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train_95100 | For each word, some boolean attributes indicate if they belong to some of the lexical items lists. | an implicative verb (-+), such as dudar/hesitate, must have negative polarity to imply that events in its scope are factual (Juan no dudó en abrir la puerta / John didn`t hesitate to open the door: dudar has negative polarity, so abrir is R). | neutral |
train_95101 | The objective of this model is to predict: where w j are words, represented as one-hot vectors in the model. | some user wanting to use the framework is obligated to learn how Theano works too, which can be time costly. | neutral |
train_95102 | Depending on the context and the speed of elocution, these inflections may correspond to a pause, which implies a silence and, normally, the end of the sentence, or a semi-pause, which implies an intonation change in the same sentence. | the CHILDES database (MacWhinney, 2000) or the Alborada corpus (Saz et al., 2010) have recordings of people with different typologies of intellectual disability, but, these corpora don't focus on prosody. | neutral |
train_95103 | The ultimate goal of this project is dissemination of a valuable resource to the HLT community. | third, linguistic data gathered from natural language samples could help researchers in their quest to understand the biological basis of ASD. | neutral |
train_95104 | Apart from this, using a multiple token title as a label predictor for a single token requires to solve questions concerning overlap. | these phenomena form the theoretical foundation of a noun bias for titles in the Wikipedia. | neutral |
train_95105 | From a typological point of view, due to availability and other factors, there is a danger of overfitting to Indo-European languages written in the Latin script. | we extracted the nouns, verbs and adjectives for the respective languages present in the English version of the wiktionary, which has entries for almost every language. | neutral |
train_95106 | This is because few available resources include a wide range of word-color associations. | ideally, such words would have one association for each color because the participants would arbitrarily select one color from the 11 basic colors. | neutral |
train_95107 | We were not able to confirm that the participants did not simply choose color associations in a random fashion. | some words are associated with colors (i.e., danger and red) and these associations play important roles in information visualization. | neutral |
train_95108 | In distributional semantics, the meaning of a word is a function of the contexts in which that word occurs (Turney et al., 2010). | these associations do tell us what the recordings sound like. | neutral |
train_95109 | To perform this disambiguation, we show annotators a list of sentences each one containing the target verb in one of its meaning. | for instance, in Example 2, where "ridare" is the source verb and "trattenere" the target verb, the relation between the target verb and the direct object argument produces a "non sense" sentence. | neutral |
train_95110 | Also, we think this choice helps in keeping the task more simple and intuitive for annotators than to provide a definition of the senses of the verbs. | s1 is a sentence that contains the source verb and is extracted from the annotated corpus of the T-PAs resource, while s2 is created by automatically substituting the source verb with an opposite target verb (see Table 2 for an example). | neutral |
train_95111 | Previous work has focused on highly controlled environments, such as virtual environments as used for the GIVE-2 challenge (Gargett et al., 2010). | the image stimuli, images with tag points (coloured red/green for correct/incorrect), referring expression data and corpus annotations as described in Section 2.3. will be released as part of this submission. | neutral |
train_95112 | In previous work (Gkatzia et al., 2015) we found that the following syntactic categories predict successful REs: NP (Noun phrases), NNP (Proper noun, singular), NN (Noun, singular or mass), JJ (Adjective) and VBN (Verb, past participle). | the corpus is annotated with the following measures of success: Reference to the type of object that is aimed to be described. | neutral |
train_95113 | The rating of the likability was done on a seven-point Likert scale. | sVMs have been chosen as classifier since they are a well known standard method for computational paralinguistics. | neutral |
train_95114 | The results revealed that speakers have difficulty communicating their emotions in online communication environments, regardless of the type of communication modality, and that inaccurate emotional understanding more frequently occurs in online computer-mediated communication than in face-to-face communication. | for the initial study of this project using a large-scale emotional communication corpus, the accuracy of online emotional understanding was assessed to demonstrate the emotional labels evaluated by the speakers and to summarize the speaker's answers on the questionnaire regarding the difference between the online chat and the face-to-face conversations in which they actually participated. | neutral |
