, the first in the Waynesville. It is 30 mm. in height, apical angle 75 degrees. The second specimen was found 77 feet below the horizon at which Rhynchotrema perlamellosa is associated with the lowest specimens of Strophomena planumbona. A specimen, No. 8459, 20 mm. high, apical angle 72 degrees, was found at Clay cliffs, in the Meaford. Another specimen, No. 8486, was found at the same horizon 7 miles north of Meaford, along the hill front west of the road to Cape Rich. It is known also from the Waynesville member near Vars. At Weston, Ontario, it occurs in the Pholadomorpha zone.
Ulrich & Scofield (1897):
- Shell with a short conical spire, consisting, when fully grown, of six and a half or seven volutions, of which the two at the apex are usually broken away; greatest width and height nearly equal, varying generally between 25 and 30 mm., but attaining occasionally a width of over 40 mm., apical angle 70 to 80 degrees, but in four specimens out of every five the variation is only about one degree either way from 74 degrees. Volutions flattened above in the direction of the slope of the spire, the inner portion of slope gently convex, the outer half correspondingly, or more strongly concave; convex portion of slope just touching or failing to reach a line drawn from periphery to periphery of succeeding whorls; under side of whorls rounded, occasionally very slightly concave near the periphery, this condition appearing, however, only in specimens in which the band is unusually prominent, umbilical depression small, terminating generally in a minute axial perforation. Band prominent, sharply defined, rather wide, concave, nearly vertical, situated on the periphery of the last volution, and lying immediately above the suture line on the upper whorls. Aperture subquadrate, outer lip broadly notched; columellar lip not very strong, thin, folding about the small umbilical perforation. Surface sculpture beautifully cancellated, consisting of two sets of fine, subequal, thread-like lines, one revolving, the other running parallel with the margin of the aperture. The transverse lines, of which three to five occur in the space of 1 mm., are recurved as usual on the upper side and quite as much on the lower side. At intervals, sometimes quite regular, many specimens exhibit more or less distinct undulations of growth, in some examples little more than a millimeter apart, in others two, three, or four millimeters. Considerable variety as regards strength and arrangement of the lines forming the surface sculpture may be observed in specimens from different localities. As a rule the revolving lines are strongest on the basal portions of the shell, and in some of the specimens from the “Glade limestone” of Tennessee they appear to be wanting entirely on the upper side. In the latter cases the transverse lines are stronger than usual. In all the specimens from the Stones River group of Illinois, Wisconsin and Minnesota that retain the markings, the two sets of lines are almost equally developed, and on the whole finer than on the Tennessee shells. The lunulae of the band are distinct, strongly curved, and crossed by a varying number of delicate revolving lines. Suture linear and inconspicuous except between the last two whorls of old shells. The last volution usually descends more rapidly than the preceding whorls.
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CC-MAIN-2020-16
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https://www.ordovicianatlas.org/atlas/mollusca/gastropoda/murchisoniina/eotomariidae/clathospira/clathrospira-subconica/
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| 0.914165 | 1,427 | 2.703125 | 3 |
6. Bromeliaceae A. L. Jussieu
凤梨科 feng li ke
Authors: Wei-liang Ma & Bruce Bartholomew
Herbs or rarely shrubs, epiphytic, lithophytic, or terrestrial. Leaves spirally arranged, usually rosulate, sessile, simple, veins parallel, base dilated, sheathing, margin often spinose serrate or sometimes entire. Inflorescence terminal or lateral, scapose or sessile, a panicle, raceme, spike, or head, sometimes reduced to solitary, pseudolateral flowers; bracts usually brightly colored and conspicuous. Flowers bisexual or sometimes functionally unisexual, 3-merous. Sepals and petals each 3, distinct, free or basally connate; petals often brightly colored, basal margin with a pair of scalelike appendages. Stamens 6, in 2 whorls of 3; filaments free, connate, or collectively or individually adnate to petals; anthers 2-celled, dehiscing by longitudinal slits. Gynoecium of 3 carpels united to form a compound, 3-loculed, superior or very often partly or wholly inferior ovary; ovules few to usually ± numerous in each locule; placentation axile. Style terminal and often 3-parted; stigmas papillose. Fruit a berry or less often a septicidal capsule, or seldom compound and fleshy. Seeds usually winged or plumose; endosperm mealy; embryo small to fairly large.
About 50 genera and 2000--2600 species: mainly tropical America, except for Pitcairnia feliciana (A. Chevalier) Harms & Mildbraed in tropical W Africa; one species (introduced) in China.
Ma Weiliang. 1997. Bromeliaceae. In: Wu Kuo-fang, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 13(3): 64--68.
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CC-MAIN-2017-34
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http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10123
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| 0.769038 | 433 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Way back in freezing cold January, I wrote a blog post called Teaching Vocabulary. In it, I shared with you some new approaches I've been taking to introducing words in the art room. I also asked for your advice and, holy moly, did ya'll deliver! Thanks, kids!
Since that post, I've tweaked (not twerked. See how important learning vocabulary is?!) my aforeblogged methods and added some new ones. So in this three-part post (because the Vocab Party never ends!), I thought I'd let you in on some of my new tricks (complete with video clips, ya'll! See what your encouraging words did? YOU'VE CREATED A VIDEO-CLIP-MAKING MONSTER!) as well as the words of wisdom shared. I do hope we can continue this vocabulary convo so leave your pearls of vocab-teaching wisdom in the comments below, pretty please!
Without further ado, I present to amazing reader comments, updates on my vocabulary teaching routines and some short clips...
But now a word from the Super Fab Teacher Gillian: "I often have my grade 1's answer a question, spell a word, or read something before leaving the room at the end of the day... I try to switch up the question or the words so that there's something appropriate for everyone! For example, sometimes with my lower level readers, I'll show them two words and ask "which one says _____?" whereas for a higher reader I might ask them to read the word or tell me the meaning. I try to keep it random enough that they don't really catch on to the fact that I'm consistently making it easier for some than others. Might work for you too!"
Um, Gillian, this totally worked for me, thank you so much! If you glance at my first vocabulary post, you might notice that I just had 2 sets of art words, one for my 1st - 2nd grade students and another for the older kids. The words were chosen randomly pulled from a list found on the interwebs. However, these words didn't seem to stick because we weren't making connections to them in art class (duh, art teacher!). Now I have the students read words as they enter that directly pertain to the lesson being taught. This means I have a different set of words for each grade level. For kindergartentown, I show them a shape and ask for the name and the color. My favorite part is when the word is introduced, so-n-so will say, "that was my word at the door!"
Art Project Girl blogger Erica says: "Oh my gosh. I totally get it. Some teachers debate with me that just teaching the word without the meaning is not an okay practice. . . but I really feel that it is the only real way that kids will learn vocabulary that I am teaching, repetition, repetition, demonstrate, practice . . . So I always just throw the vocabulary out their have them sing it, repeat me, repeat me in different voices (they love saying vocabulary while holding their nose and making nasally teacher sound) then as the year goes on we learn what the vocabulary means, how to use it."
I love Erica, don't you? Her blog is super fab and she's always coming up with fun ways to teach her students. If you attended the AOE online conference, then you know how Erica brings all sorts of games and fun into her art room. This got me thinking about how I could introduce something new in my room called "Word of the Week" (even though in the clip I refer to it as "Word of the Day". Sorry, my bad) in a fun way. Here, lemme 'splain it to you...
After all that "whoop-whoop" craziness, I drop directly into a moments chat about our Artist Inspiration which I attempt to explain here...
(gah, that face. only a mother could love, right mom? Um, MOM?! Oh, never mind.)
A message from one of my favorite teachers, my Aunt Kimmy: "I always labeled everything --and I mean everything in the kindergarten/1st grade classrooms. And in my home too, because I've done a lot of tutoring at home. There's a sentence strip still on the ceiling in my kitchen...everyone that comes to my house is just used to seeing the word "ceiling" on my ceiling. Now I leave it there for Rayleigh..:) When Kirby was two months old, I had everything labeled in his bedroom. "bed", "dresser","chair"...."wall"... You get the picture. That's how I do it. Our language is too crazy to try to teach reading by sounding out words. That's my opinion and I know a great debate can be started by saying something like that because there is something to be said for phonics...sometimes."
I love this idea of labeling everything and I'm working on it. Those words that the kids learn at the door? They go on our word cabinets (yes, I just about have enough cabinets to cover the alphabet. Don't hate.) Do ya'll label everything in your classroom? I think this is simply genius. But she is my Super Amazing Aunt Kimmy so I might be a pinch bias.
Mrs. C of Rainbow Skies and Dragonflies blog: "I have the kids repeat vocab words also... they learn the meaning as we go along. And yes, you think they will remember the kooky way you introduced something and it would be burned into their brains forever, right? No, not so much... We have spent mucho time on color theory this fall and even though I know in my heart of hearts they know what the Primary colors are ( 1st/2nd grade) when I asked before vacation they all looked at me like I had three heads! Seriously guys???"
I love Mrs. C. Always telling it exactly how it is. And isn't that the truth, ya'll?! No matter how hard we try or what hoops we set on fire to jump through, sometimes the kids just don't get it. Maybe they're having an off day, maybe they've gotten too used to us jumping through flaming hoops, I dunno. I can only think that the connection we made with the word wasn't a powerful enough one to get it to stick. But when it does, it's so exciting it's magical. Like this "invention" by one of my third grade students.
I mentioned that our word of the week was "invention" and that our artist Leonardo da Vinci often drew his inventions...but many times they were so far ahead of their time that they were impossible to create.
3rd Grade Girl: But can we make an invention if we wanna? I mean, instead of just drawing one?
Me: Sure! Make it and bring it in!
And this is what my friend brought me the very next day. An Art Robot. So amazingly awesome.
She even created an "advertisement" which was the previous week's Word of the Week. I was so excited that I dragged this sweet child and her robot onto our school's televised Morning Announcements. I really wanted to encourage this sweet artist. She was thrilled (despite being camera shy) and the kids loved seeing her creation when they walked into the room. Pretty sure the word "invention" will stick with her. Although we have been out of school for a week...so we'll see.
Please stay tuned for Part 3 of this Teaching Vocab series as I have more insight from you super smart readers and (joy!) more obnoxiously goofy clips! In the meantime, I'd love to hear more of your vocabulary-teaching wisdom, friends, so lay it on me!
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Vatican city map
Map of vatican city and Rome. Vatican city map (Lazio - Italy) to print. Vatican city map (Lazio - Italy) to download. The State of Vatican City, in the center of Rome, is the smallest state in Europe, both in population and expanse as its shown in vatican city map. Vatican City (Città del Vaticano in Italian) is an independent city state located in the heart of Rome, ruled by the Pope (Bishop of Rome). Vatican city is the centre of authority over the Roman Catholic Church.
Map of vatican city and RomeprintPrint system_update_altDownload
The Vatican city is the smallest state in Europe. Vatican city has a total area of 0,44 km² and inside its wall live approximately 1000 people as its mentioned in vatican city map. In this small city lives the Pope, in the Apostolic palace surrounded by beautiful gardens. The palace is open to the public, but visitors have to book in advance. The Vatican City was declared independent from the rest of Italy on 11 February, 1929, with the signing of the Lateran Treaty between Pope Pius XI and Mussolini.
Within the Vatican city there are numerous interesting attractions to visit, but the best are the following: St. Peter Square (Piazza San Pietro), St. Peter Basilica and the Vatican Museums, where the Sistine chapel is located as its shown in vatican city map. Getting to the Vatican is easy, even though it is not technically part of Rome and is across the Tiber river from the historic center of Rome.
The Vatican city, the capital of Catholicism is with its 43 hectares surrounded by high walls the smallest state in the world. A large avenue, the Via della Conciliazione, connects the Tiber and the Castel Sant'Angelo with St. Peter Square and its basilica as you can see in vatican city map. This space was the old Borgo, a neighborhood with narrow streets that was demolished during the great works undertaken by Mussolini radically transforming the physiognomy of the place. To the north of the Vatican city, the affluent neighborhood of Prati and Clodio, between the Piazza Cavour Palace of Justice and the Piazzale Clodio court, is very airy and rather residential, with a variety of cafés, bars and restaurants, quality stores for clothes and luxury goods.
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: The modern anti-retoviral therapy (ART)
has changed the course of treatment of HIV disease
as the person diagnosed with the disease at an early age can live a normal lifespan, if the therapy is started promptly, a medical expert claimed today.
The ART is also highly effective in preventing the sexual, parental and vertical transmission of HIV, renowned physician Dr Kutikuppala Surya Rao
said addressing the media persons on the occasion of World AIDS Day.
"Today, a person diagnosed with HIV at the age of 20 years, if started promptly on ART, is expected to live a normal lifespan, with highly preserved quality of life," Rao said.
"These medical breakthrough fostered the development of a treatment as prevention (TasP) strategy, the aim of which is to provide early access to HIV testing and treatment to prevent progression of AIDS and premature death as well as HIV transmission," he said.
According to International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (IAPAC
) guidelines 2015, an estimated 50 per cent of people living with HIV globally are unaware of their status.
Among those who know their HIV status, many do not receive anti-retroviral therapy in a timely manner, fail to remain engaged in care, or do not achieve sustained viral suppression.
Rao said the United Nations has formally embraced TasP as it proposed a new global target for HIV treatment, referred as to the 90-90-90 target.
The new target proposes that by 2020, 90 per cent of all people living with HIV should know their HIV serostatus, 90 per cent of people who know their HIV positive status should be receiving sustained ART and 90 per cent of those on ART should achieve sustained viral suppression, said Rao, who is a specialist in treatment of HIV/AIDS
"It suggests that meeting the 90-90-90 target by 2020 may decrease AIDS incidence, AIDS-related deaths and new HIV infections by 90 per cent., according to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS," he said.
According to official figures, more than 35 million people across the world have died of the HIV/AIDS infection between 1981 and 2015.
Despite improved preventive measures such as condoms as well as improved ART, the problem still remains a worry across the globe, Surya Rao said.
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A study on violence in urban neighborhoods in the mid-'90s showed that lower rates of violence occur in neighborhoods characterized by "collective efficacy" - that is, mutual trust among residents and a willingness to intervene in the supervision of children and the maintenance of public order. Members of a successful neighborhood feel connected; what is key, as stated in an article on the study in Science magazine, is a "willingness to intervene on behalf of the common good."
The study was conducted by the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, directed by Felton Earls, MD, under the auspices of the Harvard University School of Public Health. Dr. Earls notes that "growth or maintenance of neighborhood efficacy depends upon the commitment of individuals but also external supports that enable trust and cooperation to flourish." As a New York Times article noted at the time, cutting public support for neighborhood institutions such as parks is shortsighted and can lead to increased violence.
Learn more about the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods
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VPAU 505.4 - Write a descriptive or narrative text
Exercise 1 - Viewing/Discussion : Watch the video. What is "Le Parkour" or "Free-Running"?
(In class or with a friend at home) make a list of its ...
BENEFITS (eg. develop fitness)
RISKS/DANGERS (eg. break bones)
Review : Giving advice
What advice would you give to someone interested in starting this activity?
Practice using these openers in your discussion ...
*If I were you ...
*You should/shouldn't ... / You ought to / oughtn't ...
*It would be a good idea ...
*Remember to ... / Don't forget to ...
Exercise 2 - Listening/Dictation/Vocabulary: About Free-Running
1) Download the fold/listen/fill the gap worksheet (fold the answers out of sight)
2) Listen to the dictation "Free-Running" (Mp3 - 400k) here
3) Fill in the gaps
4) Check your answers on the fold/listen/fill the gap sheet
(Remember: you can right click on the Mp3 link to download the dictation to your computer. Keep it in your own listening text collection for future use)
Exercise 3 - Reading : Free Running (from New Headway, Oxford Uni Press)
In class we read a story about one of the pioneers of Free Running or 'Le Parkour'. If you missed the class, ask me for a copy of the one-page story.
Download my Reading Comprehension Questions here
Exercise 4 - Writing (Opinion):
What do you think about Free-Running (First draft)
Write a first draft in class. Use your Benefits/Risks/Dangers list (Exercise 1) as well as your completed worksheet (Exercise 2) to help you.
Bring your draft to class for the writing workshop. You can then write your final copy and choose how you submit it to me.
Grammar : Order of Adjectives
eg. A talented, French free-runner
eg. A beautiful, antique, mahogany wardrobe
eg. An eerie, dark Winter's night
Do you remember the general rules for ordering adjectives in English? (See Murphy, Grammer in Use, 3rd Edition, Unit 99)
Knowing about this order of adjectives can help with writing descriptions.
The best rule is to keep your descriptions simple - no more than 2 or 3 adjectives when describing a person, thing or situation.
Play games and exercises to review this grammar (British Council)
Speaking: Describing People
Discussion : With a friend spend a few minutes ...
...describing your partner or a friend
Viewing: (Real English)
Watch the video ... what do people say about each other. Focus on one or two couples only
Exercises : Complete the comprehension exercises for this video at the Real English website
JOIN OUR FACEBOOK GROUP!!!
If you are an ESL student you can apply to join Dale Pobega's Free ESL Club Facebook Group
This is what has been going on recently ...
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New Strategy Cracks Staph Bacterium's "Golden Armor," Making It Vulnerable To Treatment
In lab studies reported in journal Science, anti-cholesterol drug weakens staph aureus
Los Angeles - Feb. 14, 2008 – Researchers have exploited a structural vulnerability in the “superbug” Staphylococcus aureus that in laboratory experiments and a mouse study opened the bacterium to treatment with an anti-cholesterol medication.
This follows the 2005 discovery that a pigment provides a “golden armor” that enables staph to evade the immune system. An article published Feb.14 in the online version of Science (Science Express) describes the study, which was conducted by researchers at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, the National Taiwan University in Taipei, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and the University of California, San Diego.
After treatment with the drug – which had progressed through preclinical testing in rats and two early clinical trials in humans as a cholesterol-fighting medication – staph bacteria were about 15 times more susceptible to killing by hydrogen peroxide and were four-fold less able to survive in human blood, according to George Y. Liu, M.D., Ph.D., one of the article’s co-first authors.
Liu directs a laboratory focusing on staph aureus research at Cedars-Sinai’s Immunobiology Research Institute. In a study of systemic staph infection, the researchers found a 50-fold decrease in bacteria in laboratory mice treated with the drug, said Liu, who also serves as an assistant professor of pediatrics at Cedars- Sinai.
Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium that flourishes on the skin and in the nose of one in three people. It can cause a wide range of infections, from minor skin abscesses to life-threatening systemic infections. It is often considered a superbug because it is highly contagious and adaptive, and some strains have become extremely resistant to antibiotics.
These drug-resistant strains, called methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or MRSA, are responsible for more deaths than HIV/AIDS in the United States and are increasingly found in schools and other community facilities in which people are in close contact. Because few new antibiotics with MRSA-fighting potential appear on the horizon, scientists are seeking alternative approaches.
In 2005, Liu and other researchers discovered that a pigment giving staph aureus cells their yellow-orange color – “aureus” is Latin for “golden” – actually fend off key immune system cells. Neutrophils and macrophages kill most bacteria, but staphyloxanthin, the staph aureus pigment, neutralizes their bacteria-killing chemicals.
“Initially, we were intrigued by this color and the pigment, which is a carotenoid pigment, similar to betacarotene found in tomatoes, carrots and bright-colored vegetables. Carotenoids in the diet and in vitamin tablets are thought to have antioxidant properties, meaning they may help protect human cells from harmful substances released when the cells use oxygen. We wondered if this carotenoid pigment could be protecting staph aureus from neutrophils and macrophages of the immune system,” said Liu, first author of the 2005 article that appeared in the Journal of Experimental Medicine.
At the time, he was a senior research fellow at UCSD, working with Victor Nizet, M.D., professor of pediatrics and pharmacy, who also was involved in the new study. After publication of the original “golden armor” study, which received international attention, Liu and Nizet were contacted by Eric Oldfield, Ph.D., professor of chemistry and biophysics at the University of Illinois, who recruited Andrew Wang, Ph.D., and other specialists in Taiwan to help study the crystal structure of the pigment-producing enzyme.
“He pointed out that a biochemical pathway that allows staph aureus to make the pigment is very similar, in the early steps, to the pathway that makes cholesterol,” Liu said. “If you compare the two pathways, you see that one of the initial enzymes required to make the staph aureus pigment is very similar to an enzyme for the cholesterol pigment.”
The researchers found that not only were the initial steps similar, but a drug designed to block the activity of the cholesterol-producing enzyme also was capable of binding to and interrupting the staphyloxanthinrelated enzyme. Stripped of its golden pigment, staph aureus became open to attack by immune system cells and bacteria-killing chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide.
About the time the first study was published, the National Research Council (NRC), acknowledging the limitations of antibiotics, conducted workshops on future approaches for treating virulent bacterial infections. Based in part on the potential recognized in that study, the NRC encouraged further investigation into the specific neutralization of bacterial virulence factors to render pathogenic bacteria susceptible to innate immune system clearance.
“Our latest work is a follow-up to the NRC’s recommendations, almost point by point,” Liu said. “Because of the collaboration of a group of scientists with expertise in different areas, we were able to identify a novel way of disarming the pathogen and making it more susceptible.”
Co-authors contributing to the study include Chia-I Liu, Ph.D., Wen-Yih Jeng, Ph.D., and Andrew H.-J. Wang, Ph.D., of Academia Sinica and National Taiwan University in Taipei; Eric Oldfield, Ph.D., Yongcheng Song, Ph.D., and Fenglin Yin, Ph.D., of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; and Victor Nizet, M.D.,and Mary E. Hensler, Ph.D. of the University of California, San Diego.
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Robots in our life
A cleanly cook who prepares perfect food according to strict recipes, a smart worker who builds reliable constructions and a highly qualified doctor operating with a great precision: all this is can be achieved by robots. Nowadays, this is more than a mere fantasy.
Undoubtedly robots are faster, more enduring and disciplined than humans. Likewise, there are many dangerous professions that would be better delegated to robots.
Let’s consider which professions robots could occupy during the present stage of development.
Robots in restaurants and cafes
In San Francisco you can find Cafe X. At first glance, from the outside it appears to be your average coffee house. When you come in, however, you will notice a rather unusual service. The cafe is fully automatized; there are no waiters or barista, and you can submit an order via a special terminal or mobile application. After ordering, the robot-barista will prepare your coffee with the same care and ease of your current barista. The quality of the coffee remains the same, but the service is certainly different.
Not only are individual restaurants implementing automatized solutions, but large retail chains such as McDonald’s, Dunkin’ Donuts and Wendy’s have begun to test new automated technologies.
Robots in Health Care Industry
Robots are widely used in medicine. They can operate as doctors, the doctor’s assistant or even be used as smart equipment.
RoBoSculpt is a robot who can trepanate a skull. The process of opening a skull requires extra high precision and accuracy, and RoBoSculpt makes this a reality. The robot, however, can only make an opening in the skull. The actual operation on the brain is still left up to the doctors.
In China developers created Robot-Dentist. This robot can conduct an entire unassisted dental operation. The software for Robot-Dentist was completed in five years, and was successfully tested in 2018.
Nanorobots against cancer
Scientists invented and tested the first DNA-nanorobots that can cure cancer. Their tiny build allows them to more accurately analyze and search for malignant neoplasms. These robots find and block perfusions to cells of the neoplasm.
Robots in music
In a Czech club called Karlovy Lazne, the music is played by a Robot-DJ. Due to complicated software, the robot can choose qualitative music sets and even dance to the beat.
In an Italian Theatre in Pisa called Verdi, a concert was conducted by the robot YuMi. The Swiss company ABB designed YuMi as a Robot-Conductor. The concert gathered more than 800 people from all over the world.
Robotic music band
Automatica is a music band that consists of industrial robots. The musician Nigel Stanford taught the robots to play the musical instruments. The Kuka Roboter produced the robots for the band, and Robot Animator and Maya 3D provided the software.
Engineers from an Italian technological university created the first robot-fireman Walk-Man. This robot can effectively operate in conditions that are considered to be too dangerous for humans. Walk-Man can only work with the help of a coordinator who controls his activity.
Last year the first robot officer, Robocop, officially reported for duty in Dubai. Robocop walks with the help of a GPS-navigator, can scan faces and identify a criminal according to their e-fit. Moreover, the robot allows for the payment of penalties.
Robots in Agriculture
Robotization fundamentally changes agriculture. Traditional agricultural methods are becoming ineffective and obsolete as the need for food continues to grow, while fewer people want to work in the agriculture sphere.
Harvesting and picking are the most popular fields for automatization. Robots help to pick crops, and yield fast and accurate bounties. It should be mentioned, however, that it is very difficult to design such robots, as different fruits and vegetables require different methods of harvesting.
The robotization of autonomous seeding, spraying and irrigation helps to minimize costs and improve runout accuracy. There many different machines for each of these purposes, with drones being the most frequently used.
There are many other spheres where robots can be used, and people should not be afraid of the fact that robots can occupy most of these jobs. On the contrary, people should strive to build reliable and trusting economic relations with these robots. Such a solution is already being presented by the Robonomics Network. This platform corrects robot-to-human and robot-to-robot interactions using innovative blockchain technology.
As a result, all of these robots and autonomous devices can unite to form smart cities and spur the Fourth Industrial Revolution—Industry 4.0—which brings the interaction between people and autonomous machines to the next level. You can learn more information about Smart Cities and Industry 4.0 from the next article.
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|Product #: GR-13549|
30 FUN WAYS TO LEARN ABOUT TIME AND MONEY
Time and money are challenging, abstract concepts with concrete everyday importance. This makes them essential for children to master, and 3-6 year olds are beginning to get curious about what they mean. Using role-playing, games, songs, and dramatic play,30 Fun Ways to Learn About Time and Money explores these difficult concepts through props, real-life scenarios, and imaginative play.
Submit a review
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There is an ongoing debate about how much of human talent and ability is inherited genetically, and how much is shaped by environment and experience. While both nature and nurture play a role, researchers have found that genetics can influence talents in areas like sports, intelligence, and creativity.
Are sports talents inherited?
When it comes to athletic ability, there is clear evidence that genetics matter. Studies of twins have found that genetics accounts for a significant portion of variance in traits like speed, muscular strength, and Vo2 max (a measure of endurance capacity). However, other factors like training, opportunity, resources, and drive also affect achievement in sports.
Specific genes have been identified that are common among elite athletes. For example, a version of the ACTN3 gene is associated with fast, powerful muscle contractions and is found more frequently in sprinters. But inheriting certain genes does not guarantee that someone will excel in a sport – they simply bestow a biological advantage that can be maximized by the right environment.
Are intellectual talents inherited?
Intelligence, as measured by IQ tests, is partly heritable according to behavioral genetic studies. The heritability of IQ is usually estimated around 50-80%, meaning genetics account for 50-80% of the variation in intelligence within a population. The remaining variation is attributed to environmental factors.
Moreover, certain cognitive abilities like verbal intelligence, spatial reasoning, and working memory are more heritable than others. General knowledge and information processing speed appear less tied to genetics. So while genetics provide the blueprint for intelligence, the right intellectual stimulation and learning opportunities are needed to reach one’s potential.
Famous examples of inherited intellectual talent
The Bateson family provides one remarkable example of intellectual gifts passed down through genetics. This English family includes several distinguished scientists across generations:
- William Bateson (1861-1926) – Geneticist who coined the term genetics
- John Bateson (1928-1987) – Biologist and professor at Cambridge
- Gregory Bateson (1904-1980) – Anthropologist and pioneer of systems theory
- Martin Bateson (born 1933) – Professor of biology at McGill University
While success was no doubt supported by privileged education, the consistent appearance of first-rate scholars across 200 years suggests a heritable component to the family’s talent.
Are creative talents inherited?
Creativity is the ability to generate ideas, solutions, or insights that are both novel and appropriate. Research indicates that genetics do influence creative thinking, particularly the trait of “openness to experience.” This trait reflects imagination, intellectual curiosity, and a preference for variety and complexity.
In one study comparing identical and fraternal twins, genetics accounted for 40% of the variation in creative thinking between individuals. Other studies have linked specific genetic variants to one’s inclination for creativity.
However, the environment clearly matters when it comes nurturing creativity. Experiences that promote open-ended thinking, intellectual exploration, and learning in diverse domains cultivate the creative mind.
Famous examples of inherited creative talent
The artistic gifts of the Wyeth family provide an illustrative example of creative talents passed down through genetics:
- N.C. Wyeth (1882-1945) – American painter and illustrator
- Andrew Wyeth (1917-2009) – American painter known for pastoral landscapes
- Jamie Wyeth (born 1946) – American painter continuing the realist tradition
This multigenerational family of celebrated painters suggests inherent talents fostered by artistic immersion from an early age.
What other talents may have genetic links?
