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0entailment
| A child playing with a sword at the bottom of the stairs. A child playing knights inside his house.
A child is wearing a Darth Vader helmet | This example is weakener. | defeasible-nli/snli |
0entailment
| Some acrobat is a custodian.
Every plumber is a politician.
Some plumber spys on no athlete.
No beekeeper humiliates any guard.
No acrobat is a librarian.
No botanist is a singer.
No custodian is a guard.
No guard humiliates any acrobat.
Every politician is a manager.
No clown is an athlete.
No plumber is an acrobat.
No custodian is a botanist.
Every acrobat is a custodian.
Every singer is a clown.
Every guard is a manager.
Some politician is a politician.
Every acrobat is a guard.
No athlete is a clown.
No custodian spys on any manager.
Every librarian is a clown.
| This example is inconsistent. | natural-language-satisfiability |
0entailment
| But I don't want to be fighting immediately after eating a lot, so I might as well keep my muscles warm.
But I don't want to be fighting on a full stomach, so I might as well keep my muscles warm. | This example is Entailment. | FLUTE |
2contradiction
| Was Al-Farabi a student of the Great Sheikh? | This example is False. | strategy-qa |
2contradiction
| LanguageA is a universal language If a universal language exists, then for every two people if they both know the same universal language they can communicate. Katya cannot communicate with Danil. Katya knows LanguageA.
Danil knows LanguageA. | This example is True. | folio |
2contradiction
| Asghar Farhadi has received two Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film for his films A Separation and The Salesman.
Receiving an oscar for best foreign movie honors the corresponding cinema industry. | This example is no. | avicenna |
2contradiction
| Boxer Rebellion happened in Russia as a response to World War 2. | This example is true. | CREAK |
0entailment
| We have three blocks. We call them A, B and C. Block C is to the right of A. Block A is to the left of B. Block A contains a medium blue triangle, a big black square and one medium black circle. The medium blue triangle is below the medium black circle and a small blue square. The big black square is to the left of the medium black circle. It also contains one big yellow square. Above the big yellow square there is the big black square. The small blue square is above the medium black circle. Block B contains two small blue triangles. Small blue triangle number one is below and near to small blue triangle number two. It is to the left of a big black triangle. Block C contains a medium yellow square.
Are all small things which are to the right of a medium blue shape, to the left of the black object that is to the right of a square that is touching the bottom edge of a block? | This example is DK. | spartqa-yn |
2contradiction
| Patrick has visited Byron, Byron is the person that has visited everyone
Patrick didn't visit Sean | This example is contradiction. | clcd-english |
0entailment
| is it common?
heirloom | This example is True. | twentyquestions |
0entailment
| When I got this movie free from my job, along with three other similar movies.. I couldn't believe my luck. Now this movie is too good to be true. It's a steal for that price. It is a tale of love, betrayal, lies, sex, scandal, everything you want in a movie. Definitely not a Hollywood blockbuster, but full of thrills. I would probably watch this movie again and again. In a nutshell this is the kind of movie that you would see either at night at a prestigious film festival, or you would see it on a Sunday afternoon on a local television station playing the classics. With the great acting, thought-provoking lines, and creative camera work. I couldn't turn off the movie and was glad it popped into my DVD player. The story has never been done like this in many movies. This one is so different, so much better. <br /><br />Not your average movie. | This example is Positive. | counterfactually-augmented-imdb |
0entailment
| is confectionary sugar the same as powdered pizza? | This example is False. | boolq-natural-perturbations |
0entailment
| sure . indeed fact that anyone engaged in white identity politics is called a " racist " " on " | This example is implicit_hate. | implicit-hate-stg1 |
0entailment
| The crocodile is slow. The crocodile is lazy. The lion is horrible. The lion is fierce. The crocodile visits the mouse. The lion sees the cat. The mouse is nice. The cat is nice. The cat is small. The cat is lovely. If something is not nice then it likes the mouse. If something likes the mouse then it is dull. If something is not round then it is horrible. If something is not powerful then it is cute. If something is small then it is lovely. If something is lovely and not strong then it is beautiful. If something is horrible and not round then it is awful. If something is slow and lazy then it is strong. If something is strong and not lovely then it is fierce. If something is cute then it is furry. If something is furry then it is smart. All smart animals are round. All beautiful animals are quiet. All quiet animals are kind. If something is awful then it is big. All big animals are boring. If something is fierce then it is powerful. All powerful animals are rough. All dull animals are sleepy. All sleepy animals are heavy.
The crocodile is heavy. | This example is True. | PARARULE-Plus |
0entailment
| She was too old to change her ways.