train_95115 | Then, a 2 × 3 analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on the factors of communication environment (Chat or FaceToFace) and chat type (VD, VD or TX) for each emotional dimension. | each speaker in the pair sat in a soundproofed room separated from the other person by soundproofed glass. | neutral |
train_95116 | Those emotional words and emoticons can be helpful for the speaker's understanding of the partner's pleasantness. | two contradicting results were also obtained. | neutral |
train_95117 | This difference is also observed between speakers within the same dialog, even when their speech time is relatively close: both speakers of each dialog are speaking more or less the same time but one is much more conducive to laugh than the other. | the present analysis is based on studying laughter included in Corpus of Interactional Data (Bertrand et al., 2008). | neutral |
train_95118 | This data was stored in an AVI file and recorded also at 100 fps. | the density distributions of the mean RMS energy per affect bursts type and per arousal level are shown in Fig. | neutral |
train_95119 | Concerning the audio, a higher arousal level was usually expressed by a higher amplitude and also by a longer duration of the sound in the "disgust" case. | this is less obvious in the case of startle and surprise. | neutral |
train_95120 | These are due to the characteristics of acted emotions; it is stereotypical, lacking context, and limited to general and basic emotions. | arousal measures the activity of emotion; e.g. | neutral |
train_95121 | In this paper we compare different context selection approaches to improve the creation of Emotive Vector Space Models (VSMs). | the metric used to compare the models is the F1-score at different values of K (F1@K). | neutral |
train_95122 | Since the input data is not sentencesegmented, we use fragment pairs as unit to calculate precision and recall. | the monolingually determined sentence boundaries are not optimized for sentence alignment, because translation equivalents might cross the monolingual sentence boundaries. | neutral |
train_95123 | We used the Cartesian product approach that adds all combinations of top words in a topic. | we now compare the baseline against the Cartesian product and sentential approaches that use multilingual topics. | neutral |
train_95124 | Note that the sentence pairs with the low similarity scores are not necessarily the clean parallel sentences, rather not parallel sentences because they are automatically extracted from the comparable abstracts, not the direct translations of each other. | top1M only considers the top 1 million sentence pairs sorted by the similarity score, and ALL considers all the sentence pairs in the training data. | neutral |
train_95125 | Plamada and Volk (2012) already demonstrated the difficulty in using Wikipedia categories for the extraction of domain-specific articles from Wikipedia. | given a pair of articles related by an inter-language link, the similarity between all their pairs of cross-lingual sentences are estimated using different text similarity measures. | neutral |
train_95126 | Every pair of sentences is filled with a shade of gray proportional to the coverage measured within that particular pair of sentences; darker shades indicate greater coverage. | in our view, standalone aligners are more suited for scenarios where no parallel corpora exists for the language pair under consideration. | neutral |
train_95127 | We are aware of more sophisticated phrase-table pruning techniques, such as the one based on statistical significance proposed by Johnson et al. | the performance of these methods degrades when the texts to be aligned are short as there is less data to support statistical inference of a bilingual lexicon. | neutral |
train_95128 | The results of the system depend on the initial MT and ASR quality. | our results show that a minimal amount of information is sufficient to improve the translation significantly. | neutral |
train_95129 | 317471, Varvara Logacheva) projects. | more specifically, we asked them to annotate cases that are not: • Accurate, i.e. | neutral |
train_95130 | If the data used for the MT system training and the sentences we are going to decode belong to different domains, there will be little intersection between the MT system's phrase table and the decoded sentences. | this is not a trivial task as several alternatives can be used to define a phrase, but in our case the segmentation needs to be connected to the errors in the translation. | neutral |
train_95131 | Additionally, we introduced a new dataset that we created for assessing our automatic strategies against. | contrary to the word-level QE, for which the segmentation boundaries are self-defined and clear, QE at phrase-level implies that one needs to delimit sub-segments within the segment. | neutral |
train_95132 | We add to this process then defining the final "OK" and "BAD" phrases as sequences of adjacent "OK" and "BAD" labels. | phrase-level QE implies an intrinsic challenge: how to segment a machine translation into sequence of words (contiguous or not) that represent an error. | neutral |
