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When school is in session, as teachers we all know to stock up on hand sanitizer, disinfectant wipes and tissues, and schedule the annual flu shot. While these are all very important, there are several other areas that all teachers – but in particular music teachers – need to be concerned about: our voices and our hearing.
Best Earplugs for Marching Band Practice
These are all reasons that music educators and probably every student in the instrumental program should use hearing protection each and every day. You will want something different than the foam earplugs they sell at the corner drug store. While those protect against noise levels, they also distort the sound and eliminate certain frequencies. Instead, you will want to look at getting a set of high-fidelity earplugs like:
The Etymotic ETY Earplugs reduce most noise to safe levels while preserving the clarity of speech and the richness of music. It allows you to hear the sound exactly as the ear would hear it, only quieter.
The Etymotic ER20XS Earplugs are a bit smaller and more discreet, having a lower profile that sits snugly in the ear without protruding – but again, allowing you to hear the sound exactly as the ear would hear it, only quieter.
The Earasers Musicians’ Earplugs were developed by an engineer who has been a musician for over 20 years. They are great for very loud environments, allowing you to hear at a safe, comfortable level.
The Etymotic Electronic Musicians’ Earplugs are state of the art, protecting your ears and providing two modes: a low position which provides a 15dB decrease in sound pressure, and a high position which provides for a 6dB gain for soft sounds and a 9dB cut for loud sounds.
It is important that you take into consideration that damage to the ear and hearing is always permanent. Once a hair cell in the cochlea has been damaged or destroyed, it cannot be repaired – so take care of your ears and your students’ ears!
The Importance of Earplugs for Music Teachers
In a study by Joseph Pisano of Grove City College, 42 band directors were tested for noise-induced hearing loss. It found that 86% showed some degree of damage. That statistic should scare us all! While instrumental teachers may be the most vulnerable, the choral and classroom teacher can also suffer hearing loss from their work with students in the classroom.
This came to my attention when I was visiting the European Music Educators Association, which is made up of teachers who teach for the Department of Defense Education Activity. During that visit I found that the Department of Defense takes hearing loss so seriously that they require both the teacher and the students in the band to wear noise-reducing earplugs during any class where there can be excessive sound or when electronic equipment is played. We even had a wonderful presentation about hearing loss from one of the Army doctors that was truly enlightening.
Some interesting facts:
Noise levels for the average band rehearsal regularly reach 110 db.
Noise levels for the average marching band rehearsal regularly reach 125 db.
Noise levels for the average choral or general music classroom regularly reach 100 db.
90-95 decibels is the level at which sustained exposure may result in hearing loss.
125 decibels is the level at which pain begins.
140 decibels is the level where even short-term exposure can cause permanent damage.
In a study, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health found that a band director’s noise exposure reached and exceeded occupational exposure limits that they recommend (85 db over an eight-hour exposure). They also found that the noise levels were greater in the band room than in the cafeteria, and that the average band room was not a large enough rehearsal space for the number of students in the high school marching band.
Our voices are critical to our professional lives as well as our musical lives and continually shouting over a band ensemble can damage a teacher’s voice as well as their ears. Be sure to also see our post on PA systems for schools. | <urn:uuid:809db3f5-cfd5-4deb-a034-c9e89d60da4a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://blogs.jwpepper.com/earplugs-for-band-practice/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100227.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130130218-20231130160218-00690.warc.gz | en | 0.96858 | 853 | 2.625 | 3 |
VANCOUVER, Canada — Had Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 disappeared just a few weeks later, we may have been able to find it in a matter of hours.
A company called Planet Labs is in the process of activating a squadron of tiny satellites that they released from the International Space Station last month. These compact satellites will orbit Earth, snapping images of nearly every inch of our planet. As Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield pointed out, they may have filled the blind spots of the satellites that failed to keep up with the plane after it lost contact.
"Just tracking one, thin aluminum tube in a place that isn’t heavily radar covered [is] really hard — virtually impossible," Hadfield, an experienced pilot himself, told Mashable shortly after his talk at the TED conference in Vancouver on Monday. "It is not a surprise to me at all how easy it is to make something that big disappear. The world is huge."
Planet Labs, which was founded in 2010 by three former NASA physicists, could have been the answer because their satellites will cover areas that are sometimes overlooked with current satellites — like, say the Indian Ocean — which tend to focus on specific tasks or zones with more activity.
The compact satellites — called "Doves" — will work together to take overlapping images and beam them back to Earth immediately, giving us a complete view of our planet in real time. They will live in low orbit, and their main purpose will be measuring the planet's environmental changes, though their mountains of data could be applied in many other instances. And since they have a 3- to 5-meter resolution, they would be able to spot something like, say, a plane.
"In the future we should never have a situation where we have to wait two weeks to find a lost plane,” said founder Will Marshall during his TED talk on Thursday.
Although the company launched 28 of these satellites in February, they aren't yet active. Plus, total coverage won't be possible until all 100 satellites are deployed, and the company just secured another round of funding this week to make that happen within 12 months. It will eventually be the largest satellite constellation in history. Marshall said on Thursday that all the information that comes from these satellites will be made available to the public.
"The best thing we can do with our data is to ensure universal access to it," he said, adding that it will "democratize access to information about our planet."
The world still has no clue what happened to Malaysia Airlines Flight 370, which was carrying 239 people. More than 20 countries are now actively involved in the search for the plane. On Thursday, Australian search teams were deployed to an area in the Indian Ocean about 1,500 miles from Perth to investigate two mystery objects that may have come from the missing plane.
The total search area has since expanded to nearly 3 million square miles — a huge mass for any human to cover by sea or air. It only seems natural to turn to the many satellites that hover above our atmosphere in search of answers.
NASA has satellites in orbit that track events like heat flashes, but those failed to provide any clues. The agency's MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) satellite, for example, tracks wildfires. So, had MH370 crashed and burned, it seems like this satellite should have seen it. However, the problem is its location.
"They are polar orbiters and would have had to be viewing the exact place and time where the airplane was in order to detect any heat from an explosion — if that's what happened," David J. Diner, senior research scientist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, told Mashable via email.
What about the cameras on the ISS? Did they see anything? According to Hadfield, the timing would have had to been perfect in order to capture MH370. That's nearly impossible when you consider that the space station travels at 5 miles per second and speeds over the entire Pacific Ocean in just 25 minutes.
The Chinese government said last week that it would use its satellites to find the missing plane, which was traveling from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing and carrying a lot of Chinese passengers. However, a photo array the country released last week that reportedly showed debris from the aircraft turned out to be yet another false lead in the ongoing saga of the still-unsolved Malaysia Airlines mystery.
"Obviously something fast and deliberate happened to that airplane," Hadfield said. "The real question is what." | <urn:uuid:5c452219-863a-4c9b-921e-69406712a27d> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://mashable.com/2014/03/18/malaysia-airlines-flight-370-planet-labs-satellites/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510273513.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011753-00410-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974689 | 912 | 3.234375 | 3 |
The Pilates method is a physical and mental training system that was created by Joseph Pilates in the early 20th century. It is considered a “body control method” that involves precise and correct movement and is intended for all types of people. It is a blend of Eastern and Western fitness ideas based on the concept of postural hygiene, in which the focus is on ensuring a correct posture before performing any movement.
It incorporates knowledge from various specialisations and combines muscle strengthening with mental control, breathing and relaxation.
Today it is an indispensable tool in physiotherapy for preventing and treating musculoskeletal conditions individually or in group.
This course is intended for all physiotherapists interested in incorporating the Pilates Method into their range of treatment methods and increasing their professional success.
- To learn about Joseph Pilates, his principles and the method’s benefits.
- To gain a more in-depth understanding of patient assessment: medical record, health history, postural assessment and functional tests.
- To learn to perform basic, intermediate and advanced exercises.
- To learn strategies for teaching the exercises to patients.
- To provide strategies for adapting the method to each condition and patient.
- Ability to plan and teach a group class.
- Ability to plan prenatal and postpartum sessions. | <urn:uuid:e1f3fbf4-9c3f-43d5-bdc8-4abb8571e46f> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.uic.es/en/studies-uic/health/mat-pilates-method-physiotherapists | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371858664.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409122719-20200409153219-00293.warc.gz | en | 0.932284 | 269 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Bouncing and Playing in the Backyard, Safely
The school year is ending and many summer camps and childcare programs remain closed prompting families to get creative in the way they entertain their children. Home playsets, trampolines, bounce houses, and public playgrounds are popular ways to keep kids moving. As I see more and more of these popping up in backyards, now seems like a good time to talk about safety.
Trampolines and bounce houses are fun and present a great way for kids to expend all that extra energy, but they come with risks. In fact, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends against children’s recreational trampoline use because of the risk of injury. 1 in 3 trampoline injuries results in a broken bone and 1 in 200 trampoline injuries result in permanent neurological damage.
According to the CDC, more than 200,000 children are treated for playground-related injuries in emergency departments each year. About half of those injuries are fractures and contusions/abrasions and about 1 out of 10 injuries includes a traumatic brain injury. Further, as our communities continue to manage the spread of coronavirus, there are some important guidelines to follow to keep you and others safe.
For any of these outdoor activities, an adult should be present to supervise and be ready to intervene when play becomes too wild. Below are some basic ground rules to follow to reduce the risk of serious injury.
- Discourage somersaults, flips, wrestling or placing objects on the trampoline. Failed attempts at tumbling can cause spinal injuries resulting in permanent disability or even death.
- Limit the number of people on the trampoline. Approximately 75 percent of injuries occur when multiple people are on a trampoline. Unfortunately, the smallest children are 14 times more likely to be injured than their bigger playmates. For full size trampolines, all jumpers should be age 6 or older.
- When setting up the trampoline, place it on level ground away from trees, fences, or other hazards. Inspect it for wear or rust and make sure the padding or netting is in good shape. A ladder can help ensure no one tries to jump on or off the trampoline, but it should be stored away from the trampoline to keep small children from gaining unsupervised access.
- Have jumpers remove all jewelry, hats, hairclips, shoes, baggy clothes or drawstrings that can catch, and to empty their pockets.
- Check with your homeowner’s or renter’s insurance to see if they will cover trampoline-related claims.
Bounce House Safety
From birthday parties to festivals, bounce houses are a popular way to celebrate with kids. The best safety practices for trampolines also apply to bounce houses. However, it is also important to monitor the air pressure of the bouncer and to quickly have the children exit if it seems to be losing air. Additionally, if it becomes windy, have the children exit, as bounce houses can be caught in strong winds and will lift and dangerously travel with their occupants still inside.
Walk and Talk Through Proper Use of all Playground Equipment: When a child cooks in the kitchen for the first time, you take the time to explain that knives are sharp and the stove is hot. However, most kids are given free range the second they spot a playset or playground in the distance. Take a moment to review proper use of the different parts of the playground equipment. This can include:
- Always go down the slide feet first
- Don’t stand on the swings
- Always check for other people or animals when swinging, sliding, or climbing
For young children, it can be helpful to regularly review proper use of playsets. They may forget or as they get older try to test limits in ways that can lead to injuries.
Check the Playground Surfaces: No matter what time of day it is, it is important to check the condition of the playground surface. A wet surface, from morning dew or rain, can make the surface slippery and dangerous for kids running around. When the sun is out, the surface of the playground may become too hot for children to touch. Metal slides, handrails, and steps can easily become hot in direct sun light. Contact burns with hot surfaces can take only seconds for children. Also make sure the equipment is in good condition, with no splinters, broken parts, or worn rungs.
Check the Ground: Many backyard playsets are set straight on grass or dirt. Replacing these materials with something softer that better absorbs the impact from falls can protect your kids. Recommended materials include sand, woodchips, rubber or rubber-like materials, or mulches. Go online to find helpful guidelines and resources for how deep and wide you should lay each kind of materials to provide your kids with a safe place to land.
You also want to take a moment to do a review of the 6 feet around the playground for potential hazards, such as stumps, rocks, broken glass, or nails. If you recently built the playground, offer to pay your kids a prize for every nail they are able to find. They will find all of them no problem.
Practice Hand Hygiene: When spending the day at public parks, your children will be touching surfaces that are commonly touched by other children. There are plenty of diseases that can live on surfaces, so it is important to remind them not to touch their eyes, nose, or mouth with their hands. If you brought snacks or a picnic to the playground, encourage them to clean their hands either with soap and water, if available, or with sanitizer before eating.
If Injuries Happen
If there is a potentially serious injury, call 911. Do not move the child (or adult) if they might have injured their head, neck, or back, unless they are in immediate danger. Minor injuries like cuts, scrapes, and bruises can be treated using basic first aid. Always monitor for signs of infection and call your primary care provider if injuries worsen or the symptoms do not lessen.
Abby Beerman is an injury prevention coordinator at University of Vermont Medical Center and UVM Children’s Hospital. | <urn:uuid:703391d4-7dc6-4ff7-b9c0-55f5d46a9e55> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.uvmhealth.org/healthsource/bouncing-and-playing-backyard-safely | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652207.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606013819-20230606043819-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.945514 | 1,299 | 2.9375 | 3 |
The penultimate year of the war began with a speech exhorting Germans to persevere. Italy was no longer Germany's ally, and the Soviet army was approaching the borders of Poland, Hungary and Romania. The Allied landing in France was imminent. After addressing soldiers and his fellow Germans, Adolf Hitler turned his attention to the Lord himself in his speech to ring in the New Year of 1944. "He is aware of the goal of our struggle," he said. The Lord's "justice will continue to test us until he can pass judgment. Our duty is to ensure that we do not appear to be too weak in his eyes, but that we are given a merciful judgment that spells 'victory' and thus signifies life!"
Two very different men in the German Reich noted their thoughts about Hitler's expression of religious sentiments in their diaries. The first, Victor Klemperer, lived with his wife in a "Jew house" in Dresden, where he wrote about the dictator, using a false name: "New content: Karl becomes religious. (The new approach lies in his approximation of the ecclesiastical style.)."
The second, Friedrich Kellner, lived with his wife in an official apartment in a court building for the Hessian town of Laubach, where he hid his written account of the war in a living-room cabinet. In his commentary on the Hitler speech, Kellner wrote: "The Lord, who has been maligned by all National Socialists as part of their official policy, is now being implored by the Fuhrer in his hour of need. What strange hypocrisy!"
The extensive diary written by Klemperer, a professor of Romance Literature who had been fired from his job in Dresden, was published in 1995 under the title "Ich will Zeugnis ablegen bis zum letzten" ("I Will Bear Witness 1942-1945: A Diary of the Nazi Years"). It is perhaps the most important private document about the Nazis, because it offers an extremely clear-sighted and detailed account of the 12 years of the "Thousand-year Reich" from the perspective of someone who was marginalized. The account details small annoyances and major crimes, daily life and the development of Nazi propaganda.
This document now has a counterpart, the diaries of judicial inspector Friedrich Kellner. The 900-page book begins in September 1938, told from the perspective of a German citizen who was not a Nazi. It also reveals what information Germans could have obtained about the Nazis if they had wanted to.
An Ordinary Family
Kellner, born in 1885, a few years later than Klemperer, was not a privileged man. The son of a baker and a maid, he embarked on a judicial career after graduating from the Oberrealschule, a higher vocational school. At 22, Kellner completed his one year of compulsory military service as an infantryman in the western city of Mainz, and in 1913 he married Paulina Preub, an office clerk. The couple's only son was born three years later, when Kellner returned from the French front after being wounded in the First World War.
Kellner was horrified, both by the gullibility and barbarism of the people around him.
They were an ordinary, lower middle-class family, but they were also politically active. He distributed flyers, gave speeches and recruited new members for the Social Democratic Party (SPD). Kellner had read Hitler's "Mein Kampf," and he took the book seriously, saying that it brought shame to Gutenberg. After the 1932 elections, in which the Nazi Party became the strongest faction in the parliament, the Reichstag, Kellner requested a transfer from Mainz. In 1933, two weeks before Hitler's appointment as Reich chancellor and the first wave of internal terror, he began working as a government employee in the Laubach District Court. He was an unknown entity in a town with strong Nazi sympathies. It was there that Kellner wrote his diary: a conversation he conducted with himself out of despair that was also an analysis of the present and a planned legacy.
"The purpose of my record," he began, on Sept. 26, 1938, "is to capture a picture of the current mood in my surroundings, so that a future generation is not tempted to construe a 'great event' from it (a 'heroic time' or the like)." In the same passage, on the same day, Kellner revealed a bitter clear-sightedness, when he summed up German postwar history in one sentence: "Those who wish to be acquainted with contemporary society, with the souls of the 'good Germans,' should read what I have written. But I fear that very few decent people will remain after events have taken their course, and that the guilty will have no interest in seeing their disgrace documented in writing."
Ten closely written volumes document the things Kellner experienced, observed and, most of all, what he read and heard. He cut out speeches and calls to action from newspapers and analyzed them, and he made notes about ordinances and decrees. He contrasted the information provided by the government with the facts, both in everyday life in Hesse and at the distant front. He listened to foreign radio stations when he could. But most of all, he analyzed the propaganda from a critical standpoint. Commenting on the 1939 "Treaty of Friendship" with the Soviet Union, he wrote: "We must resort to aligning ourselves with Russia to even have a 'friend.' Russia, of all countries. The National Socialists owe their existence entirely to the fight against Bolshevism (World Enemy No. 1, Anti-Comintern Pact). Where have you disappeared to, you warriors against Asian disgrace?"
Clippings as Evidence
Less than two years later, the warriors had returned, supposedly to preempt an attack by the Soviet Union. On June 22, 1941, Kellner wrote in his diary: "Once again, a country has become a victim of the non-aggression pact with Germany. No matter how our actions are justified, the truth will be found solely in the economy. Natural resources are the trump card. And if you are not compliant, I am prepared to use violence." But hardly anyone saw things the way he did. The women, over tea, liked to refer to the Germans "taking" a city, a region or even an entire country. Kellner was horrified, both by the gullibility and barbarism of the people around him.
Using military news, obituaries of those who died ("for Germany's greatness and freedom"), caricatures, newspaper articles and conversations with ordinary people, Kellner fashioned an image of Nazi Germany that has never existed before in such a vivid, concise and challenging form. Until now, the discussion over German guilt has fluctuated within the broad space between two positions. The one side emphasizes the deliberate disinformation of Nazi propaganda and the notion that ordinary citizens lived in fear and terror, concluding that they couldn't have known better. The other side takes the opposite position, namely that most were aware of what was happening.
In July 1941 he wrote: "The mental hospitals have become murder centers."
Kellner's writings offer a glimpse into what everyone could have known about the war of extermination in the East, the crimes against the Jews and the acts of terror committed by the Nazi Party. He wrote about the executions of "vermin" who made "defeatist" remarks, and about "racial hygiene." In July 1941 he wrote: "The mental hospitals have become murder centers." A family that had brought their son home from an institution later inadvertently received a notice that their child had died and that his ashes would soon be delivered. "The office had forgotten to remove the name from the death list. As a result, the deliberate killing was brought to light," he wrote.
Under Nazi Watch
By reading Kellner's diaries and recognizing what Germans could have known, it's tempting to rethink how the expression "We knew nothing about those things!" came into being. According to Kellner, people simply ignored the information available to them out of both laziness and enthusiasm for German war victories. When this denial of reality no longer worked, when too much had been revealed about what the Nazis were doing in Germany's name, there was no turning back for the majority of Germans. "'I did that,' says my memory," Nietzsche wrote. "'I could not have done that,' says my pride, and remains inexorable. Eventually, the memory yields."
Kellner himself wrote that "this pathetic German nation" had been held hostage by the perpetrators. "Everyone is convinced that we must triumph so that we are not completely lost." The Nazis themselves warned the population against the revenge of the perpetrators. For most Germans, the only conceivable end of the war was victory -- or total annihilation.
Kellner lived until 1970. Despite having been under surveillance by the party and questioned several times, he escaped the concentration camps. In a denunciation written in 1940, a Nazi official named Engst wrote: "If we want to apprehend people like Kellner, we will have to lure them out of their corners and allow them to make themselves guilty. The time is not ripe for an approach like the one that was used with the Jews. This can only happen after the war."
For most Germans, the only conceivable end of the war was victory -- or total annihilation.
In the epilogue, the author's grandson describes how the publication of Kellner's diaries came about. German publishers were not interested at first. But then the diaries attracted attention when, in April 2005, SPIEGEL reported that former US President George Bush had looked at Kellner's original notebooks in the George Bush Presidential Library at Texas A&M University.
Now that they have finally been published, the volumes are likely to find a place next to the Klemperer diaries in German libraries and on private bookshelves too.
by Eike Schmitter via aish.com, Translated from the German by Christopher Sultan. This article originally appeared in Der Spiegel.
Junk Yard New York
- Donate a junk car to charity. Get Free towing and a tax deduction. | <urn:uuid:073ecb21-41f0-4448-993c-db172677746f> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://virtualjerusalem.com/judaism.php?Itemid=5992 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164611566/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134331-00032-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980813 | 2,097 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Women's Clothing from 1800
As the 18th century was coming to a close, women's fashion took on some changes. In art and architecture, many things from ancient Greece had become fashionable and this had an effect on fashion too. Skirts became narrower and waists became higher. Gowns had less lace, frills, and ruffles. Some fashions in the early 1800's made women look much like statues of Greek goddesses!
Go to interactive Flash version
Everyone wore stockings. They were worn over the knee and were held up by a little ribbon or belt known as a garter. Stockings were knitted of cotton, silk or wool.
Drawers were like underpants. Women's drawers weren't supposed to show but drawers on young girls and boys did peek out from under their gowns. Men didn't wear drawers. Some drawers were split, such as the ones shown here, to make the trip to the outhouse easier and quicker.
The chemise was a long slip and undershirt combined. Sometimes a chemise might have tucks, a little lace and/ or embroidery on the front, all done by hand, but no one would see it!
In the early 19th century, ladies were not supposed to show much skin. This woman has a kerchief around her neck for this reason. If she was at a formal party or ball, she could take off her kerchief.
These shoes are called "pumps". They were supposed to be for dressier occasions but some young ladies who considered themselves quite fashionable, wore them in any weather! Men wore pumps similar to these but without the ribbons around the ankles.
At around the age of 12, girls started wearing their hair in buns high up on their heads. Combs such as this one were meant to look decorative and help hold the hair in place.
Girls and women wore corsets to make their figures look nice, but also to give support to their bodies when they carried around heavy things such as milk buckets, firewood, or small children. Many corsets were lined with stiffeners such as whalebone or metal. This corset has a pocket in front which contains a "busk". The busk helped make a woman's posture perfect. This corset laces up the back.
This gown is typical of the new style with its high waist, narrower skirt, and simpler lines. It has hooks up the back. A gown might be decorated at the waist with a belt or ribbon. Young girls often wore the same style of gowns as their mothers.
When a girl started to wear her hair up, she also started to wear a white cap over it most of the time. People didn't wash their hair as often as we do now, so wearing a cap helped keep hair cleaner longer and hid greasy-looking hair. Caps were considered quite stylish. Some had ruffles and/or lace. When a lady was home with no visitors, or if she was going to a fancy party or ball, she could take her cap off.
Earrings were stylish then as now. Pear-shaped ones that dangled were quite popular.
Suntans were considered very unstylish. Whenever a girl or lady went outside, she put on a large hat to shade her face. Straw hats like this one were usually made of rye straw that was grown on farms in New England. The straw was braided and made into hats by women working from their homes to earn a little extra money.
Sweaters weren't being worn in this country yet. Shawls were worn instead. They could be made of wool, silk, or cotton. In colder weather a girl or lady would wear a long cape.
Some gowns had two-part sleeves. The lower part would be basted on (sewn on with big stitches) for cooler weather. In warmer weather, the lower part could be removed by cutting the stiches.
The little bag this woman holds is a purse called a "reticule". In it she might put some money, a handkerchief, gloves, or a fan.
The shoes shown here are called "brogans". They were not considered fancy and could be worn in all kinds of weather. They were for men or women. They would have no rights or lefts, but most people tended to always wear the same shoe on the same foot.
Rhoda Smith Bardwell (1775-1818)
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SEPHARVAIM, SEPHARVITE (sĕf'ar-vā'ĭm, sē'far-vīt). The place from which the Assyrians brought colonists to live in Samaria (2Kgs.17.24, 2Kgs.17.31). The inhabitants of the place were called Sepharvites. The place is also referred to in the Assyrian commander’s threatening speech to Jerusalem (2Kgs.18.34; 2Kgs.19.13) as a place conquered by the Assyrian armies. Formerly Sepharvaim was identified with Sippar in Babylonia, but recently scholars have tended to reject that theory and have identified it with the Sibraim of Ezek.47.16, a place located in the region of Hamath.
SEPHARVAIM sēf’ ər vā’ əm (סְפַרְוַ֔יִם, dual form of unknown meaning). A place from which settlers were brought to re-populate Israel after the deportation to Assyria (2 Kings 17:24). Their deities included Adrammelech and Annamelech (q.v.). Sennacherib’s envoy mentioned it as a place whose gods were helpless against the Assyrians (2 Kings 18:34, et al.). There are two possible identifications: (1) The less likely is Sippar in Mesopotamia known as Sippar of Shamash and Sippar of Anunitum, thus accounting for the dual form; (2) Shabarain in Syria which was captured by Shalmanezer. Biblical Sibraim (Ezek 47:16) may refer to this site. The second possibility is more likely since it suits the Syrian context of Sepharvaim (mentioned along with Hamath in Syria) and the possible Syrian character of Adrammelech.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (1915)
sef-ar-va’-im, se-far-va’-im (cepharwayim: Sephpharouaim, Seppharoudim, Seppharoun, Seppharoumain, Eppharouaim, Sepphareim, the first two being the forms in manuscripts Alexandrinus and Vaticanus respectively, of the passages in Kings, and the last two in Isaiah):
1. Formerly Identified with the Two Babylonian Sippars:
This city, mentioned in 2Ki 17:24; 18:34; 19:13; Isa 36:19; 37:13, is generally identified with the Sip(p)ar of the Assyrians-Babylonian inscriptions (Zimbir in Sumerian), on the Euphrates, about 16 miles Southwest of Bagdad. It was one of the two great seats of the worship of the Babylonian sun-god Samas, and also of the goddesses Ishtar and Anunit, and seems to have had two principal districts, Sippar of Samas, and Sippar of Anunit, which, if the identification were correct, would account for the dual termination -ayim, in Hebrew. This site is the modern ’Abu-Habbah, which was first excavated by the late Hormuzd Rassam in 1881, and has furnished an enormous number of inscriptions, some of them of the highest importance.
2. Difficulties of That Identification:
Besides the fact that the deities of the two cities, Sippar and Sepharvaim, are not the same, it is to be noted that in 2Ki 19:13 the king of Sepharvaim is referred to, and, as far as is known, the Babylonian Sippar never had a king of its own, nor had Akkad, with which it is in part identified, for at least 1,200 years before Sennacherib. The fact that Babylon and Cuthah head the list of cities mentioned is no indication that Sepharvaim was a Babylonian town--the composition of the list, indeed, points the other way, for the name comes after Ava and Hamath, implying that it lay in Syria.
3. Another Suggestion:
Joseph Halevy therefore suggests (ZA, II, 401 ff) that it should be identified with the Sibraim of Eze 47:16, between Damascus and Hamath (the dual implying a frontier town), and the same as the Sabara’in of the Babylonian Chronicle, there referred to as having been captured by Shalmaneser. As, however, Sabara’in may be read Samara’in, it is more likely to have been the Hebrew Shomeron (Samaria), as pointed out by Fried. Delitzsch.
See Schrader, The Cuneiform Inscriptions and the, I, 71 f; Kittel on K; Dillmann-Kittel on Isa, at the place; HDB, under the word
T. G. Pinches | <urn:uuid:d17f6f39-f0db-4a8d-880f-276009db88e6> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.biblicaltraining.org/library/sepharvaim | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510676.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930113949-20230930143949-00224.warc.gz | en | 0.952453 | 1,096 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Launched during the Space Age and overshadowed by missions to the moon, the deep-diving submersible known as Alvin has nonetheless racked up an impressive list of explorations over more than 40 years of plying the world’s oceans.
And now, after a year-long retrofit, Alvin is ready to tackle what many scientists consider the last frontier on earth — the deepest parts of the ocean floor — and transmit its findings back in broadcast-quality pictures and video.
The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution is in the final stages of a $41 million overhaul and is readying Alvin for relaunch in April. Shaped like a short, stubby submarine, the rebuilt vessel will bristle with high-resolution cameras outside and have a mini-TV studio inside. Its 3-inch-thick titanium inner core will allow it to dive as deep as four miles, covering nearly all of the ocean floors around the world.
“It’s a huge portion of our planet that we’ve never even seen,” said a Woods Hole marine geologist, Susan Humphris, the principal investigator for Alvin’s upgrade.
The original Alvin had a celebrated career. Its most famous exploration was in 1986, when it made 12 dives to the wreckage of the RMS Titanic in the North Atlantic. The pictures that scientist Robert Ballard and his colleagues took during their expeditions were a sensation.
Commissioned in 1964, Alvin was used two years later by its owner, the Navy, to locate an unexploded hydrogen bomb nearly 3,000 feet below sea level off the coast of Spain.
In 1977, it set off a new line of inquiry when Alvin’s explorers were the first to observe up close how a teeming ecosystem of clams and other organisms on the ocean bottoms survived on the chemical discharges of underwater hydrothermal vents and not from photosynthesis, as plants do.
Before being taken out of the water and brought to Woods Hole in 2011, Alvin was in the Gulf of Mexico, measuring the impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on deep-sea corals.
But for all its successes in more than 4,600 dives, Alvin has been hobbled by its design and age. In 2004, engineers at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, which operates the vessel, began working on improvements that will take Alvin even deeper, allowing scientists to make the most of their precious time in this little-understood ecosystem.
The original “personnel sphere,” which carries two scientists and one pilot, was designed so that each crew member looked out of separate windows, or view ports; none of the porthole-like windows had overlapping fields of view.
That meant the pilot could not necessarily see what the scientists singled out for investigation and had to guess where to navigate the vessel, or which samples of rock or ocean life to pluck out with Alvin’s robotic arm. And because it is so crammed inside, the scientists could not easily move into a position to look out the same viewing port as the pilot.
“It was incredibly frustrating,” Humphris said. “I never knew if the pilot got the right rock.”
Alvin’s new sphere was designed so the crew can collaborate better. It has five large windows that provide a 245-degree viewing field and are placed so the pilot and the scientists can focus on the same object simultaneously.
And the explorers inside Alvin won’t be the only ones enjoying the view.
The new sphere will have high-resolution cameras in multiple places: two on top of the sub that will record the terrain as Alvin moves; two at the “basket,” or front deck where samples are stored, to provide closer-in shots; and even more cameras on the manipulator arms that scientists can use to zoom in on an interesting shrimp, for example, or geological formation.
The scientists will see much more through the cameras, with greater ability to tilt and pan and with multiple screens to view images.
In the original Alvin, scientists took screen grabs from video for stills, which limited image quality. But Alvin’s new cameras will produce publication-quality photos or video.
“Whatever you can print or put on TV, that’s the quality that will be available,” said Kurt Uetz, the program manager for Alvin. “And scientists will have much better control of what they’re looking at.”
The challenge for Alvin’s scientists was getting all this high-tech equipment to survive the immense pressures of the deep-sea environment. The housings for the imaging and lighting equipment need to withstand about 10,000 pounds of pressure per square inch, Uetz said. Feeding the video back onto the ship required engineering special “penetrator plates” to get the fiber optics and other cabling through the three-inch walls of the titanium sphere.
The 41,000-pound titanium sphere can withstand the pressure down to 6,500 meters, or about four miles, allowing Alvin to cover 98 percent of the ocean floor around the world.
For now, Alvin will not be able to get that deep, kept back by lead-acid batteries that limit its dives to no more than eight hours. So in its initial relaunch, Alvin can dive to 4,500 meters, or nearly three miles, still deep enough to explore about two-thirds of the ocean bottom.
Uetz expects to replace the older power pack with lighter and more powerful batteries, such as lithium-ion batteries.
Although the new sphere will be slightly roomier inside, it will not be much more comfortable for the crews that take the rebuilt submersible down for a dive. The quarters will remain cramped and cold, and the retrofit skipped one important amenity: a bathroom. Crew members must either dehydrate the night before or use bags.
Deep-sea oceanographers are quick to note that more is known about the moon or the surface of Mars than the farthest corners of the ocean floor. In April 2012, filmmaker and explorer James Cameron traveled to the deepest part of the world’s oceans — the Mariana Trench in the Pacific, nearly seven miles underwater — in a specially made submersible.
“I felt like I literally, as if, in the space of one day, I had gone to another planet and come back,” Cameron said after the journey.
Soon, Alvin will be able to probe other deep, unexplored parts of the world’s oceans. Woods Hole scientists said the research they expect to gather from Alvin’s deeper dives — more than 1 terabyte of images and other data from each mission — will prove vital to understanding the biology of organisms that live miles below sea level.
Scientists hope that exotic microbes and rare samples taken during the dives could yield clues for biomedicine and other novel natural products.
And although long in coming, the retrofit is expected to allow Alvin to continue to explore new underwater frontiers for another 40 years. | <urn:uuid:f4653511-ab79-48cc-a027-72b3455ec3e1> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2013/01/14/alvin-submersible-gets-makeover/xgLbBaoNwoLL7raq3AERbN/story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609535775.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005215-00048-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949941 | 1,456 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Mechanisms of obesity and of obesity-related diseases
An understanding of the mechanistic pathways of obesity and its relationship to disease is of central importance. Recent developments have provided new opportunities to increase understanding in this area.
Building on observational genetic and ‘lifestyle’ research (eg genome-wide association studies; epidemiological associations), molecular (including genetic and epigenetic) and integrative physiological research is required to address both the causes and the consequences of obesity.
Likewise, population-level research is required to explore molecular and physiological findings. This is essential if basic research is to lead to new obesity therapies and prevention strategies. Across these areas, the importance of a life course approach is emphasised.
The following specific areas are particular priorities:
- Extreme phenotypes – identification of highly penetrant phenotypes (eg obesity or leanness, propensity or resistance to type 2 diabetes in those with obesity) and the mechanistic investigation of the determinants of these phenotypes (whether genetic or otherwise, and in animal models or humans). This approach is powerful as it identifies ‘control points’ in pathways for intervention, and exploits the UK’s strength in mammalian genetics and cohort studies. Intelligent and detailed phenotyping will be required to produce mechanistic insights.
- Protective phenotypes – why do most individuals remain lean in an obesogenic environment? Why do some obese individuals remain (metabolically) healthy while others do not? Current research focuses on the ill obese, but an understanding of protective processes and natural resilience may also lead to the identification of therapeutic targets.
- Identification of common pathways in obesity-related disease (eg insulin resistance and the components of metabolic syndrome) and discovery of control points in these pathways.
An iterative approach between human and animal models is essential and evidence of human relevance (eg through genome-wide association studies) will help to define the most productive avenues of animal research. Synthesis of current understanding in a physiological context will provide maximum benefit from this research.
The UK’s strength in intensively phenotyped cohorts – large and small – provides opportunities to increase our mechanistic understanding of obesity and its consequences, through:
- Embedding mechanistic research and experimental medicine in well-characterised population studies.
- Integrative physiology in well-defined subsets of existing cohorts, selected to address particular questions – for example, comparison of the extremely obese with and without fatty liver (steatohepatitis).
- Identification of critical points in life for the development of obesity and obesity-related diseases (for example, early life, pregnancy, retirement) to allow intelligent targeting of interventions, and interactions between obesity and ageing.
Neuroscience, neuroendocrinology and psychology of obesity
The central role of the nervous system in the generation and maintenance of obesity is becoming increasingly clear, with obesity-related alleles frequently acting through neural substrates. The UK is particularly strong in the neurosciences, with wide coverage from biophysics and basic neurobiology through functional imaging to integrative systems neuroscience and experimental psychology. Experimental methods and technologies are well developed and overall the field is well placed to be applied to the study of obesity. Despite this, except for a small number of excellent groups, the neuroscience of obesity is an under-studied area. Engaging the neuroscience community will be key to progress in this area – particularly encouraging expert neuroscientists from other fields to contribute to the study of obesity.
- The neurobiological (including neuroendocrine) control of appetite, particularly central nervous system satiety mechanisms and anorectic pathways (in both lean and obese individuals), explanatory genetic and pharmacological studies and the interaction between satiety and reward pathways (including links with addiction).
- The application of expertise in neurophysiology (eg genetic tagging and manipulation, synaptic plasticity, neural networks) and functional imaging to the hypothalamus, an experimentally tractable but under-studied region central to appetite and energy regulation.
- The physiology of peripheral signals (eg leptin, adiponectin), particularly those emanating from the gut, and communication to and from the central nervous system as a tractable pharmacological target (see also bariatric surgery). This area could link well to clinical studies.
- Understanding behavioural change – if research on diet and lifestyle is to be translated into public health benefits, an understanding of the psychological mechanisms underpinning behavioural change, leading to effective intervention strategies, will be crucial. More broadly, understanding the determinants of food choice and eating behaviours will be central to preventive strategies.
- Understanding the link between the psychology of eating, mental health and obesity. While many mental illnesses may present with obesity as a side effect (due to medication or behavioural consequences), the fundamental relationship between obesity and mental health is not well defined. Research into both the effect of mental health on the risk of obesity and the effect of obesity and associated metabolic disturbances (and disease) on mental health is needed.
Prevention and intervention: explanatory trials and proof of concept studies for interventions
There is a great need for effective interventions to prevent or treat obesity.
To be of use in a public health context, however, these interventions must be feasible and cost-effective on a large scale as well as in a controlled (and resource-intensive) experimental setting.
It can also be challenging in general to conduct appropriate research for behavioural, psychological and environmental interventions.
Explanatory trials and proof of concept studies represent an important gap in research. Across all these areas, a balance between studies on prevention and on treatment will be required to produce a balanced approach to obesity and its related diseases.
The identification of critical points in the life course for intervention will be important, as will investigation of differences in effectiveness of interventions between different groups (eg age or cultural groups).
- Identification of (testable) opportunities for intervention from basic and small scale detailed research (eg psychological/behavioural manipulations) and translation into proof of concept trials in natural settings.
- Evaluation of natural experiments and opportunistic policy experiments – particularly when the primary focus is not obesity-related (eg transport policy) - see discussion of methodology.
- Explanatory and proof of concept trials of population-based interventions, with a focus on how these can be used to influence policy development (and with an awareness of current policy, such as around incentives) and linked to biological mechanisms.
- Investigation of synergy and conflicts between different intervention strategies. | <urn:uuid:0517fea0-e530-46fe-be0e-b39cce9748f6> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://mrc.ukri.org/research/initiatives/obesity-research/scientific-areas/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347419593.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200601180335-20200601210335-00401.warc.gz | en | 0.910215 | 1,313 | 2.671875 | 3 |
At Tuesday's presidential debate, audience member Katherine Fenton got up and asked how the candidates planned to fix the fact that women make "only 72 percent of what their male counterparts earn." It's a familiar stat that, as some conservatives argued today, is also a bit misleading. When you compare men and women who work similar hours in similar jobs, the gap shrinks significantly.
But it doesn't disappear. To get a sense of why women today are still paid less than men, and how much of the difference we can actually blame on discrimination, I spoke with Francine Blau, an award winning labor economist at Cornell who has published widely on gender and the workplace. Our conversation has been edited for length and clarity.
Tell me the story of how the male-female pay gap has changed over the past few decades.
Way back in the 1950s, women earned around 60 percent on average of what men earned when working year-round full time. And it stayed right around at that level until about 1980. Then, particularly in the decade of the 80s, there was really considerable progress in narrowing the gender pay gap. Since then, there's been further progress, but it's been a little bit more fitful, a little less consistent. So in 1980, that figure was 60 percent. In 1990 it was 72 percent. In 10 years, that was quite a change. In 2000, it was 73 percent. And now it's about 77 percent. It bounces around year to year.
So overall, women who work full time make 77 cents for every dollar men make. But how much of that can we actually blame on discrimination, and how much is due to other factors, like the fact that women often work in lower paying industries?
I'm going to refer to a study with my colleague, Professor Lawrence Kahn at Cornell. In the data set we were using, women were making 20 percent less per hour than men overall. That would be what we call the unadjusted differential. As you're pointing out, this could reflect a variety of factors. It could reflect discrimination. But it also could reflect gender differences in work experience, or differences in industries and occupations. So first we statistically adjusted for human capital, which is a detailed measure of prior work experience and education. The adjusted gap was 19 percent, only slightly less than the unadjusted differential. So traditional human capital factors, taken together, do not explain that much of the gender gap. Then we have another specification, where we control for human capital but we additionally control for gender differences in industries and occupations. And that got us down to 9 percent less.
So there was a 9 percent difference in pay you couldn't explain even when you considered the jobs women do, the education they have, or the years they spent in the workforce.
Is it fair to say that's a sign of discrimination at play, or what else might it be?
On the one hand, that could be due to discrimination. On the other hand it could be due to some factors that employers know about that reflect productivity but are not possible for us to include in our analysis. So there might be gender differences -- I'm not saying there are -- but there might be gender differences in motivation or work commitment or negotiating skill, or a variety of unmeasured factors that we can't take into account in our analysis. On the other hand, women may be better endowed with some of the omitted factors. There's recent research suggesting interpersonal skills are becoming more important in the workplace and in general women are better endowed with those.
There's a variety of supplemental evidence that suggests there still is discrimination, even though our research suggests the amount of discrimination has decreased over the past 20 or 30 years to the extent that the unexplained gap has decreased. David Neumark looked at waiters and waitresses in the Philadelphia area, and he actually sent testers in for the job and found that women were discriminated against in high paying restaurants. They were much less likely to accept an application from them. They were much less likely to call them back. In another one, Claudia Goldin and Cecilia Rouse did symphony orchestras. They found that when women started auditioning behind a screen, their probability of advancing increased.
Let me raise another issue for you. Nine percent could be kind of an underestimate because, how are industries and occupations determined? Employers probably have a say in what occupation and what industry people are in because they have to be hired into those jobs. So by controlling for industry and occupation, you could be controlling for some amount of discrimination. I'm not saying we are. I consider the figure that we get, controlling for industry and occupation, a relatively conservative one. Although it doesn't take away from the unmeasured factors I was talking about.
What about the role of motherhood? How much does that really impact women's earning potential, and to what degree?
I don't think we completely have the answer to that. But one way it does is something we were able to control for, and that is it influences how much prior work experience a person has. Because in the old days, women used to drop out of the labor force for extended periods of time when they had children, and that has changed a great deal. But that disruption certainly lowered the earnings of women compared to men, that dropping out. Now I think think it's more subtle. Especially in very high level jobs, it's how much commitment can you give? Are you working 10 to 15 hours a day? It's not just a question of full time, but above and beyond, 60 hours a week. So it could be influential there. It could impact what occupations and industries women go into as well. It might make it more difficult in some that are actually higher paying.
So I think that there's no question that if we want to improve outcomes for women, we have to look at these work family issues and see how we can help accommodate balance without major detriment to either sphere. One concern I have is that some policies that are designed to help balance work and family have a tendency to push women on to a mommy track, off the main drag.
Can you give an example?
I think realistically what we have now in terms of parental leave is really pretty minimal. And we could probably expand it. What we have now legislatively is 12 weeks of unpaid leave. I think it would be reasonable to pay for leave maybe on a social insurance type of basis and have it be longer, but if we make it too long, then we're sort of inviting women to step out of the labor force for a major period of time. And that's almost going back to a more traditional pattern that's going to be disruptive to them in the labor market.
How much of the problem is just men's unwillingness to take over parenting responsibilities?
It's kind of interesting. There has been progress. I mean, still, the women do the majority. But there has been progress. Men are putting in more time in housework and childcare. An interesting proposal that they are exploiting in some Scandinavian countries is use it or lose it parental leave for men. So in other words, parental leave in many countries, including the U.S. is available to men and women, but it's disproportionately women who take it. In these Scandinavian countries, what they've instituted is a certain amount of leave that the family only gets if the father takes it. Just traveling in Europe recently, I've seen a lot more men pushing strollers during the day.
Mitt Romney talked a lot about workplace flexibility during the debate when asked how he would help women. What did you think of that?
It's an issue. I think it's important to keep it in balance. President Obama certainly advocated for workplace flexibility as well, whether or not he mentioned it specifically last night. But saying it's an issue sometimes gets close to saying the only issue, and I'd like to point out that it's only partially the problem. It's not the whole problem.
Some people point out that men and women who are unmarried and work the same number of hours earn roughly the same wages. Do you think that's a fair criticism of the idea that there really is a wage gap?
I don't think so, because unmarried men and women are disproportionately younger. The pay gap tends to be smaller for younger people than it is for older people. And the reasons for that, on the one hand, is discrimination. If women are having difficulty working their way up the hierarchy, that's going to show up more at older ages than it does in younger ages. On the other hand, if women have work-family issues, that can also show up more at older ages. So, just focusing on unmarried people is focusing on younger people. And so it's not, it doesn't answer the question.
What can economists tell us about the trouble women have advancing in the workplace? Do we really know whether they get the same training or opportunities in the office?
We certainly believe that's the case. And we do have some evidence. I've seen some studies where, even when controlling for measured factors, women will get less training than men. Mentorship has been a long-term issue, especially in male-dominated areas, or areas where the senior people are men. People still tend to identify of younger colleagues of the same sex. So they may be more supportive, encouraging and helpful to young men than they are to young women. And even how it affects women themselves. There have been some studies that suggest, for example -- the evidence is a bit mixed -- but one of the more interesting ones I saw, where women were randomly assigned to classes, just having a female professor in some of these scientific and technical areas increased the probability that women would go into these areas.
If you could see just one piece of legislation on these issues passed, what would it be?
That's a good question, but I'm not prepared to answer to it right now. We have some good anti-discrimination legislation on the books and we have to continue to enforce it. I think that some of the changes in addition to that are going to have to be voluntary changes. Employers, for example, as a larger supply of the skilled workforce that employers hire is female, they have the incentives to voluntarily address these work family issues. And they are. It's still not enough, but they increasingly are doing so. So we need a sort of combined approach of government and the private sector. | <urn:uuid:c41f924e-f28d-44f5-8d2c-f3b3ba0ba968> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.businessinsider.com/why-women-still-dont-get-paid-as-much-2012-10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818685850.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170919145852-20170919165852-00515.warc.gz | en | 0.982929 | 2,147 | 3.375 | 3 |
Juniperus davurica Pall.
Можжевельник даурский /Daurian juniper
Сем. Кипарисовые - Cupressaceae
This trailing evergreen shrub is found on rocky highlands, hillsides, limestones, on sandy and sand-pebbly bars and on coastal rocks. The stem is often hidden in soil, while the deep-rooted branches are rising up above.
The light green needles are mostly spiky, clustered in whorls of two and reaching 5-8 mm in length. On the upper exposed parts of the branches, the needles are lepidoid, rhombic, dense and turn brown in winter.
The shoots are thin and tetrahedral. At age of 100 years, their diameters reach 50 mm.
The bark is grey and easily peeled.
The seeds are hidden inside dark blue or a dove-coloured fleshy «cone-berries» reaching 5-6 mm in diameter, similar to those of yew.
It does not grow well in shade. Contributes to soil formation.
The wood has wide utility. It is a medicinal plant and is a candidate for planting of greenery.
Distribution in the Russia's Far East. Primorsky and Khabarovsky Krais, Amurskaya Oblast.
General distribution. Yakutia, Transbaikalia, Northern Mongolia, Northern China.
Authors: M.N. Chipizubova, L.M. Pshennikova
Photo: L. Pshennikova, Chipizubova M., N. Razzhigaeva
Collage: E.V. Bibchenko | <urn:uuid:9c9a4ddc-28ce-4c61-ad82-eaf0d14a4061> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://botsad.ru/en/menu/mir-rastenii/dv-plants/mozhzhevelnik-daurskij/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949093.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20230330004340-20230330034340-00133.warc.gz | en | 0.814724 | 375 | 2.640625 | 3 |
There were many reasons for an invasion:
- punishing Naples for its support of the Knights of Rhodes, whom the king Ferdinand I of Naples sent two ships of reinforcements against the Turks, determining a burning defeat of the Ottomans
- creating a bridgehead for further operations in Italy, against Naples and possibly Rome (we have to keep in mind that the Sultan Mehmet II had conquered Istanbul in 1453, so the conquest of Rome was conceivable to him)
- making advantage of a peace treaty with Venice (1479) and of the division of Christianity in Italy (the Papal States and Naples fought the "War of the Pazzi" against Florence, 1478-1480)
These are however speculations.
In my opinion the intentions of Mehmet II were serious: the most important proof being that the commander of the expedition, Gedik Ahmed Pasha, was perhaps the best Ottoman general, with a crucial role in unifying Anatolia under Ottoman rule.
After conquering Otranto, because there was not enough food to sustain the occupying army, the Ottomans had to partially retreat to Albania, planning to start the operations again next year.
The death of the Sultan that same year however started a phase of instability, with his sons fighting over succession. Ahmed was forced to surrender as no reinforcements were sent. He never abandoned the idea of estabilishing a bridgehead in Italy, supporting one of Mehmet II sons, Bayezid, in return for support of his plan. Bayezid however did not trust Ahmed, and after having him imprisoned, he killed him in 1482. | <urn:uuid:4da1971c-f3c1-4925-ac39-36dae74a4554> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://history.stackexchange.com/questions/6221/what-was-the-reason-for-the-ottoman-invasion-of-otranto | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510454.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928194838-20230928224838-00625.warc.gz | en | 0.981774 | 330 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Celebrating National Nutrition Month
Make physical activity a part of your daily routine as you “Bite into a Healthy Lifestyle” during National Nutrition Month.
Each March and throughout the year, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics encourages everyone to return to the basics of healthy eating by adopting a healthy lifestyle focused on consuming fewer calories, making informed food choices and getting daily exercise. The goal is to achieve and maintain a healthy weight, reduce the risk of chronic disease and promote overall health.
Regular Physical Activity is a Must
Most health benefits come from at least 150 minutes a week of moderately intense physical activity, with added advantages from increased exercise and intensity. Endurance and muscle-strengthening activities like lifting weights, working with a resistance band or doing pushups are also beneficial.
A physically active lifestyle offers you many rewards, from a slimmer body to a healthy heart. These physical benefits are only the beginning. Additional advantages include stress relief, better sleep and even a more positive mental outlook.
Everyday Ways to get Moving
Physical activity is important for everyone at every age. The key is to find activities that are both sustainable and enjoyable. For some, this may mean a light yoga class, while for others it may mean training for a marathon. Find manageable ways to move more.
Some ways to get moving:
- Use the buddy system: Join a walking group or attend fitness classes.
- Participate in social and competitive sports like soccer or flag football.
- Plan a hiking or canoeing trip instead of a beach vacation.
- Sign up for a 5k run/walk with friends or family.
- Sneak in exercise at your desk like leg lifts and calf raises – or even buy a desk that allows you to stand while working.
- Take a 15-minute walk on your lunch break (or walk up and down the stairs when weather’s bad).
- Find an activity monitor to assess movement through the day – gadgets are very motivating for some! | <urn:uuid:d363784c-4a46-4b9a-8c78-385f19f2f83a> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.mfhs.org/celebrating-national-nutrition-month/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370494064.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329074745-20200329104745-00424.warc.gz | en | 0.940741 | 408 | 2.9375 | 3 |
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Transcript of Coral Reefs
Processes Global Warming- the green house gases make the ocean warmer and the coral reefs climate then increases to were it bleached coral Coral Reefs Jessica Guinn and Feliza Bustos Temp: 77F - 84F
Nutrient Level: Low
light: important, used for photosynthesis
salinity: salty waters
depth: sallow waters, 60 meters, and some deeper
water movement: cleans waste and brings food buy Abiotic Factors El Nino- Warms up the water
La Nina- Cools down the water
Both kills the coral
Climate change can possibly be the end of the reefs Climate History Coriolis Effect Earth's Rotation and Coriolis Effect Geographic Locations
Of Coral Reefs Weather and Climate Weather Climate (cc) image by anemoneprojectors on Flickr The temperature
77F - 84 El Nino
-warmer waters = Coral Bleaching El Niño events bring unusually warm water which in results in coral bleaching, and La Niña brings cold water which also kill the coral El Nino and La Nina The currents curve and keep the climate at tropic level Biodiversity Coral Reefs is one of the most diverse on the planet, yet coral reefs cover less than one tenth of one percent of the ocean floor. Of the 34 recognized animal Phyla, 32 are found on coral reefs. DID YOU KNOW? Coral reefs are essential spawning, nursery, breeding, and feeding grounds for numerous organisms. Over 25 percent of the world's fish biodiversity, and between 9-12 percent of the world's total fisheries, are associated with coral reefs. While less well studied than shallow-water reefs, deep-sea coral communities are thought to support the greatest biodiversity in the deep ocean. Several deep-sea communities have already been identified as essential habitat for federally-managed species. Food Web The Sun Seaweed-Autotroph Coral-Autotroph Algae-Autotroph PLankton-Autotroph Dwarf Minke Whale
-Heterotroph Green Sea Turtle
-Heterotroph Dugongs-Heterotrophs Butterfly Fish
-Heterotroph Crown of Thorns Starfish
-Heterotroph Gastropods-Hetertroph Shrimp-Heterotroph Humpback Whale
-Heterotroph Questions: 1. Where is the most abundant coral?