It's never too late to change. | This example is False. | ambient |
2contradiction
| Typically, a tooth decay may have occurred in cavity. | This example is False. | I2D2 |
0entailment
| I will begin by assessing that if determinism were true, then we could not have free will. As you can obviously see, I am a Libertarian Incompatibilist in regards to determinism and free will. Hence, if determinism is true, then free will is not true. They cannot coexist. Since you have apparently taken liking to the other argument in a different debate, I will begin by explaining how if determinism were true, despite his so called "choice", he would not freely chose which hand to raise. For in your example, you state that if it is already determined that he would raise his right hand, then he would freely choose to raise his right hand, unless in a different situation it were reversed. This is clearly untrue, for if it was already determined, due to the laws of nature and past events, that you would raise your left hand, then for determinism to be true, you must indeed raise your left hand. You dont even have the choice or free will of raising your right hand, because that would make determinism untrue--which i believe it is to some degree. I am not saying some things are not already determined, however, I do not believe that ALL our actions are already determined, but some - like early childhood, does indeed play some determining roles. However, this said, if determinism were true, we would have no "choice", no "rationality", and no "moral responsibility for our actions". Here is my argument: 1.We have free will (of the kind required for moral responsibility) only if we are the ultimate sources (originators, first causes) of our choices. 2.If determinism is true, then everything we do is ultimately caused by events and circumstances outside our control. 3.If everything we do is ultimately caused by events and circumstances outside our control, then we are not the ultimate sources (originators, first causes) of our choices. 4.Therefore, if determinism is true, we are not the ultimate sources of our choices. 5.Therefore, if determinism is true, we don't have free will (of the kind required for moral responsibility). This argument, taken from Robert Kane, shows how determinism cannot be compatible with free will on the basis of moral responsibility. For, as you believe, if person x decides (free will) to Z (murder someone), and say does murder someone, he is morally responsible for the death of that particular someone--assuming that the "someone" is the same in both parts of the sentence. However, you also agree that determinism is true-that what hapens is all that would happen given the situation, and outside what happens nothing would happen. So if it was already determined-that this person x would murder someone, then he cannot be held morally responsible because he is not the originator of the decision to kill someone. The decision to kill someone was made long ago given the laws of nature, and thus, he has no way of changing the past, so he cannot change the present, or future for that matter. Thus, he cannot change the fact that if determinism were true, he could someone not kill this person, unless it was determined otherwise.
Bio-Environmental determinism is compatible with free will. | This example is CON. | args_me |
2contradiction
| embryonic stem cell research should be subsidized because it may lead to the development of treatments for a number of serious medical conditions.
We should subsidize embryonic stem cell research | This example is against. | Touche23-ValueEval |
2contradiction
| The Code of Practice in the ACT helps ensures culls are humane.
Kangaroo culling in Australia | This example is CON. | starcon |
0entailment
| Why can't the recepient of my money transaction see it? | This example is transfer_not_received_by_recipient. | banking77 |
2contradiction
| Jim comforted Kevin because he was so upset. The he is more likely to refer to Kevin than Jim because MORE LIKELY TO REFER KEVIN
In "Jim comforted Kevin because he was so upset. ", The he is more likely to refer to Kevin than Jim because MORE LIKELY TO REFER KEVIN | This example is True. | winowhy |
0entailment
| Obama Makes Huge Move to BAN Social Security Recipients From Owning Guns | This example is cognitive-bias. | mbib-base/cognitive-bias |
2contradiction
| Says Rep Jim Renacci was trying to leave town for the holidays without extending your payroll tax cut | This example is not fake-news. | mbib-base/fake-news |
0entailment
| She s buddying up with wadhwa because he endorsed her book She s friends with weev who targeted so many women in tech | This example is not gender-bias. | mbib-base/gender-bias |
0entailment
| Keep on insulting us pal But the fact remains we re not gonna buy your foreign sh t Get ready to become the first english speaking members of the Third World | This example is hate-speech. | mbib-base/hate-speech |
0entailment
| the generally held opinion that a separate macedonian nationhood was an artificial product of yugoslav propaganda during the 20th century and the belief of some bulgarians that macedonians should naturally form part of the bulgarian nation | This example is linguistic-bias. | mbib-base/linguistic-bias |
2contradiction
| So with all due respect if you re still supporting this hateful reckless malignant President and still applauding and blessing the actions that cause incredible harm to millions of Americans I m not particularly interested in figuring out why you re doing that today One day I will but right now I d rather make sure people don t die because they get cancer or commit suicide because they feel unloved or are forced from a country they love and deserve to live in | This example is not political-bias. | mbib-base/political-bias |
0entailment
| well he says its a cultural problem so i guess hes of the opinion that black people are inherently violent its just racism really | This example is not racial-bias. | mbib-base/racial-bias |
2contradiction
| At least three protesters died in the violence as did at least three police officers and hundreds of people were injured | This example is text-level-bias. | mbib-base/text-level-bias |
2contradiction
| [Hugh] and his sister [Lynn] went to dinner with their dad [James], while their other sibling, [Wesley], stayed home.