In addition to athletic prowess, intelligence, and creativity, other talents and abilities may be influenced by genetics to varying degrees, including:
- Musical ability – Genes may predispose abilities like perfect pitch and rhythm sense.
- Entertainment – Acting, comedy, and performance talents may correlate with inherited personality traits.
- Visual arts – Technical drawing and visual-spatial skills can be heritable strengths.
- Writing – Storytelling and verbal expression abilities may be passed down.
- Leadership – Personality traits connected to effective leadership, like charisma and confidence, may have genetic components.
However, even for these talents, genetics represent just one piece of the puzzle. Dedicated practice, training, opportunity, and determination remain essential to nurturing skill and achieving mastery.
What role does environment play?
While genetics may provide the foundation, the environment plays a crucial role in how talents actually manifest. Both “nature” and “nurture” are essential for abilities to flourish.
Even genetically gifted individuals require the right nutrition, instruction, training resources, and emotional support to realize their potential. And those born without obvious genetic advantages can often succeed through sheer effort and determination.
Additionally, access and opportunity have a huge impact on talent development. Children born into disadvantaged situations often lack the resources to explore and develop talents, regardless of their innate abilities. So environment shapes how inborn gifts translate into tangible skills and achievements.
Examples of environmental factors that influence talent:
- Early education – Stimulating instruction and enriched environments during formative years.
- Training resources – Access to instructors, facilities, equipment for proper training.
- Competition and peers – Challenges and collaborative skills gained through competing against talented peers.
- Economic resources – Financial means to participate in instruction, training, competitions, etc.
- Psychological support – Encouragement from family to pursue talents and interests.
In short, both “nature” and “nurture” play complementary roles. Genetics may bias the odds, but dedicated training, instruction, and practice is required to achieve mastery.
Are prodigies evidence of inherited talent?
Prodigies are children who display masterful talents and abilities at a very young age. Examples include math prodigies who can solve complex equations as toddlers, or young musicians who can perform complicated compositions flawlessly.
The emergence of prodigious talent does suggest a strong inborn component. Researchers have found that prodigies exhibit differences in working memory, brain connectivity, and cognitive structures compared to non-prodigies. Certain genotypes related to working memory and concentration have also been associated with prodigiousness.
However, prodigies still require a nurturing environment to realize their abilities. Intense instruction, parental support, and obsessive practice at young ages are also hallmarks of prodigies. So both a biological predisposition and high degree of environmental stimulation seem necessary.
Famous prodigies displaying early talents:
- Mozart – Composing complex piano pieces by age 5.
- Bobby Fischer – Chess grandmaster by age 15.
- Tiger Woods – Youngest golf Masters winner at age 21.
- Garry Kasparov – Youngest world chess champion at age 22.
- Picasso – Artistic prodigy painting masterpieces as a teenager.
While prodigious talents inspire awe, critics argue intense early training can impair balanced development. Mastery still requires years of dedicated practice, even for the most gifted.
Conclusions on inherited talent
In summary, both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of talent:
- Genetics provide a biological foundation for traits like speed, intelligence, and creativity which give a natural advantage.
- Specific genes have been linked to exceptional performance in domains like sports and music.
- However, realization of talent requires the right training, resources, opportunity, and psychological support.
- Environmental factors like instruction, competition, and practice habits are essential to achieve mastery.
- Heritable traits bias the odds, but do not guarantee excellence on their own.
So while inheriting certain genetic gifts provides an edge, fullest expression of talent requires dedication, training, opportunity, and the right nurturing environment. Both “nature” and “nurture” play vital roles on the path to mastery.
|Domain||Evidence for Genetic Component||Examples of Specific Genes||Key Environmental Factors|
|Sports||Twin studies show genetics influence traits like speed and endurance.||ACTN3 gene associated with power and sprint performance.||Training, practice facilities, nutrition, psychology.|
|Intelligence||IQ highly heritable according to twin studies.||CHRM2, SGIP1, and IGF2R related to cognitive function.||Education opportunities, intellectual stimulation.|
|Creativity||Genetics account for ~40% variation in creative thinking skills.||Links found between creative inclination and DRD4 gene.||Encouragement to explore and experiment.|
|Music||Musical memory and perfect pitch show heritability.||AVPR1A and SLC6A4 genes associated with musicality.||Access to instruments, instruction, practice time.|
This table summarizes some of the evidence showing both genetic and environmental influences on talent in key domains like sports, intelligence, creativity, and music.
- Gagné, F. (2004). Transforming gifts into talents: The DMGT as a developmental theory. High ability studies, 15(2), 119-147.
- Plomin, R. (2018). Blueprint: How DNA makes us who we are. MIT Press.
- Kaufman, S. B. (2013). Ungifted: Intelligence redefined. Basic Books.
- Hambrick, D. Z., & Meinz, E. J. (2011). Limits on the predictive power of domain-specific experience and knowledge in skilled performance. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(5), 275-279.
- Ruthsatz, J., & Urbach, J. B. (2012). Child prodigy: A novel cognitive profile places elevated general intelligence, exceptional working memory and attention to detail at the root of prodigiousness. Intelligence, 40(5), 419-426.
- Barnett, L. A. (2011). How do play and learning shape the talent development process?. High Ability Studies, 22(2), 199-211.
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By Nathan Wei
One of the more difficult diseases to diagnose and treat properly is crystal induced arthritis.
Of the many types of arthritis that can affect multiple joints, crystal-induced, or as it is sometime referred to, crystal associated arthritis, is probably one of the most common. It may cause arthritis in a single joint, two or three joints, or many joints.
When arthritis affects a single joint, it is termed “monoarticular.” When it affects two or three joints is called “oligoarticular.” When the arthritis affects more than three joints, it is called “polyarticular.”
Crystal induced arthritis generally starts as an oligoarticular arthritis but often rapidly becomes polyarticular.
It may be accompanied by other symptoms such as fever and perhaps even chills. Usually, the joint pain from crystal arthritis comes on relatively suddenly and becomes intense after a few hours.
The joints involved swell, become red, become warm, and are exquisitely sensitive and painful. Often times swelling of the joint extends into the soft tissues beyond the joint.
There are three major types of crystal induced arthritis. The most common is gout. Gouty arthritis is due to deposits of monosodium urate (uric acid) crystals. The underlying abnormality is a metabolic defect that leads to over production of uric acid or inability to excrete (get rid of) uric acid.
Gouty arthritis often affects the feet during the first attack. In particular, the great toe joint is classically affected.
Over the course of months and years, attacks become more frequent and more intense. Deposits of uric acid may accumulate near joints and in soft tissues. These are called tophi.
Gout is generally more common in men than women. However, after menopause, women begin to develop gout more frequently. In particular, women who are on diuretic therapy may be susceptible to developing gout.
The danger is that untreated gout can lead to kidney failure.
The second most common type of crystal induced arthritis is calcium pyrophosphate arthritis. This is caused by deposits of calcium pyrophosphate crystals inside the joint. Joints most commonly affected include the shoulders, hips, knees, and wrists.
Calcium pyrophosphate arthritis, because of its symmetry, may be confused for other types of arthritis, particularly rheumatoid arthritis.
What is more confusing is that often times both calcium pyrophosphate arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis co-exist.
Calcium pyrophosphate arthritis is often called pseudogout. Pseudogout attacks most often occur in the knees and wrists. Pseudogout is much more common in people past the age of 60.
The third type of crystal induced arthritis is hydroxyapatite disease. This is a close cousin to calcium pyrophosphate disease.
Identification of the type of crystal induced arthritis is made by examining joint fluid under a polarizing microscope.
The establishment of a correct diagnosis is imperative.
Appropriate treatment may be administered only after a definite diagnosis has been made.
Crystal induced arthritis may be difficult to manage.
In addition to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, intra-articular steroid injection, physical therapy, and occupational therapy may be helpful. Unfortunately, treatments are generally unsatisfactory.
Some practitioners have used drugs such as hydroxychloroquine and methotrexate with some degree of success.
In addition, debridement of the affected joint using arthroscopy may be helpful.
It is my opinion that many people who have osteoarthritis often have crystal induced arthritis as well. This makes management much more difficult.
About the Author: Nathan Wei, MD FACP FACR is a board-certified rheumatologist and nationally known arthritis authority and expert. For more info: aa href=”http://www.arthritis-treatment-and-relief.com/arthritis-treatment.html” rel=’nofollow’>Arthritis Treatment and aa href= “http://arthritistreatmentcenter.com” rel=’nofollow’>Arthritis Treatment Center
Source: aa href=”http://www.isnare.com” rel=’nofollow’>www.isnare.com
Permanent Link: aa href=”http://www.isnare.com/?aid=940986&ca=Medicines+and+Remedies” rel=’nofollow’>http://www.isnare.com/?aid=940986&ca=Medicines+and+Remedies
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Fifty years after the Nigerian civil war otherwise called the Biafra war, the National War Museum established in its memory offers quick reminders of the dark hours of the warfare.
The museum is located at Ebite Amafor in the Umuahia North Local Government of Abia State where two bunkers that housed the Voice of Biafra broadcasting station and the last Biafra State House were sited.
Umuahia, the last capital of Biafra before the end of the war, grandly keeps the luckless war evergreen in the hearts of visitors to the capital city.
Divided into five segments, the museum was established to preserve historical details of the civil war for generations.
The two bunkers were constructed within 90 days in the area which was a thick forest during the civil war.
The curator, Mrs Mercy Aduaka, told our correspondent who visited the museum that the current location of the museum was where the VOB was sited during the war.
She explained that the VOB was linked to the last Biafra State House (Ojukwu bunker) located at another community known as Afara through a tunnel.
She said, “The Federal Government inaugurated the museum on January 15, 1985 and its use started on September 14, 1989. This was the location of the Voice of Biafra broadcasting station. It was a forest prior to the establishment of the museum. The museum tells the story of the struggle of our heroes to keep the Nigerian state United.’’
She revealed that the museum receives visitors ranging from students, professionals to residents who visit the facility for research purposes and sightseeing.
Aduaka pointed out that it was important for the younger generations to be guided to replicate the ingenuity of the civil war engineers in local manufacturing of vehicles and materials currently imported from overseas.
Saturday PUNCH observed that the museum is made up of two major sections. The first is the inner gallery housing objects of the historical warfare, the history of the Nigerian Armed Forces and the civil war gallery. The second section located outside the museum’s main building has weapons used by the Biafran agitators and the federal troops.
Notable among the objects in the museum are Biafran amoured cars (the red devil) which has type 1-5 A B C and said to have been fabricated in Biafra during the civil war from July 6, 1967 to January 15, 1970.
They were produced by the secessionists’ research and prosecution Unit from steel sheet welded together and said to have been driven by track with a road wheel suspended by coils on either sides. The armoured cars were used by the Biafran soldiers to support infantry troops against the federal soldiers.
It was gathered that the Biafran soldiers used various openings on the armoured cars to shoot at their opponents with the sub-machine guns and anti-tank riffles as the guns from the armoured cars revolved and shot at 360 degrees like the Panhard imported-armoured cars. They were probably called the Biafran red devils because of the dangerous and target-hitting ways they pierced the camps of the federal troops.
One of the armoured vehicles in the gallery is the Panhard imported B armoured car (Oguta Boy) No BA 8034. The French-made armoured vehicle was reportedly captured from the federal troops during the battle of Oguta on September 1968 and christened Oguta Boy. The armoured vehicles was said to have been knocked out of action on April 8, 1969 during the battle of Ozuakoli by the federal troops. On the Air Force gallery were five historical aircraft used for the civil war.
Conspicuous among them is the Gofor anti-aircraft gun launcher. The anti-aircraft gun launcher was said to have been fabricated by the Biafran research and production unit engineers during the war. It was used by the secessionists’ air force to guard strategic military locations. It was said to have been used last in firing the secessionist-made rockets against bomber air craft.
Another war aircraft that stood out in the gallery was the Ilyushin (LI) 28 bomber and fighter aircraft (NFA) 208 which was reportedly donated to the Nigerian troops by the Egyptian Government.
The Russian-made aircraft has two jet turbine engines. The aircraft, it was learnt, was flown and maintained by the Egyptian pilots and technicians. It carried four crew comprising two pilots, a navigator and a gunner.
It carries over 40-pounder bomb which it uses for anti-bomb clearing and softening enemies’ ground and also carries over 800-pounder powder for general destruction of the opponents’ area. Among them is MF1-9B small aircraft BA NO BB 90; a small two-sitter propeller aircraft produced by a Swedish company. The aircraft was converted into a fighter plane fitted with rocker pods and armed with 18 deadly rockets.
It was brought into the secessionists’ enclave by count Rosen and carried two crew; a pilot and a bomber. It flies at low latitude and therefore could not be easily hit by radar. Saturday PUNCH gathered that it made it first raid in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, on May 22, 1969, damaging two-packed MiG and Ilyushin. Benin and Enugu were subsequently attacked thus damaging other Ilyushins.
This sport plane was converted into military aircraft by the French air force so that each became capable of loading six French 76mm rockets. After their conversion, Rosen named them minicions meaning mini counterinsurgency operations. The Biafran side dubbed them Biafran baby while the federal troops called them the Biafran mosquito.
In the naval gallery were a ship labelled NNS Bonny and other submarine guns used by the Nigerian Navy during the war. Also in the gallery were locally fabricated ships used by the Biafran side during the war.
But some Abia residents who spoke to our correspondent were not satisfied with the museum as the only landmark to remember the war considering its impact.
One of them is Mr Chinedu Maduka, who urged the Federal Government to address the infrastructural decay suffered by the people of the area, especially in the area of roads. He appealed to the Federal Government to create a special development commission to remedy the situation.
He claimed that the constant gully erosion experienced in many communities in the state and other South-East states were connected with the bombings while the war lasted.
Maduka said, “The Federal Government has not paid any compensation to many families who lost property and loved ones during the war.
“Also the soldiers that fought on the Biafran side were not recognised by the Nigerian government. Many of them who were injured during the civil war did not receive aid to assist them when the war ended.”
Also, another resident, Obinna Dike, said the Federal Government should tap from the ingenuity of the living Biafran researchers who worked in the secessionists’ research and production unit during the war to technologically advance the country.
He lamented that the country was still importing generators when the Biafran soldiers fabricated armoured cars during the bloody war.
All rights reserved. This material, and other digital content on this website, may not be reproduced, published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed in whole or in part without prior express written permission from PUNCH.
Contact: [email protected]
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Any relationship between two entities, either persons or institutions, can not be established except in accordance with some set of rules. These rules may be unenforceable norms or customs of a group or society, or some explicit laws having a binding and enforceable authority. A contract is a formal structure of a relationship between two or more parties, binding them together into a contractual relationship; and imposing upon them certain obligations and granting them certain rights over each other. In case of any problem with these obligations or rights, law of the land would come into action. But if the contracting parties belong to different lands, then there would arise a question as to law of which land should come into force. If the contracting parties have no earlier consensus over this issue, then it is more likely that the problem would remain unresolved; and one or more parties would suffer the loss. Hence, the need to decide at the time of making contract, as to which law would be followed.
CHOICE OF LAW IN SYNDICATED LOANS AND BONDS:
Similar is the case of the financial contract. 'Every legal issue under a financial contract must be determined in accordance with a system of law. An aspect of a contract can not exist in a legal vacuum. '(1) Syndicated loans and bonds are mostly international in their character. They usually involve borrowers and lenders from various countries; and 'the greater the number of countries involved the greater the number of municipal systems of law which have to be considered.' (2) As there is not single set of International laws that could effectively govern the syndicated loans and bonds, it is necessary for the parties to these contracts to choose an agreed system of law.
A syndicated loan agreement normally is contracted between the highly sophisticated institutions like banks, corporations, state corporations, and even the sovereign states themselves. It involves a number of systems of law (even a single bank operating internationally can be subject to different systems of law) (3). The international bond issues, too, involve issuers and investment banks from different countries. In some respects, international bonds (Eurobonds) are even more 'international' than the syndicated loans, as they are sold to the public at large, and the individuals and other entities buy and sell them in numerous jurisdictions. During this course of business a number of transactions involving numerous legal documents take place. With these transactions rights and liabilities shift from one entity to another very frequently. When it happens in different systems of law, it creates ambiguity about which law should apply in which case. This ambiguity makes the business vulnerable to unpredictable situations. Eventually the whole business market suffers serious damage.
"In order to reduce such uncertainty to a minimum, an attempt is made in practice to apply one system of law to the transaction and to exclude as far as possible the applicability of other systems of law with which the transaction may have some connection. This is generally sought to be achieved in practice by a 'choice of law' clause which subjects to one governing system of law _ 'the proper law' _ the validity, enforceability and interpretation of the contractual and other legal documents which constitute the transaction. " (4)
The practicality provides the opportunity to the lender to have preference in 'choice of law', as in case of a dispute, it is his money that would need to be recovered. In case of the Euro bonds, where an investment bank helps in selling securities (5), the situation becomes different, as the lenders appear on scene after the bond is issued under certain terms including the matter of choice of law. In any case, while exercising the choice, it is preferred that such system is chosen that is familiar to the parties, so that the tendency of using certain type of financial transactions needs not to be changed. Further, the dealing with legal as well as business issues could be convenient. It is also important that the system chosen is greatly mature and the relevant jurisdiction enjoys good reputation for its impartiality. Political stability in that specific jurisdiction and convenience of language are also important factors in choosing a certain system of law (6). The incident of freezing of foreign currency accounts following imposition of emergency after the atomic tests in 1998 (7), the stock market suffered such a huge loss that it took years to recover. In such a situation no serious financial activity can grow without fear of the unseen. While the enforcing forum is not less important a factor; the most significant factor of having the choice of law clause is the "insulation of the loan contract from legal changes in the borrower's country." (8)
While outlining the contract some of the essential documents would be prepared; for example, in case of a bond issue, the subscription agreement, the trust deed, the agreement between managers, the selling group agreement and the bond instruments themselves, and in case of the syndicated loan, the loan agreement. All of these legal documents would require validity, enforceability and when needed interpretation. (9) This could only be done under an agreed system of law.
Determination of rights and liabilities and interpretation of the legal documents would involve a number of laws relevant to the different issue. These may include the securities law, principles of contract, interpretation of contracts law, insolvency law, negotiable instruments law, and the like. All these laws should relate to one system of law, so as to make their interpretation and implementation possible. (10)
There are more than 310 jurisdictions in the world, which are grouped into nine classes ie Traditional English, American Common Law, Mixed Roman / common law, Germanic and Scandinavian, Mixed Franco-Latin / Germanic, Traditional Franco-Latin, Emerging Jurisdictions, Islamic Jurisdictions and Unallocated Jurisdictions (11). These categories are further combined into three major types: Common Law, Napoleonic and Roman-Germanic jurisdictions. (12) This much number of jurisdictions naturally has a potential to create problems in case of international syndicated loans and bonds where different systems of law would be involved. So, it becomes imperative to have 'choice of law' clause in the legal documents.
The term international, in the syndicated loans and bonds, entails multiple laws, forums and jurisdictions. The conflict of laws, in such a case, is natural. Combination of laws, given their different approaches, is not a workable proposition. Harmonization of financial laws at international level is still an idealistic suggestion. So, to form, interpret and execute the international contracts, there is a need to adopt a single system of law. This, the parties to a contract can choose at the time of the concluding of the contract. This is done to ensure the validity, enforceability and interpretation of all the legal documents relevant to the contracts of syndicated loans and bonds. It helps eliminate the uncertainty and unpredictability of the fate of a contract. Most ideally, it is an external law, having a potential to insulate the loan contract from legal changes, especially, in the borrower's country. English law worthy of playing such a role. There is another advantage of choosing it: it does not demand any connection of the lender or borrower with England.
The fundamental importance of the inclusion of 'choice of law clause' in the international syndicated loan agreements and the legal instruments of the bonds, is to get rid of the uncertainty concerning the expectations about the contract, by providing a workable legal mechanism to resolve all the legal issues which would arise from time to time.
1). Wood, PR (1995) International Loans, Bonds and Securities Regulation; London: Sweet & Maxwell P-61
2). Slater R (1982) "Syndicated Bank Loans" presented to the Conference on 'The Transnational Law of International Commercial Transactions' at Bielefeld, W. Germany, October 5-7, 1981, in the Journal of Business Law pp 173-199
3). Cranston R (2003) Principles of Banking Law; 2nd Ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; p 438
4). Tennekoon R (1991) The Law and Regulation of International Finance; London: Butterworths; p 16
5). Mishkin F (1992) The Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets; 3rd Ed. New York: HarperCollins Publishers; p 286
6). Paul C & Montagu G (2003) Banking and Capital Markets Companion; 3rd Ed. London: Cavendish Publishing; p 94
7). Washingtonpost.com, at Http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/southasia/stories/pakistan052998.htm visited on 14-05-2005
8). Wood PR (1995) International Loans, Bonds and Securities Regulation; op cit
9). Tennekoon R .. op cit
10). Slater R (1982) op cit
11). Wood PR (1997) Maps of World Financial Law; London: Allen & Overy; p 9
12). Wood, PR (2005) Oxford and Cambridge Introductory Lectures of Financial Law, op cit
Source by M Shahid Usman
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PRICE GOUGING ACT Act of Oct. 31, 2006, P.L. 1210, No. 133 Cl. 12 AN ACT Prohibiting price gouging; and imposing penalties. The General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania hereby enacts as follows: Section 1. Short title. This act shall be known and may be cited as the Price Gouging Act. Section 2. Purpose. The General Assembly finds and declares as follows: (1) In an economic market there are periods of disruption of the market which cause an uneven flow of supply of consumer goods. During these periods, consumer demand outweighs supply, sometimes heavily. (2) These periods of disruption result from many factors, including extreme weather conditions, depletion of stockpiles, labor strikes, civil disorder, natural or manmade emergencies or disasters and military action. (3) During these periods, parties involved in the sale and resale of consumer goods and services sometimes take unfair advantage of consumers in this Commonwealth by charging unconscionably excessive prices, or price gouging. (4) To prevent this, the General Assembly should prohibit price gouging and impose penalties on violators. Section 3. Definitions. The following words and phrases when used in this act shall have the meanings given to them in this section unless the context clearly indicates otherwise: "Chain of distribution." All parties involved in the sale and resale of consumer goods and services, including any manufacturer, supplier, wholesaler, distributor or retail seller. "Consumer goods or services." Those items used, bought or rendered primarily for personal, family or household purposes. "Replacement cost." The term includes: (1) acquisition costs; (2) costs that are a result of a contract where consumer goods or services are priced on a formula that references published market prices; (3) the actual cost of replacing goods or services being sold; or (4) the reasonably contemplated cost of replacing goods or services being sold based on information available at the time of the increase in price. "Unconscionably excessive." A price is unconscionably excessive when the amount charged represents a gross disparity between the price of the consumer goods or services and the price at which the consumer goods or services were sold or offered for sale within the chain of distribution in the usual course of business seven days immediately prior to the state of disaster emergency. Section 4. Price gouging prohibited. (a) Prohibition.--During and within 30 days of the termination of a state of disaster emergency declared by the Governor pursuant to the provisions of 35 Pa.C.S. § 7301(c) (relating to general authority of Governor), it shall be a violation of this act for any party within the chain of distribution of consumer goods or services or both to sell or offer to sell the goods or services within the geographic region that is the subject of the declared emergency for an amount which represents an unconscionably excessive price. (b) Evidence of unconscionably excessive price.--It is prima facie evidence that a price is unconscionably excessive if, during and within 30 days of the termination of a state of disaster emergency, parties within the chain of distribution charge a price that exceeds an amount equal to or in excess of 20% of the average price at which the same or similar consumer goods or services were obtainable in the affected area during the last seven days immediately prior to the declared state of emergency. (c) Nonapplicability.-- (1) The provisions of this section shall not apply if the increase in price is due to a disparity that is substantially attributable to additional costs that arose within the chain of distribution in connection with the sale of consumer goods or services, including replacement costs, credit card costs, taxes and transportation costs. (2) The provisions of this act shall not apply to the sale of goods or services sold by a person pursuant to a tariff or rate approved by a Federal or Commonwealth agency with power and authority over sales of such goods or services. (d) Price reduction.--A person selling consumer goods or services who receives any price reduction, after an increase in his cost which is substantially attributable to costs that arose within the chain of distribution as set forth in subsection (c), may rebut an allegation of selling at an unconscionably excessive price if he reduces the price by a like amount within a reasonable period, not to exceed seven days, of acquiring the consumer good or service at such reduced price. (e) Notification.--A trade association, corporation, partnership, person or other entity may register an agent for the purpose of being notified when the Governor declares and ceases a state of emergency. The Governor or his designee is responsible for notifying the registered agents upon the declaration and cessation of the state of emergency. Lack of notification or the failure to receive notification of the declaration and cessation of an emergency shall not be a defense with respect to any violation of this act. Section 5. Investigation. (a) Authority.--The Bureau of Consumer Protection in the Office of Attorney General shall investigate any complaints received concerning violations of this act. If, after investigating any complaint, the Attorney General finds that there has been a violation of this act, the Attorney General may bring an action to impose a civil penalty up to $10,000 for each violation and to seek other relief, including injunctive relief, restitution and costs under the act of December 17, 1968 (P.L.1224, No.387), known as the Unfair Trade Practices and Consumer Protection Law. (b) Procedure.--Prior to the initiation of a civil action, the Attorney General is authorized to require the attendance and testimony of witnesses and the production of documents. For this purpose the Attorney General may issue subpoenas, examine witnesses and receive evidence. If a person objects to or otherwise fails to comply with a subpoena or request for testimony, the Attorney General may file in Commonwealth Court or any court of record of this Commonwealth an action to enforce the subpoenas or request. Notice of hearing of the action and a copy of all pleadings shall be served upon the person who may appear in opposition. (c) Confidentiality.--Any testimony taken or material produced shall be kept confidential by the Attorney General except to the extent that such information may be used in a judicial proceeding or the disclosure is authorized by the court for good cause shown or confidentiality is waived by the person being investigated and by the person who has testified, answered interrogatories or produced materials. Section 6. Effective date. This act shall take effect in 60 days.
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Ghosts in the ocean – it’s time to take on plastic pollution from the fishing industry
During the past couple of years, we have been flooded with images of rubbish floating in the ocean, animals trapped in plastic debris and other alarming signs that our habits are having a devastating impact on the marine environment.
While approximately 80 per cent of marine plastic pollution originates from land – the plastic bottles, bags and packaging you’re used to hearing about – the remaining 20 per cent comes from what is known as ‘sea-based sources’, including plastic from fishing boats, shipping, offshore industries and tourism.
Of all the sea-based sources of marine plastic pollution, the most common, and also the most harmful, is lost and discarded fishing gear, also referred to as ‘ghost gear’.
Ghost gear accounts for approximately 10 per cent of global marine plastic pollution, although in some areas it’s closer to half of the amount of litter found. Made from hardy plastic and designed to catch and kill, once it’s lost in the ocean the gear continues to carry out this deadly function indiscriminately.
Ghost gear has serious impacts on marine habitats and fish stocks while also reducing fishing profits, destroying marine resources and increasing operational costs for vessels through gear replacement and retrieval efforts. Once in the water, it also represents a navigational and safety hazard as floating nets and ropes threaten to entangle propellers and active fishing gear.
Whose problem is it?
Perched on the banks of the River Thames, the International Maritime Organization (IMO), created in 1948, is the primary international body dealing with maritime safety and security, marine pollution and shipping. Yet, despite its acknowledgement of shipping’s contribution to plastic pollution, momentum to adequately address it has been woefully lacking. Until now.
The IMO has long recognised the need to prevent plastic pollution from ships, including fishing vessels and gear. However, in recent years the issue of managing plastic pollution from fishing vessels has become a political hot potato as responsibility for developing and enforcing legislation to address it is passed between international organisations, with tangible progress ultimately falling through the cracks as a result.
In 2018, significant strides were made by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) to adopt guidance for the marking and tracking of fishing gear, shining a light on how a combination of coordinated measures could effectively prevent and reduce the problem of ghost gear.
Since the adoption of the Voluntary Guidelines for the Marking of Fishing Gear, there is now a powerful tool in the arsenal, although the guidelines remain voluntary and so uptake is limited.
Against this background, in late 2018, the Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) at IMO adopted an Action Plan to Address Marine Plastic Litter from Ships and is now turning toward implementation of this ambitious strategy. A major benchmark for the success or failure of the Action Plan will be whether it adopts a comprehensive package of mandatory and other measures required to address ghost gear. Indeed, the world is watching – and expecting – the IMO to show leadership on this issue.
The case for action
EIA’s new briefing outlines how we think the IMO can lead the charge and meaningfully address ghost gear by coordinating and overseeing international efforts to improve the reporting of lost fishing gear, operationalising the FAO guidelines on gear marking and aiding in their implementation, clarifying the currently legal ambiguities which prevent effective enforcement and, finally, providing clear guidance on portside measures that will remove incentives to dump plastic at sea.