2. What questions would you ask if an interview with the companies' CEO, who have an impact on the pollution of coral reefs?
3. Why do you think certain groups strive to save the coral?
4. Can you asses the value or importance of knowledge about El Nino? Irrawaddy Dolphin
-Heterotroph Wrasse Fish-Heterotroph Decomposer Keystone Species Coral itself would be the keystone species, because disappearance would start a domino effect. Other species in the habitat would also disappear and become extinct without coral.
Endangered Species West Indian Manatee Staghorn Coral Hawksbill Turtle Endangerment Almost all destruction is caused by pollution. Prime examples include: Global Warming, Increased CO2, and Water Contamination Natural Capital Medical Research : 57,000 US$/hectare/year
Tourism : 1 million US$/hectare/year
Fisheries : of $3,181 US$/hectare/year
Protection : 189,000 US$/hectare/year Predictions If the pollution and destruction of coral reefs continues, then they will eventually die and bleach out. that being said, animals and other species living in this ecosystem will die too. | <urn:uuid:7422e5f8-d15f-47f0-aecc-9fc44cf87959> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://prezi.com/ljncvum9lljg/coral-reefs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609537864.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005217-00269-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.867433 | 899 | 3.3125 | 3 |
DANCE refers to the movement of the body, usually rhythmic and to music. Used as a form of expression, social interaction or presented in a spiritual or performance setting.
CHOREOGRAPHY Is the art of making structures in which movements occurs.
TYPE OF DANCES FOLKDANCES BALLET ClassicalClassical Contemporary / ModernContemporary / Modern NeoNeo JAZZ POP / HIPHOP / STREET DANCE BALLROOM Festival DanceFestival Dance
How to create a Festival Dance 1. CONDUCT CULTURAL RESEARCH 2. LEARN THE BASIC DANCE/S OF THE COMMUNITY 3. STUDY THE MOVEMENTS and IMPLICATION 4. LEARN DANCE NOTATION / DANCE ANALYSIS / IMPROVISATION / TECHNIQUE 5. CREATE A DANCE ROUTINE THAT ORIGINALY BASED FROM THE RESEARCHED MATERIALS 6. USE APPROPRIATE MUSIC, PROPS, COSTUMES, ETC.
Pointers in making an effective FESTIVAL DANCE study an effective STAGING (choreography, levels, etc.) upgrade TECHNIQUE/ FORM and STYLE consult ARTISTIC DESIGNS (costumes, props, sets, lights, music, script) ALWAYS have a 2 nd or a 3 rd EYE
BULACAN FESTIVALS / FIESTAS DESPOSORIO (Malolos) DISPOSORIO (Hagonoy) FERTILITY RITUAL (Obando) KNEELING CARABAOS (Pulilan) HALAMAN (Guiguinto) ANGEL FESTIVAL (San Rafael) STO. NINO FESTIVAL (Malolos)
LUYANG DILAW (Marilao) CRUZ SA WAWA (Bocaue) LIBAD (Calumpit) HORSE FESTIVAL (Plaridel) SUKANG PAOMBONG (Paombong) BULAK FESTIVAL (San Ildefonso) DUMAGAT FESTIVAL (San Jose) BUNTAL FESTIVAL (Baliuag) SINGKABAN FIESTA (Bulacans’ Best of the Best)
Objectives of SINGKABAN FESTIVAL To revive cultural traditions To pass on the tradition to next generation To enhance participation & creativity To popularize tradition in contemporary setting
Research & Documentation of Cultural traditions Defining the theme of the competition (e.g. heroism, local arts & crafts, local custom s & traditions) Creating provincial theme music and rhythm of the street dance that uniquely represent the province Encouraging every contingent to create their own sounds and rhythm based on tradition for the showdown proper Conduct of Choreography Workshop for local trainors and choreographers Provision of Subsidy to contest participants Setting of Guidelines and Parameters of the street dancing competition vis-à-vis National standards (Aliwan Fiesta, DOT, etc…) Involvement of well-known and respected dance directors as members of the Board of Jurors Provision of Trophies & competitive prizes for winners Methodology
Desposorio Malanggam, Malolos City, Bulacan Researched by: RODEL M. FRONDA
DESPOSORIO (Malolos) This is a dance performed in Barangay Malanggam, on the eve of a wedding day. A religious image of Joseph & Mary, decorated with flowers & lighted candles, is borne by the groom and the member of his family from his residence to the bride’s home. There is much dancing, singing & poetry as the procession moves along the way. Highlight of the ritual is what local folks call “PITONG HAKBANG” poetic lines of Seven Sacraments describing the various steps toward attaining a successful marital life.
PHOTOS OF DESPOSORIO Originally this picture is presented by the groom to the Bride’s House. LIRIO is the first set of dance performed in Desposorio.
TULA sa DESPOSORIO Bautismo ang Pasimula ng aming paghakbang, Unang Baitang kang aming tatapakan Sa aming pagtapak kami’y patnubayan Ang aming pag-akyat nawa’y matutuhan Ikapitong baitang, ito nga ang matrimonyo Tulungan mo po kami, birheng Inang masaklolo Sa Pagpasok namin mabuksan ang inyong templo Mailakad maisayaw itong dalang Desposorio (at the bride’s house) Sa ulo ni Adan kaya di hinango Ang babaeng Eba ng di-magpalalo Doon nga binuksan sa tapat ng puso Upang ang dalawa’y laging magkasundo | <urn:uuid:f9ed7796-4e7b-454e-a47e-7e4b869b28c7> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://slideplayer.com/slide/4224390/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818693940.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170926013935-20170926033935-00398.warc.gz | en | 0.767068 | 1,063 | 3.359375 | 3 |
New Yorkers can be forgiven for shock at the newspaper headlines last week informing them that millions more of them were “near poor” or “low income.” They might relax a bit on learning that the “root cause” is simply new definition of poverty from the Census Bureau.
Indeed, under the Census definition, a family in New York City is “near poor” if it has full medical insurance and an annual income below $77,000. (In Oakland, Calif., the figure is $88,000!)
The Census report actually put nearly half the US population as “low income” — and news stories typically implied the startling new number was the result of sharply deteriorating economic conditions.
In fact, it was a surreptitious and dubious shift by the Obama administration, setting the “near-poverty” income level very close to the median-household income in most communities. (“Median income” is the point at which half the households have more income, and half have less.)
Thus, it was foreordained that, using this new standard, the Census folks “discovered” that almost half the population is living in “near-poverty” conditions. That is, if you define “near poverty” as an income roughly equal to the median, that means that by definition nearly half the population will always be “poor” or “near poor” — regardless of any changes in actual living standards.
Obama’s new poverty measure will produce very odd results. For example, if the real income of every single American were to magically double overnight, the new measure would show no drop in poverty or “near poverty,” because the poverty- and near-poverty income thresholds would also double.
In other words, the president has introduced a statistical trick that gives new meaning to the saying that “the poor will always be with you.”
The shift seems designed to promote Obama’s obsession to “spread the wealth.” By suggesting that many more Americans are poor or near-poor, the Census generates political pressure to raise taxes and expand the welfare state.
Of course, President Obama has already permanently increased welfare spending by nearly a third. This year, the government will spend more than $900 billion on means-tested aid, providing cash, food, housing, medical care and social services to poor and low-income persons. (This figure does not include Social Security, Medicare or unemployment insurance.)
This welfare spending comes to around $9,000 for each person in the lowest-income third of the population. And the new “poverty” measure is propaganda to raise the figure further.
What does all this have to do with poverty?
For most Americans, the word “poverty” means a family that is unable to obtain reasonable food and shelter. Along that line, news stories about poverty typically feature a homeless family with kids sleeping in the back of a van.
In fact, nearly all poor Americans live in houses or apartments that are in good condition and not over-crowded. Even under the old, stricter definition of poverty, only 4 percent of the poor became homeless during the course of a year — while the typical “poor” American lived in a house that was larger than the house of the average nonpoor Englishman or Frenchman.
Under the old standard, more than 80 percent of poor Americans had air conditioning, nearly two-thirds had cable TV and half had a computer. Most of the poor were able to obtain medical care whenever needed.
Even in the middle of the current recession, some 96 percent of poor parents stated their children were not hungry for even a single day during the last year.
Clearly, there was a huge gap between poverty as it is understood by most Americans and “poverty” as defined by the government. And now Obama has widened that gulf.
Under this new, propaganda-driven definition of poverty, the gap between common-sense and government poverty statistics will grow much larger. The Obama administration is twisting statistics to confuse voters, rather than providing accurate information.
Robert Rector is a senior research fellow at The Heritage Foundation.
First appeared in The New York Post | <urn:uuid:9061d326-6ee8-4500-b221-ecb424e2d5d1> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.heritage.org/poverty-and-inequality/commentary/team-os-poor-trick | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886102307.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170816144701-20170816164701-00323.warc.gz | en | 0.969997 | 887 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Bicester Anglo-Saxon skeletons re-interred
Fifteen Anglo-Saxon skeletons unearthed in Oxfordshire last year have been re-interred in a church memorial garden.
A requiem mass was held on Saturday before a wicker coffin containing all the remains was buried at the Church of the Immaculate Conception, Bicester.
The Auxiliary Bishop of Birmingham, whose diocese covers Bicester, led the Roman Catholic ceremony.
The burial led to a disagreement with the church and local archaeologists, who wanted the bones put in a museum.
The skeletons, exhumed from what is thought to be an old Christian burial ground, were reinterred to respect the original burial rites.
James Lewis of Thames Valley Archaeological Services said: "As archaeologists we'd much rather they had gone into a museum, which would be available for future analysis.
"There are other ways of showing respect other than reburying."
The archaeologists' case went to the Ministry Of Justice but it was ruled the bones were not of national significance and so could be buried.
Speaking after the ceremony the Auxiliary Bishop of Birmingham, William Kenney, said of the Anglo-Saxon deceased: "These are the remains they have left on earth and they should be treated with dignity."
The remains inside the coffin have been buried in plastic bags in case archaeologists need access to them in future.
The skeletons are largely female and over the age of 35, with the remains of just one male discovered.
Isotope analysis revealed they were originally from the UK and had a lot of fish in their diet. | <urn:uuid:86f9ef0b-29d4-4543-adc1-1b2f4a59ccc0> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-15228557 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825147.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022060353-20171022080353-00342.warc.gz | en | 0.976656 | 330 | 2.5625 | 3 |
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By ANNETTE HARVISON
Greene County has a reputation, it would seem, for skilled and talented woodworkers. These craftsman have used a wide variety of species of wood in their work. One local crafter says he follows a centuries-old method for making hand-carved longbows.
John Thomas said he began making long bows over 30 years ago as a hobby, something to do with his hands and time. But, in the early 1990s he decided he wanted to get serious about the art form, which is a link to Thomas’s Native American ancestry. He uses many of the same primitive techniques used by his Cherokee ancestors.
“I started researching,” Thomas said. “I read lots of books on what to do. A Cherokee Indian wrote a book on how to make a longbow, and I started working on it.”
These bows aren’t made from oak or pine, and it’s not made from hickory or cedar. The wood is called osage orange, or the French term, ‘bois d’arc,’ which means bow wood. This type of wood is found in the Mississippi Delta and along the Mississippi River Valley to Ohio to the east coast. The tree produces a small green fruit often called a horse apple. Thomas said the wood is used for its hardness and flexibility, and because it repels water.
“It’s a beautiful wood,” Thomas said. “It starts out with a yellow color, and the more it dries, the darker it gets, from orange to dark brown. I like the orange.”
The bows Thomas makes are hand-carved with precision and patience. For a bow, he has to have a strip of wood six to seven feet long. The wood is dense and the trunk twists into curvy branches. To get to a good solid piece of wood can be difficult, though Thomas said he can splice two smaller pieces to make the length. Working with the wood leaves a mark as the saw dust the wood creates is a fine yellow powder that is reminiscent to pine pollen. Making a longbow is more than cutting a long strip of wood and tying a string to it.
“You have to get the tiller perfect,” Thomas said. “If you don’t, the bow will break.”
The tiller has to do with the bow’s measurements from each end to the handle of the bow. For those that don’t know about the mechanisms of longbows (I do not, either), the tiller is an important factor in how the bow will function in use. Adjusting the tiller means scraping the bottom end of the bow to compensate for the pressure put on a drawn bow.
Thomas began making the long bows with primitive tools. Making a bow took quite a lot of time for someone who also worked full-time at Ingalls and then in the construction industry. But he kept working on the bows in his spare time. Through the years, Thomas got a chainsaw, a table saw and a band saw to make some of the task of cutting the wood simpler, and he acquired tools used in making arrows and other hand-crafted items.
“When I first started making the bows, I used a hatchet and a file,” Thomas said. “It took several years to get my tools built up.”
Throughout the past 30 years, Thomas has hand-crafted 70 longbows. He has a list of the bows he’s made and where they have gone. Many were made for family and friends. Each piece is unique, and he has even used buffalo sinew to make the backing of a bow. He makes his own arrows and will string the bows as well. Thomas has crafted quivers from animal hides and made himself arm guards from beaver pelts as well as otter pelts. I was interested in a satchel made from a solid piece of tree bark, another testament to Thomas’s creativity and skill.
The long bows have been a family affair in the Thomas house. Thomas made bows for his wife and children and now his grandchildren. He said when his daughter was younger, she loved to go outside and shoot arrows with her bow.
“She would shoot the arrows straight up,” Thomas said. “I painted her arrows white so she could see them go up then come down. She would run to get it and shoot it back the other way.”
Thomas said when he was younger, he became interested in his Cherokee heritage and always wanted to know more. Making traditional Cherokee longbows has given him a link to his ancestors. He grew up in North Carolina and eastern Tennessee before finding his way to southern Mississippi. He said during his mischievous youth, he had the notion that moving in with his father would help him be free of his delinquent habits. Thomas soon learned his father still had delinquent habits of his own with a bootlegging business, and he worked for his father for a time before meeting a girl that made him change his way of thinking, he said.
Now in retirement, Thomas said he wants to put more time and energy into making his longbows, and he has been working on a few new design concepts as well. A bit of luck recently struck Thomas, and he said he has found a supply of osage orange that will help him get going. He has several longbows in the works and has the wood ready for many more.
Woodworking isn’t Thomas’s only craft. He recently published a book in which he used many elements from his travels in life and while working in construction to write the story. | <urn:uuid:abd2a8b3-613c-4aa7-95b3-7763bb4c0f7d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.greenecountyheraldonline.com/2020/01/29/local-craftsman-uses-centuries-old-method-to-make-unique-long-bows/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679103558.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211045204-20231211075204-00547.warc.gz | en | 0.985188 | 1,222 | 2.71875 | 3 |
A 24 year old male undergoes surgery due
to a painless swelling in the base of the neck.
During the operation, a superficial 1.0x0.8 cm mass
surrounded by a well-defined fibrous capsule is excised
and sent for histological evaluation which
reveals this tissue to be an ectopic gland tissue.
The slide below depicts one
of the examined specimens.
Which gland does this tissue below belong to?
Answer choice (A) - thyroid gland
Answer choice (B) - parotid gland
Answer choice (C) - sublingual gland
and answer choice (D) - adrenal gland
Now take a moment to come to the answer by
yourself before we go through it together.
Okay, let's jump right in to this question.
First thing we need to determine is
what category of question this is.
And this is a histology question.
They're showing us a histological slide so classically, we
have to be able to interpret the slide to its histology.
Now this is a 2-step question.
The first thing we have to do is be able to interpret
what we're looking at here in our histological slide
and then be able to answer the specific question which
in this case is, 'which gland does this tissue belong to?'
And in this case of course,
the stem is required.
It is a complex question, we have to know what
they're asking according to this histological image.
So let's walk through
this question together.
Step 1 in determining this question is, we need
to determine what type of tissue we are looking at.
Now as we can see in our image,
the histology slide shows secretory cells arranged
in acini and we see the presence of ducts.
So looking at our image, look at the left side where there is
the lighter pink color, we see two circles which are ducts.
And then you see all these secretory acini close to each other,
all these little acini making a circle and if you imagine,
we are taking a sagittal cut through the ducts, which is how
you are seeing it here on end - these nice little circles.
And you can see one on the left
side, at the 12 o' clock position,
also a nice circle of secretory cells
arranged in acini which are ducts.
So here on the left side, we definitely
see the presence of two separate ducts.
Now, really important
high-yield point here.
DO NOT have ducts.
An endocrine gland simply secretes
directly into the bloodstream.
So here, we see two ducts and we can say wow,
if I'm seeing ducts- not an endocrine gland.
That really helps me with my
finding the right answer.
And what this tells me is, the tissue I'm looking at here,
simply by just looking at the left side of the image
right through these two ducts at the
12 o' clock and 9 o' clock positions,
that I'm looking at an exocrine gland because exocrine
glands have ducts where they release their contents,
while endocrine glands do not have ducts and
they secrete directly into the bloodstream.
So that's the first thing I know is,
okay I'm looking at an exocrine gland.
Now step 2- I need to figure out what tissue actually
does originate to produce this histology slide .
Now as we can see, now look at the right side of the image
that there's acini and it shows numerous basophilic granules.
Now this is typical of a
serous secretory cells.
Now if you look at the slide here, we
actually don't have any mucus cells.
So if we look at our answer choices, the
first thing we are going to be looking at
is an exocrine gland with solely serous
cells and that's the parotid gland.
So the answer choice here
is answer choice (B).
Now let's look at our other ones
to figure out why they're wrong.
well the sublingual gland consists of a
mixture of both serous and mucus cells.
well since we don't see any mucus cells and we're
only seeing serous, it cannot be sublingual gland.
and if we look at our other two answer choices
- the thyroid and the adrenal glands,
we know that these are both very traditional endocrine
glands and they secrete directly into the bloodstream
and do not have ducts so
it cannot be those either.
Now a few high yield points regarding both the thyroid and the
adrenal glands if they were to show you a histology slide,
the thyroid will have follicles with a single layer
of either cuboid or low columnar epithelium.
Those are high-yield points to look for.
And then the adrenal gland if they wiere to show
you the cortex - that's the adrenal component,
excuse me that's the actual endocrine
component of the adrenal gland,
we're gonna be looking for three zones - the
glomerulosa, the fasciculata and the reticularis
and separately you
will see the medulla.
Now in conclusion for this
question, let's think about it.
The histology slide is showing us
ectopic tissue, hence the ducts
and we're seeing parotid gland because we
only see the serous and no mucus cells.
So thus the correct answer is answer
choice (B) - the parotid gland.
now let's review some high-yield facts
regarding the histology of the parotid gland.
Now, the parotid glands are largely
salivary glands in humans.
They secrete through the parotid duct into the
mouth which we saw in our histology slide.
And now on histological examination, the parotid gland
shows a capsule made of dense connective tissue,
striated ducts lined in simple columnar epithelium
and intercalated ducts lined with cuboidal epithelium.
Now, the parotid gland also
shows an abundance of fat.
Now you don't see it there in the image so don't panic but
you actually get more fat in the parotid gland with age.
And the parotid gland only contain serous
acini while the other salivary glands,
the sublingual and the submandibular glands
contain both serous and mucinous acini.
This is very high yield to help you determine
what type of gland tissue you're looking at.
Now since the question had mentioned sublingual glands,
let's discuss the histology of the sublingual glands.
Now, sublingual glands are the smallest
major salivary glands in humans.
They are the only salivary glands
that are not encapsulated.
And on histological examination, the sublingual
glands stain much less than do parotid glands
due to the relatively small uptake of
stain by their abundant mucinous acini. | <urn:uuid:d1a9bcc2-d4ec-4f79-85aa-4a391afc65c2> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.lecturio.com/medical-courses/24-year-old-male-ectopic-gland-tissue.lecture | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371799447.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200407121105-20200407151605-00486.warc.gz | en | 0.898377 | 1,558 | 3 | 3 |
Since the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, millions of people have fled. In Germany, too, there are currently more than one million refugees from Ukraine. War events, flight experiences, losses and other traumatic experiences can be triggers for substance use or an addiction disease.
The Arabic language belongs to a family of related languages spoken in different regions of the Middle East and North Africa. Arabic is the mother tongue of refugees from various countries, such as Yemen, Iraq, Syria and Libya.
Dari and Farsi are related Persian languages. Dari is one of the official languages of Afghanistan, Farsi is spoken in Iran. They are so similar that speakers of one language can understand the other. Due to this similarity, we have grouped both languages under a single category on this portal.
There are relatively many resources on addiction topics for Russian-speaking migrants. These resources can also be used by many refugees from Ukraine, since the majority of Ukrainians can at least read and understand Russian. | <urn:uuid:8a0e5f2b-b2d1-4a6b-a73a-165b3b69e038> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.sucht-und-flucht.de/en/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510529.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929222230-20230930012230-00897.warc.gz | en | 0.959456 | 201 | 2.9375 | 3 |
How we did it:
- black puffy paint
- paper (heavier is better)
- watercolor paints
- paint brush
We used puffy (fabric) paint for this project so it would be thick enough to create borders on the paper. You can also use glue colored with black paint.
I helped my daughter to draw half of a butterfly using the puffy paint on a heavy sheet of paper. Older kids could definitely do this on their own.
She folded over the paper and opened it back up to reveal the butterfly. This was very exciting for her!
We let the butterflies dry and then got to work adding color with our watercolor paints. They really came to life as we started adding color. I may have loved this project more than my daughter! | <urn:uuid:56660eb7-f9bd-43dc-9c88-55a6bfba6db3> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.kiwico.com/diy/Arts-and-Crafts-Ideas/1/project/Butterfly-Print/1771 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657129517.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200712015556-20200712045556-00214.warc.gz | en | 0.95982 | 162 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Hydrogen is clean, versatile and efficient zero emission carrier of energy found abundantly on earth though it is not present in its molecular form. The primary raw material used for hydrogen generation is water which makes the production process environment compatible. It can be produced as a principal product or by product from different feedstocks. Hydrogen is completely renewable fuel which can be efficiently manufactured and transformed into electricity to satisfy the energy needs. Hydrogen storage can be done in different forms like gaseous, liquid and metal hydrides. Hydrogen can transform into other energy forms through catalytic combustion, hydriding and chemical conversions. The emergence of hydrogen generation market addressed desulfurization problems in transportation fuels. Properties like lightweight, high efficiency, easy transportation through pipelines and low boiling point makes hydrogen ideal for industrial use. Hydrogen is used in transportation fuels and is described as fuel of the future as it produces pollution free combustion products.
Stringent regulations connected with desulphurization of petroleum products, growth & development in transportation fuels sector, decrease in quality of crudes and increasing demand for cleaner fuels are the primary factors driving the hydrogen generation market. In addition, the increasing demand of distillate fuels and growth & development of hydrogen fuel cell would directly affect the hydrogen generation market as both will require high consumption of hydrogen. Decreasing crude quality has led to increase in hydrogen requirement for its processing purposes and also decreased the generation of hydrogen from crude oil. Hydrogen being a flammable fuel require high safety while transportation and absence of appropriate transportation networks has led to increase in transportation costs which can be accounted as the major restrain for hydrogen generation market. Asia-Pacific region accounts for the major share in hydrogen generation market due to high hydrogen demand in petroleum refineries & ammonia manufacturing plants.
The report segments the hydrogen generation market on the basis of production, generation & delivery mode, end-user and geography. On the basis of production, the market is segmented into steam reforming of hydrocarbons, fossil fuels, electrolysis, dissociation of hydrocarbons and others. Based on generation & delivery type, the market is divided into merchant production, liquid production, gaseous production, captive production and by-product production. According to the end-users, the market is classified into petroleum refining & recovery, chemical processing, automotive fuels, ammonia production, methanol production and others. Geographic breakdown and deep analysis of each of the aforesaid segments is included for North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and LAMEA.
Further advancements like manufacturing of hydrogen from acquaintances of fools gold in 2016 are helping to expand the production capacities of market. Air Products & Chemicals Inc. and Nippon Steel & Sumikin Pipeline & Engineering Co. Ltd. (NCPE) jointly launched hydrogen fuelling station (Japan) to meet the demand of hydrogen fueling for vehicles in 2016. There is robust growth registered in production of ammonia & methanol. The hydrogen generation market size will further boost due to projects related to processing of oil sands, gas to liquids and gasification of coal which will consume significant amount of hydrogen.
Comprehensive competitive analysis and profiles of major market players such as Air Products & Chemicals Inc. (U.S.), Airgas Inc. (U.S.), Air Liquide SA (France), Alumifuel Power Corporation (U.S.), Caloric Anlagenbau GmbH (Germany), Hydrogenics Corp. (Canada), Iwatani Corporation (Japan), Linde AG (Germany), Nuvera Fuel Cells, LLC (U.S.) and Praxair Inc. (U.S.) is also provided in the report.
KEY BENEFITS FOR STAKEHOLDERS:
- This report provides an extensive analysis of the current and emerging market trends and dynamics in the world hydrogen generation market.
- Geographically, the hydrogen generation market is analysed based on various regions such as North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and LAMEA.
- This study evaluating competitive landscape and value chain has been taken into account to help in understanding the competitive environment across the geographies.
- Comprehensive analysis of factors that drive and restrict the growth of the hydrogen generation market is provided. For instance, stringent regulations, growth in fuels for transportation purposes and decreased quality of crude oil will drive this market.
- Leading players within the hydrogen generation market are profiled in this report and their key developments in recent years are listed down.
HYDROGEN GENERATION MARKET KEY SEGMENTS:
- Steam reforming of hydrocarbons
- Fossil Fuels
- Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM)
- High Temperature
- Dissociation of hydrocarbons
- Others ( Photolysis, Bio photolysis)
By Generation & Delivery Mode
- Merchant Production
- Liquid Production
- Gaseous Production
- Captive Production
- By-product Production
- Petroleum Refining & Recovery
- Chemical Processing
- Automotive Fuels
- Ammonia Production
- Methanol Production
- Others (Aerospace, Electrical & Electronics, Edible fats & oils)
- North America
- South America | <urn:uuid:8f771077-88cf-4774-9c28-895445aee74c> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/hydrogen-generation-market | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549436321.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170728022449-20170728042449-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.910053 | 1,055 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The nursing program requires you to use articles from the a list approved by the nursing department. If you want to use an article that is not from a journal on the approved list, you must have instructor permission.
Through research, you will answer your question/prove your statement.
Doing some basic background searching about your topic can help immensely in gaining foundational knowledge. Here are some resources you might use:
Nursing Resource Center Disease and drug overviews, care plans and animated anatomy and physiology diagrams
MedlinePlus is the National Institutes of Health's Web site for patients and their families and friends. Produced by the National Library of Medicine, the world’s largest medical library, it brings you information about diseases, conditions, and wellness issues in language you can understand. MedlinePlus offers reliable, up-to-date health information, anytime, anywhere, for free.
Center for Disease Control one of the major operating components of the Department of Health and Human Services.
Drugs.com provides accurate and independent information on more than 24,000 prescription drugs, over-the-counter medicines and natural products. This material is provided for educational purposes only and is not intended for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment.
RxList an online medical resource dedicated to offering detailed and current pharmaceutical information on brand and generic drugs.
Trip a clinical search engine designed to allow users to quickly and easily find and use high-quality research evidence to support their practice and/or care.
Making a list will help you map out what you already know, and may also aid you in figuring out where your weak points are.
This probably became quite clear as you made the list in bullet point one. Where are the holes in your argument? What information are you lacking? What could strengthen your argument?
Use with the library catalog and research databases. They also work with search engines.
|Operator||Changes Your Search Results||Example|
|AND||narrows search||women AND heart disease AND diet|
|OR||expands search||diet OR nutrition|
|NOT||narrows search||diet NOT cookbook|
|*||expands search||perform* finds perform, performance, performer, performers...|
Narrow your search. Use more specific terms to describe what you are looking for:
Use the specific term heart disease, instead of the general term health
Add more terms to your search using AND:
heart disease AND exercise AND diet
Tells the database that you only want items that contain ALL of the terms
Exclude words from your search using NOT:
heart disease AND diet NOT cookbook
Tells the database that you want everything that contains the words heart disease and diet but you don't want anything that contains the word cookbook
Broaden your search. Use less specific terms to describe what you are looking for
Search for synonyms and related terms using OR:
heart disease OR cardiovascular disease
Think of different words to describe your topic:
exercise, aerobics, physical fitness, physical activity, obesity
|Monday||8:00AM - 6:00PM|
|Tuesday||8:00AM - 6:00PM|
|Wednesday||8:00AM - 6:00PM|
|Thursday||8:00AM - 6:00PM|
|Friday||8:00AM - Noon|
|Saturday & Sunday||CLOSED| | <urn:uuid:40536956-7e3a-4abb-84f9-ffa33c403acc> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://libraryguides.cgcc.edu/nursing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371675859.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200407054138-20200407084638-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.900662 | 708 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Religious freedom is a constitutional right. As enshrined in the First Amendment, it includes two complementary protections: (1) the right to religious belief and expression and (2) a guarantee that the government neither prefers religion over non-religion nor favors particular faiths over others.
Individuals, families, theologians, and communities have constitutional rights to worship (or not worship) freely in private and public. But even though religion is constitutionally protected in the public square, it is not a proper subject for government bodies — from local school boards all the way up to the U.S. Congress.
The ACLU of Delaware has long defended the religious freedom of individuals, families, and religious communities, from Christians to members of minority faiths.
- December 1, 2010
- January 15, 2010 | <urn:uuid:76ec7862-b1c9-428f-8a8e-0a701f0ea25e> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.aclu-de.org/en/issues/religious-liberty | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875141430.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200216211424-20200217001424-00409.warc.gz | en | 0.932956 | 161 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Team receives silver in genetics conference
The University’s International Genetically Engineered Machine team in October earned a silver medal in a Pittsburgh science competition for a project to detect whooping cough, a respiratory disease that causes uncontrollable coughing, faster and more accurately than existing methods.
At the East Regional iGem Jamboree, the team — made up of students from the College and Engineering School — presented its project to leading biological engineers. The team went on to compete in the world championships earlier this month but lost to a team from the Netherlands.
iGEM is an international competition that encourages students to combine engineering and biology. The students have to design a synthetic system and operate their project in living cells.
The highly contagious early symptoms of whooping cough — a disease that is responsible for around 300,000 deaths per year— are difficult to diagnose. Existing tests are fast but are costly and have a high false-positive rate. Blood tests can only confirm diagnosis two to eight week after the onset of the cough, third-year Engineering student Joshua Fass said. Culturing, a process that cultivates microorganisms in controlled conditions, takes a week to generate a diagnosis, he added.
The team used bacteriophages, viruses that infect bacteria, and took advantage of the antibody design in pregnancy tests to develop a rapid diagnostic test.
“In the clinic, a patient would basically cough into a tube containing the diagnostic phages, the sample would sit long enough for hCG [human chorionic gonadotropin, a hormone produced during pregnancy] to be produced and then the sample would be added to a pregnancy test, which would only be positive if the patient had whooping cough,” Fass said.
This test would provide a same-day diagnosis, Fass said. Quick and cheap, he said this project has promising potential worldwide in minimizing the spread of the disease.
The other five students involved in the project — fourth-year College student Jacqueline Grimm, third-year College student Syed Hassan, fourth-year College student Joseph Muldoon, third-year College student Omar Raza and fourth-year Engineering student Alexander Zorychta — took a seminar in the spring that led to a synthetic biology project during the summer. At that point fifth-year College student Shaun Moshasha and fourth-year Engineering student John Hubczak joined the team.
The team received its award based on the fulfillment of requirements rather than specific placing within the group of teams presenting, Fass said. Virginia also won a regional award for best experimental measurement approach. | <urn:uuid:f8b44fa5-6459-4101-8524-61987f6474ab> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.cavalierdaily.com/article/2012/11/team-receives-silver-in-genetics-conference | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500826016.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021346-00288-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964787 | 531 | 2.515625 | 3 |
U.S.-Russia Relations: Not Another Cold War
Should the United States intervene in matters of security when it comes to Russia and some of its neighbors?
- The defense budget of Russia, a superpower rival of the United States as the USSR until 1991, has dwindled to a small fraction of the Pentagon's.
- If Croatia were swallowed by either Russia or Serbia, the effect on the liberty, safety or welfare of Americans would be submicroscopic.
- Ukraine-Russian relations have historically been tense, and could erupt in armed conflict despite the recent 2010 election of Ukraine President Viktor Yankovych pledged to amity.
The United States is urging NATO admissions for Georgia and Ukraine. Both are at risk of war with Russia. In 2008, Russia fought Georgia over the break-away territory of South Ossetia. Russia has formally recognized the independence of both South Ossetia and Abkhazia from Georgia. It kept troops in Georgian territory in violation of 2009's cease-fire accord over South Ossetia.
Moreover, it has established a military base in Abkhazia. Georgia's volatile President, Mikhail Saakashvilli, might exploit NATO membership to provoke Russia to war. Saakashvilli probably initiated the clash over South Ossetia to accelerate Georgia's NATO bid. A Russian conquest of Georgia would not heighten Russia's national security threat to the United States.
It would tie the Russian army down with a restive Georgian population reminiscent of Russia's quagmire in Chechnya, and similarly squander billions of rubles.
Ukraine-Russian relations have historically been tense, and could erupt in armed conflict despite the recent 2010 election of Ukraine President Viktor Yankovych, who has pledged amity. Russian ethnics concentrated in the east constitute 17.3% of the population.
Ukrainian politics split sharply on an East-West divide, which finds expression in the rancor over Russia's leased naval base at Sevastopol on the Black Sea, scheduled to expire in 2017.
Why should the United States be militarily bound under Article V to defend Ukraine from Russian conquest? With or without Ukraine, Russia does not threaten the sovereignty of the United States or the liberties of its people. That the United States would even contemplate, not to say encourage, the admission of Ukraine into NATO is indicative of the American Empire's instinct for world domination.
And what national security sense does it make for the United States to defend Croatia if it were attacked by Serbia over a border dispute, or by Russia as an ally of Serbia? If Croatia were swallowed by either, the effect on the liberty, safety or welfare of Americans would be submicroscopic. Croatia, moreover, can contribute nothing to deterring or retaliating against an attack on the United States.
The argument that Russia would become a greater threat to the United States by conquering Croatia is nonsense. Croats would resist Russian troops like Afghans resisted the Soviet invasion in 1979 or like the Chechens opposed the Russian army in the First and Second Chechen Wars.
The Russian military would be harassed and vexed by seething Croats. During World War II, the Roman Catholic Croats fought the Orthodox Serbs and Soviet forces as an independent fascist state under the Ustasha organization.
Russia's encounter with the Chechen resistance in the Second Chechen War is instructive of how Russia might fare in Croatia. Even after victory, tens of thousands of Russian troops remained years later to provide security. Chechnya is an economic albatross.
It earns only 5% of its budget. The remainder comes from Moscow. Russia subsidizes Chechnya to the tune of over $1 billion annually. A Russian conquest of Croatia would probably curtail, not enhance, its danger to the United States.
The defense budget of Russia, a superpower rival of the United States as the USSR until 1991, has dwindled to a small fraction of the Pentagon's. It is not an existential or even semi-existential threat.
The safety of the United States does not turn on mutually assured destruction. Russia's armed forces are a shadow of the Soviet Red Army. Its military struggles to defeat primitive Islamic forces in Chechnya, Dagestan, and Ingushetia.
Editor's Note: This is an excerpt from Bruce Fein's book, "American Empire Before the Fall," published by CreateSpace on July 4, 2010. Copyright 2010 Bruce Fein. Reprinted with permission of the author. | <urn:uuid:6b8c140d-80f3-42e4-8d4e-0e2ff3805489> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.theglobalist.com/u-s-russia-relations-not-another-cold-war/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655899209.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200709065456-20200709095456-00357.warc.gz | en | 0.941516 | 915 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Thomas Girtin Biography | Oil Painting Reproductions
2-18-1775 London, ENG – 11-9-1802 London, ENGBack to Artist IndexView Artists Paintings
Thomas Gritin as a youth, served his apprenticeship in London as a mezzotint engraver employed to color prints with watercolors under Edward Dayes, through whom he made the acquaintance of J.M.W. Turner who, being shown Gritin's architectural and topographical sketches, encouraged him to develop his talents as a landscape painter.
His early death in 1802 from tuberculosis brought a very promising career to an untimely end, but even by then he had established a high reputation as an etcher. Girtin's early death reportedly caused Turner to remark, "Had Thomas Girtin lived I should have starved".
Hitherto, watercolors had been used almost entirely for tinting engravings, but to Thomas Gritin goes the credit for establishing Romantic watercolor painting as a major art form in its own right.
From 1794 onward he exhibited his great watercolor landscapes at the annual Royal Academy exhibitions and this helped to develop the fashion for this medium from the beginning of the nineteenth century. Thomas Girtin collaborated with Turner in making a series of copies of architectural paintings for Dr. Monro, notably, works by Canaletto.
Art Movement History: Romanticism.
Artists Influencing Thomas Girtin: Edward Dayes, JMW Turner.
He Traveled To France.
Artist's Biography compiled by Albert L. Mansour at The World's Artist, with text adapted from Wikipedia. | <urn:uuid:3f4ddf2f-83ca-4e61-b938-f44144a650c1> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://theworldsartist.com/artist/thomas-girtin | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818685129.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20170919112242-20170919132242-00061.warc.gz | en | 0.955497 | 343 | 3.0625 | 3 |
When the Japanese castaways arrived at Fort Vancouver in the summer of 1834, they encountered the settlement at the fort, one of the first multicultural centers in North America, known simply as“The Village.” Despite the systemic racial inequality, it thrived as people all over the world, and around the region, converged to start a new life in the Pacific Northwest.
With the arrival of any Hudson's Bay Company ship, the villagers became excited, awaiting for news from abroad or the latest supply shipment coming from London.
On this particular day in June 1834, the villagers probably stopped whatever they were doing when the company ship the Lama fired her canons to announce her arrival. Unfortunately, at the time, lacking any completed bastions in which to house a cannon, the fort itself could not return salute.
As the crew of the Lama touched shore, the men both on board and those on shore began the preparations to unload the cargo. For the Japanese, as they made their way down the gangplank, onto the docks and up a curved road, they took in the scenery of the hustle and bustle of village life around them.
On the right-hand side of the road, there was a pond and surrounding it were various workshops and storage warehouses close to the water and easily accessible for the ships at dock. Sounds of hammers hitting metal came out of the workshops that housed the coopers, boatwrights, or tinsmiths.
To the north, the village was made up of houses as diverse as their occupants. When the millwright Crate saw it, he wrote
Some dwellings were built in ‘Canadian style’ (2 or 4-inch planks); some were built in ‘American cottage fashion’ (framed and weatherboarded); some were of squared timbers; a very few were of logs; and a number were “edged slabs” from Company’s sawmill (the slabs applied with flat side out).
It would be difficult to know who was more astonished, the Japanese who for the first time witnessed such diversity, or the villagers who probably never encountered someone from so far as Asia. Rumours no doubt had spread that they were castaways from China since Japan was closed to much of the world.
Otokichi and the other Japanese would have witnessed for the first time the possibility of people living in a culturally diverse society, unlike anything they had ever seen in Japan, where foreigners were rarely seen and only heard about in stories.
In the village, there were the Iroquois and French-speaking voyageurs from eastern Canada, the Scots from the northern islands of Orkney and the Hebrides, the Kanaka from the Hawaiian Islands, and the members of numerous local tribes, including the people of the Upper Chinook, Chehalis, and Cowlitz. Then there were those, particularly the children, with mixed ethnicities Metis, or “halfbreeds” as they were derogatorily known, who formed their own unique culture and language.
Those who lived outside the stockade were part of the “lesser” servant class, which consisted of four categories with the title of gentlemen at top, followed by tradesmen, voyageurs, and then finally labourers at the bottom. In the latter category were the cooks, the housekeepers, farm hands, and sailors, in which the Japanese would have belonged.
Japanese society, too, at the time was based on a strict caste system, but unlike the British, the peasant was ranked above the merchant and tradesmen. In fact, the Japanese peasant was only one tier below the samurai. As the backbone of rice production, the peasants in family units who owned and cultivated their own land were revered, but it was the daimyo or the feudal lord who collected the taxes and enjoyed its wealth without having to lift a single finger.
Though some peasant families amassed great wealth, it would be the rise of the merchants with their monopolies and distribution networks that would make them the envy of all, including the samurai who held a prestigious rank but little material wealth to show it.
At the village, if it were a work day (with only Sundays off), the villagers would invariably be working in the fields that surrounded the fort or on constructing the fort itself. After all, work had just started to enlarge the fort twice its size—to build the palisades to extend two wall lengths to form a rectangle originally a square measuring 318 feet by 320 feet.
But regardless if there was work or not, the workers probably put their tools down, or came out from their small huts to see the visitors from a faraway land that they could only imagine. And when they talked amongst themselves gossiping about the visitors, different languages could be heard: Iroquois, Cree, French, Gaelic, French, Chinook, and Hawaiian, and pidgin languages made up of a combination of two languages adopted from both parents.
Despite Hudson's Bay Company's Governor-in-Chief George Simpson’s aversion to mixed marriages, he could not deny the richness and benefits of such a community as he wrote of one experience while on a bateau: “You have the prettiest congregation of nations, the nicest confusion of tongues, that has ever taken place since the days of the tower of Babel.”
Through time though, the HBC realized that it was in fact these mixed marriages with women of the Cowlitz, Chinook, and Chehalis tribes, among others, that formed the stable work force the company needed to build its legacy in the Pacific Northwest. The men adopted tribal traditions of marriage, provided for their families both in life and in the event of their death, and saw to the education of their children. It was not the lone men looking for fleeting adventure and fame that built up Hudson's Bay Company, but rather it was the family men who were more likely to stay on with the company, who after finishing their contracts would happily re-sign for another three years.
The party continued up the road to the fort, surrounded on all sides by crop fields, until they came to the fort’s southern wall made up of unskinned logs of Douglas Fir trees—18 feet tall and sharpened to a point at the top. To prevent the curios Indigenous people from looking inside, smaller poles were put in between each of the main pickets. With such a humid and wet environment, the posts lasted four or five years and then replaced, so when the Japanese sailors arrived in 1834, most of the original posts put up in the spring of 1829 would have already decayed and warped or sagged from all the moisture.
Labourers were probably out raising new posts that were cut from farther out east as the nearby forests had already been cut down. The posts were dragged by oxen to the Columbia, rafted downstream, and then hauled up to the fort by oxen to the fort. It would not do for visitors to see a section of a wall to suddenly fall over from a strong wind—an embarrassment to Chief Factor John McLoughlin who needed to show to everyone that he had everything under control.
At the gate, there was a small door cut into it to allow the group to enter. Inside to the Japanese, this would have been the inner domain of the local daimyo, the feudal lord. Though not as impressive as Nagoya Castle in Owari Domain, which included Otokichi’s hometown of Mihama, with its imposing “fan sloping” stone wall bases and labyrinthine passages to the sanctum of the main castle gate and courtyard, it would be their first exposure in the inner workings of the British power, part of the western world that they undoubtedly were taught to fear.
Yet now in person, they may have sensed the mundane nature of this enemy of the Shogun. Indeed, were they not fed, clothed and given accommodation on the ship Lama? This western enclave seemed also to fear attacks from enemies from without, and the village itself with the women and children could very well be a village in Japan. If they had any fear when they first made contact with the British, it would have undoubtedly turned to curiosity or even gratitude as they crossed the threshold and into the fort proper. | <urn:uuid:e3ba46bb-8773-4b04-9631-5a9aa95f554c> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.davidhchau.com/single-post/2017/09/12/The-Village-A-Multicultural-Experiment | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371813538.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408104113-20200408134613-00153.warc.gz | en | 0.983752 | 1,711 | 3.421875 | 3 |
06/09/2014 14:00 - 17:00
This course will be of interest to those researching ancestry of families thought to have Polish, Hungarian, Slovak, Baltic States, Czech or Ruthenian/Ukrainian ethnicity. The focus will be on how research in Eastern Europe differs from family history in the UK, remote access to secular and religious sources and databases, practical advice and experience of visiting and searching in local archives (including Vienna) and migration (by choice and obligatory). There will be emphasis throughout on the importance of addressing these topics in their local historical context (please note the course content will not specifically cover research into tracing victims and survivors of the WWII holocaust). Bring along your own specific family history research queries for discussion.
A half-day course with Hugh & Sandra Guilford
Books & Courses Search
Search our catalogue and buy securely online. | <urn:uuid:8c052643-4ae5-4615-a43f-c394095561b8> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.sog.org.uk/books-courses/events-courses/tracing-ancestors-from-europe-from-beyond-the-danube-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500835505.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021355-00132-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92219 | 179 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Library Home || Full Table of Contents || Suggest a Link || Library Help
|Basic frequently asked questions, suggestions for fractal resources and sites, software, archives, tutorials, from the newsgroups sci.fractals, sci.answers, news.answers. Sample questions: What is a fractal? What are some examples of fractals? What is chaos? What is fractal dimension and how is it calculated? What is topological dimension? and many more. By Ken Shirriff through September 26, 1994; the current editor is Ermel Stepp.|
|Levels:||High School (9-12), College|
|Resource Types:||Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)|
|Math Topics:||Chaos, Fractals|
© 1994-2014 Drexel University. All rights reserved.
The Math Forum is a research and educational enterprise of the Drexel University School of Education. | <urn:uuid:c8c0acf5-3ae4-4b7d-bd35-52994f36abaa> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://mathforum.org/library/view/2049.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500826322.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021346-00167-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.851727 | 195 | 2.59375 | 3 |
So this passed through my RSS feed from Nature Communications.
Like most of you my brain asked me to please not read that twice. Unlike most of you this falls pretty close to what I get paid to do so I felt obligated to at least try to understand it. Then I says to myself Tim F, says I, this sounds like a varsity challenge in science communication. If internetblog readers can grok why this is new and cool then you sir have made it in the world of unsolicited amateur science writing. You can all grade me at the end to let me know how I did.
Before we get to the meat I’ll toss out this 100% relevant teaser.
The basic problem has to do with power. Let’s say that you need exactly 1.21 gigawatts of power to go back in time and accidentally seduce your mom. Not saying that you personally want to do this right now, but it happens. The trouble is that even the main line out of a power station will not give you that kind of juice. But that’s ok! You only need it at the exact moment when your DeLorean hits 88 miles per hour. No problem! Use a capacitor.
A capacitor lets you load power in at whatever rate you want and then let it all go at once. A crossbow is another kind of capacitor in that it let go all of your cranking energy in a fraction of a second. In theory you could use nuclear power to fill a capacitor but really you could use a diesel generator, wall current or solar panels if you can afford to wait (and a hefty utility bill).
Now capacitors can store electric power and crossbows work great for hand cranking energy, but sometimes instead of electricity or a hole in Sean Bean you want a whole lot of light. Of course that means lasers. However the kind of laser you find crawling around the average garden puts out a steady steady rate of modest power. If you need a lot of power from a simple laser then you need something like this, a huge power supply and an ocean’s worth of coolant.
On the other hand, maybe you only need that whole lot of laser power when your DeLorean hits 88 miles an hour. You can’t just bottle light up* but you can take advantage of the way lasers bounce light back and forth between two mirrors in an excitable medium (the sapphire in a sapphire laser) until the medium gets ‘hot’ and shoots a laser beam through an aperture. Whereas most of the time light just bounces around a laser cavity like ping pong balls in a lottery, imagine if you could get all those ping pong balls bouncing off each wall one side at a time. A wall would feel mostly nothing and then suddenly A LOT OF PING PONG BALLS and then nothing again. Pulse lasers work like that.
Pulsing is great for communications because they’re essentially digital and because a powerful pulse will travel a lot farther than a continuous wave will. Even better, a focused pulse can put so many photons in such a small space that a decent number will run headlong into other photons and get stuck together into one photon with twice the power (how? quantum something. shut up, it works). To see why this is great for microscope folks, stick a red laser or led against your thumb and see how much of the light passes through. Now find a green laser pointer or LED and do the same thing. Even though the green pointer has more energy none of it gets through your thumb. To see things deep in the brain then, you focus a pulsed red laser on a point deep in the tissue where a bunch of photons will run into each other and turn green at the very very specific spot where you focused the laser. When those green photons hit fluorescent stuff you get yellow light back. As you scan the little focus spot around you get a picture of, e.g., one brain cell deep in its natural environment.
Fascinating. The hell is a soliton?
We all know that lasers are light and light is a wave (yes and a particle; begone pedants). A soliton is a sort of standing wave that happens under certain conditions, like that crest in a river that never goes away. A dissipative soliton is just light bouncing around a laser cavity in a clever way that makes the gain medium (e.g., the sapphire in a sapphire laser) shoot out laser energy in short powerful pulses; think of all the ping pong balls hitting one side of a lottery agitator at the same time.
They figured that out years ago. So what is new?
In theory that should be the end of the story. When you get the standing wave (‘dissipative soliton’) just right the laser head will produce a near perfect train of very short pulses. If you put the laser head on a gimbal to shoot down drones like that Navy bug zapper in the picture above then you are all set. Trouble is you can almost never get away with just pointing the laser head at something. In communications and in microscopes, which is where I use them, you need to guide the laser to the other tin can in Iowa, cells on your microscope or Sean Connery’s scranus by bouncing it down a flexible fiber (yes Goldfinger used a fixed head on a gimbal; bear with me). Frustratingly those perfect little light pulses get a little less perfect every time they bounce around a fiber or any other optical element like a mirror, a filter or a lens.
On the plus side we know most of the things that screw those little pulses up, and a big part of it comes from the ability of lasers to put out an almost but not quite perfect wavelength of color. For example a laser that puts out pure primary green at a wavelength of around 545 nm actually puts out a lot of photons very close to 545 nm plus some with a little more energy and a shorter wavelength and others with less. This inevitable spread becomes really important for pulse lasers, because in a lot of cases a pulse is only useful if it all arrives at the other end at the same time. Bouncing around a fiber makes the longer wavelenghts arrive a little slower and the shorter wavelengths arrive a little sooner than the average photon does, spreading out the pulse and making it a bit less useful.
It gets pretty frustrating to lose your perfect little pulses like that but, critically, each setup causes its own distinct kind of futzy smear. If you can predict the smearing then you can fix it. Think about walking a bunch of kindergarten kids a couple of blocks to a playground. Let’s say that your boss is waiting at the playground so you you really want the kids walking in a tight bunch when they get there, but some kids invariably walk faster than average and some kids invariably take their time. Of course if you want to follow kindergarten best practices you would make the kids hold hands, slow them all down to match the slowest kid or yell at anyone who gets out of step. However you can’t do that with photons so you can’t do that with the kids either.
Now how do you solve it? An optical physicist would set the slowest kids off first, then the average kids and then the speed walkers after some delay. At first your grouping will look terrible but, critically, if you know your kindergarteners and a little math you will impress your boss when they reach the playground in a tight little group.
To pull off this trick with photons, you stick a complicated** little optics box in front of the laser head that lets the low-energy kids out a little sooner and holds back the high-energy kids a little so that they all get to the
playground brain, tin can or Sean Connery’s scranus at the exact same time. For lack of a more obvious term to describe this preemptive quantum anti-smearing, we in the lasers world call it pre-chirping. The Russians, Austrians and Germans who wrote this paper made an impact by tackling an especially tough kind of smearing (stimulated Raman scattering) that creates a new solition or standing wave that interferes with the laser pulses. As you might guess by now they figured out how to pre-apply an anti-standing wave that also works in several colors at the same time, a kind of magic trick that only third-level quantum ninjas can pull off.
So to summarize, they needed to separate a bad standing wave from a good standing wave. To do that they pre-anti-futzed each laser pulse with the exact opposite of the bad wave so that kindergarteners all get to their playground in a nice little pack. And it works in several colors! This will probably help high speed traders shave a couple nanoseconds off of their front-loaded trades, and then later it could lead to faster internet speeds and a cooler microscope for me.
(*) OK these badasses basically can stop light in a bottle. Never tell a scientist she can’t do something.
(**) i.e., I don’t know how it works. | <urn:uuid:38d6dd24-904d-4ac0-82e0-e67df14353eb> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://www.balloon-juice.com/2014/08/17/ducks-in-a-row/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320395.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625032210-20170625052210-00519.warc.gz | en | 0.934915 | 1,911 | 2.828125 | 3 |
In this guide, we'll be connecting a sensor to two Feathers and pairing them with a gateway to bring all the data collected into the cloud. We're going to build our own network to send data from devices to a router. The router will then decode the data packets and route them to Adafruit IO or The Things Network.
Here's a network map (also known as a network topology) of the connections between the nodes/gateways/protocols of our network.