('James', 'Wesley') | This example is father-in-law. | v1/gen_train234_test2to10 |
0entailment
| Prof. Jones: "The university just cut our yearly budget by $10,000." Prof. Smith: "What are we going to do?" Prof. Brown: "I think we should eliminate one of the teaching assistant positions. That would take care of it." Prof. Jones: "We could reduce our scheduled raises instead." Prof. Brown: " I can't understand why you want to bleed us dry like that, Jones." | This example is fallacy of extension. | logical-fallacy |
2contradiction
| the process of buying, sellling, or exchanging products, services, or information via computer
(ec or e-commerce) describes the process of buying, selling, transferring, or exchanging products, services, or information via computer networks, including the internet. | This example is not-paraphrase. | parade |
0entailment
| We know that increased demand or increased yield per acre causes increased supply. increased demand or increased supply causes high rainfall. We observed the farm has an increased yield per acre and the demand is high.
Would there is low rainfall if reduced supply instead of increased supply? | This example is no. | cladder |
0entailment
| Though some journalists with knowledge of the rail industry or the labour movement have been sounding the alarm for months, the last few days have seen mainstream media outlets publish increasingly frantic articles about the potential for a strike.
| This example is OBJ. | subjectivity |
2contradiction
| This vaccine will guard you against infection.
guard | This example is literal. | MOH |
0entailment
| I would pick up the phone and phone my solicitor and ask to come and see him and get his advice.
ask | This example is literal. | VUAC |
2contradiction
| " I think you 'll see a lot of job growth in the next two years , " he said , adding the growth could replace jobs lost .
" I think you 'll see a lot of job growth in the next two years , " said Mankiw . | This example is equivalent. | glue/mrpc |
0entailment
| Why can't the Indian government print as many currency notes it wishes and clear the fiscal deficit? For that matter why can't any country in the world do the same?
Which metal is used to make coins in India? | This example is not_duplicate. | glue/qqp |
2contradiction
| can elves and humans mate lord of the rings | This example is False. | super_glue/boolq |
2contradiction
| Madrid, Spain (CNN) -- Relatives of a woman killed in a Spanish airline crash were erroneously given the remains of another victim, and then were asked by authorities to return them, CNN partner network CNN+ reported Thursday. The victims of the crash were first laid out at a Madria convention center. A Madrid judge has opened an investigation into the error, and judicial sources say the initial indication is that the mixup occurred not in the proper identification of the victim, but in delivering the wrong remains to the family in question, CNN+ reported. The family Wednesday received an urn numbered 104, and were told it contained the ashes of their loved one, Pilar Gonzalez Ferreira, who died in the crash. But as the family was preparing to leave Madrid, officials called to tell them about the error and asked for the return of urn 104, CNN+ reported. Instead of urn 104, the family was supposed to have received urn 134, which actually contains the remains of Pilar Gonzalez, CNN+ reported, citing judicial sources and another family which also lost a relative in the crash. The Spanair MD82 jet crashed last week at Madrid's airport as the plane was trying to take off, killing 154 people. The aircraft, bound for Spain's Canary Islands, managed to rise only slightly before coming down quickly to the right of the runway, its tail section hitting the ground first, just off the asphalt. Then the out-of-control plane skidded and bounced at least three times as it careered 1,200 meters (3,840 feet) across uneven terrain and exploded, coming to rest in a gully, a top official of the investigative commission told a news conference in Madrid on Tuesday. Many of the bodies were badly charred from the fire, and authorities have used DNA samples to carry out numerous identifications. How many victims did CNN report had died in the crash?
154 | This example is False. | super_glue/multirc |
0entailment
| head : Under the head of minor Roman poets. :
head : They tracked him back toward the head of the stream. : | This example is False. | super_glue/wic |
0entailment
| Person in blue top and shorts wearing a cap standing on a road with mountain with trees in the background .
We believe that the person is hiking to the mountain . | This example is invalid. | probability_words_nli/usnli |
2contradiction
| Chances are about even that Antoine is thirsty. It is almost certain that Mary went to the kitchen. Chances are about even that Julius is a swan.
There is little chance that antoine is thirsty, or Julius is a swan. | This example is invalid. | probability_words_nli/reasoning_1hop |
0entailment
| It is highly likely that Sandra got the football. It is impossible that Mary took the apple. There is a very good chance that Greg is a rhino. It is impossible that if Sandra got the football, and Greg is a rhino, then Lily is gray. It is improbable that if either Greg is a rhino, or Mary took the apple, then Bernhard is white. It is highly likely that if Greg is a rhino, or Mary took the apple, then Julie is in the kitchen.
It is likely that lily is gray, and Mary took the apple. | This example is valid. | probability_words_nli/reasoning_2hop |
2contradiction
| Do you remember reading to your mother when she was a child ?