train_95133 | A master template of the original subtitles in English was provided by the film maker. | although human error annotation and evaluation are very time-consuming tasks, we have shown in Section 4. that this kind of data can provide interesting insights on the nature of human and machine translation in general, and subtitling in particular. | neutral |
train_95134 | The corpus was compiled as part of a course on subtitling targeted at students enrolled in the BA Translation Studies programme at Saarland University. | no spotting was required. | neutral |
train_95135 | In this step, term candidates that pass the pre-filter are scored and ranked. | the null hypothesis that we expect to reject is that 'occurrence of a candidate is independent from occurrence of frequent Chi-Square (Matsuo and Ishizuka, 2003) Rapid Keyword Extraction (Rose et al., 2010) Weirdness Weirdness (Ahmad et al., 1999) GlossEx Glossry Extraction (Park et al., 2002) termEx term Extraction (Sclano and Velardi, 2007) terms'. | neutral |
train_95136 | Although this is just an approximate estimate 8 , it can give an indication of the rarity of synaesthesia in everyday language. | for our pilot study, we experimented and compared two different methods for the (semi-)automatic extraction of synaesthesia. | neutral |
train_95137 | For example, the English verb seem is used as an epistemic verb far more often than as a perception verb. | in terms of frequency the directionality generalisation is confirmed: most transfers go from the lower to the higher modalities in both English (62%) and Italian (74%) (see Strik Lievers, 2015a for a discussion on directionality). | neutral |
train_95138 | No loops are allowed, which means that the rewriting process cannot yield to a symbol that appeared on the left hand-side of an applied rule. | note however, that a sequence of tokens matched with nAP may contain tokens for which the agreement test is not applicable, e.g. | neutral |
train_95139 | We can see that we cover most combinations of modifiers and heads with ambiguities between 1 (monosemous) and 7. | we created a gold standard with a focus on two-part noun-noun compounds including • compounds and constituents from various frequency ranges; • compounds and constituents from various productivity ranges; • compounds and constituents with various numbers of senses; and • compounds with various semantic relations. | neutral |
train_95140 | 5 End users will also want to know if the LR is available for research, commercial use, etc. | although most of the LRs gathered in our survey included information about their availability for research (only 8 showed 'Unknown' for availability, cf. | neutral |
train_95141 | 6 Of the compiled LRs, 13 can be classified as monolingual lists. | upon closer inspection, two had to be moved to the 'Lexical resources' type. | neutral |
train_95142 | This resource can be used for large scale language acquisition studies of how MWEs feature in child language. | we investigated the use of MwEs in naturalistic language acquisition data. | neutral |
train_95143 | This is consistent with the aim of the present work, where we would like to evaluate terms without considering the context in which they occur. | english, lay: the corpus provided by the CLeF eHealth 2015 information retrieval shared task 3 (50M words). | neutral |
train_95144 | (2009), who also use very coarsegrained semantic categories of the type 'goodness', 'heaviness', 'measures', etc. | this is done over a model trained with word2vec 5 on a 2014 dump of the Spanish Wikipedia, preprocessed and lemmatized with Freeling (Atserias et al., 2006). | neutral |
train_95145 | Again the NP or PP that goes with the verb is annotated with CVC, and both this node and the verb must be children of the same VP constituent. | (12) The company has shut the power plant down. | neutral |
train_95146 | The annotation process involved three annotators in each languages and the validation of MWEs is done using a majority vote decision. | we would like to thank Jaya Saraswati, Rajita Shukla, Laxmi Kashyap, Nilesh Joshi and Irawati Kulkarni from CFILT lab at IIT Bombay for giving their valuable contribution in gold standard data creation. | neutral |
train_95147 | The quality of such approaches depends on the use of algorithms and also on the quality of resources used. | for LVCs, we extracted candidates of patterns noun followed by verb, adjective followed by verb, adverb followed by verb and verb followed by verb. | neutral |
train_95148 | It remains difficult to explore or compare the syntactic characteristics of various languages using the complete grammar (independently of the formalism, constituents or dependencies). | this work has benefited from the French State support via its "Investissements d'avenir" programs ORtOLANG (ANR-11-EQPX-0032), BLRI (ANR-11-LABX-0036) and A*MIDEX (ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02). | neutral |
train_95149 | Requirement : two components (A,B) have a requirement relation when the presence of one requires the presence of the other. | it is possible to compare some specific properties, in accordance with established practices in typology. | neutral |
