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0.999999 | Should I give my baby the fathers last name even though we are not married?
I love my boyfriend very much. And normally I wouldnt have thought of this until my mother had told me not to give the baby his last name unless we were getting married because it would cause confusion later down the road if he is no longer around. I thought it was out of line for her to say but it did make me think. Would that be in my best interest or not?
Very personal question... I'd say do what works for you and your child, and not worry about what others think. Personally, I think it's good to have *both* the mom & dad's last names, even if only legally (i.e., they only use one of the last names commonly, but the other one is there on legal documents), that way if things go wrong, there is no need to "change names" and go through that hassle, as the other name is already there. Also that way, the little one can grow up being accustomed to having both names, so if later on you do lean toward only one last name and not the other, it's not a "shock" where your child will think "that's not my name".
Would you regret giving your child his last name if things didn't work out between the two of you? Its really a personal choice that you should talk to him about. Many women and their kids have the same last namt and then the couple divorces and the mom goes back to her maiden name so I don't see the difference. Do what you are comfortable with and don't let your mom sway your decision.
The biological father to my 5 yr old dd and I are not married. We were together when she was born but we gave her my last name. I feel that was best for us. Yes, it is easier for dd and I to have the same last name. Look at it this way: Baby's last name can be changed if you guys get married. You have to decide what you want to do hun. There's no right or wrong answer.
I think that you and your boyfriend should do what you think is right. This is your child. I know plenty of moms that have gone either way and are happy! Don't let it stress you out. Your baby's name like your baby him/herself is yours! Enjoy.
When i lost my daughter from a still birth at 23 weeks , i was forced to deliver her and name her so i gave her my b.fs last name for some odd reason . now im pregnant again and I am not comfortible with giving the baby a different last name . i personaly want to use my last name but everyone thinks im wrong and that its right to give the babys fathers last name . im afraid if it dont work out between us then i will be stuck with this last name for my child ! would i be wrong to use my last name? were not married and i doubt we ever will be ! | 2019-04-26T16:56:45 | https://www.babycenter.com/400_should-i-give-my-baby-the-fathers-last-name-even-though-we-a_6831370_939.bc |
0.999999 | About 6 months ago I wrote an article entitled "Solar Power: Why You Should Invest Now." In that article, I suggested that there were good reasons to invest in SunPower (NASDAQ:SPWR), First Solar (NASDAQ:FSLR), and SolarCity (NASDAQ:SCTY). I've said this before and I will say it again: I am not a financial analyst, day trader, or any sort of expert whatsoever on the stock market. I simply made some speculations regarding those companies using my engineering and solar industry background. My overall theme was that based on major interest in solar power, including investments from Warren Buffett, along with news of long term large-scale contracts for solar, the market should be favorable to these companies. So how good were my predictions?
About 6 months ago I wrote an article entitled "Solar Power: Why You Should Invest Now." In that article, I suggested that there were good reasons to invest in SunPower (NASDAQ:SPWR), First Solar (NASDAQ:FSLR), and SolarCity (NASDAQ:SCTY). I've said this before and I will say it again: I am not a financial analyst, day trader, or any sort of expert whatsoever on the stock market. I simply made some speculations regarding those companies using my engineering and solar industry background. My overall theme was that based on major interest in solar power, including investments from Warren Buffett, along with news of long term large-scale contracts for solar, the market should be favorable to these companies.
So how good were my predictions? Well, I guess that depends on when you bought and when you sold. When I wrote my previous article, SunPower was around $12 per share, and since then it peaked in July at $28.10 and is currently at $24.79. Of course, it could be a complete fluke. However, the fact that Buffett's holdings company MidAmerican Energy invested billions into large-scale, long term solar farm projects for SunPower ensures the profitability of the company. So it might not be a complete surprise to see them doing well.
Next, lets take a look at First Solar. This company is especially interesting because it is one of the few solar companies that has been publicly traded for a few years, since 2007. On the other hand, SunPower and SolarCity both went public in the last two years. First Solar is also interesting because it had an enormous peak in 2008 of $211 per share, which is unheard of the in the solar industry. At least it was, until the "solar bubble" burst. However, the company stayed relatively afloat, with their stock price staying above $100 until 2011, when it tanked down to almost $10 per share. Most would say that this company is a bust, but I disagreed in my previous article. Back in March of 2013, the company was around $25 per share, and since then it has peaked at $56.40 and is now sitting at $39.80. This might not be historically impressive, but it is still surprising to see First Solar bounce back a little after their enormous drop.
Last, let's see how SolarCity is doing. From its IPO in late 2012 to March 2013 when I wrote the previous article, it stayed in the $10-$20 range. Since then, it reached a peak of $51.60 in May, and it is now at $38.43. SolarCity is a unique solar company in that it does not actually manufacture its own panels; rather, it buys panels, installs them onto homes, and charges homeowners for the electricity from the panels. This way, the customer does not need to give a huge down payment for the solar panel system, since solar is such a high-capital energy source. So instead of charging for the panels, SolarCity bills their customers monthly for the electricity they consume, and this bill is often lower than their local gas provider's rates. The company has discovered how to have a win-win in an underperforming industry. I expect to see their stock go up in the long run, as gas prices rise, and Americans look towards solar energy.
So overall, my suggestions were surprisingly good for someone with no finance or trading background. All of the companies' stock prices have at least doubled in the last six months, which is uncommon for most industries. I haven't decided who else I want to put my money on, but for now, I believe in SolarCity and SunPower.
Honorable mention goes out to Tesla (NASDAQ:TSLA), whose CEO Elon Musk has close ties to SolarCity. In 2013, their stock prices have more than quintupled from $30 to $177 today, and they have risen quite steadily. I won't go into a full analysis of the company; let's save that for another day. Overall, I am excited to see sustainable technology becoming the basis for economically viable businesses. | 2019-04-23T18:26:22 | https://cornellrooseveltinstitute.org/env/investing-in-solar-stocks-follow-up |
0.998226 | UPDATE: Warrnambool City Council says approximately 50 birds have presented either with signs of illness or been found dead. “The death of native wildlife falls under the jurisdiction of the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, and council has taken advice from DEWLP and Agriculture Victoria in the handling of the situation,” a council spokesman said. “DELWP are continuing to oversee and monitor the incident and are carrying out their own investigations. “Signs were erected at Lake Pertobe on Monday advising the public that Blue Green Algae may be present in the water. “We would advise people and pets to avoid contact with the water or any sick or dead birds. “Anyone with any concerns can contact DELWP directly.” EARLIER: Warrnambool wildlife carers say they have found more than 40 dead birds at Lake Pertobe after a toxic outbreak. Signs have been placed around the water at the adventure playground’s lake, with Warrnambool City Council and the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning advising humans and animals to keep out, as it may cause ‘serious harm’. Wildlife carer Alexis Creed-Sycopoulis said she had advised the council of the dead ducks two weeks ago after noticing them on the Australia Day long weekend. She believes the birds have avian botulism, which is caused by the bacteria clostridium botulinum, a naturally occurring organism living in lakes and ponds. The city council did not respond to questions from The Standard about the signs, why they had been erected, if there was any health warnings to the public or if avian botulism was present. Outbreaks occur when there is a combination of low water levels, warm temperatures and lack of oxygen in the water. Ms Creed-Sycopoulis said she had four sick ducks euthanised, which didn’t include the ill ducks she could not reach. “Their symptoms are typical of avian botulism which result in paralysis - they can’t hold their necks up and as a result will drown,” she said. She said feeding bread to birds contributed to higher nutrient levels in the water, which in turn led to an increase in the soil bacteria that caused avian botulism. “People need to be aware that feeding bread to the ducks is not only bad for the ducks but contributes to the conditions that pollute the water, making birds sick,” she said. “I’m hoping council will be erecting signs at Lake Pertobe and the botanical gardens warning people about the dangers of feeding bread to ducks and wildlife.” Agriculture Victoria advises pet owners to prevent their animals from eating fish, birds or maggots potentially affected by avian botulism. It said the quick removal of dead birds was important in dealing with an outbreak.
KEEP OUT: Signs at Lake Pertobe Adventure Playground warning people not to go near the water. The sign says harmful algae may be present in the lake water and contact could cause serious harm to humans and animals.
UPDATE: Warrnambool City Council says approximately 50 birds have presented either with signs of illness or been found dead.
“The death of native wildlife falls under the jurisdiction of the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, and council has taken advice from DEWLP and Agriculture Victoria in the handling of the situation,” a council spokesman said.
“DELWP are continuing to oversee and monitor the incident and are carrying out their own investigations.
“Signs were erected at Lake Pertobe on Monday advising the public that Blue Green Algae may be present in the water.
“We would advise people and pets to avoid contact with the water or any sick or dead birds.
EARLIER: Warrnambool wildlife carers say they have found more than 40 dead birds at Lake Pertobe after a toxic outbreak.
Signs have been placed around the water at the adventure playground’s lake, with Warrnambool City Council and the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning advising humans and animals to keep out, as it may cause ‘serious harm’.
Wildlife carer Alexis Creed-Sycopoulis said she had advised the council of the dead ducks two weeks ago after noticing them on the Australia Day long weekend.
She believes the birds have avian botulism, which is caused by the bacteria clostridium botulinum, a naturally occurring organism living in lakes and ponds.
The city council did not respond to questions from The Standard about the signs, why they had been erected, if there was any health warnings to the public or if avian botulism was present.
Outbreaks occur when there is a combination of low water levels, warm temperatures and lack of oxygen in the water.
Ms Creed-Sycopoulis said she had four sick ducks euthanised, which didn’t include the ill ducks she could not reach.
People need to be aware that feeding bread to the ducks is not only bad for the ducks but contributes to the conditions that pollute the water, making birds sick.
“Their symptoms are typical of avian botulism which result in paralysis - they can’t hold their necks up and as a result will drown,” she said.
She said feeding bread to birds contributed to higher nutrient levels in the water, which in turn led to an increase in the soil bacteria that caused avian botulism.
“People need to be aware that feeding bread to the ducks is not only bad for the ducks but contributes to the conditions that pollute the water, making birds sick,” she said.
Warning to keep out of water at Lake Pertobe.
Agriculture Victoria advises pet owners to prevent their animals from eating fish, birds or maggots potentially affected by avian botulism.
It said the quick removal of dead birds was important in dealing with an outbreak. | 2019-04-24T00:28:44 | https://www.standard.net.au/story/5899719/warning-to-stay-away-from-water-after-wildlife-carers-find-40-dead-birds-video/?cs=72 |
0.997869 | Who would you like to see interviewed??
Dr Van Helsing I am doing my best to contact JK Rowling now, however please don't get too excited. She is very busy and I am sure that she receives thousands of requests a month for interviews.
As for Anne Rice, I am going to attempt an interview with her as well but be warned that she has shifted away from Vampires and Witches and writes exclusively about Christianity these days. If I do an interview with her, it may not center on the Vampire Chronicles, which I'm sure many would like it to. | 2019-04-22T02:09:28 | http://bloodletting.org/forums/forum_posts.php?topicID=5384a6e709ac8c12bd6f13b808354365828b |
0.999119 | Intelligence is an innate ability of the human mind to process information, memorize words, numbers, events, and associations, derive a solution of a problem and find links between associated details. Although it seems immeasurable, yet over past decades, leading psychologists have developed a way to test and measure this intelligence form to yield the result in a numerical score. This type of evaluation is known as an intelligence test.
The IQ tests are numerous and varied, yet they share the basic structure and the primary form of testing. You are required to choose one option from multiple answers to a question. There is always a chance of selecting the right reply through guessing and therefore the problem ‘is there any accurate IQ test‘ surfaces in the minds of people.
The truth is that when carefully evaluated, one will realize that to some extent the traditional intelligence testing is biased, and this leads to a significant degree of variation in the measurement. To query into the accuracy or biases of intelligence testing, you will have to answer some of these questions shortly outlined.
Are there various types of intelligence and if there are, what are they?
Do IQ tests measure these various types of intelligence?
On what platform and which parameters do IQ test used in determining intelligence and so forth.
What an accurate IQ test can measure?
The question – is there any accurate IQ test- can be understood by taking a look at intelligence itself. Several studies conducted in the recent time showed the biases of intelligence testing, but these studies do not in any way opine that IQ tests should be discarded. According to some studies, IQ tests measure only one kind of intelligence whereas there are different kinds of intelligence. That makes it highly insufficient or better put, limited, in defining the intelligence of a person and in classifying people based on their intelligence.
It is important to note that an intelligence testing which takes into consideration all the types of intelligence available has not yet been devised, but lots of research are already going on in this field. As pointed above, these stated points do not imply that IQ tests should be thrown in the trash bin. Even though the answer to the question, is there any accurate IQ test is not very encouraging, yet the benefits of intelligence tests are many.
You know a lot of factors influence your IQ results. This tendency is another significant weakness of the IQ test because you can score different results with the change of variables. For instance, a test taker may be likely to be distracted by his surroundings, and at the end of the day, the test result would be low, but this does not in any way imply that his intelligence is low. More so, nowadays where IQ tests can be taken online, several free IQ tests are available online, and since these tests claim to measure your intelligence, the biases of IQ tests is even more significant.
It has been proved that your lifestyle or way of living goes a long way to affect your IQ test scores. Having low scores because of your lifestyle does not imply that you are not intelligent. Again, people who play video games and some other games which emphasize on short-term memory are more likely to score higher on IQ tests than people who do not. More so, it is often observed that smokers, irrespective of their intelligence, are more likely to score lower on IQ tests than non-smokers when they are not allowed to smoke for some longer time. | 2019-04-25T11:53:19 | https://www.personality-and-aptitude-career-tests.com/accurate-iq-test.html |
0.993443 | RBTH presents a selection of views from leading Russian media, featuring analysis of the agreement reached in Berlin between EU ministers and Russia and Ukraine, more civilian loss of life from air strikes in eastern Ukraine, and Petro Poroshenko’s proposal to grant himself wider presidential powers as part of amendments to the Ukrainian Constitution.
Novaya Gazeta writes that the agreement reached in Berlin by the foreign ministers of Russia, Germany, France and Ukraine does not guarantee "an immediate and reliable ceasefire in eastern Ukraine," as the meeting's participants themselves have admitted. However, the fact that the foreign ministers have met, according to the newspaper, can be understood as a breakthrough.
"The desire and need to speak, and not just to blame, is always the first step towards peace. The abatement of hateful language and endless propagandistic labeling seems to be a turn towards peace," states Novaya Gazeta. Before the Berlin meeting, events were heading in a "contrary direction, assuming a dangerous character."
The newspaper tells its readers that it was Germany's Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier who established the tone of the meeting. He warned his colleagues against "flashes of violence," which "soon may no longer be restrained neither by military nor political means." According to him, the countries must do everything possible in order to use this last opportunity to reach a ceasefire agreement.
The Moskovsky Komsomolets newspaper writes that the fierce battles in eastern Ukraine between Ukrainian forces and the pro-autonomy militias of the so-called Donetsk and Lugansk people’s republics continue unabated. On Wednesday, residential buildings in a village near Lugansk were severely damaged by a massive air strike. At least nine people died, including a five-year-old boy, while five people were heavily wounded. In Kiev on Thursday, meanwhile, fighters from the "Donbass" battalion again picketed the Verkhovna Rada, demanding the implementation of martial law - that is, exacerbating the situation even more.
Rossiyskaya Gazeta has published a report from the Lugansk village that the Ukrainian armed forces bombed the day before: "Life finished here exactly at 11:30. The Ukrainian shells exploded. The entire street was wiped from the face of the Lugansk earth. The fire will surely be extinguished. But hatred and incomprehension - what for? - will never be extinguished."
Nezavisimaya Gazeta observes how deputies from the Verkhovnaya Rada are discussing the forthcoming amendments to the Ukrainian constitution. The newspaper says that Petro Poroshenko's proposal to broaden presidential authority has not found any support. The newspaper quotes ex-Defense Minister Anatoly Gritsenko, who remarked that Poroshenko has engendered a new trend in personnel politics: "The main banker, diplomat and army chief, the main everything, can only be Petro Poroshenko himself." Nezavisimaya Gazeta writes that Rada deputies have unofficially consented to "the head of state appointing mediocrities to key posts and personally assuming responsibility for the situation."
Expert magazine has published an article on the same subject, stating that Petro Poroshenko accords great value to his constitutional initiative, believing "that not only will it augment the efficiency of the Ukrainian government, but also the possibility of reconciliation with the southeast." However, Ukrainian deputies were not particularly inspired by Poroshenko's constitutional amendment package because it "neither provided for a real decentralization of the country, which would satisfy the southeast, nor for the concrete weakening of presidential power." | 2019-04-26T08:33:14 | https://www.rbth.com/international/2014/07/04/press_digest_berlin_agreement_is_a_breakthrough_in_peace_talks_37955.html |
0.999431 | It can take a while for birds to get used to feeding at the table. Make sure feeding stations topped up regularly in winter and early spring when natural food sources are more limited.
Seeds and grain. They attract introduced birds that out-compete natives.
Bread. Birds are likely to become malnourished.
Milk. It can't be digested by birds and causes stomach upsets. Fermented dairy products such as cheese are okay.
Honey or honey water. Never put out honey or honey/water for birds. Birds love it, so do bees. so this practice can spread bee diseases.
Cooked oats or porridge. This can harden around a bird's beak. Uncooked oats are okay.
Before you start feeding native birds, it is important to make sure your backyard is a safe place for them to visit.
Set traps to control introduced predators like rats, stoats, and possums.
Keep your cat inside, particularly at night.
Put any feed stations well out of reach of introduced predators.
Clean your feeder regularly to avoid the spread of disease.
Provide water, particularly in summer, so birds are able to stay hydrated.
What should I feed native birds?
Native plants and shrubs are the best way to attract native birds to your garden. Try growing species that provide nectar, seeds, and berries all year-round so birds always have food available to them.
When leaves fall off your plants and shrubs, do not pick them up or relocate them. Over time, a thick layer of mulch will build up. This boosts insect populations, which provides a great food source for insectivorous birds.
Try hammering some nails into a board and securing pieces of fruit to the table. Half-cut oranges, apples, and pears can attract tauhou (silvereyes), korimako (bellbird), and tūī, as well as kākā and hihi if they are present.
Sugar water is a great supplementary food for nectar-loving birds like tūī, korimako (bellbirds), and kākā.
To make sugar solution, dissolve half a cup of sugar in four cups of water. The best sugar to water ratio is 1:8. Anything higher may attract bees and wasps or start to ferment more quickly.
You can leave sugar water in a shallow dish or make a feeder using household items.
To make a sugar feeder, take a one-litre milk bottle and attach the lid to a shallow dish or jar lid. Fill the milk bottle with sugar water and make a few small holes about half a centimetre from the bottom of the bottle. Screw it into the lid and turn the dish upside down. Sugar solution will come out of the bottle and fill the dish to the height of the holes. | 2019-04-23T06:02:50 | https://www.forestandbird.org.nz/resources/feeding-native-birds-garden |
0.999997 | Q: Does LR/Enfuse work with Lightroom 3?
Q: When I try to install the Enfuse and align_image_stack applications I'm told to run Lightroom as an administrator. What's going on?
A: LR/Enfuse tries to install the applications inside the plugin's folder, however some Windows 7 configurations don't appear to allow this. To solve the issue you should quit Lightroom, right-click on it's icon and choose "Run as administrator". You only need to do this to install the applications - afterwards you may continue to run Lightroom normally.
Alternatively, you can download the applications manually (see below), place them wherever you prefer and point Lightroom at them.
Q: Can I download the Enfuse and align_image_stack applications from your site manually?
Q: I get the error "The application has failed to start because its side-by-side configuration is incorrect". What's up?
A: Not all PC configurations are compatible with the multi-processor support offered by Enfuse. You may be able to solve this by installing this Microsoft package, or simply by using the single processor version instead.
Q: Where does LR/Enfuse store the Enfuse and align_image_stack applications when it downloads them?
A: Inside the plugin folder itself. Deleting the plugin will therefore also delete the applications. | 2019-04-19T03:05:08 | http://photographers-toolbox.com/products/lrenfuse.php?sec=faq |
0.999546 | LONDON, May 18 (Reuters) - A scramble by savers to withdraw cash from banks as they fret about a Greek euro zone exit and the health of Spanish financial institutions may leave lenders even more reliant on the European Central Bank's cheap financing operations.
The amount of cash they take could rise at the ECB's one-week, one-month and three-month operations in the next few weeks and some analysts think the euro zone's central bank may have to plug the funding gap with more cheap longer-term loans.
But with 800 billion euros of excess liquidity already sloshing around in the banking system, money market rates are unlikely to fall much further unless banks believe the ECB will cut the 0.25 percent rate it pays on overnight deposits.
"Banks will have to replace lost deposits and so long as they've got the collateral they can go to the ECB," said RBS rate strategist Simon Peck.
"We will probably see an increasing reliance on ECB funding from banks in Spain and Italy. Those without sufficient ECB eligible collateral can turn to their national central bank via the Emergency Liquidity Assistance."
The ECB holds weekly financing operations and the next three-month tender will be held on May 30.
"The Greek elections are still four weeks away, so if the deposit flight continues to gain pace then banks will want to shore up their funding profile as much as possible, which would point to use of the three-month funding operations," Peck added.
According to minutes of Greek President Karolos Papoulias' comments to political leaders posted on the presidency's website, Greek savers withdrew at least 700 million euros from the country's banks on Monday alone..
Spain's Bankia, meanwhile, has seen its share price slump as much as 30 percent after a report - denied by the government - that customers had drained more than 1 billion euros from the partly nartionalised lender in the past week.
There was no let up in the bad news on Spanish banks, with Moody's downgrading 16 of the country's lenders late on Thursday and bad loans rising to their highest level in outstanding credit portfolios since 1994.
Investors panicked by the prospect that a political crisis in Greece could trigger a euro zone financial meltdown have pushed prices for German debt to record highs in recent days, disregarding near-zero returns as they rush for safety.
Greek bank deposits have fallen almost 30 percent since the start of 2010, according to ECB data, and Societe Generale said a similar outflow in Spain or Italy could create funding gaps of 140-280 billion euros and 200-400 billion euros respectively.
"As deposit outflows outpace de-leveraging, we need another one trillion euro LTRO," the bank's strategists said, referring to the ECB's longer-term refinancing operations in December and February, which pumped almost 1 trillion euros of three-year cash into the banking system.
Whether banks have the collateral to plug such a funding gap is another matter. A number of Greek banks are no longer able to fund themselves at the ECB, relying instead on Emergency Liquidity Assistance (ELA) from the Bank of Greece, for which lower quality collateral can be used.
Latest ECB data, which covers the period to the end of March - before the current intensification of the crisis - showed Spanish bank deposits have been relatively stable over the last two years, while those at Italian banks have actually risen.
Top-rated, core euro zone countries such as Germany and France saw bank deposits increase by between 5 and 10 percent in the same period.
Overnight Eonia rates are pinned roughly between 0.33 and 0.35 percent, constrained from falling in much further by the ECB's 0.25 percent deposit rate, which acts as a floor.
According to BNP Paribas, markets are already pricing an "aggressive" 66 percent chance of a 12.5 basis point cut in the ECB's deposit facility rate by year-end.
A higher expectation of such a cut would be a stronger factor in pushing Eonia rates lower than a further increase in excess cash in the banking system but many analysts believe that the ECB will not take such a step.
"We don't believe that a depo rate cut could have any meaningful effect on the interbank system and the real economy at the current juncture," said strategist Matteo Regesta in a note.
"Another three-year LTRO would buy more time, but, as we have learnt by now, its effects would not be long lasting."
To add value to its mobile commerce product, Airtel Ghana has launched an online store for the marketing and sale of goods.
The new online portal, ( www.airtelmoneymarket.com http://www.airtelmoneymarket.com/ ), will allow Ghanaians to use social interactions and contributions from trusted individuals to buy online goods.
It also enables merchants to have multiple outlets in addition to opening a virtual store and stocking it with goods for sale.
The product, which runs on Rancard's Rendezvous technology, will provide customers, who visit the portal with the opportunity to window shop as well as compare prices from different merchants from the comfort of their homes or offices.
Speaking at the ceremony in Accra, Philip Sowah, Managing Director of Airtel Ghana, said the addition of the online store to the company's mobile commence product is in line with the company's quest to introduce innovative products, which customers will find beneficial to their daily lives.
'The Airtel money market is just another addition to the many other packages we have added since the launch of Airtel Money,' he said.
Kola Sonola, Director for M-Commence at Airtel Ghana, explaining how Airtel money works, said the process involves purchasing through recommendations on a regular social commence website.
'When a user checks out of the virtual store after making all their purchases, they receive an SMS message asking for a confirmation of the order and payment of amount.
'Once the user selects send, the money is transferred to the retail vendor, and the user receives another text message with a purchase code.
He said the purchase code will then be used to pick their order from the merchant.
Managing Director of Rancard, Kofi Dadzie said the Airtel Money Market provides a burgeoning market that could be energized to create high demand in online shopping through social recommendations.
Online advertising is huge and growing, with Facebook at the forefront. However, it hasn't done anything quite as innovative as its chief rival, Google, in the space. Post-IPO, Facebook will be in a better position to steer where online advertising is going rather than vice versa. Despite Facebook's ubiquity, its ads still provide a mediocre experience (compared to, say, Apple's iAd) and they're a non-presence in mobile. Facebook needs to invest heavily, and carefully, in expanding its ad platform, or it'll never satisfy investors.
Image courtesy of kapitaen, Flickr.
AUSTRALIAN banks have been forced to shift to a cautious footing on funding with money markets in Europe effectively closing, says the ANZ chief executive, Mike Smith.
Global markets were jolted yesterday by fresh fractures emerging in Europe. The Australian market fell to its lowest for the year.
The falls were prompted by growing expectations that Greece will leave the eurozone and fresh concerns about the health of the Spanish banking system.
Australia's benchmark S&P/ASX200 fell 110.9 points, or 2.67 per cent to 4046.5, marking a biggest single day loss since November.
The Australian dollar also fell to its lowest level in almost six months, trading last night at US98.24¢.
Meanwhile, Australian government borrowing costs continued to hit fresh lows as investors looked for safe havens.
Fitch Ratings cut Greece's rating a notch to CCC amid fears anti-austerity parties will triumph in new elections set for next month and drive the troubled country from the eurozone.
Moody's downgraded 16 Spanish banks, citing the effects of the country's recession and reduced creditworthiness of the country's government.
''Fears over Greece and the consequences of capital flight from peripheral European banks sent a shudder through markets everywhere. Equities are a sea of red. Asian bourses are especially weak,'' said Adam Donaldson, head of debt research at Commonwealth Bank.
Even as the European crisis unfolds, Mr Smith said the world was not yet looking at a Lehman-style credit crunch with money markets in Asia and the US still open.
''The situation is more manageable than 2008 when we had the shock collapse of Lehman's and Australian banks are well placed right now,'' Mr Smith said yesterday.
The real problem in Europe was not so much the economic contagion but the ''political contagion'' spreading through the region, Mr Smith said.
This week Commonwealth Bank's chief executive, Ian Narev, said his bank has been preparing for some time for a possible exit of Greece from the eurozone.
While this would soften the financial shock for the bank, the implications of such a move would be "material", Mr Narev told an analyst briefing.
Former Future Fund chairman David Murray has said Europe's raging financial storm represented a growing threat to Australia's banks that are still dependent on offshore credit markets to fund their business.
Mr Murray said Australia's finance system could not escape the ''longer term liquidity consequences'' of the squeeze on global credit markets.
''The contagion through the banking sector and government and the banks is the immediate issue,'' Mr Murray told BusinessDay.
A new survey from Bank of America finds that small business owners are more confident in their local economies than the national economy overall. And as they see growth in the local economy, they will grow their businesses.
The survey, of 1,300 small business owners, reveals that 42 percent of respondents are more confident in their local economy vs. 35 percent in the national economy. An even bigger percentage — 69 percent — say their local economy is important to the overall success of their business.
The doesn’t mean national issues are not affecting small business owners. Healthcare costs, corporate tax rates, oil and gas prices, and the housing market were all high on the list of concerns for small business owners.
Not to mention credit restrictions. Respondents were split on whether lending criteria should be more lenient or more strict: 46 percent said they should be more lenient, and 7 percent there should be no requirements. A combined total of 45 percent said requirements are appropriate as they are or that more restrictions are needed to protect owners from defaulting.
According to Bank of America, it has added nearly 1,000 small business bankers to branches across the country in order to increase lending to small businesses. So far this year, it has extended more than $1.7 billion in new credit to small business owners who have less than $20 million in revenue.
While the latest Thomson Reuters/PayNet Small Business Lending Index showed that lending to small businesses slipped in March, with small business owners pulling back on borrowing, BofA’s Hilson said he expects businesses to start spending on equipment and hiring.
The survey was conducted between March 17 and April 9. | 2019-04-22T00:10:46 | http://www.newyorkshares.com/2012/05/money-markets-cash-pullout-means-more.html |
0.998418 | It's important that 7th graders have a strong foundation in middle-school math concepts before being introduced to algebra and geometry. If your 7th grade student is struggling with math, you can provide him or her with additional problems and exercises at home. Read on for study tips and sample problems with solutions.
How Do I Help My 7th Grader Study Math?
Math problems at this level often require multiple steps to solve, and it may be hard for your child to remember them all. You can help him or her by compiling some sample problems that he or she can use as a guide when in class or completing homework. For instance, to solve for a variable in a proportional relationship, like 1/20 = x/40, your child should cross-multiply (1 x 40) and then divide (40 ÷ 20). To set up a model problem for him or her, you might use arrows and colored ink to clearly label the steps. For this proportion, x = 2.
Sometimes when students are uninterested in math material, they struggle to complete the work. To increase your child's interest and motivation, you can create practice problems that use real-life examples. For instance, help your child calculate the circumference of the Earth or the moon. Alternatively, if you're traveling somewhere, have your child figure out how long it will take to get to your destination using a proportion.
Also, make sure your child practices his or her math skills at home frequently and consistently. Repetition can help your child better remember and comprehend the information. Keep in mind that once your child understands the concepts, he or she will be more willing to continue learning math.
1. If you're traveling on an airplane at 500 miles per hour, how many miles will you have traveled in four hours?
Your child should begin by setting up the proportional relationship 500/1 = x/4. After cross-multiplying (4 x 500) and dividing by one, he or she should reach the answer 2,000 miles.
2. Matt owes Cathy $400. After paying her $345, how much does he still owe her?
In 7th grade, students use negative numbers in real-life situations. For this problem, the equation should look like this: -400 + 345 = -55, which means that Matt still owes $55. If your child struggles with negative numbers, you might encourage him or her to use a number line.
3. A circle has a 21-centimeter radius. What's the area?
The formula for area is pi(r^2). For this problem, a = pi(441). For simplification, your child should substitute 3.14 for pi. The area of this circle is 1,384.74 square centimeters.
4. Calculate the circumference of a circle with a 4-foot diameter.
Your son or daughter should begin by calculating the radius, which is half the diameter. The radius for this circle is two feet. The formula for circumference is c = 2(pi)(r). So, c = 2(3.14)(2) = 12.56 feet. | 2019-04-23T20:21:19 | http://mathandreadinghelp.org/help_on_7th_grade_math_problems.html |
0.998832 | This report was created for strategic planners, international executives and import/export managers who are concerned with the market for coal gas, water gas, producer gas, and similar gases excluding petroleum gases and other gaseous hydrocarbons. With the globalization of this market, managers can no longer be contented with a local view. Nor can managers be contented with out-of-date statistics that appear several years after the fact. I have developed a methodology, based on macroeconomic and trade models, to estimate the market for coal gas, water gas, producer gas, and similar gases excluding petroleum gases and other gaseous hydrocarbons for those countries serving the world market via exports or supplying from various countries via imports. I do so for a specific year based on a variety of key historical indicators and econometric models.
- Which countries are supplying coal gas, water gas, producer gas, and similar gases excluding petroleum gases and other gaseous hydrocarbons?
- How much do the imports of coal gas, water gas, producer gas, and similar gases excluding petroleum gases and other gaseous hydrocarbons vary from one country to another?
- Which countries supply the most exports of coal gas, water gas, producer gas, and similar gases excluding petroleum gases and other gaseous hydrocarbons?
In what follows, Chapter 2 begins by summarizing the regional markets for imported and exported coal gas, water gas, producer gas, and similar gases excluding petroleum gases and other gaseous hydrocarbons. The total level of imports and exports on a worldwide basis, and those for each region, is based on a model which aggregates across over 150 key country markets and projects these to a specific year. From there, each country represents a percent of the world market. This market is served from a number of competitive countries of origin. Based on both demand and supply-side dynamics, market shares by country of origin are then calculated across each country market destination.
After the worldwide summary in Chapter 2 of both imports and exports, Chapter 3 details the exports of coal gas, water gas, producer gas, and similar gases excluding petroleum gases and other gaseous hydrocarbons, for each individual country. Chapter 4 does the same, but for imports of coal gas, water gas, producer gas, and similar gases excluding petroleum gases and other gaseous hydrocarbons for all countries in the world. In all cases, the total dollar volume and percentage share values by major trading partner are provided. Combined, Chapters 3 and 4 present the complete picture for imports and exports of coal gas, water gas, producer gas, and similar gases excluding petroleum gases and other gaseous hydrocarbons to and from all major countries in the world.
Of the countries considered, if a country is not reported here it is therefore estimated to have only a negligible level of trade in coal gas, water gas, producer gas, and similar gases excluding petroleum gases and other gaseous hydrocarbons (i.e. their market shares are close or equal to zero percent). "Coal Gas, Water Gas, Producer Gas, and Similar Gases Excluding Petroleum Gases and Other Gaseous Hydrocarbons" as a category is defined in this report following the definition given by the United Nations Statistics Division Classification Registry using the Standard International Trade Classification, Revision 3 (SITC, Rev. 3).
The SITC code that defined "coal gas, water gas, producer gas, and similar gases excluding petroleum gases and other gaseous hydrocarbons" is 3450.
This report was created for the market for coal gas, water gas, producer gas, and similar gases excluding petroleum gases and other gaseous hydrocarbons. | 2019-04-21T19:04:18 | https://www.reportlinker.com/p03033642/The-World-Market-for-Coal-Gas-Water-Gas-Producer-Gas-and-Similar-Gases-Excluding-Petroleum-Gases-and-Other-Gaseous-Hydrocarbons-A-Global-Trade-Perspective.html |
0.999999 | Can animals learn and plan without a concept of time?
Experiments show that animals may not have any concept of the past or future.
Human beings have two important abilities to help us understand time: We are able to remember a sequence of events and we are able to anticipate future needs or events. Studies show that animals may have these abilities -- but to a lesser extent.
Scientists have tested animals' working memories (short-term memory) and reference memories (long-term) to see how well the animals recall sequences of events. In working memory tests, pigeons and primates must remember a sequence well enough to peck or pick it in the right order again to get a reward [sources: Parker, Devine]. The animals did fairly well at these tasks, but their memory faded fast. Roberts thinks they were probably learning going from weakest memory to strongest memory, rather than actually "learning" or "remembering" a sequence.
Other researchers found that pigeons and monkeys performed well at reference memory tests in which they needed to remember a sequence after a delay between learning and testing [sources: Straub, D'Amato]. But, it took extensive training for the animals to learn these sequences, suggesting to Roberts that the ability did not come naturally to them. From these tests, it seems that animals would perceive time differently from humans, who have a relatively reliable and sophisticated memory of sequence of events.
In addition, animals don't seem to anticipate future needs and rewards very well, suggesting to researchers that they don't have a concept of the future. For instance, when given the choice, pigeons and rats chose a smaller immediate reward over a larger future reward [source: Rachlin, Tobin]. In one test, researchers presented primates with a choice between one banana and two bananas. Understandably, they chose two bananas consistently. However, as the supply of the two choices got larger, they started showing less of a preference -- they weren't hungry enough at that moment to eat 10 bananas, so they chose five bananas half the time [source: Silberberg]. Roberts concludes from these experiments that these animals sought to satisfy immediate hunger needs, and didn't plan for future hunger. This is very unlike humans, who usually use reason and forethought to anticipate future needs, from deciding to pack a lunch for work to investing in a 401(k) retirement plan.
So what about squirrels and other animals that hoard food for the impending winter months? That behavior seems to imply the animals anticipate future needs. Actually, maybe not. Studies have found that animals don't stop hoarding even when their supplies inexplicably disappear. This could mean the animals don't understand why they hoard, what it means for their future or even what future is. They simply do it out of instinct [source: Roberts] Humans, on the other hand, understand their preparations and quickly change strategies when plans go awry.
If animals are "stuck in time," as Roberts suggests, this could mean understanding time is uniquely and fundamentally human. It's your choice whether to relish that fact or try to learn something from the canine, carefree outlook of "living in the moment."
To read more about dogs and their amazing abilities, explore the links on the next page. | 2019-04-20T13:19:12 | https://animals.howstuffworks.com/pets/dogs-perceive-time2.htm |
0.994714 | How does a CT scan actually work?
The human body is a structure comprising of numerous muscles, tissues, organs and blood vessels, all working together. Just one malfunctioning organ can have massive consequences on the body.
With the advancement of medical technology, CT scans are able to provide detailed images of various organs, providing doctors with an invaluable diagnosis tool to help identify and manage any problem areas.
CT (Computed Tomography) Scan: A Computed Tomography Scan allows an all-inclusive image relevant for clear and comprehensive diagnoses. A CT Scanner assists to detect a variety of diseases with accuracy. It is fast, non-invasive and painless. It can expose internal injuries, breaks and bleed quickly to help manage a wide range of medical conditions.
Using similar principles to X-rays, a CT scan passes X-rays through the body, which are then either absorbed or depleted at distinct levels generating a matrix of different strength, resulting in a more dynamic X-ray. It captures images of the organs at 360 degrees.. In other words, it is a three-dimensional computer model of the body.
What does the machine like?
A CT scanner looks like a big, square, doughnut – it is often referred to as a “polo mint”. The CT scanner has 3 primary systems, each of which is composed of various sub-components.
· Heart of the scanner- Xray tube.
This is the computer specially designed to manipulate the data of X-rays received from the gantry.
This is the master control center of the CT scanner. The operating console is used to input all the factors related to take a scan and consists of multiple monitors. This is where the radiographers set the “protocols” for the scanning sequence – these protocols dictate to the scanner which areas of the body to focus the attention on.
Imagine a CT scanner to be like a large box within a tunnel.
The patient needs to lie on a table that slides in and out of the tunnel.
At the same time, the scanner (X-ray tube) rotates around the patient.
The scanner shoots narrow beams of x-rays through the body.
Cross-sectional images of the body organs are produced.
These images are displayed on computers in a separate room operated by the Radiographer.
The Radiographer in the room can speak with the patient through speakers and microphones.
The digital x-ray detectors are used opposite to the X-ray source.
As the x-rays pass through the patient's body and leave the body, the detectors pick them.
The detectors transmit them to the computer, to produce a 2D image “slice”.
A 2D image slice is constructed as the x-ray source completes one rotation.
The image is stored and the bed is then again moved forward slightly into the gantry.
This process is repeated until the desired number of slices are collected.
These images can be displayed individually or can be stacked together by the computer to generate a 3- D image view of the patient. Tissues, bones and organs are clearly visible and abnormalities can be identified by the Radiologist.
To locate the exact position of the abnormality the slices can be viewed in succession to make it easier. | 2019-04-26T07:49:46 | https://www.pallmallmedical.co.uk/pmm-blog/how-does-a-ct-scan-actually-works |
0.999424 | Ever had to buy a gift for someone you didn't really know but really had to impress? Think bosses and in-laws. Choosing items for these people is generally challenging because, unlike a best friend, you don't know their tastes, sizes, allergies, and restrictions.
In many ways, pitching someone in a sales email is a lot like shopping for your boss or in-laws: you want to impress your potential customer with the benefits your company can offer. But how can you be sure you're selling the right features and benefits to that person? The answer is, by getting to know your customer like you would your best friend.
To do this, you need to create a profile for your ideal customer that includes as much detail as possible--their demographics, interests, challenges, business objectives, industry, job title, key competitors, recent activity, and anything else you can find. This is called a buyer persona, and it's one of the best techniques you have as a salesperson when it comes to better understanding your customer.
Not sure where to start? Follow these three steps to start learning about your current customer, ideal customer, and the ones you want to avoid.
1. Compile research and data to understand your current customer.
If you already have customers, gather data about them to build buyer personas. Separate the data into categories, such as demographics, industries, departments, challenges you could solve and overall business objectives.
If you don't have any data on your customers, it's time to prioritize getting some. Start with a basic data analytics tool, and also mine the information in customer surveys and social media platforms. Watch the news to see changes in your prospective customer's industry that would drastically affect their work, for better or worse.
Next, determine which categories are most important for your business. For example, if you've developed an accounting tool that can serve any finance department in any small business, you don't need to focus so much on specific industries as you do company size.
If you don't have customers yet, research your competition and find out who their customers are. You may not get as much data, but it's a great start.
2. Analyze your current customer to develop the profile of your ideal buyer.
As you evaluate your current customer, decide what characteristics you want to add or change. Say, for example, your current customers are Marketers, but you believe your service is also relevant to Sales. In this case, create multiple buyer personas, like Vice President of Sales or Director of Marketing.
Don't go overboard, though, and create a profile for every employee in the potential customer's department. Focus on a few, such as those that offer the highest value or whose business challenges could most use your product or service. Expand as you acquire more customers and data.
3. Create a "negative" buyer persona to understand who you don't want.
Knowing your ideal buyer is important, but it's just as crucial to understand who you don't want to work with or who would be a bad fit.
Determine the traits of customers you want to exclude, such as those who will cost too much time or money to acquire, have business objectives and systems that don't align with yours, or are just plain hard to work with.
For example, if a business works exclusively with an IT systems provider that is incompatible with your product, wait until their provider or your product changes to pursue them seriously.
You may be tempted to write off any potential customer that doesn't fit your ideal buyer persona. But remember, you only started with a few profiles. As you expand your business and add additional buyer personas, your customer base will expand. At that point, you'll want to have separated the customers you want to work with from the ones you want to avoid.
How do you go about finding your ideal customer? I'd love to hear your thoughts in the comments! | 2019-04-19T23:05:47 | https://www.inc.com/heather-r-morgan/if-you-still-dont-know-who-your-ideal-buyer-is-try-these-3-steps.html |
0.999999 | Museums make me happy. I bet they make you happy too.
And for many regular museum-goers, museums make them, yes, happy.
How do I know? They told me. In my 2017 Annual Survey of Museum-Goers, I asked museum-goers to fill in the blank: Museums make me _____.
By far, "happy" was the most common single answer.
My first response was "that's nice," but it didn't feel meaningful. To be honest, a good, chewy, oatmeal raisin cookie makes me happy as well. So I kept looking at the responses, setting them aside, and returning to them again. And, happily, I think I've put my finger on what's been nagging at me.
Feel. An affective, emotional responses. This includes happy, of course, but also things like "calm," "grateful," and "inspired;" - half of responses.
Do. What museum experiences made them do. "Learn" (and its synonyms) was the most common action, followed by "think;" - a third of responses.
Change. How museums have changed the respondents in some way. Made them more curious, open-minded, more empathetic, or a better person; - a quarter of responses.
Note: some people's responses were coded into more than one category, based on what they shared.
But the depth of response does differ in these categories. The individuals who gave a feel response were, overall, sharing a wonderful, affective response, laden with values. But that emotional response, for most, did not imply that they did anything or changed in any way.
The respondents that did something, like "learn" or "think," gave little indication about how they felt about what they learned or thought about, or what they did with it. Did it matter to them? We can probably presume so, but for most, their answer did not indicate anything.
That makes that last category, with a quarter of responses, all the more interesting. Change. For these respondents, in only a word or two, they were able to articulate something deeper and more powerful … the positive impact that was a result of engaging profoundly with museums … of feeling and thinking. Synthesizing an emotional response to new information, resulting in a positive change. Which is, after all, what we are really after, right?
The 2017 Annual Survey of Museum-Goers was fielded in January/February 2017. 25 museums across the country participated, with n = 6,162; half of respondents came from children's museums and science centers, half from art or history museums. The questions for this survey were inspired by ongoing conversations within the museum field (who visits museums, why they visit, what do they value about museums, and what motivates them) and ongoing research in the fields of education and psychology around lifelong learning and intrinsic motivation.
If you would like your museum to participate in the 2018 Annual of Survey of Museum-Goers, enrollment is now open! | 2019-04-23T04:38:20 | http://www.wilkeningconsulting.com/datamuseum/museums-make-me-happy |
0.999999 | Please Explain Me The Meaning Of These Sentences?
Please explain me the meaning of these sentences.
1: He took me for all i had.
In the above sentence took has meaning of to obtain money from esp. fraudulently. According to me correct sentence should be He took me from all i had. Does for has meaning of from in sentence 1.
2: After twelve years of school some kids feel they're entitled to ph*ck off.
What does entitled mean in the above sentence?
1. No, for doesn't mean the same as from.
He took me for all I had - this is an idiomatic phrase. It means that he 'conned' me out of all of my money.
He took me away from all I had - this would mean that he removed me from my environment.
1: In what way sentence 1 is idiomatic phrase because I can't see any idiom in it.
Let me restate sentence 2 again.
2: After twelve years of school some kids feel they're entitled to 1234 off (1=f, 2=u, 3=c, 4=k).
3: One of the meanings of ramp is to stand or advance menacingly with forelegs or with arms raised.
How can one raise his forelegs while standing or advancing? Please explain me.
1. The idiom is "he took me." It means, as Nona says, that he conned me. "for all I had" = everything I owned. He conned me out of all my money.
2. Entitled means they feel they are justified in doing this, as Nona said.
3. I've never heard "ramp" used this way.
3. I've never heard ramp used as a verb, although it does appear in dictionaries. I don't think this is a word you need to learn - very few people would understand what you meant. The forelegs part applies to 4-legged animals.
Nona The Brit 3. I've never heard ramp used as a verb, although it does appear in dictionaries. I don't think this is a word you need to learn - very few people would understand what you meant.
The forelegs part applies to 4-legged animals.
I've thought about rear, but it has the same limitation of being applied only to 4-legged animals.
If you google "rampant lion" you will find images that make the meaning clear.
Nona The Brit 1. No, for doesn't mean the same as from.
I didn't say he took me away from all I had. Does he took me from all I had mean the same as he took me for all I had?
Please Explain The Meaning Of This Quotation?
Could You Explain Me The Meaning? (Punctuation)? | 2019-04-24T20:22:58 | https://www.englishforums.com/English/PleaseExplainMeaningThese-Sentences/dmrzw/post.htm |
0.999992 | hello, I recently set up my account with Evernote by signing up through google. However, I haven't been receiving the confirmation email. There are some tasks I need to do that require me to verify my email, but despite sending it multiple times, it hasn't shown up. My inbox isn't full and the email is correct. I checked the spam folder and all the other folders too but still couldn't find anything. Does anyone have any ideas?
Whenever I create a new note, I get the opportunity to tag it and as I type a few letters, Evernote suggests the tag that I am planning to use - however, when I press the enter key on my keyboard, instead of applying the suggested tag, it sometimes creates an 'Orphan Tag'. For example: I have a tag '1-Now', so when I try to tag a new note and type 1, I rightfully get the suggestion 1-Now, but when I press enter a new tag '1' is created, which is not what I intended to do. If Evernote had the option of asking me if I needed to create a new '1' tag and will it be a child tag, as it happens in Gmail - it would make life so much easier. Presently, I have to delete this 'orphan tag', which is very annoying.
I pressed backspace on a note and deleted the note. Is there a keyboard shortcut to undo deletion? I know I can retrieve it from the trash. | 2019-04-18T22:54:10 | https://discussion.evernote.com/tags/confirmation/ |
0.990725 | Hello new website manager! Just wanted to leave some thoughts I had for the website going forward since I am leaving.
All of the work I did with the website involved me having 0 coding experience, so if you do have coding experience there are probably design changes you could make to make the website look better formatted. If you don't have any coding experience, then you will be fine, since I was fine.
If you haven't worked with Squarespace before, you can find tutorial videos on their website here, which I found very helpful and would recommend watching if you have time. Other than that, the best way to learn is simply to play around with the functions of the website.
Now for a confusing excerpt on how I've been designing the website(apologies in advance): The tabs at the top of the website are the 'folder' icons you see on the 'Pages' section of the Squarespace website editor. Those folders hold editable 'pages' which are the dropdown options when you hover over each tab on the website. Some of those pages carry links in (usually) bolded text to different files that are currently 'not linked' on the website. This is because 'Indexes' cannot be put under 'Folders' so you have to separately link them through creating new 'pages' under each 'folder'. I apologize if this is really confusing, but it will make sense once you play around with what I've done. I suggest looking at how I've linked the 'About Us'--> 'Our Volunteers' section to the unlinked Index: 'Our Volunteers (unlinked)' that are where the biographies are located.
There are some extra 'pages' in the 'not linked' section under 'WIP's' folder, which are projects that have been started or ideas for projects that haven't been started, that may be good to follow up on. I've left some notes on them so you can understand what my thought process for how it could be completed or implemented going forward. Either click on the page itself or look in the 'settings' (the cog on the right as you hover over the page) of that page to see my comments. | 2019-04-22T15:55:18 | http://www.seattleclemencyproject.org/hello-new-website-manager |
0.998567 | It is immodest to speak with other women on personal issues, especially those related to their looks.
Women care about what men think of their dressing style. So, such a compliment may give her an incentive to dress more modestly in the future.
The women in question are in the workplace. Most of them are not religious and probably don't know much and don't care much about halachic modesty. But, they probably do care about what men think of them.
I am married and not interested in any of the women. My main interest is to somehow encourage non-religious women to dress more modestly.
The question is also relevant to religious women, that are encouraged to dress less modestly, e.g, because the get compliments from non-religious men around them. Perhaps a man complimenting their modest look might have a corrective effect.
I work in an all-women's religious workplace, but we certainly have visitors who come from different backgrounds than we do. Sometimes, we visit them, too.
From where I sit, complimenting a woman on the way she behaves in any way other than strictly professional ("That was a really helpful comment, thank you."/"The project is right on time, keep it up.") is pushing the boundaries of modesty. Commenting (favorably or otherwise) on her mode of dress is way, way over the line for a man.
Obviously, this is not a halachic ruling (although I suspect that halacha could be found to back it up, halacha to back up a more lenient approach might well be found as well). If personal sensitivity is being solicited, here you have it.