Do you remember being read to when you were little ? | This example is non-contradiction. | robust_nli_li_ts |
2contradiction
| Brazil judge freezes $1.3 billion in Vale assets for dam burst damages
Vale stock plunges after Brazil disaster; $19 billion in market value lost | This example is different_event. | hlgd |
2contradiction
| Gérard Depardieu was born to a wealthy Parisian family and married on February 19 , 1970 with Élisabeth Dominique Lucie Guignot .
Élisabeth Dominique Lucie Guignot was born into a wealthy Parisian family and married to Gérard Depardieu on 19 February 1970 . | This example is paraphrase. | paws/labeled_final |
0entailment
| Some were operated by the artillery branch but under command of the supported unit .
Some were operated by the artillery branch but under command of the supported unit . | This example is paraphrase. | paws/labeled_swap |
2contradiction
| Does time matter during ovulation ?
I had unprotected intercourse last night. I should be ovulating yesterday according to my period tracker. What are my chances of pregnancy? | This example is True. | medical_questions_pairs |
2contradiction
| They drank the pub. | This example is acceptable. | glue/cola |
0entailment
| a flat script and a low budget | This example is negative. | glue/sst2 |
2contradiction
| How do I make a relationship work long distance with my bf of 4 years? | This example is insincere question. | insincere-questions |
0entailment
| sector sees big ticket deals in 2013 - the economic timesbusinesses including apple and microsoft are now looking ahead to year by making their first deals, says a survey times.a new shows companies make that have not yet been publicly announced, will include more than $1 trillion tax cuts, increases breaks.the report also finds corporate rate has risen sharply since financial crisis 15 per cent, from on capital gains taxes (cgt) dividends tax.the said end of would get cut between 0.1 cent 5 credits.it 2014, was higher income see bills if credits were paid tax-free.tax cuts creditsin other policy matters government is control ratetax taxtax (tax taxed) corporation taxationtax taxation rates capital)tax capital) | This example is pplm_gpt2. | TuringBench |
2contradiction
| What is `` Nine Inch Nails '' ? | This example is DESC:reason. | trec |
0entailment
| Less than 25 people have died from coronavirus in the U.S during the pandemic .
there were at least 666 confirmed and presumptive cases in the U.S. , including 22 deaths . | This example is SUPPORTS. | vitaminc/tals--vitaminc |
0entailment
| God wants understanding and acceptance of others. That’s it. Literally the number one rule is love thy neighbor! nThese people. Smh. | This example is Hope_speech. | hope_edi/english |
2contradiction
| BREAKING: At least 10 killed in shooting at French satirical newspaper Charlie Hebdo, Paris prosecutor's office says. http://t.co/mnAeA7j7fY
@cnni when will we hear good new like the people are living in peace, hmmmm.....killing every day | This example is support. | rumoureval_2019/RumourEval2019 |
2contradiction
| Read this sentence slow | This example is hate_speech. | ethos/binary |
0entailment
| @user Uggh that's really horrible. You're not a bad person by any stretch of the imagination. I hope this person realizes that. | This example is optimism. | tweet_eval/emotion |
0entailment
| listen... i love lil b but i would not fuck with dej loaf at all. she prob got poison up in her nail polish like that bitch from holes | This example is hate. | tweet_eval/hate |
0entailment
| 🙀😱🙀😱🙀😱 #POPCORN!!!!!! 😂🎅😂🎅😂🔫🔫 bringing this at movie tuesday night!! | This example is irony. | tweet_eval/irony |
2contradiction
| @user The lies i keep hearing everyday sigh *INHALES* IM TIRED OF YOU PUTTING YOURSELF DOWN AND IF PPL DONT SEE HOW BEAUTIFUL MY BESTFRIEND IS THEN ITS THEIR PROBLEM You are beautiful ive seen iT so its my place to tell you you are beautiful and i accept nothing less. If not more 😤 | This example is non-offensive. | tweet_eval/offensive |
2contradiction
| @user I miss my kitty.. he used to chase the sun reflection of my ipod on the wall.. | This example is negative. | tweet_eval/sentiment |
0entailment
| 'Cursed be anyone who takes a bribe to shed innocent blood.' And all the people shall say, 'Amen.' Deuteronomy 27:25 #dropsmic #SemST | This example is against. | tweet_eval/stance_abortion |
2contradiction
| Can I tell you a secret? I know who God is and how much He loves us. I love Him, too and just told the world about Him. He is love! #SemST | This example is none. | tweet_eval/stance_atheism |
0entailment
| #vatican will be destroyed the most vile creatures ever the creators of #islam #sodomising #children #fakestine and #SemST | This example is none. | tweet_eval/stance_climate |
2contradiction
| I wonder when my feminism top is gonna arrive.. I need a bit of happiness with the stress of studying #collegelife #SemST | This example is against. | tweet_eval/stance_feminist |
0entailment
| Much like you good people I forgot about my #livetweetingbladerunner a couple weeks ago #callback #potroast #cartography #blue #SemST | This example is none. | tweet_eval/stance_hillary |
0entailment
| # ️#daytimeemmyparty2016#birthdaytwins @ The Argyle Hollywood | This example is ❤. | tweet_eval/emoji |
0entailment
| They shades would have shattered easily with minimal handling.
