stanford-cs336/owt-sample · Datasets at Hugging Face

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Investigators have now discovered that Butt, a member of hate preacher Anjem Choudary’s inner circle, attempted to hire a 7.5-ton lorry earlier that day.

Officer found 13 wine bottles that had been filled with lighter fuel and topped with rags to use as petrol bombs. Investigators say the trio of Khuram Butt, Rachid Redouane, and Youssef Zaghba, scouted targets on London Bridge before they began the attack

When his bank card was declined, he asked neighbours where he could hire a van at short notice.

Police said a white B&Q branded vehicle was loaned at 6.30pm from a location in Harold Hill, Romford, using a ‘recently activated’ mobile phone. It was then driven to Zaghba’s address in Barking, East London, and then toured London before the fatal attack was launched just before 10pm.

Incredibly, CCTV shows the trio drove up and down the bridge to ‘scope’ targets before suddenly performing a U-turn and driving into innocent pedestrians.

The van was loaded down with gravel and chairs to increase the van's weight as a 'battering ram'. Police believe the three acted alone, but are holding 18 people suspected of having knowledge of their plans and aiding them financially

Detectives are appealing for help to trace the distinctive ‘exceptionally sharp’ ceramic kitchen knives used by the attackers, which would not trigger metal detectors.

It emerged last night the knives may have been bought for as little as £4.99 each. There were on offer at Lidl between May 4 and 10.

Police also discovered that a bedsit above a branch of Paddy Power in Barking, East London, was used as a ‘safe house’, after being rented by Redouane in April.

Officers found rags similar to those in stuff the Molotov cocktails as well as the same water bottles used in the ‘suicide vests’. There were also craft knives, phone chargers, bottles of superglue, pieces of rubber and plastic and rolls of duct tape.

When the bedsit was raided by armed police earlier this week, a young woman wearing pink hot pants was arrested and another man tried to escape through a window. Commander Dean Haydon, who is responsible for Scotland Yard’s counter-terrorism command, said Britain faced an ‘unprecedented’ terrorist threat.

A Lidl bottle fashioned into a petrol bomb by the three attackers and a police photo of the back of the van. Officers say Britain is now in 'unprecedented times' and are currently running 500 investigations into 300 people

He warned that although the three men are believed to have acted alone, further arrests will be made. He said some of the 18 people held over the London Bridge attack were suspected of having knowledge of their plans, giving them money or encouraging them.

‘We are in unprecedented times,’ he said. ‘At the moment we are doing everything we can alongside the security services to stop would-be attackers and keep the public safe.

‘We have foiled 13 plots since mid-2013 and since the Westminster attack alone we have prevented and disrupted five attacks, but three have got through.

‘The tempo we are working to is extraordinary. We are running 500 investigations into 300 people at any one time.’<\|endoftext\|>The White Sox finally pulled the trigger on a deal sending Jake Peavy to Boston in a three team trade that also included Central division rival Detroit. Boston sent prospects J.B. Wendelken, Francellus Montas, and Cleuluis Rondon to the White Sox and top shortstop prospect Jose Iglesias to the Tigers. The Tigers sent out Avisail Garcia to the White Sox and Bryan Villareal to the Red Sox in the deal.

Avisail Garcia, the centerpiece of the deal for the White Sox, is expected to report to Triple-A Charlotte as the White Sox do not have space for him to get everyday at-bats. However, if I were the White Sox, I would make room soon as Garcia has been tough to ignore. With a slash line of .382/.414/.549 Garcia has been tearing it up for the Toledo Mudhens, Detorit’s Triple-A affiliate, and general manager, Rick Hahn, has been quoted as saying Garcia is a five tool player.

Montas and Wendelken, both twenty years old and pitching out of Single-A Greensville this year are solid, but not great pitching prospects. Montas was ranked as Boston’s 22nd overall prospect this past season and is said to have a power fastball that can touch triple digits and miss bats. Another thing I like about Montas is his 10.1 K/9 ratio and the fact that he is a starter. Wendelken is a reliever who is not as overbearing as Montas but also has more control in the fact that he has a 2.8 BB/9. I normally don’t like trading for other teams relief pitching prospects but it’s never bad to have more arms. Rondon was with short season A ball, and doesn’t seem like he’ll be anything special.