Devices need a way to communicate their data - the first step in building a network is selecting a mode of transport. As humans, we talk to each other in our native language(s). Electronic devices can also talk to each other, and there's a plethora of ways for them to communicate (for more information on transports, check out our All the Internet of Things - Part 1, which explains more about selecting a transport for your project)
In the first part of this guide, we're going to employ an Internet-of-Things transport protocol called LoRa to have our Feathers communicate with the Raspberry Pi Gateway. While we could use WiFi/BTLE/Cellular, we're not sending a large amount of data (a few bytes). We also do not need to send this data quickly, our sensors will transmit their data to the router every 15 minutes or so.
By sacrificing transmit speed and the amount of data which we're able to send, LoRa radios can transmit much farther than Bluetooth Low-Energy and WiFi with lower power utilization.
The second part of this guide uses LoRaWAN. LoRaWAN is a Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) specification which allows connection of LoRa devices to the internet. LoRaWAN differs from LoRa by the inclusion of a physical layer.
Selecting a Device
To begin building a sensor network, we'll specify what we want the sensor device to do:
- Read a sensor
- Send data over LoRa (it'll need a LoRa radio)
- Connect to a LiPo battery (wireless operation!)
- Run CircuitPython
A board which meets all of these specifications is the Feather M0 with RFM95 LoRa Radio. This microcontroller runs CircuitPython, has a built-in LoRa radio, and a connector for LiPo batteries.
Next up, we'll need a sensor to gather and send data. The BME280 is a fantastic environmental sensor - it can read a location's temperature, barometric pressure, and humidity.
- Need less data? Just want the humidity from a location? We have lots of sensors to help build a sensor node.
Selecting a Router/Gateway
We're going to use the LoRa Radio Bonnet and a Raspberry Pi Zero W to act as a gateway - converting incoming packets (from the feathers) to readable values. After it converts this data, it'll forward it to either Adafruit IO or The Things Network.
You'll want to grab the following parts for this project: | <urn:uuid:6408594a-1caa-404f-b3db-d09f19b00c9e> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://learn.adafruit.com/multi-device-lora-temperature-network | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371833063.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409091317-20200409121817-00449.warc.gz | en | 0.916999 | 626 | 3.109375 | 3 |
February 13, 2002
Wireless tests aboard US Navy ship include exploration of USN/SIO Sea Lab II
Earlier this month, the U.S. Navy Deep Submergence Unit (USN-DSU) brought their ship, the Kellie Chouest, as well as the Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) Scorpio, to the waters off Scripps pier. Their mission: to locate and dive the site of SeaLab II, a USN/SIO undersea habitat that operated in August-October 1965. This would be the first return to the site since the habitat was pulled up.
This cruise was a regularly scheduled training exercise for the USN-DSU personnel, however, several guests (including UCSD faculty and staff) were able to join the crew for a day-long excursion. "The purpose of our trip was to recon the SeaLab II site for a possible live broadcast and webcast through UCSD this coming March," explained SIO's Centennial Program Director Kevin Hardy, who proposed and organized the test dive. "In doing so, we bring a shared chapter of the U.S. Navy and Scripps history alive, explore cooperative research opportunities between Scripps/UCSD and the USN Deep Submergence Unit, and test new communication technologies embodied in the HPWREN link between the Kellie Chouest and Scripps pier. We succeeded in all three."
In addition to these tests, HPWREN and ROADNet researchers aboard the ship experimented with a web-accessible, high-resolution camera, which is also being tested at the Santa Margarita Ecological Reserve. "We also tried out multicast from ship to shore - using a video cable from the Scorpio to a USB-attached frame grabber on a laptop," said Hans-Werner Braun, HPWREN principal investigator. "The software we used for this exercise was vic, which we have been experimenting with for educational purposes as well with the objective of using multicast to distribute real-time ocean floor data."
"This experiment helped us to understand issues with 802.11b traffic over water and specificially the technical challenges behind connectivity from a boat," said Todd Hansen, ROADNet systems coordinator.
The San Diego-based Kellie Chouest is a Navy contracted research and salvage vehicle manned by the USN-DSU, who are experts in underwater operations. The ship has a high resolution side scan sonar for identifying and locating objects below the surface. In addition, the ship has Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) which can verify and recover contacts identified by the side scan sonar.
Additional passengers onboard the journey included Mary Lou Cannon, wife of late aquanaut Barry Cannon; Dr. Fred Spiess, SIO Marine Physical Laboratory professor; and Jim Stewart, SIO Chief Diving Officer Emeritus.
Additional photographs regarding this activity are available at http://hpwren.ucsd.edu/Photos/20020204/.
For additional information about the US Navy's Deep Submergence Unit, please refer to http://www.csp.navy.mil/csds5/dsu/dsu.htm.
For technical details of the SeaLab tests, please see http://roadnet.ucsd.edu/tech-advice2.html.
For additional information about SeaLab II, see http://www.onr.navy.mil/focus/blowballast/people/habitats2.htm.
Several texts also discuss the SeaLab projects, including the following:
Bond, G.F. Papa Topside: The Sealab Chronicles of Capt. George F. Bond, USN, edited by H.A. Siiteri. (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1993), xxviii, 272.
Bunton, William J. Death of an Aquanaut: A Vivid Memoir of Events that Triggered the Collapse of the U.S. Navy's Sealab Project. Hong Kong: Best Publishing Company, 2000, 69 pages.
Murray, E.A.; Inman, Douglas L.; and Koontz, W.A. "Sealab II underwater weather station." Man's Extension into the Sea. Washington:Marine Technology Society, (1966):134-155.
For additional information about saturation diving, see A Very Short History of Saturation Diving by James Vorosmarti, Jr., MD, in Issue 20 (Winter 1997) of the Historical Diving Times.
Written by Kimberly Mann-Bruch of HPWREN in collaboration with ROADNet. For more information about ROADNet, see http://roadnet.ucsd.edu.
back to top | <urn:uuid:a702fbfa-0b6d-4c36-95f1-537486fc5e8d> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://hpwren.ucsd.edu/news/020213.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657123996.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011203-00338-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.909541 | 988 | 2.765625 | 3 |
In Cuba Caribbean Culture Festival
- Submitted by: admin
- Arts and Culture
- culture an traditions
- 05 / 01 / 2009
After 28 uninterrupted festivals the event will be dedicated to Caribbean Garifune (Black Caribs) people and Honduras that will be represented by about 300 participants offering a sample of rich artistic diversity in the region.
Theoretical sessions on the Caribbean that Bonds Us will deal with issues concerning migratory processes, diasporas, traditional popular culture, the individual, hegemony and power in the contemporary world, inter-Caribbean relations and Cuba, Honduras and Central American nations.
The Garifune people, as an example of a culture of resistance in the Caribbean, will be the center of attention of scholars and cultivators of deep and secular roots in the lands bathed by this sea and that extends from Panama, Guatemala, Honduras and Belize.
In addition to this broad Latin American presence, the Fiesta del Fuego will also count on participants from France, Russia, Great Britain, the United States, Austria and Spain.
About 67 areas will function with music, theater, dance and fine arts programs in the city and neighboring areas with groups who portray traditional popular culture and will extend its proposals to the neighboring province of Guatanamo. | <urn:uuid:c58d948a-5c5e-498d-ab37-daf70f45865b> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.cubaheadlines.com/2009/05/01/16946/in_cuba_caribbean_culture_festival.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655897027.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200708124912-20200708154912-00130.warc.gz | en | 0.905868 | 262 | 2.8125 | 3 |
An official website of the United States government
Insects and arachnids inflicted 36,100 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving time away from work in the 1992-97 period. This was almost half of the total number of animal-related workplace injuries and illnesses.
Outdoor workers, such as laborers, truck drivers, groundskeepers, and farm workers, were among the workers most frequently victims of nonfatal insect and arachnid injuries and illnesses. But so were some indoor workers, including machine operators, janitors, nurses aides and orderlies, and even cashiers.
Dogs were involved in 13,800 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses, or 18 percent of the total animal-related cases involving days away from work. Three quarters of this number were a result of attacks, while nearly all of the rest were from overexertion while lifting heavy dogs.
These data are from the BLS Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses. Arachnids include spiders, scorpions, and ticks. Read more in "Are Animals Occupational Hazards?" (PDF 86K), by Dino Drudi, Compensation and Working Conditions, Fall 2000.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, The Economics Daily, Insect bites, stings cause thousands of workplace injuries at https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2001/feb/wk1/art02.htm (visited May 29, 2023). | <urn:uuid:c089eb86-3ae1-47eb-bfe7-2ee52710fb02> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2001/feb/wk1/art02.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644913.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20230529205037-20230529235037-00186.warc.gz | en | 0.955921 | 308 | 3.078125 | 3 |
|Image: Rob984, (CC BY 4.0)|
The Commonwealth of Nations is, for all intents and purposes, the successor to the British Empire. It comprises over 50 nations across all continents and is a promoter for world peace and prosperity. The head of the Commonwealth is Queen Elizabeth II, which, to apply to be a member, you have to recognize. So, don't expect the USA to be joining anytime soon!
What did you know about the Commonwealth?
Post a Comment | <urn:uuid:41b5d790-e1c2-4bd2-a306-909ccd06c123> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.teaandabutty.com/2021/09/what-is-commonwealth-episode-278.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296944606.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323003026-20230323033026-00630.warc.gz | en | 0.921491 | 107 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Thursday, March 25, 2010
Strategy evaluation is the final Stage in Strategic Management.
Managers desperately need to know when particular strategies are not working; strategy evaluation is the primary means of obtaining this information.
The following are the main activities performed in the evaluation stage.
1. Reviewing external and internal factors that are the bases for current strategies.
2. Measuring performance
3. Taking corrective action.
Strategy Evaluation is becoming increasingly difficult with the passage of time because of the following reasons.
1. A dramatic increase in the environment's complexity.
2. The increasing difficulty of predicting the future with accuracy.
3. The increasing number of variables.
4. The increase in number of both domestic and world events affecting organizations.
The Process of Evaluating Strategies:
Numerous external and internal factors can prohibit firms from achieving long term and annual objectives. Externally, actions by competitors, changes in demand, changes in technology, economic changes, demographic shift, and governmental changes. Internally, ineffective strategies may have been chosen or implementation activities may have been poor.
External opportunities and threats and internal strength and weaknesses that are bases for current strategies should continually be monitored for change.
1- Reviewing External & Internal Factors:
Some key questions to address are as follows:
1. Are our strengths still strengths.
2. Have we added other strengths? If so, what are they?
3. Are our internal weaknesses still weaknesses?
4. Do we now have other internal weaknesses? If so, what are they?
5. Are our external opportunities still opportunities?
6. Are there mow other external opportunities? If so, what are
7. Are our external threats still threats?
8. Are there now other external threats? If so, what are they?
2- Measuring Organizational Performance:
This activity includes:
• Comparing expected results to actual result.
• Investigating deviations from plans
• Evaluating individual performance
• Examining progress made toward meeting stated goals.
Both long term and annual objectives are commonly used in this process. Criteria for evaluating strategies should measurable and easily variable.
3- Taking Corrective Actions:
This is the final strategy evaluation activity. It requires changes to reposition a firm competitively for the future.
Some examples of change that may be needed are:
• Altering an organization’s structure,
• Replacing one or more key individuals
• Selling a division
• Or revising business mission
Other changes could include:
• Establishing or revising objectives
• Devising new policies
• Issuing stock to raise capital
• Adding additional salespersons
• Allocating resources differently
• Or developing performance incentives | <urn:uuid:54d6c026-0f4f-48f5-a04a-2e51c0cb3503> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://management4best.blogspot.com/2010/03/strategy-evaluation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320695.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626083037-20170626103037-00683.warc.gz | en | 0.894195 | 567 | 2.796875 | 3 |
The largest of its kind in Canada, this Museum fulfills its mission through its collection, permanent, temporary and travelling exhibits, special events, school programs, workshops and demonstrations, publications, loans, conferences and lectures, expert advice, and joint action with other museums and organizations with similar goals and interests.
A visit to the Museum will allow the visitor to push buttons, turn dials, and pull levers to experience science and technology first-hand, as you discover artifact-rich exhibits featuring marine and land transportation, astronomy, communications, space, domestic technology and computer technology. Science and technology have changed Canada and influenced its people. The transformation of Canada, from the period of early exploration and settlement to the present, has been marked by achievements in science and technology.
The special role of the Canada Science and Technology Museums Corporation is to help the public to understand the ongoing relationships between science, technology and Canadian society.
Transformation of Canada
The Museum's mandate, to study the "Transformation of Canada," can be broken into sub-themes:
- Canadian Context:
Context shapes the evolution of science and technology. Canadian achievements reflect the challenges overcome and the choices made in developing the nation in light of vast geographical distances, a harsh physical environment and limited resources in terms of skilled workers and available capital.
- Finding New Ways:
The search for new knowledge and new ways of doing things is basic to human nature. Science and technology have played key roles in efforts to find new ways of living, learning and working.
- How "Things" Work:
Developing an understanding of how "things" work can make people more aware of factors that have contributed to the transformation of Canada, such as scientific principles and physical properties. At the most basic level, taking apart an object, process or system (both physically and conceptually) provides important insight into the world we live in.
- People, Science and Technology:
People have a dynamic relationship with science and technology. Domestic and work lives are shaped and influenced by scientific and technological change. At the same time, people shape the evolution of science and technology individually and collectively through their decisions and actions. However, our ability to direct and control scientific and technological advancements is not absolute; choices and trade-offs often have to be made with the consequences in mind. | <urn:uuid:1446d591-a6d2-4815-94e9-e4f6cd0593e3> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://sciencetech.technomuses.ca/english/about/index.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708142617/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516124222-00085-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945982 | 470 | 3.359375 | 3 |
The fact that you have an isosceles triangle (two sides have the same length) makes this question easier that it might otherwise be. I drew your triangle ABC and joined the midpoint of the base D to the opposite vertex.
Triangles ABD and ADC are congruent and hence it follows that angle ADC is a right angle. Hence triangle ADB s a right triangle and thus by Pythagoras' Theorem
52 = 42 + h2
Solve for h. | <urn:uuid:7d7cc837-8f95-4ed0-ab62-ff3c8f96fd4d> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://mathcentral.uregina.ca/QQ/database/QQ.09.06/jeni1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934803906.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20171117185611-20171117205611-00317.warc.gz | en | 0.912736 | 101 | 2.671875 | 3 |
NEW DELHI -- In the past month, as India broiled under a historic heat wave and consumed a record amount of electricity for cooling, the Coal Ministry announced it would reopen old mines and increase output by 100 million tons.
As cities went into rolling blackouts because of electricity shortages, the Power Ministry ordered plants that burn imported coal to run at full capacity.
The environment ministry has given coal mines permission to boost production by up to 50% without seeking new permits, according to a May 7 memo. The memo attributed the relaxed environmental regulations to "huge pressure on domestic coal supply in the country" and said "all efforts are being made to meet the demand of coal."
The developments highlight the persistent, even growing, reliance on coal in the world's third-largest emitter of greenhouse gases -- and one of the foremost victims of climate change.
Although analysts acknowledge that India faces a genuine dilemma in how to meet its soaring energy demands, many say the government is sending mixed policy signals by promoting coal mining and power generation as it trumpets its green ambitions on the international stage. In the run-up to the 2015 Paris climate agreement, Prime Minister Narendra Modi pledged to install 175 gigawatts of renewable energy capacity by 2022. He later raised that target to 450 gigawatts by 2030.
But India has installed less than 100 gigawatts of solar and wind power so far, and most Indian analysts say the 175 gigawatt goal is beyond reach this year.
Had India stuck to its pledge on renewables, it would not have faced a power shortage this spring, according to estimates from the Climate Risk Horizons consultancy in New Delhi. Even on April 29, when Delhi reached 110 degrees -- the second-highest temperature for that month in 70 years -- and peak electricity demand hit a record high, India could have met the need had it been on track to install 160 gigawatts of solar and wind power by the end of the year, said Ashish Fernandes, the consultancy's chief executive.
"India's continued support of coal mining and power plant expansion is worrying," Fernandes said. "It would be a pity if India's entrenched coal lobby forces the government to go slow on its energy transition plans, as analysis shows that any continued coal growth will in fact undermine India's renewable energy targets and climate commitments."
How India manages its energy transition is of paramount importance because of its size and rapid growth, say international researchers and climate policy officials. President Joe Biden's climate representative, John F. Kerry, made repeated visits to New Delhi last year ahead of the COP26 climate conference to nudge the Modi government to make more ambitious pledges to cut coal and reduce emissions.
Speaking publicly this month, officials defended their coal policies as necessary to meet the nation's thirst for power. The coal minister, Pralhad Joshi, predicted that India's coal requirements will double by 2040. His deputy, Anil Kumar Jain, said the government was being unfairly blamed -- both for producing too much and too little -- and he urged more private companies to enter the mining business.
"Earlier we were hailed as bad boys because we were promoting fossil fuel and now we are in the news that we are not supplying enough of it," Jain told reporters.
The country of nearly 1.4 billion is expected to see its demand for electricity more than double by 2030, according to the International Energy Agency. By 2050, the agency estimates India will consume 15 times more energy for cooling than in 2018, largely because the number of air conditioners in use will skyrocket. Even though India is building out renewable energy sources, it still derives 70 percent of its power from coal.
But state-owned Coal India saw its production stagnate from 2019 to 2021, because of a failure by the government to appoint senior management and fund mining expansions, said Anil Swarup, a former coal secretary. If anything, he predicted, India will be scrambling to increase output.
"The current crisis will perhaps be managed," he said. "But I'm quite sure this crisis will surface again if long-term planning for ramping up coal production is not done." | <urn:uuid:3cd21136-5b48-49d2-92fd-918888fb7c06> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.nwaonline.com/news/2022/may/29/india-to-reopen-coal-mines-as-demand-for-energy/?utm_source=akdart | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943809.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20230322082826-20230322112826-00377.warc.gz | en | 0.960624 | 837 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The National Marine Fisheries Service is proposing to list 66 coral species in the Pacific and Caribbean oceans as endangered or threatened.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Administrator Jane Lubchenco said in a statement today the proposal is an important sensible step toward preserving the benefits provided by the species.
She says corals provide habitat that support fisheries, generate jobs through recreation and tourism, and protect coastlines.
The agency wants to list 59 species in the Pacific and seven in the Caribbean. It’s scheduled public meetings in 20 places including Hawaii, Guam, Florida and Puerto Rico.
The agency is acting to comply with a federal court order after it was sued by the Center for Biological Diversity in 2009. | <urn:uuid:c349c99d-171a-493a-ba1e-6a7bd7913182> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://hawaii-agriculture.com/feds-want-to-add-corals-to-endangered-list/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348523564.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200607044626-20200607074626-00449.warc.gz | en | 0.91471 | 141 | 3.21875 | 3 |
John Shakespeare (c. 1530 – 1601)
Business and litigation (typical of that of a successful merchant) spans five decades. – Passed on his business savvy.
Son of one Richard Shakespeare, one of Robert Arden’s tenants, a farming family – he was not the eldest son.
Moved to Stratford and became an apprentice glover then bought a house in town in 1556.
Wool dealer (they often sold the wool left on fleeces they were working BUT wool dealers should all have been licensed), money lender (fraught with legal issues). Did William assist with wool trade as his father’s representative in London?
Possibly could not write – mark on documents not signature BUT this is unproven. Most likely could read
In court a lot wrangling over debts etc.
Was involved in defacing (white washed?) Guild Chapel murals in 1563 when Mary was pregnant with William
He became an Alderman and Bailiff. The corporation (town) council comprised 14 Alderman (senior councillors) and 14 burgesses (junior councillors, Bailiff – like mayor).
Rising to this level typically involved climbing up through various civic posts. In 1561,having been juror, taster and constable. He became Chamberlain (all Borough funded activity came under management of the Chamberlains
1565 – became Master Shakespeare in recognition of of his service – an alderman
1568 elected Bailiff. Bailiffs also served as justice of the peace at the Court of Record. 1571 he became deputy Bailiff to Adrian Quiney as Bailiff. At this time the two men represented the Borough in London
Voluntarily withdrew from public life in 1576??, though the town still listed him as alderman.
By 1590 owned two houses on Henley Street
Did his business earnings fund William’s purchases, rather than theatrical earnings.
1596 – College of Heralds awarded John a coat of arms and he became a gentleman
1596 grandson dies | <urn:uuid:79fe99e3-d63e-4707-ae05-00e367b5c537> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://shakespaedia.org/2015/10/28/john-shakespeare/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371861991.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409154025-20200409184525-00413.warc.gz | en | 0.976121 | 429 | 2.828125 | 3 |
That is a very interesting question.
The sun is currently about 4.5 billion years old and it is thought that it will spend a total of around 10 billion years as a main-sequence star. During this time it will continue to produce energy in its core by a process called nuclear fusion in which helium atoms are produced from hydrogen atoms (two hydrogen atoms are ‘fused’ together to form one helium atom), and will continue to get hotter. It is thought that the outer layers of the sun will expand as the hydrogen in the core is used up and that the sun will then enter a red giant phase, in about 5-5.5 billion years from now. The sun will then get even hotter and various changes will take place as the remaining hydrogen and helium are consumed, and helium fuses to form carbon. The outer layers of the sun will be thrown off to form what is known as a planetary nebula, and the remaining core of the sun will slowly cool and fade to become a white dwarf. This process is likely to take another several billion years. People think that this is the process and timeline the sun will face from studying the fate of other similar sized stars. So it will take several billion years (at least 5) before the sun will burn out – long after we are gone. I hope this answers your question.
That is a great answer Arti.
Addzyy69, i wouldnt be too worried about it, hopefully whom ever is around then, humans or whatever we turn into, will be long gone from the planet.
When the sun is burning out it will swell up and engulf the earth. Actually we will not be able to live on the earth for a long time prior as the sun will become so hot that it will boil earths water off. So we need to be gone long before the sun dies. | <urn:uuid:4cda6ed1-3fb2-432a-89ff-380b26a4515f> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://helium.imascientist.org.au/2012/05/13/how-long-untill-the-sun-will-burn-out/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223202457.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032002-00030-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962631 | 379 | 3.515625 | 4 |
The Cham people of central and south Vietnam have impressive artistic and architectural traditions, dating back more than 1700 years. Migrating from the island of Borneo to present-day Vietnam in second century CE, the Cham maintained a series of coastal kingdoms from c. 192-1832 CE. Champa–located at the crossroads of India, Java, and China–was the grand emporium of Southeast Asia and the chief rival of the powerful Khmer Empire. While primarily remembered in history as merchants, sailors, and warriors, the Cham were also skilled artisans and talented architects. In this exclusive interview, James Blake Wiener of the Ancient History Encyclopedia speaks with Dr. Ky Phuong Tran–a specialist on Cham cultural history–with regard to the unique characteristics of Cham art and architecture.
JW: Dr. Ky Phuong Tran, let me bid you a warm welcome to the Ancient History Encyclopedia! I thank you so much for introducing us to ancient world of Cham art and architecture. Although the Cham people absorbed artistic influence from Java, Cambodia, and India, I wanted to ask you which salient aspects of Cham art and architecture stand out when compared to those of their neighbors? Moreover, how should we best define and approach Cham aesthetics: through the lens of ancient Hindu art and that of the cultural sphere of “Greater India”? KT: Research into the geographical features of Champa kingdom and those of her neighbors permit us to understand the unique facets of Cham art. The Champa kingdom was situated on the great maritime routes called the “Silk Road on the sea,” and so Champa was located between two major Asian civilizations: India and China. The kingdom was actively involved in the international maritime trading networks from the second century CE onwards. Champa built close relationships with Southeast Asian states on the mainland and with the island-empires of present-day Indonesia; as a result, the arts of Champa adapted various artistic tendencies from Southeast Asia, India, and even China as well. With regard to the Hindu religious architecture of Champa, there was no tradition of construction using exclusively sandstone materials, which contrasts sharply with neighboring architectural traditions. Champa technology is notable for its use of brick, while Khmer and Javanese technology stand out for their use of stone as evidenced in Angkor Wat or Angkor Bayon (in Cambodia), and Borobudur or Prambanam (in Indonesia). The difference in building materials implied differences in construction technique as well as differences in the application of human resources devoted to construction projects. The variation between these two approaches–the utilization of brick or stone–in construction can be explained by the specific economic systems adopted by respective ancient Southeast Asian civilizations. Khmer and Javanese technologies were the technologies of agricultural societies, situated as they were in wide deltas (as in Cambodia) or on plains with mineral-rich, andesite soils (as on the island of Java). In these agricultural societies, kings, lords, or chieftains could easily mobilize an abundant workforce for long periods of time. Depending on the wishes of the ruler, the workforce could be employed to build temples made of sandstone or other stone materials. The people of Champa, by contrast, were inclined to overseas commerce. In commercial societies, the capacity for the mobilization of the human resources required for the construction of important religious buildings was limited. The building of a stone temple required a concentration of labor resources for the quarrying and transportation of the stone and for all the other tasks of the construction itself. A brick temple, meanwhile, did not require such a powerful workforce: a smaller number of workers, employed for the necessary period of time, could create temples of impressive size like those of the Duong Long group (in Binh Dinh Province), which are Southeast Asia’s tallest Hindu buildings in brick at 42 m (137 ft). Besides these differences in materials and construction technology, the ancient artistic traditions of Southeast Asia also had their own distinguishing characteristics in a variety of ways. These relate to the ground plan arrangements and the spatial conception of the model used for each group of temple-towers. The ground plan in Cham architecture often consists of no more than a simple square, while in Khmer or Javanese stone structures, it is usually much more elaborate and complex. The Cham spatial model, based on several separate square blocks, is relatively monotonous, while the Khmer and Javanese models are more fully developed and comprise an assortment of different shapes. The variance in spatial arrangements and architectural models reflect differences of artistic consciousness: they are the products of the specific “collective intelligence” of each ethnic group and society in ancient Southeast Asia. Although Cham art and those of Southeast Asia were all adapted from the arts of the Indian subcontinent, each Southeast Asian civilization possessed their own grammar and vocabulary to express their aesthetic characteristics and tastes. In terms of geographical and ethnic composition, we can obviously see how the differences among these kingdoms arose: the Champa kingdom was close to sea, while the Khmer kingdom was inland. Indigenous inhabitants of the region lived with several different language families co-existing in each kingdom; for example, the inhabitants of Champa combined two Austronesian languages (Malayo-Polynesian speakers) with an Austro-Asiatic language (Mon-Khmer speakers), while Khmer inhabitants mostly combined Austro-Asiatic languages. The ethnic aesthetics of indigenous people filtered the Hindu and Buddhist arts that come from India, resulting in a disparate artistic lexicon and differing artistic sensibilities. JW: History has not been kind to Cham monuments and works of art: centuries of warfare and casual neglect have taken a significant toll on sites like My Son and Po Nagar Nha Trang, while decorative pieces have been lost over time. Today, most Cham artifacts exist as sandstone or bronze sculptures, with a few decorative objects cast in other metals. Do we know anything about the other arts of the ancient Cham: painting, jewelry, basketry, textiles, pottery, or even calligraphy? Can sources from abroad or surviving steles allow us to reconstruct what other arts were practiced during Champa’s zenith (c. 600-900 CE)? KT: Yes, time and warfare–especially the recent wars in the twentieth century–have caused considerable damage to Cham artwork. Apart from religious architecture, we can only see the arts of jewelry, textile, and so forth, carved in detail upon surviving sculptures. In order to learn about Cham royal ornaments and garments through historical periods, close observation is essential; for example, during Indrapura dynasty (flourishing c. 875 CE), the art of jewelry making reached its pinnacle as one can find various types of gold ornaments, on royal persons, carved onto temple pedestals. In 1903, archaeologists found a set of golden ornaments–including hats, crowns, necklaces, bracelets, earrings, etc.–installed on an icon of the Hindu god, Shiva, dating from the ninth century CE, at a My Son sanctuary. Presently, over 200 Cham steles have been recovered. These steles date from the fifth to the fifteenth centuries CE, and they provide fascinating details in either Cham or Sanskrit; fortunately, even though the style of the inscriptions changed and evolved over time, we can still learn a lot of information from them. Archaeologists have also unearthed several Cham ceramic kilns in former Vijaya state (located in present-day Binh Dinh Province). These ceramic kilns dated from the thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries CE. Not many people are aware that Cham ceramics were exported to most Southeast and East Asian states, and that they are even found in the Middle East and Central Asia. They are absolutely beautiful: Cham ceramics are monochrome with light green and pale yellow-brown. Nowadays, the Cham minority–living in the southern part of central Vietnam–still produces traditional textiles with rich patterns and pottery without a wheel-table. They have also preserved various kinds of traditional arts related to religious ceremonies and festivals. Plenty of manuscripts in the Cham language, written on palm leafs dating from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries CE, have been preserved too. JW: What do we know about the technologies that enabled the Cham to build these vast temple complexes? Cham temples are famous not only for their towers but also for their decorative carvings, which were cut directly into brick. Could you elaborate? KT: Yes, the structural technology of Cham temple complex is extraordinary. Brick was baked to around 850 C (1,562 F) degrees, which was easily accomplished. In order to fix the bricks together, the Cham people used a kind of vegetable resin called, dau rai, which was extracted from the tree, Dipterocarpus Alatus Roxb. (This kind of tree was planted to form forests in central Vietnam and in peninsular Indochina.) Cham temples were built by a corbelling technique, and bricks were laid on top of one another in distinct rows and moldings. Bricks protruded horizontally at each level, creating an empty space between the two walls; eventually, they gradually tapered in, towards the top, before meeting to form a single final row of bricks at the highest point. Then the walls of a temple were very thick–about 1.5-2.0 m (5.0-6.5 ft)–providing excellent support, defense, and foundation for the building. The Cham were also skilled in combining brick and sandstone together in one building; in some temple complexes, the two materials are still intact after thousands of years! Once they had completed construction on a temple, Cham sculptors sculpted various patterns directly into exterior brick walls. The decorative patterns evolved over time forming several different art styles from the seventh to the sixteenth centuries CE. JW: Dr. Tran, I am aware that the art and architecture of My Son have been the focus of much of your research. Why was this site chosen and why did successive kings favor My Son, endow it with such fine temples? Additionally, should we conceptualize My Son as a both a religious and a political center? KT: My Son was Cham royal sanctuary where the god-king (devaraja)–in the incarnation of Shiva, the protector of Cham sovereigns and the Champa kingdom–was worshiped. The sanctuary was built during the reign of King Bhadravarman I (380-413 CE) in the late fourth century CE. It was built in a secret valley with a sacred atmosphere, under the foot of a holy mountain of Mahaparvata, as noted in the king’s inscription. The peak of the holy mountain is an odd shape as it is similar to the beak of the mythical eagle–Garuda, a god of peace in Hinduism. In ancient times, sailing boats traveling along the coast saw the mountain as an indication that they were near the important entrepôt of Hoi An. The Cham built several minor states or “port-polities” on the estuaries of the main rivers in Central Vietnam that were considered holy. Each Cham state or port-polity was organized based by one of three models:
- A commercial center located at the estuary.
- A center of royal power–a capital “citadel”–located on a riverbank to the west of the estuary.
- A royal sanctuary located at the foot of a holy mountain nearby the citadel.
For example, the Champa Amaravati state, in present-day Quang Nam Province, was formed by three components:
- Hoi An–an ancient town sometimes called the “Port of Great Champa”–was the center of maritime trade.
- Sinhapura Tra Kieu–known as the “City of Lion” or the “Lion Citadel”–was the center of royal power.
- My Son–popularly known in ancient times as “Srisana Bhadresvara”–was the royal sanctuary.
My Son is the largest and most important religious architectural site of Champa and includes nearly 70 temple-towers built continually from the fourth to the thirteenth centuries CE. The site retains important insights on Cham art and culture, reflecting the economic and the social history of the Champa kingdom. The site has attracted several generations of scholars since it was rediscovered by French scholars in the late nineteenth century. My Son was also listed as a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Site in 1999. However, our understanding of the site is still limited due to the lack of current archaeological excavation. We are waiting for the promise of future excavations, which I hope will unearth interesting artifacts and promote efforts in preserving the site. JW: Were sites like My Son and Po Nagar Nha Trang also places of pilgrimage? Additionally, I was curious if you might be able to explain further how nearby agricultural and urban communities supported their growth? We touched upon this earlier and I am keen to know more. KT: Yes, you are correct, James. My Son and Po Nagar Nha Trang are two Hindu royal sanctuaries–one in the north of the kingdom, the other in the south of the kingdom–where Cham rulers and merchants made many pilgrimages. The two royal sanctuaries reflect the cosmic dualist cult of the Cham sovereigns: pilgrims at My Son worshiped the god-king, Shiva (Srisana-Bhadresvara), who represented masculine elements and principles; while at Po Nagar Nha Trang, pilgrims worshiped the goddess, Bhagavati (a consort of Shiva also called “Yang Inu Po Nagar”), who represented feminine elements and principles. The Champa kingdom lay on an international trade route: its people possessed a coastline of more than one thousand kilometers (620 mi), and its economy was based on seafaring and long-distance commercial exchange. The people of Champa were busy throughout the year with trade and the exchange of goods. Furthermore, the kingdom’s agriculture was relatively undeveloped because the available land for agricultural use consisted of only small fields, located alongside short rivers. Valleys of longer rivers–like the Thu Bon River (in Quang Nam Province) or the Con River (in Binh Dinh Province)–had more fertile soil and close links with the great ports of Hoi An (Cua Dai) and Cua Thi Nai (Qui Nhon City). Cham inhabitants grew wet rice and several kinds of agricultural products like sugarcane and aloe. A great number of temple-towers were built of brick in these areas as a result of the greater density of population these economic resources could support. This suggests that as soon as the necessary workforce was available for the construction of religious buildings, the kings of Champa immediately made use of it to build larger and more magnificent structures in the shape of temple-towers. Generally, agricultural societies were able to supply such workforces in greater and more stable quantities than commercial societies, relying, in particular, on the underemployment of farm workers between harvests. (In ancient times, Champa had no more than one annual harvest.) JW: Dr. Tran, it’s been such a pleasure to speak with you. The Ancient History Encyclopedia wishes you many happy adventures in research. Thank you for sharing your expertise on this most interesting culture! KT: James, it has been a pleasure! I am very happy to share my knowledge on the Cham with the Ancient History Encyclopedia. I wish the Ancient History Encyclopedia much success in the future! Photo Key & Credits:
- Temple of Po Klong Garai, located near Phan Rang, Vietnam. It is one of the best-preserved sanctuaries of the Cham and originally dedicated to the Hindu god, Shiva. This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons and is licensed under the the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. Image created by Andre Lettau, 2003.
- Map of East and Southeast Asia around c. 800 CE at the height of ancient Champa. This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons and is licensed under the the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. Image created by Thomas Lessman, 2007-2008.
- Po Nagar Temple at the mouth of Cai River, founded c. 781 CE in Nha Trang, Vietnam. This is a file from Wikimedia Commons and is licensed under the the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. Image created by vinhtantran, 2006.
- This tympanum is from the 10th century CE and depicts a dancing Shiva. This is a file from Wikimedia Commons and is in the public domain because it has been released there by its author. Image created by Vinhtantran, 2007.
- The towers of Po Sa Nu (Pho Hai), near Phan Thiet, Vietnam, may be the oldest Cham buildings in existence. In style, they exhibit the influence of pre-Angkorian Cambodia. This is a file from Wikimedia Commons and is in the public domain because it has been released there by its author. Image created by L-Bit, 2005.
- View of the famous My Son temple complex located in Quang Nam Province, Vietnam. Structures at My Son were built continuously from the fourth to the fourteenth century CE. Image: courtesy of Dr. Ky Phuong Tran.
- Another view of My Son with Mt. Mahaparvata in the distance. Image: courtesy of Dr. Ky Phuong Tran.
- This is a map of Champa and its neighbors around c. 1100 CE. Champa is shaded in green, the Khmer Empire is shaded in violet, and Dai-Viet is shaded in yellow. Major cities are listed. This is a file from Wikimedia Commons and is licensed under the the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. Image created by Electionworld, 2006, 2009.
- This bas relief is from the late 12th century CE Angkorian temple called, “Bayon,” which is in present-day Cambodia. It depicts Cham mariners in action against the Khmer. The Cham were the fiercest rivals of the Khmer for hundreds of years. This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons and is licensed under the the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. Image created by Markalexander100, 2005.
Dr. Ky Phuong Tran was a curator of the Museum of Champa Sculpture in Danang, Vietnam from 1978 until 1998. In 1993-1996 and 2005-2008, he won awards from The Toyota Foundation and the SEASREP Foundation to conduct fieldwork on Champa architectural sites in central Vietnam and other historical architectural sites across Southeast Asia. Dr. Tran was a visiting fellow at the National University of Singapore’s Asia Research Institute/ARI in 2004; most recently, he was a Senior Visiting Fellow at the National Gallery of Art, in Washington, D.C., in 2012. Since 2009, Dr. Tran has been a Co-Director of a special project, “Crossing Boundaries: Learning from the Past to Build the Future: Archaeological Collaboration between Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam.” James Blake Wiener is a Director and the Public Relations Manager of the Ancient History Encyclopedia, providing a continuous listing of must-read articles, exciting museum exhibitions, and interviews with experts in the field. Trained as a historian and researcher, and previously a professor of history, James is also a freelance writer who is keenly interested in cross-cultural exchange. Committed to fostering increased awareness of the ancient world, James welcomes you to the Ancient History Encyclopedia and hopes that you find his news releases and interviews to be “illuminating.” All images featured in this interview have been attributed to their respective owners. Images lent to the Ancient History Encyclopedia, by Dr. Ky Phuong Tran, have been done so as a courtesy for the purposes of this interview and are copyrighted. The views presented here are not necessarily those of the Ancient History Encyclopedia. All rights reserved. © AHE 2013. Please contact us for rights to republication. | <urn:uuid:ded312eb-665a-402b-96fe-8e6b5587240f> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://etc.ancient.eu/interviews/deciphering-ancient-cham-art/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687711.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170921082205-20170921102205-00701.warc.gz | en | 0.955183 | 4,197 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Stress, also known as the silent killer - mental or emotional strain or tension that results from adverse or very demanding circumstances – can weigh heavily on a person's health. It can increase a person's risk for heart disease, diabetes, obesity, and many different mental health problems like anxiety and sleeping disorders, something very common among our patient base in Puerto Rico. Stress reduces the quality of life and makes it difficult to handle the day-to-day pressures of living.
There are few places considered more stressful for many people than their workplace.
Most working adults report experiencing stress at work, and some even describe it as the biggest challenge they face in the workplace. It doesn't matter how traditionally stressful their jobs might be. Everyone deals with some kind of stress while on the job. According to the American Institute of Stress, 80 percent of workers feel stressed on the job. Almost half say they need help to learn to manage their stress. There is also an interesting correlation between stress and productivity at work.
Stress is more than just a short-term feeling of being overwhelmed. Chronic stress is one of today's most significant health problems. It can lead to frequent headaches, anxiety, irritability, insomnia, difficulty making decisions, memory issues and communication problems. In short, not what you would expect from a healthy workplace environment, and not ideal for productivity.
What are the best performing companies doing to manage stress at work ?
A growing number of organizations are implementing corporate wellness programs for employees as an additional benefit. These programs vary a great deal, and include things like mindfulness, breathwork training, yoga classes, neurofeedback, nutrition counseling, and also memberships at a gym or fitness club. But these elements work best when integrated with a holistic health program that includes an annual medical check-up and access to follow-up visits with doctors that have a better understanding of the company's stress levels and environment.
One of the latest trends in Silicon Valley is offering employees Concierge Medical Memberships that include elements such as:
- Annual medical exams
- 24/7 access to primary care physicians
- Telemedicine - using a mobile App for quick consultations with Doctors, Nutritionists and/or Wellness Coaches that already know a patient's medical history
- Alternative therapies like massage therapy, acupuncture and neurofeedback training
- Psychological Counseling
- Targeted programs for employees that are battling specific chronic diseases, such as diabetes, high blood pressure or asthma
- Wellness retreats - going away for a two-day decompression in nature guided by professional wellness coaches that teach techniques to deal with stress at work
Google, Apple and Twitter are some examples of progressive companies that offer these kinds of benefits to their employees. They understand that simple health insurance is no longer enough in today's world. For these large corporations is very typical to partner with a Concierge Medical Clinic, and sometimes these partnerships even include opening and managing concierge clinics within the company workplace.
In some cases, corporate wellness programs focus on stress. Programs that target stress and help employees manage stress can go a long way. They help in creating an environment that promotes well-being and lets employees know their employer prioritizes their health. This, in turn, can help the organization's productivity and bottom line.
The Cost of Not Taking Action
The downside of ignoring employee stress, or failing to help them manage stress, can cost a lot. Burnout from stress leads to lower productivity and high turnover. The long-term ramifications of not offering stress management programs cost companies more than investing in corporate wellness programs that minimize problems for employees.
Corporate wellness programs tend to focus on helping employees with both physical and mental health issues. Many companies have implemented programs that include stress management as a major factor and provide yoga or meditation classes to employees. They might bring a massage therapist onsite once a week or month, or create competitive challenges for employees intended to reduce the overall stress faced by the staff.
Corporate wellness should not be the only option to help employees reduce stress. Management also needs to make sure their employees' health is within optimal levels and that they are not overloaded. They should be using their allotted time away, and take action to relieve the burden caused by layoffs or downsizing. But in addition to dealing with specific workplace issues, they can also help to implement a corporate wellness program. This goes above and beyond making sure employees have the minimum they need to perform their jobs, and provides them with the support that allows them to flourish.
Companies that ignore stress at work or consider it something normal that the employees should manage on their own should anticipate higher turnover, a decline in productivity, lower performance and higher health insurance costs.
In Puerto Rico, Pravan Clinic offers one of the most comprehensive Corporate Wellness Programs in the island. Employers from different industries such us health insurance, law firms or advertising agencies have decided to invest in the health of their employees and executives, beyond providing health insurance, because they understand the relationship between stress, cost and productivity.
It's entirely possible to help employees reduce workplace stress, and doing so can benefit everyone. | <urn:uuid:bdacb860-cad1-4038-8a3a-2640c61911c0> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://blog.pravanhealth.com/blog/how-can-corporate-wellness-reduce-the-silent-killer-workplace-stress | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145941.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200224102135-20200224132135-00079.warc.gz | en | 0.959236 | 1,045 | 2.5625 | 3 |
McGechan, M.B., Lewis, D.R. and Hooda, P.S. (2005) Modelling through-soil transport of phosphorus to surface waters from livestock agriculture at the field and catchment scale. Science of the Total Environment, 344(1-3), pp. 185-199. ISSN (print) 0048-9697Full text not available from this archive.
A model of phosphorus (P) losses in a small dairy farm catchment has been set up based on a linkage of weather-driven field-scale simulations using an adaptation of the MACRO model. Phosphorus deposition, both in faeces from grazing livestock in summer and in slurry spread in winter, has been represented. MACRO simulations with both forms of P deposition had been calibrated and tested at the individual field scale in previous studies. The main contaminant transport mechanism considered at both field and catchment scales is P sorbed onto mobile colloidal faeces particles, which move through the soil by macropore flow. Phosphorus moves readily through soil to field drains under wet conditions when macropores are water-filled, but in dry soil the P carrying colloids become trapped so losses remain at a low level. In the catchment study, a dairy farm is assumed to be composed of fields linked by a linear system of ditches which discharge into a single river channel. Results from linked simulations showed reasonable fits to values of catchment outflow P concentrations measured at infrequent intervals. High simulated outflow P concentrations occurred at similar times of year to high measured values, with some high loss periods during the summer grazing season and some during the winter when slurry would have been spread. However, there was a lack of information about a number parameters that would be required to carry out a more exact calibration and provide a rigorous test of the modelling procedure. It was nevertheless concluded that through soil flow of colloid sorbed P by macropore flow represents a highly plausible mechanism by which P is transported to river systems in livestock farming catchments. This represents an alternative to surface runoff transport, a mechanism to which high P losses from livestock farming areas have often been attributed. The occurrence of high simulated levels of loss under wet conditions indicates environmental benefits from avoiding slurry spreading on wet soil or during rain, and from some forms of grazing management.
|Uncontrolled Keywords:||water contamination, phosphorus, livestock, grazing, slurry, catchments, modelling, hydraulic conductivity, macroporous soil, grassland soils, macro model, part 1, nitrogen, losses, particulate, cattle, principles|
|Research Area:||Geography and environmental studies|
|Faculty, School or Research Centre:||Faculty of Science (until 2011) > School of Geography, Geology and Environment|
|Depositing User:||David Salliss|
|Date Deposited:||10 Jul 2007|
|Last Modified:||05 Nov 2010 15:31|
Actions (Repository Editors)
|Item Control Page| | <urn:uuid:02f0ea2e-d2c2-4478-b80e-faba4bdb6375> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/115/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223207046.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032007-00522-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92938 | 628 | 2.515625 | 3 |
"It speaks for the psychology of the war-experienced Romans that they granted the returned triumphant general a victory procession through his town, where he could experience his own deification in the state ... This apotheosis of the victor, the cult of success, of divinity through battle, and of happy success is part of the sociopsychological inheritance of humanity from antiquity..." (Peter Sloterdijk, Critique of Cynical Reason, 1983).
We are so used to certain types of monuments, to certain symbols, that we tend to forget what they signify. Triumphal arches are, in essence, as their name indicates, a glorification of the victory in military campaigns, that is to say, a praise to the use of violence. Not surprisingly, if you observe the details decorating these arches, you will find many victorious heroes of these battles. But also, if you look more carefully, a few defeated. From this dichotomy, and with the intention of reclaiming the memory of these vanquished, in a similar way as John Berger did (Ways of Seeing, 1972), one possible exercise of détournement would be to reconfigure these monuments showing their shadow parts: those marginalized by the official history, the history of the defeated.
Image after Carlo Marochetti's The Battle of Jemmappes (bas-relief, 1845) [pd] in the Arch of Triumph of the Star, Paris and Chantal/Iris' vintage postcard [fu/fd]. | <urn:uuid:f6309cc8-12a5-4a6e-8c9b-fb7ea5af609b> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://deliriousheterotopias.blogspot.com/2012/11/arc-des-vaincus.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423992.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170722102800-20170722122800-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.933922 | 310 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Telling scary stories is one of the great traditions of Halloween. The entire holiday centers around the thrill of the ghostly and ghoulish, and what better way to send chills down your spine than with a creepy tail? Sorry, tale. Poetry is, essentially, another form of story telling. So why not throw an eerie poem or two into your scary story repertoire? The world is full of them! Here are a few to get you started.
“The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe
Quoth the raven, nevermore!
Arguably Poe's most famous poem, “The Raven” is an excellent choice for Halloween storytelling. Ideal for speaking aloud with its plethora of alliteration and assonance (not to mention a consistent, easy rhythm), this poem aids the teller in his or her performance by providing ample opportunities for embellishment with onomatopoeia (tapping, rapping, rustling, beating, etc.). “The Raven” nicely demonstrates the poem as story structure, using the tools and elements of poetry to increase the suspense of the ghostly tale of a supernatural visitor arriving at the hour of midnight with a ghoulish proclamation.
“The Hollow Man” by T. S. Eliot
Shape without form, shade without color
Spoken in the first person by a “hollow man,” Eliot's poem embodies a ghostly tone. Rather than the growing suspense and terror of “The Raven”, “The Hollow Man” offers a slower, more melancholy reflection. Scenes of desolation present themselves (“sunlight on a broken column”, “the dead land / the cactus land”, “death's twilight kingdom”), creating a feeling of forsakenness and doom, with a slight touch of dread as “this is the way the world ends”.
The Witches' Spell from Macbeth by Shakespeare
Double, double toil and trouble
If you're throwing together a more high-brow Halloween gathering (less Kool Aid blood-punch and apple bobbing, more wine and classic horror movies), you may find a recitation from Shakespeare equal to the sophistication of your event. The tragedy of Macbeth is known for its strange undercurrents of the supernatural, put forth in the very beginning description: “Scene I. A desert place. Thunder and lightning. Enter three witches.” Their chant comes later, in Act IV, Scene I, beginning “Round about the cauldron go” and continuing with a list of witchy ingredients, including “eye of newt, toe of frog” and “root of hemlock digg'd i' the dark”. See if you can get the audience to repeat the most famous lines along with you: “Double, double toil and trouble; Fire burn and cauldron bubble”!
“Haunted House” by Jack Prelutsky
We will not go inside.
Jack Prelutsky is known for his great poems for children, and in his large body of work Halloween does not go unmentioned. “Haunted House” paints a picture of exactly that- a haunted house on a hill where ghosts and spirits are having a party. It offers just enough creepiness to give kids a thrill, but not so much that they'll be jumping into your bed later on. Prelutsky's command of rhyme and rhythm make an easy job for poem performance. His other poem, “It's Halloween”, will also delight.
These are just a few of the many many thrilling and terrifying spooky poems out there. Whether you're looking for true chills or simply a laugh, the holiday of Halloween won't disappoint. | <urn:uuid:4e48a0cf-3d35-43af-87bb-2f7604b26020> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.bellaonline.com/ArticlesP/art4996.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997857714.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025737-00110-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930274 | 785 | 2.71875 | 3 |
We all know the crucial role of sex hormones for the smooth functioning of our body’s reproductive system. Most of the time though, we only assume that its primary role is to normalize women’s menstrual period. While this is true, it actually has more vital components that help our internal system. Sex hormones, particularly estrogen, influences our mood, supports even cardiovascular health.
However, there are times when the body manifests certain abnormalities – caused directly or even indirectly with the condition of our hormones. Irritability, hair loss, weight gain, insomnia are just some examples. The problem sometimes is, we equate these symptoms to stress or certain illnesses but not to the state of our hormones. What if these symptoms are a result of estrogen dominance?
Estrogen Dominance, What We Need To Know
The ovaries produce estrogen in the female body. However other cells to produce this sex hormone such as fat tissues and adrenal glands. Estrogen plays a crucial role in regulating the menstrual cycle, promoting the growth of uterine lining and influencing the thyroid glands.
Men actually have estrogen too, which is balanced out by testosterone.
Problems arise however when the body has high estrogen or shows estrogen dominance. There’s no fixed amount that determines if the body has estrogen dominance. It basically asserts that the secretion of estrogen is higher than the other sex hormones. When estrogen dominance occurs, progesterone, another sex hormone that balances the estrogen, is less thus causing further complications.
Symptoms And Signs
Women, from their mid-thirties and up, could suffer from estrogen dominance and the symptoms may vary per individual. Of course, the signs may not simultaneously occur but often the symptoms are further magnified by stress and other external factors. The warning signs include:
|Hair loss||Fibrocystic breasts|
|Slow metabolism||Irregular menstrual cycle|
|Thyroid problems||Extreme premenstrual syndrome|
|Poor memory||Trouble sleeping leading to insomnia|
|Bloating||Feeling depressed and irritated|
|Heavy period||Tenderness around the breast area|
|Intense headaches||Fat gain, especially around the upper thighs and hips|
The problem is, sometimes these symptoms are dismissed as they are oftentimes associated with non-threatening conditions that affect women. However, if these symptoms persist or estrogen dominance is not diagnosed properly, it could lead to more serious conditions for women such as development of certain cancers (e.g. breast cancer), autoimmune disorders, hastening of the person’s aging, blood clotting, hypertension, dementia, diabetes, growth of cysts in the ovaries, increasing the risk of heart attack and stroke and, worsening the person’s allergic reaction to certain substances and foods.
For men, the symptoms are less but pose great risks too. These signs are:
• Increased moodiness
• Weight gain
• Feeling depressed and irritated.
• Erectile dysfunction
What Causes Estrogen Dominance?
Unfortunately, estrogen dominance has several root causes. While several ways of preventing its occurrence are aplenty, women and even men are susceptible even if they take the necessary precautions. Some of the causes include:
- Age. By the time the female reaches her mid-30s, the production of both progesterone and estrogen slows down. Unfortunately, the decrease is more extreme on the side or progesterone, thus the level of estrogen is higher. For this, it would be difficult for the body to fight off estrogen since progesterone is much lower.
- Synthetic estrogen compound. Also called Xenoestrogens, they contribute to estrogen dominance as these synthetics are found everywhere, in cosmetics, detergents, creams, pollution. Some chemicals and substances that copy estrogen are Parabens, Benzophenones, and Phthalates.
The absorption of these substances is at times through the skin when products that contain these synthetic estrogen compounds are applied.
- Too much stress can also lead to estrogen dominance since stress can disrupt the body’s hormonal balance as too much cortisol, insulin and norepinephrine are synthesized when the body is stressed out.
- Obesity or 28 percent of excess body weight. Fat tissues (Adipose) also generate estrogen, so when there is excess fat, estrogen dominance is likely to take place.
- Hormonal contraceptives. Unfortunately, a medication that can help solve irregular menstruation, profuse bleeding during menstruation and birth control can actually cause estrogen dominance. Using these contraceptives for a long period of time enhances the production of more estrogen.