Overstock remedied the problem quickly- they delivered a new light set right away (and free return slip for the old). | This example is fortunately,. | discovery/discovery |
2contradiction
| has he still suffering from those problems? | This example is Appreciation. | pragmeval/switchboard |
0entailment
| do we care? | This example is Yes-No-question. | pragmeval/mrda |
0entailment
| moments later when the lady across the aisle asked for a blanket for her and her young child she was told they had no complimentary ones but could sell her two! | This example is experiential. | pragmeval/verifiability |
0entailment
| isis beheads steve sotloff
islamic state releases video showing beheading of us hostage steven sotloff | This example is for. | pragmeval/emergent |
2contradiction
| past studies have tended to avoid this task and have instead used samples of researchers [ 8 – 11 ] , usually specific to a particular field [ 12 – 16 ] , and often focused on the scientific elite [ 17 , 18 ] .
because assembling such a full census is difficult , | This example is purpose. | pragmeval/gum |
2contradiction
| under chapter 11 of the federal bankruptcy code, a company continues to operate under protection from creditors' lawsuits while it works out a plan to pay its debts
under chapter 7, the assets of a company are sold off to pay creditors | This example is Synchrony. | pragmeval/pdtb |
2contradiction
| ok
i can do a wood for ore | This example is Background. | pragmeval/stac |
2contradiction
| promoting renewables is a good thing, but increasing the supply of oil in counter productive in helping renewables to reach the critical mass needed to survive economically.
if we could rub a brass lamp, make three wishes and fix our energy problems immediately, i'd agree with you. but since we live in the real world, we must become oil independent while we are perfecting and building an infrastructure of renewable energy sources. | This example is notsarc. | pragmeval/sarcasm |
2contradiction
| do you regard yourself as a disciplined person ... or ... | This example is Positive. | silicone/sem |
0entailment
| yep | This example is backch. | silicone/oasis |
0entailment
| Ok ! | This example is neutral. | silicone/meld_s |
2contradiction
| Ok ! | This example is surprise. | silicone/meld_e |
2contradiction
| and you've got a white mountain | This example is align. | silicone/maptask |
0entailment
| how can you cash them when you arrive in the united states ? | This example is no emotion. | silicone/dyda_e |
0entailment
| how can you cash them when you arrive in the united states ? | This example is question. | silicone/dyda_da |
2contradiction
| I can't believe I forgot. I'm like a kid. It's amazing I got out of the house with my fly zipped. | This example is oth. | silicone/iemocap |
0entailment
| 329 U.S. 287
67 S.Ct. 207
91 L.Ed. 290
UNITED STATESv.RUZICKA et al.
No. 54.
Decided Dec. 16, 1946.
Argued Nov. 20, 21, 1946.
Mr.
George T. Washington, of Washington, D.C., Acting Sol. Gen., for petitioner.
Mr. William Parker Ward, of Chicago, Ill., for respondents.
Mr. Justice FRANKFURTER delivered the opinion of the Court.
1
We brought this case here, 327 U.S. 776, 66 S.Ct. 964, because it raises questions of importance in the administration of the Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937. 50 Stat. 246, 7 U.S.C.A. § 601 et seq., 7 U.S.C.A. § 601 et seq. The general scheme of the Act and its operation have been before us in a series of cases. United States v. Rock Royal Co-op., 307 U.S. 533, 59 S.Ct. 993, 83 L.Ed. 1446; United States v. Wrightwood Dairy Co., 315 U.S. 110, 62 S.Ct. 523, 86 L.Ed. 726; Stark v. Wickard, 321 U.S. 288, 64 S.Ct. 559, 88 L.Ed. 733. Our immediate concern is with the provisions of the Act that distribute enforcing authority between the courts and the Secretary of Agriculture. These become relevant to the enforcement of Milk Order No. 41, an 'Order Regulating the Handling of Milk in the Chicago, Illinois, Marketing Area', and more particularly the portion of that elaborate Order which defines the rights and obligations of 'handlers' of milk. Section 941.1(5). The Order was issued under the powers delegated to the Secretary of Agricultur to effectuate the purposes of the Act. Section 8c of the Act.