I will give you my opinion as young woman. I think you should not comment her dressing at all whether she dresses modestly or not. You should try to not even look at woman in that way. If a woman in not modestly dressed, other women from community should instruct her how to dress. If she is modestly dressed than she will not receive such comments and she will know she is dressed appropriately. It 's not your mission to give her compliment like that. If all the other woman are immodestly dressed then maybe the community is too liberal for you and you should think of finding more suitable community. But I have a feeling that something else is going on here :) if for example you seriously like the girl, that's ok, but make your intentions clear and straight, don't comment her dressing - just start a conversation about the real topic.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged tznius-modesty social-convention .
Guidelines for what constitutes a modest wig?
May a woman go to a mixed beach wearing a modest swim suit? | 2019-04-24T20:07:45 | https://judaism.stackexchange.com/questions/62230/is-it-modest-to-compliment-a-woman-on-her-modesty |
0.987941 | What do you know about work culture?
It's a hot topic amongst leaders, their teams, and the media as of late, but organizational culture is far from a new concept. Although it's discussed more often now, company culture has existed since the immemorial past, when the very first organizations formed.
Most of the contemporary conversation centers around organizational cultures that stand out, either as extraordinarily unique or positive, or as cautionary examples of what not to do. Those standouts are valuable examples to learn from, but they're not exclusive. Every company exhibits and participates in its own culture, whether deliberately or not.
The perks you provide do say a lot about your company's culture. Perks are unquestionably an element of work culture, but they aren't work culture in and of themselves.
All the beanbag chairs and pinball machines in the world won't make bad culture good.
It's important to understand your company's culture on a deeper level than the perks you offer, because it's almost certainly affecting your organization more deeply than that.
Culture is what you'll find if you dig to the very core of your organization. It's the North Star you and your team follow. It's the bubblegum at the center of the blow-pop.
What do you see at the heart of your company? It probably shouldn't be a pinball machine unless that's your business.
This just isn't true, and it's a common deflection point of accountability.
Every company has a culture; it's up to you to make it a good one.
West Coast startups and tech giants like Google and Facebook might get a lot of attention because of the unconventional nature of their work culture, but there are plenty of companies out there in different industries that have built outstanding organizational cultures.
Edelman is a PR company, which isn't often the first industry you think of when you think "high-tech" or "startup," but their focus on building an extraordinary culture has been a major asset throughout the years.
Bain and Company is another great example. They're far from being a tech startup, but currently sit just below Google on Glassdoor’s Employees’ Choice Awards 2015 — an award honoring the world's best places to work.
What works well for one company might be wildly inappropriate for another.
Let's take this example: a ping pong table in the common area is a common sight amongst startups, but not investment banking firms. A ping pong table in the lobby of an investment bank would be an example of cultural misalignment, which is often counterproductive.
It's valuable to take inspiration from other company cultures, but build your own.
When it's at it's most effective and impactful, your work culture is a reflection of the values and goals of your team, not someone else's.
You just built an awesome work culture — now you can dust off your hands and call it good, right? Not exactly.
Company culture evolves and changes with every day. The changes might not be immediately perceptible, but it's happening. Each office move, each new hire that comes on, each change in policy brings a cultural shift with them.
As your company and team grows and evolves, so does its culture. Growth and evolution are nearly always positive. The key is understanding what those changes mean for the direction you're all heading, and how that fits into the larger scheme.
Work culture is a never-ending work in progress, and that's a good thing.
Embracing and harnessing that process of growth and evolution can be a major source of strength. Just like a river, your organization's cultural evolution can be channeled to make a positive impact, but fighting against it will nearly always be a losing battle.
If you're not deliberately building a culture one will still emerge, and you might not like what you see when it does. This doesn't mean a leader should stand alone against the current. Leaders aren't the only ones who embrace accountability for building a work culture, but they play a crucial role in guiding it.
Building an outstanding work culture isn't a passive activity.
Do your best to build and exemplify your ideal organizational culture, and work alongside others who will do the same.
Understanding the most common misconceptions about work culture and where they come from can help you and your team to build a great one more effectively. | 2019-04-19T16:50:31 | https://blog.bonus.ly/5-things-everyone-gets-wrong-about-work-culture/ |
0.999999 | That was a big part of my childhood and I'm crushed. Spongebob came out when I was eight and I remember enjoying it immensely. It will turn twenty next year.
I always liked him as a kid, from F Troop to The Cat from Outer Space.
I grew up with F Troop as well. He was also funny as Vicki Lawrence's dumb-as-mud son on Mama's Family.
I remember him as the first president, when I was just getting old enough to have an extremely basic understanding of what government is. I started seeing his face more on television, and in pictures at banks, etc. One thing about Trump that really bothers me is that a lot of my friends' kids will view him in the same way. Not that HW was any great leader himself, but that's really the first thing that comes to mind about him.
I'm sure there are some knowledgeable JFK Assassination fiends here -- is there any merit to the assertion that Bush was involved in JFK's demise?
G.H.W. Bush was responsible for thousands of deaths, mostly in Iraq and South America, but there's no credible evidence showing involvement in Kennedy's assassination.
Bill Rinehart, lead guitarist for the Leaves, perhaps best known for their garage rock classic "Hey Joe" (immortalized on the great rock compilation Nuggets curated by Lenny Kaye) and later covered by Jimi Hendrix, Love and the Byrds. They actually cut three versions, the last one charting and becoming a hit.
North America too, he sat twiddling his thumbs about the AIDS crisis like the rest of the Reagan administration into his own run as prez.
The Dynamite Kid, widely influential wrestler and miserable excuse for a human being.
Can you elaborate on the 'miserable excuse for a human being' comment? The obit doesn't say much to that end.
Constantly threatened his first wife with guns, beat various women, allegedly drugged numerous people (including fellow wrestlers). Also had a habit of blaming everyone but himself for his physical decline - which he brought on himself through steroid abuse and recklessly dangerous maneuvers in the ring. Just a rotten, bitter guy by most accounts.
What he's perhaps most infamous for in terms of backstage behavior was his treatment of the Rougeau brothers, and their eventual comeuppance on him (which occurred in my hometown no less). Raymond Rougeau talks about it here. Shortly afterwards him and Davey Boy Smith left the WWF, during which time they had their final falling out and Smith would return for a few runs in the 90's. Smith himself passed in 2002, after a long bout with drug addiction.
Bret Hart shared this on Instagram. After reading his book, I'm amazed that Bret could still think so fondly of someone who caused so much chaos around him.
That is very sad news. I recently discovered his album XL1 thanks to the excellent Retro Man Cave YouTube channel which did an episode about vinyl records in the early 1980s that featured code for computer programs on the disc, which was followed by a video showing the program playing to the full album.
Shelley also composed the twangy guitar based take on Frère Jacques for the opening titles of Channel 4's Tour de France coverage that ran for a decade between the mid 80s and mid 90s.
Last edited by colinr0380 on Thu Dec 06, 2018 6:26 pm, edited 2 times in total.
Love the Buzzcocks, and Homosapien is an awesome album as well. | 2019-04-24T02:47:35 | http://ww.criterionforum.org/forum/viewtopic.php?p=641442 |
0.999989 | Which biochemical pathways are regulated by mechanical signals?
Cells are capable of relaying mechanical stimuli from their physical environment all the way down to the nucleus through electrochemical, biochemical or mechanical pathways. In many cases the activation or suppression of a given pathway by a mechanical cue gives rise to alterations in gene expression. This may be described by a simplified model where the local rigidity of the extracellular matrix is first detected at focal adhesion sites by stretch-activated and integrin-like transmembrane receptors (reviewed in ). The transduction of the signal subsequently occurs via physical (localized contraction or alteration of the cytoskeleton) or chemical (diffusion of soluble intermediates) pathways.
Simplified model of mechanotransduction. Focal adhesions detect physical stimuli from the substrate, and transmit this information to the nucleus, either directly along the actin cytoskeleton or in conjunction with biochemical signaling pathways, such as phosphorylation. Purely mechanical signaling is fast, on the order of milliseconds, while a combination of mechanical and biochemical signaling takes seconds.
A long-distance propagation of mechanical force can take place through physical modulation of the cytoskeleton which requires the cell to have non-uniform stiffness (as predicted by the tensegrity model ). Such physical force propagation (often referred to as stress wave ) takes less than a milli second to reach the nucleus. On the other hand, extracellular mechanical signals can also be transmitted to the nucleus via biochemical pathways initiated through conformational changes in mechanosensitive proteins and leading to chemical signal propagation and amplification. Unlike the rapid propogation of signals via stress waves, diffusion of soluble proteins or ligands through the cytoplasm can take tens of seconds to occur. These proteins or ligands must also interact with downstream mediators before eventually reaching the nucleus and initiating changes in gene expression. This final ‘end point’ in the pathway can be achieved through activation of transcription factors, the formation of transcription complexes or through a physical remodeling of chromatin or other nuclear components.
Of particular importance in biochemical mechanotransduction are phosphorylation events or other post-translational modifications of proteins, as these events are often associated with changes in transcription (reviewed in ). This is observed, for example, when mechanosensitive proteins such as zyxin, paxillin, β-catenin, which are normally situated within focal adhesion complexes or at cell-cell junctions, translocate to the nucleus upon mechanosignal-induced phosphorylation. Similarly, transcription-relevant factors may be sequestered in the cytoplasm (e.g., NFkB, STAT3, NFAT) and translocate to the nucleus after they are phosphorylated by upstream mechanosensitive mediators (e.g., focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activates NF-kB in response to fluid shear stress ). In other cases, the transcription-related factors may already reside inside the nucleus (e.g., EGR1 ) and when stimulated, bind to specific regulatory sites on DNA to initiate gene expression.
What types of signals do cells use to communicate?
How can disrupted mechanosignaling lead to diseases?
What is the Canonical Wnt Receptor Signaling Pathway?
What is the Hippo-YAP/TAZ tumor-suppressor pathway?
What is the NF-kB pathway?
What is epidermal growth factor signaling? | 2019-04-26T03:41:50 | https://www.mechanobio.info/what-is-mechanosignaling/signaling-pathways/ |
0.99877 | Is this a "fake media" report or true: "arguing that he is a member of a "protected class," and likening his support for the MAGA creed to a religious belief. "???
His spiritual beliefs “entirely transcend the political realm,” the suit claims, and are loosely related to the 30-year-old tourist’s sympathy for the victims of 9/11. | 2019-04-23T14:54:21 | http://blog.cloutier-vilhuber.net/is-this-a-fake-media-report-or-true-arguing-that-he-is-a-member-of-a-protected-class-and-likening/ |
0.999418 | How "social" is social media?
The managers of social media sites are trying to get people to become fans of their pages or follow their Twitter accounts. Once people start following Twitter and become fans of Facebook sites, the next goal is to get those users to read the content -- not just skim the content, but read and retain it.
That is a very difficult task. Some companies and organizations are using prizes to lure in users to "like" statuses or to comment on event pages. Other companies make competitions to see who can which users gain the most friends in the shortest time.
How "social" is social media though? Yes, everyone follows favorite people and looks at favorite pages, but how will companies get audiences to comment or respond, to get involved and feel attached to a company or organization.
The future of social media is unknown. Will there be regulation of social media or will social media continue to grow to be a bigger part of society? | 2019-04-21T22:59:14 | http://www.alphaprssa.org/blog/tag/Social+Media |
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0.999999 | A NUMBER of distinctly South African words have been added to the Oxford English Dictionary. Some have been introduced to English from various African languages and Afrikaans.
Afrikaans, the dictionary notes, has been a particularly rich source of loanwords.
Well, the dictionary always did kick off with "Aardvark" (warthog), closely followed by "Aardwolf" (hyena) and "Aasvogel" (vulture), with "Zulu" about third item from last.
New words included are "deurmekaar", an adjective applied to something that is confused, muddled, or mixed up – inspired no doubt by the Brexit debacle - and "voetstoots", first used as a legal term to describe "the buying or selling of items in their existing condition and today used more generally as an adverb to describe actions carried out unconditionally, without reservation or qualification."
Yes, voetstoots is a term used in Roman-Dutch law – pushing away with the foot – meaning that an item is sold as is, the seller not responsible for any subsequent defect.
How would the English language manage without our input?
Other new words in the Oxford Dictionary are "Amakhosi" (1857), a collective term of Xhosa and Zulu origin for tribal leaders or chiefs in traditional Nguni societies, and "ubuntu" (1860), a word signifying the fundamental values of humanity.
Other words on the list, including some slang, are: bunnychow, district surgeon, dwaal, eina, gumboot dance, howzit, ingcibi, ja, ja well, kasi, kif, Mzansi, sakkie-sakkie, sarmie, shackland, skedonk, spaza, tickey box, traditional healer and wine of origin.
I'm surprised they weren't all there already, though I must confess to being mystified by "incibi" and "kasi". "Mzansi" is a rather silly name for South Africa. It means "down there".
"Tickey box" is surely a little archaic. The tickey was the small, silver threepenny bit that disappeared with the calamity of decimalisation. A tickey box was a telephone booth, which doesn't exist any more, while the idea of a call of unlimited duration for the equivalent of two-and-a-half cents is today in the realm of fantasy.
There's a way to go. Future editions of the Oxford English Dictionary need to contain words like skebenga (politician), bambaduza (dancing close) and poepdronk (very drunk).
It all adds up to enrichment of the language, coloration of our vocabularies and is to be encouraged.
IT'S with sadness that I note the death of Stephanie Churton, a grand old lady of art in Durban.
Steph began drawing and painting when she was a child of 11. She died the other day at the age of 92, still painting. Her prodigious output included portraits, landscapes, still life – roses were a speciality – and some amusing experimentations.
Her early mentor was Professor Jack Grossert, and from there she took off, painting mainly in oils though also using other mediums. Her skill and decorative flair made her work popular. One of her last projects was a portrait of her much-loved friend and care-giver Bonnie Nene, who was also teaching her Zulu. This was a lively mind.
I count myself fortunate to have three of Steph's paintings hanging in my flat.
A STREAKER runs through a golf club with a towel covering his face. Three female members are sitting in the lounge.
"At least that's not my husband," says one.
"No, it isn't," says the second.
"He's not even a member," says the third.
Any woman who thinks the way to a man's heart is through his stomach is aiming about 10 inches too high. | 2019-04-22T16:15:35 | http://graham-linscott.blogspot.com/2019/01/the-idler-friday-january-14.html |
0.999178 | So fruity, so delicious. Imagine standing in a field of golden pineapples ripened by the tropical sun...you can smell the sugary sweetness. We tried to capture pineapple heaven it in every sip of this iced tea.
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2. Steep one bag in hot water for 5 minutes.
2. Remove bag and add 3 quarts cold water.
A convenient way to lower caffeine content.
1. Add one bag to 3 quarts of water and place in the refrigerator for 5 hours.
2. Remove bag and serve over ice. | 2019-04-18T16:50:17 | https://www.teachest.com/products/pineapple-iced-tea |
0.999972 | (NaturalNews) Is acupuncture nothing more than a dressed-up placebo effect? Not according to a recent joint MIT-Harvard Medical School clinical study. The study, published in the November 2008 issue of the peer-reviewed science journal Behavioural Brain Research, utilized functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) to examine the effects of acupuncture in relieving pain.
The effect of manual acupuncture in 12 healthy "acupuncture-naive" subjects (6 male, 6 female) was observed by monitoring fMRI of the brain and [11C]diprenorphine PET. [11C]Diprenorphine is used with PET to measure endogenous opioid release. Endogenous opioids have a morphine-like action in the body. Currently, "…there is strong evidence that acupuncture analgesia is mediated at least in part by opioid systems" (Dougherty, et. al. p.1).
The randomized study separated subjects into a real acupuncture group and a placebo acupuncture group. The placebo treatment used a validated sham acupuncture needle (Streitberger placebo) so that the sensation was as close to real acupuncture as possible. Using a placebo is generally believed to eliminate any psychological effects, such as expectation or belief, which may corrupt a study.
During the course of four sessions, the researchers induced pain in the subjects by using heat in varying degrees of intensity. The heat pain, which was issued to the right forearm of each subject, was administered before and after a 29-min treatment of either real or placebo acupuncture at acupoint Large Intestine 4 (LI-4).
The fMRI was used to indentify changes in neural activity by measuring blood flow in the brain. The [11C]diprenorphine PET scans looked for binding decreases which is associated with greater opioid release.
By comparing the two treatments, the study concluded that "… the reduction in pre- and post-treatment pain ratings was significantly greater in the acupuncture group when compared to the placebo group" (Dougherty, et. al. p.3).
"We found more brain changes during true acupuncture than during placebo acupuncture," commented Darin D. Dougherty, MD, Associate Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School and Director of Neurotherapeutics at Massachusetts General Hospital. "fMRI showed changes in the orbitofrontal cortex, insula, and pons during true acupuncture when compared to placebo acupuncture." The PET scans detected [11C]diprenorphine binding changes during real acupuncture that were very different than the binding changes that occurred during placebo treatment.
The right orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) was the only brain region that showed a common change in both types of scans. During real acupuncture, the right OFC demonstrated increased activity (as determined by fMRI) and increased opioid release (as determined by PET). There were no common fMRI and PET changes during placebo acupuncture.
The data suggests that real acupuncture affects the brain differently than placebo acupuncture and is more effective than a placebo in reducing the experience of pain. When asked whether acupuncture is more than a placebo effect, Dr. Dougherty responded, "Yes, the study does show more changes in the brain during active acupuncture than during placebo acupuncture. Therefore, acupuncture certainly entails more than placebo effect."
This study was funded by The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM). The NCCAM is the American Government`s lead agency for scientific research on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). It is one of 27 institutes and centers that make up the National Institutes of Health (NIH) within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
I'm Danny Ong Ting, Licenced acupuncturust with a shared practice in Houston, Texas.
Make sure you add this sote to your favorites and check back more often for new updates.
Can Acupuncture Help Weight Loss? | 2019-04-19T10:27:16 | http://www.omdclinic.com/blog/harvard-study-concludes |
0.999991 | Should Google offer an online screening test for depression?
With one in five Americans experiencing clinical depression in their lifetime, should Google offer an online screening test for depression? Experts debate the issue in The BMJ today.
US based clinical psychiatrist Ken Duckworth says providing a screening test to people who are already seeking information online "could raise awareness to improve identification and treatment."
A Google search for "Am I depressed?" (or similar) via mobile phone will offer a link to the patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) test - a screening tool used by doctors to monitor the severity of depression and response to treatment. Links to materials from the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) and telephone helplines will be offered with test results for people with higher scores.
He points out that this is not meant to replace clinical screening, nor does it constitute a universal screening program. Instead, "it is intended to prompt informed conversations with clinical professionals and to suggest potentially helpful resources."
And he stresses that the result alone cannot drive treatment without a professional making a formal diagnosis. Nor should it threaten privacy, as Google will not store or log any responses or results, or link these with individuals' other data.
"Increasing the motivated public's understanding of this validated screening tool could help to empower patients," he writes. "Informed people may have a better chance of getting the help they may need."
But Simon Gilbody, a clinician and professor of psychological medicine at the University of York UK, believes that unregulated screening for depression will be ineffective and worries if could cause harm.
He raises concerns over inadequate treatment resources to meet demand and assurances about privacy and misuse of data. "There are reasons to be concerned that data generated by a depression screening programme might be used to market antidepressants," he says.
He argues that depression should be diagnosed following a clinical assessment rather than a one-time screening test, warning that "episodes of transient (and self limiting) psychological distress will be confused with pervasive disorders that warrant treatment."
And he points out that recent disease awareness campaigns and unregulated screening programmes "present risks of overdiagnosis, supplier induced demand, and inappropriate treatment."
"Google's initiative has been reported positively and uncritically despite bypassing the usual checks and balances that exist for good reason. It is unlikely that their initiative will improve population health and may in fact do harm," he concludes.
In a linked commentary, mental health services user David Gilbert argues that by offering the PHQ-9 test online, Google is entrenching outdated ways of thinking about mental health.
This diagnostic tool focuses on physiological and biomedical symptoms, he writes. It puts firm emphasis on dysfunction and frames distress from the outset as an illness. He points to other ways to make a more meaningful diagnosis, but asks how much room might there be for this sort of dialogue if Google's approach spreads?
There is hope, he says, but change will happen only if service users have power and are equal partners with corporations like Google, so that decisions are made together. "Only then will online tools be a key that unlocks sense making, choice, and control." | 2019-04-21T08:11:15 | https://medicalxpress.com/news/2017-09-google-online-screening-depression.html |
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0.999999 | Will any party leader stand up to faith in politics?
Some weeks ago I asked the leaders of all the political parties in Thursday's debate to keep religion out of the general election.
I invited them first to agree with the mild and uncontentious observation that religious politics are a scourge to any nation, and then to make three simple and minimal pledges for their parties, both at national and local level. The first was not to solicit financial or electoral support on religious grounds. The second was not to give any form of special access to policy-making or campaigning to any faith group. The third was to repudiate immediately and publicly any person or organisation who solicits support for it on any religious basis.
None has sent any kind of reply. This may simply reflect the routine discourtesy of large organisations today in dealing with correspondence. Ironically, the only organisation I know with a high standard of replies is the Church of England.
However, there may be a more sinister reason for the silence of the seven lambs. Perhaps none of the leaders have the nerve to give those pledges. Perhaps each one of them is in thrall to organised religion. If so – then why (for heaven's sake)? There is no evidence that voters want to see more religious influence in British politics – quite the opposite.
In a poll conducted by YouGov and the British Social Attitudes Survey, no fewer than 81% of respondents thought religion was a private matter and should be kept separate from politics (against just six per cent who disagreed), while 71% thought religious leaders should have no influence on government.
Admittedly, that poll was taken in 2012. Perhaps there has been a massive religious revival since then. If so, I have missed it and so have the pollsters. Faith schools are the most obvious expression of religious power in British politics. No party dares to challenge them and this government actually created a new and easier pathway for faith groups to set up schools.
But faith schools are not popular. In a survey last summer, 58% of respondents wanted to see them lose state funding or be abolished outright. Only 30 per cent had no objections of any kind to state funding for faith schools.
This was followed last autumn by a survey in which 60% of respondents described themselves as not religious at all (compared to eight per cent who said that they were very religious). More than half of all respondents thought that religion did more harm than good: fewer than a quarter believed that it was a force for good. Intriguingly, younger respondents (those least likely to vote) were less hostile to religion than those over 55 (those most likely to vote).
However, this generational divide was reversed in the YouGov/Times poll published in February this year, in which 42% of respondents said they had no religion. Nearly half of those aged under-25 described themselves in that way, compared to one in ten of those over-60. However, among all ages of voters, politicians' ratings actually improved slightly if they admitted that they did not believe in God.
None of this evidence seems to have influenced either the government or the Labour party. The coalition decided to make faith an organ of government by appointing the first-ever minister for faith, Baroness Warsi. Her official job description included the promotion of faith and she had a budget (tiny but specified) for activities by people of faith. She told the House of Lords in 2013 that her specific role "is to ensure that the voice of people of faith is heard [in the formulation and implementation of policy], which has not always been the case".
When she stormed out of the government last year, the faith minister's job was actually upgraded because Eric Pickles, the local government and communities secretary, took it over himself, with assistance from another minister, Lord Ahmad. Among their other (taxpayer-funded) faith-related activities they each put out messages to mark Yom Kippur. Were any Jewish voters grateful to have their holiest day cheered by two government ministers? Or did they perhaps feel that this was patronising and presumptuous?
Labour has a faith envoy, the evangelical Christian former Cabinet minister, Stephen Timms, who is also chairman of the all-party group on faith and society. He goes up and down the country cheering faith-based social projects and promoting more of them. Last December he went to Birmingham to launch a new 'faith covenant' to encourage councils "to recognise the potential of working with faith groups".
It would be churlish not to welcome faith-based initiatives which help poor and disadvantaged people in local communities. But alarm bells should ring when our politicians address themselves specifically to faith groups, solicit them as partners with local or national government, and encourage them to believe that they might have a distinctive role in providing public services and meeting public policy objectives. If you tell faith groups that they are the right people to deliver public policy you are very close to telling them that they have a special right to form public policy.
If we let religion into our political system, in Ernest Bevin's words, we will open up a Pandora's box of Trojan horses. As in the United States, we will give faith groups an opening to impose their minority values on others. We will introduce a new and uncontrollable source of factional discord between faith groups who are inside the political system (and in receipt of public patronage and money) and those who are not. We will create the maximum opportunity for religious extremists of all kinds to denounce moderates as sell-outs and apostates. We will clutter political debates with religious arguments which most people find irrelevant and make it harder to reach consensus.
Although eager to denounce religious extremists (particularly Islamic ones who are targeted by the media) none of our political leaders have been willing to take any minimal step to resist the intrusion of religion itself into British politics.
Look behind the seven plausible faces on view in Thursday's debate and you will see the collective backbone of a jellybaby. | 2019-04-21T14:44:36 | https://www.politics.co.uk/comment-analysis/2015/03/31/comment-party-leaders-must-commit-to-keeping-religion-out-th |
0.99874 | Synopsis: This story is about a remarkable Lakeland Terrier called Buffy who fought many illnesses, including a rare cancer. You will laugh out loud, cry softly and fondly remember her story long after reading it. It is a light-hearted look at her life, covering her early days and continuing until her eventual death. Found in a shop doorway, Buffy had a traumatic beginning. The young girl who found her and took her in died of cancer, and so Buffy came to Thomasina, and was loved and cared for until her death. She was infuriating and inspiring, funny and cunning, from being smart enough to use her surgical collar as a scoop, to learning to use a 'boo!' sort of 'woof!', to frighten the living daylights of a delivery man. Thomasina's own failing health meant that sometimes they were ill together; Buffy taught her to fight back and gave her a reason to carry on. A rare cancer was found in Buffy's leg when she was already suffering from a slipped disc. To save Buffy, they had to save her leg. The Animal Health Trust in Suffolk helped Buffy survive with some international help, but she took the record for recovery time. So many people loved Buffy; she touched so many lives. Buffy went on to live for many years and became an astonishing and astute dog. She gave the Price family so much joy and love, her passing left an unbearable void in their lives. This story records her passing and Thomasina's anguish at the time. She decided to share her story because there could only be one Buffy; the Price family know they will never find another dog like her again. Goodnight Buffy: Loving a Lakeland Terrier will appeal to animal lovers, particularly dog fans, and anyone coming to terms with bereavement.
About the Author: Thomasina Price was born in Birmingham and spent part of her childhood in Scotland. She loves dogs and has owned many, including some she has rescued. Thomasina enjoys reading history and local travel. She is currently working on a new book to include some of her past dogs. | 2019-04-22T00:41:52 | https://www.abebooks.com/Goodnight-Buffy-Loving-Lakeland-Terrier-Thomasina/18400957066/bd |
0.999999 | For Mains: Recent amendments and the issues related.
Context: The Supreme Court has asked five states to give their response to a petition filed by social activists questioning the state amendments made to the land acquisition law, which the petitioners claim have diluted the safeguards the central law provides for against forcible acquisition.
The activists have questioned the changes made to the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act (Land Acquisition Act), 2013 by Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Jharkhand and Tamil Nadu. The petitioners have contended that the amendments by the states are identical and go against the “basic structure” of the central law.
According to the petition the states amended the act by way of ordinances to exempt broad categories of land projects from consent provisions, social impact assessment, objections by affected citizens and participation of local bodies. Projects exempted are linear category projects such as industrial corridors, expressways, highways etc.
Petitioners have challenged the power of the states to introduce such amendments that are conflicting with the central law and want them to be declared as illegal.
Petitioners contend that the amendments made by the states were in violation of Article 21, which guarantees the right to live with dignity and personal liberty.
Clearly defines various types of “public purpose” projects for which, Government can acquire private land.
Acquiring land: For private project, 80% affected families must agree. For PPP project, 70% affected families must agree. Only then land can be acquired.
Social impact assessment: Under Social impact assessment (SIA) even need to obtain consent of the affected artisans, labourers, share-croppers, tenant farmers etc whose (sustainable) livelihood will be affected because of the given project.
Compensation: Compensation proportion to market rates. 4 times the market rate in rural area. 2 times in urban area. Affected artisans, small traders, fishermen etc. will be given one-time payment, even if they don’t own any land.
To ensure food security: Fertile, irrigated, multi-cropped farmland can be acquired only in last resort. If such fertile land is acquired, then Government will have to develop equal size of wasteland for agriculture purpose.
Private entities: If Government acquires the lands for private company- the said private company will be responsible for relief and rehabilitation of the affected people. Additional rehabilitation package for SC/ST owners.
Safeguards: State Governments have to setup dispute settlement Chairman must be a district judge or lawyer for 7 years.
Accountability: Head of the department will be made responsible, for any offense from Government’s side. If project doesn’t start in 5 years, land has to be returned to the original owner or the land bank. Establishment of Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Authority for speedy disposal of disputes.
The Central Act of 2013 was brought to give effect to pre-existing fundamental right to livelihood of citizens. It ensures that livelihood will not be taken away unless(i) it is in public interest and that is seen by social impact assessment (ii) The affected citizens are given rehabilitation. The amendments made without considering the above factors will take away fundamental rights of the citizens. | 2019-04-19T10:20:12 | http://www.insightsonindia.com/2018/12/11/right-to-fair-compensation-and-transparency-in-land-acquisition-rehabilitation-and-resettlement-act-land-acquisition-act-2013/ |
0.999991 | Comprehensive immigration reform is dead. For the foreseeable future, there is no chance that Congress will pass a grand bargain on immigration reform like the one that fell apart in 2007 including a mass amnesty or path to citizenship for most illegal immigrants already in the U.S. Nor is there any chance that the Dream Act, which would provide citizenship for many illegal immigrants as long as they attended college or served in the U.S. military, will be enacted into law. The Democrats could not pass the unpopular Dream Act even when they controlled both houses of Congress last December. Their cynical purpose in reintroducing it now is to play wedge issue politics with Latino voters in the run-up to the 2012 elections.
As in an old Perry Mason TV serial, or an Agatha Christie novel, the victim was murdered by multiple killers. The greatest wound may have been inflicted by the Great Recession. With mass unemployment expected to last for years to come, it is hard to imagine public support for an amnesty for the 12 million or so illegal immigrants in the U.S., particularly if it were not accompanied by adequate enforcement and encouraged a new wave of law-breaking by millions of foreign nationals in anticipation of future amnesties.
But even before the world economy collapsed in 2008, public opinion toward illegal immigration was hardening on both sides of the Atlantic. The backlash against mass immigration, legal and illegal, has contributed to the implosion of center-left social democratic parties in Europe. One unacknowledged goal of the war in Libya is to prevent enormous numbers of North African refugees from seeking asylum in Europe.
In the U.S., America's neoliberal globalist establishment has completely failed in its effort to persuade America's populist, nationalist citizenry that preventing illegal immigration is racist and retrograde in the age of global markets. According to a September 2010 Quinnipiac poll, "stricter enforcement of laws against illegal immigration" beat "integrating illegal immigrants into American society" by 68-24, with 9 percent answering "don't know."
showed that 65 percent of Democrats support requiring people to produce documents proving their citizenship; 55 percent of Democrats would allow those who refuse to be detained; and 50 percent of Democrats would permit questioning based only on police suspicion. 45 percent of Democrats favored the Arizona law, while 46 percent opposed it. According to Pew, the more Democratic voters learn about the Arizona law, the more they approve of it.
The public opinion polls make it clear that there is no significant public support for what appears to be the consensus position of the American left -- yes to amnesty, no to enforcement.
Any attempt to identify, apprehend or punish foreign nationals or American employers who violate immigration laws is immediately denounced as a racist atrocity by the American left. Progressive opposition to the illiberal Arizona law that permitted police officers to question individuals who might be illegal immigrants was justifiable. That provision of the law (not necessarily others) was an incitement to racial profiling. But many progressives also denounce sensible and necessary laws enabling the police to check the immigration status of people who have already been arrested; the use of E-Verify to make sure that the Social Security documents of workers have not been forged; and workplace raids by ICE on employers suspected of hiring illegal immigrants.
In addition to denouncing efforts by the government to catch foreign nationals and U.S. employers who break the law, the left opposes any penalties for those who are caught. The deportation of illegal immigrants is denounced as an atrocity that tears apart families and communities. In some cases, hardship might justify prosecutorial discretion. But to listen to the loudest voices on the left, you would think that any foreign national who manages to elude the Border Patrol or overstay a visa for a couple of weeks becomes "rooted” in the American community overnight and immune forever to arrest and deportation.
The Great Recession has completely discredited the left’s practical argument against enforcement -- the "supply-side" theory that illegal immigration is an irresistible tsunami that cannot be stopped. Since the recession began in 2008, illegal immigration has dropped dramatically, proving that it ebbs or flows depending on employer demand in the U.S., not on the supply of poor people in other countries. If a recession can reduce illegal immigration by slashing the demand for it, so can demand-side enforcement measures, such as mandatory fines or jail time for scofflaw businesses that employ illegal immigrants.
On the enforcement issue, a widening gap has appeared between the no-enforcement left and liberal politicians who must face the voters, like Barack Obama and Charles Schumer. Democratic officeholders have tried to position themselves in the moderate center between the amnesty-and-no-enforcement left and the enforcement-and-no-amnesty right by declaring that there needs to be a path to citizenship for most illegal immigrants already here, combined with strict enforcement to prevent future waves of illegal immigration, as distinct from tiny trickles.
In order for the enforcement-and-amnesty position to have a chance to succeed, however, Democrats needed to convince the American people that they are sincere about enforcing U.S. immigration laws forever, and not just for a short time, in order to lull the public into supporting a mass amnesty. And Democrats also needed to avoid politicizing the issue, in order to make it possible to win Republican support for a comprehensive immigration reform that would combine a path to citizenship with tougher enforcement that would eliminate the need for future amnesties.
THE PRESIDENT: You know, they said we needed to triple the Border Patrol. Or now they’re going to say we need to quadruple the Border Patrol. Or they’ll want a higher fence. Maybe they’ll need a moat. (Laughter.) Maybe they want alligators in the moat. (Laughter.) They'll never be satisfied.
In October 2010, the Border Patrol told the Government Accountability Office that it has secured only 44 percent of the southern border.
What about the other 56 percent? Would the president boast about a 44 percent success rate in any other area?
"The Democrats on the other hand have been pretty much weak in stating exactly how they’re going to stop illegal immigration, I don’t hear them giving me a clarity as to how they are going to prevent the continued flow of illegal people coming into the country, I don’t even think they want to stop it, that’s my belief so far, they like it."
Democrats have also damaged the cause of comprehensive immigration reform by crowing about how they will benefit politically. For more than a decade, Democratic strategists have prophesied that increased Latino immigration, legal and illegal, will create a permanent Democratic majority. Do these Democratic strategists think that their Republican counterparts are not paying attention to boasts that naturalization of illegal immigrants would instantly add 12 million Democrats to the U.S. electorate?
According to the monolithic propaganda of the corporate media and Democratic strategists, Latinos are a) single-issue voters who care chiefly about immigration and b) the new swing vote in American politics. But the polls show that the chief concerns of Latinos are those of other Americans: jobs and the economy.
It is true that nativists on the right have driven many Latino voters away from the Republicans. But that did not stop the Republican Party from recapturing the House and may not stop it from recapturing the Senate and presidency in 2012. Nor did it prevent the Republicans from electing two Latino Republican governors last year in New Mexico and Nevada and a Republican senator from Florida.
Progressives' difficulties here are underscored by the large size of this group. According to the 2004 Current Population Survey (CPS) Voter Supplement data, white working-class voters are a larger portion of the electorate than indicated by the exit polls -- 52 percent, rather than 43 percent. Based on educational attainment trends and population trends by race, a reasonable guess is that the size of the white working class in another 10 years, even though it is shrinking, will still be around 46 percent to 47 percent -- a very large group among which to be doing very poorly.
For the Democrats, the electoral challenge will be to keep their deficit among white working class (non-college-educated) voters as close to single digits as possible. Allowing the GOP to run up super-majorities among these voters will remain a recipe for [Democratic] electoral defeat for many election cycles to come.
One of the wedge issues that Republicans can use to run up super-majorities among white working-class voters for years to come is the claim that Democrats care more about foreign nationals who violate American law than about hardworking American citizens.
All of this is a pity. The best immigration reform would combine a one-time, never-to-be-repeated amnesty with serious, permanent law enforcement effort that would include, at a minimum, the mandatory use of E-Verify, the identification of illegal immigrants by local police, workplace raids, border security including fencing, and, yes, arrests and deportations of illegal immigrants who sneak into the country following the end of the one-time amnesty period. This reasonable combination of enforcement and amnesty would have been difficult to achieve, even without recession-induced mass unemployment and conservative intransigence. But by telegraphing their lack of serious commitment to border and workplace control, the Democrats have contributed their own blow to comprehensive immigration reform.
Instead of a policy of enforcement first, followed by a path to citizenship, the U.S. is likely to end up with enforcement only, and a permanent population of resident illegal immigrants that will stabilize or grow much more slowly as a result of tougher enforcement. That outcome is unfortunate. But the alternative -- unchecked waves of low-wage, gray-market illegal immigration in economic boom times, followed by amnesties every decade or two -- would be worse. | 2019-04-22T14:02:48 | https://www.salon.com/2011/05/17/lind_immigration_left/ |
0.999884 | Look for anything that looks unusual. /var/adm/messages This log records system console output and syslog messages.
These can indicate either a hardware fault or a mismatch between the hardware and its software configuration. Netra HA Suite software has the following error message categories: emerg alert crit err info none notice For information about error message categories, see the syslog.conf4 man page. If this error occurs during a write, we must assume that the data is corrupt.
The file command displays the expected architecture for the binary. is required, can't accept: Device returned an improperly processed HeaderDigest. The system returned: (22) Invalid argument The remote host or network may be down. Solaris Messages Log Rotation Permission denied (EACCES): The attempted file access is forbidden due to filesystem permissions.
Network is unreachable (ENETUNREACH): Either there is no route to the network, or negative status information was received from intermediate network devices. Solaris 10 System Messages Enable the auxiliary console. # consadm -a devicename Verify that the current connection is the auxiliary console.# consadmExample19-3 Enabling an Auxiliary (Remote) Console# consadm -a /dev/term/a # consadm /dev/term/a How to ABUSE: IPs or network segments from which we detect a stream of probes might be blocked for no less then 90 days. https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19665-01/819-5235-13/chapter2.html Disk# not unique: This error is displayed if there are multiple EEPROM devalias entries for a disk.
Use this procedure to prevent disruption of Network File System (NFS) traffic by high volumes of messages from diskless nodes. /var/adm/messages In Linux root-uucp SU 11/06 10:24 + pts/5 mcevoyg-root SU 11/06 10:44 + pts/6 mcevoyg-root SU 11/06 11:30 + pts/2 mcevoyg-root SU 11/07 14:07 + pts/2 mcevoyg-root SU 11/07 14:24 + pts/5 mcevoyg-root Log in as superuser to the node for which you want to redirect messages.Open the /etc/syslog.conf file in a text editor.To redirect the info and notice messages to a log file This is in contrast with processes, which open a file, write to it, and then close it.
Memory Configuration Mismatch: Can be caused by damaged or unsupported DIMMs, or by running non-identical DIMMs within the same bank. The most common cause for this is a corrupted library. Solaris 10 System Logs NFS read failed for server: This is a permissions problem error message. Solaris Syslog By default, the Solaris Operating Environment defines two log files in the /etc/syslog.conf file.
cabloy Red Hat 1 04-06-2009 09:54 AM Help with separating syslog messages. The Solaris Operating Environment includes several commands that maintain their own log files. iSCSI service or target is not currently operational: Run diagnostics on the storage device hardware; check storage device software configuration. Source File too large (EFBIG): The file size has grown past what is allowed by the protocol or filesystem in question, or exceeds the resource limit (rlimit) for file size.
You can use the logadm command to customize system logging and to add additional logging in the /etc/logadm.conf file as needed. /var/adm/messages In Aix If �files� is not the first entry in the �hosts� line of /etc/nsswitch.conf, the hostname lookup will not be possible until the interface comes online. login redirection failed: Storage device attempted to redirect initiator to an invalid destination.
The consadm command runs a daemon to monitor auxiliary console devices. Skip Navigation Links Exit Print View Oracle Solaris Administration: Common Tasks Oracle Solaris 11 Information Library Search Scope: This Document Entire Library Document Information About This Book 1.Locating Information About Oracle Restartable system call (ESTART): The system call has been interrupted in a restartable state. Solaris 10 Syslog Remote Logging This problem may accompany a BAD TRAP error.
This means carrier must be established on the port before you can successfully use the consadm command. kmem_free block already free: This is a software programming bug, probably in a device driver. Framing errors are types of CRC errors, which are usually caused by physical media problems. Note - Netra HA Suite does not support diskless Linux nodes. | 2019-04-23T22:07:37 | http://www.ifloppy.net/solaris-10/solaris-system-error-messages.php |
0.998318 | Potential unpopular opinion: I am so tired of YA dystopia. I think the market is oversaturated, and if I have to read one more novel about the spunky, special girl who has to find a way to topple to The Establishment and choose between the guys who represent The Past and The Future, I might scream. Which is why Sarah Rees Brennan’s TELL THE WIND AND FIRE was such a refreshing change of pace.
Don’t misunderstand me — it’s definitely still YA dystopia. There is a very literal Light side and Dark side, our protagonist is a spunky, special girl, and there are two guys at the heart of the story. But that’s all veneer. Once you crack the surface, it becomes very clear that this is dystopia approached from a brand new direction, and that change in perspective is just what I needed.
There’s a Light side and a Dark side, but it’s never clear which one you’re supposed to be rooting for. They are both equally ruthless and awful, from the beginning, and I appreciated that. Our protagonist is the Face of the Rebellion, but she doesn’t want to be, and she refuses to fight for anyone but herself and the people she loves. She recognizes that she doesn’t want to be part of either side, and she, throughout the whole story, is just trying to do what she has to do to survive. She’s not noble, she’s not trying to save the world, she just wants her corner of it to survive, and I appreciate that so much.
And I appreciate most of all the Love Triangle that Never Happens. All the elements are there, all the expectations are put in place, but we never go down that road. Instead, Brennan turns it into a conversation about choice and agency, about love that gives us purpose and changes us for the better, about what pure and honest love can really look like. And the story is so much better for those conversations.
I like that the focus of this dystopia isn’t on one girl toppling anything. I like that this isn’t the first book of a trilogy. I like that this story isn’t about revolution or rebellion or ending the dystopian regime. This story is about a girl and two boys with the same face, and how the time in which they all lived shaped and defined them and helped them grow to understand their world and how to live in it. That’s a story I care about. That story rings true.
The book is not without its flaws. There are some pacing issues in the middle, and I lost the thread of the story in the worldbuilding for a bit in the middle. But all in all, I enjoyed this book. I think it’s taking the conversation further than most dystopias go, and I can only hope that is a trend that continues. | 2019-04-18T20:33:32 | http://teenlitrocks.com/2016/07/05/review-tell-the-wind-and-fire-by-sarah-rees-brennan/ |
0.99969 | Is being contented equal to happiness? Is being happy equal to being contented?
To me this is hard to determine as there are people I know who are contented with their lot, but are not completely happy as they would like more. The same can be said for being happy. There are those who can be said to be happy but not contented because again they would like more.
What do teachings from philosophers tell us about contentedness vs happiness?
The main difficulty here is that 'happiness' has a variety of senses. The following analysis may help, however.
'Content' has made only a brief appearance so far. LLoyd Thomas goes on to address the relation of happiness to contentedness in more detail, however.
Contentedness is one of the standards by which the fourth use of' happy ' is applied. Generally speaking, contentedness is not so much a separate standard for the happy life as an aspect of all standards for the happy life. Part of being happy in the fourth use is recognizing that one's life measures up to the standards set for it. However, there is a sense in which contentedness may appear to be a standard in its own right to be set beside other standards. It, may be suggested that one may be happy by merely being contented. One may be more easily happy if one does not set one's standards (i.e., one's genuine standards) too high and so can be reasonably sure of attaining them.
The pseudo-standard of contentedness is closely related to one form of asceticism. If one takes this approach to its extreme, the happy life will be one in which only the most minimal demands are made so that the chances of satisfying these demands are good. The person who tries to adopt contentedness as his ideal has confused the requirement that any life, if it is to be happy, must satisfy the standards set for it with those standards themselves. He has made the satisfaction of a standard itself into his standard. Having done this, he thinks his best policy is to lower such genuine standards as he has as much as possible. Such an approach to the happy life, besides being confused, may fail in practice. If success is too easy, one may be dissatisfied with what one has got even when one succeeds. This is another aspect of the point that one is not completely free to choose one's standards for the good life. Not only may they be the wrong standards for a certain person; they may also be too high or too low. It is probably true that a lowering of standards for the good life will most often lead to people not being happy rather than being unhappy.
Mill claimed that one may be more contented, but not necessarily more happy, with a pleasure of lower quality than with one of higher quality. It might be argued that this does amount to saying that a person may be happier with a pleasure of lower quality. Hence Mill cannot say both that an action is right if it leads to the greatest happiness, and that it is right if it leads to most pleasures of high quality. For someome may be happier (i.e., more content) with a pleasure of lower quality than with one of higher quality. This objection to Mill depends on the assumption that 'happy' means the same as ' contented'. Mill denies this so that he can consistently claim that a person who enjoys superior kinds of pleasure may be less content but not less happy than one who enjoys inferior kinds.
Hope this goes some way towards clarifying the relation of happiness to contentedness.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged philosophy-of-mind happiness or ask your own question. | 2019-04-26T04:51:46 | https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/52971/contentedness-vs-happiness |
0.999992 | Worcester’s own J.P. Ricciardi joined ESPN as a “Baseball Tonight” analyst this spring after being relieved of his role as Toronto Blue Jays General Manager. The St. Peter’s High School star and West Boylston resident has spent three decades in baseball as a front office executive, scout, minor league manager and player. While ESPN’s press relations staff wouldn’t let him divulge whether Stuart Scott or Chris Berman is more annoying in person, they did allow him to take a few other cuts.
How’s the transition to media member gone for you? Used to TV makeup yet?
It’s been great. The people at ESPN have been outstanding. I’ve had a chance to work with some very talented people. I didn’t have much TV experience before ESPN, but they’ve made it easy for me to step right in.
Do you hope to be back in the front office of a MLB team next year?
I don’t have a timetable. I’m really enjoying myself at ESPN, and we’ll see what comes down the road. If there is a front office position which is appealing to me, I’ll look into it, but I’m really enjoying my current role with ESPN.
Which GM in baseball did the best job for his team this year?
Jon Daniels with the Texas Rangers because they were able to acquire Cliff Lee and add a few other pieces without surrendering much payroll.
OK, you’ve got be Red Sox GM here for a minute: Re-sign Adrian Beltre after this season if he requires a 4 or 5-year deal? What about Victor Martinez?
Both are very good players and they can be assets to your club. I’d entertain bringing both back, but the market will dictate the deal lengths. It largely depends on who else is out there as a potential suitor and their offers during the free agency process.
Central Mass seems to keep producing good young baseball players. Is there something unique going on here?
Central Massachusetts has always been a baseball area. Baseball has traditionally been the No. 1 sport. There are very good Little League, High School and AAU programs in the area, as we’re continuing to see good players come from this area.
Favorite spots in Worcester to catch a game?
My house. I really enjoy being at home, watching all sorts of sports with my sons. We watch anything and everything. The first thing we turn on each morning is SportsCenter.
Ever run into the Philly Phanatic or San Diego Chicken in the ESPN bathroom?
No, but the first meeting I attended at ESPN was a who’s who in entertainment and sports. Nearly every on-air person at ESPN was there, covering all sport categories. ESPN is a great avenue to pick people’s brains to discuss how things cross over to all sports, not just baseball. | 2019-04-24T22:12:08 | https://www.worcestermag.com/2010/09/09/two-minutes-withjp-ricciardi-102463084 |
0.999999 | It seems like everyone and their uncle is talking about journaling these days.
There’s a good reason for that. If you seek to be more grateful, positive and mindful – or to embark on a journey to forge stronger relationships and gain control over your life – then adopting a daily journaling is an absolute must.
The truth is, your every moment deserves to be a memory. Even the hard experiences have value, and can help you regain your power, as well as open you up to a broader perspective of life. Looking within helps you avoid the auto-pilot to which we regularly turn, increasing the chances of living a good and intentional life.
If you want to get back into the driver seat and start focusing on the good each day, journaling is where it’s at. That doesn’t mean it’s easy though. Finding a journal structure and template that works for you can prove challenging, as can building a lifelong habit when you have so many other things on your list.
Adding to the confusion is the fact that planners and diaries abound, many of them complete with journaling sections, while paperies and gift shops inevitably carry a line of products masculine, feminine and everything in between. From art journaling to #bujo, daily gratitude lists to old-fashioned, Roman-senator-style chronicling, the options make your head spin.
Luckily, we’re here to help. Not only will we share a few compelling reasons to institute a daily journal habit, but we'll give you a simple five-step process for starting that habit tomorrow. After that, we'll discuss what kind of journal to use to get the most out of your new habit. Get ready for a whole new you!
Studies show incontrovertible evidence that journaling improves your health, both mental and physical.
That’s not all, adds the University of Rochester Medical Center. Journaling brings a wealth of benefits, including managing anxiety, reducing stress, coping with depression and keeping track of symptoms related to emotional disorders. This in turn helps you self-assess and meditate on problems, both lessening their impact and suggesting solutions.
Want to boost your immune system? Journaling helps you there too, says James Pennebaker, a University of Texas at Austin psychologist and researcher. Disclosing traumatic issues – even minimally upsetting ones that occur in the course of a normal life – can improve immune function by causing the body to generate increased numbers of T-lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell responsible for a variety of immune system responses.
In a nutshell? Journaling is pretty awesome. Why wait to grab those benefits for yourself?
Again, we know how busy you are. You simply don’t have time for protracted processes that involve a lot of guesswork. That’s why we’re here with a reliable, repeatable daily process that takes thought and angst out of the process. Ready to move into action? Here’s how to do it.
Make a commitment to journal each morning: Stay committed to your goals by journaling within 30 minutes of waking up each morning. Even if that means getting up 10 minutes earlier to accommodate your new habit, do it. This is the best way to stay on track, and becomes doubly effective if you post your commitment on social media and have others hold you accountable to your goals.
Write three things that make you feel grateful each day: Lots of people get hung up on the “big” things, thinking they have to express the loftiest appreciation. And sure, if you’re fortunate enough not to be at war and to have to the use of all your limbs, say, those make for great sources of gratitude. But it doesn’t have to be that intense. You can also share your appreciation for sunshine, incense, coffee or a nice meal with those you love best.
Write a single goal for today: Again, don’t overthink this. Getting to the grocery store, making your bed or accomplishing 5 minutes of reading in a book you enjoy is plenty. A successful life is made up of small, daily habits, repeated over time until their benefits compound. Don’t hold yourself to unrealistic expectations when you could instead experience those small wins with all the same joy.