- Some types of food. It’s common knowledge that few farming techniques use synthetic hormones to fatten up the animals. And of course, once consumed, these hormones add up to the estrogen that the body naturally produces, thus increasing the level of estrogen. Some herbicides too, like Glyphosate, are used in farming which affects the estrogen level. Glyphosate is associated with the development of some cancerous cells in some women, caused by a disruption in estrogen and endocrine.
- Hormone Replacement Therapy. The use of such, especially by menopausal women can exacerbate the level of estrogen by further increasing the amount of estrogen leading to estrogen dominance.
How To Know If You Have Estrogen Dominance
Since some of the signs may be mistaken as mere stress-induced, others may not take the manifestations seriously. Thus it is important to have oneself checked just to rule out any possibilities.
Doctors most likely will recommend blood tests to check the estrogen level. Estrogen levels do vary however depending on the age and gender of the person. The menstrual cycle also has an effect as it can shift, or irregularly rise and fall.
When diagnosing, the doctors look at the level by measuring in the picogram, then assesses the types of estrogen in the blood such as Estradiol, Estriol, and Estrone. The dominant is the Estradiol form.
Ways On Preventing Estrogen Dominance
Thankfully, natural methods of treatment and prevention work in reducing and lessening the occurrence of estrogen dominance. Here are some ways that one can easily incorporate:
Weight control or management
Since fat tissues (Adipose) also synthesize estrogen, losing excess weight could help in decreasing the possibility of having estrogen dominance.
Consume food packed with fiber
Eating fiber-rich foods like vegetables and fruits can help in removing estrogen in the body. Irregular bowel movement will only lead to the re-absorption of estrogen, so eliminating them from the system truly helps. Eat also food that contains vitamins C and B and glutathione as they can strengthen the liver, helping this vital organ flush out excess estrogen.
Practicing yoga, meditation and being thankful
Stress can lead to the production of enzymes that can disrupt the estrogen level so meditating or doing yoga can help manage stress or at least learn how to cope and manage.
Limit exposure to Xenoestrogens
Although this is quite tough as the environment has toxins that contain xenoestrogens, one can still reduce by avoiding products that have parabens, benzophenones, and phthalates. | <urn:uuid:942aa117-595e-4ee5-8a9d-ffb5302fbe61> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.myketopartner.com/estrogen-dominance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347401260.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200529023731-20200529053731-00397.warc.gz | en | 0.909363 | 1,485 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Physical Therapy is a profession that treats discomfort, loss of strength and loss of function resulting from disease, injury or aging.
Physical Therapists are involved in many areas of healthcare, from pediatrics to nursing homes. Physical therapy in healthcare speeds recovery and results in better outcomes. The APTA describes PTs mission as “Transforming society by optimizing movement to improve the human experience.”
Treating patients with conditions affecting:
- Back, Neck & Shoulder Issues
- Elbow, Wrist & Hand Issues
- Hip Injuries & Replacements
- Knee Injuries & Replacements
- Foot & Ankle Issues
In Outpatient Physical Therapy we treat patients who can leave their homes and attend treatment in a specialized clinic. Patients may have a relatively minor complaint that has not responded well to medication or they may be progressing from hospital or home health care. Conditions treated may include back discomfort, sports injuries, orthopedic surgery and physical decline. We treat a broad range of ages from school kids to retirees.
Physical Therapy Begins with an Evaluation
The PT uses their extensive knowledge of anatomy and function to locate sources of discomfort, analyze muscle and joint functions and detect abnormal movement patterns in the patient. PTs take lifestyle and activities of daily living into account and may talk to the patient about their job, recreational activities and daily responsibilities in relation to their injury or discomfort. PTs use the information gathered in the evaluation to formulate a plan, to reduce discomfort and restore strength and function.
PTs partner with their patients to get them back to the activities they need to do, or the activities they used to enjoy.
A Typical Plan of Care in physical therapy will include, stretching, exercise, manual therapy and physical modalities such as heat, ice and electrical stimulation. The PT will also expect their patient to do some activities on their own between sessions and will provide a written home exercise program for this purpose. The ultimate goal of PT is to get their patients back to optimal health and have them stay there through lifestyle changes, daily exercise and techniques designed to reduce discomfort.
Physical therapy is often a required component of treatment such as following a joint reconstruction or a broken bone. Orthopedists regularly refer cases to therapy to ensure the best possible results for their patients. Physical therapy can also be prescribed to improve outcomes in the treatment of back and neck problems, arthritis, balance and foot problems.
In the State of Louisiana Physical Therapy no longer requires a prescription from a doctor. This means that if you have a problem that requires Physical Therapy, you can call our office and set up an appointment immediately. Similarly, if you have a problem and you are not sure what to do, you can consult with one of our PTs who will either treat you, or refer you to the appropriate specialist. Most insurances cover PT without a prescription but there are a few exceptions. If you have questions regarding insurance coverage, call our office for assistance. | <urn:uuid:351dc118-1f96-43e4-9cc8-e2fb7b7b988e> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://jonesphysicaltherapy.com/conditions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689102.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20170922183303-20170922203303-00455.warc.gz | en | 0.954292 | 597 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Many Jamaicans believe that the People’s National Party (PNP) is Jamaica’s first political party. However, that is not the case: Prior to 1938, when Norman Manley founded the PNP, fellow National Hero Marcus Garvey formed what is considered Jamaican’s first modern political party on September 9, 1929 – ‘modern’ in that its focus was on moving away from colonialism.
Garvey’s Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) held its 6th International Convention in Kingston that year, so the party was launched amidst great fanfare. The PPP produced the first ever political manifesto and constitution in Jamaica and perhaps even the Caribbean. Amongst the main points of the manifesto were:
- Self-government for Jamaica
- A minimum wage for workers
- Land reform
- An eight-hour work day
- Free secondary education
- A public library system
- Encouragement of local industries
- Protection for native labour
- A law to punish judges who act unfairly
Garvey developed a framework to reshape the Jamaica society to reflect his Black Nationalist philosophy. According to leading Garvey scholar Tony Martin, his demands were for black majority rule, political independence for Jamaica (‘dominion status’) and the formation of a West Indian Federation, which Jamaica would lead.
[cont’d next page] | <urn:uuid:ee984911-c722-44c4-83c8-b39b3d3b66fb> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | http://digjamaica.com/m/blog/marcus-garvey-peoples-political-party-jamaicas-first-modern-party/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348513321.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200606124655-20200606154655-00231.warc.gz | en | 0.95063 | 285 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Some strains now produce poisonous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas
Common Plant Vector Injects Genes into Human Cells
The genetic engineering community has assumed that Agrobacterium, a commonly used gene
transfer vector for plants, does not infect animal cells, and certainly would not transfer genes into
them. But this has been proved wrong. Prof. Joe Cummins warns of hazards to laboratory and
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a bacterium that causes tumours to appear on the stems of
infected plants. The bacterium causes the tumours by transferring genes to the cells of the
infected plant cells from a tumour inducing plasmid (Ti). The Ti plasmid has virulence genes that
determine attachment to cells and transfer of a segment of the plasmid, T-DNA, to the plant cell.
The transferred DNA is integrated essentially randomly (no apparent sequence bias at the site of
insertion) into the plant chromosomes and normally add bacterial genes that stimulate plant
tumour cell growth.
In crop genetic manipulation (GM), the growth-stimulating genes that give rise to tumours are
replaced by GM constructs which include genes for antibiotic resistance, plant viral promoters
and genes for desired crop traits such as herbicide tolerance.
Until quite recently, the genetic engineering community has assumed that
Agrobacterium does not infect animal cells, and certainly would not transfer genes into
them. But this has been proved wrong.
A paper published earlier this year reports that T-DNA can be transferred to the chromosomes of
human cancer cells . In fact, Agrobacterium attaches to and genetically transforms several
types of human cells. The researchers found that in stably transformed HeLa cells, the
integration event occurred at the right border of the Ti plasmid's T-DNA, exactly as would happen
when it is being transferred into a plant cell genome. This suggests that Agrobacterium
transforms human cells by a mechanism similar to that which it uses for transformation of plants
The paper shows that human cancer cells along with neuron and kidney cells were transformed
with the Agrobacterium T-DNA. Such observations should raise alarm for those who use
Agrobacterium in the laboratory.
The integrated T-DNA will almost certainly act as a mutagen as it integrates into human
chromosomes. Cancer can be triggered by activation of oncogenes (ie, cancer genes) or
inactivation of cancer suppressing genes. Furthermore, the sequences carried within the T-DNA
in the transforming bacterium can be expressed in the transformed cells (the viral promoter CaMV
has been found to be active in HeLa cells ) and constructions currently being tested include
pharmaceutically active human genes such as the interleukins .
It is clear that little has been done to prevent environmental escape of the transforming bacteria
or to quantify such releases. In conclusion, a study of cancer incidence among those exposed to
Agrobacterium tumefaciens in the laboratory and
in the field is needed. It would be worthwhile to screen workers for T-DNA sequences.
Kunik T, Tzfira T, Kapulnik Y, Gafni Y, Dingwall C, and Citovsky V. Genetic transformation of
HeLa cells by Agrobacterium. PNAS USA, 2001, 98, 1871-87.
Ho MW, Ryan A and Cummins J. CaMV 35S promoter fragmentation hotspot confirmed and it is
active in animals. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease, 2000, 12, 189.
See "GM AIDS virus more deadly" by Joe Cummins & Mae-Wan Ho ISIS Report, July 19, 2001
For more details contact [email protected]
J Clin Microbiol. 1993 September; 31(9): 2541–2543.
Recovery of a strain of Agrobacterium radiobacter with a mucoid phenotype from an
immunocompromised child with bacteremia.
W M Dunne, Jr, J Tillman, and J C Murray
Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston 77030.
Agrobacteria are associated more commonly with plant than with human disease. The isolation of
Agrobacterium radiobacter from blood cultures of an immunocompromised child with a
transcutaneous catheter prompted a review of human infections caused by Agrobacterium
species. Only 12 reports describing 19 cases of Agrobacterium infections in humans have
appeared in the literature. Sixteen of the patients (84%) were equipped with implantable or
transcutaneous medical devices at the time of infection, and 14 of the 19 (80%) patients could be
considered immunocompromised because of underlying disease processes. Unlike those in
previous reports, however, this patient was infected with a novel mucoid phenotype of A.
radiobacter. Because of the significant relationship between infection and biomedical implants, we
evaluated the adhesion of this mucoid strain and a nonmucoid strain of A. radiobacter to plastic
by using two in vitro assays. No adhesion or biofilm formation was detected for either strain, but
nonetheless it is clear from this review that the isolation of Agrobacterium spp. from patients with
indwelling medical appliances should not be dismissed as an environmental contaminant.
Agrobacterium in humans
Although generally seen as an infection in plants, Agrobacterium can be responsible for
opportunistic infections in humans with weakened immune systems, but has not been shown
to be a primary pathogen in otherwise healthy individuals. A 2000 study published by the National
Academy of Sciences suggested that Agrobacterium attaches to and genetically transforms
several types of human cells by integrating its T-DNA into the human cell genome. The study was
conducted under laboratory conditions and states that it does not draw any conclusions
regarding related biological activity in nature.
There is a conjectured connection with Morgellons syndrome. Dr. Stricker, along with Dr.
Citovsky, MRF board member from the State University of New York at Stony Brook and an expert
on plant pathogens, reported in January, 2007, that Morgellons skin fibers appear to contain
cellulose. Five skin samples of Morgellons patients contained evidence of DNA from
Agrobacterium yellow group: bacteremia and possible septic arthritis following
peripheral blood stem cell transplantation
A 47-year-old male patient developed sepsis and monoarticular arthritis following
autologous stem cell transplantation for recurrent Hodgkin's disease. Blood cultures
were positive for Agrobacterium yellow group. The knee pain and swelling responded
promptly to the institution of empirical broad-spectrum antibiotics. Recurrent
bacteremia developed necessitating Hickman line removal for eventual resolution of
the infection. Transplant physicians should be aware of this unusual pathogen and the
potential for both persistent line-related sepsis and possible septic arthritis.
Bone Marrow Transplantation (2000) 26, 101-104. | <urn:uuid:26a1ab86-3a13-496f-919a-850e0d920aa9> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.thewatchers.us/2-1-agrobacterium.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705284037/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115444-00050-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.897305 | 1,520 | 3.109375 | 3 |
عنوان مقاله [English]
Monogerm and multigerm seed varieties are used in sugar beet cultivation. Singling is inevitable and mechanization almost impossible when multigerm seed varieties are used. For this and for some other reasons, economically sound and fully mechanized cultivation of sugar beet calls for the use of monogerm seed varieties. Throughout Europe, only monogerm varieties are used in sugar beet production. In sowing monogerm seeds, special types of machineries are implemented and land preparation techniques play a very important rule. In the past, lack of suitable machineries and well prepared lands discouraged farmers from sowing monogerm varieties and therefore, monogerm seed production showed no improvement in quality, quantity and diversity for many years. In recent years, with the growing interest of sugar beet producers, Sugar Beet Research Institute of Iran has focused on monogerm seed production. With the development of varieties suitable for different climatic areas, this institute has reached a high level of commercial success in monogerm seed production. In a multigerm seed production field, some fraction of the crop is monogerm. One way of monogerm seed production, called technical monogerm, is the separation of this fraction of monogerm seed from the multigerm seeds using a combination of round and slotted screens. Another type of monogerm seed is hybrid monogerm and its production is rather complex and requires special tools and material with a growing demand for monogerm seed, Sugar Beet Seed Research Institute has been focusing on the production and development of high quality basic seeds of monogerm type in recent years and the increasing level of commercial production of hybrid monogerm is a clear indication of its success. Table 1 shows the trend of commercial hybrid monogerm seed production in an interval of 5 years. Each year, field performances of domestic varieties are compared with top quality foreign varieties by researchers and technical staffs of SBSI, agricultural organizations and agricultural sectors of sugar refineries. Data gathered from 70 sugar beet production farms with a total of 203 hectares in Western Azerbaijan province for the production year of 2002 is shown in Table 2. At a large scale, average root yield is 5 tons per hectare with 9.01 tons of gross sugar. Domestic varieties show unique superiorities over foreign varieties and in some cases 40% yield increase is observed. Sugar Beet Seed Research Institute has developed Rhizomania and Nematode resistant lines and farmers will have access to the new varieties in the coming years. | <urn:uuid:f94cd20d-2574-456b-9b29-af8da0d241e2> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://jsb.areeo.ac.ir/article_7171.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348517506.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20200606155701-20200606185701-00389.warc.gz | en | 0.894723 | 501 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Zürich Hauptbahnhof (often shortened to Zürich HB) (English: Zürich Main Station or Zürich Central Station) is the largest railway station in Switzerland. Zürich is a major railway hub, with services to and from across Switzerland and neighbouring European countries such as Germany, Italy, Austria and France. Constructed as the terminus of the Spanisch Brötli Bahn, the first railway built completely within Switzerland, it is one of the oldest railway stations in Switzerland. Serving up to 2,915 trains per day, Zürich HB is one of the busiest railway stations in the world.
It is in the Altstadt or old town in central Zürich at the confluence of the rivers Limmat and Sihl, where the river Sihl passes the station in a tunnel between the tracks on the upper and the lower level. The station railway yards extend about 4 km (2.5 mi) to the west.
The station is included in the Swiss Inventory of Cultural Property of National Significance.
- 1 History
- 2 Facilities
- 3 Operation
- 4 Gallery
- 5 References
- 6 External links
Construction and modernization
The first Zürich railway station was built by Gustav Albert Wegmann, on what were then the north-western outskirts of the city. It was the terminus of the Spanisch-Brötli-Bahn, opened on 9 August 1847. Within five years there was a continuous railway line across north-western Switzerland to Lausanne via Solothurn.
In 1871, the original station building gave way to a new building at the same site. The new structure was designed by architect Jakob Friedrich Wanner to meet Zürich's increased transport needs. Its main entrance is a triumphal arch facing the end of the then newly built Bahnhofstrasse. In front of the arch stands a monument to the railway pioneer Alfred Escher. The magnificent sandstone neo-Renaissance building features richly decorated lobbies and atriums, restaurants and halls. Originally housed inside it was the headquarters of the Schweizerische Nordostbahn (NOB). The train shed, spanned by iron trusses, initially covered six tracks. Its stone walls with arches and arched windows portrayed a simple, monumental impression of space.
The station received its Zürich Hauptbahnhof in 1893, to reflect that year's incorporation of many of Zürich's suburbs into an enlarged municipality. In 1902, the year the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB) took over the Schweizerische Centralbahn and the NOB, the tracks inside the eastern end of the train shed were lifted, due to a lack of space. Since then, these tracks have terminated at a more central location, immediately to the north of the Bahnhofstrasse. Also in 1902, four more tracks and a north wing with a restaurant and railway mail service were added to the north of the train shed. In the vacant space left inside the train shed, new rooms were built for baggage handling.
On 18 February 1916, the SBB decided that electrification of its network would be by the high-tension single-phase alternating current system that is still used on all routes. On 5 February 1923, the electrified Zug–Zürich railway was put into operation, the first electrified line to Zurich. By 1927 all routes from Zürich Hauptbahnhof had been electrified.
In 1933, the station's simple concourse and the iron and glass train shed were created with seven and a half arches to cover 16 tracks. As part of that work, the main shed was shortened by two segments.
In the 1940s, the line between Zürich and Geneva served as a "parade route". The first lightweight steel express train had entered service on this route in 1937. By 11 June 1960, the SBB network was largely electrified. In the following year, the SBB introduced its first four-system electric trains under the Trans Europ Express banner, and thereby increased the Zürich Hauptbahnhof's international importance.
In 1963, about 500 metres before the concourse, an imposing six-storey concrete cube arose in the station yard. It was designed by SBB architect Max Vogt, and since 1966 has been the home of the Zentralstellwerk Zürich (central signalling control). The then state-of-the-art relay-controlled interlocking system replaced the decentralised mechanical and electro-mechanical signal boxes in the station throat, including the Stellwerk «Seufzerbrücke» ("Bridge of Sighs" signal box), which had spanned the entire station throat just east of the Langstrasse.
The signalling control system was modernized to coincide with the commissioning of the Zürich S-Bahn. It is equipped with a computerized controller that performs the standard operations. Apart from the tracks and points (switches) of the "Sihlpost station" (which are controlled by an electronic control system), the entire control of the points and signals in the Langstrasse–Concourse section is still largely under relay control, in some cases with the original relay sets installed in 1966.
The immense station yard, with its platform tracks and station building, is a bottleneck for the city of Zürich. The Limmat and the Sihl were further bottlenecks, and the combination of the three led to gridlock in the 1950s and 1960s. In parallel, there were plans for a subway system. Although the people voted in 1962 against it, the city's Civil Engineering Department had started by then to convert the Bahnhofplatz for the purpose of a possible underground line.
Shopville and S-Bahn
On 1 October 1970, construction of Bahnhofplatz and the pedestrian and shopping arcade Shopville was completed. Upon its opening, the Bahnhofplatz became a pedestrian-free zone, and the underground Shopville the only access to the station. Contrary to expectations, Shopville did not capture the support of the people, who, in 1973, voted even more emphatically to reject a subway system.
In the 1980s, Shopville became a drug-dealing hub, due to its proximity to the Autonomen Jugendzentrum Zürich ("Autonomous Youth Center Zürich"). Its low point was reached at the end of the decade, when travellers avoided all parts of it other than the concourse and the tram stop. Consequently, there were several night-time closures by mesh fences. However, the solution to this problem was foreseeable, as the people had agreed on 29 November 1981 to the construction of the Zürich S-Bahn and the extension of the Sihltal Zürich Uetliberg Bahn to the Hauptbahnhof.
For the S-Bahn the 2.1 km (1.3 mi) long Hirschengraben Tunnel was built from the Hauptbahnhof to Zürich Stadelhofen. This new line continued through the Zürichberg Tunnel to Stettbach, with connections to the existing lines to Dietlikon and Dübendorf. In the Hauptbahnhof, two underground stations were constructed. For the S-Bahn a four-track station with the working title Museumstrasse was built, and the Sihltal Zürich Uetliberg Bahn was extended to the SZU station, which had once been intended for the never-realized U-Bahn. The opening of the S-Bahn was on 27 May 1990.
Since 1990, underground shopping arcades have connected the two underground stations with the main hall. Black and white striped walls of marble floors and granite are the main design features of what is one of the largest shopping centres in Switzerland.
In 1996, the main hall was cleared of its temporary installations. In 1997, the train shed was fitted on both sides with pitched roofs on sloping concrete supports, designed by local architects Meili, Peter.
The planning of the S-Bahn and the Rail 2000 long-haul project raised the idea of building the Weinberg Tunnel, a through route from Zürich Hauptbahnhof to Oerlikon. That proposal was initially postponed, but the great success of the S-Bahn led to an expansion of services and, consequently, to capacity constraints. Plans were made to expand existing rail lines within Zürich leading to the north, but this encountered resistance from the population living near those rail lines. As an alternative the construction of the Weinberg tunnel and four additional underground tracks in the railway station was suggested and confirmed by a referendum.
In 2002, an architectural competition was held for the new Löwenstrasse transit station, won by the architect Jean-Pierre Dürig. On 22 December 2006, the Federal Office of Transport approved the building of the tunnel and a third underground four-track Löwenstrasse station. In September 2007, construction began on the project, nicknamed "Durchmesserlinie" (cross-city link).
The new line runs from the Altstetten railway station, crosses the Zürich HB station throat on a bridge, and leads into the underground Löwenstrasse station. From there, it goes through the new, approximately 5 km (3.1 mi) long Weinberg Tunnel in a long left-hand curve under the existing Zürich HB–Stadelhofen line. It then ends at the level of the portals of the existing Wipkinger Tunnels in Oerlikon, where it connects with the northbound lines, including the line to Zurich Airport and Winterthur HB.
Access to the station is via the underground Sihlquai Passage and the newly created Gessnerallee Passage. The Gessnerallee Passage will also provide an additional 1700 m² of retail space.
Station bells, clock and lights
There are station bells above the rear exit of the large hall. In the 1847 station, bells rang before each departure of the Spanisch-Brötli-Bahn. The signal order prescribed as follows: "10 minutes before the departure of a train, one [bell]; 5 minutes before the same, two [bells]; and immediately prior to departure, three bells". For the 1871 renovations, the architect Jakob Friedrich Wanner gave the station clock the place of honour in the portal above the main entrance, and the bells were placed in a small tower in the east facade.
On 12 September 2006, to commemorate the station's 150th anniversary, the ETH Zürich installed the NOVA, a three-dimensional, bivalent display, which consists of 25,000 individually addressable light balls. It represents a play of light of several colours, but can also represent cinematic sequences. It is expected to remain hanging in the station until further notice.
Concourse and ShopVille
The former, almost completely renovated station concourse is one of the largest covered spaces in Europe, at over 55,000 m². Events take place there frequently, including "open air" cinema; vegetable, flea and Christmas markets; and events such as skating, beach volleyball and the "warm up" for the Street Parade.
Underneath the Bahnhofplatz and the station is the large underground shopping centre called "ShopVille" of over 200 shops or other businesses. It benefits from the Swiss employment law rule that while generally labour on Sundays is not allowed, it is allowed in "centres of public transport". The huge underground "Rail City" is, therefore, usually bustling on Sundays even while the streets of Zurich are largely empty.
Since 8 June 2009, Zürich HB has been the site of the first SBB Lounge. This waiting room is exclusively for holders of a first-class general subscription or a valid international first-class ticket or for frequent traveller program members of the Railteam partner railways.
|Zürich Hauptbahnhof Statistics|
|"Long Distance" tracks||16
tracks 3 to 18, Street Level
tracks 1+2, 41 to 44 underground
tracks 51–54 Street level
(daily number of arrivals and departures)
884 (tracks 3–18)
442 (tracks 51–54)
1281 (tracks 41–44)
308 (tracks 1+2, SZU)
Total: 2915 trains
|about 5000 (incl. yards)|
|Switches and Signals||Switches: 799
dwarf Signals: 791
Main Signals: 177
Zürich HB is served by more than 2,900 trains daily. In 2004, it had an average of 340,000 passengers each day. The station is busy at all times, with trains running from 05:00 until 01:00 during the week. From Friday night to Sunday morning, trains run all day and all night as part of the ZVV Nachtnetz (night network).
The ground floor has 20 terminal tracks (tracks 3 – 18 and 51 – 54). Tracks 3 – 18 are used by trains from major areas in Switzerland and by international trains such as the EuroCity, Cisalpino, InterCityExpress and TGV. Tracks 51 – 54 are used by Zürich S-Bahn trains and extra rush hour trains via Zürich Enge and/or Zürich Wipkingen.
One level below on the southern side of the station are terminal tracks 21 and 22, used by SZU S-Bahn trains, heading west and south towards Üetliberg and the Sihl valley. On the same level on the northern side are four through tracks, 41 - 44, for local commuter trains (mostly S-trains, mostly within the canton). S-Bahn trains via Zürich Stadelhofen use these tracks. Between tracks 21–22 and 41-44, another four tracks (which will probably be numbered 31–34) are under construction.
- Zürich – Basel – Amsterdam / Hannover / Hamburg / København / Berlin / Leipzig / Dresden / Praha
- Zürich – Zug – Arth-Goldau – Bellinzona – Lugano – Milano
- Freiburg im Breisgau – Mainz – Köln – Dortmund – Bremen – Hamburg (Chur –) Zürich – Basel –
- (Chur –) Zürich – Basel – Strasbourg – Luxembourg – Bruxelles
- Innsbruck – Salzburg - Wien - Budapest Zürich – Sargans –
- Bregenz – Lindau – München Zürich – Winterthur – St. Gallen –
- Perpignan – Barcelona Zürich – Bern – Genève –
- Zürich – Sargans – Innsbruck – Graz / – Zagreb – Beograd
- Zürich – Sargans – Innsbruck – Linz – Wien – Budapest
- Zürich – Basel – Freiburg im Breisgau – Frankfurt am Main – Hannover – Hamburg (– Kiel)
- Zürich – Basel – Freiburg im Breisgau – Frankfurt am Main – Kassel - Berlin
- Stuttgart (– Frankfurt am Main) Zürich – Schaffhausen –
- Strasbourg – Paris (Chur –) Zürich – Basel –
- Zürich - Stuttgart - Frankfurt (Main) - Hamburg
Domestic long-distance traffic
- St. Gallen – Winterthur – Zürich – Bern – Fribourg – Lausanne – Genève
- Romanshorn – Winterthur – Zürich – Bern – Thun – Visp – Brig
- Chur – Sargans – Zürich – Basel
- Zürich – Basel
- St. Gallen – Winterthur – Zürich – Olten – Biel/Bienne – Neuchâtel - Morges - Genève
- St. Gallen - Winterthur - Zürich - Olten - Biel/Bienne - Neuchâtel - Lausanne
- Zürich – Zug – Arth-Goldau – Bellinzona – Lugano – Chiasso
- Konstanz – Winterthur – Zürich – Olten – Biel/Bienne
- Schaffhausen – Bülach – Zürich – Olten – Burgdorf – Bern
- Zürich – Baden – Brugg – Aarau – Olten – Bern
- Chur – Sargans – Pfäffikon SZ – Zürich – Lenzburg – Aarau – Liestal – Basel
- Zürich – Baden – Brugg – Frick – Stein Säckingen – Rheinfelden – Basel
- Zürich Flughafen – Zürich HB – Zug – Luzern
- Zürich – Zug – Rotkreuz – Luzern
- Zürich – Zug – Arth-Goldau – Bellinzona – Locarno
- Zürich – Pfäffikon SZ – Ziegelbrücke – Linthal
- Zürich – Lenzburg – Aarau
- Glarner Sprinter" Zürich - Schwanden (-Linthal) "
Zürich HB is a nodal point where S-Bahn lines S2, S3, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9, S12, S14, S15, S16, S21 and S24, the Sihltal Zürich Uetliberg Bahn (S4 and S10) and Zürich trams interconnect. Train connections to Zürich Stadelhofen, Zürich Hardbrücke, Zürich Oerlikon and Zürich Enge are very frequent, and the ride takes only few minutes.
Since the commissioning of the Zürich S-Bahn in May 1990, the Hauptbahnhof has been the central node of the Zürich S-Bahn Stammnetz (core network). All of the S-Bahn lines operating radially through the station run through the «Museumstrasse station» and the Hirschengraben Tunnel connected with it.
The remaining Stammnetz lines, which run between the Lake Zürich left-bank railway line and Oerlikon via the hairpin at the Hauptbahnhof, originally used the ground level tracks inside the train shed. Following the commissioning of the «Sihlpost station» in 2003, these lines were moved to the new wing station, some of them immediately, and the remaining ones at the timetable change in December 2004. With the commissioning of the second cross-city link in 2013, all of these lines will become "real" radial lines that will not reverse direction at the Hauptbahnhof, and will therefore be moved to the «Löwenstrasse station».
Urban public transport
Around the station, the trams and trolleybuses of the Verkehrsbetriebe Zürich (VBZ) provide local public transport services. The Hauptbahnhof is one of the most important nodes of the Zürich tramway network.
The main station is accessible from five tram and bus stops:
- Sihlquai to the north, tram lines 4 and 13;
- Bahnhofquai to the east, tram lines 4, 11, 13 and 14 and trolleybus 46;
- Bahnhofplatz to the south, tram lines 3, 6, 10, 14 and trolleybus 31;
- Bahnhofstrasse just south of Bahnhofplatz, tram lines 6, 7, 11 and 13;
- Sihlpost to the south-west, tram lines 3 and 14 and trolleybus 31.
Due to its central location in Switzerland and in Europe, the station was quickly able to establish itself as an important railway junction. Most trains running through several European countries operated through Switzerland. In addition, a majority of Swiss mainline trains travelled to or from Zürich. For the clock-face timetable introduced to Switzerland in 1982, Zürich is the "pacemaker". Delays and other disruptions at Zürich Hauptbahnhof sometimes affect the whole of Switzerland.
Long-distance trains meet in Zürich on the hour and half hour, and thus connect with each other. In cases of delays, connecting trains wait a maximum of 3 minutes beyond the scheduled departure time, except for some international trains and the late night trains. S-Bahn services do not wait for late connecting trains, but the long-distance trains - contrary to popular opinion - usually wait for delayed S-Bahn trains (also for a maximum of 3 minutes).
Operation of the railway tracks is handled by train traffic controllers (German: Zugverkehrsleiter (ZVL)), who are based in the central signal box. Their individual workstations are divided into sectors, and include the tracks in the passenger terminal, the station throat and the access routes. Train movements are normally set automatically by a central computer, on the basis of preset routes, and with the assistance of a conflict detector (resulting in timely and trouble-free traffic). Whenever necessary, the train traffic controllers optimize train routes, so that as many trips as possible operate simultaneously. In addition, all of the approximately 5,000 shunting movements must be set manually by the train traffic controllers, so as not to affect other train movements.
The above ground terminating tracks are served by three train traffic controllers:
- The ZVL "Mitte" is responsible for tracks 3-12 and the long-distance lines towards Thalwil (Zimmerberg Tunnel) Viaduct (Wipkingen) and the so-called "south entrance" from Altstetten.
- The ZVL "Nord" controls the points and signals of tracks 13-18, the long-distance lines to Altstetten via the Hardbrücke station and the eastern part of the stabling area between the Langstrasse and Hardbrücke.
- The ZVL "Süd" operates the tracks of the Hauptbahnhof's "Sihlpost"-section and the line towards Viaduct (Wipkingen).
Another ZVL is responsible for remote control of the S-Bahn. He serves the entire trunk route from Stettbach via Zürichberg Tunnel to Stadelhofen, Zürich HB and on to Hardbrücke and the right shore Lake Zürich railway from Küsnacht to Stadelhofen.
The station throat area is divided between ZVL "West" and "Vorbahnhof". The so-called "south entrance" leads most of the long distance traffic from Altstetten towards Hauptbahnhof right through the centre of the station throat. One special feature of the station throat is a level crossing with barrier, over which twelve tracks pass. It is located just east of Duttweilerbrücke. As this is an non-public access way, the barrier is usually closed.
The entrance to the Herdern maintenance facility has its own signal box, from which the stabling tracks 400, 800 and 900 are controlled. The Herdern stabling area looks towards Hardbrücke (S-Bahn tracks), over the so-called "Überwerfung Mitte" towards the station throat and a connecting track to Altstetten. In addition, the ZVL Herdern controls the former Nord signal box, which is part of an area including the field groups J (Ida) and H (Heiri), as well as access for maintenance annexe G (UAG), which is controlled by a point operator.
The train traffic control team is headed by a team leader, the so-called "station supervisor" (German: Bahnhofüberwacher or just Bue). He does not work directly on the points and signals, but is responsible primarily for making decisions to ensure connections, and about track utilization in the event of delays and disruptions. The station supervisor is also a focal point in the operations control centre for any kind of irregularity. Due to the sometimes very hectic operations, the position of station supervisor is occupied by two people during the morning and evening rush hours. Support for the station supervisor is provided by a BUe assistant, who performs mainly administrative duties. He is also responsible for updating the electronic train data with short-term changes, and supports the station supervisor in case of failure, for example by filling out the checklist, or by recording emergency operations on the panoramic wall.
In the Zürich central signal box is the "Hirzel" area, the remote control system for the Zürich HB–Thalwil–Pfäffikon SZ and Thalwil–Zug–Cham lines. Since the integration of remote train control in late 2007, this area is no longer in the control room on the 5th floor of the signal box, but on the ground floor. The remote control system is divided into a "Zimmerberg" section (Zürich Wiedikon to Oberrieden/Oberrieden Dorf), "Etzel" (Horgen bis Altendorf) and two "Zug" sections (Zug railway station and the remainder of the Stadtbahn remote control system).
Christmas market in the main hall
- Both are used in English sources.
- "Schweizerisches Inventar der Kulturgüter von nationaler Bedeutung - Zürich" [Swiss Inventory of Cultural Property of National Significance - Zürich] (in German). Swiss Confederation. 2011. Retrieved 2011-09-13.
- Eisenbahnatlas Schweiz. Verlag Schweers + Wall GmbH. 2012. pp. 64–65. ISBN 978-3-89494-130-7.
- "DML – Cross-city link Zurich.". SBB-CFF-FFS website. Retrieved 27 November 2011. (English)
- "Berlin Hauptbahnhof und Bahnhof Zürich HB schließen Partnerschaft" [Berlin Hauptbahnhof and Bahnhof Zürich HB agree to a partnership]. touristikpresse.net website. touristikpresse.net. 25 December 2007.
- "Mit NOVA Perspektiven verändern" [Alter perspectives with NOVA]. Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich. 25 December 2007. (German)
- Article 27 alinea 2 letter c Swiss labour law
- "SBB: Die SBB-Lounge" [SBB: the SBB-Lounge]. SBB-CFF-FFS website. SBB-CFF-FFS. (German)
- Schweizerische Bundesbahn (June 2004). "Durchmesserlinie Altstetten–Zürich HB–Oerlikon" (PDF) (in German). Retrieved 2008-08-02.
- Bosshard, Martin (2004). Der Zimmerberg-Basistunnel: Zürich HB – Thalwil; Bahn 2000 [The Zimmerberg-Base Tunnel: Zürich HB – Thalwil; Bahn 2000]. Zürich: Projekt-Management Zimmerberg, SBB. ISBN 3-033-00226-9. (German)
- Loriol, Christine (2005). HB Zürich – mehr als ein Bahnhof [Zürich HB – More than a Station]. Zürich: Kuk-Bild-&-Wort. ISBN 3-033-00611-6. (German)
- Stutz, Werner (2005). Schweizerische Kunstführer GSK, Band 774: Der Hauptbahnhof Zürich [Swiss Art Guide GSK, Vol 774: Zürich Hauptbahnhof]. Bern. ISBN 3-85782-774-2. (German)
- Walker, Martin (2011). Zürich HB, Portrait eines faszinierenden Kosmos [Zürich HB, Portrait of a Fascinating Cosmos]. Lenzburg: Faro im Fona Verlag AG. ISBN 978-3-03781-029-3. (German)
- Baumann, Ruedi (8 November 2011). "Die Geschichte des Hauptbahnhofs: Von der Fehlplanung zum Stadtzentrum". Tages-Anzeiger. Retrieved 12 November 2011. (German)
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zürich Hauptbahnhof.|
|Wikidata has open data related to: Zürich Hauptbahnhof|
- Station data from SBB web site
- Station plan from SBB web site
- Shopville RailCity Zürich pages from SBB web site | <urn:uuid:191e16e5-40b7-4fc5-b494-4a4bbcc4fc1f> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%c3%bcrich_Hauptbahnhof | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394678682243/warc/CC-MAIN-20140313024442-00063-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.887858 | 6,194 | 2.875 | 3 |
There are two varieties: The pale swallow-wort (Vincetoxicum rossicum), which comes from the Ukraine; and the black swallow-wort (V. nigrum) that originated from southwestern Europe. In their natural environments, both varieties are kept in check by native natural enemies, particularly insects and diseases. The vines are unique in that they contain strong and unusual poisons that limit natural enemies and keep deer and cattle from feeding on them.
How to Control Swallow-Wort
- Ensure early detection and total weed removal--for sample photos, visit Invasive.org.
- Do not remove in the fall when seeds could be dispersed.
- Thoroughly clean any mowers that moved through patches of swallow-wort in the fall.
- If there are pod-bearing plants on your property, remove them carefully (without dispersing the seeds) and destroy them by either bagging and taking to a landfill, or burning.
- Plow and plant an annual crop until the seed soil bank is depleted, which can take as long as five years.
- Mowing does not get rid of swallow-wort but it can be used to prevent the plant from going to seed.
- If digging up the plants, the complete root crown must be completely removed before the seeds ripen.
- Weed removal is difficult: Swallow-wort's root system (massive, running deep and wide) must be manually pulled or dug out. Buds on the root crown easily re-sprout after mowing.
- For very large infestations, herbicides (such as Garlon 4 [triclopyr ester] or Roundup Pro [glyphosate]) have been effective. Spraying must be done only after flowering has begun, not before. | <urn:uuid:37662b10-1828-44bd-874f-146cbdf7adb2> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.virginiagreenlawncareblog.com/2010_11_01_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535921318.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909041143-00001-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943125 | 372 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Mckinsey Surname History
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Mckinsey Meaning & Etymology
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The meaning of Mckinsey come may come from a craft, such as the name "Bishop" which may have been taken by church officials. Some of these craft-based surnames may be a profession in a different language. For this reason it is good to research the nationality of a name, and the languages spoken by its progenitors. Many names like Mckinsey come from religious texts like the Quran, the Bible, the Bhagavadgītā, and so forth. Often these names relate to a religious phrase such as "Lamb of God".
Mckinsey Pronunciation & Spelling Variations
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Last names similar to MckinseyMc Kinsey, Mckinseymichael, Mckinsia, McKinsick, Mckinsie, Mckinsiee, McKinsir, McKinsize, McKinskey, Mckinski, McKinsky, Mckinslay, Mckinsler, McKINSLEY, Mc Kinsley, McKinsley Jr, Mckinslrey, Mckinsly, McKinsmore, Mckinson
Mckinsey Family Tree
Here are a few of the Mckinsey biographies shared by AncientFaces users. Click here to see more Mckinseys
- Sophia Mckinsey 1793 - ?
- John Mckinsey
- Susan Mckinsey
- Richard McKinsey Faulconer
- Lacy Mckinsey
- Henry Mckinsey
- Jannetje Mckinsey
- Martha Mckinsey
- Gabriel McKinsey Porter
- Agnes E Mckinsey 1922 - 2004 | <urn:uuid:2d4fbe96-3deb-4692-926d-fe6d7ff4bdfb> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.ancientfaces.com/surname/mckinsey-family-history/33159 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010672371/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091112-00079-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922607 | 874 | 2.75 | 3 |
- (1484–1531), Swiss Protestant reformer, the principal figure of the Swiss Reformation. He rejected papal authority and many orthodox doctrines, and although he had strong local support in Zurich, his ideas met with fierce resistance in some regions. Zwingli was killed in the civil war that resulted from his reforms.
- More example sentences
- This latter ‘Calvinism’ itself took a more Zwinglian turn due to the debate between theologians of Princeton and Mercersburg seminaries.
- The 1552 book marked a Zwinglian shift; the mass became the communion, tables replaced altars, the surplice replaced Eucharistic vestments.
- Some churches followed a Zwinglian tradition that excluded all song from the sanctuary.
More definitions of Zwingli, UlrichDefinition of Zwingli, Ulrich in:
- The US English dictionary | <urn:uuid:a386d5d0-5dc4-4428-918b-51b09f024f00> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Zwingli-Ulrich | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609538022.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005218-00429-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931911 | 190 | 3.21875 | 3 |
In its widest feeling, mental health and wellness is the state of being mentally, mentally, and also socially healthy. Our mental health and wellness influences our cognition, assumption, and also behavior, thus identifying our capability to handle tension, choose, as well as engage with others. In several ways, psychological wellness is an important part of our physical health and wellness, and also a lack of it can adversely influence our total health In this short article, we’ll check out several of the vital components that impact our psychological wellness. When you have virtually any inquiries regarding in which in addition to tips on how to employ go to these guys, it is possible to e-mail us with our web-page.
Occupational treatment psychological health and wellness.
Occupational treatment is an international health care profession dedicated to the assessment, intervention, as well as growth of purposeful tasks in everyday life. It works to recover as well as keep feature in people with a series of wellness conditions. Work treatment specialists are trained to aid people recoup from injury, handicap, or psychological health and wellness concerns, while enabling them to proceed doing tasks that they discover meaningful. This occupation is also in charge of enhancing the mental health of people throughout the globe.
Genes of psychological illness
A new research study drops light on the genes of mental disorders. Researchers studied the genes of 5 common kinds of mental disease, including bipolar affective disorder, interest deficit-hyperactivity problem, significant anxiety, as well as schizophrenia. While no single genetics adds to the risk of these conditions, numerous genes are linked in their growth. Three of these genetics are associated with all five conditions, as well as the researchers believe that these genetics are shown to other types of mental disease.
Long-lasting stress and anxiety is recognized to result in medical issues. While temporary stress can have positive results, it can likewise result in a lot more major troubles. For example, frequent anxiety headaches can result in stand issues as well as high blood pressure. These signs and symptoms can be tough to manage as well as may need clinical focus. In such situations, identifying and also taking care of the tension sets off can assist protect against additional damage. Mental health and stress and anxiety go hand-in-hand, so it is very important to handle both.
Usually, solution customers have actually not been fully mindful of their previous trauma. In response, company ought to be delicate as well as prompt to ask inquiries about the nature and also conditions of the event, in addition to offer the service user the choice of not addressing. Survivors must be alerted of the danger of retraumatisation by retelling their story, and the relevance of acknowledging and also addressing the discomfort that underlies the extreme distress.
Addressing a child’s mental health and wellness is a difficulty that needs to start prior to birth. The brain and body establish at an increased price throughout maternity, making them very at risk to outside impacts. An infant’s brain is still developing language, motor skills, and also sensory comments, making it at risk to chemicals and also other toxic substances. While these changes may not be conveniently obvious from the outdoors, study remains to discover that early mind design is important for a kid’s future functioning.
When it comes to psychological disease, psychotherapy is a crucial treatment choice. This therapy is focused on checking out the underlying reasons of the issue and also addressing them in order to raise overall wellness. Psychiatric therapy is a type of therapy in which a psycho therapist examines a person’s ideas, feelings, as well as behaviors to determine the source of the trouble and to create a treatment strategy. While psychotherapy can boost a person’s condition, medicines are an important part of the therapy strategy. Antidepressants are valuable for treating people with clinical depression or insomnia, and antianxiety drugs are often recommended to help individuals with social stress and anxiety as well as constant panic assaults. If you cherished this article and you also would like to be given more info pertaining to therapist in Cypress https://mydistrictcounseling.com i implore you to visit our web-site.
Linked articles or blog posts indicated by readers with the web site: | <urn:uuid:c17f1d61-d252-4177-9f02-94937acf8117> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://radionewsfl.com/23148-mental-health-and-wellness-as-well-as-the-significance-of-work-related-therapy-05/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100327.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202042052-20231202072052-00011.warc.gz | en | 0.960966 | 856 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Risk-reduction surgery for ovarian cancer improves survival
Preventive surgery improves survival for women who are at greater risk of developing ovarian cancer, and it may be helpful for women at risk of developing breast cancer due to genetics.
Women with a mutation in either of the two high-risk genes, known as BRCA1 and BRCA2, have an increased risk of dying from breast and/or ovarian cancer. Many such women, including high-profile celebrities such as Angelina Jolie, choose to undergo surgery to remove their healthy breasts, ovaries, or both before the disease affects them. However, few studies have looked at the possible benefits of these procedures across large groups of women.
The research team, from Manchester Cancer Research Centre at The University of Manchester in the United Kingdom, looked at 691 women who had undergone genetic testing and were confirmed as carrying a mutation in either the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene before they had developed cancer. The results were published recently in Breast Cancer Research and Treatment (2013; doi:10.1007/s10549-013-2765-x).
A little more than one-third of women in this study opted for preventive surgery. The researchers compared outcomes for those who chose to have risk-reducing surgery with those who did not.
"The research shows a major benefit from undergoing risk-reducing surgery, particularly removal of the ovaries and fallopian tubes, which reduces the risk of both ovarian cancer greatly and breast cancer by about half," said senior author Gareth Evans, MD, of The University of Manchester.
Women who had any form of risk-reducing surgery had increased survival compared with those deciding against such an operation. Life expectancy was almost normalized in those that underwent surgery but substantially reduced in those who did not. Further research is now needed to assess the possible advantage of a double mastectomy alone.
"In the past, some women have thought that MRI screening is so good that they don't need to have removal surgery, but our research has shown, despite intensive screening, quite a few of these women, particularly with the more aggressive BRCA1 gene, were dying and perhaps being lulled into a false sense of security by screening,” said Evans. "Following Angelina's announcement, there has been a three-fold increase in the number of women with a family history of breast and ovarian cancer coming forward asking about surgery. It really has raised the public awareness of this.”
Evans explained that decisions, particularly to have breast surgery, take a long time. He said that many people consider it for a number of years, and they may finally act if there has been another death in the family. He noted, “There is no doubt that the most effective method for a woman at risk is to have her ovaries removed, and we are pretty close to certain that removing breast tissue increases life expectancy, but more research is needed.” | <urn:uuid:1261a13d-09d4-4b94-a4e4-cf3927ca1c3b> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.oncologynurseadvisor.com/risk-reduction-surgery-for-ovarian-cancer-improves-survival/article/330611/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999644062/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060724-00070-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983453 | 605 | 2.546875 | 3 |
a city in W Missouri, at the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri rivers.
a city in NE Kansas, adjacent to Kansas City, Mo.
a city in W Missouri, at the confluence of the Missouri and Kansas Rivers: important centre of livestock and meat-packing industry. Pop: 442 768 (2003 est)
a city in NE Kansas, adjacent to Kansas City, Missouri. Pop: 145 757 (2003 est)
Two adjacent cities of the same name, one in northeastern Kansas, the other in northwestern Missouri, located at the junction of the Kansas and Missouri rivers.
Note: A commercial, industrial, and cultural center, Kansas City was the starting point for many western expeditions.
noun 1. . 2. .
- Kansas city strip steak
noun See Delmonico steak
noun 1. a style of jazz developed in Kansas City, Mo., in the early 1930s, marked by a strong blues influence, the use of riffs as a characteristic formal device, and a less pronounced beat than that of the New Orleans or Chicago style of jazz.
- Kansas gay-feather
[gey-feth-er] /ˈgeɪˌfɛð ər/ noun 1. . | <urn:uuid:708284ba-2723-46c6-bc21-d5ccb7b80803> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://definithing.com/define-dictionary/kansas-city/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886117911.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823074634-20170823094634-00041.warc.gz | en | 0.87775 | 262 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Ethernet is in widespread use to network computers and devices. The first Ethernet was designed by Bob Metcalfe in Xerox Corporation's Palo Alto laboratory. It was able to operate at 3 Mbps over a shared coaxial cable, using a protocol known as Carrier Sense Multiple Access Collision Detect (CSMA/CD). The market for Ethernet equipment amounts to in excess of $16 billion per year.
Read about Ethernet over at LinkedIn here | <urn:uuid:102501a1-4b7e-4d76-abc9-2181fdb6a6bb> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://tpm.amastelek.com/2018/04/ethernet-plumbing-of-internet-awesome.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100529.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204115419-20231204145419-00866.warc.gz | en | 0.963099 | 90 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Rose, the 17th named storm of the busy 2021 Atlantic hurricane season and the third to form in less than a week, formed Sunday west of Africa.
At 5 p.m. Eastern, the National Hurricane Center predicted that the storm, which was a few hundred miles southwest of the Cabo Verde Islands, would begin weakening on Tuesday and would not be expected to make landfall.
In just a few days, Rose was able to track the development of two other named storms. In the Atlantic Ocean east of the Caribbean Sea, Tropical Storm Peter formed on Sunday, and Tropical Storm Odette swirled to life on Friday, but was quickly downgraded to a post-tropical cyclone.
Since 2005 and 2020, the hurricane centre has found only two instances in which a 17th named storm formed earlier than 2021.
It’s been a crazy few months for meteorologists as the peak hurricane season (August through November) has brought a string of named storms to the United States and the Caribbean, bringing stormy weather, flooding, and damaging winds.
In the early hours of Sept. 8, Tropical Storm Mindy made landfall in the Panhandle of Florida. Hurricane Larry was churning in the Atlantic at the same time.
Hurricane Ida made landfall in Louisiana on Aug. 29 as a Category 4 storm, before bringing devastating flooding to New York City. Julian and Kate, the other two tropical storms, both dissipated within a day of each other.
Tropical Storm Fred made landfall in the Florida Panhandle in mid-August, and Hurricane Grace hit Haiti and Mexico just days before that. On August 22, Tropical Storm Henri wreaked havoc on the Northeastern United States, knocking out power and delivering record rainfall.
More and more evidence is pointing to the link between hurricanes and climate change. As the planet warms, hurricanes will become more powerful and more frequent, but the overall number of storms may decrease due to factors such as stronger wind shear that prevent weaker storms from forming.
There is more water vapour in the atmosphere as a result of climate change; scientists believe that Hurricane Harvey in 2017 produced far more rain than it would have without the human impact on climate. The most destructive aspect of tropical cyclones, storm surge, is being exacerbated by rising sea levels.
On May 23, Ana became the season’s first named storm, making it the seventh year in a row that a storm formed in the Atlantic before the season officially began on June 1.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration scientists in May predicted 13 to 20 named storms, six to 10 of which would be hurricanes, with three to five major hurricanes of Category 3 or higher in the Atlantic.
Earlier this month, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) revised its season-ending forecast, predicting 15 to 21 storms, including 7 to 10 hurricanes, by November 30.
For the second time, meteorologists had to use Greek letters because there were 30 named storms, including six major hurricanes, last year.
The number of named storms in 2020 surpassed the previous record of 28 storms set in 2005. | <urn:uuid:8291b69d-9f6c-4f8e-b3ae-cfe632f5f3c9> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://newsexel.com/tropical-storm-rose-forms-west-of-africa/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943749.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20230322020215-20230322050215-00111.warc.gz | en | 0.968533 | 636 | 3.109375 | 3 |
The Ruggles name is originated from a small town in France. Rugles is a commune in the Eure department in Haute-Normandie in northern France. The people who originated from this commune and went to England were part of an historical battle.
In 885 a Viking Chief by the name of Rollo the Walker, was part of a Viking fleet that was attacking France. Rollow was a huge man and too heavy for a horse to carry, so he earned his name by walking instead of riding. In the late 770's to around 800, Rollo was part of a Viking fleet under Sigfred, the King of Denmark, that attacked Paris. In 885, 700 Viking ships carrying about 30,000 Viking men commanded by Rollo and other Viking Chiefs left Norway.
They sailed to the mouth of the Seine (San) River to capture the city of Paris, France. While the Viking ships sailed up the six mile long river, Rollo stopped at a city near the mouth of the River called Rouen (ro-on'). Advised by the Bishop of the town to be peaceful, Rollo took possession of the city and was very kind to the people. Then he went up the river to join the other ships so they could capture Paris.
The city of Paris was advised by their warrior- Count Eudes (Ude), to build two walls with strong gates around Paris. The Vikings had a time trying to take the city of Paris. They built a high tower and rolled it up to the wall. Having filled it with their men, the Vikings were met with the people within the city shooting hundreds of arrows at them. The people of Paris threw down rocks, or poured boiling oil and pitch upon the Vikings. For thirteen months the Vikings made camp around the city of Paris, hoping to starve them out.
On a dark and stormy night, the Count of Eudes rode out to his King for help. The King Charles gathered his army and went off to the city of Paris. The Vikings, not wanting a battle, gave up the siege on Paris and left for the Duchy of Burgundy, part of the Kingdom of the Franks. Once arriving, the Vikings began to plunder the towns and farms.
