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0.999316 | for an organism or intelligent machine?
How can a machine or organism mean?
This html file was automatically generated from latex by 'tth' and may contain errors and omissions, especially in the bibliography.
3. After this paper was published some of the ideas were developed much further in the formulation of the Meta-Morphogenesis project, especially the theory of evolved construction kits.
Words and phrases referring to information are now used in many scientific and non-scientific academic disciplines and in many forms of engineering. This chapter suggests that this is a result of increasingly wide-spread, though often implicit, acknowledgement that besides matter and energy the universe contains information (including information about matter, energy and information) and many of the things that happen, including especially happenings produced by living organisms, and more recently processes in computers, involve information-processing. It is argued that the concept "information" can no more be defined explicitly in terms of simpler concepts than any of the other deep theoretical concepts of science can, including "matter" and "energy". Instead the meanings of the words and phrases referring to such things are defined implicitly in part by the structure of the theories in which they occur, and in part by the way those theories are tested and used in practical applications. This is true of all deep theoretical concepts of science. It can also be argued that many of the pre-scientific concepts developed by humans (including very young humans) in the process of coming to understand their environment are also implicitly defined by their role in the theories being developed. A similar claim can be made about other intelligent animals, and future robots. An outline of a theory about the processes and mechanisms various kinds of information can be involved in is presented as partial implicit definition of "information". However there is still much work to be done including investigation of varieties of information processing in organisms and other machines.
1.2 Is biological information-processing special?
2 Uses of the word "information"
3 Is "information" as used here definable?
6.1 An implicitly defined notion of "information"
6.4 Finally: Is that everything?
The question "What is information?", like "What is matter?" and "What is energy?", cannot have a simple answer in the form of a non-circular definition. Answering such a question involves answering a host of related questions. Answers to the second and third cannot be given without presenting deep and complex theories about how the physical universe works. The theories, along with links to experimental methods, instruments and observation techniques, provide the only kind of definition possible for many of the concepts used in the physical sciences: implicit definition.
Moreover, the answers are always subject to the possibility of being revised or extended, as the history of physics shows clearly: old concepts may be gradually transformed as the theories in which they are embedded are expanded and modified - sometimes with major discontinuities, as happened to concepts like "matter", "energy" and "force" in the work of Newton and Einstein, for example. Lesser transformations go with improved instruments and techniques for observation, measurement, and testing predictions. So concepts, have a continuing identity through many changes, like rivers, growing organisms, nations, and many other things. See [Cohen 1962] and [Schurz 2009].
"Information" (in its oldest, and still growing, use), is another such concept. So answering the question "What is information?" will require developing a deep and complex theory of how parts of the universe that use or interact with information work, for instance entities (information users) that do various things with information: acquiring, manipulating, combining, deriving, storing, retrieving, comparing, analysing, interpreting, explaining, indexing, annotating, communicating, and above all using information for practical purposes.
Information cannot play a role in any process unless there is something that encodes or expresses the information: an "information bearer" (B), and some user (U) that takes B to express information I (i.e. interprets B). The same bearer B may be interpreted differently by different users, and the same user, U may interpret B differently in different contexts (C). We need a theory that explains the different ways in which a bearer B can express information I for U in context C, and what that means. I shall henceforth use "representation" to refer to any kind of information bearer, and will later criticise some alternative definitions, in Section 2.3.
Such a theory will have to mention different kinds of information-users and information-bearers (physical and non-physical), as well as different kinds of information content, and the different ways information-bearers can be related to the information they carry, often requiring several layers of interpretation, as we'll see. The theory will also have to survey varieties of information users, with different sorts of information processing architectures, interacting with different sorts of environment, using information-bearers (representations) that have different structures, and use different media (physical and non-physical).
Questions to be addressed include: What are the requirements for U to treat B as expressing a meaning or referring to something? What are the differences between things that merely manipulate symbolic structures and things that also understand and make use of information they associate with those structures, for example, deriving new information from them, or testing the information for consistency? Compare [Searle 1980].
Many of the questions have a biological context. In what ways do organisms acquire, store, extract, derive, combine, analyse, manipulate, transform, interpret, transmit, and use information? Which of these are, or could be, replicated in non-biological machines? If not all of them, then why not? Is there something special common to all forms of biological information processing?
More general questions of a more philosophical kind that need to be answered include, whether "information" is as important a concept for science as "matter" and "energy", or just a term that is bandied about, with changing meanings, by undisciplined thinkers? Is it reasonable to think of the universe as containing matter, energy and information, with interdependencies between all three, or is there only matter and energy, in various static and changing configurations?
This document attempts to give partial answers to these questions, and to specify requirements for more complete answers. I shall attempt to sum up what I think many scientists and engineers in many disciplines, and also historians, journalists, and lay people, are talking about when they talk about information, as they increasingly do, even though they don't realise precisely what they are doing. For example the idea of information pervades many excellent books about infant development, such as [Gibsonฮ ck 2000], without being explicitly defined. I shall try to explain how a good scientific theory can implicitly define its main theoretical concepts, and will sketch some of the main features of a theory of the role of information in our universe. A complete theory would require many volumes. In several other papers and presentations cited below, I have presented some of these ideas in more detail.
Unfortunately, there are many confusions about both the content of the notion of "information" (what we mean by it, how it should be defined, whether it can be given any precise definition) and its status (e.g. as a theoretical term in scientific theories, or as a loose and ill-defined, though currently fashionable, concept). The word may be a source of so much confusion that a better one is needed, but it is too late to propose a replacement, and there is no obvious candidate. "Meaning" is just as bad, or worse, since it often refers to an intention (what did you mean to do?), or the importance of some event or object (what's the meaning of the election result?), whereas information does not have to be the content of anyone's intention, and can be devoid of importance.
Some philosophers talk about "propositional content" but the normal interpretation of that phrase rules out information expressed in non-propositional forms, such as the information in pictures, maps, videos, gestures, and perceptual systems. So I shall stick to the label "information", and attempt to explain how it is used in many everyday contexts and also in scientific (e.g. biological) contexts. The word is also used in this sense in engineering, in addition to being used in Shannon's sense, discussed further in Section 2.2.
The phrase "semantic information" is as pleonastic as the phrase "young youths", since information, in the sense under discussion, is semantic. It is sometimes useful to contrast syntactic information with semantic information, where the former is about the form or structure of something that conveys information, whereas the semantic information would be about the content of what is said. ("Content" is metaphorical here.) For instance, saying that my sentences often have more than eight words gives syntactic information about my habits, whereas saying that I often discuss evolution or that what I say is ambiguous or unoriginal gives semantic information, or, in the latter case, meta-semantic information.
Likewise, we provide syntactic information about a programming language (e.g. how it uses parentheses) or semantic information (e.g. about the kinds of structure and transformations of structure that it can denote). We can distinguish the "internal" semantics of a programming language (the internal structures and processes the programs specify) from its "external" semantics, e.g. its relevance to a robot's environment, or to a company's employees, salaries, jobs, sales, etc.
There is another, more recent, use of the word "information" in the context of Shannon's "information theory" [Shannon 1948]. But that does not refer to what is normally meant by "information" (the topic of this paper), since Shannon's information is a purely syntactic property of something like a bit-string, or other structure that might be transmitted from a sender to a receiver using a mechanism with a fixed repertoire of possible messages. If a communication channel can carry N bits then each string transmitted makes a selection from 2N possible strings. The larger N is, the more alternative possibilities are excluded by each string actually received. In that syntactic sense longer strings carry more "information".
It is worth noting that although he is talking about an engineering problem of reproducing a message exactly, doing that is not what most human communication is about. If you ask me a question, my answer may fill a gap in your information, allowing you to make inferences that I could not make. Both of us may know that, and that could be the intention of my answer. On a noisy phone line that could happen if you knew in advance that the answer was either "elephant" or "fly". If I say "fly" and you hear "spy", the fact that my precise message was not transmitted accurately does not matter: you can tell that I did not say "elephant", and proceed accordingly.
A pupil's questions or comments may give a teacher information that the pupil would not understand, e.g. about how to continue a lesson. So communication in intelligent systems depends on, but is far more than, mere signal transmission. It also uses context, general knowledge of the world, more or less sophisticated interpretation mechanisms, and reasoning capabilities. Shannon's work is summarised, with strong warnings about extending it beyond the context of electromechanical signal transmission in [Ritchie 1986].
Having a measurable amount of information in Shannon's sense does not, in itself, allow a string to express something true or false, or to contradict or imply something else in the ordinary senses of "contradict" or "imply", or to express a question or command. Of course, a bit string used in a particular context could have these functions. E.g. a single bit could express a "yes" or "no" answer to a previously asked question, as could a "continue" or "stop" command. In some contexts, that single bit may indirectly convey a great deal of information. "Is everything Fred wrote in his letter true?" "Yes."
[Bateson 1972] describes "a bit of information" and later "the elementary unit of information" as "a difference that makes a difference".1 This is widely misquoted as offering a definition of "information" rather than a definition of "a bit/unit of information". He seems to be thinking of any item of information as essentially a collection of "differences" that are propagated along channels. This is far too simplistic - and perhaps too influenced by low level descriptions of computers and brains.
An alternative approach is to define "information" implicitly by a complete theory, as happens for many scientific concepts. This paper attempts to present substantial portions of such a theory, though the task is not completed. Section 3.2 explains how theories can implicitly define the concepts they use and 6.1 relates this to defining "information".
What it means for B to express I for U in context C cannot be given any simple definition. Some people try to define this by saying U uses B to "stand for" or "stand in for" I. For instance, Webb writes "The term `representation' is used in many senses, but is generally understood as a process in which something is used to stand in for something else, as in the use of the symbol `I' to stand for the author of this article" [Webb 2006]. This sort of definition of "representation" is either circular, if standing for is the same thing as referring to, or else false, if standing in for means "being used in place of". There are all sorts of things you can do with information that you would never do with what it refers to and vice versa. You can eat food, but not information about food.
Even if you choose to eat a piece of paper on which "food" is written that is usually irrelevant to your use of the word to refer to food. Information about X is normally used for quite different purposes from the purposes for which X is used. For example, the information can be used for drawing inferences, specifying something to be prevented, or constructed, and many more. Information about a possible disaster can be very useful and therefore desirable, unlike the disaster itself.
So the notion of standing for, or standing in for is the wrong notion to use to explain information content. It is a very bad metaphor, even though its use is very common. We can make more progress by considering ways in which information can be used. If I give you the information that wet whether is approaching, you cannot use the information to wet anything. But you can use it to decide to take an umbrella when you go out, or, if you are a farmer you may use it as a reason for accelerating harvesting. The falling rain cannot so be used: by the time the rain is available it is too late to save the crops.
The same information can be used in different ways in different contexts or at different times. The relationship between information content and information use is not a simple one.
In recent years, an erroneous claim, related to confusing representing with standing in for, has found favour with many, namely the claim that "the world is its own best representation".
Herbert Simon pointed out long ago [Simon 1969] that sometimes the changes made to the environment while performing a task can serve as reminders or triggers regarding what has to be done next, giving examples from insect behaviours. The use of stigmergy, e.g. leaving tracks or pheromone trails or other indications of travel, which can later be used by other individuals, shows how sometimes changes made to the environment can be useful as means of sharing information with others. Similarly if you cannot be sure whether a chair will fit through a doorway you can try pushing it through, and if it is too large you will fail, or you may discover that it can go through only if it is rotated in some complex way.
The fact that intelligent agents can use the environment as a store of information or as a source of information or as part of a mechanism for reasoning or inferring, does not support the slogan that the world, or any part of it, is always, or even in those cases the best representation of itself (a) because the slogan omits the role of the information-processing in the agent making use of the environment and (b) because it sometimes is better to have specific instructions, a map, a blue-print or some other information structure that decomposes information in a usable way, than to have to use the portion of the world represented, as anyone learning to play the violin simply by watching a violinist will discover.
In general, information about X is something different from X itself. Reasons for wanting or for using information about X are different from the reasons for wanting or using X. E.g. you may wish to use information about X in order to ensure that you never get anywhere near X if X is something dangerous. You may wish to use information about Xs to destroy Xs, but if that destroyed the information you would not know how to destroy the next one until you are close to it. It may then be too late to take necessary precautions, about which you had lost information.
[Dreyfus 2002] wrote "The idea of an intentional arc is meant to capture the idea that all past experience is projected back into the world. The best representation of the world is thus the world itself." As far as I can make out he is merely talking about expert servo control, e.g. the kind of visual servoing which I discussed in [Sloman 1982]. But as any roboticist knows, and his own discussion suggests, this kind of continuous action using sensory feedback requires quite sophisticated internal information processing [Grush 2004]. In such cases "the world" is not nearly enough.
Brooks also wrote a series of papers attacking symbolic AI, including [Brooks 1990], and [Brooks 1991].
"The key observation is that the world is its own best model. It is always exactly up to date. It always contains every detail there is to be known. The trick is to sense it appropriately and often enough."
That's impossible when you are planning the construction of a skyscraper using a new design, or working out the best way to build a bridge across a chasm, or even working out the best way to cross a busy road, which you suspect has a pedestrian crossing out of sight around the bend. The important point is that intelligence often requires reasoning about what might be the case, or might happen, and its consequences: and that cannot be done by inspecting the world as it is. Recall that information bearers and things they represent have different uses (Section 2.3).
It is sometimes suggested, e.g. in [Searle 1980], that computation is concerned only with syntax. That ignores the fact that even in the simplest computers bit patterns refer to locations and instructions, i.e. they have a semantic interpretation. An extreme view in the opposite direction is expressed by [Denning 2009]: "The great principles framework reveals that there is something even more fundamental than an algorithm: the representation. Representations convey information. A computation is an evolving representation and an algorithm is a representation of a method to control the evolution". A position close to Denning's will be developed here, though his view of computation (i.e. information-processing) is too narrow.
Some people, for example the philosopher Fred Dretske, in his contribution to (Floridi 2008), claim that what we ordinarily mean by "information" in the semantic sense is something that is true, implying that it is impossible to have, provide or use false information. False information, on that view can be compared with the decoy ducks used by hunters. The decoys are not really ducks though some real ducks may be deceived into treating the decoys as real - to their cost! Likewise, argues Dretske, false information is not really information, even though some people can be deceived into treating it as information. It is claimed that truth is what makes information valuable, therefore anything false would be of no value.
Whatever the merits of this terminology may be for some philosophers, the restriction of "information" to what is true is such a useless encumbrance that it would force scientists and robot designers (and philosophers like me) to invent a new word or phrase that had the same meaning as "information" but without truth being implied. For example, a phrase something like "information content" might be used to refer to the kind of thing that is common to my belief that the noise outside my window is caused by a lawn-mower, and my belief that the noise in the next room is caused by a vacuum cleaner, when the second belief is true while first belief is false because the noise outside comes from a hedge trimmer.
The observation that humans, other animals and robots, acquire, manipulate, interpret, combine, analyse, store, use, communicate, and share information, applies equally to false information and to true information, or to what could laboriously be referred to as the "information content" that can occur in false as well as true beliefs, expectations, explanations, and percepts, and moreover, can also occur in questions, goals, desires, fears, imaginings, hypotheses, where it is not known whether the information content is true.
So in constructing the question "Is that noise outside caused by a lawnmower?", a speaker can use the same concepts and the same modes of composition of information as are used in formulating true beliefs like: "Lawnmowers are used to cut grass", "Lawnmowers often make a noise", "Lawnmowers are available in different sizes", as well as many questions, plans, goals, requests, etc. involving lawnmowers. Not only true propositions are valuable: all sorts of additional structures containing information are useful.
Even false beliefs can be useful, because by acting on them you may learn that they are false, why they are false, and gain additional information. That's how science proceeds and much of the learning of young children depends heavily on their ability to construct information contents without being able to tell which are true and which are false. The learning process can then determine the answers. This will also be important for intelligent robots.
For the purposes of cognitive science, neuroscience, biology, AI, robotics and many varieties of engineering, it is important not to restrict the notion of "information" to what is true, or even to whole propositions that are capable of being true or false. There are information fragments of many kinds that can be combined in many ways, some, but not all, of which involve constructing propositions. Information items can be used in many other processes.
The uses of information in control probably evolved before other uses of information in biological organisms, including, for example, microbes. Explaining how and why other uses evolved, such as forming memories, predictions, questions and explanations, along with increasingly sophisticated mechanisms to support them, is a task for another occasion. Some hypotheses are sketched in (Sloman 2007a).
In order to understand how a concept like "information" can be used in science without being definable, we need to understand some general points from philosophy of science. Shannon's notion of information was defined precisely [Shannon 1948] and has had important applications in science and engineering. Nevertheless, for reasons given above, that concept is not what we need in talking about an animal or robot that acquires and uses information about various things (the environment, its own thinking, other agents, future actions, etc.), even though Shannon's notion is relevant to some of the mechanisms underlying such processes. Can we define this older, intuitive, more widely used, notion of information?
After many years of thinking about this, I have concluded that "information" in this sense cannot be explicitly defined without circularity. The same is true of "mass", "energy" and other deep concepts used in important scientific theories. Attempts to define "Information" by writing down an explicit definition of the form "Information is ...." all presuppose some concept that is closely related ("meaning", "content", "reference", "description", etc.). "Information is meaning", "information is semantic content", "information is what something is about" are all inadequate in this sense.
This kind of indefinability is common in concepts needed for deep scientific theories. Attempts to get round this by "operationalising" theoretical concepts fail. For example, there are standard methods of measuring mass and energy, but those do not define the concepts, since the measuring methods change as technology develops, while the meanings of the words remain mostly fixed by their roles in physical theories. The measurement methods define what are sometimes called "bridging rules" or "correspondence rules", which link theories to observations and applications. [Carnap 1947] called some of them "meaning postulates". All this was known to early 20th century philosophers of science, some of whom had tried unsuccessfully to show that scientific concepts are definable in terms of the sensory experiences of scientists, or in terms of "operational definitions" specifying how to detect or measure physical quantities [Bridgman 1927].
The absence of any explicit definition does not mean either that a word is meaningless or that we cannot say anything useful about it. The specific things said about what energy is and how it relates to force, mass, electrical charge, etc., change over time as we learn more, so the concepts evolve. Newton knew about some forms of energy, but what he knew about energy is much less than what we now know about energy, e.g. that matter and energy are interconvertible, and that there are chemical and electromagnetic forms of energy. Growing theoretical knowledge extends and deepens the concepts we use in expressing that knowledge [Cohen 1962], [Schurz 2009]. That is now happening to our concept of information as we learn more about types of information-processing machine, natural and artificial.
If a theory is expressed logically, and is not logically inconsistent, and its undefined concept labels are treated as variables ranging over predicates, relations and functions, then there may be a non-empty set of possible models for the set of statements expressing the theory, where the notion of something being a model is illustrated by lines, points, and relations between them being a model for a set of axioms for Euclidean geometry, and also certain arithmetical entities being a model for the same axioms.
This notion of model was first given a precise recursive definition by Tarski but the idea is much older, as explained in [Sloman 2007c]. I think the core idea can be generalised to theories expressed in natural language and other non-logical forms of representation including non-Fregean forms of representation, but making that idea precise and testing it are research projects (compare [Sloman 1971]). The models that satisfy some theory with undefined terms will include possible portions of reality that the theory could describe.
Insofar as there is more than one model, the meanings of the terms are partly indeterminate, an unavoidable feature of scientific theories. [Sloman 1978,Chap 2] explains why it is not usually possible to completely remove indeterminacy of meaning. Compare [Cohen 1962].
Adding new independent postulates using the same undefined terms will further constrain the set of possible models. That is one way to enrich the content of a theory. Another way is to add new undefined concepts and new hypotheses linking them to the old ones. That increases the complexity required of a piece of reality if it is to be a model of the theory. Other changes may alter the set of models and increase the number of things that are derivable from the theory, increasing the variety of predictions.
Some changes will also increase the precision of the derived conclusions, e.g. specifying predicted processes or possible processes in more detail. Adding new "meaning postulates", or "bridging rules", linking undefined terms to methods of measurement or observation, as explained above, can also further constrain the set of possible models, by "tethering" (label suggested in [Chappell & Sloman 2007]) the theory more closely to some portion of reality. As science progresses and we learn more things about energy. the concept becomes more constrained - restricting the possible models of the theory, as explained in [Sloman 2007c]. This gradual increase in understanding would not be possible if the initial concepts were fully determinate. Far from requiring absolutely precise concepts, as normally supposed, some scientific advances depend on (partial) indeterminacy of concepts.
For concepts that are implicitly defined by their role in the theory, the evaluation of the concepts as referring to something real or not will go along with the evaluation of the theory. How to evaluate scientific theories is itself a complex and difficult question and there are many tempting but shallow and inadequate criteria. I think the work of Lakatos extending and refining Popper's ideas [Lakatos 1980] is of great value here, in particular insofar as it draws attention to the difficulty of evaluating or comparing theories conclusively at a point in time. Instead it often takes time before we can tell whether the research programme associated with a theory is "progressive" or "degenerating". It always remains possible for new developments to resurrect a defeated theory, as happened to the corpuscular theory of light.
Doubt is cast on the value of a theory and its concepts if the theory does not enhance our practical abilities, if it doesn't explain a variety of observed facts better than alternative theories, if all its predictions are very vague, if it never generates new research questions that lead to new discoveries of things that need to be explained, if its implications are restricted to very rare situations, and if it cannot be used in making predictions, or selecting courses of action to achieve practical goals, or in designing and steadily improving useful kinds of machinery, In such cases, the concepts implicitly defined by the theory will be limited to reference within the hypothetical world postulated by the theory. Concepts like "angel" and "fairy" are examples of such referentially unsuccessful concepts, though they be used to present myths of various sorts, providing entertainment and, in some cases, social coercion.
These ideas about concepts and theories were elaborated in [Sloman 1978,Chap 2], which pointed out that the deepest advances in science are those that extend our ontology substantively, including new theories that explain possibilities not previously considered. How concepts can be partly defined implicitly by structural relations within a theory is discussed further in [Sloman 1985,Sloman 1987]. These ideas can be extended to non-logical forms of representation, as discussed in [Sloman 2008b].
Unfortunately, the already discredited theory was recently reinvented and labelled "symbol grounding theory" [Harnad 1990]. This theory seems highly plausible to people who have not studied philosophy, so it has spread widely among AI theorists and cognitive scientists, and is probably still being taught to unsuspecting students. Section 3.2 presented "symbol tethering" theory, according to which meanings of theoretical terms are primarily determined by structural relations within a theory, supplemented by "bridging rules". Designers of intelligent robots will have to produce information-processing architectures in which such theories can be constructed, extended, tested and used, by the robots, in a process of acquiring information about the world, and themselves.
Marvin Minsky in also talks about "grounding" but in a context that neither presupposes nor supports symbol-grounding theory. He seems to be making a point I agree with, namely that insofar as complex systems like human minds monitor or control themselves the subsystem that does the monitoring and controlling needs to observe and intervene at a high level of abstraction instead of having to reason about all the low level details of the physical machine. In some cases, this can imply that the information that such a system has about itself is incomplete or misleading. I.e. self-observation is not infallible, except in the trivial sense in which a voltmeter cannot be misled about what its reading of a voltage is, as explained in [Sloman 2007b].
The rest of this paper attempts to outline some of the main features of a theory about roles information can play in how things work in our world. The theory is still incomplete but we have already learnt a lot and there are many possible lines of development of our understanding of information processing systems in both natural and artificial systems.
As explained in Section 1.1, an information-bearer B (a representation) can express information I for user U in context C. The user, U, can take B to express information about something remote, past, future, abstract (like numbers), or even non-existent, e.g. a situation prevented, or a story character.
The expressed information can be involved in many processes, for instance: acquiring, transforming, decomposing, combining with other information, interpreting, deriving, storing, inferring, asking, testing, using as a premiss, controlling internal or external behaviour, and communicating with other information-users. Such processes usually require U to deploy mechanisms that have access to B, to parts of B, and to other information-bearers (e.g. in U's memory or in the environment).
The existence of information-bearers does not depend on the existence of what they refer to: things can be referred to that do not exist. Mechanisms for this were probably a major advance in biological evolution. Example information-bearers explicitly used by humans include sentences, maps, pictures, bit-strings, video recordings, or other more abstract representations of actual or possible processes.
At present little is known about the variety of information bearers in biological systems, including brains, though known examples include chemical structures and patterns of activation of neurons. In some cases the information-bearers are physical entities, e.g. marks on paper or acoustic signals, or chemicals in the blood stream. But many information-bearers in computing systems, e.g. lists of symbols, the text in a word-processor, are not physical entities but entities in virtual machines (see Section 6.3).
The bearer is a physical or virtual entity (or collection of entities) that encodes or expresses the information, for that user in that context. Many people, in many disciplines, now use the word "representation" to refer to information-bearers of various kinds, though there is no general agreement on usage. Some who argue that representations are not needed proceed to discuss alternatives that are already classified as representations by broad-minded thinkers. Such factional disputes are a waste of time.
Early general purpose electronic computers used only abstract bit-patterns as forms of representation, though the physical implementation of the bit-patterns varied. Over the years since the 1940s many more information-bearers have been developed in computers, either implemented in bit patterns, or in something else implemented in bit-patterns, e.g. strings, arrays, lists, logical expressions, algebraic expressions, images, rules, grammars, trees, graphs, artificial neural nets, and many more.
These are typically constructed from various primitive entities and relationships available in virtual machines though they are all ultimately implemented in bit-patterns, which themselves are virtual entities implemented in physical machines using transistors, magnetic mechanisms in disc drives, etc. The use of such things as error-correcting memories and raid arrays implies that the bits in a bit pattern are virtual entities that do not correspond in any simple way to physical components.
Information-bearers need not be intentionally constructed to convey information. For example, an animal may hear a sound and derive the information that something is moving nearby. The original information-bearer is a transient acoustic signal in the environment produced unintentionally by whatever moved. The hearer constructs an enduring information-bearer (representation) that may be retained long after the noise has ended. The physical signal does not intrinsically carry that information, though for a particular user it may do so as a result of prior learning. However, in a different context, the same noise may be interpreted differently.
So the association between bearer and information content can depend not only on user but on context: information (or meaning) involves at least a four-termed relation involving B, I, U, and C.
It is sometimes claimed that in Shannon's sense "information" refers to physical properties of physical objects, structures, mechanisms. But not all bit-strings are physical. For example, it is possible to have structures in virtual machines that operate as bit-strings and are used for communication between machines, or for virtual memory systems, especially when bit-strings are transmitted across networks in forms that both use data-compression and error correcting mechanisms based on redundancy. A similar mistake was made by Newell and Simon [Newell 1980] when they proposed that intelligent systems need to use "physical symbol systems", apparently forgetting that many symbols used in AI systems are not physical entities, but entities in virtual machines (see Section 6.3).
There are many forms in which information can be expressed. Some are very general, including logic, human languages, and various structures used in computer databases. They are not completely general insofar as there may be some things, e.g. information about irregular continuous spatial or temporal variation, that they cannot express fully. Other forms of representation are more specialised, e.g. number notations, notations for differential and integral calculus, musical notation, and various styles of maps.
What characterises a form of representation is a collection of primitives, along with ways of modifying them, combining them to form larger structures, transformations that can be applied to the more complex items, mechanisms for storing, matching, searching, and copying them, and particular uses to which instances of the form can be put, e.g. controlling behaviour, searching for plans, explaining, forming generalisations, interpreting sensory input, expressing goals, expressing uncertainty, and communication with others. The representing structures may be physical objects or processes, or objects or processes in virtual machines.
The use of virtual machine forms of representation allows very rapid construction and modification of structures without having to rearrange physical components. In computers instead of physical rearrangements there are merely banks of switches that can be turned on and off, thereby implementing changes to virtual network topology and signals transmitted, in terms of which higher-level virtual machine representations can be implemented.
Humans often use forms that are Fregean [Sloman 1971] insofar as they use application of functions to arguments to combine information items to form larger information items. Examples include sentences, algebraic expressions, logical expressions and many expressions in computer programs. Purely Fregean forms of representation use only function application, whereas impure forms also use spatial or temporal order, and other relationships in the bearer's medium, as [Bateson 1972] noted. For example, the programming language Prolog uses ordering of symbols as well as the function-argument relationship, as significant.
The 1971 paper argued, against [McCarthy & Hayes 1969], that non-Fregean forms of representation, e.g. analogical representations, are often useful, and should be used in AI alongside logic and algebra. For example, information may usefully be expressed in continuously changing levels of activation of some internal or external sensing device, in patterns of activation of many units, in geometrical or topological structures analogous to images or maps, in chemical compounds, and many more. Despite some partial successes, this has proved easier said than done.
Exactly how many different forms exist in which information can be encoded, and what their costs and benefits are, is an important question that will not be discussed further here. One of the profound consequences of developments in metamathematics, computer science, artificial intelligence, neuroscience and biology in the last century has been to stretch our understanding of the huge variety of possible forms of representation [Peterson 1996], including some forms that are not decomposable into discrete components, as sentences, logical expressions, and bit strings are, and some which can also change continuously, unlike Fregean representations.
Besides analogical and Fregean forms of representation many others have been explored, including distributed neural representations and forms of genetic encoding. [Minsky 1992] discusses tradeoffs between some symbolic and neural forms. There probably are many more forms of representation (more types of information-bearer) than we have discovered so far. Some philosophers use the misleading expression "non-conceptual content" to refer to some of the non-Fregean forms of representation - misleading because it presupposes that concepts (units of semantic content) can only be used in propositional formats.
The continued investigation of the space of possible forms of representation, including the various options for forming more complex information contents from simpler ones, and the tradeoffs between the various options, is a major long term research project. This paper is mostly neutral as regards the precise forms in which information can be encoded.
It is normally assumed that we cannot talk about the information expressed by or stored in a bearer B without specifying a user (or type of user) U. However, it is arguable that any object, event, or process is intrinsically a bearer of information about itself (a "self-documenting" entity), though not all users are equally able to acquire and use the information that is available from the entity. So a twig lying in the forest is a bearer (or potential bearer?) of information about its size, shape, physical composition, location, orientation, history, and relationships to many other things.
Besides the "categorical" information about the parts, relationships, properties, and material constitution of an object or process that can be discovered by an appropriately equipped perceiver, there is also less obvious "dispositional" information about processes it could be part of, processes that it constrains or prevents, and processes that could have produced it. These are causal relationships. Intelligent perceivers make a great deal of use of such information when they perceive affordances of various kinds.
Gibson's notion of "affordance" [J.J. Gibson 1979] focuses on only a subset of possible processes and constraints, namely those relevant to what a perceiver can and cannot do: action-affordances for the perceiver. We need to generalise that idea if we are to describe all the different kinds of information a perceiver can use in the environment, including proto-affordances, concerned with which processes are and are not physically possible in the environment, epistemic affordances, concerned with what information is and is not available and vicarious affordances, concerned with affordances for other agents, all described in [Sloman 2008a]. Some animals are able to represent meta-affordances: information about ways of producing, modifying, removing, or acquiring information about, affordances of various kinds.
Information-users will typically be restricted in the kinds of information they can obtain or use, and at any time they will only process a subset of the information they could process. They will typically not make use of the majority of kinds of information potentially available. For instance, detailed, transient, metrical information about changing relationships will be relevant during performance of actions such as grasping, placing, catching or avoiding, but only more abstract information will be relevant while future actions are being planned, or while processes not caused by the perceiver are being observed [Sloman 1982].
States of an information-processing system (e.g. the mind of an animal or robot) are generally not just constituted by what is actually occurring in the system but by what would or could occur under various conditions - a point made long ago in [Ryle 1949].
The information-processing mechanisms and forms of representation required for perceivers to acquire and use information about actual and possible processes and causal relationships are not yet understood. Most research on perception has ignored the problem of perceiving processes, and possibilities for and constraints on processes, because of excessive focus on perceiving and learning about objects.
Items of information can have different aspects that need to be distinguished, of which three important examples are content, function (or use, or causal role) and the medium in which information is expressed, or represented, where each of those can be further subdivided.
It is possible for the same information content (e.g. that many parents abuse their children by indoctrinating them) to be put to different uses. E.g. it can be stated, hypothesised, denied, remembered, imagined to be the case, inferred from something, used as a premiss, used to explain, used to motivate political action, and many more. Those could all be labelled "declarative" uses of information. An item of declarative information can be true or false, and can imply, contradict, or be derived from, other items of factual information. It can also provide an answer (true or false) to a question, or a description of what needs to be achieved for an item of control information to be successful, e.g. for a command to be obeyed.
The same content can also occur in other information uses, e.g. "interrogative" and "imperative" uses: formulating requests for information and specifying an action to be performed (or modified, terminated, suspended or delayed, etc.), for instance asking whether it is the case or exhorting people to make it false by changing their ways. An important use that is hard to specify is in conditionalising some other information content, which could be a statement, intention, command, question, prediction. Examples: "If it's raining take an umbrella", "If it's raining, why aren't you wet?" There is usually no commitment regarding truth or falsity of the condition, in such uses.
Like questions, imperative uses of information are not true or false, though particular processes can be said to follow or not follow the instructions. Just as some declarative information contents are inconsistent, and therefore incapable of being true, likewise, some instructions are inconsistent, and therefore impossible to execute (e.g. "Put seven balls into an empty box and, put red marks on ten of them").
From the earliest days of AI and software engineering it was clear that choice of form of representation could make a large difference to the success of a particular information-processing system. Different expressive media can be used for the various functions: vocal utterances, print, internet sites, use of sign language, political songs, etc. The same content expressed in print could use different fonts, or even entirely different languages. But some information contents cannot be adequately expressed in some media, e.g. because, as J.L.Austin once quipped: "Fact is richer than diction" [Austin 1956]. Some kinds of richness are better represented in a non-Fregean medium, e.g. using static or moving images, or 3-D models.
A pre-verbal child, or a non-human animal, can have percepts whose content specifies a state of affairs in the environment; and can have intentions whose content specifies some state of affairs to be achieved, maintained or prevented. It is unlikely that toddlers, dogs, crows, and apes use only linguistic or Fregean forms of representation, though there are many unanswered questions about exactly which other forms or media are possible.
Many information-bearers use static media, like sentences, pictures, or flowcharts, whereas some use dynamic media, in which processes are information-bearers, e.g. audio or video recordings, gestures, play acting, and others. If the dynamic representation is repeatedly produced it may be represented by some enduring static structure that is used to generate the dynamic process as needed - e.g. a computer program can repeatedly generate processes. I suspect the role of dynamic information-bearers and static encodings of dynamic information-bearers, in animal intelligence, and future intelligent robots, will turn out to be far more important than anyone currently realises, not least because much information about the environment is concerned with processes occurring, and processes that could occur.
Earlier, in 4.5, we mentioned self-documenting entities, which potentially express information for various kinds of information user simply in virtue of their structure, properties and relations. These information bearers do not depend for their existence on users. They can be contrasted with the sensory signals and other transient and enduring information bearers constructed by information users. An element of truth in the view of Brooks criticised above (2.5) is that in some cases the presence of self-documenting entities reduces (but does not eliminate) the need for an information user to construct internal representations. Moreover, during performance of actions, force-feedback and visual feedback can be used to provide fine-grained control information that reduces the reliance on ballistic control, which may be inaccurate.