However, with every Sox column I write, there needs to be some pessimism. When this broke on twitter, it seemed as though the White Sox were receiving Iglesias and I was rejoicing. I thought that this would mean we could move Ramriez and let Iglesias start, with no pressure to succeed right away. However, when I found out that we had instead acquired another outfielder, I was thoroughly disappointed. Six of the White Sox top twenty prospects are outfielders according to mlb.com and the roster is full of them with Jordan Danks, who was already waiting in the wings and DeWayne Wise rehabbing.

Another thing that baffles me is that this move allowed Detroit, our divisional rival, to get better. The Tigers by far had the worst infield defense in the MLB with Fielder, Cabrera, and Peralta manning three-fourths of the diamond, but with arguably the best defensive shortstop prospect in the majors, this strengthens at least part of their defense. Not to mention that if his bat pans out, he will be a monster.

Ending on a happy note, I feel like the Sox did the best they could and got a solid return, but I wish they could prioritize acquiring some corner infield help along with catching, while not helping out division rivals at the same time. You can’t have it all I guess. Well, here’s to me writing another trade recap about Alex Rios in less than twenty four hours!<\|endoftext\|>Advertisement

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US Airstrikes Breach Ceasefire

At around 8:00 p.m on Saturday, September 17th, US airstrikes targeted Syrian Arab Army (SAA) positions in Jabal Thardeh mountains, in western Deir Ezzor Governorate. The unprovoked attack resulted in the killing of at least 80 Syrian soldiers, and injuring over 100. In attacking Syrian forces, the United States has directly violated the ceasefire agreement enacted earlier on Monday, jeopardising the ongoing diplomatic process to find a resolution to the Syrian conflict.

In addition to a serious breach of the ceasefire, it appears that the US airstrikes aimed at the SAA were intended to help ISIS forces recapture the hilltop at Jabal Tardeh, which the Syrian army had taken from the terrorist group days earlier. ISIS indeed re-captured the position in Deir Ezzor on Saturday afternoon, with the aid of the US airstrikes.

According to Al-Amdar News, witnesses stated that the four US planes responsible for the attack were seen "coming from the Iraqi border".

Advertisement

This is the second time this year that the US has attacked the Syrian Army in the Deir Ezzor governorate The area is of particular strategic importance as it provides access to the airport of the provincial capital, and it is adjacent to the Thayyem Oil fields - an important source of income for ISIS.

More Ceasefire Violation

Since the establishment of the ceasefire on Monday, numerous groups have been found to have violated the agreement. Russia has provided documentation of 21 violations committed by US-supported and allied militants between Friday Sept. 16th and Saturday Sept. 17th. In the 24 hours prior to this, it recorded an additional 35 violations, including two by the state of Israel in the southern part of the country.On Thursday, reports surfaced of a suspected Israeli violation of Syrian airspace, which was responded to by Hezbollah. The paramilitary group, allied with President Assad, downed one of the Israeli jets, while the second was hit but managed to return to its base.

Advertisement

Top Videos of the Day

Russian Response

In response to the ceasefire violation, Russian President Vladimir Putin has expressed concerns over whether the US is genuinely invested in vanquishing ISIS, and has called for an emergency UN Security Council session to discuss these most recent developments. Russian Foreign Ministry Spokesperson, Maria Zakharova, heavily criticised the US's actions, stating that "If earlier we had suspicions that the Nusra Front is protected this way, now, after today's airstrikes on the Syrian army we come to a really terrifying conclusion for the entire world: the White House is defending IS [ISIS or Daesh)."

Speaking from Kyrgyzstan on Saturday, President Putin also has expressed concerns over the lack of cooperation from the Western Coalition into investigating ceasefire violations.

Advertisement

He lambasted President Obama for not publicly releasing an official version of the agreement, saying "The only reason why they apparently don’t want to make it public is because the international community, as well as American and Russian public will immediately find out who is not abiding by the deal".