Define one action item to better yourself today: Our goals range by person, age, season and more. Perhaps today you want to finally tackle that last 10 pounds of baby weight, or get those crackers out of your pantry and sub in a homemade snack instead. Whatever your goal, make it small so that you can actually check it off your list right away. That way, you build up confidence in your own abilities and are likelier to keep the streak going.
Such sensory detail not only helps you recall the memory more clearly, making it more likely to stick out in your memory for years to come; it also helps you become more observant for next time. That, overall, increases your chances to catch those happy moments that might otherwise pass you by, cementing the fleeting joys of life and helping you enjoy all of it to the greatest extent.
The same is true for all the other steps, which are small enough to pose no real imposition on your time, but large enough to make a real difference in your happiness.
See? Not so hard! Time to start that journaling habit stat.
Now that you know How to Do the Thing, it’s time to start! New habits can cause a bit of trepidation at first, but the best way to overcome those feelings and learn what works best for you is not to dawdle or over-prepare, but simply to jump in.
That’s where it’s helpful to have a journal that contains dedicated sections for intention-setting, sensory descriptions, self-congratulation and goals – all of which help you feel better, work harder and get to know yourself like a pro. If you want to make those sections yourself, more power to you, and any blank notebook will do.
With the Happier Mind Journal, you’ll never stare at a blank page wondering what to write again ... so start expressing yourself, soothing your mind and reaching peak happiness today. | 2019-04-26T11:45:30 | https://happiermindjournal.com/blogs/news/ready-set-start-journaling-today-5-simple-steps-to-get-started |
0.999996 | "English Law has so far failed to reconcile the demands of the emerging European human rights jurisprudence with its instinctive tendency to create 'public interest immunities' in respect of the negligence liability of public bodies. Reform of the law is needed. " Introduction The aims of this essay are to critically discuss the statement, "English Law has so far failed to reconcile the demands of the emerging European human rights jurisprudence with its instinctive tendency to create 'public interest immunities' in respect of the negligence liability of public bodies.
(1) It is unlawful for a public authority to act in a way that is incompatible with a convention right. (2) Subsection (1) does not apply to an act if - (a) as the result of one or more provisions of primary legislation, the authority could not have acted differently; or (b) in the case of one or more provisions of, or made under, primary legislation which cannot be read or given effect in a way which is compatible with the Convention rights, the authority was acting so as to give effect to or enforce those provisions.
(3) In this section "public authority" includes - (a) a court or tribunal, and (b) any person certain of whose functions are functions of a public nature, but does not include either House of Parliament or a person exercising functions in connection with proceedings in Parliament. (4) In subsection (3) "Parliament" does not include the House of Lords in its judicial capacity. (5) In relation to a particular act, a person is not a public authority by virtue only of subsection (3)(b) if the nature of the act is private.
(6)"An Act" includes a failure to act but does not include a failure to - (a) introduce in, or lay before, Parliament a proposal for legislation; or (b)make any primary legislation or remedial order. Journal article The journal article I have read is that of Paula Gilker, in which she sets out to demonstrate that reform of the current law is needed. The article questions whether the case of Osman v Ferguson1 dictates that maybe different approaches should be taken against negligence claims that are brought against Police Officers.
And also whether or not the immunities that can apply for the Police should still be enforced, be it qualified or blanket immunity. What are the problems with the law? As set out in Hill v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire2, Lord Keith manages to distinguish the fine line between when it is appropriate to apply the blanket cover of immunity to the Police and when not to, "The general sense of public duty which motivates police forces is unlikely to be appreciably reinforced by the imposition of such liability so far as concerns their function in the investigation and suppression of crime.
The manner of conduct of such an investigation must necessarily involve a variety of decisions to be made on matters of policy and discretion, for example as to which particular line of inquiry is the most advantageous way to deploy the available resources. The result of liability for negligence would be a significant diversion of Police manpower and attention from their most important function, that of the suppression of crime. "3 A major problem with the law, is that it is consistent with the rules against liability for omissions that the emergency services have no duty to answer 999 calls.
And so I believe that upon answering them is where the problem lies. As when the calls are answered they are prioritised in relation to their importance to the service that they require. And if problems arise from the way they are prioritised, for example if one person dies from a fight that is happening, but the Police place priority on a football riot. And so I believe a way around this problem would be to privatise the public services, so that if any citizens would like to take the services to court then the immunity would not apply, and so a fair and impartial hearing would be able to take place, meaning justice will be done. | 2019-04-23T02:34:36 | https://lawaspect.com/public-interest-immunities/ |
0.999863 | As debate in China's centre is stifled, Hongkongers fear for their future – with good cause. Is there a connection between the uneasy quiet at the centre and the trouble at the periphery? Most likely, there is.
While young Hong Kong demonstrators crowd out the financiers in the centre of the city and in full view of the world’s media, bloody actions and an even bloodier repression is striking Uyghurs in Xinjiang, far out of sight. Trouble on the periphery contrasts with the apparent quiet that has descended on China’s main political scene – although spanning these separate spaces, Ilham Tohti, a mild, peaceful Beijing academic, has just been sentenced to life in prison for his work defending human rights for Uyghurs.
The quiet way that political events are unfolding on the main political scene is starkly different from the way things were only three years ago. At that time, divisive issues at the core of the Communist Party resonated in public, from debate on a new criminal law to the Bo Xilai corruption case, and succession politics was the name of the game. Only 50km from the border with Hong Kong, peasants were staging a successful protest against land grabs by local officials and their cronies – but who today remembers the name of Wukan, which made front-page news in the international media in 2011-2012?
Today, all constitutional and political debate has been silenced (a plenary meeting on legal issues has been announced for next month, but it would be misleading to say that the meeting will be about the rule of law). An extensive and targeted anti-corruption campaign is in full swing, but it has had almost no publicity and few details have been revealed about the cases, which are being dealt with by the party-state apparatus. Even the purge of a key political actor, China’s former security czar Zhou Yongkang, has only been confirmed by rumours and a one-line communiqué. Observers have begun to accept what was already becoming apparent by mid-2013 – Xi Jinping has firmly grasped the handle of power; he does not intend to share it; and on every political issue, his stance is as firm as it is open, or even waffling, on economic policy.
Is there a connection between the uneasy quiet at the centre and the trouble at the periphery? Most likely, there is. The Chinese state has responded with an iron fist to the attempts of some Uyghurs to take their struggle further inside China – including an amateur suicide squad on Tiananmen Square in October 2013. Over the last few months, terrorist acts in Xinjiang have been met with a much larger scale repression. Although exact figures are hard to verify, the death toll runs into the hundreds, after the People’s Armed Police have indiscriminately fired on people in the province. It appears that events in the Middle East – from Gaza to the rise of the Islamic State – have been used as a protective shield by the Chinese authorities, who expect to be given a pass by embattled Western governments. A violent spiral has been ignited, with international consequences: Uyghurs are radicalising and joining the international Jihad, making the official claims of the Chinese government into a self-fulfilling prophecy.
The situation in Hong Kong is infinitely more nuanced. Yet it seems that this is not so much a crisis of unmet expectations as the expression of a deep anxiety by Hong Kong residents about their future. Exactly like in Taiwan, where earlier this year the Sunflower Movement erupted (directed against a trade agreement on services with the Chinese mainland), middle-class youth are at the centre of the movement in Hong Kong, and particularly the student class, which is the product of school selection. Overall, pro-democracy parties get more votes in central Hong Kong and Kowloon than in the New Territories.
For Hong Kong as for Taiwan, there are two clear messages from China’s peculiar globalisation. The first is that the smaller territories can expect to be overrun by competition and money from China proper. In Taiwan, the trade agreement on services promises to bring about lower wages in the services sector – and factory workers long ago lost out to investment in the PRC. In Hong Kong, locals are being crowded out by 20 million PRC tourists a year and by the huge rise in real estate prices set off by mainlanders with high purchasing power – and the situation particularly affects those who are just beginning their active working life.
The second message from Chinese globalisation is to expect dwindling political franchises in the near future. The rewriting of school curricula in a fashion more compatible with future PRC rule encouraged the growth of the student movement in Hong Kong two years ago. In Taiwan, President Ma Ying-jeou’s rapprochement with the PRC, even as China’s increasing military might makes Taiwan independence a totally unrealistic prospect, sent young people out into the street. And whatever the outcome of events in Hong Kong, it is sure to reverberate deeply in Taiwan.
There is a French saying that “one only exits ambiguity at one’s own disadvantage”. This is exactly the situation in which Xi Jinping and his colleagues now find themselves. The 1984 agreement on the return of Hong Kong, with its 50-year lease for “one country, two systems”, was always ambiguous. For one thing, it pushed the final arrangement 50 years into the future – the very same method that Deng Xiaoping used to defuse the island issue with Japan, which has now blown up in both countries’ faces.
Moreover, the terms of the agreement were highly ambiguous about the changes that could be made during the transition period (the British are in part to blame for only making a stand for full democracy in the final years before 1997, but it is doubtful that they could have obtained more from Beijing in any case). The idea that Hong Kong could have a full direct democracy, combining a freely elected Legislative Council (LegCo) and chief executive, was always a fantasy as long as one party rule prevails in China. There is a very strong democratic current in Hong Kong, as is visible every year at the mass vigils held in memory of Tiananmen victims. But Beijing has been rewarded for its concessions (such as slowly increasing the proportion of directly elected LegCo seats) by the pro-Beijing (or pro business…) parties managing to claw their way back to a majority. The central authorities have relied on business and on indirect means (including intimidation) rather than on direct action to contain the obvious gap between the internationalist and outward-looking Hong Kong public and China’s stodgy political system and ideology.
However, politics is about expectations. Beijing’s past concessions, including the announcement of a direct election for Hong Kong’s chief executive in 2017, are now capped by its reliance on a poorly legitimised electoral committee to select candidates: Hongkongers were given the option to veto a candidate, but not to vote for one of their own choosing. A possible way out still exists, for example extending universal suffrage (or a mixture thereof, as with the LegCo) to this electoral committee.
But even concessions like this will not solve the basic conundrum: it is impossible for Hong Kong to have a political leadership that contradicts the basic rule in China – the rule that will prevail in any case after 2047. China’s leaders have no plans to fade out. Hong Kong – which has benefitted immensely from its proximity to China – can insist on the implementation of the Basic Law until 2047, and can plead for autonomy in many ways. But the more it openly makes claims to have its own political personality, beyond the right to protest, the more it risks a catastrophic clash.
Other governments must not give Hongkongers illusions that will only lead to a Tiananmen-like ending. They must also point out to the central government the political advantages of compromise and the sky-high cost that real repression would entail. These are concrete goalposts – and European diplomacy should stay within them.
François Godement is Professor of political science at Sciences Po in Paris, Director for strategy of Asia Centre, also in Paris (www.centreasia.eu), Senior policy fellow of the European Council on Foreign relations (www.ecfr.eu), and non resident Senior associate of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (Washington). He is also an outside consultant to the Policy Planning Directorate of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs. | 2019-04-23T06:00:34 | http://www.theglobaldispatches.com/articles/hong-kong-central-vs-chinas-centre |
0.961828 | 1: AfterI bought OnePlus 3, When will you ship the product? When will it be reached?
3: If the OnePlus 3 had problem, can I return it?
5: After buying OnePlus 3, Can be correctedif the address was wrong?
1：Will OnePlus 3 work in my country with my SIM card?
2:Can I use OnePlus 3 to watch YouTube videos?
4: What languages do OnePlus 3 support? | 2019-04-26T15:52:40 | http://en.uuonlineshop.com/oneplus-3-uumop36g64gw.html |
0.998261 | How many people actually believe in astrology?
Astrology and horoscope columns are a familiar feature of tabloid newspapers, women's magazines and the web. They claim, controversially for some, that there is a meaningful relationship between celestial and terrestrial events, especially human affairs.
Astrology as we know it now, linking planets to the 12 zodiac signs in order to manage life on Earth, was devised in the Middle East and classical Greece between the fifth and first centuries BCE. It was largely transmitted to the 21st century via the Islamic world.
These days, astrology arouses vilification from two corners. On one side are evangelical Christians who regard it as seriously misleading at best, and Satanic at worst. On the other, sceptics denounce the idea that our destiny may lie in the stars as fraudulentand even harmful.
If such claims are true, it's important to work out how many people believe in astrology, and why. The time is ripe for some serious investigation.
Just how many people believe in astrology and why they still do – even when their own experiences prove otherwise – is a curiosity for many. But in order to answer these questions, we need to first develop more fluid categories of belief and disbelief. We cannot simply say that followers of astrology wholly believe in it, or that others completely disbelieve. It is a complex question, even for professional astrologers and researchers.
Evidence suggests that over 90% of adults know their sun (zodiac) signs. Some surveys also indicate that well over half agree that the signs' character descriptions are a good fit: Ariens are energetic, Taureans stubborn, and Scorpios secretive, for example.
To find out what the most involved "believers" – that is, those who are dedicated followers or professionally involved in astrology – think, I distributed questionnaires to public groups and astrology conferences from 1998 to 2012. The purpose of this recently published research was specifically to establish how many people believe in astrology, and why. Most published figures for belief in astrology are derived from Gallup polls taken in Britain, Canada and the US between 1975 and 1996 – to which around 25% of adults polled answered "yes" to questions such as "do you believe in horoscopes?".
We might expect that all practitioners and students of astrology would say they believe. However, when I put the question to delegates at a British Astrological Association conference, just 27% said "yes" – about the same as the general population. When I asked the astrologers who didn't "believe" for their reasons, they replied that astrology is no more a matter of belief than television or music: it is real, so has nothing to do with belief. Or to put it another way, people only believe in things which don't exist. Which is why public surveys on belief can come up with misleading results.
During my research, I followed an established method of asking a series of questions on attitudes and activity, while avoiding mention of belief altogether. The picture which emerged is much more complex than the simple binary distinction between belief and disbelief suggests.
In one of my groups – of mostly male students aged 18 to 21 – I found that 70% read a horoscope column once a month and 51% valued its advice. Other questions produced a huge variation: 98% knew their sun sign, 45% thought it described their personalities, 25% said it can make accurate forecasts, and 20% think the stars influence life on Earth. The higher figures are close to previous research which showed that 73% of British adults believe in astrology, while the lowest figures are similar to those found by Gallup's polls.
I asked other questions about the students' behaviour as well as their attitudes. Nearly half (45%) confessed to finding out potential or actual partners' sun signs so they could manage their relationships better, and 31% had read their predictions for the year ahead.
What became clear from all my surveys is that when we ask questions about personal experience, meaning and behaviour – such as valuing an astrologer's advice or finding out partners' signs – positive responses are about twice as high, if not more, than when we ask for statements of objective fact (such as "does astrology make accurate forecasts?").
My samples were small, and each one represented a snapshot of a particular group, which makes it difficult to generalise. But all suggest that when we ask a variety of questions we arrive at different answers. How many people believe in astrology? It could be 22%. It may be 73%. The difference between the two figures is what I call the "belief gap", the zone of doubt and uncertainty between deep and shallow commitment.
So why do people believe in astrology? The problem we have is in establishing reliable research. If we can't actually get to first base and find out how many people believe in it, then attempts to establish why people find it meaningful – a better word than belief – get stuck.
"How many people actually believe in astrology?"
-More than you might expect. A very large percentage of the world in fact.
In a Smithsonian Magazine article from around the 80's, interviewing the head of the Royal Observatory in South Africa, he said that the human nervous system acts like an antenna to pick up magnetic field interactions between the Earth's magnetosphere,the solar wind and other celestial influences. My work with RFID strongly supports this interpretation. Perhaps we just haven't discovered the exact mechanism yet?
O course i believe in astrology. Almost every horoscope I read eventually comes true. I'd say 90% of them.
But I do have to admit that the other 11 are vague enough so that they also come true. That's the secret to getting people to believe, say things like "you will discover happiness during an important journey soon", or " a stranger will offer you a challenge"
I highly doubt you've 'worked with RFID" if you think they're anything like human neurology. Or neurology in general.
Every religion is based on Astrology. Don't believe me, watch "Zietgiest:The documentary" on Netflix. I was blown away by it and for me, it explains all the BS that goes on in all religions. Have a look for yourself.
I once read a book, "Linda Goodmans Sunsigns ", after reading it from cover to cover, I instantly became a firm believer!
PTTG: You are certainly quite wrong in your comment. I suggest you check out the Smithsonian article before making judgements. BTW, the human nervous system affects RFID signals just like the old clothes hanger and tinfoil people used to put on their TV sets as rabbit ears (and like your hat, I suppose). | 2019-04-26T10:31:46 | https://phys.org/news/2017-04-people-astrology.html |
0.996136 | Resistance studies draws upon a variety of research fields, including gender studies and feminism, peace studies, political science, sociology, critical race studies, anthropology, psychology, and critical legal studies. This broad range of sources and inspirations has favored the development of a methodological pluralism in the field and studies of resistance have thus utilized a broad set of methods that includes both quantitative studies focusing on e.g. the efficacy of civil resistance (Chenoweth and Stephan, 2011; Howes, 2013; Karatnycky and Ackerman, 2004), but also various qualitatively oriented studies such as discourse analysis (Bleiker, 2000), in-depth case studies (Varghese, 1993; Weber, 2009) and ethnographic studies (Abu‐Lughod, 1990). But while resistance scholars have occasionally discussed the advantages and limits of specific techniques and methods, they have rarely engaged in broader methodological or ethical debates. Methodological choices within the field often arise from personal taste and disciplinary tradition of individual researchers, not from epistemological insights, ethical-political standpoints and experiences emerging from the field of resistance studies. There is even a virtual absence of systematic textbooks and discussions of methodological models, challenges and possibilities suitable for researching resistance.
This special issue focuses on methodology and ethics in resistance studies. While resistance studies shares many general methodological issues and ethical problems with other fields within the social sciences, it also actualizes some specific challenges that are perhaps unique for studies on resistance. Relating to this are a number of interesting and highly relevant questions such as: can resistance be studied using the same sort of methodology as other forms of social science, or does it demand a particular set of research methodology of its own? Is it possible to develop an emancipatory methodology within academic institutions that themselves have emerged from and are structured by power interests? What kind of ethical challenges are particular for researchers investigating forms of resistance?
The fact that resistance practices are often performed in secrecy, disguised as hidden transcripts and concealed as symbolic codes that may pass by unnoticed by those in power also raises a series of important issues. Besides the obvious methodological challenges involved with interpreting and getting access to such practices, this also raises certain ethical problems: to accentuate and draw attention to resistance practices obviously poses a potential risk for the resisters, and revealing the practices themselves also risk rendering them less effective or even useless. While this may not have constituted any serious problems for the peasants in James Scott (1985, 1990) historical studies on everyday resistance -simply since his subjects were not alive during the course of investigation- it does pose more serious problems for studies of contemporary forms of resistance, and may even have a decisive impact on the potential for, and outcome of, resistance. These challenges are of course not exclusive to studies on clandestine forms of resistance, but apply equally for overt forms of resistance and tactics employed by activists and social movements. There is always a risk that insights generated from studying these resistance acts are used by those in power to develop even more effective counter-measures. This clearly illustrates how methodological decisions are often closely entangled with ethical-political issues, perhaps particularly so within resistance studies. How should student of resistance handle these issues: do we perhaps need our own version of the Hippocratic Oath?
While lack of data following from the secrecy of resistance practices is an old challenge for resistance studies, its opposite is a more recent one: digitally organized movements are now characterized by an overabundance of data, posing an at least as serious challenge to resistance studies. The growing use of social media and social networking sites has both offered resisters new means to organize and coordinate action beyond physical and geographical limits (Bennett and Segerberg, 2013; Earl and Kimport, 2011), but has also opened up new possibilities for scholars to gather data. This includes both text and documents produced directly by movement actors, but also –and perhaps more importantly- a unique and unprecedented access to previously unimaginable data; traces of the lives, dreams, and feelings of hundreds of millions of people. In this way, digital data thus provides new access to resistance practices and contentious activities in detail as they are unfolding.
But while this data obviously has enormous potential to revolutionize social research, it also comes with certain challenges. Big data is a by-product constituted by traces of ongoing social practices rather than something produced for scientific consumption. Hence, rather than hiding the intricate relational complexity of the real world or the mass-interaction underlying social patterns, it manifests this complexity with full force. This clearly creates new challenges for established scientific approaches and new methods and innovative combinations of methods are needed to approach this data. This constitutes a central challenge for resistance studies within the imminent future.
What papers are we looking for?
–Discussions and reflections on general methodological challenges and/or ethical issues that are unique for studies of resistance. Such articles might also focus on or include critique of conventional methodology applied to resistance studies.
–New methods to analyze digital data: we encourage submissions that employ cutting edge, innovative methods of collecting and analyzing digital data in order to advance the field of resistance studies.
–Employ less common methods: we encourage papers that use methods that traditionally have been less applied in the field and that may reveal previously neglected aspects of resistance. Examples may be social network analysis, computer simulations, qualitative comparative analysis (QCA).
Papers should follow the submission guidelines of JRS available online: http://resistance-journal.org/submit/. The journal uses double-blind review, which means that both the reviewer and author identities are concealed from the reviewers, and vice versa, throughout the review process.
In addition to academic articles (up to 12000 words), we welcome other contributions, such as book reviews (3000 words) and comments columns (5000 words) that relate to the topics of this issue.
Please send preliminary abstracts (max 500 words), together with a short bio, to the special issue editor, Anton Törnberg [email protected] by 30 November 2016. All questions regarding the special issue should be directed to the issue editor. The submission deadline for the final article manuscripts is 15 March 2017. | 2019-04-25T04:36:45 | http://resistance-journal.org/2016/11/researching-resistance-on-methods-and-ethics-in-resistance-studies/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=researching-resistance-on-methods-and-ethics-in-resistance-studies |
0.99989 | What You Need to Know about Spyware The term "spyware" used to refer to various equipment used by people in espionage work. This included tiny cameras, grappling guns, and other gadgets. During early 2000, the development of computer technology has caused different changes in the meaning of words. This gave way to a whole new meaning for the term "spyware". How exactly did "spyware" come to mean what it means today? The story goes that a man named Steve Gibson discovered one day that certain types of advertising software have been installed in his computer system without his knowledge or consent. He claimed that these software collected personal information from the computer without the user's knowledge.
Eventually, he retracted those claims but he still insisted that companies should not covertly install any software in a person's system. Not surprisingly, Gibson then introduced the first anti- spyware program, called OptOut. Since then, a lot of companies have followed suite and now offer their own spyware protection software. What are the different types of spyware? 1) Adware – these programs are designed to deliver advertisements straight to your computer… whether you want them or not. This can prove to be a bit of a hassle.
Imagine this scenario: you are trying to do some serious research for your work, unfortunately, every time you try to start your web browser, an advertisement window pops up and prevents you from doing any real work until you click on whatever link that window offers. Annoying, right? . This type of spyware is made by different companies to promote various products. In fact, some companies even make use of this type of spyware to promote anti- spyware tools. That's human nature for you. This type of spyware often tracks your web searches and then uses this information to promote its products. If, for example, you search for "games" in the internet, this type of spyware will immediately show you any of a company's products related to games. 2) Data miner –this type of spyware is designed mainly to gather data about a user. This records the keystrokes of an end user, meaning it can gather any type of data that you enter using your keyboard. This means that every type of personal information –from credit card numbers to what you had for breakfast- will be known to other people.
Your whole identity could be stolen through this type of spyware. Of course, not all types of data miners are used for identity theft. In fact, some varieties of this type of software are used to gather data for anonymous surveys. Some varieties of this type of spyware do not gather personal data, but rather use them to compile information about theb current trends of internet activity. 3) Dialers – this type of spyware can cause some serious financial harm to you. This type of spyware messes with your internet connection and reroutes it through a very expensive phone line. Depending on your actual connection, this type of spyware may also cause your internet activities to slow down drastically. These are just some of the more common varieties of spyware. Unfortunately, there are many more varieties out there. In fact, more types of spyware are developed daily by people who either want to make a quick buck or who have a lot of spare time in their hands.
By knowing more about them and trying to understand how they work, you can take the steps necessary to eliminate them from your computer life. | 2019-04-20T18:36:10 | http://removeadware.com.au/read-article/17099 |
0.9998 | The president apparently woke up in a bad mood Friday morning and took it out on his Twitter account. "The Fake Media is working overtime today!" he tweeted. He also pushed his stale argument that the investigation into questions of collusion between Russian meddlers and his presidential campaign is nothing more than a Democratic fabrication to explain away how that party lost the election. Then he suggested canceling daily press briefings because his spokespeople can't get the White House facts straight (never mind that the facts seem to change with every breath the president takes).
Buried in the morning rant was a dangerously worded warning to James Comey, the recently fired director of the FBI: "James Comey better hope that there are no 'tapes' of our conversations before he starts leaking to the press!"
What exactly was the threat? That Trump did indeed record those conversations and he might release audio to rebut whatever comments Comey might make? That seems to be the clearest reading of a typically muddy Trump tweet. And if so, that means evidence should be available to shed light on how the president of the United States used a private meeting with his FBI director to seek inside information on the status of an investigation into the actions of some of Trump's campaign aides.
In his press briefing Friday morning (yes, he's still holding them), just hours after Trump's tweets, White House Press Secretary Sean Spicer refused to say whether the president had indeed recorded conversations with Comey (Democratic members of the House Judiciary Oversight Committee immediately requested copies of the tapes if they exist). And Spicer denied that Trump had asked Comey for his loyalty in a dinner meeting, as the New York Times reported. The story added that Comey declined but pledged that he would act honestly. Given how many lies, distortions and errors have come out of the White House press office since the inauguration, Spicer's denial of the New York Times version doesn't bear much weight.
This is dangerous ground when the nation's presumption whenever the president or his spokespeople say something has to be disbelief. Nothing can be taken at face value, from White House estimates of the size of the inauguration crowd, to Spicer denying that Trump's effort to block entry of refugees and travelers from a number of predominantly Muslim countries is a "ban" (the word Trump has used), to the events that led to Comey's dismissal.
Most alarming, though is that Trump himself doesn't understand that the president of the United States is powerful, but not omnipotent, something he seems to crave as part of an irrepressible authoritarian instinct. He doesn't want to be president, he wants to be emperor. He has praised Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte, shrugging off the anti-crime crusader's admissions that he has murdered. He congratulated Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan on a referendum that shifted power from the parliament to his own office. His adoration of Russian President Vladimir Putin borders on the embarrassing.
Leaks from the White House disclose a president who lashes out at aides when news coverage churns beyond his control. He has threatened to change libel laws to make it easier to sue over articles he doesn't like (and is seemingly oblivious to the fact that libel laws are state-level and beyond his reach). Never mind the Supreme Court's history of defending the media's 1st Amendment right to publish what it wants about public figures as long as the material is factual or that errors were not published with malice or reckless disregard for the truth. Though Trump also has disparaged the courts — again, after he didn't get his way.
This is dangerous ground when the nation’s presumption whenever the president or his spokespeople say something has to be disbelief.
Confronted with political opposition in Congress, Trump's response was to question the rules under which Congress operates and, defying the separation of powers, suggested he, as president, would try to change Senate rules.
"There are archaic rules, and maybe at some point, we're going to have to take those rules on, because for the good of the nation, things are going to have to be different," Trump told Fox News. "You can't go through a process like this. It's not fair, it forces you to make bad decisions."
So just because the president couldn't get Congress to bend to his will, he wants to change how Congress — which he doesn't control — operates. So much for the self-vaunted deal closer.
No one knows how this mess will settle out. Did Trump campaign aides collude with Russia in the run-up to the election? Has Trump gone further than breaking with tradition and meddled in a federal investigation with his questioning of Comey? Will the House or Senate committees ostensibly mounting investigations actually get anywhere? Will the FBI? Will the nation get the special prosecutor it so desperately needs to cut through the smoke, denials and obfuscations to get at least a semblance of a clear picture of whether Trump aides worked with Russia, and whether Comey's dismissal was an attempt to interfere with the investigation?
We can have the audacity of hope (a phrase Trump did not coin), I suppose, but as Benjamin Franklin warned: "He that lives upon hope will die fasting." | 2019-04-19T05:04:35 | https://www.latimes.com/opinion/opinion-la/la-ol-trump-comey-tapes-20170512-story.html |
0.997663 | The unfolding of interactive competition selects not only for mass and allometries; it selects more generally for any trait that will enhance the interactive quality of the reproducing unit. But these traits require energy, and their evolution is dependent on an interactive competition that occurs frequently enough to balance their energetic requirements. This frequency is given by the competitive interaction fix-points of the selection attractors on mass; with the selection of major life history transitions between the attractors.
To predict life history evolution by interactive competition we need to determine the selected frequency of interference competition and the associated resource bias in the population.
This bias is given by the competitive interaction fix-points for the selection attractors on mass. The most straightforward fix-point is maybe the attractor for the multicellular animal with a stable net energy and mass. It defines a body mass invariant interference that generates a resource bias of unity [ ψι** = 1 ]. The increased net energy of the larger individuals is then out-balancing the quality-quantity trade-off, making relative fitness independent of mass.
i) Initially, for replicating molecules and the smallest self-replicating cells with an internal metabolism, there is an absence of a resource bias [ ψι** = 0 ].
ii) For the somewhat larger interacting cell, the resource bias is increasing from zero to one with an evolutionary increase in mass [ 0 < ψι** < 1 ].
iii) For the multicellular animal with an upward constrained net energy there is an equilibrium mass with a selected resource bias of unity [ ψι** = 1 ].
iv) For unconstrained selection in multicellular animals, there is an exponential increase in net energy and mass at an evolutionary steady-state with a somewhat higher level of interference [ ψι** = (4d - 1) / (2d - 1) ].
v) And with an upward constrained mass, the level of interference may increase towards infinity [ ψι** → ∞ ].
It is the interference of the competitive interaction fix-points that constrain the reproductive potential of multicellular animals. The average reproductive potential will evolve to be exactly so high that the left-over from the toll of mortality and density regulation results in an equilibrium abundance that generates the level of interactive competition that is selected by the attractor of the competitive interaction fix-point. This makes the reproductive potential inversely related to the probability to survive to reproduce.
The energetics of the organism is optimised by natural selection to match the reproductive potential of the competitive interaction fix-point. This selects for a trade-off where an increase in the rate of reproduction generates increased mortality in the offspring and/or the parent, with the physiological optimum being Lack’s clutch size.
Senescence is a deterioration of tissue with age, and it has traditionally been seen as a contingent character that evolves from the intrinsic constraints of a soma that is not passed on in either sexual or asexual reproduction. When a soma is present, there is a decline in the force of selection with age, and this selects for early reproduction and survival at the cost of an energetically costly maintenance that will prevent the soma from deteriorating.
Yet the decline in the force of selection with age is present also in asomatic organisms, and it is therefore more likely that the soma is the phenotypic trait thought which senescence is expressed. In the multicellular animal where the exponent of the mass bias in net energy is at least one, it follows that a deteriorating soma may evolve as a competitive trait where the energy that can be used for tissue maintenance is allocated into competitive interactions instead. This selection is avoided in self-replicating cells with a mass bias exponent that is smaller than one.
Large interacting units can dominate units with fewer individuals, but they suffer from the cost of resource sharing. This makes the evolutionary equilibrium for the size of the interacting unit proportional to the level of interference competition in the population. For the self-replicating cell with a mass bias exponent below unity the optimal interactor is the individual itself. The optimal units for multicellular organisms contain two individuals for the competitive interaction fix-point of a mass in evolutionary equilibrium, three to four individuals for the fix-point of the evolutionary steady state, and a plenitude of individuals for the fix-point with an upward constrained mass.
Interacting units with more than one individual can enhance their competitive ability by evolving interacting individuals that specialise in interactive competition at the cost of reproduction. Such units will suffer from a reduced reproductive potential that is known as the two-fold cost of the male. The optimal number of interacting individuals is determined by the level of intra-specific interference competition, and for single celled replicators with low interference competition the optimal reproducer is the individual itself. The optimal reproducing unit contains one reproducing and one interacting individual at the competitive interaction fix-point of a mass in evolutionary equilibrium, one reproducing and two to three interacting individuals at the fix-point of the evolutionary steady state, and one reproducing and a plenitude of interacting individuals at the fix-point with an upward constrained body mass.
Reproducing (female) individuals can use sexual reproduction to attract interacting (male) individuals. The females that allocate the largest fraction of the male genome to the offspring may attract the competitively superior males. While this increases the interactive quality of the female’s reproducing unit, it is costly owing to the sharing of the genome in the offspring; a cost known as the two-fold cost of meiosis. The selection optimum to the degree of sharing is determined by the level of interference competition, with the optimum at the competitive interaction fix-point of a mass in evolutionary equilibrium being equal sharing between a male and a female. This causes sexual reproduction to evolve in multicellular animals, while asexual reproduction is found to be the optimum in single celled organisms.
Where the optimal reproducing unit is the male-female pair in multicellular animals with equilibrium masses, the unit contains one or two extra interacting individuals in species with exponentially increasing masses at evolutionary steady states, and an almost unlimited number of interactors in species with upward constrained body masses. But should these extra interactors be offspring workers or sexually reproducing males?
With the interactive quality of the male being transferred by sexual reproduction to potential offspring workers, there is a diminishing return in the interactive quality that can be gained by increasing the number of males that participate in sexual reproduction. The result is selection for co-operative families and eusocial colonies, where the extra interactors are sexually produced offspring workers that evolve at the cost of unknown forms of sexual reproduction with several males per female.
With sexual reproduction between a female and a male being selected as a trait that optimises the frequency dependent trade-off between reproduction and competitive interaction, there is selection for a heritable code that ensures an equal parental share of the genome that is replicated to the offspring. While different codes can be imagined, the diploid genome, where the female and the male supplies a copy of all the genes in the offspring, is maybe the best solution to avoid selection conflicts between the genes of the parents.
But equal sharing is strictly fair only when the energetic fitness of the male and the female are equally important for the successful reproduction of the unit. This is the case when the interactive behaviour of the male is just as essential as the reproduction of the female. It is also the case in cooperating and eusocial units where the male behaviour is essential and the two sexual individuals form a lasting bond, as in the eusocial and diploid termites. It is, however, not the case in hymenoptera-like eusocial species, where the energetics of the male is irrelevant as he is needed only for mating; with the energetic cost of the male selecting for a male-haploid female-diploid genome. | 2019-04-22T02:41:52 | http://peregrine.dk/life-history.htm |
0.999994 | What makes a good Web index?
Last year I was asked to be one of the judges of the 1998 Web Indexing Prize offered by the Australian Society of Indexers. I assume that this request came to me since 1 am a member of the team which teaches the short course Indexing Web Documents through the Continuing Education Program of the School of Information Systems, Technology and Management, University of New South Wales. However, I would like to think that the request came because of my expertise in finding information on the Internet (the 2nd edition of Don't just surf: effective research strategies for the Net has just been published by UNSW Press).
The creation of information and the identification and discovery of information are the two sides of the coin. The first activity should not be carried out without a methodology for the second. Indexers and publishers understand that the creation of a book is a poor effort without consideration given to chapter headings, tables of content, footnotes, bibliographies and concept indexes: back-of-book indexes. It should be a logical step to transfer this understanding to the 'new' publishing medium, the World Wide Web, whether the published 'document' is an article, an individual web site or a reference tool such as a bibliography.
Classification is a process whereby similar material is placed together, either physically or conceptually. It is a process that enables the discovery of the existence of information by browsing. In the example of a traditional book, the information is classified by dividing the corpus of the work into chapters, often with further hierarchical divisions, represented by subheadings. On the Web this process is almost always carried out with individual 'documents', generally for the very simple reason that the document generally exists first as a word-processed document that has all these built-in features.
General subject directories sort Web sites into hierarchical subject categories, generally reflecting broad subject disciplines for example Britannica Internet Guide, Yahoo (homegrown), -BUBL (Dewey Decimal), and AustLII (adaptation of Moys).
Subject gateways (bibliographies, 'webliographies') often use home-grown classification schemes; others use standard schemes, for example OMNI (MeSH).
Web sites generally employ classification devices such as broad subject categories, site maps and alphabetical listings.
Indexing is the process that allows the retrieval of specific items of data from the entire corpus of information. Indexing is of two general types, keyword indexing and concept indexing. The traditional back-of-book index contains both types; the first, keyword, can be created by computer programs as easily as by humans, and generally more inexpensively. Concept indexing is most effectively created by human indexers, although there have been many experiments in computerized concept indexing.
alphabetical lists of both keywords and concepts.
The most effective strategy for finding information is to go to the site you know has the information. As an individual site is focused on a particular area or topic, a site search tool (generally a search engine) allows the information to be found quickly and directly.
Sites with valuable data in many pages. The exact number of pages is hard to define, as it depends on the density of the data. If you have more than 50 book reviews, for example, visitors will wish to search for other books by the same author, or other books they've heard about.
Sites which get many visitors arriving from search engines at pages deep within the site hierarchy.
Growing sites that are adding new and valuable information.
The technology of search engine indexing is still relatively primitive. It is therefore important that documents are indexed with good metadata, as these automated indexers will become more sophisticated in the collection and searching of metadata elements.
ll metadata aid the identification, description and location of information and are generally specified as elements or attributes. Many of the current descriptive metadata schemes list these attributes as 'core elements', for example the Dublin Core, AGLS, and ANZLIC metadata schema. Some elements facilitate the discovery of a known document such as title, creator/ author, date, etc. - these attributes are identifying metadata. They describe the document as a unique object.
In order to facilitate the discovery of information about a specific subject (as in the case of the information seeker who does not know of an existing document) further metadata attributes need to be used. The attributes, variously named subject and/or description, give some indication of the data content held within the document - its 'aboutness'.
HTML provides the meta tag content but at this time very few documents on the Web use metadata at all. When there is metadata it is generally a string of keywords, or a phrase. Dublin Core and AGLS provide for exhaustivity and specificity by allowing subject terms form a recognized scheme such as Dewey or MeSH to be added. Such authorities of course can be used without using the Dublin Core elements.
An annotation is not 'indexing' but a long-standing bibliographical tool - a type of descriptive metadata. It is even more valuable if the content is evaluative in nature and as such is an excellent addition to subject gateways.
The types of metadata discussed so far facilitate the discovery of potentially satisfactory documents; however they do not provide direct access to the exact information held within those documents. This access requires 'rich discovery tools', which may be a simple alphabetical arrangement of single document titles held on a Web server or a professionally created back-of-book-type index which provides access not only to specific words, but to subject concepts. Such an index can be more effective than the automated indexing of a site, but it is expensive and should only be considered for important sites or for compelling reasons.
Whatever tools are used to give access to Web documents, in the online environment more help is required. The familiar aids of 'see' and 'see also' references are translated to hyperlinks, but must be logically organized and judiciously applied. And always at the end of a list suggestions of further possibilities are very welcome and useful.
Maureen Henniger is Coordinator for Continuing Education, School of Information Systems, Technology and Management (SISTM), Sydney 2052, Australia. | 2019-04-19T03:25:05 | http://imem01.tripod.com/webindex.htm |
0.999423 | Can Indy Media Stop the Corporate Media's Hillary Bandwagon?
Prominent pundits seem ecstatic over Hillary Clinton's entry into the presidential race just days after Barack Obama's media-created candidacy became official. Media talking heads are having so much fun lately they don't seem to notice that our political system is failing to address ever-worsening problems: social, environmental, fiscal and imperial.
Indeed, our country's political decline in recent decades has been abetted by the decline in mainstream media. The same media outlets that were complicit in the disastrous Iraq war are bent on turning politics into an insular celebrity club in which only they get to anoint frontrunners.
If the torch of leadership passes from Bush I to Clinton I to Bush II to Clinton II, it will be a loss for our country - but a victory for a corrupt Beltway press corps that abhors fresh ideas, especially those that challenge its power and privilege. It was a frightened national press corps that vilified the netroots supporters of Democratic outsider Ned Lamont in defense of pro-war warhorse Joe Lieberman.
For the coming election season to be fact-based and reality-based instead of just power-based, independent media (online and off) will have to play a bigger role in shaping the debate and correcting the record. For example, a recent San Francisco Chronicle news report (headlined "Obama Emerges as Clinton's Rival for Dems' Left") asserted that Hillary Clinton was "widely regarded as the left's most influential voice inside the now-revered Clinton White House."
Widely regarded? Actually, progressives see Hillary Clinton as having been consistently wrong on the war and a host of other issues, especially trade. Her absurdly bureaucratic healthcare proposal in 1993 - shaped by and for big insurance companies - was a slap in the face of unions, Congress members and grassroots forces who'd built a movement for simple, nonprofit national health insurance: in effect, enhanced Medicare for All. She helped set back the cause of universal coverage for years.
And far from being "revered," many Democratic activists see the Clinton era as one of decline in which Democrats lost their strong majorities in the U.S. Senate, U.S. House, governorships and state legislatures. It's simple math .
The 2008 presidential election is shaping up as a test of the power and capacity of new independent media vs. old conglomerate-dominated media. And a test of grassroots/netroots politics vs. corporatized Democratic politics.
In 2004, new media and netroots forces weren't quite strong enough to win. The Internet-fueled and funded Howard Dean insurgency caught the press corps (and Democratic elites) off guard, but they rallied to savage the then-frontrunner -- in the weeks before the Iowa caucuses -- as hot-headed, inexperienced and unelectable. Those weeks saw many Iowa caucus-goers move from Dean to allegedly "electable" candidates. . . like Kerry.
This month in Memphis, more than 3,000 independent journalists, critics and media activists joined members of Congress at the National Media Reform Conference to strategize on how to build more democratic, diverse, independent media. Not surprisingly, Hillary Clinton - who's been historically close to media conglomerates and was endorsed for Senate by Rupert Murdoch - was not present.
Only one presidential candidate came to Memphis: Rep. Dennis Kucinich, who now chairs the House Government Reform and Oversight Subcommittee on Domestic Policy, with jurisdiction over the FCC. There was disappointment in the no-show of presidential candidate John Edwards, who has some of the Dean thunder this year with his Internet-savvy campaign calling for a war on poverty and withdrawing troops from Iraq.
This election season, it will be fascinating to see whether blogs and independent media and grassroots Democrats will be able to counter - as Dean almost did in 2004 -- the ferocious assaults and clichés of corporate media. In much mainstream media discussion twelve months before the Iowa caucuses, the campaign has already been narrowed to a two-person race, with Clinton way ahead of Obama.
But a different story emerges when Democrats are polled in crucial early primary and caucus states where voters are beginning to pay attention: Edwards is ahead in Iowa; Obama is ahead in New Hampshire.
This race is certainly not over. Nor is it a two person-race.
My advice to mainstream journalists: If you love covering horse races, transfer to the sports pages. If you want to cover only celebrities, switch to the gossip pages. If you're obsessed with how candidates look or dress, try the fashion pages.
As for how these presidential aspirants would govern, I'm counting on independent media. The public needs to hear Kucinich's step-by-step plan to end the war in Iraq. And Edwards needs to be asked: after the first 50,000 troops are withdrawn, what's the next step?
As for Clinton and Obama, the vaguer their rhetoric, the more they seem to dazzle the establishment media (not unlike Chance the Gardner in "Being There"). It will be up to independent media to decipher their actual positions, and the political/financial interests of their funders and advisers. | 2019-04-21T19:21:12 | https://www.huffpost.com/entry/can-indy-media-stop-the-c_b_39304 |
0.996679 | What makes Tina so special?
She is a registered dietitian nutritionist and a licensed dietitian in Texas and Nevada.
She is a Certified Eating Disorder Registered Dietitian Supervisor (CEDRD-S) through the International Association of Eating Disorder Professionals (IAEDP).
She is a certified personal trainer through the National Academy of Sports Medicine (NASM).
She works with a multidisciplinary treatment team (medical doctor, therapist, psychiatrist, etc).
She has experience in addictions and eating disorders and can work with someone who is struggling with a dual diagnosis.
She provides individualized care. Tina develops a plan that is specific to your needs. This is not a one-size-fits-all process and Tina creates a strategy that works for you.
She has an in-depth understanding about eating disorders, medical nutrition therapy, body image and physical fitness. Tina has gone through extensive training to specialize in eating disorders, nutrition counseling, and medical nutrition therapy.
Her spunky personality will make your sessions fun and exciting. Tina understands that this process is challenging, but can also be really fun. Tina is ready to lead you to your recovered life.
What makes a registered dietitian nutritionist more qualified?
A registered dietitian nutritionist is a nutrition professional that is trained and required to meet strict educational requirements. They must complete a bachelor's degree, an accredited supervised practice program (dietetic internship), pass a national exam and must complete continuing professional educational requirements to keep their license active.
TLB Nutrition Therapy does not accept insurance. However, Tina can provide superbills (medical receipts) that may be submitted to your insurance provider for possible reimbursement. Please note that Tina is an out-of-network provider for all insurance companies. If your insurance covers nutrition sessions it is important to ask if they cover out-of-network providers to see if submitting superbills for reimbursement would be possible.
1. Do you cover nutrition sessions? If so, do you cover out-of-network dietitians?
2. If you cover nutrition sessions and out-of-network providers, how many sessions are covered per year?
3. If you do cover nutrition sessions and out-of-network providers, are there any medical diseases you cover?
4. What percentage of my nutrition bill is covered by insurance?
5. Do I need approval from my Primary Care Physician in order to receive nutrition coverage?
All of your in-person sessions will remain confidential per HIPPA requirements. Please note that if you choose to have sessions via FaceTime or Skype that these are not confidential through HIPPA requirements. The best way to honor HIPPA is to have in-person sessions or TeleHealth through the program VSee. All information discussed in and outside of sessions will not be disclosed unless you provide a release for disclosure. If you provide releases for disclosure for outside providers, family members or others, then Tina will be able to discuss your treatment with those individuals to best assist your recovery.
TLB Nutrition Therapy requires a 24 hour cancellations for all scheduled appointments. A session fee will apply if cancellations are not done within the 24 hours. TLB Nutrition Therapy does understand emergencies and understands that sickness and emergencies cannot be helped. | 2019-04-25T01:15:51 | https://tlbnutritiontherapy.com/faq/ |
0.999997 | 1) sync replication - How does elasticsearch deals with consistency issue that may arise from 1 node momentarily going down and missing writes to it? When the node comes backup and the reads going to the non-primary shards could get inconsistent data?
2) async replication - What happens if replication is slow for some reason, could users see inconsistent data?
3) sync/async replication - how does elasticsearch keep data in sync for those writes that never happened on the non-primary shard because of network/node failures?
To view this discussion on the web visit https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/elasticsearch/CAOT3TWrpUEpVU2yg3km_v%3DtuA0duSiFV5HYnPyeCztdmrTcMsA%40mail.gmail.com.
Could somebody help get some insights on this topic?
To view this discussion on the web visit https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/elasticsearch/CAOT3TWrv_zkCQ26dk9Ey41zckaix9QZWP6ObUx4dsYp0p99Bgg%40mail.gmail.com.
1) sync replication - How does elasticsearch deals with consistency issue that may arise from 1 node momentarily going down and missing writes to it?
When the node comes backup and the reads going to the non-primary shards could get inconsistent data?
No, when the node comes back up it will sync the stuff it missed with the other nodes.
It either uses the transaction log or it transfers the whole shard to that node.
To view this discussion on the web visit https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/elasticsearch/CAHXA0_3aJ4qZt47uyjqs0gd6L1Fz0EhLrV_L7jzSFAYOEvz1Nw%40mail.gmail.com.
What's not clear is how does elasticsearch identify what pieces of data is missing between the primary and the replica?
To view this discussion on the web visit https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/elasticsearch/CAOT3TWpdBxiXZgDw5HXdeRPr5oJtnwHTwHNFr2_UoJYobPqzxw%40mail.gmail.com.
I think the transaction log takes care of that, because there's a copy on all instances of the same shard, and they need to be in sync.
To view this discussion on the web visit https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/elasticsearch/CAHXA0_3FAEvQGjMWDqSCT6biYJGiMNGSUDJ80QvT1cJXnqtNJg%40mail.gmail.com.
Is there a documentation on that? From what I've read it is local to the node.
To view this discussion on the web visit https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/elasticsearch/CAOT3TWphfOYz%3DkFTH-NR6GeAna1oe3kq1je2Dz4iesePAS%3D%2BMA%40mail.gmail.com. | 2019-04-20T06:39:36 | http://elasticsearch-users.115913.n3.nabble.com/Read-Write-consistency-td4054980.html |
0.999657 | Article: Tree services Long island and Nassau County Tree [Detail] premium!
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0.996801 | NEVADA, Mo. -- A 10-year-old Missouri boy is on life support at Children's Mercy after he tried to take his own life last Friday.
His parents told FOX4's Sherae Honeycutt he seemed fine when the 4th-grader came home from school, but minutes later, everything changed.
"He just couldn't do it," said Britany Lewis, Landen Lewis' mother. "All I wanted to do was save my little boy."
When he came home on Friday, his parents said Landen seemed happy, hugged them, and then went to his room.
"I was like no. It's not real. It's not real," Lewis said. "All I could think was I've got to get him to breathe. I've got to get him to breathe."
The fact that Landed tried to take his own life is something that still confuses his parents.
"We never received a phone call from the school," said Jon Guss, Landen's stepfather. "He never said a word. He came home happy and giddy, and everything was wonderful. The whole world was perfect -- and then this."
That was until they said the Bryan Elementary principal called while Landen was in the hospital.
"I didn't even know he'd been in trouble three times until the principal had called me and told me that she had pulled him out of class three times and wouldn't tell me why," Lewis said.
FOX4 reached out to the school for a response to these allegations, and superintendent Dr. Tyson Beshore responded saying, "Unfortunately I will not be able to respond to your questions due to privacy rights."
Landen's parents said he's in a better place and are hoping to donate his organs. They said it's something he'd talked to them about before.
"Mom, I can save kids," Lewis said. "That's what he wants. He would have wanted to do that."
They hope Landen's memory can bring change in his school and inspire others to be kind.
"That we're able to help other children that think it's too late, that there's no sense in living," Lewis said. "Because there are people out there that care. There are people that will help them no matter what."
If you feel like you're in a situation and don't have much hope, suicide is not the answer. You matter. Help is available through the National Suicide Prevention line at 1-800-273-TALK, or call the National Hopeline at 1-800-SUICIDE. | 2019-04-23T06:42:02 | https://fox4kc.com/2018/11/06/parents-raise-concerns-after-10-year-old-missouri-boy-attempts-to-take-his-own-life/ |
0.998529 | Novel Soundtrack Assignment Learning Target: I can actively listen to a text and take detailed notes. Directions: Fill out the episodic notes sheet during the read aloud of I will Plant You a Lilac Tree, by Laura Hillman. Fill each square with a drawing of a specific scene or event from the novel and write down a description on the lines provided. Try and fill out one section each day to make sure you have plenty of scenes to work with. Learning Target: I can create a soundtrack for a novel based on specific scenes and events. Directions: As you fill out the episodic notes, think of a song that could represent your chosen scene. You need one song for each event on the page for a total of 6 songs. For each song write a paragraph (35 sentences) explaining why this song represents the chosen scene from I Will Plant You a Lil ac tree. Try to convey the feeling of the scene and match it to a song that gives you the same feeling. You do not need to actually make a CD with the music, just a list of the songs and their artists with supporting paragraphs.