train_95150 | These tools support a wide range of annotation tasks and are capable of being used for dependency annotation. | the customizable options accessible from the settings panel are as follows: to save the state of the tree annotation, the user clicks the Save tree button. | neutral |
train_95151 | Our hypergraph can be represented as a n × m incidence matrix with entries is the number of times v i ∈ e j occurs in the corpus. | as in any tree structure, each leaf node has a defined path from the root node to itself. | neutral |
train_95152 | More specifically it was designed to meet the following challenges: In a nutshell the lemon model consists of a list of Lexical Entries representing the words. | to represent these it would be therefore necessary to define LVF specific semantic roles, which could be related for example with the semantic roles present in VerbNet. | neutral |
train_95153 | JAPE (Binsted and Ritchie, 1997;Ritchie, 2003) is a computer program which generates simple punning riddles using templates with slots where words or phrases are inserted. | it is necessary to develop some mechanisms to select only the modifiers related to the sought meaning of the target concept, and consider in a special way attributes with imprecise values. | neutral |
train_95154 | We focused on VerbNet (VN), a high-quality and broad-coverage online verb lexicon for English (Schuler, 2014), (Loper et al., 2007). | during the development of MMO it was not a goal to achieve good recall on the English side of the verbs. | neutral |
train_95155 | In the Semantic Web, several different URI references can refer to the same entity and the ability to identify equivalent entities is crucial for Linked Data. | we consider our method applicable to any type of resources. | neutral |
train_95156 | The life cycle typically ends with the distribution and publication of a language resource; this includes making a resource available by download or, for example, as Linked Open Data through an API. | section 5. concludes the article with an outlook on future work. | neutral |
train_95157 | In cookpad, meals are classified into categories (e.g., Japanese style, Western style) and some meals are voted for by users. | a novel resource is required to promote food research. | neutral |
train_95158 | Toolkits like Stanford CoreNLP (Manning et al., 2014) and NTLK (Bird and Klein, 2009) provide all-in-one solution for the most common NLP tasks, such as tokenization, lemmatisation, part-of-speech tagging, named entity extraction, chunking, parsing and sentiment analysis. | we have included experimental support for word2vec models (Mikolov et al., 2013), trained on the Estonian Reference Corpus 3 . | neutral |
train_95159 | This will include training of researchers and students on methodological issues related to the use of digital tools, large data sets, the interpretation of results and the representation thereof in research projects. | the Department of African Languages at the University of Pretoria (UP): Over at least the last two decades this department has been highly involved in different kinds of data collection particularly related to lexicographic and terminological developments in the African languages. | neutral |
train_95160 | An overview is depicted in Figure 1. | this dependency is less severe than the dependency on Fedora Commons, i.e., it is possible to use another user interface without losing the main facilities of FLAT, e.g., support for CMDI and Handles. | neutral |
train_95161 | Here, we store the values of the CMDI element /Funder/. | we highlight the mapping for the main data descriptors; for the following discussion, please consult Fig. | neutral |
train_95162 | In our workflows, resources are not described by librarians but by the resource creators (who know their resources best). | to many other standards, CMDI is a grassroots movement. | neutral |
train_95163 | The rule-based component includes rules that make use of syntactic properties of Czech (and operate on word chunks, phrases, or whole sentences), rules that identify and disambiguate phrasemes, and heuristic rules. | the automatic syntactic annotation (parsing) was performed by turboParser (Martins et al., 2013) trained on the PDt data. | neutral |
train_95164 | The underlying logic as well as elements of the graphic interface are presented below. | exceptionally, a software license may cover documentation and data that cannot be separated from the software itself (like in an XML file), but whenever the separation is possible, it is strongly recommend to respect the dichotomy between data and software licenses. | neutral |
train_95165 | It can perform the following text analysis tasks: 1) named entity recognition (main component NER recognizer, F-80%), identifying such entities as personal names, company names, geographical names, expressions of time, quantities, monetary values, percentages, etc. | since there was no preceding experience in building such an NLP framework for Lithuanian, the exploitation of non-distributed LKSSAIS in real-life conditions has revealed that quality of service can be provided only on up to 3 billion word corpora. | neutral |