New Syrian Offensive

At 3:00 am last night, it was announced that the Syrian Arab Army re-took the hill-top in western Deir Ezzor (Jabal Thardeh), paving the way for further advances against ISIS. This was made possible by the Russian airstrikes which targeted ISIS defensive positions in Tal Kroum throughout the night, "clearing the way" for the SAA to advance.The Syrian ground troops were also reinforced by a contingent of over 1,000 soldiers from the 105th Brigade of the Republican Guard.<\|endoftext\|>On Chomsky and the Two Cultures of Statistical Learning

MIT: 150 MIT: 150

derided researchers in machine learning who use purely statistical methods to produce behavior that mimics something in the world, but who don't try to understand the meaning of that behavior.

It's true there's been a lot of work on trying to apply statistical models to various linguistic problems. I think there have been some successes, but a lot of failures. There is a notion of success ... which I think is novel in the history of science. It interprets success as approximating unanalyzed data.

This essay discusses what Chomsky said, speculates on what he might have meant, and tries to determine the truth and importance of his claims.

Noam Chomsky Noam Chomsky

Chomsky's remarks were in response to Steven Pinker's question about the success of probabilistic models trained with statistical methods.

What did Chomsky mean, and is he right? What is a statistical model? How successful are statistical language models? Is there anything like their notion of success in the history of science? What doesn't Chomsky like about statistical models?

What did Chomsky mean, and is he right?

Statistical language models have had engineering success, but that is irrelevant to science. Accurately modeling linguistic facts is just butterfly collecting; what matters in science (and specifically linguistics) is the underlying principles. Statistical models are incomprehensible; they provide no insight. Statistical models may provide an accurate simulation of some phenomena, but the simulation is done completely the wrong way; people don't decide what the third word of a sentence should be by consulting a probability table keyed on the previous two words, rather they map from an internal semantic form to a syntactic tree-structure, which is then linearized into words. This is done without any probability or statistics. Statistical models have been proven incapable of learning language; therefore language must be innate, so why are these statistical modelers wasting their time on the wrong enterprise?

I agree that engineering success is not the goal or the measure of science. But I observe that science and engineering develop together, and that engineering success shows that something is working right, and so is evidence (but not proof) of a scientifically successful model. Science is a combination of gathering facts and making theories; neither can progress on its own. I think Chomsky is wrong to push the needle so far towards theory over facts; in the history of science, the laborious accumulation of facts is the dominant mode, not a novelty. The science of understanding language is no different than other sciences in this respect. I agree that it can be difficult to make sense of a model containing billions of parameters. Certainly a human can't understand such a model by inspecting the values of each parameter individually. But one can gain insight by examing the properties of the model—where it succeeds and fails, how well it learns as a function of data, etc. I agree that a Markov model of word probabilities cannot model all of language. It is equally true that a concise tree-structure model without probabilities cannot model all of language. What is needed is a probabilistic model that covers words, trees, semantics, context, discourse, etc. Chomsky dismisses all probabilistic models because of shortcomings of particular 50-year old models. I understand how Chomsky arrives at the conclusion that probabilistic models are unnecessary, from his study of the generation of language. But the vast majority of people who study interpretation tasks, such as speech recognition, quickly see that interpretation is an inherently probabilistic problem: given a stream of noisy input to my ears, what did the speaker most likely mean? Einstein said to make everything as simple as possible, but no simpler. Many phenomena in science are stochastic, and the simplest model of them is a probabilistic model; I believe language is such a phenomenon and therefore that probabilistic models are our best tool for representing facts about language, for algorithmically processing language, and for understanding how humans process language. In 1967, Gold's Theorem showed some theoretical limitations of logical deduction on formal mathematical languages. But this result has nothing to do with the task faced by learners of natural language. In any event, by 1969 we knew that probabilistic inference (over probabilistic context-free grammars) is not subject to those limitations (Horning showed that learning of PCFGs is possible). I agree with Chomsky that it is undeniable that humans have some innate capability to learn natural language, but we don't know enough about that capability to rule out probabilistic language representations, nor statistical learning. I think it is much more likely that human language learning involves something like probabilistic and statistical inference, but we just don't know yet.