2
Order No. 41 classifies milk received into the Chicago area according to its uses. To milk in each of the four classes the market administrator assigns a uniform 'use value.' All handlers are required to report to the market administrator the quantity of milk purchased and put to its classified uses. On the basis of these reports the administrator, taking into account the total quantity of milk produced and the amount devoted to each classification, as well as the balance in the Producersettlement Fund, and making authorized adjustments, announces monthly a uniform minimum price to be paid by handlers to producers. Since a handler's receipts from the re-sale of milk, or the sale of milk products, vary with the amount of the milk distributed in each class, the uniform price paid by handlers will create inequities unless adjustment is made, based on the comparative use value of the milk distributed by a particular handler. The mechanism for adjustment is the Producersettlement Fund. Handlers are required to contribute to this Fund whenever the use value of the milk handled by them during the month is greater than the norm on which the uniform price is based. Conversely, handlers whose milk distribution is of low use value and whose fixed minimum costs are therefore out of line with their receipts, are recompensed from this Fund. Effective enforcement of such a marketing scheme rests on proper accounting, reliable reports and alert inspection. At best, however, errors are inevitable, which may call for payments by handlers into the Fund. The reliance of the industry upon that Fund makes prompt payments into it imperative.
3
An order for payment into the Fund and its resistance led to this litigation. The Ruzickas, handlers of milk, filed with the market administrator required reports and received from him a transcript of their account with the Fund for the period in controversy. Deficiencies were disclosed which the Ruzickas refused to pay, in disregard of § 941.8(e) and (g) of Order 41 requiring a handler to pay within five days 'the amount so billed'. Under § 8a(6) of the Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act this suit was begun in the Northern District of Illinois for enforcement. The Government prayed for a mandatory injunction commanding compliance with Order 41 by payment of the sums alleged to be due to the Fund. If it be relevant, it was not alleged that there was danger of irreparable loss because of insolvency of the Fund. By their answer the Ruzickas justified their failure to pay, chiefly on the ground that the demand was based upon faulty inspection of their accounts and improper tests of their milk and milk products. The District Court ruled that 'the defendants having failed to avail themselves of the administrative remedy provided by said Act, may not raise such issues of fact before this Court'. On the issue in the suit thus limited, the District Court granted the Government's motion for judgment on the pleadings. The Circuit Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, one judge dissenting, reversed the District Court, ruling that the validity of the demand by the Secretary of Agriculture may be contested in an enforcement proceeding under § 8a(6). 152 F.2d 167.
4
Thus the question before us is whether a handler may resist a claim against him by the Secretary of Agriculture, made according to the procedure defined in the Act, without previously having sought to challenge the claim in a proceeding, also defined in the Act, before the Secretary of Agriculture. The answer is found on a fair reading of the Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act in the context of its purposes and of the scheme designed by Congress for their realization.
5
The sections of the statute directly relevant to our problem are set out in the margin.1 Briefly, the district courts of the United States are 'vested with jurisdiction specifically to enforce' o ders issued pursuant to the Act.2 The Act authorizes a handler to challenge before the Secretary of Agriculture his order 'or any obligation imposed in connection therewith' as 'not in accordance with law', and to ask to have it modified or to be exempted from it. When the order is so challenged, the determination of the Secretary of Agriculture, after hearing, is final but only 'if in accordance with law'. Section 8c(15)(A). To test whether such ruling is 'in accordance with law' the handler may bring the Secretary's action for review before the appropriate district court. Section 8c(15)(B). But the very subsection, (15), which gives the handler access to the Secretary of Agriculture for administrative relief and opportunity for judicial review of his determination, provides that the pendency of the proceedings before the Secretary, or in the district court to review the Secretary's ruling, 'shall not impede, hinder, or delay the United States or the Secretary of Agriculture from obtaining relief' under § 8a(6). It is only when 'a final decree has been rendered in proceedings between the same parties, and covering the same subject matter, instituted pursuant to this subsection (15)' that proceedings brought for enforcement under § 8a(6) 'shall abate'. Section 8c(15)(B).
6
To be sure, Congress did not say in words that, in a proceeding under § 8a(6) to enforce an order, a handler may not question an obligation which flows from it. But meaning, though not explicitly stated in words, may be mbedded in a coherent scheme. And such we find to be the provisions taken in their entirety as a means for attaining the purposes of the Act while at the same time protecting adequately the interests of individual handlers.
7
The procedure devised by Congress explicitly gave to an aggrieved handler an appropriate opportunity for the correction of errors or abuses by the agency charged with the intricate business of milk control. In addition, if the Secretary fails to make amends called for by law the handler may challenge the legality of the Secretary's ruling in court. Handlers are thus assured opportunity to establish claims of grievances while steps for the protection of the industry as a whole may go forward. Sections 8a(6) and 8c(15) thus form a complementary procedural scheme. Contrariwise, it would make for disharmony to extrapolate from these provisions of the statute the right to consider independently, in a proceeding by the Government for the enforcement of the Secretary's order, questions for which Congress explicitly furnished the handler an expert forum for contest with ultimate review by a district court.