Another way of putting the point about control using feedback is that the changing relationships to external objects produced when performing physical actions can be useful self-documenting aspects of the environment, helping with control. They can also be useful for other observers (friendly or unfriendly!) who can perceive the actions and draw conclusions about the intentions and motives of the agent - if the viewers have appropriate meta-semantic information-processing capabilities. In that sense, intentional actions can serve as unintended communications, and it is conjectured in [Sloman 2008b] that fact played a role in evolution of languages used intentionally.
Items of information with the same declarative content can be given different functional roles in an information user. For example, the same thing can be stated to be true and either asked about or commanded to be made or kept true. It can also be wondered about, hypothesised, imagined regretfully, treated as an ideal, etc.
The philosopher R.M. Hare [Hare 1952] introduced the labels "Phrastic" and "Neustic" to distinguish the semantic content of an utterance and the speech act being performed regarding that content, e.g. asserting it, denying it, enquiring about its truth value, commanding that it be made true, etc. The concept of "information content" used here is close to Hare's notion of a "Phrastic", except that we are not restricting semantic content to what can be expressed in a linguistic or Fregean form: other media, including maps, models, diagrams, route-summaries, flow-charts, builders' blue-prints, moving images, 3-D models, and other things, can all encode information contents usable for different functions.
Moreover, not all uses are concerned with communication between individuals: information is processed in perceiving, learning, wanting, planning, remembering, deciding, etc. [Sloman 1979,Sloman 2008b]. We therefore need to generalise the Phrastic/Neustic distinction to contrast content and function in many different information media, including information expressed in diagrams, maps, charts [Sloman 1971], and also whatever forms are used in animal brains or minds. In many cases the "neustic" is not expressed within the representation but simply by its role in an information processing architecture, as explained in [Sloman 2009a], or in some aspect of the context, e.g. the word "Wanted" above a picture of a human face.
Questions, requests, commands, desires, and intentions, can all be described as examples of "control information", because their information-processing function (the neustic aspect), involves making something happen, unlike factual information, which, in itself, has no implications for action, although it can have implications in combination with motives, conditional plans, etc. Control information (and what should be done) is commonly found in kitchen recipes, computer programs, knitting patterns, legal documents, etc. There must be many forms implemented in animal brains.
Summing up: When information is used we can distinguish the content of the information (phrastic) from the use that is being made of it (neustic). The latter may be explicitly indicated in the medium, or implicitly determined by the subsystem of the user that the bearer is located in, or the context. We can also distinguish different information media, e.g. linguistic, Fregean, pictorial, hybrid, static, dynamic, etc. Each of these can be further subdivided in various ways, only some of which have already been explored in working artificial systems.
One of the achievements of AI research in the last half-century has been the study of different information media, and analysis of different information processing mechanisms required for dealing with them, including sentences, algebraic expressions, logical expressions, program texts, collections of numerical values, probability distributions, and a variety of analogical forms of representation, including pictures, diagrams, acoustic signals, and more. There are many ways in which information media can vary, imposing different demands on the mechanisms that process them.
One of the most important features of certain media is their "generativity". For example, our notations for numbers, sentences, maps, computer programs, chemical formulate, construction blue-prints, are all generative insofar as there is a subset of primitive information bearers along with ways in which those primitives can be combined to form more complex bearers, where the users have systematic ways of interpreting the complex bearers on the basis of the components and their relationships. This is referred to as a use of "compositional semantics", where meanings of wholes depend on meanings of parts and their relationships, and sometimes also the context [Sloman 2006b].
If an organism had only six basic actions, and could only process bearers of information about complex actions made up of at most three consecutive basic actions, then it would have restricted generativity, allowing for at most 216 complex actions. Some organisms appear to have sensor arrays that provide a fixed size set of sensor values from which information about the environment at any time can be derived. In contrast, humans, and presumably several other species, do not simply record sensor values but interpret them in terms of configurations of entities and processes in the environment, e.g. visible or tangible surface fragments in various orientations changing their mutual relationships.
If the interpretation allows scale changes (e.g. because of varying distances) and sequential scanning of scenes, both of which are important in human vision, the user can construct and interpret information bearers of different kinds and degrees of complexity. The mechanisms involved may have physical limits without being limited in principle, in which case the animal or machine may have "infinite competence" (explained more fully in [Sloman 2002]). Even when the competence is not infinite, compositionality implies the ability to deal with novelty, a most important feature for animals and robots inhabiting an extremely variable environment. Closely related to this are the ability to plan complex future actions and the ability to construct new explanations of observed phenomena.
A more complete exposition would need to discuss different ways in which information bearers can be combined, with different sorts of compositional semantics. One of the major distinctions mentioned in Section 4.4 is between and Fregean and other forms of composition. As explained in [Sloman 1971], the systematic complexity of forms of representation can provide a basis for reasoning with information-bearers: deriving new conclusions from old information by manipulating the bearers, whether Fregean or not. Logical inference and geometric reasoning using diagrams two special cases among many.
The information in B can be potentially usable by U even though U has never encountered B or anything with similar information content. That's obviously true when U encounters a new sentence, diagram or picture for the first time. Even before U encountered the new item, it was potentially usable as an information-bearer. In some cases, though not all, the potential cannot be realised without U first learning a new language, or notation, or even a new theory within which the information has a place.
You cannot understand the information that is potentially available to others in your environment if you have not yet acquired all the concepts involved in the information. For example, it is likely that a new-born human infant does not have the concept of a metal, i.e. that is not part of its ontology [Sloman 2009b]. So it is incapable of acquiring the information that it is holding something made of metal even if a doting parent says "you are holding a metal object". In humans a lengthy process of development is required for the information-processing mechanisms (forms of representation, algorithms, architectures) to be able treat things in the environment as made of different kinds of stuff, of which metals are a subset.
Even longer is required for that ontology to be extended to include the concepts of physics and chemistry. In part that is a result of cultural evolution: not all our ancestors were able to acquire and use such information.
There may also be things going on whose detection and description would require organisms or machines with a combination of capabilities, including perceptual and representational capabilities and an information-processing architecture, that are possible in principle, but have never existed in any organism or machine and never will - since not everything that is possible has actual instances. Of course, I cannot give examples, since everything I can present is necessarily capable of being thought about by at least one human.
Weaker, but still compelling, evidence is simply the fact that the set of things humans are capable of thinking of changes over time as humans acquire more sophisticated concepts, forms of representation and forms of reasoning, as clearly happens in mathematics, physics, and the other sciences. There are thoughts considered by current scientists and engineers that are beyond the semantic competences of any three year old child, or any adult human living 3000 years ago. If the earth had been destroyed three thousand years ago, that might have relegated such thoughts to the realm of possible information contents for types of individual that never existed, but could have.
It is sometimes possible for a bearer B to mean the same thing (convey the same information content I) to different users U and Uโฒ, and it is also possible for two users who never use the same information-bearers (e.g. they talk different languages) to acquire and use the same information.
This is why relativistic theories of truth are false. It cannot be true for me that my house has burned down but not true for my neighbour. In principle we have access to the same sources of information in the world.
Media can also vary in the extent to which they allow information to be expressed ambiguously. For example, some cases are totally unambiguous, e.g. the association between bit patterns and CPU instructions or memory addresses in a computer. In a virtual memory system, a bit pattern uniquely identifies a location in a virtual memory, but the mapping to physical memory locations is context sensitive. In natural languages and many forms of pictorial or map-like representation, local details are ambiguous and finding a global interpretation for a complex information-bearer can include searching and problem solving, possibly using constraint propagation and background knowledge, illustrated below in 5.9.
In some cases the medium requires several layers of interpretation, using different ontologies, to be coordinated, e.g. acoustic, phonetic, morphemic, syntactic, semantic and social, in the case of speech understanding systems. Other layers are relevant in visual systems, such as edge features, larger scale 2-D features, 3-D surface fragments, 3-D structures, layers of depth, 3-D processes involving interacting structures, intentions of perceived agents, etc. [Trehub 1991] offers a theory about how such layers might be implemented neurally, but there remain many unknowns about how vision works.
In some cases, the requirement for layers of interpretation is the result of engineering designs making use of compression, encryption, password protection, zipping or tarring several files into one large file, and many more. In other cases, the layers are natural consequences of a biological or engineering information-processing task, e.g. the layers in visual information processing.
Some information-bearers include various amounts and kinds of noise, clutter, and partial occlusion, sometimes causing problems that require collaboration between interpretation processes at different levels of abstraction. Where multiple layers of processing are coordinated, ambiguities in some layers may be resolved by interpretations in other layers, possibly using background knowledge [Sloman 1978,Chap 9]. This is sometimes described as "hierarchical synthesis", or "analysis by synthesis" [Neisser 1967]. A related view of layers of interpretation is presented in [Barrow & Tenenbaum 1978].
Although there has been much research on ways of extracting information from complex information-bearers, it is clear that nothing in AI comes close to matching, for example, the visual competences of a nest-building bird, a tree-climbing ape, a hunting mammal catching prey, a human toddler playing with bricks and other toys. In part, that is because not even the requirements have been understood properly [Sloman 2008a].
There are lots of structures in perceptual systems that change what information they represent because of the context. E.g. if what is on your retina is unchanged after you turn your head 90 degrees in a room, the visual information will be taken to be about a different wall even if retinal images are unchanged because the two walls have the same wallpaper. The new interpretation uses the information that the head was turned. Many examples can be found in [Berthoz 2000]. [Sloman 1971] showed how a particular line can represent different things in a 2-D image of a 3-D scene, depending on its relationships to other fragments. Determining whether a vertical line in a picture represents a horizontal mark on the floor or a vertical line on a wall generally requires use of context. Similar problems arise in language processing, e.g. determining whether "with" introduces a prepositional or adverbial phrase in "He watched the boy with binoculars".
Some information-bearing structures express different information for the same user U in different contexts, because they include an explicit indexical element (e.g. "this", "here", "you", "now", or non-local variables in a computer program).
Another factor that makes it possible for U to take a structure B to express different meanings in different contexts can be that B has polymorphic semantics: its semantic function (for U, or a class of users) is to express a higher order function which generates semantic content when combined with a parameter provided by the linguistic or non-linguistic context. E.g. consider: "He ran after the smallest pony". Which pony is the smallest pony can change as new ponies arrive or depart. More subtly, what counts as a tall, big, heavy, or thin X can vary according to the range of heights, sizes, weights, thicknesses of Xs in the current environment and in some cases may also depend on why you are looking for something tall, big, heavy , etc.
There are many more examples in natural language that lead to incorrect diagnosis of words as vague or ambiguous, when they actually express precise higher order functions, applied to sometimes implicit arguments, e.g. "thin", "long", "efficient", "heap". Other examples include spatial prepositions and other constructs, which can be analysed as having a semantics involving higher order functions some of whose arguments are non-linguistic, discussed in [Sloman 2006b].
A more complex example is: "A motor mower is needed to mow a meadow" which is true only if there is an implicit background assumption about constraints on desirable amounts of effort or time, size of meadow, etc. So a person who utters that to a companion when they are standing in a very large meadow might be saying something true, whereas in a different context, where there are lots of willing helpers, several unpowered lawnmowers available, and the meadow under consideration is not much larger than a typical back lawn, the utterance would be taken to say something different, which is false, even if the utterances themselves are physically indistinguishable. Moreover, where they are standing does not necessarily determine what sort of meadow is being referred to. E.g. they may have been talking about some remote very large or very small meadow.
The influence of context on information expressed is discussed in more detail in relation to Grice's theory of communication, in [Sloman 2006b], along with implications for the evolution of language. The importance of the role of extra-linguistic context in linguistic communication can be developed in connection with indexicals, spatial prepositions, and Gricean semantics, into a theory of linguistic communications as using higher order functions some of whose arguments have to be extracted from non-linguistic sources by creative problem-solving.
This has implications for language learning and the evolution of language. It also requires the common claim that natural languages use compositional semantics, to modified, to allow context to play a role. The use of non-local variables can have a similar effect in programming languages. It seems very likely that brain mechanisms also use context-modulated compositional semantics.
An information-user can have parts that are information users. This leads to complications such as that a part can have and use some information that the whole would not be said to have. E.g. your immune system and your digestive system and various metabolic processes use information and take decisions of many kinds though we would not say that you have, use or know about the information.
Likewise there are different parts of our brains that evolved at different times that use different kinds of information, even information obtained via the same route, e.g. the retina or ear-drum, or haptic feedback. Input and output devices can be shared between sub-systems that use them for different purposes, possibly after different pre- or post- processing, as explained in [Sloman 1993]. Some sub-systems are evolutionarily old and shared with other species, some are newer, and some unique to humans.
An example is the information about optical flow that is used in humans to control posture, without individuals being aware of what they are doing [Lee & Lishman 1975]. More generally, it is likely that human information processing architectures include many components that evolved at different times, performing different functions, many of them concurrent, some of them surveyed in [Sloman 2003]. The subsystems need not all use the same forms of representation, and individual subsystems need not all have access to information acquired, derived, constructed or used by others. In particular, some will use transient information that is not transferred to or accessible by other subsystems.
That is why much philosophical, psychological, and social theorising is misguided: it treats humans as unitary and rational information users. That includes Dennett's intentional stance and what Newell refers to as "the Knowledge level". For example, the philosophical claim that only a whole human-like agent can acquire, manipulate and use information is false. To understand biological organisms and design sophisticated artificial systems, we need what [McCarthy 2008] labels "the designer stance". Unfortunately education about how to be a designer of complex working systems is not part of most disciplines that need it.
There is a different kind of use of information: when the user is constructing itself! In that process there are not sensors and motors transferring information and energy between the organism and its environment. The processes by which genetic information is used in organisms are very complex and varied. The use of information provided genetically can be very indirect, involving many stages, several of which are influenced by the environment (e.g. maternal fluids, or soil nutrients), so that the interpretation process required for development of an organism, is highly context sensitive.
In many cases, much of the information from which the processes start is encoded in molecular sequences in DNA, specifying, very indirectly, how to construct a particular organism by constructing a very complex collection of self-organising components, which themselves construct more self-organising components. The interpretation of those sequences as instructions depends on complex chemical machinery assembled in a preceding organism (the mother) to kick-start the interpretation process.
The interpreting system builds additional components that continue the assembly, partly influenced by the genetic information and partly by various aspects of the environment. During development, the ability to interpret both genetic and environmental information changes, partly under the influence of the environment.
The problems of interpreting and using visual and genetic information show that the role of the user U in obtaining information I from a bearer B in context C may be extremely complex and changeable, in ways that are not yet fully understood. That kind of complexity is largely ignored in most discussions about the nature of information, meaning, representation, but it cannot be ignored by people trying to design working systems.
In Section 3 it was claimed that it is not possible to define explicitly, precisely, and without circularity, what we mean by "information", in the semantic sense that involves not merely having some syntactic or geometric form but also having the potential to be taken by a user to be about something. So subsequent sections presented an implicit definition in the form of a first-draft informal theory about the role of information in our world.
What was said above in Section 3.2 about "energy" applies also to "information". We can understand the word "information" insofar as we use it in a rich, deep, precise and widely applicable theory (or collection of theories) in which many things are said about entities and processes involving information. I suspect that we are still at a relatively early stage in the development of a full scientific theory of information, especially as there are many kinds of information processing in organisms that we do not yet understand.
Some of the contents of a theory of information have been outlined in previous sections, elaborating on the proposition that a user U can interpret a bearer B as expressing information I in context C. The topics mentioned include the variety of sources of information, the variety of information-bearing media (about which we still have much to learn), the variety of structures and systems of information-bearers (syntactic forms), the variety of uses to which information can be put (including both communicative and non-communicative uses), the variety of information contents, the variety of ways in which information contents can change (e.g. continuously, discretely, structurally, etc.), the different kinds and degrees of complexity of processes required for interpreting and using the information in particular bearers, the variety of information-using competences different users (or different parts of the same user) can have, the potential information available in objects not yet perceived by information users, and more.
We already have broader and deeper understanding of information in this sense than thinkers had a thousand years ago about force and energy, but there is still a long way to go.
Unlike Shannon's information, the information content we have been discussing does not have a scalar value, although there are partial orderings of information content. One piece of information I1 may contain all the information in I2, and not vice versa. In that case we can say that I1 contains more information. I1 can have more information content than both I2 and I3, neither of which contains the other. So there is at most a partial ordering. The partial ordering may be relative to an individual user, because giving information I1 to a user U1, may allow U1 to derive I2, whereas user U2 may not be able to derive I2, because U2 lacks some additional required information. Even for a given user, the ordering can depend on context.
Information can vary both discontinuously (e.g. adding an adjective or a parenthetical phrase to a sentence, like this) or continuously (e.g. visually obtained information about a moving physical object). More importantly, individual items of information can have a structure: there are replaceable parts of an item of information such that if those parts are replaced the information changes but not necessarily the structure.
Because of this, items of information can be extracted from other information, and can be combined with other information to form new information items, including items with new structures. This is connected with the ability of information users to deal with novelty, and to be creative. Moreover, we have seen that such compositional semantics often needs to be context sensitive (or polymorphic), both human language and other forms of representation.
It can be stored in various forms, can be modified or extended through various kinds of learning, and can influence processes of reasoning and decision making. Information can also be transmitted in various ways, both intentionally and unintentionally, using bearers of many kinds.
There is a great deal more that could be said about our current theories about information, but that would take several volumes. Many additional points are in papers in the bibliography, and in other books and journals, as well as in human common sense.
Some of the most important and least well understood parts of a theory about information are concerned with the variety of roles it plays in living things, including roles concerned with reproduction, roles concerned with growth, development, maintenance and repair, roles concerned with perception, reasoning, learning, social interaction, etc. The limitations of our understanding are clearly displayed in the huge gaps between the competences of current robots (in 2009) and the competences of many animals, including human infants and toddlers.
might be surprised on returning 36 years later to find how little progress had been made, compared with ambitions expressed at that time.
In the process of using information an organism also uses up stored energy, so that it also needs to use information to acquire more energy, including the energy required for getting energy.
There are huge variations between different ways in which information is used by organisms, including plants, single celled organisms, and everything else. For example, only a tiny subset of organisms appear to have fully deliberative information processing competence, as defined in [Sloman 2006a]. As explained in Section 5.10 there can also be major differences between the competences of sub-systems in a single information-user.
A pervasive notion that has been used but not fully explained in this paper is the notion of a virtual machine. Our understanding of requirements for and possible ways of building and using them has gradually expanded through a host of technical advances since the earliest electronic computers were built.
Because possible operations on information are much more complex and far more varied than operations on matter and energy, engineers discovered during the last half-century, as evolution appears to have "discovered" much earlier, that relatively unfettered information processing requires use of a virtual machine rather than a physical machine, like using software rather than cog-wheels to perform mathematical calculations. A short tutorial on virtual machines and some common misconceptions about them can be found in [Sloman 2009f]. See also [Pollock 2008].
One of the main reasons for using virtual machines is that they can be rapidly reconfigured to meet changing environments and tasks, whereas rebuilding physical devices as fast and as often is impossible. It is also possible for a physical machine to support types of virtual machine that were never considered by the designer of the physical machine. Similarly, both cultural evolution and individual development can redeploy biological information processing systems in roles for which they did not specifically evolve.
In [Sloman 2009f] I suggested that the label "Non-physically-describable-machine" (NPDM) might have been preferable to "virtual machine" (VM) because the key feature is having states and processes whose best description uses concepts that are not definable in terms of the concepts of the physical sciences. Examples are concepts like "winning", "threat", "rule", "pawn", "checkmate", relevant to virtual machines that play chess. These VMs/NPDMs are nothing like the old philosophical notions characterised by [Ryle 1949] as referring to "The Ghost in the Machine", for we are not talking about mysterious entities that can continue existing after their physical bodies have been completely destroyed.
The crucial point is that the nature of the physical world allows networks of causation to exist that support processes in such virtual machines that not only cause other virtual machine processes to occur but can also influence physical machines, for example when a decision taken by a running chess program causes the display on a computer screen to change [Sloman 2009e]. A crucial step in evolution was the development of causal networks, including sub-systems running in parallel, in virtual machines that could be their own information-users.
This contradicts a number of common mistakes, such as the assumption that information-processing machines have to operate serially, that they have to use only programs installed by a designer, and that they cannot be aware of what they are doing, or why they are doing it, or decide to change their goals. Such mistakes might be overcome if more people studied AI, even if only designing relatively simple agents, as proposed in [Sloman 2009d].
Although we (or at least software engineers and computer scientists, unlike most philosophers in 2009) understand current virtual machines well enough to create, modify, debug, extend and improve them, the virtual machines that have been produced by biological evolution are another matter: their complexity, their modes of operation, the best ways to describe what they do and how they do it, still defeat scientists, though many subscribe to various personal favourite theories of consciousness, or whatever.
Some of them think the known phenomena cannot possibly be explained in terms of information-processing machinery, though in most cases that is because their concept of information-processing is too impoverished - e.g. because based on the notion of a Turing machine, whose relevance to this topic was challenged in [Sloman 2002].
For example, Turing machines are limited to discrete operations, whereas there is no reason to assume that all information-processing has to be so limited, though it could turn out to be the case that no physical machine could support truly continuous information manipulation. Others take it for granted that brains are information-processing machines, but do not yet understand what information they process or how they do it. For instance, major features of human and animal vision remain unexplained.
It is clear that what I have written so far does not come near exhausting our current notion of information, though it gives an indication of the diversity of phenomena and mechanisms involved. Moreover since most of this was not known a hundred years ago it shows that we are in the process of discovering more about information through scientific and engineering research, though progress has not been as fast as many hoped.
This is just the beginning of an analysis of relationships between information, bearers, users, and contexts. What is written here will probably turn out to be a tiny subset of what needs to be said about information. A hundred years from now the theory may be very much more complex and deep, just as what we know now about information is very much more complex and deep than what we knew 60 years ago, partly because we have begun designing, implementing, testing and using so many new kinds of information-processing machines. The mechanisms produced by evolution remain more subtle and complex, however.
I doubt that anyone has yet produced a clear, complete and definitive list of facts about information that constitute an implicit definition of how we (the current scientific community well-educated in mathematics, logic, psychology, neuroscience, biology, computer science, linguistics, social science, artificial intelligence, physics, cosmology, and philosophy) currently understand and use the word "information". But at least this partial survey indicates how much we have already learnt, especially as concerns the complexity and causal powers of information processing mechanisms in virtual machinery, a topic that is still not understood by many scientists and engineers without personal experience of designing, building, testing and debugging a complex distributed virtual machine causally interacting with a complex external environment through concurrently active sensors and activators.
Some physicists seek a "theory of everything", e.g. [Barrow 1991,Deutsch 1997]. However, it does not seem likely that there can be a theory that is recognisable as a physical theory from which all the phenomena referred to here would be derivable, even though all the information-processing systems I have referred to, whether natural or artificial, must be implemented in physical systems. I suspect that we are in the early stages of understanding how the physical world can support non-physical entities of which simple kinds already exist in running virtual machines in computers, including virtual machines that monitor themselves, and use information about what is happening inside them to take decisions that alter their internal and external behaviours.
My own view has been, for several decades, that as regards information processing our state of knowledge could be compared with Galileo's knowledge of physics. He was making good progress and laying foundations for future developments: including developments he could not possibly imagine.
One of the drivers of progress in science (and philosophy) is improved understanding of what is not yet known. I believe the ideas sketched here help us to focus more clearly on aspects of information processing that are not yet understood. Doing that in far more detail with far more specific examples, can help to drive advances that will produce new, deeper, more general explanations. But only time will tell whether this is what Lakatos would call a progressive or a degenerating research programme.
1In at least two of the essays "The Cybernetics of `Self': A Theory of Alcoholism" and in "Form Substance and Difference".
4See also the discussion of alternatives to logical representations in [Sloman 1978,Chap7]. [Sloman 2008b] argues that non-communicative "languages" used for perception, learning, planning, etc., evolved before human languages, some of them using non-Fregean forms of representation.
On 21 May 2010, 11:47.
Ambler, A P., Barrow, H G., Brown, C M., Burstall, R M. Popplestone, R J. (1973), A Versatile Computer-Controlled Assembly System, Proc. Third Int. Joint Conf. on AI, IJCAI, Stanford, California, pp. 298--307.
Barrow, H. Tenenbaum, J. Recovering intrinsic scene characteristics from images, in Computer Vision Systems, Eds. A. Hanson and E. Riseman, Academic Press, New York, pp. 3--26, 1978.
Berthoz, A. (2000). The brain's sense of movement. London, UK: Harvard University Press.
Bridgman, P. (1927). The Logic of Modern Physics. New York: MacMillan.
Brooks, R A. (1991). Intelligence without representation. Artificial Intelligence, 47, 139-159.
Carnap, R. (1947). Meaning and necessity: a study in semantics and modal logic. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Cohen, L. (1962). The diversity of meaning. London: Methuen & Co Ltd.
Deutsch, D. (1997). The Fabric of Reality. London: Allen Lane, The Penguin Press.
Dyson, G B. (1997). Darwin Among The Machines: The Evolution Of Global Intelligence. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Gibson, E J. Pick, A D. (2000). An Ecological Approach to Perceptual Learning and Development. New York: Oxford University Press.
Gibson, J J. (1979). The ecological approach to visual perception. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
Grush, R. (2004). The emulation theory of representation: Motor control, imagery, and perception. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 27 , 377-442.
Hare, R. M. (1952). The Language of Morals. Oxford: Oxford University Pres.
Harnad, S. (1990). The Symbol Grounding Problem. Physica D, 42 , 335-346.
Lee, D. Lishman, J. (1975). Visual proprioceptive control of stance. Journal of Human Movement Studies 1, 87-95.
M.Minsky. (2005, September). Interior Grounding, Reflection, and Self-Consciousness. In Brain, Mind and Society, Proceedings of an International Conference on Brain, Mind and Society.
Newell, A. (1980). Physical symbol systems. Cognitive Science, 4, 135-183.
Peterson, D.(Ed) . (1996). Forms of representation: an interdisciplinary theme for cognitive science. Exeter, U.K.: Intellect Books.
Ryle, G. (1949) The Concept of Mind, London: Hutchinson.
Sloman, A. (2007c). Why symbol-grounding is both impossible and unnecessary, and why theory-tethering is more powerful anyway. (Research Note No. COSY-PR-0705). Birmingham, UK. | 2019-04-20T04:21:05 | http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/cogaff/sloman-inf-chap.html |
0.999626 | Why am I getting R14/R15 errors in NodeJS?
An R14 error can indicate either a memory leak, an improperly tuned garbage collector, or an app that is memory-bound and needs vertical scaling.
In this case, the server creates a memory leak by registering a million event listeners each time a request is made. Each listener takes up very little memory, but they add up over time and are never garbage collected. A typical case is usually the inverse: an app that leaks perhaps one or two event listeners per request, but then gets hundreds of thousands of requests over a period of time.
To debug an R14, first you must identify whether your app has a leak, requires a container with more memory, or just needs more aggressive garbage collection settings.
First, you should tune the garbage collector to fit your container's available memory. If this fixes your issue, great! It was just V8's default garbage collection being lazy and greedy.
If your app continues to exceed available memory, you should then run heapdump locally. Run it several times as you simulate traffic to the app, then compare the resulting memory dumps to see what is growing over time in memory. If you see a class of objects (for instance, the above event listeners) growing without reason, then you've identified a memory leak.
It's possible that you won't be able to recreate the leak locally, in which case you can inspect your application's performance directly on the dyno. With Heroku Exec, you can turn inspect on for your live instance after SSHing in. Once inspect is on, you can forward the port using Exec and debug locally.
Finally, if you don't see any type of objects growing beyond what you would expect per request, or being retained for longer than they're necessary, it could be that your app simply requires more memory. If it's on a 1X dyno, try it out on a 2X dyno. If it's on a 2X, try a Performance-M. If this is the necessary solution, you should also consider refactoring - V8 is designed to use about 1.5 GB of memory per process; apps that approach this limit are usually better decoupled into separate services. | 2019-04-19T07:24:17 | https://help.heroku.com/8R0J1IAP/why-am-i-getting-r14-r15-errors-in-nodejs |
0.999743 | 1. In a small bowl, mix the ground flax seed and water and set aside for about 10 minutes.
2. Preheat oven to 325 degrees Fahrenheit and grease a 9x5 inch loaf pan.
3. In a large bowl, whisk together the oil and maple syrup.
4. Add in the mashed bananas, vanilla, and flax/water mixture and stir well.
5. Sift the flour, baking soda, salt and cinnamon into the bowl and fold in until just combined.
7. Pour the batter into the loaf pan and bake for about 60 minutes, or until a toothpick inserted into the center comes out clean. | 2019-04-23T10:50:42 | http://www.sienawellness.com/news/healthyish-banana-bread |
0.997239 | Guidelines for Finding the Right Drones The drones on the market these days come in a variety of types, and each of them is designed with a particular purpose in mind. There are some drones specifically build for the American army and have a clear purpose of launching projectiles on enemy targets, and others made for people who either wish to have their own flying gadgets or those who love recording stuff from above. These days, both individuals and corporations and finding new ways to utilize drones in their daily lives. They are used for several purposes in various sectors like event photography, sports, real estate, and many others. Other applications include live coverage of events, wildlife research, and disaster relief. Apart from that, individuals are finding drones to be an excellent past time activity. As such, there has been a spike in the demand for drones and many people all across the world are looking to buy one. But it is important to note that buying a drone is not an easy task.
Since the drone industry is changing quite fast, you will want to ensure that you are knowledgeable of all the necessary information regarding drones in order to make the best choice when buying your next toy.
The market has many super cool drones to buy from some of the most reputable brands.In order to find the right drone that suits your needs best, it is imperative that you first identify the purpose for which you want to buy the drone. How you intend to use the drone is essential in helping you determine which type is well-suited for you. For instance, those who are looking to acquire this device for recreational purposes only, can consider a small and cheap quadcopter. However, individuals looking to buy a drone to enable them to carry out professional duties need to consider more advanced models capable of allowing them to perform the tasks efficiently. Additionally, you should consider the machinery of the drone when buying one. Different kinds of drones have their own respective mechanisms. It is worth noting that not all drones will come with the machinery to carry out the purpose you want them to. For example, while a quadcopter with simple machinery may be sufficient for those looking to use it for fun, it may not be enough when using it for a commercial purpose. As such, you have to look for a drone whose machinery is capable of completing the intended task. Another important factor to check out for when choosing the best drones is the battery time. Basically, a drone will fly for about 5 to 15 minutes at a stretch. When a drone has a bigger battery; it can fly for more than an hour. It is best that you opt for a drone that has a powerful battery, as well as one whose battery is rechargeable and that which can be powered up quickly. | 2019-04-18T18:43:15 | http://fivenightsatfreddys-2.com/a-brief-rundown-of-reviews.html/ |
0.999653 | What will be the best video output for our ORIC from RGB?
Is it possible to build a small interface without having to buy an expensive converter?
My year old Panasonic LED TV doesn't have a SCART socket already but they included a cable that has a Female SCART block to some type of special edge connector to connect to a AV1 port which is on the back. Maybe other manufacturers will do the same ?. So we may still be able to connect "legacy" tech.
Failing that there are SCART => HDMI boxes around I don't know how well they would work with an Oric's SCART output though. I know you don't want to buy a converter but it's probably too much of a hassle to scratch build one.
This is one of the reasons why I try to collect the LCD TV's with SCART whenever I see them at the local dump .. alas, people do throw away perfectly useful LCD TV's these days as they upgrade to HDMI, so it seems there is always a new screen for us out there .. perhaps its similar to your circumstances at the local waste disposal facility?
It's not necessarily ideal, but getting a simple powered SCART to HDMI adapter works well enough.
Is there any lag in SCART to HDMI adapters?
There shouldn't be lag. I have tried 2 different scalers and they worked.
Only drawback is the BIG wire mess: RGB-SCART cable (+ eventually power adapter cord) + SCART-HDMI box + power adapter cord + HDMI cable = real spaghetti .
The price 20-30 EUR can be important factor too.
And if you buy something from China - be sure that the SCART input supports RGB (not only composite and/or S-Video). | 2019-04-22T00:27:29 | http://forum.defence-force.com/viewtopic.php?p=11790& |
0.999965 | UNITED NATIONS, May 13, updated -- Should the UN be collecting and distributing statements to downplay armed rebel groups' violations of international humanitarian law?
For the Syrian rebels, recently accused of sarin gas use and including groups affiliated with Al Qaeda which behead their enemies, that is what the UN's IRIN has done today, here.
The article or argument is entitled "'Sometimes you cannot apply the rules' - Syrian rebels and International Humanitarian Law."
Actually the acronym IHL is used. The article appears on the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs' "ReliefWeb" site, where what IRIN stands for it not spelled out or explained.
The UN's OCHA is run by Baroness Valerie Amos of the United Kingdom, a country whose David Cameron government wants to arm the Syrian rebels.
The UK is given OCHA, just the way France has been ceded UN Peacekeeping in the form of Herve Ladsous, the fourth Frenchman in a row to hold the post (video here), and the US had the Department of Political Affairs, two times in a row now.
The UN's argument has a first quote from "a former colonel now commanding a unit of the Free Syrian Army (FSA) in the northwestern governorate of Idlib, said he sees the regime's blatant disregard for human rights as all the more reason to commit himself to international norms. 'The abuses were one of the main reasons the revolution started, so of course we should respect humanitarian laws.'"
How nice. The UN's IRIN says that "Jabhat al-Nusra (The Front for the Support of the people of Syria)... relies on a religious scholar among its commanders who provides guidelines that all the members adhere to." These include beheadings.
As if in an infomercial, the UN's OCHA runs this quote: "'If we distribute food supplies, we go from house to house and check who is in need,' said Raed al Aliwi, the FSA commander in Hama. 'We don't ask about people's religion or political opinion.'" The article has no byline, only three sets of initials: "gk/ha/cb."
It is helpfully noted that "the UK is also funding a programme by two consultancy firms to train rebels using an Arabic curriculum about international humanitarian law."
The problem here, not addressed in the article, is that whatever its other aspirations, IRIN is a project of the UN. ReliefWeb is run by UN OCHA, which is run by a UK official. These are problems. Watch this site.
Footnote: In the past, OCHA has been responsive, at least when compared to Ladsous' UN Peacekeeping. For example, when Inner City Press pointed out that the English translation of an OCHA report on Haiti called the internally displaced persons' camps (and thus the IDPs) "promiscuous," OCHA quickly replied to Inner City Press, explained and apologized, and re-translated. This one goes more to the political heart of the matter, so we'll see.
Update: as predicted, while OCHA acknowledged the problem with the lower profile Haiti IDP camp report translation, on this one, it's response is formal, does not acknowledge any problem with a UN OCHA "project" operating in essence to bolster the human rights reputation of the Syrian rebels.
Many things claim to be independent, but ownership or affiliations are just that. If IRIN started running anti-UN stories, would OCHA remain affiliated with them?
I saw your post today. I just wanted to make sure, that for future reference, the difference was clear between OCHA's 'corporate' web and social media presences and the two information services we maintain for the international and humanitarian community: IRIN and ReliefWeb.
is an editorially independent, non-profit project of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), funded entirely by voluntary contributions from governments and other institutions.
ReliefWeb is an information aggregator service, scanning content from thousands of sources (eg NGO, media, Government, OCHA, other UN, and others) on humanitarian issues.