Example: Scene: Prologue Song: UNI by Ed Sheeran Explanation: The prologue leaves the reader feeling hopeless and unsure of the future as Hannelore finds herself entering Auschwitz and not Schindlers camp. In the song UNI, a young man finds himself hopeless at the prospect of never getting back together with a girl he loves. He explains, And I don't get waves of missing you anymore, They're more like tsunami tides in my eyes, never getting dry. The feeling of overwhelming sadness reflects both Sheerans song and Hannelores journey, though their situations are so very different.
Episodic Notes /10 Song Selection /5 Excellent 6 scenes described in detail, accurate drawings to support the argument. Song selected makes sense with the chosen scene. Song title and authors name are spelled correctly 6 full paragraphs for each scene explaining why song was chosen in detail. Everything is proofread and error-free. Fair 3-5 scenes described in lacking detail, some drawings. Song selected makes some sense with the chosen scene. Song title and authors name are spelled incorrectly. 3-5 full paragraphs for each scene, explaining why the song was chosen. Lacks detail. Some errors. Needs Work 0-2 scenes described with little detail, no drawings. Song selected does not make sense at all. Song title and authors name are spelled incorrectly. 0-2 full paragraphs for each scene. Does not explain why song was chosen. Lacks detail. Not proofread. | 2019-04-19T06:56:55 | https://www.scribd.com/document/134410401/Soundtrack-Playlist |
0.9999 | organization web site design organization web site design When the value is retrieved later, each element in the value appears once, with elements listed according to the order in which they were specified at table creation time. For example, suppose that a column is specified as SET('a','b','c','d'): mysql> CREATE TABLE myset (col SET('a', 'b', 'c', 'd')); If you insert the values 'a,d', 'd,a', 'a,d,d', 'a,d,a', and 'd,a,d': mysql> INSERT INTO myset (col) VALUES -> ('a,d'), ('d,a'), ('a,d,a'), ('a,d,d'), ('d,a,d'); Query OK, 5 rows affected (0.01 sec) Records: 5 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 Then all of these values appear as 'a,d' when retrieved: mysql> SELECT col FROM myset; +------+ | col | +------+ | a,d | | a,d | | a,d | | a,d | | a,d | +------+ 5 rows in set (0.04 sec) If you set a SET column to an unsupported value, the value is ignored and a warning is issued: mysql> INSERT INTO myset (col) VALUES ('a,d,d,s'); Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.03 sec) mysql> SHOW WARNINGS; +---------+------+------------------------------------------+ | Level | Code | Message | +---------+------+------------------------------------------+ | Warning | 1265 | Data truncated for column 'col' at row 1 | +---------+------+------------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.
organization web site design 04 sec) mysql> SELECT col FROM myset; +------+ | col | +------+ | a,d | | a,d | | a,d | | a,d | | a,d | | a,d | +------+ 6 rows in set (0.01 sec) If strict SQL mode is enabled, attempts to insert invalid SET values result in an error. SET values are sorted numerically. NULL values sort before non-NULL SET values. Normally, you search for SET values using the FIND_IN_SET() function or the LIKE operator: mysql> SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE FIND_IN_SET('value',set_col)>0; mysql> SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE set_col LIKE '%value%'; The first statement finds rows where set_col contains the value set member.
organization web site design The second is similar, but not the same: It finds rows where set_col contains value anywhere, even as a substring of another set member. The following statements also are legal: mysql> SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE set_col & 1; mysql> SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE set_col = 'val1,val2'; The first of these statements looks for values containing the first set member. The second looks for an exact match. Be careful with comparisons of the second type. Comparing set values to 'val1,val2' returns different results than comparing values to 'val2,val1'. | 2019-04-20T08:38:20 | http://www.aldenhosting.com/links-jsp/organization-web-site-design-3.html |
0.999048 | Galactic very high energy gamma ray sources in the inner Galaxy tend to cluster within 1 degree in latitude around the Galactic plane (Fig. 1), with only three sources (HESS J1442-624/RCW 86, HESS J1356-645 and the recently discovered source HESS J1507-622 covered in this SOM) at latitude below -1.5 degr. and none above +1 degr. At a latitude of -3.5 degr., HESS J1507-622 is located at the very edge of the survey range and stands out. HESS J1507-622 (Fig. 2) is slightly extended, with an estimated intrinsic source size of 0.1 degr., hence most likely a galactic rather than extragalactic source. Its latitude implies that it is either rather close - within about 1 kpc, or is located well off the Galactic plane. The gamma ray flux is about 10% of the Crab Nebula's flux. A search for counterparts in other wavelength regimes - X-rays (ROSAT), infrared (MSX) and radio (MOLONGLO) - failed to show obvious counterparts; of the three very faint ROSAT X-ray sources in the field, two are well outside the gamma-ray source, one (X1) at its edge (Fig. 2), with a luminosity less than 10% of the gamma-ray luminosity.
What could HESS J1507-622 be? One explanation is in terms of an old pulsar wind nebula, where magnetic fields have decayed and where radiative losses have cooled electrons to the extent that most of the synchrotron emission falls below the X-ray regime and cannot be detected. The modest extension of source - with 0.1 degr. smaller than other pulsar wind nebulae - would then argue for a multi-kpc distance and a location well below the plane. Another explanation might be in terms of a supernova remnant expanding into the uniform low-density medium away from the Galactic plane. This scenario faces the problem that a remnant of the size of the gamma ray source would have to be fairly young, and should be visible in X-rays (as is the supernova SN 1006, despite a much lower gamma-ray flux).
Reference: O. Tibolla et al., "New Unidentified H.E.S.S. Galactic Sources", Proceedings of the 31st International Cosmic Ray Conference, Lodz, 2009, and arXiv:0906.0574.
Fig. 2: Smoothed gamma-ray count map of HESS J1507-622. The green contours show 3, 4, 5 and 6 sigma significance. White circles indicate three faint ROSAT X-ray sources. | 2019-04-19T22:19:34 | https://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/hfm/HESS/pages/home/som/2009/09/ |
0.999991 | POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: Cystic artery branch bleed.
TITLE OF OPERATION: Diagnostic laparoscopy, clip of cystic artery bleeder, evacuation of clot.
COMPLICATIONS: None. CONDITION: Stable to Recovery. ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: 1000 mL. WOUND CLASSIFICATION: I.
NARRATIVE: This is an unfortunate 75-year-old male with history of Kaposi's sarcoma, on chemotherapy, and common bile duct stone. He was brought into the operating room and placed in the supine position on the operating table. The abdomen was prepped and draped in the usual fashion. The epigastric incision and the two 5 mm lateral ports were opened. The port was placed in the epigastric position and the abdomen was insufflated. The camera was inserted. There was a large amount of clot in the right upper quadrant. So, one of the 5 mm ports was switched to a 10 mm port, and an additional 5 mm port was placed to the right of the midline in the abdomen. All the clot was aspirated up above the liver, in the gallbladder fossa. Once all the clot was evacuated from the gallbladder fossa, there was an adherent clot, and it seemed to be the source of the bleeding. Once the clot was completely removed, in an area of three existing clips, there was an arterial bleeder. This was clipped successfully. The area was generously irrigated and suctioned free. The entire abdomen was explored. There was no other misadventure noted. The clot throughout the abdomen was suctioned out. A 10 mm Jackson-Pratt drain was placed in the gallbladder fossa and brought through one of the right lateral ports. All the ports were taken out under direct vision. The 10 mm port fascia was closed with an #0 Vicryl stitch. All skin incisions were closed with staples. The patient tolerated the procedure well, was extubated and brought to the recovery room in satisfactory condition.
49329-78 (unlisted laparoscopy) I would type a note on this claim that this was a return to OR to control a hemorrhage.
Either way states the same thing, it just depends on the insurance carrier or your own preference in billing unlisted codes. | 2019-04-24T19:56:59 | https://www.aapc.com/memberarea/forums/42183-clip-cystic-artery.html |
0.985112 | 1. verb To return to someone or something (often a place or situation). We're coming back from our vacation on Tuesday. Our dog Sparky was missing for days, but he came back home last night, thank goodness. I'd like to come back to a point you made earlier.
2. verb A call for someone or an animal to return to one. Sparky, come back!
3. verb To return to one's memory. The name of the song will come back to me, just give me a minute. OK, it's all coming back to me now—you were sitting over there, and you definitely asked that question.
4. verb To reply to something, often in a snarky or irritable way. I don't like Mary that much. Whenever I talk to her, she always manages to come back with something insulting. When you asked him about tomorrow's meeting, what did he come back with?
5. verb To return to a former state of functionality, popularity, success, etc. Oh, that's a career-ending knee injury for sure—there's no way he's coming back from that. I bought bell-bottoms because '70s fashions are coming back in style.
6. verb To overcome a deficit in a sport, game, or contest. After being down five goals, they came back and tied the game.
7. noun The overcoming of a deficit in a sport, game, or contest. In this usage, the phrase is usually written as one word. After being down five goals, they made a huge comeback and tied the game.
8. noun A return to someone or something's former state of functionality, popularity, success, etc. In this usage, the phrase is usually written as one word. Oh, that's a career-ending knee injury for sure—there's no way he'll make a comeback from that. I bought bell-bottoms because '70s fashions are making a real comeback.
9. noun A rejoinder, often one that is (or tries to be) clever or snarky. In this usage, the phrase is usually written as one word. "Your mom" is the lamest comeback you could possibly use.
to return to someone or something. Please come back to me. I'm lonely. Come back to your home!
(to someone) [for a memory] to return to someone's consciousness. Everything you said suddenly came back to me. All the old memories came back to me and made me feel very sad.
to return; to return to an advantageous or favorable state or condition. Walter practiced every day, hoping to come back from his injury. When will the good old days come back?
1. To return to some place: I came back to Montana last year. I hope my dog comes back.
2. To become present again: That unpleasant feeling came back to me when I found out they were lying again.
3. To begin to be remembered; recur to the memory: What happened last night is coming back to me now.
4. To return to or regain past success after a period of misfortune: After years of living in obscurity, the rock singer came back more popular than ever.
5. come back with To retort; reply: She came back with a clever answer that subtly insulted him.
It's up to them individually to come back strong but I know from training with the likes of Dooher it's not easy keeping up with him.
We know that Anderson is waiting in the wings to come back and play,'' Jackson said.
seeing him have to face adversity, now come back off it.
I can remember telling you guys at home, when I come back in the second half, I'm coming back with a vengeance,'' O'Neal said.
Although Broneer said she is planning to come back, her status remains questionable.
The people come back year after year just to get the kraut,'' Maulding said. | 2019-04-26T15:44:44 | https://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/come+back |
0.999983 | This article is about the unification of 1871. For the unification of East and West Germany in 1990, see German reunification.
The German Empire of 1871–1918. Because the German-speaking part of the multinational Austrian Empire was excluded, this geographic construction represented a lesser Germany (Kleindeutsch) solution.
The unification of Germany into a politically and administratively integrated nation state officially occurred on 18 January 1871 in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in France. Princes of the German states gathered there to proclaim Wilhelm I of Prussia as German Emperor after the French capitulation in the Franco-Prussian War. Unofficially, the de facto transition of most of the German-speaking populations into a federated organization of states had been developing for some time through alliances formal and informal between princely rulers—but in fits and starts; self-interests of the various parties hampered the process over nearly a century of autocratic experimentation, beginning in the era of the Napoleonic Wars, which saw the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire (1806), and the subsequent rise of German nationalism.
Unification exposed tensions due to religious, linguistic, social, and cultural differences among the inhabitants of the new nation, suggesting that 1871 only represented one moment in a continuum of the larger unification processes. The Holy Roman Emperor had been often called "Emperor of all the Germanies"; contemporary news accounts frequently referred to "The Germanies", and in the empire, its members of higher nobility were referred to as "Princes of Germany" or "Princes of the Germanies"—for the lands once called East Francia had been organized and governed as pocket kingdoms since times before the rise of Charlemagne (800 AD). Given the mountainous terrains of much of the territory, it is obvious that isolated peoples would develop cultural, educational, linguistic, and religious differences over such a lengthy time period. Germany, or the Germanies, of the nineteenth century enjoyed transportation and communications improvements tying the peoples into a greater, tighter culture, as has the entire world under the influence of better communications and transportation infrastructures.
The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, which had included more than 500 independent states, was effectively dissolved when Emperor Francis II abdicated (6 August 1806) during the War of the Third Coalition. Despite the legal, administrative, and political disruption associated with the end of the Empire, the people of the German-speaking areas of the old Empire had a common linguistic, cultural, and legal tradition further enhanced by their shared experience in the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars. European liberalism offered an intellectual basis for unification by challenging dynastic and absolutist models of social and political organization; its German manifestation emphasized the importance of tradition, education, and linguistic unity of peoples in a geographic region. Economically, the creation of the Prussian Zollverein (customs union) in 1818, and its subsequent expansion to include other states of the German Confederation, reduced competition between and within states. Emerging modes of transportation facilitated business and recreational travel, leading to contact and sometimes conflict among German speakers from throughout Central Europe.
The model of diplomatic spheres of influence resulting from the Congress of Vienna in 1814–15 after the Napoleonic Wars endorsed Austrian dominance in Central Europe. However, the negotiators at Vienna took no account of Prussia's growing strength within and among the German states and so failed to foresee that Prussia would rise up to challenge Austria for leadership. This German dualism presented two solutions to the problem of unification: Kleindeutsche Lösung, the small Germany solution (Germany without Austria), or Großdeutsche Lösung, the greater Germany solution (Germany with Austria).
1797: The French First Republic annexed the Left Bank of the Rhine as a result of the War of the First Coalition.
1802: Previous annexations by France confirmed following its victory in the War of the Second Coalition.
1804: Francis I of Austria declared the new Austrian Empire as a reaction to Napoleon Bonaparte's proclamation of the First French Empire in 1804.
1806: As a result of the War of the Third Coalition, Napoleon I annexed some territories East of the Rhine, replaced the Holy Roman Empire by the Confederation of the Rhine as a French client-state.
1807: Prussia lost one half of its territory following the War of the Fourth Coalition.
1815: After the defeat of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna reinstated the Germanic states into the German Confederation under the leadership of the Austrian Empire.
1819: The Carlsbad Decrees suppressed any form of pan-Germanic activities to avoid the creation of a 'German state'; the Kingdom of Prussia, however, initiated a customs union with other Confederation states.
1834: The Prussian-led custom union evolved into the Zollverein that included almost all Confederation states except the Austrian Empire.
1848: Revolts across the German Confederation, such as in Berlin, Dresden and Frankfurt, forced King Frederick William IV of Prussia to grant a constitution to the Confederation. In the meantime, the Frankfurt Parliament was set up in 1848 and attempted to proclaim a united Germany, but this was refused by William IV. The question of a united Germany under the Kleindeutsch solution (to exclude Austria) or the so-called Großdeutsch (to include Austria) began to surface.
1861–62: King Wilhelm I became King of Prussia and he appointed Otto von Bismarck on 23 September 1862, Minister President and Foreign Minister, who favoured a 'blood-and-iron' policy to create a united Germany under the leadership of Prussia.
1864: The Danish-Prussian War started as Prussia protested against Danish incorporation of Schleswig into the Kingdom of Denmark. The Austrian Empire was deliberately drawn into this war by Otto von Bismarck, Chancellor of Prussia. The Austro-Prussian victory led to Schleswig, the northern part, being governed by Prussia and Holstein, the southern part, being governed by Austria, as per the Treaty of Vienna (1864).
1866: Bismarck accused the Austrian Empire of stirring up troubles in Prussian-held Schleswig. Prussian troops drove into Austrian-held Holstein and took control of the entire state of Schleswig-Holstein. Austria declared war on Prussia and, after fighting the Austro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks' War), was swiftly defeated. The Treaty of Prague (1866) formally dissolved the German Confederation and Prussia created the North German Confederation to include all Germanic states except the pro-French, southern kingdoms of Bavaria, Baden and Württemberg.
1870: When the French emperor, Napoleon III, demanded territories of the Rhineland in return for his neutrality amid the Austro-Prussian War, Bismarck used the Spanish Succession Question (1868) and Ems Telegram (1870) as an opportunity to incorporate the southern kingdoms. Napoleon III declared war against Prussia.
1871: The Franco-Prussian War ended with Prussian troops capturing Paris, the capital of the Second French Empire. Bavaria, Baden, and Württemberg were incorporated into the North German Confederation in the Treaty of Frankfurt (1871). Bismarck then proclaimed King Wilhelm I, now Kaiser Wilhelm I, as leader of the new, united Germany (German Reich). With the German troops remaining in Paris, Napoleon III dissolved the French Empire and a new republic, the Third French Republic, was created under Adolphe Thiers.
For more details on this topic, see Holy Roman Empire.
Germania, a personification of the German nation, appears in Philipp Veit's fresco (1834–36). She is holding a shield with the coat of arms of the German Confederation (see enlargement below). The shields on which she stands are the arms of the seven traditional Electors of the Holy Roman Empire.
Prior to 1806, German-speaking Central Europe included more than 300 political entities, most of which were part of the Holy Roman Empire or the extensive Habsburg hereditary dominions. They ranged in size from the small and complex territories of the princely Hohenlohe family branches to sizable, well-defined territories such as the Kingdoms of Bavaria and Prussia. Their governance varied: they included free imperial cities, also of different sizes, such as the powerful Augsburg and the minuscule Weil der Stadt; ecclesiastical territories, also of varying sizes and influence, such as the wealthy Abbey of Reichenau and the powerful Archbishopric of Cologne; and dynastic states such as Württemberg. These lands (or parts of them—both the Habsburg domains and Hohenzollern Prussia also included territories outside the Empire structures) made up the territory of the Holy Roman Empire, which at times included more than 1,000 entities. Since the 15th century, with few exceptions, the Empire's Prince-electors had chosen successive heads of the House of Habsburg to hold the title of Holy Roman Emperor. Among the German-speaking states, the Holy Roman Empire administrative and legal mechanisms provided a venue to resolve disputes between peasants and landlords, between jurisdictions, and within jurisdictions. Through the organization of imperial circles (Reichskreise), groups of states consolidated resources and promoted regional and organizational interests, including economic cooperation and military protection.
The War of the Second Coalition (1799–1802) resulted in the defeat of the imperial and allied forces by Napoleon Bonaparte. The treaties of Lunéville (1801) and Amiens (1802) and the Mediatization of 1803 transferred large portions of the Holy Roman Empire to the dynastic states and secularized ecclesiastical territories. Most of the imperial cities disappeared from the political and legal landscape, and the populations living in these territories acquired new allegiances to dukes and kings. This transfer particularly enhanced the territories of Württemberg and Baden. In 1806, after a successful invasion of Prussia and the defeat of Prussia and Russia at the joint battles of Jena-Auerstedt, Napoleon dictated the Treaty of Pressburg, in which the Emperor dissolved the Holy Roman Empire.
For more details on this topic, see French period.
A common language may have been seen to serve as the basis of a nation, but as contemporary historians of 19th-century Germany noted, it took more than linguistic similarity to unify these several hundred polities. The experience of German-speaking Central Europe during the years of French hegemony contributed to a sense of common cause to remove the French invaders and reassert control over their own lands. The exigencies of Napoleon's campaigns in Poland (1806–07), the Iberian Peninsula, western Germany, and his disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812 disillusioned many Germans, princes and peasants alike. Napoleon's Continental System nearly ruined the Central European economy. The invasion of Russia included nearly 125,000 troops from German lands, and the loss of that army encouraged many Germans, both high- and low-born, to envision a Central Europe free of Napoleon's influence. The creation of such student militias as the Lützow Free Corps exemplified this tendency.
The debacle in Russia loosened the French grip on the German princes. In 1813, Napoleon mounted a campaign in the German states to bring them back into the French orbit; the subsequent War of Liberation culminated in the great Battle of Leipzig, also known as the Battle of Nations. In October 1813, more than 500,000 combatants engaged in ferocious fighting over three days, making it the largest European land battle of the 19th century. The engagement resulted in a decisive victory for the Coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Saxony, and Sweden, and it ended French power east of the Rhine. Success encouraged the Coalition forces to pursue Napoleon across the Rhine; his army and his government collapsed, and the victorious Coalition incarcerated Napoleon on Elba. During the brief Napoleonic restoration known as the 100 Days of 1815, forces of the Seventh Coalition, including an Anglo-Allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington and a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard von Blücher, were victorious at Waterloo (18 June 1815). The critical role played by Blücher's troops, especially after having to retreat from the field at Ligny the day before, helped to turn the tide of combat against the French. The Prussian cavalry pursued the defeated French in the evening of 18 June, sealing the allied victory. From the German perspective, the actions of Blücher's troops at Waterloo, and the combined efforts at Leipzig, offered a rallying point of pride and enthusiasm. This interpretation became a key building block of the Borussian myth expounded by the pro-Prussian nationalist historians later in the 19th century.
For more details on this topic, see Congress of Vienna.
After Napoleon's defeat, the Congress of Vienna established a new European political-diplomatic system based on the balance of power. This system reorganized Europe into spheres of influence, which, in some cases, suppressed the aspirations of the various nationalities, including the Germans and Italians. Generally, an enlarged Prussia and the 38 other states consolidated from the mediatized territories of 1803 were confederated within the Austrian Empire's sphere of influence. The Congress established a loose German Confederation (1815–1866), headed by Austria, with a "Federal Diet" (called the Bundestag or Bundesversammlung, an assembly of appointed leaders) that met in the city of Frankfurt am Main. In recognition of the imperial position traditionally held by the Habsburgs, the emperors of Austria became the titular presidents of this parliament. Problematically, the built-in Austrian dominance failed to take into account Prussia's 18th century emergence in Imperial politics. Ever since the Prince-Elector of Brandenburg had made himself King in Prussia at the beginning of that century, their domains had steadily increased through war and inheritance. Prussia's consolidated strength had become especially apparent during the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War under Frederick the Great. As Maria Theresa and Joseph tried to restore Habsburg hegemony in the Holy Roman Empire, Frederick countered with the creation of the Fürstenbund (Union of Princes) in 1785. Austrian-Prussian dualism lay firmly rooted in old Imperial politics. Those balance of power manoeuvers were epitomized by the War of the Bavarian Succession, or "Potato War" among common folk. Even after the end of the Holy Roman Empire, this competition influenced the growth and development of nationalist movements in the 19th century.
German language area (here including Dutch, Flemish, Frisian, and Luxembourgish) based on 19th century language maps with close German language islands shown with today's European state borders.
Despite the nomenclature of Diet (Assembly or Parliament), this institution should in no way be construed as a broadly, or popularly, elected group of representatives. Many of the states did not have constitutions, and those that did, such as the Duchy of Baden, based suffrage on strict property requirements which effectively limited suffrage to a small portion of the male population. Furthermore, this impractical solution did not reflect the new status of Prussia in the overall scheme. Although the Prussian army had been dramatically defeated in the 1806 Battle of Jena-Auerstedt, it had made a spectacular come-back at Waterloo. Consequently, Prussian leaders expected to play a pivotal role in German politics.
The surge of German nationalism, stimulated by the experience of Germans in the Napoleonic period and initially allied with liberalism, shifted political, social, and cultural relationships within the German states. In this context, one can detect its roots in the experience of Germans in the Napoleonic period. The Burschenschaft student organizations and popular demonstrations, such as those held at Wartburg Castle in October 1817, contributed to a growing sense of unity among German speakers of Central Europe. Furthermore, implicit and sometimes explicit promises made during the War of Liberation engendered an expectation of popular sovereignty and widespread participation in the political process, promises that largely went unfulfilled once peace had been achieved. Agitation by student organizations led such conservative leaders as Klemens Wenzel, Prince von Metternich, to fear the rise of national sentiment; the assassination of German dramatist August von Kotzebue in March 1819 by a radical student seeking unification was followed on 20 September 1819 by the proclamation of the Carlsbad Decrees, which hampered intellectual leadership of the nationalist movement.
Metternich was able to harness conservative outrage at the assassination to consolidate legislation that would further limit the press and constrain the rising liberal and nationalist movements. Consequently, these decrees drove the Burschenschaften underground, restricted the publication of nationalist materials, expanded censorship of the press and private correspondence, and limited academic speech by prohibiting university professors from encouraging nationalist discussion. The decrees were the subject of Johann Joseph von Görres's pamphlet Teutschland [archaic: Deutschland] und die Revolution (Germany and the Revolution) (1820), in which he concluded that it was both impossible and undesirable to repress the free utterance of public opinion by reactionary measures.
For more details on this topic, see Zollverein.
Another institution key to unifying the German states, the Zollverein, helped to create a larger sense of economic unification. Initially conceived by the Prussian Finance Minister Hans, Count von Bülow, as a Prussian customs union in 1818, the Zollverein linked the many Prussian and Hohenzollern territories. Over the ensuing thirty years (and more) other German states joined. The Union helped to reduce protectionist barriers among the German states, especially improving the transport of raw materials and finished goods, making it both easier to move goods across territorial borders and less costly to buy, transport, and sell raw materials. This was particularly important for the emerging industrial centers, most of which were located in the Rhineland, the Saar, and the Ruhr valleys.
By the early 19th century, German roads had deteriorated to an appalling extent. Travelers, both foreign and local, complained bitterly about the state of the Heerstraßen, the military roads previously maintained for the ease of moving troops. As German states ceased to be a military crossroads, however, the roads improved; the length of hard–surfaced roads in Prussia increased from 3,800 kilometres (2,400 mi) in 1816 to 16,600 kilometres (10,300 mi) in 1852, helped in part by the invention of macadam. By 1835, Heinrich von Gagern wrote that roads were the "veins and arteries of the body politic..." and predicted that they would promote freedom, independence and prosperity. As people moved around, they came into contact with others, on trains, at hotels, in restaurants, and for some, at fashionable resorts such as the spa in Baden-Baden. Water transportation also improved. The blockades on the Rhine had been removed by Napoleon's orders, but by the 1820s, steam engines freed riverboats from the cumbersome system of men and animals that towed them upstream. By 1846, 180 steamers plied German rivers and Lake Constance, and a network of canals extended from the Danube, the Weser, and the Elbe rivers.
As important as these improvements were, they could not compete with the impact of the railway. German economist Friedrich List called the railways and the Customs Union "Siamese Twins", emphasizing their important relationship to one another. He was not alone: the poet August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben wrote a poem in which he extolled the virtues of the Zollverein, which he began with a list of commodities that had contributed more to German unity than politics or diplomacy. Historians of the Second Empire later regarded the railways as the first indicator of a unified state; the patriotic novelist, Wilhelm Raabe, wrote: "The German empire was founded with the construction of the first railway..." Not everyone greeted the iron monster with enthusiasm. The Prussian king Frederick William III saw no advantage in traveling from Berlin to Potsdam a few hours faster, and Metternich refused to ride in one at all. Others wondered if the railways were an "evil" that threatened the landscape: Nikolaus Lenau's 1838 poem An den Frühling (To Spring) bemoaned the way trains destroyed the pristine quietude of German forests.
The Bavarian Ludwig Railway, which was the first passenger or freight rail line in the German lands, connected Nuremberg and Fürth in 1835. Although it was 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) long and only operated in daylight, it proved both profitable and popular. Within three years, 141 kilometres (88 mi) of track had been laid, by 1840, 462 kilometres (287 mi), and by 1860, 11,157 kilometres (6,933 mi). Lacking a geographically central organizing feature (such as a national capital), the rails were laid in webs, linking towns and markets within regions, regions within larger regions, and so on. As the rail network expanded, it became cheaper to transport goods: in 1840, 18 Pfennigs per ton per kilometer and in 1870, five Pfennigs. The effects of the railway were immediate. For example, raw materials could travel up and down the Ruhr Valley without having to unload and reload. Railway lines encouraged economic activity by creating demand for commodities and by facilitating commerce. In 1850, inland shipping carried three times more freight than railroads; by 1870, the situation was reversed, and railroads carried four times more. Rail travel changed how cities looked and how people traveled. Its impact reached throughout the social order, affecting the highest born to the lowest. Although some of the outlying German provinces were not serviced by rail until the 1890s, the majority of the population, manufacturing centers, and production centers were linked to the rail network by 1865.
As travel became easier, faster, and less expensive, Germans started to see unity in factors other than their language. The Brothers Grimm, who compiled a massive dictionary known as The Grimm, also assembled a compendium of folk tales and fables, which highlighted the story-telling parallels between different regions. Karl Baedeker wrote guidebooks to different cities and regions of Central Europe, indicating places to stay, sites to visit, and giving a short history of castles, battlefields, famous buildings, and famous people. His guides also included distances, roads to avoid, and hiking paths to follow.
The words of August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben expressed not only the linguistic unity of the German people but also their geographic unity. In Deutschland, Deutschland über Alles, officially called Das Lied der Deutschen ("The Song of the Germans"), Fallersleben called upon sovereigns throughout the German states to recognize the unifying characteristics of the German people. Such other patriotic songs as "Die Wacht am Rhein" ("The Watch on the Rhine") by Max Schneckenburger began to focus attention on geographic space, not limiting "German-ness" to a common language. Schneckenburger wrote "The Watch on the Rhine" in a specific patriotic response to French assertions that the Rhine was France's "natural" eastern boundary. In the refrain, "Dear fatherland, dear fatherland, put your mind to rest / The watch stands true on the Rhine", and in such other patriotic poetry as Nicholaus Becker's "Das Rheinlied" ("The Rhine"), Germans were called upon to defend their territorial homeland. In 1807, Alexander von Humboldt argued that national character reflected geographic influence, linking landscape to people. Concurrent with this idea, movements to preserve old fortresses and historic sites emerged, and these particularly focused on the Rhineland, the site of so many confrontations with France and Spain.
The period of Austrian and Prussian police-states and vast censorship before the Revolutions of 1848 in Germany later became widely known as the Vormärz, the "before March", referring to March 1848. During this period, European liberalism gained momentum; the agenda included economic, social, and political issues. Most European liberals in the Vormärz sought unification under nationalist principles, promoted the transition to capitalism, sought the expansion of male suffrage, among other issues. Their "radicalness" depended upon where they stood on the spectrum of male suffrage: the wider the definition of suffrage, the more radical.
Despite considerable conservative reaction, ideas of unity joined with notions of popular sovereignty in German-speaking lands. The Hambach Festival (Hambacher Fest) in May 1832 was attended by a crowd of more than 30,000. Promoted as a county fair, its participants celebrated fraternity, liberty, and national unity. Celebrants gathered in the town below and marched to the ruins of Hambach Castle on the heights above the small town of Hambach, in the Palatinate province of Bavaria. Carrying flags, beating drums, and singing, the participants took the better part of the morning and mid-day to arrive at the castle grounds, where they listened to speeches by nationalist orators from across the conservative to radical political spectrum. The overall content of the speeches suggested a fundamental difference between the German nationalism of the 1830s and the French nationalism of the July Revolution: the focus of German nationalism lay in the education of the people; once the populace was educated as to what was needed, they would accomplish it. The Hambach rhetoric emphasized the overall peaceable nature of German nationalism: the point was not to build barricades, a very "French" form of nationalism, but to build emotional bridges between groups.
A German caricature that mocks the Carlsbad Decrees, which suppressed freedom of expression.
As he had done in 1819, after the Kotzebue assassination, Metternich used the popular demonstration at Hambach to push conservative social policy. The "Six Articles" of 28 June 1832 primarily reaffirmed the principle of monarchical authority. On 5 July, the Frankfurt Diet voted for an additional 10 articles, which reiterated existing rules on censorship, restricted political organizations, and limited other public activity. Furthermore, the member states agreed to send military assistance to any government threatened by unrest. Prince Wrede led half of the Bavarian army to the Palatinate to "subdue" the province. Several hapless Hambach speakers were arrested, tried and imprisoned; one, Karl Heinrich Brüggemann (1810–1887), a law student and representative of the secretive Burschenschaft, was sent to Prussia, where he was first condemned to death, but later pardoned.
The economic, social and cultural dislocation of ordinary people, the economic hardship of an economy in transition, and the pressures of meteorological disasters all contributed to growing problems in Central Europe. The failure of most of the governments to deal with the food crisis of the mid-1840s, caused by the potato blight (related to the Great Irish Famine) and several seasons of bad weather, encouraged many to think that the rich and powerful had no interest in their problems. Those in authority were concerned about the growing unrest, political and social agitation among the working classes, and the disaffection of the intelligentsia. No amount of censorship, fines, imprisonment, or banishment, it seemed, could stem the criticism. Furthermore, it was becoming increasingly clear that both Austria and Prussia wanted to be the leaders in any resulting unification; each would inhibit the drive of the other to achieve unification.
For more details on this topic, see Revolutions of 1848.
For more details on this topic, see Frankfurt Parliament.
The widespread—mainly German—revolutions of 1848–49 sought unification of Germany under a single constitution. The revolutionaries pressured various state governments, particularly those in the Rhineland, for a parliamentary assembly that would have the responsibility to draft a constitution. Ultimately, many of the left-wing revolutionaries hoped this constitution would establish universal male suffrage, a permanent national parliament, and a unified Germany, possibly under the leadership of the Prussian king. This seemed to be the most logical course since Prussia was the strongest of the German states, as well as the largest in geographic size. Generally, center-right revolutionaries sought some kind of expanded suffrage within their states and potentially, a form of loose unification. Their pressure resulted in a variety of elections, based on different voting qualifications, such as the Prussian three-class franchise, which granted to some electoral groups—chiefly the wealthier, landed ones—greater representative power.
Pre-parliament delegates process into Paul's Church in Frankfurt, where they laid the groundwork for electing a National Parliament.
On 27 March 1849, the Frankfurt Parliament passed the Paulskirchenverfassung (Constitution of St. Paul's Church) and offered the title of Kaiser (Emperor) to the Prussian king Frederick William IV the next month. He refused for a variety of reasons. Publicly, he replied that he could not accept a crown without the consent of the actual states, by which he meant the princes. Privately, he feared opposition from the other German princes and military intervention from Austria or Russia. He also held a fundamental distaste for the idea of accepting a crown from a popularly elected parliament: he would not accept a crown of "clay". Despite franchise requirements that often perpetuated many of the problems of sovereignty and political participation liberals sought to overcome, the Frankfurt Parliament did manage to draft a constitution and reach an agreement on the kleindeutsch solution. While the liberals failed to achieve the unification they sought, they did manage to gain a partial victory by working with the German princes on many constitutional issues and collaborating with them on reforms.
Scholars of German history have engaged in decades of debate over how the successes and failures of the Frankfurt Parliament contribute to the historiographical explanations of German nation building. One school of thought, which emerged after The Great War and gained momentum in the aftermath of World War II, maintains that the failure of German liberals in the Frankfurt Parliament led to bourgeoisie compromise with conservatives (especially the conservative Junker landholders), which subsequently led to the so-called Sonderweg (distinctive path) of 20th-century German history. Failure to achieve unification in 1848, this argument holds, resulted in the late formation of the nation-state in 1871, which in turn delayed the development of positive national values. Hitler often called on the German public to sacrifice all for the cause of their great nation, but his regime did not create German nationalism: it merely capitalized on an intrinsic cultural value of German society that still remains prevalent even to this day. Furthermore, this argument maintains, the "failure" of 1848 reaffirmed latent aristocratic longings among the German middle class; consequently, this group never developed a self-conscious program of modernization.
More recent scholarship has rejected this idea, claiming that Germany did not have an actual "distinctive path" any more than any other nation, a historiographic idea known as exceptionalism. Instead, modern historians claim 1848 saw specific achievements by the liberal politicians. Many of their ideas and programs were later incorporated into Bismarck's social programs (e.g., social insurance, education programs, and wider definitions of suffrage). In addition, the notion of a distinctive path relies upon the underlying assumption that some other nation's path (in this case, the United Kingdom's) is the accepted norm. This new argument further challenges the norms of the British-centric model of development: studies of national development in Britain and other "normal" states (e.g., France or the United States) have suggested that even in these cases, the modern nation-state did not develop evenly. Nor did it develop particularly early, being rather a largely mid-to-late-19th-century phenomenon. Since the end of the 1990s, this view has become widely accepted, although some historians still find the Sonderweg analysis helpful in understanding the period of National Socialism.
This depiction of Germania, also by Philipp Veit, was created to hide the organ of the Paul's Church in Frankfurt, during the meeting of the Parliament there, March 1848–49. The sword was intended to symbolize the Word of God and to mark the renewal of the people and their triumphant spirit.
After the Frankfurt Parliament disbanded, Frederick William IV, under the influence of General Joseph Maria von Radowitz, supported the establishment of the Erfurt Union—a federation of German states, excluding Austria—by the free agreement of the German princes. This limited union under Prussia would have almost entirely eliminated Austrian influence on the other German states. Combined diplomatic pressure from Austria and Russia (a guarantor of the 1815 agreements that established European spheres of influence) forced Prussia to relinquish the idea of the Erfurt Union at a meeting in the small town of Olmütz in Moravia. In November 1850, the Prussians—specifically Radowitz and Frederick William—agreed to the restoration of the German Confederation under Austrian leadership. This became known as the Punctation of Olmütz, but among Prussians it was known as the "Humiliation of Olmütz."
We cannot conceal the fact that the whole German question is a simple alternative between Prussia and Austria. In these states, German life has its positive and negative poles—in the former, all the interests [that] are national and reformative, in the latter, all that are dynastic and destructive. The German question is not a constitutional question but a question of power; and the Prussian monarchy is now wholly German, while that of Austria cannot be.
Unification under these conditions raised a basic diplomatic problem. The possibility of German (or Italian) unification would overturn the overlapping spheres of influence system created in 1815 at the Congress of Vienna. The principal architects of this convention, Metternich, Castlereagh, and Tsar Alexander (with his foreign secretary Count Karl Nesselrode), had conceived of and organized a Europe balanced and guaranteed by four "great powers": Great Britain, France, Russia, and Austria, with each power having a geographic sphere of influence. France's sphere included the Iberian Peninsula and a share of influence in the Italian states. Russia's included the eastern regions of Central Europe and a balancing influence in the Balkans. Austria's sphere expanded throughout much of the Central European territories formerly held by the Holy Roman Empire. Britain's sphere was the rest of the world, especially the seas.
This sphere of influence system depended upon the fragmentation of the German and Italian states, not their consolidation. Consequently, a German nation united under one banner presented significant questions. There was no readily applicable definition for who the German people would be or how far the borders of a German nation would stretch. There was also uncertainty as to who would best lead and defend "Germany", however it was defined. Different groups offered different solutions to this problem. In the Kleindeutschland ("Lesser Germany") solution, the German states would be united under the leadership of the Prussian Hohenzollerns; in the Grossdeutschland ("Greater Germany") solution, the German states would be united under the leadership of the Austrian Habsburgs. This controversy, the latest phase of the German dualism debate that had dominated the politics of the German states and Austro-Prussian diplomacy since the 1701 creation of the Kingdom of Prussia, would come to a head during the following twenty years.
Other nationalists had high hopes for the German unification movement, and the frustration with lasting German unification after 1850 seemed to set the national movement back. Revolutionaries associated national unification with progress. As Giuseppe Garibaldi wrote to German revolutionary Karl Blind on 10 April 1865, "The progress of humanity seems to have come to a halt, and you with your superior intelligence will know why. The reason is that the world lacks a nation [that] possesses true leadership. Such leadership, of course, is required not to dominate other peoples but to lead them along the path of duty, to lead them toward the brotherhood of nations where all the barriers erected by egoism will be destroyed." Garibaldi looked to Germany for the "kind of leadership [that], in the true tradition of medieval chivalry, would devote itself to redressing wrongs, supporting the weak, sacrificing momentary gains and material advantage for the much finer and more satisfying achievement of relieving the suffering of our fellow men. We need a nation courageous enough to give us a lead in this direction. It would rally to its cause all those who are suffering wrong or who aspire to a better life and all those who are now enduring foreign oppression."
In the spring of 1834, while at Berne, Mazzini and a dozen refugees from Italy, Poland and Germany founded a new association with the grandiose name of Young Europe. Its basic, and equally grandiose idea, was that, as the French Revolution of 1789 had enlarged the concept of individual liberty, another revolution would now be needed for national liberty; and his vision went further because he hoped that in the no doubt distant future free nations might combine to form a loosely federal Europe with some kind of federal assembly to regulate their common interests. [...] His intention was nothing less than to overturn the European settlement agreed [to] in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna, which had reestablished an oppressive hegemony of a few great powers and blocked the emergence of smaller nations. [...] Mazzini hoped, but without much confidence, that his vision of a league or society of independent nations would be realized in his own lifetime. In practice Young Europe lacked the money and popular support for more than a short-term existence. Nevertheless he always remained faithful to the ideal of a united continent for which the creation of individual nations would be an indispensable preliminary.
The convergence of leadership in politics and diplomacy by Bismarck, left, reorganization of the army and its training techniques by Albrecht von Roon (center), and the redesign of operational and strategic principles by Helmuth von Moltke (right) placed Prussia among the most powerful states in European affairs after the 1860s.
King Frederick William IV suffered a stroke in 1857 and could no longer rule. This led to his brother William becoming Prince Regent of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1858. Meanwhile, Helmuth von Moltke had become chief of the Prussian General Staff in 1857, and Albrecht von Roon would become Prussian Minister of War in 1859. This shuffling of authority within the Prussian military establishment would have important consequences. Von Roon and William (who took an active interest in military structures) began reorganizing the Prussian army, while Moltke redesigned the strategic defense of Prussia by streamlining operational command. Prussian army reforms (especially how to pay for them) caused a constitutional crisis beginning in 1860 because both parliament and William—via his minister of war—wanted control over the military budget. William, crowned King Wilhelm I in 1861, appointed Otto von Bismarck to the position of Minister-President of Prussia in 1862. Bismarck resolved the crisis in favor of the war minister.
The Crimean War of 1854–55 and the Italian War of 1859 disrupted relations among Great Britain, France, Austria, and Russia. In the aftermath of this disarray, the convergence of von Moltke's operational redesign, von Roon and Wilhelm's army restructure, and Bismarck's diplomacy influenced the realignment of the European balance of power. Their combined agendas established Prussia as the leading German power through a combination of foreign diplomatic triumphs—backed up by the possible use of Prussian military might—and an internal conservativism tempered by pragmatism, which came to be known as Realpolitik.
Bismarck expressed the essence of Realpolitik in his subsequently famous "Blood and Iron" speech to the Budget Committee of the Prussian Chamber of Deputies on 30 September 1862, shortly after he became Minister President: "The great questions of the time will not be resolved by speeches and majority decisions—that was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849—but by iron and blood." Bismarck's words, "iron and blood" (or "blood and iron", as often attributed), have often been misappropriated as evidence of a German lust for blood and power. First, the phrase from his speech "the great questions of time will not be resolved by speeches and majority decisions" is often interpreted as a repudiation of the political process—a repudiation Bismarck did not himself advocate. Second, his emphasis on blood and iron did not imply simply the unrivaled military might of the Prussian army but rather two important aspects: the ability of the assorted German states to produce iron and other related war materials and the willingness to use those war materials if necessary.
The need for both iron and blood soon became apparent. By 1862, when Bismarck made his speech, the idea of a German nation-state in the peaceful spirit of Pan-Germanism had shifted from the liberal and democratic character of 1848 to accommodate Bismarck's more conservative Realpolitik. Ever the pragmatist, Bismarck understood the possibilities, obstacles, and advantages of a unified state. He also understood the importance of linking that state to the Hohenzollern dynasty, which for some historians remains one of Bismarck's primary contributions to the creation of the German Empire in 1871. While the conditions of the treaties binding the various German states to one another prohibited Bismarck from taking unilateral action, the politician and diplomat in him realized the impracticality of such an action. In order to get the German states to unify, Bismarck needed a single, outside enemy that would declare war on one of the German states first, thus providing a casus belli to rally all Germans behind. This opportunity arose with the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. Historians have long debated Bismarck's role in the events leading up to the war. The traditional view, promulgated in large part by late 19th and early 20th century pro-Prussian historians, maintains that Bismarck's intent was always German unification. Post-1945 historians, however, see more short-term opportunism and cynicism in Bismarck's manipulation of the circumstances to create a war, rather than a grand scheme to unify a nation-state. Regardless, Bismarck was neither villain nor saint: by manipulating events of 1866 and 1870, he demonstrated the political and diplomatic skill that had caused Wilhelm to turn to him in 1862.
From north to south: The Danish part of Jutland in purple and terracotta, Schleswig in red and brown, and Holstein in lime yellow. The Schleswig-Holstein Question was about the status of those territories.
Three episodes proved fundamental to the administrative and political unification of Germany. First, the death without male heirs of Frederick VII of Denmark led to the Second War of Schleswig in 1864. Second, the unification of Italy provided Prussia an ally against Austria in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. Finally, France—fearing Hohenzollern encirclement—declared war on Prussia in 1870, resulting in the Franco-Prussian War. Through a combination of Bismarck's diplomacy and political leadership, von Roon's military reorganization, and von Moltke's military strategy, Prussia demonstrated that none of the European signatories of the 1815 peace treaty could guarantee Austria's sphere of influence in Central Europe, thus achieving Prussian hegemony in Germany and ending the dualism debate.
The first episode in the saga of German unification under Bismarck came with the Schleswig-Holstein Question. On 15 November 1863, King Christian IX of Denmark became king of Denmark and duke of Schleswig and Holstein. On 18 November 1863, he signed the Danish November Constitution and declared the Duchy of Schleswig a part of Denmark. The German Confederation saw this act as a violation of the London Protocol of 1852, which emphasized the status of the kingdom of Denmark as distinct from the independent duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. The populations of Schleswig and Holstein, furthermore, greatly valued this separate status. The German Confederation could use the ethnicities of these duchies as a rallying cry: large portions of both Schleswig and Holstein were of German origin and spoke German in everyday life (though Schleswig had a sizable Danish minority). Diplomatic attempts to have the November Constitution repealed collapsed, and fighting began when Prussian and Austrian troops crossed the border into Schleswig on 1 February 1864. Initially, the Danes attempted to defend their country using an ancient earthen wall known as the Danevirke, but this proved futile. The Danes were no match for the combined Prussian and Austrian forces, and they could not rely on help from their allies in the other Scandinavian states because Denmark had nullified its alliance rights by violating the London Protocol. The Needle Gun, one of the first bolt action rifles to be used in conflict, aided the Prussians in both this war and the Austro-Prussian War two years later. The rifle enabled a Prussian soldier to fire five shots while lying prone, while its muzzle-loading counterpart could only fire one shot and had to be reloaded while standing. The Second Schleswig War resulted in victory for the combined armies of Prussia and Austria, and the two countries won control of Schleswig and Holstein in the concluding peace of Vienna, signed on 30 October 1864.
The second episode in Bismarck's unification efforts occurred in 1866. In concert with the newly formed Italy, Bismarck created a diplomatic environment in which Austria declared war on Prussia. The dramatic prelude to the war occurred largely in Frankfurt, where the two powers claimed to speak for all the German states in the parliament. In April 1866, the Prussian representative in Florence signed a secret agreement with the Italian government, committing each state to assist the other in a war against Austria. The next day, the Prussian delegate to the Frankfurt assembly presented a plan calling for a national constitution, a directly elected national Diet, and universal suffrage. German liberals were justifiably skeptical of this plan, having witnessed Bismarck's difficult and ambiguous relationship with the Prussian Landtag (State Parliament), a relationship characterized by Bismarck's cajoling and riding roughshod over the representatives. These skeptics saw the proposal as a ploy to enhance Prussian power rather than a progressive agenda of reform.
The debate over the proposed national constitution became moot when news of Italian troop movements in Tyrol and near the Venetian border reached Vienna in April 1866. The Austrian government ordered partial mobilization in the southern regions; the Italians responded by ordering full mobilization. Despite calls for rational thought and action, Italy, Prussia, and Austria continued to rush toward armed conflict. On 1 May, Wilhelm gave von Moltke command over the Prussian armed forces, and the next day he began full-scale mobilization.
In the Diet, the group of middle-sized states, known as Mittelstaaten (Bavaria, Württemberg, the grand duchies of Baden and Hesse, and the duchies of Saxony–Weimar, Saxony–Meiningen, Saxony–Coburg, and Nassau), supported complete demobilization within the Confederation. These individual governments rejected the potent combination of enticing promises and subtle (or outright) threats Bismarck used to try to gain their support against the Habsburgs. The Prussian war cabinet understood that its only supporters among the German states against the Habsburgs were two small principalities bordering on Brandenburg that had little military strength or political clout: the Grand Duchies of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz. They also understood that Prussia's only ally abroad was Italy.
Prussian Prince Friedrich Carl orders his enthusiastic troops to attack at the Battle of Königgrätz. The Crown Prince and his troops had arrived late, and in the wrong place, but when he arrived, he ordered his troops immediately into the fray. This decisive battle, which the Prussians won, forced the Habsburgs to end the war and laid the groundwork for the Kleindeutschland (little Germany) solution, or "Germany without Austria."
Although several German states initially sided with Austria, they stayed on the defensive and failed to take effective initiatives against Prussian troops. The Austrian army therefore faced the technologically superior Prussian army with support only from Saxony. France promised aid, but it came late and was insufficient. Complicating the situation for Austria, the Italian mobilization on Austria's southern border required a diversion of forces away from battle with Prussia to fight the Third Italian War of Independence on a second front in Venetia and on the Adriatic sea. The day-long Battle of Königgrätz, near the village of Sadová, gave Prussia an uncontested and decisive victory.
For more details on this topic, see North German Confederation.
A quick peace was essential to keep Russia from entering the conflict on Austria's side. Prussia annexed Hanover, Hesse-Kassel, Nassau, and the city of Frankfurt. Hesse Darmstadt lost some territory but not its sovereignty. The states south of the Main River (Baden, Württemberg, and Bavaria) signed separate treaties requiring them to pay indemnities and to form alliances bringing them into Prussia's sphere of influence. Austria, and most of its allies, were excluded from the North German Confederation.