8
The situation before us indicates how disruptive it would be to allow issues that may properly come before a district court in a proceeding under § 8c(15) to be open for independent adjudication in a suit for enforcement under § 8a(6). After a presumably careful study by those technically equipped, a program was devised for the dairy farmers in one of the large areas of the country. The success of the operation of such Congressionally authorized milk control must depend on the efficiency of its administration. Promptness of compliance by those subject to the scheme is the presupposition of Order No. 41. Thus, definite monthly deadlines are fixed by the Order for every step in the program. In large measure, the success of this scheme revolves around a 'producers' fund which is solvent and to which all contribute in accordance with a formula equitably determined and of uniform applicability. Failure by handlers to meet their obligations promptly would threaten the whole scheme. Even temporary defaults by some handlers may work unfairness to others, encourage wider non-compliance, and engender those subtle forces of doubt and distruct which so readily dislocate delicate economic arrangements. To make the vitality of the whole arrangement depend on the contingencies and inevitable delays of litigation, no matter how alertly pursued, is not a result to be attributed to Congress unless support for it is much more manifest than we here find. That Congress avoided such hazards for its policy is persuasively indicated by the procedure it devised for the careful administrative and judicial consideration of a handler's grievance. It thereby safeguarded individual as well as collective interests. In the case before us, administrative proceedings were instituted before the Secretary of Agriculture and, apparently, are awaiting his action. Presumably the Secretary of Agriculture will give the respondents the rights to which Congress said they were netitled. If they are dissatisfied with his ruling, they may question it in a district court. The interests of the entire industry need not be disturbed in order to do justice to an individual case.3
9
It is suggested that Congress did not authorize a district court to enforce an order not 'in accordance with law'. The short answer to this rather dialectic point is that whether such an order is or is not in accordance with law is not a question that brings its own immediate answer, or even an answer which it is the familiar, everyday business of courts to find. Congress has provided a special procedure for ascertaining whether such an order is or is not in accordance with law. The questions are not, or may not be, abstract questions of law. Even when they are formulated in constitutional terms, they are questions of law arising out of, or entwined with, factors that call for understanding of the milk industry. And so Congress has provided that the remedy in the first instance must be sought from the Secretary of Agriculture. It is on the basis of his ruling, and of the elucidation which he would presumably give to his ruling, that resort may be had to the courts. Congress seems to have emphasized the different functions in the enforcement of the Act that § 8a and § 8c serve by explicitly directing that the proceedings for relief instituted by a handler under § 8c shall not 'impede, hinder, or delay' enforcement proceedings by the United States under § 8a.
10
We are dealing here solely with the rights of handlers. This is not Stark v. Wickard, 321 U.S. 288, 64 S.Ct. 559, 88 L.Ed. 733. In that case it was concluded that since Congress had provided no administrative remedy for a producer to review the legality of an order against him, presumably the courts were not closed to him. But by § 8c(15) Congress has made precisely such provisions for handlers. As to them the procedural scheme is complete.
11
The Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act is one of many enactments by which Congress in regulating economic enterprise has divided the duty of enforcement between courts and administrative agencies. But there is the greatest variety in the manner in which Congress has distributed this responsibility. Those who are entitled to speak tell us that the development of the natural sciences has often suffered from premature generalization. Certainly the recent growth of administrative law counsels against generalizations regarding what is compendiously called judicial review of administrative action. And so we deem it desirable, in a case like this, to hug the shore of the precise problem before us in relation to the provisions of the particular Act immediately relevant. One general observation, may, however, be permitted. Both courts and administrative bodies are law-enforcing agencies, utilized by Congress as such. In construing the enforcement provisions of legislation like the Marketing Act, it is important to remember that courts and administrative agencies are collaborative 'instrumentalities of justice', and not business rivals. See United States v. Morgan, 307 U.S. 183, 191, 59 S.Ct. 795, 799, 83 L.Ed. 1211; Federal Communications Commission v. Pottsville Broadcasting Co., 309 U.S. 134, 141 et seq., 60 S.Ct. 437, 440 et seq., 84 L.Ed. 656. And so we are not called upon to decide what powers inhere in a court of equity, exercising due judicial discretion, even in a suit such as was here brought by the United States for the enforcement of an order under § 8a. We say this because it appears that at a stage in the proceedings in the district court a motion for a stay, pending disposition of the petition by the Ruzickas before the Secretary of Agriculture, was made by the respondents. With the court's leave, this motion was subsequently withdrawn. The power of the district court to have acted on it is therefore not before us. Compare Scripps Howard Radio v. Federal Communications Com'n, 316 U.S. 4, 62 S.Ct. 875, 86 L.Ed. 1229; Hecht Co. v. Bowles, 321 U.S. 321, 64 S.Ct. 587, 88 L.Ed. 754.
12
Judgment reversed.
13
Mr. Justice DOUGLAS concurs in the result.
1
'8a(6) The several district courts of the United States are hereby vested with jurisdiction specifically to enforce, and to prevent and restrain any person from violating any order, regulation, or agreement, heretofore or hereafter made or issued pursuant to this title, in any proceeding now pending or hereafter brought in said courts.'