Having enough of this, King Charles, also called Charles the Simple and Charles the Senseless, sent a message to Rollo to talk peace. Rollo requested the King allow his people to live in the land of Franks and in return the Vikings would be a vassal or servant to the King. Agreeing to this, King Charles commanded Rollo should show his allegiance by kissing the King's foot. Refusing, Rollo was persuaded and had one of his own men kiss the King's foot instead. Rollo was then granted part of Normandy.
The land granted to Vassals (servants), were called "feuds" and this plan of holding lands was called the Feudal System, which was established all over Europe in the Middle Ages. The poorest people were called, "serfs". They were almost slaves doing all the work and could never leave the estate they belonged too. Rollo was determined his people would no longer be thieves and began changing the habits of the people. He established strict laws and hung robbers. His duchy became one of the safest places in Europe.
Rollo's descendants would become the Duke's of Normandy. 150 years after Rollo, Duke of William would get the support of his people to take on the King of England for the crown he was promised and be forever known as William the Conqueror.
Duke William of Normandy was the illegitimate son of Robert the Magnificent, who was the Duke of Normandy from 1027 until his death. In 1066, King Edward of England died. Duke William claimed he had been promised to be the next heir and King of England after King Edward, the Dukes distant cousin's death. However, Harold, Earl of Wessex was crowned king.
This infuriated the Duke and he set out to take his crown by force. He gathered the support of his people and on 28 September 1066, established a camp near Hastings. He had promised them that if they helped the Duke win this fight and obtain the crown of England, he would reward them each with land in England.
Harold, the now King of England, traveled north to fight another invader, Harold Hardrada, King of Norway and defeated him at Stamford Bridge near York. He marched south as quickly as he could and on 14 October, his army met William's. The battle lasted all day, but Harold was killed and his army collapsed. William was victorious and on Christmas Day 1066, he was crowned king in Westminster Abbey. A Norman aristocracy became the new governing class and many members of the native English elite, including bishops, were replaced with Normans.
Having kept his promise to his people, all those who fought alongside the Duke William of Normandy, received their reward. The Norman conquest of England was the 11th-century invasion and occupation of England by an army of Norman, Breton, and French soldiers led by Duke William II of Normandy, later William the Conqueror.
NOW IN ENGLAND
b. 1444 Lincolnshire, England -1535
b. 1469 in Lincolnshire, England – d. 1560
b. 1499 in Sudbury, Suffolk, England
d. 21 June, 1547 in Sudbury, Suffolk, England
a. Nicholas b. 1522 in Sudbury, Suffolk, England - d. 20 Jun 1617 in Sudbury, Suffolk, England
b. (4.) John Ruggles b. in Stanstead, Suffolk Co., England – d. 19 May 1566 in Suffolk Co., England; his will proved 19 May 1566
c. (4.) Ann
d. (4.) Elizabeth
- Roger Ruggles b. 1548 in Sudbury, Suffolk, England – /m. on 23 Feb. 1573 to Margery Dandye
- George Ruggles b. 1558 in Sudbury, Suffolk, England – d. 16 May 1616 - his will proved 16 May 1616, mentions him as of Sudbury/m. on 5 June 1575 to Alice Dandye
- Edward Ruggles b. 1562 in Sudbury, Suffolk, England - /m. & left issue
- Margery Ruggles b. 1563 in Sudbury, Suffolk, England – / m. on 19 Jan 1584 to John Drury
- William Ruggles b. 1552 in Sudbury, Suffolk, England – 1605
- Robert Ruggles b. 1561 in Lavenham, Suffolk, England – d. 21 June 1605 / Elizabeth
- Thomas Ruggles (SR.) b. 1558 /60 in Sudbury, Suffolk, England – d. 1647 / m. Margaret Dandridge (b. 1562 in England) – THESE ARE THE IMMIGRANTS: came about 1635.
- Sen.John Ruggles of Roxbury, MA in 1635 (b. 1591 in Sudbury, Suffolk, England – Oct. 6, 1663 in Roxbury, Suffolk, MA) / m. 1663 in England to Wife #1 Barbra Bridge (b. 1605 – d. Nov 1636 – IMMIGRANTS TO AMERICA /m. 1638 to Wife #2 Margaret Hammond (Maid Servant b. in England – d. 6 Dec 1674 in Roxbury, Suffolk, MA)
- Mary Ruggles b. 13 Feb. 1595; baptized 1595 / 97 – Info given by Henry Stoddard Ruggles, page 453 The History of Peter Parker & Sarah Ruggles of Roxbury, Mass. & Their Ancestors and Descendants”
- Samuel Ruggles b. 8 July 1598 in Nazing, Essex, England ; baptized 1598
- Nathaniel Ruggles born & baptized 1600 - d. 1601 / also a Nathaniel baptized in 1602
- Florence Ruggles Oct 1603 in Nazing, Essex, England - d. 1603
- Nicholas or Nathaniel Ruggles b. 1602 or 1605 in Nazing, Essex, England
- Thomas Ruggles (JR.) of Nazing, Esex, England & Roxbury, MA in 1637 b. 1584 – d. as recorded in the church record - 15 Sept 1644 will dated 9 Nov 1644 a godly brother of the Church died of consumption /m. on 1 Nov 1620 in Nazing, Essex, England to Mary Curtis (b. 1558 in Nazing, Essex, England – d. 14 Feb 1674 in Roxbury, Suffolk, England (Parents are Thomas Curtis and Mary Camp / Had a brother named William who married Sarah Eliot (sister of Philip & Rev. John Eliot) – IMMIGRANTS TO AMERICA / This Thomas Ruggles and a John Grave were the first Christians that came from the town in England to die. Mary remarried to “Goodman” Route and lived 30 years after Thomas’ death. (In His Will: “All the rest of my land and house I give to my wife during the time of her natural life, an after her death, the land and house to be divided, my son John to enter upon one half and Samuel and Sarah the other.” The household articles to be divided equally among the three. This will was witnessed by Philip Eliot and John Ruggles, the brother of Thomas.)
"Almost every person in America of this name is descended from one of these immigrants (1630-37 to Boston), and the stock of the Ruggles family is represented in almost every state in the Union. Boston, Roxbury and Braintree (or Quincy) in Massachusetts and Pomfret and New Milford in Connecticut were the locations in which the Ruggles settlers were to be found in the seventeenth century and early in the eighteenth...."
Researchers from my line were on the hunt to see were we fit into this "Historical Family" but soon found questions were not being answered. See: Southern Ruggles Website
"Recently I got the opportunity to read through Mr. Ruggles' archived correspondence. This make it clear that at the time he published his book he had never heard of the Southern Ruggles and had no idea that Ruggles had settled in Maryland, Virginia and Kentucky before 1800. His files are replete with copies of helpful responses he made to almost everyone who wrote to him asking about their Ruggles Ancestory. The exceptions were letters from Southern Ruggles. His files indicate that he apparently never responded to one such letter!"
...This is where the divide came in... | <urn:uuid:5ae6ccc5-1bf6-4342-98f7-bc19755f7ec5> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://genealogyoftherugglesinamerica.blogspot.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886112533.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822162608-20170822182608-00198.warc.gz | en | 0.974672 | 2,238 | 3.265625 | 3 |
If your parents are Brazilian, you’re not a Hispanic American.
Although it is the largest country in South America, Brazil was colonized by Portugal, not Spain.
Most of its people speak Portuguese, not Spanish. The languages are similar enough that a Spanish-speaker can sometimes manage a conversation with a Portuguese-speaker, but they are not the same.
On the other hand, Brazilians are Latin Americans, because they come from a country south of the United States that speaks a Latin-based language. In that sense, you could call a Brazilian a Latino, but not a Hispanic. | <urn:uuid:83b3cb45-0994-4b21-b27e-282d7778fca5> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://superbeefy.com/how-are-you-a-hispanic-american-if-your-parents-are-brazilian/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187820556.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017013608-20171017033608-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.968117 | 125 | 2.984375 | 3 |
When painful joints make it difficult—or even impossible—to exercise, how can you keep your body healthy? Consider these low-impact alternatives from Dr. Scott Bowen.
Physical exercise on a daily basis is important for your cardiovascular health and overall well-being. While some people can easily tolerate high-impact activities like running or weightlifting, many others experience too much pain in their joints—from arthritis, age, injury, obesity, or other factors—to be able to participate in these exercises.
For these patients, orthopedic surgeon Dr. Scott Bowen recommends lower-impact exercises that don’t put as much stress on your back, hips, knees, and ankles. These gentler alternatives allow your body to get the exercise it needs without causing unnecessary joint pain.
Here are some of the low-impact activities Dr. Bowen suggests for those suffering from joint pain:
Stationary & Road Biking
Whether you prefer the convenience of a gym or the beauty of the great outdoors, biking is an excellent exercise option for people living with joint pain. Biking eliminates the hard impacts your ankles, hips, and knees experience when you run or jog. In addition, the synovial fluid produced by continuous cycling movements can help lubricate your hips and knees.
There are many different types of bicycles to choose from, depending on which joints are causing you pain. For example:
- Comfort bikes feature high handlebars that allow you “to ride in a more neutral, upright and relaxed position, which can reduce stress on the back, shoulders and arms,” according to Arthritis.org.
- Recumbent bikes are ideal for people with lower back pain and/or hip pain because their seats allow you to recline. The reclined position means your weight is more evenly spread across your back and rear, reducing stress on your spine.
- Standard upright bikes can be used if you don’t have back pain. Biking upright engages the muscles in your abdomen and shoulders, as well as your biceps and triceps, helping make them stronger.
Using an elliptical exercise machine involves moving your legs in continuous gliding motions that are much gentler than the joint-jarring steps taken when jogging. During an elliptical exercise, your feet don’t lose contact with the machine, so your body weight is never fully placed on one foot. This reduces the stress on your hips, knees, and ankles, leaving you able to concentrate on engaging your muscles and getting your heart rate up without the distraction of painful joints.
Swimming & Water Aerobics
“Swimming is excellent cardiovascular exercise and is certainly much easier on the joints,” says Dr. Bowen. “Thirty minutes of swimming a day actually burns more than twice as many calories as thirty minutes of walking.”
If you aren’t a strong swimmer, consider water aerobics instead. Many community centers with pools have water aerobics classes or other water-based activities that can get you moving with less joint pain than other exercises.
If you don’t have access to a bicycle, gym, or pool, give walking a try. While walking can be painful if you are not careful, there are some precautions you can take to minimize the stress it puts on your joints.
“Sometimes it is just a matter of avoiding hills, unleveled ground, concrete or asphalt,” Dr. Bowen explains. When you have joint pain, it’s best to walk on natural surfaces, such as grass or a smooth dirt path. Tracks at schools, parks, and gyms are also usually softer than concrete and asphalt.
Tips for Exercising with Joint Pain
- Stay out of the cold. When the temperature drops, relocate your exercises indoors to protect your joints. Swap your ten-speed for a stationary bicycle, find an indoor pool in your area, or look for a gym with an enclosed walking track. Mall walking is another winter alternative if you find you can walk on concrete tile without too much pain.
- Take it easy. You don’t have to push yourself to exhaustion as soon as you begin an exercise regimen. Start slow and listen to your body to avoid aggravating your joints.
- Manage your pain. For some, anti-inflammatory medicine is enough for joint pain relief. However, if NSAIDs aren’t enough and you still experience too much pain in your joints to start exercising, see your physician.
Living with Joint Pain
If you are living with debilitating joint pain that makes it too difficult to participate in even low-impact exercise, it may be time to learn if one of our pain management services, total joint replacement procedures, or other treatments can help. Contact Arkansas Surgical Hospital at (877) 918-7020 to make an appointment with Dr. Bowen. | <urn:uuid:c4c72807-84d8-4450-bb8d-b7a570365886> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.arksurgicalhospital.com/dr-bowens-tips-for-low-impact-exercise/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145774.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200223123852-20200223153852-00161.warc.gz | en | 0.943128 | 997 | 2.53125 | 3 |
An online researcher claims to have discovered an aerial photograph of missing Malaysia flight MH370 on Google Maps.
Just one hour away from where the missing flight took off from Kuala Lumpur, in 2014, the photograph appears to depict a plane sitting in the sea just off the coast of Padang, Indonesia.
Dailystar.co.uk reports: The author of the post wrote: “Just putting this out there, what if this was the MH370 after all this time?
“Some will say it’s just an aircraft coming in for landing caught on satellite, some may say this is just a bogus post.
“But just imagine the aircraft came in for a slow soft water landing, in calm waters which is below the radar and they knew it was there for a rescue job.”
One wrote: “Yikes, it’s not a bogus post, I just checked and it was there.
“And it ain’t coming into land, if you look closely, it looks like it’s upside down?
“It’s so close to that island and the main coast, someone had to have survived?
“Unless it disorientated them being upside down? Nice catch.”
And another added: “From my point of view, if you compare it with the size a Boeing 777–200 has – it fits .
“Sure it’s not the same size and little smaller due to it being underwater (if it really is).
“Anyhow great find. If it is really underwater I wonder why nobody has yet marked it in Google Earth with details.”
However, another argued: “It’s right side up. If it were upside down, the engine mounts would be more visible. Also, this one is above the water, as you can clearly see it, vs if it was at the bottom in the water.”
And another said: “Ok, let’s say you are onto something.
“I have one very logical question, do you think they would leave it up on Google Earth for the world to see? Especially if there really was a conspiracy?
“Here’s something for you to check out, I honestly think its just a plane in flight.
“I don’t know what that is but the odds are high it is not MH370.
“Still worth looking at, have my doubts it is.”
Flight MH370’s disappearance is one of the biggest aviation mysteries in history.
It flew off the radar when flying from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing and hasn’t been found since, with the 239 people on board assumed dead.
Since then a numbers of theories have emerged, from fuel shortages to the claim the pilot committing suicide. | <urn:uuid:18bb4865-dc70-44b0-b752-97b35872f29d> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://newspunch.com/photo-malaysia-mh370-google-maps/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655896169.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200708000016-20200708030016-00262.warc.gz | en | 0.959596 | 591 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Rampant in U.S.
Issue No.: 21 by: Bridget Maher
So-called "safe sex" efforts have done little to stem a rising tide of sexually transmitted diseases. Experts say some sexually transmitted diseases like chlamydia and herpes are "more common than ever" and that each year there are 19 million new cases of STDs. "The overwhelming concern is that STDs continue to be epidemic and that some of the infections are increasing -- chlamydia and syphilis have ticked up in the last few years and in some places it looks like HIV is also going up," says Julius Schachter, editor of the journal Sexually Transmitted Diseases and a professor of laboratory medicine at the University of California, San Francisco.
Little progress in stemming STDs
As major diseases continue to spread, other microbes emerge
By Jacqueline Stenson
MSNBC Updated: 5:43 p.m. ET Oct. 12, 2005
Despite all the safe sex messages, there has been little progress in stemming the spread of sexually transmitted diseases in the United States.
STDs like chlamydia and herpes are more common than ever, and doctors are now starting to see a couple of new or previously unrecognized infections.
"The overwhelming concern is that STDs continue to be epidemic and that some of the infections are increasing," says Julius Schachter, editor of the journal Sexually Transmitted Diseases and a professor of laboratory medicine at the University of California, San Francisco.
There are an estimated 19 million new cases of STDs each year in the United States, up from 15 million nearly a decade ago. Experts don't have exact numbers because not all diseases are reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta and many people don't know they're infected.
Among the most shocking estimates are that one in five Americans has genital herpes and more than half of women will contract HPV, or human papillomavirus, which causes genital warts and can lead to cervical cancer. At least a million Americans are living with the deadly AIDS virus. STDs can cause lesions, discharge and other symptoms, but oftentimes they are "silent" and show no outward signs.
That's frequently the case with chlamydia. Just over 877,000 cases were reported in 2003, yet it's estimated there are 2.8 million new cases annually.
There are some signs of progress. While chlamydia and HPV cases are rising, some of the increase is due to better testing and detection, experts say. Gonorrhea cases are at an all-time low, though they are increasing among gay men.
In addition, scientists are working to create vaccines that would prevent HIV and HPV. Researchers are reporting tremendous success with the HPV vaccine, which could become available within a few years. Work also is under way on microbicides, which are creams or gels that a woman would apply to her vagina to protect against STDs, but progress has been slow on this front. In the dark about STDs
Think you're not at risk for a sexually transmitted disease? So do many people, which is precisely the problem. In fact, most people who transmit STDs aren't aware of it, experts say.
"One of the great misconceptions is that people who have STDs know they have them," says Dr. Edward Hook, a spokesperson for the American Social Health Association and a professor of medicine at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. "That is absolutely incorrect."
The solution: get tested regularly if you have multiple sex partners. But discussions about STDs are too often missing during routine check-ups.
"Both doctors and patients are waiting for the other person to raise the subject and as a result nobody talks about it," says Hook.
If you don't know you're infected, you can't have an informed discussion with a potential partner. But frank talk about STDs among sexual partners also is much too infrequent.
Results of the Zogby/MSNBC.com online survey on sexuality http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9574299/ found that just 39 percent of respondents always asked whether a prospective partner was infected with HIV or other STDs.
Hook isn't surprised. "People don't want to conceptualize themselves as being at risk," he says.
People tend to think, "I'm not that kind of person and since I'm not, I wouldn't hang out with that kind of person," he says.
"There's just a disconnect," says Dr. Richard Sweet, director of the Women's Center for Health at the University of California at Davis and a spokesperson for the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.
And many of those most at risk teens and young adults think they are invincible, according to Sweet. "A 16-year-old guy he's a superhero," he says.
But the failure to come to grips with the threat of STDs is a major problem in the United States. "We have the highest rates of STDs in the industrialized world," Sweet adds.
The health consequences can be significant.
"STDs are taking a tremendous toll on American health," says Jessica Frickey, an HIV and STD specialist at the CDC.
In women, chlamydia can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease and eventually to blocked Fallopian tubes and infertility. But a woman may not know she's been infected until she has trouble conceiving and doctors explore why.
The most worrisome STD, of course, is HIV, because it can be fatal. Particularly troubling is the emergence over the last several years of strains of the virus that are resistant to some of the available medications aimed at keeping the virus under control. "It's certain that the virus is very clever and it changes," says Schachter.
Diseases under the radar
And some STDs have largely flown under the radar of doctors. One, called lymphogranuloma venereum, or LGV, is a form of chlamydia that has been recently detected among homosexual men, though there's evidence it's been in the United States as far back as the 1930s. "It's not new," says Schachter, "we just haven't looked for it" until now.
Homosexual men infected with LGV may experience anal ulcers and bleeding, swollen lymph nodes, fever, chills and weight loss. "They're pretty sick," says Schachter.
The disease responds to antibiotics but the concern is that because the disease causes open lesions, it could spread more easily and, even worse, facilitate the spread of HIV. Currently, the disease is most commonly seen in gay men in the United States, but Schachter expects it to spread to more women since some gay men are bisexual. Symptoms in women include vaginal lesions and swollen lymph nodes.
Meanwhile, Hook says herpes is being "reconceptualized." While it was once believed that infected people could only transmit the virus when they had visible blisters, doctors now know there is viral shedding even when there are no apparent symptoms and the virus is actually often spread during these periods. That's a major concern since only one in 10 infected people are aware they have it, says Hook.
Another concern is a bacterial infection called mycoplasma genitalium, which has been emerging over the last decade. It's known to cause inflammation of the urethra in men but doctors know little more about its effects, let alone who's most at risk for contracting it.
Experts say the best ways to protect yourself against STDs are to limit your number of sexual partners and always use condoms, a practice that Hook says is "still woefully uncommon." But even with correct condom use, diseases like herpes and HPV can be transmitted because they appear on skin surrounding the genitalia.
That's why it's vitally important for partners to talk with each other about their sexual history and get tested regularly if they're at risk.
One of the major barriers to preventing STDs is simply convincing Americans to pay attention to their sexual health, according to Hook.
"I think the progress against STDs has been modest at best," he says, "and that will continue to be the case until we can resolve the American paradox in which sex and sexuality pervade nearly every part of society, the entertainment and media, but when it comes to our own health we don't want to address the problem." © 2005 MSNBC.com
Vice Chairman of Voter Education | <urn:uuid:e646a070-8557-4592-a8da-6d85cee29011> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://pennsylvaniaconservative.blogspot.com/2005/10/sexually-transmitted-diseases-rampant.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824733.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021095939-20171021115939-00104.warc.gz | en | 0.969698 | 1,748 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Pittsburgh Bans Fracking (and Corporate Personhood)
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In a historic vote, the City of Pittsburgh today adopted a first-in-the-nation ordinance banning corporations from natural gas drilling in the city.
Faced with the potential for drilling—and the controversial new practice known as “fracking” or hydraulic fracturing—within city limits, the Pittsburgh City Council unanimously said “no.” Fracking means injecting water laced with sand and toxic chemicals underground to create deep ground explosions that release the gas. It’s a technique first tried in Texas, and which is now being used in Pennsylvania, where the Marcellus Shale geological formation, a source of natural gas, is buried over a mile down. The Marcellus Shale stretches from New York, through Pennsylvania, into Ohio and West Virginia.
Fracking has been demonstrated to be a threat to surface and groundwater, and has been blamed for fatal explosions, the contamination of drinking water, rivers, and streams. Because it disturbs rock that’s laced not only with methane, but with carcinogens like benzene and radioactive ores like uranium, forcing the mix to the surface adds to the dangers.
Pittsburgh sits atop the Marcellus Shale and corporations have already purchased leases to drill there, including under area parks and cemeteries.
The ordinance sponsor, Pittsburgh Councilman Doug Shields, led the charge to ban drilling, and was later joined by five co-sponsors. During the months leading up to today’s vote, Shields passionately advocated for the ordinance, saying that the city is “not a colony of the state and will not sit quietly by as our city gets drilled.” He sees this fight as about far more than drilling, saying “It’s about our authority as a community to decide, not corporations deciding for us.”
Drafted by the Community Environmental Legal Defense Fund (CELDF), Pittsburgh’s ordinance elevates the rights of people, the community, and nature over corporate “rights” and challenges the authority of the state to pre-empt community decision-making.
As natural gas drilling expands across Pennsylvania, there’s been a debate among opponents of fracking over the best course to take. Some are arguing for “responsible drilling” and severance taxes; others want to “zone out” drilling from residential areas or around schools.
Advocates and communities are finding, however, that calling on corporations to be more accountable, without changing the powers and authorities corporations have been given by state and federal government, means asking them to take voluntary steps. Even communities that adopt zoning restrictions requiring drilling pads to be located away from homes or schools find that because the drilling is horizontal, its impact still reaches into those places they are trying to protect.
Meanwhile, hopes that the state—either the legislature or the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection—will help, have been similarly dashed. The state was recently found to be paying thousands of dollars to a private contractor to investigate citizens advocating against drilling. Meanwhile, hundreds of thousands of industry dollars went to candidates in the recent elections. Those monies helped elect candidates who will ensure that drilling proceeds without interference from citizens across the region. Further, the state continues to issue permits to corporations to drill despite growing community opposition.
Corporations, empowered with constitutional privileges conferred upon them by the courts, have long worked hand-in-hand with elected officials and government agencies at the state and federal level to pave the way for drilling. They’ve been successful in exempting natural gas drilling and fracking from federal regulations and they’ve put in place state laws pre-empting municipalities from taking any steps to reign in the industry.
Communities, like Pittsburgh, are coming to the shared conclusion that it's up to them to stop practices they disagree with. Their efforts are not just about stopping the drilling, but about who gets to make decisions for the community—corporations empowered by the state, or people and their communities. | <urn:uuid:b858438b-2f4f-48f7-873d-deb7449a609a> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.alternet.org/story/148881/pittsburgh_bans_fracking_%28and_corporate_personhood%29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609539337.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005219-00639-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95804 | 840 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Foundational motor abilities (FMAs) provide a foundational building block for the development of nearly every physical skill. A key component of this foundation is perceptual motor skills, which enable children to explore their physical environment with their senses and provide motor output. Base functional strength and power, as well as postural stability and mobility, are also critical aspects of developing a foundation of FMAs. These foundational building blocks of physical literacy—and how to use drills and games to build them—are discussed in greater detail below.
Base Functional Strength and Power
Base functional strength refers the ability to efficiently exert enough force to move the body or an external load in any plane of motion to accomplish a motor output based on sensory input.
This is not an expression of maximal strength, but rather a threshold capacity to safely and effectively perform gross movement patterns. An appropriate level of base functional strength and power creates a foundation to be able to perform nearly every physical activity. A child’s ability crawl, stand, walk, run, climb, jump, hop, etc. while maintaining an appropriate degree of postural integrity displays a functional level of base strength and power.
With the modern patterns of youth inactivity, strength-to-weight ratios have become greatly compromised. Increasing numbers of children are unable to achieve the threshold strength to mobilize their body weight effectively. By creating environments that require children to move their body weight in a variety of positions, orientations and environmental conditions, health and fitness professionals can help all children improve their base functional strength and power. In turn, they become more competent and confident with movement for life.
Recommended drills/games: Variations of sit-to-stand drills and games, climbing, crawling, rolling, obstacle courses, jumping activities, pulling and pushing large objects, and whole-body support activities (hanging, planking)
Postural Stability and Mobility
Postural and joint mobility and stability refers to two different developmental concepts.
Postural stability and mobility refers to the ability to maintain integrity and balance amidst external forces such as gravity to stay upright. Children develop this fundamental skill by learning to navigate different surfaces (concrete, dirt, sand, slopes, stairs, etc.) while maintaining balance and efficient movement.
While most youngsters naturally develop adequate postural mobility and stability to stay upright while they are mobile, an enriching environment that provides them progressive challenges aids in further development of this essential component of the foundational building block of physical literacy.
Joint mobility and stability refers to an ability for the joints involved with a movement to execute an appropriate range of motion while not compromising joint integrity. Young children are often hypermobile and their neural system must learn to stabilize “loose” joints. As children begin to grow, tissue and muscle fascia can lose pliability, particularly when they are inactive or during a period of heightened growth. The result is a loss in the range of motion of a joint.
Various pathologies can also limit joint mobility and stability at a young age. When health and fitness professionals can target, assess and program for appropriate joint mobility and stability, kids can increase their ability to move efficiently while decreasing the likelihood of pain and injury.
Recommended drills and games: Movement observation during activities (assessment), flexibility drills, activities that require large ranges of joint motion (over/under hurdles, climbing, throwing, high steps, sit to stand games), and balance/strength activities that stabilize joint range of motion.
As described in an earlier blog, these foundational motor abilities help build physical literacy the way that learning sounds is a foundational component of learning to read words. In the next article in this series, we will build on these critical movement “sounds” by creating fundamental movement skills. These are the “words” of physical literacy and form the second foundational level of building the ability to move for life. | <urn:uuid:e88515b6-bffb-4ddf-85c4-800085319b9e> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.acefitness.org/education-and-resources/professional/expert-articles/5490/the-foundational-building-blocks-of-physical-literacy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738944.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20200812200445-20200812230445-00263.warc.gz | en | 0.940714 | 780 | 4.125 | 4 |
Autoimmune Disease >
Bone and Joints
By far the most serious health concern is autoimmune disease. Theories into the cause of the deteriorating immune system in both human and animals are varied. While many are not proven to be hereditary it is noted that higher proportion of those affected are within certain family groups. Rearing practices, geographical and environmental influences could also contribute to the alarming increase in cases.
Autoimmune problems in mammals begin when the immune system makes a mistake and starts to produce antibodies, which attack and destroy its own cells and body tissues. The reasons why this happens are unknown. One theory is that it may be a combination of a genetically inherited tendency triggered by environmental factors such as; certain viruses, drugs, immunisations, parasite rinses, worming treatments, chemicals, trauma and high stress situations.
Autoimmune diseases known to occur in Akitas are as follows:-
THYROID DISEASE and HYPOTHYROIDISM This disease, which slowly destroys the thyroid gland’s tissues over a period of years, leads to a reduction in the production of thyroid hormones. Incidents of the Akita developing this disease are extremely high. In searching for the causes we must never ignore possible relevant factors, including those of an environmental nature. Where we house our dogs in relation to toxic substances eg. Pesticides, fertilisers, industrial pollutants could all be a contributing factor. What we put into our dogs eg. Polluted food & water, drugs orally or intravenously are all environment hazards, which must be considered together with heritability.
The degree of symptoms varies with each animal and not all symptoms may be evident. Skin and coat problems such as, hot spots, dry flaky skin, dull broken coat, lack of coat, itching and chewing are all common symptoms of the disease. Usually misdiagnosed as "allergy" then incorrectly treated with a course of cortisone injections, the treatment is never successful. Although it may appear to offer the animal some relief, it masks the true cause and this often leads to other more damaging problems.
Besides skin problems, other symptoms include weight variations, seizures, intolerance to cold temperatures, loss in appetite, fatigue, lethargy, reproductive irregularity (in both sexes) and most commonly behavioural changes eg. Aggression. Liver, kidney and adrenal disease, susceptibility to infections, anaemia and bleeding can also be added to the list of Thyroid dysfunctions.
Thyroid disease cannot be cured but it can be effectively controlled once correctly diagnosed. Thyroid hormones usually administered in tablet form and given daily will help the animal maintain a relatively happy and normal life. This must be continued for the duration of its life. This disease is rarely found in young dogs and usually presents itself during middle age. Unfortunately, by the time the dog has been diagnosed it has usually already been used for breeding purposes.
PEMPHIGUS FOLIACEUS (PF) PF is another type of autoimmune skin problem found more often in the Akita than any other breed. Unlike thyroid disease this skin problem is where the antibodies attack the skin itself. It is seen as small red spots that rapidly become blisters, then pustules finally forming deep crusts on the footpads, nose, ears and around the eyes. In extreme cases crusts are found over the entire body and loss of pigment may occur.
The dog may appear to be lethargic and depressed and may be stiff gaited or jointed showing lameness. In rare cases in the abdomen and/or legs swelling will occur. Most frequently, thyroid disease is found in addition to PF and this can affect dogs of both sexes at any age. There is no cure but treatment with large doses of steroids or combinations of drugs have been used with some success. These dogs must be monitored regularly and remain on these drugs for the balance of their life.
VOGT-KOYANAGI-HARADA (VKH) & SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
(SLE) Alarmingly both these autoimmune disease are on the increase in Akitas. Symptoms for VKH include loss of pigmentation on the skin, sores on the nose, mouth and genitalia, red patchy skin progressing to hair loss, bloodshot eyes leading to blindness. SLE causes similar skin complaints together with inflammation of the connective tissues and internal organs such as lungs and kidneys. In many cases these diseases are combined with Thyroid disease. To date there is no cure for either disease and early diagnosis is important for any degree of success with treatment.
AUTOIMMUNE HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA (AHA) AHA is a particularly nasty disease where antibodies produced destroys the red blood cells creating uncontrollable anaemia and bone marrow destruction. Lethargy, pale mucous membranes and dark wine-coloured urine resulting in severe anaemia are the symptoms. Once again, there is a distinguishable connection between AHA and thyroid disease. Diagnosis is difficult and can only be made by extracting the dogs’ bone marrow for examination. Administering hormone therapy together with massive amounts of immune-suppressant drugs can reverse the reaction and control the disease. The disease may go into remission but a relapse is likely.
THROMBOCYTOPENIA This is a blood disease that could turn a simple routine surgical procedure into a struggle between life and death. The problem occurs when the blood contains too few platelets (Thrombocytes). Platelets are essential for the blood clotting so in effect the patient could bleed to death. Many Akitas with AHA also have thrombocytopenia. The antibodies that attack the red cells attack the platelets as well.
VON WILLEBRANDS DISEASE (VWD) VWD is another blood disease that affects the bloods ability to clot. It can either be a congenital (present at birth) inherited disease or acquired later in life as an autoimmune disease. Dogs suffer unexplained episodes of internal and external bleeding. Noticeable conditions are blood in stool and/or urine, nosebleeds or bleeding gums, intermittent lameness, stillbirths or neonatal bleeding and severe bleeding from puppy’s umbilical cord. Sadly, there is no treatment or cure.
LIVER DISEASE Liver dysfunction associated with other autoimmune diseases is quite common. Drugs used to treat other autoimmune diseases can trigger liver disease in susceptible dogs. Newer monthly heartworm preventatives, single or combination modified live virus vaccines and sulpha drugs can elevate liver enzymes and induce the disease. Dogs with thyroid dysfunction and VWD are more likely to be affected and females more so than males.
DEGENERATIVE MYELOPATHY (DM) Canine DM is relatively a new disease for the Akita. Only a few confirmed cases have been recorded. Canine DM is similar to Multiple Scleroses (MS) in humans. Both are degenerative neurological diseases of the nervous system. In canine DM the myelin sheaths, which surround the nerve fibres with a protective coating, diminish. Symptoms include weakness of the hindquarters, either recurring or progressive. DM is possibly an inherited autoimmune disease and affected dogs should not be used for breeding. However as the disease usually manifests itself on the older dog (between 5 & 14 years) many would have already been used for breeding. Misdiagnosis as premature old age crippling, arthritis or hip dysplasias are also common. At this stage only experimental drugs and supplements have been slightly successful but there is no cure.
EPILEPSY Seizures of varying degrees caused by electrical disorders of the brain are better known as epileptic seizures. These seizures are usually preceded by behavioural changes, restlessness and anxiety. Seizures may be an early neurological sign of autoimmune thyroid disease. A dog suffering a seizure may collapse and lose consciousness for several minutes. They may foam at the mouth and have uncontrolled head shaking. Accurate diagnosis is essential as seizures can also be caused by allergic reactions to drugs, insect bites, stings, snake bites, heat stroke, low blood sugar, liver disease, infectious diseases, head injuries, brain tumours and poisoning from toxic materials. Epilepsy can be controlled or prevented by treating the primary cause.
SEBACEOUS ADENITIS (SA) SA also on the increase in the Akita, is more of a cosmetic problem than a physically debilitating one. SA is a skin condition usually effecting young adult dogs. Antibodies attack and permanently destroy the sebaceous glands (oil secreting glands that open into the hair follicles on the skin). The symptoms vary with each animal but usually include irreversible and progressive hair loss, thick scaly skin, secondary skin infections and crusty skin lesions. The animal has a strong musky odour. Diagnosis is only by skin biopsy and there is no cure. However, many SA Akita owners have found that by changing the dogs diet to a natural (raw) diet, radicle improvements in the condition of the coat have been noted.
^ Top of page | <urn:uuid:2bb8544b-39a3-4eaf-85ae-9c2db264025a> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.akitasbygoodomen.com.au/immune.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999673298/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060753-00080-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937596 | 1,871 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Making a Living in Gold and Cattle
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
- Identify the major discoveries and developments in western gold, silver, and copper mining in the mid-nineteenth century
- Explain why the cattle industry was paramount to the development of the West and how it became the catalyst for violent range wars
Although homestead farming was the primary goal of most western settlers in the latter half of the nineteenth century, a small minority sought to make their fortunes quickly through other means. Specifically, gold (and, subsequently, silver and copper) prospecting attracted thousands of miners looking to “get rich quick” before returning east. In addition, ranchers capitalized on newly available railroad lines to move longhorn steers that populated southern and western Texas. This meat was highly sought after in eastern markets, and the demand created not only wealthy ranchers but an era of cowboys and cattle drives that in many ways defines how we think of the West today. Although neither miners nor ranchers intended to remain permanently in the West, many individuals from both groups ultimately stayed and settled there, sometimes due to the success of their gamble, and other times due to their abject failure.
THE CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH AND BEYOND
The allure of gold has long sent people on wild chases; in the American West, the possibility of quick riches was no different. The search for gold represented an opportunity far different from the slow plod that homesteading farmers faced. The discovery of gold at Sutter’s Mill in Coloma, California, set a pattern for such strikes that was repeated again and again for the next decade, in what collectively became known as the California Gold Rush. In what became typical, a sudden disorderly rush of prospectors descended upon a new discovery site, followed by the arrival of those who hoped to benefit from the strike by preying off the newly rich. This latter group of camp followers included saloonkeepers, prostitutes, store owners, and criminals, who all arrived in droves. If the strike was significant in size, a town of some magnitude might establish itself, and some semblance of law and order might replace the vigilante justice that typically grew in the small and short-lived mining outposts.
The original Forty-Niners were individual prospectors who sifted gold out of the dirt and gravel through “panning” or by diverting a stream through a sluice box (Figure). To varying degrees, the original California Gold Rush repeated itself throughout Colorado and Nevada for the next two decades. In 1859, Henry T. P. Comstock, a Canadian-born fur trapper, began gold mining in Nevada with other prospectors but then quickly found a blue-colored vein that proved to be the first significant silver discovery in the United States. Within twenty years, the Comstock Lode, as it was called, yielded more than $300 million in shafts that reached hundreds of feet into the mountain. Subsequent mining in Arizona and Montana yielded copper, and, while it lacked the glamour of gold, these deposits created huge wealth for those who exploited them, particularly with the advent of copper wiring for the delivery of electricity and telegraph communication.
By the 1860s and 1870s, however, individual efforts to locate precious metals were less successful. The lowest-hanging fruit had been picked, and now it required investment capital and machinery to dig mine shafts that could reach remaining ore. With a much larger investment, miners needed a larger strike to be successful. This shift led to larger businesses underwriting mining operations, which eventually led to the development of greater urban stability and infrastructure. Denver, Colorado, was one of several cities that became permanent settlements, as businesses sought a stable environment to use as a base for their mining ventures.
For miners who had not yet struck it rich, this development was not a good one. They were now paid a daily or weekly wage to work underground in very dangerous conditions. They worked in shafts where the temperature could rise to above one hundred degrees Fahrenheit, and where poor ventilation might lead to long-term lung disease. They coped with shaft fires, dynamite explosions, and frequent cave-ins. By some historical accounts, close to eight thousand miners died on the frontier during this period, with over three times that number suffering crippling injuries. Some miners organized into unions and led strikes for better conditions, but these efforts were usually crushed by state militias.
Eventually, as the ore dried up, most mining towns turned into ghost towns. Even today, a visit through the American West shows old saloons and storefronts, abandoned as the residents moved on to their next shot at riches. The true lasting impact of the early mining efforts was the resulting desire of the U.S. government to bring law and order to the “Wild West” in order to more efficiently extract natural resources and encourage stable growth in the region. As more Americans moved to the region to seek permanent settlement, as opposed to brief speculative ventures, they also sought the safety and support that government order could bring. Nevada was admitted to the Union as a state in 1864, with Colorado following in 1876, then North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and Washington in 1889; and Idaho and Wyoming in 1890.
THE CATTLE KINGDOM
While the cattle industry lacked the romance of the Gold Rush, the role it played in western expansion should not be underestimated. For centuries, wild cattle roamed the Spanish borderlands. At the end of the Civil War, as many as five million longhorn steers could be found along the Texas frontier, yet few settlers had capitalized on the opportunity to claim them, due to the difficulty of transporting them to eastern markets. The completion of the first transcontinental railroad and subsequent railroad lines changed the game dramatically. Cattle ranchers and eastern businessmen realized that it was profitable to round up the wild steers and transport them by rail to be sold in the East for as much as thirty to fifty dollars per head. These ranchers and businessmen began the rampant speculation in the cattle industry that made, and lost, many fortunes.
So began the impressive cattle drives of the 1860s and 1870s. The famous Chisholm Trail provided a quick path from Texas to railroad terminals in Abilene, Wichita, and Dodge City, Kansas, where cowboys would receive their pay. These “cowtowns,” as they became known, quickly grew to accommodate the needs of cowboys and the cattle industry. Cattlemen like Joseph G. McCoy, born in Illinois, quickly realized that the railroad offered a perfect way to get highly sought beef from Texas to the East. McCoy chose Abilene as a locale that would offer cowboys a convenient place to drive the cattle, and went about building stockyards, hotels, banks, and more to support the business. He promoted his services and encouraged cowboys to bring their cattle through Abilene for good money; soon, the city had grown into a bustling western city, complete with ways for the cowboys to spend their hard-earned pay (Figure).
Between 1865 and 1885, as many as forty thousand cowboys roamed the Great Plains, hoping to work for local ranchers. They were all men, typically in their twenties, and close to one-third of them were Hispanic or African American. It is worth noting that the stereotype of the American cowboy—and indeed the cowboys themselves—borrowed much from the Mexicans who had long ago settled those lands. The saddles, lassos, chaps, and lariats that define cowboy culture all arose from the Mexican ranchers who had used them to great effect before the cowboys arrived.
Life as a cowboy was dirty and decidedly unglamorous. The terrain was difficult; conflicts with Native Americans, especially in Indian Territory (now Oklahoma), were notoriously deadly. But the longhorn cattle were hardy stock, and could survive and thrive while grazing along the long trail, so cowboys braved the trip for the promise of steady employment and satisfying wages. Eventually, however, the era of the free range ended. Ranchers developed the land, limiting grazing opportunities along the trail, and in 1873, the new technology of barbed wire allowed ranchers to fence off their lands and cattle claims. With the end of the free range, the cattle industry, like the mining industry before it, grew increasingly dominated by eastern businessmen. Capital investors from the East expanded rail lines and invested in ranches, ending the reign of the cattle drives.
Barbed Wire and a Way of Life Gone
Called the “devil’s rope” by Indians, barbed wire had a profound impact on the American West. Before its invention, settlers and ranchers alike were stymied by a lack of building materials to fence off land. Communal grazing and long cattle drives were the norm. But with the invention of barbed wire, large cattle ranchers and their investors were able to cheaply and easily parcel off the land they wanted—whether or not it was legally theirs to contain. As with many other inventions, several people “invented” barbed wire around the same time. In 1873, it was Joseph Glidden, however, who claimed the winning design and patented it. Not only did it spell the end of the free range for settlers and cowboys, it kept more land away from Indian tribes, who had never envisioned a culture that would claim to own land (Figure).
In the early twentieth century, songwriter Cole Porter would take a poem by a Montana poet named Bob Fletcher and convert it into a cowboy song called, “Don’t Fence Me In.” As the lyrics below show, the song gave voice to the feeling that, as the fences multiplied, the ethos of the West was forever changed:
Oh, give me land, lots of land, under starry skies above
Don't fence me in
Let me ride thru the wide-open country that I love
Don't fence me in . . .
Just turn me loose
Let me straddle my old saddle underneath the western skies
On my cayuse
Let me wander over yonder till I see the mountains rise
I want to ride to the ridge where the west commences
Gaze at the moon until I lose my senses
I can't look at hobbles and I can't stand fences
Don't fence me in.
VIOLENCE IN THE WILD WEST: MYTH AND REALITY
The popular image of the Wild West portrayed in books, television, and film has been one of violence and mayhem. The lure of quick riches through mining or driving cattle meant that much of the West did indeed consist of rough men living a rough life, although the violence was exaggerated and even glorified in the dime store novels of the day. The exploits of Wyatt Earp, Doc Holiday, and others made for good stories, but the reality was that western violence was more isolated than the stories might suggest. These clashes often occurred as people struggled for the scarce resources that could make or break their chance at riches, or as they dealt with the sudden wealth or poverty that prospecting provided.
Where sporadic violence did erupt, it was concentrated largely in mining towns or during range wars among large and small cattle ranchers. Some mining towns were indeed as rough as the popular stereotype. Men, money, liquor, and disappointment were a recipe for violence. Fights were frequent, deaths were commonplace, and frontier justice reigned. The notorious mining town of Bodie, California, had twenty-nine murders between 1877 and 1883, which translated to a murder rate higher than any other city at that time, and only one person was ever convicted of a crime. The most prolific gunman of the day was John Wesley Hardin, who allegedly killed over twenty men in Texas in various gunfights, including one victim he killed in a hotel for snoring too loudly (Figure).
Ranching brought with it its own dangers and violence. In the Texas cattle lands, owners of large ranches took advantage of their wealth and the new invention of barbed wire to claim the prime grazing lands and few significant watering holes for their herds. Those seeking only to move their few head of cattle to market grew increasingly frustrated at their inability to find even a blade of grass for their meager herds. Eventually, frustration turned to violence, as several ranchers resorted to vandalizing the barbed wire fences to gain access to grass and water for their steers. Such vandalism quickly led to cattle rustling, as these cowboys were not averse to leading a few of the rancher’s steers into their own herds as they left.
One example of the violence that bubbled up was the infamous Fence Cutting War in Clay County, Texas (1883–1884). There, cowboys began destroying fences that several ranchers erected along public lands: land they had no right to enclose. Confrontations between the cowboys and armed guards hired by the ranchers resulted in three deaths—hardly a “war,” but enough of a problem to get the governor’s attention. Eventually, a special session of the Texas legislature addressed the problem by passing laws to outlaw fence cutting, but also forced ranchers to remove fences illegally erected along public lands, as well as to place gates for passage where public areas adjoined private lands.
An even more violent confrontation occurred between large ranchers and small farmers in Johnson County, Wyoming, where cattle ranchers organized a “lynching bee” in 1891–1892 to make examples of cattle rustlers. Hiring twenty-two “invaders” from Texas to serve as hired guns, the ranch owners and their foremen hunted and subsequently killed the two rustlers best known for organizing the owners of the smaller Wyoming farms. Only the intervention of federal troops, who arrested and then later released the invaders, allowing them to return to Texas, prevented a greater massacre.
While there is much talk—both real and mythical—of the rough men who lived this life, relatively few women experienced it. While homesteaders were often families, gold speculators and cowboys tended to be single men in pursuit of fortune. The few women who went to these wild outposts were typically prostitutes, and even their numbers were limited. In 1860, in the Comstock Lode region of Nevada, for example, there were reportedly only thirty women total in a town of twenty-five hundred men. Some of the “painted ladies” who began as prostitutes eventually owned brothels and emerged as businesswomen in their own right; however, life for these young women remained a challenging one as western settlement progressed. A handful of women, numbering no more than six hundred, braved both the elements and male-dominated culture to become teachers in several of the more established cities in the West. Even fewer arrived to support husbands or operate stores in these mining towns.
As wealthy men brought their families west, the lawless landscape began to change slowly. Abilene, Kansas, is one example of a lawless town, replete with prostitutes, gambling, and other vices, transformed when middle-class women arrived in the 1880s with their cattle baron husbands. These women began to organize churches, school, civic clubs, and other community programs to promote family values. They fought to remove opportunities for prostitution and all the other vices that they felt threatened the values that they held dear. Protestant missionaries eventually joined the women in their efforts, and, while they were not widely successful, they did bring greater attention to the problems. As a response, the U.S. Congress passed both the Comstock Law (named after its chief proponent, anti-obscenity crusader Anthony Comstock) in 1873 to ban the spread of “lewd and lascivious literature” through the mail and the subsequent Page Act of 1875 to prohibit the transportation of women into the United States for employment as prostitutes. However, the “houses of ill repute” continued to operate and remained popular throughout the West despite the efforts of reformers.
Take a look at the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum to determine whether this site’s portrayal of cowboy culture matches or contradicts the history shared in this chapter.
While homesteading was the backbone of western expansion, mining and cattle also played significant roles in shaping the West. Much rougher in character and riskier in outcomes than farming, these two opportunities brought forward a different breed of settler than the homesteaders. Many of the long-trail cattle riders were Mexican American or African American, and most of the men involved in both pursuits were individuals willing to risk what little they had in order to strike it rich.
In both the mining and cattle industries, however, individual opportunities slowly died out, as resources—both land for grazing and easily accessed precious metals—disappeared. In their place came big business, with the infrastructure and investments to make a profit. These businesses built up small towns into thriving cities, and the influx of middle-class families sought to drive out some of the violence and vice that characterized the western towns. Slowly but inexorably, the “American” way of life, as envisioned by the eastern establishment who initiated and promoted the concept of Manifest Destiny, was spreading west.
Which of the following groups was not impacted by the invention of barbed wire?
- illegal prostitutes
The American cowboy owes much of its model to what other culture?
- Northern European immigrants
- Chinese immigrants
How did mining and cattle ranching transform individual “get rich quick” efforts into “big business” efforts when the nineteenth century came to a close?
In the cases of both mining and cattle ranching, diminishing resources played a key role. In mining, the first prospectors were able to pan for gold with crude and inexpensive materials, and therefore, almost anyone could head west and try his luck. Similarly, the quantity of cattle and the amount of grazing land meant that cowboys and would-be cattle barons had ample room to spread out. But as the easiest minerals were stripped away and large-scale ranchers purchased, developed, and fenced off grazing land, opportunities diminished. It took significantly more resources to tunnel down into a mine than it did to pan for gold; instead of individual prospectors, companies would assess a site’s potential and then seek investment to hire workers and drill deep into the earth. Likewise, as the cattle trails were over-grazed, ranchers needed to purchase and privatize large swaths of land to prepare their cattle for market. | <urn:uuid:282c3711-64d0-42e6-a9e9-bd60b9cadb1a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://oercommons.org/courseware/lesson/15485/overview | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100710.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208013411-20231208043411-00160.warc.gz | en | 0.978389 | 3,849 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Annotation is the practice of highlighting, underlining or jotting notes in the margins while reading. Creating comments which are usually a phrase to a couple of sentences gives points of reference and relevance to the writing.
Learning to annotate in books that you’ll use as reference in the future is helpful for several reasons.
- Placing notes with definitions help with the understanding of the document or work.
- Notes will remind you of your frame of reference.
- Stream of thought notes will recreate those moments of discovery or realization.
- Words and thoughts will move you from one thought to another for growth through a systematic form of logic.
Read a passage. Pause. Do you have any questions or thoughts? Write them in the margin.
As an example: The first paragraph of the Gettysburg Address with Annotation
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
What is four score and seven? A score is twenty years – four score is eighty years- 87 years ago.
Who are the fathers? Revolutionary Founders and Country Forefathers: Washington, Adams, Jefferson, Franklin, Hamilton, etc.
Conceived in liberty Dictionary lib·er·ty [lib-er-tee] noun, plural lib·er·ties.1.freedom from arbitrary or despotic government or control. 2. Freedom from external or foreign rule; independence.3.freedom from control, interference, obligation, restriction, hampering conditions, etc.; power or right of doing, thinking, speaking, etc., according to choice.4.freedom from captivity, confinement, or physical restraint: The prisoner soon regained his liberty.5.permission granted to a sailor, especially in the navy, to go ashore.
Why is this speech so moving so many years later?
Gettysburg was haunting when I visited there.