Both sites carry disclaimers, i.e. that the content represented on these sites is not endorsed by or reflective of OCHA or UN views and policies - unless where specifically stated or described. | 2019-04-26T12:10:38 | http://www.innercitypress.com/syria1irinocha051313.html |
0.997539 | For other uses, see Street Smart.
Street Smarts was a United States game show that featured two in-studio contestants trying to predict the outcome of interviews of people who were found on the street. The show, which was presented by Frank Nicotero, aired in syndication from 2000 to 2005.
Before the game actually starts, two studio contestants are introduced, as well as three "street savants", whose interviews were pre-recorded.
A question is posed, and the studio contestants must choose which of the three "savants" gave the correct answer. A correct guess earns $100. Three questions are asked in this round, and sometimes two "savants" will have answered a question correctly. Sometimes, as an aside, Nicotero will call for a wrong-answer clip to be played to add humor to the show.
This is similar to the first round, but the object is to guess who got the question wrong; for each question, only two of the "savants" are considered (one of whom answered correctly), and correct guesses are now worth $200.
Also, a Dunce Cap is in play in Round Two; Once the question is posed, an in-studio contestant can hit their buzzer if he/she thinks that his/her opponent does not know the answer. The person hitting his/her buzzer usually placed the Dunce Cap on his/her opponent. The "dunce" is allowed to hear the question in its entirety, and must then answer the question within 5 seconds. If the dunce gets the question wrong, $200 goes to the person who hit the buzzer. However, if the dunce does know the answer, then the "dunce" gets the $200 and is allowed to place the dunce cap on his/her opponent (that is, the person who hit the buzzer originally). In either case, the cap must be worn for the remainder of the round. Also, only one dunce cap opportunity is available.
The third round saw the two contestants choose one of the "savants" to work with for the entire round. The round was known as "Pick Your Pony" for the first three seasons and "Pick Your Brain" in the final two seasons. Each question goes to an individual contestant, who must decide whether their "brain/pony" got the question right or wrong. Three questions are asked of each contestant, for a total of six in the round. Correct guesses are now worth $300. The Dunce Cap is back in this round, regardless of whether it was used in the previous round. Once again there is one dunce per round, but dunces are now worth $300.
The "right" reference is indicated in green; the "wrong" reference in red.
Before the final commercial break, a question is asked. During the commercial, the contestants each choose, in secret, 1) which "savant" they wish to pick, 2) whether they got the question right or wrong, and 3) the amount of their score that they wish to wager. A correct guess adds the contestant's wager to his/her score, while an incorrect guess loses the wager. High scorer at the end of the game keeps their money, and, in season 5, has the opportunity to risk their winnings for the possibility of a slot in the season-ending Tournament of Champions (see below). An exception to this rule occurs when celebrities play for charity: the winning player's charity receives the money won, with a minimum of $1,000; the losing player's charity receives $500, regardless of the actual score.
The theoretical maximum win on Street Smarts was $4,600, this required getting all questions right, an all-in bet on the "Wager of Death," and winning both "Dunces."
If the game ended in a tie at more than $0, one final question was asked to both studio contestants. The first player to buzz-in chooses to either answer the question or pass it to his/her opponent. If the buzzing player chooses to answer, he or she must answer based on the information given to that point; if he or she passes, the other player is allowed to hear the entire question. A correct answer by the responding contestant wins the game; answering incorrectly awards the game to their opponent. The tiebreaker only takes place if the players have money; if both players have $0, then the game is over and nobody wins.
In all celebrity episodes, the game ends in a tie and both charities receive the same amount.
For the first season of Street Smarts, the contestants sat in chairs and recorded their answers in the first two rounds using a mechanical trilon and a paddle for the "Pick Your Pony" round. For the Wager of Death, the contestants would write their wagers and predictions down. Meanwhile, television screens positioned next to their chairs would show the score.
Beginning in season two and continuing for the remainder of the series, the contestants stood behind a desk for the whole show and recorded their answers by way of pushing buttons.
Most of the questions asked of the savants are designed to be things people should know, but apparently do not (similar to the segment Jaywalking on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno). For example, in one episode, a savant was asked "What color is the exterior of the White House?" After some thought, the savant answered "Beige." Another notable example was an elderly woman who claimed to be a nurse and, when asked what HMO meant, she got it confused with the premium television channel, HBO. Occasionally Nicotero, when asking the savant, would break the fourth wall, such as when a savant who was in the US Navy was asked to define "league" as in 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea. After getting it incorrect, Nicotero walked up to the camera and said to the contestant "I bet you thought she would get this right!" Sometimes the questions would be vocabulary-based, in which a word, such as pinochle, was shown to the contestant, who would then have to speculate whether or not the savant used the word properly in a sentence.
Other questions are trick questions that are designed to catch some people off guard. These are also to see if the savants are paying attention. For example, Nicotero asked one savant, "Canada is the capital of what state?" (Mark DeCarlo was able to successfully put the dunce cap on Mark L. Walberg on that same question and earn $200 for it.) The savant replied, "Australia!" Later, another savant pointed out the right answer by saying, "It's not! It's a country!"
Sometimes shows took on a certain theme, with Nicotero interviewing the savants in a costume akin to the theme. A couple episodes had been known as "Revenge Episodes", in which savants who believed they had been humiliated on air could get the chance to make money as contestants themselves. Some of the people who were invited back for "Revenge Episodes" were not humiliated, but simply very entertaining. One of these persons was Russell Fletcher who showed up as a savant and then was invited back as a contestant. Fletcher was mostly invited back to the show due to the enormous amount of e-mail and snail mail that was directed at him because of his showing of real knowledge in most areas of questions. In November 2000, one episode revolved around the United States 2000 presidential election where Nicotero wore an Uncle Sam costume when questioning savants and all questions pertained to American elections or political workings, such as "Why did Bill Clinton refuse to seek a third term?"
Other shows invited classic television stars and game show hosts to play for their favorite charities. The episode that pitted Mark L. Walberg (who at the time was hosting the game show Russian Roulette) against Mark DeCarlo (who at the time was voicing Hugh Neutron (the title character's dad) on Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius) was notable in that Walberg won the game with $2 to DeCarlo's $1. But because it was a charity episode, Walberg received $1,000 for Goodwill Industries of Southern California while DeCarlo received $500 for the M.S. Society of America.
To celebrate the series being the first street-interview show in 20 years to be renewed for a fifth season, Street Smarts offered its winning contestants an opportunity to compete for $100,000 in a season-ending, single-elimination tournament for what proved to be its final season. On each episode the winning contestant was given the choice to either take whatever money he/she had won and leave, or forfeit the money and receive a spot in the tournament instead. Thirty-two contestants elected to give back their winnings to take the chance at winning $100,000.
The tournament took place over the final thirty-one episodes of the season, and each game was played for points instead of money. The first sixteen episodes comprised the first round, referred to as "The Thunderous 32" on air. The winners of those episodes advanced to the second round, consisting of eight episodes and called "The Savvy 16". The eight winners from those episodes advanced to the third round, consisting of four episodes and called "The Great 8". The winners would face off in the last two episodes before the final, called "The 'Phat' 4", and the winners of those two games faced off in the final match, referred to as "The Six-Figure Showdown", for the $100,000 grand prize.
The tournament concluded on May 25, 2005, with Teresa Lee winning the final match and the $100,000. The tournament final also served as the final episode of Street Smarts (as the series was not renewed for the 2005-06 season), and reruns continued until September 23, 2005.
Reruns of the show have aired in the past on both WGN America and Game Show Network.
Originally, the show was to have three "field reporters" who would appear on location with the savants and ask them the questions with the main host only appearing in the studio. The idea was later scrapped mostly due to lack of talent from those who auditioned, and Nicotero, who originally signed on as a field reporter, was promoted to main host as well as asking questions to all savants.
This page was last edited on 17 February 2019, at 06:48 (UTC). | 2019-04-18T21:06:57 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Smarts |
0.999993 | Q: Iโve heard that drinking a glass of wine a day is good for the heart. Is this true?
A: Drinking a small amount of alcohol (one drink a day) is likely not harmful for your heart. But the idea that drinking alcohol might be good for your overall health isnโt fully backed by science.
Over the years some studies have associated drinking small amounts of alcohol with lowered risk of heart disease.
In those studies, people who drank moderate amounts of alcohol (less than two drinks a day most days) had about a 20% lower risk of dying from heart disease โ including heart attack, atrial fibrillation, heart failure and coronary artery disease โ when compared to those who didnโt drink.
This trend seems to hold for people who are living with heart disease and those who arenโt. And the benefits were seen whether drinking wine, beer or spirits.
These findings can be reassuring for most folks โ but they are certainly not a recommendation to start drinking for health benefits.
Whatโs not clear from these studies is whether the lower risk of dying from heart disease comes from alcohol or other factors.
For example, the complications become evident when you look at the abstainers who participated in these studies. It's very challenging in the surveys to tease out why people avoid alcohol. Some people abstain because they're ill. Others donโt drink because they may have a predisposition to alcoholism. Unfortunately, we don't always get an honest answer from participants because of social stigma.
So itโs entirely possible that the benefits seen in these studies among mild to moderate drinkers have less to do with the alcohol and more to do with the individuals participating in the studies.
There's also the strong effect of socioeconomic status. Where you live, education level and income are factors that heavily influence your health. Studies show that when you adjust for these factors and certain behaviours like tobacco use, diet and exercise, a lot of the protective effects of alcohol dilute away and sometimes even reverse.
In fact, thereโs an interesting paradox that comes with alcohol consumption. While small amounts can be good for you, overconsumption is a serious risk factor for both heart disease and stroke. In all cases, once you start drinking heavily, your risk increases.
Chronic consumption of large amounts of alcohol can result in a condition called alcoholic cardiomyopathy. You can actually drink your heart muscle into a weakened state when you consume heavily (four to five drinks a day over several years).
The picture becomes even more pronounced with binge drinking.
Binge drinking (4 or more drinks in a single session for women; 5 or more drinks in a single session for men) and heavy drinking can increase your blood pressure and risk of developing an irregular heart rhythm, such as atrial fibrillation. This could increase your risk of mortality whether youโre living with heart disease or not. Survivors of heart attacks who reported binge drinking are twice as likely to die from any cause, including heart disease, compared with non-binge drinkers. Thereโs no question that binge drinking โ even if it's only one day a week โ puts you at higher risk.
We tend to minimize this point but if you're trying to lose weight in a healthy way, cutting down on alcohol saves you a lot of calories too! Changing to light or non-alcoholic beer is probably better than regular beer in that regard as well as the alcohol content.
Bottom line: if you donโt drink alcohol, you are not missing out, itโs not recommended that you start. Other negative effects of alcohol include risk of cancer, liver disease, pancreatitis, accidents, violence and suicide.
There are better ways to reduce your risk of heart disease, such as exercising, eating a balanced diet and quitting smoking. These all offer benefits without the added risks that alcohol carries. On the other hand, if you drink a small amount of alcohol occasionally, itโs not necessarily harmful. The key is moderation.
There are exceptions which is why itโs important to talk to your doctor about how much alcohol youโre drinking. There are people who need to abstain from alcohol because it can aggravate their condition. Mixing alcohol with certain medications can also lead to harmful side effects.
three drinks a day most days, to a weekly maximum of 15 for men.
341 mL / 12 oz (1 bottle) of regular strength beer (5% alcohol).
142 mL / 5 oz wine (12% alcohol).
43 mL / 1 1/2 oz spirits (40% alcohol).
Could you use an exercise prescription? | 2019-04-18T12:40:44 | https://www.heartandstroke.ca/articles/ask-a-cardiologist-alcohol-and-heart-health |
0.998681 | What's included in the backup?
How often should I back up my ArcGIS Enterprise deployment?
How long should I keep backup files?
You can create backups of your ArcGIS Enterprise deployment and restore the most recent backup in the event of a failure or corruption. This allows you to recover the portal items, services, and data that existed at the time you created the backup.
Restoring backups to recover your deployment is a good option if your users will accept some amount of downtime and possible data loss, and your organization does not have the infrastructure or resources to devote to a highly available deployment.
Backups can also be kept even if you implement other disaster recovery strategies. They provide extra insurance that you can recover your deployment if your primary strategy fails. For example, if you maintain a replicated deployment and both your primary and replicated deployments fail at the same time (perhaps they were running on servers in the same building and the building loses power or there's an electrical surge that destroys both servers), you still have a backup to which you can resort.
You have the option to create incremental backups between full backups. When you create an incremental backup, the backup file contains all changes made since the last full backup.
Map service cache tiles and hosted tile layer cachesโIf you have either of these, make a backup copy of all directories where your cache tiles are stored (for example, the entire arcgiscache directory under C:\arcgisserver\directories\ or <ArcGIS Server installation directory>/arcgis/server/usr/directories). These directories contain the cache tiles and the tiling scheme file conf.xml. The cache directories may also contain a file geodatabase, status.gdb, which contains information about what tiles have been built. When you restore the site, move or copy the information back to the original arcgiscache directory.
Referenced data sources for web servicesโFor file-based data sources, you need to make backup copies of those files. For data stored in a database, use the tools of your database management system to create database backups.
Spatiotemporal big data store backupsโIf you have a spatiotemporal big data store registered with your hosting server, create backups using the ArcGIS Data Store backupdatastore utility.
To create incremental backups with the the webgisdr utility, you must enable point-in-time recovery, or the utility will fail.
Also note that the webgisdr utility must have access to at least one of the machines in the hosting server site through the ArcGIS Server Administrator Directory URL and the primary data store to succeed. To determine if the ArcGIS Server Administrator Directory URL is accessible, open the ArcGIS Server Administrator Directory from a browser on the machine where you will run the webgisdr utility.
Each backup takes time to create. The amount of time it takes increases as the amount and size of your content increases. You can decrease that time by doing incremental backups between full backups.
Backup creation is a network-intensive process and could affect network performance. It would be best to perform full backups while there is less traffic on your network, such as at night, and perform incremental backups during periods of lower traffic during the day, such as during the staff's lunch hour. You can run the webgisdr tool as a scheduled task within Windows Task Scheduler. Additionally, the tool can be moved to and run from a different machine than the portal installation, as long as communication is open between the machine where the tool is run and the ArcGIS Enterprise components.
Even though backup files are compressed, they still take storage space. You have to maintain enough space in your secure backup location to store your backup files.
Deciding how long to keep backup files depends on the amount of free disk space you have and how much flexibility you require for recovery options. If you won't need to restore to a time before the last full backup, you can keep the last full backup and the incremental backups created since then. Incremental backups created with the webgisdr tool are cumulative; you can apply the most recent incremental backup to the last full backup. Therefore, at minimum, you need to retain the last full backup and the most recent incremental backup created since that full backup.
You could also move a few sets of older backups to another location, such as storage media. That way, if you discover that key data and services were deleted prior to the last full backup, you'll still have the files available.
The webgisdr utility records the software versions of the ArcGIS Enterprise components when you create a backup. The deployment to which you restore must be at the same version it was when you created the backup. Additionally, you must restore to the same type of operating system. For example, you cannot create a backup of an ArcGIS Enterprise deployment on Linux and restore it to Windows machines. | 2019-04-20T14:32:34 | http://enterprise.arcgis.com/en/portal/latest/administer/windows/overview-backup-restore-web-gis.htm |
0.999318 | Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) filters are an excellent choice for removal of chlorine, taste and odour, or organics in water. Some types will even reduce metals. There are many different variations but most are either coconut coal, wood based or bone.
Coconut husks or coal is heat treated in the absence of oxygen to produce activated carbon. Granular just means the shapes produced are irregular particles in sizes ranging from 0.2 to 5mm (ideal sizes for water treatment). The treatment is designed to produce a vast structure of pores creating a massive surface area for adsorption.
Granular activated carbon works by absorbing the soluble pollutants onto its surface and holding them. Because it has such a massive surface area the amount of absorption is probably one of the greatest of any natural man made material available. Eventually all the pores are filled and the carbon will need to be replaced. As the contaminants are absorbed onto the carbon backwashing the filters is a good idea as the pollutants are held firm but the carbon can be rebeded stopping channelling.
Which type of GAC do I need?
By choosing the type of GAC coconut, coal wood etc and by treating it in suitably different ways its performance can be optimised for particular jobs. 12 x 30 coconut shell is often used in systems for dechlorination, organic colour removal and protection of RO membranes. Coal based GAC is often used for removing larger chain organic molecules or where high hardness and mechanical strength are need. If the carbon is treated with silver it acts as a natural bactericide and helps reduce bacteria although this is expensive. Acid washing carbon increases the purity, reduces the ash content and is particularly suited for ultrapure water treatment systems. Bone charcoal is phosphate rich and good at reducing natural colour, and heavy metals including lead.
Different contaminants require different contact times and different flow rates so careful attention to the flow rates and the application is important eg for chlorination using coconut based GAC at contact time of 4-6 minutes is suggested. | 2019-04-20T12:53:48 | https://gapswater.co.uk/acatalog/copy_of_Carbon_Filters__Chlorine__Organics_and_colour_Removal_-p1.html |
0.999798 | In order to play Super Mario Bros., one does not have to think like an Italian plumber. The player does not have to think like a blue cartoon forest critter to speed through levels in Sonic the Hedgehog. But to play Snake Pass, you absolutely have to "think like a snake."
At least in terms of movement, every action on behalf of playable snake Noodle feels unlike anything ever before felt in platformers and adventure games. In terms of control, Snake Pass is one of the most original games in concept and execution. But does premise hold up to promise?
Disregarding some camera issues, the answer is a resounding yes.
In Snake Pass, the player takes control of Noodle, a carefree, big-eyed coiler called into action by his hummingbird pal Doodle because magical artifacts have gone missing in their floating island home of Haven Tor. It's a simple setup, and it gives way to an addicting puzzle-solving, platforming adventure, which has to be one of the most creative control schemes implemented in the gaming world in recent memory.
Moving Noodle back and forth to gain momentum with nudges of the analog stick is satisfying itself, but once raising Noodle's head to twist amongst the variety of bamboo structures comes into play, Snake Pass's way of maneuvering through a three-dimensional space starts to compete with the polish and precision which the likes of Mario is used to.
The main difference in Snake Pass is that the controls are more complicated, largely because no other game has likely ever attempted them. Holding a trigger to move forward and working the analog stick in subtle ways that have deadly repercussions if nudged the wrong way needs room for the player's learning curve. Thankfully, the first world of Snake Pass is easy and fun to pick up for anyone interested in trying out a new gameplay mechanic.
Sumo Digital's physics for this game are marvelous, as switches, levers, and balls all react believably against the environment and Noodle's movements. Other assets come into play in later levels, such as water that allows Noodle to dive and swim freely like a water snake, hot coals that burn him, and wind that is implemented as both an obstacle and an assistant.
Noodle is accompanied by a support character, a hummingbird named Doodle, who does everything a partner character should and nothing more. Doodle sets up a quick layer of exposition for the game's simple narrative, provides quick tutorials only when needed, and interacts with Noodle by picking up his tail to save Noodle from a fall or make a puzzle a tad bit easier.
The duo charm is certainly reminiscent, and wonderfully so, of Rareware's classic Banjo-Kazooie franchise, but that's not all that returns from that era. Composer David Wise brings six tracks to the table, and they are all masterpieces worth listening to for the hours the player will likely spend in the floating islands of Haven Tor.
Snake Pass is also gorgeous to look at. Unreal Engine 4 does the world justice in every respect, from providing vibrant color to the levels to making everything Noodle interacts with perfectly responsive.
The only element of Snake Pass that is sometimes not so perfect is the camerawork. As levels progress and get more complicated (with more collectible secrets and pathways to hide), on occasion the camera does not know how to keep up with the action, or at least not in the exact angle the player would prefer. That being said, the camera can easily be controlled manually for the majority of the experience. Rotating the other analog stick is well-suited for helping Noodle find every Wisp and Gatekeeper Coin that awaits him.
Replayablity is not only a factor for Snake Pass in terms of going back and finding everything one missed, but also because this title is wholly unique and stands proudly as one of the most fun to play games released this year.
Snake Pass is a game that anyone who enjoys 3D platformers should experience. Everything in the game works around its engrossing gameplay mechanics of slithering around, coiling up bamboo structures, and solving other puzzles with Noodle's flexible body. While some camera issues become a real problem in later worlds, the finicky behavior of the camera does not pop up too often and can be combated with manual control of the camera most of the time. If the player is willing to work through a learning curve that needs to be longer than most others in order to be brilliant in concept and thrilling in execution for the gamer, then Snake Pass is a beautifully unique game that should not be missed.
Incredibly satisfying way to control a video game character; charming world; impeccable score courtesy of David Wise; collectibles offer worthwhile replay value.
Sometimes poor camera controls; steeper than usual learning curve. | 2019-04-19T15:03:15 | https://www.gamnesia.com/reviews/snake-pass-wraps-around-uniqueness-slithers-into-innovation |
0.999462 | Dogs Bite Decatur Al: DENISON TX - A FAMILY PIT BULL MIX CHAINED UP IN THEIR BACK YARD CHOMPED ON THE FACE OF THEIR 4-YEAR-OLD BOY...MED FLIGHT TO DALLAS!!!
DENISON TX - A FAMILY PIT BULL MIX CHAINED UP IN THEIR BACK YARD CHOMPED ON THE FACE OF THEIR 4-YEAR-OLD BOY...MED FLIGHT TO DALLAS!!!
(KXII) -- A four-year-old Denison boy is in the hospital after being mauled in his back yard by the family dog.
The kid was bitten right in the face by the PIT BULL MIX Monday afternoon, but it's a family dog one neighbor said she never thought would do this.
"That's just terrifying that one minute you're fine and the next minute your child is hurt," neighbor Barbara Magers said.
A four-year-old boy was playing in his back yard with some other kids Monday afternoon on Morton Street in Denison, when his family's dog attacked.
"The dog was chained up and when the child got close to the dog, it just attacked the little boy," Denison Police Lt. Mike Eppler said.
Denison police said the little boy is suffering from substantial facial and skull injuries. He was transported to a local hospital but then flown to a Dallas hospital.
Neighbor Barbara Magers said she never saw any signs of aggression from the pit bull mix.
"We've never had problem walking past them, I mean they bark but their tails are wagging, they're just saying hello," Magers said.
An unexpected attack the boy's parents tell police happened without any warning.
Police said this serves as a reminder to always take extra caution when small kids are around large dogs.
"It's always a really good idea to have someone supervising when a child is around a dog, especially if it's a dog that may be known to be vicious," Eppler said.
The family tells police the boy had surgery Tuesday morning and will be in the hospital for a while, but is expected to be okay.
The dog was signed over to animal control and will be euthanized.
"The poor parents, my heart is broken for them that they are having to go through this with their baby," Magers said.
The poor parents? More like the parents made a poor choice in pets. Why have a "dog" if it has to be chained up outside? I have a dog, and it lives in the house with me and my family. No one has been chomped on yet. Gee, I wonder if breed has anything to do with it?
I feel terrible for the child for having been injured like this, and for having idiot parents that can't see beyond the nanny dog myth. | 2019-04-19T12:35:26 | http://www.dogsbitedecatural.com/2017/07/denison-tx-family-pit-bull-mix-chained.html |
0.999998 | This recipe is SO tasty I completely forgot to take a picture of the finished product before I stuffed my pregnant face with it. Im almost ashamed to admit it, but I actually ate 2 of them for dinner the first night.
Makes 5 (4 serving) meals. Around 20 gyros.
2. Cut chicken into small chunks or strips.
3. Dump chicken in the marinade. Place in the fridge and marinate for at least 2 hours.
4. Saute and cook chicken.
And what would a gyro be without some gyro sauce??
1. In a mixing bowl add all ingredients and beat until smooth. | 2019-04-26T00:30:14 | http://recipechick.blogspot.com/2009/09/chicken-gyros.html |
0.996101 | THE NUMBER ONE BESTSELLER 'I like thinking big. I always have. To me it's very simple: If you're going to be thinking anyway, you might as well think big.' - Donald J. Trump Here is Trump in action - how he runs his business and how he runs his life - as he meets the people he needs to meet, chats with family and friends, clashes with enemies, and changes the face of the New York City skyline. But even a maverick plays by the rules, and Trump has formulated eleven guidelines for success. He isolates the common elements in his greatest deals; he shatters myths; he names names, spells out the zeros, and fully reveals the deal-maker's art. And throughout, Trump talks - really talks - about how he does it. Trump: The Art of the Deal is an unguarded look at the mind of a brilliant entrepreneur and an unprecedented education in the practice of deal-making. It's the most streetwise business book there is - and the ultimate read for anyone interested in making money and achieving success, and knowing the man behind the spotlight. | 2019-04-19T19:15:57 | https://www.easons.com/trump-donald-trump-9781784758240 |
0.97672 | I actually started Blamires' book first. Only after I started reading Schaeffer's work did I realize that both dealt with the post-Christian mind. Once I noticed that, a comparison of the two seemed like a 'really good' idea. Blamires began with two advantages: fame and currency.
What do I mean by that? Well, Blamires is known for his minor classic The Christian Mind, and The Post-Christian Mind was published thirty years later than Schaeffer's work. Given these facts, I anticipated that Blamires' work would be the really better read of the two, or at least more useful in reacting to the post-Christian mind - the mind that continues to shape our Western culture today. Read on to find out whether I was right.
Blamires' best moment is perhaps his qualified justification of democracy: "Thus the principle of democracy does not in itself testify that everyone is so competent that their opinion must be acted upon. The principle of democracy testifies that everyone is so subject to corruption that the reins of power must not be left for long in anyone's hands without check."
On the other hand, his view of insurance and advertising has nothing clearly Christian (or commonsensical) about it. He views both as a kind of taxation, since we cannot choose whether we will pay for either, as both get folded into the prices of products we buy. While there is certainly much to criticize in the content of advertising, his criticism ignores the necessity of information to make wise purchases. If we don't want to pay for advertising, we can find information on less adverised products from sources like Consumer Report (which we would, of course, have to pay for). As for insurance, aside from the insurance that is required by law, we could, perhaps, avoid insurance by only buying products when we have enough savings to replace them if necessary - a tall order! In other words, insurance is not merely a tax, but is an actual service.
In the end, Blamires' analyses too often sound like the rants criticized in Ecclesiastes 7:10 - "Say not, 'Why were the former days better than these? For it is not from wisdom that you ask this." In contrast, Francis Schaeffer's Death in the City avoids sounding like mere complaint, even though Schaeffer's analysis of our culture relies strongly, to begin with, on his analysis of the relevance of the "weeping prophet," Jeremiah.
If Schaeffer has a weakness, it is that his exegesis of prophecy and lament from Jeremiah identifies the city and nation of Jeremiah's time with the city and Western nations of our time. While that may be questionable, given that Western nations are not, and have never been, God's covenant people, there is a strong parallel between the apostasy of Judah and the post-Christian rejection of God by cultures, as a whole, that have benefitted from Christian values, especially since the Reformation.
The strength of Schaeffer's analysis, on the other hand, is his compassion, his identification with the despair of post-Christian culture, and his focus on reacting not only to the post-Christian mind, but also the post-Christian heart. The first chapter speaks of the literal hunger of Jerusalem's people as parallelling the spiritual hunger of our time (his 1969 not being all that different from now, almost 50 years later); however, Schaeffer does not let modern man off the hook. It's not the case that man is searching for God; rather, people look for meaning in anything and everything but God. Schaeffer also warns Christians that we too must be persuaded that there is no cure for our culture but the Word of God, so that, of necessity, compassion for people trapped in the lies of our post-Christian world will include a message of God's judgment.
Schaeffer also cautions us in the church (and in our Christian organizations and educational institutions) not to fail to speak that message, not to fail to speak it passionately, and not to soften it with a rejection of any part of the truth of God's Word - as the leaders of Jeremiah's time did with his word from God. He exhorts us not only to preach the truth, but to live it, to face the cost of preaching and living the truth of God's word - as Jeremiah was told that he must do - in a society that has rejected God.
The last four chapter turn from Jeremiah in Jerusalem to Paul bringing the gospel to the Romans. Schaeffer shows how Paul first speaks to the man without the Bible, showing how man is lost, but great - a rebel, yes, but a rebel made in the image of God - so that the gospel is the power of God not only for a narrow kind of otherworldly salvation, but also for the rebuilding of the whole man in all his cultural endeavours. Schaeffer gives examples of how, since the meaning of life can only be received from God Himself, people have demonstrated the judgment of Romans 1 on those who reject God - that they also reject and lose touch with reality. On the basis of Romans 2, Schaeffer demonstrates that God is just in judging the man without the Bible, because we judge ourselves every time that we judge others by whatever standards we know through our being created in God's image.
But this universal guilt also brings us as Christians a universal responsibility - to treat our fellow rebels with compassion. As we do so, however, Schaeffer uses the image of the universe with two chairs to call us not to sit in the chair of the materialist. Materialists explicitly believe that there is no God in the universe, but Christians can easily act as if that were true. We are exhorted to live by faith in God - facing the lostness of man without God, but extending compassion to others in the name and in the power of Christ.
Whichever of these two you find to be the more useful in coping with or reaching out to our post-Christian world, you can find Schaeffer's book here, and/or Blamire's book here. | 2019-04-19T10:59:55 | http://www.reallygoodreads.com/2018/04/the-post-christian-mind-and-heart.html |
0.999874 | Given the legendary status of the Walt Disney brand in popular culture worldwide, you will be intrigued to learn the true story of the man behind this brand. Born into a family with a very strict and domineering father, and growing up on a farm, Walt Disney and his brothers had it rough and eventually, they all ran away from home quite early in their lives.
The older brothers Herb and Ray Disney were the first to run away and went to work in the city. Roy, with whom Walt co-founded The Walt Disney Company, also ran away at age 19. At 16, Walt dropped out of high school to join the army during the first world war, but he was rejected for being under-age, so with help from a friend of his, he lied about his age to the Red-Cross and was then employed as an ambulance driver. An interesting fact from this period of his life is that he got some serious troubles for painting cartoons in his ambulance. This vehicle, if existed today, probably would be valued at millions of dollars. After the armistice of November 1918, he was shipped off to France where he would work for about a year.
Walt Disney presenting โSnow whiteโ.
In 1919 after the war, Walt returned to Kansas City, but nobody would hire him neither as a cartoonist nor as an ambulance driver. After struggling for a while, Walt was delighted when his brother Roy finally helped him to get a temporary job at an art studio that created advertisements for magazines, movie-theaters, and newspapers. It was here that Walt met Ubbe Iwerks, who would later become a long-term partner and also Waltโs oldest friend.
When their temporary contracts ended, the two started the Iwerks-Disney Commercial Artists company. The company did not last long because of financial problems, so Walt went to work for the Kansas City Ad Company to earn some money and Iwerks also joined him there later. Waltโs boss at the ad company allowed him to borrow a camera to use in animation experiments at home, and after reading a book on the development of animated cartoons, Walt plunged fully into the world of animation.
His first animations were quite successful around the Kansas City area theaters and with the proceeds from these animations, he started his first animation studio called Laugh-O-Gram. He then hired additional animators including his old friend Ubbe Iwerks, but again financial problems plagued the company too. He couldnโt manage money well and many local theaters were refusing to show his animations. He even moved out of his apartment and lived in the Laugh-O-Gram for a while, feeding on canned food. Soon after, the company went bankrupt and Walt decided that he was probably not a good enough animator, he would try his luck at acting.
In the summer of 1923, at the age of 22, and after two failed business attempts, Walt Disney headed off to Los Angeles, California armed with $40 in cash and a cheap suitcase containing one shirt, two undershorts, two pairs of stockings and drawing materials. After a while, he and his brother Roy discovered that there was no animation studio headquartered there in Los Angeles, so after two months in California, they started their own animation company. This was the third company Walt had started, but unlike the other two, this one became truly successful, most probably because this time around, Walt focused completely on the animations while Roy who had worked in a bank and was much more business savvy focused on the business part of things.
The two brothers worked first on the โAlice Comediesโ, for which they received their first payment of $1,500. Walt did the animations while Roy worked as the Cameraman. Their teamwork started to pay off, even more, when Universal Studios ordered a production from them, it was called Oswald the lucky rabbit and it became an instant success. Walt decided that they needed more compensation given the high level of success of the Oswald project, so in February 1928 he went to New York to negotiate better terms.
On arrival in New York, Walt discovered that the Universal Studioโs producer had teamed up with his wife, who was also Disneyโs distributor for the Alice Comedies, to steal the Copyright of Oswald the rabbit, and not only that, all of his animators except Ubbe Iwerks now worked for Universal Studios as well. Walt was offered a 20% cut in pay but he refused it. On the train ride back to California, he devised a new character to replace Oswald the rabbit, inspired by one of the mice that ran around his office back in Kansas City. He originally called it Mortimer Mouse, but his wife would later convince him to change its name to Mickey Mouse.
Ubbe Iwerks, Disneyโs only remaining animator at the time who refused to betray his good friend and jump ship to Universal Studios was the one who took over the animation of Mickey Mouse but Walt gave it his voice. In 1927, MGM Studios refused to distribute the Mickey Mouse project stating that a large mouse on the screen would frighten women away, but Disney continued to search for a distributor. The first two Mickey Mouse animations had no sound and no distributor agreed to carry it but a year later in 1928, Disney released another Mickey Mouse animation which became an instant hit. It was called โSteamboat Willieโ and was the first animated film to have a soundtrack. From that year onward, Walt Disney became a rich man.
Walt Disney now had no more money problems but he was stilled obsessed with the idea of making an animated feature film. People laughed at this ridiculous idea of his and the project was even dubbed Disneyโs Folly. His wife, brother Roy and friends begged him to abandon this idea of an animated full-length movie, but Walt was adamant and moved forward with his plans. It took three years to complete it and the company ran out of money even before its completion so that Walt had to borrow money in order to complete the project. But, in February of 1938, the film was released and Walt Disney set another record with โSnow White and the Seven Dwarfsโ. It was the first American feature Film in Technicolor and made over $8 million in earnings on its initial release, which would be equivalent to about $130 million today. With that, Disney had arrived, and the rest, like they say, is history.
Liked the story? Share it with friends and support our site. | 2019-04-23T12:07:59 | https://businessideaslab.com/walt-disney-biography/ |
0.99737 | Can the Big Island go 100 percent renewable by 2030?
In 2009, Hawaii set an ambitious goal of reaching 40 percent renewable energy by 2030. Policymakers also set a goal of becoming 30 percent more efficient in the same time frame. This was a reach at the time, because over 95 percent of Hawaiiโs electricity then came from diesel-fired power plants.
Astoundingly, five years later, that 40 percent goal now looks far less ambitious due to two major intersecting trends: a tremendous reduction in the cost of renewable energy like solar power and wind power, and a pronounced and sustained increase in the cost of diesel.
However, Hawaiiโs one private-sector utility, Hawaii Electric Industries, Inc. (HEI), has been less than cooperative. The Hawaii PUC, with the support of Governor Neil Abercrombie, issued four very significant orders in late April that directed HEI to do far more.
Gov. Abercrombie, in announcing the new PUC orders, stated that โcentral to this administration and my philosophy in office [is] the transformation of energy.โ He added that โthere is no turning backโ on this transformation of Hawaiiโs energy system. This was a remarkable display of resolve by the governor and his commissioners. The speechifying is worth watching.