The end of Austrian dominance of the German states shifted Austria's attention to the Balkans. In 1867, the Austrian emperor Franz Joseph accepted a settlement (the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867) in which he gave his Hungarian holdings equal status with his Austrian domains, creating the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. The Peace of Prague (1866) offered lenient terms to Austria, in which Austria's relationship with the new nation-state of Italy underwent major restructuring; although the Austrians were far more successful in the military field against Italian troops, the monarchy lost the important province of Venetia. The Habsburgs ceded Venetia to France, which then formally transferred control to Italy. The French public resented the Prussian victory and demanded Revanche pour Sadová ("Revenge for Sadova"), illustrating anti-Prussian sentiment in France—a problem that would accelerate in the months leading up to the Franco-Prussian War. The Austro-Prussian War also damaged relations with the French government. At a meeting in Biarritz in September 1865 with Napoleon III, Bismarck had let it be understood (or Napoleon had thought he understood) that France might annex parts of Belgium and Luxembourg in exchange for its neutrality in the war. These annexations did not happen, resulting in animosity from Napoleon towards Bismarck.
For more details on this topic, see Causes of the Franco-Prussian War.
At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Metternich and his conservative allies had reestablished the Spanish monarchy under King Ferdinand VII. Over the following forty years, the great powers supported the Spanish monarchy, but events in 1868 would further test the old system. A revolution in Spain overthrew Queen Isabella II, and the throne remained empty while Isabella lived in sumptuous exile in Paris. The Spanish, looking for a suitable Catholic successor, had offered the post to three European princes, each of whom was rejected by Napoleon III, who served as regional power-broker. Finally, in 1870 the Regency offered the crown to Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, a prince of the Catholic cadet Hohenzollern line. The ensuing furor has been dubbed by historians as the Hohenzollern candidature.
Over the next few weeks, the Spanish offer turned into the talk of Europe. Bismarck encouraged Leopold to accept the offer. A successful installment of a Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen king in Spain would mean that two countries on either side of France would both have German kings of Hohenzollern descent. This may have been a pleasing prospect for Bismarck, but it was unacceptable to either Napoleon III or to Agenor, duc de Gramont, his minister of foreign affairs. Gramont wrote a sharply formulated ultimatum to Wilhelm, as head of the Hohenzollern family, stating that if any Hohenzollern prince should accept the crown of Spain, the French government would respond—although he left ambiguous the nature of such response. The prince withdrew as a candidate, thus defusing the crisis, but the French ambassador to Berlin would not let the issue lie. He approached the Prussian king directly while Wilhelm was vacationing in Ems Spa, demanding that the King release a statement saying he would never support the installation of a Hohenzollern on the throne of Spain. Wilhelm refused to give such an encompassing statement, and he sent Bismarck a dispatch by telegram describing the French demands. Bismarck used the king's telegram, called the Ems Dispatch, as a template for a short statement to the press. With its wording shortened and sharpened by Bismarck—and further alterations made in the course of its translation by the French agency Havas—the Ems Dispatch raised an angry furor in France. The French public, still aggravated over the defeat at Sadová, demanded war.
Emperor Napoleon III (left) at Sedan, on 2 September 1870, seated next to Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, holding Napoleon's surrendered sword. The defeat of the French army destabilized Napoleon's regime; a revolution in Paris established the Third French Republic, and the war continued.
For more details on this topic, see Franco-Prussian War.
Napoleon III had tried to secure territorial concessions from both sides before and after the Austro-Prussian War, but despite his role as mediator during the peace negotiations, he ended up with nothing. He then hoped that Austria would join in a war of revenge and that its former allies—particularly the southern German states of Baden, Württemberg, and Bavaria—would join in the cause. This hope would prove futile since the 1866 treaty came into effect and united all German states militarily—if not happily—to fight against France. Instead of a war of revenge against Prussia, supported by various German allies, France engaged in a war against all of the German states without any allies of its own. The reorganization of the military by von Roon and the operational strategy of Moltke combined against France to great effect. The speed of Prussian mobilization astonished the French, and the Prussian ability to concentrate power at specific points—reminiscent of Napoleon I's strategies seventy years earlier—overwhelmed French mobilization. Utilizing their efficiently laid rail grid, Prussian troops were delivered to battle areas rested and prepared to fight, whereas French troops had to march for considerable distances to reach combat zones. After a number of battles, notably Spicheren, Wörth, Mars la Tour, and Gravelotte, the Prussians defeated the main French armies and advanced on the primary city of Metz and the French capital of Paris. They captured Napoleon III and took an entire army as prisoners at Sedan on 1 September 1870.
The humiliating capture of the French emperor and the loss of the French army itself, which marched into captivity at a makeshift camp in the Saarland ("Camp Misery"), threw the French government into turmoil; Napoleon's energetic opponents overthrew his government and proclaimed the Third Republic. The German High Command expected an overture of peace from the French, but the new republic refused to surrender. The Prussian army invested Paris and held it under siege until mid-January, with the city being "ineffectually bombarded". On 18 January 1871, the German princes and senior military commanders proclaimed Wilhelm "German Emperor" in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles. Under the subsequent Treaty of Frankfurt, France relinquished most of its traditionally German regions (Alsace and the German-speaking part of Lorraine); paid an indemnity, calculated (on the basis of population) as the precise equivalent of the indemnity that Napoleon Bonaparte imposed on Prussia in 1807; and accepted German administration of Paris and most of northern France, with "German troops to be withdrawn stage by stage with each installment of the indemnity payment".
18 January 1871: The proclamation of the German Empire in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles. Bismarck appears in white. The Grand Duke of Baden stands beside Wilhelm, leading the cheers. Crown Prince Friedrich, later Friedrich III, stands on his father's right. Painting by Anton von Werner.
Victory in the Franco-Prussian War proved the capstone of the nationalist issue. In the first half of the 1860s, Austria and Prussia both contended to speak for the German states; both maintained they could support German interests abroad and protect German interests at home. In responding to the Schleswig-Holstein Question, they both proved equally diligent in doing so. After the victory over Austria in 1866, Prussia began internally asserting its authority to speak for the German states and defend German interests, while Austria began directing more and more of its attention to possessions in the Balkans. The victory over France in 1871 expanded Prussian hegemony in the German states to the international level. With the proclamation of Wilhelm as Kaiser, Prussia assumed the leadership of the new empire. The southern states became officially incorporated into a unified Germany at the Treaty of Versailles of 1871 (signed 26 February 1871; later ratified in the Treaty of Frankfurt of 10 May 1871), which formally ended the war. Although Bismarck had led the transformation of Germany from a loose confederation into a federal nation state, he had not done it alone. Unification was achieved by building on a tradition of legal collaboration under the Holy Roman Empire and economic collaboration through the Zollverein. The difficulties of the Vormärz, the impact of the 1848 liberals, the importance of von Roon's military reorganization, and von Moltke's strategic brilliance all played a part in political unification.
For more details on this topic, see German Empire.
The new German Empire included 25 states, three of them Hanseatic cities. It realized the Kleindeutsche Lösung ("Lesser German Solution", with the exclusion of Austria) as opposed to a Großdeutsche Lösung or "Greater German Solution", which would have included Austria. Unifying various states into one nation required more than some military victories, however much these might have boosted morale. It also required a rethinking of political, social, and cultural behaviors and the construction of new metaphors about "us" and "them". Who were the new members of this new nation? What did they stand for? How were they to be organized?
For more details on this topic, see Constitution of the German Empire.
The 1866 North German Constitution became (with some semantic adjustments) the 1871 Constitution of the German Empire. With this constitution, the new Germany acquired some democratic features: notably the Imperial Diet, which—in contrast to the parliament of Prussia—gave citizens representation on the basis of elections by direct and equal suffrage of all males who had reached the age of 25. Furthermore, elections were generally free of chicanery, engendering pride in the national parliament. However, legislation required the consent of the Bundesrat, the federal council of deputies from the states, in and over which Prussia had a powerful influence; Prussia could appoint 17 of 58 delegates with only 14 votes needed for a veto. Prussia thus exercised influence in both bodies, with executive power vested in the Prussian King as Kaiser, who appointed the federal chancellor. The chancellor was accountable solely to, and served entirely at the discretion of, the Emperor. Officially, the chancellor functioned as a one-man cabinet and was responsible for the conduct of all state affairs; in practice, the State Secretaries (bureaucratic top officials in charge of such fields as finance, war, foreign affairs, etc.) acted as unofficial portfolio ministers. With the exception of the years 1872–1873 and 1892–1894, the imperial chancellor was always simultaneously the prime minister of the imperial dynasty's hegemonic home-kingdom, Prussia. The Imperial Diet had the power to pass, amend, or reject bills, but it could not initiate legislation. (The power of initiating legislation rested with the chancellor.) The other states retained their own governments, but the military forces of the smaller states came under Prussian control. The militaries of the larger states (such as the Kingdoms of Bavaria and Saxony) retained some autonomy, but they underwent major reforms to coordinate with Prussian military principles and came under federal government control in wartime.
Germania, also called the Niederwald Monument, was erected in 1877–83 at Rüdesheim.
The Sonderweg hypothesis attributed Germany's difficult 20th century to the weak political, legal, and economic basis of the new empire. The Prussian landed elites, the Junkers, retained a substantial share of political power in the unified state. The Sonderweg hypothesis attributed their power to the absence of a revolutionary breakthrough by the middle classes, or by peasants in combination with the urban workers, in 1848 and again in 1871. Recent research into the role of the Grand Bourgeoisie—which included bankers, merchants, industrialists, and entrepreneurs—in the construction of the new state has largely refuted the claim of political and economic dominance of the Junkers as a social group. This newer scholarship has demonstrated the importance of the merchant classes of the Hanseatic cities and the industrial leadership (the latter particularly important in the Rhineland) in the ongoing development of the Second Empire.
This monument to Kaiser Wilhelm, at Koblenz, where the Moselle River (upper river) meets the Rhine River (lower river), called the Deutsches Eck, or the German corner.
A key element of the nation-state is the creation of a national culture, frequently—although not necessarily—through deliberate national policy. In the new German nation, a Kulturkampf (1872–78) that followed political, economic, and administrative unification attempted to address, with a remarkable lack of success, some of the contradictions in German society. In particular, it involved a struggle over language, education, and religion. A policy of Germanization of non-German people of the empire's population, including the Polish and Danish minorities, started with language, in particular, the German language, compulsory schooling (Germanization), and the attempted creation of standardized curricula for those schools to promote and celebrate the idea of a shared past. Finally, it extended to the religion of the new Empire's population.
For some Germans, the definition of nation did not include pluralism, and Catholics in particular came under scrutiny; some Germans, and especially Bismarck, feared that the Catholics' connection to the papacy might make them less loyal to the nation. As chancellor, Bismarck tried without much success to limit the influence of the Roman Catholic Church and of its party-political arm, the Catholic Center Party, in schools and education and language-related policies. The Catholic Center Party remained particularly well entrenched in the Catholic strongholds of Bavaria and southern Baden, and in urban areas that held high populations of displaced rural workers seeking jobs in the heavy industry, and sought to protect the rights not only of Catholics, but other minorities, including the Poles, and the French minorities in the Alsatian lands. The May Laws of 1873 brought the appointment of priests, and their education, under the control of the state, resulting in the closure of many seminaries, and a shortage of priests. The Congregations Law of 1875 abolished religious orders, ended state subsidies to the Catholic Church, and removed religious protections from the Prussian constitution.
For more details on this topic, see History of the Jews in Germany.
The Germanized Jews remained another vulnerable population in the new German nation-state. Since 1780, after emancipation by the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II, Jews in the former Habsburg territories had enjoyed considerable economic and legal privileges that their counterparts in other German-speaking territories did not: they could own land, for example, and they did not have to live in a Jewish quarter (also called the Judengasse, or "Jews' alley"). They could also attend universities and enter the professions. During the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras, many of the previously strong barriers between Jews and Christians broke down. Napoleon had ordered the emancipation of Jews throughout territories under French hegemony. Like their French counterparts, wealthy German Jews sponsored salons; in particular, several Jewish salonnières held important gatherings in Frankfurt and Berlin during which German intellectuals developed their own form of republican intellectualism. Throughout the subsequent decades, beginning almost immediately after the defeat of the French, reaction against the mixing of Jews and Christians limited the intellectual impact of these salons. Beyond the salons, Jews continued a process of Germanization in which they intentionally adopted German modes of dress and speech, working to insert themselves into the emerging 19th-century German public sphere. The religious reform movement among German Jews reflected this effort.
For more details on this topic, see Historiography and nationalism.
Another important element in nation-building, the story of the heroic past, fell to such nationalist German historians as the liberal constitutionalist Friedrich Dahlmann (1785–1860), his conservative student Heinrich von Treitschke (1834–1896), and others less conservative, such as Theodor Mommsen (1817–1903) and Heinrich von Sybel (1817–1895), to name two. Dahlmann himself died before unification, but he laid the groundwork for the nationalist histories to come through his histories of the English and French revolutions, by casting these revolutions as fundamental to the construction of a nation, and Dahlmann himself viewed Prussia as the logical agent of unification.
Heinrich von Treitschke's History of Germany in the Nineteenth Century, published in 1879, has perhaps a misleading title: it privileges the history of Prussia over the history of other German states, and it tells the story of the German-speaking peoples through the guise of Prussia's destiny to unite all German states under its leadership. The creation of this Borussian myth (Borussia is the Latin name for Prussia) established Prussia as Germany's savior; it was the destiny of all Germans to be united, this myth maintains, and it was Prussia's destiny to accomplish this. According to this story, Prussia played the dominant role in bringing the German states together as a nation-state; only Prussia could protect German liberties from being crushed by French or Russian influence. The story continues by drawing on Prussia's role in saving Germans from the resurgence of Napoleon's power in 1815, at Waterloo, creating some semblance of economic unity, and uniting Germans under one proud flag after 1871. It is the role of the nationalist historian to write the history of the nation; this means viewing that nation's past with the goal of a nationalist history in mind. The process of writing history, or histories, is a process of remembering and forgetting: of selecting certain elements to be remembered, that is, emphasized, and ignoring, or forgetting, other elements and events.
Mommsen's contributions to the Monumenta Germaniae Historica laid the groundwork for additional scholarship on the study of the German nation, expanding the notion of "Germany" to mean other areas beyond Prussia. A liberal professor, historian, and theologian, and generally a titan among late 19th-century scholars, Mommsen served as a delegate to the Prussian House of Representatives from 1863–1866 and 1873–1879; he also served as a delegate to the Reichstag from 1881–1884, for the liberal German Progress Party (Deutsche Fortschrittspartei) and later for the National Liberal Party. He opposed the antisemitic programs of Bismarck's Kulturkampf and the vitriolic text that Treitschke often employed in the publication of his Studien über die Judenfrage (Studies of the Jewish Question), which encouraged assimilation and Germanization of Jews.
↑ See, for example, James Allen Vann, The Swabian Kreis: Institutional Growth in the Holy Roman Empire 1648–1715. Vol. LII, Studies Presented to International Commission for the History of Representative and Parliamentary Institutions. Bruxelles, 1975. Mack Walker. German home towns: community, state, and general estate, 1648–1871. Ithaca, 1998.
↑ Robert A. Kann. History of the Habsburg Empire: 1526–1918, Los Angeles, 1974, p. 221. In his abdication, Francis released all former estates from their duties and obligations to him, and took upon himself solely the title of King of Austria, which had been established since 1804. Golo Mann, Deutsche Geschichte des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts, Frankfurt am Main, 2002, p. 70.
↑ Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (1808). "Address to the German Nation". www.historyman.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
↑ James J. Sheehan, German History, 1780–1866, Oxford, 1989, p. 434.
↑ Although the Prussian army had gained its reputation in the Seven Years' War, its humiliating defeat at Jena and Auerstadt crushed the pride many Prussians felt in their soldiers. During their Russian exile, several officers, including Carl von Clausewitz, contemplated reorganization and new training methods. Sheehan, p. 323.
↑ Sheehan, pp. 465–467; Blackbourn, Long Century, pp. 106–107.
↑ (German) Hans Lulfing, Baedecker, Karl, Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). Band 1, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1953, p. 516 f.
↑ (German) Peter Rühmkorf, Heinz Ludwig Arnold, Das Lied der Deutschen Göttingen: Wallstein, 2001, ISBN 3-89244-463-3, pp. 11–14.
↑ Raymond Dominick III, The Environmental Movement in Germany, Bloomington, Indiana University, 1992, pp. 3–41.
1 2 Sheehan, pp. 610–613.
↑ (German) Badische Heimat/Landeskunde online 2006 Veit's Pauls Church Germania. Retrieved 5 June 2009.
↑ Examples of this argument appear in: Ralf Dahrendorf, German History, (1968), pp. 25–32; (German) Hans Ulrich Wehler, Das Deutsche Kaiserreich, 1871–1918, Göttingen, 1973, pp. 10–14; Leonard Krieger, The German Idea of Freedom, Chicago, 1957; Raymond Grew, Crises of Political Development in Europe and the United States, Princeton, 1978, pp. 312–345; Jürgen Kocka and Allan Mitchell. Bourgeois society in nineteenth-century Europe. Oxford, 1993; Jürgen Kocka, "German History before Hitler: The Debate about the German Sonderweg." Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 23, No. 1 (January, 1988), pp. 3–16; Volker Berghahn, Modern Germany. Society, Economy and Politics in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge, 1982.
↑ World Encyclopedia V.3 p. 542.
↑ For a summary of this argument, see David Blackbourn, and Geoff Eley. The peculiarities of German history: bourgeois society and politics in nineteenth-century Germany. Oxford & New York, 1984, part 1.
↑ Jürgen Kocka, "Comparison and Beyond.'" History and Theory, Vol. 42, No. 1 (February, 2003), pp. 39–44, and Jürgen Kocka, "Asymmetrical Historical Comparison: The Case of the German Sonderweg", History and Theory, Vol. 38, No. 1 (February, 1999), pp. 40–50.
↑ The remainder of the letter exhorts the Germans to unification: "This role of world leadership, left vacant as things are today, might well be occupied by the German nation. You Germans, with your grave and philosophic character, might well be the ones who could win the confidence of others and guarantee the future stability of the international community. Let us hope, then, that you can use your energy to overcome your moth-eaten thirty tyrants of the various German states. Let us hope that in the center of Europe you can then make a unified nation out of your fifty millions. All the rest of us would eagerly and joyfully follow you." Denis Mack Smith (editor). Garibaldi (Great Lives Observed), Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1969, p. 76.
↑ Bismarck had "cut his teeth" on German politics, and German politicians, in Frankfurt: a quintessential politician, Bismarck had built his power-base by absorbing and co-opting measures from throughout the political spectrum. He was first and foremost a politician, and in this lied his strength. Furthermore, since he trusted neither Moltke nor Roon, he was reluctant to enter a military enterprise over which he would have no control. Mann, Chapter 6, pp. 316–395.
↑ The Situation of Germany. (PDF) – The New York Times, July 1, 1866.
↑ A. J. P. Taylor, Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman. Oxford, Clarendon, 1988. Chapter 1, and Conclusion.
↑ Sheehan, p. 906; Geoffrey Wawro, The Austro Prussian War: Austria's War with Prussia and Italy in 1866. Cambridge, Cambridge University, 1996, pp. 82–84.
↑ Wawro, pp. 50–60; 75–79.
↑ Blackbourn, Long Century, pp. 225–301.
↑ David Blackbourn and Geoff Eley. The peculiarities of German history: bourgeois society and politics in nineteenth-century Germany. Oxford [Oxfordshire] and New York, Oxford University Press, 1984. Peter Blickle, Heimat: a critical theory of the German idea of homeland, Studies in German literature, linguistics and culture. Columbia, South Carolina, Camden House; Boydell & Brewer, 2004. Robert W. Scribner, Sheilagh C. Ogilvie, Germany: a new social and economic history. London and New York, Arnold and St. Martin's Press, 1996.
↑ To name only a few of these studies: Geoff Eley, Reshaping the German right: radical nationalism and political change after Bismarck. New Haven, 1980. Richard J. Evans, Death in Hamburg: Society and Politics in the Cholera Years, 1830–1910.New York, 2005. Richard J. Evans,Society and politics in Wilhelmine Germany. London and New York, 1978. Thomas Nipperdey, Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck, 1800–1866. Princeton, New Jersey, 1996. Jonathan Sperber, Popular Catholicism in nineteenth-century Germany. Princeton, N.J., 1984. (1997).
↑ For more on this idea, see, for example, Joseph R. Llobera, and Goldsmiths' College. The role of historical memory in (ethno)nation-building, Goldsmiths sociology papers. London, 1996; (German) Alexandre Escudier, Brigitte Sauzay, and Rudolf von Thadden. Gedenken im Zwiespalt: Konfliktlinien europäischen Erinnerns, Genshagener Gespräche; vol. 4. Göttingen: 2001; Alon Confino. The Nation as a Local Metaphor: Württemberg, Imperial Germany, and National Memory, 1871–1918. Chapel Hill, 1999.
↑ Blackbourn, Long Century, pp. 283; 285–300.
↑ Jonathan Sperber. Popular Catholicism in nineteenth-century Germany, Princeton, N.J., 1984.
↑ Karin Friedrich, The other Prussia: royal Prussia, Poland and liberty, 1569–1772, New York, 2000, p. 5.
↑ Many modern historians describe this myth, without subscribing to it: for example, Rudy Koshar, Germany's Transient Pasts: Preservation and the National Memory in the Twentieth Century. Chapel Hill, 1998; Hans Kohn. German history; some new German views. Boston, 1954; Thomas Nipperdey, Germany history from Napoleon to Bismarck. | 2019-04-25T08:12:21 | https://ipfs.io/ipfs/QmXoypizjW3WknFiJnKLwHCnL72vedxjQkDDP1mXWo6uco/wiki/Unification_of_Germany.html |
0.928377 | In South Africa in 2014, more than 1,000 white rhinos were poached for their horns—most in famed Kruger National Park. At current poaching levels, white rhinos could become extinct in the wild within 20 years.
What can South Africa's rhino horn trade proponents learn from experiences with the South American vicuña?
Southern white rhinos could go extinct in the wild in less than 20 years.
Conservation efforts saved the species from an earlier brush with extinction. There were no more than 50 white rhinos in South Africa at the end of the 19th century. Today South Africa holds nearly all of Africa's estimated 20,135 white rhinos.
But more than 1,215 were poached for their horns in 2014. A similar number were killed in 2013. The animals are expected to be in net decline by next year.
And yet in the lead-up to the next big meeting of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), to be held in Cape Town in October 2016, South Africa is expected to push hard for legalization of trade in the horns of southern white rhinos.
In Vietnam, among other Asian nations, powdered rhino horn is said to treat fevers and cure cancer, although no scientific studies exist to support such beliefs.
A legal trade, proponents argue, would reduce incentives for poaching of wild rhinos and the illegal trade of their horns. People who are pro-trade view rhino horn as a renewable resource because the horns gradually regrow after they're cropped.
The idea is that rhinos would be intensively managed under farmed, or at least semi-captive, conditions, and that the animals would be sedated while their horns are harvested. Profits from the sale of horns would be invested in maintaining "viable, free-ranging" populations in "natural habitat," as South African trade advocate Michael 't Sas-Rolfes and others envision—although they leave the quoted terms "open to interpretation." This overall approach falls under the label "sustainable use."
Many rhino horn trade advocates tout the Andean vicuña—an iconic South American mammal in the camel family that's related to llamas, alpacas, and guanacos—as an example of successful conservation through sustainable use. The vicuña has been valued for thousands of years for its soft, fine wool.
Excessive hunting for European markets drove vicuñas to the brink of extinction in the 1960s. The animals were usually shot and the fleeces sheared off their carcasses.
In the early 1970s, CITES—which regulates the global wildlife trade—and the countries where the vicuñas range in the wild took measures that included a ban on trade in their wool, putting them on a path to recovery. By the 1990s, their numbers had rebounded to more than 200,000 (most of them in Peru), and regulated legal trading in wool resumed.
The wool of vicuñas—found in the Andean highlands of Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile—has been prized for thousands of years. Poaching of vicuñas is on the rise despite a legal trade in their wool.
Back then, ecologist Cristian Bonacic, of Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, in Santiago, was at the forefront of developing best practice guidelines for sustainable, ethical use of vicuñas.
Bonacic, a doctor of veterinary medicine, is a leading expert on South American camelids, the taxonomic group that includes vicuñas, with more than 30 years of research experience on wild populations. Because of his work with Oxford University's Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, vicuña management practices were aimed at reducing stress during capture, handling, and shearing.
Today, wild vicuñas number more than 340,000 in the Andean highlands of Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile, but once again, poaching and illegal trading are threatening them.
Bonacic says that although inherent differences between rhinos and vicuñas mean that "sustainable" management practices of the two species would differ in detail, there are broad parallels between the two—and that lessons learned over the years with vicuñas apply to rhinos.
Speaking from his university office, Bonacic explains his recent shift away from the notion of sustainable use of wildlife, why a legal trade in vicuña wool has led to more—not less—poaching, and why he thinks a legal trade in rhino horn could be catastrophic for the species.
Tell us about the "sustainable use paradigm" and how it shaped your conservation vision more than 20 years ago.
According to the sustainable use paradigm, if wildlife can be used, it can be saved. This means that farming of wild animals and their conservation are explicitly interlinked. The idea was that if you can provide income to local communities from sustainable use of a wild animal, this will exclude illegal poaching. And indeed, the trend in the '90s did prove this approach successful in a number of places with a number of species. In Chile, we followed this paradigm like a religion.
But the world has changed, and many indigenous communities are now much more globalized. There are many more roads, many more exchange routes, including the Internet, which allows you with one click to buy something banned in one country and not in another. The romantic view that local communities can use an animal sustainably is simply no longer feasible in the 21st century.
What was the Vicuña Convention?
Vicuñas nearly went extinct from overhunting in the wild in the 1960s. In response, CITES placed a 30-year moratorium on trade in vicuña wool. From 1960 to 1980, there was no trade, but in the 1990s we reinitiated discussion about sustainable use of vicuñas under the Vicuña Convention—a specific agreement among the countries where the vicuña naturally occurs.
The agreement was for vicuñas to be sheared alive and returned to the wild, with benefits from the sale of fiber going to local communities. This plan required maximum cooperation of government agencies, local communities, and international conservation organizations like the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature).
Importantly, the trade in wool wouldn't reopen until after vicuñas had recovered in the wild. That didn't happen at the same pace in each of the vicuña range countries, or even within each country, with some populations remaining in jeopardy.
This is something that's happening for rhinos and elephants and other wildlife in Africa and presents a major challenge to "sustainable use"—that is, you can't guarantee that by starting a program of trade in a place where the animal is in abundance, you won't drive the animal to extinction through illegal use where they're still in danger.
While the vicuña populations in northern Chile are currently out of danger of extinction, the populations in the south are not.
Vicuñas were hunted to near extinction by the 1960s for their fleeces. Today, humane capture and shearing methods are widely used.
When did trade in vicuña wool begin again?
In 1997 at the CITES 10th Conference of Parties, in Zimbabwe, Peru was authorized to sell three tonnes [3.3 tons] of stockpiled vicuña fiber and develop trade in raw fleece. This marked the reopening of an international trade in wool sheared from live vicuñas.
Tell us about vicuña capture and wool harvesting.
We know from years of research on the stress physiology of vicuñas and guanacos that any human contact can be stressful for a wild animal. From the very onset, I led research and developed management practices to avoid the animals suffering while they were captured and sheared.
Between 2001 and 2005 we initiated a project—through a grant from the European Union—in the north of Argentina to institute sustainable use for the explicit purpose of protecting wild populations of vicuña. If sustainable use could provide a means of generating income in communities, and if these communities could demonstrate that their local vicuña populations had recovered, then they would be entrusted to use wild vicuñas to supply the trade in fiber.
Essentially, our model was based on the traditional chaku, in which wild animals were rounded up and sheared by Inca servants more than 600 years ago, before the Spanish arrived.
We funneled vicuñas into a series of corrals, placing hoods on them and shearing them without sedation—as wouldn't be the case for rhinos when cropping their horns—then released them back into the wild within their same social structure. The system proved to be animal-friendly, with almost no mortality, and easy to implement by local communities on their own.
Chilean ecologist Cristian Bonacic—a leader in developing best practice guidelines for sustainable, ethical use of vicuñas—believes lessons learned from trade in vicuña wool are applicable to the survival of white rhinos in the wild.
Prior to our efforts, Argentina had wild-sourced vicuñas for "farms," much smaller than Peru's "ranches," a pilot initiative that soon failed to prove to be socially and environmentally just. Some of Argentina's farms were established outside the natural distribution of the vicuña, and animals were even given to people who were not members of local communities.
Ranching was Peru's method of corralling vicuñas into large fenced plots, which can best be described as "semi-captive" conditions. This is a euphemism for saying that the animals were restricted in their movement and not really under proper care.
Our training of how to responsibly harvest wool from wild vicuñas was replicated in other communities across Argentina, and also in Bolivia and Chile. However, despite our best efforts, different conditions in different communities across vicuña range countries were instituted in such a way that we couldn't guarantee that animals were properly managed everywhere.
Poor welfare affects the population by adding a new mortality factor, impeding future captures and shearing, and hindering the economic viability of the program.
The concern now is that given low production volumes of wool, there's a shift from wild management—shearing of wild vicuñas as was agreed under the Vicuña Convention—to captive management schemes.
How do vicuñas fare under captive management?
Captive management, or farming, inevitably means artificial selection of certain vicuña traits, higher risk of disease transference—particularly when vicuñas and domestic animals are penned together—even lack of sufficient food because of overgrazing.
Sometimes, people put domestic llamas and alpacas in the same plots with vicuñas, creating hybrids that are not a desirable outcome of using wild animals.
There's impact on vicuña behavior from restricting habitat use, and even higher risk of predation on vicuñas when they're fenced and unable to flee a predator.
In other words, farming—unlike the chaku—leads to domestication, changes in health and behavior, and "genetic improvements," none of which are good for wild vicuñas.
Most of these problems are relevant to rhino farming.
Moreover, it seems to me that even less is known about rhinos than about vicuñas. The life history cycle of a rhino is different from [that of] a vicuña. The product—horn—that would be harvested from rhinos is crucial for their reproduction and behavior. What sort of conditions does a dehorned rhino require? How is it vulnerable without its horn? How is its mate competition and communication affected by dehorning or horn cropping? Can a farmed rhino ever be released into relatively more wild or free-ranging conditions?
We know from years of research that you can't shear vicuñas and then keep them penned, as they'll lose their adaptive response to cold, given that their fleece and mobility are what keep them warm. Isn't weaponry in the form of a horn part of a rhino's adaptive response, and if so, how do they compensate for its lack?
Why has a managed legal trade in vicuña wool not led to a decrease in poaching in the wild?
The availability and affordability of vicuña wool has ultimately not worked to protect wild populations from poaching. In fact, poaching has even increased over the past ten years in Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile.
The opening of the vicuña wool industry led to market expansion, which we did not anticipate. Increasing demand in turn led to more poaching, not less. Our worry now is that globalization could increase demand for vicuña wool beyond natural production limits, threatening wild vicuñas yet again. Already, illegal trade in vicuña fiber is creating tensions at the borders between vicuña range countries.
Vicuña poaching is not only increasing, it's also becoming more dangerous. In Chile, there are recent incidents of park rangers being killed by vicuña poachers. We've never had such a situation before. Chilean rangers don't use guns—they never had to.
The trade in vicuña wool also led to "stakeholder dominance," with Italian and Argentinean traders controlling the market. This means that benefits to traders are much greater than those enjoyed by local people of the Andean communities who source and supply the raw product. This gives communities less incentive to protect wild vicuñas.
Furthermore, as vicuñas are highly territorial, this affects how they distribute themselves across the landscape, which can incite poaching in one community's area by members of another community. This raises the complex issue of ownership.
Finally, the product—vicuña wool—is difficult to distinguish from the wool of guanacos and alpacas, which can be the same color as vicuña [wool]. We suspect that illegal trade is made possible by shipping vicuña wool out under the label of baby alpaca or baby llama wool. There's no easy way to verify the authenticity—or legality—of the product, as would also be the case for rhino horn, especially once it's ground up into powder.
Can you discuss other relevant experiences in Chile?
We shouldn't forget the example of the chinchilla, which is endemic to Chile. At the beginning of the past century, when chinchillas were in decline because of overuse for their pelts, someone took several pairs to North America and developed an entire new breed in captivity. Farming did not stimulate care for wild chinchillas, nor did it help avert their current near-extinction in the wild.
RELATED VIDEO: Researchers in Argentina tag a newborn vicuña in 2011 as part of a study to help in the conservation of the animal and one of its predators, the puma.
How can Chile's experience with vicuñas be a cautionary tale for South Africa?
There are a lot fewer wild rhinos than there were wild vicuñas at the start of the trade in their wool. If there's increased rhino poaching following trade legalization—even for a brief period and at a relatively low level compared with the present—this could be catastrophic for rhinos.
How would the profits of rhino horn trade be transferred to wild population recovery, ecosystem conservation, and local communities? How can responsible use of funds be guaranteed, given recent news of misappropriation of money gained from South Africa's elephant ivory sale in 2008?
What are the social benefits of using rhino horn as compared to vicuña wool? Would the world be promoting medical fraud by supporting rhino horn trade and usage?
Moreover, is it ethically acceptable to breed animals for the sole use of their horns for some so-called medicinal purpose? Societies should be prepared to ask themselves whether fashion and folk medicine can be allowed to drive species like vicuña and rhino to what could be their extinction in the wild in the 21st century.
Rhinos have a tremendous potential as a source of income if they're retained in the wild because of their huge tourist appeal. Rhinos attract far more ecotourism than vicuñas do, and are likely just behind elephants in that appeal.
I strongly believe that farming rhinos for horn production will drive the last specimens of a unique species into a scenario where they'll become more tame and less able to be part of the African ecosystem.
When you drive a magnificent animal away from its ecological relationships, you're taking away the whole meaning of wildlife conservation.
Follow Katarzyna Nowak on Twitter. | 2019-04-19T12:45:09 | https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/01/150106-rhino-poaching-south-africa-animals-conservation/ |
0.999992 | A bride and groom in Canada spent their first night of marital bliss behind bars after their wedding party turns into a bar brawl.
The wild husband and wife fisticuffs erupted at Denizen Hall in downtown Edmonton only 15 minutes after the party arrived at the drinking establishment, according to eyewitnesses.
'I've seen bar fights, but it was pretty different to see this lady in a wedding gown right in the thick of it,' said eyewitness Ryan Bychowski, 34, of Edmonton, Canada about the Saturday night melee to Inside Edition.
Bar patron Matthew Machado, 30, said he saw the doors of Denizen Hall explode open with people pouring out into the streets to continue the fight.
'It was just absolutely ridiculous and absolutely absurd' Machado told the Toronto Sun.
'The bride is just swinging and the melee ends up on the sidewalk,' said another witness to the Toronto Sun.
'I couldn't tell what was going on except you see a bunch of people in tuxedos piled up,' Bychowski said to Inside Edition.
Machado said he saw the groom reach for the bartender, and a man in the groom's party punch a window.
In the video an eyewitness can be heard discussing the timeline for the fight.
A voice is heard saying 'You know what's funny, they were only here for 15 minutes' as they watch the bride put in cuffs.
Edmonton Police Service, told ABC News that the bride was charged with assault and the groom was charged with mischief under $5,000. | 2019-04-25T12:52:43 | https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4823780/Bride-groom-spend-night-bars.html |
0.999276 | A cassette deck is a type of tape machine for playing and recording audio compact cassettes. Consumer electronics formerly used the term deck to distinguish them from a tape recorder, the "deck" being part of a stereo component system, while a "tape recorder" was more portable and usually had a self-contained power amplifier (and often speakers).
Although the two terms became interchangeable, a recorder is typically thought of as a low-fidelity portable device, while a deck is considered a high fidelity component.
The first consumer tape recorder to employ a tape reel permanently housed in a small removable cartridge was the RCA tape cartridge, which appeared in 1958 as a predecessor to the cassette format. At that time, reel to reel recorders and players were commonly used by enthusiasts, but required large individual reels and tapes which had to be threaded by hand, making them less-accessible to the casual consumer. Both RCA and Bell Sound attempted to commercialize the cartridge format, but a few factors stalled adoption, including lower-than-advertised availability of selections in the prerecorded media catalog, delays in production setup, and a stand-alone design that was not considered by audiophiles to be truly hi-fi.
The "compact cassette" (a Philips trademark) was introduced by the Philips Corporation at the Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin in 1963 and marketed as a device purely intended for portable speech-only dictation machines.[citation needed] The tape width was 1⁄8 inch (actually 0.15 inch, 3.81 mm) and tape speed was 1.875 inches (4.8 cm) per second, giving a decidedly non Hi-Fi frequency response and quite high noise levels.
Early recorders were intended for dictation and journalists, and were typically hand-held battery-powered devices with built-in microphones and automatic gain control on recording. Tape recorder audio-quality had improved by the mid-1970s, and a cassette deck with manual level controls and VU meters became a standard component of home high-fidelity systems. Eventually the reel-to-reel recorder was completely displaced, in part because of the usage constraints presented by their large size, expense, and the inconvenience of threading and rewinding the tape reels - cassettes are more portable and can be stopped and immediately removed in the middle of playback without rewinding. Cassettes became extremely popular for automotive and other portable music applications. Although pre-recorded cassettes were widely available, many users would combine (dub) songs from their vinyl records or cassettes to make a new custom mixtape cassette.
In 1970, the Advent Corporation combined Dolby B noise reduction system with chromium dioxide (CrO2) tape to create the Advent Model 200, the first high-fidelity cassette deck. Dolby B uses volume companding of high frequencies to boost low-level treble information by up to 9 dB, reducing them (and the hiss) on playback. CrO2 used different bias and equalization settings to reduce the overall noise level and extend the high frequency response. Together these allowed a usefully flat frequency response beyond 15 kHz for the first time. This deck was based on a top-loading mechanism by Nakamichi, then soon replaced by the Model 201 based on a more reliable transport made by Wollensak, a division of 3M, which was commonly used in audio/visual applications. Both featured an unusual single VU meter which could be switched between or for both channels. The Model 200 featured piano key style transport controls, with the Model 201 using the distinctive combination of a separate lever for rewind/fast forward and the large play and stop button as found on their commercial reel to reel machines of the era.
Most manufacturers adopted a standard top-loading format with piano key controls, dual VU meters, and slider level controls. There was a variety of configurations leading to the next standard format in the late 1970s, which settled on front-loading (see main picture) with cassette well on one side, dual VU meters on the other, and later dual-cassette decks with meters in the middle. Mechanical controls were replaced with electronic push buttons controlling solenoid mechanical actuators, though low cost models would retain mechanical controls. Some models could search and count gaps between songs.
Cassette decks soon came into widespread use and were designed variously for professional applications, home audio systems, and for mobile use in cars, as well as portable recorders. From the mid-1970s to the late 1990s the cassette deck was the preferred music source for the automobile. Like an 8-track cartridge, it was relatively insensitive to vehicle motion, but it had reduced tape flutter, as well as the obvious advantages of smaller physical size and fast forward/rewind capability. A major boost to the cassette's popularity came with the release of the Sony Walkman "personal" cassette player in 1979, designed specifically as a headphone-only ultra-compact "wearable" music source. Although the vast majority of such players eventually sold were not Sony products, the name "Walkman" has become synonymous with this type of device.
Cassette decks reached their pinnacle of performance and complexity by the mid-1980s.[citation needed] Cassette decks from companies such as Nakamichi, Revox, and Tandberg incorporated advanced features such as multiple tape heads and dual capstan drive with separate reel motors. Auto-reversing decks became popular and were standard on most factory installed automobile decks.
As a part of the Digital Revolution, the ongoing development of electronics technology decreased the cost of digital circuitry to the point that the technology could be applied to consumer electronics. The application of such digital electronics to cassette decks provides an early example of mechatronic design, which aims to enhance mechanical systems with electronic components in order to improve performance, increase system flexibility, or reduce cost. The inclusion of logic circuitry and solenoids into the transport and control mechanisms of cassette decks, often referred to "logic control," contrasts with earlier "piano-key" transport controls and mechanical linkages. One goal of using logic circuitry in cassette decks or recorders was to minimize equipment damage upon incorrect user input by including fail-safes into the transport and control mechanism. Such fail-safe behavior was described in a review by Julian Hirsch of a particular cassette deck featuring logic control. Some examples of fail-safe mechanisms incorporated into logic control decks include: a mechanism designed to protect internal components from damage when the tape or motor is locked, a mechanism designed to prevent the tape from being wound improperly, among others. Some logic control decks were designed to incorporate light-touch buttons or remote control, among other features marketed as being convenient. In the car stereo industry, full logic control was developed with the aim of miniaturization, so that the cassette deck would take up less dashboard space.
The Dolby B noise reduction system was key to realizing low noise performance on slow, narrow, cassette tapes. It works by boosting the high frequencies on recording, especially low-level high-frequency sounds, with corresponding high frequency reduction on playback. This lowers the high frequency noise (hiss) by approximately 9 dB. Enhanced versions included Dolby C (in 1980) and Dolby S types. Of the three, however, only Dolby B became common on automobile decks.
Bang & Olufsen developed the HX Pro headroom extension system in conjunction with Dolby Laboratories in 1982. This was used in many higher-end decks. HX Pro reduces the high-frequency bias during recording when the signal being recorded has a high level of high frequency content. Such a signal is self-biasing. Reducing the level of the bias signal permits the desired signal to be recorded at a higher level without saturating the tape, thus increasing "headroom" or maximum recording level.
New tape formulations were introduced. Chromium dioxide (referred to as CrO2 or Type II) was the first tape designed for extended high frequency response, but it required higher bias. Later, as the IEC Type II standard was defined, a different equalization settings was also mandated to reduce hiss, thus giving up some extension at the high end of the audio spectrum. Better-quality cassette recorders soon appeared with a switch for the tape type. Later decks incorporated coded holes in the shell to autodetect the tape type. Chromium dioxide tape was thought to cause increased wear on the heads, so TDK and Maxell adapted cobalt-doped ferric formulations to mimic CrO2. Sony briefly tried FerriChrome (Type III) which claimed to combine the best of both; some people, however, stated that the reverse was true because the Cr top layer seemed to wear off quickly, reducing this type to Fe in practice. Most recent decks produce the best response and dynamic headroom with metal tapes (IEC Type IV) which require still higher bias for recording, though they will play back correctly at the II setting since the equalization is the same.
A variety of noise reduction and other schemes are used to increase fidelity, with Dolby B being almost universal for both prerecorded tapes and home recording. Dolby B was designed to address the high-frequency noise inherent in cassette tapes, and along with improvements in tape formulation it helped the cassette win acceptances as a high-fidelity medium. At the same time, Dolby B provided acceptable performance when played back on decks that lacked Dolby circuitry, meaning there was little reason not to use it if it was available.
The main alternative to Dolby was the dbx noise reduction system, which achieved a high signal-to-noise ratio, but was essentially unlistenable when played back on decks that lacked the dbx decoding circuitry.
Philips developed an alternative noise reduction system known as Dynamic Noise Limiter (DNL) which did not require the tapes to be processed during recording; this was also the basis of the later DNR noise reduction.
Dolby later introduced Dolby C and Dolby S noise reduction, which achieved higher levels of noise reduction; Dolby C became common on high-fidelity decks, but Dolby S, released when cassette sales had begun to decline, never achieved widespread use. It was only licensed for use on higher end tape decks that included dual motors, triple heads, and other refinements.
Dolby HX Pro headroom extension provided better high-frequency response by adjusting the inaudible tape bias during the recording of strong high-frequency sounds, which had a bias effect of their own. Developed by Bang & Olufsen, it did not require a decoder to play back. Since B&O held patent rights and required paying license fees, many other manufacturers refrained from using it too.
Other refinements to improve cassette performance included Tandberg's DYNEQ, Toshiba's adres [ja] and Telefunken's High Com, and on some high-end decks, automatic recording bias, fine pitch adjustment and (sometimes) head azimuth adjustment such as the Tandberg TCD-330 and TCD-340A.
By the late 1980s, thanks to such improvements in the electronics, the tape material and manufacturing techniques, as well as dramatic improvements to the precision of the cassette shell, tape heads and transport mechanics, sound fidelity on equipment from the top manufacturers far surpassed the levels originally expected of the medium. On suitable audio equipment, cassettes could produce a very pleasant listening experience. High-end cassette decks could achieve 15 Hz-22 kHz±3 dB frequency response with wow and flutter below 0.022%, and a signal-to-noise ratio of up to 61 dB (for Type IV tape, without noise-reduction)[citation needed] . With noise reduction typical signal-to-noise figures of 70-76 dB with Dolby C, 80-86 dB with Dolby S, and 85 - 90 dB with dbx could be achieved. Many casual listeners could not tell the difference between compact cassette and compact disc.
Some companies, such as Mobile Fidelity, produced audiophile cassettes in the 1980s, which were recorded on high-grade tape and duplicated on premium equipment in real time from a digital master. Unlike audiophile LPs, which continue to attract a following, these became moot after the Compact Disc became widespread.
Almost all cassette decks have an MPX filter to improve the sound quality and the tracking of the noise reduction system when recording from a FM stereo broadcast. However, in many especially cheaper decks, this filter cannot be disabled, and because of that record/playback frequency response in those decks typically is limited to 16 kHz. In other decks, the MPX filter can be switched off or on independently from the Dolby switch. On yet other decks, the filter is off by default, and an option to switch it on or off is only provided when Dolby is activated; this prevents the MPX filter from being used when it's not required.
A key element of the cassette's success was its use in in-car entertainment systems, where the small size of the tape was significantly more convenient than the competing 8-track cartridge system. Cassette players in cars and for home use were often integrated with a radio receiver, and the term "casseiver" was occasionally used for combination units for home use. In-car cassette players were the first to adopt automatic reverse ("auto-reverse") of the tape direction at each end, allowing a cassette to be played endlessly without manual intervention. Home cassette decks soon added the feature. In-car cassette players are preferred by some particularly for their cheaper cost and serviceability.
Cassette tape adaptors have been developed which allow newer media players to be played through existing cassette decks, in particular those in cars which generally do not have input jacks. These units do not suffer from reception problems from FM transmitter based system to play back media players through the FM radio, though supported frequencies for FM transmitters that aren't used on commercial broadcasters in a given region (e.g. any frequency below 88.1 in the US) somewhat eliminates that problem.
Cassette equipment needs regular maintenance, as cassette tape is a magnetic medium which is in physical contact with the tape head and other metallic parts of the recorder/player mechanism. Without such maintenance, the high frequency response of the cassette equipment will suffer.
The heads and other metallic components in the tape path (such as spindles and capstans) may become magnetized with use, and require demagnetizing (see Cassette demagnetizer).
Isopropyl alcohol and Denatured alcohol are both suitable head-cleaning fluids. (Rubbing alcohol may contain oil which is not suitable.) Head cleaning fluid is a relatively expensive way to buy isopropyl alcohol.
Analog cassette deck sales were expected to decline rapidly with the advent of the compact disc and other digital recording technologies such as digital audio tape (DAT), MiniDisc, and the CD-R recorder drives. Philips responded with the digital compact cassette, a system which was backward-compatible with existing analog cassette recordings for playback, but it failed to garner a significant market share and was withdrawn. One reason proposed for the lack of acceptance of digital recording formats such as DAT was a fear by content providers that the ability to make very high quality copies would hurt sales of copyrighted recordings.
The rapid transition was not realized and CDs and cassettes successfully co-existed for nearly 20 years. A contributing factor may have been the inability of early CD players to reliably read discs with surface damage and offer anti-skipping features for applications where external vibration would be present, such as automotive and recreation environments. Early CD playback equipment also tended to be expensive compared to cassette equipment of similar quality and did not offer recording capability. Many home and portable entertainment systems supported both formats and commonly allowed the CD playback to be recorded on cassette tape. The rise of inexpensive all-solid-state portable digital music systems based on MP3, AAC and similar formats finally saw the eventual decline of the domestic cassette deck. Tascam, Marantz, Yamaha, Teac, Denon, Sony, and JVC are among the companies still manufacturing cassette decks in relatively small quantities for professional and niche market use. By the late 1990s, automobiles were offered with entertainment systems that played both cassettes and CDs. By the end of the late 2000s, very few cars were offered with cassette decks. The last vehicle that played cassettes is the 2010 Lexus SC 430. As radios became tightly integrated into dashboards, many cars lacked even standard openings that would accept aftermarket cassette player installations.
Despite the decline in the production of cassette decks, these products are still valued by some. Many blind and elderly people find the newest digital technologies very difficult to use compared to the cassette format. Cassette tapes are not vulnerable to scratching from handling (though the exposed magnetic tape is vulnerable to stretching from poking), and play from where they were last stopped (though some modern MP3 players offer savestating electronically). Cassette tapes can also be recorded multiple times (though some solid-state digital recorders are now offering that function).
^ Cook, Diana; Morton, David. "RCA Cartridges: 1958 - 1964". A History of Magnetic Audio Tape. Diana Cook. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
^ Mourning and Celebrating 50 years of Compact Cassette - SoundBlog, 23 March 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
^ van Amerongen, Job (2005). "Chapter 12: The Role of Controls in Mechatronics". In Bishop, Robert H. Mechatronics: An Introduction. CRC Press. p. 12.1. ISBN 978-1-4200-3724-1.
^ United States 3347996 A, Goji Uchikoshi, "Control system for a magnetic recorder", published 1967-10-17 "By the provision of a logical circuit in the control circuit for a magnetic recorder, even when the keys of the key board are actuated in any desired sequence, the magnetic recorder and its associated devices can be promptly and precisely controlled without causing any damages thereon."
^ Hirsch, Julian (May 1979). "Eumig 'CCD' Cassette Deck" (PDF). Popular Electronics. pp. 39–44. Retrieved 18 Dec 2017. The transport controls are fully logic operated through solenoids. Any transport control button can be touched while the machine is running in any mode without risking damage to tape or deck. Even the button for the cassette compartment door can be operated while the tape is running.
^ Takahata, Masato; et al. (1991). "Logic Controlled Cassette Deck Mechanism "DK-76"" (PDF). FUJITSU TEN Technical Journal (4): 52–60. Retrieved 2017-12-12.
^ Hirsch, Julian (May 1979). "Aiwa Model AD-6900 cassette deck" (PDF). Popular Electronics. pp. 28–31. Retrieved 18 Dec 2017. There was a slight "clunk" from the solenoids as they operated, but the buttons themselves required almost no activating pressure, and the control logic appeared to be as foolproof as claimed.
^ Takai, Kazuki (1985-02-01). "Ultra-Compact, Full-Logic Cassette Mechanism". SAE Technical Paper 850024: 20. doi:10.4271/850024. Retrieved 2017-12-13.
^ Sutherland, Sam (26 Sep 1981). "Better Cassette Quality Urged". Billboard. 93 (38): 3, 6. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
Audio Asylum Tape Trail – A discussion forum of interest to those involved in cassette technology.