As an inherently transboundary challenge, tackling ghost gear needs coordination at a national, regional and international level through both voluntary and mandatory efforts.
As the IMO moves towards implementing the Action Plan, there are key opportunities coming up via the Marine Environment Protection Committee where we hope to see member states prioritise actions to address ghost gear and show leadership on protecting our oceans from plastic pollution.
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UVC is the only waterless sanitization method available
…and UVC poses minimal risk to the user, drawing very little power when compared to other methods:
Most conventional sanitization protocols use chemicals such as peracetic acid, quaternary ammonium compounds, chlorinated TSPs, chlorine dioxide and many more. Besides generating waste water, these methods also have associated occupational hazards as well as adverse environmental effects. BlueMorph patent pending technologies eliminates attendant waste disposal costs. UVC is a highly effective proven technology used throughout industries. Light has a superior ability to penetrate even microscopic pores that cannot be penetrated by liquids due to hydrophobic interactions and as such covers all exposed areas more thoroughly than chemical means. Although prolonged exposure to UVC is hazardous our patent pending systems are designed to protect the user against harm.
Ozone gas is a highly efficient sanitizer, however there is much controversy regarding its effectiveness when dissolved in water. Even when ozone concentrations are at optimal levels required for sanitization, the main drawback is that is still requires water. Ozone exposure is regulated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) as in higher concentrations it very hazardous and potentially lethal. UVC is the only waterless sanitization method currently available, it draws very little power when compared to other methods and poses minimal risk to the user
While steam is a highly efficient sanitizer and uses little water it does draw a tremendous amount of power. Further, the water used must be treated and disposed of. Steam systems also typically require distilled water in order to prevent pipes from corroding (particularly for CIP systems). Finally, vessels treated with steam pose a substantial burn risk to workers and as such extra precautions must be taken.
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At the moment, it feels like every time you turn on the news or check social media the most recent update on coronavirus fills your screen. You hear people speaking about it at bus stops and in cafés. You see people walking around the streets wearing masks and notice the empty supermarket shelves where hand sanitizers once sat.
So what actually is coronavirus? Coronaviruses (CoV) are a large family of viruses that can cause a range of symptoms from mild (like the common cold, cough, fever) to severe (pneumonia, kidney failure, and even death). The strain that is currently spreading like wildfire is known as the novel coronavirus (COVID-19).
Naturally, anxiety levels can peak at a time like this. There is so much uncertainty about the situation, particularly as we don’t know much about the novel coronavirus yet (novel means ‘new,’ after all, and corona means ‘crown’). So how do you combat your anxiety at a time like this? Here are our top 7 tips to help you stay calm during the coronavirus crisis.
1. Be Proactive
First, make sure to follow the advice given by the CDC and WHO on practicing proper hygiene standards. This way you can rest assured you are taking the necessary steps needed to protect yourself and others from spreading the virus. Just knowing you are taking the appropriate measures (washing your hands, staying at home if you are sick etc) can immediately take a weight off your shoulders.
2. Limit Your News & Social Media Exposure
It’s important to be informed, but if you are finding that watching the news or constantly seeing updates on your phone are making your anxiety worse, limit your exposure. Only visit trusted sources for your information if and when you need it.
3. Practice Meditation
The world is always throwing something big and scary your way. Coronavirus is not the first and it certainly won’t be the last. It’s easy to feel overwhelmed with the impending sense of doom around this outbreak. Meditating won’t change the reality of the situation, but it can help you develop a sense of calm that can help you weather the storm so to speak. If you are new to meditation, following a guided option.
4. Don’t Forget to Breathe!
Along with your meditation practice, include some deep belly breathing. As simple as it sounds, taking a few deep breaths will switch your nervous system from the anxiety of fight or flight mode (sympathetic) to the rest and digest mode (parasympathetic). Try it for 5 minutes and see how different you feel!
5. Maintain Social Contact, Even if You Are Stuck Indoors
Even if you do have to stay somewhat isolated, if you are sick or at high risk of getting sick, make sure to continue to seek out some social interaction. This can be by Facetime or Skype to talk to friends and family. If you are finding that none of the steps you are taking to manage your fears and anxiety are working, don’t be afraid to reach out to a therapist, particularly one that offers online services.
6. Put Things In Perspective
Remember that certain groups are most at risk from the complications of developing coronavirus – those with a pre-existing condition, the eldery and anyone with a compromised immune system. To them, coronavirus can be fatal. However, the majority of the population will be able to recover from it if they have a healthy immune system. Even if you contract the virus, there is a strong likelihood you will recover and be completely fine.
7. Keep Your Immune System Strong
Taking some simple steps to boost your immune system can also help keep you feeling calm right now. The best ways to do so is to ensure you are getting enough sleep, drinking plenty of water, exercising regularly, eating a fresh varied diet, avoiding tobacco and moderating alcohol intake. Chyavanprash is a well loved immune tonic in Ayurveda, and you can also sip this Immune Boosting Ginger Turmeric Tea daily.
So while coronavirus is scary, worrying won’t help! In fact, there are studies showing the connection between chronic stress and lowered immunity, so staying calm is key. If you feel you need some additional support to help alleviate your anxieties, stay calm and support your immunity, get in touch! Schedule a complimentary consult today for more personalized techniques on how to manage your anxiety.
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BOSTON, Mass. — Antibiotics can help you when you’re sick, but a new study finds taking them during middle age could be harmful for your brain. Researchers found evidence that women using antibiotics for at least two months in their mid-50s were more likely to suffer from cognitive decline years later.
A team from Harvard Medical School and Rush Medical College collaborated to find a potential relationship between midlife antibiotic use and brain health. They used data from participants in the ongoing Nurses’ Health Study II that enrolled female nurses from age 25 to 42 since 1989. Every two years, participants in the study filled out a questionnaire regarding their lifestyle, medication usage, and health-related issues.
In 2009, the average age of participants was around 57 years-old. The questionnaire asked each woman to report on their total antibiotic use over the past four years and the reasons why they needed to take those drugs.
Seven years after the women first took those antibiotics, the researchers conducted an online cognitive test to measure their psychomotor function, information processing speed, vigilance and visual attention, visual learning, short-term memory, attention, and working memory.
Of the 14,542 women who completed the cognitive test, those using antibiotics for at least two months did slightly worse overall. Specifically, their scores dropped in psychomotor speed, attention, and learning and working memory. The cognitive results also appeared worse for every additional year that passed since their initial antibiotic usage.
“Thus the relation of antibiotic use to cognition was roughly equivalent to that found for three to four years of aging,” the study authors write in the journal PLOS One.
Another link to the ‘gut-brain axis’
Study authors suspect that the gut-brain axis may be responsible for this link between antibiotics and cognitive decline. Studies show that antibiotics have a significant impact on a patient’s gut makeup. These drugs can alter gut microbiota for years.
Since both human and animal studies show that changes in the gut microbiome may have a connection to various brain diseases, thanks to the gut-brain axis, the team concludes that there could be a link to failing cognitive skills as well.
“These data provide a better understanding of potential complications of antibiotics throughout life, as well as generate hypotheses about the role of the gut microbiome in cognition,” the study authors write.
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Simple precautions can reduce carcinogens in the kitchen and on the food table, writes Mia Malan.
There is strong evidence that many cancers are caused specifically by what we eat and drink. How we prepare our food, how much of it we eat and how we eat it frequently determines the risk of developing cancer. No one knows these factors better than Carl Albrecht, head researcher at the Cancer Association of South Africa (Cansa). In the first of a two-part series, the Mail & Guardian spoke to him about 10 causes of cancer in the kitchen.
Most processed meat, including polony, sandwich meat, bacon and vienna sausages, contains a cancer-causing ingredient called sodium nitrite. Sodium nitrite helps to prevent germs from growing in the meat and also gives it a visually appealing red colour.
When you eat sodium nitrite, nitrosamines form in your body, promoting the growth of a variety of cancers, including pancreatic, colon, bladder, stomach and brain cancer.
A recent Cansa survey of major South African grocery shops could not find a single piece of processed meat that did not contain sodium nitrite. Processed meat is unfortunately also the cheapest and often the only meat that many South Africans can afford. Limit your intake of processed meat, if you can.
It is not only cigarette smoke that causes cancer—any type of smoke can. Smoke, including braai smoke, contains dangerous chemical compounds called polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Many are carcinogens, in other words, they cause cancer, particularly one called benz(a)pyrene. It binds to your DNA and “knocks out” a watchdog gene, P53, which protects against cancer.
A study done on female restaurant cooks in Hong Kong, whose jobs entailed pan-frying meat and vegetables in relatively small kitchens, indicated that they had significantly higher rates of cancer of the upper respiratory tract, for example, nasal, oral or throat cancers. Research revealed that the cancers were caused by the fumes produced by the intensive frying. Open your kitchen windows so that smoke from cooking can escape. And get out if you find yourself in the middle of a kitchen full of smoke.
Smoked meat is also closely linked to cancer. Many years ago people smoked meat to better preserve it because they did not have freezers. If you have access to electricity and a freezer, avoid smoked meat.
Potato chips and reused oil
When potatoes are deep fried to make potato chips, a cancer-causing chemical called acrylamide is released. Acrylamide is associated with kidney, post-menopausal and endometrial cancers.
Research studies show that an ordinary bag of potato chips may contain up to 500 times more acrylamide than the top level allowed in drinking water, one microgram per litre, by the World Health Organisation. Research commissioned by Cansa revealed that chips sold in South Africa contained between one and three milligrams acrylamide per kilogram. Acrylamide is used industrially to manufacture dyes, paper and fabric, among other things.
It is not added by manufacturers; the chemical forms naturally when potatoes are heated up in oil at a high enough temperature and for long enough. Reusing oil in which potatoes have been cooked can therefore also be dangerous, because the pieces of potato that stay behind will eventually become potato chips and form acrylamide. The question is: How much acrylamide do you need to consume before it causes cancer? According to Cansa, such information is not yet available in South Africa. It is therefore best to consume potato crisps moderately—maize or rice crisps are safer.
It is not safe to heat food or liquids in plastic containers or bottles in microwave ovens. When plastic is heated, it releases potentially cancer-causing plasticisers, which are used to give plastic its desired flexibility. One of the most commonly known chemicals released is bisphenol A, which has been linked in particular to breast cancer and obesity. Bisphenol A is used to make polycarbonate and baby bottles containing it were banned by the health department last year. But the substance is still legally used in certain baby toys and plastic kitchen products.
Storing or freezing food in plastic containers is safe, because it only becomes dangerous when the plastic is heated. It is safer to heat food in ceramic or glass containers. Limited data is available about the exact temperature at which plastic becomes dangerous, but studies have shown that 55 times more bisphenol A is released from bottles filled with hot water than from those with cold water.
As a general rule, avoid heating any plastic bottle. Boil water or milk in another container and then allow it to cool before pouring it into a plastic bottle.
Dioxins are a cancer-causing substance that often end up in animal fat. They are regularly released into the atmosphere—the burning of certain types of plastic and metals produces them.
Typically, factories that release dioxins as a by-product are situated outside urban areas—where animal farms are mostly located. Dioxins descend on the grass that cows and sheep in particular eat.
The animals consume the dioxins with the grass and the chemicals are then stored in their body fat. When we consume such animal fat, the dioxins end up in our own body fat where they can stay for weeks on end. The longer they stay there, the higher the chance they will cause damage; minute amounts can be carcinogenic.
Few dioxin tests have been done on local meat and it is best to limit your intake of animal fat, including those fatty pieces on biltong.
Mouldy peanut butter
Peanuts and peanut butter in grocery shops are safe. But, if you make your own peanut butter, as many people in the former Transkei do, you have to make sure that the peanuts do not get mouldy. Mouldy peanuts are a source of a food contaminant known as aflatoxins. Aflatoxins are produced by fungi that grow on certain crops, such as peanuts, and are closely linked to liver cancer.
About a decade ago an aid organisation provided many people living in the former Transkei with free hand mills so that they could grow and mill their own peanuts and make a living from it. Unfortunately, many of the peanuts became mouldy, exposing people to large amounts of aflatoxins.
It remains to be seen what the effect has been: according to Cansa, there could be a liver cancer epidemic in the region in future as people who ingested mouldy peanuts as children grow into adults.
Some South African provinces, such as Gauteng, have excellent quality drinking water. However, that of Potchefstroom in North West, for example, is problematic because gold mining has caused large amounts of uranium to leak into the Mooi River. According to Cansa, Potchefstroom’s drinking water is taken directly from the river.
When underground metals such as iron are exposed to oxygen or water, they release acids similar to those found in car batteries, which help to leach heavy metals out of the ore. Exposure to uranium is linked to lung and bone cancer.
The government’s safety standard for uranium in water is 70 micrograms per litre. But the World Health Organisation’s standard is much more stringent, 15 micrograms per litre, whereas countries such as Germany allow only two micrograms per litre of water for the production of baby food.
According to Albrecht, the local municipality claims Potchefstroom’s drinking water is safe because tests have shown that only one microgram per litre flows through the river on weekdays. But, he said, the municipality did not measure the uranium content of water over weekends, which was when mines often cleaned out their shafts and released significantly higher amounts of uranium into the water.
Cansa takes the situation so seriously that it plans to conduct studies on the teeth of residents of Potchefstroom to determine the level of uranium to which they have been exposed.
It is therefore recommended that people living in the town buy bottled water or install water filters at home. Note that boiling water in a kettle does not make it uranium-free because uranium sticks to kettles’ elements.
“It doesn’t help to drink clean water but then use unfiltered tap water to make coffee and tea or to cook with,” Albrecht said. “You need to use uranium-free water throughout.”
According to Cansa, South Africa has one of the highest colon cancer rates in the world and “braaied red meat is the chief culprit”. A Cansa document titled “Life is Beautiful” states that people who consume “more than 70g of braaied meat a week are at a significant risk of developing colon cancer”.
Braaied red meat, states the document, contains amino acids and iron that produce chemicals and change DNA when exposed to high temperatures, which may lead to cancer. As explained earlier, all smoke also contains PAHs, which cause cancer. PAHs are inhaled by the people next to the fire and also ingested because they stick to the meat as it is exposed to the open flames. If you eat pap (mealie meal) with your braaied meat, you can lower your chances of getting colon cancer, because pap releases anti-carcinogens in the colon that help to fight it. Try not to braai more than once a week.
About 10% of all cancers in men are linked to excessive alcohol intake, in other words, more than two standard drinks a day. In women 3% of cancers are associated with too much alcohol.
Studies show that alcohol disrupts the hormones glucagon and insulin, which regulate blood glucose levels. It also releases reproductive and growth hormones, which cause dysfunction. Excessive alcohol intake can cause cancer of the mouth, pharynx, liver, colon and oesophagus. In women, high intake is specifically linked to breast cancer.
Obesity causes about 15% of cancers, including colon, kidney, breast, endometrium (the lining of the uterus) and prostate cancer. Sugar does not directly cause cancer, but it is calorie-dense and can lead to obesity, which is linked to cancer.
Limit your intake of foods that have an energy content of more than 950kJ per 100g—it is almost always indicated on the food container.
Mia Malan works for the Discovery Health Journalism Centre at Rhodes University. Next week the focus is on foods that can reduce the risk of developing cancer.
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Chapter 7 sessions cover the core principles of ethical videomaking, ensuring activists are safely creating and sharing advocacy videos. Sessions focus on informed consent and how to obtain it, how to develop a detailed safety and security plan and, when necessary, how to conceal identities during the different stages of filming. Additionally, this module contains good tips on how to deal with hostile or difficult interviews, and filming in high-risk situations.
Included in this Chapter:
You can also download the complete Video for Change Curriculum here.
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We all know that a thorough oral care routine of brushing twice and flossing at least once daily is crucial to our oral health. However, getting to those back teeth can be tricky. The right brush and flossing tool can help ensure you don’t develop back teeth cavities, keep your mouth healthy, and your smile plaque-free.
Not brushing every zone of your mouth leaves you vulnerable to plaque buildup, tooth decay, and gum disease. The hardest area to clean? Your back teeth. Called molars, the back teeth are responsible for grinding food down when chewing. Because of this primary responsibility, the back teeth are in constant contact with food particles every time we eat.
Not properly flossing and brushing this area of the mouth leads to plaque buildup, a process where bacteria converts the sugars and starches from food into plaque within just twenty minutes. As plaque bacteria accumulates, it can lead to tooth decay in the form of a cavity.
When plaque takes root, it exposes your teeth to enamel loss, gingivitis, and ultimately, decay. When not properly removed, plaque then forms into tartar, a substance that expedites bacterial growth and decay, and can only be removed by a dentist or dental hygienist.
A thorough oral hygiene routine is key in keeping your back teeth intact and devoid of decay. A few helpful steps you can take include:
- Switch to an electric toothbrush to better clean the back of the mouth
- Brush twice a day with a stannous fluoride toothpaste, like Crest Gum Detoxify—it can help detoxify your gum line by neutralizing harmful bacteria
- Be sure to floss at least once a day, with attention given to your back teeth
- Strengthen weakened enamel with a fluoride mouthwash
- See your dental professional twice a year for checkups and professional cleanings
In addition to facilitating a better oral care routine, you can help keep cavities from forming by limiting your sugar and starch intake. A healthy, balanced diet packed with greens can significantly improve not just your oral health but your overall health as well.
Discover MoreDental Plaque and Tartar: Causes, Prevention, and Removal
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Date of Award
Masters of Science (Research)
Biological and Pharmaceutical Science
Dr Mary Concannon
There is great variation in the extent of surveillance of foodbome disease throughout the world. Some countries contribute important epidemiological and microbiological data to the WHO Surveillance Programme for Foodbome Diseases in Europe. While the UK is a major contributor to this programme, data from Eire has been non-existent. Trends in the incidence of foodbome disease in the UK may have particular relevance to Eire given the similarity of culture. Microbiological and epidemiological data in relation to foodbome pathogens, foods most frequently incriminated in outbreaks, places where outbreaks occur, together witli the main contributory factors are discussed. The broader area of the surveillance of gastro-mtestinal infectious diseases is discussed m this context, as the two most frequently isolated enteropathogens in the UK, Campylobacter and Salmonella sps, are transmitted mainly through the food chain. Formal surveillance of gastro-intestinal infections is relatively new in EIRE. Emerging trends from the Dublin and Cork Units are discussed and compared with trends in the UK. Trends in relation to statutory notifications of food poisoning are further considered. Finally, strategies for the control of foodbome diseases are examined. In this, it is established that the elimination of pathogens, particularly Salmonella sps. at piimary breeding level in poultry is the most effective way of reducing infection in humans. However, other strategies and approaches are also considered. These include food irradiation, the concept of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point, the role of hygiene education, and the case for establishing a formal surveillance programme for foodbome disease in Eire. The kitchen as the final line of defence is given extensive discussion. The importance of temperature control in the food service and retail grocery trade in particular is further considered. The potential for water as a source of infection and intoxication is also highlighted. Final conclusions and recommendations are outlined.
Daly, Donal J., "The Surveillance and Control of Foodborne Diseases" (1995). Theses [online].
Available at: https://sword.cit.ie/allthe/558
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A GIS (geospatial information systems) system uses specialized computer software and hardware to collect, store and analyze geographical data such as topography, terrain, vegetation, and snowfall. By using sophisticated mathematical algorithms, GIS maps can be created or analyzed quickly and efficiently, usually with the aid of map-making software.
GIS mapping software also uses sophisticated visual data to generate virtual maps from highly complex layers of geographical data, revealing hidden patterns and relationships within the GIS data, by revealing hidden relationships and identifying relationships among time and space.
The main advantage of GIS is that it helps you collect, manage, analyze and present data in a useful format while avoiding the manual tasks involved in land surveying, cartography, land management, or climate change research. The main disadvantage is that there is a need to possess expertise in mathematics, computer science, engineering, and other supporting field skills.
It can also be quite time-consuming, even for an experienced GIS consultant. It is therefore important to choose a GIS consultant or software developer with considerable experience and expertise in GIS before hiring them.
GIS dispatch software is another essential tool required in the GIS map-making process. Dispatching software usually operates on higher-level software, such as Java, C++, or Python, operating the machine and supporting distributed systems.
It is often used to dispatch mesh networks, pathogen information, traffic analysis, and other relevant information to remote locations. Many different dispatching software tools are available in the market today. It is advisable to select a simple, easy-to-use, and efficient dispatching software tool.
Before selecting a suitable dispatching software, it is advisable to check the vendor’s reputation and track record. Experience in the field, both current and previous, is an indication of a good quality product. The software should also support any type of geographical information system, such as routing management and database management. If you are searching for GIS map rendering services, then the fully-featured GIS dispatching software package will be more appropriate.
There are two types of GIS maps-geospatial and Operational. The former displays static data, whereas the latter depicts information changes. Geospatial data is usually used to represent physical objects such as terrain, landmarks, city structures, etc., while operational data is generally used for interactive mapping and business process modeling.
GIS maps are usually prepared from either digital satellite maps or land topographic surveys. These two sources have different limitations. Digital satellite maps cannot be viewed directly using a computer monitor, whereas a topographical survey has a much higher level of detail.
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| 0.910432 | 540 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Southern Yellow Pine
- Moderately resistant to decay
- Sapwood is yellowish white, heartwood is reddish brown
- Distinct smell that is shared among most species in the Pinus Genus.
Long Leaf Yellow Pine is in the group of Southern Yellow Pines sharing the hard, dense, and great strength-to-weight ratio. It is most commonly used for construction: poles, joists, piles and roof trusses, as well as sub-flooring and sheathing. Long Leaf Yellow Pine is extremely easy to work with as it works well with most tools.
- Light, straight-grained wood
- Easily worked
- All White Pine ages to a golden yellow color depending on exposure
White Pine is generally a light, straight-grained wood and is easy to work with. It is often used for interior trim, window sashes, door frames, furniture, and cabinets. It also posses excellent durability without shrinking with moisture.
- Has the highest weight-to-strength ratio
- Relatively soft, straight grain
- Exceptional acoustic properties and is used in the construction of pianos, guitars, violins and other musical instruments
Spruce lumber holds a straight grain which produces slow and consistent growth patterns. It is used for structural applications. Spruce's tight-knit fibers allow it to stand up to the elements which makes it perfect for outdoor siding or on decks and balconies.
- Grows harder with age
- Works easily with hand or power tools
- Commonly used in saunas
Hemlock is used for frames, sheathes, and floors. Mills often turn the wood into windows, frame-and-panel doors, moldings, and paneling. Hemlock has great strength and wear-resistance which make it great for ladders and stair components.
- Leader in creating finished wood products
- Naturally rot resistant
- Withstands wear
Black Locust wood is an excellent decking material. It requires little maintenance and can last over 50 years without any decay.
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Bed bugs are one of the most annoying pests in urban dwelling that has the potential to disturb the life of the individual. Studies suggest that the bed bugs have about twenty-eight different microorganisms. However, they do not transmit any disease among the humans, animals or the birds. Nevertheless, bed bug bites are a source of major concern as they pose a number of health risks that affect the physical as well the emotional life of the victim.
How does one get the bed bug bite symptom?
The bed bugs look for warm blood of humans, animals and birds. They primarily stay or hide close to its food supply. They strike the victim during the sleeping hours to devour a blood meal. A very distinct feature about a bed bug bite is the linear fashion in which a beg bug bites. Normally, the bites are seen in a row.
The bed bug uses its beaks for multiple purposes while feeding. It uses one of them to inject saliva into the skin. This temporarily numbs the site while the bed bug can complete the process of withdrawing the blood using the other beak. Due to the anti-coagulation agent present in its saliva, the victim does not feel the pain during the process of the bite. However, this agent is also one of the prime sources to trigger various allergic reactions from the host. The bedbugs can bite all over the body, but mainly attack the face, arms, legs, neck, back of the humans. The whole process takes about eight to ten minutes to complete. The bed bug returns to its shelter quickly once it completes the meal.
What are the allergic reactions of a bed bug bite?
The salivary allergens cause an allergic response from the host. The reaction varies depending on the immune system of the individual. A bed bug bite typically includes symptoms such as
- Red bumpy prickly skin
- Minor swelling up to 20cms in diameter
The symptoms are often misdiagnosed as a mosquito or a flea bite. A bed bug bite has a distinguished pattern of biting in a row and does not have a red dot at the center. Extreme allergic reaction or continuous bites can cause a skin rash along with an inflammation. A bed bug bite reaction also kicks off anaphylactic shock in some victims. Scratching of the bite causes secondary skin and other infections throughout the body.
Visit the Doctor
Skin rashes often disappear within few days, if the rash is left unscratched. Visit a doctor if the rashes pose other difficulties, such as secondary infections.
How long does the allergic-response last?
The allergic reactions triggered by the salivary allergens remain for few days up to few weeks. The process of healing depends on the immune system and the severity of the symptom in the victim. Suspect an infection if the symptoms remain for more than three weeks. It may require medical guidance and intervention to cure the rash completely.
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Many people are seeking information on how to treat gingivitis because believe it or not, it’s surprisingly common. In fact, in a nationwide 2009 study on Periodontal Diseases in the Australian Adult Population it was found that 24% of people tested showed early signs of gum disease (gingivitis).
That’s all well and good, but what exactly is gingivitis?
In essence it’s a condition caused by a bacterial (plaque) build-up on the gums and although non-destructive, if left untreated, it can morph into full blown periodontal disease which may cause permanent long-term damage to your teeth and jaw. At this stage however, the good news is that any problems can usually be reversed as the connective tissue and bone that hold the tooth in place are not yet affected.
So how do you know if you’re showing signs of gingivitis?
Classic signs and symptoms of gingivitis include:
• Swollen, red or tender gums that may bleed when you brush
• Gums that may have receded or pulled away from the teeth giving them an elongated appearance
• A bad taste in the mouth or recurring bad breath
The problem is that because gingivitis is usually painless and has mild symptoms it’s pretty easy to ignore and people often do just that!
The advantages are that each treatment is tailored to your needs until the right degree of teeth whitening is achieved. But also because a hydrogen peroxide gel is applied to each tooth evenly, you’re far less likely to suffer from uneven whitening.
In-chair teeth whitening
There idea that gingivitis can be down to genetic factors is nothing new and there is also evidence that medical factors can have a major influence too. However it’s thought that the primary cause is simply down to poor oral care.
Food particles trapped under the gums combine with bacteria to create plaque. This colourless film of sticky material then attaches itself to the tooth. If not removed the plaque hardens into something called calculus (tartar). Each day this contaminated crust grows. As it does so, it attacks the gums causing them to become irritated and this is why they often bleed when brushed.
How to treat gingivitis?
Remember that treatment for gingivitis is all about daily plaque control. If you don’t allow plaque to build up, it won’t cause any problems, simple! So the first step is to remove the problem. This is done chairside by your dentist/hygienist using techniques such as scaling and root planing. Doing so eradicates any troublesome tartar build up and promotes healing. In some cases your dentist may suggest an antibacterial mouthwash that you should use daily to help fight off any infection.
The next stage involves thorough and proper daily cleaning and flossing. Remember removing plaque is essential so you may want to increase the frequency and duration of your brushing, particularly after meal times. If you have problems flossing, then an alternative might be to invest in a water flosser or oral irrigator. There is evidence to suggest that gingivitis responds well to oral irrigators. They’re gentler than flossing as they shoot a small high-pressure stream of water which dislodges any remaining food particles from between teeth.
So, how long does it take to get rid of gingivitis?
Typically treatment for gingivitis takes somewhere between 10-14 days to reverse. However in some cases it may take longer. Even after proper gum disease treatment, conditions will continue to exist for several days, so you will need to be patient. However if after 2-3 weeks, you’re still showing signs of gingivitis, then it’s advisable that you speak to your dentist once again.
So there you have it…
Remember, if you do notice swollen or red gums or traces of blood when you brush then it’s a good indicator that you have gingivitis. In this instance it’s worth making an appointment with your dentist who will take a closer look and suggest a treatment plan.
If you’re seeking help in treating your gum infection, then look no further than Dental 266. We deliver gentle, patient-centred solutions that will have you back to full dental health fast. Call our friendly team and book an appointment on (02) 9051 0600 today.
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Historical Significance or Value
Black Horse Brewery Site has special historical significance as one of the most important provincial breweries in Otago and Southland, and one dating from the gold rush period of Otago’s history, and represents one of the significant early businesses from this time. The brewery grew to be one of the most important in provincial Otago under the leadership of James Kerr Simpson and Benjamin Hart. The subsequent history of acquisition by New Zealand Breweries Ltd and the closure of the brewery is also a representative story, with the amalgamation of the brewing industry into a few key companies in the twentieth century.