train_95166 | As far as CODE ALLTAG is concerned, despite its undisputable relevance, we leave this topic for future research. | for the English language, e.g., an American (ANC) (Ide, 2009) and a British (BNC) (Aston and Burnard, 1997) variant has been assembled, for the German language, currently two synchronous resources exist, DEREKO (Kupietz et al., 2010) and DWDS CORE (Geyken, 2007); as a diachronic extension going back until 950 AD, the DTA (Deutsches Text-Archiv) (Geyken and Gloning, 2015) is currently going to be set up as an historic complement. | neutral |
train_95167 | When subjects submitted their e-mail donation to CODE ALLTAG S+d , as a follow-up, a questionnaire was immediately sent to each donor asking for eight demographic variables and self-assessments of the donor, including gender, age, regional provenance, educational and professional background, language provenance and preferences, proficiency of writing and frequency of e-mailing. | writers of e-mails may face formal communication requirements much more often than authors of blogs, chats or tweets. | neutral |
train_95168 | We also list, for each surface morpheme, what the "output" properties are for that morpheme. | the morphological specification used by the annotation tool is purely concatenative, represented in a human-readable text file with a list of possible combinations of affixes that can precede or follow a stem, in effect compiling out the different orthographic changes that can occur in tokens as a result of certain types of affixation. | neutral |
train_95169 | Also, there were open sources of Turkish vocabulary available on the web in an accessible electronic form, but that was not the case for Hausa. | the abstract morpheme (I)m/POSS_1S has a slightly different twist, in which the I appears or not (and in different realizations) depending on whether the previous morpheme ends in a consonant. | neutral |
train_95170 | The first was by calculating the naïve coverage and mean ambiguity on freely available corpora. | there are a number of alternations that are purely due to orthographic convention (such as ‹я› standing in for what would otherwise be ‹йа›) and complications due to the presence of many Russian borrowings, which are quite frequently left in their original orthography. | neutral |
train_95171 | We went through this list word by word and added each word we knew to the lexicon along with the corresponding paradigm that it belonged to. | there are a lot of websites, books, blogs, etc. | neutral |
train_95172 | A morphological analysis of a word involves describing one or more of its properties such as: gender, number, person, case, lexical category, etc. | it is also spoken by people in various other countries. | neutral |
train_95173 | Both nouns and verbs can receive much of the same morphology with different meanings being intended by each. | we begin by introducing the Coptic language and giving a brief outline of its word structure. | neutral |
train_95174 | The sibling pson tsOne The child pzEre tzeere The old person phLlo thLlO The dog puhor tuhOre Table 2: Alternation of Masculine and Feminine forms in Sahidic Coptic (Lambdin 1988:1) The same effects can be seen within the Egyptian number system which, like the gender system, does not usually mark directly on the noun. | morphological irregularity within the classes of nouns is much more difficult to deal with. | neutral |
train_95175 | For example, only one lexeme is considered since both its meanings ('vapour' and 'pair') have exactly the same inflectional forms. | the forms matching query are highlighted in the resulting inflectional table. | neutral |
train_95176 | The MRC Psycholinguistic Database 1 contains roughly eight thousand abstractness ratings. | a notable exception is the work by Turney et al. | neutral |
train_95177 | (2011), who used a method that overcome these limitations by applying an algorithm from Turney and Littman (2003). | we first collected several affective ratings for German. | neutral |
train_95178 | These are the most frequent functors assigned (as frame attributes) to the third frame slot of valency-3 frame entries (the first two being ACT and PAT). | a steady confrontation with the evidence provided by more and more texts is needed, in order both to enlarge the coverage provided by the corpus-driven approach and to evaluate the quality of the contents of LV built in intuition-based fashion. | neutral |
train_95179 | are not handled yet, nor are determiners or negation. | defini- 3 The 20 words in our sample, selected randomly using GNU shuf were the following: aircraft, characteristic, clothesline, contrived, cypress, dandy, efface, frustrate, incandescent, khaki, kohl, lizard, nightie, preceding, residency, rock-solid, scant, transference, whatsit, Zen tions in the 4lang dictionary can be stated using no more than 129 primitives. | neutral |
train_95180 | is considered a wrong schema, while the correct construction is harmonizować z czymś, without the reflexive mark SIĘ, see fig. | each duplicate is connected with the frame in its own, independent way. | neutral |
train_95181 | Observe that a non-lexicalised phrase type xp(mod) (from another schema) is connected with it as well. | for instance, an Instrument for PISAĆ 'write' could be a pen, a ballpen, a pencil etc. | neutral |