In light of this goal of transformation, it seems that the Hawaii PUC and Gov. Abercrombie should set a new target, with real teeth, rather than simply waiting for the utilities to come up with their own targets, as the current orders require. There's still sixteen years between now and 2030, so if any new goal that is created turns out to be unrealistic, there is plenty of time to make adjustments. The risk, it seems, given recent history, is on the side of not being ambitious enough.
Iโve been urging various policymakers and companies to create not only a higher state-wide renewable energy standard (RES), but also a Big Island-specific goal of becoming 100 percent renewable by 2030. The Big Island is the second largest grid in Hawaii, and it is also the biggest island (hence the name). In fact, the Big Island is twice as big as all the other islands combined. So there is plenty of space available for solar, wind, biomass, geothermal and even hydroelectric facilities.
I own a small home on the Big Island near Hilo, and I live there part time, so I have some interest in seeing the Big Island take the lead on energy. There is nothing in our way except a lack of imagination. The tools are available, and all that is needed is vision on the part of our political and policy leaders. The governor and the Hawaii PUC have made huge strides in the right direction with the set of recent orders. I urge the PUC and the governor to take one additional large step and work to pass legislation for a higher renewable standard for 2030, which includes a 100 percent RES for the Big Island. This consideration is part of the new process ordered by the PUC, but I urge the PUC and the governor to be proactive in calling for a specific number for a new RES, rather than letting the utilities specify their own number first.
How would Hawaii best achieve these new goals?
The most reliable tool for achieving higher RES targets is the feed-in tariff. Feed-in tariffs around the world have unleashed the renewable energy markets and produced large amounts of new power generation rapidly and often cost-effectively. The very first feed-in tariff in the world was right here in the U.S., and it was part of the Public Utilities Regulatory Policy Act (PURPA). This law required utilities to offer standard contracts for renewable energy projects of up to 80 megawatts at set rates. The price offered was the โavoided costโ of equivalent fossil-fuel power generation. By requiring payments at the avoided cost and no higher, the original American feed-in tariff was, by definition, cost-effective. This means that ratepayers never paid a cent higher than the projected cost of power from fossil fuel resources.
The avoided cost in Hawaii is well over 20 cents per kilowatt-hour, providing a massive incentive to bring renewable energy projects on-line that can provide power at less than this cost. And this cost is going up -- way up -- in the future, due to continuously rising diesel costs.
Hawaii already has a feed-in tariff in place, but itโs quite modest and has been beset by problems since its inception. Very few projects have successfully come on-line under this program. The feed-in tariff could and should be expanded, and its current problems fixed. A proceeding is under way now to do just this, but by most accounts any expansion being considered at this time is unlikely to be very substantial.
A recent major report commissioned by the Hawaii PUC found that feed-in tariffs are highly cost-effective already, even with the cost-based pricing included in the existing feed-in tariff. The report concluded that โall the FIT rates represent a net value to the systemโ except for one rate provided for concentrating solar power systems. In other words, all rates for solar PV, even for smaller systems, and for wind and biomass, present a net value to ratepayers.
Good FIT policies are designed to โdegressโ (decrease) regularly, incentivizing projects to come on-line quickly and saving ratepayers money as the rates paid for FIT projects decline on a planned schedule. Hawaiiโs expanded FIT should include regular and transparent degression schedules.
The same PUC report found that diesel generation electricity costs are only going up. For Oahu, avoided costs are projected to rise to 40 cents per kilowatt-hour by 2030. On the Big Island, costs are projected to go to rise to โonlyโ 31 cents per kilowatt-hour by 2030. Solar and wind power contracts can provide long-term, clean and reliable power today at well under 20 cents per kilowatt-hour, demonstrating the possible savings for ratepayers by going big on renewables. Moreover, by entering into long-term FIT contracts, Hawaiiโs ratepayers are protected against rate increases as well as fuel price volatility from fossil-fuel-fired power plants.
The HPUC, governorโs office and utilities have already agreed that feed-in tariffs make sense, officially stating their joint support for feed-in tariffs in the historic 2008 Hawaii Clean Energy Agreement.
In sum, Hawaii could and should enact a larger and more robust feed-in tariff to achieve the transformation of its power system that policymakers are seeking. A new feed-in tariff should also include transparent and streamlined interconnection rules for wholesale generation, because obtaining a sales contract is only half the battle. If FIT projects canโt easily interconnect to the grid, they may not ever be built.
Hawaii is already leading the way as a living laboratory for high penetration of renewables. But Hawaii can do even more due to its tremendous wealth of renewable energy resources -- all while saving ratepayers a lot of money. | 2019-04-23T19:52:10 | https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/hawaii-needs-a-robust-and-cost-effective-feed-in-tariff |
0.999935 | - Watch the sunset together.
- Whisper to each other.
- Walk in the rain.
- When in public, only flirt w/ each other.
- Always hold her around her hips/sides.
- Always tell her how pretty she looks.
- Brush her hair out of her face for her.
- Buy her a ring.
- Buy gifts for each other.
- Cook for each other.
- Call from your vacation spot to tell them you were thinking about them.
- Describe the joy you feel just to be with him/her.
- Dedicate songs to them on the radio.
- Do cute things like write I love you in a note so that they have to look in a mirror to read it.
- Even if you are really busy doing something, go out of your way to call and say I love you.
- Find out their favorite cologne/perfume and wear it every time you're together.
- Fall asleep on the phone with each other.
- Hugs are the universal medicine.
- Go for a long walk down the beach at midnight.
- Give random gifts of flowers/candy/poetry etc.
- Look into each other's eyes.
- Put love notes in their pockets when they aren't looking.
- Tell her that she's the only girl you ever want. Don't lie.
- Stand up for them when someone talks trash.
- Really love each other, or don't stay together.
- Say I love you, only when you mean it and make sure they know you mean it.
- Sing to each other.
- Spend every second possible together.
- Take her to dinner and do the dinner for two deal.
- Hold her hand, stare into her eyes, kiss her hand and then put it over our heart.
- Learn from each other and don't make the same mistake twice.
- Let there never be a second during any given day that you aren't;thinking about them, and make sure they know it.
- Love yourself before you love anyone else.
- Learn to say sweet things in foreign languages.
- Remember your dreams and tell her about them.
- Tell each other your most sacred secrets/fears.
- Go to church/pray/worship together.
- Take her to see a romantic movie and remember the parts she liked.
- Never forget the kiss goodnight. And always remember to say,"Sweet dreams."
- Make sacrifices for each other.
- Very lightly push up her chin, look into her eyes, tell her you love her, and kiss her lightly. | 2019-04-20T08:45:36 | http://www.rainrays.com/topic/45+_romantic_things-1189-55.htm |
0.998719 | Exclusive to Design Within Reach. Made out of 100% recycled materials. Only 50 available. Made from unworn, overstocked flip-flop sandals.
It’s usually all about Orpheus. But Chicago playwright Sarah Ruhl has taken the ancient myth of the sweet singer who braves the terrors of the underworld to rescue the girl he loves and stood it on its ear. Eurydice, at Berkeley Rep, is the story of the girl. And, dearly as she loves her husband, the most important man in the story – and her life – just may be her dear old dad.
By inventing a father for Eurydice, Ruhl has deepened what might be seen as just another love story into a genuine dilemma. What really happens when a young girl leaves her father’s home for her husband? Granted that Eurydice’s father (Charles Shaw Robinson), is dead, but so is she. When Orpheus leads her slowly back up to earth, loud noises erupt and terrifying lights flash. Eurydice is nearly paralyzed with fright and this fear becomes the heart of the matter, the crux of the play. Does she unconsciously tempt her lover to look back at her, violating his bargain with Hades, so that she can go home to daddy?
The underworld is no place of smoldering fires and taunting demons here. New arrivals come by elevator. Inexplicably, it is raining in the elevator. At first, Eurydice thinks she is in a hotel and that her father is the bellboy. There are no rooms in death’s kingdom but her father builds her one out of string. Among Ruhl’s inventions is a kind of after-death postal service. Eurydice’s father writes her a letter on her wedding day, which ultimately leads to her death (by falling downstairs, not snakebite as in the myth).
The bereft Orpheus (Daniel Talbott), who would rather compose a symphony than write a letter, writes to her of his grief. The missives are pasted on the wall for the wind to take or given to a passing worm, in hopes that they may reach their mark. And they do. At first, having dipped in the river of forgetfulness, Eurydice cannot read them – or even remember the man who sent them. But the sympathetic shade of her father helps her in this, as in all other things, and soon father and daughter are sitting on the floor, trading words and memories as if they had never died. This is a play about words as much as it is about love and the playwright’s passion for language comes through loud and clear.
The anti-language contingent is represented by a trio of stones, played for laughs by Aimee Guillot, Ramiz Monsef and T. Edward Webster. They want Eurydice and her father to speak only the soft, almost inaudible language of the dead but the two resist. The stones act as a kind of Greek chorus, providing comic relief to what might otherwise become a deadly serious affair. Also humorous is Mark Zeisler, first appearing as a Nasty Interesting Man and later as the immature, tricycle-riding Lord of the Underworld. In both guises he unsuccessfully tries to seduce Eurydice away from her true love.
Maria Dizzia is a charming Eurydice, in love with words, in love with books, in love with life. That she also is in love with Orpheus, the leading musician of his time (shades of rock star infatuation) seems almost incidental.
Master director Les Waters (Yellowman, Big Love) has taken all these threads and woven them into a seamless ninety minutes that elicits both laughter and tears. Played out in modern dress (the lovers are like a couple of teenagers in the throes of their first crush) and language, against Scott Bradley’s knockout set of aquamarine tiles, the tragic tale of death and undying love may not be as poetic as in other treatments but it is much more interesting – a word that is used a lot in the script. | 2019-04-23T12:32:28 | http://culturevulture.net/theater/eurydice-sarah-ruhl/ |
0.996031 | Any chance of a windfall?
I have been with the Bradford & Bingley for several years and now find I will not be entitled to any windfall because I did not change my account about two years ago. Is there anything I can do about this now? SH, Morley, Leeds.
Linda Whitney says: Bad news, I'm afraid. I spoke to B&B and they said it sounds as though you are one of many account holders who some time ago were offered the chance to change from accounts which did not offer membership rights in the society (usually deposit accounts) to share accounts which did. Many (like you) did not respond and so lost the chance to become society members.
Other building society account holders take note: generally in all demutualisations it is only members of the society that come in for any windfalls, and while some building society accounts confer member status (usually share accounts), some do not. Sadly, SH, it looks as though you have missed your chance. B&B say they will be writing to all account holders who do not qualify for windfalls explaining why that is. If you have any more queries call the B&B conversion helpline on 0845 601 1456. | 2019-04-18T16:20:47 | https://www.thisismoney.co.uk/money/experts/article-1569921/Any-chance-of-a-windfall.html |
0.999999 | adapter could damage the product.
while the battery is charging.
Adapter from the electrical outlet, and disconnect the USB cable.
Charging time is about 2 hours and 20 minutes for a fully exhausted battery.
to one of the reasons described below.
- The ambient temperature is not suited to charging.
- The USB cable or Charging AC Adapter is not properly connected.
- The battery is damaged. | 2019-04-21T14:23:29 | https://manualsbrain.com/en/manuals/1930442/?page=83 |
0.999999 | Given a limited budget, I've been looking carefully at used HF rigs. Here's a list of potential candidates that I've been looking at, hopefully I'll find a good radio among them at a good price. These have come from a variety of sources, mostly my Ham Radio Club, but there have been a few others as well. Hopefully I can help some of those in the same predicament that I am in.
Yaesu FT-450 - This is a recently discontinued model which has most of the features of the modern radios. Cost for a used radio costs around $700. This covers the 6M bands. Generally good reviews. Lots of dials to access features.
Yaesu FT-950 - This is a somewhat higher end model from the FT-450, and also discontinued. Also includes 6m. Cost around $1000 used. Generally good reviews. Lots of dials to access features.
Icom IC-746 - HF plus 6m, 2m. Generally modern radio. Recently discontinued. Generally good reviews. Cost around $800. Lots of dials to access features.
Icom IC-756 - HF plus 6m, generally modern radio. Recently discontinued. Good reviews. Costs around $1000. Lots of filter features included. Lots of dials to access features.
Icom IC-735 - This is an older radio, around 20 years or so. It has generally good reviews, but a few weaknesses reported. It is often recommended to control via a computer. Costs around $350. Lots of dials to access features.
Kenwood TS-570D - This is maybe 10 years old, but generally a good radio. Might include 6m, if the upgrade is purchased. Generally good reviews. Not in production. Costs around $650. Lots of dials to access features.
Icom IC-706 - This is an all band receiver, 160-70cm, exclusive of 1.25m. This is a menu driven device, with relatively few dials. It is very compact. Cost around $700. Good reviews in general.
Yaesu FT-840 - Older, fewer digital features. Lots of knobs to control things. Generally good reviews. Not in production, about 20 years old.
I'm not sure what I'll end up with, there are definitely some good choices among these. Hopefully I'll get it figured out soon, so I can get on the HF airwaves! | 2019-04-25T18:35:08 | http://www.kd7uiy.com/2013/04/potential-used-hf-rigs.html |
0.999529 | (NewsTarget) Carpal Tunnel Syndrome affects millions of people every year. With increasing use of computers, more and more people each year seek medical attention for the wrist pain, numbness and tingling that characterize Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. While surgery is often done for cases that don't respond to physical therapy, it's unknown how many people could avoid unnecessary surgery every year if only their THYROID problems were addressed first.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is usually defined as an 'impingement' of the median nerve that runs down the wrist. According to doctors, strain and repetitive motion causes inflammation of the connective tissue that surrounds this nerve running through your wrist into your hand; surgery is often indicated as a treatment to 'release' the impingement on this nerve. But Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is simply a collection of symptoms and not a disease itself. As with many 'Syndromes', there can be different causes for similar symptoms and 'nerve impingement' is not the only cause of these symptoms.
As unlikely as it may sound, the symptom of an under active thyroid gland, termed hypothyroid, can show up as symptoms of 'Carpal Tunnel Syndrome'. This was actually discovered by accident when patients with hypothyroidism suddenly found their carpal tunnel syndrome symptoms disappearing. While it SOUNDS easy to have a doctor simply check a person's thyroid levels before they consider surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome, it's not always that simple.
be given to patients before considering surgical treatment."
Unfortunately, hypothyroid isn't necessarily easy to diagnose. Even though the blood tests are readily available, doctors generally only look at ONE of the many different thyroid tests that are available. If this Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) is normal, then the doctor will determine that hypothyroidism is not present and will not check the many other thyroid hormones and antibodies that can be tested. But in the case of some study participants who had carpal tunnel syndrome, the majority who benefited from hypothyroid treatment actually had completely normal TSH levels. But these lucky carpal tunnel sufferers had ALL their levels analyzed and were diagnosed with 'Subclinical Hypothyroid', qualified for the more conservative medical treatment that eliminated their 'Carpal Tunnel Syndrome' and avoided unnecessary surgery.
Not only does Underactive thyroid cause Carpal Tunnel Symptoms, but Overactive thyroid can cause these Same symptoms. And just like with hypothyroid, treatment for hyperthyroid also prevented what would have been surgical cases. In the article 'Carpal tunnel syndrome and hyperthyroidism: A prospective study' the authors state, "CTS can be considered another peripheral neurological manifestation associated with hyperthyroidism." Yet instead of routinely screening patients for subtle health problems before surgery, doctors rarely check for these problems. In fact, one study that reviewed all of the literature available on metabolic causes of carpal tunnel syndrome concluded that "there is insufficient evidence for routine laboratory screening" in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome.
Certainly, for those who end up having an unnecessary and unsuccessful surgery, there is not 'insufficient evidence'. But until routine screenings with the simple and readily available blood tests are being done, it will be impossible to know how many people receive unnecessary carpal tunnel surgery every year. Given that there are always a percentage of people who don't improve with carpal tunnel surgery, it's evident that some of these surgical 'Non Responders' might have benefited far more from having some simple and inexpensive screening procedures for thyroid problems before having surgery. | 2019-04-22T19:10:28 | https://www.naturalnews.com/026883_thyroid_symptoms_carpal_tunnel_syndrome.html |
0.998824 | After the latest updates, saved session restore no longer restarts Thunderbird and Firefox. Is anyone else seeing this? -- Glenn Holmer (Linux registered user #16682) "After the vintage season came the aftermath -- and Cenbe."
I have two systems, and the right click desktop context menu is different. On one, it just has: Konsole Run Command Add Widgets... Add Panel Activites Lock Widgets Lock Screen Leave Desktop Settings On the other: All of above, except Desktop Settings, plus: Create New icons Paste Clipboard Contents Undo Refresh Desktop Open With Dolphin Folder View Settings How do I make them the same? Thanks!
Hello, I am using Fedora 24 with kscreen 5.6.5 and i want to set a predefined resolution when users login for the first time. I tried to copy a file generated by kscreen to the following path without success: /usr/share/kde-settings/kde-profile/default/share/applications/kscreen Is there any way to get this? Thanks in advance.
When I type pw into screenlocker, it turns on the fingerprint reader (actually, after unlocking with keyboard!), and never turns off unless I swipe my finger. This had happened a few months ago on f23, but after update to f24, now it's back.
I've noticed something strange and was wondering if anyone might have clues as to what is going on. I have a Lenovo ideapad with a radeon chipset. Everything appeared fine with F23 - but when I upgraded to F24 I started having issues getting a blank screen instead of the KDE login prompt screen from SDDM. If I boot into single user mode, and then issue an init 5 command, everything works fine. Any idea as to what this might be? I would think if it were a display driver problem the init 5 wouldn't work either. So to recap: Normal boot - blank screen Single user mode, followed by init 5 - everything works. Thanks! | 2019-04-25T04:00:32 | https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/[email protected]/2016/6/ |
0.999994 | What went right: Most of what the Buffs did right occurred in the final three minutes. But they did outrebound Quinnipiac 42-37, and CU shot 22-for-39 (.564) on two-pointers.
What went wrong: For the first time this year the Buffs didn't guard the perimeter well, as Quinnipiac finished 10-for-32 on 3-pointers.
Star of the game: McKinley Wright. The freshman guard knocked down the winning 3-pointer at the buzzer, capping a night in which he went 8-for-12 with 21 points, five rebounds, two assists, and two steals.
What's next: The Buffs will play in the semifinals of the Paradise Jam on Saturday night at 6:30 p.m. MST.
LYNCHBURG, Va. โ If all goes according to plan for McKinley Wright and the talented freshman class of the Colorado men's basketball team, there will be far more memorable wins in their future than a one-point decision against Quinnipiac.
Still, in terms of pure thrills, this one will be difficult to top.
The Buffaloes put together a historic comeback at the Vines Center Friday night in the first round of the Paradise Jam, rallying from a 13-point deficit with under four minutes remaining to stun Quinnipiac with a 70-69 victory. Wright, playing just his third college game, knocked down a 3-pointer at the buzzer to spark the celebration.
It was biggest comeback in the final five minutes of a game in the history of the CU program, topping a 12-point rally the Buffs put together in 1981 against Wyoming. CU will play in the second semifinal on Saturday night at 6:30 p.m. MST against Drake, which defeated Wake Forest in the final game Friday.
"I told the Quinnipiac coaches in the handshake line, and their players, that they deserved to win that game more than we did. And I really believe that," CU head coach Tad Boyle said. "But we're not going to give it back. I am proud of our team for their fight and their resiliency, and I've said that from day one with this team. I love our toughness and spirit. There's not a lot of groups that could've come back like we did tonight."
The comeback began inauspiciously when senior Dom Collier hit a pair of free throws with 3 minutes, 59 seconds remaining, but Quinnipiac still led 66-58 with 1:33 remaining.
A combination of clutch plays at both ends of the floor, along with poor free throw shooting from the Bobcats, slowly turned an unsightly defeat into one of CU's most exciting victories in years. Consecutive baskets by CU's Namon Wright โ including a steal and highlight-reel, open-court dunk โ got the Buffs within four with a minute to go.
Two Quinnipiac free throws followed by another putback basket from Namon Wright kept CU within four with 24.8 seconds left. McKinley Wright recorded a steal and connected on a 3-pointer to get the Buffs within one with 14.4 left, but Quinnipiac still had ample opportunities to ice the game at the free throw line.
The Bobcats' Rich Kelly made one free throw with nine seconds to go, and when he missed the second Quinnipiac was able to get the offensive rebound. The Bobcats' Alain Chigha inexplicably missed both free throws with seven seconds left, giving McKinley Wright an opportunity to go coast-to-coast and launch his winning 3-pointer.
As if the drama wasn't turned up enough, McKinley Wright's shot initially deflected straight up off the front of the rim before dropping through the net as the buzzer sounded.
"We just came together at every timeout โ the guys on the bench, the guys in the game โ we all came together and said we're not losing this game," McKinley Wright said. "We had to lock in and get stops, and we did that."
The comeback erased what had been a frustrating performance for the Buffs, who built an eight-point lead with under four minutes remaining in the first half before Quinnipiac stormed back. The Buffs outrebounded Quinnipiac 42-37 and, despite the 3-point struggles, finished with a reasonable field goal percentage of .441. But CU recorded only seven assists against 17 turnovers, a figure that was a sore spot for Boyle afterward.
McKinley Wright was the main reason behind CU's strong start as well, as he made 6 of 7 shots in the first half before finishing 8-for-12 with 21 points, five rebounds, and two steals. Namon Wright, who came off the bench for the first time this season, scored all 16 of his points after halftime.
"The thing about (McKinley) is that he can play through mistakes," Boyle said. "He's got that will, that gumption, that intestinal fortitude that you have to have. He's not our best 3-point shooter. But there's nobody I'd rather have take that last shot than him. I believe in him 100 percent."
Daniels 4-10 4-6 12, Young 7-13 8-9 26, Chigha 1-3 0-2 2, Washington 4-11 4-6 16, Kelly 2-9 3-4 8, Robinson 1-8 0-0 3, Rigoni 0-3 0-0 0, Bundu 1-2 0-0 2. Totals 20-59 19-27 69.
Miller-Stewart 1-4 3-4 5, Siewert 3-7 0-0 7, Collier 0-4 2-2 2, King 4-8 1-1 9, M. Wright 8-12 2-3 21, Schwartz 2-3 0-0 4, Bey 2-3 2-2 6, Brown 0-4 0-0 0, Nikolic 0-1 0-0 0, N. Wright 6-13 4-6 16. Totals 26-59 14-18 70.
3-point field goals โ Quinnipiac 10-32 (Young 4-8, Chigha 0-1, Washington 4-8, Kelly 1-6, Robinson 1-8, Rigoni 0-1); Colorado 4-20 (Siewert 1-4, Collier 0-3, King 0-2, M. Wright 3-5, Brown 0-2, Nikolic 0-1, N. Wright 0-3). Rebounds โ Quinnipiac 37 (Young 12); Colorado 42 (Miller-Stewart 9). Assists โ Quinnipiac 12 (Young, Kelly 5); Colorado 7 (Siewert 3). Total fouls โ Quinnipiac 18, Colorado 24. | 2019-04-22T12:50:17 | http://www.buffzone.com/mensbasketball/ci_31462903/mckinley-wrights-buzzer-beater-lifts-cu-basketball-past |
0.999136 | An interface to generate some basic physico-chemical properties of protein sequences.
This method would initialize amino acid composition table based on the input xml files and stores the table for usage in future calls to IPeptideProperties.getMolecularWeightBasedOnXML(ProteinSequence, AminoAcidCompositionTable).
Returns the molecular weight of sequence. The sequence argument must be a protein sequence consisting of only non-ambiguous characters. This method will sum the molecular weight of each amino acid in the sequence. Molecular weights are based on here.
Returns the molecular weight of sequence. The sequence argument must be a protein sequence consisting of only non-ambiguous characters. This method will sum the molecular weight of each amino acid in the sequence. Molecular weights are based on the input files. These input files must be XML using the defined schema. Note that it assumes that ElementMass.xml file can be found in default location.
Returns the molecular weight of sequence. The sequence argument must be a protein sequence consisting of only non-ambiguous characters. This method will sum the molecular weight of each amino acid in the sequence. Molecular weights are based on the input files. These input files must be XML using the defined schema.
Returns the molecular weight of sequence. The sequence argument must be a protein sequence consisting of only non-ambiguous characters. This method will sum the molecular weight of each amino acid in the sequence. Molecular weights are based on the AminoAcidCompositionTable. Those input files must be XML using the defined schema.
This method would initialize amino acid composition table based on the input xml files and stores the table for usage in future calls to IPeptideProperties.getMolecularWeightBasedOnXML(ProteinSequence, AminoAcidCompositionTable). Note that ElementMass.xml is assumed to be able to be seen in default location.
Returns the extinction coefficient of sequence. The sequence argument must be a protein sequence consisting of only non-ambiguous characters. The extinction coefficient indicates how much light a protein absorbs at a certain wavelength. It is useful to have an estimation of this coefficient for following a protein which a spectrophotometer when purifying it. The computation of extinction coefficient follows the documentation in here.
Returns the absorbance (optical density) of sequence. The sequence argument must be a protein sequence consisting of only non-ambiguous characters. The computation of absorbance (optical density) follows the documentation in here.
Returns the instability index of sequence. The sequence argument must be a protein sequence consisting of only non-ambiguous characters. The instability index provides an estimate of the stability of your protein in a test tube. The computation of instability index follows the documentation in here.
Returns the apliphatic index of sequence. The sequence argument must be a protein sequence consisting of only non-ambiguous characters. The aliphatic index of a protein is defined as the relative volume occupied by aliphatic side chains (alanine, valine, isoleucine, and leucine). It may be regarded as a positive factor for the increase of thermostability of globular proteins. The computation of aliphatic index follows the documentation in here. A protein whose instability index is smaller than 40 is predicted as stable, a value above 40 predicts that the protein may be unstable.
Returns the average hydropathy value of sequence. The sequence argument must be a protein sequence consisting of only non-ambiguous characters. The average value for a sequence is calculated as the sum of hydropathy values of all the amino acids, divided by the number of residues in the sequence. Hydropathy values are based on (Kyte, J. and Doolittle, R.F. (1982) A simple method for displaying the hydropathic character of a protein. J. Mol. Biol. 157, 105-132).
Returns the isoelectric point of sequence. The sequence argument must be a protein sequence consisting of only non-ambiguous characters. The isoelectric point is the pH at which the protein carries no net electrical charge. The isoelectric point will be computed based on approach stated in here pKa values used will be either those used by Expasy which referenced "Electrophoresis 1994, 15, 529-539" OR A.Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 4th Edition (2005), Chapter 3, page78, Table 3-1.
pHPoint - the pH value to use for computation of the net charge. Default at 7.
Returns the composition of specified amino acid in the sequence. The sequence argument must be a protein sequence consisting of only non-ambiguous characters. The aminoAcidCode must be a non-ambiguous character. The composition of an amino acid is the total number of its occurrence, divided by the total length of the sequence.
Returns the composition of the 20 standard amino acid in the sequence. The sequence argument must be a protein sequence consisting of only non-ambiguous characters. The composition of an amino acid is the total number of its occurrence, divided by the total length of the sequence. | 2019-04-20T14:17:53 | https://biojava.org/docs/api4.2.0/org/biojava/nbio/aaproperties/IPeptideProperties.html |
0.999987 | Consequentialists are comfortable evaluating whether one's character is "morally fortunate" (beneficial). But people commonly evaluate characters on other dimensions also. To see this, imagine that a Trickster God sets things up so that the best consequences result from vicious desires (e.g. to gratuitously harm others). So it might be good to make ourselves bad. For this claim to be coherent, we must be talking about two different kinds of evaluation: it might be fortunate (rather than harmful) to make ourselves vicious (rather than virtuous). This disambiguation resolves the apparent contradiction. But it raises a new question: how should consequentialists analyze virtue and vice, as distinct from un/fortunate character? I think of virtue as "moral rationality", but this requires some unpacking.
As a first pass, we might think that virtue consists in aiming at or desiring the good. But do we mean 'the good' de dicto or de re? These interpretations come apart if someone has false normative beliefs (consider Huck Finn, who thinks he's morally required to report runaway slave Jim). I'm with Arpaly in thinking that it reflects better on the agent to act against their false normative beliefs ('crazy notions') in such cases. Since Huck Finn is moved by what is in fact morally important (namely, Jim's humanity), he thereby shows himself to be of virtuous (admirable) character, and his acts performed from this disposition of character are thereby praiseworthy.
So, as our second pass: virtue consists in concern for the [actual, de re] right-making features (or what I long ago called 'partial reasons'). This still isn't quite precise enough, since (as Liz points out) we can distinguish 'surface' and 'deep' right-making features. Most moral theories will agree that the "surface right-making features" include, say, respecting autonomy, keeping promises, helping others in need, etc. These are all things that can - all else equal, or in the appropriate combination - make an act right. But different moral theories will diverge in their underlying explanations of why these features are right-making: whether it is because they tend to promote utility, or respect the Categorical Imperative, or whatever.
This raises the question: does virtue require a concern for the ultimate right-making feature (so that, if utilitarianism is true, whole-hearted Kantians can't be virtuous)? Or is it enough to get the surface features (including their relative weightings, etc.) right? The former option seems excessively strict. But it is tricky to come up with a principled reason to prefer the latter.
One possibility is that we should think of the deep feature ("being utility-maximizing") as really a kind of higher-order property: it is merely alerting us to the fact that the act in question has other (surface) features in virtue of which it maximizes utility. The claim that ฯ-ing maximizes utility doesn't add anything further to the claims that ฯ-ing helps Bob, harms no-one, and has no significant opportunity costs. If surface features have explanatory priority in this way, that could explain why it is that proportionate concern for them, rather than the deep feature as such, is what's constitutive of good will (virtue).
I'm not sure how plausible that particular attempt is (feedback welcome!). But in my next post I'll explain how utilitarians had better be able to establish this result somehow or other, because it's essential to their theory's ability to get the right results on questions of praise/blameworthiness.
As you know, my interpretation of Mill is somewhat different from the norm, but I think Mill's view is actually very similar to your suggestion that the deep feature is a higher-order property; it's what makes him sometimes sound like a direct utilitarian and sometimes like an indirect utilitarian. I think it's why he can argue that everyone in some sense is already seeking utility in everything they do, even if they don't use that word.
Ah, yes, that's helpful -- I can finally get a grasp of what you were trying to suggest there!
Sorry to be a noodge but may I complain about using the "de dicto" vs "de re" distinction as synonymous for "real vs. perceived". Reasonable people may disagree about how these technical terms should be used but this isn't in the ball park.
Tomkow - no, this is standard usage. To attribute a concern for morality to S is ambiguous between two readings: one on which S's concern invokes the concept 'morality' (hence 'de dicto', about the words); the 'de re' interpretation, by contrast, is merely to say that S is concerned about the things X, where X happens to be what's morally significant. | 2019-04-23T09:02:01 | https://www.philosophyetc.net/2009/05/evaluating-character.html |
0.999964 | In the veterinary context, โexotic animalโ medicine refers to the common non dog/cat species kept by private citizens.. The most common exotic animal species are birds (especially parrots), small mammals (e.g. rabbits, ferrets, hamsters etc.) and reptiles. A variety of other species, including wildlife, fish, and other vertebrate and invertebrate species are also seen by exotic animal clinicians. Most exotic animal species are seen as part of a small animal (dog/cat) practice.
Specialization is also possible and internship and residency positions are available for advanced training.
The Exotic Animal Medicine Service,(EAMS) faculty also contribute to the veterinary care in many partner institutions, including the North Carolina Zoo, the Karen Beasley Turtle Rescue and Rehabilitation Center on Topsail Island, the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, the Sylvan Heights Waterfowl Park in Scotland Neck, and the North Carolina Aquariums at Roanoke Island, Pine Knoll Shores, and Fort Fisher.
The Exotic Animal Medicine service sees both primary care and referral cases, with an emphasis on birds, small mammals, non-venomous reptiles, fishes, and amphibians. The service provides routine and specialized medical and surgical care for both healthy and sick animals. The service does not see wildlife, venomous reptiles, non-human primates, or large carnivores. | 2019-04-26T15:44:36 | https://cvm.ncsu.edu/research/departments/docs/programs/exotic/ |
0.9986 | Adding rhubarb to Amanda's peach tart. Suggestions on ratios of rhubarb, sugar and peaches to achieve perfect crust??
How about 50:50. I might toss the rhubarb in sugar beforehand to let it juice a little before adding to the tart. | 2019-04-20T18:36:57 | https://food52.com/hotline/16013-a-question-about-a-recipe-peach-tart |
0.998329 | Qohelet 1:4-7 is intended to demonstrate that permanent phenomena exist on earth, and thereby crystallize the question posed in 1:3. The context of Aristotle's Meteorology provides a convenient framework for explaining the meteorological references in vv. 6-7. Within this context, v. 4a represents the beat of time; v. 6a serves double duty, referring to both sun and wind; v. 6b deals with change in wind direction associated with sun's movement to its solstices; and, v. 7 might have in its background an evaporation process. It is likely that Qohelet was familiar with views that were similar to those of Aristotle in Meteorology. If he shared these views, then he adopted positions that were at variance with the normative biblical perceptions. | 2019-04-19T00:44:08 | http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1010-99192012000200010&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es |
0.999985 | Accept: Accept is a verb that means "to receive."
Except: Except can be a preposition, meaning "excluding," or a conjunction, meaning "only" or "with exception."
Example sentence: Phoebe was happy to accept the gifts, except for the one from Alex. | 2019-04-25T14:07:29 | https://www.scribendi.com/advice/accept_except.en.html |
0.999999 | The killer whale who drowned a female trainer before horrified spectators will not be put down - and may even perform again, SeaWorld said today.
Dawn Brancheau, 40, was dragged underwater to her death by a six-ton 'rogue' whale named Tilikum.
The performing whale at Orlando's SeaWorld park was involved in the deaths of two other people in attacks prior to Mrs Brancheau's death yesterday.
But despite the attack, SeaWorld officials did not rule out the whale performing again.
Speaking to the MailOnline today, Mrs Brancheau's close friend and Corporate Curator of Zoological Operations at SeaWorld Parks Chuck Tompkins said they were still evaluating their next steps.
But he stated: 'Tilikum will not be put down'.
He said: 'We need to re-evaluate the training procedures and protocols and obviously we're going to make any changes we need to make sure that this never happens again.
'We need to provide the safest environment we can for him - and we still need to investigate how to do that - he still needs to be maintained as an animal.
'We're going to physically and mentally take care of him. We haven't had time to evaluate yet - we're going to take a deep look and make sure we make the right decisions and make them with the utmost respect to Dawn and her family.
It is not the first time Tilikum has been involved in an attack. Nicknamed 'Tilly', he was blamed for the drowning of one of his trainers in 1991 when he was at Sealand in British Columbia.
Sold to SeaWorld as a stud in 1992, the whale was also involved in an incident when a homeless man's dead body was found across his back in 1999.
The man is thought to have drowned in the stadium's icy water, but investigators said it appeared that the whale had bitten him and tore off his swimming trunks thinking he was a play toy.
Mr Tompkins said Tilikum could not be blamed for the death.
'We had a person - a non-trainer - come in at night and try to go swimming with him,' Mr Tompkins explained.
Because of his size and the previous deaths, trainers were not supposed to get into the water with Tilikum, and only 12 of the park's 29 trainers worked with him.