In the late 1800s and until the mid-twentieth century the scenic location encouraged the site’s association with the spring daffodil showing. The picturesque surroundings encouraged visitors to admire the extensive daffodil plantings, which were picked to fundraise for the war effort and for charitable agencies, particularly Barnardos and the Plunket Society.
Aesthetic Significance or Value
The Black Horse Brewery has aesthetic significance. As a ruin set in a wilding garden setting the site has a visual charm. The twenty five acres of daffodil fields have long been a public attraction in the spring, when the woodlands and fields are an abundant and vivid display.
Archaeological Significance or Value
The Black Horse Brewery Site has special archaeological significance. The site dates from the 1860s, the goldfields period of Wetherston’s history. The brewery operated on the site until 1923. The Black Horse Brewery complex is of special significance nationally as a largely intact example of an early brewery site, occupied from the mid-1860s, complete with malt-house, brewery, water race, water tank, and associated residence and gardens. The remains are largely archaeological in nature and provide insight into the working system of the brewery and the associated residential occupation, including historic plantings and gardens.
Scientific Significance or Value
The Black Horse Brewery Site has special scientific value as a daffodil planting dating from 1895, and now covering over 25 acres. The value of the planting is recognised by the New Zealand Daffodil Society which has awarded a citation of recognition for the work the Hart’s Daffodil Charitable Trust have done. As a daffodil breeder, Hart’s plantings represent many named and unnamed varieties from the period 1900-1914, which are of scientific interest to daffodil breeders in 2012.
Social Significance or Value
Brewing is one of New Zealand's earliest industries and one that is closely linked to the development of the social behaviour of New Zealanders. For many decades, in a male-dominated society, beer consumption formed the basis of leisure activity. The production of alcohol continues to be a significant industry and has played a significant role in New Zealand's history. Black Horse Brewery Site was a landmark at Wetherstons and, as well as being an important local employer, became a focal point for other community activities. The Brewery Site continues to reflect the brewing culture of nineteenth and early twentieth century New Zealand, as a historic attraction.
The daffodil plantings have social significance having been used for fundraising for social causes such as Barnardos and Plunket in the early years of the twentieth century. In addition, during World War One daffodils were picked to support patriotic causes.
(a) The extent to which the place reflects important or representative aspects of New Zealand history
The Black Horse Brewery Site represents the first line of businesses established in Wetherstons, one of the early towns which sprung up during the Otago gold rushes of the early 1860s. The history of Black Horse Brewery is one of growth into the most significant provincial brewery in Otago and Southland, until it was bought up by New Zealand Breweries and closed down. This history of closure and later demolition is also typical of many brewery sites. The location of the archaeological remains of the brewery in this quiet rural backwater has meant that the site has not been redeveloped and continues to tell the story of a nineteenth century brewery.
(b) The association of the place with events, persons, or ideas of importance in New Zealand history
The Black Horse Brewery Site is associated with the goldrush period of Otago’s history, an event which redefined Otago’s history. The history of Black Horse Brewery reflects the experience of many Otago towns which, like Wetherstons, boomed and then faded.
The Black Horse Brewery Site is associated with several figures of significance in the history of the Tuapeka area. Horace Basting’s was Lawrence’s first mayor and a prominent businessman. James Kerr Simpson was also an important local body politician and businessman. Benjamin Hart was a well-known figure and played a philanthropic role in Catholic circles, providing support for Catholic education and for the Santa Sabina convent in Dunedin.
(c) The potential of the place to provide knowledge of New Zealand history
The Black Horse Brewery Site has the potential through archaeological methods to reveal more about the early brewing industry, the site being occupied from the mid-1860s until 1923, and largely unused since that time. The Black Horse Brewery site has the potential to show the working system of a nineteenth and early twentieth century brewery, reflecting over sixty years in operation.
(e) The community association with, or public esteem for the place
The local community has supported the Harts Daffodils Charitable Trust in their efforts to provide access to the Black Hart’s Brewery Site, and a grant was received from the Community Trust of Otago towards the Trust’s efforts. In addition the site is part of the Lawrence goldfields trail, linking with Gabriel’s Gully. The long history of community fundraising through daffodil picking has been revived, with local groups benefitting from flower sales.
(f) The potential of the place for public education
Black Horse Brewery Site, managed by the Hart’s Daffodils Charitable Trust, is putting together interpretation for the site. In addition they have forged links with the school and education community who visit the site for learning outside the classroom activities.
(i) The importance of identifying historic places known to date from early periods of New Zealand settlement
The brewery operations on this site date from the mid-1860s, in the first years of European settlement in this area at the start of the gold rush period of Otago’s history, as such they date from an early period of European settlement in Otago.
(k) The extent to which the place forms part of a wider historical and cultural complex or historical and cultural landscape
The Black Horse Brewery Site is one of the remnants of the once bustling mining town of Wetherstons. As mining declined so did the settlement and now a scattering of buildings and archaeological sites remain which form the historical landscape of Wetherstons.
Summary of Significance or Values
Black Horse Brewery Site, an archaeological complex of structures relating to the operation of the brewery from the mid-1860s until its closure in 1923, is a special survivor from goldfield’s Otago which shows the working system of a nineteenth century brewery. It is of special archaeological significance for its potential to reveal more about a nineteenth century brewery through archaeological methods. The 25 acre record of daffodil species, originating in the planting by the Hart family daffodil breeders of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, is still a scenic attraction in the spring.
Tuapeka, the name applied to the wider Clutha District around the Tuapeka River is a shortened form of Te-huapeka (‘the fruitful branch’), though there seems to be some debate. One authority says it should be ‘Tuakipeta’ meaning cut down a branch of a tree for firewood. While Kai Tahu whanui knew the richness for mahika kai and had an intimate knowledge of the area and its Ara Tawhito (trails), land sales alienated this resource from Kai Tahu. Pastoralism and then gold drew a settled European population to the region. The gold miners at Wetherstons came in the wake of those at Gabriel’s Gully which started the rush to the Otago goldfields in May 1861.
Gold mining was thirsty work and throughout Otago breweries were built to supply the ubiquitous hotels. Brewing is one of New Zealand's oldest industries, established in response to strong local demand from the time of earliest European settlement. The main functional areas of a brewery are the malt house, where barley is germinated; the malt kiln, used to dry the barley and develop malt, and the brew-house, in the form of a tower, where fermentation takes place in vats. The primary requirement for a brewery site was proximity to good quality water. Spring water was preferred, as stream water had to be filtered through a bed of charcoal, sand and chalk.
As early as 1863 beer was brewed in Henry Coverlid’s shaving saloon at Wetherstons. In 1865 the Tuapeka Recorder advertised ‘Wetherstones Brewery’. In December 1865 Coverlid was described as a managing partner in Wetherstones Brewing Co., and that ‘an extensive building, together with the most improved brewing appliances, are in the course of erection, and are expected to be in working order within two weeks.
Work may have been delayed, because in March 1866 Coverlid’s London Brewery was still under construction – a two storey, wood and stone building located at the mouth of Bluejacket Gully. A plan from 1865 shows the site with two houses, the brewery and garden. A soda water and ginger beer factory was built alongside the factory. The water supply came from a race which ran along the top of Bluejacket Gully.
In March 1869 the brewery was sold in a mortgagee sale. The sale was reported in the Tuapeka Times, where the ‘large and convenient premises’ would provide a ‘first class opportunity for some practical brewer possessed of a moderate capital.’ The new owners Bastings and Kofoed (who had leased the premises in early 1868) set about expanding their newly branded ‘Black Horse Brewery.’ Bastings and Kofoed applied to the Otago Provincial Government to buy the freehold, but were at first refused as the land was part of a mining reserve; title was granted in 1869.
Horace Bastings was the first mayor of the Tuapeka area, elected in 1866. He sat on the Otago Provincial Council and was later the Member of the House of Representatives for Waikaia electorate in 1875. London born, he followed the call of gold, first to Victoria, Australia, and in 1862, to Otago. He brought brewer Johannes Kofoed over from Victoria, Australia, and they entered into business together. Bastings went on to own the Commercial Hotel and Stables in Lawrence and the South Island interest in Cobb and Co., among other businesses.
Bastings and Kofoed called for tenders for the erection of a ‘new brewery’, accepting a tender of £500 in April 1869. The new brewery was separate from the existing premises (which continued to be used for washing casks). The ‘substantial brick and stone building’ was well underway by August. The brewery was in production by September – the 80 feet by 30 feet (24 by 9 metres) building had cellarage on the ground floor, with windows to regulate the temperature, the second floor was the bottling plant, fermenting room, cooling room and store for the malt. The brick and stone work was completed by David Whittit, while Mr Aimers was in charge of the carpentry.
The first brew was celebrated in November 1869. The news that beer was to be had travelled via the bellman who invited ‘all and sundry to partake of it free of charge.’ A general rush, worthy of a gold mining area, took place, where ‘a vast cauldron filled with the refreshing drink was drained to the bottom by the crowd, who were allowed to assist themselves.’ The crowd, unsurprisingly, ‘afterwards showed signs of great animation.’
Black Horse Brewery’s beer was so well received that Bastings and Kofoed decided to build a malt house and kiln, advertising for tenders in February 1874. The Malt House was a separate structure from the Brewery. The lower walls were stone, the upper brick, with a shingle roof. The floor was concrete. The structure was 42 feet by 26 feet (13 metres by 8 metres). Alexander Humphrey won the tender.
Black Horse Brewery was described as ‘one of the largest and best-arranged concerns of the sort out of Dunedin, while none there possess by a considerable degree, the same conveniences for effectually and economically carrying on the business of a brewery.’ The entire complex covered over an acre – which included along with the brewery, malt house and kiln, a cooperage, and washing house, office, water race and tank, and men’s huts. A 90 acre (36 hectare) paddock provided depasturing for the carthorses. The machinery was water powered.
Black Horse Brewery used locally grown barley, encouraging farmers to grow barley, which became an important element in the local economy. Barley was produced by James Smith at Greenfield Station, who supplied 2000 bushels for the brewery.
The Bastings-Kofoed partnership was dissolved in July 1874, with William Hayes purchasing Bastings’ share. Bluejacket Gully (48 acres, 19 hectares) was purchased by Koefed and Hayes in June 1875, and the two established Black Horse Gold Mining Co. Ltd. Both companies were in financial trouble by the close of the 1870s. In July 1879 Kofoed was declared insolvent, Hayes meeting the same fate soon after. Kofoed moved to Milton and started another Black Horse Brewery with new business partner. The mortgage holder forced the sale of the brewery. Purchaser Henry Clayton took on James Kerr Simpson as brewer. The business was such a success that the plant was overhauled and a bottling plant erected beside the brewery.
In 1884 the brewery was leased, and in 1886, sold, to James Kerr Simpson and Benjamin Hart. Simpson and Hart held the title as tenants in common until transferring it to their company Simpson and Hart Limited in 1909. Black Horse Brewery became one of the ‘most successful of all the provincial breweries’, selling beer from Timaru to Bluff and all over the goldfields. The peak output (in the mid-1880s) was 5000-6000 gallons a week (the largest production of the provincial breweries).
Tasmanian-born Benjamin Hart followed the call of gold first to Victoria, Australia, and in 1862, to Wetherstons, where he settled and began mining. He was prominent in mining matters particularly the dredging boom where he managed a number of successful dredging companies. He was a generous benefactor to the Catholic Community, gifting the land for the Dominican convent at Pine Hill in Dunedin. The family donated an altar for the Teschemakers convent in North Otago in honour of their parents. His sons worked at the brewery, Henry as a commercial traveller and Albert as cooper making the wooden barrels to hold the beer.
James Simpson was a Scotsman who emigrated with his parents. He learnt the brewing trade at the Water of Leith Brewery in Dunedin, before going into business with Hart. He was a local body politician and a champion of the underdog, identifying strongly with the mining community. He was County Chairman for a time, and mayor, from 1923 to 1935.
Some of the effervescence was taken out of the brewing trade by the prohibition movement. In 1894 the Clutha District went dry and stayed that way until the 1950s. The Black Horse Brewery continued to operate, though Wetherstons itself entered a decline. Some locals lamented the loss of the sociability of hotels as community meeting places: ‘There is not even the chance of drinking to the health of her Majesty, as our only publican has not taken out a license at this time. There was a time when Wetherstones had over a dozen hotels, and the township was the centre of the district….But we can’t sport one hotel. Our prohibition friends will likely say it’s a good thing too but the majority of people will say it is a pity that the old times are past.’
Benjamin Hart had other interests though. Daffodils became a family passion. Hart developed the gardens and grounds in the late nineteenth century, planting hops, daffodils and rhododendrons and other exotics around the homestead built c.1900-1914. Daffodils included varieties that cost as much as £100 a bulb. Ten to fifteen acres of daffodils were planted with the help of brewery workers. Hart had over 150 varieties by 1901. Four Hart family daffodil varieties are registered in the International Daffodil Register. The daffodils naturalised and became a local attraction, as turning an ‘unsightly hillside’ into a ‘paradise of colour and perfume.’ Benjamin Hart is credited with beginning fundraising based on daffodils, supporting community causes through his plantings. Henry Hart was a top daffodil grower. Henry’s brother Albert Hart’s sale catalogue of daffodil bulbs from 1918-19, lists 40 varieties grown in Lawrence.
In 1909 the brewery’s name was changed to the Tuapeka Brewery. Brewing continued until October 1923 when New Zealand Breweries purchased the brewing rights and the brewery was closed down, with all staff offered employment at Speights Brewery in Dunedin, a fate of many breweries.
During World War One daffodils were picked and sent to Dunedin to raise money for the Patriotic Fund. By the 1930s train excursions would come from Dunedin in spring to view the daffodils, with over 1,500 visitors in 1937. School children would visit to pick the flowers to sell for charity, particularly the Dr Barnardo’s Homes and the Plunket Society.
Simpson and Hart Limited transferred the property to members of the Hart family in 1939. The brewery buildings were partially demolished in the 1940s.
A certificate of recognition was awarded to the Hart’s Daffodil Charitable Trust in April 2011 by the National Daffodil Society of New Zealand for their work in the restoring the site from gorse-covered hillside to open daffodil fields, and promoting and preserving of daffodils. The citation recognises the ‘virtual gold mine of veteran daffodils as well as varieties which have self-seeded.’
In 2012 the brewery site is still in the family, with the Hart’s Daffodil Charitable Trust overseeing the care and development of the site. The Black Horse Brewery Site remains a special historic attraction and brings visitors to view the spectacular daffodil display in spring.
The Black Horse Brewery Site (Former) is located on the outskirts of the small settlement of Wetherstons, three kilometres from Lawrence in the Clutha district of Otago. This settlement was, during the nineteenth century a bustling town built up around the gold-bearing land nearby. In 2012 there remains a cluster of buildings and many archaeological remnants which recall the heyday of the town. To the north is the Glen Dhu Forest and Phoenix Dam.
The Black Horse Brewery Site is to the north-east of the town site, nestled in Bluejacket Gully, through which runs a tributary of Wetherstons Creek.
The former Brewery Site has several distinct areas: The cluster of remnant structures associated with the brewery; the buildings associated with the Hart residence, the gardens and tree plantings and the wider daffodil fields.
The remnant structures associated with the brewery are the office, brewing plant, malting plant and water tank. A water race provided water for the brewery and house. An archaeological survey is needed to identify the full extent of the remains of the site associated with the development of the brewery and associated residential and administrative structures from the mid-1860s until 1923. What follows is a brief summary of the known features.
The malting plant is the most prominent structure. The malting plant was originally a two-storey structure with a stone lower level, with brick facings on the window and door openings, and a brick upper level. The malt kiln was located at the eastern end of the plant. The building outline, concrete floor, a section of the exterior wall and the base of the malt kiln, including vaulted sections remain. The remaining features provide an illustration of the malting process.
The brewing plant foundations and some standing structural elements remain. The water tank for the brewery is located on the hillside behind the brewing plant. The water supply was a crucial element of the brewing process. The water race is still visible on the hillside.
The house, a modest timber villa, is located on a rise directly behind the ruins of the malting plant. It is in a dilapidated condition. Next to the house are two small outbuildings which housed the bathroom (complete with bath) and outhouse. The house was occupied by Eva Hart until the 1960s. In the 1990s the unoccupied property was damaged by vandals.
The office is a one-room single-gable timber building, rectangular in plan located close to entrance of the brewery site. The concrete foundations of another structure remain immediately to the south.
The garden is located to the south of the malting plant. It consists of mature rhododendrons, hawthorne, and other exotic plantings. Heritage plant species include aconite, hops, fritillaries, bluebells and hellebores, among others. Significant trees include those planted for the first Arbour Day in 1892.
The daffodil fields are located on the open hillside on two sides of the brewery site. The daffodils cover 25 acres and include uncounted varieties.
Other brewery related structures on the NZHPT Register of historic places, historic areas, wahi tapu and wahi tapu areas are the Brew Tower at Mangatainoka (Register no. 3961, Category 1), dating from 1931, built for Tui Brewery Ltd, part of Tui Breweries which started in 1889. This is a seven storey brick tower designed by Gummer and Ford, designed in Stripped Classical style. The former Thordon Brewery Tower (Register no. 4426, Category 1) was built in 1915 in Edwardian Free Style, designed by architect William Turnbull, and forms part of a New Zealand Breweries complex, many of the buildings of which have been demolished. Neither of these relate to mid-nineteenth century structures.
Comparable in period is Ward’s Brewery Historic Area (Register no. 7512), which was established on its current site in 1860. It was a complex of buildings including a malt-house, brewing tower and other related structures which formed the largest and most important group of industrial buildings in Christchurch from that era. Some of the structures were damaged in the series of earthquakes in Canterbury in 2010-2011 and have been demolished. The remaining structures include most significantly the malt kiln, a warehouse, a 1950s concrete block building and Pomeroy’s Inn. Also in Christchurch is the City Malthouse (now Canterbury Children’s Theatre) (Category 2, Register no. 1902), a former malthouse which provided malt for the mile distant City Brewery in the 1860s.
On the NZAA Site Recording Scheme, there are 12 recorded brewery sites – these include two in Fiordland (one related to Cook’s landing there, the other a distillery making cabbage tree rum); three in Dunedin – large nineteenth century operations, including Speights Brewery; one in New Plymouth; malthouses in Blenheim and Whanganui/Wanganui; and two related sites in Tauranga.
Frank Leckie’s book Otago’s Breweries Past & Present provides a comprehensive survey of breweries in the region. There were 28 brewery sites in Dunedin alone, dating from 1856 onwards. Dunedin was New Zealand’s brewery capital by 1880, brewing over one third of the total quantity of beer produced in New Zealand. Some were short lived and left little trace, others were large operations, and have left remnant structures – Wellpark Brewery (dating from 1862, NZAA I44/380), and Water of Leith Brewery (NZAA I44/382), of which the malt kiln remains. Neither of these brewery sites is registered. The most prominent and well known is the Speight’s Brewery (NZAA I44/233), established on its current site in 1876, and still operating as the Speight’s Branch of New Zealand Breweries.
In the provinces there were breweries in all the small centres – Alexandra, Balclutha, Clyde, Cromwell, Queenstown, Naseby, Lawrence, Oamaru and Waikouaiti. Breweries were among the early industries established in all these settlements, illustrating their importance to the community. Some were short lived, others were more lasting; the Swan Brewery in Cromwell operated from 1872 to 1908, the Milton Brewery (under various names) from 1862 to 1906. The Black Horse Brewery in Wetherstons was one of the most prominent and long lasting, and recalls the gold rush heyday of this settlement. It was the only provincial brewery to distribute outside its local district. There has been no systematic survey of what remains of these brewery structures, though Otago Regional Archaeologist Dr Matthew Schmidt could not recall any complexes such as this surviving in the Otago goldfields area, making it a special survivor from that period.
Other breweries survive from the 1860s including Greymouth Brewery (now Monteiths, but known previously as the Phoenix Brewery, though continued development to adapt to modern brewing practices has led to the demolition of original structures. The Domain Brewery site (later Lion Brewery) in Newmarket in Auckland is also one on which brewing continued from 1880s onward.
The Black Horse Brewery Site has special significance as the site of an 1860s brewery, dating from the early gold mining period in Wetherstons’ history. The site has the potential to reveal more information on the operation of the brewery, and of the residential occupation of the site. The daffodil plantings are over 110 years old and are an important horticultural site.
London Brewery erected
Tenders for new brewery building and associated structures
Malt House completed
First Arbor Day – 60 trees planted at Wetherston’s including on the brewery site
1900 - 1914
Hart residence built
Demolished - Other
1940 - 1949
Brewery buildings partially demolished
Concrete, stone, timber, brick.
7th November 2012
Report Written By
2 Oct 1929, p.10.
Daphne Lemon, Stars in Orion, Tuapeka then and now, John McIndoe, Dunedin, 1979
Otago Daily Times
Otago Daily Times
17 Apr 1869, p.2.; 15 Nov 1869, p.2.; 2 Jul 1879, p.3.
27 Mar 1869, p.14.; 24 Jun 1897, p.25.; 14 Aug 1901, p.10.
4 Sep 1869, p.3.; 11 Feb 1874, p.2.; 25 Feb 1874, p.2.; 29 Apr 1874, p.2; 1 Jul 1874, p.2.; 15 May 1875, p.5.; 14 Apr 1875, p.2; 19 Jan 1876, p.5.; 12 Jun 1886, p.3.
New Zealand Railway Observer
New Zealand Railway Observer
W.J. Cowan, ‘The 1937 Lawrence Daffodil Excursion’, Spring 1988, pp.94-95.
14 Apr 1869, p.4.; 5 Jun 1874, p.6.; 14 Jan 1881, p.3.
Frank Leckie, Otago’s Breweries Past and Present, Otago Heritage Books, Dunedin, 1997
Royal Horticultural Society
Royal Horticultural Society
The Daffodil Year Book 1914, pp.37-40; pp. 81- 84
A fully referenced registration report is available from the Otago/Southland Office of the NZHPT.
Please note that entry on the New Zealand Heritage List/Rarangi Korero identifies only the heritage values of the property concerned, and should not be construed as advice on the state of the property, or as a comment of its soundness or safety, including in regard to earthquake risk, safety in the event of fire, or insanitary conditions.
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Astronaut Alan Shepard’s space capsule has been given a place of honor alongside a settler, a buffalo, a crab and an Indian chief on a new coat of arms adopted by the city of Hampton. The new coat was designed by the College of Arms, official custodian of heraldry in England. Hampton is the only city in the United States to have a coat of arms designed and awarded by the ancient English court of heraldry. The crest of the seal depicts a Chesapeake Bay crab holding the capsule in its claws to denote the city’s seafood industry and the presence of NASA at Langley Air Force Base.We won't get into all of the errors in this brief news story. On the plus side, though, at least they use the term "crest" to correctly refer to the crest and not to the coat of arms or the entire achievement!
Looking about on the city's website, I was unable to find their fifty-year-old coat of arms, and elsewhere I was only able to find small renderings of the city's seal. This one is typical of the depictions that I could find.
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Less than twenty years ago, you would have had to travel to Bolivia or Peru to get a taste of quinoa. Maybe it was on offer in one of the bulk bins at the hippie food co-op; otherwise quinoa (pronounced KEEN WAH) was a nonentity on this side of the Tropic of Cancer. But these days, we gringos can’t get enough of the stuff. With its high-protein promise and gluten-free badge, quinoa has become an it-girl ingredient, occupying every nook and cranny of the North American eating landscape, from restaurant menus to big-box store shelves. In less than a decade, the demand for this little ole seed from the Andes has exploded. Gone are the days of indigenous staple; say hello to a global commodity.
A Brief History
Although it may be best known as the beloved grain of the Incas during the pre-Columbian era (1200s or so), quinoa has ancient, prehistoric roots. Long before the Incans expressed their love for chisiya mama (“mother of all grains” in the Quechua language), quinoa, packed with nutrients, had been sustaining Andean mountain (aka altiplano) dwellers for millennia, as far back as 5,000 BCE. Although dates are imprecise, there is archeological consensus that the birthplace of quinoa is Lake Titicaca, an Andean mountain lake on the Bolivia-Peru border. Traces of quinoa have been found in tombs in Chile and Peru, as well as on hearths and tools in Argentina and Bolivia. Along with corn and potatoes, quinoa was a dietary staple of these indigenous hunter-gatherer civilizations.
During the Incan empire, quinoa was regarded as a sacred plant, and used in religious ceremonies. At harvest celebrations, the Incas would drink chichi, a “beer” made from fermented quinoa.
In the 1530s, Spanish colonists destroyed quinoa fields and banned all quinoa cultivation, consumption and worship, demanding that the conquered grow barley and wheat instead. Wild quinoa at higher elevations endured, and despite colonial efforts, the adaptable plant persisted through the ages as an indigenous foodstuff.
Quinoa has been the darling of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) for nearly two decades. In 1996, the FAO classified quinoa as “one of humanity’s most promising crops” both for its commercial versatility as well as its potential as “an alternative to solve the serious problems of human nutrition.” The agency dubbed 2013 the International Year of Quinoa, continuing the theme that quinoa is a viable solution to food insecurity.
Intrigued by its nutritional prowess, NASA, in the early 1990s, considered quinoa as potential astronaut food for space missions.
After many years of debate among kosher authorities, quinoa is now considered kosher for Passover. Last year, the Orthodox Union ruled that quinoa is eligible for OUP (Kosher for Passover) designation, a symbol that appears on food packaging.
Botanically speaking, quinoa is known as Chenopodium quinoa. Although it acts and eats like a grain, quinoa is not a true grain (or grass) like wheat. It is the seed of a leafy plant in the goosefoot family, with beets, chard, spinach and lamb’s quarters as close relatives. Like amaranth and buckwheat, quinoa is often referred to as a pseudograin or pseudocereal. It is highly adaptable and can grow both at sea level and extreme elevations. Although drought resistant, it has little tolerance for extreme heat. According to the FAO, there are more than 3,000 varieties.
Currently, Bolivia, Peru (and Ecuador, to a lesser degree) are the leading world producers, responsible for about 80 percent of worldwide production. According to the FAO, these three countries produced some 82,000 metric tons of quinoa in 2012. Although small-scale quinoa production is underway in Colorado and Nevada, the US imports far more quinoa than it it grows, taking about 45 percent of the global harvest.
But the quinoa playing field is poised to change within the next decade, maybe even sooner. With the help of a $1.6 million USDA grant, Washington State University is conducting multi-state trials of multiple quinoa varieties for its viability as a commercial crop in the Pacific Northwest and surrounding states in the mountain west. WSU breeder Kevin Murphy, who’s spearheading these efforts, hosted a global quinoa summit last year in Pullman, Washington.
At the moment, virtually all of the quinoa eaten in this country is imported from South America. Quinoa’s overnight popularity as a superfood has resulted in an explosion in imports; the distance from farm to table is arguably taking a toll on the environment, courtesy of the oil needed to ship it to market.
But several other interconnected issues are at play: On the one hand, increased demand has put more money in the pockets of farmers; on the other hand, prices for quinoa have quadrupled and fewer South Americans can afford to eat it.
Agencies like the FAO argue that quinoa in and of itself is an energy-efficient crop, easily adapting to various climates and resistant to drought. “The Bolivian National Institute of Agricultural and Forestry Innovation has ranked quinoa among the 21 seeds most resistant to climate change,” (page 27), according to a 2013 FAO report.
Yet, quinoa’s newfound status as global commodity means constant stress to land, resulting in soil degradation and selling off grazing llama to make room for more crops. Some companies are beginning to respond. For example, Alter Eco Foods, which manufactures fair trade quinoa and chocolate bars, now requires seven grazing llamas per hectare to ensure an ongoing layer of fertilizer.
To date, quinoa is not genetically engineered and much of what’s commercially available is organic.
Although quinoa boasts a botanical treasure chest of thousands of varieties, there are just three types commercially available – white/ivory, red and black – for now. In Quinoa 365, co-author Patricia Green (who along with her sister Carolyn Hemming are known as “The Quinoa Sisters”) recounts the quinoa she encountered in Bolivia, an artist’s palette of colors – magenta, yellow, orange and green, to name a few.
Other than color, there’s little textural or flavor differences among the three varieties in North American cupboards. Black quinoa might come off as a slightly crunchier, and red quinoa could be perceived as slightly sweet, but by and large, the flavor profile is nutty, sometimes grassy yet mild. Uncooked, quinoa (particularly the white and red varieties) looks like millet, which looks like bird seed. But when cooked, quinoa pops open, taking on the appearance of a tadpole. You’ll notice a squiggly little comma or tail, or maybe it will remind you of a twinkling star. The cooked squigglies have both a fluffy and popped texture. A flavor chameleon, cooked quinoa will readily absorb an extensive portfolio of seasonings, from lemon to mustard, feta to pistachios, basil to curry powder. It’s an ingredient meant for experimentation.