Annotating makes the book your own. It helps study. It helps memory. It helps growth. Annotating is a good habit for readers and writers. | <urn:uuid:c497f8d9-7de6-4288-8bdf-361ba81c6b08> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://whenkateblogs.blogspot.com/2012_06_01_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321426.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627134151-20170627154151-00291.warc.gz | en | 0.915001 | 433 | 4.375 | 4 |
Solomon’s Many Wives 11 1King Solomon loved many women who were not from Israel. He loved the daughter of the king of Egypt, as well as women of the Moabites, Ammonites, Edomites, Sidonians, and Hittites. 2The Lord had told the Israelites, “You must not marry people of other nations. If you do, they will cause you to follow their gods.” But Solomon fell in love with these women. 3He had seven hundred wives who were from royal families and three hundred slave women who gave birth to his children. His wives caused him to turn away from God. 4As Solomon grew old, his wives caused him to follow other gods. He did not follow the Lord completely as his father David had done. 5Solomon worshiped Ashtoreth, the goddess of the people of Sidon, and Molech, the hated god of the Ammonites. 6So Solomon did what the Lord said was wrong and did not follow the Lord completely as his father David had done. 7On a hill east of Jerusalem, Solomon built two places for worship. One was a place to worship Chemosh, the hated god of the Moabites, and the other was a place to worship Molech, the hated god of the Ammonites. 8Solomon did the same thing for all his foreign wives so they could burn incense and offer sacrifices to their gods. 9The Lord had appeared to Solomon twice, but the king turned away from following the Lord, the God of Israel. The Lord was angry with Solomon, 10because he had commanded Solomon not to follow other gods. But Solomon did not obey the Lord’s command. 11So the Lord said to Solomon, “Because you have chosen to break your agreement with me and have not obeyed my commands, I will tear your kingdom away from you and give it to one of your officers. 12But I will not take it away while you are alive because of my love for your father David. I will tear it away from your son when he becomes king. 13I will not tear away all the kingdom from him, but I will leave him one tribe to rule. I will do this because of David, my servant, and because of Jerusalem, the city I have chosen.” Solomon’s Enemies 14The Lord caused Hadad the Edomite, a member of the family of the king of Edom, to become Solomon’s enemy. 15Earlier, David had defeated Edom. When Joab, the commander of David’s army, went into Edom to bury the dead, he killed all the males. 16Joab and all the Israelites stayed in Edom for six months and killed every male in Edom. 17At that time Hadad was only a young boy, so he ran away to Egypt with some of his father’s officers. 18They left Midian and went to Paran, where they were joined by other men. Then they all went to Egypt to see the king, who gave Hadad a house, some food, and some land. 19The king liked Hadad so much he gave Hadad a wife— the sister of Tahpenes, the king’s wife. 20They had a son named Genubath. Queen Tahpenes brought him up in the royal palace with the king’s own children. 21While he was in Egypt, Hadad heard that David had died and that Joab, the commander of the army, was dead also. So Hadad said to the king, “Let me go; I will return to my own country.” 22“Why do you want to go back to your own country?” the king asked. “What haven’t I given you here?” “Nothing,” Hadad answered, “but please, let me go.” 23God also caused another man to be Solomon’s enemy— Rezon son of Eliada. Rezon had run away from his master, Hadadezer king of Zobah. 24After David defeated the army of Zobah, Rezon gathered some men and became the leader of a small army. They went to Damascus and settled there, and Rezon became king of Damascus. 25Rezon ruled Aram, and he hated Israel. So he was an enemy of Israel all the time Solomon was alive. Both Rezon and Hadad made trouble for Israel. 26Jeroboam son of Nebat was one of Solomon’s officers. He was an Ephraimite from the town of Zeredah, and he was the son of a widow named Zeruah. Jeroboam turned against the king. 27This is the story of how Jeroboam turned against the king. Solomon was filling in the land and repairing the wall of Jerusalem, the city of David, his father. 28Jeroboam was a capable man, and Solomon saw that this young man was a good worker. So Solomon put him over all the workers from the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh. 29One day as Jeroboam was leaving Jerusalem, Ahijah, the prophet from Shiloh, who was wearing a new coat, met him on the road. The two men were alone out in the country. 30Ahijah took his new coat and tore it into twelve pieces. 31Then he said to Jeroboam, “Take ten pieces of this coat for yourself. The Lord, the God of Israel, says: ‘I will tear the kingdom away from Solomon and give you ten tribes. 32But I will allow him to control one tribe. I will do this for the sake of my servant David and for Jerusalem, the city I have chosen from all the tribes of Israel. 33I will do this because Solomon has stopped following me and has worshiped the Sidonian god Ashtoreth, the Moabite god Chemosh, and the Ammonite god Molech. Solomon has not obeyed me by doing what I said is right and obeying my laws and commands, as his father David did. 34“ ‘But I will not take all the kingdom away from Solomon. I will let him rule all his life because of my servant David, whom I chose, who obeyed all my commands and laws. 35But I will take the kingdom away from his son, and I will allow you to rule over the ten tribes. 36I will allow Solomon’s son to continue to rule over one tribe so that there will always be a descendant of David, my servant, in Jerusalem, the city where I chose to be worshiped. 37But I will make you rule over everything you want. You will rule over all of Israel, 38and I will always be with you if you do what I say is right. You must obey all my commands. If you obey my laws and commands as David did, I will be with you. I will make your family a lasting family of kings, as I did for David, and give Israel to you. 39I will punish David’s children because of this, but I will not punish them forever.’ ” Solomon’s Death 40Solomon tried to kill Jeroboam, but he ran away to Egypt, to Shishak king of Egypt, where he stayed until Solomon died. 41Everything else King Solomon did, and the wisdom he showed, is written in the book of the history of Solomon. 42Solomon ruled in Jerusalem over all Israel for forty years. 43Then he died and was buried in Jerusalem, the city of David, his father. And his son Rehoboam became king in his place.
New Century Version® / © 2005 Thomas Nelson, Inc. About | <urn:uuid:daf47b88-7adb-4bf9-987c-dd1ce105c590> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.just1word.com/ncv/1_kings/11 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105970.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820034343-20170820054343-00100.warc.gz | en | 0.983892 | 1,610 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Microgrids—local energy grids with independent control capabilities—have significant benefits when it comes to delivery energy to homes, business and other buildings.
These energy systems are typically connected to the central power grid, but can break off and operate independently using local energy generation powered by distributed generators, batteries or other renewable resources.
A group of researchers from Lehigh University, the Global Energy Interconnection Research Institute North America and Zhejiang University in China are working to improve microgrids, developing a new robust direct current (DC) microgrid system that can deliver energy safely without interruptions from inclement weather or system overload due to peak consumption.
Most DC systems—where energy moves in one direction—are vulnerable to sudden changes, including changes in load that can cause a voltage overload.
The team enhanced a microgrid with a single-DC source in such a way that it functions as a safe and reliable electricity source. They did this by aligning several energy sources in parallel and basing the microgrid on a decentralized control algorithm.
“In order to create parallel DC microgrids that function safely and efficiently, focus should be placed on two things,” Wenxin Liu, PhD, a corresponding author and associate professor with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Lehigh University, said in a statement. “One is the regulation of voltage and one is the amount of electricity that is shared among users in a network.”
Decentralized control means there is not a single point within the grid where a decision is made. Instead, each point within the grid makes its own decision, ultimately resulting in output that is an aggregate response of all of the nodes.
The new setup enables the researchers to produce a microgrid that delivers a substantial amount of electricity while avoiding system overloads and potential shutdowns.
“The parallel operation of distribution generators offers several advantages including expandability, reliability, efficiency, and ease of maintenance,” Liu said. “This single-energy-source topology has a wide range of applications within electrical power systems of avionics, automotive, telecom, marine, and rural areas.”
The study was published in IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica (JAS).
Using microgrids for more efficient renewable energy
The study comes on the heels of a separate study, also published in IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica, conducted by researchers from Politecnico di Bari in Italy, which shows that microgrids can ultimately help maximize the efficiency of renewable energy consumption. They’ve proposed a method to schedule electrical energy activities in smart homes connected in a microgrid to a distributor.
The researchers demonstrated that residents within the microgrid could distribute energy amongst each other in a way to lower the overall load and demand for renewable energy.
By providing buildings and homes with a variety of small, interconnected energy resources, the researchers believe they can reduce energy loss in the process of distributing and transmitting energy from natural sources like wind and solar.
This set-up also can balance out the supply of electricity, as wind and sunlight are often inconsistent sources of energy, forcing systems to store surplus energy, which can be costly.
To test their new system, the researchers scheduled the electrical energy activities of a microgrid of smart homes, where each individual home can exchange their surplus renewable energy and optimally plan their energy usage.
“The proposed approach allows maximally exploiting the locally harvested energy, while ensuring that privacy about users’ consumption schedules is maintained,” Raffaele Carli, PhD, corresponding author and research fellow at Politecnico di Bari, said in a statement.
With that knowledge, the researchers proposed a decentralized optimization algorithm that will enable each entity within the grid to act as a single electricity load node.
The researchers plan on improving estimations of the parameters that revolve around optimization, with the long-term goal of increasing efficiency.
“The next step is to address a more complex scenario where residential users are eventually equipped with energy storage systems, whose capacities are reallocated among users,” Carli said. “In this case the energy management aims at defining a control strategy that additionally ensures an optimal energy storage sharing, while simultaneously planning the consumption profile of the controllable appliances, the exchanged renewable energy among users, and energy to be bought/sold from the distribution network.” | <urn:uuid:e344d39d-6b00-43f8-b8dc-39500bdda187> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.rdworldonline.com/researchers-turn-to-microgrids-to-improve-energy-system-efficiency/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646144.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530194919-20230530224919-00118.warc.gz | en | 0.927055 | 907 | 3.34375 | 3 |
The Human Face of the The Antennae Galaxies
This is a mouse rollover effect: Place the cursor over the image to see the visual change.
The wonderful new view of the Antennae Galaxies in Collision was discovered recently by the Hubble telescope.
The photo was represented on the web by top websites as National Geographic and Astronomy Picture of the Day.
None of them had mentioned its similarity to the human face, which is so striking.
This is although the attribution of human characteristics to animals and inanimate is very typical to the human race and may grow with the progress of artificial intelligence.
Almost any Astronomical discovery receives an anthropomorphic nickname, but very few have similarity to Anatomy and 'Mars Face' reflects the interest in this issue.
Created at November 3, 2006 by Avinoam Amizan | <urn:uuid:c939b4a2-2727-4097-b1e1-17e7988e374d> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.holylandmap.net/anthro/spaceface.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320226.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624050312-20170624070312-00300.warc.gz | en | 0.955777 | 172 | 3 | 3 |
This chapter provides information to help you take advantage of the graPHIGS API's advanced input and event handling capabilities. It contains a discussion of logical and physical input devices, input device triggers, cursor shape control, and extensions to the PHIGS input model. A short review of the PHIGS input model will be presented followed by a discussion of the advanced graPHIGS API functions. If you are unfamiliar with using the graPHIGS API to obtain input, see Chapter 7. "Input Devices" located in the first part of this book.
This section contains a short overview of the PHIGS input device model. Later portions of this chapter will discuss the graPHIGS API extensions to the model that provide you with greater control over input processing.
In order to promote application portability, the PHIGS standard adopted the concept of logical input devices. The logical input device model shields your application programs from differences in hardware input capabilities by providing a consistent method of acquiring input.
Each logical input device has the concept of a measure The measure is a value determined by one or more physical input devices together with a measure mapping The measure reflects the current state of the logical input value and is continuously updated while the logical input device is active.
The PHIGS standard defines six logical input device classes. A class is defined by the measure returned by the device as described below:
The logical input device model also includes the concept of triggers. A trigger is used to indicate a significant point in time when an operation is to be performed on the measure or the state of the logical input device. The logical input device model is illustrated in the figure, "PHIGS Input Device Model." Input triggers are discussed in detail later in this chapter.
In addition to the measure and trigger, a logical input device may generate output to indicate the current state of the device's measure or to acknowledge the receipt of a trigger. This output is usually visible or audible and is called the input device ECHO
As discussed in the first part of this book (Basic), the method of obtaining the measure of a device depends upon the device's Operating Mode. The three modes defined by the PHIGS standard are 1=REQUEST , 2=SAMPLE , and 3=EVENT as defined in the following sections.
An input device in REQUEST mode is inactive until your application program specifically requests input from the device. Control will not return to your application program until the request is satisfied by the user triggering the device.
When an input device is in SAMPLE mode the device is active meaning that it is ready to provide input. To obtain the input, your application program samples the device's current measure. The most common use of SAMPLE mode input is to determine the current measure of a LOCATOR or VALUATOR device. Other devices have limited utility in SAMPLE mode.
Like a device in SAMPLE mode, a device in EVENT mode is active but, instead of your application program sampling the device for input, the user triggers the device to generate the input. Because you can trigger the device at any time, the input is placed in an event queue to be processed when your application program is ready. EVENT mode input allows you to input data even if your application is busy doing something else.
To determine if an event has occurred your application calls the Await Event (GPAWEV) subroutine. If the event queue is empty, GPAWEV will wait for a specified number of seconds for an event to occur. If an event occurs during the wait or there is an event on the queue when GPAWEV is called, GPAWEV will return the following information:
If the wait time elapses, the event class will be 0=NONE
In the PHIGS standard, only input devices can generate events. Therefore, the major code is defined as the workstation identifier, the event class is the input device class, and the minor code is the input device number. If the event class is not 0=NONE , your application can retrieve the event information from the current event report, using one of the graPHIGS API get event subroutine calls. For example, if the event class returned by GPAWEV indicates that the event was generated by a choice device (class = 4), your application would call the Get Choice (GPGTCH) subroutine to get the choice information from the event queue.
The concept of events has been extended in the graPHIGS API to define events that are not related to input devices as discussed in the following section.
In addition to input device events, the graPHIGS API can also generate and process events which are not related to input devices. This section describes each of those events, how they are generated, and how your application can use them. All events are categorized by the event class parameter of the Await Event (GPAWEV) subroutine as listed below:
This class is currently used to notify your application that the 5080 link switch is switched away from your application and therefore no graPHIGS API subroutines should be directed to that 5080. This event also indicates that a workstation which is realized as a virtual workstation is disconnected from the actual hardware workstation. The major code contains the workstation's identifier but the minor code is not set.
This class is currently used to notify your application that the 5080 link switch is switched back to the application but, since the state of the 5080 is not known, the workstation should be closed, reopened, and reinitialized. The event is also used to indicate that a workstation realized as a virtual workstation has been reconnected to the actual hardware workstation. The major code contains the workstation's identifier but the minor code is not set.
High function workstations can update their display surface without forcing your application to wait for the update to complete. When your application calls an Update Workstation (GPUPWS) or Redraw All Structures (GPRAST) subroutine, the graPHIGS APIwill initiate the update and return control to your application. Some time later the update will be complete.
An event of this class is generated when an update completion notification has been requested using the Set Shell Deferral State (GPSHDF) subroutine and the graPHIGS APInucleus has completed the processing of a previously invoked GPUPWS or GPRAST The major code contains the workstation identifier and the minor code contains the display status.
This event class is returned when the size of a group of simultaneous events exceeds the input buffer size that is being used by the nucleus for sending events from the nucleus to the shell. The major code will contain the workstation identifier and the minor code is undefined.
This class is returned when the user changes the size of an X-Window containing the output of a X-Window-type workstation. The major code contains the workstation identifier and the minor code is undefined. In order to receive this event, you must enable notification using the escape (GPES) subroutine with function 1009. After receiving a resize notification event, your application can use the Inquire Mapped Display Surface Size (GPQMDS) subroutine to obtain the size of the mapped display surface. (The mapped display surface is the subarea of the X-Window that the workstation uses as the display surface for graphics output.) Note that the display surface size returned by Inquire Maximum Display Surface Size (GPQDS) and Inquire Maximum Display Surface Size (GPQADS), does not change as the window is resized. You can specify the aspect ratio of the display surface in the X-Window by using the XWINDASP PROCOPT.
The following class values are defined for application messages:
This class shows that an application message event was generated by another application process using the Send Broadcast Message (GPSBMS) subroutine. The major and minor codes and event data are set to the values specified by the other application process.
This class shows that an application message event was generated by another application process using the Send Private Message (GPSPMS) subroutine. The major and minor codes and event data are set to the values specified by the other application process.
With the introduction of application message events, the maximum size of events and the number of events that the queue should hold will be more application specific. Therefore, your application may now define the size of the event queue through the External Defaults File (EDF) or through the Application Defaults Interface Block (ADIB) parameter of the Open graPHIGS subroutine. ADIBs and EDFs are discussed in detail in The graPHIGS Programming Interface: Technical Reference
For more information on the use of application messages, see Chapter 10. "Advanced Concepts"
In order to prevent loss of data due to out-of-memory errors on a graPHIGS API nucleus, a "threshold exceeded" event is supported. The event is generated whenever the storage allocated to a structure store exceeds a specified threshold value. The structure store threshold value is set using the Set Structure Store Threshold (GPSSTH) subroutine. The event will only be generated once per setting.
The event major code contains the structure store identifier that caused the event and the minor code contains the threshold value that was exceeded.
Some applications require greater control over how events are processed. To accommodate that need, the graPHIGS API permits your application to specify an event handling function through the Define Event Handling Function (GPEVHN) subroutine. GPEVHN takes the following two parameters:
|handler||the address of your application defined event handler|
|anchor||a pointer to an anchor block defined by yourapplication.|
Whenever an event occurs, your event handler will be called by the graPHIGS API and passed the following parameters by reference using the operating system's standard calling convention:
|anchor||your application anchor block specified in the call to GPEVHN|
|major||the major code of the event|
|class||the class of the event|
|minor||the minor code of the event|
|length||the length of the event data|
|data||the event data|
|sflag||an event status flag indicating the following:
|rflag||a return flag which your event handler should set to indicate whether or not the event should be queued or discarded.|
Event handlers are subject to the following restrictions:
With the stated restrictions, the function of most event handlers should be limited to the following:
The phrase "physical input device" refers to the actual hardware device used to implement a logical input device as shown in the figure, "PHIGS Input Device Model." For example, a computer keyboard is a physical input device used to implement a logical string input device.
In order to meet the needs of application programmers, the graPHIGS API extends the PHIGS input model to allow your application program to map additional physical input devices to the PHIGS logical input devices as described in the following sections.
Each physical device is categorized by the type of input it provides. The currently defined categories are 1=BUTTON , 2=SCALAR , and 3=2D_VECTOR as discussed below:
A device in the BUTTON category will provide a discrete integer value when some transition of the physical device takes place such as when a key on a keyboard is depressed. The set of integer values that a device may return are not required to lie within one contiguous range. This device is further characterized by the list of all possible integers that it may return. This would correspond to the keys on a keyboard for example. If a device can detect make and break transitions, then distinct integer values are provided for each.
A SCALAR device will provide an integer within a single range. A specific SCALAR physical device may return either absolute or relative values. For an absolute device, the limits of the range are the devices' physical limits (minimum and maximum value that the device can input). For a relative device, there is no minimum value so a value of zero is used. The maximum value of the range represents the number of increments of physical motion. A unit of physical motion is different for different physical devices. For example, for a dial device, one unit of physical motion equals one turn of the dial. These values will in reality be related to the operation of the corresponding logical input device. The physical input is mapped to the range of input values that the logical device can input as specified by the application on the initialize device subroutine call.
A 2D_VECTOR device is similar to a SCALAR device except that two integer values are generated by the device instead of one. It is often used to control the cursor displayed on the screen. The device can provide either relative or absolute values. A mouse is an example of a 2D_VECTOR device that would return relative values, while a tablet is a 2D_VECTOR device that would return absolute values. For an absolute device, the limits of the range are the devices' physical limits. The minimum and maximum values generally correspond to the edges of the screen in the case of a device connected to the graphics cursor. For a relative device, there is no minimum limit so a value of zero is used. The maximum value of the range represents the number of increments of one unit of physical motion. For a mouse physical device, one unit of physical motion equals the amount of motion necessary to move the cursor from one edge of the screen to its opposite edge. The limits of the range, as with SCALAR devices, are mapped to the range that the corresponding logical device can input as specified by the application on the initialize device subroutine call.
Some applications require the use of physical input devices other than those defined and explicitly supported by the graPHIGS API In order to meet that requirement and still isolate your application from the characteristics of a physical device and provide the measure mapping operations of logical input devices, the graPHIGS API allows your application to logically and physically detach the default set of physical devices and emulate them instead.
For example, the IBM digitizer is a physical device which may be accessed directly by your application. Tailoring this device to the task the end user is performing will give you desirable results. One possibility is to use a section of the digitizer to emulate the normal operation of the tablet by providing the user with a way to switch between using the tablet or a section of the digitizer as the physical device that is driving the PICK , LOCATOR , and STROKE logical devices. This would allow the user the convenience of using these logical devices from either the tablet or digitizer.
The graPHIGS API cannot provide the same level of functions that your application can by accessing the digitizer directly. Even if the graPHIGS API were to perform the tablet emulation described above, most applications would still require access to the unique characteristics of the digitizer such as control over granularity, access to puck keys, lights, and audible alarms.
This same argument applies to other IBM and non-IBM devices which you may choose to use. Each physical device has many different characteristics and it would be impractical for the graPHIGS API to support every one.
To allow your application to replace and emulate a physical device, the graPHIGS API provides the Set Physical Device Mode (GPPDMO) subroutine. The parameters for this subroutine include the physical device category, identifier, and mode. The mode may be specified as either 1=DISABLED or 2=ENABLED When DISABLED , the physical device will not generate any input to the logical input devices to which it is normally connected. ENABLED is the default mode that permits the physical device to drive the logical devices. When a physical device is disabled, your application may emulate it using the Emulate Physical Device (GPEPD) subroutine. The parameters of GPEPD are defined as follows:
|wsid||workstation identifier of the device to be emulated|
|category||physical device category (1=BUTTON , 2=SCALAR , or 3=2D_VECTOR )|
|device||physical device identifier|
|value||emulated input value(s) to be passed to the logical input device(s).|
The simulated input will be passed to the set of logical input devices that are connected to the specified physical device. If the specified input values do not fall within the range normally generated by the physical device or the physical device does not exist, an error will be generated. The normal operation of the logical input device is unchanged.
The characteristics of a physical input device can be determined with the Inquire Physical Device Characteristics (GPQPDC) subroutine. The input parameters to GPQPDC are the physical device category and a physical device identifier. GPQPDC returns information which is dependent on the category of the physical device.
In Version 1 of the graPHIGS API, logical input devices were not available to your application if the required physical input devices were not present. With the introduction of physical input device emulation, there are cases where your application may require emulation of physical devices that are not really present. Therefore, a new defaults option has been defined that allows your application to control whether or not logical input devices are created even if the corresponding physical devices are not present. This option is specified as a 'procopt' in either an External Defaults File (EDF) or through a parameter of the Create Workstation (GPCRWS) subroutine. When logical devices are specified unconditional upon creation, your application must use the Inquire Physical Device Characteristics (GPQPDC) subroutine to determine if the physical device is actually present.
Each logical input device may have one or more trigger levels with one trigger each. Each trigger level corresponds to an atomic operation on the measure or state of an input device.
The first or primarytrigger level causes the logical input device to pass its current measure value back to your application or to add the measure to the event queue depending on the mode of the logical input device. Every logical input device has a primary trigger.
Trigger levels greater than the first
(secondary) are used to change the measure or the
state of the logical input device.
As an example, the following table summarizes the secondary
triggers for the STROKE
logical input devices
supported by the 5080 workstation type:
Table: 5080 Secondary Trigger Levels
A trigger for any level can be generated by one or more physical input devices in conjunction with a trigger mapping A trigger only affects a logical input device that is in EVENT mode or has a REQUEST pending. Triggers at any other time have no effect on the logical input device.
The relationship between the physical and logical input
devices is determined by the workstation developer and
cannot be altered.
For example, the following table lists the physical input
devices and the logical input device measure and trigger
processes which use them:
Table: 5080 Physical/Logical Device
|Physical Device||Logical Device
|Puck or Stylus||CHOICE 2||LOCATOR 1,2|
|LPFK||CHOICE 1||LOCATOR 1,2|
|Dial 1||VALUATOR 1||VALUATOR 1|
|Dial 2||VALUATOR 2||VALUATOR 2|
|Dial 3||VALUATOR 3||VALUATOR 3|
|Dial 4||VALUATOR 4||VALUATOR 4|
|Dial 5||VALUATOR 5||VALUATOR 5|
|Dial 6||VALUATOR 6||VALUATOR 6|
|Dial 7||VALUATOR 7||VALUATOR 7|
|Dial 8||VALUATOR 8||VALUATOR 8|
Each logical input device has a set of BUTTON physical devices which are used to trigger any of the logical device's trigger levels. Since a BUTTON physical device can generate many values, the trigger mapping for each logical input device acts as a filter on these values so that only a subset will actually trigger the logical device.
The programmable trigger concept allows your application to modify the trigger mapping by selecting which buttons on a physical BUTTON device will trigger each of the trigger levels of the logical device. A trigger mapping includes the following information:
|Trigger Type||A trigger type value greater than zero represents a physical device identifier from the BUTTON category that is to be used to generate the trigger. Values less than zero are reserved for triggers not generated by physical devices.|
|Trigger Qualifier||A trigger qualifier defines which values from the physical BUTTON device will trigger the specified trigger level. These values may be specified as ranges for convenience.|
The list of BUTTON type physical devices that may be used for triggering a specific logical input device can be determined using the Inquire Input Trigger Capabilities (GPQIT) subroutine. This subroutine defines the correspondence between the physical devices and the triggers of the logical input devices.
Some national languages such as Japanese allow the user to enter a pre-editing mode or to view pop-up translation menus (auxiliary windows) while typing in a string device. In these modes, characters are interpreted by a special language processor (the Input Method for AIX), before they are entered into the graPHIGS string device.
Triggers behave as follows during pre-editing mode and when auxiliary windows are present:
Programmable triggers have been extended to include the notion of firing the primary trigger when the physical measure changes. The change in measure trigger allows your application to follow the motion the mouse or tablet puck as it moves. This is a very common mode of operation. For example, your application may use the cursor to input values for a transformation matrix based on cursor's XY screen location. This type of trigger has always been used for the VALUATOR devices in EVENT mode but was not exposed since the VALUATOR does not have programmable triggers.
The change in measure trigger is set by the Set Input Device Trigger (GPIT) subroutine where the trigger type parameter is -1 and is only valid for the primary trigger level of a logical input device.
The low trigger threshold qualifier specifies the minimum change, in 2D_VECTOR physical device units, needed for triggering. Use GPQPDC to determine the valid ranges for the 2D_VECTOR devices. The high trigger qualifier is not used for this trigger type and must be set to 0.
For PICK devices, the graPHIGS API accumulates the distance from one event to the next and correlates only when the low qualifier threshold is exceeded, except for the last event occurring in a chain of events. The last in a chain of events is always correlated, regardless of the low qualifier. Events accumulated prior to the last event are also correlated when they exceed the low qualifier threshold.
This trigger type can be interpreted as an option for the trigger mapping process of the logical input device. When this trigger type is used, the trigger mapping process monitors the physical measure for change and when the cumulative change is more than the value contained in the low trigger qualifier, the primary trigger is fired.
Use the Inquire Input Trigger Capabilities (GPQIT) subroutine to determine whether an input device supports this trigger type.
Note: The graPHIGS API does not limit the change in measure trigger type to use by Distributed Application Processes (DAPs) but the communications overhead will be high if the program receiving the events does not reside in the same node as the one to which the user's display is directly attached.
The trigger when primary fires mode allows the secondary trigger to correspond to the same event as the primary trigger. Trigger when primary fires is set by the Set Input Device Trigger (GPIT) subroutine where the trigger type parameter is -2 and is only valid for the secondary trigger level of a logical input device. The low and high trigger qualifiers have no meaning and must be set to 0.
When used in combination, trigger by measure (trigger type -1), and trigger when primary fires (trigger type -2), implement a sliding pick device that returns an event for the first primitive crossed if correlation is set to ON trigger by measure should be set to a small value to avoid skipping primitives.
Input Device Dependent Triggers are used by some logical input devices as a default trigger type because the input device uses a special type of trigger or one which is mode dependent. A VALUATOR input device on the 5080 workstation is a good example of this. On a 5080 workstation the enter key is the primary trigger for VALUATOR devices in REQUEST mode but movement is the primary trigger in EVENT mode. The default trigger for a VALUATOR is "logical input device dependent" to allow workstations to support programmable triggers without returning ambiguous or incorrect information on inquiry subroutines. The Input Device Dependent Trigger type is only returned from inquiry subroutine and is never valid as a parameter to a trigger setting subroutine call.
On several of the workstations supported by the graPHIGS API, the graphics cursor is used as the prompt for LOCATOR , STROKE , and PICK input devices. Each one of the logical input devices has a different prompt shape. The LOCATOR uses a "+" shape, the STROKE uses an "X" and the PICK device uses a box whose size corresponds to the current pick aperture. The prompt is only displayed when the device is active and the cursor is in the input device's ECHO area. Since ECHO areas may partially overlay each other, the shape of the cursor may change as it is moved around the screen passing through different combinations of active ECHO areas.
The cursor is drawn by display adapter hardware in some configurations. This produces cursor movement performance that is independent of screen content. Many application developers like to define their own cursor shapes. Two workstation subroutines are provided to accomplish this. The Set Cursor Shape (GPCUS) subroutine selects the cursor shape for a specified workstation. The second parameter of GPCUS is an index which selects either a specific type of cursor, such as a cross hair, or an entry in the workstation's cursor shape table. GPCUS also allows the selection of a two-color (XOR echo) representation of any of the workstation cursors, as well as an option to disable the graPHIGS API cursors and allow the application to use the default cursor facilities native to a window system such as those provided by X-Windows. (See HWCURS PROCOPT for information on using the hardware crosshair cursor.) Use the Set Cursor Representation (GPCUR) subroutine to redefine an entry in the workstation's cursor shape table. When an entry is selected, that cursor shape is used for all logical input devices that require a graphics cursor. The cursor shape, therefore, is not unique to the logical input device nor does it change as the cursor moves around the screen unless it moves outside the echo area or the application changes it. GPCUR takes the following parameters:
The size of the cursor shape table and the cursor formats that are supported by a workstation can be determined through the Inquire Cursor Facilities (GPQCUF) subroutine. The only cursor format currently defined requires a two-dimensional array of pixel values with 1 bit per pixel. For this format, the cursor definition must contain the following:
Note: For this format, the specified array sizes must match the maximum size pixel array which can be inquired using GPQCUF
Based on the organization of your graphics data and performance considerations, you may choose to have the graPHIGS API return the FIRST or LAST primitive which is detected by a PICK device. In addition, some application programmers would like their applications to receive every primitive that passes through the PICK aperture. This allows your application or the user to make the decision as to which primitive of those passing through the PICK aperture is the actual target of the operation. You may also choose to perform some operations on every primitive which passes through the PICK aperture.
The pick selection criteria controls whether the FIRST , LAST or ALL primitives passing through the PICK aperture are returned to your application. This characteristic of a PICK device can be initialized through the Set Pick Selection Criteria (GPPKSC) escape subroutine. One of the parameters passed to GPPKSC controls whether or not the pick selection criteria is FIRST , LAST , or ALL For selection criteria ALL , every primitive which intersects the PICK aperture will be echoed when pick echoing is ON
If the Pick Selection Criteria is set to ALL and a REQUEST or SAMPLE function is invoked for the PICK device, only information about the FIRST pick primitive will be returned. When the PICK device is in EVENT mode, the list of picked primitives will be returned as simultaneous events. Each event will only contain the information for a single primitive. Several locations on the same curve or surface may lie within the PICK aperture. Each primitive will be returned only once, even if the selection criteria is set to ALL
In addition to controlling the picked primitive using the FIRST , LAST , and ALL order of processing, your application can control the picking of primitives effected by HLHSR processing. The criteria FIRST_VISIBLE , LAST_VISIBLE , and ALL_VISIBLE refer to those primitives that are in the PICK aperture and are visible based on the HLHSR processing. The criteria FIRST , LAST , and ALL refer to those primitives that are in the PICK aperture but not necessarily visible based on HLHSR processing. Any effect due to HLHSR processing does not change which object is picked (i.e., the selected object may not be displayed when HLHSR is active). If a workstation does not support HLHSR processing, then the visible PICK modes operate the same as normal PICK modes.
PICK correlation is the process of determining which graphical elements are intersected by a PICK device's aperture. Typically, correlation is turned on when the user causes a secondary trigger to fire by pressing and holding down a mouse, stylus, or puck button. Releasing the button causes the PICK device's primary trigger to fire and the PICK measure to be sent to your application. Some applications developers however, always want PICK correlation turned ON
By default, the graPHIGS API defines PICK correlation to be OFF when a PICK device is activated. If you want correlation always ON then the PICK device triggers must be set so that correlation is turned ON by any trigger and only turned OFF if the device is put in REQUEST mode (deactivated). This is not convenient since the user must fire a trigger (press a button) to start the correlation process each time the PICK device is activated.
To alleviate this inconvenience the Set Initial Pick Correlation State (GPIPKC) escape subroutine is defined. GPIPKC takes the following three parameters:
|wsid||the workstation identifier of the PICK device whose correlation state is to be changed|
|device||the PICK device identifier of the PICK device whose correlation state is to be changed|
|state||the Pick Correlation State (1=OFF or 2=ON ).|
A Pick Correlation State of ON specifies that when the device is activated, correlation will be turned on immediately. The default value of OFF specifies that correlation will start when the PICK device's secondary trigger is fired.
Some applications require more information about a picked primitive than a standard PICK device will return. For example, an application may require the view identifier of the picked primitive. Therefore, the PICK device measure has been extended in the graPHIGS API to include the following information:
The extended PICK information is returned by the Get Extended Pick (GPGTXP), Request Extended Pick (GPRQXP), and Sample Extended Pick (GPSMXP) subroutines. If any of the existing pick input subroutines (Get Pick (GPGTPK), Request Pick (GPRQPK), and Sample Pick (GPSMPK)) are issued to a PICK device which returns extended information, only the current pick path without labels will be returned.
Some workstation platforms do not support the extended PICK class. Therefore, to determine if a workstation supports extended PICK , use the Inquire Pick Measure Type (GPQPKT) subroutine. If one of the extended PICK input subroutines is called for a device which does not return extended PICK information, the subroutine call will be rejected with an error. | <urn:uuid:719863ca-1250-4e75-8fcd-87aa666c0eea> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | http://ps-2.kev009.com/tl/techlib/manuals/adoclib/graphigs/phigsund/advinpev.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224654097.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20230608035801-20230608065801-00517.warc.gz | en | 0.882684 | 7,044 | 2.515625 | 3 |
This page aims to give lots of suggestions and ideas for making writing fun and meaningful at home and improving achievement levels at school.
General Tips and Ideas
The basis of all good writing is dependent on knowing lots of words and being able to join them together in interesting ways.
Encourage your child to:
– explain a game or activity
– describe a person, place, picture or thing
– retell stories
– talk about things they have done e.g. visits, day at school – encourage detail
– predict what might happen next in a story, TV programme or sequel to a film
– play word games
Be a writing model and encourage your child to write alongside you for real purposes e.g. shopping lists, birthday/Christmas lists, labels, invitations, thank you letters, emails to friends, postcards, cards for relatives, scrap books of holidays/hobbies/special events, diaries, posters for real events, short stories or poems for family members, menus, texting, bedroom or house rules.
Have an exciting selection of writing materials available e.g. a range of pencils, pens, coloured crayons, writing icing, writing soaps for bathtime.
Praise your child for trying and don’t dwell on mistakes. Focus on content and enjoyment of writing for fun and for purpose.
There are many way to get younger children to write.
Encourage your child to look at print on road signs, food packets, in books, magazines and catalogues. Go to the library and read favourite books over and over again.
Try fun activities that strengthen your child’s hand muscles e.g. cutting, painting, squeezing playdough, picking up small things with tweezers and pegs.
Use magnetic letters and make small words together. Leave a message on the fridge door and encourage your child to reply.
Praise play writing – early squiggles and marks show that your child is beginning to understand writing.
Make up a story together about one of their toys. You write the story as they say the words. Make up a little booklet. Take photos and use the pictures in the book.
Buy stickers of a favourite TV programme or book. Make your own little book about it.
Let your child write their own Christmas cards, thank you letters, cards or emails to friends or relatives, invitations to a party, or a list of things they need to take on holiday.
Cut up letters from magazines for children to make their names and short sentences.
Make handwriting interesting – practise drawing letters in sand, water, or paint, use white boards, playdough, pastry or shaving foam.
As your child begins to develop in writing, it is still important to encourage writing at home. Below are some more ideas which you can use at home.
Play word-building games to develop descriptive vocabulary such as Boggle, Scrabble, Guess Who, ‘What am I?’ (one person thinks of something to describe. They give clues by describing it, without saying its name. Other players have to guess what it is with as few clues as possible.)
Encourage your child to sound out words for themselves rather than telling them how to spell words correctly. This encourages them to think for themselves and to be prepared to have a go. They will learn the correcting spelling over time.
Create silly sentences or tongue twisters using alliteration (a group of words that all begin with the same sound) e.g. Sad Sid slipped on Sam’s salad sandwich.
Let children write part of shopping lists and then let them be responsible for carrying the list and finding certain items.
After making a cake, doing a craft activity or playing a game, challenge children to write instructions for someone else to follow.
Make up fun ways to remember how to spell difficult words e.g. Big Elephants Can Actually Understand Small Elephants = because, what has a hat, when has a hen.
Play ‘I Spy’ and ‘Hangman’ which encourage use of sounds and spellings.
Encourage your child to learn weekly spellings and phonic group spellings. Write the spelling in sentences with accurate punctuation and practice high frequency words and handwriting. Also ensure your child completes homework on time, take an interest in what they are doing, and praise effort.
More Able Writers
Finding new experiences for your child to write is important. You could:
Help your child write a letter to their favourite author. Details can be found on the internet.
Write information pages or booklets about a hobby or something they find interesting e.g. dinosaurs, class topics, sport stars etc. Illustrate and label.
Encourage them to use paragraphs for blocks of information.
Write postcards from holidays and record holiday events in a diary that can be shared with friends or family.
After your child has produced written homework ask them to proof read their work for accuracy. After they have done this, have a look at the piece yourself.
Encouraging Reluctant Writers
If your child has barriers towards writing, or low self-esteem as a writer, praising and valuing your child’s writing is very important. Your child may need support when they write and may need you to talk through their ideas first and help with composing and structure.
Help your child go over problem spellings. It is extremely frustrating for children to have to battle with spelling and handwriting when they want to get their ideas down on paper. Knowing high frequency spellings will aid the flow of writing and enable the use of a vocabulary rich language. (Consider being trapped into writing ‘big’ when you really wanted to write ‘enormous’). Encourage children to sound out and have a go at more tricky words or give them the spellings.
Remember that writing does not have to be lengthy or boring!
Writing for real purposes is more meaningful and rewarding for children and creates a fun and interesting way for children to develop their writing skills.
Lots of links to encourage writing
How to write your best story ever! | <urn:uuid:3da84dff-73b0-4b1c-8498-a2a955252aeb> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.themill-tkat.org/writing-at-home/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738555.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200809132747-20200809162747-00007.warc.gz | en | 0.935311 | 1,265 | 3.890625 | 4 |
At Lifepath Dental & Wellness, our research indicates that in Canada, over 1.5 million people suffer from some form of vertigo and dizziness. This may be due to something called chronic vestibular damage.
Essentially, your inner ear senses your head position and movement. This is the pathway that sends signals to your brain, letting you it know if you are in balance and in the correct orientation. So, any problems in any part of this complex system can create symptoms such as dizziness, vertigo, nausea, motion sensitivity, light-headedness, or other balance issues.
How Can Physiotherapy Help?
Vertigo and dizziness may not intuitively seem like issues that can be treatment by physiotherapy. However, it has been shown that certain physiotherapy exercises can help people suffering from frequent spells of vertigo or dizziness. This is known as vestibular rehabilitation.
Vestibular rehabilitation is comprised of the main types of exercise therapy. This includes habituation exercise, gaze stabilization, and balance exercises.
What Are Habitation Exercises?
These are used to treat people who experience dizziness as a result of damage to their vestibular system. The dizziness can be brought on either as a result of the patient moving or by visual stimuli (e.g., watching TV or driving). The exercises aim to reduce the frequency and strength of the dizzy spells over time. This is accomplished by inducing light dizzy spells and gradually increasing the level of exposure, which enables the brain to get used to the stimulus, as well as building the brain's its tolerance for dizziness.
What Is Gaze Stabilization?
Gaze stabilization is used for patients who have difficulty controlling the movements of their eyes, particularly when they are moving their heads. This not only makes it difficult for people to see their surroundings but can lead to other issues, such as headaches. Gaze stabilization exercises can help people regain more control over their eyes. One of the most common exercises for gaze stabilization is having the patient focus their eyes on a stationary object in front of them while moving their head from side to side. This helps to separate the movement of the eyes from the movement of the head. Another exercise is for the patient to keep their head still while following an object, such as a pen, from side to side with their eyes. This helps them move their eyes without having to move their head as well.
What Are Balancing Exercises?
Balancing exercises will vary more widely on a case-by-case basis than habituation or gaze stabilization exercises. The exercises required will depend on the stimulus that triggers the issue. People may have difficulty balancing when walking outside, inside, on elaborately patterned floors, or around obstacles, to name a few examples. Performing tasks while standing or walking can be a major issue for people who have trouble with balance, as can activities such as moving through crowds or being surrounded by people.
Not all cases are the same, and symptoms vary from person to person. Since each case is unique, we examine each patient to determine which specific symptoms are evident, and then we work with the patient to determine the appropriate exercises to provide relief.
By combining your vertigo and dizziness treatment with other services at Lifepath Dental & Wellness, we can offer a one-stop trip to help treat your injuries and get you moving again! | <urn:uuid:0be6aa5c-7944-47e4-87fa-fb5d505e729a> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://physiotherapy.lifepathwellness.com/chestermere-physiotherapy-services/chestermere-vertigo-dizziness-treatment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945242.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324020038-20230324050038-00514.warc.gz | en | 0.962212 | 700 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Household decision-making around food in rural Tajikistan: a cross-sectional study to help extension workers in the field
This study was conducted to research and develop recommendations for gender transformative approaches that will address misconceptions around food and nutrition, and reducing barriers around dietary diversity within rural Khatlon Province, Tajikistan. Most of the population in Tajikistan live in rural areas and spend a large part of their income on food. While stunting in children under 5 years has decreased, acute malnutrition and the number of underweight children has increased. This is a qualitative, cross-sectional study that involved secondary data analysis, key informant interviews (KIIs), and focus group discussions (FGDs) to gauge appropriate interventions for agricultural extension agents seeking to improve the nutritional outcomes of their communities. In February of 2017, data were collected from 4 KIIs and 15 FGDs that were stratified as mothers with young children, mothers-in-law, and husbands, across 12 different villages. Analysis of the KIIs and FGDs included NVivo software for coding and to uncover the most salient themes and characteristics from each. The participants of this study reported several misconceptions and taboos surrounding certain foods, especially during pregnancy, and food practices for children under the age of 5 years. Results also indicated a household hierarchy of decision-making surrounding food that included who buys, cooks, and decides what to buy. The findings of this study will be used as a springboard to launch gender-responsive and nutritionsensitive interventions through the local agricultural extension agents.
- Central Intelligence Agency (2017). The World Factbook. Available from: www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ti.html [cited 5 October 2017].
- Statistical Agency under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan – SA/Tajikistan, Ministry of Health – MOH/Tajikistan, and ICF International (2013). Tajikistan demographic and health survey 2012. Dushanbe, Tajikistan: SA/Tajikistan, MOH/Tajikistan, and ICF International.
- World Bank Group (2016). The World Bank – Tajikistan partnership program snapshot. Washington, DC: World Bank; 2016.
- United States Agency for International Development (2014). Tajikistan: Nutrition Profile. Washington, DC: USAID.
- United States Agency for International Development (2015). Feed the future Tajikistan. Washington, DC: USAID.
- World Food Programme Tajikistan (2017). Dushanbe (Tajikistan): World Food Programme. Available from: http://www1.wfp.org/countries/tajikistan [cited 1 April 2017].
- United States Agency of International Development (2010). Gender assessment USAID/Central Asian Republics. Washington, DC: USAID.
- World Bank (2013). Tajikistan – reinvigorating growth in the Khatlon oblast. Washington, DC: World Bank. Available from: documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/677671468339631289/Tajikistan-Reinvigorating-growth-in-the-Khatlon-oblast [cited 22 December 2017].
- Asian Development Bank (2016). Tajikistan country gender assessment. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank.
- Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (2015). Labour migration from Central Asia to Russia: economic and social impact on the societies of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. OSCE Academy. Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
- World Bank (2012). Situational analysis: Improving economic outcomes by expanding nutrition programming in Tajikistan. Dushanbe, Tajikistan: World Bank and UNICEF. (no. 69348)
- Chaparro C, Oot L, Sethuraman K. Overview of the nutrition situation in four countries in south and central Asia. Washington, DC: USAID FANTA III; 2014.
- Forman J, Damschroder L. Advances in bioethics Volume 11 empirical methods for bioethics: a primer. San Diego, CA: Elsevier; 2008. Section 2, Qualitative Content Analysis; pp. 39–62.
- Martin PY, Turner BA. Grounded theory and organizational research. J Appl Behav Sci 1986; 22(2): 141–57.
- Adrianopoli M, D’Acapito P, Ferrari M, Mistura L, Toti E, Maiani G, et al. Improving diets and nutrition: food-based approaches. Rome, Italy: CABI; 2014. Chapter 18, Optimized feeding recommendations and in-home fortification to improve iron status in infants and young children in the Republic of Tajikistan: a pilot project; pp. 230–45.
- Collings R, Harvey L, Hooper L, Hurst R, Brown T, Ansett J, et al. The absorption of iron from whole diets: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98(1): 65–81.
- Zepro NB. Food taboos and misconceptions among pregnant women of Shashemene District, Ethiopia, 2012. Sci J Public Health 2015; 3(3): 410–16.
- Ugwa EA. Nutritional practices and taboos among pregnant women attending antenatal care at general hospital in Kano, Northwest Nigeria. Ann Med Health Sci Res 2016; 6(2): 109–14.
- Zerfu TA, Umeta M, Baye K. Dietary habits, food taboos, and perceptions towards weight gain during pregnancy in Arsi, rural central Ethiopia: a qualitative cross-sectional study. J Health Popul Nutr 2016; 35(22). DOI: 10.1186/s41043-016-0059-8.
- Greenberg JA, Bell SJ, Van Ausdal W. Omega-3 Fatty Acid supplementation during pregnancy. Rev Obstet Gynecol 2008; 1(4): 162–9.
Authors retain copyright of their work, with first publication rights granted to SNF Swedish Nutrition Foundation. Read the full Copyright- and Licensing Statement. | <urn:uuid:24002c93-a08a-4faa-ba12-29c791f88412> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://foodandnutritionresearch.net/index.php/fnr/article/view/1330 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949958.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401094611-20230401124611-00162.warc.gz | en | 0.817466 | 1,315 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Election System Based Blockchain-Counos
Using a Blockchain-based system, an election can be defined as a smart contract. In this contract, different choices can be identified with a unique address.
Counos Election System
Blockchain is built upon a consensus and a transparent, tamper-proof infrastructure. Since there is no central authority in this infrastructure, and given the fact that this system is tamper-proof and transparent, series of laws can be defined in it. Also, with the help of this system, many general activities can be managed and organized.
In today’s societies, many fundamental decisions are made based on the general public’s choice. Decision makings that reflect the choice of the majority in the form of local or country-wide elections. However, this process is heavily questioned and undermined in societies without transparent regulatory systems and prominent democratic mechanisms.
As such, in the recent years when Blockchain have come to the fore in technology, many different ways have been proposed to implement it in election systems.
A fair and transparent election should have the following criteria:
- It must be held freely – with regard to options to choose from and the freedom of choice
- Everyone eligible for voting should be able to participate
- Transparent voting and counting process
- Voters’ votes should remain anonymous
- Fast results with high precision
- Results should be unchangeable
Perhaps other criteria could be added to this list. But as it can be seen, some of these criteria relate to the organization of the election, and some of them relate to the voting and counting mechanisms.
At first, a Blockchain-based election system would not show prominence in organizing the election (the first two items in the list above). But in the criteria related to the voting and counting processes, many reliable methods can be defined.
- Using a Blockchain-based system, an election can be defined as a smart contract. In this contract, different choices can be identified with a unique address. Votes will be provided to voters in the form of a certain source (for example a certain number of coins from a certain source).
- Voters can cast their vote by transferring their balance (or right to vote) to the account of their chosen candidate or choice by scanning their address.
- This transfer will be recorded in the Blockchain and will be counted after a certain number of block confirmations.
- At the end of the voting process, the accounts whose balance comes from the predefined source specified in the smart contract will determine the chosen candidate or option.
This is a simple definition of a Blockchain-based election process. What this structure offers is the following:
- Transparency: all the votes (transactions) of a candidate can be seen in real time and in a transparent way. Voters can make sure of their vote by looking at their transaction in their chosen candidate’s account.
- Confidentiality: even though it is transparent which accounts have voted to their chosen candidate, but it will not be divulged who has cast the vote.
- Quick results: results can be seen in real time, and this matter does not require separate operations.
- Being unchangeable: the structure of Blockchain does not allow for easy changes to be made. Any change will nullify the entire chain.
But can any Blockchain network be used to launch an election system?
More challenges must be considered in this system and a solution must be offered for them.
- Voters’ demographic: since most of the general Blockchain networks, that are used for cryptocurrencies, have a limited capacity in each block for processing transactions, and most of the available space is already filled with ordinary transactions, it would not be possible to use networks such as Bitcoin and Ethereum.
- Given the size of the voting community, the network should have the capacity to process few million transactions in a day. In other words, to receive 10 million votes, 278 transaction should be recorded each second. If we want to prepare the system for the peak influx of votes, it should be ready to cover about 1000 transactions each second. And this volume of transactions is not compatible with the power of most Blockchain networks available.
- Public Blockchain networks do not guarantee that the sent transaction will be recorded in the first available block. Given the network’s traffic, the transaction fee, and perhaps other defining parameters, the time of a transaction being recorded in a block can vary. This is considered a challenge for an operation that needs to take place and finish at certain times.
- As it was mentioned at the beginning, organizing an election will include determining candidates, verifying the identity of voters, preventing duplicate votes, and preventing fake voters. Additionally as mentioned, the proposed method does not provide viable solutions for these challenges. Therefore, current conventional structures need to authenticate these matters.
- The 51-percent attacks that can be organized as a result of enforced power on the network can be very detrimental and destructive. Since elections are considered very critical for any country, then the probability of such attacks from authorities would rise.
Counos’ Proposed System
To answer the challenges mentioned above, Counos attempts to offer reliable options:
- The structure of the Counos Blockchain network is being updated to be able to process at least 4000 transactions per second. This volume of transactions can meet the needs of large election systems.
- All the active mining pools in the Counos network should meet a certain criteria to be able to mine blocks (including the minimum amount of credit as specified in system’s rules). On the other hand, network difficulty is controlled using special formula. All these make it harder for a 51-percent attack to occur. Additionally, they prevent the changing of rules and so unknown pools cannot exist. The details of created blocks in each pool can be reviewed in a public and transparent manner.
- In any voting center, a new and exclusive address is given to any voter in addition to the right to vote (a certain balance of CCXX coins). The totality of these balances come from a certain source which are provided to be constant for all the election transactions (known as the Merkle Root). This balance is constantly sent to an exclusive address to each voting center. In any election system, there is an ID for any voter (this ID can come from the national ID number or any other criterion such as a biological criterion). This ID is registered as a separate transaction in the Blockchain in the form of a message when the voting right is transacted. This is so it becomes fully transparent who has used their voting right already. The registration validity of this ID should be authenticated by the organizers of the election outside the Blockchain network Based on the number of the registered IDs in certain time periods, the balance of the voting center’s wallet will be recharged.
- Transferring votes (special balance in the exclusive address) can be done via special voting wallets. Transaction ID and raw transaction are shown in the form of a QR code which can be recorded. In this way, any voter can make sure of how voting takes place.
- Mining pools in the CCXX network are adjusted in a way that they cannot play a role in registering transactions in blocks. Thus, all the receiving transactions, that are valid, will be recorded in the first block available.
- As the voting process ends, the balance of voting centers and the main center will become non-transferable. Although, a certain time period in order to guarantee all the transactions are fully received (by the chosen candidate’s account) will be in place.
- A special block explorer will be dedicated to this system. All the valid votes will be shown in this explorer. The votes that are cast outside the defined time period or come from unauthorized sources, will not be counted as part of the final balance, and in the end the valid results will be announced.
Parts of the System
- Mining pools that will be available to the observers of the election so that they can make sure of accuracy and validity of the election. These pools need to have the features of CCXX Blockchain network in order to be able to mine blocks.
- Defining the Merkel Root for the election and transferring the maximum balance allowed prior to the beginning of the election in one transaction.
- Defining all the candidates and creating distinct addresses for each.
- Defining voting centers and creating distinct addresses for them,
- A system for transferring votes to the exclusive wallet of voters and registering the voter ID in the network through a separate transaction. At the same time, it is guaranteed that a duplicate wallet is not issued for the same voter ID.
- An exclusive explorer that specifies the candidates’ balance. Also, the voting center and allowed time period are defined for each transaction. If the transaction is found to be invalid, it will be listed separately and traceable.
- The polling system which is an exclusive wallet. The voter can transfer his or her balance to the account of the candidate of their choosing and cast their vote. They also receive proof of vote in the form of transaction ID. | <urn:uuid:dd1f5c33-7ab3-452b-a09e-c590017b1065> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://cintjournal.com/voting-systems-based-blockchain | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949573.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331051439-20230331081439-00348.warc.gz | en | 0.940321 | 1,853 | 2.875 | 3 |
Slides in this set
Nucleotides Coding Molecules
· The monomer of all nucleic acids is called a Nucleotide.
· A single nucleotide is made up of...
· A phosphate group Always the same
· A sugar molecule 5-carbon sugar (either dioxyribose or ribose)
· One organic base adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine and uracil.
· These 3 subunits are joined together by covalent bonds.
· A condensation reaction between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and
the sugar of another joins the two together.
· The nucleotides form a chain with the repeating sugar phosphate `backbone'
and the organic bases projecting out.
· Only nucleotides with the same sugar can join together to make Nucleic
An Example…read more
DNA Base Pairing
· The two DNA strands run
`antiparallel' because the
strands run in the opposite
· A pyrimidine always pairs up
with a purine.
· More specifically in DNA,
adenine always pairs up
with thymine and guanine
pairs up with cytosine. (
· In a complete DNA
molecule, the antiparallel
chains twist which is known
as a double helix.…read more
· The DNA replication takes place in the interphase stage of
mitosis and is the process that creates two identical sister
· To make a new copy...
· The double helix is untwisted
· The hydrogen bonds between the bases are broken and
the DNA is `unzipped'
· Free DNA nucleotides hydrogen bond onto the exposed
bases according to the base pair ruling.
· Covalent bonds are formed between the phosphate and
sugar to seal the background.
· This continues all away along the DNA molecule until two new
DNA molecules are formed
· This is called `Semi Conservative Replication' as each new
molecule is made from one conserved strand and a newly built | <urn:uuid:59716111-721f-4805-828a-1cf3eaa6ca29> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://getrevising.co.uk/resources/biological_molecules_dna_and_rna | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423785.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721142410-20170721162410-00217.warc.gz | en | 0.853307 | 442 | 4.125 | 4 |
Woodlawn High School leading the way through STEM
Ruth Young Tyler | 9/30/2016, 9 a.m.