Vintage Cassette Decks - A collection of Vintage cassette decks of all brands. | 2019-04-24T06:01:32 | https://wiki2.org/en/Cassette_deck |
0.999998 | Living things access energy by breaking down carbohydrate molecules. However, if plants make carbohydrate molecules, why would they need to break them down? Carbohydrates are storage molecules for energy in all living things. Although energy can be stored in molecules like ATP, carbohydrates are much more stable and efficient reservoirs for chemical energy. Photosynthetic organisms also carry out the reactions of respiration to harvest the energy that they have stored in carbohydrates, for example, plants have mitochondria in addition to chloroplasts.
Photosynthesis produces oxygen as a byproduct, and respiration produces carbon dioxide as a byproduct.
In nature, there is no such thing as waste. Every single atom of matter is conserved, recycling indefinitely. Substances change form or move from one type of molecule to another, but never disappear (Figure 16).
CO2 is no more a form of waste produced by respiration than oxygen is a waste product of photosynthesis. Both are byproducts of reactions that move on to other reactions. Photosynthesis absorbs energy to build carbohydrates in chloroplasts, and aerobic cellular respiration releases energy by using oxygen to break down carbohydrates. Both organelles use electron transport chains to generate the energy necessary to drive other reactions. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration function in a biological cycle, allowing organisms to access life-sustaining energy that originates millions of miles away in a star. | 2019-04-23T00:55:17 | https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/mhccbiology101/chapter/8-6-the-energy-cycle/ |
0.994329 | The revenge is accomplished terribly and fittingly. Coming from such an eminent source, every consideration is due this opinion.
Distrust is a key theme that is conveyed within scene three when Polonius and Laertes advise Ophelia to stay away from Hamlet. His family, his sweetheart, and his school friends all appear to turn against him and to ally themselves with the evil predicament in which Hamlet finds himself.
What does it truly mean? So declares Ibsen in Hedda Gabler. To verify this, She married; O most wicked speed, to past. More importantly though it was an advantage that his "antic disposition", isolated him from the rest of the court because of the people not paying attention to what he thought or did because of his craziness.
What he hesitates to do may be necessary, or even just, as the world goes, but it is a defilement of personal ideals, difficult for a wise mind to justify. Although what was important to note was that all tragic heroes of plays at that time delayed their actual revenge until the end of the play.
He is an anti-hero because he has heroic qualities but he is more of a philosopher than the archetypal hero of deeds and actions. This curious fact constitutes the crux of the plot, "the Hamlet Mystery.
Hamlet is neither 'weak' nor 'unpractical,' as so many call him. The task set by the dead is a simple one. Hamlet is upset with his mothers hasty marriage to his King Uncle Father, Claudius following his fathers death.
Odysseus is finally home, on Ithaca, and is then helped by Athena and disguises himself as an old beggar. Tragedy Essay Tragedy Essay Over the course of time, many things tend to change significantly. In todays world it is shown that humans are very easily divinity and animal.
This causes Hamlet to go crazy, insane, and mad. Aristotle said that the spectacle by rousing in us pity and fear purges us of hese emotions, and this remains the best explanation.
How to cite this article: This flawless morality can be envisioned to act both jointly and independently as a perfection and imperfection of the Princes character. Hamlet takes this to be an accusation that his feelings are false. Melancholia, hysteria, psychic epilepsy, neurasthenia, madness or whatever you will, has been presented in turn to explain Hamlet's procrastination.
This moment could be interpreted as foreshadowing of the impending deaths of most of the principle characters.
Before, Hamlet has been appalled and revolted by the moral corruption of the living. The circumstances he has to manage emotionally are difficult, to say the least. Hamlet was one of the greatest of all time.
The first is that the language of Hamlet parallels that of the Bible, and is almost as familiar by quotation in common speech.
Hamlet without Seneca is inconceivable. It is so great a defilement, and a world so composed is so great a defilement that death seems preferable to action and existence alike.
Many in the audience know all-too-well what is to suffer the death of a family member—because we are human, and because death is one of those few things apart from our birth that remain, quite simply, beyond our direct control. Similarly, insanity may be a constant but slight and imperceptible over-tension of the nerves as well as the wild raving of a maniac.
Coleridge remarks in part: Is hamlet a hero essay Is Hamlet a hero or a villain?The revenge tragedy, or revenge play, is a dramatic genre in which the protagonist seeks revenge for an imagined or actual injury. The term, revenge tragedy, was first introduced in by A.H.
Thorndike to label a class of plays written in the late Elizabethan and early Jacobean eras (circa s to s). by Alice Temnick Is it a relief to know that there is a shared belief in life as tragic, troubled, and full of misery?
Would a plan for engaging in meaningful conversation, feeling significant and taking responsibility relieve us from. Critical Essays Shakespeares Tragedy Free hamlet revenge essays and papers helpmecom, revenge and vengeance in shakespeare's hamlet speculation about whether the shakespearean drama hamlet On Law Morality And Politics 2nd Edition Hackett Classics.
Shakespeare’s revenge tragedy Hamlet has endured the tests of time and successfully lived on till our present era due to its exploration of prominent themes and core values which appeal to the human condition and resonate deeply in the contemporary world.
Soliloquy Analysis In Shakespeares Hamlet English Literature Essay. Print Reference this. Disclaimer: Hamlet ponders whether he should take action against his sea of troubles and seek revenge for his father’s death or live with the pain of his father’s murder.
enjoining what is good. Prompt action without concern for morality is. Hamlet is the main character of Shakespeares play Hamlet. He stars as a young man who recently lost his father in a trecherous plot made by his uncle to kill the king Hamlet is a very consious being who thinks on his action before he does it He is also very smart, so smart in fact that he was able. | 2019-04-24T09:54:33 | https://wididigahovas.tsuki-infini.com/morality-and-revenge-in-shakespeares-hamlet-essay-3280noj3131.html |
0.998638 | Are These Christmas Cookies the Fig Newton's Ancestor?
This is one of those recipes that changes in form and flavor with the whims of the hands that make it. It's a recipe that's made with several generations in the kitchen at once, mixing, rolling, and shaping together.
It's also a recipe associated entirely with Christmas—and like other recipes that fall under that category, the first bite or whiff of the cookies' aroma is sure to bring on waves of nostalgia.
Known as cucciddati or cucidati in the Sicilian dialect, buccellati are Sicily's best-known Christmas cookie. A thin pastry wrapped around a filling of dried figs and nuts, they are reminiscent of fig cookies, but better—and prettier.
Often made into baroque forms, then glazed with royal icing and decorated with colored sprinkles or simply dusted with confectioners' sugar, these festive treats don't stick around for long. Make the most of them by baking a big batch and sharing the love with family and friends.
There are as many variations of these cookies as there are households in Sicily. You can find them in the form of one large buccellato ring, its pastry heavily decorated with intricate crimping; or as individual buccellati cookies in a variety of shapes and forms. The "X" shape and the arch are common forms, but you can also find them made like half-moon ravioli or, even simpler, in little logs like cannoli, as well as shorter, flattened versions (the predecessor to the Fig Newton, perhaps?).
It is common to cut slashes or patterns into the pastry with a razor blade or very sharp knife to expose the contrasting filling for decoration, as I have done here.
Once you've decided on the form you want, consider some of the following common variations in the filling. Instead of orange marmalade, try apricot or peach jam—or cut a step out by using fig jam instead of the dried, soaked, and chopped figs. Substitute the pistachios or pine nuts for almonds or hazelnuts. Change up the orange zest with other citrus—mandarin or lemon for example. Add 100 grams of dark chocolate chips, candied citrus, or dates. Use a splash of marsala or rum, or add some of your favorite Christmas spices (ground cloves or nutmeg are commonly used).
Decorate with a royal icing glaze topped with chopped pistachios or candied fruit instead of colored sprinkles. Or keep things simple with a dusting of confectioners' sugar. And if you want to go really traditional, substitute lard for the butter for a wonderfully flaky pastry, and add some citrus zest for added aroma, too.
More: Make your cookies merry and bright with a dusting of artisan sprinkles.
This amount makes enough buccellati for your own Christmas table, as well as plenty for festive handmade gifts. This is such a decorative cookie with so many variations, so it's quite nice to experiment with the forms, patterns, and decorations in one batch—why not?
Oh Emiko, I am so glad you shared this recipe! All my Italian friends guard their versions like they're the Hope Diamond. And I LOVE them.
Another one I need to make. Sicilian dolci are fascinating; these are clearly another one with an old Arabic influence, which, as you say, may have then carried over into fig rolls (as we call them in the UK).
My Sicilian family has been making these for decades and depending on which side of the family you're talking to they are called slightly different names. My mother's side calls them biccidati and my father's side calls them cuccidati. However, I have never heard them called buccellati and am curious where you got that name from. Thanks for your reply.
Thanks for the info. :) I love learning about Sicily, especially the customs and all the wonderful food. My families are from Valguarnera Caropepe and Villarosa in Enna.
Very good recipe! Congratulations! I am Sicilian living in Caracas, Venezuela and I use to prepare cuccidati every year. All my friend are waiting for my Christmas gift: a box with a dozen of buccellati. I would like to bring you my little secret in the filling: I add dark chocolate chips, mandarine zest and ground almonds (lightly toasted) Thank you for the honor remembering my land and sorry for my poor English.
What are walnut kernels and where can I find them?
Thank you. Can I freeze these? I would love to spend a day making a few batches soon so closer to the holiday I have free time for visiting and entertaining.
I'm very allergic to pistachios. Can I substitute almonds?
Absolutely - some other ideas for substitutions are noted in the article above!
I absolutely love fig newtons and these are lovely. Is the dough soft or more like a sugar cookie in texture?
The dough is much like a sweet shortcrust pastry which is why it's easiest to work with it when it is chilled as it gets very soft while working with it! When cooked it's soft and short like pastry.
Thank you! This brings back such happy memories from growing up. My mom made these every year at Christmas for my Nonno.
So happy that this jogged such a nice memory!
I'm so happy to see this - Now I don't need my friend's husband's secret recipe any longer! Thanks!
Ha, that's great! Every recipe is probably a little different but now you can make it all your own!
Thanks, hope you give these a try!
Yes!! I have been looking for this recipe for years. Thank you!! | 2019-04-24T14:20:02 | https://food52.com/blog/11823-are-these-christmas-cookies-the-fig-newton-s-ancestor |
0.999511 | Chandra Images Galactic Superbubbles - Universe Galaxies And Stars Section.
What should you do if you see a really bright meteor? Is there anyone you should tell?
In case you were wondering, this seems to be the most common question that I get asked (usually once a week or so). So, being the human link librarian that I am, I thought I'd provide you with a set of Internet resources you can use if you see such an event for yourself.
If you're watching the sky, and you suddenly see a really, REALLY, bright meteor (at least as bright as Venus, at -4 magnitude) streaking overhead, then you're seeing a "fireball" - a meteor that stands a pretty good chance of getting through the Earth's atmosphere without burning up (they always seem to land on cars, don't ask me why ;-). The slower the fireball moves through the sky, the better chance there will be of finding it on the ground.
If you see a fireball, it's very important that you report the sighting to your local agency, so they can try and recover the meteorite on the ground. Your visual data can allow experts to calculate the atmospheric trajectory and orbit information. And since meteorites react with the Earth's atmosphere right away, it's important to locate them quickly.
The Chandra X-Ray Observatory was recently used to reveal incredible detail on what happens when Galaxies collide. The collision of the two Antennae Galaxies in the constellation Corvus has produced "superbubbles" 5,000 light years across. As the Galaxies collide, the pressure causes clouds of gas to form into stars. These short-lived new stars go supernova only a few million years later, and their expanding clouds merge to form the superbubbles imaged by Chandra. The space observatory recently celebrated its one year anniversary.
An Ariane 44LP booster carrying two satellites successfully launched from the European Space Agency (ESA) launch center in Kourou, French Guiana. The launch occurred Thursday evening at 11:16pm GMT, with its cargo of a Brazilian Brasilsat B4 communications satellite, and an Egyptian Nilesat 102 direct television satellite. Both satellites were placed in their correct orbits within 25 minutes of launch. This is the 5th launch of the year for Arianespace.
An architect of modern spaceflight, Dr. Robert Gilruth, died early yesterday at a long-term care facility in Charlottesville, Va; he was 86. Back in the 50s, Dr. Gilruth led a team that created the basic design for Project Mercury, which put the first American in space. He then went on to become the directory of the Manned spaceflight Center, now the Johnson Space Center in Houston. Over the course of his career he directed 25 manned flights.
A Titan 4B rocket lifted off from the Vandenberg Airforce Base in California at 11:45pm GMT. 9 minutes and 45 seconds after launch, it separated its classified secret payload into a successful orbit. Although its payload is classified, industry experts suspect that the rocket was carrying a Lacrosse radar imaging reconnaissance satellite for the National Reconnaissance Office. | 2019-04-23T10:10:40 | http://www.universe-galaxies-stars.com/archive_2150.html |
0.999965 | "A manufacturer of high-technology consumer goods incurred the following quality-related expenses last year."
What is the total cost related to prevention?
Answer (C) is correct. Equipment maintenance and supplier evaluations are both prevention costs, as both are proactive measures to ensure the ability of the production facility to continue to operate. | 2019-04-25T12:24:30 | http://www.accountingmcqs.com/a-manufacturer-of-high-technology-consumer-goods-i-mcq-684 |
0.999999 | Economics Professor N. Gregory Mankiw wrote an article for The New York Times this week, imparting one message to college freshmen around the country: take Economics, preferably using Mankiw’s book.
Lloyd Blankfein: Harvard Donor, History Buff?
After the recent report that Goldman Sachs CEO Lloyd C. Blankfein '75 was copied on an e-mail suggesting Goldman knew that Harvard would lose in a $500 million credit default swap, his loyalty to Harvard may have come into question. But it is worth noting that Blankfein has donated millions to Harvard, creating a scholarship fund for lower-income students and endowing a professorship in the Department of History.
Winthrop is Harvard’s most welcoming and illustrious House with probably the best corps of alumni that Harvard can offer.
Princeton Economics Professor and Nobel Laureate Paul R. Krugman compared the Obama administration’s fiscal policies to the government’s policies during the Great Depression in a speech at MIT on Friday, predicting a prolonged recession with high unemployment for years to come.
Former Dean of the College Harry R. Lewis ’68 has struck again with another op-ed panning the Harvard Corporation, the University’s highest governing body—this time in the Huffington Post.
The Boston Globe has named Harvard Law School Professor Elizabeth Warren its 2009 Bostonian of the Year for bringing “a sense of sanity to the economic crisis” as the official overseer of the U.S. bank bailout program.
<p>The quick and dirty about what's been going on around the Ancient Eight (and some other schools too).</p><p>A Yale sophomore died last Sunday. Andre Narcisse '12—an Exeter graduate and aspiring Economics concentrator of Haitian descent—dreamed of someday becoming a Wall Street executive. Yale police officials do not suspect foul play. Yale College Dean Mary Miller told the Yale Daily News that it would be premature and inappropriate to speculate, but added she is hoping to address concerns about alcohol and drug use on campus.</p><p>A freshman at Princeton is suing the university during midterm season, after her request to receive extended time on exams because of her learning disabilities was denied. She argued that poor midterm exam grades freshman fall would cause her “irreparable harm.” FlyBy sympathizes but thinks she should chill out.</p><p>More after the jump.
For all the optimism surrounding Faculty of Arts and Sciences Dean Michael D. Smith’s recent announcement about a windfall surplus in the school’s budget, some professors at yesterday’s Faculty meeting questioned the school’s health in light of the cutbacks that have occurred.
Members of the task force on Harvard’s libraries emphasized the dire problems confronting one of the University's most cherished resources.
FAS Dean Michael D. Smith delivered the news Friday that the school had posted a $58.6 million surplus in its unrestricted funds for the fiscal year that closed in June 2009.
In a move that clarified why administrators have tamed fiscal messages of late after months of stressing the Faculty of Arts and Sciences’ impending financial deficit, FAS Dean Michael D. Smith delivered the news Friday that the school had posted a $58.6 million surplus in its unrestricted funds for the fiscal year that ended June 2009.
It's the weekend, and midterms are winding down, so FlyBy thinks it's time for another round of Around the Ivies. | 2019-04-21T00:23:22 | https://www.thecrimson.com/writer/1203800/Bonnie_J._Kavoussi/ |
0.999991 | Has your dragon’s fire gone out?
Don’t worry, there’s no need to panic.
There are lots of things you can try!
A child tries all manner of things to relight his dragon – shaking him, tickling him, goading him, sticking false flames on the side of his face – but it’s no good: no matter what he tries, the dragon remains unlit. Finally, they sit down together and the child tells the dragon that he’ll always love him, no matter what, even if he never breathes fire again, and plants a big kiss on his nose. Can you guess what happens next?
Didier Lévy has published many children’s books in his native France, all of which introduce children to the big questions in life.
Fred Benaglia is artistic director at Bayard Presse, and has also illustrated many children's books. | 2019-04-19T23:19:56 | https://thamesandhudson.com/how-to-light-your-dragon-9780500651971 |
0.999991 | Smallholder farming is widely seen as a potential engine for economic growth and for poverty alleviation in rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa. Farmers have, for centuries, demonstrated their innovativeness in taking advantage of new market opportunities and adapting new technology to their local physical and social environments. Yet the arrangements put in place by governments and others to encourage the uptake of new technology, and to improve the management of resources by smallholders, have not been particularly effective. The region's agricultural production still lags behind population growth - in contrast to all other regions of the world.
This project will explore how different institutional arrangements, within and between countries, affect the innovation activity of female and male farmers. It will then assess the impact of their innovation activity on their incomes and livelihoods, and on the local economy.
The project has four objectives.
First, it will build up a detailed picture of the institutions that support and constrain farmer innovation in Kenya, Sudan and Uganda. Each of these countries has a different history of government and non-government efforts to promote technological change and innovation among farmers; there are also differences in institutional support between regions of each country.
Second, research teams in each country will use participatory research tools to explore what this institutional landscape looks like from male and female farmers' points of view, by detailed investigation of recent innovation activity in four sites in each country and of the factors that have constrained and those that have supported innovation. From this analysis, hypotheses will be specified which link institutional arrangements, innovation activity, and changes in farm output, livelihoods, and incomes.
The third objective is to test these hypotheses using data from participatory research and a sample survey in each of the research sites. This analysis will inform the fourth objective, which is to develop evidence-based conclusions on the potential and limitations for enhancing support for smallholder farmers' innovation through new institutional arrangements and different ways of implementing support programmes at local level..
The research will have a positive impact, both through the process of conducting the research and the outputs, on six sets of beneficiaries. This will be through an improved understanding of how smallholder farmer (SHF) innovation works, the impact this has on livelihoods and the local economy, and how it can be supported; and through the consequent design of policies and interventions that are likely to stimulate SHF innovation.
Government: central government in Kenya, Uganda and Sudan will have an evidence base for their ongoing efforts to improve policy support for smallholder farmers; in particular, they will have evidence of (a) how innovation processes work and what can be done, at the point of farmers' access to services, to enhance and accelerate those processes; and (b) the impact of innovation on the local economy and on livelihoods which will enable them to build a case for financial support from Treasury and donors. Local / sub-national governments in all three countries now have devolved responsibilities for provision of support services and so will also benefit from an improved evidence base to design interventions.
International and bilateral development partners will benefit from robust quantitative and qualitative evidence to inform their programmes of support to national innovation support systems (including advisory services, SME promotion, regulatory frameworks). USAID and several European countries, plus World Bank, IFAD, BMGF and others are active in this area.
Civil Society organisations (CSOs), including community based organisations and national / sub-national farmer organisations, in the three countries will benefit from evidence to support their lobbying for improved services for smallholder farmers. Some farmer organisations also provide innovation support services of their own (e.g. Uganda National Farmers Federation - UNFFE) and will be able to use the project findings to enhance their service provision. They will also benefit, along with academic stakeholders, from exposure to research and analytical methods that will inform their future investigation and commissioning of research in this area.
Non-government organisations NGOs) active in supporting smallholder farmers will have an improved evidence base to inform their own interventions and modes of working with farmer groups.
National and international research institutes in the region will have access to a richer understanding of how innovation works in practice in the smallholder sector, which will inform their future interactions with other actors in the innovation system.
Private sector: smallholder farmers will indirectly benefit from improved innovation support policies and interventions (from government, development partners, CSOs, NGOs) that are evidence based and more attuned to the ways in which they seek support in their innovation and farm / livelihood decision making.
Description The research revealed multiple pathways through which innovation happens on smallholder farms. Understanding the notion of 'uptake' is important to be able to elucidate the actual processes that are involved in establishing productivity enhancing change at farm level, so that effective policies and interventions can be designed to support smallholders. This research found that the understanding of how farmers 'uptake' technology and innovation from an institutional ('top-down') perspective is very different from the reality of how farmer's experience and perceive innovation on their farms and in their communities. Whilst key informants and literature continually refer to 'uptake' as a linear transferal of technology, the experience of farmers is very different and much more nuanced. Farmers are actively looking to improve their livelihoods and their individual farm enterprises and, rather than being passive acceptors of technology, they seek, adapt and improve technologies to fit their own individual context. Men and women smallholder farmers innovate through different processes of innovation and using different technologies (some by choice and some due to the influence of policies / intervention, or changes in operating environment), influenced by factors of social differentiation such as age, marital status and community standing. The main constraints to innovation are input and output markets, lack of reliable information and lack of support systems.
Another key finding from the research is that smallholder farmers' propensity to innovate leads to measurable differences in income and expenditure at household and local economy level. In addition, smallholder farmer innovations drive important improvements in individual and household welfare and quality of life. These outcomes can sometimes benefit women more than men. The combination of monetary and non-monetary essential benefits in different contexts and with different patterns of social differentiation warrants further research as does understanding the way that farmer innovations are linked in often complementary and supporting ways in the household.
The methodology used during this research is novel and was successful. The research process started with inductive methods that developed hypotheses and led to deductive investigation. This was done using both participatory qualitative and quantitative methods alongside survey-based quantitative methods that covered multiple research paradigms. The approach included the generation of new and adaptation of existing participatory methods that have been specifically developed to support this research process. The combination of participatory methods has allowed for critical and analytical farmer perspectives that are different from the institutional perspectives that are frequently heard and that came across from formal key informant interviews.
The research team built capacity by providing specific training and research experience to staff and students (research and taught) at Makerere University, University of Nairobi and Afhad University for Women. This training and field experience has led to the use of the participatory tools in other proposed and funded research involving project partners in Kenya, Uganda and Sudan (both with and without the University of Reading). The tools used in both inductive and deductive research have also been integrated into curricula of partner universities.
Exploitation Route Findings from this project have already informed policy discussions led by the FAO and will continue to input into an ongoing plan of action by FAO considering the role of communications in smallholder agriculture. This is led by the FAO office for partnerships, advocacy and capacity development.
Makerere University partners are providing leadership to the Uganda Forum for Agricultural Advisory Services, which has been assigned the task of drafting the national Agricultural Extension Ethics and Standards for the Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries. This policy document will be used to regulate extension services in the country. The findings of this study have informed development of ethics for supporting farmer innovation.
University of Nairobi partners will draw on and share findings form this project in their involvement in ReSAKSS (Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System) to improve agricultural policy processes in Kenya, i.e. structuring the involvement of various stakeholders (including farmers) under the bigger umbrella of CAADP (Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme). We actively engaged with policy makers in each country at the outset of the project and will continue to share key findings with them. Specific organisations and projects have expressed interest in the project findings e.g. the German Development Cooperation funded project called Innovation Transfer into Agriculture - Adaptation to Climate Change (ITAACC) implemented by ICIPE, and the Association of International Research and Development Centers for Agriculture/ AIRCA in Kenya. Findings have and will continue to be shared at international conferences and meetings and through other mechanisms.
In relation to the agricultural sector, the findings contribute to the policy debate on 'big agriculture' vs 'small agriculture'. Given the appropriate institutions and environment smallholder farmers have shown themselves ready to use a range of innovations, including 'high-tech' bioscience derived innovations. Together with findings on the effects of innovation, this indicates that smallholder farmers have a role to play in developing more food secure, agriculture-based, economic growth in rural areas and to contributing to household welfare in ways that 'big agriculture' cannot. Importantly the findings can be used to design better institutional support structures for smallholders and smallholder innovation. These findings are of value to and can be taken forward by international development partners and governments as well as NGOs and research organisations.
Description Project recommendations, developed from the project findings, formed part of final recommendations from the FAO Forum on Communication for Community Media for Family Farming in Rome October 2014 http://www.cccomdev.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=312:fccm-recommendations-presented-at-global-dialogue-on-family-farming&catid=70:fccm-blog&Itemid=416 . In addition recommendations were included in FAO International Year of Family Farming event in October 2014. Project recommendations also fed into the FAO Forum on Communication for Community Media for Family Farming regional meeting in Accra, Ghana in August 2015. FAO continue to consult (in 2016) re communication approaches and drawing on the findings from this project. Makerere University in Uganda who were partners in the project, have been providing leadership to the Uganda Forum for Agricultural Advisory Services, which has been assigned the task of drafting the national Agricultural Extension Ethics and Standards for the Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries and have drawn on findings and experience from this project.
Description Project recommendations formed part of final recommendations from FAO Forum on Communication for Development & Community Media for Family Farming in Rome October 2014. Recommendations included in FAO International Year of Family Farming event.
Results and Impact Following participation in a workshop, continued engagement and dialogue has occurred with key policy makers on the outputs of this project. This has led to us jointly working with FAO on a policy document. The document is to be launched later in 2016. | 2019-04-19T12:46:30 | https://gtr.ukri.org/project/E853F57D-AB01-40C7-B027-2565AAAA697D |
0.999312 | As a future-focused entity, Hewlett Packard Enterprise - the new company that came out of the Hewlett-Packard separation - had to toe the line between pointing to a bold future while acknowledging the brand's storied past. On October 6, 2014, Hewlett-Packard CEO Meg Whitman announced that the company would be separating into two companies: HP Inc. and Hewlett Packard Enterprise, with the former comprising HP's printing and personal systems business and the latter carrying on the company's enterprise technology infrastructure, software and services businesses. The separation completed on November 1, 2015.
For Hewlett Packard Enterprise and global branding agency Siegel + Gale, the marketing challenge was to create something new and distinct, both from HP Inc. and the competition. "Initially, we had to differentiate not only from the existing HP and its 75-year heritage, but also from what HP Inc. would be", says Susan Popper, SVP of marketing at Hewlett Packard Enterprise. "We had a lot to do to create that differentiation, both in terms of how we positioned ourselves and also visually". In the new Hewlett Packard Enterprise brand, the color green was chosen to make the company stand out in a sea of blue tech industry logos. "Green is a color that symbolizes life and growth", says Howard Belk, co-CEO and chief creative officer of Siegel + Gale. "And growth is a big part of the story". The striking rectangle logo was designed to evoke transparency and possibility, and as Whitman noted, for the first time in history, the two "t's" in "Hewlett" now connect to symbolize partnership.
Belk says five years ago, his company might have had as long as a year to create a branding strategy and logo. In this case, the agency had about 45 days to develop a market strategy and positioning plan, and then another 45 days to craft the visual treatment. "The pace of business now is so fast that any team thats creating something like this has to keep up. Everyone is moving at breakneck speed". What's the advice for other marketers considering an identity change? Belk says that designers should mimic the pace of software engineers. "Have teams working in parallel, iterating quickly in a 'test, fail, improve' mindset", he says. That said, the creative process of forming a new brand identity has challenges that are distinct from coding. Below are some hard-earned lessons that the Hewlett Packard Enterprise team learned over the course of the brands redesign.
1. Make the logo simple but unique This is the primary challenge in creating a logo, particularly one that's designed to be displayed in many countries and formats. For Hewlett Packard Enterprise, the solution was to use a distinctive color (green) and visual treatment (rectangle) that stood out.
2. Don't run from history Rebrands should not take on the "out with the old, in with the new" mentality as a company's heritage provides credibility and can calm existing stakeholders who may be afraid of change. Successful rebrands begin with a nod to the past - noting the company's journey to where they are today - but look ahead to the future.
3. Align to a new corporate mission A new brand presents a unique opportunity to build a new company culture to match. Greg Mason, CEO of digital content provider Purch, stated in a recent Entrepreneur article, "Defining what's most important to your company from the top down, both internally and externally, will form the backbone of your new identity." The simplicity of the Hewlett Packard Enterprise logo expresses the agility and focus of the new company. It's a promise of sorts that's also a challenge to individuals within the company who are reminded every day to live up to it. | 2019-04-26T16:29:31 | https://www.hpe.com/us/en/newsroom/blog-post/2017/03/how-hewlett-packard-enterprise-was-born-hpes-new-mission-statement.html |
0.99973 | USA website schedule does not provide the clock times for events in the manner of the London 2012 Olympic Games website schedule. But the sequence of events may help readers infer competition times that appear similar to 2008 USA trials, also held at Eugene.
The schedule shows a first round for steeplers on Monday, June 25, and a final on Friday, June 29 � which means three rest days (June 26-27-28) between those two races.
First round in Olympic Games is 1135 Saturday, August 4. The Olympic final is scheduled for 2105 Monday, August 6. | 2019-04-25T12:33:38 | https://steeplechics.com/news.php?storyid=866 |
0.999986 | Essay You are required to prepare a 1500 word essay, supported by a minimum of 6 scholarly references. The purpose of this task is for you to extend your skills in sourcing information from nursing journals, apply this information to a nursing topic, further develop your academic writing skills and practice your referencing skills in a written essay. Please select ONE question from the below choices: 1. Explain how nursing, as either a profession or a discipline, has been shaped by the social and cultural changes that have occurred over the last 200 years. 2. Nurses in Australia are members of a regulated profession. Please discuss the importance of regulation in nursing, and explore why regulation is necessary due to the nature of nursing work. 3. There are ten National Safety and Quality Health Service (NSQHS) Standards which were developed by the Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care (ACSQHC). Please discuss at least two of the standards, as they relate to nursing, and explain why it is essential that nurses are aware of the quality and safety frameworks that govern nursing practice. 4. Select an influential figure from nursing, past or present. Explain the significance of this individual, including their contribution to the profession and/or discipline, how they created change, and their lasting legacy on nursing. 5. Select a nursing theorist, and discuss how they have made a significant contribution to society or the advancement of nursing. 6. Discuss the role of virtue ethics in the formation of a nurse`s professional identity. 7. Nursing has been subject to many stereotypes. Please identify and discuss at least two nursing stereotypes, and explore the ways they have impacted the perception of nursing as a profession. 1. Clearly addresses the main points of the chosen question. Develops a logical argument, with a clear introduction, body and conclusion (30%) 2. Structure and written expression is clear and grammatically correct (25%). 3. Evidence of in-depth engagement with appropriate academic literature and other resources, using a minimum of 6 scholarly sources (25%%). 4. Referenced using Harvard style (in-text and in reference list) (20%). Links to unit`s intended learning outcomes 1,2, 3 & 4. | 2019-04-21T06:13:43 | https://www.helpwithassignments.com/solution-library/question/515/essayyou-are-required-to-prepare-a-1500 |
0.999999 | Let's say you are one of several executives being considered for a big promotion. Imagine that a closed-door conversation is under way about potential candidates for the job. After discussing the top three candidates, one of the key decision makers has this to say: "We are fortunate to have three strong choices; every one of these candidates has a demonstrated track record of success. However, Joe is the only one who has significant customer and market experience. A couple of years ago, he developed a performance goal that required him to visit at least one customer per month. In the beginning, Joe asked a friend of his in the sales organization if he could 'tag along' on a customer visit simply to learn and observe. I know for a fact that these days, Joe is being invited to attend customer meetings. This guy understands the customer and really adds value."
Are you Joe? Let's hope that you are, because this vignette is based on a true story. The real-life Joe is now a senior vice president of supply chain for a large company. Joe distinguished himself by getting to know the customer. Before that, he was seen as an "inside guy" who did a great job "behind the scenes." He knew, however, that to achieve his aspirations, he would need to broaden his experience. Although getting out into the field to meet customers was uncomfortable at first, Joe ultimately learned a lot about his company's customers and how a supply chain professional with passion can add value to the customer relationship.
Now, with Joe's experience in mind, take a look at your own career objectives and goals for 2010. Are any of them related to enhancing revenue, customer acquisition, market share, or customer satisfaction? If you do have customer-related goals, that's great! Your company appears to embrace supply chain management's role in driving profitable growth. If you do not, don't worry; that doesn't mean you never will. The traditional role of the supply chain executive is evolving, albeit slowly, in many companies and industries.
To help push this change forward, it may be beneficial to ask ourselves, why do supply chain professionals sometimes believe that customers are "off limits"? After all, supply chain management embodies the entire business system. The last time I looked, the customer was a major part of this system. Are we hindered by the stereotype of a supply chain professional being primarily an internal player who is analytically oriented and maybe even introverted? Do we, perhaps, have a negative stereotype of the sales profession, which typically handles face-to-face customer meetings? Do we see them as nonanalytical extroverts who will promise anything to make the sale?
These are important questions. If you are candid with yourself, you can ask them with courage, face the answers objectively, and do something to dismantle the stereotypes that are holding you back from direct customer contact.
An important step is to recognize that stereotypes about sales and supply chain management being incompatible are not logical. The best supply chain leaders have terrific people skills that enable them to get things done, often without formal authority. Successful supply chain executives have great influencing skills, and they persuade others by connecting with their hearts and minds. Think about it: Doesn't this sound a bit like the description of an effective sales executive? Don't you "sell" your ideas and plans to other people every day?
Even after recognizing the similarities between sales and supply chain management, some of us may still feel apprehensive about engaging directly with customers. We may feel uncomfortable moving into an unfamiliar area. Maybe we are concerned that we might make a mistake and look bad. But taking this risk is worth it in the long run; it will help each of us build a personal "leadership brand" that includes a strong personal relationship with customers.
Your leadership brand comprises all the associations that people make when they think about you. Like any good commercial brand, it can be a source of great equity-or, if not developed and managed properly, a drag on your career. Think of a great brand that you admire. What goes through your head when you hear that company's name? What associations do you make with its products?
Personal brands operate the same way. Imagine that right now, 200 people who have interacted with you hear your name. What associations do they make? Are they associations you desire for yourself?
Certainly, you want those associations to be positive: "Jane is a strong leader and a risk taker; I'm confident in her ability to get results." Now, what if we add this association: "Jane understands customers." Imagine what will happen when all of the people who interact with Jane have that same customer-focused association whenever they think of her. My bet is that Jane's career will be a long and successful one.
If you want your personal brand to include a strong customer-focused association, then you will need to get out of your office and spend time in the market. Ask your supporters to look for opportunities to meet customers. Ask to attend sales and marketing meetings to observe and get to know the people who provide customer access. Open your mind to a new opportunity to grow. Most importantly, don't be afraid to venture into new territory.
It has often been said that what you conceive and believe you can achieve. If you believe you belong in the customer's office, you will get there. It is up to you to make it happen. | 2019-04-23T00:27:51 | http://www.stratmanpartners.com/site/epage/106990_894.htm |
0.98767 | Can a Notary Certify a copy of a passport or drivers license?
Can a Notary Certify a Copy of a Passport or a Driver License?
State laws vary on the acceptability and procedures for Copy Certifications. As with every other type of notarial procedure, notaries should study carefully their state's statutes on copy certification to see if, and how it is administered. For some states, the client will make a copy of a document to be certified and present it to the notary. In other states, the notary will be presented with an original document by the client and then the notary will make a photocopy of the original. Whatever the procedure in your individual state, there are certain documents which require special consideration when presented for copy certification. Most states prohibit copy certification of vital records such as birth, marriage and death certificates. This is because the original of these documents are held by local agencies; a client must seek a certified copy by going to the agency or requesting a copy online; usually there is a fee required.
But what about other common documents such as a driver's license or U.S. or Foreign Passport? Notaries will discover that they will be presented with requests to certify these documents from time to time. Most states do not have specific laws for the certifying of these documents as they do for birth and death records. Therefore, whether or not to proceed with a copy certification for such documents may present a quandary for the notary: whether to proceed with a seemingly reasonable request by the constituent or whether to risk reprimand from your State's authorities for performing an ill-advised procedure.
The document custodian will make a photo copy of the requested document to be certified and present it to the notary. In this case, the notary should not be the one to make the photocopy.
The notary will complete the notary certificate, by signing and stamping it.
It is extremely important that before this certification by document custodian is initiated, that the signer contacts the recipient or requester of the certified copy to ascertain if this procedure is going to serve the necessary purpose for which it is being requested. Because of the stringent procedures involved in obtaining a valid driver's license or passport, this procedure may not be considered sufficient for certain legal purposes. In that case, the signer may have to further consult with the certification requester or the government offices which issue the documents to see how to proceed. In an extreme case an attorney may need to be consulted. Notaries should always follow their conscience when presented with these requests. While copy certification by document custodian may be a viable alternative, if the notary has misgivings, he or she should not proceed. As usual, document all requests which have been denied in your notary record book in case the matter should resurface at a later date.
The information provided herein is not intended to be an authoritative statement of law. Notary laws differ from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and may be interpreted or applied differently depending on your state's statutes or situations. By providing this information, we are not acting as your attorney. We are providing this information based on long-established and recognized notarial standards and practices. If you have legal questions regarding acts or conduct as a notary public, please consult with an attorney or refer to your state's statutes or other appropriate legal resources. | 2019-04-25T02:22:50 | http://www.notarypubliclocal.com/2013/08/can-notary-certify-copy-of-passport-or.html |
0.999997 | A recent University of Southern California study looked in great detail at 3,600 motorcycle accidents nationwide. It is one of the largest analyses of causes and countermeasures ever made. For Virginia motorcyclists, the conclusions of this study are a useful source of information on how to ride and what to look out for.
What are the salient points of this study?
One-quarter of the accidents were single-vehicle crashes.
In two-thirds of the single-vehicle crashes, the biker made an error or lost control of the bike, typically by running wide on a curve, under-cornering, sliding, and falling.
Close to three-quarters of the motorcycle accidents involved a collision with another vehicle.
In two-thirds of these multiple-vehicle crashes, the driver of the other vehicle violated the motorcycle's right-of-way.
Most of these accidents were caused by drivers not detecting the motorcycle, and, in the most frequent configuration, a vehicle turning left cut into the path of an oncoming motorcycle.
Frequently, in a crash involving another vehicle, the other driver's view of the motorcycle was hampered by glare or obstructed by other vehicles.
Most of the motorcycle crashes occurred at intersections.
Roadway defects and motorcycle failure account for no more than two and three percent, respectively, of the total number of accidents.
Most bike accidents occurred during a short trip (rather than hour-, day- or week-long voyages) and at a location close to the trip's origin.
Motorcycle riders aged between 16 and 24 were over-represented in the accidents, while riders between the ages of 30 and 50 were under-represented.
Bikers with previous traffic citations and accidents were over-represented in the accident data.
Motorcyclists involved in crashes were overwhelmingly without training, with 92 percent self-taught or taught by family and friends.
Almost half of the fatal accidents showed alcohol involvement.
Half of the body injuries were to the ankle-foot, lower leg, knee, and tight-upper leg.
The use of heavy boots, jackets, and gloves effectively prevented and reduced abrasion and lacerations (road rash).
Fatal injuries were mostly to the head and chest.
The motorcycle accident lawyers of Dulaney, Lauer & Thomas take your safety seriously. If you or a loved one has been injured in a Virginia motorcycle crash, please contact our Warrenton or Culpeper office today to discuss your accident case. | 2019-04-26T12:52:27 | https://www.dulaneylauerthomas.com/library/warrenton-culpeper-motorcycle-accident-lawyer-biker-crash-causes.cfm |
0.99701 | Book your flights from Norfolk to Atlanta and save big on airfares. Infuse fun into your life by planning a vacation in Atlanta which is the capital of US state of Georgia. From enticing outdoor adventures, thriving arts scene to ancient museums, Atlanta is one destination that offers something for everyone. Enjoy Broadway musicals at the famous Fox Theatre and explore rare marine life at Georgia Aquarium which is decorated with more than eight million gallons of water. Adventure enthusiasts should head to Centennial Olympic Park which boasts of spectacular ice skating rinks.
Some of the premier airlines that operate flights from Norfolk to Atlanta are United Airlines, American Airlines and US Airways. Take advantage of exclusive deals on flights to Atlanta and save more to splurge on a vacation. The flight from Norfolk to Atlanta takes about two hours and thirty minutes to cover a distance of about 516 miles excluding the layover time. So get set for a memorable vacation in the land of Atlanta.
How many weekly flights are there are between ORF to ATL? There are 4 weekly flights between ORF and ATL. | 2019-04-23T14:33:24 | https://www.onetravel.com/flights/from-norfolk-to-atlanta-orf-to-atl |
0.999993 | Find out information on history and origin of Kumbh Mela.
Kumbh derives its name from the immortal Pot of Nectar, which the Demigods (Devtas) and Demons (Asuras) fought over, described in ancient Vedic scriptures known as the Puranas. It is these Vedic literatures that have stood the test of time, out of which the tradition has evolved into the one that the world now knows as The Kumbh Mela. Legend tells a tale from the bygone days of the universe when the demigods and the demons conjointly produced the nectar of immortality. The demigods, because cursed, were crippled of fear that eventually made them weak. The task being too sturdy for them alone, the demigods made a mutual agreement with the demons to complete it in full and share the nectar of immortality in half. It is said that the demigods and the demons assembled on the shore of the milk ocean that lies in the celestial region of the cosmos. And it began!
For the task of churning the milk ocean, the Mandara Mountain was used as the churning rod, and Vasuki, the king of serpents, became the rope for churning. With the demigods at Vasuki’s tail and the demons at his head, the churning began. At first, the churning of the milk ocean produced a deadly poison which Lord Shiva drank without being affected. As Lord Shiva drank the poison, a few drops fell from his hands which were licked by scorpions, snakes, and similar other deadly creatures. Also, during the churning, the Mandara Mountain began to sink deep into the ocean, seeing which Lord Vishnu incarnated as a great tortoise and supported the mountain on His back. Finally, many hurdles and 1000 years later, Dhanwantari appeared with the Kumbh of immortal nectar in his hands. The demigods, being fearful of the demons' ill intent, forcibly seized the pot with its safety entrusted onto the four Gods - Brahaspati, Surya, Shani, and Chandra.
Demons, after learning that their part of the agreement has not been kept, went after the demigods and for 12 days and 12 nights, the chase continued. Wherever the demigods went with the pot of nectar, fierce fighting ensued. It is believed that during this chase, a few drops from the Kumbh fell at four places - Allahabad, Haridwar, Ujjain, and Nasik. There is also a prevalent legend that it was actually the demons that were being chased by the demigods for 12 days and 12 nights, during which the drops of elixir of immortality fell at these four places. These four places are since believed to have acquired mystical powers. Because 12 days of Gods are equivalent to 12 years for humans; the Kumbh Mela is celebrated once every 12 years in each of the four places - banks of river Godavari in Nasik, river Kshipra in Ujjain, river Ganges in Haridwar, and at the Sangam of Ganges, Yamuna, and Saraswati in Allahabad, where the drops are believed to have fallen. Millions of devout, come together to partake in ritualistic bathing and ceremonies to cleanse themselves of all sins. | 2019-04-25T20:01:24 | https://www.kumbhamela.net/origin-of-kumbha-mela.html |
0.997735 | Bead, howlite (dyed), turquoise blue, 16x14mm flat oval, B grade, Mohs hardness 3 to 3-1/2. Sold per 16-inch strand.
Item Number: H20-6253GS Have a question about this item?
Turquoise blue howlite is dyed to resemble turquoise. Howlite can contain grey to black inclusions and occasional matrix. Named for its discoverer, Henry How, a Nova Scotia geologist, howlite is famous for imitating other minerals. Found in California, USA.
Bead, howlite (dyed), turquoise blue, 14x12mm flat oval, B grade, Mohs hardness 3 to 3-1/2. Sold per 15-1/2" to 16" strand.
Bead, howlite (dyed), turquoise blue, 10mm round with 0.5-1.5mm hole, B grade, Mohs hardness 3 to 3-1/2. Sold per 15-1/2" to 16" strand.
Bead, howlite (dyed), turquoise blue, 4x2mm heishi, B grade, Mohs hardness 3 to 3-1/2. Sold per 15-1/2" to 16" strand.
Bead, howlite (dyed), turquoise blue, medium to large tumbled nugget, Mohs hardness 3 to 3-1/2. Sold per 15-1/2" to 16" strand.
Bead, howlite (dyed), turquoise blue, 8x4mm rondelle, B grade, Mohs hardness 3 to 3-1/2. Sold per 16-inch strand. | 2019-04-20T14:17:12 | https://www.firemountaingems.com/itemdetails/h206253gs |
0.999999 | Given the chronic inability for the space advocacy community to gain any real traction for their "space exploration aspirations" it is quite clear that whatever they have been doing for decades is really not working. Nor is it going to start working any time soon. If all anyone in the space advocacy community can think of doing involves adoring lame PR Mars mission stunts and grabbing the coat tails of sci fi flicks in hope of sniffing the fumes of the film's success, then I fear there is very little of true substance for space advocates to actually be advocating.
But there is hope. While the human spaceflight subset of the space advocacy community continues to leap mindlessly at every shiny new space thing - with little success, the robotic subset of the space faithful are quietly flying an increasing number of small satellites - in outer space. In so doing they are slowly building a ever-broadening cadre of people - a group that often includes people from outside the band of usual suspects you'd expect to be doing space stuff. These are the sorts of people that space advocates routinely ignore. As a result of these smallsat projects an increasing diverse number of people can now say "yes, I flew something in space".
In many ways space advocates block more access to space than they facilitate due to the the stereotypes that they perpetuate and the population sectors they ignore. If space advocates want to spark a space revolution then they need to forget about all the space evangelism crap and just put actual space access into the hands of everyday citizens. Once people get interested - if they get interested, that is - they'll know what to do when they want more of it.
Red planet rumble, The Space Review\n\n\"If somebody was scoring this debate, giving a point for each well-supported argument, deducting a point for each weak one, and subtracting multiple points every time somebody conceded the other side's argument, then Mars One lost it hands down. Not only did Barry Finger admit that MIT's technical analysis and criticism was mostly right, but Lansdorp also admitted that their 12-year plan for landing humans to Mars by 2027 is mostly fiction. Furthermore, Lansdorp acknowledged that he pretty much twists the truth into a pretzel for potential investors when he tells them he knows how to do it and how much it will cost. He doesn't have a clue.\"\n\nHarnessing The Martian, The Space Review\n\n\".. [The Martian] will soon provide a tremendous opportunity particularly to space advocates to extend that excitement to the general population and to engage broad public support for sending human missions to Mars in the near future. The space advocacy community has tried valiantly to promote that goal through other recent films, such as Interstellar and Gravity. However, while those films were certainly entertaining, neither one aligned very well with our space exploration aspirations.\"\n\n Keith's note: The space advocacy community - especially the human-oriented subset thereof - seems to be unable to discern bad rocket science from science fiction. On one hand so many of their kind believe in a marketing effort (Mars One) with no real technical plan as if it were real because ... well ... because they believe in anything that has to do with their destiny in space. On the other hand when several space-themed movie blockbusters really get the public's attention the same space advocates whine when America doesn't rush to embrace their own peculiar space exploration notions and blame the movie's scripts for not being in precise tune with the niche views of the true space believers.
This page contains a single entry by Keith Cowing published on August 18, 2015 11:07 PM.
Important Golf in Space Announcement from CASIS (Update) was the previous entry in this blog.
#whyspacematters Does Not Seem to Matter is the next entry in this blog. | 2019-04-21T18:19:34 | http://nasawatch.com/archives/2015/08/space-advocacy.html |
0.991463 | What Does Acts 26:15 Mean?
The martyrdom of Stephen was the point at which a man named Saul of Tarsus began to breathe out threats and murder against the disciples, and was given permission to arrest both men and women who followed Jesus. It was as he was travelling to Damascus to arrest Christians there, that a light from heaven suddenly flashed around him and falling to the ground, a voice said to him, "Saul, Saul, why are you persecuting Me? It's hard for you to kick against the goads."
All this had happened many years earlier, but this encounter caused Saul of Tarsus, the great persecutor of Christians, to become Paul the servant of Jesus. It was Paul who was now under arrest and standing in a court of law. It was Paul who was defending himself before the king, the queen and the governor. He was falsely accused of the same things for which Stephen was killed - and his accusers were the same religious and political leaders.
In his defence Paul was relating his life-changing event, on the Damascus road, which caused Him to renounce his Jewish faith and place his trust in Christ, for the forgiveness of sin and life everlasting. He had told the assembled company how he had been rebelling against the truth of the gospel. He explained that he had been and resisting the convicting work of the Holy Spirit and kicking against the goads of his inner conscience.
In presenting the evidence in this judicial tribunal, Paul was relating his personal testimony. He had arrived at the place when the identity of the flashing light from heaven was revealed -"And I said, 'Who are You, Lord?'" Paul continued, "And the Lord said, 'I am Jesus whom you are persecuting."
Paul's personal testimony is indeed compelling, for in one moment... his entire belief system had been challenged. He had heard the apostles preaching and seen their mighty miracles and Paul considered it nothing more than religious 'propaganda'. He was a circumcised Jew and strict Pharisee who performed all the established rites and rituals. He was able to trace his ancestry back to Benjamin and considered himself blameless under the Law and righteous in God's sight. What a revelation he received that day!
He suddenly realised the tales told by the apostles were true! Jesus was the Messiah of Israel about Whom the prophets spoke! Jesus was the Son of the most high God, Who had been wrongly crucified and risen from the dead! Paul had applauded the crucifixion and was diligent in persecuting the Church - only to discover his own belief system was wrong and Christianity was the Way to the only Truth and eternal Life.
We do not know whether the dignitaries in the law-court became believers that day or if the Jews who accused Paul came to faith in Christ. But we do know Paul was a faithful servant of the Lord and his ministry, and that his testimony had far-reaching effects in the spread of the gospel. Paul was an individual who was not ashamed to admit he had been wrong, and to believe on Christ and be saved.. and God used him in His service.
We who have believed on the Lord Jesus for salvation underwent a similar life-changing event when we trusted Christ as Saviour. Like Paul, we can also be used in the furtherance of the gospel if we are willing servants. He may not ask us to stand in a court of Law or experience any of the difficulties Paul underwent - but no matter what we are required to do, He has promised to go before us and provide the sufficient strength we need.
May we be faithful in the work that God has given us to do and be prepared to give an account of the hope we have in us.