Quinoa flour is made from white/ivory quinoa, and has a powdery texture similar to that of rice flour. Quinoa that you grind yourself will be slightly more textured than its packaged counterpart.
Nutrition and effects on the body
Quinoa isn’t just loaded with protein (12 to 16 percent, depending on the variety). It’s a complete protein, It is the only known plant food that is a complete protein – meaning it contains all essential amino acids – without accompanying foods like beans.
One cup of cooked quinoa contains roughly eight grams of protein and five grams of fiber. It is rich in iron, folate, magnesium and zinc and a respectable source of calcium, Omega-3 fatty acids and a brain-boosting vitamin called Choline. It’s gluten-free, hypo-allergenic, has a low-glycemic index – and it’s safe for babies to eat. No wonder the Incans referred to it as the “mother of all grains.”
In traditional medicine, quinoa has long been considered a panacea, treating sundry ailments, from wounds to toothaches, altitude sickness to urinary tract infections.
What to Do with It/Cooking Tips
For the uninitiated, quinoa cooks just like rice, but in a fraction of the time: Add to boiling water, cover and cook at a simmer, and in 15 minutes, it’s done. (And yes, you can use a rice cooker.) From there, a world of culinary possibilities awaits. You can eat hot or cold, seasoned with your favorite vinaigrette, herbs and finely chopped vegetables (see recipe that follows to get started) and serve as a side dish or atop a bed of salad greens. It works great as a stuffing, tucked into peppers, zucchini halves, a roasted whole chicken or taco shells. Try it instead of rice for risotto or paella, and for kicks, use that leftover quinoa for “fried rice.” Quinoa’s got you covered at breakfast, too; this porridge has become a personal favorite on cold winter mornings. It even offers a sweet ending; both quinoa flour and flakes are making their way into gluten-free baked goods, from cake to brownies (recipe details follow).
Bakers, take note: you can grind your own quinoa “flour.” Commercially ground quinoa flour is costly and quickly oxidizes (and turns rancid). Grind what you need in a coffee grinder designated for spices.
And raw foodies, try quinoa seeds in your next sprouting adventure.
In collaboration with Slow Food, the FAO compiled a digital collection of quinoa-centric recipes from chefs around the world. (Recipes begin on page 38.)
Quinoa reheats beautifully the next day, but it can also be stored in the freezer for a dinner in the not-too-distant future.
As mentioned earlier, quinoa produces a naturally-occurring coating called saponin. Although invisible and relatively harmless to humans, it can impart a bitter flavor to cooked quinoa. Several brands of commercially available quinoa are rinsed (which is stated on packaging); if not, give your quinoa a quick rinse under running water.
Storage Like other grains, keep quinoa in an airtight container to discourage insect visitors. But because quinoa is rich in essential fatty acids (i.e. oils), it will eventually oxidize and turn rancid. A cool, dark place will extend its shelf life.
Sweet: Quinoa-Walnut Brownies
Excerpted from “The Meat Lover’s Meatless Celebrations” by Kim O’Donnel by arrangement with Da Capo Lifelong, a member of the Perseus Books Group. Copyright 2012.
1⁄2 cup white/ivory quinoa, or 2⁄3 cup quinoa flour
1⁄2 teaspoon salt
1⁄2 teaspoon baking powder
2 ounces unsweetened chocolate, chopped roughly
4 ounces bittersweet chocolate, chopped roughly
6 tablespoons unsalted butter, cut into 6 pieces
1 cup granulated sugar
2 teaspoons vanilla extract
2 large eggs, beaten lightly
1⁄2 cup unsalted walnuts, chopped roughly
Tools: Electric coffee or spice grinder, parchment paper, balloon whisk, 8- or 9-inch square baking pan
Kitchen notes: If you’re going to grind your own quinoa, use the kind that’s been rinsed before packaging rather than rinse yourself. Ancient Harvest, Bob’s Red Mill, Earthly Delights and Eden Foods all sell rinsed quinoa, as stated on their labels.
- Grease a baking pan and line with parchment paper with a few inches of overhang so you can easily remove brownies after baking. Grind the quinoa in a coffee or spice grinder until it looks powdery, like flour. Transfer to a small bowl and add the salt and the baking powder.
- Pour a few inches of water into a medium-size saucepan and place a metal bowl that fits snugly on top, yet without touching the water, to make a double boiler. Place all of the chocolate and the butter in the bowl and melt over medium-low heat. As the mixture melts, the chocolate will take on a glossy sheen. With a heatproof rubber spatula, gently scrape the sides of the bowl and stir. When the mixture is completely melted, it will be shiny and smooth.
- Preheat the oven to 325°F.
- Remove the bowl from the heat and whisk in the sugar and vanilla, followed by the eggs, one at a time. Switch to a wooden spoon or rubber stirring spatula, and stir in the quinoa mixture until well incorporated. Stir in the walnuts until evenly distributed. Scoop the batter into the prepared pan and place on a baking sheet.
- Bake on the middle rack for 35 minutes, or until a skewer inserted into the middle comes out with a small amount of residue. You are looking for a fudgy crumb and overbaking will yield a dry result.
- Transfer the pan to a rack and allow to cool completely, at least 1 hour. Using the parchment overhang, remove the brownies from the pan and transfer to a cutting board. Remove the parchment. If the brownies are still even a little bit warm, expect some breakage. Slice and serve.
The brownies freeze well wrapped in foil. Makes about 16 servings.
Savory: Quickie Quinoa-Chickpea Salad
Excerpted from “The Meat Lover’s Meatless Cookbook” by Kim O’Donnel by arrangement with Da Capo Lifelong, a member of the Perseus Books Group. Copyright 2010.
2 cups water
1⁄2 teaspoon salt
1 cup quinoa, rinsed in a sieve
1 (15-ounce) can chickpeas, rinsed and drained
Zest of 1 lemon
Juice of 1⁄2 lemon
1 teaspoon olive oil
1⁄2 cup fresh parsley, chopped
- Bring the water to a boil in a medium-size saucepan and add the salt and quinoa. Give a quick stir, then cover, lower the heat, and cook for 15 minutes.
- Remove the lid, fluff with a fork and add the chickpeas, lemon zest, lemon juice, olive oil and parsley. Stir to combine and taste for salt, adding more as you see fit.
Makes about 6 side-dish servings.
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Waccamaw River Memorial Bridge – Conway, South Carolina
South Carolina | SC Picture Project | Horry County Photos | Waccamaw River Memorial Bridge
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This historic bridge with Gothic-style arches was built in 1937 and takes travelers across the Waccamaw River in Conway and is a focal point of the Conway Riverwalk. The bridge replaced an earlier one-lane structure that at the time was the only road access from Conway to the then up-and-coming Grand Strand resort of Myrtle Beach. During this period in the 1930s the South Carolina highway system was booming, and the increased traffic – especially to the beach – called for a larger bridge.
The bridge was designated as a memorial to Horry County veterans of war from the American Revolution through World War I. Around 15,000 people attended the bridge’s opening ceremony on April 1, 1938. The excitement over the new bridge is reflected in a poem written by Mrs. Charles R. Scarborough for the event, which begins:
The Bridge! The Bridge! It was opened today!
The handsome new bridge in the town of Conway
It is your bridge, and my bridge, and everybody’s, too
It is free for the crossing; it is welcome to you!
The 1,270-foot-long multi-span continuous steel girder bridge signified economic growth in South Carolina’s coastal counties. Chief Highway Commissioner Ben Sawyer, who served in that position from 1926 until 1940 and for whom the Ben Sawyer Bridge to Sullivan’s Island is named, stated, “The Coastal section should and could be made a play ground for the people of South Carolina and large numbers of people for neighboring states.” In regards to economic development, Sawyer went on to say that “the one essential prerequisite is more and adequate hard surfaced roads.”
This new bridge, built at a cost of $370,000, did indeed lead to tremendous development. Its unique architecture and influence on the early growth of the Grand Strand region earned it a place in the National Historic Register:
The Waccamaw River Memorial Bridge, constructed in 1937 and opened to the public in April 1938, is locally significant as an example of engineering techniques and architectural design used in the construction of South Carolina highway bridges during a period of remarkable growth in the state’s highway system. It is a multi-span continuous steel girder bridge made up of four steel girder main spans, four continuous steel string approach spans, and concrete piers which support the bridge deck. The entire bridge is 1270 feet long.
Among its notable engineering and architectural features are its long vertical and horizontal curves, the use of 28 cast-iron light standards along the balustrade, and the Gothic-influenced pointed arches cut out of its concrete piers; the arches have been described as “a lavish treatment seldom seen in South Carolina bridges” in a 1993 bridge inventory project sponsored by the South Carolina Department of Highways and Public Transportation. The bridge was designated as a memorial to Horry County citizens who served in America’s wars from the American Revolution through the First World War. It is also significant for its association with the growth and development of the Grand Strand-Myrtle Beach area as a resort in the first half of the twentieth century. Constructed at a cost of $370,000, the bridge replaced an earlier one-lane bridge which had been the only bridge connecting Conway with the developing Grand Strand-Myrtle Beach area.
More Pictures of the Waccamaw River Memorial Bridge
Reflections on the Waccamaw River Memorial Bridge
Contributor Susan Klavohn Bryant shares, “My sister and I were astonished at the gothic arches in the bridge supports. They look like something you would seein Europe.”
Waccamaw River Memorial Bridge Info
Address: US Highway 501, Conway, SC 29526
GPS Coordinates: 33.833056,-79.044167
Waccamaw River Memorial Bridge Map
Waccamaw River Memorial Bridge Add Info and More Photos
The purpose of the South Carolina Picture Project is to celebrate the beauty of the Palmetto State and create a permanent digital repository for our cultural landmarks and natural landscapes. We invite you to add additional pictures (paintings, photos, etc) of Waccamaw River Memorial Bridge, and we also invite you to add info, history, stories, and travel tips. Together, we hope to build one of the best and most loved SC resources in the world!
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Prisma is the world’s most engaging virtual school that combines a fun, real-world curriculum with powerful mentorship from experienced coaches and a supportive peer community
According to the National Association for Gifted Children (NAGC), twice-exceptional children are gifted in one or more areas, and also have one or more disabilities / learning differences, including Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), or dyslexia. This mismatch between development and skill levels is known as “asynchrony.”
If that sounds like a lot to you, you’re right. The label encompasses so many diagnoses that it can be a particular challenge to identify 2e students, let alone figure out how best to support them.
The Davidson Institute, a non-profit that helps gifted students who score in the top 99.9 percent, explains: “twice-exceptional students, whose gifts and disabilities often mask one another, are difficult to identify. Without appropriate educational programming, twice exceptional students and their talents go unrealized.”
The National Education Association elaborates on the three possible ways 2e kids can end up with a misdiagnosis: A child identified as a gifted student may have an unnoticed learning disability; a special education student may get passed over for gifted education services; and a third category of student gets no gifted or special education services whatsoever, as their gifts and disabilities mask one another. These discrepancies can cause frustration in children, straining their mental health and leading to social, emotional, and behavioral problems.
Because 2e students have multiple diagnoses, there’s a particular need for a flexible, customized approach to meet their intellectual and emotional needs. Parents know their children best, which means they can “play a critical advocacy role, yet they also need support to fulfill this role,” argue researchers Lynn Dare and Elizabeth Agnes Nowicki.
One of the biggest challenges in helping twice exceptional students is finding a way to balance what often seem like contradictory needs. On the one hand, these learners need enrichment in order to ensure they are being engaged with an appropriate level of work. On the other hand, they also need accommodations to ensure their learning difficulties aren’t hindering their ability to perform at their best. This might include things like decreasing the quantity of assigned work or avoiding certain requirements. Dyslexic students should be allowed to dictate some writing assignments, use text-to-voice software or read a physical book along with an audiobook version.
While traditional school environments have procedures and policies in place to support 2e students once they are formally identified, thanks to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, home-based schooling is particularly well suited to meet the special needs of these learners in the most holistic way possible.
Here’s what we’ve learned about why 2e students thrive at Prisma.
While 2e students in public schools have to get a formal diagnosis in order to qualify for an IEP that may require them to be pulled out of regular class time to get special services, a home-based learning program like Prisma is an individualized education program, by definition.
Since asynchronous development is one of the main characteristics of twice-exceptional students, you’re likely to find that they are at very different grade levels in their various subjects. If your 2e kid wants to zoom ahead and do highschool math but needs to read books at a slower pace, there’s no paperwork required. And, since much learning progress happens in spurts, you can always adjust their level after a break-through, without having to jump through bureaucratic hoops.
When you allow them to learn according to their unique needs, you bolster their self-esteem and teach them there is no “ahead” or “behind,” just the possibility to grow from where they are today.
Gifted learners thrive when their intrinsic motivation is allowed free-reign. As part of our project-based approach at Prisma, we let kids propose their own topics, as long as it meets the criteria for the assignment. A strength-based approach can be really empowering — and a source of confidence that they can tap into when it comes time to work on their learning challenges.
Some of the biggest challenges for 2e kids (and a major source of classroom behavioral problems) come from having to follow a set of rules and routines that don’t jive with their needs. When learning from home, 2e kids benefit from the ability to turn off the camera, take wiggle or snack breaks, or just have quiet time — no accommodations required. Rather than making them feel different when they go with their own flow, home-based learning allows kids to take responsibility for their needs and strategize how to get them met.
Twice exceptional learners are at a greater risk of bullying in conventional public or private school classrooms, yet in a traditional homeschool setup they may not get the opportunity for socialization that will allow them to safely explore their exceptionality and build social skills. Prisma’s cohort model encourages relationships between learners, as they meet together daily with the same caring adult, often collaborating on projects and providing one another feedback.
One of the biggest sources of frustration for 2e kids is having so much to offer in their thoughts, and then struggling to organize those thoughts because of problems with executive functioning (one of the common characteristics of 2e learners). Our coaches help learners build problem-solving skills. They practice using calendars, scheduling, and setting goals, so learners can figure out how to take their amazing gifts and get them organized. Since the coach, parents and learner develop a close relationship, they make sure the goals are appropriate for the individual learner, balancing the necessary accommodations with some healthy “stretching” beyond the comfort zone.
Want to learn more about how Prisma can empower your child to thrive?Talk with us
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Bullying is about a power dynamic between peers. To interrupt it, first understand why it happens.
Children’s Mental Health is in Crisis. Here’s How to Help Develop Your Child’s Self-Esteem.
The holiday season is the time to get your hands dirty with these Halloween craft ideas - candy corn optional.
Dyslexic kids often lose their love of learning. Here’s how parents can help them rediscover it.
The challenges of adolescence can be magnified for LGBTQ kids. Here’s how to help them thrive.
From bullying to finding a safe bathroom, LGBTQ students navigate a tough landscape at school.
What we know about the relationship between ‘hard fun’ and learning. (Hint: It’s not about playing games in between worksheets.)
Here’s what we mean by ‘success’ at Prisma - and how we use it to help kids thrive.
What parents need to know about socialization in—and out of—the classroom to help your homeschooler thrive.
Child entrepreneurship is trending. Here are three steps to developing an innovative business that stands out from the crowd.
A hands-on approach to develop real-world skills, resiliency and a love of learning — here’s how we practice it at Prisma.
A Shared Name and Diverse Strengths Led Two Bens to Build an AI Writing Business.
When traditional public school isn’t the best option, consider these alternatives.
Five ways parents can help their kids see themselves as a work in progress.
Gifted kids face unique challenges when it comes to burnout. Here’s how parents can help.
For travel-hungry families dreaming of school vacation, there’s much to celebrate about shifts in the way we live, work and educate our children.
To create a customized education for your child takes more than a checklist. This three-stage framework can help you get started.
If you’re homeschool-curious, here’s what 100 families have to say about the biggest advantages and disadvantages of homeschooling.
With homeschooling, the sky’s the limit – and there’s a lot on your plate. Learn about how to make this growing trend work for your family.
Learning how to use the internet safely, smartly, and creatively is one of the most essential skills for success in our hyper-connected world. Prisma learners just wrapped up their Cyber Citizens learning
A live learning platform purpose-built for kids. It's a new, fun and engaging way for kids to learn and collaborate together virtually.
Technology has completely revolutionized how we shop, communicate, entertain ourselves, and even how we work, but no such revolution has happened in education.
We’ve officially wrapped up our first ever fall session at Prisma and are excited to share our learnings and observations with you.
Starting today, families can apply to join Prisma from anywhere in the USA. Here’s how it will work. You can still apply to any of our five founding cohort hubs (Chicago, Los Angeles, Salt Lake City, San Francisco, or Tampa) if you live nearby.
Over the past week, as millions of parents have realized that traditional in-person schooling may not be safe or available come September, a new twist on an old phenomenon has emerged.
We're excited to announce the rollout of Prisma cohorts in 5 US cities: San Francisco, Los Angeles, Chicago, Tampa and Salt Lake City.
We’re Prisma, and today we’re announcing the world’s first Connected Learning Network, a whole new category in education. We’re not a school in the conventional sense; we’re a locally-rooted, globally connected at-home learning network that gives kids the tools to live their optimal life, starting today.
First-time Poet Wins “Games for Change Student Challenge” with “Poem of PvZ”.
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Council on Environmental Health
Prepared by: Kevin C. Osterhoudt, MD, MSCE
Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in Fish: Results of a National Pilot Study in the U.S.
Ramirez AJ, Brain RA, Usenko S, Mottaleb MA, O’Donnell JG, Stahl LL, Wathen JB, Snyder BD, Pitt JL, Perez-Hurtado P, Dobbins LL, Brooks BW, Chambliss CK.
FIND IT AT
As of May 1, 2009, this manuscript has been accepted for publication in Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
The United States Safe Drinking Water Act (http://www.epa.gov/safewater/sdwa/index.html) was originally passed by Congress in 1974, and was amended in 1986 and 1996, to protect the public by setting standards relevant to the safety of the nation’s drinking water supply and its sources. Pursuant to this Act, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has set maximum permissible drinking water standards for 90 contaminants. However, in 2008, newspapers across the country ran sensational headlines highlighting the finding of detectable levels of unregulated pharmaceuticals in the drinking water supply of numerous cities (http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008-03-10-drugs-tap-water_N.htm). While pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and mercury have long been known to contaminate our fresh water lakes, streams, and aquatic life, there is newly focused concern on contamination of these resources by pharmaceuticals and human personal care products.
WHAT THEY DID
This was a national pilot study testing for the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in fish. A geographically diverse group of rivers, each receiving effluent from human waste water treatment plants, were selected for study. The study sites were located near Chicago, IL; Dallas, TX; Orlando, FL; Phoenix, AZ; and West Chester, PA. Additionally, a reference site from the Gila River in New Mexico – relatively free of human waste contamination - was tested. Fish, conforming to standardized testing parameters, were collected from these rivers during the late summer of 2006. Fillet and liver tissue samples were dissected independently, and tissue homogenates were created. These samples were tested using advanced laboratory techniques for the presence of 36 target chemicals comprised of 24 pharmaceuticals and 12 personal care products.
WHAT THEY FOUND
Among the 24 pharmaceutical products analyzed, 7 were detected in ng/g quantities by the applied laboratory methods within the fish samples: diphenhydramine, fluoxetine, norfluoxetine, sertraline, diltiazem, carbamazepine, and gemfibrozil. Two fragrance-products were also detected: galaxolide and tonalide. No pharmaceuticals or personal care products were identified by the study methods in fish from the Gila River (expected to receive little human waste pollution).
This paper received a large amount of pre-publication publicity via numerous national media outlets (http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/03/25/health/main4892005.shtml). We know that we live in a polluted world. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control is now collecting data on 148 environmental chemicals which can be found within the blood and urine of subjects of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (http://www.cdc.gov/exposurereport/report.htm). Recent advances in analytical techniques now also allow us to detect small concentrations of pharmaceuticals and personal care products within rivers, lakes, oceans, drinking water, and fish. Studies such as this one help demonstrate the environmental persistence of pharmaceuticals which pass through our bodies, into our sewers, and into our environment. The environmental and medical impact of such low concentrations of these drugs remains to be elucidated, and it is hoped that technological advances in waste treatment will be able to help ameliorate this environmental concern.
Return to COEH Page
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Take the Halloween classroom decorating to a new level by making Halloween paper chains – you can either make them with the handy printable we have in our members area or use paper and imagination only.
You can combine this Halloween paper chain with one of the many Halloween craft and decoration ideas we have on our website.
There are many fun characters your kids can make – Jack – o – lanterns are probably the coolest, but black cats are fancy too (ooh and vampires would look pretty sweet too).
These can be a wonderful classroom project for kids to make, have each of the students make a part of the chain and then connect all parts into one giant paper chain. A friendly and fun Halloween classroom decoration.
Ready to start making your Halloween paper chain? Let’s get crafty!
How to make a Halloween Paper Chain
What you need:
- orange, green, black and white
- optional – our printable template for Jack o Lantern paper chain
- transparent tape
- google eyes
- glue stick
Step by Step Instructions
Start by cutting strips of paper that are about 2 inches wide and 8.5 inches, long.
They don’t have to be exact size, just somewhat uniform for the loops to match when you make the paper chain.
Make a Pumpkin
We’ll start with the pumpkin first.
Take green paper and cut a leaf shape and a little rectangle.
Draw a carved pumpkin face in the middle of the orange paper strip.
Loop the orange strip around and secure with tape.
With glue or tape, attach the leaf and stem to the paper loop.
Make a Cat
Moving forward, let’s make a black Halloween cat. Stick two googly eyes or wiggle eye stickers on the black paper strip .
If working with lighter black paper, draw the nose and mouth with black marker (use a white gel pen if working with darker paper).
Cut 6 thin short paper strips from the white paper. Glue them next to the nose – we’ve got whiskers.
Next, lets make a set of ears.
Cut two small triangles from black paper for the ears.
Use tape on the back of the ears to secure it to the black strip – using school glue will work out just as well.
Loop the paper and glue the ends together.
Make a Monster
Last part of the Halloween paper chain is the Frankenstein’s monster.
Add all the scary details this monster needs – haircut too (can be drawn or glued).
If cutting the hair – make a rectangle out of the black paper & give one edge a jagged finish for his hair. Stick on the head.
Loop your Frankenstein and tape to finish.
Now to chain them together. Cut two papers strips.
Use these to link the three Halloween friends together. Add some tape to connect the characters to the plain links – this will make all of your Halloween characters facing forward.
The Halloween people paper chain is complete!
Pretty aren’t they!
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Being a parent is tough, especially when it comes to helping your child in school! We all want our children to be successful, whether that be on the soccer field, on the stage, or in the classroom, but often it can be challenging to figure out how exactly we can support our children in these endeavors. Even though our heart is always in the right place, sometimes these efforts can backfire on us, leading to stress, tears, and anxiety at home from the child. How many of you can relate to this? I know I can!
Children feeling safe and supported at home is crucial in being able to take risks at school, and let’s face it, taking risks is essential in all of our pursuits. It is scary enough to put yourself out there academically or socially, therefore when your child knows you have their back at home, it makes it that much easier. It is possible to hold your child accountable while being supportive of them on their academic journey. Here are some helpful hints for making that happen:
[if !supportLists]1. Find out the teachers' expectations of parents. This is especially important when it comes to homework, studying, and doing projects. Every teacher is different and expects different things. For instance, some may expect a totally hands-off approach when it comes to homework, while others may expect parents to look over their child’s homework with them. Once you know what these expectations are, communicate them with your child and have an open dialogue about what that will look like at home. It is even better if the teacher can deliver the same message to your child, or whole class. This will help avoid surprises.
[if !supportLists]2. Help your children solve their own problems rather than solving the problems for them. It is inevitable that students will forget to bring home a book that they need or wait until the last minute to start that project that was assigned 3 weeks ago. Instead of driving them back to school at 5:30pm, maybe ask them how they think they can get the material they need? Maybe call a friend or look online to see if there is a digital version. It is important that as a parent you remain neutral and supportive during these conversations. If you are heated or upset, you will only make solving the problem more difficult for your child. Equally as important is that you help your child solve their problem rather than doing it for them. You want to help teach them problem solving skills that they can employ independently, rather than teaching them that you will be there to swoop in and save the day.
[if !supportLists]3. Natural consequences are a good thing! This is how students learn. Remember that project they waited to start until the night before? Instead of staying up until after midnight finishing the project for them (well after you put your child to bed), let them do as much as they can, and let them turn it in on time as is the day it is due. A few things may happen as a result of this: they will see how their project compares to other students who spent a great deal of time on it, their grade will reflect their work ethic, and if nothing else, they will feel what it was like to cram it all into one night. Later this can be used as a great teachable moment. Again, remaining neutral and supportive instead of punitive and angry is essential in having these types of conversations.
[if !supportLists]4. Focus on process not outcome. Many times, children will work really hard at something and not get the results they were hoping for. They may have studied super hard for a test that they got a low grade on, or spent hours on their homework each night, only to not be able to participate in discussions the next day. While this can be heart wrenching to watch as a parent, please be assured that putting forth this effort now will pay off immeasurably in the future! When I taught 5th grade, I always told my students and their parents that I did not expect them to remember every single thing that we learned that year. Instead, I expected them to learn how to work hard, how to be a critical thinker, and how to be resourceful. These are the true lessons that will pay off in adulthood - everything else can be Googled. In the end, it does not matter what their report card looked like, what matters is whether or not they know how to think through a problem, come up with a solution, and implement it.
[if !supportLists]5. Be a sounding board. Being a student is hard work. It’s really hard work. As a parent, one of the most important things you can do is listen to your child. When they want to talk put away the phone, the computer, and tablet and turn the TV off. As they get older these moments may be fewer and farther between, so take advantage of any opportunity you get! Listen to listen, not to give advice; if they want advice they will ask for it. It’s also OK to say “it sounds like you’re going through a lot right now. I am here whenever you want to talk. If you want to talk through ways to move forward we can do that, but I really appreciate you having this conversation with me now.” When things get stressful, just being there is oftentimes all that is needed.
Parenting is hard and you are doing a GREAT job!
Dana Eisenman, BS, MA, LAPC is a therapist at Art It Out Therapy Center. In addition to offering individual, family, & group therapy, Dana offers Executive Function Coaching in combination with therapy. This is particularly helpful for individuals who struggle with organization.
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Geology of Iceland
Iceland is one of the few places in the world where we can watch the Earth's growing processes 'in action' as increased magma productivity (connected to an hot spot or mantle plume) brings the growing joints of our planet, the oceanic spreading ridges, above the surface of the sea. Thus we can walk '20.000 leagues under the sea' with our feet dry, e.g. in the still active graben at Thingvellir national park.
Iceland is the youngest part of a much larger volcanic province named the Icelandic Basalt Plateau, reaching from Greenland to the British Isles, and covering about 350.000 km2 (ca 135.000 square miles). About 30% if this area (103.000 km2) is above sea level representing the island known as Iceland. Iceland is geologically very young, a infant in this world; it's rocks were formed within the past 25 million years and the oldest rocks exposed on the surface only 16 m.y. old and are at the westernmost tip of the country, the western coastline of Vestfirðir. The stratigraphical succession of Iceland spans two geological periods: Tertiary and Quaternary.
Iceland is located at the junction between the Reykjanes Ridge in the south and the Kolbeinsey Ridge in the north. These ridges represent submarine segments of the mid-ocean ridge closest to Iceland. The surface expression of the plate boundary in Iceland is the narrow belts of active faulting and volcanism extending from Reykjanes in the southwest and then zigzag across Iceland before plunging back into the Arctic Ocean of Öxarfjörður in the north.
Above the plate boundary the spreading extends the crust resulting in the rupture of brittle crust and wide cracks and faults form, oriented perpendicular to the spreading directions (105°E and 285°W). The spreading also results in the formation of vertical dikes that can become pathways for magma to the surface. At the surface these rifts appear as swarms of linear volcanic fissures confined to 20-50 km (12-30 miles) wide belts named volcanic zones. The volcanic zones are then connected by large transform faults, known as fracture zones.
The magma production at these volcanic zones more than matches the plate movements and consequently the magma that emerges at the surface through volcanic activity accumulates in the volcanic zones, more so towards the centre than to the margins. Thus, the volcanic successions in the centre of the rifts are buried rapidly and follow a steep path when they move away from the spreading centre. The accumulation at the middle of the zones causes a downsagging of the crust, resulting in a gentle dipping of the successions formed at the margins (5-10°) towards the spreading axis. This tilt is preserved in the rock pile as it drifts out of the volcanic zones, explaining the regional dip of flanking older successions.
Due to it's tectonic setting volcanism is very pronounced in Iceland. The eruption rate during historical times (since 830) is an eruption every five years or so. The last eruption being in Grímsvötn in 2004. The volcanic zones are split up into volcanic system, typically represented by a central volcano and it's associated fissure swarms. Each volcanic system is characterized by conspicious tectonic architecture and distinct magma chemistry, each with the typical lifetime of 0,5-1,5 my. Altogether there are around 30 active volcanic systems in Iceland.