What is a statistical model?

Investigators have now discovered that Butt, a member of hate preacher Anjem Choudary’s inner circle, attempted to hire a 7.5-ton lorry earlier that day.

Officer found 13 wine bottles that had been filled with lighter fuel and topped with rags to use as petrol bombs. Investigators say the trio of Khuram Butt, Rachid Redouane, and Youssef Zaghba, scouted targets on London Bridge before they began the attack

When his bank card was declined, he asked neighbours where he could hire a van at short notice.

Police said a white B&Q branded vehicle was loaned at 6.30pm from a location in Harold Hill, Romford, using a ‘recently activated’ mobile phone. It was then driven to Zaghba’s address in Barking, East London, and then toured London before the fatal attack was launched just before 10pm.

Incredibly, CCTV shows the trio drove up and down the bridge to ‘scope’ targets before suddenly performing a U-turn and driving into innocent pedestrians.

The van was loaded down with gravel and chairs to increase the van's weight as a 'battering ram'. Police believe the three acted alone, but are holding 18 people suspected of having knowledge of their plans and aiding them financially

Detectives are appealing for help to trace the distinctive ‘exceptionally sharp’ ceramic kitchen knives used by the attackers, which would not trigger metal detectors.

It emerged last night the knives may have been bought for as little as £4.99 each. There were on offer at Lidl between May 4 and 10.

Police also discovered that a bedsit above a branch of Paddy Power in Barking, East London, was used as a ‘safe house’, after being rented by Redouane in April.

Officers found rags similar to those in stuff the Molotov cocktails as well as the same water bottles used in the ‘suicide vests’. There were also craft knives, phone chargers, bottles of superglue, pieces of rubber and plastic and rolls of duct tape.

When the bedsit was raided by armed police earlier this week, a young woman wearing pink hot pants was arrested and another man tried to escape through a window. Commander Dean Haydon, who is responsible for Scotland Yard’s counter-terrorism command, said Britain faced an ‘unprecedented’ terrorist threat.

A Lidl bottle fashioned into a petrol bomb by the three attackers and a police photo of the back of the van. Officers say Britain is now in 'unprecedented times' and are currently running 500 investigations into 300 people

He warned that although the three men are believed to have acted alone, further arrests will be made. He said some of the 18 people held over the London Bridge attack were suspected of having knowledge of their plans, giving them money or encouraging them.

‘We are in unprecedented times,’ he said. ‘At the moment we are doing everything we can alongside the security services to stop would-be attackers and keep the public safe.

‘We have foiled 13 plots since mid-2013 and since the Westminster attack alone we have prevented and disrupted five attacks, but three have got through.

‘The tempo we are working to is extraordinary. We are running 500 investigations into 300 people at any one time.’<|endoftext|>The White Sox finally pulled the trigger on a deal sending Jake Peavy to Boston in a three team trade that also included Central division rival Detroit. Boston sent prospects J.B. Wendelken, Francellus Montas, and Cleuluis Rondon to the White Sox and top shortstop prospect Jose Iglesias to the Tigers. The Tigers sent out Avisail Garcia to the White Sox and Bryan Villareal to the Red Sox in the deal.

Avisail Garcia, the centerpiece of the deal for the White Sox, is expected to report to Triple-A Charlotte as the White Sox do not have space for him to get everyday at-bats. However, if I were the White Sox, I would make room soon as Garcia has been tough to ignore. With a slash line of .382/.414/.549 Garcia has been tearing it up for the Toledo Mudhens, Detorit’s Triple-A affiliate, and general manager, Rick Hahn, has been quoted as saying Garcia is a five tool player.

Montas and Wendelken, both twenty years old and pitching out of Single-A Greensville this year are solid, but not great pitching prospects. Montas was ranked as Boston’s 22nd overall prospect this past season and is said to have a power fastball that can touch triple digits and miss bats. Another thing I like about Montas is his 10.1 K/9 ratio and the fact that he is a starter. Wendelken is a reliever who is not as overbearing as Montas but also has more control in the fact that he has a 2.8 BB/9. I normally don’t like trading for other teams relief pitching prospects but it’s never bad to have more arms. Rondon was with short season A ball, and doesn’t seem like he’ll be anything special.