Heavenly Father, thank You for Your word. Thank You for the ministry of Paul and the lessons we can learn from his life and ministry. Give me an understanding heart that is willing to learn, and prevent me from holding fast to any opinion or belief systems that is counter to the truth of the gospel. Give me a teachable spirit I pray and may I be used in the furtherance of the gospel, in whatever way You choose - for Your praise and glory. This I ask in Jesus' name, AMEN. | 2019-04-21T08:23:00 | https://dailyverse.knowing-jesus.com/acts-26-15-b |
0.999699 | An infographic purportedly depicting Palestinian attacks in the West Bank makes its case with a photo shot during a Bahrain protest. This would not be the first time the army posted misleading photographs to Facebook to serve its PR machine.
On October 17, the Israeli military posted the above infographic on its Facebook page. The image includes a photograph of a young masked man holding a firebomb and featuring statistics regarding the number of firebomb attacks against Israelis in the West Bank since the start of 2012. The Israeli military urges Facebook users to share the image "because the mainstream media will not."
In fact, the mainstream media did share this photo extensively – in its coverage of protests in Bahrain.
This powerful image has nothing to do with Judea, Samaria, Palestinians or Israelis. It was shot by Reuters photographer Hamad I Mohammed during protests in the Bahraini village of Salmabad last April.
The Israeli military’s decision to use foreign photos to illustrate attacks in the West Bank as part of its propaganda efforts (without indicating that the image is only an illustration) may raise some interesting questions about its own ethical perception and standards.
This is not the first time the army has faced this particular criticism. In June, the army marked gay pride month by posting a photograph of two male Israeli soldiers holding hands. It was later revealed that the two soldiers are not a couple and only one of them is gay.
The use of a photo unrelated to the incident it purports to be illustrating was also more striking given the recent Israeli reaction to another alleged misuse of photographs.
Last March, Israeli military and political figures demanded the United Nation’s OCHA office in Jerusalem fire a staff member after she tweeted a photograph of a fatally wounded girl, whom she indicated had just been killed by Israeli fire in Gaza.
Pro-Israel activists and government officials maintained that the photograph had been published by Reuters in 2006 and a veritable campaign was launched besmirching the OCHA employee. Beyond the hypocrisy inherent in doing something that you had only just condemned others for doing, we should remember a key distinction between the two incidents: While the OCHA employee published the concerned photograph on her private Twitter account, as a private citizen, the Israel Defense Force is an official body and its Facebook page is an official government channel.
There are two options here: 1) The Israeli military did not know the source of the Bahraini image and did not bother to investigate before choosing to use the image (an "investigation" that took me only five minutes); 2) The military was aware of the photograph’s origin and chose to use it anyway in a misleading manner.
The IDF Spokespersons’ new media section has been contacted for comment. This post will be updated should a response be received. | 2019-04-26T15:55:43 | http://windowintopalestine.blogspot.com/2012/10/israeli-media-machine-caught-lying.html |
0.999758 | A 30-year-old man court-ordered to vacate his parents' home on Tuesday said he should be given more time to leave because of how much his parents "harassed" him about moving out.
Michael Rotondo, of Camillus, New York, had been living rent-free in his parents' Syracuse-area home for eight years when a State Supreme Court judge ruled on Tuesday in his parents’ favor, ordering him to move out.
Rotondo, who plans to appeal the decision, said he stopped speaking to his parents when they "alluded" to wanting him to leave the house in October, just one month after he lost custody and visitation rights of his son.
"I'm not bothering them by living here," Michael Rotondo said in an interview with ABC News' "Good Morning America." "It's little to no cost to them, and considering how much they've harassed me, I think it's the least that they should be required to do, which is just let me hang here a bit longer and use their hot water and electricity."
By the end of October, Michael Rotondo said his parents were demanding he get a full-time job, health insurance and sessions with a therapist, but he said he "didn't need any of those things."
"My parents alluded to the fact that they no longer wanted me living in the house, and I was devastated from the loss, and not seeing my son anymore," Rotondo said. "After that, I was like, 'I’m done with you guys.'"
Mark and Christina Rotondo said they gave their son multiple notices to vacate and even offered him money to help him find a place of his own.
Michael Rotondo admitted that he accepted the money, but used it for "other things."
"I took it but with consideration for my plans, and how my finances interacted with those plans, I did use the money for other things, but I don’t regret that," he said. "I would have preferred to have kept the money and given it back to them ... but I had to use it, and that's just how it is."
He also accused his parents of trying to "stir something up" to support their court case against him.
"Me and my father recently tried to occupy the same space at the same time ... so I said 'excuse me,' and he said, 'I will not excuse you, Michael,’” he said "He's just trying to stir something up so that he could get me to say something. It's my overwhelming belief that he’s trying to make it so that he could try and call the police or something to support his case."
Michael Rotondo had asked for six months to vacate, but the judge disagreed.
He said he was shocked by the ruling and that he couldn't believe the judge would "make it so that these people can just throw me out instead of letting me stay here."
Michael Rotondo also addressed critics, including some in his own neighborhood, who claim he wants to live rent-free forever.
"I don't like living here at all," he said. "My parents and myself are like two parties that don’t speak the same language."
"It's a very serious thing to me to get out, but I have rights, and that's really what it boils down to. I just want a little more time to get out of here." | 2019-04-24T04:22:44 | http://www.kten.com/story/38262154/judge-orders-30-year-old-man-to-move-out-of-parents-house |
0.999954 | Population: 300<p>Marlo is situated on the legendary Snowy River, a scenic 15 minute drive from Orbost with wetlands, rainforest, sand dunes and backwaters.<p>The estuary boasts some of the best perch and bream fishing to be found anywhere. Along with yellow-eyed mullet, trevally, tailor, luderick and other assorted species, Marlo is truly a fishermans paradise. The winter brings the excitement of trawling for salmon and tailor in the estuary.<p>The sheltered waters allow fishing all year in most weather conditions.
BUCHAN CAVES - 1 hour drive - are famous for its spectacular limestone caves. Guided tours are conducted daily in both Royal Cave and Fairy Cave. Fairy Cave, discovered by Frank Moon in 1907, features elaborate stalactites and stalagmites. Royal Cave, discovered in 1910 by Frederick Wilson and opened to the public in 1913, features exquisite calcite-rimmed pools. Both caves are lit and have concrete pathways but are generally inaccessible to people with a disability because of the cramped and sometimes steep paths with many steps.
LAKES ENTRANCE - 1 hour drive - Lakes Entrance, is a favourite holiday resort since the turn of the century, is edged by the 90 Mile Beach and is home to the largest fishing fleet in Australia. Dine on the freshest seafoods with the best local wines. The weather is mild mediterranean type climate. There is evidence that winter temperatures can be the highest in Victoria. With a similar latitude as Palermo in Cicily, as Athens in Spain, and as San Francisco in the US, there are very few days of extreme heat or cold, making Lakes Entrance an ideal spot all year round. | 2019-04-19T06:28:54 | https://www.gippslandinfo.com.au/index.php/accommodation/states/victoria/gippsland/cities-and-towns/marlo |
0.997942 | Could Earth ever get sucked into a black hole?
Two other features can characterize a black hole - the accretion disk and jets. An accretion disk is matter that is drawn to the black hole. In rotating black holes and/or ones with a magnetic field, the matter forms a disk due to the mechanical forces present. In a Schwarzschild black hole, the matter would be drawn in equally from all directions, and thus would form an omni-directional accretion cloud rather than disk. The matter in accretion disks is gradually pulled into the black hole. As it gets closer, its speed increases, and it also gains energy. Accretion disks can be heated due to internal friction to temperatures as high as 3 billion K, and emit energetic radiation such as gamma rays. This radiation can be used to "weigh" the black hole. By using the doppler effect, astronomers can determine how fast the material is revolving around the black hole, and thus can infer its mass. Jets form in Kerr black holes that have an accretion disk. The matter is funneled into a disk-shaped torus by the hole's spin and magnetic fields, but in the very narrow regions over the black hole's poles, matter can be energized to extremely high temperatures and speeds, escaping the black hole in the form of high-speed jets. | 2019-04-24T18:57:15 | https://www.studymode.com/essays/Astronomy-Black-Holes-1570727.html |
0.998959 | [17:10] Today has been a rather useful day. After last night it really needed to be. I got back from Tesco and tried the washer. It seemed to be working OK until it just suddenly decided to trip half the electrical circuits in the house, with a load of (sacrificial) washing inside sodden with water and detergent. I managed to get the washing out, scoop out enough water to reset the breakers, and drain the drum. I then had a go at getting the washer to spin the wet washing a bit. After a few minutes of spinning (making a fair racket) things got really, really loud, so I turned it off at the wall and eventually managed to get the washing out. It was cold in places, and so hot it was steaming in others. This didn't feel right, given the washer shouldn't have been heating anything at this point. So, given the drum is hard to turn by hand, keeps tripping the breakers, and makes a worrying sound when spinning, I decided it was time to get a new one. That was what I tried to do for the first half of this morning at work. After having met the bathroom fitter again before work and talked about adding a wall-mounted heater and a shaver socket (mostly to charge my electric toothbrush) I headed into work to double check reviews of various washers, paying attention (I hope enough!) to the various programmes they have. I found someone with a Which? online account and checked the reviews of the ones I was interested in. Got to my desk and make sure the one I'd settled on was available from the place I wanted to get it from. Went to the discount site for my workplace and ordered a top-up for the 'giftcard' I used to pay for my television. The washer is £369.99, plus £20 for removal of the old washer. I found an online voucher code for £20 off (making the removal free, hurrah!). Pay £40.40 to the discount site for £370.00 (round numbers only when adding value to cards), then realise that the giftcard won't have the balance on it until Thursday morning as it was after 11:00 when the transaction went through. Discover on the store's site that the sale on the washer and the £20 voucher both expire tonight. Contact the store via the online chat and am told there's nothing to be done about that. Contact the discount site via their online chat and be told there's no way to expedite the giftcard balance top up... but that I can get a refund on that and go with "instant vouchers" which are what they say on the tin. Get refund for giftcard top up (will take three days), and attempt to get vouchers, to find they only come in minimum amounts of £25 (£25, £50, £100, £200, £1000). Order £375 of instant vouchers for £345 (still 8% discount), head over to the store's web site and order the washer.
On top of that, negotiating £1012 of the cost of my external wall insulation was a nice thing to do this afternoon. In the meantime I managed to get the initial build of two VMs done, go for a recovery run at lunch time, and even get a UPS configured and monitored by our Observium setup. I've got lots more to do tomorrow, but for the moment I'm off home so that Cormac can come by and collect the camp bed I slept on over Christmas, as well as his skiing goggles and gloves which he let me borrow last week.
[17:00] Well, I'm back from skiing and I'm not dead. Although I do have a few bruises. I was only cross country skiing (not knowing how to downhill/alpine ski), but after two days of too much snow (and the piste-bashers not clearing any langlauf routes) I was able to start getting out and racking up the kilometers/distance. Rachel, lovely person that she is, split her time between downhill skiing and cross country with me. We had a lovely chalet, shared with Andy (Andrew) and Andy (Andrea) as well as two older gentlemen (with whom we got on quite well), a host who cooked us some delicious breakfasts, afternoon teas, and dinners), and the scenery was incredible. Other than the valley getting snowed in for a day or so, my inability to stay on my feet when going around langlauf route downhill corners, and a feeling of missing out when the other three were up on the downhill routes, it was a fantastically wonderful holiday, and I might even want to go again... possibly having learned a bit of downhill skiing in a snowdome or similar beforehand.
The main reason why I might not be doing that any time soon (by which I mean the next year or three) is that this morning was the start of my shower room refurbishment, and I'm in the final stages of agreeing a start date for a company to come and apply external wall insulation to my house, at a considerable expense. Until my finances have recovered from those rather major hits I'm not sure I'm going to be doing more than some long weekends away in this country, and making my own entertainment with paper cups, sticky-back plastic and drinking straws.
Anyway, it's time to go home, go to Tesco, then test the washing machine with a sacrificial load (which I might not get back without a fight) as it may be on the way to being completely broken in a terminal way.
[15:40] Short entry as I'm away off home very shortly. Thence to the train station, to Croydon, and off cross country skiing for all of next week. But anyway, today was mildly useful in that I got three servers built, one of them twice due to 'issues', did a pretty hard interval session at lunch time which I decided to do on the track to ensure I didn't get bothered by pedestrians, and worried and stressed about my Red Hat Satellite install, which I upgraded yesterday and have since had a number of issues with. Hopefully it'll be OK for the next week and I can deal with anything that might ahve gonr wrong with it when I get back. Hopefully nothing will have.
Last night I went home via Keith's house and helped Sarah (housemate) rescue large chunks of his shed roof and then tie down the rest of the roof with boat ties so that hopefully nothing else flies off before he gets back.
I'm actually quite tired now that I think about it. I think this is the first week in a long time when I've run every day. The last time was probably when I did that 10K for ten days thing, and then started on the 15K for fifteen days (which I stopped when I started getting nose bleeds or something like that).
Anyway, that's it for the moment. I'm off, as I said. When I get back, the Monday I come back into work is the first day the bathroom fitter starts on my shower/wet room and converts it into something a little better in terms of fittings and fixtures, flooring and heating. Here's hoping. I'll give you something of a running commentary, as well as a debrief on next week as and when I have time. There might even be photos. Don't think I've forgotten about putting up photos of Kenya/Tanzania/Zanzibar. I just need a bit of time. See you soon.
[17:20] It was so windy last night and this morning that the side gate to my house managed to slip its deadbolt twice (04:30 and 05:00). I'm going to have to properly secure it while I'm away next week or it'll probably bang itself off its hinges by the time I get home. In any event, that and the wind itself contributed to me not having a great second half of the night's sleep. The wind played a factor in how tired I was after I got up at 06:00 and ran for an hour and a half around a ten-and-a-bit mile circular-ish course, too. Starting in the dark, windy morning with a headtorch on to help me see fallen branches at least made me feel worthy, if not a little bit fitter by the time I'd finished. Or maybe just tired. This is a hard week of running every week day, and every day since last Saturday, because of my taking 'time off' (read: cross country skiing almost every day for a few hours) next week. Hopefully I have the measure of it.
Other things that happened today is that I got the train times I need for tomorrow evening to get to Rachel's place while meeting a friend at St. Pancras station, getting a printable voucher for a preferential rate on the money I want to exchance at the airport, printing everyone's boarding passes, and getting three new VMs ready for Ansiblisation tomorrow so that they're usable the week I'm away, rather than only coming into being after I get back.
Now I'm heading off to help someone rescue the roof of a shed which partially blew off last night. Then I'll head home and pack, and relax with whatever remains of the evening.
[18:00] Today started very early with my next door neighbours having an argument at 04:00, which carried on until about 05:30. So that was good. Then I had an hour of people looking at my house and generating an EWI quote that's the most expensive one yet. I'm unlikely to go with them. After all of that I cycled into work, had a morning of fighting with Ansible as a whole slew of edgecases came up when I tried applying what I thought was good Ansible roles, tasks, and playbooks, to my actual servers (rather than the test VM server I got them all 'working' on). Then it was lunchtime and a track session at which I think I performed reasonably. My coach was there coaching myself and others, so it was good to get some feedback. Once I was back in the office and showered and stuff I got the rest of my Ansible stuff done and dusted, did a few things manually which also got shunted into various locations so they won't be an issue next time, and even had time to eat my lunch before 15:00.
I've had an afternoon of working through emails, and figuring out what else I need to do before the end of the week. Now it's time to go home, have a good long rest, and think about whether I do my morning run before work or cheekily extend my lunch break tomorrow (it'll be the former, I imagine).
[17:40] Today mostly consisted of fiddling with Ansible and getting old roles to do new things, then prodding people repeatedly until they gave me the information I needed (mostly to do with users, groups, UIDs, and GIDs). I honestly think I might, finally, have everything I need to run Ansible over the five new physical servers I kickstarted last week. I'm going to take another look at everything in the cold light of tomorrow morning and then unleash the playbooks and see what happens.
Before that, tomorrow, I have another company coming round to look at the house with a view to giving me a quote for external wall insulation. That's at 08:00, so the chances are I won't get into work much before 09:00. That's OK though as it was only this morning when I was needed in a bit earlier than usual in case something went wrong during some planned maintenance.
Recovery run at lunch time, which was a great way to break up the day. The sun even came out. Tomorrow is track day, which should be a bit of a lung-stretcher.
[18:20] I'm trying to remember what happened over the weekend. After Friday night with Rachel (which was wonderful, and also involved curry), we woke up horribly early so she could get to somewhere south of London to play hockey. All the trains in the direction she wanted to go were cancelled, so she ended up having to get a train somewhere else, then a coach, then the Tube. It all worked out in the end, but it wasn't the smoothest of journeys. Meanwhile I went and did parkrun, reasonably, and then got on with a weekend of tidying, washing clothes, and going to Tesco. The washing machine gave me a bucket load of grief, making rather worrying sounds during the spin cycle, and then when I tried to use it empty to see what was happening, giving a good impression of breaking utterly, when in fact it was tripping a circuit breaker in the house distribution box instead. Basically, I'm going to try it again with a proper load when I get back from skiing and not overload it and hope very hard that it finishes its cycle and gives me back my clothes not covered in bits of mechanical innards, unused washing liquid, or more water than would be the case if the spin cycle had finished successfully. Let's just say I called my parents a lot, and worried about more financial outlay on top of the shower room refurbishment and the EWI quotes I've only got a few weeks to commit to one of before they expire.
I also spent a lot of Friday evening and Saturday using the FLIR camera from my council to look at my house and others on the same road. It confirmed my understanding that my house leaks a lot of heat because it's single skin, and the houses with EWI are doing a better job of keeping their heat inside, even when they're hotter inside than mine. I definitely want to get EWI installed... it's just a case of whether and when I can afford it. On Sunday I did my long run for the week, then popped around to a friend's house to let him look at his house extension-in-progress to see where the heat leaks were. That was quite interesting. I'm afraid all other parts of the weekend were spent relaxing on the sofa and either reading or watching large amounts of The Good Place.
This morning I was incredibly tired for no sensible reason I could think of. Given I had a cheque to pay in I stayed in bed a little later, then headed out in time to get to the bank for 09:00 to do so. After that I got into work where I've spent the entire day translating a set of build instructions for servers being tasked with running Oracle into a set of Ansible tasks. Other than some rather complex bits I needed help with from better minds than mine (and still they needed to look a few things up, which made me feel better) everything went off reasonbly smoothly and I'm ready to run everything against the real servers tomorrow, I think. At one point my brain got so clathered that I needed to get out of the building and go for a run, which was good as that's what my training plan said I had to do, too. It's going to be a tough week running wise as my coach is compressing seven days into five as I won't be able to train on Saturday (travel) or Sunday (probably doing other things/unable to run on snow).
For now though I'm going to head home and do very little for the remainder of the day. Tomorrow will see a bit more Ansible configuration (mainly user creation, I think) then I'll try running my playbook against the five servers and see what happens.
[17:05] I managed to rescue a fairly unproductive day with a rapid amount of work in the last few hours before it was time to write this and go home. Over lunch I also got a lift out to collect the FLIR (forward looking infra-red) camera from my district council so I can look at my house (and other people's houses, and Rachel, and random objects) tonight and this weekend. So yes, today was dull, then useful.
Rachel arrived last night and there was much rejoicing. I certainly didn't want to come to work this morning and was in fact slightly late in the end. Not that it mattered. I left Rachel at home doing important things (in fact she got up well before me this morning to have a Skype call) and I'm just about to leave and stop her doing important (work) things and do important (not work) things with me instead.
Over the weekend we'll be apart as Rachel has to go and play hockey back in London and then see friends and things. I'll be running variously, contemplating my EWI quotes, and reading a lot, I hope. Also Tesco, of course.
[17:40] With working Kickstart configurations from yesterday it was pretty simple to go over to the other server room this morning and get the remaining two servers up and running after I'd configured their BIOSes and DRACs. Of course, nothing's 100% simple, so I had to track down someone in Networks to get the network connectivity sorted out before everything could go ahead, but that didn't take long. Over lunch I had a nice 35 minute recovery run, which wasn't quite as relaxing as had been hoping, but at least it wasn't raining. I still need to work out what new Ansible roles to apply to the - now five - new servers I've just built, but that's a project for tomorrow, I think. I also built a new VM for someone too, but all I did there was run up something from the template, increase the disk size, and then hand it over.
Rachel's soon to be on her way here, if she doesn't miss her train, and then we should have a lovely evening together, she'll work from home tomorrow (which will mean I'll be leaving work as soon as humanly possible tomorrow afternoon) and then we'll have Friday evening together, too. She can't stay for the weekend (when I have the fun of the thermal camera to play with) as she has hockey and then a friend to see, so I'm lucky to get her for two nights in the week instead. I should have been going to Croydon again, but the camera only being available over the weekend has put paid to that. I'll be there next weekend (at least for some of it) before we go skiing, so that'll be some small payback.
[18:00] A long and hard, but ultimately rewarding day all told. Most of it was spent fighting with two different configurations of Dell server such that I could get RHEL7 installed on them via Kickstart. To cut a long story short, the problems were firewall related, and BIOS/UEFI related. I've solved both of them, as well as some niggly other issues which I think were just down to finger fumbles. In between all of that I went and did my lunchtime hill sprints with lots of company, with even my coach getting in on the running action, too. It turns out he got divorced over the last few days/weeks, after only 8 weeks of marriage. We had a good mutual commiseration thing going on on the warm up and warm down runs.
Anyway, I'm off home now to relax after today's trials and tribulations, and to look forward to a nice simple recovery run tomorrow lunch time. In other news Rachel's on her way to be reunited with a bike we thought had been stolen from East Croydon train station, even though it was pretty much impossible anyone could have wanted it. The British Transport Police had spotted that it hadn't been locked and simple took it away. Rachel had had the foresight to register it so they (eventually!) got in touch, which was good. She's coming here tomorrow, too (against my wishes (sort of) as I'd promised her she wouldn't have to until March, as a break from traveling quite so much) which will be wonderful.
[18:25] I tried installing my first RHEL7 servers on physical hardware this morning. Networking has been the bane of my life as a result. Don't get me started on dracut and its blind, silent, DHCP requesting to try and continue the install process. Suffice it to say I've had to bite the bullet and get straight into Kickstart for RHEL7 a little earlier than I thought I would. It may save me tons of time in the long run, but it does feel like I've wasted most of the day otherwise. Still, I did get a good run session in at lunchtime (track, intervals), and there's every chance that I may make good progress with at least two of the servers tomorrow morning because of my staying late this evening. We'll see.
Anyway, I'm here far too late and I really should go home and forget about the day a bit.
[17:15] I'm getting better. Slowly but surely I'm coughing and blowing my nose just a little less, and feeling a smidgen stronger when I run. On Friday evening when I head to Croydon I wasn't feeling all that brilliant, but by the end of the day today I have to say I'm not feeling totally terrible. Between times Rachel and I have had a nice time together, and been reduced to watching Netflix on her mobile phone as her new laptop just refuses to work reliably on her home broadband connection. I'll be taking home her old laptop (now installed with linux) the next time I go in the hopes it'll behave better (and work better with the monitor I took there a while back, which is now married to an HDMI->VGA adapter which isn't doing the right thing either). Anyway, we spent time together keeping warm and quiet, got some logistics done for various things, ran a few times, got cold, and hot, and a little bit muddy, and then I came back to work again this morning on a tram, two trains, and a bike. All seems well, I've got a significant number of ducks lined up that I need to make a start on knocking down this week (which could see me out of the office quite a bit and in various server rooms), but for the moment I'm going to head home, go to Tesco, and then settle in for the night.
In other news, Cormac has lent me some skiing goggles and gloves, which should make my skiing experience in two weeks from now just a little bit more enjoyable, I hope.
[15:30] So, I should have been back at work on Tuesday, following a lovely bit of time off, Christmas with my family at my house, a sub-40 min run at a new year's eve 10K, and all kinds of fun with Rachel. What happened instead was a considerable amount of worry on my part about various personal things, a Christmas with my family that was absolutely lovely other than each one of us in turn being struck down by the plague that my nephew brought to the house, and then Rachel arriving and having to look after me as I succumbed to the virus just before new year's eve and into the new year. Really, it was a lovely family time, but we all could have done without feeling absolutely rotten for a part of it. I'm just incredibly glad that Rachel didn't get it from me. We seem to have parallel immune systems, which means we don't get what the other does (and can therefore look after the other person when they're ill). Rachel got to run the new year's eve 10K and come first woman in her age group and third woman over all, and I got to be very proud of her. I got to spend four or five days confined to the sofa reading lots and lots of books and being unable to control my temperature. Christmas was wonderful, when at least a few of us were capable of enjoying the festivities and the food, but with two in a row now striking down members of the family we're going to have to seriously think about what happens in 12 months time.
The plague, or whatever is was, has meant no serious running for me since the 29th of December, and I'm starting to feel a bit antsy (which is probably a sign that I'm getting well). I'm also quite paranoid that I'll have put myself back by over a week in terms of cardio and general fitness. I can't see it happening any time soon, but while I was most ill (and even now) I had the strong feeling that I really needed to get back into a gym and move some heavy weights around for a few months. Squeezing that into my life at the moment might prove to be a little difficult, though.
Anyway, one of the upshots of the festive period was me making proper plans to head to see Rachel on weekends for a couple of months, to give her a long-overdue break from traveling (to see me). Although there'll be some breaks for holidays, or me getting a thermal camera to look at the house one weekend, or her wanting to see other people, there's a good chance she won't get to come here until the beginning of March, which I think is pretty cool and well past time. This means I'm off to see her this evening, cough and all.
And finally, as a result of being off work for the first three days of the year all of the panics and issues and things seem to have been mostly sorted and I've just slotted back into the flow of things without much of a ripple. There'll be some actual physical servers to configure early next week, I'd imagine. But nothing too problematic to deal with. | 2019-04-22T20:34:43 | http://bofhcam.org/journal/2018/january.html |
0.997118 | Several entities are calling on the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to make changes to its recently released draft guidance on medical device cybersecurity, saying the guidance-which is intended to ensure that devices aren't easily susceptible to unauthorized intrusions or errors-either goes too far, doesn't go far enough or just needs changes in general.
The last several years have brought a drumbeat of warnings from security researchers, analysts and government agencies regarding the susceptibility of medical devices to hacking attempts. Several government reports, including ones from the US Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), called on FDA to do more to ensure the safety of devices.
In June 2013, FDA answered that call, releasing a draft guidance document recommending that device manufacturers submit proof that their devices adhere to three principles: confidentiality, integrity and availability.
As the failure to ensure those principles might result in injury or death in patients, FDA said that companies that fail to consider the cybersecurity of their devices might be denied approval under its risk framework.
Then, in July 2013, FDA also announced its intent to launch a cybersecurity testing laboratory to "fuzz"--a process which subjects a piece of software to a barrage of unintended input data to find defects-medical devices in the hopes of finding vulnerabilities before a device makes it to market.
That fuzzing process is set to run off software developed by Codenomicon, a security testing company which recently weighed in on FDA's draft guidance, saying FDA needs to institute fuzzing requirements for all devices that are reliant on software for their proper functioning.
The risk, Codenomicon explains, lies primarily in zero-day exploits-those unknown to either the company or security researchers before it is exploited or triggered. Fuzzing requirements, the company said, would allow these defects to be fixed prior to the release of the product, "resulting in a safer, more robust and more secure product."
As a result, the company said it "strongly recommend[s] that FDA's guidance includes generational fuzzing, a testing technique for locating unknown vulnerabilities in all types of software, as a method of mitigating zero-day threats."
"In addition, premarket submissions should include test results demonstrating that the submitted product has passed all applicable generational fuzz testing," the company continued in its docket submission in the Federal Register.
Other entities have also weighed in on the draft guidance, including the Center for Internet Security (CIS), a nonprofit security firm. In comments submitted to FDA's docket, CIS highlighted a perceived shortcoming of FDA's guidance: It's a guidance.
In other words, it is by its very nature non-binding, as opposed to a regulation, which is grounded in statute. Rather, a guidance is merely a strong suggestion that illustrates FDA's public understanding, and is most often intended to expedite approvals. Calling this a "major constraint," CIS said that even if FDA intends to place the cybersecurity testing components under its overall risk analysis for devices, the agency still lacks enforcement authority with which to compel compliance.
And this, too, raises another question: What is to be done about devices already on the market? FDA's guidance calls for all new devices to submit cybersecurity risk data, but says nothing about already-marketed products.
"Perhaps there will be forthcoming guidance for post-approval medical devices," CIS wrote, adding that it hopes this does occur given the large number of "vulnerable devices already in use in/by healthcare facilities … around the country." The ability to force these devices to make improvements would ultimately benefit patients, the group postulated.
CIS also commended FDA for the issuance of what it called "high-level" guidance, but recommended a narrower, more "prescriptive" approach to determine exactly which standards should be followed and how devices should be configured depending device type. Bringing together a working group of experts would prove useful in this regard, CIS added.
And while many independent security experts weighed in, one comment from Lawrence Rochowicz stands out for its similarities to an issue that many generic pharmaceutical companies have complained about: access. In 2007, when FDA formalized Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS) plans, which were intended to require some companies to submit plans to make it more difficult or misuse or abuse certain (i.e. riskier or more dangerous) products, some generic pharmaceutical companies complained that branded companies were engineering the restrictions to ensure that generic competitors could not get hold of their product to make copies of it.
Rochowicz's comments make close parallels to this scenario, saying he is "concerned that this document will be used by medical equipment manufactures to "severely limit" or "completely lock-out" all non-manufacture medical equipment servicers (i.e. hospital in-house certified clinical/biomedical engineers) from access to service and diagnostic tools required to assemble, install, adjusted, calibrate, test and perform maintenance on the medical equipment used on our patients."
"Manufacturers already use service keys, password of the day, service CDs and USB keys to limit our access," he continued. "Even after spending thousands of dollars to attend the official manufacturer training classes and becoming authorized or certified to service their medical equipment, keys and passwords become disabled or expired without purchasing additional service licenses or service contracts at exorbitant yearly fees."
In other words, could a system meant to promote security actually raise prices for hospitals-and ultimately consumers-by creating a de-facto monopoly on servicing and maintaining products?
Comments on the draft guidance remain open until 12 September 2013, after which time we'll see if FDA agrees with the sentiments of Codenomicon, CIS or Rochowicz. | 2019-04-21T12:24:44 | https://www.raps.org/regulatory-focus%E2%84%A2/news-articles/2013/8/experts-weigh-in-on-device-cybersecurity-guidance,-noting-need-for-improvements |
0.999678 | The following sentence is from NY Times. "Another corporate structure being exploited now more than ever is the master limited partnership." In the sentence, the concept of "master limited partnership" is first introduced. So, It does not have any contextual clues to identify what that refers to. But still it has "the" in it. However, the "the" in the sentence might not be used generically as the generic use of nouns is pretty much limited to nouns of animal, plant, or inventions. Then, what is the function of "the" there? What is the difference between the sentence and when I just say "a master limited partnership" or "master limited partnerships"?
It's a Definite Generic Noun Phrase. It's an abstraction.
Another corporate structure being exploited now more than ever is a master limited partnership.
This is a bit confusing and not abstract enough. It seems to imply that there is a corporate structure somewhere, that is, a particular legal entity organized as a master limited partnership, and that it is being exploited.
In other words, using the "tiger" example from John Lawler's link, we want to denote the entire species called "master limited partnership" rather than a particular member of the species. The indefinite article makes it look like we're talking about a member of the species.
Another corporate structure being exploited now more than ever is master limited partnerships.
This is less confusing and is even arguably correct, in terms of its meaning. However, the unbalanced grammatical number of the singular subject and plural predicate is somewhat awkward. If there were multiple structures being exploited, it would work: "Other corporate structures being exploited now more than ever include master limited partnerships and freeble glarb corporations."
Should I use “the” in this sentence? | 2019-04-26T06:26:54 | https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/198880/the-function-of-the-in-the-following-sentence |
0.999994 | (ANSA) - Vatican City, September 8 - Pope Francis said Monday that he was "deeply affected" after three Xaverian nuns working as missionaries in Burundi were killed. The three nuns, named as Luci Pulici, 75; Olga Raschietti, 82; and Bernardetta Boggian, 79; were killed at their convent in Kamenge, a suburb of the capital, Bujumbura. "Deeply saddened by the tragic death of the Xaverian missionary sisters killed in Burundi, the Holy Father wishes to assure his heartfelt participation in the profound suffering of the congregation for the loss of such dedicated sisters and, in the hope that the blood they have shed may become the seed of hope to build true fraternity between peoples, he raises fervent prayers for the eternal repose of their souls and for their generous witness of the gospel," read a message to the Xaverian order.
"To their families, the entire institute and those who mourn their loss, he imparts the comfort of his apostolic blessing.
Two of the three Italian nuns were found with their throats slit, an anonymous police official was quoted as saying by media. Kamenge Mayor Damien Baseka said two nuns were killed "savagely". The bodies of Pulici and Raschietti, were found on Sunday, while Boggian's was found early on Monday, Vatican radio said.
Italian Foreign Minister Federica Mogherini expressed condolences overnight, and said the killings brought "great pain".
"We're once again witness to the sacrifices made by those who, with complete dedication, spend their entire lives relieving the overwhelming suffering that still exists in Africa," Mogherini said.
Church sources said initial reports indicated that the killings could be the result of a robbery that went wrong.
Vatican radio said the three nuns had been working among the sick and poor in Burundi for seven years. Prior to that, they had been missionaries in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Raschietti had spent 50 years in Africa. | 2019-04-22T22:30:48 | http://www.ansa.it/english/news/general_news/2014/09/08/pope-deeply-saddened-by-nuns-killings_488095c4-f7b3-4c3a-9821-0d433222aff4.html |
0.998 | Why do students drop out of online classes? Often students are unprepared for the unique challenges of online learning. All too often, students fail or drop out of online courses because of insufficient preparation for the special challenges and the unfamiliar format of online learning. This can be a result of any of a number of factors, including writing, reading, communication, workload, time management, and technology. Preparing students for effective academic computer-mediated communication will enable them to better transition from their accustomed traditional learning format to a new online learning experience. Ensuring success requires initial orientation and follow-up with ongoing practice and reinforcement across the curriculum. These innovative strategies increase initial and continued success, as well as retention, in online classes.
Ensuring success in online learning requires both initial preparation plus follow up that includes continued practice and reinforcement across the curriculum. Through the systematic and ongoing practice and reinforcement of these strategies, students are able to develop and maintain self-directed learning habits that will enhance their current and future academic work.
Aside from the technological aspect of online education, there are other elements that must be addressed with new online learners. Self-directed learning behaviors and good time management skills are mandatory for successful online learning. Another, and perhaps the most important, element is communication. Learners must be capable of communicating effectively via text. Text-based communication is usually not, but certainly should be, a major component of orientation to online learning.
Orientation and success activities used within the curriculum content provide opportunities for learners to think critically, reflect effectively, and research topics and issues that support their assignments. Writing is one of the most essential skills for success in online learning; practice and reinforcement in academic writing skills, through peer review, is an integral part of every unit of study in every content course.
Orientation activities that promote student success and retention in online classes include multiple, ongoing opportunities to learn and practice all of the skills that will be necessary for success in the online learning environment.
These activities not only helped during online classes, but the structured activities helped me with seated classes as well.
This was my first on-line class and the planning tools definitely helped me. While taking this class I did learn how to be way more organized with my school work and keep things in place a lot better. These on-line activities definitely got me ready for my next on-line class.
I loved these activities. At first I thought they were silly, but they were a great tool. I LOVED the task planners and I printed them off and put them on my fridge so I knew what I had to do each week with every activity.
These activities will help me be more successful in the future to plan work this way.
The weekly plans and task logs helped a whole lot because I remembered what I had to do or what to go back over! I have to say I am way more organized than I was when I started.
I liked the success activities we had in this course. I really liked the time management assignments because they got me into the habit of keeping track of time in my other classes and I can use this in future classes. The note taking got me into the habit of writing things down in other classes. These habits will help me at work too.
I have to say at first I thought this was all too simplistic. I mean really? Assign weekly task calendars and notes and documentation of time spent on reading and work as homework each week? Well boy was I wrong. Those simple tools made all the difference in the grades in my class because students were able to manage time and plan their work throughout the semester on a weekly basis. This was the first semester ALL student projects came in on time; not a single one was late. Awesome!
The learning summary/reflection and the activity requiring students to copy feedback from the previous week's assignment and show the specific improvement on the current week's assignment was more effective than I would have imagined. Students actually started reading comments and implementing my suggestions.
My intro course online students come into the classroom without a clue because most have never taken an online class. My school does not offer an orientation or success course (although short LMS tutorials are available). We have a writing center, free tutoring, and many other free services for online students but they never have time to use them. These classroom success activities were helpful throughout my math course. Students started acclimating to the online class procedures much more quickly than in previous semesters when I didn't use these.
I recommend using these activities for all beginning classes in all subject areas. In other classes, these can be used individually with students who are having difficulty getting work done on time or keeping up with class activities. I had a student who was failing by the end of the first quarter and I emailed to ask if he would use these handouts. He said yes and we arranged a schedule for him to email them to me each week. All of a sudden he was making A's instead of F's. What a huge difference a little help with time management will make.
Access: Handouts are available for all students to use online or to print, whichever works best for them.
Learning Effectiveness: Students gain valuable self-directed learning skills, develop good study habits, learn to effectively manage time, and become proficient in the use of technology.
Student Satisfaction: Students like the planning and reflection handouts. If they are having difficulty keeping up in class, these tools help them get on track and stay on track. Some students have reported better grades in online classes after having used these success strategies.
Instructor Satisfaction: Instructors spend far less time dealing with technical and time management issues that students invariable fall prey to in online classes. Instructors definitely like the fact that late work decreases throughout the class and fewer students fail or drop out of their classes.
Scale: These strategies can be easily implemented in all online classes and can be used with all students in a class or personalized for individual students who are having difficulty keeping up in the online class.
Any word processing program can be used to prepare handouts and exercises to help students with orientation to online learning. Instructors can also get pre-made handouts from my conference presentations.
There is no cost to implement these strategies in any online class. | 2019-04-19T03:16:07 | https://secure.onlinelearningconsortium.org/effective_practices/orientation-online-learning-preparing-students-initial-and-ongoing-success-acros |
0.999999 | How do search engines operate? Each and every search engine uses unique complicated mathematical formulas to generate search final results. The outcomes to get a distinct query are then displayed around the SERP. Search engine algorithms take the key elements of a web web page, including the web page title, content and keyword density, and come up having a ranking for where to place the results around the pages. Every search engine’s algorithm is unique, so a top rated ranking on Yahoo! does not assure a prominent ranking on Google, and vice versa. To create factors additional complicated, the algorithms used by search engines are certainly not only closely guarded secrets, they're also constantly undergoing modification and revision. This means that the criteria to greatest optimize a site with should be surmised by way of observation, also as trial and error - and not only once, but continuously.
Gimmicks less respected SEO firms tout because the answer to better web page rankings could perform at ideal for only a brief period ahead of the search engine’s developers become smart to the techniques and adjust their algorithm. Much more most likely, sites using these tricks might be labeled as spam by the search engines and their rankings will plummet.
Search engines only “see� the text on web pages, and use the underlying HTML structure to determine relevance. Big photos, or dynamic Flash animation mean nothing to search engines, but the actual text in your pages does. It is actually hard to create a Flash site that may be as friendly to search engines; consequently, Flash sites will tend not to rank as high as sites developed with nicely coded HTML and CSS (Cascading Style Sheets - a complex mechanism for adding types to website pages above and beyond frequent HTML). When the terms you should be discovered by do not appear within the text of your website, it will likely be quite tricky for your website to yield higher placement in the SERPs.
A search engine is a web-based tool that enables customers to locate data around the Globe Wide Web. | 2019-04-20T21:15:56 | https://issuu.com/mildaoser/docs/1_only_search_engine_with_no_ads_43f0d3018bc257 |
0.999929 | (أون) - في حديث ضِرار بن الأَزْورِ: "مَرَّ النبىُّ - صلى الله عليه وسلم -. برجُلٍ يَحْتَلِب شاةً آوِنةً، فقال: دع داعِىَ اللَّبَن".
وقيل: الآونة: أن يَحْتَلِبَها مَرَّةً بعد أخرى. وقيل: هي بِمَعْنى تَارة، وقيل: الآوِنَة والآنِيَة جَمعُ أَوانٍ.
- في الحديث "ارتَجَس إيوانُ كِسْرَى".
هي فارسية ويقال: إوان ، بكَسْرِ الهَمْزة بلا ياء، والجمع إِوَانَات.. - في الحديث: "هذا أَوانَ قَطَعَتْ أَبْهَرِى".
يكتَسِب البِناءَ من المُضاف إليه.
من (أ و ن) مجلس كبير فيها كبار القوم.
من (أ و ن) الترفه والخفض والدعى والاستراحة والحين.
وَيُقَالُ لِلْمُسَافِرِ: أُنْ عَلَى نَفْسِكَ، أَيِ اتَّدِعْ. وَأُنْتُ أَؤُونُ أَوْنًا; وَرَجُلٌ آئِنٌ.
اون: آن يئون = آن يئين، ففي ألف ليلة 3: 452: يئون الأوان: يحين الحين.
عن التركية اون بمعنى الدقيق والطحن والعدد عشرة؛ أو عن الفارسية اون بمعنى الشيء المعلق، أو عن الأوردية اون بمعنى الصوف.
[اون] فيه: يحتلب شاة "أونة" أي يحتلبها مرة بعد أخرى، من فلان يصنع الأمر أونة إذا كان يصنعه مراراً ويدعه مراراً، وقيل: إن أونة جمع أوان وهو الزمان.
1 آنَ, aor. يَؤُونُ, inf. n. أَوْنٌ, He was, or became, at rest, or at ease; he rested in a journey. (IAar, T.) b2: أُنْتُ, aor. and inf. n. as above, I enjoyed a life of ease and plenty; a state of freedom from trouble or inconvenience, and toil or fatigue; a state of ease, repose, or tranquillity. (AZ, T, S, M, K.) b3: I was, or became, grave, staid, steady, sedate, or calm. (S, K.) b4: I was, or became, gentle; or I acted gently: (T, S, M, Msb, K:) and I acted, or proceeded, with moderation, without haste or hurry, in pace or journeying: (M:) I went gently, softly, or in a leisurely manner: (S, K:) أَوْنٌ [the inf. n.] is formed by substitution [of أ for ه] from هَوْنٌ. (S.) You say, أُنْتُ بِالشَّىْءِ, and عَلَى الشَّىْءِ, I was gentle, or I acted gently, with the thing; (M;) and فِى الأَمْرِ in the affair. (Msb.) and أُنْ عَلَى نَفْسِكَ Act thou gently with thyself, or be thou gentle, in pace or journeying: and proceed thou with moderation, without haste or hurry: (T, S:) said in the latter sense to one who has become unsteady, or irresolute. (T.) [In like manner,] you say, عَلَى قَدْرِكَ ↓ أَوِّنْ, meaning اِتَّئِدْ عَلَى نَحْوِكَ [app. Act thou with moderation, gentleness, deliberation, or in a leisurely manner, according to thine ability, or to the measure of thine ability; for قَدْرٌ and نَحْوٌ are both syn. with مِقْدَارٌ]. (T, K.) And فِى سَيْرِكُمْ ↓ أَوِّنُوا Proceed ye with moderation in your course or pace or journeying. (ISk, T.) And فِى ↓ تَأَوَّنَ الأَمْرِ He paused, or was patient, in the affair. (M.) A2: أَوْنٌ also signifies The being weary, or fatigued; like أَيْنٌ. (M.) [Whether, in this sense, it have a verb, is doubtful: see its syn. here mentioned.] b2: Also The putting oneself to trouble, or inconvenience, for the sake of what one may expend upon himself and his family. (M.) And hence, accord. to one [whose name is imperfectly written in the TA], the word ↓ مَؤُونَةٌ, [as being originally مَأْوُنَةٌ,] of the measure مَفْعُلَةٌ: but others say that it is of the measure فَعُولَةٌ, from مَأَنْتُ. (TA.) A3: ↓ آنَ أَوْنُكَ and أَوَانُكَ [and أَيْنُكَ] signify the same. (M.) [See art. اين.]2 اَوَّنَ see 1, in two places.5 تَاَوَّنَ see 1.
أَوْنٌ: see 1 [of which it is the inf. n.]: and see also what next follows.
إِوَانٌ: see أَوَانٌ: A2: and see also إِيَوَانٌ.
[The great porch, or the palace, of Kisrà, or Chosroes, who is called صَاحِبُ الإِيوَانِ]. (T, S, Msb.) b2: Also the latter, [and app., accord. to the Msb, the former also,] Any prop, or support, of a thing: (T, Msb:) particularly, a pole of a [tent of the kind called] خِبَآء. (T.) b3: The إِيوَان of the لِجَام [is The headstall of the bridle; and] has for its pl. إِيوَانَاتٌ. (T, K.) مَؤُونَةٌ: see 1, and see art. مأن.
a. Was at ease, at rest.
b. ['Ala], Was gentle to.
b. [art.], Now, the present time.
a. Roofed vestibule, hall; palace [ coll.
ء و ن : الْأَوَانُ الْحِينُ بِفَتْحِ الْهَمْزَةِ وَكَسْرِهَا لُغَةٌ وَالْجَمْعُ آوِنَةٌ وَآنَ فِي الْأَمْرِ يَئُونُ أَوْنًا رَفَقَ فِيهِ وَالْإِوَانُ وِزَانُ كِتَابٍ بَيْتٌ مُؤَزَّجٌ غَيْرُ مَسْدُودِ الْفُرْجَةِ وَكُلُّ سِنَادٍ لِشَيْءٍ فَهُوَ إوَانٌ لَهُ.
وَالْإِيوَانُ بِزِيَادَةِ الْيَاءِ مِثْلُهُ وَمِنْهُ إيوَانُ كِسْرَى.
وَالْآنَ ظَرْفٌ لِلْوَقْتِ الْحَاضِرِ الَّذِي أَنْتَ فِيهِ وَلَزِمَ دُخُولُ الْأَلِفِ وَاللَّامِ وَلَيْسَ ذَلِكَ لِلتَّعْرِيفِ لِأَنَّ التَّعْرِيفَ تَمْيِيزُ الْمُشْتَرَكَاتِ وَلَيْسَ لِهَذَا مَا يُشْرِكُهُ فِي مَعْنَاهُ قَالَ ابْنُ السَّرَّاجِ لَيْسَ هُوَ آنٌ وَآنٌ حَتَّى يَدْخُلَ عَلَيْهِ الْأَلِفُ وَاللَّامُ لِلتَّعْرِيفِ بَلْ وُضِعَ مَعَ الْأَلِفِ وَاللَّامِ لِلْوَقْتِ الْحَاضِرِ مِثْلُ الثُّرَيَّا وَاَلَّذِي وَنَحْوِ ذَلِكَ. | 2019-04-26T15:12:07 | http://lisaan.net/%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%86/?book=12 |
0.998546 | Hundreds of thousands of Cub ans walk along Havana's seafront during a protest march May 14, 2004. Cuban President Fidel Castro led the march past the U.S. Interest Section (building on top - R) to protest against new steps taken by the United States to squeeze Cuba's economy and topple Castro's government.
[OPINION] Should the Commonwealth still exist?
Whatever anti-imperialist intentions the notoriously zig-zag Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte may have begun with, his natural affinity for the ... that paved the way for Duterte, who promised to forge an independent foreign policy, to be elected in 2016 in a tactical alliance with the anti-imperialist left.
... of monarchs or dictators, political parties still remain active both as power brokers and disrupters. Islamist, nationalist, leftist, reformist, pro-Western and anti-Imperialist, protesting the ruling order or forging new coalitions; here are ten political parties in MENA and why it is important to watch them in 2018.
... and all their cheerleaders in the alt-right and Stalinist left are already trying to smear the protests as pro-imperialist. The revolt shows, once again, that Stalinism is not a dead issue in the progressive movement, and that its remaining advocates want only an authoritarian “anti-imperialist” regime to support. | 2019-04-23T22:13:06 | http://schema-root.org/people/political/activists/anti-imperialist/ |
0.997699 | I have the following problem: I created my own 'Style' in one Writer file. Now I want to be able to use it in every Writer file that I will open (the existing ones) or create (when I create new files). How can I do this?
Make the file you created the styles in a template and derive new files from it.
Open the template from which the existing files were derived for editing.
Create the styles or import them by pasting in objects having the wanted styles assigned.
If you now create a new document based on that template, it should contain the style (see above).
If you open a document for editing which was created earlier from that template you should be prompted for updating the styles.
Generally the named styles are copied and pasted together with objects having the styles as their property if there is not a name conflict.
Thank you. It is very helpful. The advice for existing files, it actually works to my suprise. It could be a little better, but ok, it works. Thanks again. | 2019-04-22T12:35:23 | https://ask.libreoffice.org/en/question/143614/using-my-own-style-in-many-witer-files-how-to/ |
0.999999 | Perhaps the most commonly cited alternative therapy approach for autism is the gluten free/casein free diet. The idea was promoted largely based on the “leaky gut” and “opiod excess” idea of autism. The basic idea was that the intestines of autistics are for some reason “leaky” and incompletely digested proteins from gluten (grains) and casein (milk) enter the bloodstream and act much like an opiod (drug) causing (somehow) autism. Multiple research teams have looked for evidence of these “opiods” without success. But the idea that eliminating gluten and/or casein as an autism treatment.
Timothy Buie is perhaps one of the most respected gastroenterologists in the autism communities. He has recently written a literature review on the topic: The relationship of autism and gluten.
Autism is now a common condition with a prevalence of 1 in 88 children. There is no known etiology. Speculation about possible treatments for autism or autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has included the use of various dietary interventions, including a gluten-free diet.
The goal of this article was to review the literature available evaluating the use of gluten-free diets in patients with autism to determine if diet should be instituted as a treatment.
A literature review was performed, identifying previously published studies in which a gluten-free diet was instituted as an autism treatment. These studies were not limited to randomized controlled trials because only 1 article was available that used a double-blind crossover design. Most publish reports were unblinded, observational studies.
In the only double-blind, crossover study, no benefit of a gluten-free diet was identified. Several other studies did report benefit from gluten-free diet. Controlling for observer bias and what may have represented unrelated progress over time in these studies is not possible. There are many barriers to evaluating treatment benefits for patients with autism. Gluten sensitivity may present in a variety of ways, including gastrointestinal and neurologic symptoms. Although making a diagnosis of celiac disease is easier with new serology and genetic testing, a large number of gluten-sensitive patients do not have celiac disease. Testing to confirm non-celiac gluten sensitivity is not available.
A variety of symptoms may be present with gluten sensitivity. Currently, there is insufficient evidence to support instituting a gluten-free diet as a treatment for autism. There may be a subgroup of patients who might benefit from a gluten-free diet, but the symptom or testing profile of these candidates remains unclear.