train_95182 | In particular, this concerns reflexive and non-reflexive verbs, provided that they represent the same meaning (diathesis alternations, e.g., ZBIĆ and ZBIĆ SIĘ 'break'). | we directly link semantic arguments with corresponding syntactic positions. | neutral |
train_95183 | These assessments concern meaning. | there- Figure 11: A screenshot with a semantic frame and schemata being its syntactic realisation fore, na umór is treated as syntactic realisation of Manner , cf. | neutral |
train_95184 | Each construction is associated with an example and the (possible) idiosyncratic verbs that block that specific pattern. | we provide the following definition of verb class: verb classes are sets distinct senses of verbs that share common argument realization patterns (i.e., they share the same constructions) and that profile the same template of event (i.e., they evoke the same conceptual frame). | neutral |
train_95185 | The main difficulty with the anatomical terms and words is that they convey very specific and precise meaning, are seldom used by non-experts in medicine and keep close links and resemblance with the corresponding Latin or Greek words; • chemicals (e.g. | the annotators do not have medical training nor they present specific medical problems. | neutral |
train_95186 | Prior research (Bär et al., 2012) suggest that this limitation can be addressed using word relatedness measures. | this line of research is focused on interlinking manually created lexical resources. | neutral |
train_95187 | At the same time, corpus-driven approaches are strong at adaptivity -they can be re-trained on a new corpus, thus naturally adapting to the domain at hand. | the corpus-based model cannot learn a fine-grained polysemic inventory featuring tens of senses. | neutral |
train_95188 | In (Agirre et al., 2006), automatically induced senses are mapped to WordNet via hand-labelled instances in the training set. | one can interpret a sense vector by comparing it to other vectors. | neutral |
train_95189 | Hence, we have the semantic roles of AGENT and PA-TIENT. | • PIVOT: OBJECT that appears together with THEME, but that has higher semantic stress than the latter in the clause. | neutral |
train_95190 | The aim of this project is to link together different predicate resources via manual mappings. | with this purpose, the event detection system is a pipeline which contains a set of modules to perform various NLP tasks. | neutral |
train_95191 | We described the acquisition of VERBCROCEAN, a broadcoverage repository of semantic relations between Croatian verbs. | as most English patterns do not translate well into Croatian, we decided to extend our list of patterns. | neutral |
train_95192 | These synsets were then aligned with the synsets already present in PULO, allowing the addition of new variants of the sense 2 . | this second evaluation is based on the same principles as the previous one. | neutral |
train_95193 | Other than this future work on this specific enlargement experiment, we are working on algorithms to validate variants and synsets already existing in PULO. | both these approaches will be explained in the next two subsections. | neutral |
train_95194 | The problem for NBSVM is that in the SerbMR-3C dataset the sentiment classes are not clearly separated, since the neutral class does not contain some objective information but rather a mixture of positive and negative sentiments. | pluses / minuses in the 1-10 scoring systems were ignored and X.5 scores were rounded down to X. | neutral |
train_95195 | We have also been able to combine our findings with the NBSVM classifier for an even better performance on binary classification. | the contents of different sentiment classes in their news domain datasets were drawn from sources which systematically differ from each other not only with regard to their sentiment but also their topic, leading to high topic bias (Brooke & Hirst, 2011;Ferschke, Gurevych, & Rittberger, 2013). | neutral |
train_95196 | Among the other features, WV is still the most informative feature. | there are several general concept nodes connected to the root node, each of which connects to several more specific concept nodes as their children nodes. | neutral |
train_95197 | 3 https://code.google.com/p/word2vec We performed three sentiment analysis tasks: opinion extraction, polarity classification and the combined task. | we are lacking this kind of resources for the Chinese language. | neutral |
train_95198 | The sentiment labels of each word in ANTUSD were collected from two datasets: NTCIR MOAT Task Dataset and Chinese Opinion Treebank. | as these sentiment corpora were for exploring different research problems, their annotation scheme were also different. | neutral |
train_95199 | In this example, the main verb is أحب [like] and the negation particle depends on the tense of the verb ل for the present, لم for the past and لن for the future. | actually, it is true that there is a common language that is understood by the majority of educated arab people because it is taught at schools and it is the main language of the media in most arab countries. | neutral |
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