'We do have a limited amount of trainers who work with him because of his size and previous incidents,' Mr Tompkins said.
Officials at PETA called on the park 'to stop confining ocean-going mammals to an area that to them is like the size of a bathtub'.
Mr Tompkins hit back today, saying: 'Obviously, youโre going to have all of these activists coming out of the woodwork to try to take advantage of a very sad situation.
Mrs Brancheau had more experience with the 30-year-old whale than most, and was one of the park's most experienced trainers overall.
The attack happened at lunchtime yesterday when about 50 tourists stayed behind after the 'Believe' show to watch trainers feed the orcas.
Mr Tompkins, who has worked at the parks for 32 years, told the MailOnline: 'Dawn had very long hair and it was in a ponytail. From what we understand the ponytail brushed against the nose of the whale.
It may be that the whale misinterpreted the touch of Mrs Brancheau's hair as a command from the trainer.
Since the 1970s, killer whales have attacked 24 people worldwide.
Critics claim the animals can become aggressive in captivity due to higher levels of stress.
In November 2006, killer whale Katsatka dragged its handler Ken Peters underwater twice at SeaWorld Florida during a routine trick. The same killer whale had also grabbed Mr Peters by the foot during a 1999 show and dragged him in circles.
In 2004 at San Antonio's SeaWorld, another killer whale attacked its trainer repeatedly, leaving him in a serious condition.
Killer whales, the largest species of the dolphin family, eat fish, marine mammals including sea lions, seals and walruses and are regarded as top of the food chain as they have no natural predators.
Mrs Brancheau was more a sister than a colleague, he said.
'Iโd worked with Dawn since the first day she started here 17 years ago. I knew her very, very well. Weโre a small team of people here in this park and weโre more than just co-workers, weโre like family members and itโs like losing a sister.
'Dawn spent her entire career taking care of these animals. She loved doing it, she loved working with these killer whales. To say these animals have the wrong environment is so incorrect.
Initially police had said she 'apparently slipped or fell' into the whales' tank and eye-witnesses had described a much more horrific scene.
Park guest Victoria Biniak said she was watching as the trainers talked about the show to a crowd of people when one of them was suddenly swept away in the whale's mouth.
The whale 'took off really fast in the tank and then he came back around to the glass, shot up in the air, grabbed the trainer by the waist and started shaking her violently, and one of her shoes flew off,' she said.
'We walked down and there was a lot of people there. There was a trainer standing by the window talking about the whale. People were asking questions like how much does he weigh and things like that,' she said.
Gary Biniak said Tilikum, a male orca weighing over 12,000lbs, 'literally charged one of the trainers who was on the side of the pool training and feeding the whales'.
He said: 'The whale pulled the trainer into the water and was thrashing around. He dragged her underneath the water and wouldn't let her come up. It was terrible.
'This particular trainer didn't jump into the water, she was taken forcibly,' he added.
Twelve million people visit the three SeaWorld parks across America every year with tens of thousands of Britons heading to the flagship park in Orlando annually.
Performances by killer whales are among the park's most popular attractions and a host of celebrities including Uma Thurman, Tiger Woods and British Olympic diver Tom Daley have been among previous audience members.
The 30-minute Believe show is usually performed three times a day in a stadium that seats more than 5,000 people.
British Olympic diver Tom Daley spent time with the whales at SeaWorld during a visit to Orlando in February last year.
The 15-year-old current World Diving champion opened SeaWorld's Blue Horizons show, appearing alongside dolphins, whales and SeaWorld trainers and was given a VIP tour of the killer whale enclosure.
Dan Brown, the park's manager, fought back tears as he said the trainer, who had been inspired by a trip to SeaWorld when she was nine years old, 'drowned in an incident with one of our killer whales'.
He wouldn't comment on what is likely to happen to the killer whale. The Believe show has been suspended as an investigation is carried out but the park remains open.
Mrs Brancheau's older sister, Diane Gross, said the trainer - who was married but did not have any children - would not want anything to happen to the killer whale because she loved the animals 'like children'.
She added that the family was viewing Mrs Brancheau's death as an unfortunate action.
'I remember walking down the aisle [of Shamu Stadium] and telling my mom, "this is what I want to do",' she told the Orlando Sentinel in 2006.
'I wouldn't jump to conclusions,' he said.
Wild killer whales are not generally seen as a threat to humans, however captive killer whales have been known to attack their handlers at theme parks.
Since the 1970s, killer whales have attacked just two dozen people worldwide.
But critics claim the animals can become aggressive when kept captive due to higher levels of stress and unnatural living conditions.
In November 2006, a 7,000lb killer whale dragged its handler Ken Peters underwater twice at the SeaWorld theme park in Florida during a routine trick.
After the attack, the whale, Katsatka, circled her tank as Ken Peters was treated by paramedics and whisked away on a stretcher. He was not seriously injured in the attack.
The same killer whale also tried to drown Mr Peters during a 1999 show, again grabbing him by the foot and dragging him in circles. | 2019-04-22T21:13:45 | https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1253800/SeaWorld-killer-whale-caught-trainers-hair-down.html |
0.998796 | What Does The Shake-up In Mccain Land Mean?
It sounds like the official line coming from the McCain campaign is that Davis is still in charge and Schmidt will be reporting to him, but it's hard not to interpret this move as a blow to Davis, whose ambitions of moving from fundraiser to strategist appear to have now come crashing down. The "Regional Campaign Manager" idea that's about to be reworked, after all, was Davis's; and his new responsibility of planning the convention is one he's had before, back in 1996 for Bob Dole, when he was still known as a fundraiser. As for his "tending to the needs of major donors," that's presumably exactly what Davis doesn't want to do anymore. "Rick's like every finance guy, whose dream is not to have to stand by an ice sculpture raising money," one McCain adviser memorably told me for this piece. "He wants to be a political guy." Davis's days as a political guy appear to be over.
Schmidt, meanwhile, is the last major remaining link to version 1.0 of the McCain '08 campaign, as he was brought on board by the since-departed Terry Nelson (who worked with Schmidt on Bush '04) and John Weaver. Indeed, the news that Schmidt will be bumping up a number of his fellow Bushworld veterans is ironic, when you consider that Nelson and Weaver were ultimately thrown overboard partly because some McCain people thought they were making the McCain campaign too much like Bush's. It now looks like McCain will be returning to the Bush model.
As for other ramifications of this move, it's hard to see how or why McCain would bring back Mike Murphy--as has been rumored for a little while now--since Schmidt's now playing the role McCain would have presumably wanted Murphy to fill. And, as for Weaver, the other McCainiac supposedly waiting offstage, when I reached him after the announcement of the move, he told me there was no way he'd be going back.
I asked Weaver what he thought of the move in general, and while he didn't exactly say I told you so, he didn't sound terribly surprised either. "At the end of the day, this is a required action," he said. "They couldn't continue to go on without a field organization and without the basic architecture of a traditional campaign. . . . There's a requirement for basic competence, and that's what this change says." | 2019-04-21T02:14:57 | https://newrepublic.com/article/42732/what-does-the-shake-mccain-land-mean |
0.999997 | Say no to racism in football? Tell that to Mauritania which recently banned a school football team from travelling abroad because the young players belong to a 'slave caste'.
Mauritania, football, racism, slavery, Haratine, Jeem Cup.
Human rights groups in Mauritania have condemned the government for recently preventing a youth football team from travelling to take part in a tournament abroad because the players are "slaves", The New Arab's Arabic service has reported.
The Mauritanian Observatory for Human Rights [MOHR] on Tuesday called on the government to open an investigation into the case and hold officials responsible for the institutionalised racism.
The Nussaiba School football team was recently stopped from travelling to Qatar to compete in the Jeem Cup being held in Doha because, according to authorities, the children "do not represent Mauritania's diversity".
Protesters held a demonstration in front of the ministry of education on Monday in the Mauritanian capital Nouakchott against the youth team's treatment.
Police attacked the protesters and arrested 19, according to local media.
The MOHR condemned the police's actions as "violent oppression" and a "flagrant violation" of human rights.
Slavery and racism are deeply rooted in Mauritania's caste-based society. It was the last country in the world to abolish slavery, in 1981.
The Haratine people, one of Mauritania's largest ethnic groups, are still considered a slave caste in many parts of the country, with human rights campaigners estimating that four percent of the population live in conditions of domestic or agricultural slavery.
The Walk Free Foundation, an Australian NGO that produces an annual global slavery index, estimates there are up to 156,000 people in Mauritania still trapped in caste-based slavery.
Mauritania social media users launched the Arabic-language hashtag #TheyWontChangeTheirSkinColour in protest of the footballers being kept from playing in the tournament of youth teams from around the Arab world.
"Is there anything more blatantly racist than the ministry's explanation? 'The team does not represent Mauritania's diversity'," said Hocein Sidi.
Ahmed Haymoudane tweeted: "Excluding the students, who have rightfully won, beating all the competition and displaying their abilities, is a really cheap thing to do."
Yahya Sghair summed up the situation: "The reason they have been prevented from going because they are black Haratines."
Blog: In a move reminiscent of the medieval practice of selling 'indulgences', a Mauritanian religious expert has said 'selling sins' is allowed, causing much controversy in the North African country.
Millions of girls and young women have undergone female genital mutilation in 30 countries, new figures reveal, as the United Nations calls for the practice to be eliminated globally. | 2019-04-25T05:53:45 | https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/society/2016/2/10/Mauritania-bans-slave-youth-football-team-from-travel |
0.999853 | How much is Allan Slaight Worth?
Allan Slaight Net Worth: Allan Slaight is a Canadian media magnate who has a net worth of $1.2 billion. Long before becoming a billionaire, Allan Slaight made his professional beginnings in radio in 1948 when he joined the oldies-format radio station CHAB based in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan. Slaight saw a rapid rise in the industry as he became General Manager of a Toronto radio station CHUM in 1965. Six years later, he made the jump to ownership as he set up his own radio broadcasting company called Slaight Broadcasting, which was later re-named Slaight Communications. At the time, he purchased several radio stations in Toronto and Montreal, after which he merged with IWC Communications and eventually bought Standard Broadcasting Corporation in 1985. It was in 2007 that he sold fifty-three radio and two television stations to Astral Media for CAD 880 million and 4.75 million in Astral shares. In early 2012, Slaight and his wife, Emmanuelle Gattuso, made a CAD 50 million pledge to the Princess Margaret Cancer Foundation, increasing their total commitment to the organization to CAD 72 million. | 2019-04-19T19:25:58 | https://www.celebritynetworth.com/richest-businessmen/richest-billionaires/allan-slaight-net-worth/ |
0.998406 | kissing frogs.: being impatient pays off!
I got a call this morning saying that there had a been a cancellation and did I want to move my surgery up two weeks? What sort of question was that? I answered "HELL YES - I mean, uh, yes please". I resisted the urge to add a WHOO HOO to the end of that sentence. I told my mom that I was moving the surgery up, and that I really appreciated her offering to come help, but if her schedule wouldn't allow it then I understood. I made sure to add that I had friends who had offered to take me to/from surgery because apparently when you have anesthesia they won't release you to a cab driver. Who knew?
So now not only is my mother coming up - but she's bringing my father. And they're staying with me. In my studio apartment. On an air mattress. My mom mentioned something about staying for a week and I reacted physically by shuddering. My entire body just about heaved. I cannot survive a week in my apartment with TWO other people.Whom I am related to. But I figure I'll probably be drugged for the first few days and then I get to return to work. There should be minimal bloodshed.
All joking aside, I love that my parents are willing to put their lives on hold to come and take care of me for what is a pretty routine knee surgery. I'm really lucky to have them, even if my mother says things like "you're not going to run anymore, right? I mean, running is what caused this injury, right?".
Think that I can get my mom to do my laundry while she's in town? Does that fall into the category of "motherly responsibility" or "taking advantage"? I can't decide.. | 2019-04-22T14:24:03 | http://www.kissing-frogs.net/2011/08/being-impatient-pays-off.html |
0.999859 | Four things jump out from the Pew Research Centerโs just-released โState of the News Media 2013โ report. None of them are particularly good news for anyone in news publishing but they all point to a clear and easy-to-understand trend: Ads alone just ainโt going to cut it anymore; itโs officially time to be experimenting with paid content models; and the product itself โ news โ is increasingly being commoditized.
While the likes of Business Insider CEO Henry Blodget point to rising digital advertising revenues as cause for optimism among digital publishers, a close look at where those dollars are actually going is not so encouraging. Sadly for publishers, most digital ad spend is going to Google and Facebook (Twitter will no doubt soon join that top tier), and those two companies are also hogging the newly opened up mobile display ad opportunities. Six companies already account for 72 percent market share of mobile display ads, Pew notes, and none of them produce news. News publications are also losing local digital advertising.
Says Pew, โimproved geo-targeting is allowing many national advertisers to turn to Google, Facebook and other large networks to buy ads that once might have gone to local news media. At the same time, Google and Facebook are also moving directly into local ad sales. Google is now the ad leader in search, display and mobile.โ The takeaway for new and aspiring publishers: Donโt expect ads to keep you afloat.
The Atlantic, Forbes, BuzzFeed, and Gawker are all embracing sponsored content as a way to branch out beyond display ads. Okay, sometimes they call it โnative advertisingโ (BuzzFeed) or โcontent-driven commerceโ (Gawker) โ and no-one wants to call it advertorial โ but it all amounts to the same thing: a brand slapped on to special content that wouldnโt otherwise be produced.
Meanwhile, 450 of the USโs 1,380 daily newspapers have started or announced plans for some kind of paid content subscription or paywall plan, says Pew, in many cases opting for a New York Times-esque metered model, which allows a certain number of free visits before asking readers to pony up. โWith digital ad revenue growing at an anemic 3 percent a year in the newspaper industry, digital subscriptions are seen as an increasingly vital component of any new business model for journalism โ though, in most cases, they fall far short of actually replacing the revenue lost in advertising.โ Expect to see a lot more action and experimentation in 2013.
Consider this sentence from Pew: โA growing list of media outlets, such as Forbes magazine, use technology by a company called Narrative Science to produce content by way of algorithm, no human reporting necessary.โ This was only one sentence from Pewโs report, but it is a portentous one. Narrative Science automatically creates stories out of raw data that would otherwise have been written by human hands. More robots producing news means fewer humans needed for the task. | 2019-04-24T02:46:15 | https://pando.com/2013/03/18/four-big-takeaways-from-pews-state-of-the-media-report/ |
0.998843 | Bank of England Governor Mark Carney has warned that if Scotland wants to keep the British pound it will need to "cede" some of its national sovereignty.
In a blow to campaigners for Scottish independence, Mr Carney told a group of businessmen in Edinburgh that a currency union between an independent Scotland and the U.K. would have to involve an Edinburgh government giving up some of its tax and spending decisions.
"In short, a durable, successful currency union requires some ceding of national sovereignty," said the Governor.
On September 18, the people of Scotland will be asked in a long-awaited referendum: "Should Scotland be an independent country?" However,the issue of the economic implications of an independent Scotland have come to dominate the referendum debate.
The Governor's speech followed an earlier meeting with Alex Salmond, first minister for Scotland, where Mr Carney is understood to have laid out some of the issues raised by Scottish independence.
In Scotland, the 'Yes' vote has galvanized popular support ahead of the 17 September vote and Mr Salmond has said he would like to keep sterling, given it is an asset that needs to be shared between both countries.
Carney outlined the benefits of shared a currency, namely the elimination of transaction costs, reduced uncertainty about currency movements and helping to promote integration by removing one of the barriers between markets and improving transparency.
While the BoE Governor said it was not his place to decide whether Scotland would be better or worse off under independence, the Governor's speech contained warnings about sharing a single currency without the right measure of fiscal alignment.
The biggest area of concern for Mr Carney was the need for a stable banking system. The combined balance sheet of Royal Bank of Scotland and Lloyd Banking Group, which are headquartered in Edinburgh, is almost ten times the size of the Scottish economy.
The UK Government is unlikely to want a currency union that would allow an independent Scotland influence over domestic monetary policy whilst simultaneously leaving UK taxpayers on the hook for Scottish banks.
Carney said the current banking union between Scotland the U.K. had proved durable and efficient: "Its foundations include a single prudential supervisor maintaining consistent standards of resilience, a single deposit guarantee scheme backed by the central government, and a common central bank, able to act as Lender of Last Resort across the union, and also backed by the central government."
However, the euro zone crisis had shown that without such arrangements, disaster was around the corner, and Carney said that an independent Scotland would have to "consider carefully" how it would retain the current union in a way that was consistent with its own newly-acquired sovereignty.
"In short, a durable, successful currency union requires some ceding of national sovereignty," Carney said.
The majority of Scots are seen voting against the motion, but the "yes" vote seems to have gained ground recently. An ICM poll published in the Scotland on Sunday newspaper last weekend found that 37 percent of Scots were in favor of an independent Scotland, up from 32 percent back in September. Forty-four percent of those polled remained against independence.
The ICM said the seven-point gap between "yes" and "no" votes was "sufficiently small to be within striking distance."
"Of course this is but one poll, which could easily suffer from any number of the usual poll vagaries, but it does build on smaller increases in vote share for 'Yes' that were seen in December," it said in a statement. | 2019-04-23T02:01:20 | https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/29/d-currency-zone-talks-scottish-leader.html |
0.999923 | user warning: Table './ppDrupalDB/cache_filter' is marked as crashed and last (automatic?) repair failed query: UPDATE cache_filter SET data = '<p>Peek will be exhibiting at the 2012 InterTraffic Conference in Amsterdam. Visit us in booth 01.206.</p>\n<p><span>Intertraffic Amsterdam facilitates four days of global networking and allows you to become acquainted with the latest trends and developments in our industry. A comprehensive educational programme and a range of exciting side events will further ensure that your visit will be time well spent. We look forward to welcoming you to Amsterdam RAI and showing you all that keeps mankind moving!</span></p>\n', created = 1555669937, expire = 1555756337, headers = '', serialized = 0 WHERE cid = '2:6e594f184801b6109cc467ed15109463' in /var/www/peektraffic.com/portal/includes/cache.inc on line 112.
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user warning: Table './ppDrupalDB/cache_filter' is marked as crashed and last (automatic?) repair failed query: UPDATE cache_filter SET data = '<p> VICTORIA, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA (January 7, 2010) – <a href=\"http://www.carmanah.com/\">Carmanah Technologies</a> and Semex today announced a manufacturing & distribution partnership that will bring leading-edge solar LED lighting and solar-powered traffic beacon technology to Mexico. Carmanah and Semex have partnered to manufacture solar LED lighting and signaling solutions for outdoor lighting and traffic applications at Semex\'s facility in Monterrey, Mexico.<br />\n </p>\n', created = 1555669937, expire = 1555756337, headers = '', serialized = 0 WHERE cid = '1:6eacbf214e5a7a700e48075707ce6698' in /var/www/peektraffic.com/portal/includes/cache.inc on line 112.
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0.998939 | Where in the Bible does Brother Branham read at the beginning of this message?
"And, behold, a woman of ______ came out of the same coasts, and cried unto him, saying, Have mercy on me, O Lord, thou son of David; my daughter is grievously vexed with a devil."
What does Faith take its Eternal resting place upon?
In the days of Noah, the sons of ______ were wise man, builders, inventors, scientists, real smart, real religious. The sons of ______ were humble shepherds and farmers.
Speaking of Moses, Brother Branham said, "After _____ years in the wilderness, that God had uneducating him from the things of the world, unto the mind of God; taking all of his doctor's degree, and everything, away from him, till He could work into his heart."
What does Brother Branham say Goliath's head must of been the size of?
The Bible said that David was _____.
A ______ means "separated to the Word."
What did Samson beat down with a jawbone?
John the Baptist knew that he was represented in the Scripture.
John the Baptist followed in the line of his father by going down to the schools and seminaries.
Which Scripture does Brother Branham use to show God's Word is a sword?
Which of the following hindrances did Brother Branham speak of the Syrophenician woman having, even though her faith didn't have any?
Some of them might have said, "Remember, you are of a different race."
Another critic might have said, "Why, the days of miracles is passed. We don't have miracles no more."
There might have been a bunch of women come to her, and said, "do you understand that your husband will leave you if you do this?"
When the Syrophenician woman arrived to Jesus, what did he call her race of people?
This Syrophenician woman was a hothouse plant that had to be babied a little.
Martha was the first Gentile that a miracle was ever performed on.
When Brother Branham was talking to a woman that belonged to another faith, why did she try and say Jesus was just a prophet or a good man?
What did the woman from California suffer from who was persistent and believed that if Brother Branham would pray for her, she would be healed?
When Brother Branham was in old Mexico, why did he call the man that came to get him Manana?
"You give a man a prayer card, he is _____ percent healed right then."
Here are the current quiz results for Perseverant. Anyone taking the quiz after Friday, March 7, 2014 will not have their score posted. | 2019-04-25T04:59:23 | https://youngfoundations.org/en/thefoundation/quiz_640305 |
0.999479 | How can my company avoid CRM failure?
Succeeding with CRM doesn't require you to spend a lot of money on analyst reports, nor does it require you to hire a Big 5 firm to figure out a complex, highly risky strategy. What success is all about, quite simply, is doing the right thing for your customers. And where do you find out what the "right thing" is? Not from industry analysts, nor major CRM vendors, and not from expensive consulting firms, but from your customers. Just ask them! Because in today's market they -- not you -- are increasingly "managing" the relationship. The other key to success is starting small and working incrementally.
Succeeding with CRM doesn't have to be a multi-year, multi-million dollar engagement. Everyone stubs his/her toe a few times when getting started, but if millions of dollars are at stake, that toe is really going to hurt. So start by doing the little things that your customers want, which will have the greatest impact on both their loyalty and your bottom line, and which will demonstrate to your company that this "CRM stuff" really does work. | 2019-04-19T09:04:34 | https://searchcustomerexperience.techtarget.com/answer/Avoiding-CRM-failure |
0.999622 | There are many of us who incorporated offshore companies. As we highlighted on our website, there are many advantages when we use an offshore company compared to an onshore company. We constantly receive inquiries regarding offshore companies and tax planning.
To be successfully in using an offshore company to your advantage, we have to look at a few things.
Which country does the owner pay his tax?
Which is the country of incorporation for the offshore company?
Which country will the bank account be located?
Where will be the customers from?
Where will be the suppliers from?
As a golden rule to start with, the country where the owner pays his tax, the country where the bank account is located and the country of incorporation for the offshore company should not be the same. For example, if you are a Malaysian and you registered a Belize company and the offshore company has a bank account in Malaysia. So what does that translate to? So you have a bank account in Malaysia which means that all your revenue will come from Malaysia and your profit from this Belize company will be in this Belize company's bank account in Malaysia. So now, as an owner of the Belize company and you are a Malaysian, your Belize company's bank account in Malaysia, the Malaysia bank that holds your Belize company's bank account will flag you to the tax office and you may be liable to pay tax for this company. If you fail to declare the Belize company's profit, it is considered tax evasion.
Now, we are going to make a small change. We are going to "shift" the bank account oversea, to Mauritius. What will be the outcome? You are a Malaysian who own a Belize company and the Belize company's bank account is in Mauritius. Technically, Belize has no tax for this company and you are not required to do any reporting or pay tax. If you are going to remit the profit back to your personal bank account in Malaysia, please declare the tax to the tax authority.
You can't determine what is the profit or loss that you may make using your offshore company but you can determine if you want to send it back to Malaysia and pay tax for your profit. | 2019-04-26T03:39:53 | https://blog.offshorecorpserve.com/index.php/our-articles/17-the-wrong-combination |
0.997703 | How Do I Choose the Best Outdoor Amplifier?
Speakers will be needed to complete a PA amplifier system.
Choose the best outdoor amplifier for your needs by determining the other equipment that it will be hooked up to, deciding how much power you need, and finding one in your price range. Since the amplifier will be outdoors, you also need to establish how much weatherproofing it needs to have, which depends on the length of time it will be outside and how much available protection it will have from the elements. Outdoor amplifiers are usually utilized to increase the power of audio speakers so that you can have an enjoyable listening experience while outside, so choosing the best one for you will create a positive setting.
The first step in finding an outdoor amplifier is deciding which equipment it will be hooked up to. An outdoor amplifier is usually hooked up to speakers with wires connecting to a speaker switch, so locate the speaker switch on your speakers to ensure that the equipment will be compatible. You can tell a sales clerk at an audio components store which speakers you plan on using and he or she can recommend amplifiers that will work with the speakers. Make sure that the wires for the amplifier are long enough to attach to the speakers.
You will need to decide how much power you want the amplifier to have, as outdoor amplifiers come in different sizes that are capable of changing frequencies a small amount or a large amount. If an outdoor amplifier is not capable of changing all of the frequencies coming from the speakers, there will be distortion instead of quality sound. Choose an amplifier that is in a quality class and price range similar to that of the speakers or you will risk having this occur. Some brands sell different types of audio components, which can be a way to compare quality.
Certain outdoor amplifiers come equipped with weatherproofing that makes them more resistant to elements such as wind, snow and rain. If you choose to purchase one of these, you will be paying extra for this feature, but will benefit by having a system that lasts longer. When placing the amplifier in a relatively safe place outside, such as a garage, this might not be necessary as it would be somewhat more protected from the elements. Choose an outdoor amplifier that is the highest quality you can find, that works with your speakers, and that will not become damaged outside for best results with your music.
What Is a Class-D Amplifier?
What Are the Different Types of Amplifier Flight Cases?
What Is a Cellular Repeater?
What Is a Digital Signal Amplifier?
What is a Sound Amplifier?
How do I Choose the Best Indoor Antenna?
How do I Choose the Best WiFi&Reg; Antenna? | 2019-04-23T10:10:16 | http://www.wisegeek.net/how-do-i-choose-the-best-outdoor-amplifier.htm |
0.998257 | Your job is to identify two possible argumentative claims (on different subjects) and provide provisional outlines for how you would make those claims. Please avoid extremely obvious or controversial subjects like abortion, guns, gay marriage, etc. You may also type up a corresponding outline as a separate document, making sure to identify each section; for example, โClaim,โ โReason A,โ โEvidence A1,โ โEvidence A2โ. When you are finished you should have two essay outlines on two different subjects. | 2019-04-20T04:41:13 | https://www.uniessayhelp.com/2016/04/22/identify-two-possible-argumentative-claims-on-different-subjects-and-provide-provisional-outlines-for-how-you-would-make-those-claims/ |
0.99979 | For most entrepreneurs, one of the greatest daily challenges is time management. Not only do busy entrepreneurs struggle with effectively managing their time in order to complete their never-ending to-do lists each day, but they also struggle with prioritizing their time to focus on the tasks that will produce the greatest value and returns for their company. An entrepreneur's daily habits, routines and systems can (and usually do) make or break their success. Always curious to learn about the success habits of other entrepreneurs, today I sat down with my good friend Timothy Sykes, the millionaire stock trader, teacher and serial entrepreneur, and asked him to share with my readers his own daily habits for success and peak performance.
RL: Tim, do you have any specific systems that you use to manage your time?
TS: Ever since CNN featured me for creating my second millionaire student, the demands on my time have doubled. One of the most important things I do each day is getting up early and putting in an hour and a half of work before I do anything else. I go through all of the overnight emails I received to get those out of the day and then I plan what the rest of my day will look like. I plan the most important priorities that I need to focus on that day and create a schedule to make sure the most important tasks get done. This gives me a big advantage in making sure the rest of my day stays on track and is consistent with my long term goals.
RL: How do you manage to pack so many activities into a day?
TS: The most important thing is to prioritize what needs to be done. It's not an exact science. It depends upon your goals and which projects are urgent. Sometimes a short term project may be a high priority and sometimes a long term project may be a high priority. You also need to ask if you should be doing a certain task or if there is someone who can do it better than you. Being able to effectively delegate as many tasks as possible is critical to success. It's important to recognize your weaknesses and delegate whenever possible.
RL: Do you use productivity apps on your phone?
TS: I'm not a big mobile user when it comes to running my business. I don't work on my phone as much as other people do; the majority of my heavy work is done on a desktop. I don't even check email as much when I am out.
RL: How do you keep your productivity and energy up during a hectic, draining day?
TS: For me it's all about ambition and passion. I love my job and that keeps me going everyday. I don't drink coffee and I don't drink Red Bull. I have a clear vision of where I want to be a few years from now and I think about my goals as soon as I wake up every morning. That passion for what I do is what keeps me going.
RL: Do you ever struggle with work-life balance?
TS: Work-life balance has definitely been a struggle for me at times. I'm a workaholic and I love my job. How to balance your life depends which industry you are in. For me, the stock market tends to be hotter during the winter months and I get more down time during the summer months. I also travel a lot so that's a balance too. I will have periods when I am working non-stop and then periods when I am traveling and taking it easy.
RL: What does a typical day in the life of Tim Sykes look like?
TS: Wake up at 7am and do research on potential stock plays until 8:30am. Write my watchlist between 8:30-9am for students, trade stocks from 9-noon, grab some lunch, go for a mid-day run or a mid-day ride in the Lamborghini around 12-1:30pm. Then research more stocks from 1:30-3pm and make some more trades 3-4pm EST.
After the market close I catch up on emails, do press interviews, write blog posts, make video lessons and once/week I give my Challenge students a 2-hour Q&A webinar. 6-9pm I spend time with my girlfriend and puppy watching TV or going out to dinner. Then my girlfriend and I usually go out to the movies or spend time with our family or sight-see whatever exotic city we're in. Midnight bedtime and we do it all over again the next day!
RL: What would be your most important tips about success for other entrepreneurs?
TS: Acknowledge your weaknesses and delegate. Your time and energy are limited and as an entrepreneur, you cannot be a jack of all trades. Delegate as much as you can. | 2019-04-26T14:56:56 | https://www.huffpost.com/entry/success-tips-from-million_b_5488126 |
0.998799 | Under what circumstances might you search for "carpet stores near me"? The most obvious answer is when you want to buy new carpet. This could be to replace your old carpet or for a surface that has no carpet at all. However, that's not the only time finding carpet dealers near Moorhead, MN could be beneficial. Many of them provide a wide variety of different services related to carpet and flooring systems.
Another time you might find yourself searching for "carpet stores near me" is when you need a new carpet installed in your Moorhead, MN home. There are several reasons why you might need new carpet installation from local carpet dealers nearest you. The most common reason is that your old carpet has reached the end of its lifespan. This may also be the case if you've recently purchased a new home with old flooring.
After a certain point, most Moorhead, MN homeowners stain their carpet at least once. Some stains can be removed with home remedies or with help from a local carpet cleaner, but there are those extreme and problematic stains that just won't go away. Over time, you might find more and more of these stains appearing.
Your local Moorhead, MN carpet store isn't just a warehouse full of carpet. It's a company staffed with trained professionals. In most cases, those professionals are trained in the of carpet cleaning and have all of the necessary tools. After all, they have to keep their own carpets clean for public display.
Most carpet stores in Moorhead, MN are more than just carpet retailers. The next time you need your carpet inspected installed, cleaned, or repaired, start by calling a carpet store or retailer near you. | 2019-04-18T22:50:38 | https://carpetstoresnear.me/mn/moorhead/ |
0.999825 | Review: There was naturally some surprise when Manchester producer Marcus Kaye - best known for his soulful D&B work as Marcus Intalex - started making techno under the Trevino alias back in 2011. It was his 2012 EP for Ben Klock's Klockworks imprint that really sealed his reputation amongst the techno community. Here, he returns to that imprint, bringing with him three varied tracks. Contrast, for example, the rave-era breakbeats, stretched-out pads and epic breakdowns of "Eclipse" - an unashamed chunk of early '90s revivalism - with the spooky melodies and intense rhythms of "The Dismal Truth". Then there's "After The Rain", which fixes Detroit techno chords and melodies to a pulsating, electro-influenced groove.
Review: ** Repress ** Thriving in his emergent Trevino moniker, Marcus Intalex makes a prominent step further up the chain with an appearance on Ben Klock's label Klockworks, further cementing his authority as a producer of techno means. "Forged" has no doubt had plenty of test runs at Berghain with its stalking, growling bassline and ever-pressing forward momentum, crafted out of immaculate elements to do all the right kinds of damage. "Uptight" is a more tripped-out affair, with minimal drums and an acidic pulse hovering just below the surface where you have to submerge your head to catch it. "Doldrums" meanwhile shimmers and shudders with a Reese-sized bassline and intricate percussive ripples to create a hulking beast of track. | 2019-04-19T23:00:58 | https://es.juno.co.uk/artists/Trevino/ |
0.995149 | Is the CIA Weaponizing Cancer?
I really work hard on this blog to make sure the information I put out is documented and supported to the point of being ill-refutable. That's why I have to be totally upfront right here and say that I have no actual proof to substantiate the question I'm posing in this post. In spite of that, there are enough unanswered questions to make the discussion worth having.
With the recent death of Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez from an undisclosed form of cancer, many people around the world began asking the question, why is it that so many revolutionaries are recently being afflicted with cancer? There's not only Chavez's case, but Cuban leader Fidel Castro was forced to step down from his position as Secretary General of the Cuban Communist Party in 2006 because of colon cancer. Castro and Chavez aren't the only revolutionary/progressive leaders from that region of the world to be afflicted by this disease. Argentine president, Nestor Kirchner (colon cancer) Brazilโs president Dilma Rousseff (lymphoma cancer), her predecessor Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva (throat cancer), and Bolivian President Evo Morales (throat cancer) have also suffered from the disease. This could all be considered simple coincidence, but it was Chavez himself who posed the question about the CIA weaponizing cancer when he was first diagnosed. He admitted then that he had no hard proof, but that "it would probably be another 50 years before that proof would be revealed." Since we have the Central Intelligence Agency's (CIA) sabotage in Guatamala in 1954, the Congo in 1960/61, Ghana in 1965, Dominican Republic in 1965, Indonesia in 65, Haiti in 1994, and numerous other case studies that were never confirmed until public pressure forced the CIA to only recently admit it's role in each of those scnearios, Chavez's statement carries an ominous warning for all of us who are concerned about justice.
The above is especially true since there is one piece to this that we do know. Wikileaks has reported that the Paraguay Embassy to the U.S. admitted that in 2008, the CIA requested that they collect and turn over to them the biometric data of all presidential candidates in the upcoming election in that country. Oh, and it should be noted that Paraguayan president Fernando Lugo also was diagnosed with lumphoma. This theory is of essential importance to me personnally because Kwame Ture (formally Stokely Carmichael) was diagnosed in 1996, and died in 1998, of prostate cancer. Kwame declared repeatedly, up to his last breath, that "the CIA gave me cancer!" Then, in 2001, Sister Mawina Kouyatte, the person some considered the spirit of the All African People's Revolutionary Party and the All African Women's Revolutionary Union, reportedly died from cancer. This is significant because Kwame and Mawina represented probably the two most influential A-APRP members during their life and truthfully, the party is still reeling in many ways from losing them. I know some of you may say that besides knowing about Stokely Carmichael and what you read here, you never hear anything about the A-APRP so why would the CIA be that concerned about this organization and it's leaders? If you think that way, just remember Gil Scott Heron's words that "the revolution will not be televised (and we'll update that and include that it won't be on Facebook either)." Just because you don't know something doesn't mean it isn't happening. A hard fact that the CIA certainly would be very well aware of, is that when Kwame moved to Guinea-Conakry in 1969, he became the A-APRP's only fulltime organizer in Africa. In 2013, the A-APRP and it's revolutionary Pan-Africanist message and organization has strong foundations and work being carried out in Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Gambia, Senegal, Kenya, Zimbabwe, Azania, South Africa, and Tanzania, well as Europe, and the Americas. You may have missed this, but we can bet the CIA hasn't.