To paraphrase the conclusions: The evidence is not there for eliminating gluten from the diets of autistics. Perhaps some minority has a gluten sensitivity but so far there is no good test for this possible subgroup.
Although this seems like a solid scientific approach, I disagree with the conclusion, or at least with the implications for treatment. Since gluten-free diets are relatively harmless, the best approach for a doctor to take would be to suggest that the parent give it a try. The doctor might provide some background information, and might even run a gluten allergy test, but ultimately, each parent, and each autistic individual, should decide for themselves whether it helps.
In our case, the doctor said that current medical research does not support the effectiveness of gluten free diets, but he suggested that we give it a try for several weeks, and keep a log of foods, as well as behaviors, sleeping patterns, emotional stability, and so on. The effects we noted were minor and gradual, and we saw nothing that we felt was conclusive. When we re-introduced gluten, on the other hand, the effects were dramatic. Sleeping patterns were disrupted, language and emotional stability regressed, and repetitive behaviors shot up to a level that we were getting notes from teachers and therapists asking what had changed.
Although this is not a scientific study, we have witnessed the same reaction five times now, and three of those times started 24 to 48 hours after receiving gluten. (The other two times were unexplained.) Scientific? Hardly. Sufficient to justify a modified diet? Absolutely.
Those are just the three most common theories. There are dozens of others. In our case, for example, we have known for a long time that our son has unusually low levels of stomach acid. These low levels might lead to insufficient digestion of food proteins, and therefore insufficient levels of certain amino acids. Some people believe that amino acid imbalances can trigger symptoms of autism. This is kind of a fringe theory, but it points to a very important detail that a lot of research misses: Every child is different.
We know that autism has a genetic basis, we just know very little about how the genetic differences affect the brain. Research on autism and glutamate receptors, for example, is in its infancy.
We have friends who have tried the gluten free diet, and did not notice any difference at all. Should we assume that they are wrong? Should we assume that we are? Or is it remotely possible that the genetic condition they are dealing with is substantially different from the one we are dealing with?
Considering the vast number of genetic issues that may be linked to autism, I think the odds that there may be different types of autism are approaching 100%. As such, the odds that a single treatment method will work for all autistics is approaching 0%. Somewhere in between 0% and 100% is the chance that a gluten free diet will help any given individual (autistic or not).
If we were talking about stem cell therapy, then we could safely reject anything under 50% just because of the poorly-understood risks. But what, exactly, are the risks of a gluten-free diet?
The risks are malnutrition. Do you think that most parents keep a log and administer a restrictive diet under the guidance and monitoring of a physician or registered dietician or are most ‘DIYers’? It may seem like a harmless intervention and maybe helpful with the proper oversight however I don’t believe that is the case with many or most.
I would add: how many are working with a dietician who is not biased towards the alt-med approach to autism? I.e. eliminate that bias.
Early on I wanted advice on nutrition for my kid. A local autism school recommended a dietician. Unfortunately, said dietician was DAN!. I got much better advice, at less cost of time and money, from a regular dietician. Frankly, the DAN! dietician’s advice was horrendous. After two hours of ignoring my questions and throwing guilt and bad science at me to get me onboard for a full DAN! approach, I was able to get said dietician to answer my main question: how do I approach an extremely picky eater? Answer, “starve him/her”. Seriously. “Starve him/her. After a couple of days s/he will eat whatever you put in front of him/her”. The diet recommended just supported the picky eater style and would have resulted in a *less* nutritious diet.
For less money, a real nutritionist helped me log my kid’s diet, calculated the nutrition my kid was getting and gave suggestions on how to improve the diet. This nutritionist followed up on no charge to see how my kid was progressing.
Matt, One of the problems with the DAN approach is that a lot of bad science is in the mix. I am not sure it is fair to reject every part of it just because some parts are unproven.
We had a similar problem finding a dietitian (or, if you are using the U.K spell-check: “dietician”) who actually understood diet and autism. We ended up getting better advice from cookbooks.
Oddly, the “let ’em starve” approach usually works for typical kids. (They get hungry, they eat.) For autistic kids, it almost always fails. I don’t have to tell you why, but apparently someone should tell the DAN “dietitians”.
Keep in mind, he isn’t saying there is never any benefit. As a treatment for sensitivity to gluten, there would be. As a treatment for autism, the evidence doesn’t support it.
Also note that I didn’t say that one should reject all of DAN because some parts are unproven.
First, let’s take the last part–it’s unproven. Beyond unproven, some parts are just downright wrong. They are based on an incorrect, obviously false, view of autism. A good example is chelation. Some aspects carry risks with no benefit. Calling it merely “unproven” is a major understatement.
Most of the rest is basically guesswork based on a number of poorly formed ideas of autism. Jim Laidler’s discussion is linked to above. He has a good discussion either there or elsewhere of how much of autism alternative medicine is just one or more people’s pet ideas and it gets picked up.
As to the “let them starve” approach. For a time, there was a belief among alternative medicine practitioners that autism was mitochondrial dysfunction was a cause or a comorbid condition of autism. The idea of starving a kid with mitochondrial dysfunction is pretty horrifying.
One of the strangest comments I’ve read came from a prominent “rescue angel”. In supporting the idea that soy should be removed from diets as well, said Rescue Angel commented that soy is just a marketing effort by big agriculture. In reality, according to the Angel, no one in Asia consumes soy. We are just told that as part of Big Agriculture’s marketing.
Science Mom: Malnutrition is a risk with all autistic children. Is there some evidence that the risk is worse with kids on a “voluntary” gluten-free diet? If there is such evidence, then it would be an important point to consider. If there is no such evidence, then the argument has no validity.
I don’t know what percent of autistic kids refuse some sort of food, but my experience is that it is pretty high. I don’t agree with the theory that removing gluten automatically makes a diet less balanced. In fact, our experience was that removing the gluten improved my son’s average diet, by encouraging him to eat more proteins in place of wheat.
i understand that gluten-free is not for everyone. Just because something is not for everyone, though, does not mean that it could lead to malnutrition. By that definition, video games could lead to malnutrition because kids would be playing instead of eating.
Parents who have autistic kids need to (and usually do) step up to the plate and take some responsibility for what their children eat. If a child refuses to eat veggies, for example, it is the parents job to sneak it into “milkshakes” and muffins and whatever.
It is not fair to assume that a parent who tries a gluten free diet on their child would suddenly decide that going gluten-free is a substitute for proper nutrition. Our experience has been that parents who are interested in the proteins their child eats are also interested in the vitamins, minerals, and fiber.
If we are talking about uninformed parents, then the risk is not the diet, it is the lack of information. Adding gluten will not improve the information flow.
A high percentage of abnormal IPT values were found among patients with autism (36.7%) and their relatives (21.2%) compared with normal subjects (4.8%). Patients with autism on a reported gluten-casein-free diet had significantly lower IPT values compared with those who were on an unrestricted diet and controls. Gastrointestinal symptoms were present in 46.7% of children with autism: constipation (45.5%), diarrhoea (34.1%), and others (alternating diarrhoea/constipation, abdominal pain, etc: 15.9%). FC was elevated in 24.4% of patients with autism and in 11.6% of their relatives; it was not, however, correlated with abnormal IPT values.
Note that this had a large group compared to others looking for intestinal permiability changes; ~ 200 kids with autism IIRC.
Although this is not a scientific study, we have witnessed the same reaction five times now, and three of those times started 24 to 48 hours after receiving gluten.
Yeah, sounds exactly like our experiences.
LOL and so true. Most American children get plenty of wheat, and we are over run with children with diabetes and obesity, conditions which used to be unknown in children.
Frankly, the DAN! dietician’s advice was horrendous.
That is terrible, but is just annectode. My regular pediatrician gave us horrible advice too, but that’s no reason to disregard the all pediatricians, or even all of that pediatrician’s particular advice.
I would have an exit strategy: how long to try to and how to measure success.
The exit strategy *should be*, I gave a challenge of the restricted food and nobody could tell a difference. You don’t tell teachers/ therapists/grand parents/whoever that you are challenging, and then see what happens.
Which, after decades, still doesn’t support the idea that removing gluten is a treatment for autism. So, yes, there’s nothing new there.
There are a grand total of 2 placebo based studies; I’m not sure why Biue didn’t include the Elder study, which was placebo controlled, blinded, and cross over. It was small (13 participants), and while no ‘group level’ changes were seen, two individuals did improve and blinded therapists noted improvements in those children.
You can’t go on and on about ‘after decades’, and pretend that it has been studied; if we exclude Elder, like Biue did, you’re talking about a grand total of thirty kidsthat participated in gold standard studies. It isn’t about the length of time, it is about the number of quality studies. According to Biue, the number of quality studies is one.
Meanwhile, someone draws blood from eight thousand kids, throws it at a sequencer in a desperate attempt to find CNVs, finds seven kids with a mutation on SHANK3, and everyone claps about how it clearly shows a predominantly genetic condition. Meanwhile, in de Magistris, which I linked to above, altered intestinal permiability was observed in over a third of children with autism.
A gluten heavy diet is malnutrition. These are empty calories eaten to try and fill up a low income diet. White flour has been linked to high blood sugar and diabetes too.
You disagree with Dr. Buie’s conclusion, but your discussion doesn’t really address this issues. There is no solid evidence that in general this is a treatment, there is no evidence that it is a treatment for autism rather than a treatment for some sensitivity, there may be a group who responds to an elimination diet but they are likely not a large group–and this may not be specific to autism.
1) try it for at least six months (or longer). If you don’t see any improvements (who doesn’t improve over six months?) it may be that a tiny amount of gluten (or whatever is being eliminated) got into the diet.
3) if it doesn’t work for your child, then you haven’t tried enough biomed and you should try more.
(2) and (3) point to the use of elimination diets as “gateway” therapies to even less supported and more risky approaches.
When one eliminates some part of the diet and reintroduces it, there will be an adaptation period. I can recall eliminating red meat from my diet. Taking it out was met with no immediate effect. Reintroducing it was definitely met with digestion issues and discomfort. I’m not innately sensitive to red meat, but I did need time to adjust to digesting it again. I’m not saying that all who reintroduce a food and see a difference are going through that, but one should be aware of this.
You should be aware that your theory #2 *is* the opiod excess/leaky gut theory. Opiod “peptides” are key to that theory. Your link doesn’t point to which researchers have found these peptides. My guess is they are pointing to Paul Shattock, whose work has failed to replicate and goes back to pre-Wakefield days (he influenced Wakefield).
By the way–the idea that there are more than one autism is old. I have a New York Times article from the ’70s talking about it, and I bet there was discussion in the literature about it before that.
But I think I was pretty clear about why I disagreed with his conclusions. All he did was review literature, and weighted the single double-blind study so heavily that it displaced more than one study that reached the opposite conclusion. For example: Where does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22564339 appear in his research? Did he exclude it, or did he just decide that the results were “insufficient”?
How exactly, did he discount the other studies? Did he apply his own adjustment for parent bias? Are we supposed to round up parents who have observed results, and tell them they are wrong, based on the results of a very small double-blind study that was done on someone else?
Based on my experience, tests that were applied to other autistic children are not a very good indicator of the results that I will see. As you mentioned, the idea that there are many different forms of autism is nothing new.
As far as the typical period of re-adjustment, it certainly makes sense that once the human body has “forgotten” how to digest certain foods, it will take a while to re-introduce those foods. I am not sure that is a good argument to just “keep drinking”, as it were.
Which, after decades, still doesn’t support the idea that removing gluten is a treatment for autism. So, yes, there’s nothing new there. There’s nothing new in the fact that there is no evidence to support the idea.
How, exactly did he discount other studies? What other studies? Parent reports like the study you link to? Dr. Buie is on the front lines of working with autistic children with GI problems. He is sought out by the very parents who would report benefit of GFCF. Again, this is why this study is remarkable.
When confronted with a parent who is asking about claims that repetitive behaviors can be reduced by having their child wear penny loafers instead of sneakers, the best approach for a doctor to take would be to suggest that the parent give it a try.
When confronted with a parent who is asking about claims that repetitive behaviors can be reduced by having their child wear their hair short rather than long, the best approach for a doctor to take would be to suggest that the parent give it a try.
When confronted with a parent who is asking about claims that repetitive behaviors can be reduced by having their child wear a tin foil hat, the best approach for a doctor to take would be to suggest that the parent give it a try.
Ethically, the best approach for any physician is to advise parents to steer clear of unproven therapies. Gluten free/casein free diets are expensive and difficult to maintain and–as the one double blind study that’s been done suggests–if they are useless, then they are making fools of desperate parents who should be seeking legitimate therapies.
Besides, with all that kids on the spectrum have to face in life, it would be sad to think they have to do it without occasionally enjoying a waffle and glass of milk.
So what you are saying is that any time a double blind study has been done on a potential diet, all doctors and parents should accept that one study as the gold standard of proof, and ignore their personal observations, as well as a good handful of other studies and medical tests?
Even in situations where the double-blind study was done on a very small number of individuals? And even when the study materials raised questions as to whether every potential target group was included?
Assuming we were talking about a fringe theory like in your tinfoil-hat-and-penny-loafers example, I might even agree with you. Since we are talking about a theory based on commonly observed relationships, I would most likely disagree. The original article describes one such relationship in detail: “Their findings included positive skin test results in 36% of children with autism compared with 5% in a control group of unaffected children…” If autistic children are more likely to have gluten allergy, then it seems like a relatively short leap from there to testing a gluten-free diet on a wide variety of autistic kids.
If your analogy, you are acting as if there were some clinical research that indicated a possible benefit to penny loafers, short hair, or tinfoil hats. Here is why I found your analogy so tedious and offensive: The original paper by Buie contained the sentence: “Statistically significant higher plasma concentration of IgA antibodies against α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, casein, and gliadin were found in the children with autistic disorder.” Do you understand why a doctor reading that sentence might suggest that a parent give it a try?
If not, then why not? Because your statement that the parent might look foolish seems pretty weak. Buie evaluated Knivsberg and D’Eufemia and other studies that showed proven benefits of a gluten-free diet, and he even described the results. It was not clear why he decided to discount them in his conclusion, but he certainly struck a much less conclusive tone than you did.
After reading the Knivsberg study, I would be much more inclined to err on the side of caution. Even Buie admitted that the main drawback of GFCF research was that GFCF did not work for every autistic individual. Since it is hard to identify which subset would benefit, he came to the conclusion that a GFCF diet should not be recommended as a treatment for all autistic individuals. This is not the same as saying it doesn’t work. As far as your theory that we should also give tinfoil hats a try, that seems like something a troll would say, without bothering to read the article.
In fact, as you might know, research continues on gluten, glutamate receptors, non-celiac gluten sensitivity, interference with methylation, inflammation that comes from other wheat proteins, gliadin, and on and on… I have previously mentioned that I suspect some of that other research will prove more fruitful than the “leaky gut” theory. Matt has pressed me repeatedly to choose one theory or another, but I have refused, and will continue to do so. I don’t know why it seems to work, but it does seem to work.
Considering that Matt got all offended that I let a very slight note of sarcasm sneak into my comment, imagine what I must think about yours. Especially considering that all you did was repeat things other people had already said, and go out of your way to repeat them in the most sarcastic and insipid way you could possibly imagine.
I disagree that it is the doctor’s responsibility to advise patients to “steer clear” of unproven therapies, particularly in those cases where LBRB gets to determine what is proven and what is not. After all, every therapy was “unproven” at some point. Each doctor’s primary responsibility is to research the facts, and make sure the patient (or the legal guardian) is as well-informed as possible on each potential treatment.
If my doctor were to suggest that he had read a single study, and that he advised me to “steer clear” of the gluten-free diet based on that single study, i would think he was not taking his responsibilities as a physician very seriously. In fact, I had the opposite experience with one doctor. When we first asked him about the GFCF diet, he said that his general impression was that it was only helpful in cases of celiac. A few months later, he wrote to tell me that he had read up on the subject extensively, and now believed that it might be worth a try. He then advised me not to rely on it too much, and he gave me literature that described how to do a test, and what a positive result might look like.
We are perfectly aware that some of the progress we have noticed might be unrelated to gluten. One side-effect of the diet is that my wife cooks a much higher percentage of our food from scratch, and so has improved the diet in a number of ways other than just removing wheat. We are eating less pesticides, less preservatives, less refined sugar, and less processed soy protein. We are also eating more protein, more fruit, more veggies, and, oddly, more coconut oil. Any one, or any combination of these, might account for my son’s improved sleep habits, decrease in outbursts, or his new-found ability to stay on task for minutes at a time.
Or it might be totally unrelated. But let me ask you: If you had these results, would you risk losing them? If you threw the old penny loafers away, and all that progress went away, you would go get new penny loafers, wouldn’t you?
There’s nothing enjoyable about a waffle or a glass of milk if it leaves you in tears on the floor an hour later or with an explosive trip to the bathroom. A gluten free waffle and a glass of almond milk produce as much pleasure and no distress.
Please allow families with a history of digestive issues (Chron’s, colitis) to treat their autistic relatives with the same individually, results-based care and attention to nutrition and overall health that the rest of us automatically enjoy.
Personally, I have discovered that unless your child has stomach issues… diahhrea, nightmares/terrors… then there is no point in it. Children with intolerances benefit from food removal to find the intolerance. Telling parents “some autistic children are like that”… is not appropriate. Since that “some autistic kid” was definately stoned until we removed casien protien from his diet refusing to address the issues of diahhrea.. was simply poor behaviour on the part of both the Dev Ped and Dr. Gluten didn’t do anything.
FWIW… the severe one without the stomach issues…. no change.
There is much research. Not much good research. For example, I do not consider the “insert proprionic acid into the brains of rats” (one of the Ontario projects which purports to link autism to a leaky gut) as being illustrative.
Take a look at the comments by John D. Stone and Farmer Geddon…they’re gems.
I’ve read the entire case study and can pick it apart easily. What is glaringly obvious at first glance, is that there is no time interval provided on the EEG tracings that were published in the study…i.e. was the very abnormal EEG tracing illustrated in the study done during the postictal state, which may last for 48 hours…or more…when the EEG will be very abnormal?
Tsk, Tsk, Drs. Herbert and Buckley…why didn’t you provide that information?
The ketogenic diet has long been known to be effective in children with epilepsy.
With that background, I would like to see a decent study done of the ketogenic diet for children with co-morbid autism. I suspect there would be improvements if seizures were interfering with their ability to play/learn/benefit from behavioral therapy. I doubt non-epileptic kids would benefit, and it seems irresponsible to put this case-study out for parents to start experimenting. Autistic kids who starve themselves are also getting into an often prolonged ketogenic state – there is no remitting of autism in these kids – we would have heard about it by now if ketosis worked for autism.
I have been on a ketogenic diet for about 6 weeks now (LCHF mostly paleo), after getting results back on the first stage of getting a diabetes diagnosis (if I fail the test again in a few weeks, I will get a formal diagnosis, I am trying to stave that off with lifestyle changes).
As a side effect I have noticed a huge improvement in IBS symptoms, which have been an issue for the last few years,corresponding with the blood sugar problems. I have not lost much weight (I wasn’t overweight to start with). So I guess the grains were not good for MY gut in the first place. (Paleo removes all neolithic grains, not just those with gluten). I eat meat, most veges, berries and nuts, and I eat well. When I have sorted the diabetes scare out long term, i will add back starchy veges and other fruit. I use a lot of coconut oil which is high MCT.
There is no thought of depriving my fussy eating, severely autistic, lad of his popcorn, pretzels and bread these days. We did a GFDF trial years ago using expensive substitutes, tracking measurements/comments from his teachers who were unaware – none noticed a difference between phases. I did the GFDF trial mainly to show my DH’s family that we HAD looked into it and it was not right for our boy.
Here, a 3-part interview with Dr. Julie Buckley…with all her *theories* about biomedical/dietary interventions. She’s anti-vaccine to the core of her being, attributing the onset of autism for her own child and the child in her study, to vaccines at age four. (There are quite a few similarities between her child and the child in her study).
BMC Med. 2012 Feb 7;10:13. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-10-13.
Sapone A, Bai JC, Ciacci C, Dolinsek J, Green PH, Hadjivassiliou M, Kaukinen K, Rostami K, Sanders DS, Schumann M, Ullrich R, Villalta D, Volta U, Catassi C, Fasano A.
Well, sorry, not very friendly this format for me. I repeated your post and after I presented my opinion.
It all depends on the individual presentation. Here there is a report that confirm the need of personalized medicine, to consider complexity with the view of system biology at the XXI level.
J Child Neurol. 2010 Jan;25(1):114-9. Celiac disease presenting as autism. Genuis SJ, Bouchard TP.This case is an example of a common malabsorption syndrome associated with central nervous system dysfunction and suggests that in some contexts, nutritional deficiency may be a determinant of developmental delay. It is recommended that all children with neurodevelopmental problems be assessed for nutritional deficiency and malabsorption syndromes.
Also note that I didn’t say that one should reject all of DAN because some parts are unproven.First, let’s take the last part–it’s unproven.
Even when I disagree with the application part- many parts- , the biochemical aspects addressed by Jon Pangborn are very interesting . Unproven what and for whom and in what context what advice and what – if you want- model of autism? All is unproven at this point somehow, where is the high quality evidence with proof weight for sure for all ASD?
Beyond unproven, some parts are just downright wrong. They are based on an incorrect, obviously false, view of autism. A good example is chelation.
It all depends if a child diagnosed has or not heavy metals bioaccumulation. This is a whole completely different discussion and I agree that better diagnostic tests are needed- to begin with far before to consider chelation… But to dismiss the problems due to lack of knowledge about how to diagnose it in complex situations is not equal to say that the problem does not exist. To focus in extremisms is not fair. Back to 2004….
Some aspects carry risks with no benefit. Calling it merely “unproven” is a major understatement.
These are personal opinions, based on anecdote. My personal experience is completely different. Even more I respect very much anecdotes- because there are autisms…as you know there are some people that think that new approaches- such as the Single Controlled Case approach is needed in ASD.
I do not know a profesional that thinks that let them starve is an option. To present as paradigmatic an extremism is simply not fair to the discussion. About mito dysfunction as a problem there are ways to test and to know about, under proper advice.
I do not know a profesional that thinks that let them starve is an option.
I have run into more than one professional who has advocated the “let the starve” approach as useful for teaching picky eater autistics to eat different foods.
No, these are not. For example, the DAN approach to chelating autistics based on faux “heavy metal poisoning” is based on the incorrect approach that autism is caused by mercury intoxication. That isn’t a personal opinion and it is not based on anecdote. This is a part of the DAN approach and it is wrong. Jim Laidler’s reports are anecdotes–anecdoes of how the DAN community creates their approach. He saw it firsthand.
I have never seen an autism parent discussion which presented the results from a real medical toxicologist. I have seen many (MANY) do-it-yourself parents assume heavy metal intoxication and get mail-order chelators or “natural” chelators. I have seen much faux testing (e.g. porphyrins or hair tests or challenge chelation testing) which is used to support chelation but which is not a way to diagnose heavy metal intoxication. I.e. there are practitioners who subject a child to some test which is bogus and, based on those results, start chelating regimens.
I have seen chelation regimens applied which are far outside the norms. I’ve read of children chleated for *years*.
My child would never be subjected to a DAN doctor’s chelation approach. Were I to suspect heavy metal poisoning, I would seek out the best people I could find in the field. People who specialize in diagnosing and treating heavy metal poisoning. People who have years of training and practice. Not people who decided (falsely) that autism is caused by heavy metals and have convinced themselves that some fake test is actually useful. Medical Toxicologists are not that hard to find (http://www.acmt.net/cgi/page.cgi/findtoxicologist.html).
Which is interesting, but not on point. No one says do not treat the medical conditions of an autistic (or anyone else). Celiac can be diagnosed and treated. That’s very different from stating that a gluten free diet is a treatment for autism.
This case is an example of a common malabsorption syndrome associated with central nervous system dysfunction.
This gets to a point I keep bringing up here,because I don’t think it can be stated enough times.Once you have found an underlying cause,especially one that can be treated like this,it stops being autism,and becomes something else.There is a big problem of autistic children,and adults not getting enough of the right medical tests they need to look for possible underlying medical causes.Doctors of all kinds,both DAN! types and more mainstream doctors are guilty of this.
Although the AMA has not done double blind studies, families have done plenty of research by eliminating it and seeing huge differences. The amount of people who have gone GF and sees the difference out weights the number of research studies any medical body could do. there are labs like Cyrex that test for the 18 proteins of gluten, so one can determine how sensitive they are too it. Just stop giving people more excuses to say there is no validity in GF by saying there’s no research from the AMA, it’s about feeling better, and there are more people speaking out then ever about how it has changed their lives. we need to support what is out there in research, and get that to the media. The AMA is not the organization who should have the final say as they are fighting it. itshould be the person and their health. doctors should be trained to respect that, as well as educate themselves on the truth of what is out there, insteadof always saying there is no research! Research can be hidden, as well as falsified! listen to your gut!
My gut tells me the same thing as my brain: run, don’t walk, away from alternative medical practitioners who claim to have an understanding of autism which they clearly do not.
“research can be hidden, as well as falsified”? There’s someone interested in hiding research on gluten? “Big Wheat”?
Lots of baking, including even vegetarian and vegan alternatives are made from extracted gluten. The wheat grown today is genetically very different from the wheat grown 100 years ago. For one thing, the gluten content is much higher, and the amount of gluten that ends up in our diet has grown by leaps and bounds. Wheat is one of the three most common food sources, by any definition, and it is hardly an exaggeration to say that billions of dollars are at risk each time an ingredient like this is challenged.
Are you saying that corporations would never endanger public health just to increase their profits? Oh please. We are talking about companies that market beer to children, for heaven’s sake. In 2008, more than 54,000 babies were sent to the hospital because a Chinese company tried to inflate a protein test using melamine. (And the infant formula market is chump change compared to the wheat market.) These people would give pot brownies to their own kids for a billion dollars.
Are you just saying that more research needs to be done? That seems like a fair position. It also seems like the same argument that tobacco companies used to make.
Very few people buy into the fringe theories that wheat is evil. Rather is is grown, processed, and sold to us just the same way as hundreds of consumer products. Only more successfully. Wheat ends up in so many final products that you can hardly eat a meal anywhere without getting some wheat. If you check the allergy list at most restaurants, you will find wheat gluten in at least one product that you never expected. Hamburgers, milkshakes, even salad dressing is often loaded with gluten.
The reason is simple, it is cheap, tastes great, and is slightly addictive.
Addictive? Sure. In my case it is because I live in a constant sugar/insulin cycle. For many other people, the exogenous opioid peptides find their way through the stomach barrier into the bloodstream, and end up making contact with opiate receptors. To do this, they would have to survive the digestion process, and much medical research has been devoted to the theory that they do not.
It also doesn’t prove that the exorphins are bad for you. Similar exorphins are found in all sorts of foods, including spinach, for example. Some of these have been shown to improve memory in lab rats, with almost no ill-effect. So we can hardly blame all the world’s problems on wheat. (For one thing, autistic children tend to produce excess beta-endorphin, naturally, without the benefit of wheat.) What we can say is that some of the arguments made against wheat, for certain groups, may turn out to be true.
Fortunately, there is an easy way to test if the opiate receptors are part of the issue. Naltrexone is available, and its use as an opiate receptor blocker is well-studied. Even though not medically approved for treatment of autism symptoms, there are several studies of naltrexone and autism.. And, overall, the studies lean towards naltrexone being a useful treatment for some kids. It seems most effective in decreasing self-injurious behavior, which is what you might expect, if you believed in the opiate theory.
It would be interesting to see if children who benefited from naltrexone would be the same (subset of) autistic kids who might benefit from a gluten-free, casein-free diet. I have looked, but have not found any such studies. Maybe someone here can help me with that particular question.
Let me be very clear again: Even if this were studied, GFCF is not a cure by any definition. For another thing, the genetic conditions that lead to other autism symptoms are not All that means, though, is that wheat is not the root cause of autism. We already knew that. The only question we were trying to decide is can you improve the symptoms of autism, in certain individuals, by eliminating wheat?
Fortunately, this question has been researched.
Oddly, Buie and others decided to read this research and decide that it is not worth the paper it is printed on. Why is that exactly? His paper does not say, but I assume he simply discounted every other study except the one he agreed with.
This is bad science. It adds to the number of studies that support his conclusion, without actually doing any study at all. All he did was read other people’s literature, and ignore any conclusions he disagrees with.
I could do the same thing. And, in fact, I have.
Not sarcasm at all. Just a simple question. Who is supposed to be exerting influence which is supposed to be keeping the purported harmful effects of gluten out of the medical research. What you’ve done is given the stock answer: there is a lot of money involved. Right. Propose a mechanism whereby the author of the study discussed above is influenced by “Big Wheat”. How about the researchers he relies upon for his review.
Typically the “Big Pharma” argument is two pronged. First is the “they make lots of money argument”. Then there’s the “there is evidence that they have influenced others”. Left out is the direct evidence that they have any influence on the research in question. For example, “Pharma is a multi-billion dollar industry. Look at Vioxx.” And then vague, if any, statements about the researchers involved in whatever study people are trying to discredit. Without part three of the discussion, I find the argument hollow. You’re version lacks part 2 *and* three of the argument.
Sarcasm? Or straw man? Or both?
Wow. Such contempt. “not worth the paper it is printed on”. How did you come to that judgment? By your own statement, you don’t know how he decided to weigh other studies more. But you jump to the conclusion that he completely dismisses the study.
Who is “we”? And, why don’t “we” read the abstract above, and/or find the actual article? Because then “we” would see that “we” have built a straw man as Dr. Buie leaves that possibility open.
Ah, so we are back to the opiod excess theory, which I believe you stated above was not the basis for the claims that gluten should be removed from the diets of autistics.
The simple method is to test if there are opiods in the systems of autistics. Simple and already performed. Multiple times. People like Paul Shattock (whom you cite in your link above) have claimed that they are present. Multiple other researchers say no.
Right. Tim Buie, a man who has probably performed as many or more legitimate examinations of autistics with GI disease as anyone, who gave this interview, is so biased?
What you have failed to do is present any research which counters the statements made.
I’ve worked in the field of pediatric feeding disorders for decades. Many people recommend “starving” or deprivation. It often fails miserably with all children, typical or otherwise. It should never be used in individuals with compromised medical status or low weight/poor growth. A thoughtful approach will take into consideration the child’s current weight/growth status, any GI problems, and eating habits.
I’ve implemented elimination diets for many children. They have all had food allergies. We identify and remove the allergen. The person usually feels much better but any underlying disorder will still be present.
Does anyone have any comments on Dr Natasha Campbell-McBride’s Gut and Psychology (GAP) theory / protocol?
We don’t do it 100% but i always keep carbs very low otherwise his poop deteriorates fast.
She ripped off the Weston A. Price Foundation diet (free from local online sites). Basically she just added an elimination protocol to it. The elimination protocol risks malnutrition, but the full Weston A. Price diet is healthy enough if balanced with commonsense (and you have a stay-at-home parent) – it encourages a wide variety of traditional non-processed foods.
The major problem with WAP is that some factions (it has chapters world wide, they focus on local food) suggest supplementing infants with foods before 6 months (they should BF only) and they also encourage eating organ meats including brains. Pate is fine, but brains or CNS tissue are a bad idea (mad cow disease, scrapie etc).
They (WAP and Dr NCM) also maintain you should only use raw milk (they are big on this) – again a really bad idea, especially for kids. Modern cows have been bred for excessively large udders and are prone to infection; organically bred cows suffer quite a lot. My brother-in-law is a New Zealand organic beef/milk farmer, who dropped the milk part – modern cows are not designed for organic milking, it is cruel to the cow and dangerous for the human. One of the most awful things I have seen was a cow suffering from mastitis who could not be given antibiotics, they transfer the worst to a non-organic farm for treatment, but delay this as it wastes an expensive organic cow. They waited too long, and the cow ended having to be shot. If you want raw milk, get your own goat.
Both WAP and DrNCM are very time intensive for food preparation. Bread is home-made fermented sourdough or sprouted grain, and basically everything is home-made – yoghurt, kefir and the like. Everything is made from scratch. Bone broths (the basis for a lot of recipes and the staple of the DrNCM elimination protocol) take hours if not days of baking bones, boiling, cracking etc.
As to the GAPS theory – she basically claims that processed food is the cause of absolutely everything that can go wrong with a person. She has no evidence for this. She also claims that processed food and not breastfeeding makes a child vulnerable to vaccinations. This is nonsense. Many child are diagnosed before eating processed food – including my son who was breastfed til 14 months in a junkfood-free home. Looking back, he clearly showed autistic signs while drinking only breast-milk and eating exactly the natural foods DrNCM recommends. She is just laying a huge guilt trip on mothers who can’t BF or use commercial baby foods.
The major flaw in this study is mentioned right in the beginning: they tried a gluten free diet, and not a gluten free AND casein free diet. Since both proteins have the same effect, it the study could not find anything else than no effect or little effect.
What saddens me is that this will discourage parents from trying the GFCF diet, and it is a wasted opportunity for the kids . This diet brought SPECTACULAR improvements in both my children with Asperger and ADHD. Their allergy tests were negative, but we cannot miss the effects when we make an exception and let them have some wheat pastry or ice cream.
My son with Asperger is successful in regular school and has friends instead of growling in a corner. I will NEVER forget the eye contact i got from him after just 4 days on the diet. i did not want the moment to end but thank god, the bright eyes stayed. My 11 year old daughter with ADHD is depressive and thinks of suicide when she eats 4 pastries in 2 days.
And regarding malnutrition: wheat has more health detriments than benefits, in this era of Roundup Ready Wheat. As for milk, its calcium is not even well absorbed. My kids dont even need calcium supplements. It seems the green vegetables are sufficient after all.
This is a great discussion and I appreciate all of the thought that has gone into many of the answers. All I can add is that I would not do anything for 13 years if it doesn’t show positive, measurable results, and that is how long my son has been GFCF. He is eats a variety of foods and is healthy, of normal height and weight, and still autistic.
There is a history of digestive disorders and food sensitivity in our family. It’s a factor.
I find no benefit to belittling or otherwise dissing parents and physicians who work to find ways to safely treat the symptoms – co-morbid or tangential – of people with digestive problems who also suffer from a disorder for which there is still no known cause (ASD). I am mystified that people fail to understand that anyone who has digestive distress is crabby – and that if your stomach hurts all the time you are crabby all the time. Taking away the pain, especially from someone who can’t express that pain – just always seems like a good idea.
We will never stop trying to address the many facets of our son’s emotional, social and cognitive development, and, when necessary we will approach any issue the way we always have: assess, adjust, take data, re-assess, and adjust again. It’s a more complicated, data-driven version of parenting but in the end it’s the kind of parenting any child deserves.
Because of the weight of anecdotal evidence, a lot of parents are going to try GFCF regardless of studies showing limited effectiveness. We did – if only to exclude the remote possibility that it would have any effectiveness – in the face of repeated well-meaning advice from family and friends. Now we say that we tried it and it didn’t work.
For parents who maintain it is working – have you done a proper reversal? That is introduce one of the offending items for a set time (like a few weeks) and see if outside observers notice a difference. (He nicked a cracker then had a meltdown, is not a proper reversal). If you have not done this, there is no basis for claiming the diet did anything.
For families who do want to trial these diets – base your conclusions on repeated measurements by people who do not know of the diet changes – teachers and the like. Take a baseline of measurements before you start. Set a finite time – if you are not seeing notable improvement (as measured by outsiders) after 3/6 months it is a wash (and remember all children will improve over time). Also, if you think the diet has done something good, it is important to do a reversal – introduce the gluten or dairy again (if your child is really responsive it may only be to one of these), and again take measurements by people who are unaware. Otherwise you are likely to be attributing natural development to the diet (which I think is what is happening with most advocates).
Saw this land the other day, and then remembered this conversation.
The TL/DR; is, the autism group showed increased IgG antibodies to gliadin compared to the normal group, and this response was increased in children with GI symptoms. Genotyping for alleles associated with celiac showed no relationship.
There are a lot of quotes on the web from the authors and other researchers saying that this is just a piece of the puzzle, and, not a reason to try a gf diet in and off itself. None the less, it is always to know a little more than we did the day before, so there you go. It is certainly a lot different than finding no difference in gliadin antibodies between the groups, that’s for sure.
Great explanation…. again… sigh. You never said in your conclusion that it wouldn’t be of some benefit to anyone. How many times do people want to raise a “discussion” and expect a different answer when they are raising a point that you don’t repute. People, read very carefully, “It MAY be of some BENEFIT, but it is not a PROVEN therapy for the ASD population.” Both my son and myself are on the spectrum and we don’t need to be nor want to be fixed. Obviously we are very high functioning, but we do suffer from some negatives. That said, working with a trained therapist to help with anxiety and social skills works for US. I will tell you that for US, messing with UNPROVEN and experimental therapies to look for a CURE to our autism only serves to make our anxieties and self soothing behaviors worse. ASK someone with autism what sets them off and you will get a different answer almost every time. The clear answer that might possibly encompass it all is acute pain/panic do to sensory stimulation…. too much or too little.
FYI, meltdowns can occur as a result of intense emotions… happiness and excitement included. Has anyone thought that perhaps a child with autism (and no proven gluten allergy or sensitivity) could have meltdowns due to being excited by the stimulation of familiar and favorite foods that have been witheld from them??? If all of the other points are valid then let’s give this a thought, shall we? Any of the well meaning parents here ever talk to a higher functioning adult with autism who, perhaps, might be able to communicate for themselves better than a child… to gain a different perspective? We are talking about individuals who are non-communicative and at best have difficulties with traditional communication. Maybe we should TRY to obtain their perspective?
More Spam with a YouTube link.
Ha: The spam keeps drawing me back to this article.
This article was helpful to me because it made me re-think (and re-research) some things I had accepted without proof. Reading back over the comments: My apologies to Matt if I misrepresented your statements. It was not my intent, sorry.
Another anecdote to add: My son was rolling around on the floor last Saturday during a certain class, to the point where I pulled him from class and asked him what was going on. He could not answer, of course, but we started going back over his food log to see if we found any red flags.
The only missing entry was Friday night, where he was at a party for several hours. We asked him if he had gotten cake at the party, and he said “no”. As he remembered the party, though, he grew a big smile, and said: “I love animal crackers”.
If something as simple as sharing a snack at a kid’s party makes him happy, then I am certainly not going to steal crackers from him. As Halloween approaches, I expect there will be other opportunities for him to get “forbidden” goodies without us knowing about it. For him, that might be more than half the fun of Halloween.
I doubt any of that will do any permanent damage. In fact, low levels of occasional gluten may help preserve the body’s ability to digest. I have searched around for research on the subject, but searching the internet for real research is like searching the ocean for a message in a bottle.
Its such as you read my thoughts! You appear to know so much approximately this, like you wrote the e book in it or something.
minutes and actual effort to make a top notch article… but what can I say… I put things off a lot and never manage to get anything done.
Theere is definately a great deal too learn about this issue.
It might be interesting to understand what it is about this post, in particular, that attracts the robots? Do the authors of spam bots believe gf eaters are preferential to random clickers? Is there a critical set of keywords that has drawn them here? | 2019-04-20T02:55:30 | https://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2013/05/24/currently-there-is-insufficient-evidence-to-support-instituting-a-gluten-free-diet-as-a-treatment-for-autism/ |
0.998916 | If you are a blue cheese lover, then this is your favorite salad dish.
1. In a small bowl combine mustard, 2 garlic cloves, sugar, milk, 2 tbsp vegetable oil and vinegar. Stir until sugar dissolves then refrigerate until needed.
2. Cut bread into cubes (1 cm) and cheese into cubes (1.5 cm).
3. In a small skillet heat butter and 1 tbsp oil, add 1 garlic clove and bread and stir until croutons are crispy. Remove and put on kitchen paper. | 2019-04-20T06:41:42 | http://sweetnagar.forumotion.com/t229-blue-cheese-salad |
0.999868 | While verifying the fix to the Java 2.2250738585072012e-308 bug I found an OpenJDK testcase for verifying conversions of edge case subnormal double-precision numbers. I ran the testcase, expecting it to work — but it failed! I determined it fails because Java converts some subnormal numbers incorrectly.
The OpenJDK testcase is a Java class that tries to verify that a decimal number “just above” or “just below” a subnormal power of two rounds to that subnormal power of two (the subnormal powers of two are 2-1023 through 2-1074). Precisely, what it tests are numbers that are within ±2-1075 of each of those negative powers of two. 2-1075 is a half a unit in the last place (ULP) — half of 2-1074, the value of a ULP for all subnormal numbers.
The testcase uses Math.scalb() to generate a double representing each power of two. From each double, it uses the BigDecimal class to generate the decimal strings representing the numbers 1/2 ULP above and 1/2 ULP below the power of two. It then calls Double.parseDouble() to convert each pair of strings, making sure they both convert to the original power of two.
Subnormal double-precision numbers range from 1023 to 1074 decimal places. The BigDecimal strings, which are expressed in scientific notation, represent numbers with 1075 decimal places. They are one decimal place too long, and must be rounded to 1074 places.
In terms of binary, subnormal numbers have 1 to 52 significant bits, unlike normalized numbers, which have 53. The BigDecimal strings, when converted to binary, are 53 significant bits long, with bit 53 always 1; they must be rounded to 52 bits. These are tough halfway cases, that are sometimes rounded incorrectly by Java.
I modified the OpenJDK testcase to generate 1/2 ULP tests for randomly generated subnormal numbers, not just powers of two. I discovered that any decimal number halfway between any two subnormal numbers may be rounded incorrectly.
I ran my testcase on a 32-bit Windows XP system, using Java SE 6 — both updates 23 and 24. Below, I’ll show four examples of incorrectly rounded conversions.
I wrote a Java bug report for this problem: Bug ID 7019078: Double.parseDouble() converts some subnormal numbers incorrectly.
Java Bug 4396272 reports an error in the conversion of 2-1075: it should round to zero (by half-to-even rounding), but instead rounds to 2-1074.
All of the incorrect conversions I found were off by one ULP. This is consistent with other languages — like Visual C++ and GCC C — that don’t use David Gay’s correctly rounding strtod() function. However, Java’s FloatingDecimal class is clearly modeled on David Gay’s code, so I assume it was Java’s intent to do all its conversions correctly. | 2019-04-24T02:24:58 | https://www.exploringbinary.com/incorrectly-rounded-subnormal-conversions-in-java/ |
0.99989 | Justin Gaethje accused the UFC of ESPN 2 commentators Paul Felder and Karyn Bryant for trying to steal his thunder after a knockout by Edson Barboza.
Felder and Bryant say they just do their jobs. The UFC lightweight and veteran analyst defended their interview by Gaethje during the ESPN + post-battle show at the Wells Fargo Center in Philadelphia, which hosted the ESPN television event.
Felder, who respectfully requested a fight with Gaethje while standing next to him commenting desk, pointed out his overture was actually old news. In a post-match speech after a victory over James Vick, he said he would like to repackage Barboza or get off with Gaethje.
"If I didn't want to tell people I didn't have the ball to say it to his face," he wrote Twitter. "Now I do, and I did. He is a stud! And I will fight best."
19659003] In a follow-up interview with MMA Junkie, Felder said he was seeking his ESPN producer's opinion of mentioning himself as a potential opponent of Gaethje and receiving the progress. For him it was not just a logical question given their respective rankings, but a question of integrity.
"I feel that what I did was more respectful because I mentioned his name," Felder said. "His name has come out of my mouth when he is not around, so when he is there, it would be unprofessional and flawed for me not to say the same to his face as I had already said on camera with UFC & # 39 ;one." Felder does not fail Gaethje to believe he was trying to steal the limelight. But after receiving dozens of hateful messages on Twitter, he is tired of criticism that he sees wrong.
"I come where Justin comes from," he said. "It's just everyone else who needs to shut up (explosive). Justin is a fighter. He just knocked out an opponent – I might be like," Hey, let me have my moment. # 39; That's fine for him. I have no problem with being like: & # 39; They were trying to steal my moment. & # 39; Maybe we were a little carried away as it continued. But I just wanted to say, "I would love to fight with you. It's going to happen now or it's going to happen later." That's the part I can't see how it could be a big thing. "
Bryant, who pointed out Felder's immediate proximity to Gaethje in the UFC rankings, indicated her question of matchup being driven by ESPN.
"My favorite part is how people do not think we have leading manufacturers who lead the show and tell us what to talk about / ask … I'm just freestyle what I want at these shows! "Bryant wrote on Twitter .
Bryant was not immediately available for comment when contacted by MMA Junkie.
Gaethje's response to the questions was not the first time he was salted with media issues In the same interview he gave after his appearance on the UFC on ESPN 2 after the match show, he told MMA Junkie "You're doing it again" after being asked about the Felder matchup.
Earlier this week he was annoyed by headlines who came out of a pre-fight interview in which he expressed a desire to reschedule Dustin Poirier, and also acknowledged that such headlines were part of the agreement, but decided to stay closer to his intentions.
I his post-office criticized Gaethje UFC's official rankings, following him standing contender Donald Cerrone, so the introduction of a graphic showing him no. 8 lightweight in front of No. 9 Felder was not exactly welcomed. "19659003]" It is (at no. 8) because they continue to let me down after winning "said Gaethje.
Bryant replied, "You tell me that his spider arches and your fighting style would not do anything …"
"You like this guy, not you?" Gaethje continued. "Don't let him look up."
There was laughing around, and Gaethje continued to discuss his performance. But he also showed that he was not quite fond of discussing potential matches. He said the showdown with lightweight champion Khabib Nurmagomedov would prove that he is the championship material.
Of course, Nurmagomedov's name is at the top of the list of light locations.
For complete coverage of the UFC on ESPN 2, see the UFC Events section of the site. | 2019-04-23T20:53:01 | https://infodol.com/paul-felder-karyn-bryant-defend-justin-gaethjes-interview-after-the-match/ |
0.999983 | Q: Is "The Dark Knight Rises" based on a book?
Q: Why is it that no one thought to spread out on their stomachs with their arms and legs out to make it across the ice?
Nolan has outdone himself... again.
Christopher Nolan has outdone himself with this one. At 3.30 in the morning, I was tired. Just getting out of it, I've never been so awake.
Perhaps what set this film apart from his other films was that it had a genuine emotional heartbeat. I felt that this was a flaw of Nolan's other films - the vision of emotion was there, but it was hollow. In this I bought it. I felt it, hero and villain alike.
Christian Bale was typically brilliant as Batman, and I felt that Bruce Wayne was more heavily embraced in this final installment. Bale added emotional depth to the character - a plot point that I think went astray in The Dark Knight - picking up from the development made in Batman Begins.
Tom Hardy as Bane was quite simply, terrifying. No longer a dunderhead "enforcer", but one of the criminal masterminds behind "Gotham's Reckoning", coupled with a physical dominance strong enough to send shivers down your spine.
Anne Hathaway as Selina Kyle defied my expectations. Hands up who was not entirely convinced that that girl from the Princess Diaries could handle an intensely physical role like Catwoman. But here I am, hugely impressed. She added immeasurably to the value of the film.
Marion Cotillard fulfilled the role of Miranda Tate admirably, though I suspect this was the most underdeveloped character of the film - though after watching, I can see why.
The unsung hero of The Dark Knight Rises is Michael Caine as Alfred. A heartfelt performance that helps drive the emotional content of the film, helping Nolan sell his most well-rounded film to date. Caine's performance in both presence and absence.
Special mention goes to Joseph Gordon Levitt, who is consistently proving himself to be a big player in the Hollywood game. His role as officer Blake felt like there could've been more, but it may just have come all a bit much. It was a great performance, and Levitt sunk his teeth into role.
If you can, go see this in IMAX. If any film was to sell the format to skeptics, The Dark Knight Rises would be IT. I'm happy Nolan stuck to his guns and shot in 2D. 3D would have been unnecessary.
I suppose at this point, I have to turn my focus on Nolan. If he ever reads this... aspiring filmmaker to filmmaker, I've never been so envious, jealous in all my life. It's a film that leaves me floundering, wondering what I could possibly do to get anywhere near this ballpark. Well done. I think an Oscar Nomination is in order.
From here, I'm not sure what to expect of the future. Does our imagination carry us forward, or do the studios? Time will tell.
1,410 of 2,299 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? | 2019-04-23T20:24:20 | https://akas.imdb.com/title/tt1345836/?pf_rd_m=A2FGELUUNOQJNL&pf_rd_p=e31d89dd-322d-4646-8962-327b42fe94b1&pf_rd_r=XNAJBYNCBPPH55WXT6CA&pf_rd_s=center-1&pf_rd_t=15506&pf_rd_i=top&ref_=chttp_tt_67 |
0.998228 | I put a lot of stock in Maya Angelou's criteria for testing one's character. Finding the humor or absurdity in a given situation can make the difference between living a life where all things living and otherwise are 'out to get us,' and a life where it's funny that little things like Christmas lights and luggage can get the better of us. I'd like to think that I try to live my life with the latter attitude.
I recently came to one of those crossroads--a moment where I saw two distinct options for how I would react. While I initially thought about getting horrified, I couldn't help but see the hopeless humor in it. I hadn't done my laundry in a few weeks (I know, I know) and I was running out of clean clothes to wear. My quick-fix for this was to throw 2/3 of all the clothing that I brought with me to Cairo into our little washing machine that really wasn't meant to hold more than 1/2 a normal load of laundry.
In following what I thought would be a time-efficient way of washing my clothes, I had neglected to set the water temperature to 'cold.' I had also forgotten to separate darks from whites. I had also forgotten that I had not yet put a certain maroon skirt through the laundry yet. Result? When I went to move my laundry from the washer to the drying rack, I pulled one shirt out and held it up thinking, "Whose shirt is this?" My eyes narrowed and I pulled another shirt out of the wet pile of clothes.
"Oh. Oh, no," I said to myself, my eyes widening.
2/3 of my clothing that I brought with me to Cairo is now some shade of pink, purple, or puce. In fact, my clothing now comes in so many unusual shades that I had to learn new color-names: I have a mauve taupe undertone to my blue jeans, a few carnation pink shirts, a thermal shirt that is now light thulian pink, and various other articles of clothing that are, as I have been informed, cherry blossom pink.
I had to laugh for a while. I think I might have only owned a single pink shirt before this. On the bright (pink) side, almost all of my clothes now match. And luckily, most of the shirts were dyed evenly. And those that weren't, look sort of retro-tie-dyed-ish.
Don't forget to have fun with life, folks! In one textile mishap you can either count most of your clothing for lost or inherit a whole "new" wardrobe. It's all how you frame it. | 2019-04-21T02:43:22 | http://caitlintellstales.blogspot.com/2008/10/pretty-in-pink.html |
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