However, with every Sox column I write, there needs to be some pessimism. When this broke on twitter, it seemed as though the White Sox were receiving Iglesias and I was rejoicing. I thought that this would mean we could move Ramriez and let Iglesias start, with no pressure to succeed right away. However, when I found out that we had instead acquired another outfielder, I was thoroughly disappointed. Six of the White Sox top twenty prospects are outfielders according to mlb.com and the roster is full of them with Jordan Danks, who was already waiting in the wings and DeWayne Wise rehabbing.

Another thing that baffles me is that this move allowed Detroit, our divisional rival, to get better. The Tigers by far had the worst infield defense in the MLB with Fielder, Cabrera, and Peralta manning three-fourths of the diamond, but with arguably the best defensive shortstop prospect in the majors, this strengthens at least part of their defense. Not to mention that if his bat pans out, he will be a monster.

Ending on a happy note, I feel like the Sox did the best they could and got a solid return, but I wish they could prioritize acquiring some corner infield help along with catching, while not helping out division rivals at the same time. You can’t have it all I guess. Well, here’s to me writing another trade recap about Alex Rios in less than twenty four hours!<|endoftext|>Advertisement

US Airstrikes Breach Ceasefire

At around 8:00 p.m on Saturday, September 17th, US airstrikes targeted Syrian Arab Army (SAA) positions in Jabal Thardeh mountains, in western Deir Ezzor Governorate. The unprovoked attack resulted in the killing of at least 80 Syrian soldiers, and injuring over 100. In attacking Syrian forces, the United States has directly violated the ceasefire agreement enacted earlier on Monday, jeopardising the ongoing diplomatic process to find a resolution to the Syrian conflict.

In addition to a serious breach of the ceasefire, it appears that the US airstrikes aimed at the SAA were intended to help ISIS forces recapture the hilltop at Jabal Tardeh, which the Syrian army had taken from the terrorist group days earlier. ISIS indeed re-captured the position in Deir Ezzor on Saturday afternoon, with the aid of the US airstrikes.

According to Al-Amdar News, witnesses stated that the four US planes responsible for the attack were seen "coming from the Iraqi border".

This is the second time this year that the US has attacked the Syrian Army in the Deir Ezzor governorate The area is of particular strategic importance as it provides access to the airport of the provincial capital, and it is adjacent to the Thayyem Oil fields - an important source of income for ISIS.

More Ceasefire Violation

Since the establishment of the ceasefire on Monday, numerous groups have been found to have violated the agreement. Russia has provided documentation of 21 violations committed by US-supported and allied militants between Friday Sept. 16th and Saturday Sept. 17th. In the 24 hours prior to this, it recorded an additional 35 violations, including two by the state of Israel in the southern part of the country.On Thursday, reports surfaced of a suspected Israeli violation of Syrian airspace, which was responded to by Hezbollah. The paramilitary group, allied with President Assad, downed one of the Israeli jets, while the second was hit but managed to return to its base.

Top Videos of the Day

Russian Response

In response to the ceasefire violation, Russian President Vladimir Putin has expressed concerns over whether the US is genuinely invested in vanquishing ISIS, and has called for an emergency UN Security Council session to discuss these most recent developments. Russian Foreign Ministry Spokesperson, Maria Zakharova, heavily criticised the US's actions, stating that "If earlier we had suspicions that the Nusra Front is protected this way, now, after today's airstrikes on the Syrian army we come to a really terrifying conclusion for the entire world: the White House is defending IS [ISIS or Daesh)."

Speaking from Kyrgyzstan on Saturday, President Putin also has expressed concerns over the lack of cooperation from the Western Coalition into investigating ceasefire violations.

He lambasted President Obama for not publicly releasing an official version of the agreement, saying "The only reason why they apparently don’t want to make it public is because the international community, as well as American and Russian public will immediately find out who is not abiding by the deal".