As industries continue to thrive in the areas of STEM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics), schools around the region are actively implementing programs to prepare students for high-growth career fields.
Woodlawn High School seniors, Elijah Dowell and T’Yona Dobbins, members of the Project Lead the Way (PLTW) Engineering Program, are gaining greater insight and problem-solving skills to set them on a trajectory for a steady career and high incomes.
The Project Lead the Way (PLTW) Engineering program at Woodlawn High School introduces students to STEM disciplines, specifically engineering and engineering technology. The program is designed to empower students to step into the role of an engineer and develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills.
“When taking the civil engineering course, we built houses on the computer. We also surveyed the land to ensure the house could be built and the land could hold a sturdy structure,” said Dobbins. Dobbins aspires to further her education and study civil engineering after graduating high school.
Dobbins and Dowell were impressed with the quantity and quality of hands-on activities and educational field trips that gave them greater exposure to science and engineering.
While participating in the program, students create, simulate, and test scientific and engineering projects. The students also participate in mentorship programs with engineers, researchers, and corporate affiliates.
The first level course, Introduction to Engineering Design, prepares students to dig deep into the engineering design process, applying math, science, and engineering standards to hands-on projects like designing a new toy or improving an existing product. The second level class, Principles of Engineering, allows students to explore a broad range of engineering topics including mechanisms, strength of structure and materials, and automation, and then they apply what they know to take on challenges like designing a self-powered car.
Students in their junior year take two specialty courses, Digital Electronics and Civil Engineering and Architecture, held exclusively at the high school. Students learn aspects of development and building and site design. Then they apply what they’ve learned to design a commercial building.
Through digital electronics the students explore the foundations of computing by engaging in circuit design processes to create combinational logic and sequential logic (memory) as electrical engineers. Similar to what is used in the music industry. The capstone course, engineering design and development, is where students identify a real-world challenge. The students then research, design, and test a solution, ultimately presenting their unique solutions to a panel of professional engineers.
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, civil engineer jobs are projected to grow to by 8 percent from 2014 to 2024. The need for repairs to roadways, bridges, building and levees will increase as the infractures deteriorates, which explains the importance of STEM education.
An entry-level civil engineering position with a bachelor’s degree had a median annual salary of $82,220. That was in May 2015.
In identifying why STEM education is a national priority, the Council of Foreign Relations asserts that 60 percent of US employers are having difficulties finding qualified workers to fill vacancies at their companies. | <urn:uuid:523880d1-e1d9-4a95-ab86-a6029ec4d55a> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://baltimoretimes-online.com/news/2016/sep/30/preparing-lead-way-through-stem-woodlawn-high-scho/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806086.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120164823-20171120184823-00694.warc.gz | en | 0.951107 | 671 | 2.640625 | 3 |
This course examines the processes leading to deterioration of soil and water quality, the impact of deterioration on use, and preventative or corrective measures: soil erosion by water and wind, soil compaction and salinization, drainage channel maintenance, sedimentation and nutrient enrichment of water, conservation programs and policies, and reclamation of severely disturbed soils and saline-sodic soils. Emphasis will be on concepts and solutions to problems in a systems approach.
Note: This course can be taken individually or as a part of a certificate program.
By the end of the course, the learner should be able to:
- Describe the processes and factors that relate to the soil degradation topics studied;
- Describe the nature and range of management approaches in use today and the most appropriate situations for use;
- Analyze field soil conditions and recommend and suggest appropriate management options to protect soil from erosion; and
- Recognize and mitigate soil salinization and restore extremely disturbed soil.
- Erosion processes
- Measuring and modelling
- Preventive and corrective measures
- Preventive measures for wind erosion and best management practices for overall erosion control
- Restoration of degraded soils and saline/sodic soils
- Restoration of areas of extreme disturbance
Prerequisite(s): 1 of AGR*2320, ENVS*2060, SOIL*2010
|Quizzes (2 x 5%)||10%|
|Short Written Papers (2 x 10% each)||20%|
|On Campus Final Exam||45%|
Applies Towards the Following Certificates
- Certificate in Environmental Conservation : Electives
*Course details are subject to change. | <urn:uuid:6a623812-d524-4a2b-ae11-5c59cc176800> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://courses.opened.uoguelph.ca/search/publicCourseSearchDetails.do?method=load&courseId=18740 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655887046.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200705055259-20200705085259-00239.warc.gz | en | 0.860144 | 345 | 2.96875 | 3 |
The objective of the recently awarded NSF project Social and Physical Sensing Enabled Decision Support for Disaster Management and Response is to use physical and social data to improve situational awareness during natural disasters. Prof. Sheth and his students at the Kno.e.sis center working on this project sprung to action during recent Chennai floods and launched a Crisis Photo Map that harvest links to images from tweets related to Chennai Floods. The results of the crowdsourced geotagging of photos with neighborhood-level information by volunteers helps responders coordinate rescue by giving them a clear understanding of which areas have been impacted and just how heavily they have been hit.
The dashboard of the Twitris platform for Chennai Floods allows users to focus on a specific neighborhood or survey the entire area affected by a crisis. Captures from the live map made available during crisis are also shown.
Check out the story in Indian media covering our efforts: Chennai floods: How social media and crowdsourcing helps people on ground
Top Image: Team members (Sep., 2015), from left to right - Siva Kumar, Hussein Al-Olimat, Riccardo Tommasini, Prof. Valerie L. Shalin, Prof. Amit Sheth, Prof. Krishnaprasad Thirunarayan, Dr. Tanvi Banerjee, Pavan Kapanipathi, Sarasi Lalithsena.
Bottom Image:Example of geotagged photos appearing on the Crisis Photo Map in the Twitris platform. | <urn:uuid:df33857e-f7e0-4352-8738-ccd0b3e24ea0> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://engineering-computer-science.wright.edu/computer-science-and-engineering/about/article/nsf-funded-research-and-crowdsourcing-come-together-during-the-chennai-floods | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737238.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20200808021257-20200808051257-00221.warc.gz | en | 0.923894 | 303 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Recently, we provided some insights to the Chicago based leather tannery Horween.
Although roughly 80% of their business stems from tanning cowhides, they are probably most famous for their genuine Shell Cordovan leather. Today, I want to share a little bit about the history of Cordovan leather, the color as well as the tanning process.
Originally, Cordovan leather received its name from the city of Cordoba in Spain. As early as in the 16th and 17th century, skilled cordwainers (craftsman who specialize in working with Cordovan) would create preciously decorated horse leathergoods such as wall hangings, trunks, shields and armor. Even today, you can find artisans such as Meryan in Cordoba who still maintain the tradition of Cordovan leather (sometimes also referred to as Cordoban). Because of its qualities, beauty and durability, it found its way to Spanish Royalty, who facilitated the spread of cordovan leather throughout Europe and the world through marriage with other royal families.
Since the mid 19th century, the term Cordovan has been generally applied to leather made from the shell of horse butts. Unlike other leather, the shell is a membrane in the middle of two epidermis layers in the rear portion of a horse butt. It begins about 24″ from the tail and extends about 24″ to 28″ on each side. The exact size depends on the particular horse.
In the late 19th century, German tanners had mastered the art of tanning shell cordovan butts. The product was sold as “Spiegelware”, which literally translates to “mirror goods.” The name is a reference to the fact that polished cordovan achieves a mirror-like finish. Unlike other leathers, its pores are not visible to the naked eye. Nevertheless, the leather was still rather firm or stout and hence not ideally suited for the shoe production.
Around the same time, expat German and Dutch tanners imported the skill of cordovan tanning to the US. In the early 20th century, American tanners further improved the tanning techniques to make it softer and more appropriate for shoes.
Interestingly, Horween initially used shell cordovan for the production of razor strops. However, with the invention of the disposable razor, they had to transition to shoe leather.
The tanning of cordovan takes about six months and more than a hundred processes and therefore, very few tanneries remain in the world that can still produce this kind of leather. By far the most well known one is Horween, and during my visit at the tannery I learned how Cordovan is made.
It starts out with salted horse hides, which are sourced from France, despite the common belief that Horween leather is an entirely American product. For more on the subject, read our article about Made in the USA.
The skins are salted to prevent them from rotting, but they still have a distinctive smell. The horsehides arrive on pallets and are then cut by hand. The process is done in the basement and during my visit in January, it was warm and full of flies. I can only imagine how it must be during the summer.
In order to remove the hair, they undergo some chemical treatments described in the tanning process. Unlike the chromexcel leather, it is then tanned in pits. These are filled with a specific tanning “solutions”. I was surprised to hear that Horween actually makes their own tanning solution, which consists of chestnut and quebracho tree bark as well as resins.
They receive the bark in big sacks and extract the tannins by cooking it. The horsehides are put into certain frames that move around constantly. This ensures that the tannins don’t settle and the hides are evenly tanned. They also on a regular basis to ensure the solutions has the right consistency.
After thirty days, the horsehides are taken out of the solution and then shaved to expose the shell. Subsequently, it is put into another pit with a stronger solutions and tanned for another 30 days.
The two stages with different tannin concentrations are important because otherwise only the outside skin fibers would be penetrated by the tannins, while the inside would be still raw.
Overall, the leather is tanned in two separate pits for a total of 60 days. However, it takes an additional 4 months to create shell cordovan. After the tanning process, the leather is treated in different steps, polished and most importantly, it has to rest.
Nick Horween told me that sometimes they have to turn customers down due to lack of supply. When these customers then see the piles of shell cordovan in the factory, they don’t always understand that the shells have to rest. Also, it is polished and colored by hand and altogether there is much more time involved in creating cordovan leather. As such, it is also more than twice expensive as other leathers by Horween.
Personally, I am not a huge fan of Cordovan shoes because they wrinkle in a certain way, are harder and less breathable. However, I know quite a few people who swear by it. Apart from shoes, you can now purchase cordovan briefcases, belts, wallets, etc. You should keep in mind that larger or longer pieces are always made from a number of different pieces because a shell is only so big.
My advice is to check it out yourself – chances are you will either love or hate it.
In order to better understand the whole tanning process, I can wholeheartedly recommend watching the following video which shows you the different steps of the cordovan production.
Although Cordovan comes in all kinds of colors ranging from black over brown and red to green, there is one particular color that is knows as cordovan. It is a rich blend of burgundy and a dark shade of rose. However, this classification can be misleading because cordovan leather has its very own way of achieving a certain kind patina through exposure
How to Clean and Polish Cordovan
As outlined above, Cordovan is different than other leathers and as such, many claim the treatment is different. In my opinion, you should use an emulsion shoe polish and rub it into the leather in concentric circles with either a brush or a piece of cloth. Some also claim that a shoe bone should be used. Unlike most shoe horns, this bone is actually a hind (leg) bone of a deer. Apparently, it is used for cordovan because it has the right amount of oil to ensure the surface is not damaged without over saturating it. In my personal experience, the outcome with or without a shoe bone was the same. As you will soon find out, there are many ways to polish shoes and everybody has a little secret.
With regards to shoe polish, Saphir now has a cordovan shoe polish in their portfolio but a regular emulsion cream (not turpentine wax) paste will do just fine as well. Since Cordovan is a very rough leather, you do not have to worry about it and if you go to the lengths of using emulsion shoe polish and a brush, you are ahead of most people out there. | <urn:uuid:d6525a42-c739-419c-be40-a9719a846c92> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.gentlemansgazette.com/cordovan-leather-from-horween/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223206147.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032006-00251-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96612 | 1,500 | 2.71875 | 3 |
"There was nothing left along the creek, just shining rocks,"
said Helen Hamilton about the 1943 White Pine flood
An early store and grist mill was likely a flood victim in the ill-fated village
The faces of students who endured the White Pine floods in the 30s and 40s
Front (left to right): Margie Ferrell, Rose Grimm, Kathryn Kelley, Edna Carol Whipkey, Maxine Kelley, Hester Kight, Mary Lee Whipkey, Yvonne Whipkey, JoAnn Westfall, Lyla Lee Kight; Second Row: Jack Kight Jordan, Parker McCartney, Eugene Kelley, Donald "Buckey" Wease (behind Raymond Kendall), Ronzel White, Bill White, David Barr, John Dale Ferguson; Back Row: Lewis Kight, Jake and Jack Hickman, Roger Grimm, Eugene VanCamp, Unknown, Wava White, Mary Kelley, Grey Whipkey, Dorothy White, Forest Kelley, Darrel Wease, Helen Kight, Harlan VanCamp, Mildred Ferrell. Jack Bland was teacher of the "Big Room" and Imogene Morgan (Campbell) was the teacher for the "Little Room." (Photo Courtesy of Rose Grim Campbell)
By Bob Weaver
It was "One of the dearest little towns in the world" - White Pine, wrote resident Gene Hope Ayers Kight in 1943.
Kight documented the devastation of her community after flood waters rushed down Road Fork, Slab Fork and Laurel Creek through the narrow White Pine valley, leaving nothing untouched.
The village was established along a primitive road about 1880, and once had a population of 350, mostly connected to the timbering industry.
That road, while now black-topped, is still a narrow, curvaceous path in 2005.
Besides stores, grist mills, a blacksmith shop, and a newspaper, it had a post office.
Kight's daughter, Helen Hamilton (pictured left), widow of Grantsville attorney Victor Hamilton, recalls fleeing up the hillside the night of the '43 flood.
"We stayed in the woods above our house, waiting to see what the flood waters would do," the families in the village got nervous when the creek water started to rise, remembering the floods of 1937 and 1939, which hit the community hard.
"It was a complete wash, right down to the rocks. Our house was the only one not completely gone. It got caught on a cellar about 150 feet down stream," said Hamilton.
Hamilton said she is concerned that several people have now built right beside the creek, in harms way. "I'm sure none of them recall those devastating floods."
"They would have fear if they witnessed, like I did, a large store building and lodge hall picked up from its foundation, briefly floating, and then being swept down stream, completely destroyed," she said.
Mrs. Howard Bee, 25, and her six-month-old daughter, Lily Mae Bee, were found some distance away from their Calhoun home on Tanner's Run. The body of Mrs. Bee, her nightgown entangled in a barbed wire fence, was located a mile below Tanner on Trace Fork.
Her child's body, which was not discovered until later, was found across the county line in Gilmer County. When their home was swept away by the high waters, Mr. Bee and Mrs. Bee's father managed to get ashore. Both suffered injuries.
Five died in Wirt and 16 in Braxton County, with damage estimated at $2 million in five central WV counties.
Newspaper accounts said the speed of the water was so great that families had no chance to escape. Most of the occupants, whose bodies were later found when streams subsided, had been asleep in their homes.
Besides families being homeless in the White Pine area, the Huffman dairy at Leafbank was destroyed. Two bridges, valued at $20,000, were dumped into the swollen streams, and a 75-foot gorge was on State Route 35 near Big Springs.
The flood also struck Bull River, Yellow Creek, Simmons Run and Big Spring communities.
The Little Kanawha River at Grantsville rose to 36 feet.
Helen Hamilton said as many as one thousand people came to witness the devastation on White Pine.
"We left the White Pine valley after the '43 flood for higher ground on Pleasant Hill," she concluded.
Gene Hope Ayers Kight and her husband, Dallas Kight, survived
the '43 flood (Photos courtesy of Helen Hamilton and Garnet Kelley Barr)
RECALLING WHITE PINE FLOOD
By Gene Hope Ayers Kight (1943)
White Pine was a quiet little village, where folks lived and loved, but in
the early morning hours, before the light of day came across the hills, of
August 5, 1943, the village was completely swept away.
White Pine was named for the white pines that stood guard on the hill
overlooking the village.
The post office has been a sort of family affair with my folks. My
grandfather, Isaac Simers, two of my uncles, S.H. and George H. Simers, and
my dad, W. H. Ayers, were all postmasters before my term started in February
W.T. Webster was the only postmaster except members of our family at
Many years ago there were three stores and a large grist mill at White Pine.
Lee Gainer, now of Glenville, used to keep a hotel where Dallas Kight's
His brother, Ed Gainer, lived in the house where Francis Kelley
lived. Postmaster Fred Gainer, of Parkersburg, was born there and he and his
bride, June Goff, of Hazel Green, first kept house where Dallas Kight's
The second Ayers store (left), re-built after the 1937 flood
was washed away in '43, in addition to the Dallas Kight house (right)
W.H. Ayers had a store here 54 years before a flood in 1937 washed it away.
He and his bride, Hester M. Simers, first went to housekeeping in January
1889 in the house where my mother still lived when the recent flood washed
her home away.
Leonard Burrows was a newcomer to our village. He had worked in Cleveland
and saved his money and bought the Henry Kight place on Road Ford.
It was a
very attractive little white cottage, but was completely swept away by the
He and his wife, Sarah Metz, are from the Five Forks community.
Homer Kendall, his wife, Geraldine Robinson, and their four children had a
little cottage covered with brown shingles near the church. They were all
away the day of the flood and when they returned their home had vanished.
Royal White, his wife, Alma Kelley, and their six children lived below the
church in the house where Royal's dad and mother lived for many years, until
Mr. White's death.
Mrs. White, or "Aunt Lillie," still made that her home.
During the flood an oil tank smashed into their home and it was swept away.
Their dog rode on the house until it touched the bank on the opposite side
of the river where he jumped off.
Dallas and Gene Hope Kight's house was the only one
left standing, caught downstream, but still destroyed
The Dallas R. Kight home where we first went to housekeeping in 1927, was
washed about 125 feet and lodged against mom's cellar house. It was wrecked.
I noticed a fish lying on a shelf in the kitchen.
One of my hobbies is a pitcher collection. My daughter, Helen, had washed
and fixed my pitchers all up on Tuesday and only one was broken, not one
falling from the shelves.
The house had hit the cellar so hard that it was
broken in two and had broken plaster board near one shelf of pitchers in the
Mrs. Winnie Grimm was spending the night with Mom and her granddaughter
Maxine Haddox. They, with Dal, Helen, Peggy and I were part way up our hill
for about four hours during the flood, while on the opposite hill Francis
Kelley, his wife, Della Grimm, his mother, "Aunt Polly" Kelley, son Donald
Burl, and daughter Frances Jean Yoak were stranded.
Aunt Polly was 87 years
old last October, but she took all this in good shape.
When morning came it was a desolate looking place, but we were not bitter or
broken. We all had our loved ones safe and our memories and our dreams.
Material things mean so little when death is hovering so close.
hand led the folks of White Pine that night. The next day you heard on every
side, "I'm so thankful everyone is safe."
The flood waters swept many out-buildings away for folks whose homes were
Water was in the homes of J.P. VanCamp, J.K. Ferguson, Callie
Simers, Claude R. Wease, Ola O. White and Gilbert Haddox.
The water rushed down the hollow to dislodge the Cherry Fork Church
in 1943, shown here in 2005. Built in 1901 by committee, Ben Kight,
John Kelley, Amos Ash, James Hickman and B.J. Ash (Hur Herald Photo 2005)
Early 1900 photo of Oscar Ash house on White Pine,
a village that once had 350 residents
Still standing, a last "soldier" is the White Pine school
The church was moved about four feet off its foundation. It is a lovely
place around the church.
It had just been painted and had varnish to finish the
inside. A new foundation has been put under the floor, fixed where it was
broken up the center. That old church is a very sacred memory for so many. That's where we all went to our first Sunday Schools.
Now there is an Honor Roll for our boys in the service (World War II) hanging there. I
believe there are 20 boys from White Pine in the service. They are scattered
all over the world, but White Pine still means home to them. Many
prayers are said in that little white church for their safe return.
My memory goes back tonight to the days when I was a kid tagging along with
Dad - and he was the best Dad in the world, one of the finest persons I
have ever known.
How we loved to go up to Uncle Ed Gainer's to play with
I liked to watch Uncle Lawson Kelley grind corn into nice soft meal, and at
Easter we kids all gathered up at Grandpa Simers and he had a big iron pot
in which he would boil and color Easter eggs.
Over in his shop or store,
"Granny" Simers was a refuge for us all. She fixed us sandwiches, made us
wool 'wristlets,' often caught us with wet feet when the ice wasn't as thick
as we wanted it to be; then we sat by her fire and dried our clothing.
Sorrow came to White Pine but we always shared one another's sorrows as well
How dear good neighbors helped one another.
The day after the flood, "Aunt Della" Kelley said, "Well, it's all swept away, but we can lay up our treasures in Heaven and they will be safe there."
So some day I hope all the folks that ever called White Pine home can meet over in Heaven and tell our memories of one of the dearest little towns in the world, again.
White Pine School - April 11, 1923
Front row (L to R) Thurl Burrows, Doyle Kight, Oleth Burrows, unknown, unknown, Woodrow Kelley, Howard Grim, Glendon Kight, Orval Kelley, Clarence Hickman, unknown, Clifford Burrows, Geraldine Kelley, Herma Kelley, unknown, Eddie Frederick.
2nd Row (L to R) Dola Kight, Lillie Kight, Coe Hickman, Greta Kelley, Ermal Kelley, Genevieve Kelley, Ruby Hickman, Geraldine Whipkey, unknown
3rd Row (L to R) Denver Kight, unknown, unknown, Boyd Kight, Kenneth Grim, unknown, Blendon "Tick" Kelley
4th Row (L to R) Harry Kight, Kermit Kight, Fred Kelley, Edith Kight, Nellie Whipkey, Wibur Frederick, Ermal Webster, Joy Kimbal, Gladys Kelley, Joe Webster, Goldie Kight
Back Row (L to R) Kenneth Whipkey, Elias Yoak, Lillian Frederick, Nola Kelley, Dollie Simmers, Billy Ayers, Alma Kelley, Susie Grim, Rachel Frederick, Roy Kemper
Others known to be in picture but not identified: Glen Cunningham, Madge Cunningham, Hope Whipkey, Minnie Frederick, Herbert Delaney, Gay Cunningham Photo courtesy of Freddie Charles Kight, born July 5, 1919 at White Pine
White Pine Farm Women's Club
Left to right: Mabel Ayers Haddox, Nellie Ayers, Zella Webster, Hattie Ayers Kight, Dollie Simers Grimm, Lelah Simers VanCamp, Ermiel Webster, Genevieve Kelley Ward, and Gene Hope Ayers Kight. (Photo Courtesy of Rose Grimm Campbell)
Photos courtesy of Helen Hamilton and the Hur Herald, unless otherwise stated. | <urn:uuid:e36fb63d-c6a9-46e3-b83e-0e3761523035> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.hurherald.com/cgi-bin/db_scripts/articles?Action=user_view&db=articles_hurherald&id=17536 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886106754.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820131332-20170820151332-00335.warc.gz | en | 0.968573 | 2,832 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Published/Posted: February 9, 2021
Authors: Mittendorff, M.; Winnerl, S.; Murphy, T. E.
Abstract The terahertz (THz) region of the electromagnetic spectrum spans the gap between optics and electronics and has historically suffered from a paucity of optoelectronic devices, in large part because of inadequate optical materials that function in this spectral range. 2D materials, including graphene and a growing family of related van der Waals materials, have been shown to exhibit unusual optical and electrical properties that can enable diverse new applications in the THz regime. In this review, some of the unusual properties of 2D materials that make them promising for THz applications are explained, the recent work in the field of 2D THz optoelectronics is summarized, and the challenges and opportunities that await this promising new field are outlined.
M. Mittendorff, S. Winnerl and T. E. Murphy, "2D THz Optoelectronics", Adv. Optical Mater. 9(3) 2001500 (2021)
Export: BibTeX | RIS | <urn:uuid:d8f290f2-6e50-4d9f-ad22-9972f27e5687> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://photonics.umd.edu/pubs/ja-104/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945333.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325130029-20230325160029-00563.warc.gz | en | 0.850721 | 271 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Get Ready for an Emergency
We live in a wild and beautiful place where emergencies and disasters can occur with little or no warning. If they do happen, Kaikōura may be isolated for days or weeks. This page contains a number of resources that can help you, your whānau, your friends and your neighbourhood prepare for an emergency.
Civil Defence is a network made up of you, your neighbours and your community. Supporting you are the local, regional and national Emergency Management Civil Defence staff, who in turn are supported by international aid if needed.
In the days and weeks following a disaster, your local neighbourhood will be the ones that you rely on the most, and will also rely on you. Do your part to help so that we can help those who can’t help themselves on the day.
In an emergency, the radio is your best source of information. Make sure you have a radio at your house with fresh batteries or a self-generated power source (like a wind up radio) that picks up these stations. Remember you have a car radio as a back up.
- Brian FM - 100.3
- National AM 567
- National FM 101.7
Key things to remember
- If you are inside drop, cover and hold.
- If you are outside move away from buildings, trees, streetlights and power lines, then drop, cover and hold. Stay there until the shaking stops.
- If you feel an earthquake that is either longer than a minute, or strong enough that it is hard to stand up then get to high ground as soon as the shaking stops. The earthquake could be the only warning sign of a tsunami.
Most flooding happens when water from intense/persistent rain, and sometimes from melting snow, enters rivers, streams and lakes, causing them to overflow or become blocked. High sea levels at river mouths can also increase flood levels.
Floods can be dangerous when the water is deep, is travelling fast, has risen quickly, or if it contains debris like tree branches or sheet iron.
What to do during a flood
- Do not try to walk or drive through floodwater
- Move valuable or dangerous items as high as you can off the floor
- Listen to the radio and follow the instructions.
Where to get information?
During a storm we will advise you to keep an eye on forecasts and weather warnings. The only site we recommend is the MetService website. Metservice has the resources to always be available in a severe weather event to provide you with accurate information. MetService works closely with National Emergency Management (NEMA), councils, and other agencies to deliver reliable updates during emergencies.
Storms can happen year round and affect wide areas. Storms and severe weather include:
- Strong winds
- Heavy rain
- Heavy snow
- Rough seas
In the event of a long or strong earthquake, the quake itself may be the only warning of a tsunami. Do not wait for further instructions, notifications or advice, evacuate immediately after the shaking has stopped.
We do not have evacuation centres in Kaikōura – everyone is advised to get up, get out and stay out if you are in tsunami zones. You should listen to the radio to find out when it is safe to return, or where to go for help.
What zone are you?
Red - Beach and marine environment, low lying areas. Evacuate the area when instructed to, or immediately after a long or strong earthquake.
Orange - Areas less likely to be affected by a tsunami. This includes low-lying coastal areas that could be flooded in a large tsunami.Evacuate this zone if you feel a long or strong earthquake, or if you are told to during an official tsunami warning.
No zone - You do not need to evacuate to higher ground. Some areas may be cut off if your normal access goes through a tsunami zone, so be prepared to stay at home until the all clear is given.
There are no tsunami sirens in Kaikōura. if you here a siren it is a call out to our volunteer fire officers.
Landslides can range from a single boulder or rock, to a very large avalanche of earth and rock that can spread for kilometres. They are caused by heavy rain, earthquakes and, in some cases human activity. Landslides often happen without warning.
What to do during a landslide
Other Helpful Links
- Weather Warnings - When a weather orange or red warning is in place, check the latest Forecast and be prepared for unpredictable changes in road conditions or potential disruption to your day. https://www.metservice.com/warnings/home#upper-sou...
- Traffic & Roads - Waka Kotahi NZTA journeys website is regularly updated. Taking a few minutes to check it before you head out can save you a lot of time and hassle. https://www.journeys.nzta.govt.nz/traffic
- Advice for Emergencies - Check out the Get Ready website for helpful advice on how to prepare https://getready.govt.nz | <urn:uuid:7bf00a46-8002-4798-8db9-4ac518d6b735> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.kaikoura.govt.nz/community/emergency-management | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100489.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203062445-20231203092445-00798.warc.gz | en | 0.931017 | 1,055 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Wednesday, 22 April 2009
I'd be grateful for any feedback.
People use PowerPoint in various ways. Some models of use derive from business, some from the conference environment and others from teachers. This article looks at exemplars from all three.
Reynolds 'billboard-style' model
- Slides are designed in the style of a billboard, i.e. graphics with a strong visual impact and only a small amount of text. Example.
- The aim is to enhance what the speaker is saying.
- Images can play an important role in supporting learning – or in generating an emotional response.
Reynolds, G (2008) Presentation Zen: Simple Ideas on Presentation Design and Delivery, New Riders Press
Atkinson's narrative model
- This model is based on the idea that speakers should use the power of narrative in their presentations.
- Atkinson suggests that an effective presentation should be organised on the lines of the classic three act story structure.
- Act1: Identify the setting, the protagonist (usually the audience), the imbalance, the balance, the solution.
- Act 2: The action is developed culminating in a crisis.
- Act 3: The crisis is resolved.
- Slides are designed with text and graphics tightly linked but less emphasis is placed on creating billboard-style screens.
Atkinson, C (2005) Beyond Bullet Points: Using Microsoft PowerPoint to Create Presentations That Inform, Motivate, and Inspire, Microsoft Press
Norman's audio-visual model
- Donald Norman defends the use of PowerPoint. He maintains that it is an excellent tool and one can’t blame the tool if it’s used badly.
- He proposes a model of use - akin to the way audio-visual aids were traditionally used. He assumes the audience will take notes.
- A presentation – or talk – should use three resources:
- Speaker’s notes on paper or cards. These contain brief points to guide the speaker.
- Visuals which are displayed using PowerPoint.
- A handout for the audience which contains references and suggestions to follow up the ideas discussed.
Norman, D (2004) In Defense of PowerPoint, (Accessed 22.4.09)
Alley's assertion-evidence model
- This model uses a sentence-assertion at the top of the slide.
- Below it comes evidence to support the assertion – but in visual form.
- Alley makes three key assumptions for using this structure:
- Slides are an appropriate visual aid for presentations.
- The success of a presentation hangs on the audience being able to understand the content of the slides.
- The primary purpose of the slides is to help the audience understand the content rather than to provide talking points for the speaker.
Alley, M (2003) The Craft of Scientific Presentations: Critical Steps to Succeed and Critical Errors to Avoid, NY: Springer-Verlag
Active learning model
An assumption of this model is that a PowerPoint presentation can induce passivity in students. This model is designed to keep students actively involved in their learning. For this reason, ‘active learning’ slides are inserted at key moments in the lecture. The aim is to encourage students to think actively about the lecture content – either individually or through discussion in pairs or small groups. A wide range of practical activity slides are demonstrated.
The model gives importance to the design of PowerPoint handouts. These might contain questions for students to answer before the start of the lecture to help them prepare – or blank slides where students are expected to take notes during the lecture.
Centre for Teaching & Learning (2008) Active learning with PowerPoint, Univ. of Minnesota
http://www1.umn.edu/ohr/teachlearn/tutorials/powerpoint/index.html (Accessed 22.4.09)
Teacher immediacy model
Two assumptions underpin this model, i.e. that PowerPoint can:
- reduce ‘teacher immediacy’ and thereby harm the quality of teaching.
- sometimes sideline other – often more appropriate – teaching tools.
This model is similar to Norman’s ‘audio visual’ model. It uses a minimal number of slides – and only where it is judged to be necessary for learning. When not needed, the presentation is blanked out on the screen. This causes students to turn from the screen towards the teacher and helps maintain teacher immediacy.
PowerPoint is not given paramount position; other digital tools are used as needed, e.g. the interactive whiteboard is called up and used when writing is required; a browser is used to display web pages; video and audio are played through Media Player and so on.
The model creates ‘space’ for the teacher to engage more easily with students and vice-versa. The ‘tyranny’ of the PowerPoint screen presence can inhibit some students from asking questions in a lecture.
Lodge, J (2008) Keeping PowerPoint in its (rightful) place, http://teachwithpower.blogspot.com/ (Accessed 22.4.09)
Slides & notes model
- This model includes a written commentary on each slide. It uses the Notes section in PowerPoint to type up the commentary.
- Such a model can be useful when a presentation will be uploaded to the web for students to view (rather like this presentation).
- It can also be useful when several tutors are teaching the same module. The Notes can contain background information needed by the teaching team. Especially practical for visiting lecturers who have to play catch-up when they come into college.
Selecting an appropriate model
Note that the models which derive from a business or conferences origin make use of a receptive theory of education. The speaker talks and the audience receives the information . No interaction between the two is planned for; except perhaps at the end, when some questions may be posed for the speaker to answer.
Those models which derive from an educational origin are more sensitive to the needs for audience interaction and provide scope for a wider range of pedagogies. This is not to argue that only educationally-inspired models should be considered for use in lectures. There is much that tutors can learn form other models – especially in relation to slide design and presentation structure. | <urn:uuid:a5d4f770-990d-4ddd-b3f3-b7f048b149f5> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://teachwithpower.blogspot.com/2009/04/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824824.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021171712-20171021191712-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.90589 | 1,307 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The Cleversticks construction Toy is a British Invention, currently manufactured in the UK at Mountain Ash in South Wales.
Cleversticks is an educational toy with great play value.
The Cleversticks construction system has been supplied to Schools through educational catalogues for over 30 years. It has been designed for children of all ages using standardised parts.
For younger children there is a simple wheel where the parts easily fit together using hubs that slide onto a round pin giving a friction grip.
For older children there is a complex wheel and tyre assembly. The wheel uses a stub axle, which is engaged in a bearing and held in place with a spring clip inserted into a keyway. The clip is a scaled down version of components actually used in industry (This may be the first time a circlip has been used in a construction toy) Younger children will need the help to assemble this wheel. Cleversticks is supplied in a recyclable plastic bag to reduce unnecessary cost and packing. Sample artwork is supplied, but the most important models are the ones your children design themselves during play. The large number of components helps to give children maximum scope to express their creative ideas. The models shown are examples and may need components from more than one pack. As Cleversticks contains small parts creating a risk of choking it is unsuitable for children under 3 years of age. | <urn:uuid:ca28c071-ae3d-496f-b8b9-4ac38f37dafb> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.cleversticks.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500823169.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021343-00468-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953148 | 272 | 2.703125 | 3 |
this common antibiotic is extremely toxic to rabbits.
rabbits can get a range of them including salmonella.
– rabbits need
lots of fresh water and ventilation in the summer since this can be fatal. They get over heated at 85 degrees.
Buns in the Sun
page for tips on keeping your rabbit cool!
Eating the Cecotrophes
like their fecal pellet, but has mucus covering it) is normal and healthy.
Okay, it’s disgusting for us humans to watch, but cecotrophes have
high level of vitamins and are redigested with more important nutrients.
See suggestion for a litter box for a rabbit recovering from
Scoop on Litter.
– Malocclusion. This
is when rabbits teeth are overgrown. Rabbit teeth grow
throughout their lives and on a yearly basis they can grow 4 to
5 inches. So the long fibers of hay are important for the
grinding action to keep their teeth worn down. However,
some rabbits may not have a normal wearing action when they chew
and develop a malocclusion. It can be severe enough to
keep them from eating and so the teeth will need to be trimmed
as needed. In severe case the teeth are removed. By
the way, do not try clipping the teeth yourself, they require
special scissors so the teeth do not crack.
– get the rabbit to a vet for
treatment You will
see crusty, inflamed inner ears.
This condition is easily
treated and even severe cases can clear up with proper
is a killer, my first rabbit, Groucho, passed away from this so I have firsthand
experience. It is a blockage or slowing of the digestive process so
food is not passing properly. Please see the following link for an excellent article by
Dana Krempels, GI Stasis, The Silent Killer
– this is
especially dangerous for rabbits because unlike a cat, rabbits cannot
vomit. Long-haired breeds are
particularly susceptible. A
constant supply of timothy hay is the most important food for rabbits to
help with proper digestion. Timothy hay is available at
farm and feed stores by the bale or in smaller amounts from pet
High Blood Calcium
– thick chalky urine is one sign of hypercalciuria.
It can become painful and cause kidney stones so it is important
to have a vet examine the rabbit.
The color of your rabbit’s urine is related to its diet so
don’t be alarmed if it is red after a lot of carrots.
– this can
lead to other complications. Skip the pellets and give
your rabbit a constant free supply of timothy hay and feed them leafy
greens low in calcium. Alfalfa hay and alfalfa pellets are very rich
and can put on the pounds. Timothy hay, timothy hay cubes and timothy hay
based pellets are available in pet stores and online at several suppliers.
– be sure they
aren’t chewing on painted objects or molding.
a rabbit has a very fragile backbone. If the rabbit is not
handled properly it can leap out of your arms and break it's back.
It can also break a leg by making contact with a hard surface when it is
struggling. If the rabbit injures its back, it can suffer paralysis
in one or both back legs. See a vet about this. A rabbit can
have a good life even as a disabled bunny and cart that are made for dogs
can be outfitted for rabbits. Euthanasia doesn't have
to be your last resort in this case.
– Pasteurella -
looks like they have a cold. and is treatable with antibiotics.
Take your rabbit to a vet immediately especially if you have more than
one rabbit. If you do, take them all since it is highly contagious.
– usually caused
from wire flooring in a cage or wet bedding or flooring.
don’t have food pads like dogs and cats.
Be sure the cage has a solid floor with hay or a towel over the
floor to give it a cushion. If your rabbit has a medical problem
and is urinating on it's hind legs and they are wet.... wash the urine
off. I have heard of bunny owners rubbing bag balm on the areas to keep the wet urine off the skin. I used
this on Groucho and it healed the urine scald sores and sore hocks
on another rescued rabbit. However,
if a rabbit is wetting his hind legs it means there maybe another more
serious medical problem so take him to the vet!
Spay or Neuter
before 2 years of age and preferably when they show signs of become
Most rabbit breeds are sexually mature at 4 to 6 months. This will avoid
medical problems later on and other behavior such as spraying urine,
territorial marking with feces and aggressiveness.
Too Many Rabbits page for information
on how to sex a rabbit and why to have them spayed and neutered. | <urn:uuid:898a711a-24f8-4530-aa41-662470a305df> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.hopperhome.com/hopperhomedoc.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423812.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721222447-20170722002447-00263.warc.gz | en | 0.923841 | 1,072 | 2.53125 | 3 |
By H.H. Hardesty (a)
The ground on which, during the year of 1864, was concentrated the greatest amount of suffering human beings ever endured in one year lies in Sumter County, Georgia. The prison was also known as Camp Sumter, but the name by which its horrors are perpetuated, the name which has become the synonym of cruelly and atrocity, is Andersonville. Its location, near the Southwestern railroad, running from Macon to Americus, and about sixty-five miles south of Macon, was selected in the latter part of 1863 by W.S. Winder. Here, in one year of the war, over thirteen thousand of the sons of the North and West were done to death by Southern cruelty.
The Winders, and Wirz
John H. Winder, Confederate States General, partisan, friend and tool of Jefferson Davis, was the son of General William H. Winder whose incompetency at Bladenburg in 1814 gave up Washington to the ravages of the British. The worthy son of such a sire gave little field service to the cause of the South. The influence of Davis procured him the appointment of provost marshal of Richmond; he was the prison agent of Davis in Richmond, where his atrocities toward prisoners, and the crimes he committed under the cloak of his office, made him abhorred of the people of Richmond, and brought the influence of the leading generals of the Confederacy to bear upon the war department and secured his removal. A protest against the retention of his services for the Confederacy was entered, but the influence of Davis saved him from the disgrace of removal. He was sent to Goldsboro, North Carolina, to take the field, but after a week or two there was sent to take command of Andersonville prison. The order relieving him from his duty at Richmond was endorsed by Jefferson Davis. "This is unnecessary and uncalled for," and when after a few months Winder had his system of cruelty at Andersonville well established, Davis put the seal of his approval on it by appointing Winder commissioner-general of prisoners, with supreme authority over all prisons east of the Mississippi. Is it possible to doubt at whose door lies the responsibility for the murders at Andersonville? One whose misfortune it was to see too much of him thus describes Winder's first appearance at Andersonville: "There rode in among us, a few days after our arrival, an old man whose collar bore the wreathed stars of a major-general. Heavy white locks fell from beneath his slouched hat, nearly to his shoulders, sunken gray eyes, too dull and cold to light up, marked a hard stony face, the salient feature of which was thin-lipped, compressed mouth, with corners drawn down deeply- the mouth which seems the world over to be the index of selfish, cruel, sulky malignance. It is such a mouth as has a schoolboy- coward of the playground - who delights in pulling the wings off flies **** The rider was John H Winder, commissioner-general of prisons, Baltimorean renegade, and the malign genius to whose account should be charged the death of more gallant men than all the inquisitions of the world ever slew with the less dreadful rack and wheel. He it was who in August could point to the three thousand and eighty-one new made graves for that month and exultingly tell his hearer that he was doing more for the Confederacy than twenty regiments *** Winder gazed at us stonily for a few minutes without speaking, and turning, rode out again. Our troubles from that hour rapidly increased."
What Andersonville was Winder made it, with the approval of Jefferson Davis. He has himself sent down to posterity the damning evidence of his hellish nature, of his utter destitution of all attributes that make him an honorable enemy, in the following order, issued when it was supposed General Stoneman was approaching Andersonville:
Order No. 13] Headquarters Confederate States Military Prison Andersonville, July 27, 1864
The officers on duty and in charge of the battery of Florida artillery at the time will, upon receiving notice that the enemy has approached within seven miles of this post, open fire upon the stockade with grapeshot, without reference to the situation beyond these lines of defense. It is better that the last Federal be exterminated than be permitted to burn and pillage the property of loyal citizens, as they will do if allowed to make heir escape from prison.
By order of John H. Winder, Brigadier General, Adjutant General
The maimed and helpless prisoners within the stockade who would have been slaughtered by the execution of this order then numbered more than thirty thousand men. Little wonder the Richmond Examiner, at the time he was relieved there, burst through the censorship the Confederate government was exercising and said with mingled joy and horror "Thank God that Richmond is at last rid of Old Winder; God have mercy on those to whom he has been sent." The further details of the prison tell more than enough of the story of this man. He was suddenly stricken with death January 1, 1865, at Florence, South Carolina, from disease contracted from prisoners. Retributive justice would seem to have demanded a more ignominious death for him. But would our government have meted it out? Howell Cobb, in 1864 military commander of the district in which Andersonville is located, was early pardoned by President Johnson, without having made any expiation for being accessory to Winder's crimes.
W.S. Sidney Winder, as he was pleased to style himself, the son of John H. was appointed at his father's request, to go to Sumter county, Georgia and select a prison site. On the 27th of November 1863 he planted the prison, turning from a hundred more healthful locations which were equally at his service, to chose one which would assist in killing off the prisoners. While his father remained at the prison he was his assistant, with the powers of adjutant general. When he selected the site he said "I am going to kill more d---d Yankees than can be destroyed at the front." When the fulfillment of his prophecy was assured , the son said exultingly, "They rot faster than they are sent." the father said, "I am killing off more Yankees than twenty regiments of Lee's army." Captain Richard B. Winder was a nephew of John H. He joined his cousin at the prison soon after the work was begun there, and remained as quartermaster. Under his orders, it was that clothing and food sent from the North and which passed through other detentions, was appropriated outside the gates of Andersonville.
Henry Wirz, holding commission of captain from the Confederate States government, was commandant of the prison, and under Winder had sole authority over all prisoners. To him is directly traced all wanton acts of cruelty that were perpetrated upon the helpless, hapless prisoners. He it was who, when our famishing boys lay hourly dying, moaning with their last gasp for a morsel of food, daily signed the order: "Give this man all the bread and meat he wants for his dogs;" who shot down prisoners himself and ordered others to do it; who followed bloodhounds when they tracked the escaped down, and refused to have them called off when they were tearing their victims to pieces; who put men in stocks and in the chain gang; who hung them up by their thumbs and stood by while they were flogged who spurned with his boot the dead bodies of those who had been starved at his command. As far as one death can atone for thousands, this man expiated his crime.
When Johnston surrendered to Sherman, Wirz was still at Andersonville. General Wilson, commanding our cavalry, dispatched Captain H.E. Noyes of the 4th United States Cavalry, with a squad of men from Macon to arrest him. The arrest was made on May 7, 1865. Wirz protested that he was protected by Johnson's surrender, and wrote a most servile letter to General Wilson, stating it was his intention to remove with his family to Europe. It was a wise plan for him to put the Atlantic between himself and the survivors of Andersonville. By this letter is seen that he at least, of all the butchers of Andersonville, spares us the shame of being American born. He was a native of Switzerland, and before the was a physician residing in Louisiana. He claimed to have lost his property in the siege of Vicksburg, and to have lost to a great degree the use of his right arm from a wound received at Seven Pines. He asked at least one pertinent question: "Shall I now bear all the odium? I, who was only the medium, or, I may better say, the tool in the hands of my superiors?"
He was kept at Macon until May 20, when Captain Noyes was ordered to take him and the prison records of Andersonville to Washington. All the way from Macon to Cincinnati our men were guarding the roads, among them everywhere were ex-prisoners, and it was all Captain Noyes and a strong guard could do to get him over the road and away from men who felt they were justified in taking vengeance into their own hands. He was immediately ordered to trial by courts-martial, the court composed of Generals Lewis Wallace, Mott, Geary, L. Thomas, Fessenden, Bragg, and Baller, Colonel Allcock and Lieutenant-Colonel Stibbs; Colonel Chipman was judge advocate. The trial began August 23d, the witnesses examined were Union ex-prisoners, rebel surgeons and soldiers and some residents of Georgia who had for various reasons visited the prison, and he was allowed the privileges always given the accused in this country. The arraignment was was on a formidable list of charges and specifications, and accused him of combining, confederating and conspiring with John H. Winder, Richard B. Winder, Isaiah H. White, W.S. Winder, R.R. Stevenson and others unknown, to injure the health and destroy the lives of soldiers in the military service of the united States, there held and being prisons within the lines of the so-called Confederate States, and in the military prisons thereof, to the end that the armies of the United States might weakened and impaired, in violation of the laws and customs of war. The case was closed by the government October 18th, the court, after due deliberation, found the prisoner guilty on all charges and specifications except two unimportant ones, and sentenced him to be hanged at such time as the President might direct. November 2nd President Johnson approved the sentence, and it was carried into effect on Friday, November 10th. The body was buried in the grounds of the Old Capitol Prison, beside that of Azterodt, one of the accomplices in the plot for Lincoln's assassination.
The Andersonville prison consisted originally of a few buildings used for the storage of quartermasters' and commissaries' supplies. November 27, 1863, W.S. Winder chose the place for his prison pen, and in January following a stockade was built of pine logs about twenty feet high, enclosing an area of some seventeen acres. This prison was named Camp Sumter by the rebels, and was intended for the confinement of men of the ranks only. It was opened for reception of its victims in February 1864, and in June following contained more than twenty thousand prisoners. In July the enclosure was enlarged by extending the old stockade forty rods to the north, the work being done by prison inmates. In the same month the crowded prisons at Richmond were relieved of their surplus prisoners, and twenty thousand of them were sent to Andersonville. In the months of July and August, so terrible in that climate, there were some thirty thousand miserable men, sick and well, huddled in a space that gave them each less than four square yards for all the purposes of living and dying. This statement is based upon a table found among the papers captured at Andersonville, and used in the trial of Wirz. The table shows the area of the stockade in the months of March, April, May, and June 1864 to have been 740,520 square feet. In March, with 7,500 prisoners, the average number of square feet for each man was 98.7; as the number of prisoners increased in the three following months, the space for each dropped 74 feet, 49.3 feet, and in June 33.3. Then the stockade was enlarged, but the number of prisoners increased in about an equal ratio, so that in July each man had 40.5 square feet, in August 35.7 square feet. Such is the Confederate official statement, but it represents things in a better light than they were, since the area divided in the table included the swamp lands, which were absolutely uninhabitable, and useless for every purpose but defecation.
With the addition made in July, the stockade enclosed twenty-three and a half acres, lying in the form of a parallelogram, with the surface somewhat depressed in the center, the elevation being at the northerly and southerly ends. Across this parallelogram, from west to east, and about one-third of the distance from the southerly end of the stockade, ran a sluggish stream of water, six feet in width, and bordered on each side by a low swamp, embracing an area of six acres. This swamp, which was uninhabitable except for the festering vermin and maggots that were afterwards suffered to swarm in its stagnant and loathsome filth, became in time the receptacle of the offal which naturally drained into it from the surface of the camp, as well as wash and waste of the cook-houses and camps outside. Outside of the stockade, near where the stream entered it, the cook-house was located, and further up the rebel guards were accustomed to wash and bath, while closer to the stockade animals were permitted to die and rot in its waters. This stream was the only place, with exception of a few shallow wells and springs, from which the prisoners could procure water for general use, and from its loathsome sewer constantly rose the pestilential vapors for fatal to human life. Where the water entered the stockade it was covered with a mantle of filth, grease, and drippings that constantly floated on it when the creek was at its ordinary stage. Inside of the stockade, the approach to the creek was through the swamp alone, while this in turn was filled with offal of the camp, which was never removed except as it was partially carried out by flooding rains. There were two entrances to the stockade, both on its westerly side, one north and the other south of the stream, secured by strongly constructed double gates The county round the prison was a pine forest, the place of the camp having been cleared for prison use. In the midst of this abundance of fuel, and with the full knowledge of the highest officials of the Confederacy, Union prisoners of war were compelled to eat raw food, and perish for want of fire and shelter. The camp of the guards was west of the enclosure. They were well sheltered from rain and sun when on duty, in sentry boxes commanding the inside of the prison. On eminences over looking the camp were forts, well equipped with artillery and troops.
How the Prisoners Lived at Andersonville
The Prisoners confined at Andersonville represented almost every loyal State that had soldiers in the field, were of every grade of society, of every nationality that makes up the population of our cities and towns. They were taken from the field of action everywhere east of the Mississippi, and prison life made strange messmates. The grandson of one who wore the Continental uniform and fired his flint lock musket at the red-coated defenders of tyranny in 1776, was companion in misery with the volunteer of foreign birth, who enlisted before he learned to speak our mother tongue. The student who left his books and the clergyman who left his pulpit were associated with the New York rough whose occupation was prize fighting. The mother's darling from whose face had not departed the brightness of childhood's innocence, and the world hardened, sin encrusted law breaker were together there. The prisoners began to arrive as soon as the pen was ready in February, 1864. The largest number at one time confined there was in August, stated by prison authority to have been 31,693, but as otherwise proven, some five or six thousand more. After the fall of Atlanta the number was reduced, the healthiest of the prisoners being run off to territory less likely to be visited by Sherman's advancing army. When the last of the living prisoners were removed, they left behind them 13,714 graves.
The usual appearance of a prisoner when turned inside of the gates, so far as clothing was concerned, was not much better than that of those who had become regular denizens there, inasmuch as his captors, or the guards through whose hands he had subsequently to pass, usually stripped him of whatsoever he had that pleased their fancy, and their fancy was for everything of value, from the greenbacks in his pocket-book, or the fine-tooth comb he carried, to the very shirt on his back. Sometime, however, when the number of prisoners received was in the thousands, they could come in with their full accouterments, and with their personal property undisturbed. The horror of new prisoners, at the spectacle of the semi-naked, lousy, dirty skeletons representing men who had come there as soldier-like as themselves, had much to do with their succumbing to the despair which made them the prey of disease and death. The appearance of a prisoner who had been two or three months in the stockade will live forever in the memory of any man so unfortunate as to have seen it. Often, on entering prison, the captive was stripped of a part of his clothing, perhaps of every article except shirt and drawers; one of these garments was frequently all that was left him. Exposed thus to all the vicissitudes of the weather, naked or nearly so, skin would be parched by the wind, blistered by the sun, until at last it would look and feel like leather, and the very dirty leather at that, since soap was never seen there. In all the time Andersonville was used as a prison, not one article of clothing was issued by the prison authorities. On the contrary, they appropriated to their own use blankets and clothing sent for the relief of prisoners from the Sanitary and Christian commissions of the North. This was not only the case at Andersonville, but in every other Southern prison. The stores sent by the Sanitary Commission to Andersonville from July to November, 1864 as sworn to by Dr. M.M. March, the agent of the commission at Beaufort, South Carolina, included; 5,052 wool shirts, 6,993 wool drawers, 3950 handkerchiefs, 601 cotton shirts, 1,128 cotton drawers, 2,100 blouses, 4,235 wool pants, 1,520 wool hats, 2,565 overcoats, 5385 blankets, 272 quilts, 2,120 pairs of shoes, 110 cotton coats, 140 vests, 46 cotton pants, 524 wrapper, 69 jackets, 12 overalls, 817 pairs of slippers, 3,147 towels, 5,431 wool socks. These supplies were withheld from the prisoners wholly or in part, sometimes their arrival being known to our boys only by seeing the guards appear in their sentry boxes in uniforms and blankets fresh and new, bearing the stamp of the United States or Sanitary Commission. Numerous boxes containing food and clothing were forwarded by friends and relatives of prisoners. Before the pretended delivery was made the prisoners were required to receipt for the box, and then it was made the box would be founded robbed of its valuable contents. In many cases after a receipt was obtained, nothing at all was delivered the prisoner. At the time these robberies were perpetrated the pressing necessities of the prisoners were compelling them to strip the dead bodies of their comrades, by which they were not frequently inflicted with disease which had terminated the comrade's life.