I believe the CIA has been weaponizing whatever they can for decades, but say Chavez's cryptic statement is true and the CIA is weaponizing cancer? What can we do about it? The answer is that it is the masses of people who possess the power, not individuals. Yes, Chavez is gone in the physical sense, but I believe the Venezuelan people will move forward with their Bolivian socialist revolution. Yes, Fidel has transitioned out of active political life, but Cuba is moving forward with socialism. Yes, Kwame and Mawina have physically left us, but the A-APRP is here and building everyday from their examples. So for each one of us they take away we must replace them with multiple soldiers. That's the answer. I just hope we won't have to wait 50 years for the information here to come out "officially" before many of you decide to start doing something.
What about the increasing prevalence of cancer among everyday non-revolutionary people? Does the CIA need to weaponize cancer against individuals if the titans of industry have already done that job for them among the masses?
I guess titans of industry is the wrong term. :). But you know what I mean. The capitalists. | 2019-04-20T16:50:02 | http://www.abetterworld.me/blog/is-the-cia-weaponizing-cancer |
0.999993 | The year is over halfway gone already, can you believe it!? Everyone gets so hyped at the start of a new year; they make resolutions in many areas of their lives. I say, what about a mid-year resolution? Its never too late to start!
"How we spend our days is, of course, how we spend our lives. The tragedy is that we ignore so much of it in the interest of getting to the real stuff."
Resolution: Appreciate the daily, mundane, everyday small stuff in life.
Being a parent is hard. Our children go through so many things in this world and we have to try our best to help them get through it. Although this was years ago, sometimes good advice is timeless. Our kids may grow up, but we never outgrow our role as a parent.
My older daughter is in the 5th grade, and the drama has begun with serious momentum. I have known it was coming, but expecting it doesn't make it any easier to deal with. These little girls are so confused and self-absorbed and insecure that my heart goes out to them. At the same time, I just want to take my little girl away from it all for the next few years!
1. I will listen and empathize without minimizing their feelings. Even though it is silly to those of us who have come through it and are on the other side, to an 11-year-old, it is a big deal. However, that is not to say that I won't help my girls to see a bigger picture and determine for themselves that what the girls say and how they treat each other from day to day (which is ever-changing) doesn't define my girls nor is it even about them most of the time.
2. I will encourage them to be involved in church activities, as well as other activities that broaden their social network. This is a good way to to get away from the ubiquitous cliques at school and see that there is more to life than who is popular and who is best friends with whom at their home-away-from-home.
4. I will encourage my girls to not enable another girl's pouting or attention-getting and to not be sucked in to gossiping themselves. Since I will be assuring and accepting them at home for who they are, I will also be cheering them on when they choose to take the higher road in these situations at school.
5. I will teach my daughters that their worth comes from God, not from their peers' opinions and whims. God loves all these little girls with all of their stuff, and a good grasp of that understanding could keep a girl from falling prey to self-doubt brought upon by gossip and fickleness.
6. I will always do whatever it takes to keep the communication lines wide open between my daughters and me. They will know that their mother is always available to discuss what is going on in their lives, and that she cares.
Never think of humility as a weakness. It is one of our greatest strengths.
My ambition is dwindling to nothing, because I have come to realize that is it ego-driven, and that it is not the way to fulfill my purpose. I have learned that I am not the author of my life, God is. I am witnessing God doing HUGE things in the world right now, and beautiful things in my life.
All I want is to be some part of whatever He is up to in whatever way He wishes to use me.
It's hard to believe this was 6 years ago already! Man how time flies.
1. What do the uniforms look like?
2. Do you get candy when you do something good?
4. Do we go to a Sunday School?
5. is the teacher nice?
6. can parents come to lunch with you?
7. Will I like the uniforms?
8. Will the kids in my class be nice?
9. do we go on field trips?
10. is there a music teacher?
11. do we go to difforent classes?
12. do we get holaday off?
14. do we have lockers?
This is going to be a new blog series of poems, stories, and sayings from my girls when they were little. I think there is always something we can learn from our children. They add humor, joy, and insight to our lives. Enjoy these tidbits from my little ones, I hope they add a smile and a laugh to your day.
You are as breezy as a kite.
You don't smell like shite.
You are most of the time rite.
You are the bestest dad.
You are UNIQUE! God made you that way! We say, "Don't compare apples to oranges," but we do it ALL. THE. TIME. when we compare ourselves to those around us.
God does not intend for us to fulfill a role He has for someone else, so we have to stop trying to be other people! He created THEM, to fulfill THEIR purpose, YOU were made for YOURS. Trust that He has given you what you need to fulfill your unique purpose.
"Stop playing the comparison game; no one wins."
The key to finding your calling is to realize that you are here to serve people, not save people.
Pray and Ask for what you desire, then believe you already have it. Thank God for it now. And then let go and watch it happen.
Today I am thankful for Sirius/XM radio. It makes me so friggin happy!
Write a letter to your 8 year old self!
What did you love to do when you were 8 years old? What games did you play? What did you want to be when you grew up? What are some of your favorite memories?
This exercise is so helpful for finding your purpose. Not a journaler? Let me know. I'm currently creating worksheets and workbooks for you!
I have a challenge for you fabulous ladies!!
I want you to commit to 21 days of a new habit.
Every morning for 21 days, grab your journal ( or notebook or whatever) and the first thing upon waking up, write down three things you are grateful for. Each day for 21 days, you will write three different things you are grateful for.
Then, after writing your three things, spend 5-10 minutes asking God what your direction is for the day.
Sometimes, you will get a clear direction, which is freakin' awesome!! Other times, you won't, so when this happens, just go abut your day according to your priorities.
Just starting your day out with gratitude will transform your attitude! I promise!!
One of my clients, whom I adore, said something during our call last week that was so simple, and at the same time so profound . She said, "I'm waiting for WHAT?"
What are you waiting for? Just do it. Take a leap of faith! The world is waiting!
"The cost of not following your heart, is spending the rest of your life wishing you had"
You know as well as I do that we all make mistakes. But if you want to live a bigger, better life, you must choose to learn from mistakes and move on.
Do NOT let them hold you back. Forgive yourself (and anyone else you need to forgive) and keep moving forward. Never give up!
despite how they act, just like me. | 2019-04-22T16:25:48 | https://www.loricareycoaching.com/blog |
0.999997 | Last year, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention released maps of American obesity that pegged the country's Southern states as the fattest at Fat Camp USA. Now, a study out of the University of Alabama at Birmingham is taking the CDC to task. Southerners aren't the fattest, the study concludes, they're just more honest about their height and weight.
The obesity maps in question were released last year, in the CDC's latest batch of American Obesity Facts. The data was unambiguous: America has a weight problem. The country's been battered hard by the obesity epidemic, and no region more brutally than the South.
But in a paper published in the latest issue of the journal Obesity, University of Alabama at Birmingham researchers led by biostatistician George Howard conclude that the CDC's numbers are skewed. Why? "Differential misreporting" Howard tells Alabama Live. In other words: people lie.
The CDC study relied on a nationwide telephone survey. The UAB's numbers, on the other hand, come from the REGARDS (Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke) study, wherein people's weight and height are measured directly. When the researchers compared data from both studies, they found that pretty much everyone tends to overreport height (though it's more common in men) and underreport weight (more common in women) when surveyed via telephone. To reiterate: people lie. But Howard's team noticed something interesting, namely that some regions of the U.S. seemed to be lying more than others.
[Howard's team] analyzed the weights in the nine geographic regions used by the U.S. Census Bureau [see above].
[The researchers] found that the West North Central region, which includes Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska and North and South Dakota, ranked fourth in obesity by the telephone survey results. But when actually weighed in the REGARDS study, people from that region ranked first in the nation for obesity.
"It is hard to know exactly what is going on, but my speculation is that people in the South are telling the truth more," says Howard. "Perhaps there is not as much stigma connected to obesity as say someone in California, or in this case, Minnesota."
Is it surprising that people were found to self-report being taller and lighter than they actually are? Not really. Self-report studies are often biased by social desirability, which means even the healthiest country on Earth is liable to be full of big fat liars. The regional distribution of misreporting is certainly interesting, though. Are people in the Southern U.S. less embarrassed by their weight? Is the rest of the country more ashamed? | 2019-04-21T20:07:12 | https://io9.gizmodo.com/people-from-the-south-arent-the-fattest-theyre-just-472624064 |
0.996477 | If I work for an ophthalmologist, would her letter be credible at all if I got her to write me a letter of rec? do you need 3 letters from professors from all schools?
A letter from ophthalmologist would be perfect for Med-school, but I think it would be ok for dent-school too, since it can tell the school about your character, work ethics, manners in which you work with others. One of my rec letters came from a physician in a hospital I volunteered at; I never volunteered in dental field, but I shadowed the dentist and she wrote me a letter too.
I would suggest you to pick a few of the schools you are interested in and asked them.
Yes you need three professor letters for just about all the schools, and one dentist letter. An addition work letter is fine, but will not fulfill the requirement.
For the three professor letters, do they all have to be science professors?
I'm pretty sure its 2 prof letters + 1 dentist. not 3 profs. | 2019-04-22T03:08:39 | https://forums.studentdoctor.net/threads/letters-of-rec.717622/ |
0.99999 | What is the significance of time in the novel?
In the novel The Great Gatsby, Time is one of the themes that play a key role physically, philosophical and biologically. Fitzgerald portrays time as being a relentless force that cannot be controlled by men. As time passes from past, present and to the future, Fitzgerald not only manipulates time in the novel, he refers to time repeatedly to reinforce the idea that time is a driving force not only for the 1920s, a period of great change, but for America itself. We will see Fitzgerald also turns a critical eye to the American concept of time, in effect warning us all to avoid becoming trapped in time. People are seen trying to live in the past and some wanting to skip ahead towards the future, all on a journey to achieve their dreams.
Throughout Fitzgeraldโs novel, Gatsbyโs entire life was shaped by his preoccupation with his past and so he does not live in the present but lost in a dream, it was his illusion of his ideal future that made time a key dimension in his life. He tries to relive his relationship with Daisy, believing that he could once again rekindle their love. Gatsby still imagined Daisy as a pure, perfect, amazing woman he fell in love with, completely blinded by the fact that Daisy was not to his ideal illusion of โperfectโ anymore and had changed, this is seen in the phrase, โShe used to be able to understand. Weโd sit for hours โโโ. As time went on so did Daisy, but Gatsby kept insisting that they were in love. From Gatsby's illusions of the past preoccupying all his thoughts, he forgets about the key dimension he exists in which is the present. This is seen when he says โCanโt repeat the past? Of course you can!โ Gatsby was described as being โincredulouslyโ and โwildlyโ as he spoke, incredulous means being skeptical, proving that he was obsessed about reliving his relationship. Nick also did go back to the past, contradicting what he wrote at the end of the novel to move on. He writes and narrates the book about how great Gatsby was, admiring the fact he achieved his American Dream, evidence from the text would be โOnly Gatsbyโฆwho represented every unbroken series of successful gestures.โ Tom is also seen reminiscing about his pass, the phrase โ.Tom would drift on forever seekingโฆfor the dramatic turbulence of some irrecoverable football gameโ, Tom had achieve his American Dream at a young age, wealth and fame, the word โirrecoverableโ suggest that Tom longed to return to his glory days but will never be able to.
However, on the other hand, it was also shown that in the novel, the characters were also seen to look forward into the future. One of the significant themes in the novel, The American Dream, played a key role in looking into the future. Gatsby chased his dreams to reunite with Daisy and to do that, he had to let go of his past and changing his name โat the age of seventeenโ and him creating a โplatonic conception of himselfโ suggests that he is determined to create an idealistic flawless persona and let go of his past. He was willing to let go of his past and leave his family to pursue his dreams. Gatsby was described as a โson of Godโ by Nick, which proposes that his brand new persona was perfect and was driven and sure of his goal, therefore, worthy of the quotation โson of Godโ. In addition, the quote โtomorrow we will run faster, stretch our arms furtherโฆโ can be conveyed that there is still hope for the future, however there is also a hint of despair, in the sense that Gatsby did not ultimately achieve his dream which he sacrificed so much for.
Throughout the whole novel, Gatsby constantly tries to control time. His obsession and his never-ending drive towards impressing Daisy makes it almost impossible for him not to live in the past, as that is the only time he ever actually had her. During his meeting with Daisy, we see that Gatsby tries to control time as when "the clock took this moment to tilt dangerously...he turned and caught it with trembling fingers" as if he was trying to salvage the moment he had in Daisy's presence. He then, "set it back in place" which metaphorically suggests that he tried to save the moment, desperately keeping Daisy's eyes on him, instead on what could have been a broken clock, as he has been longing to see her for the many years that has passed Moreover, Gatsby's schedule that was discovered after his death also symbolized how he tried to control his time. He was very specific and was very concerned about being able to fit everything into place and to control his time but later, came to realize that no matter how hard we try to control time, reality will eventually catch up with us and the only thing we would be able to control is our dreams.
Time plays a key role in the morality difference between past and the present. As time advances from past, present and to the future, so does the society change along with it. People become more oblivious towards the real meaning of the American Dream and instead prioritizes wealth and social status. A clear example would be Meyer Wolfshiem, he says โWhen a man gets killed I never liked to get mixed up in it..When I was a young man it was different โ if a friend of mind died ..I stuck with them to the end.โHe did not want to get involved in Gatsbyโs death because he wanted to protect his business, however in contrast, he claims that when he was younger he was loyal. Wolfshiem used the word โsentimentalโ to describe himself, a word used also to do with holding on to something precious or meaningful, which is not seen when he heard of Gatsbyโs death. This proves that in the 1920โs, people were self-centered and full of greed, their life was only focused on achieving wealth and being well-known. Myrtle also had a change in priorities when in the past she married Wilson because he was a โgentlemanโ and could take care of her she quotes, however she gets blinded by materialism, going after a man with money.
The significance of time is that, change comes with time. From morals to people's perspective, this change cannot be stopped neither can it be avoided. People can try living in the past and wishing to re-live it, but eventually, reality will catch up with us ensuring that time doesn't wait for anyone and the only place where we can control our time, is in our dreams. The way Fitzgerald portrays time as a relentless force that shapes and controls the life and dreams of men, something that is unable to be โboughtโ by wealth.
"Significance of Time in Great Gatsby" StudyMode.com. 05, 2013. Accessed 05, 2013. https://www.studymode.com/essays/Significance-Of-Time-In-Great-Gatsby-1685137.html. | 2019-04-21T23:12:05 | https://www.studymode.com/essays/Significance-Of-Time-In-Great-Gatsby-1685137.html |
0.999283 | For example, NYC received forecasts from three validated forecasting models. They then did something that was not conservative by choosing the forecasting model that they thought would be best. Why was this a violation of the Golden Rule? Because the average of forecasts from different methods is (1) usually much more accurate than the forecast by the typical forecast, and (2) the average forecast is often more accurate even than the most accurate individual forecast. In addition, it reduces risk because (3) the average is always at least as accurate as the typical individual forecast and (4) the average forecast always avoids the worst possible error (which the NYC managers failed to do).
Combining forecasts is only one of 28 guidelines for obtaining conservative forecasts. Another, for example, is that decision-makers should not revise forecasts from proven methods.
The Golden Rule of Forecasting guidelines are freely available in a simple checklist designed for managers. Decision-makers should go for the gold when using forecasts. | 2019-04-24T12:42:59 | https://forecasters.org/blog/2015/02/15/bad-winter-storm-forecasts-blame-the-managers/ |
0.999987 | In short: Add option via settings to stop alien-dalvik service on shutdown of last android app.
In short: Add option via settings to stop alien-dalvik service on shutdown of last android app.app or let it run on user decision. Because some people want background notifications from the Android apps.
In short: short: Add option via settings to stop alien-dalvik service on shutdown of last android app or let it run on user decision. Because some people want background notifications from the Android apps. | 2019-04-25T00:36:42 | https://together.jolla.com/questions/20472/revisions/ |
0.99877 | The usual plural for "deer" is "deer". For some reason, this lack of a different plural form seems to have spread to other deer-like animals, like "elk", "antelope", and "caribou". Perhaps the fact that "moose" doesn't have a different plural form re-enforces this idea even more.
Googling for "three elk" and "three elks" seems to confirm this for every animal that I've mentioned. Do other anglophones feel this aversion to plural forms for deer-like animals too?
I get the impression that it is the same for all game animals - do hunters not also do the same for grouse and partridge?
I've always thought of it as being psychologically motivated - referring to animals as mass nouns, a kind of stuff or material almost, when hunting them, viewing them as "hunting fodder" rather than the individuals that a plural would imply - and then passing into general use.
Grouse is originally a plural which was later used collectively.
Same thing happens with fish. Of course all the ones that end in -fish are singular, but even most of the ones that don't but are typically fished for. In fact I'm having trouble thinking of fish that do take plural regularly...shark, ray, eel...what else?
Interesting theory, but it doesn't seem to apply to all groups of animals.
Not birds: the plurals "five birds", "five ducks", "five pheasants", "five geese" are well alive.
Not penned animals: Yes, "five sheep", but "five cows", "five goats", "five pigs", "five chickens".
I'm not sure about lobsters or crabs though.
His theory could explain why it expanded beyond these couple words. What merged the singular and plural of these words in the beginning, anyways? Sound-change?
Rounding out the game animals, 'boars' is only the plural for male boar, boar in general are called 'boar'. And 'partridge' can just be called partridge, though they can also be partridges. Plus of course 'fowl' and 'game' themselves.
Where outside of expressions like "sleep with the fishes" or Three Dog Night songs?
Google suggests the BBC, Slate, the National History Museum, the National Gallery, four pubs/restaurants, three different christian charities, numerous books and websites, and an online collection of the works of Hiroshige.
Surveying it, it seems to me to be an old form that has survived in the places you'd expect old forms to survive - technical uses (eg 'ray-lobed fishes', 'bony fishes', rather than fish), cultural uses (eg the titles of works of art), references to older works (eg the charities are all references to old bible translations and their miracle of the 'loaves and fishes'), and proper names (pub names can often perpetuate many older or more dialectical features). Plus uses around children.
Outside of that, I'd also be tempted to use it when I was referring to a number of definite individual fish - eg if I had fish, I might say "I gave the fishes some food", if they were a small number of fish I knew individually (rather than a big shoal).
I don't live by the ocean, so I didn't think of those fish. Anyways, it's certainly "dolphins" and "whales" too.
Yeah, that's how I understood it as well. Also consider that "deer" once was the general term for all large game, rather than specifically the medium antlered type we now associate with the name.
It's not a rule, and of course there are exceptions, but it sure is a strong *pattern* to collectivize unpenned food animals. The unmarked plurals all seem to be for that type of animal, even if not all of those animals have unmarked plurals.
Do expressions like "forty-two head of cattle" apply here?
For me, "I'm going out hunting pheasant" would be OK, but not *"there are five pheasant in that field". And similarly for "elk" etc.
For me, neither of those work with "pheasant", but both do with "elk".
Perhaps the fact that "moose" doesn't have a different plural form re-enforces this idea even more.
The correct plural of "moose" is "meese." I thought everyone knew this?
The modern English umlauting plural everyone forgets. As conlangers we, of all people, should know this.
Hmm, the phrase "Look at all the X!" seems to fit most animals, the exceptions seem to be harder to find. You could say "Look at all the lobster!" refering to an aquarium or something full of live lobster, or "Look at all the vulture in that field!" but not when talking about pig or shark.
I kind of get the feeling that the cases where it's allowable there's almost a missing suffix "-kind" at the end. "Look at all the vulture(kind)!" yet "I saw five vultures." Collective noun.
I don't think it has to do with hunting, impersonalisation has little to do with it. People have been butchering their livestock they get to know as well as any human friend for millenia and that doesn't interfere much, and often hunting is described as a specific connection to your prey.
Lots of hunting also, throughout history and up to this day, ritualizes this connection with the prey, e.g. eating a bit of the still-warm heart and the like, in a way that definitely doesn't really seem to support the contention presented earlier.
Not IMD. You might be able to get away, just, with 'look at all the lobster', maybe because people might think you were treating the lobsters as future food, or maybe because they might think you were talking about the lobsters as though they were fish... but 'look at all the vulture' is just plain totally ungrammatical IMD.
Do they? According to Wiktionary (not the best source for this stuff, I know, but it should be accurate in this case), Proto-Germanic had the singular *deuzฤ
and the plural *deuzล for deer, and *skฤpฤ
/ *skฤpล for sheep. I think it's more accurate to say that they go back to Old English, where the final vowels dropped off both for the singulars and the plurals, leaving just dฤor and scฤap. I guess this is a little nitpicky considering the same development happened (almost) throughout Germanic, but I think Gothic, as usual, is the exception.
I believe it happened to all a-stem neuter nouns with heavy stem syllables, i.e. stem syllables with long vowels and/or final clusters, so other examples include folk, word, work etc. However, almost all the words in question later acquired regular plurals with -s. At some point these null plurals seem to have become associated with animals in particular, which is a little ironic considering nouns for animals are rarely neuter. | 2019-04-19T08:45:53 | http://www.incatena.org/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=42716 |
0.9999 | As I write this review, I am having difficulty finding any online information, other than a Facebook page, about this new-to-me company known as Baily Tea USA. Therefore, I could not do any research on this particular tea, and nor can I provide any information on how to go about acquiring this product. Regardless, I have been craving a good cup of Ceylon lately and, luckily for me, this tea satisfied my craving. My sample of this tea consists of very long and loosely curled tea leaves. The dry leaves have a wonderful aroma that has elements of cocoa and of baking bread. I brewed the tea in boiling water with a three-minute infusion. The tea is dark reddish-brown in color with a cheery almost-lemony aroma. This is a pleasant cup of tea; not too heavy, not too dilute, but with enough flavor and oomph to make it an ideal breakfast brew. The flavor is primarily fruity with sweet cocoa undertones. The bread-like element I picked up in the dry leaf aroma was not quite noticeable in the brewed tea. Still, this has a nice brisk quality and is something I could see being a good canddate for an everyday brew. I did not add milk or sugar to this tea, but I suppose it is sturdy enough to take these being added to it. I tried this tea as a hot drink as well as an iced tea, and while both were enjoyable I preferred this one as a hot tea, as I noticed that the flavor became a little flat when the tea was cold. While not the most notable Ceylon I have ever had, this is a good offering and one I would happily drink again. | 2019-04-20T17:12:28 | https://www.teaviews.com/2012/02/28/review-baily-tea-usa-pure-ceylon-op/ |
0.996022 | President Donald Trump signed two Executive Orders related to immigration on January 25, including one addressing interior enforcement and so-called โsanctuary citiesโ, and another addressing construction of a wall along the border of the United States and Mexico.
The first Executive Order is called โEnhancing Public Safety in the Interior of the United States.โ The purpose of this Order is to ensure the public safety of U.S. communities around the country by focusing on undocumented aliens who engage in criminal conduct in the United States. The text of the Executive Order explicitly directs executive departments and agencies to cooperate in the apprehension of undocumented aliens who engage in criminal activities. The Order includes language that will bar federal funding from any jurisdiction that refuses to comply with it. This would mean that a jurisdiction would need to ensure that undocumented aliens who engage in criminal conduct are removed, and that there is support for victims, and families of victims, of the criminal acts committed by the undocumented alien.
It is stressed that the removal of undocumented aliens who commit crimes should be made a priority. It is of note that the classes of removable aliens include those who โhave been charged with any criminal offense, where such charge has not been resolved.โ A sampling of the definition of class of removable aliens is as follows: 1) those who have been convicted of a criminal offense; 2) those who have engaged in fraud or willful misrepresentation before a governmental agency; 3) those who have abused a program to receive public benefits; 4) those who are subject to a final order of removal but have not complied and departed; and 5) those who pose a risk to public safety or national security under the discretionary judgment of an immigration officer.
The Executive Order prohibiting sanctuary cities also includes language to promulgate regulations to assess and collect fines from undocumented aliens who are unlawfully in the United States. It contains text allowing for the hiring of 10,000 additional immigration officers as well as state and local law enforcement officers to act as immigration officers. This includes apprehension, investigation, and detention powers, thereby expanding the reach of immigration enforcement by state and local law enforcement. In addition, the Order includes language that will require a quarterly report from the U.S. Secretary of State and Attorney General on aliens who are incarcerated, and their immigration statuses.
This Executive Order also encourages sanctions against countries that deny or unreasonably delay accepting a deportable national of that country. This could result in the discontinuation of granting immigrant and/or nonimmigrant visas to residents of that country. A blanket discontinuance of visa issuance could result in reciprocal treatment against U.S. visa applicants. To date, the U.S. government has identified 23 such countries, including China and India.
The second Order is titled โBorder Security and Immigration Enforcement Improvements.โ The purpose of this Order is to ensure border security, focusing on the southern border with Mexico and the alleged increase of violent crime, drug and human trafficking, and terrorist conduct. The Executive Order addresses the perceived problem at the southern border with a mandate to construct a wall that will be monitored and patrolled to prevent illegal immigration, drug and human trafficking, and acts of terrorism. The Order includes clauses identifying methods of funding the construction of the wall (including federal funds), the hiring of 5,000 additional border agents, and additional detention facilities to be built near the border with Mexico and staffed with asylum officers. The Order calls for the detention of all unauthorized border crossers and expands expedited removal. About the current asylum policy, the Executive Order includes language requiring a strict reading of how immigration judges determine credible fear.
We expect additional Executive Orders related to immigration in the coming days and weeks. | 2019-04-22T22:07:40 | https://www.eb5investors.com/blog/president-trump-signs-two-executive-orders-immigration |
0.999098 | Quiz time. How many players have played in consecutive World Cup finals? The Italians did it in 1934 and 1938; Brazil did in 1958 and 1962 โ and then in 1998 and 2002; the Netherlands lost the 1974 and 1978 finals; Maradona captained Argentina in the 1986 and 1990 finals; and West Germany went one better by contesting three successive finals between 1982 and 1990.
A few players have graced consecutive finals but only one has done it while representing two different countries: Luis Monti, who starred for Argentina in the first World Cup final in 1930 and then won it for Italy four years later โ all while dealing with various threats on his safety. | 2019-04-21T20:21:10 | http://wetheitalians.com/single_post/luis-monti-man-who-played-two-world-cup-finals-two-countries |
0.998884 | Has opening turn balance changed a lot in the past few years?
Status: offline I'm curious to know if what I see people do here will be possible to replicate.
As an example, turn 1 normal difficulty campaign game, players often move armored troops to 53, 34 to attack Riga.
I have seen people take Riga with one panzer division and this seems impossible even if you add support troops to the division and run the HQ up there. As an example of this, see the AAR sillyflower vs BrianG from late 2015.
If you run two of them there, both with support troops added, there is still a chance that an attack on Riga will fail.
Did it used to be possible to take Riga with one Panzer division? Did attacking with two sometimes fail in the past? Am I just not seeing AAR's where there was a debacle there?
Is there a magic answer involving aircraft or something?
Status: offline I don't think I've ever had the nerve to try with one. Two is not always sufficient.
I'm curious to know if what I see people do here will be possible to replicate.
You can take Riga with one. Taking it with 2 is guaranteed.
It's never ended in me not taking Riga so seems fine to me unless I have been incredibly lucky somehow?
Status: offline Okay, I get it, thank you. You're running one to Riga, hitting it, and if that fails you try again with two. If you clear enough you can get to the attack hex with 4 MP.
One way you end up with a Pz in Riga and a free Pz, and the other way you end up with a Pz next to Riga and another one in it.
The conservative way you end up with one in it and one a knight's move SE or two hexes E.
I've never seen Riga fall on the first one though.
I'm willing to scum save but I feel bad about it, and if I couldn't, I'd think it was a pretty nasty roll of the dice.
Status: offline PLay against the AI and scumsave as much as you like, extensive trial&error is the best (and the only reasonable?) way to working the turn 1 opening out.
Status: online The main change in the opening turn is now the germans can do better than they ever did in the past....both in distance gained, soviet units defacto encircled, and soviet air losses.
Its really compounded to make the soviet start vs this opening an almost impossible task, especially with the improved german logistics where they can now effectively supply assault deep into Russia very early on with proper rail network building.
It used to be the soviet players could use distance to buy some time for virtually having no army in the early game...that is no longer possible in the recent editions of the game.
Status: offline Has that changed? Or was it always there, but not yet discovered?
Has that changed? Or was it always there, but not yet discovered?
All of what Chaos45 said has been in the game. It is just now that some Germans can milk the system even more. For instance, the Germans can push the coastal ports in the South and have very good supply. Few Germans do it but when more and more do start doing this it will show what is possible. All of that begins at Odessa and as the Soviets playing a good German you "will not" have the forces to defend Odessa properly because of the super extended Lvov pocket.
Chaos45 is correct too that every item in the game for the Soviets is accentuated by the Lvov pocket loses. The recovery for the Soviets really does not start until turn 10 from the 1st turn and those are just drops in a Ocean against a good German. That is assuming the Soviets don't make too many more mistakes the turns prior.. But if you throw in the Port jumping in the South you could pretty much be past Stalino and close to Rostov area turn 8-9.
Granted I am talking only about the top percentage of German players. But if I did an AAR showing how to do the Port jumping after a Super Extended Lvov pocket then more Soviets are going to lose their Southern industry than ever before after the rest of the Germans see how it is done.
Now don't get me wrong, I think the game is becoming more balanced all the time. Yes there are some items that need to be addressed which the Matrix team does a wonderful job of taking care of. But all of these take time.
Status: offline I thought it was pretty obvious that ports were good supply sources and should be fully made use of.
As for Riga, using one panzer is fine so long as you can attack twice. It never failed both times in my case. Of course don't forget bombing, ground support, pioneer, etc.
I thought it was pretty obvious that ports were good supply sources and should be fully made use of.
Obvious it not so much for everyone all the time.
You really don't even need bombing or ground support if you have the correct SU's attached on the attack on Riga.
Status: offline How long does it take to repair a port so it can be a supply source? Is there any way to accelerate this? I have not seen Germans being able to supply from ports before winter 1941-42.
Can Sea of Azov ports be sources of supply before the Germans capture Crimea and cross the Kerch Straights? | 2019-04-22T19:01:55 | http://www.matrixgames.com/forums/tm.asp?m=4517942&mpage=1 |
0.998739 | " Good choice of food on both kids menu and ours, everyone enjoyed"
" Good choice of food on kids meals as well as ours, everyone happy"
" Food wasnโt marvellous, very noisy"
Balvinder said "Realky really good.
Some of the reviews on Tastecard for this restaurant were a bit indifferent - so wasn't sure..."
Abigail said "Not an enjoyable dining experience!
Friendly enough, but needs to smarten up decor, quality of food and offer a more professional..."
Eaten at Bella Italia a few times in north east. First time in Manchester Picadilly Bella. Very..."
After ordering our food and drink we patiently waited for our drinks to turn up and then our food..."
For an Italian restaurant both my partner and I found the pizza and lasagna to be disappointing...."
" Good choice of food on both kids menu and ours, everyone enjoyed "
" Good choice of food on kids meals as well as ours, everyone happy "
" Food wasnโt marvellous, very noisy "
Balvinder said: "Realky really good.
Some of the reviews on Tastecard for this restaurant were a bit indifferent - so wasn't sure what to expect.
All I can say is that they must have gone to a different restaurant.
The food was good - better than most of the local "chain" restaurants. The service was truly excellent. The staff were attentive, speedy, pleasant. Absolutely 10/10.
Been working in Manchester for a while - and this is the first time we have eaten here - it definitely won't be the last. "
Abigail said: "Not an enjoyable dining experience!
Friendly enough, but needs to smarten up decor, quality of food and offer a more professional approach. A negative experience was compounded by poor service (we had to ask again for both mains and desserts). Apology offered wore thin the second time round! I would not recommend this particular restaurant. It felt a little grubby and was not an enjoyable dining experience. "
Eaten at Bella Italia a few times in north east. First time in Manchester Picadilly Bella. Very friendly and attentive staff. First time using tastecard and staff recognised it so no problems at all to use. Good saving made! Thumbs up all round. "
After ordering our food and drink we patiently waited for our drinks to turn up and then our food turned up first, how does this happen? The dish didnโt look appealing, it looked as if it had been sitting under the heat lamp for a while. On tasting it was bland and flavourless even salt didnโt help the flavour. Maybe the chef has just given up this lunchtime. I put the bowl of uneaten food to the end of the table and not a single member of staff that walked past and looked at it asked if everything was ok.
Very disappointed. After having our bowls taken away and telling the server we were left to ourselves. No offer of another drink or even pudding. How is a business going to last with this attitude to their customers. "
For an Italian restaurant both my partner and I found the pizza and lasagna to be disappointing. The food arrived very quickly however, the pizza was not very warm and was quite bland. " | 2019-04-25T07:01:32 | https://www.tastecard.co.uk/restaurant/details/25571/Bella-Italia-Manchester-Piccadilly |
0.999999 | Signed binary number 0000 0000 1111 1111 1111 1111 1110 1001 converted to an integer in base ten = 16 777 193. How to convert a signed binary: 0000 0000 1111 1111 1111 1111 1110 1001(2) to an integer in decimal system (in base 10) 1. Is this a positive or a negative number? In a signed binary, first bit (the leftmost) is reserved for the sign, 1 = negative, 0 = positive. This bit does not count when calculating the absolute value. 0000 0000 1111 1111 1111 1111 1110 1001 is the binary representation of a positive integer, on 32 bits (4 Bytes). 2. Construct the unsigned binary number, exclude the first bit (the leftmost), that is reserved for the sign: 0000 0000 1111 1111 1111 1111 1110 1001 = 000 0000 1111 1111 1111 1111 1110 1001 3. Map the unsigned binary number's digits versus the corresponding powers of 2 that their place value represent: 230 0 229 0 228 0 227 0 226 0 225 0 224 0 223 1 222 1 221 1 220 1 219 1 218 1 217 1 216 1 215 1 214 1 213 1 212 1 211 1 210 1 29 1 28 1 27 1 26 1 25 1 24 0 23 1 22 0 21 0 20 1 4. Multiply each bit by its corresponding power of 2 and add all the terms up: 000 0000 1111 1111 1111 1111 1110 1001(2) = (0 ร 230 + 0 ร 229 + 0 ร 228 + 0 ร 227 + 0 ร 226 + 0 ร 225 + 0 ร 224 + 1 ร 223 + 1 ร 222 + 1 ร 221 + 1 ร 220 + 1 ร 219 + 1 ร 218 + 1 ร 217 + 1 ร 216 + 1 ร 215 + 1 ร 214 + 1 ร 213 + 1 ร 212 + 1 ร 211 + 1 ร 210 + 1 ร 29 + 1 ร 28 + 1 ร 27 + 1 ร 26 + 1 ร 25 + 0 ร 24 + 1 ร 23 + 0 ร 22 + 0 ร 21 + 1 ร 20)(10) = (0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 8 388 608 + 4 194 304 + 2 097 152 + 1 048 576 + 524 288 + 262 144 + 131 072 + 65 536 + 32 768 + 16 384 + 8 192 + 4 096 + 2 048 + 1 024 + 512 + 256 + 128 + 64 + 32 + 0 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 1)(10) = (8 388 608 + 4 194 304 + 2 097 152 + 1 048 576 + 524 288 + 262 144 + 131 072 + 65 536 + 32 768 + 16 384 + 8 192 + 4 096 + 2 048 + 1 024 + 512 + 256 + 128 + 64 + 32 + 8 + 1)(10) = 16 777 193(10) 5. If needed, adjust the sign of the integer number by the first digit (leftmost) of the signed binary: 0000 0000 1111 1111 1111 1111 1110 1001(2) = 16 777 193(10) Conclusion: Number 0000 0000 1111 1111 1111 1111 1110 1001(2) converted from signed binary to an integer in decimal system (in base 10): 0000 0000 1111 1111 1111 1111 1110 1001(2) = 16 777 193(10) Spaces used to group numbers digits: for binary, by 4; for decimal, by 3.