Traditionally the succession in Iceland is grouped into three major formations: the Tertiary Basalt (16-3.3 my), the Plio-Pleistocene (3.3-0.7 my) and the Upper Pleistocene Formation (<0,7 my).
The most conspicious landforms in Iceland are the result of repeated glaciation in the last 3 million years resulting e.g. in the gentle slopes of U-shaped valleys characterising the Tertiary formation in Iceland. Glaciers are still a prominent feature in the landscape of Iceland, covering a substantial part of the country. Many of the largest glaciers cover active volcanoes and the interaction between fire and ice is one of the fascinating aspects of Iceland. The higly explosive hydromagmantic eruptions have had an devestating impact on the settlements in Iceland, with extensive tephra fall and catastrophic floods called Jökulhlaups, caused by the melting of the glaciers.
Volcanic activity brings not only eruptions but also geothermal activity. Large high temperature geothermal areas in the volcanic systems can be utilized for the production of electricity and hot water for central heating and bathing. Low temperature geothermal areas are widespread outside the active volcanic zones and are used for central heating and filling the numerous swimming pools that are littered across Iceland.
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Researchers from the University of Michigan, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Honeywell International, Inc. have developed microscale vacuum pumps that could lead to tiny, more efficient cooling systems for faster processors in smartphones.
Developed as part of DARPA’s Chip-Scale Vacuum Micro Pumps (CSVMP) program, the new microscale vacuum pumps are intended for use in highly sensitive gas analyzers for the detection of chemical and biological attacks, laser-cooled chip-scale atomic clocks and microscale vacuum tubes.
According to Andrei Shkel, DARPA program manager, new techniques were required to develop the extremely tiny vacuum pumps.
“The process of creating a vacuum in a room large enough to test a spacecraft, for example, is pretty straightforward. A sealed room, a large pump and ample power are all that is needed,” Shkel said.
“[However,] that approach does not scale down to microscale vacuum chambers that are slightly larger than a grain of sand. We had to harness new kinds of physics to develop these pumps, requiring precision and miniaturization techniques that have never previously been attempted. The results are now available for future applications in the smallest, most sensitive electronics and sensors.”
University of Michigan researchers developed three different pumps in three different pressure categories—microplasma Penning ion high-vacuum, Knudsen mid-vacuum, and high-frequency peristaltic rough-vacuum—while scientists at Honeywell International demonstrated a microfabricated, turbomolecular pump that operates in the mid-vacuum and high-vacuum range. A team at MIT also developed three types of microscale gas pumps.
“There have never been ionic or mechanical gas pumps at the microscale before,” Shkel said. “The smallest commercially-available pumps are the size of a deck of cards, which dwarf the vacuum electronics and sensors we want to attach our pumps to. These pumps are not only 300 times smaller than off-the-shelf pumps and 20 times smaller than custom-built pumps, but they also consume approximately 10 times less power to evacuate from atmospheric pressure to milliTorr pressures.”
Ultimately, Shkel said, the new microscale pumps may be necessary for laser-cooled atomic clocks, accelerometers and gyroscopes.
“Laser cooling systems require vacuums, but are often significantly smaller than the pumps themselves. It is possible that these pumps will help enable smaller, more accurate atomic clocks.”
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This is the VOA Special English Agriculture Report.
For more than half a century, many farmers worldwide have added nitrogen fertilizer to their soil. They do this to increase the supply of organic carbon for the long-term health of the soil.
But four scientists from the University of Illinois say too much synthetic nitrogen may instead reduce the organic carbon. They report their findings in the current Journal of Environmental Quality.
The team led by Saeed Khan studied soil taken from the Morrow Plots. These experimental farm fields near the University of Illinois have been used for more than one hundred years.
The researchers studied one area where corn is continuously grown. They compared it with another area where corn is planted in turn with oats and hay.
Over a period of more than fifty years, the area where only corn was grown got more chemical nitrogen fertilizer than the other area. But production in the continuous corn area was twenty percent lower compared to the other area. And the scientists found that both areas had reduced levels of organic carbon.
The researchers also studied field reports from around the world. They say they kept finding evidence of organic carbon reductions for synthetically fertilized soils.
Team member Richard Mulvaney says organic carbon is extremely important for healthy soil. For example, it helps provide air for root growth and increases the soil’s ability to store water.
Farmers traditionally made nitrogen with animal waste. They would also plant corn one season and a crop like alfalfa the next season. But many farmers changed their growing methods when synthetic nitrogen became widely available in the nineteen fifties. Before then, the chemical had been used mostly for weapons production for the two world wars.
Corn production and profits rose. But the researchers say over-fertilization often resulted because farmers underestimated the amount of nitrogen already in the soil. Too much fertilization reduces profits and is bad for the environment.
The scientists say they do not question the importance of nitrogen fertilizers for crop production. What their research shows, they say, is the importance of testing the soil before adding them.
Saeed Khan and Richard Mulvaney have created what they call the Illinois Soil Nitrogen Test. Some agriculture experts have praised it. Others, though, have questioned its effectiveness.
And that's the VOA Special English Agriculture Report. This report was written by Jerilyn Watson.
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Understanding the survival rate of sandbar sharks following catch and release in the Massachusetts shore-based shark fishery
Recreational fishing for sharks from shore has grown dramatically in popularity over the last decade. Shore-based shark fishing not only provides recreational anglers with a low-cost opportunity to target coastal shark species, but offers the appeal of catching large fish without the need to own or charter a boat. Although many species of shark are captured by shore-based anglers along the U.S. East Coast, one of the most commonly targeted and captured species is the sandbar shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus).
In Massachusetts, directed shore-based recreational fishing for sandbar sharks has occurred on the Cape and Islands for decades. In the 1980s and 1990s, sandbar shark populations declined dramatically, and now Massachusetts state and U.S. federal laws require that all sandbar sharks captured by recreational fishermen must be released in “such a manner as to ensure the maximum probability of survival.” On the surface, catch and release may seem to be a viable strategy for promoting the recovery of the sandbar shark population. However, the number of sandbar sharks released in the shore-based fishery that die due to physiological stress and/or physical trauma incurred during the capture and handling event remains unknown.
Previous studies suggest that sharks caught from the shore may experience lower survival rates, particularly if they are removed from the water. However, survival rates are often species-specific and can vary greatly based on the fishing gear and handling techniques used by the capturing fishermen.
Given the growing popularity of shore-based sandbar shark fishing in Massachusetts, as well as in other regions along the U.S. East Coast, it’s important to understand the impact this fishery may have on this local shark species, as well as the recovery of their population in the northwest Atlantic.
To fill this knowledge gap, Drs. Jeff Kneebone and Nick Whitney of the Anderson Cabot Center for Ocean Life recently began a study in collaboration with Dr. Greg Skomal of the Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries to estimate the survival rate of sandbar sharks following catch and release by Massachusetts shore-based shark fishermen.
Over the course of the summer, the team will partner with local fishermen to observe sandbar shark capture events and will monitoring the fate of released sharks with acceleration data loggers (ADLs)—sometimes called Fitbits™ for sharks. Through this research, the team hopes to estimate the survival rate of sandbar sharks after shore-based catch and release and identify specific factors associated with capture and handling that impact survival. They also hope to develop best-practice capture and handling recommendations and conduct outreach to educate anglers on responsible fishing methods that maximize the chance that released sandbar sharks live to breed another day.
Preliminary work on this project has been successful, and tagging will continue throughout the summer as long and sandbar sharks are present along the south coast of Massachusetts.
Funding for this study is being provided by the NOAA Bycatch Reduction and Engineering Program. Study participants: Dr. Jeff Kneebone, Dr. Nick Whitney, Connor White (Anderson Cabot Center for Ocean Life); Dr. Greg Skomal (Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries).
Tags: field work, massachusetts, sandbar sharks, sharks
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In the course of an adaptive radiation, the evolution of niche parameters is of particular interest for understanding modes of speciation and the consequences for coexistence of related species within communities. We pose a general question: In the course of an evolutionary radiation, do traits related to within-community niche differences (?? niche) evolve before or after differentiation of macrohabitat affinity or climatic tolerances (?? niche)? Here we introduce a new test to address this question, based on a modification of the method of independent contrasts. The divergence order test (DOT) is based on the average age of the nodes on a tree, weighted by the absolute magnitude of the contrast at each node for a particular trait. The comparison of these weighted averages reveals whether large divergences for one trait have occurred earlier or later in the course of diversification, relative to a second trait; significance is determined by bootstrapping from maximum-likelihood ancestral state reconstructions. The method is applied to the evolution of Ceanothus, a woody plant group in California, in which co-occurring species exhibit significant differences in a key leaf trait (specific leaf area) associated with contrasting physiological and life history strategies. Co-occurring species differ more for this trait than expected under a null model of community assembly. This ?? niche difference evolved early in the divergence of two major subclades within Ceanothus, whereas climatic distributions (?? niche traits) diversified later within each of the subclades. However, rapid evolution of climate parameters makes inferences of early divergence events highly uncertain, and differentiation of the ?? niche might have taken place throughout the evolution of the group, without leaving a clear phylogenetic signal. Similar patterns observed in several plant and animal groups suggest that early divergence of ?? niche traits might be a common feature of niche evolution in many adaptive radiations. ?? 2006 by the Ecological Society of America.
Additional publication details
Niche evolution and adaptive radiation: Testing the order of trait divergence
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All across the polar regions, ice caps and glaciers are melting. Scientists know this fact very well.
But there are still puzzling mysteries about what is happening under all of that ice. Especially in Antarctica, which is essentially one enormous landscape of frozen water.
Now research has found something under the ice that is quite amazing. A river. And it's a big one.
Using ice-penetrating radar, they have discovered a river that flows for 460 km (286 miles). This is longer than the Thames River, which is the long river that flows through southern England. The newly found river flows out into the Weddell Sea, a part of the Southern Ocean that is next to the Antarctic Peninsula.
A whole network?
This is not the first time that researchers have found water under the Antarctic ice sheet. Over the last twenty years or so, many pools of water, and even lakes, have been discovered under a thick ice.
But a river like this is a first. And finding it suggests that it is not alone. In a statement, Martin Siegert, a scientist who worked on a study, had this to say:
"When we first discovered lakes beneath the Antarctic ice a couple of decades ago, we thought they were isolated from each other. Now we are starting to understand there are whole systems down there, interconnected by vast river networks, just as they might be if there weren't thousands of meters of ice on top of them."
That is a really cool picture when you think about it. Because it is true: under all of that ice is land. Lots and lots of land. There are mountains and valleys. And without the ice, water would move across them and collect in lakes and rivers.
Just like any other land mass on Earth.
Of course, Antarctica is not just any other land mass. It being covered with so much ice is a huge part of the balance of the planet.
It has about 90 percent of the world's ice and 70 percent of its freshwater. And we all know that as that water melts, that balance—and the world's coastlines—will change dramatically.
This brings us back to the river. Discoveries like this confirm that melting is not only happening from above. It is happening under the ice as well. This river is being fed by melting ice. And the more that rivers like this flow, the more that they break down the stability of the ice sheet, especially where the ice meets the ocean. Which in turn leads to even more melting.
Scientists call this a feedback loop. This is when one action causes a second action to occur, and that second action then causes the first action to happen more. Both actions feed each other.
Rivers like this could be a key to the future of Antarctica, which could be one where the ice sheets are more seasonal as they already are in parts of the Arctic.
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Supranuclear ophthalmoplegia is a condition that affects the movement of the eyes.
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
This disorder occurs because the brain is sending and receiving faulty information through the nerves that control eye movement. The nerves themselves are healthy.
People who have this problem may have progressive supranuclear palsy , a disorder that affects the way the brain controls movement. A brain injury (such as stroke ) also can cause supranuclear ophthalmoplegia.
People with this condition are unable to move their eyes in all directions, especially looking upward.
Signs and tests
An exam of the nervous system (neurological examination) may show:
- Limited eye movements, especially vertical movements
- Mild dementia
- Normal vision, hearing, sensation, and voluntary control of movement
- Stiff and uncoordinated movements like those of Parkinson's disease
The health care provider may do tests to rule out other diseases. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) might show shrinking of the brainstem.
The treatment depends on the cause of the supranuclear ophthalmoplegia.
The outlook depends on the cause of the supranuclear ophthalmoplegia.
Calling your health care provider
Lang A. Parkinsonism. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. . 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;2007:chap 433.
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Why Go Plant-Based?
Episode #1 of the course How to go vegan by Karina Inkster
Leading a plant-based lifestyle is about more than just an ethical decision to stop eating animals. Your diet choices have effects on your own health, our environment, and our human population. Here’s how.
If we can avoid harming animals, why wouldn’t we? Animal products are unnecessary for health or survival; the only reason we eat them in the Western world is because they taste good. A vegan diet rejects the suffering and death inherent in the animal agriculture industry.
Research shows that plant-based diets prevent heart disease, diabetes, cancer, high blood pressure, and much more. As T. Colin Campbell writes in The China Study, summarizing four decades of nutritional research, “People who ate the most animal-based foods got the most chronic disease. People who ate the most plant-based foods were the healthiest….There are virtually no nutrients in animal-based foods that are not better provided by plants.”
According to research by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, here’s a snapshot of the environmental damage you’re preventing by going vegan.
Global warming: Animal agriculture generates more greenhouse gases than all transportation vehicles combined and is a leading cause of climate change.
Pollution: Animal waste, which is produced much more rapidly than human waste, has no treatment requirements and few environmental regulations. No wonder animal waste is rated as one of the top ten sources of pollution in the world!
Deforestation: Animal agriculture accounts for more than 80% of annual world deforestation. Expanding from the United States into Central America due to high demand for beef, cattle ranching has destroyed more rainforest than any other activity in this area.
Loss of biodiversity: In the US, livestock overgrazing has made extinct more plant species than any other cause. Native animals such as elk, unable to compete with cattle for available food, are disappearing quickly.
Just as plant-based diets have the potential to help save our environment, they also have the potential to help other humans.
• It takes 10 pounds of grain to produce 1 pound of meat and almost 1000 liters of water to produce 1 liter of milk. Research from Cornell University found that “more than half the US grain and nearly 40 percent of world grain is being fed to livestock rather than being consumed directly by humans.”
• In the US, livestock consume six and a half times more grain than the entire American population consumes directly. The Iowa-based Council for Agricultural Science and Technology estimates that if all this grain were to be consumed by humans directly, it would nourish five times as many people as it does after it is converted into meat, milk, and eggs.
Tomorrow, we focus on all the amazing foods you can eat (instead of focusing on the ones that are “off limits”), including some I bet you’ve never heard of!
Earthlings, Forks Over Knives, and Cowspiracy.
“The China Study: The Most Comprehensive Study of Nutrition Ever Conducted and the Startling Implications for Diet, Weight Loss, and Long-term Health” by Thomas Campbell and T. Colin Campbell
Share with friends
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DOS can be thought of as a library used to provide a files/directories abstraction for the PC (-and a bit more).
int 21h is a simple hardware "trick" that makes it easy to call code from this library without knowing in advance where it will be located in memory. Alternatively, you can think of this as the way to utilise the DOS API.
Now, the topic of software interrupts is a complex one, partly because the concepts evolved over time as Intel added features to the x86 family, while trying to remain compatible with old software. A proper explanation would take a few pages, but I'll try to be brief.
The main question is whether you are in real mode or protected mode.
Real mode is the simple, "original" mode of operation for the x86 processor. This is the mode that DOS runs in (when you run DOS programs under Windows, a real mode processor is virtualised, so within it the same rules apply). The currently running program has full control over the processor.
In real mode, there is a vector table that tells the processor which address to jump to for every interrupt from 0 to 255. This table is populated by the BIOS and DOS, as well as device drivers, and sometimes programs with special needs. Some of these interrupts can be generated by hardware (e.g. by a keypress). Others are generated by certain software conditions (e.g. divide by 0). Any of them can be generated by executing the
int n instruction.
Programs can set/clear the "enable interrupts" flag; this flag affects hardware interrupts only and does not affect
The DOS designers chose to use interrupt number 21h to handle DOS requests - the number is of no real significance: it was just an unused entry at the time. There are many others (number 10h is a BIOS-installed interrupt routine that deals with graphics, for instance). Also note that all this is for IBM PC compatibles only. x86 processors in say embedded systems may have their software and interrupt tables arranged quite differently!
Protected mode is the complex, "security-aware" mode that was introduced in the 286 processor and much extended on the 386. It provides multiple privilege levels. The OS must configure all of this (and if the OS gets it wrong, you have a potential security exploit). User programs are generally confined to a "minimal privilege" mode of operation, where trying to access hardware ports, or changing the interrupt flag, or accessing certain memory regions, halts the program and allows the OS to decide what to do (be it terminate the program or give the program what it seems to want).
Interrupt handling is made more complex. Suffice to say that generally, if a user program does a software interrupt, the interrupt number is not used as a vector into the interrupt table. Rather a general protection exception is generated and the OS handler for said exception may (if the OS is design this way) work out what the process wants and service the request. I'm pretty sure Linux and Windows have in the past (if not currently) used this sort of mechanism for their system calls. But there are other ways to achieve this, such as the SYSENTER instruction.
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Electrical Shock Drowning ESD – Part 2
Electrical Shock Drowning or ESD was discussed in Part one of this series. Part 2 will get into more detail about this infrequent but deadly situation.
There are two potential failures in a boat’s electrical system that put people on or around the boat at risk. In a properly functioning system, the same amount of AC flows in the hot and neutral wires.
Images courtesy of Boat U.S. http://www.boatus.com/
Happens when a wire or appliance leaks power?
Electricity may “leak” from it’s intended path in these two wires to ground. This condition is called a ground fault. A good example of this is an insulation failure in the wiring of an appliance. Notice the microwave (or any appliance using A.C. power) with the ground fault. This condition will result in a mild electric current in the water which will potentially paralyze a person in the water.
Electrical Fault with Functioning Ground
What happens when there is a leak in the ground wire?
A faulty ground occurs when the grounding path breaks through a loose or broken wire. For instance, a shore power cord ground wire may fail due to constant motion and stress.
Electrical Fault + safety ground fault = Danger
When these two conditions occur at the same time, the results may be tragic. The combination of a ground fault and a faulty ground results in metal parts in the boat and under water becoming energized. People on board the boat are likely to receive a shock from touching energized metal parts.
When this happens, a person swimming near the boat will be electrocuted immediately.
A Coast Guard sponsored study showed numerous instances of electrical leakage causing drowning or potential drowning even though the shock did not result in death.
What can prevent this from happening?
ELCIs (Equipment Leakage Circuit Interrupters) and the more familiar GFCI (Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters) are part of a larger family of devices. These devices measure current flow in the hot and neutral wires. They immediately switch the electricity off when an imbalance of current flow is detected. ELCIs and GFCIs that are also Residual Current Circuit Breakers (RCBO) provide overcurrent tripping protection also.
GFCIs are used as branch circuit ground fault protection at the 5mA threshold in wet environments. GFCIs protect against flaws in devices plugged into them but offer no protection from the danger of a failing hard-wired appliance, such as a water heater or cooktop.
An ELCI provides additional whole-boat protection. Installed as required within 10′ of the shore power inlet, an ELCI provides 30mA ground fault protection for the entire AC shore power system beyond the ELCI. ABYC regulations still require the use of GFCIs in environments described above.
Thanks to Blue Sea Systems for the information in this article. For more on how to protect yourself and your loved ones from electrical shock drowning, go to the BoatU.S Electric Shock Drowning Resource Center.
Where is PWS?
PWS is located in the center of Door County at 7325 St Hwy 57. It is located 1 mile North of County MM (Hwy 42) and South of Sturgeon Bay. Look for the intersection of Idlewild Road.
Want us to address a dock or boat lift topic for you? Feel free to give us a call.
Call Jerry at 920-493-4404 or Email [email protected] for more information.
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Updated GHG Reporting Data Now Available
Posted: February 5th, 2013Author: All4 Staff
On February 5, 2013 U.S. EPA announced the availability of greenhouse gas (GHG) data submitted during 2011 pursuant to 40 CFR Part 98 (Mandatory Greenhouse Gas Reporting Rule). The 2011 data set is available for public review on U.S. EPA’s web-based Facility Level Information on Green House Gases Tool (FLIGHT), which can be accessed at http://ghgdata.epa.gov/ghgp/main.do. The reported data is presented from what U.S. EPA categorizes as large emitters of GHG, which are facilities that emit more than 25,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) per year. FLIGHT provides access to 2011 GHG emission inventory data reported last year by facilities in 41 source categories, which includes 12 new source categories reporting for the first time. GHG emission data from 2010 that was reported the previous year by facilities in the original 29 categories is also still available, allowing users of FLIGHT to make comparisons and begin to observe trends.
According to U.S. EPA Assistant Administrator Gina McCarthy, with this second GHG data release and the transparency provided by FLIGHT, better informed communities and businesses can now track and compare GHG emissions from specific facilities, allowing them to identify opportunities to cut pollution, minimize wasted energy, and save money. Perhaps a tall order, but to that end FLIGHT offers many features and is searchable by all users in a variety of ways, including by:
- Geographic region, state, and local community.
- Facility and industry type.
- Fuel type and GHG gas emitted.
- Individual facility name.
Any FLIGHT user can prepare customized views of the data and then share it with a large audience over social media outlets such as Twitter and Facebook. Users can also download the data in a spreadsheet that will allow them to sort, analyze, and manipulate it on their own. In addition, this year accessibility to the data has been expanded through another of U.S. EPA’s online databases, EnviroFacts.
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Saturday, December 8, 2007
Jackson County's own St. Nicholas
It is a little known fact that the first European settlement in Jackson County was named for St. Nicholas or, as we remember him these days, Santa Claus.
The Spanish mission of San Nicolas was founded in 1674 by Franciscan missionaries who made their way west from the mission center of San Luis in present-day Tallahassee. Located at a large village of Chatot or Chacato Indians (sometimes confused with the Choctaw, even though they never lived in the area), San Nicolas consisted of a rough church, a home for the priest Fray Rodrigo de la Barreda and a storage building.
Mission San Nicolas was only occupied for about one year before a rebellion among the Chatot forced a wounded Fray Rodrigo to flee for his life. Although it is not believed that the church was ever again occupied, the site of San Nicolas remained an important landmark and camping spot for Spanish explorers over the next few decades.
The exact site of the mission has never been determined. Based on a journal kept my Fray Rodrigo, it is evident that the church stood at the mouth of a large cave somewhere west of the Chipola River. He mentions passing Calistoble (Blue) Spring and a severe swamp (the Natural Bridge of the Chipola) before arriving at the site. The cave at the mission site was described as extremely large and with a stream of water flowing inside.
The two most likely possibilities for the mission site are the now largely collapsed cave at Waddell's Mill Pond and the well-known Arch Cave about three miles northwest of Marianna. No evidence of the mission's existence has ever been found at these sites, but they are the only known caves in the area matching the priest's descriptions. Both are on private property and the owners do an admirable job of protecting the caves from damage.
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The checkout and calibration of the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has been interrupted to aim the recently refurbished observatory at a new expanding spot on the giant planet Jupiter. The spot, caused by the impact of a comet or an asteroid, is changing from day to day in the planet’s cloud tops.
For the past several days the world's largest telescopes have been trained on Jupiter. Not to miss the potentially new science in the unfolding drama 580 million kilometres away, Matt Mountain, director of the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, Maryland, allocated discretionary time to a team of astronomers led by Heidi Hammel of the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colorado.
The Hubble picture, taken on 23 July, is the sharpest visible-light picture taken of the feature and is Hubble's first science observation following its repair and upgrade in May. Observations were taken with Hubble's new camera, the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3).
"Hubble's truly exquisite imaging capability has revealed an astonishing wealth of detail in the 2009 impact site", said Ed Weiler, associate administrator of NASA's Science Mission Directorate. "By combining these images with our ground-based data at other wavelengths, our Hubble data will allow a comprehensive understanding of exactly what is happening to the impact debris. My sincerest congratulations and thanks to the team who created Wide Field Camera 3 and to the astronauts who installed it!"
Discovered by Australian amateur astronomer Anthony Wesley on Sunday, July 19, the spot was created when a small object plunged into Jupiter's atmosphere and disintegrated. The only other time in history such a feature has been seen on Jupiter was 15 years ago.
"This is strikingly similar to the comet Shoemaker Levy 9 that impacted Jupiter in July 1994", said team member Keith Noll of the Space Telescope Science Institute.
"Since we believe this magnitude of impact is rare, we are very fortunate to see it with Hubble", added Amy Simon-Miller of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. She explained that the details seen in the Hubble view show a lumpiness to the debris plume caused by turbulence in Jupiter's atmosphere. The spot is presently about twice the length of the whole of Europe.
Simon-Miller estimated that the diameter of the object that slammed into Jupiter was at least twice the size of several football fields. The force of the explosion on Jupiter was thousands of times more powerful than the suspected comet or asteroid that exploded over the Tunguska River Valley in Siberia in June 1908.
The WFC3, installed by astronauts on the Space Shuttle in May, is not yet fully calibrated. So while it is possible to obtain celestial images, the camera's full power cannot yet be realised for most observations. The WFC3 can still return meaningful science images that will complement the Jupiter pictures being taken with ground-based telescopes.
Cite This Page:
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How often do you have bowel movements and what is the consistency of your stools…
Now, don’t be embarrassed, this is a normal bodily function and is a common question, asked by many Nutritionists and Dieticians. ‘Number twos’ are a tricky subject to talk about and society and the rules of etiquette tell us not to ask these questions often to save us embarrassment. However, we all do it, and it is amazing what our stools can tell us about our health…just google ‘Bristol Stool chart’ and you will know what I mean.
When it comes to our stools and gut health, one key player to helping us ‘being regular’ is dietary fibre.
So what is dietary fibre and what does it do?
Dietary fibre, also known as roughage, is a complex carbohydrate and has a host of health benefits, not only allowing us to stay regular, but can help in reducing the risk of heart disease and type 2 diabetes. Dietary fibre is found in plant-based foods such as fruit, vegetables, whole-grains, lentils and legumes. There are different types of dietary fibre, which include insoluble; soluble and resistant starch, and they all have important roles to play in the body.
Soluble fibre – this type of fibre is found in foods such as fruit, vegetables, oats, nuts, barley and beans. Soluble fibre dissolves in water to form a thick gel-like substance that slows movement of food through the gut. It helps to reduce cholesterol absorption by binding to it in the small intestines, and supports the growth of friendly bacteria that we need to achieve a healthy gut. Additionally, soluble fibre helps to slow the time it takes food to pass from the stomach to the small intestines, lowering the glycemic index (GI) of other foods as they are digested. This is great news for those managing their weight, cholesterol levels and reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes.
Insoluble fibre – unlike soluble fibre, insoluble fibre doesn’t dissolve in water. It can also be found in foods such as vegetables, fruits, nuts and whole-grains. Insoluble fibre attracts water into your stool, making it softer and easier to pass with less strain on your bowel. Similar to soluble fibre, it can also help reduce the risk of diabetes. (more on this).
Resistant starch – this type of fibre develops during the heating and cooling of foods, such as rice and potatoes. Resistant starch works like soluble, fermentable fibre. It goes through your stomach and small intestine undigested, and when it reaches the colon it is used for fuel by the bacteria that live there. Resistant starch has been shown to protect against colorectal cancer and reduce bad cholesterol also.
So how much fibre do we need?
Research shows that most New Zealanders do not eat enough fibre. We are recommended to have between 25-30g of fibre per day, to be exact males need 30g and females 25g.
So if we are not getting enough fibre, what can we do to increase our intake and keep our digestion and gut healthy?
I have listed some tips below that will help us to increase our dietary fibre intake;
- Increase your vegetable intake and bulk up meals with fresh seasonal vegetables. Such as adding vegetables to salads, bulking up stews and stir-fry with vegetables or snacking on vegetable sticks with your favourite dips. Remember to keep the skins on vegetables, as that is where a lot of fibre is found.
- Change breakfast cereals to those that are high in fibre. When it comes to reading the food labels on cereals, look for one that has more than 5g of fibre per 100g (and be mindful of the sugars and saturated fats also!). Porridge is a great choice as it contains great amounts of soluble fibre. Add fresh fruit to this to make a fabulous fibrous breakfast.
- Use wholegrain products such as wholegrain pasta or bread, instead of the white alternative. These will offer much more fibre and your gut (and waistline) will thank you for it!
- Use brown rice instead of white. Similar to white bread and pasta, white rice is stripped of its fibrous layer, leaving it less nourishing than brown rice.
- Add chickpeas, kidney beans or lentils to soups and casseroles. This is not only a great cost effective way to make a meal go further, but will also increase your dietary fibre intake.