Fresh fish was the name the habitues of the pen gave new arrivals. The tidings they brought of the advance or defeat of our armies was listened to eagerly by those within and the first question asked them always was " Have you heard anything about our exchange?" When, in the manner already mentioned, any were so fortunate as to escape robbery, and came in moderately well supplied with the usual clothing of civilization, what objects of envy and admiration they were. If one sickened soon, before he had bartered his clothing for food (as they all were forced to do if it were not stolen from them), what greedy eyes, alas! Watched his last moments to seize the precious garments when he ceased to need them. In the latter part of April, 1864, some two thousand prisoners entered the stockade, attired in stylish new uniforms, with fancy hats and shoes. They were the garrison of Plymouth, a seaport of North Carolina, on the Roanoke river, had had an easy service, mostly garrison duty along the seacoast, and had re-enlisted, received their first installment of bounty money, and were to have their veteran furlough in a day or two, when they were captured. They were called a regiment of brigadier-generals and the Plymouth Pilgrims by the other prisoners. They were greater objects of pity than any others there. Not inured to hardships as were those whose lot had been harder campaigning, their bright anticipations of home lost in the realities of the hell in which they found themselves, they gave up courage when the gates closed on them, never hoped for escape or exchange and, as a consequence, died in great numbers. The subjoined realistic picture is Mr. McElroy's reminiscence of his own undress uniform in prison:
"Clothing had now become the object of real solicitude to us older prisoners. The veterans of our crowd, the surviving remnant of those captured at Gettysburg, had been prisoners over a year; the next in seniority, the Chickamauga boys, had been in ten months; the Mine Run fellows were eight months old; and my battalion (taken at Jonesville, forty miles from Cumberland Gap) had had seven months incarceration *** I can best illustrate the way our clothes dropped off us, piece by piece, like the petals from the last rose of summer, by taking my own case as an example. When I entered the prison I was clad in the ordinary garb of an enlisted man of the cavalry: Soft, comfortable boots, woolen socks, draws, pantaloons, vest; warm, snug-fitting jacket; under and over shirts; heavy great coat, and a forage cap. First my boots fell into cureless ruin: then part of the under clothing retired from service; the jacket and vest followed, their end being hastened by having their beast portion taken to patch up the pantaloons, which kept giving out in the most embarrassing places; then the cape of the overcoat was called upon to assist in this repairing. The same insatiate demand finally consumed the whole coat. The pantaloons, or what by courtesy I called such, were a monument of careful and ingenious, but hopeless, patching. The clothing upon the upper part of my body had been reduced to the remains of a knit undershirt. It had fallen into so many holes that it looked like a course 'riddles' through which ashes and gravel are sifted. Wherever these holes were the sun had burned my back, breast and shoulders deeply black. ***"
"One common way of keeping up one's clothing was by stealing meal sacks. The meal furnished as rations was brought in in white cotton sacks. Sergeants of detachments were required to return these when rations were issued the next day. I have before alluded to the incapacity of the rebels to deal with even simple numbers. It was never very difficult for a shrew sergeant to make nine sacks count as ten. After a while the rebels began to see through this slight of hand manipulation and to check it. Then the sergeants resorted to the device of tearing the sacks in two, and turning each half as a whole one. The cotton cloth gained in this way used for patching, or, if a boy could succeed in beating the rebels out of enough of it, he could fabricate himself a shirt or a pair of pantaloons. We obtained all or thread the same way; raveling half a sack carefully would furnish a couple handfuls of thread. Most of our needles were manufactured by ourselves from bone. A piece of bone, split as near as possible to the required size, was carefully rubbed down upon a brick, and then had an eye laboriously worked through it with a bit of wire, or something else available for the purpose. The needles were about the size of an ordinary size darning needles and answered the purpose very well. Time was with us of little importance.*** Of course the common source of clothing was the bodies of the dead, and no body was carried out with any clothing on it that would be of service to the survivors. The Plymouth Pilgrims who were so well clothed on coming in and were now dying off very rapidly, furnished many good suits to cover the nakedness of older prisoners . Most of the prisoners of the Army of the Potomac were well dressed, and as very many died within a month or six weeks after their entrance they left their cloths in pretty good condition for those who constituted Themselves their heirs, administrators and assigns."
One dwells upon the details of like in Andersonville without knowing which to wonder at most: malignance of the Southern authorities that set at defiance all laws of civilized warfare with the intention of killing their prisoners, or incapacitating them for further service or the resolution of our heroic men to make the best of adverse circumstances and live in spite of them.
How the Prisoners Died at Andersonville
The record of sickness and death at Andersonville is rendered appalling, not only by the amount of suffering and the dreadful mortality, but the conviction forced upon the most dispassionate investigator that the circumstances attendant upon thousands and thousands of deaths prove they were deliberate murders. Colonel D.T. Chandler, rebel inspecting officer of prisons, made a report upon the condition of Andersonville, August 5, 1864, recommending the removal of General Winder and the appointment of some one in his place, who, in the words of the report "does not advocate deliberately and in cold blood the propriety of leaving them (the prisoners) in their present condition until their number has been sufficiently reduced by death to make the present arrangement sufficient for their accommodation." This was General Winder's plan, as given by himself to Colonel Chandler. The report of Colonel Chandler says of the horrors of Andersonville, "they are difficult to describe, and a disgrace to civilization." Judge J.A. Campbell, assistant (Confederate) secretary of war, received this report and endorsed it, "These reports show a condition of the things at Andersonville which calls very loudly for interposition of the department in order that a change may be made." It was soon after this report was received that, by order of Davis, General Winder was made "Commissary general and commander of all military prisons and prisoners throughout the Confederate States east of the Mississippi.
These are appropriately considered under the head of causes of death in imprisonment, since the end sought by prison punishment was not discipline, but destruction. The inscription over the graves of many hundreds of long-suffering prisoners should be, Murdered by inhuman and uncalled-for punishment. These were inflicted not only for attempts to escape, but for the slightest real or supposed indignity offered a guard or prison official, for the breaking , intentionally or otherwise, of the most trivial and unnecessary rules and for a thousand trivial offenses which the tyrants in charge waited for ever, and made the most of it. Since these were alike in all the Southern Prisons, a description of those in the most general use at Andersonville will avail for all the others.
The Stocks at Andersonville were between Wirz's headquarters and the stockade, and were of two kinds. In the one the prisoner was tied to a wooden frame, with his arms extended and his feet closely tied together, in which position, unable to move either hand or foot, he was compelled to stand , or was laid upon his back during his time of confinement. In the other, the prisoners feet were fastened in a wooden frame, elevated so that it was impossible for him to sit up, the only position he could take being to lie on his back. The stocks were entirely unsheltered, the victims, confined in them for days, usually hatless and coatless, and in enfeeble condition, were exposed to the sun and rain until death relieved them oftener than the guard. Evidenced shows that victims were left in the stocks for hours, even days, after death ended their sufferings.
The Chain Gang was composed usually of twelve or more prisoners placed in two ranks. Their feet were shackled so they could step but a few inches, and a heavy iron collar was put around each man's neck; a heavy chain bound them together, extending from collar to collar, and from shackle to shackle. Each man had a small iron ball attached to one of his legs, and every four dragged a sixty-four pound ball. The prisoners were kept in the chain gang for weeks sometimes, the shackles around the ankles eating flesh to the bone. Afflicted by such bowel diseases as most of all of them were, and no member of the gang being able to move without the rest, the necessities of some of them would keep them all in motion, almost continually, night and day. When one died in the chains, the remainder had to drag his dead body with them until it was the pleasure of the officer or guard to relieve them of it.
Bucking and Gagging was a punishment popular with the torturers. The prisoner was seated on the ground, his wrists tied together over his knees, and a stick was run under his knees and over his arms at the elbows. A gag was placed in his mouth and tied tightly by strings extending back of his head, and he was set in the sun as many hours as suited his keeper.
Spread Eagle was a torture in which the victim was placed on the ground, his arms and legs extended as far as possible and fastened, he was left without food or water until relieved.
The Wooden Horse was a high trestle, on which a gagged prisoner was tied, his hands fastened behind him and his legs drawn apart by ropes tied around his ankles and fastened to a stake driven in the ground.
Tying up by the thumbs, beating with clubs, pricking by bayonets, standing on barrels in the sun for hours without water, withholding the rations, and other like brutal punishments were common, and deadly in their effects on sick and weak prisoners.
Types of Sickness and Causes
The following record of sickness and mortality at Andersonville, and the causes thereof, is gathered entirely from the prison reports, and from the testimony of officers in charge there as given at the trial of Wirz and before congressional committee before referred to. August 1st a reported presented to General Winder by Surgeons White, Hopkins, and Watkins, giving the following seven causes of disease and mortality: "1st, The large number of prisoners crowded together; 2nd The entire absences of vegetables as diet, so necessary as a preventive of scurvy; 3rd The want of barracks to shelter prisoners from sun and rain; 4th, The inadequate supply of wood and good water; 5th, Badly cooked food; 6th, The filthy condition of prisons and prisoners generally; 7th The morbific emanations from the branch or ravine through the prison, the condition of which cannot be better explained than by naming it a morass of human excrement and mud." The preventative measures advised were: "1st The immediate removal from the prison of not less than fifteen thousand prisoners; 2nd Detail on parole a sufficient number of prisoners to cultivate the necessary supply of vegetables, and, until this can be carried into operation, the appointment of agents along the different lines of railroad to purchase and forward a supply; 3rd The immediate erection of barracks to shelter the prisoners; 4th To furnish the necessary quantity of wood, and have wells dug to supply the deficiency of water; 5th, Divide the prisoners into squads, place each squad under a sergeant, furnish soap and hold the sergeant responsible for the personal cleanliness of his squad; furnish the prisoners with clothing, at the expense of the Confederate government, and if that government be unable to do so, candidly admit our inability, and call upon the Federal government to furnish them; 6th, by a daily inspection of bake-houses and baking; 7th, Cover over with sand from the hillside the entire morass, not less than six inches deep, board the stream or water course, and confine the men to the use of sinks, and make the penalty for the disobedience of such orders severe."
No action was taken on this report, and no changes ordered in consequence of it. How easy it would have been to have carried out some of its most important suggested changes, the following testimony shows: Dr. G.L.B. Rice, on duty at Andersonville, August 1864- March , 1865 testified: "I found the stockade in a deplorable condition, I saw a great deal of suffering, filth and everything that was bad and unpleasant. We prescribed by formulas or numbers. I commenced prescribing as I had been in the habit of doing at home, but I was informed I would not be allowed to do that; that they had not the medicines. I was handed a list of medicines we had to use; they were in formulas and numbers from one up to a certain point. It was a new thing to me, and I regarded it as a very unsafe method of practice, *** If all the surgeons had been sent away, and if the prisoners had got the vegetables they should have had, and more room, a great many more men would have been saved. I had a great many vegetables at home, more than we needed. I offered to go for them. I said they were rotting, and if I could be allowed to go home for a few days I would bring them down for the prisoners, without any charge, or a man could be sent to get them. I said they were going to waste and doing no one any good, and that if they were brought down to the prison they would save many lives. They were not sent for.
The extended and carefully kept report of Dr. Joseph Jones, a surgeon of high rank in the Confederate army, and who stood at the head of his profession in Georgia gave the prevailing diseases at Andersonville as scurvy, dysentery, diarrhea, and hospital gangrene. Everyone traceable to want of proper food and to filth. He reported his belief that nine-tenths of the mortality was due, directly or indirectly, to scurvy. This terrible disease is thus described: It manifested itself first in the mouth; the breath becomes unbearably fetid; the gums swell until they protruded, livid and disgusting, beyond the lips; the teeth become so loose they frequently fell out, and the sufferer would pick them up and set them back in their sockets. The gums would break away in chucks, that were swallowed or spit out. Frightful, malignant ulcers appeared in other parts of the body, the ever present maggot flies laid eggs in these, and soon worms swarmed therein. The last change was ushered in by the lower part of the legs swelling, the legs stiffening at the knees and at the ankle joints, the feet becoming useless, the leg at the bottom swollen larger than the thigh. A case of scurvy was hopeless when this change began. Want of vegetables was the cause of scurvy, but when the ladies of Andersonville, moved by the horrors of which they heard, waited on General Winder with offers of vegetables to be delivered at the gate, they were refused, with his sanction, by Quartermaster W.H. Winder, and the ladies driven away by such language which will not bear repetition here. Every morning after roll call the doctors entered the south gate and made form pretense of examining and prescribing for the sick who came to them. As their time and number was limited, and as their patients were in the thousands and their remedies such as have already been described, it is questionable whether more sickness was not generated than healed by this crowding together of all diseases, more deaths caused than prevented. Over the burning sand and under the burning sun would hobble the scorbutics, with distorted limbs; groups of three or four, themselves so weakened they would hardly walk, would come bringing an emaciated comrade in a blanket, the victim of some bowel trouble, too weak to walk at all; others, less fortunate in friends, would crawl over the ground when they could neither walk or stand. Many would come at the expense of hours of slow, agonizing movement and then not receive a word nor a look. Morning after morning they would repeat this journey, until some day, Death's hand would kindly tough them. A half an acre covered with human beings suffering from all hideous forms of disease, scurvy, and diarrhea, dysentery and fever, exposure and hunger; emaciation and pollution everywhere. What could twenty physicians, with the best intentions, do for twelve thousand such men as these.
Murders - The Dead Line - The Dogs
Inside the stockade, parallel with its lines and about fifteen feet from them, was the dead line, marked by a scantling nailed on a post, the posts placed at regular intervals. It was indeed the line of death, to pass which, to touch which, even brought the extreme penalty on any and all without regard to circumstances. The penalty was inflicted upon the tottering sick and the strong and well. On the sane and demented; on the staggering wretch whose failing limbs made him the unwilling victim, and the suffering maniac who neither knew nor dreaded his danger. The burning thirst of the fevered patient, which impelled him to reach beneath it for a drop of purer water than the stagnant pool, was quenched in death by the restless rifle of the guard; the ignorant prisoner newly captured and who had learned its dread significance, fell by the same merciless hand.
The first man killed after its establishment was a half-crazed German, wearing the white crescent of the Second Division, Eleventh Army Corps, nicknamed Sigel. He spied an old piece of cloth lying within the dead line, stooped down and reached after it, and instantly a charge of ball and buck tore through his body. He fell back dead, clutching the dirty rag that had cost him his life. For water that was the least bit less filthy a prisoner would risk his life. For weeks a man a day would be killed at the spot along the dead line where the creek entered the stockade. Whatever apprehension there might be felt when prisoners gathered at the dead line in any other part of the pen that they meditated designs on the stockade, here their object was unmistakable. They were reaching for a drink of water, and if their arm appeared beyond the line they were shot. It is the belief of every former prisoner in Andersonville that a guard obtained a thirty-day furlough for every Yankee shot. The guards themselves asserted that was the fact, and it would be quite in accordance with the rest of the prison management. One day in May, a poor one-legged cripple let fall his crutch and put his hand on the dead line, to steady himself while he picked it up. A guard instantly shot him, the ball passing through his lungs. All the morning he lay writhing in the clutches of death, and the guard, with reloaded musket, threatened every man who from motives of pity advanced toward him. One day in August one of the fresh fish, who had just come in the north gate went to the creek to drink slipped and fell his head striking about six inches within the dead line. Wirz was standing near, and hallooed to the sentry, cursing him for not shooting, and the sentry then fired, the shot entering the top of the man's head, and coming out of the back of his neck. He fell dead in the creek, from which the prisoners took him away when Wirz moved away. Hundreds of such occurrences could be cited to prove the malignance of these murders, and the purpose animating those who allowed and encouraged them. Nor did the guards always confine themselves to the order, frequently in a spirit of mischief shooting beyond the line into a hut, killing one or more. No record shows that a sentry was ever punished or reprimanded for such an act. As the prisoners grew more desperate the favorite method of suicide was to step across the line, and invite death, which always followed.
When courage or desperation of a prisoner led him to determine upon death or escape, the dogs were his greatest dread. Guards and patrols could sometimes be circumvented, the dogs were more unerring. If the hounds kept at Andersonville were evaded by taking to the water or the swamp, another pack was sure to get the trail before the fugitive could reach God's country. The laws of Georgia and the decisions of its high courts, had many years sustained the right to hunt down fugitive slaves with hounds. From hunting black men to hunting down white men was a shorter step. The whole of Southern Georgia was patrolled in 1864, and doubtless other parts of the South, by provost marshals with guards and dogs, hunting down negroes and deserters and many Union prisoners who might otherwise have escaped, were thus retaken. One could not travel on any road without a pass, and every road was patrolled by men and dogs. At Andersonville were two or more packs, each pack made up of two blood hounds and from thirty to forty mongrels. It was the first thing of interest every morning to listen to the packs as they went yelping round the pen, searching for tracks. In this way the prisoners knew if any new tunnels had been opened during the night.
Hunting with hounds was one of the favorite recreations of the amiable Wirz, of whom a prisoner said: "He is the most even tempered man I ever knew. He is always foaming made." He had a favorite pack, owned and managed by one Wesley W. Turner, who had land near Americus, but boasted that he could make more money hunting Yankees than out of all the land in Georgia. The pack was kept in good quarters outside the stockade, liberally fed, and was seldom without their daily exercise in tracking down some desperate wretch. It is the universal testimony that when Wirz accompanied the hunt the dogs were allowed to bite and tear the captured after they yielded much more than when he did not. Sometimes men were torn in pieces and left in the woods; some times they were brought back without being bitten, but put in the stocks or otherwise punished; oftenest they were bitten more or less in the severely, brought back and turned into the stockade or left in the hospital without treatment until they died, as a warning.
The Rates of Mortality - Treatment of the Dead - Burial
In March, 1864,of 4.703 prisoners, 283 died, a daily average of 9; in April, of 9,577, 592 died, a daily average of 19; in May, of 18,434 prisoners, 701 died, an average of 23 daily; in June, of 26,367 prisoners, 1,202 died, a daily average of 40; in July, of 31,678 prisoners, 1,742 died, a daily average of 56; in August, of 31,963, 3,076 died, a daily average of 99; in September, of 88,218 prisoners, 2,790 died, a daily average of 90. On the 23rd of August 127 died, or one man every eleven minutes. On September 16th one hundred and nineteen deaths occurred. The deaths for eight months in proportion to the number of prisoners were as follows: In April one in every sixteen died; in May one in every twenty-six; in June one in every twenty-two; in July one in every eighteen; in August one in every eleven; in September one in every three; in October one in every two; in November one in every three. The greater proportionate mortality in the last three months will be understood when it is remembered that Sherman's advance threatened to stop the sport at Andersonville, and all the prisoners who could have possibly borne arms were hurried off to be killed in safer places. It was intended to leave only those whom he could bury. In six months 565 deaths were recorded as from causes unascertained. In other words, the patients died without having any medical attendance, without having had their cases diagnosed at all. They died of starvation and filth. Died and made no sign. They died of enteric diseases, chronic or acute diarrhea or dysentery, brought on by the irritation of the bowels caused by coarse meal ground cob and all. As our boys so often tell it; or they died of scurvy , aggravated, prolonged and made fatal by the absence of vegetable food, when vegetables were brought to the very gates for them and refused. Think of it, 13,714 men between eighteen and forty-five years of age, the hope, the pride, the mainstay of our Republic. More men than fought and won some of the most brilliant engagements of the war, penned into thirteen acres of swamp and filth, and put out of the way by starvation.
In the stockade, the dead were found in a great variety of places. Sometimes they were lying beneath their rude shelters with comrades, the time of their departure unknown even to him by whose side they were lying. The prisoners generally died without a struggle, and apparently without pain; they were so wasted by disease and famine that the spirit parted from its earthly tenement as quietly as the flame sinks among its embers. Sometimes they crawled into the hole they had excavated for shelter, and lay there, unknelled uncoffined, and unknown, until the stench arising from their decay, or missing them at roll call led to a search that discovered them. Sometimes they died in an effort to drag themselves to the swamp to quench their thirst, or to the south gate hoping to gain relief. Sometimes they had thrown themselves beyond the dead line, and invited death. In the early morning the dead of the preceding day and night were gathered up under the direction of the division sergeants, and laid of the road leading to the south gate and near the dead line. When the gate was opened at eight o'clock they were taken up, one by one, placed on a hand stretcher, and carried to the dead house. At these times there was always a large crowd gathered round the dead, disputing over the right to carry the bodies out, their quarrels frequently coming to blows. For those who secured this ghastly privilege were able to collect a few sticks of the wood which lay between the hospital and the stockade, and the preservation of their own lives sometimes depended on the fuel so secured.
The dead house was located in the southwest corner of the hospital enclosure, and was formed by setting four posts in the ground and nailed boards on them to the height of six feet. A piece of canvas was stretched over it for a roof, an opening left for an entrance on the west side. To this house all the dead were removed, from the hospital and stockade, until, in August, the number of daily dead increased so that the dead-house would not hold them. The bodies from the stockade were then placed in a row, or in rows under the awning of pine boughs, just outside the defenses and near the road to the cemetery. There they remained in the hot sun, or the storm, until their turn for burial. There was to be seen the final result of the Andersonville regimen in all its fullness - the fruit of the natural agencies that were to reduce our armies faster than bullets. The scene will not bear delineation.
The men who died in the hospital were carried out by the nurses of the wards to which they belonged, and placed in the streets in front of the tents, whenever, at any time of the day or night, they were found, in heat or in rain. There the bodies remained until the two men appointed for the purpose came round with the stretcher and carried them to the dead house. The dead and the living lay side by side in the hospital till nurses came round, and it was frequently hours before they were separated. In August, when the daily average of deaths was ninety-nine, over three thousand bodies were deposited in or around the dead house for burial, a number exceeding by more than one thousand the largest brigade engaged in the battle of Stone River, and seven-eighths as many as VanCleve's entire division in that battle. The dead-cart came for the bodies in the early morning, an army wagon without covering, drawn by mules, driven by a colored man. The bodies were tossed into the cart without regard to order or decency, piled one upon another like so many sticks. With arms and legs hanging over the sides, with their heads striking one against the other, the cart was driven at a rattling rate over stumps and in and out of holes in the ground, and so the dead we would have delighted to honor were taken to their burial.
The cemetery was located northeast of the stockade and nearly a mile from the hospital. Nature at least was kindly in making the chosen place a pleasant one. The ground slightly sloped to the northwest and the forest of pines round about murmured a constant requiem. Trenches, running north and south, were dug, four feet deep, six wide and long enough to bury the dead for the day, and a squad of paroled prisoners were detailed for the work. The bodies, still in the few poor rags in which death found them, or naked, if a comrades necessities had taken their last clothing, were placed in the trench close to one another, their faces toward the east, and the earth was thrown in, only warm covering the South had given them. Neither prayer nor tear hallowed the ceremony. A little mound a foot in height was placed over each body, a stake branded with the number on a label which had been on the breast of the deceased was placed at the head of each, and the work was done. The number on the stake referred to a register kept in the office of the chief surgeon by Dorence Atwater, a paroled prisoner. The register was secretly carried away by him, and furnish to our War Department. To him we owe the knowledge, we have to the soldiers buried there. In this register he recorded, where it was possible to ascertain the facts, name, rank, company, regiment, date of death and disease, of each one was buried. Some died in the stockade refusing to give their name and of such only the number is recorded, but Mr. Atwater's care it is due that only nine hundred and twenty-one graves are marked Unknown at Andersonville, out of the thirteen thousand seven hundred and fourteen buried there. That noble and patriotic woman, Miss Clara Barton, has had Andersonville cemetery placed in order since the war.
(a) H.H. Hardesty. 1888. Ohio in the War.
Donald E. Darby
National Patriotic Instructor
Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War
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A few words about the word campus:
- The word campus as used in the U.S. today refers to the grounds of a college or university.
- The earliest known use of the proper noun the Campus in a collegiate context occurred in 1774 at Princeton, according to the Oxford English Dictionary. Charles C. Beatty wrote Enoch Green on January 31, 1774: “Last week to show our patriotism, we gathered all the steward’s winter store of tea, and having made a fire in the Campus, we there burnt near a dozen pounds, tolled the bell and made many spirited resolves.”
- It does not follow that the meaning of the proper noun the Campus in the eighteenth century is the same as the meaning of the general term campus today. Yes, the word was used first at Princeton; yes, the word refers a college grounds today; no, it did not mean that in 1774 or even in 1874. Therefore the OED is incorrect to the extent that it attributes a present-day definition of campus to the 1774 use of the Campus.
The OED may be forgiven for imprecision, but its citation to Beatty’s letter unfortunately has given rise to the myth that campus as a word for college grounds was used in the eighteenth century and began at Princeton. Alexander Leitch, in A Princeton Companion (1978) wrote that the use of campus “to mean the grounds of a college originated at Princeton”; Turner repeated the myth in Campus: An American Planning Tradition (1984); Barbara Hadley Stanton repeated it (citing the OED) in “Cognitive Standards and the Sense of Campus,” Places 17, no 1 (Spring 2005), 38.
- On the contrary, the proper name the Campus, in keeping with its Latin meaning of “the field,” referred to a more-or-less bounded plot of land, a particular and identifiable collegiate urban space (at Princeton or, later, at other colleges). The word did not refer to the grounds or real estate or physical plant of a college. Beatty implied this in his sentence by writing that he “made a fire in the Campus” (using a sense of the word “in” that remains current in Britain, where a car is “in the street,” not “on the street”). The site where the fire took place was a particular field in front of Nassau Hall, and if the fire had been on a different part of the college grounds, Beatty would not have said “in the Campus.” In other words, he did not use the term to contrast two fires that might be on-campus and off-campus, which would be the implication if he had used today’s meaning of campus.
Albert Matthews’ article on the use of the word campus in Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts 3 (1897) apparently suggested that Princeton President John Witherspoon was struck on his arrival by Princeton’s flat, unenclosed front field and introduced the Classical term to describe it. This explanation of the arrival of the word fits with Beatty’s meaning, and it supports the continued reference to that particular plot in later years: the Princeton Trustees referred to “the back campus of the College” (1787) and “the front Campus” (1807) according to Leitch.
James Finch, Travels in the United States and Canada (1833) used the word in print first, writing “In front of the College is a fine campus ornamented with trees,” again according to A Princeton Companion. Nothing could make this original, narrow meaning clearer than Benjamin Homer Hall’s definition in College Words and Customs (1856): At Princeton, “the college yard is denominated the Campus.”
In 1869, a Dartmouth student wrote that a tent had appeared “on the campus opposite the Dartmouth Hotel” (The Dartmouth 3, no. 10 (November 1869), 393); an 1883 oration was directed to “this dear old exercise ground,” cheering “the glory of this long-to-be-remembered Campus” (“wah—hoo—wah! C—A—M—P—U—S!”) (William Edward Cushman, 1883, “Campus Oration” in “Exercises of Class Day at Dartmouth College, Tuesday, June 26, 1883″ (Hanover, N.H.: Class of 1883, 1883), 22); and into the 1930s, a student could write that a parade had marched to the President’s House and then back “to the campus” to set off a bonfire (Richard N. Campen, 11 November 1930 letter excerpted in in Edward Connery Lathem and David M. Shribman, eds., Miraculously Builded in Our Hearts: A Dartmouth Reader (Hanover, N.H.: Dartmouth College, distributed by University Press of New England, 1999), 136).
Samuel Eliot Morison wrote in Three Centuries of Harvard (1936) that since Princeton started calling its field “the campus,” “[o]ne by one every other American college has followed suit, until Harvard alone has kept her Yard.”
- No one has yet demonstrated how the meaning of the word shifted from the proper name of a college field “to mean the grounds of a college.” It might have happened at Princeton, which seems to have been using the word longest. Klauder and Wise noted that such a shift was taking place nationally when they wrote of campus: “This too has changed its meaning as the buildings have expanded and increased with the growth of the institutions. It has now a more extended meaning and comprises all the centrally located property of the institution” (Charles Z. Klauder & Herbert C. Wise, College Architecture in America (1929), 4). The transition was relatively late at Dartmouth, where the old meaning of the word did not die out until the mid-twentieth century. Though some had begun calling the bounded plot at the center of Dartmouth “the Green” by 1809 (William Tully in Oliver S. Haywood and Elizabeth H. Thomson, eds., The Journal of William Tully, Medical Student at Dartmouth 1808-1809 (New York: Science History Publications, 1977), 23, writing “[t]he green, I should judge to be but little short of a quarter of a mile square”), that term did not dominate until perhaps the 1940s. Perhaps as the general term campus became popular nationally, it made Dartmouth’s old name for its space confusing, requiring a replacement.
- Today, the term campus is used everywhere almost exclusively in its broad, college-grounds meaning. It is even spreading abroad to universities that existed before the word was adopted in a collegiate context. Older uses survive, however. Along with its recurrence in songs (“the long, cool shadows floating on the campus”), it recurs in the name of the main snow sculpture for Dartmouth’s Winter Carnival, which is called officially the Center-of-Campus Statue, a reference to its site at the center of the Green rather than to its site near the center of the college grounds.
[Updated 09.19.2005, 09.30.2005, 10.01.2005.] | <urn:uuid:560883b4-d147-4642-9ccc-81577b3e6c3f> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.dartmo.com/archives/213 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368697552127/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516094552-00089-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96328 | 1,565 | 2.859375 | 3 |
I’m sure if you have ever followed anything related to nutrition you have heard about saturated fats (SFA) vs. monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fats (PUFA). You probably know it is important to limit the amount of SFA you consume in your diet by replacing them with MUFA or PUFA foods to promote improved heart health. Recommendations published in the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans state that you should consume less than 10% of your calories from SFA per day. Foods high in SFA you shouldavoid include: coconut oil, butter, stick margarine, pork fat, beef fat and chicken fat. Good alternatives that are higher in MUFA and PUFA include: soft margarine, olive oil, sunflower oil, canola oil, nuts, seeds and fish. Overall, as a rule of thumb, decrease solid fats you consume and replace them with more liquid fats (stick butter vs. oils). Think of it this way, if it goes in as a solid fat, thats how it stays in your body. Another important thing to remember is that no matter what source your fat is coming from, fat is high in calories (9 calories/gram); therefore, in terms of weight loss, although MUFA and PUFA are a much healthier alternative to SFA, you should still limit your intake to 5-10% of calories/day.
Information provided is from the Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, May, 2012 issue. | <urn:uuid:d7b4c6c9-a766-4112-a161-95003d946b61> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://fitspohealthfullife.wordpress.com/2012/07/04/dietary-fats/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818695439.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170926103944-20170926123944-00206.warc.gz | en | 0.954675 | 305 | 2.609375 | 3 |
What Students Can Do About School Safety
It’s easy to leave it up to your school to take care of school safety and security issues and hope for the best, but why do that when you as a student have the power to take charge and make a difference so that your school can be safer.
People often report feeling helpless when it comes to school violence and crime. They’re not happy with the way things are, they’re anxious and even in fear when it comes to going to school each day, they see all of the horrible news about school violence on TV, yet they sit back and twiddle their thumbs instead of doing something about it. Does that seem right to you?
When we say that students should take control and do something about school safety we’re not talking about playing the hero or about vigilante justice! What we’re talking about is coming together to do what you can to make your school a safer place for you and your fellow students. You actually have more power then you realize. You know how they say that knowledge is power? Most of the time you just need to be pointed in the right direction and given the knowledge that you’re lacking about school safety programs and what can be done about it. That’s where we come in! Here are a couple of ways that you as a student can work to make your school safer. Both of these ideas are ones that are being used by other students around the world right now. Have a look at these suggestions and see which one you would like to try.
Ways to Make Your School Safer
Start a Social Group: It’s been proven that students who are involved in groups and social activities are less likely to get into trouble or become violent. So why not start a group that focuses on doing positive things or fun things? This gives students a place to come and feel the sense of belonging that they may not be getting from home. Having this sort of option available will also help keep kids from joining gangs in order to be a part of something, and gangs are often responsible for making schools unsafe.
Educate Others on Bullying: Students around the world have been joining together in schools to educate others about bullying. Speak to your teacher about getting the word out via flyers and posters and even an assembly. Get everyone involved and even enlist the help of speakers from kids who’ve been bullied to police officers that can talk about the dangers of bullying to even local celebrities who may be willing to share their stories. This will not only let others know the dangers of bullying and the impact it has on school safety but it can also help students and teachers to spot the signs and identify and stop bullying that is going on in the school. | <urn:uuid:88599348-893e-48fb-ac69-9446504f42bb> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.nssc1.org/what-students-can-do-about-school-safety.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223203235.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032003-00162-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976217 | 562 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The Three Little Pixies
The Three Little Pigs is one of the most iconic fairytales, instantly recognizable in any list. But where did it come from? In fact, the earliest known version of the story actually features not pigs, but pixies.
This story, Aarne-Thompson-Uther Type 124, resembles tales like "The Wolf and the Seven Young Kids" (ATU 123) and "Little Red Riding Hood" (ATU 333) where a predator tries to gain access to its prey's home through trickery or force. The listener identifies with a child like Red Riding Hood, or a domesticated animal like the goats or pigs. Sometimes the victim escapes with a clever trick. In other versions, he or she is gobbled up whole, and may or may not escape the wolf's belly.
However, the three pigs are sort of latecomers.
In 1853, an untitled story about a fox stalking a group of pixies was published in English forests and forest trees, historical, legendary, and descriptive. The story was also recorded in “The Folk-Lore of Devonshire” in Fraser's Magazine vol. 8 (1873). The pixies in the fox story live in an oddly domestic colony; two who dwell in wooden and stone houses are eaten. The fox, in search of prey, knocks at each door and calls "Let me in, let me in" before breaking the house open. However, a clever third pixie lives in an iron house which the fox can't break into. At the end, the fox finally captures the pixy in a box. However, the pixy uses a magical charm to trick him into switching places, and the fox dies.
This is the earliest known version of the story. So how did we get to pigs?
[Edit 3/23/21: J. F. Campbell's Popular Tales of the West Highlands, first published around 1860, mentions the pig story. "There is a long and tragic story which has been current amongst at least three generations of my own family regarding a lot of little pigs who had a wise mother, who told them where they were to build their houses, and how, so as to avoid the fox. Some of the little pigs would not follow their mother's counsel, and built houses of leaves, and the fox got in and said, "I will gallop, and I'll trample, and I'll knock down your house," and he ate the foolish, little, proud pigs; but the youngest was a wise little pig, and, after many adventures, she put an end to the wicked fox when she was almost vanquished, bidding him look into the caldron to see if the dinner was ready, and then tilting him in headforemost."]
In 1877, Lippincott's Monthly Magazine featured William Owens' article "Folk-Lore of the Southern Negroes," including the story of "Tiny Pig." Seven pigs are hunted by a fox, who goes to each of their houses and asks entrance. The pigs each reply in rhyme, "No, no, Mr. Fox, by the beard on my chin! You may say what you will, but I'll not let you in." The fox proceeds to blow down each house and eat the occupant. Only the seventh one, Tiny Pig, has built a strong stone house, and the fox finds that he cannot blow it or tear it down. The fox attempts to enter through the chimney, but Tiny Pig has a fire waiting for him.
In an odd note, Owens compares "Tiny Pig" to an Anglo-Saxon tale called "The Three Blue Pigs." He implies that this was the source for the African-American tale. He gives no source for this story, but it seems he expected his readers to recognize it. However, Thomas Frederick Crane, a collector of Italian tales, seemed baffled by the reference and wrote that he was unable to find the tale.
The tale seems to have been strongly present in African-American folklore of the time. In addition to this appearance in Lippincott's Magazine, Nights with Uncle Remus: Myths and Legends of the Old Plantation by Joel Chandler Harris (1883) featured "The Story of the Pigs." Five build houses for themselves from "bresh," sticks, mud, planks, and rock. Brer Wolf sweet-talks and lures each one, coaxing them to open the doors of their respective homes. In this way, he devours them one by one. Only the Runt sees through his deception. In a scene reminiscent of both Red Riding Hood's dialogue with a disguised wolf, and the Seven Kids' protests that the wolf doesn't resemble their mother, Runt sees through each of Brer Wolf's claims that he's one of her siblings. Again, there is the ending with the chimney and the pig's waiting fire. A Harris story published later, "The Awful Fate of Mr. Wolf," told a similar narrative with Brer Rabbit as the protagonist.
"The Three Goslings" appeared in Thomas Frederick Crane's Italian Popular Tales in 1885. This is another close variation on the story, but with geese rather than pigs. Here we find the wolf blowing down houses. Ultimately, the third gosling pours boiling water into the wolf's mouth to kill him, and then cuts open his stomach to free her sisters. (I'm not sure why the boiling water didn't hurt them.) Crane collected this from Tradizioni popolari veneziane raccolte by Dom. Giuseppe Bernoni, vol. 3 (c. 1875-77). He also included a story called "The Cock," which similarly featured a wolf blowing down animals' houses (in this case built of feathers).
Our modern famous trio of pigs can be traced back to James Orchard Halliwell's Nursery Rhymes of England (1886). The tale was titled "The Story of the Three Little Pigs." Here is the final pig living in a brick house. Here are the rhyming couplets with the wolf calling out, "Little pig, little pig, let me come in" and huffing and puffing houses in. A few scenes, such as the wolf trying to lure out the pig and the pig duping him, are identical to scenes in the pixie story. As in the Italian stories, the wolf blows down the houses, and as in the African-American versions, the ending has the wolf's descent through the chimney. (However, the pig boils him and eats him, reminding one of the Italian gosling's boiling pot of water.) The British version featuring the pigs gained popularity through Joseph Jacobs' English Fairy Tales (1890), which cited Halliwell. Another version showed up in Andrew Lang's Green Fairy Book (1906).
Some African and Middle-Eastern versions tell the same story with different animals, such as sheep or goats. In some areas, human main characters seem more popular, as in the Moroccan tale of Nciç (Scellés-Millie, Paraboles et contes d’Afrique du Nord, 1982). A sultan and his seven sons travel to Mecca, but one by one the sons lose courage and build houses - one with walls of honey, another with walls of date paste. The seventh and smallest son Nciç builds an iron house and faces off against a ghoul.
The story of the fox and the pixies remains an outlier. It is the first known tale to introduce the now-familiar framework of the Three Little Pigs. However, it is also oddly rare. Pigs, fowl, goats, and humans all star in similar tales, but I've never encountered another version with pixies.
And what exactly makes foxes a natural enemy of pixies? The 1873 article in Fraser's Magazine remarks that "There is a very curious connection between the pixies and the wild animals of the moor, especially with the fox, which features in many local stories. These turn frequently on a struggle in craft and cunning between the fox and the pixie." However, the only story cited is this one - not exactly a large sample size - and the author admits that the story of the pixies living in individual houses of iron, etc., is atypical.
Meanwhile, in the other stories recorded in English Forests, pixies are "merry wicked sprites" who torment horses, lead humans astray in the woods, and steal babies. These are not cute winged fairies. They appear as "large bundles of rags," or occasionally tiny sprites dressed in filthy rags. Rather than being harmed by iron like some folkloric fae, they are miners and metalworkers. In one story, they are apparently immune to gunfire ("they were not to be harmed by weapon of 'middle earth'").
In the fox story, however, they are hapless creatures easily devoured by a woodland animal. The only pixy-ish thing they do is at the very end, when the final survivor uses an unspecified "charm" to entrap the fox.
I believe the answer is lies in a confusion between similar words. The word "pixy" is close to "pig" - and that's before you get into related words like puck or pug. One variation is pigsies or pigseys.
Pigsie is a Devonshire term for pixie. The story of the fox and the pixies is from Dartmoor, in Devon.
The pixie version could have arisen through a misinterpretation of the animal pig (or piggie) as the supernatural creature pigsie. If it was originally about pigs, that would explain why similar tales frequently feature animal heroes, and the same tale was widespread with pig protagonists even on the other side of an ocean. It would also explain why the Dartmoor tale's pixies act so unpixylike and helpless, with only one mention of magic thrown in at the end almost as an afterthought.
I can only think of a couple of versions of The Three Little Pigs which feature fairies as protagonists, and they are modern take-offs. In 1996, a book titled Feminist Fairy Tales by Barbara Walker featured a parody of the Three Little Pigs as "The Three Little Pinks." In this fable about girl power, a misogynistic gardener named Wolf comes at odds with three flower fairies who share the task of painting flowers pink. I found this parody less than impressive. But it's still intriguing in how it cycles - perhaps unknowingly - back to one of the earliest published versions of the tale.
Oh, and there was an early 20th century version of "The Wolf and the Seven Young Kids" which featured a goblin and seven little breeze spirits. That was "The Gradual Fairy" by Alice Brown, published in 1911.
I do wonder about the "Three Blue Pigs" tale mentioned by William Owens, which could potentially date back before the tale of the fox and the pixies. Perhaps it didn't survive. That would be a fascinating find, though.
Hey guys! Be sure to check out this short documentary by Molly Likovich, analyzing the story of Red Riding Hood. Molly very kindly invited me to interview, so I am in there at a few points (look for Sarah Allison).
This is one of the most omnipresent fairytales in our culture and the video provides a really interesting look at its origins. Molly has other similar video essays on her channel.
There was a study around 2013 by anthropologist Jamie Tehrani, who concluded that "Little Red Riding Hood" and "The Wolf and the Kids" are two descendants of a common ancient ancestor.
This is an example of monogenesis. I've been reading a little about polygenesis and monogenesis, after someone mentioned them on a site I frequent. As it relates to folktales, polygenesis means the tale originated from many sources independently and spontaneously, and monogenesis means it originated from one source and was diffused.
I think I can safely say that the German Daumesdick, the Russian Malchik-s-Palchik and the Italian Cecino are all the exact same story. This story appears frequently, under different names, across Europe, Asia, and North Africa. Further south in Africa and on other continents, it doesn't seem to show up at all until colonists brought it there. It's pretty clearly one story that was diffused around a specific landmass.
Where it gets more interesting is examples like the English Tom Thumb and the Japanese Issun-Boshi. These tales are from opposite points of the Thumbling tale area, and were first published far before the others. They share a few points: the wish for a son miraculously granted, the tiny boy leaving home, wielding a needle as a sword, serving a nobleman, and being swallowed by a beast. In every other aspect, they differ completely.
Issun-Boshi was probably first written down sometime during the Muromachi period (1392-1573), and there were other stories of tiny people, like the god Sukuna-biko, first described in the 8th century, or Princess Kaguya, first written down in the 10th century.
There's evidence of a Tom Thumb tradition in England as early as 1579.
Portuguese traders reached Japan in 1543, so there's contact between Europe and Asia at that point.
Did these stories have the same source, or were they simply examples of a universal interest in tiny people? Did some country somewhere in the middle produce the proto-Thumbling tale?
I was interested in the same stories appearing across different cultures long before I got onto this project. For instance, the story of a great flood as punishment from a deity (usually with only a handful of survivors in a boat) is universal. It's in the Middle East. It's in Europe. It's in Asia. It's in Africa. It's in the Americas. It's in Australia.
Is this polygenesis or monogenesis? Is it just because all of these cultures had lived near water and seen catastrophic floods, and they wanted to tell stories about them, and the folktales emerged in a kind of convergent evolution? Or could these stories possibly serve as evidence for a singular Great Flood?
Some proponents of polygenesis in folktales based it on a theory of psychic unity among humans, and the idea that all cultures went through exactly the same stages of development. The term "universal human psyche" tends to pop up in some of these sources.
Proponents of monogenesis have also come up with some weird theories. There was a period of time where quite a few scholars posited that all stories were connected. If there was a similar name, it was the same person. In many cases, this was leaping to conclusions. For instance, not all characters named Thomas are the same person. Tom Thumb is not Tam Lin. I think, as time has passed, this particular theory has fallen out of favor.
Overall, monogenesis and diffusion seem far more likely to me, although there are still cases for different groups coming up with the same idea. Like, say, a sky god who controls the thunder.
Researching folktales and fairies, with a focus on common tale types. | <urn:uuid:559ca89a-c28d-403e-9723-1c7569385ac7> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://writinginmargins.weebly.com/home/category/little-red-riding-hood | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945289.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324211121-20230325001121-00300.warc.gz | en | 0.968419 | 3,239 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Time Left - 06:00 mins
English Pedagogy Quiz: 11.07.2021
Attempt now to get your rank among 1264 students!
Reading picture book means ______________________________.
The language which is learnt from environment without any explicit teaching is ___________.
Direction: Answer the following questions by selecting the most appropriate options.
Words which one recognizes when one hears or sees them are _______.
Literature should be included in language classroom because ____________________________.
Which of the following activity will help enhance speaking skills of learners?
__________________ method of teaching language is based on three elements in learning: stimulus, response and reinforcement.
_____ tests can be scored quickly and consistently.
Which is the classical method of teaching English?
A teacher teaches a language by speaking in the class first and then asking the students to repeat the same. Which principle is she following?
Which among the following is true with respect to Vygotsky’s theory of language development?
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Size 2.804 MB 8 seeders Added 2011-07-08 02:35:31
Maurizio Gabbrielli, Simone Martini, "Programming Languages: Principles and Paradigms" Publisher: Springer | ISBN: 1848829132 | edition 2010 | PDF | 440 pages | 2.68 mb This self-contained textbook assumes that the reader has some familiarity with one programming language, and adopts a simple yet rigorous approach. The author explains the main programming paradigms (imperative, object-oriented, functional, and logic), and makes clear separation between the design, implementation and pragmatic aspects of programming languages. As well as an excellent guide for undergraduates the content will also be useful for software practitioners who want to consolidate and update their knowledge of programming languages.
|Programming Languages - Principles and Paradigms.pdf||2.804 MB| | <urn:uuid:8878d470-db0c-42d8-8225-64b5eeb2cace> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://isohunt.to/torrent_details/5243396/Programming-Languages-Principles-and-Paradigms | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320323.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624184733-20170624204733-00183.warc.gz | en | 0.842257 | 182 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Centuries before Ian Fleming would write James Bond into existence, another man signed letters with "007." That man, John Dee, was a mathematician, astronomer, and (some say) magician. He was also a trusted member of Queen Elizabeth I's court. Some historians say that Dee was a spy for Elizabeth, thus making him an even more fitting inspiration for Ian Fleming's hero.
Early Academic Accomplishments
Born in 1527, John Dee would later earn a reputation as one of the most learned men of his age. He attended St. John's College, Cambridge from 1542 until 1546. He was so successful that he was made a fellow at Trinity College. It was there, working on a stage performance of Aristophanes' Peace, that Dee gained attention for being a magician; apparently his stage effects were so clever, the audience could find no natural explanation for them.
Dee spent the late 1540s and the early 1550s traveling throughout Europe. He studied at Leuven in Brussels and delivered a lecture on Euclid in Paris. Dee met and befriended legendary cartographer Gerardus Mercator, and when he returned to England he brought a significant collection of astronomical and mathematical instruments. Soon after, Dee became a tutor to the court. The relationship with young Princess Elizabeth would prove a pivotal one.
Dabbling in Dangerous Studies
Dee had long been fascinated with astrology. In 1555, he created horoscopes for both Queen Mary and Princess Elizabeth. Though this wasn't necessarily an offense unto itself, he discussed Mary's horoscope with Elizabeth. Thus, Dee was arrested for "attempting to calculate nativities," which was elevated to a charge of treason. It's not certain how Dee convinced the court of his innocence, but it may have had to do with his supposed occult powers. After one man testified against Dee, one of his children died and another was struck blind. Dee was released to the custody of Catholic Bishop Bronner for religious examination. The two would form a strong relationship; Dee was actually quite religious.
The following year Dee presented an interesting proposal to Queen Mary: he suggested the foundation of a national library and requested funds to start the project. Mary rejected the plan, so Dee set about building his own personal library. He amassed an incredible collection of rare books and manuscripts, one that far surpassed the collections of England's universities. Dee focused on mathematics, astronomy, alchemy, and the supernatural.
A Closer Relationship with the Court
By the time Elizabeth rose to the court in 1558, Dee had already become her closest personal advisor. Elizabeth even entrusted him with choosing an auspicious day for her coronation. Dee would counsel the queen on all things scientific and astrological. Thanks to his knowledge of astronomy, key to nautical navigation at the time, Dee would also serve as the advisor for England's voyages of discovery. He advocated imperialism and was actually the first to use the phrase "British Empire."
Meanwhile, Dee straddled the worlds of science and mysticism—a proclivity that would win him widespread acclaim. When the Spanish Armada loomed in the British Channel, Dee counseled patience. Soon enough, a violent storm arrived and destroyed the Spanish fleet. People credited Dee with conjuring the storm. And in 1572, when a new star appeared in the sky, Dee was summoned to explain the phenomenon.
Dee often corresponded with the queen on confidential matters. He took to signing his letters "007" to designate letters for the queen's eyes only. The zeroes represented eyes, and the seven was thought to be a lucky number that offered protection. Many scholars believe that Dee was one of Elizabeth's spies, and that his travels throughout Europe were not for "spiritual conferences," but rather to gather intelligence. It's known that Elizabeth employed a number of spies, especially after the Pope declared her an illegitimate ruler in 1570. She was constantly threatened by conspiracy plots, all of which were quashed by her secret service. Dee would have been a formidable member of this team; his reputation for magic preceded him, and he was obviously well connected through his position at court.
A New Spiritual Journey
By the early 1580s, Dee had grown dissatisfied with his lack of recognition—and his lack of progress in understanding nature. He turned his attention to the supernatural. Dee attempted to contact angels through a crystal-gazer. In 1582, Dee met Edward Kelley, and the pair began the pursue supernatural studies together. They conducted their "spiritual conferences" with great piety. Dee truly believed that his efforts could improve the world, and he eventually ended up traveling throughout Europe to consult with high-powered leaders. He had audiences with Emperor Rudolf II in Prague and with King Stefan Batory of Poland.
During this period, Dee claimed that angels dictated entire books to him. Some were in the Enochan language, which he and Kelley created. But he didn't always appreciate the angels' council. In 1587, Kelley claimed that the angel Uriel had ordered Kelley and Dee to share their wives with each other. Though Dee initially consented, he soon broke away from Kelley and returned to England.
Dee came back to find that his vast library had been pillaged of its best books, manuscripts, and instruments. He also found Queen Elizabeth less willing to help him. She finally made him Warden of Christ's College, a Protestant institution where the fellows detested Dee. After Elizabeth's death, James I had no sympathy for Dee. He died in poverty, tended by his daughter.
For a list of collectible titles spanning more than 60 years,
Portions of this post have been previously published on our blog. | <urn:uuid:4039ccf3-0e60-486b-b6ea-22367b49c897> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://blog.bookstellyouwhy.com/bid/274528/The-first-James-Bond-John-Dee-Was-the-Original-007 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694908.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127051112-20200127081112-00459.warc.gz | en | 0.986224 | 1,169 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Quesney Nevarez, is a Mexican electronics engineering student who was selected to be a part of a group of 44 students chosen to develop or refine existing projects in Ottawa as a part of a three-month Globalink internship program. For the project they had to develop a low cost effective solution for a social cause. She made a low-cost 3D printed crop monitoring drone which can used as a replacement to the expensive Crop monitoring systems as a part of this Globalink internship program.
22 years old Miss Nevarez comes from Ciudad Obregón Mexio, she had her family shift to Ottawa, Canada a few decades ago. They have a small farm there and her parents work of the field to supports their livelihood. She grew up watching her parents toil the whole day on the farm and being sad when their crops were destroyed because of Pests. So when she got the opportunity to do something for the society she decided to develop a 3D printable drone design that could be used to take aerial readings of farmers’ crops.
She had seen the aerial farm Crop monitoring systems at work on large commercial farms and her plan was to make a Drone that could do the same. The Drone that she has developed fly’s over the farm taking photos and recording infrared video which tells how the plants are absorbing sunlight and tracks their photosynthesis levels. The Data collected by the Drone can then be used to effectively evaluate and improve on the use of water and fertilizer on the farm. It can also work as an early warning system in case of a pest attack.
Taking about the 3D printed crop monitoring drone Miss Nevarez said “This is (to) help small farmers like my family make sure the health of their crops. This technology is really expensive … We are trying to keep it as low-cost as possible, so that way small farmers, every farmer, can get their own.”
Developing the 3D printed drone was not easy task she explains “In my school, we don’t have a lot of things. It’s a small school. Even in Mexico, it’s hard to find a 3D printer, and here they have three,” she said. “It’s really different.”
Jeremy Laliberté, an associate professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering who is leading the program spoke to us about the Farm monitoring drone and said “Her background stood out, having had experience on a family farm, and this was a project about giving technology to small farmers both here and abroad, so it was a perfect fit.”
According to Miss Nevarez, This is the 1st time she was working with the drone technology. She said she could not have made a drone without the help of the online open source community and 3D printers. Her future plans are to develop technologies that disrupt traditional product manufacturing processes and help the society as a byproduct. | <urn:uuid:62ffac19-2d3f-4776-b8e8-3090ba54531a> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://www.3dprintersonlinestore.com/a-low-cost-3D-printed-crop-monitoring-drone | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320887.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627013832-20170627033832-00591.warc.gz | en | 0.981718 | 603 | 2.9375 | 3 |
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