0000 0000 1111 1111 1111 1111 1110 1001 is the binary representation of a positive integer, on 32 bits (4 Bytes). | 2019-04-18T22:33:27 | http://binary-system.base-conversion.ro/binary-signed-converted-to-signed-integer-in-decimal-system.php?signed_binary=00000000111111111111111111101001&signed_integer_number_base_ten=16777193 |
0.997598 | What was the first high-definition home video format available to consumers?
Created by JVC, Hitachi, Philips and Matsushita, D-VHS was introduced in 1998 and was capable of showing movies in high resolutions including 1920x1080 and 1280x720 while D-VHS VCRs could record from 480p to full 1080i with an external DTV tuner in addition to being backward compatible with all the standard VHS and S-VHS tapes already in circulation.
When D-VHS was released, there was no other high-definition recording or playback system for consumers. DVD players at the time couldn't handle high definition video and it was only in 2004 that prototypes of consumer high-def DVD recording/playback devices began appearing at trade shows.
In the event that you attempt to watch an old D-VHS tape, note that manufacturers JVC and Mitsubishi never resolved compatibility differences and tapes recorded on hardware made by one can't be played by the other. Also after 2002, prerecorded D-VHS cassettes were sold under the brand name D-Theater and those tapes won't play in D-VHS decks without the D-Theater logo. | 2019-04-20T12:21:32 | https://www.techspot.com/trivia/92-what-first-high-definition-home-video-format-available/ |
0.999885 | How much is Page Rank really worth?
We are in a position to purchase a domain, made of relevant keywords to our company with a current page ranking of 4 for their home page. However in looking at their analytics and other information they do not do well on significant keywords and have very low site traffic. In fact they do very, very poorly.
With their high page ranking would it be relatively easy to conduct a successful SEO campaign on the domain if we were to take it over as our own and attempt to climb in the SERP's? I know Page Rank doesn't mean everything when it comes to your ranking, but 4 is relatively high in our field, so I don't really understand why they do so poorly when it comes to their actual rankings on key words.
Maybe they were hit by Panda or Penguin or another penalty.
Lots of sites have been hit in the past couple of years.
I would have the site reviewed by someone who knows a lot about those types of penalties if you are going to pay serious money for the domain.
And... lots of sites have PR that drop after the domain is sold and the former owner takes down his links.
First thing I'd do is look at their traffic history if possible. Look as far back as you can and see if there are significant drops in traffic. It would be a good sign if there were not any significant drops. If the terms they're getting their most traffic for now were the same terms they were getting their most traffic for two or three years ago--and they rank down on page 2 or 3, it could be a sign of fixable under optimization.
If, however, you don't see any significant drops and you examine a page (maybe their homepage) and it looks appropriately optimized for appropriately competitive terms but the page is not showing up anywhere in the results, I'd hesitate. There could be a penalty far back in it's history that you're not able to see.
Take a look at the wayback machine and see what the site looked like prior to the analytics history you're able to view. Was it the same site? Maybe the people you're buying it from bought it from someone else who'd spammed and jammed it. If that were the case, maybe a simple reinclusion request could fix the problem--if there is one.
There are a lot of possibilities and they're all worth looking into. Of course, the smart buyer might do exhaustive research, keep the results close to their vest, and push the seller hard on the lack of traffic issue to suppress the price.
Definitely use a tool like OSE or Majestic to take a look at their link profile. Where are their high authority links coming from? Are they hard to duplicate links, or something you could get yourself? Are they links that could be removed once the site is sold? Are there any spammy or blackhat links?
Make sure you do a thorough analysis of the site's backlinks to make sure you're not getting a lemon. Also, PageRank can sometimes drop when a site is sold to a new owner, so be aware of that possibility, especially if you are going to be changing the site's content a lot. | 2019-04-22T22:25:25 | https://moz.com/community/q/how-much-is-page-rank-really-worth |
0.999899 | Rats with electrodes implanted in their heads can send information directly from brain to brain, even from different continents. Could this discovery herald the beginning of mind reading and an Internet of brains?
In the novel Childhood's End, sci-fi writer Arthur C. Clarke tells the story of an alien civilization that visits Earth and helps to create a generation of telepathic human children. Mentally interconnected, the children think and act as one all-knowing organism.
Neuroscientist Miguel Nicolelis foresees a day when our brains really will be interconnected in what he calls a brain-net, and we won't even need aliens to achieve it. In his lab at Duke University, Nicolelis has taken the first steps toward bringing brain-to-brain communication into reality by electronically connecting rats' brains. The results are published in today's issue of Scientific Reports.
In Nicolelis's experiments, two thirsty rats are placed into separate, identical cages. They cannot see or hear each other, but their brains are wired together via electrode implants in their motor cortices.
The rats have been trained to push a lever on cue. In this case, the cue is a light that flashes above the correct lever. When the rat steps on the correct lever, it is rewarded with a sip of water. However, only the first rat sees the light signal. To get a taste of that sweet H2O, rat No. 2 has to interpret rat No. 1's thoughts.
The idea is this: The left light blinks on in Rat No. 1's cage, so it steps on the left-hand lever. As it does this, neurons in the motor cortex fire in a specific way. The implanted electrode captures those electric signals, translates them into binary code, and sends the signal through a wire to the electrode in Rat No. 2's brain. There the signal is translated back into neural signals, hopefully hinting to rat No. 2 to step on the left-hand lever. If rat No. 1 were to step on the right-hand lever, his neurons would fire differently, sending a distinct signal to rat No. 2.
Based on the information from rat No. 1, the second rat pushed the correct lever 85 percent of the time in the experiments. The rats could still communicate telepathically even when one of the animals was relocated from the North Carolina lab to Brazil. The only difference was that the brain signals, traveling over the Internet, took a little bit longer to reach rat No. 2.
To Christopher James, a biomedical engineer who studies brain-machine interfaces at the University of Warwick (and who was not involved in the study), the research proves that "we already have the technology to do this sort of brain-to-brain communication. It's a bit crude, but we could do it."
Andrew Schwartz, a neurobiologist at the University of Pittsburgh, however, was unimpressed by the fact that the rats' decisions were binaryโleft versus rightโmeaning the rats had a 50 percent chance of hitting the correct lever just by guessing. Schwartz says that brain-controlled machines have already advanced far beyond that point. For example, his own lab has hooked up monkey brains to computers, allowing a macaque to control a robotic arm in three dimensions using just its thoughts. These results have been replicated in humans as well, enabling a quadriplegic woman to feed herself chocolate using a mind-controlled robotic arm.
Still, Nicolelis says that as brain-to-brain communication becomes more sophisticated, it may open up all sorts of applications that we haven't even imagined yet. One of the next steps for his lab will be to interconnect multiple rats into one network. By interconnecting the rats' brains wirelessly, allowing them to move freely and socialize, the researchers hope to see how the animals adapt to and use this new form of communication.
Nicolelis says he wants to see if the interconnected brains could develop emergent propertiesโunique traits that result from the interactions of many parts, similar to how the simple cells in a brain come together to form a complex mind and personality. Networks of interconnected brains could even form an organic computer that solves problems differently from a silicon processor, Nicolelis says. "I'm curious to see if I could store information in a distributed brain network like this," he says. "The memory would be built of many animals."
However, James warns, if those emergent properties of multibrain systems are possible, they might not be achievable with this experimental setup. "The big advantage that we have in the human brain [as compared to a processor] is that it's massively parallel and massively interconnected," he says. By contrast, Nicolelis's brain-to-brain interfaces link up only localized portions of the brain using a narrow wire rather than connecting entire brains with lots of data flowing in between. "I think that the connections and the links are the bottleneck here. So as it stands, the sum is not necessarily better than the individual parts," James says. If scientists could figure out how to massively interconnect the brains, he says, it may be possible to create something greater.
Even if you could create noninvasive tech to connect human brains in this way, it could be impossible to transmit abstract thoughts. That's because even a task as simple as imagining a rabbit would require multiple parts of the brain, and reproducing the rabbit in another person's brain would require having a detailed map of that second person's brain (which varies from individual to individual) and stimulating multiple parts of the brain in specific patterns at different times. That may be doable someday, according to Nicolelis and James, but not today.
As for what it feels like to have another organism's brain signals entering your own, the rats aren't talking. It's not as if a voice of God is telling them to go to the left or go to the right. It's probably more like a hint or an impulse. "The brain of the animal is noisy, and we are sending a little whisper," Nicolelis says.
The possibilities of such a mental link are tantalizing. Militaries may want soldiers who are mentally in tune with each other. It could make empathy easier, allowing us to see the world through another person's perspective. And communication could be faster and more efficient.
"If you're reading, you have to go through and mechanically move the eyes," James says. "There's a delay in getting the information into the brain, and then you have to decode the information and so on. And it's similar if you're listening to words. It may well be that you can take ideas at the raw stage and transmit them and push them forward without having to encode and decode them . . . although that's complete and utter speculation on my part."
Such an efficient communication could save lives during an emergency situation, James points out, because the alert system could bypass the senses. "You could see this as an augmentation, the whole sixth-sense idea. I can see, I can taste, I can talk, I can listen, but I can also have this awareness which is directly implanted into my brain."
If those advances are possible, they are still decades away. In the nearer term, scientists need to confirm that information transfer works in different areas of the rat brain, and for different tasks. They'll need to develop more detailed maps of the human brain and invent new forms of technology to transmit enormous amounts of information wirelessly. And society must decide whether we're comfortable with such a thing.
Nicolelis, for one, says he has "no doubt" that humans will link up our minds eventually, and he's proved that it may indeed be possible. | 2019-04-21T06:57:22 | https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/health/a8686/science-can-now-create-telepathic-rats-15155052/ |
0.999898 | Is there any way one could find out if deceased relatives had any children??
log into Sheffield Indexers, familysearch.org and Ancestry or find my past if you have them.
I usually start with family search site, put both parents names in main person then click on spouse and put their name in and search they will then come up as showing connected to any children usually, along with their marriage details.
If they lived in Sheffield, log in to Sheffield indexers and search parish records from the left hand side bar and if any baptisms are listed they will be there, not too many records so far but I have found some missing children here.
Ancestry, if you put one of the parents names in it may bring up a baptism record for the connected child. It links this record to the father mother and child so it will appear under any three of the names entered in to search. | 2019-04-19T11:34:36 | https://www.sheffieldhistory.co.uk/forums/topic/16040-siblings/ |
0.998224 | In a software-applications course at Wendell Phillips High School here last week, a mixed bag of sophomores, juniors, and seniors copied a grammar exercise from their worksheets onto their computers.
Besides practicing word processing, the point was to decide which of two pronouns was appropriate in a series of short sentences: I or me, he or him, she or her.
The nine students present--most students had stayed away that day from the gang-plagued, 93-year-old school--weren't having much luck.
"Here come him and David," typed one. "Please bring Lindy and I some cool water," wrote another. "Susan and him were late today," ventured a third.
Classes such as these, in which students stumble over work they should have mastered years earlier, are more the rule than the exception in public high schools across this city.
That is especially true of the more than three dozen high schools the Chicago school district put on probation last fall, a process designed to force improvements in schools with dismally low test scores.
"Some of our schools have fallen into a morass of despair," said Jackie Gallagher, a spokeswoman for the Chicago Teachers Union. "There are horror stories galore."
To break this chain of failure, the managers of the 422,000-student system are about to embark on a massive effort to revamp the city's 74 high schools. At stake, they say, is nothing less than the fate of the city's emergency plan to get its long-troubled schools on track by the turn of the century.
"Success in reforming education in Chicago hinges on our ability to solve the problems in our high schools," said Paul G. Vallas, the system's chief executive officer.
Crafted from the recommendations of seven task forces with a total of 150 members, the redesign plan was introduced in draft form in December and is expected to come before the district's reform board of trustees for consideration later this month.
It reflects the contributions of players from all facets of the city's education community, and it has been well-received by the local news media.
"There is a realization throughout the system that our high schools need to be reformed," Mr. Vallas said in an interview last week.
Even as he spoke, however, a part of the plan that would cut back on physical education was running into stiff opposition from teachers and parents. District officials say the change is needed to free more time for academics.
Over the objections of many physical education teachers and the leadership of the Chicago Teachers Union, the school board voted last week to seek a waiver to the state's requirement for daily gym classes. That would force many teachers to retrain or lose their jobs, and union officials vowed to fight it.
Mr. Vallas, who has forged strong relations with the teachers' union since he was appointed by Mayor Richard M. Daley in 1995, predicted that last week's fight over physical education would not be the last time his efforts to turn around the high schools would cause friction.
"The majority of teachers want real reform, and real reform means more rigorous courses, higher standards, and accountability," Mr. Vallas said. "But over the next few months this is going to test the relationship we've built with the teachers' union and with the teachers."
The strain will arise in part, he said, from the move from watered-down academic courses and electives to more rigorous requirements in English, mathematics, science, social studies, and foreign languages.
Under the draft plan, schools could adapt any number of redesign plans, including one based on the city's four-year Catholic high schools, or create their own. "What they cannot do is remain unfocused, undemanding, and uncaring," the draft report states.
The common thread of redesign efforts in the various schools would be an emphasis on mastery of a core curriculum bolstered by new tests that would determine when students are ready to advance. Elective courses would be scaled back, but vocational and career programs linked to job sites would be strengthened.
"People will balk at the restructuring of the curriculum," Mr. Vallas said.
"While some teachers will be able to deal with it through retraining," he added, "there are some teachers who are going to be dislocated. But it's perfectly within my rights to prescribe the curriculum, and I'm going to do it."
Last fall, the district placed 109 low-performing schools on probation, including Wendell Phillips and 37 other high schools.
It is in those high schools, where crumbling conditions, discouraged employees, and alienated students are the norm, that the district will push local officials to redesign their curricula by next fall.
In some cases, those schools would not be able to solve their myriad problems without the radical staff shake-up known as reconstitution, a development that Mr. Vallas said would further test his rapport with the union.
In other cities where it has been used, reconstitution has involved forcing all or most of a school's professional staff to reapply for their jobs--most of them unsuccessfully.
"There will be some schools that will probably have to be reconstituted in September," Mr. Vallas said.
While the district has not yet determined precisely what form reconstitution will take in Chicago, Mr. Vallas said it would be flexible to account for different problems schools face.
As the high school restructuring and probation processes move forward, Mr. Vallas said, "the battles will be fought over the elimination of jobs."
Despite such predictions, Ms. Gallagher of the CTU said the union is optimistic that whatever differences may emerge in the coming months will not severely damage the union's detente with the district.
"I think there's not going to be a horrific abandonment of teachers by the board for what they see as restructuring," Ms. Gallagher said. "Because of the quality of the people running the district, I think in Chicago it's going to be a cooperative effort."
Read our story about reconstitution in San Francisco, "S.F. Reforms Put on the Line in Legal Battle," Dec. 11, 1996. Read our story, "Denver Board Backs 'Reconstituting' Schools," Feb. 26, 1997. Read our story, "In Chicago, It's Full Speed Ahead As a New Reform Team Starts Year Two," Aug. 7, 1996. Read our story, "Chicago Plan Seeks To Improve Achievement, Bolster Accountability," Feb. 21, 1996. Read our story, "Report Calls for Personal Touch in High School," Feb. 28, 1996. For background and Web links, see our Issues Page on School-Based Management. Read a recent commentary, "Can the Chicago Reforms Work?" May 22, 1996, by a Chicago teacher and a professor of education at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Read our story, "Chicago Hope," Oct. 23, 1996, about a former investigative reporter who now works within the Chicago school system. Read our story, "Leadership Standards Target Teaching, Learning," Sept. 4, 1996.
More information is available on the Chicago Public Schools Web page, including updates and the latest news from the Chicago Educator, the schools' newsletter. | 2019-04-23T18:33:10 | https://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/1997/03/05/23chic.h16.html |
0.997475 | Where Can I Get A Good Deal On Carpet?
When you get a good deal on carpet, your home improvement project can come in under budget and fit in nicely.
Not all carpet is created equal, and you want to find a good deal on quality materials.
When you think about carpet stores, department stores are not automatically what come to mind. Most department stores have lost business to specialty stores that allow you to buy carpet directly from them. While the overhead is too expensive for department stores to have full-service carpet departments, many of them have a carpet sale on items like area rugs in a large variety. While rugs don't give you wall-to-wall coverage, you don't have to worry about installation fees or hassling with subcontractors. You can get a good deal on carpet of the rug variety, and when you tire of the rugs, it is easy to replace them with new options. They are a good way to test whether or not you like carpeting on your floor without making a large commitment.
Whether you prefer Home Depot, Lowes or another big hardware store, they all have carpet. These stores will all try to convince you that their carpet prices are the best, but they are generally pretty comparable. Don't get sucked in by a marketing ploy; instead, do the research on your own. All of these stores will have sales people who know a little about carpet, but they may not be experts. You will want to select carpets from the showrooms that you can compare to other carpet stores to make sure the quality is comparable. When you find a good deal, you can get good prices instead of shopping at carpet companies. You just have to do your research and ensure it isn't too good to be true. These stores are a good option to save money as long as you are sure of what you are getting.
Carpet companies have their materials in a number of stores, some of which are enormous. If you walk into a large building or warehouse filled with carpet, this is a giant carpet store. You can buy carpet right off the floor because they have a large inventory to go along with their huge advertising budget. You may feel like you get a lot of savings from their carpet sale options because you can get name-brand carpets at a cheaper price, but you will also want to do your research on these sales and shop other places in a comparative manner. There are deals to find, but you need to be careful that you don't get lower-quality carpet than you expect.
These carpet prices might make it seem like you are getting carpet at cost, but you will still be paying more than the actual cost. The wholesaler, even if you get a good deal, does not supply the labor you need to install the carpet, so you will have to factor that into the deal. You may feel like you are getting a great deal on the carpet, but once you add the installation, it might end up costing about the same. If you can install carpet or you know someone who can do it for you, this might be a good place to find a low price. Some of the wholesale carpets come from defective carpets, so you want to make sure you get a good piece that does not have defects. Buying wholesale can work well if you have knowledge about carpets and know how to find a good piece at a good price.
There are carpet installers that sometimes sell carpets right out of the back of their truck, and you can get a good deal on carpet. This option usually works out poorly for you, however. You have a very low selection and have to take what you can get. You can't order anything and you can't buy directly from the manufacturer. The benefit is that you know what you are getting because you can see it with your own eyes before it goes in. However, there aren't any guarantees or backups if there are manufacturer defects. You should only buy carpet in this manner if you know carpets well and know what you are doing. You can't complain once the carpeting is in because sometimes you can't even track down the nomad who installed it.
When you want to get a good deal on carpets and you want a trustworthy location in which to buy it, locally owned dealers are often best. As a locally owned shop, the dealer has a stake in the community and wants you to spread the word and come back another time. Complaints are generally handled quickly, and you can have a good time selecting your carpet with lots of personal attention. The employees generally know carpets well, and you get old-fashioned customer service every time you enter the store. You also get to find out more about any sales and installation specials they may be having. Working with a locally owned store helps you invest in a community business that is less likely to try to get away with anything dishonest.
Comment on Where Can I Get A Good Deal On Carpet? | 2019-04-21T18:09:08 | http://reliable-remodeler.com/where-can-i-get-a-good-deal-on-carpet/ |
0.998246 | Edward Pococke, was born at Newbury, Berkshire in late 1842, only son of Thomas Pocock, a wine cellarman, and his wife Rosanna nรฉe Wellman, who married at Rowde, Melksham, Wiltshire in 1838. In 1851, an 8 year old, living at 130 Fenchurch Street, London with his parents, 33 year old Thomas and 43 year old Rose but his father died 1859. In 1861, Edward was an 18 year old artist & wood draughtsman, living with his widowed mother, still at 130 Fenchurch Street, and his mother died in 1867, age 61. Edward married in the City of London in 1866, Margaret Harrington and in 1871, a 28 year old lithographic artist, living at Chapel Road, Bexley, Kent with his 23 year old wife Margaret, and their children, 4 year old Edith and 1 year old Edward, jun.. Edward did work for the 'Illustrated London News' and supplied illustrations reporting the Turko-Russian war, being present at the siege of Plevnat in 1877 but is best known for his topographical works throughout East Anglia, his favourites being the Ipswich and Norwich areas. As Edward Pococke, in 1886 was living on Parkstone Road, Harwich, Essex but by 1891, a 47 year old architect, living at 20 Carr Street, Ipswich with his 44 year old wife Margaret, born St Peter le Poer, London with his children, Edith Margaret 24, born Lewisham, Edward 21, born Battersea, Lyndhurst 18, born Bexley Heath and daughter Vivian 16, born Dartford, Kent. Shortly afterwards he left his Ipswich studio for Norwich where his wife died in 1900, aged 52, and the following year, as Pocock, was living at 3 Crown & Star Yard, Timberhill, Norwich with his son Edward. His death, as Pocock, was reported at Norwich on 13 October 1905, aged 59 [sic]. When he added the 'e' to his name is uncertain and he is the same as an Edward Charles Pococke. | 2019-04-21T14:57:30 | https://suffolkartists.co.uk/index.cgi?choice=painter&pid=721 |
0.998487 | Prep: 1. Combine the warm water, yeast, honey and 2 teaspoons of the olive oil. Let sit for 5 minutes. 2. Add 3/4 cup of the flour and 1/2 teaspoon salt, mix until combined. Stir in the remaining flour, 1/4 cup at a time, until a soft dough is formed (you may not use all the flour). Knead for 3 to 5 minutes. 3. Toss the dough ball with the remaining oil, cover and let rise in a warm place for 1 1/2 hours. Make: 1. Place the dough on a floured surface and roll into a large rectangle, about 1/4 inch thick. Cut the dough in half lengthwise, then cut into 1 inch strips. Tie each strip loosely into a knot and place on a baking sheet. Cover and let rise for 30 minutes more. 2. Preheat oven to 375. 3. Bake the knots for 20 minutes. 4. Meanwhile, mince garlic and then combine with the butter and 1/2 teaspoon salt in a small saucepan over low heat. Cook 3 to 4 minutes, until garlic is fragrant but not too browned. Brush each knot with the garlic butter. Serve immediately. | 2019-04-26T08:05:33 | https://www.gatheredtable.com/recipes/384394 |
0.998891 | I've just come back from watching Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince with some friends. I organized the get-together and screening as a birthday present for one of those friends, Claire (the same Claire as previously mentioned in this old story e-mail), and wow, much better than all the previous Harry Potter movie adaptations that came before it.
I give it a thumbs-up for the story-telling: where all the previous movies had a rather disjointed method of telling the story (eg: the 5th movie using those newspaper-esque montages to advance the plot, yet still relying on your prior knowledge of the book to fill-in any gaps), this one cut-out the right bits from the book such that what was left was a good enough story it's own right.
I visited my doctor this morning! Yes, exclamation mark! It's been years since I last saw the family doctor - whenever I get one of those run-of-the-mill illnesses (winter cold, the flu, SARS) I tend to just let the illness run its course and cheer my body's defences on. I'm still familiar with the whole process of visiting the doctor, but with the swine flu scare gripping the country and wringing every last modicum of usefulness from the national health system, today's visit was a bit more... interesting.
It started like any other early morning visit to the doctor. I entered the building to the reception and waiting area, a little surprised to see that there were many others here already. It may only be 8:35am, but it looks like things are already in full-swing. I made my way towards reception to let them know I've arrived.
Me: "Hi, I'm here for my 8:30 appointment [yeah, I'm a bit late] with Dr Watson."
Receptionist: "OK, I'll just add that in here..."
Receptionist: "Now, have you been experiencing any flu-like symptoms?"
Well that's new. I don't remember having to answer questions like that, or any questions at all actually, when signing-in before. When I rang-up to make this appointment last week, it was about some itchiness in my joints. But in the weekend between then and now I developed a headache and sore throat. Headache's gone, but sore throat is still there.
*cough cough* Flu-like symptoms? Me?
It makes sense they'd ask that, being worried about swine flu and all. I better answer the lady's question.
Me: "Well, I have had a sore throat recently..."
Receptionist: "OK, I'm gonna have to ask you to wear a mask then."
For a sick person being condemned to wear something that would advertise my sickness - I might as well have worn a sandwich board with "Swine flu party right here!" written on it - I didn't actually mind complying. In-fact, I pulled the mask out of the box with too much enthusiasm, and then proceeded to ask the receptionist for instructions on how to properly wear the thing. Sure, I knew how it works, seeing all those pictures on the news with people wearing the masks, but I was so stoked at the idea of actually putting one of these things on and joining the millions around the world who also have them.
So I took a seat in the waiting area and put the mask on, wearing it a bit too proudly - probably just as well that it covered my mouth so that nobody could see the stupid grin on my face. I looked around at the other patients in the waiting room, and found myself somewhat alone; the only other person in the room with a mask was a small boy who didn't really wear it, but had his mother put it up to his mouth when he was coughing.
I turned to look at the the children's playpen which was situated next to me, only to find it devoid of all books and toys. A sign above the pen stated that: "Books and toys have been removed for the duration of the flu season." They're really taking the whole flu thing seriously.
I wasn't all by my lonesome for very long. No, the next few incoming patients didn't declare any flu symptoms, but one of them turned out to be my friend and sort-of neighbour (she lives up the street from me) Clare (not the same person whose birthday it was and who I'd be watching Harry Potter with later tonight). After she told reception that she was here for her appointment, she looked around the waiting room for a place to sit, and overlooked me... twice! The damn mask has made me all but anonymous, reducing me to a member of the generic group of Sick People Who Need To Wear Masks.
I pulled down the mask, said her name, and waved at her. Then she noticed me and sat down in the chair across from me.
Neighbour Clare: "Hey Em. I didn't notice you with your mask on."
Me: "Heh, I'm actually finding it a bit too fun! I'm expecting news cameras to show up any minute."
Neighbour Clare: "Haha, yeah. I wish I had my camera here so I could take pictures of this."
Me: "I already tried to do that with my cellphone, but the battery's low. And to think, I got this mask when I was just coming in for an itch!"
We talked for a bit until the doctor came out to find me. I followed him into his office where I immediately noticed that he was wearing a mask too, albeit much cooler looking than mine: his looked to be made of much tougher material and had what I'm guessing is a filter (a small cylinder that jutted-out the front of the mask just a little).
After seeing the doctor, I made my way to the pharmacy about a block away to get my prescription medicine. Not only did the doctor get me something for the itches (turns out it was some pretty weak eczema) but also the sore throat (tonsillitis, whoop whoop). I handed over my prescription to the pharmacist, and as I was killing time by browsing the products at the pharmacy, I came across something called "mp3 gel douche".
Play your music, and become a douche, in gel form?
When time came to pay for my medicine, I was expecting to have to fork over epic amounts of money for each of the meds. I was just taking out the credit card when the pharmacist said, "That'll be $9".
For just 9 bucks I was able to transform my backpack into my own personal medicine cabinet, with supplies to fight bacterial infections and skin irritation for a month! Just like when I bought a McDonalds Apple Pie to discover they had cut the price of it in half, the $9 price tag for all this medicine made me feel like I had just won something. And to top it all off, I managed to get away with a souvenir: when I was paying for the visit to the doctor, I asked the receptionist if I could keep the mask. | 2019-04-24T22:11:59 | https://ultraq.net.nz/blog/TodayIsAClaireClareDay |
0.999983 | A 53-year-old wife and mother who escaped from a Michigan prison in 1976 is facing extradition after being arrested at her upscale home in San Diego, officials said Wednesday.
Susan Lefevre, sentenced in 1975 to 10 to 20 years in prison on drug charges, was living as Marie Walsh in the Carmel Valley neighborhood, the U.S. marshal's office said.
A tipster had alerted Michigan officials to Lefevre's whereabouts. Her identity was confirmed through the thumbprint on her driver's license.
Lefevre was in "disbelief" when she was arrested last week, said Deputy U.S. Marshal Steve Jurman. At first, she denied being the fugitive but then relented, he said.
"She kept saying, 'Are you sure? Are you sure you have to take me?' " Jurman said. "She told me, 'It was the 1970s. Everybody was doing heroin. It's not like it is today.' "
There is no indication that her husband or three grown children knew of her past, Jurman said.
Lefevre is in the women's jail in Santee awaiting an extradition hearing. In a jailhouse interview with San Diego television station KGTV, she said she was treated unfairly by Michigan prosecutors, who had promised her probation if she pleaded guilty in 1975. Her family helped her escape after she had served a year, she said.
Lefevre said she never thought that Michigan authorities would find her.
"I was a teenager with a small drug thing," she said. "I felt the state had better things."
She said that although she had used drugs, she had never sold them, and that Marie -- the name she went by in San Diego -- is her middle name.
Lefevre's husband of 23 years, Alan Walsh, issued a statement to the media: "Our family is threatened to be destroyed by something that happened when Marie was a 19-year-old teenager 34 years ago. She has the full support of her extended family and her many friends."
A neighbor said that Lefevre "was the ideal mom -- caring, loving, a good neighbor. We're all in shock."
In addition to the unfinished portion of the 1975 sentence, Lefevre also may face an escape charge, Jurman said. Michigan law carries a maximum five-year sentence for a prison escape.
On the day she escaped, Lefevre had been given a pass to go to a health clinic at the sprawling Detroit House of Corrections, just outside Detroit.
"I just hopped a fence," she said.
A spokesman for the Michigan Department of Corrections disputed Lefevre's version of her arrest and conviction.
Spokesman Russ Marlan said records show that she was acquainted with several large-scale drug dealers, had drug paraphernalia in her home in Saginaw and was making money as a dealer.
She probably will have to serve five to nine years in prison before being eligible for parole, Marlan said.
Meanwhile, Michigan officials will investigate to see if she has broken any other laws in her three decades as a fugitive, he said. A fugitive warrant lists several aliases she allegedly used.
Marlan said that security at Michigan prisons has been greatly tightened since the mid-1970s. The House of Corrections has been torn down and the Robert Scott Correctional Facility, a new, more tightly controlled complex, has been built across the street. Lefevre will be brought there to be processed into the prison system, Marlan said.
"She has a prison sentence to fulfill," Marlan said. "We can't, even if we wanted to, negate that prison sentence. What kind of message would that send to 50,000 other prisoners in Michigan? If you escape and live clean, you can have your sentence dropped if you're caught?" | 2019-04-26T16:32:04 | https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-may-01-me-fugitive1-story.html |
0.999532 | There were times when attendees of Taylor Swift's 1989 World Tour probably felt they were on hallucinogens, like when Lisa Kudrow sang "Smelly Cat."
Or, if you're Josh Tillman, also known as Father John Misty, you are actually on acid.
At the premiere of Lana del Rey's new video for "Freak" at the Wiltern in Los Angeles, Lana del Rey said the video in which she actually puts a tab of acid on Tillman's tongue was inspired by โ wait for it โ an acid trip he took at a Tswift show.
The show in question took place in Australia, a good place to get high by the beach and, apparently, eat noodles.
This place has the best late night ramen if you're out and about and need something cheap and good.
Tillman was taking Swift's lyrics, "I can show you incredible things/ Magic, madness, heaven, sin," very seriously, apparently.
Lana also performed an acoustic version of "West Coast" at the event.
The video is about drugs. Did you get that? Drugs. | 2019-04-20T22:49:52 | https://mashable.com/2016/02/10/lana-del-rey-acid-taylor-swift/ |
0.999999 | After waking up and getting ready for departure, we had a breakfast at 5.30 in the dark morning. Guess what the main topic of conversation was๏ฟฝ Most bodies were shuddering as those dancing puppies on a dashboard. Yes, it was cold. But the idea that it will all be warmer when the sun would appear did not bother me about it.
After an exhausting two-hours drive on the bumpy-bumpy dirt track (53 km) filled with potholes and with a lot of creeks to drive through we finally got out of the Bungle Bungles National Park.
We arrived at the Turkey Creek Roadhouse one hour later. The tour would continue up to El Questro, just half an hour west of Kunnunara, but I was getting off the tour right here.
I honestly could not handle it anymore. Call me a coward, but I rather get off in the middle of nowhere on the Northern Highway with some 4,000km to go to my first next official place-to-stay, than to spend another 19 days in the company of people I could not feel comfortable with.
I said goodbye to the gang and thanked Dave for everything sofar. At the roadhouse I called the free-phone number of the Travelabout Adventures company in Perth and explained my reasons for my early tour departure. They could fully understand my motivation and said they would try to put me on a tour from Exmouth (three days travelling from here) to Perth, "with much younger people", the director said.
From here on I had to find myself a ride to the west and then follow the highway down south. It will take me a couple of days and it might be hard to find some food and a place to sleep the coming days, but if I don't try it I will be eating dust here at Turkey Creek.
I wrote a sign saying 'Wanted Ride West' and stuck in on my backpack at the entrance of the roadhouse. I met up with people from a travelling show who were in need for a driver to Derby, up west. They were going to leave Turkey Creek on Wednesday and if I wanted to be their 4WD-truck driver they could help me with accommodation for the coming two nights. But I had to help myself out food-wise. Like that would help out here๏ฟฝ I told them I'd keep on trying to find a ride first, but if I'd be still here at 9pm tonight, they were welcome to pick me up.
Flies were licking me off but at least I can sit and wait here in a shady area of the roadhouse.
A Canadian guy from Perth, gave me his business card. He couldn't help me out with a ride as he was going the other direction, but I was welcome to call him when I'd be in need for a place to stay in Perth! After I explained my way of travelling to him, he said "you just call me and I'll help you out, you don't have to write about me in return." I thanked him for his offer.
Five minutes later he returned back to me and popped a 50 Australian dollar note in my hands. "When I was your age I was once stuck in the nothingness of the Northern Territory for three weeks. I just could not get out." I was stunned! He walked to his car and I saw the money in my hands. "Thanks again!" I said. "No worries! I remember how it was when I was there!"
I think I thanked him another three times. Grace the Canadians!
Now maybe I was going to regret this a lot later during this survival on almost nothing, but the first thing I did was to buy a pack of cigarettes. I know smoking is bad, but I do smoke when allowed or offered and I now was in a position when I was yearning for a smoke. Maybe it was because of the last few days and all the things that bothered me in my thoughts ๏ฟฝ I just had to.
I had been sitting there for another two hours, talking to people who passed by, until I encountered a solo guy who was going my direction too. That's at least what I found out and then he entered the store. I thought that was just another silent no-no. But when he came out he said: "Come on, let's load your stuff in."