- Choose snacks that are fibre rich. Such as eating fresh fruit (with the skin on), vegetable sticks, or choose convenient snacks with high fibre, such as the new OSM Everyday Nutrition bar. These bars contain a whopping 10g of fibre per 100g, and gives us 24% of our recommended daily intake of dietary fibre. When compared to other muesli bars, these are the gold standard of dietary fibre, which is great for someone needing to increase their intake. Additionally, these new bars are not only high in fibre and low in sugar, but are also considered to be a low GI snack, which is fantastic news for those wanting to maintain a healthy weight and lifestyle.
- Read food labels next time you are in the supermarket and familiarise yourself with packaged goods that are more fibrous than others. Top tip – look at the per 100g section, rather than the serving size. This will make it easier to compare like with like. Aim for fibre intake over 5g per 100g.
Can I have too much fibre?
Yes, you can. However, it might be hard to do, as fibre can be so filling.
When we introduce too much fibre too quickly this can cause diarrhoea and even have the opposite effect (constipation) on some people If. you, like many, aren’t meeting the recommended daily intake of fibre, try to introduce more fibre gradually into your diet and ensure you drink plenty of water alongside this. By doing this, your body will adjust to the increase and should respond well.
At the end of the day, fibre in our diet should reduce food transit time in our digestion track, improve our bowel health and make stools easier to pass. So if you haven’t already, google ‘Bristol Stool chart’, familiarise yourself with your own waste product, and start enjoying the benefits of fibre!
For more ideas on how to improve your fibre intake and bowel health, please get in touch.
From your OSM Everyday Nutritionist – Abby Shaw
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AGNES, TEXAS. Agnes is on State Highway 199 eighteen miles north of Weatherford in north central Parker County. Settlement began there in the late 1870s, when B. B. Barnard opened a general store. The community petitioned for postal service in 1879 under the name Agnes, in honor of Agnes Mull, the daughter of a pioneer physician in North Texas. By the mid-1880s two churches, a public school, a blacksmith shop, and Barnard's General Store served the seventy-five residents. Area farmers brought their crops to Agnes to be processed at the cotton gin and gristmill. Cotton, corn, and oats were shipped on the Texas and Pacific Railway. Postal service was discontinued in 1907, though Agnes continued as a dispersed rural community throughout the twentieth century. Its population has never exceeded 100.
John Clements, Flying the Colors: Texas, a Comprehensive Look at Texas Today, County by County (Dallas: Clements Research, 1984). Gustavus Adolphus Holland, History of Parker County and the Double Log Cabin (Weatherford, Texas: Herald, 1931; rpt. 1937). Kathleen E. and Clifton R. St. Clair, eds., Little Towns of Texas (Jacksonville, Texas: Jayroe Graphic Arts, 1982).
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.David Minor, "AGNES, TX," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hra14), accessed December 12, 2013. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
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Basic knowledge of coverage encompasses understanding the nearly common types of insurance plans — life, health, homeowners, automobile — and all the common terminology used all the way through the industry in resource to insurance contracts. although the various types in insurance have unique features, there are also one standard set of characteristics among the available products, such as policies, coverage, premiums and
The Policy and Insurance policy
An insurance cover policy is usually a plan between a strong insurer (the insurance boss or provider) and all the insured, this particular purchaser, likewise known compared to the insurance policy holder. Among a detailed intel provided all the way through an rrnsurance policy policy will be who (policyholders), what (auto, home, life) and the manner in which much insurance cover (coverage) has always been contracted. When considering example, should the scheme states which usually the long time to come coverage restriction is $100,000, it will mean that it does not matter of ask yourself how many cases are designed under typically the provisions with the policy, once an insurer does offer met typically the $100,000 obligation, the package is broken.
Know ones Deductible
The insurance deductible is ones out-of-pocket number the insurance policy holder will often be responsible when considering paying concerning a propose before this particular insurance seller will pay the insurance holder. For example, if a powerful automobile guideline carries your $500 deductible, and typically the insured seems to have an automobile accident that success in $5,000 of damage, the insurance holder will becoming expected so that you can pay $500 and ones insurance small business will pay the price $4,500.
Outside amongst the an insurance plan industry, typically the word “premium” has a number of meanings. However, in personal reference to virtually types amongst insurance, an important premium has always been the selling price of coverage. Generally, monthly premiums are owed at selected intervals, and moreover many rrnsurance plans provide ones insured combined with options from paying once-a-year premiums, semiannual (every nine months), monthly (every a few months) or possibly monthly.
Homeowners’ as well Automobile Insurance cover
Homeowners’ rrnsurance policy coverage is without a doubt designed to help you protect much of our homes to protect against damage and even loss causing from fires, theft as well other damaging events. An important homeowner’s scheme may focus a padded in life insurance amounts, one maximum figure for a structure and even a ceiling amount meant for contents. Correspondingly, an cars policy will possibly specify every particular degree of plan for acreage and one set amount of money for psychological injury. Essential auto insurance plans protects ones policyholder next to losses causing from a particular accident. Accountability insurance will pay you for damages to citizens and asset that will be the defect of this particular insured operators. Comprehensive coverage also supports coverage for the purpose of the truck of all the insured riders.
Health as well Life Insurance plans
We frequently purchase residing insurance to be protect personal assets yet to grant for household in often the event out of our rapid ejaculation death. The latest term life insurance quotes policy would pay one particular beneficiary that predetermined charge and comprise the guaranteed for that you simply specific year or at some point the insurance holder attains the particular certain age, the time frame of the insurance plan. Whole personal policies could be purchased which do not obtain a minutes limit, released of procedure that costs are looked after up-to-date. Major health rrnsurance policies subsidizes some expenses substained for physicians’ fees, medications, treatments, a hospital stay and rehabilitation, among diverse services. Insurance policies coverage benefits not as much as a physical health insurance routine vary exponentially from insurance policy to quote.
Walgreens near me
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en
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Several current legislative proposals for increasing car and light truck fuel economy requirements call for changing the structure of the policy to one based on "vehicle attributes." What exactly does that mean?
In 2006, NHTSA finalized a rule for light trucks in which the fuel economy requirements of automakers will be determined by a particular attribute of the vehicles they produce, namely the "footprint," i.e., the surface area between the vehicle's wheels. A mathematical formula for determining a "target" fuel economy for each vehicle was set so that vehicles with larger footprints were held to less-stringent fuel economy levels. An individual vehicle model need not achieve the target fuel economy, but each manufacturer's vehicles must achieve the appropriate targets on average.
This scheme leads to an average fuel economy requirement for each manufacturer that is determined by the size mix of the vehicles it sells. The requirement therefore varies from manufacturer to manufacturer. This approach was developed to respond to the domestic manufacturers' complaint that the earlier light truck standards imposed a heavier burden on those whose vehicle mix included many big pickups and SUVs.
Bills in Congress. Current proposals on Capitol Hill, such as the Senate energy bill, call for a similar approach to fuel economy standards for all vehicles, including cars, although the vehicle attribute to be used (e.g., footprint, in the case of light trucks) has not yet been specified. Unfortunately, many negative comments on the legislative proposal fail to acknowledge this fact. Claims that the Senate's CAFE provision would force U.S. manufacturers to shift their production mix to small cars are patently false.
Current System. Under the current CAFE system for passenger cars, automakers can sell vehicles with a wide range of fuel economies, as long as the sales-weighted average of those fuel economies is equal to or higher than the specified fuel economy standard of that year (e.g., 27.5 miles per gallon in 2007).
Attribute-Based System. Under an attribute-based system, target fuel economies are set based on a particular vehicle attribute. For example, if the attribute were footprint, a curve similar to the one shown below might be used. The curve will always be an "elongated-S" shape, though its specific shape will be determined by set parameters (e.g., the highest and lowest target fuel economies). For illustrative purposes, a sample target fuel economy chart using one mathematical formula has been generated below. As shown in the graph, a vehicle with a footprint of 50 square feet would have a target fuel economy of approximately 25 miles per gallon. It is important to note that the automaker can produce vehicles that fall below (or exceed) their target fuel economies.
The CAFE standard to which an automaker is bound is the sales-weighted average of each of its target fuel economies. Thus, an automaker's fuel economy standard will be determined by the distribution of the vehicles it sells with respect to the given attribute. An automaker that primarily sells vehicles with large footprints will be required to meet a lower CAFE standard than an automaker who primarily sells vehicles with small footprints.
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Access to good quality, affordable, and appropriate health products is indispensable to advance universal health coverage, address health emergencies, and promote healthier populations.
Without medical devices, common medical procedures – from bandaging a sprained ankle, to diagnosing HIV/AIDS, implanting an artificial hip or any surgical intervention – would not be possible. Medical devices are used in many diverse settings, for example, by laypersons at home, by paramedical staff and clinicians in remote clinics, by opticians and dentists and by health-care professionals in advanced medical facilities, for prevention and screening and in palliative care. Such health technologies are used to diagnose illness, to monitor treatments, to assist disabled people and to intervene and treat illnesses, both acute and chronic.
Today, there are an estimated 2 million different kinds of medical devices on the world market, categorized into more than 7000 generic devices groups.
A medical device can be any instrument, apparatus, implement, machine, appliance, implant, reagent for in vitro use, software, material or other similar or related article, intended by the manufacturer to be used, alone or in combination for a medical purpose.
Policies, strategies, and action plans for health technologies, specifically for medical devices, are required in any national health plan. Within the context of a robust health system they ensure access to safe, effective, and high-quality medical devices that prevent, diagnose, and treat disease and injury, and assist patients in their rehabilitation.
WHO’s “Global Model Regulatory Framework for Medical Devices including in vitro diagnostic medical devices” supports Member States to develop and implement regulatory controls and regional guidelines for good manufacturing to ensure the quality, safety and efficacy of medical devices available in their countries. The Organization also works with Member States and collaborating centres to develop guidelines and tools, including norms and standards on medical devices.
Additionally, WHO supports Member States in establishing mechanisms to assess national needs for health technologies in particular medical devices and to assure their availability and use, particularly in low-resource settings. A web-based health technologies database serves as a clearing house and provides countries guidance on appropriate medical devices according to levels of care, setting, environment, and intended health intervention, tailored to the specific needs of country or region.
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- Historic Sites
America’s best-known chair is on the brink of extinction
October 2006 | Volume 57, Issue 5
The few people whose names are today synonymous with furniture styles mostly worked for the rich, but one of them, Lambert Hitchcock, achieved fame by being the first to mass-produce furniture. By the late 1820s, when his factory was turning out 15,000 affordable, black-lacquered, brightly stenciled chairs a year, Hitchcocks could be found in countless homes. They still can, for the company has had two lives. But now its second incarnation has been put up for sale, and chairs with the famous name are again an endangered species.
In 1818, after a cabinetmaking apprenticeship, Lambert Hitchcock began producing chair parts at a sawmill on the Farmington River, in northwest Connecticut. Probably inspired by Eli Terry, who some 20 miles south had already begun using interchangeable wooden components to make inexpensive clocks, he soon began assembling completed chairs. Within a few years his village had been renamed for him, and the style and durability of his creations, which were marked L.Hitchcock.Hitchcocks-ville.Conn.Warranted., had made him America’s leading chair manufacturer. He went on to become a state senator before his death in 1852 at the age of 57. His factory shut down in 1864, and Hitchcocksville soon was renamed Riverton.
In 1946 a dissatisfied West Hartford shoe-store owner named John Kenney came to Riverton on a fishing trip. He happened to wade into a pool adjoining the derelict Hitchcock factory, which hadn’t produced a chair in more than 80 years. Seemingly possessed by Lambert Hitchcock’s spirit, he immediately began scouring antiques shops in search of items that would reveal more about the man and his career.
“By and large,” Kenney wrote, “the dealers understood my quest… . ‘Hitchcocks,’ they stated emphatically and without exception, ‘sell as fast as we find ’em. Everybody wants those chairs, especially the ones with the name still on the backs.’” In time the inspired Kenney managed to buy the old factory and in it proceeded to build a highly successful operation providing brand-new nineteenth-century chairs to twentiethcentury customers. He also continued his zealous search for historic Hitchcock memorabilia. That, too, was a success, and in 1972 he converted the Union Episcopal Church, a stone’s throw from the factory, to a company museum.
Besides thoroughly documenting Hitchcock’s life and career, Kenney’s 1971 book,
Kenney was certain “gigantic rents would split the factory walls asunder,” and he watched from the opposite bank as the river crested. But to his joy, the building “remained upright and intact … [after] the giant foundation stones laid by Lambert Hitchcock a hundred and thirty years previously … played their most important part in all that time.”
The Hitchcock Chair Company experienced difficulties after Kenney’s death in 1983. The closing of its museum a few years ago, and the dispersal of its contents to several institutions, including the Connecticut Historical Society, was a clear distress signal, and the announcement that the brand name and the wholesale operation providing Hitchcock products to dealers nationwide were for sale, partly because of overseas competition, was quickly followed by news that the company’s four retail stores would be shuttered. Its flagship outlet in the old Riverton factory, now empty, had been a mecca for loyal Hitchcock customers, and Carol Sterpka, the manager and a longtime company employee, told me that some traveled long distances year after year to visit. A few who came for this year’s final clearance, she said, shed tears.
— David Lander
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Computing is an integral part of the school curriculum. We see the use of Information Technology as enhancing and extending the children’s learning across the whole curriculum. Lessons involve teaching discrete skills as well as how to use technology to enhance the learning in other curriculum areas.
The school is well resourced in terms of information technology. From Nursery to Year 6, pupils are being taught a topic-based curriculum with the help of iPads and wireless laptops. There is an interactive whiteboard in every class which is used as both a teaching and learning tool by staff and pupils. Each class also has a digital camera and all pupils and staff have access to a digital video camera, digital visualiser, programmable equipment (eg. Robotic toys) and a comprehensive range of software.
Children benefit from a Coding Club where pupils learn the basics of computer science (e.g. conditionals, algorithms, binary code and debugging).
We believe that internet safety education is a crucial element of the curriculum and an essential part of young people’s development. From Nursery to Year 6, pupils are taught how to stay safe and behave appropriately online. See our e-safety section in ‘Safety and Well’ being for more details.
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| 0.951973 | 252 | 3.328125 | 3 |
February 2, 2004
DECEMBER 18TH 2003
The French have jokes, but do they have a sense of humour?
This scene in the film „Ridicule“, by Patrice Leconte, shows a marquis
at the court of Louis XVI in Versailles telling other courtiers and
their crinolined companions about his discovery of humour during a trip
to England. He tries to illustrate this peculiar phenomenon by telling
a joke he has heard in England. No one laughs until another courtier
adds a witty, slightly dirty remark to the English joke.
Does humour exist in France? Before the French revolution of 1789, the
word HUMOUR was hardly known. People knew ESPRIT (wit), FARCE (prank),
BOUFFONNERIE (drollery) and HUMEUR (a state of mind, or mood), but not
humour. Only in 1878 did the French Academy, the institution that
stands guard over the French language, accept HUMORISTIQUE as a French
word. A year later Edmond de Goncourt used HUMOUR without italics as a
French word in his novel „Les Freres Zemganno“, but not until 1932 did
the academicians give their approval to the noun HUMOUR.
Writers and intellectuals musing about English humour searched for an
equivalent in France. Francois Marie Arouet de Voltaire, France’s
best-known writer in the 18th century, tells the Abbot d’Olivet in a
letter in 1762 that the English pronounce humour YUMOR, and think they
are the only ones to have a term to express that state of mind. Madame
de Stael, the daughter of Jacques Necker, a finance minister of Louis
XVI, wrote in a discourse on literature: „The English language created
a word, humour, to express a hilarity, which is in the blood almost as
much as in the mind …What the English depict with great talent is
bizarre characters, because they have lots of those amongst them.“
CARICATURE, YES, AND SATIRE TOO
When Goncourt used the word humour in 1879, he was discussing
caricaturists. This was the year of the death of Honore Daumier, the
caricaturist who had become famous all over France after being
sentenced to six months in jail for his depiction of King
Louis-Philippe d’Orleans as Rabelais’s gluttonous giant Gargantua.
Daumier’s works–„Memories“ is reproduced on the left–were published
weekly in LA CARICATURE, until the government prohibited political
caricature in 1835.
With Daumier, Charles Joseph Travies, Henry Monnier, Gavarni and later
Grandville, Cham and Gustave Dore, French caricature had its golden age
in the 19th century. These caricaturists had a field day during the
four years of the ephemeral Second Republic after the 1848 revolution,
when they were able to make fun of Louis-Philippe without risking jail.
Even under Napoleon III they could get away with most of their
satirical sketches about the Parisian bourgeoisie, the armed forces or
bouffant-haired ladies and mean landlords. During France’s wars in the
Crimea (1853-56), with Austria (1859) and, most notably, with Prussia
in 1870, the country’s caricaturists became fiercely chauvinistic. A
favourite target of Daumier’s pen was Germany’s chancellor, Otto von
Bismarck, and his spiked helmet.
To this day L’HUMOUR ENGAGe–political satire and caricature–features
prominently in France. Comic films and plays are either farcical or
witty, with plenty of wordplays and rapid-fire verbal exchanges. But
humour, in the English sense, remains an alien concept.
One of the fiercest critics of the government, „Les Guignols de l’Info“
(„The News Puppets“), a daily television programme similar to Britain’s
satirical „Spitting Image“, is a huge success. „Les Guignols“ has
become sharper, even crueller, since it started in 1988. Hardly
anything is taboo now. SUPERMENTEUR („Superliar“), President Jacques
Chirac’s alter ego, is a particular favourite. In the following
exchange he is pondering Mr Chirac’s legal difficulties:
„Les Guignols“ has felt obliged to apologise only a few times–once to
Mr Chirac’s wife, Bernadette, whom it had portrayed masturbating with
LE CANARD ENCHAiNe, a satirical weekly, is equally feared by
politicians and public personalities because of its investigative
journalism and trenchant wit. CHARLIE HEBDO (Charlie Brown of the
Peanuts cartoon strip was godfather to the magazine) and HARA-KIRI
HEBDO, two satirical weeklies launched in 1969, are competing on the
same ground. HARA-KIRI, which was created in 1960 as a monthly French
version of MAD, an American satirical magazine, was twice censored by
the government before its relaunch as a weekly. It has absorbed LA
GROSSE BERTHA, another satirical magazine that was launched in 1991
during the first Gulf war. CHARLIE HEBDO went bust in 1981, just after
supporting Coluche, a comedian, in his bid for the presidency. It was
relaunched ten years later.
None of these magazines can boast a political caricaturist as well
known in France as Jean Plantureux, or Plantu. A satirical cartoon by
Plantu–like the one on the right–has been on the front page of LE
MONDE, France’s pre-eminent daily, for the past 20 years. Plantu used
to pick his subject himself, but Edwy Plenel and Jean-Marie Colombani,
who took over as the paper’s editors in 1994, made him give up the
right to choose his topic in 1995; now it is always the main story of
the day. Earlier this year Plantu vehemently clashed with his bosses
over a sketch (posted on his website) that showed Plantu’s trademark
mouse gagged while reading „La Face Cachee du Monde“ („The Hidden face
of LE MONDE“), a best-selling polemic about the editors‘ arrogance and
abuses in their quest for political power.
„We still have the naivety to believe in certain things,“ says Plantu.
„We do not have the detachment that characterises English humour, we
are more militant. If we have a cause to protest, however minor, we
tear open our shirts, run into the street and shout ‚Shoot me!'“
FARCI DE FARCES
If the Latin emotions of the French sit uneasily with humour, so does
the French logical mind. French children are instilled with Cartesian
ESPRIT (here meaning mind) at school and, even more, in the GRANDES
eCOLES, the country’s elite universities. When your correspondent was
at university in France, she was told her poor performance was due to
an Anglo-Saxon mind that made her unable to think properly, or rather
logically. A French Cartesian mind does not know what to make of a
nonsensical story, such as this one. „The governor of the Bank of
England began an address to an assembly of bankers with these words:
‚There are three kinds of economists, those who can count and those who
can’t.'“ A joke of this kind would be met with incomprehension by
French listeners. It is not logical.
Self-deprecation, another essential ingredient of a „detached“ sense of
humour, is not the forte of the French. But if France is too emotional,
too logical or too unsure of itself for humour, it can at least fall
back on farce as a way of releasing the emotions. The French love Jerry
Lewis, the American they call LE ROI DU CRAZY; he has even been awarded
the Legion of Honour, the country’s highest decoration. And of course
France produces its own farces. One of the best-loved of recent years
is the at times heavy-handed film „Le Pere Noel est une Ordure“
(„Father Christmas is a Shit“), directed by Jean-Marie Poire. It shows
Pierre and Therese, staffers at a charity, manning the telephones on
Christmas Eve to help callers in despair. Zezette, a pregnant woman,
arrives at the office, fleeing her violent husband, Felix, who is close
behind her. Felix, still wearing his working clothes as Father
Christmas, is subdued by Pierre and Therese and ends up in hospital.
The second visitor at the office is Katia, a manic-depressive
transvestite in search of Mr or Miss Right. The ensuing series of
catastrophes reaches its climax when Felix returns with a gun, a lift
repairman is killed, Pierre loses his virginity to Therese, and Felix
and Zezette dispose of the dead repairman.
„Le Pere Noel est une Ordure“ was a big hit in France, but flopped
elsewhere, especially in America, where „Santa Claus is a Louse“, as it
was called, bombed. So did Mr Poire’s next film, „The Visitors“,
another farce, this one about medieval life, which also won a cult
following in France.
Why do French comic films not travel well when those made in Britain or
America–whether by Woody Allen, John Cleese or the Monty Python
team–seem to make people laugh all over the world? One answer,
perhaps, is that audiences in other countries simply do not have the
French fondness of puerile farce. Another, though, may be that the
things that make the French laugh involve linguistic somersaults that
only work in their own language. Much of French humour is JEUX DES
MOTS, untranslatable wordplays.
Cartoons are an exception. French-made cartoons and illustrated stories
are a huge success worldwide. Rene Goscinny and Albert Uderzo created
Asterix, one of the most successful cartoons ever. They are also the
fathers of Lucky Luke. And Jean-Jacques Sempe and Mr Goscinny together
created a series of books about the adventures of a little boy, LE
JE DIS, JE DIS! BIEN JE JAMAIS!
A meeting organised by the French Ethnological Society in 1997 about
„The Universe of Asterix“ found that probably the most successful
French cartoon was translated into 72 languages, five regional
languages (such as Corsican and Alsatian) and 18 dialects, including
Berliner German and Cantonese Chinese. Yet the cartoon’s jokes were
hard work for translators. Much of the humour in Asterix consists of
wordplays, onomatopoeia and animal noises that are impossible to render
in another language. Translators tended to leave onomatopoetic
expressions like SNIP, TCHAC, PAF or TCHAC in the original, though they
mean nothing in Cantonese or Swedish. The cartoon’s text also makes
frequent use of the French language’s countless homonyms such as LA
TRIBU (the tribe) and L’ATTRIBUT (the attribute), or MA REINE (my
queen) and MARRAINE (godmother). They generally have no equivalent in
other languages, so the joke is lost.
The translation of „Asterix chez les Bretons“ was particularly
difficult, says Henriette Touillier-Feyrabend of the National Centre
for Scientific Research, as its humour depended on using English
grammar in French. Asterix and his companions would, for instance, look
for the MAGIQUE POTION’S TONNEAU (the magic potion’s cask) rather than
LE TONNEAU DE LA POTION MAGIQUE.
Yet, despite translators‘ best efforts, a MeSENTENTE CORDIALE remains
when it comes to funniness. At the end of the film „Ridicule“,
mentioned at the start of this article, the hat of the Marquis de
Bellegarde is blown away by the wind. Interrupting his lamentations, an
English lord (who has caught the hat) remarks that it is better than
losing one’s head. Ah, cries Bellegarde, this is English humour!
– COPYRIGHT –
(c) 2003 The Economist Newspaper Group Limited. All rights reserved.
ECONOMIST ARTICLE ON FRENCH HUMOUR ( DAUMIER)
December 18, 2003
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| 0.918048 | 2,927 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Authors: David R. Montgomery & Anne Biklé
Controversy has long surrounded the question of nutritional differences between crops grown organically or using now-conventional methods, with studies dating back to the 1940s showing that farming methods can affect the nutrient density of crops. More recent studies have shown how reliance on tillage and synthetic nitrogen fertilizers influence soil life, and thereby soil health, in ways that can reduce mineral micronutrient uptake by and phytochemical production in crops. While organic farming tends to enhance soil health and conventional practices degrade it, relying on tillage for weed control on both organic and conventional farms degrades soil organic matter and can disrupt soil life in ways that reduce crop mineral uptake and phytochemical production. Conversely, microbial inoculants and compost and mulch that build soil organic matter can increase crop micronutrient and phytochemical content on both conventional and organic farms. Hence, agronomic effects on nutritional profiles do not fall out simply along the conventional vs. organic distinction, making the effects of farming practices on soil health a better lens for assessing their influence on nutrient density. A review of previous studies and meta-studies finds little evidence for significant differences in crop macronutrient levels between organic and conventional farming practices, as well as substantial evidence for the influence of different cultivars and farming practices on micronutrient concentrations. More consistent differences between organic and conventional crops include that conventional crops contain greater pesticide levels, whereas organically grown crops contain higher levels of phytochemicals shown to exhibit health-protective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Thus, part of the long-running controversy over nutritional differences between organic and conventional crops appears to arise from different definitions of what constitutes a nutrient—the conventional definition of dietary constituents necessary for growth and survival, or a broader one that also encompasses compounds beneficial for maintenance of health and prevention of chronic disease. For assessing the effects of farming practices on nutrient density soil health adds a much needed dimension—the provisioning of micronutrients and phytochemicals that support human health.
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| 0.915701 | 423 | 3.25 | 3 |
States Consider Labels for Genetically Modified Foods
Jan. 24, 2014 -- A number of states are considering laws requiring labels on food products that contain genetically modified ingredients. The states are weighing such action because there is no federal regulation.
Currently, only Connecticut and Maine have such laws, but they won't take effect until other states implement their own rules. Bills to require labels on genetically modified foods are expected in more than two dozen states, the Associated Press reported.
One of those states is Rhode Island.
"I don't know if it's harmful or unhealthy, but it's something people have a right to know about," said Rhode Island state Rep. Dennis Canario, a Democrat sponsoring a labeling bill, the AP reported. "They put calories on a package. They put the fat content. If the ingredients have been genetically altered, shouldn't that be listed on there somewhere?"
In the past two years, voters in California and Washington rejected ballot proposals that would have required labels on genetically modified foods. On Wednesday, New Hampshire lawmakers defeated such a bill.
"If you believe genetic modification produces food that has a health risk, then you're saying the FDA should be the one to label it," said state Rep. Linda Lauer, a Democrat and a retired chemist, the AP reported. "And if there's no health risk, then why are you requiring a label?"
Seventy percent of processed foods contain at least one ingredient made or derived from genetically modified crops, according to the nonprofit Center for Science in the Public Interest, while the Grocery Manufacturers Association says it's between 70 and 80 percent.
Researchers have found no evidence that genetically-modified foods are more harmful than those without genetic modifications, but proponents of labeling laws say consumers have a right to be informed, the AP reported.
Groups on both sides of the issue want a federal standard on how genetically modified foods are labeled. The Food and Drug Administration now allows food producers to voluntarily label their items as genetically engineered or not.
A number of nations, including the members of the European Union, have labeling laws for genetically modified foods and it's likely that pressure from states acting on their own will force the U.S. government to implement labeling requirements, according to Scott Faber, executive director of the pro-labeling organization Just Label It.
"Clearly the FDA has the authority to require labeling, but the states are leading the way," Faber told the AP. "Ultimately, once a number of states act, the federal government will too."
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Definition - What does Overlay Keyboard mean?
An overlay keyboard refers to the redefining of function of keys on a keyboard by customizing it within an operating system. This can be done by reconfiguring the functionality of each and every key of a keyboard or by installing software that helps in modification of the internal function of each keystroke. Transliteration is one such example, where a standard English keyboard can be used for typing a different language using a completely different character set.
Techopedia explains Overlay Keyboard
Overlay keyboards are highly configurable, and can be used in for a variety of specialized tasks. An overlay keyboard extends the use of a standard keyboard. It can be used for various purposes and can aid in the performance of tasks where regular keyboards may take too much time or effort. Each key function can be remapped depending of the type of use. The keys may visually change, or they may remain visually the same but the command they send to the back end is changed.
Overlay keyboards are widely used in shopping centers at checkout counters where a few keys are used to enter different types of item data.
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Three described subspecies in NSW: the type, plurinervia, and flexuosa.
Allozyme studies have found low diversity in plants of this and closely related species, coupled with a high level of genetic differentiation between populations (Sharma et al. 1998).