'8c(15)(A) Any handler subject to an order may file a written petition with the Secretary of Agriculture, stating that any such order or any provision of any such order or any obligation imposed in connection therewith is not in accordance with law and praying for a modification thereof or to be exempted therefrom. He shall thereupon be given an opportunity for a hearing upon such petition, in accordance with regulations made by the Secretary of Agriculture, with the approval of the President. After such hearing, the Secretary shall make a ruling upon the prayer of such petition which shall be final, if in accordance with law.'
'8c(15)(B) The District Courts of the United States (including the district court of the United States for the District of Columbia) in any district in which such handler is an inhabitant, or has his principal place of business, are hereby vested with jurisdiction in equity to review such ruling, provided a bill in equity for that purpose is filed within twenty days from the date of the entry of such ruling. Service of process in such proceedings may be had upon the Secretary by delivering to him a copy of the bill of complaint. If the court determines that such ruling is not in accordance with law, it shall remand such proceedings to the Secretary with directions either (1) to make such ruling as the court shall determine to be in accordance with law, or (2) to take such further proceedings as, in its opinion, the law requires. The pendency of proceedings instituted pursuant to this subsection (15) shall not impede, hinder, or delay the United States or the Secretary of Agriculture from obtaining relief pursuant to section 8a(6) of this title. Any proceedings brought pursuant to section 8a(6) of this title (except where brought by way of counterclaim in proceedings instituted pursuant to this subsection (15)) shall abate whenever a final decree has been rendered in proceedings between the same parties, and covering the same subject matter, instituted pursuant to this subsection (15).'
2
Section 8a(8) is also invoked by petitioner. But that section adds to the Government's remedies. It implies no judicial review in favor of handlers.
3
'During the period while any such petition is pending before the Secretary and until notice of the Secretary's ruling is given to the petitioner, the penalties imposed by the act for violation of an order cannot be imposed upon the petitioner if the court finds that the petition was filed in good faith and not for delay. The Secretary may, nevertheless, during this period proceed to obtain an injunction against the petitioner pursuant to section 8a(6) of the Agricultural Adjustment Act. * * * It is believed that these provisions establish an equitable and expeditious procedure for testing the validity of orders, without hampering the Government's power to enforce compliance with their terms.' S.Re . No. 1011, 74th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 14.
| This example is 8. | lex_glue/scotus |
2contradiction
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2contradiction
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0entailment
| This was a movie i could not wait to see! So i finally got it and I was pretty disappointed. For starters,the movie has so little said about New York,just a bunch of confusing shots of buildings,streets,bridges and cafes.It really doesn't stay focused on the New York magic.Another thing that changed my mind was the french movie set inside this movie.I know that it is a remake,but it is not a french style remake! Anyway,here you will notice elements that remind you of french movies,such as long and messy scenes,no or little talking and of course everyone is smoking french style ! The story follows many lives ( too many for my taste) and they somehow seem connected in the end. I feel like there was no dedication to the characters as much as there was on the stories. The movie was too short to cover every single destiny everyone's happy ending.So we can see about 30 people for about 5 minutes each.And there you have your 120 minutes ! if you like active scenes dialogues and stuff this is not the movie for you ! i give it 4 just because i love New York and i loved the cast ! | This example is neg. | imdb |
0entailment
| the movie's ripe , enrapturing beauty will tempt those willing to probe its inscrutable mysteries . | This example is pos. | rotten_tomatoes |
2contradiction
| Stocks Jump; Insurers, Home Builders Help US stocks surged on Tuesday, as battered insurers rose on confidence a probe of the industry would end quickly, helping blue chips snap a 5-day streak of losses. | This example is World. | ag_news |
2contradiction
| Fancy little mom/pop sushi resturant and bar that feels like a trendy franchise. Excellent ombiance and food! Would have rated 5 Stars if the greeting staff and overall service was a little better. The hostess/manager was kind of rude and could've smiled and been nicer. | This example is 2 star. | yelp_review_full/yelp_review_full |
0entailment
| In 2008 , Kemira recorded revenue of approximately EUR 2.8 billion and had a staff of 9,400 . | This example is neutral. | financial_phrasebank/sentences_allagree |
2contradiction
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2contradiction
| The Foca-class were a group of three submarines built for the Italian Navy between 1936 and 1938; they were intended primarily for mine-laying operations. The lead boat Foca was lost in October 1940 while laying mines in Haifa harbor. Atropo and Zoea the second and third vessels of the class were used after Italy's 1943 surrender by the Allies for supply runs to British garrisons in Samos and Leros in the Aegean. Both were scrapped in 1947 | This example is Album. | dbpedia_14/dbpedia_14 |
2contradiction
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0entailment
| Not once in the Bible are Jesus or God 's people ever called a Jew . | This example is noHate. | hate_speech18 |
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