New Syrian Offensive

At 3:00 am last night, it was announced that the Syrian Arab Army re-took the hill-top in western Deir Ezzor (Jabal Thardeh), paving the way for further advances against ISIS. This was made possible by the Russian airstrikes which targeted ISIS defensive positions in Tal Kroum throughout the night, "clearing the way" for the SAA to advance.The Syrian ground troops were also reinforced by a contingent of over 1,000 soldiers from the 105th Brigade of the Republican Guard.<|endoftext|>On Chomsky and the Two Cultures of Statistical Learning

MIT: 150 MIT: 150

derided researchers in machine learning who use purely statistical methods to produce behavior that mimics something in the world, but who don't try to understand the meaning of that behavior.

It's true there's been a lot of work on trying to apply statistical models to various linguistic problems. I think there have been some successes, but a lot of failures. There is a notion of success ... which I think is novel in the history of science. It interprets success as approximating unanalyzed data.

This essay discusses what Chomsky said, speculates on what he might have meant, and tries to determine the truth and importance of his claims.

Noam Chomsky Noam Chomsky

Chomsky's remarks were in response to Steven Pinker's question about the success of probabilistic models trained with statistical methods.

What did Chomsky mean, and is he right? What is a statistical model? How successful are statistical language models? Is there anything like their notion of success in the history of science? What doesn't Chomsky like about statistical models?

What did Chomsky mean, and is he right?

Statistical language models have had engineering success, but that is irrelevant to science. Accurately modeling linguistic facts is just butterfly collecting; what matters in science (and specifically linguistics) is the underlying principles. Statistical models are incomprehensible; they provide no insight. Statistical models may provide an accurate simulation of some phenomena, but the simulation is done completely the wrong way; people don't decide what the third word of a sentence should be by consulting a probability table keyed on the previous two words, rather they map from an internal semantic form to a syntactic tree-structure, which is then linearized into words. This is done without any probability or statistics. Statistical models have been proven incapable of learning language; therefore language must be innate, so why are these statistical modelers wasting their time on the wrong enterprise?

I agree that engineering success is not the goal or the measure of science. But I observe that science and engineering develop together, and that engineering success shows that something is working right, and so is evidence (but not proof) of a scientifically successful model. Science is a combination of gathering facts and making theories; neither can progress on its own. I think Chomsky is wrong to push the needle so far towards theory over facts; in the history of science, the laborious accumulation of facts is the dominant mode, not a novelty. The science of understanding language is no different than other sciences in this respect. I agree that it can be difficult to make sense of a model containing billions of parameters. Certainly a human can't understand such a model by inspecting the values of each parameter individually. But one can gain insight by examing the properties of the model—where it succeeds and fails, how well it learns as a function of data, etc. I agree that a Markov model of word probabilities cannot model all of language. It is equally true that a concise tree-structure model without probabilities cannot model all of language. What is needed is a probabilistic model that covers words, trees, semantics, context, discourse, etc. Chomsky dismisses all probabilistic models because of shortcomings of particular 50-year old models. I understand how Chomsky arrives at the conclusion that probabilistic models are unnecessary, from his study of the generation of language. But the vast majority of people who study interpretation tasks, such as speech recognition, quickly see that interpretation is an inherently probabilistic problem: given a stream of noisy input to my ears, what did the speaker most likely mean? Einstein said to make everything as simple as possible, but no simpler. Many phenomena in science are stochastic, and the simplest model of them is a probabilistic model; I believe language is such a phenomenon and therefore that probabilistic models are our best tool for representing facts about language, for algorithmically processing language, and for understanding how humans process language. In 1967, Gold's Theorem showed some theoretical limitations of logical deduction on formal mathematical languages. But this result has nothing to do with the task faced by learners of natural language. In any event, by 1969 we knew that probabilistic inference (over probabilistic context-free grammars) is not subject to those limitations (Horning showed that learning of PCFGs is possible). I agree with Chomsky that it is undeniable that humans have some innate capability to learn natural language, but we don't know enough about that capability to rule out probabilistic language representations, nor statistical learning. I think it is much more likely that human language learning involves something like probabilistic and statistical inference, but we just don't know yet.

What is a statistical model?