"Stem mostly subterranean, 10-20 cm diam. Leaves 2-12 in the crown, 40-110 cm long; rachis strongly spirally twisted, often 3-5 times; pinnae 50-200, simple, entire or with 2 or 3 apical teeth, longest 10-30 cm long, 1-7 mm wide, sometimes a few of the basal ones reduced, with 1-7 veins prominent below; petiole 5-35 cm long. Male cones 8-25 cm long, 4-6 cm diam., spines to 0.7 cm long. Female cones 10-25 cm long, 7-8.5 cm diam., longest spines 1.5-4 cm long; seeds c. 3 cm long, orange to scarlet" (Jones 1993).
Key to subspecies in NSW:
"1. Petioles much flattened, 5-15 cm long, widest pinnae usually 2-4 mm wide, 3-5-veined and pale at base. In its typical form this subspecies is confined to S Qld, however some northern N.S.W. populations of subsp. plurinervia approach it. 10a subsp. pauli-guilielmi
1*. Petioles flattened to rounded, 5-35 cm long, if flattened and <15 cm long then the widest pinnae 4-7 mm wide and 6-10-veined and usually pinkish at base.
2. Petiole usually 5-20 cm long, 5-11 mm wide at the lowest pinnae; pinnae concave to convex, the widest 4-7 mm wide, 6-10-veined, often rather stiff and pinkish at base when living. Grows in dry sclerophyll forest or woodland on stony slopes of the tablelands and adjacent Slopes in the north and the Upper Hunter valley. NSW & Qld. 10b subsp. plurinervia L. Johnson
2*. Petiole 20-35 cm long, 4-8 mm wide at lowest pinnae; pinnae concave, the widest mostly 3-6 mm wide, usually 5- or 6-veined, lax and ± pink at base. Grows in sclerophyll forest on the coast and coastal ranges, chiefly in the southern part of the NC and the extreme north of the CC [NSW]. 10c subsp. flexuosa (C. Moore) L. Johnson" (Jones 1993).
Australia: NSW & Qld., chiefly in sclerophyll forest (Jones 1993).
I.K. Sharma, D.L. Jones, P.I. Forster and A.G. Young. 1998. The extent and structure of genetic variation in the Macrozamia pauli-guilielmi complex (Zamiaceae). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 26: 45-54. ABSTRACT: Allozyme variation in 12 enzyme systems coded by 17 loci was investigated in six populations of Macrozamia, including two populations of M. parcifolia, three populations of M. pauli-guilielmi and one population of M. crassifolia from Queensland (Australia) in order to measure the levels of genetic variation. This was required to establish whether the allozyme data supports recent taxonomic treatment. Seven loci were found to be monomorphic. All species were genetically depauperate, with low levels of genetic diversity (P = 17.6- 35.3%, A = 1.2-1.4, He = 0.02-0.11) compared with two (only) existing reports, and plants in general. Genetic differentiation among populations was high (GST = 0.47). UPGMA cluster analysis using Nei unbiased genetic distance showed M. parcifolia and M. pauli-guilielmi to be more similar genetically to each other than either is to M. crassifolia. This is concordant with groupings based on morphological characters, thus supporting the objectives of the investigation.
Last Modified 2012-11-23
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While it’s no surprise that local and organic produce have more beneficial nutrients (such as…
At Blush Lane, we are not a fan of long-distance relationships, especially when it comes to our food. Not only is eating locally beneficial for the environment but also for our economy and health! Check out these 7 benefits of eating local. If you are already convinced, check out what’s in season!
Of course, in Canada, we will never be able to eat fully local. A great place to start is to look at tags when shopping for produce to see what is available locally and build recipes around those items!
Health Benefits of Eating Local
1. Diversify your Diet
Having a diverse diet is recommended as it’s an easy way to ensure you maintain a balanced diet and access all essential nutrients and support your gut microbiome (1). By eating with the seasons you are automatically introducing new fruits and vegetables into your diet each season. You may find yourself trying vegetables you’ve never heard of before! Have you ever tried a sunchoke? Fiddle Head? Sea Asparagus?
2. More flavour and Nutrition:
When food is not in season locally, it’s usually shipped in from another part of the world. These foods usually need to be harvested before they are able to fully ripen so that they can endure a long shipping experience. However, when produce isn’t able to reach peak ripeness naturally, it doesn’t reach the same amount of nutritional density or flavour richness it could have.
3. Spend More Time Cooking:
This may sound like a negative to some people, but let us convince you… It is a good thing! Getting inspired by what’s in season will naturally have you cook more food at home, meaning more nutrition from whole foods, and less processed foods. Not to mention it can be FUN! Check out: 15 Recipes with Unique Root Vegetables, Recipes with Seasonal Summer Produce
Environmental Benefits of Eating Local
4. Reduce Food Miles:
Research suggests that the average distance food takes to get from farm to fork is roughly 1,346 miles or 2,166 kilometers (3). With transportation being the main contributor of greenhouse gases, eating a local diet can be one of the most powerful behavior changes we can make to tackle climate change (4).
5. Support Soil Health:
Aligning your diet with the seasons supports the diversification of local agriculture because it allows time for nutrients to be recycled back into a crop’s soil.
6. Support the Local Economy:
In Canada, “local businesses recirculate 2.6 times more revenue back into the local economy than multi-national chains” (5). In other words, when we buy from local businesses, we help build a stronger community at home. Not to mention
7. Give More To The Farmer:
When you buy food that is grown closer to home, more of your dollar is given to the farmer as there are fewer steps in the food supply chain from farm to fork (6). That means fewer middlemen that need to be paid.
8. It’s Cheaper!
When you are purchasing food that is in season, it is at the peak of its supply, which drives down the price. Lastly, since it is traveling a shorter distance it costs less to transport. Ever wonder why asparagus is cheaper in the spring? Or lemons are more expensive in the summer?
1) Mirmiran, Parvin, et al. “Dietary diversity score in adolescents-a good indicator of the nutritional adequacy of diets: Tehran lipid and glucose study.” Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition13.1 (2004).
2) Pollan, Michael. In Defence of Food: An Eater’s Manifesto. pg. 159.
3) Pirog, Rich S., et al. “Food, fuel, and freeways: An Iowa perspective on how far food travels, fuel usage, and greenhouse gas emissions.” (2001).
4) Chapman, Lee. “Transport and climate change: a review.” Journal of transport geography 15.5 (2007): 354-367.
5) BC Buy Local. https://bcbuylocal.com/why-local/
6) Porter, Michael E., and Mark R. Kramer. “Creating shared value.” Managing sustainable business. Springer, Dordrecht, 2019. 323-346.
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Thursday, May 5, 2011
100 Words: Cinco de Mayo
Cinco de Mayo. Do you even know what it is?
On the 5th of May, it’s celebrated widely in the US by Mexicans as a celebration of heritage and pride, and the cause of freedom and democracy during the first years of the American Civil War. It’s not even celebrated in all of Mexico. It’s primarily celebrated in Puebla, Mexico.
In the state of Puebla, the date is observed to commemorate the Mexican Army’s unlikely victory over French forces at the Battle of Puebla, on May 5, 1862.
Cinco de Mayo is not Mexico's Independence Day. That’s on September 16th.
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Nearly half of the nuclear waste cooling in San Onofre’s spent fuel pools is of a hot variety enigmatically called “high-burnup fuel.”
“Burnup” – i.e., the amount of uranium that undergoes fission – has increased over time, allowing utilities to suck more power out of nuclear fuel before replacing it, federal regulators explain. It first came to wide use in America’s reactors in the latter part of the last century, and how it will behave inshort-term storage containers (which must be used forlonger-term storage, since U.S. policy on nuclear waste disposal is tragically paralyzed) remains something of a mystery.
“Can we say today that, 100 years from now, the fuel is likely to still maintain its strength and other characteristics?” asked Per F. Peterson, a professor of nuclear engineering at UC Berkeley, at a technical panel last month.
“I’m not aware of people who study this who think there’s any substantial likelihood that there will be substantive degradation occurring, even with those time scales. But it’s difficult to prove, because we can’t fast-forward 100 years. So the material scientists are faced with a real challenge: How do you predict what’s going to happen in 100 years, today?”
Other experts have graver doubts.
“There’s little technical support for NRC approval of high-burnup fuel,” said Marvin Resnikoff, a nuclear waste management consultant who spoke after Peterson at the panel. “One foot has followed the other because of the economics of nuclear power. The utilities have moved toward high-burnup fuel because it means less downtime at the reactor itself. They’ve moved toward putting more fuel into each cask (storage) canister because that also assists the economics. It’s an experiment in the field.”
Resnikoff’s concerns center on the integrity of the metallic shield encasing the fuel, called cladding.
The cladding itself is about as thick as an aluminum roasting pan, he said. Over time in a working reactor, it endures great stress and grows thinner – on the order of 15 percent thinner – and as it cools, it becomes more brittle.
What will happen inside those casks over the next 40 (or more) years that they’ll sit at San Onofre, and at just about every other commercial power plant in the nation? What extra stresses will the corrosive salt air of California’s coast put on those casks (and the casks at Diablo Canyon near San Luis Obispo) after many of those reading this story are dead and gone?
“It’s a big concern,” Resnikoff said. “It’s a game-changer across the country.”
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission, America’s nuclear watchdog, doesn’t share those concerns.
“The NRC position on high-burnup fuel is that it is safe in storage and transportation,” said Drew Barto, an engineer with the NRC featured on the technical panel. “This is based on the research that we’ve done, and that many other institutions have done to date, that do not indicate any serious issues with how high-burnup fuel is handled.
“However, as we routinely do at NRC, there’s continuing confirmatory research to ensure there aren’t any serious issues in the future, and our assumptions in transportation and storage remain valid.”
To wit: The Oak Ridge National Laboratory is buttoning up a study involving high-burnup fuel and the cladding issue.
“This research is not done, but even without having the results, we can make a couple of conclusions about high-burnup fuel,” Barto said. “This was very high-burnup fuel. There were five rods pulled out of a single assembly, put in a transportation cask, sent to Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and cut into pieces. We did not see any degraded material properties compared to low-burnup fuel.”
The study will be released later this year, and research will continue in the years to come, Barto said.
Resnikoff was not much comforted. “These are studies done after-the-fact,” he said. “I think the proper procedure is, you do the studies, you look at the safety, andthenyou license it. You don’t have an experiment that’s operating out in the field, as is being done right now.”
COOL OR WARM?
Mike Billone and Yung Liu of the Argonne National Laboratory ran some experiments on the performance of high-burnup fuel cladding and presented them at a U.S. Department of Energy winter meeting in November.
Seems the current protocol for drying spent fuel might aggravate things.
“NRC … permits spent fuel cladding to be heated, when placed into dry cask canisters, to higher temperatures (up to 400°C) than occur during reactor service, during the vacuum drying of the fuel in the canister before it is filled with helium,” said Peterson, the UC Berkeley professor (who also served on President Barack Obama’s Blue Ribbon Commission on America’s Nuclear Future), by email.
“The experiments performed by Billone et al. show that significant radial hydriding and embrittlement can occur in high-burnup cladding when heated to these temperatures,” Peterson said. “I will follow up to learn more about this problem. I don’t see a reason why drying cannot be accomplished while limiting peak fuel temperatures to significantly lower values, but it does appear possible that current drying protocols during canister loading may cause fuel to reach temperatures high enough to cause this additional radial hydriding and resulting cladding embrittlement.”
The proper question, suggested Michael McMahon, senior vice president of AREVA TN Americas, manufacturer of San Onofre’s dry casks (and a leading provider of dry storage and transportation equipment for the nuclear energy industry worldwide), may center on low temperatures, rather than high ones.
“The older it gets, the colder and more stable it gets,” McMahon said of the high-burnup fuel. “What you’re actually concerned about is, does it get too cold? When things are warm, they’re flexible. When things get too cold, they become more brittle. If you want to solve the problem, you could put heaters on the canister and keep it warm.”
His company has experience transporting thousands of high-burnup fuel assemblies for reprocessing in Europe, and it hasn’t seen any problems related to degradation in the fuel. But fuel that’s destined for reprocessing doesn’t sit in storage containers for decade after decade, as U.S. waste will.
“The question is correct though: What happens to the fuel after a long time in dry storage, and how would that affect transportation?” McMahon said. “We’re collecting data to see.”
TAKE IT AWAY
This technical discussion came courtesy of Southern California Edison’s Community Engagement Panel, local movers and shakers who serve as a sounding board on San Onofre’s decommissioning. It is chaired with silk-and-velvet diplomacy by David Victor, a professor of international relations at UC San Diego.
The experts may not agree on some important points, the panel noted, but one strong consensus has emerged: Everyone wants the tons of highly radioactive nuclear waste that has been accumulating at San Onofre – and at every other commercial nuclear plant around the nation for nearly a half-century – taken away by the federal government as quickly as possible.
“There’s a convincing argument that what we have is really safe, not ultimately safe, but pretty safe,” said Supervisor Pat Bates after listening to the experts. “This is a great way for the feds to kick the can down the road, because ‘I’m not going to be here in 40 years.’ And we might be able to do it for 100 years. I think we need to focus going forward on how to make the argument that that’s not good enough. Communities shouldn’t be responsible for this, even if it lasts a million years. It’s their responsibility.”
To refresh: Back in the ’60s and ’70s, nuclear power was the future. To encourage its development, the federal government passed the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982, promising to accept spent nuclear fuel and high-level waste from commercial plants by Jan. 31, 1998. In return, the plants would make quarterly payments into a Nuclear Waste Fund.
America’s ratepayers have kicked some $30 billion into that fund – and have gotten, basically, squat. A federal judge recently ordered the feds to stop collecting money for the Waste Fund since it has provided no service.
About 80 lawsuits have been filed by utility companies over the government’s broken promise; the Department of Energy had paid out $2.6 billion in damages to utility companies by the end of 2012, and faces another $19.7 billion in liabilities through 2020, according to the Government Accountability Office.
Peterson, the UC Berkeley professor, summed it up thusly: “My direct answer is that there is general consensus that spent fuel is likely to be quite stable in dry storage for long periods of time, whether it is old low-burnup fuel that experienced more damage and leakage, or newer designs for higher-burnup fuel that experienced less damage and leakage while it was inside the reactor core. But the long-term risks posed by the older low-burnup fuel, and the newer high-burnup fuel, will depend most on whether the U.S. Congress restarts a nuclear waste program that is credible and can be successful.”
There is a strong consensus that placing spent nuclear waste in deep geologic isolation can provide safe, long-term isolation from the biosphere, and protect future generations, he said.
“One of the most important reasons that our strategy failed before was because we treated the selection of a geologic repository site as a game of musical chairs, and when it was down to the last couple of chairs, then Congress” – Peterson mimed yanking a chair away – “and Nevada was left there standing. Even if people had been enthused about a repository, how could any state at that point support this?
“As a nation, we have the responsibility to do the right thing,” Peterson said. “Call Senator (Dianne) Feinstein. Get this started.”
Contact the writer: [email protected]: @ocregister.com
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This equipment checklist will help you get started. Let’s begin
with the basics.
Aquarium – Which tank will you buy? What about a complete setup? You may
be tempted to buy a small round bowl but that is not going to make your fish happy. Choose the biggest tank that
you can afford. This prevents having to upgrade later when you get more fish. They will have to adjust to a new
environment all over again.
Choose an appropriate aquarium for your fish
– You may own one fish now but you probably plan on
owning several more. Buy an aquarium based on the eventual size of your fish and not how they look now. Some fish
can grow to be several inches long. That can lead to cramped quarters in a ten-gallon tank.
Choose what type of aquarium to buy
– There are two choices: freshwater or
saltwater. Freshwater fish are plentiful and need less maintenance to live a happy life. On the other hand,
saltwater aquariums will cost you a pretty penny to get started and maintain.
Filtration system – Have you seem people with tanks that haven’t been cleaned in
months? You can scrape the muck with a shovel. Without a proper filtering system there is no need to expect your
fish to live long. Waste products from fish, plants and other aquarium life need to be regularly removed to
maintain the proper balance of pH and water bacteria.
All fish need a filtration system and light, but the degree of
each varies. A basic filter may work for freshwater fish (along with a few bottom feeders to clean the tank even
more) but an under-gravel filter in addition to an outside filter may be needed for saltwater tropical
Heater – Tropical fish like it warm. We don’t want to boil them, but a
heater can maintain a constant temperature for your fish so they are comfortable.
Thermometer – You can’t judge the temperature by sticking your finger in the
water. A sturdy rust-resistant thermometer lets you know when the temperature goes too high or too low so you can
adjust your heater.
Gravel – Most fish aquariums have some sort of substrate on the bottom
of the tank. Gravel works for fish that like to swim and catch their food on the top of the tank. For bottom
feeding tropical fish, a softer material will keep them from getting hurt when they dig for food.
Lights – For several hours a day, you will turn on the lights for your
fish and any real plant life you have in the tank.
Plants – Variety is the spice of life for fish too. You can choose from
artificial or live plants. Live plants increase the oxygen in the tank, but need to be tended to so that they don’t
get sick and die. Some fish like to swim through dark places or hide and plants can provide the cover that they
Fish food – Fish need to swim and eat. Feeding them the wrong food can
make them just as sick as the wrong water environment. Most fish like the flakes but there are some that can
benefit from worms and other morsels. It is important to know what the like to eat and how expensive it will be to
Plan before you buy – Bringing home the fish is the last thing you do. Be sure that
your environment is set up and you are familiar with how to take care of your fish before you actually acquire
them. Things will sail more smoothly that way.
So, you have a basic guide for what you will need in your tank
to benefit your fish. There are other bells and whistles and extras you may find that you need, but this list will
get you going with the right equipment.
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Where does creativity come from and can we see the sources of creative thought in the brain? If we could answer these questions then there would be important implications that go well beyond musical performance.
Creativity is an areas that we can find quite hard to teach on the Music, Mind and Brain masters, compared to other more well trodden areas of research. In comparison to, for example, studies of music and language or musical emotion there is hardly any research on the creative processes behind musical composition and performance.
Creativity is one of those ephemeral concepts that can be quite hard to capture, like mental imagery. I always thought that getting the creative process into a scanner might be a fun task to try but then getting instrumentalists to play in a scanner is fraught with problems. Singing of course, is possible. And who is best at spontaneous lyrical improvisation? Rappers of course!
A new study out in Nature has reported a fascinating experiment where 12 freestyle rap artists (5-18 years of professional experience) were asked to rap memorized lyrics on an 8-bar instrumental track (conventional condition) or to perform lyrics that were improvised spontaneously, on the same instrumental track (improvised condition). Both these conditions took place in an fMRI scanner and the authors reported a pattern of unique activations that were associated with improvisation but which that they argue could provide a signature for creativity in general.
For those who are interested in the methods, the authors utilized spatial independent component analysis (sICA) methods recently developed in their laboratory to effectively remove imaging artifacts associated with connected speech or song, making it possible to study improvised rap using fMRI for the first time.
Consistent with a previous study of melodic improvisation the authors reported ‘a dissociated pattern of activity within the prefrontal cortex: increases in activity throughout the MPFC, extending from the frontal pole to the border of the pre-SMA (more pronounced in the left hemisphere), and simultaneous decreases in the DLPFC, from its orbital to superior regions’ (more pronounced in the right hemisphere).
It should be noted that although the left hemisphere activations would be expected in a linguistic task, the activations noted here were associated uniquely with the improvised and not the conventional condition so can not be ascribed to normal language processing per se, rather unique aspects of the improvisation task.
The authors state that “This pattern – activation of medial and deactivation of dorsolateral cortices – may provide a context in which self-generated action is freed from the conventional constraints of supervisory attention and executive control, facilitating the generation of novel ideas.”
In addition, enhanced activity observed in the caudate may support rapid online sequencing of ongoing behaviors in the improvised as opposed to the conventional condition.
The authors then carried out a connectivity analysis to work out how the patterns of activation and deactivation that they observed in the brain may be related to each other. The connectivity results revealed strong positive correlations between activity in a primary seed region in the MPFC and inferior frontal and cortical premotor areas.
These regions were themselves positively correlated with activity in amygdala which itself was strongly coupled to an extended network that included the right IFG, and IPL and anterior insula in both left and right hemispheres. “The connectivity analyses therefore suggested the emergence of a more widespread, large-scale network that might play a role in lyrical improvisation”.
Overall, the results reveal an extensive network that the authors argue is implicated in the initial stages of lyrical improvisation, rooted in prefrontal (in particular areas involved in executive control) and premotor areas but also extending into motivational and emotional areas. Interestingly the authors suggest that “…as a whole, this entire network is more effectively coupled during spontaneous creative behaviour – perhaps facilitating what has been described as a psychological ‘flow’ state“.
Article: Siyuan Liu, Ho Ming Chow, Yisheng Xu, Michael G. Erkkinen, Katherine E. Swett, Michael W. Eagle, Daniel A. Rizik-Baer & Allen R. Braun (2012) Neural Correlates of Lyrical Improvisation: An fMRI Study of Freestyle Rap. Nature Scientific Reports
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- Prepare for Earthquakes (21)
- Earthquake Magnitudes (12)
- Earthquakes in Your Region (9)
- Earthquake Prediction (16)
- Seismology (31)
- Liquefaction (19)
- Historic Earthquakes (47)
Directions to information and data from earthquakes as fast as possible.
Earthquakes in a Nutshell
Start here for the seismic basics.
Focal Mechanism Diagrams in a Nutshell
What those "beachball" diagrams mean.
Geo-Quiz 26: Earthquakes
You say you wanted an earthquake quiz? Well, get ready to rumble!
Geo-Quiz 8: Seismology
Here's a million-dollar earthquake quiz for you . . . but maybe you're a little SHAKY on the subject.
A new theory of earthquake lights looks promising.
Studying Fault Zones with Trenches
Examples and methods of paleoseismic trenching studies of earthquake faults.
Drilling into Faults
Geologists are getting near the places where earthquakes actually happen.
Global Seismic Hazard Map Index
Maps of all the earthquake-prone countries of the world.
Dedicated professionals are out there learning lessons from earthquakes about safer buildings.
Earthquake Engineering Photo Gallery
Pictures of structures and equipment related to earthquake engineering.
Earthquake Warnings Before Shaking Starts
Early-warning systems for people in earthquake zones are growing closer to real time.
Aftershocks Are Not Afterthoughts
The "ghosts of earthquakes past" are unsung villains of earthquake hazard.
The 1994 Northridge earthquake took down with it the state's insurance commissioner--six years later.
Do Bombs Cause Earthquakes?
It depends on what the meaning of "cause" is.
Deep-focus earthquakes aren't supposed to happen, but they do.
How Earthquakes Disturb Streams and Groundwater
Earthquakes can affect water even more than they do land.
Liquefaction: Giving Ground
Liquefaction, a devastating effect of earthquakes, is only now being widely assessed.
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CC-MAIN-2014-35
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http://geology.about.com/od/earthquakes/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500826322.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021346-00343-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.900542 | 447 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Attorney general Eric Holder used the anniversary of US school desegregation to call for a fresh push for immigration reform, saying it remains vital to reducing inequality among future generations of American children.
Addressing a Friday lunch to mark the 60th anniversary of Brown v Board of Education – the supreme court judgment that outlawed the separation of white and African American pupils – Holder listed a number of ways in which “the fight goes on”. The anniversary of the ruling is Saturday.
But his comments about immigration reform mark an unusual linkage of the civil rights movement and more recent efforts to ensure citizenship for the millions of undocumented, and mostly Latino, immigrants currently living under the threat of deportation.
“By fighting for comprehensive immigration reform – that includes an earned path to citizenship, so that men and women who are Americans in everything but name can step out of the shadows and take their place in society – we’ll make certain that children who have always called America home can build bright futures in, and enrich, the country they love, without fear,” said Holder.
Immigration legislation has largely stalled since the US Senate passed a reform package last summer that has failed to make it to the floor of the House of Representatives.
But campaigners are clinging to the hope there may one last window to pass a bill through Congress before November's midterm elections, if Republican primary elections take pressure off speaker John Boehner by favouring mainstream candidates over Tea Party candidates opposed to the legislation.
Holder did not go into detail about the administration's current strategy – thought to be on hold, pending one last attempt at legislation in the House – but he made it clear he felt the battle against racial inequality in America remains more pressing than many on the right acknowledge. He quoted recent supreme court dissents by justice Sonia Sotomayor, who warned the court not to “wish away, rather than confront, the racial inequality that exists in our society".
“So long as I have the privilege of serving as attorney general of the United States, this Justice Department will never stop working to expand the promise of a nation where everyone has the same opportunity to grow, to contribute, and to succeed,” added Holder, the first African American to run the department.
“By calling for new voting protections – and by challenging unjust restrictions that discriminate against vulnerable populations or communities of colour – we’ll keep striving to ensure the free exercise of every citizen’s most fundamental rights.”
The sentiment was echoed on Friday in a brief statement from Barack Obama, who urged the country to honour the legacy of the plaintiffs and lawyers who brought the Brown case before the supreme court by continuing the fight against racial equality.
“As we commemorate this historic anniversary, we recommit ourselves to the long struggle to stamp out bigotry and racism in all their forms,” said the president.
“We reaffirm our belief that all children deserve an education worthy of their promise. And we remember that change did not come overnight – that it took many years and a nationwide movement to fully realise the dream of civil rights for all of God’s children.”
During his earlier speech in Washington, Holder revealed that the DOJ was still actively enforcing and monitoring nearly 200 desegregation cases where school districts have not yet fulfilled their legal obligation to eliminate segregation “root and branch.”
He said students of colour in US schools face suspensions and expulsions at a rate three times higher than that of their white peers.
But lawyers and families of plaintiffs from the Brown case were urged by other speakers not to underplay their momentous achievement during the emotional lunch at the National Press Club.
“This week some people have been suggesting that with ongoing segregation and the many problems we face in our nation's schools that our celebration of Brown should somehow be muted,” said Sherrilyn Ifill, president of the NAACP Legal Defense Fund, which led the case.
“This is shocking and it reflects that still too many people do not really know what Brown accomplished: Brown was the beginning of the end of legal apartheid in this country.”
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<urn:uuid:1685d60c-bc45-418e-8a1c-dfb9c10d6fca>
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CC-MAIN-2017-39
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https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/16/holder-immigration-reform-brown-v-board
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818686117.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920014637-20170920034637-00086.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.959025 | 845 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Roses are popular landscape plants valued for their beautiful and diverse floral displays that can be enjoyed throughout the majority of the growing season. Most of the landscape rose cultivars available today are not reliably winter hardy in U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Plant Hardiness Zones 3 and 4 (USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map, 2012). Susceptibility to rose black spot (Diplocarpon rosae F.A. Wolf) and other foliar diseases such as spot anthracnose [Sphaceloma rosarum (Pass.) Jenk.] is also a limiting factor. Foliar diseases defoliate plants and reduce the ornamental value, vigor, and winter survival of susceptible cultivars. A breeding program was initiated at the University of Minnesota in 1990 to develop cold-hardy, repeat blooming, black spot–resistant landscape rose cultivars available for use in northern continental landscapes (Zuzek and Hokanson, 2007). Below we describe four polyantha rose cultivars developed by the Woody Landscape Plant Breeding and Genetics Project at the University of Minnesota.
HarpD.A.ZlesakD.C.HammondG.GeorgeS.MackayW.2009Earth-Kind® Rose Trials–identifying the world’s strongest most beautiful landscape roses p. 166–175. In: D.C. Zlesak (ed.). Roses. Floriculture and Ornamental Biotechnology 3(Special Issue 1)
KrüssmannG.1981The complete book of roses. Timber Press Portland OR
Plant Hardiness Zone Map USDA2012Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture. 15 Feb. 2016. <http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb>.
Royal Horticultural Society (RHS)1995Royal Horticultural Society colour chart. Royal Hort. Soc. London
WhitakerV.M.DebenerT.RobertsA.V.HokansonS.C.2010A standard set of host differentials and unified nomenclature for an international collection of Diplocarpon rosae racesPlant Pathol.59745752
YoungM.A.SchorrP.BaerR.2007Modern roses XII. American Rose Society Shreveport LA
ZlesakD.C.2009Pollen diameter and guard cell length as predictors of ploidy in diverse rose cultivars species and breeding lines. Floriculture and Ornamental Biotechnology 3(Special Issue 1):53–70
ZlesakD.C.WhitakerV.M.GeorgeS.HokansonS.C.2010Evaluation of roses from the EarthKind® Trials: Black spot (Diplocarpon rosae Wolf.) resistance and ploidyHortScience4519
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<urn:uuid:9f6a5575-47fa-4508-a2dd-fbe3d008aea0>
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CC-MAIN-2020-10
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https://journals.ashs.org/hortsci/abstract/journals/hortsci/51/3/article-p296.xml?rskey=5ROyTv
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875143079.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20200217175826-20200217205826-00215.warc.gz
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en
| 0.719179 | 591 | 2.953125 | 3 |
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