It was Greg Lewis, a representative for Kookaburra (a camping gear company in Perth), who took me along. I told him about how I ended up there at Turkey Creek and of course he wanted to know a bit more about my latest travel adventures. When I told him about my no-budget travels through 16 countries in the last 14 months he was staggered. "So I have a f*cking celebrity in my car!?" Haha.
We drove on and on and as there was no radio reception on 99% of the Northern Highway, I enjoyed his CD-collection with Something For Katie, U2 en The Cure. What a long drive through nothing this was.
Greg had to visit some clients in Broome, before heading south to Perth again, but he was not going to make it there today. He would just take out his Aussie swag and sleep somewhere on a camping ground or just in the bush, but I had to find myself a place to sleep for the night as he had only one swag.
The sun had set when we entered the hole of Fitzroy Crossing, which has two gas stations, a supermarket and a small Aboriginal community. We drove around trying to find the backpackers hostel, as we saw a sign for it on the Highway. When I asked for it at the supermarket the v-e-r-y s-l-o-w speaking old Australian man behind the counter told me that there is no backpackers hostel anymore. "The old man who run that hostel had a stroke, some long time ago, and passed away." But what about that sign? "The sign is still there to remember him," he told me.
There I was in Fitzroy Nothing with no hostel.
Greg decided that he was going to stay at the Caravan Park of the Safari Lodge, on the other side of the river. Maybe they could help me with a place to sleep there.
We drove to the luxury camping ground where Greg registered himself for a camping spot for the night. "We are fully booked," the lady at the reception told me and when she said that two bus loads of British elderly tourists entered the reception area to check themselves in.
It ended up that my only place to sleep at this place was going to be in Greg's car. At his camping spot we unloaded his car and created this little place in the back of his station wagon and I got an thin inflatable mattress to lay on. But without a sleeping bag or anything.
The positive thing about staying at this caravan park was also: the showers! I got my sleeping place arranged for the night and went off to take a shower after five days of camping out. Oh man, I scrubbed myself in that hot hot water (oh yeah) and it actually took a while until all the dirt had flown through that little hole in the floor. It was good and the thoughts of this shower would keep me warm the rest of the night.
I am kind of prepared for the cold, as I don't only carry a winter jacket with me (remember my December days in Spain last year?), but also have thermic clothing with me. Grace my clothing sponsor Oxbow for that! Through SMS text messages my backup team and my friends at home gave me advice on how to survive a cold night like this in a car. I dressed myself in multiple layers of clothing with shirts and sweaters and nestled myself on that mattress and kept my head and feet warm with some thick wool sweaters. Greg had some sort of canvas sheet that I pulled over me.
It was around 9pm when Greg returned from the pub and crawled into his swag next to the car.
I would be fine. I would be okay. I would just think about that warm shower I had this night, and about how the campfires from the previous days glowed in my face and kept me warm out there and I would think about how hot it will be during the day and I would just forget how cold it is. | 2019-04-24T02:09:28 | http://www.letmestayforaday.com/report/?id=375 |
0.999263 | ู
ุทูุจ ุงููู ู
ูุง ุฃู ูุญุจูู ู
ู ูู ูููุจูุงุ ููุนู
ู ูู ูุตุงูุงู.
ููู ูุฐุง ู
ุณุชุญูู ุนูููุง ูุฃู ูููุจูุง ูุงุณูุฉ ููุฌุณุฉ ูู
ุฌุฒุฃุฉ ูู
ุฎุงุฏุนุฉ.
ูุฐูู ุงูุฑุจ ูุฑุฑ ุฃู ูุฃุฎุฐ ุงูู
ุจุงุฏุฑุฉ ูู ููุตูุน ููุง ุงูุญู ููููุจูุง ูู
ุง ุนูููุง ุนู
ูู ูู ุฃู ูุคู
ู ุจู ููุซู ุจุฎุทุชู ูุฎูุงุตูุง ููุณููู
ู ูููุจูุง ููู
ุชูููุง ุจุงููุงู
ู.
ุชุชููู
(ุงูุขูุฉ 25) ุนู ุฑุด ุงููู ูุดุนุจู ุจุงูู
ุงุก ุงูุทุงูุฑ ุงูุฐู ูุบุณูููู
ููุทููุฑูู
ู
ู ูู ูุฌุงุณุงุชูู
ุงูุฃุฎูุงููุฉุ ูู
ู ูู ุขุซุงู
ูู
ุงูุฑูุญูุฉ.
ูุฐู ูุจุคุฉ ุนู ุนู
ู ุงูู
ุณูุญ ุงูู
ุทููุฑุ ููุฏ ุฃุดูุฑ ุฅููู ุจุงูุนูุฏ ุงููุฏูู
ุจุงูู
ู
ุงุฑุณุงุช ุงูุฑู
ุฒูุฉ ู
ุฑุงุฑุงู ูุซูุฑุฉ.
ุงูู
ุณูุญ ุฃุญุจ ูููุณุชู ูุฃุฑุงุฏ ุฃู ูุชูุญุฏ ุจูุงุ ููุงู
ุจุชุทููุฑูุง ูุชูุฏูุณูุง ุจุบุณููุง ูู ููู
ุชู ุงูู
ุจุงุฑูุฉุ ููู ุชููู ูู ูุชููู ุจููุ ุชููุฉ ูู
ูุฏุณุฉ ูู
ุฌูุฏุฉ.
ูุฐูู ูุงู ุงูู
ุณูุญ ูุชูุงู
ูุฐู ุงูุชู
ุงูุขู ุฃูููุงุก ุจุณุจุจ ุงูููุงู
ุงูุฐู ููู
ุชูู
ุจูู.
ููู
ุฉ ุงููู ูููุง ุชูุฌู ุฃูุธุงุฑูุง ุฅูู ุฏู
ุงูู
ุณูุญ ุงูุฐู ุณูู ุนูู ุงูุตููุจ ูุฃุฌู ุชุทููุฑูุง ู
ู ุฎุทุงูุงูุงุ ุฅุฐ ูู ุงูุซู
ู ุงูุจุฏูู ุงูุฐู ูุฏูู
ููุนุฏุงูุฉ ุงูุฅูููุฉ ูุฌุฒุงุก ุนู ุฎุทุงูุง ูู ุงูุจุดุฑ.
- ุชูุจู ุจุดุงุฑุฉ ุงููู ูู ูู ููู
ุชู ุงูู
ุจุงุฑูุฉุ ูุชุคู
ู ุจูุฏุงุก ุงูู
ุณูุญ.
- ุชุนุชุฑู ุจูู ุฐููุจู ุงูุฑูุญูุฉ ูุงูุฌุณุฏูุฉ ุจููุจ ุชุงุฆุจ.
- ุชุทูุจ ู
ู ุงูุฑุจ ุฃู ูุทููุฑู ุจุฏู
ู ุงูุฐู ุณูู ุจุฏูุงู ุนูู ุนูู ุนูุฏ ุงูุตููุจ ูุฃุฌู ุชุทููุฑู.
God expects us to love and obey Him from the bottom of our hearts. This can be challenging if not impossible because our hearts are cruel, unclean, fragmented and disingenuous. For that reason, God took the initiative to provide us with a solution for our heart problem, all we have to do it to trust in his plan for our salvation and give him our hearts for Him to rule over it.
Ezekiel 36 verse 25 talks about God sprinkling clean water to wash his people and purify them from their moral filthiness and spiritual sins.
This prophecy is related of Christ's purifying work. The old testament has many pictures and practices pointing out to Christ.
- The pure Word of God.
Christ loved his church and wanted to unify himself with her, so he cleansed her with his blessed word so that she might become his, worthy of him, holy and glorified. Jesus said to his disciples that they are now purified because of the word he has spoken to them.
The word of God has the power to clean a man from all of his sins through the blood of Jesus Christ.
"and from Jesus Christ, who is the faithful witness, the firstborn from the dead, and the ruler of the kings of the earth. To him who loves us and has freed us from our sins by his blood" (Revelation 1:50).
The word of God brings our attention to the blood of Christ which was shed on the cross to purify us from our sins. It is the ransom which was offered to the heavenly justice on the behalf of all man.
"in whom we have redemption, the forgiveness of sins."(Colossians 1:14).
- Accept the gospel of God to you through his blessed word and believe in the redemption of Christ.
- Confess all of your spiritual and materialistic sins with a repenting heart.
- Ask God to clean you with his blood which was shed on your behalf on the cross to purify you.
Dear Lord, Help souls to understand your word and believe in it and become holy. In Jesus name. Amen.
ุฃูุง ุทุฑุญุช ูุฐุง ุงูุณุคุงู ุงูุฎุทุฃุ ูุฐูู ูุฃู ุงูููู
ูุซูุฑุงู ู
ุงูุณู
ุน ู
ู ูุนูุงุธ ุงูู
ูุฏูุง ุนู ุฃู ุงูู
ุณูุญูุฉ ููุณุช ุฏูุงูุฉ ุจู ูู ุนูุงูุฉ ุดุฎุตูุฉ ู
ุน ุงูู
ุณูุญ.
ูุฐุง ุงูููุงู
ู
ูุณุชูุญูุจ ู
ู ุงููุซูุฑูู ุฅุฐ ูุฌุนููู
ูุชุญุฌุฌูู ุจุนูุงูุชูู
ุงูุดุฎุตูุฉ ูู ุงูู
ุณูุญ ููุชุญุฑูุฑูู ู
ู ุณูุทุฉ ุชุนููู
ููู
ุฉ ุงููู ูู ุงููููุณุฉ.
ู
ูุงุญุธุฉ: ุงูุฏูุงูุฉ ูู ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู ู
ุฌู
ูุนุฉ ุนูุงุฆุฏ ููุตุงูุง ุชุญูุซู ูุชุฃู
ูุฑ ุงูู
ุคู
ู ุจุฃู ูุนู
ู ุฃู
ูุฑ ูุฃู ูุง ูุนู
ู ุฃู
ูุฑ ุฃุฎุฑู.
1. ูุฐุง ุงูุชุนููู
ููุณ ูุชุงุจูุ ุฅุฐ ูุง ููุฌุฏ ุดุงูุฏ ูุชุงุจู ุตุฑูุญ ูุงุญุฏ ูุจุฑูู ุฒุนู
ูู
ูุฐุง.
2. ูุจุฑูุฑูู ุฅุฏุนุงุกูู
ูุฐุง ุจุฅุณุชุฎุฏุงู
ูู
ุดูุงูุฏ ูุชุงุจูุฉ ุจุทุฑููุฉ ุฎุงุทุฆุฉุ ุฅุฐ ูุฎุฑุฌูููุง ุนู ุณูุงู ุงููุต ูููุญุดุฑูู ูููุง ุฃููุงุฑูู
.
ูููููู ุงูู
ุณูุญูุฉ ูุง ุชุญุชูู ุนูู ูุฑุงุฆุถ ูุชุนุงููู
ุชูุฒู
ูุง ุฃู ูุนู
ู ุฃู
ูุฑ ูุชุฃู
ุฑูุง ุฃู ูุง ูุนู
ู ุฃู
ูุฑ ุฃุฎุฑู.
ูููู
ูุฏูุนูู ุฃููู: ุฃู ูุฐุง ุงูุดุงูุฏ ูุง ูุชูููู
ุนู ูุตุงูุง ุงููู ูู ุงููุชุงุจ ุงูู
ูุฏุณ ููุฑุงุฆุถู ุงูู
ุจุงุฑูุฉ.
ูุฐุง ุงูุดุงูุฏ ูุชูููู
ุนู ุงูููุณูุฉ ุงูุจุดุฑูุฉ ูุชูุงููุฏ ุงููุงุณ ุงูุชู ููุฑุถูููุง ุนูููุง ุงูุชู ูุญู ูู
ุคู
ููู ุบูุฑ ู
ูุฒู
ูู ุจูุง ุงูุจุชุฉ.
22 ุงูููุชูู ูููู ุฌูู
ููุนูููุง ููููููููุงุกู ููู ุงูุงุณูุชูุนูู
ูุงููุ ุญูุณูุจู ููุตูุงููุง ููุชูุนูุงูููู
ู ุงููููุงุณูุ 23 ุงูููุชูู ููููุง ุญูููุงููุฉู ุญูููู
ูุฉูุ ุจูุนูุจูุงุฏูุฉู ููุงููููุฉูุ ููุชูููุงุถูุนูุ ููููููุฑู ุงููุฌูุณูุฏูุ ููููุณู ุจููููู
ูุฉู ู
ูุง ู
ููู ุฌูููุฉู ุฅูุดูุจูุงุนู ุงููุจูุดูุฑููููุฉู.
ูุงููุงุถุญ ูู ูุตุงูุง ูุงุณ ูููุณ ูุตุงูุง ุงููู.. ููู ูุงูุช ููุง ุนูุงูุฉ ุจููุฑ ุงูุฌุณุฏ ูุงูุชูุดูุ ูู
ุง ุงูููู
ุงูุจุนุถ ูุนู
ููู ุฐูู ูู
ุญุงููุฉ ุจุดุฑูุฉ ูุงุดูุฉ ูุฅุฑุถุงุก ุงููู.
ูู
ูููููู ุฃู ูุฐุง ุงูุดุงูุฏ ูุชููู
ุนู ูุตุงูุง ุงููุงู
ูุณ ูููุณ ูุตุงูุง ุงููุงุณุ ุฅุฐุงู ุงูู
ุณูุญูุฉ ููุณุช ุฏูุงูุฉ ูููุณ ูุฃุญุฏ ุงูุญู ุฃู ูุญูู
ุนูููุง ุจุดูุก ุฃู ููุฑุถ ุนูููุง ุดูุก.
ูููู
ุฏุนูู ุฃููู: ุฃู ูุฐุง ุงูููุงู
ุบูุฑ ุตุญูุญุ ูุฃู ูุฐุง ุงูุดุงูุฏ ูููููุง ุนู ุงููุตุงูุง ูุงููุฑุงุฆุถ ุงูุฑู
ุฒูุฉ ุจุงูุนูุฏ ุงููุฏูู
ุงูุชู ุฅูุชูู ุฏูุฑูุง ุจู
ุฌูุก ุงูู
ุณูุญ ูู ุงูุฌุณุฏุ ุฅุฐ ูู ูุงูุช ุงูุฑู
ุฒ ุงูุฐู ูุดูุฑ ุฅููู ูุงูู
ุณูุญ ุงูุฃุตู ูุฏ ุฃุชู ูุฃููู ุงูุฑู
ูุฒ.
17 ุงูููุชูู ูููู ุธูููู ุงูุฃูู
ููุฑู ุงููุนูุชููุฏูุฉูุ ููุฃูู
ููุง ุงููุฌูุณูุฏู ููููููู
ูุณููุญู.
ุงููุงุถุญ ุฃููุง ูุงูุช ุฑู
ูุฒ ูุธู ููุฃู
ูุฑ ุงูุนุชูุฏุฉุ ุฃู
ุง ุงูู
ุณูุญ ุงูุญูููู ููุฏ ุฃุชู ุจุงูุฌุณุฏ ูุฃููู ุชูู ุงูุฑู
ูุฒ.
3. ุงูุนูุฏ ุงูุฌุฏูุฏ ูููู ุฃู ุงูู
ุณูุญูุฉ ูููุง ูุงู
ูุณ ููู ุฏูู ูุงูู
ุคู
ู ุงูู
ุณูุญู ููุจุบู ุฃู ูููู ุนุงู
ูุงู ุจูู
ุง.
ุงูู
ุคู
ู ุงูุญูููู ูู: ุดุฎุต ูู
ูุชุญุฑูุฑ ู
ู ูุงู
ูุณ ุงููู ุงูุฃุฎูุงููุ ุจู ูู ุดุฎุต ุขู
ู ุจุงูุฑุจ ูุฎูุงุตู ูุณูู ููู ุงูุฑูุญ ุงููุฏุณ ูุฃููุฏู ุจููุฉ ููู ูุณุชุทูุน ุฃู ูุชุญุฑูุฑ ู
ู ูู ุฎุทูุฉ.
4. ุงูุนูุฏ ุงูุฌุฏูุฏ ู
ููุก ุจุงููุตุงูุง ุงูุชู ุชููู ููุง ู
ุงูุฌุจ ุฃู ูุนู
ูู ูู
ุง ูุงูุฌุจ ุฃู ูุนู
ูู.
5. ุงูู
ุณูุญ ูู ููุงู
ู ูุทุงูุจูุง ุจุนูุฏ ุงููุนู
ุฉ ุฃู ูููู ู
ูุชุฒู
ูู ุจุงููุงู
ูุณ ุจุดูู ุฃูุจุฑ ูุฃุนู
ู.
- ููุจุบู ุฃู ูุนู
ู ุจุงููุงู
ูุณ ุงูุฃุฎูุงูู ููุนููู
.
- ููุจุบู ุฃู ูููู ู
ุฏูููู ุจุนู
ู ูู ู
ุถู
ูู ุงููุงู
ูุณ ููุนู
ู ุจูุ ูููุณ ูุงููุฑูุณููู ุงูุฐูู ุฅูุชุฒู
ูุง ุจู ููุท ุจุดูู ุณุทุญู.
ููุฐุง ุงูุณุจุจ ู
ู ุจุนุฏูุง ููู
ู ูุณูุน ููุงู
ู ููููู ูุฏ ููู ููู
ูุฃู
ุง ุฃูุง ูุฃููู ููู
ุ ูุจูุฐุง ูู ููุฐูุฑ ูุตุงูุง ุงููุงู
ูุณ ูููุดุฑุญ ู
ุถู
ูููุง ุงูุนู
ูู ุงูุชู ูู
ูุนู
ู ุจูุง ุงููุฑูุณูููุ ุฃู
ุง ูุญู ูู ุนูุฏ ุงููุนู
ุฉ ูููุจุบู ุฃู ูููู ุจุฑููุง ุฃุนุธู
ุฅุฐ ุจู
ุนููุฉ ุงูู
ุณูุญ ุงูุฐู ูู ุญูุงุชูุงุ ูุณุชุทูุน ูู ุดูุก.
ูุฃู ุงูู
ุณูุญูุฉ ุจุญุณุจ ุงููุชุงุจ ุงูู
ูุฏุณ ูู ุฏูุงูุฉ ู
ุจููุฉ ุนูู ุนูุงูุฉ ุดุฎุตูุฉ ู
ุน ุงูู
ุณูุญุ ููู ุฅุฐุงู ุฏูุงูุฉ ูุนูุงูุฉ ุดุฎุตูุฉ ู
ุน ุงูู
ุณูุญ.
+ ูุญู ูุงูุฎูุต ุจุงูุฃุนู
ุงู ุจู ุจูุนู
ุฉ ุงูู
ุณูุญ ุฎูููุตูุง.
+ ูุญู ูุนู
ู ุงูุฃุนู
ุงู ุงูุตุงูุญุฉ ุจูุถู ูุนู
ุฉ ุงูู
ุณูุญ ุงูู
ุฎููุตุฉ.
+ ูุญู ูุนู
ู ุงูุฃุนู
ุงู ุงูุตุงูุญุฉ ููุนูู ุฎุถูุนูุง ููุฐู ุฎููุตูุง.
+ ูุญู ูุนู
ู ุงูุฃุนู
ุงู ุงูุตุงูุญุฉ ููุชู
ู
ู
ุดูุฆุฉ ุงููู ูู ุญูุงุชูุง.
+ ูุญู ูุนู
ู ุงูุฃุนู
ุงู ุงูุตุงูุญุฉ ููู ููุฏู
ุจูุง ุงูุดูุฑ ูู
ู ุฎููุตูุง.
Is Christianity a religion or a personal relationship with Christ????
We hear lots of preachers today stating that Christianity is not a religion but a personal relationship with Christ. Such a statement is pleasant for many, it enables them to free themselves from the authority of the biblical teachings in church.
A religion is defined by a set of doctrines and commandments found in scriptures which encourages a believer to do things and avoid doing other things.
1- It is not a biblical teaching, the bible never taught that Christianity is not a religion.
2- Those who want to defend this view (christianity is not a religion), misuse biblical verses out of their real context, twisting the text to serve their purpose. For example, in Colossians 2:20-21 says "Since you died with Christ to the elemental spiritual forces of this world, why, as though you still belonged to the world, do you submit to its rules:Do not handle! Do not taste! Do not touch!". They use these verses above to say that there are not rules and teachings that we are obliged to follow to do specific things and avoid others.
In fact, the previous verses are not talking about God commandments in the Bible but about human philosophies and traditions which are imposed on believers, things that a believer is not obliged to do. The following verses in the same passage will prove the point: "These rules, which have to do with things that are all destined to perish with use, are based on merely human commands and teachings. Such regulations indeed have an appearance of wisdom, with their self-imposed worship, their false humility and their harsh treatment of the body, but they lack any value in restraining sensual indulgence." (Colossians 2: 22-23).
So the passage is obviously talking about human commandments not God's, things related to abstention and harsh treatment of the body as people do today in an attempt to please God.
"Therefore do not let anyone judge you by what you eat or drink, or with regard to a religious festival, a New Moon celebration or a Sabbath day" (Colossians 2:16). They say that this verse talks about the laws of God and not the teachings of men, therefore, Christianity is not a religion and no one has the right to judge us or oblige us to do anything.
This verse forbids us from practicing the old obligations which were a symbol pointing to Christ. The symbol has no more meaning because the original things which it was pointing to appeared in flesh. The rest of the same paragraph will clarify the picture:"These are a shadow of the things that were to come; the reality, however, is found in Christ." (Colossians 2:17).
3- The Bible explains to us that Christianity has laws, that it is a religion and that the christian believer should abide by its laws.
"But whoever looks intently into the perfect law that gives freedom, and continues in itโnot forgetting what they have heard, but doing itโthey will be blessed in what they do. Those who consider themselves religious and yet do not keep a tight rein on their tongues deceive themselves, and their religion is worthless. Religion that God our Father accepts as pure and faultless is this: to look after orphans and widows in their distress and to keep oneself from being polluted by the world." (James 1: 25-27).
4- The New testament is filled with commandments on what to do and what not to do.
5- Christ commands us to abide by the laws in a stronger way." Therefore anyone who sets aside one of the least of these commands and teaches others accordingly will be called least in the kingdom of heaven, but whoever practices and teaches these commands will be called great in the kingdom of heaven. For I tell you that unless your righteousness surpasses that of the Pharisees and the teachers of the law, you will certainly not enter the kingdom of heaven." (Matthew 5:19-20).
We should be studying the scriptures and laws and applying them in our lives not as the Pharisees and teachers of the law do. This is why Jesus continues in the same passage and says "You have heard that...But I tell you....". He is reminding his disciples about the commandments and explaining its true meaning which was not understood by the Pharisees. As for us, we live by the grace of God, therefore, our righteousness should be greater for we can do anything with Christ in our lives to strengthen us.
According to the Bible, Christianity is a Religion built on a personal relationship with Christ.
- We do not get saved by doing good deeds but by grace.
- We do good deeds because of the grace of Christ which saved us.
- We do good deeds to declare our submission to the One who saved us.
- We do good deeds to fulfill the will of God.
- We do good deeds to thank our Lord who saved us.
ู
ุญุจุฉ ุงูู
ุณูุญ ุงูุนุธูู
ุฉ ูุงูุช ูู ุงูุณุจุงูุฉ ูุงูู
ุจุงุฏุฑุฉ ุชุฌุงููุง ุฃููุงู.
+ ุนูุฏู
ุง ุณู
ุนูุง ูุฅุจููุณ ูุณูุทูุง ุจุงูุฎุทูุฉุ ูุงู ูู ูุชูุจุฃ ุจุฎุทุฉ ูุฏุงุฆูุง.
+ ุนูุฏู
ุง ููุง ู
ุดุบูููู ุจุฐุงุชูุง ููุฐุงุชูุงุ ูุงู ูู ู
ุดุบูู ุจุงูุชุฎุทูุท ูุชุชู
ูู
ุฎูุงุตูุง.
+ ุนูุฏู
ุง ููุง ูุงุฑุจูู ูู
ุฎุชุจุฆูู ู
ููุ ูุงู ูู ููุชูุด ุนูููุง ููุฑุฏูุง ูุฃุญุถุงูู.
+ ุนูุฏู
ุง ููุง ุจุนูุฏูู ุนูู ูู
ูุบู
ุณูู ุจุขุซุงู
ูุงุ ูุงู ูู ูุฑุงูุจูุง ูููุชุธุฑ ุฑุฌูุนูุง ุฅููู.
+ ุนูุฏู
ุง ุฎููุง ุฃู ูุฑุฌุน ุฅููู ุจุณุจุจ ูุฌุงุณุงุชูุง ุฃุชู ูู ุฅูููุง ููู ูุทูุฑูุง ู
ู ูู ุฑุฌุงุณุงุชูุง.
+ ุนูุฏู
ุง ููุง ุจุนุฏ ูู ุฎุทุงูุงูุง ูุณููุ ุฅุนุชูู ูู ุงูุตููุจ ููุฏูุน ุฌุฒุงุก ุฌุฑู
ูุง ุจุฏูุงู ุนูุง.
+ ุนูุฏู
ุง ููุง ููููู ููุดุชุฑู ุจุตูุจู ุจุณุจุจ ุฃูุงููุชูุง ูููุจูุง ุงูู
ุชูุจุฑ ุงูุนููุฏุ ูุงู ูู ูุชุดูุน ุจูุง ููููู ูุงุฃุจุชุงู ุฅุบูุฑ ููู
ูุฃููู
ูุง ูุนูู
ูู ู
ุงููุนููู.
+ ุนูุฏู
ุง ููุง ู
ูุณููู ูู
ุชุฑููููุ ุฅุฎุชุงุฑูุง ูู ุจูุนู
ุชู ูุจู ุชุฃุณูุณ ุงูุนุงูู
.
+ ุนูุฏู
ุง ููุง ุนู
ูุงู ูู
ูุชูู ุจุงูุฎุทูุฉ ูุงูุฅุซู
ุ ุฃุชู ูู ุจู
ุญุจุชู ูุจูู ุญูู
ุฉ ูุชุญ ุจุตูุฑุชูุง ูุฃุญูุงูุง ุจูุนู
ุชู ุงููููุฉ ุงูู
ุฎูุตุฉ.
ูุงุฑุจ ุดูุฑุงู ูุฃุฌู ู
ุญุจุชู ุงูุนุธูู
ุฉ ููุงุ ุณุงุนุฏูุง ููู ููุฏูุฑูุง ููุชู
ุซู ุจูุง ูู ุญูุชูุงุ ููููู ูุญู ุงูู
ุจุงุฏุฑูู ูู ู
ุญุจุฉ ุงูุขุฎุฑูู ูู ูู ุญูู.
Christ is the one who initiated great love toward us.
-When we obeyed satan and fell in sin, God was prophesying about the plan of our redemption.
-When we were busy with our selves and pleasures, He was busy in planning for our salvation.
-When we were running away and hiding, He was looking for us to bring us back to Him.
-When we were living far from Him and immersing ourselves in sin, He was watching us and waiting for us to return to Him.
-When we were afraid to come to Him because of our iniquities, He came to us to wash us from all our impurities.
-When we were still walking in sin, the walked to the cross and paid for our ransom.
-When we were insulting Him and participating in His crucifixion because of our selfishness, and boastful stubborn heart, He was interceding for us in the presence of the Father for forgiveness.
-When we were abandoned and forgotten, He chose us by His grace before the beginning of the world.
-When we were blind and dead because of sin, He came with love and wisdom, opened our eyes, and revived us with His saving grace.
Thank you Lord for your great love towar us. Help us to appreciate this love in our lives and be initiators of love toward others.
ุนูุฏู
ุง ุชุชุฎุฐ ุงููุฑุงุฑ ุจุฅุชุจุงุน ุงูู
ุณูุญ ู
ู ูู ููุจูุ ูุณูู ุชุนูู ุงูุญุฑุจ ุงูุดูุทุงููุฉ ุนููู ุจูู ุดุฑุงุณุฉ.
+ ุนุฏููุง ุฃููู ู
ูุง ุจูุซูุฑ.
+ ุฅูููุง ูู ุงูุฃููู ู
ู ุนุฏููุง ุจู
ุง ูุง ููุงุณ.
+ ุฅูููุง ุจุงูุตููุจ ูุฒู
ุนุฏููุง ุงูุฐู ูู ุณูุทุงู ุงูู
ูุช ุจููุงู
ุชู ู
ู ุงูุฃู
ูุงุช.
ุญูู
ุงููู ุนูู ูู ุฅูุณุงู ูุง ูุณุชุฎุฏู
ุนูููู ูุฃุฐููู ูู ู
ุนุฑูุฉ ุงูุญูุ ุจุงูุฌุงูู ูุนุฏูู
ุงูููู
.
+ ุฎูู ุงููู ุงูุนูู ูุงูุฃุฐู ููุฅูุณุงู ููู ูุฑู ู
ู ุฎูุงููู
ุง ููุณู
ุน.
+ ุฎูู ุงููู ุงูุนูู ูุงูุฃุฐู ููุฅูุณุงู ููู ูุนุฑู ู
ู ุฎูุงููู
ุง ุฃู
ูุฑ ู
ูู
ุฉ ูุญูุงุชู.
+ ุฎูู ุงููู ุงูุนูู ูุงูุฃุฐู ููุฅูุณุงู ููู ูุนุฑู ู
ู ุฎูุงููู
ุง ุฎุงููู ุงูุฐู ูุญุจู.
+ ุฎูู ุงููู ุงูุนูู ูุงูุฃุฐู ููุฅูุณุงู ููู ูุนุฑู ููู ูุนูุด ุญูุงุฉ ุจุญุณุจ ู
ุดูุฆุฉ ุงูุฐู ุฎููู.
+ ุฎูู ุงููู ุงูุนูู ูุงูุฃุฐู ููุฅูุณุงู ููู ูุนุฑู ููู
ููุฒ ุงูุฎูุฑ ู
ู ุงูุดุฑ.
+ ุฎูู ุงููู ุงูุนูู ูุงูุฃุฐู ููุฅูุณุงู ููู ูุนุฑู ููู
ุฉ ุงููู ุงูุญู ุงูุฏููู ุงููุญูุฏ ูููุงู ุงูุญูุงุฉ ุงูุฃุจุฏูุฉ.
ููุฅุณู ุฃุบูุจ ุงููุงุณ ุชุณุชุฎุฏู
ุงูุนูู ูุงูุฃุฐู ูู ุฑุคูุฉ ูุณู
ุงุน ุฃู
ูุฑ ูุซูุฑุฉ ูู
ููุง ุดุฑูุฑุฉุ ููู ููุณ ููู
ุงูููุช ูู ุฅุณุชุฎุฏุงู
ูู
ุง ูู
ุนุฑูุฉ ุงูุฅูู ุงูุฐู ุฎูููู
ุ ูู
ุนุฑูุฉ ุญูู ุงูุฐู ูุฌูุจ ุงูุจุฑูุฉ ุนูู ุญูุงุชูู
ุงูุฒู
ููุฉ ูุงูุฃุจุฏูุฉ.
ุงูุฌุงูู ูู ุงูุฐู ูู ุนูู ููุง ูุณุชุทูุน ุฃู ูุฑู ุจูุง ููุชู
ุชุน ุจุฌู
ุงู ุฅููู ุงูุฐู ูู ุฃุจุฑุน ุฌู
ุงู ู
ู ุจูู ุงูุจุดุฑ.
ุงูุฌุงูู ูู ุงูุฐู ูู ุฃุฐู ููุง ูุณุชุทูุน ุฃู ูุณู
ุน ุจูุง ุฃุญูู ููุงู
ูููุฏู ููู ูุญูุง ุฃุญูู ุญูุงุฉ ุฅูู ุงูุฃุจุฏ ูู ู
ุฌุฏ ุฅููู.
God has deemed foolish all of those who do not use their eyes and ears to distinguish what is true and right.
- to know important things in our lives.
- to realize who is our loving God.
- to distinguish between good and evil.
- to know the word of God which is the only guide to eternal life.
ููุงู ุชุญุฏู ููุงุฌู ุงูุฅูุณุงู ูู ูู ู
ูุงู ููู ูู ุฒู
ุงู ู
ูุฐ ุจุฏุงูุฉ ุญูุงุชู ุนูู ุงูุฃุฑุถ ูุญุชู ููุงูุชูุง. ูุฐุง ุงูุชุญุฏู ููู
ู ูู ู
ูุงุฌูุฉ ุงูุฃู
ุซูุฉ ุงูุบูุฑ ุฌูุฏุฉ ุงูุชู ุชุนุชุฑุถ ุญูุงุชู.
ู
ู
ูู ุฃู ูููู ูุฐุง ุงูู
ุซุงู ุงูุบูุฑ ุตุงูุญ ูู ุงูุจูุช ุฃู ูู ุงูู
ุฏุฑุณุฉ ุฃู ูู ุงูุนู
ู ุฃู ูู ุงูุจูุฆุฉ ูุงูู
ุฌุชู
ุน ุฃู ุญุชู ูู ุงููููุณุฉ.
- ุฃู
ุฑ ุชุฑุงู ุฏุงุฆู
ุงู ูุชุนุชุงุฏ ุนููู ูุชู
ุงุฑุณู ูู ุญูุงุชู.
- ุดุฎุตูุฉ ู
ูู
ุฉ ุจุงููุณุจุฉ ูู ูุชุฃุฎุฐูุง ู
ุซุงู ูุชูุชุฏู ุจูุง.
- ุดุฎุต ูุฒุนุฌู ุจุชุตุฑู ู
ุงุ ุชุฑุฏ ุนููู ุจููุณ ุงูุชุตุฑู ุงูุฐู ุชุตุฑูู ู
ุนู.
ุงูุฑุจ ูุฏุนู ูู ู
ุคู
ู ุญูููู ููู ูููุฑ ุจุณูููู ูุชุตุฑูุงุชู ูุฆูุง ุชููู ู
ุชุฃุซุฑุฉ ุจุฃู
ุซูุฉ ุบูุฑ ุตุงูุญุฉ ูู ุญูุงุชู.
ูุฃู ุงููู ูู ู
ุซุงููุง ุงูุตุงูุญ ุงููุงู
ู ูู ูุนู ูู ุฎูุฑ.
ุจุฑูู ุฅูู
ุงูู ุจุงููู ุจุฃูุนุงูู ุงูุชู ุชุดุงุจู ุฃุนู
ุงู ุงููู.
ูุงุฑุจ ุณุงุนุฏูู ุญุชู ูุง ุฃุชู
ุซู ุจุงูุฃู
ุซูุฉ ุงูุบูุฑ ุตุงูุญุฉุ ุจู ุฃู
ููุฒูุง ูุฃุฑูุถูุงุ ูุฃุชุฎุฐู ุฃูุช ูุญุฏู ุงูู
ุซุงู ุงูุตุงูุญ ูู ูู ูู ุดูุก.
1- You see it frequently and you get used to it so you introduce it to your life.
2- It is for you an influential personality so you take it as a role model.
3- You treat others as they treat you regardless of if it is right or wrong.
The Lord is calling every true believer to meditate on his behavior and actions, while making sure it is not because he has been influenced by someone or imitating someone.
We should test our selves in the light of the world of God, at every moment and reject behaviors which are not in alignment with God's Word for He is our perfect example of doing good. Prove your faith by your actions which are similar to God's.
Dear Lord, help me distinguish and reject all bad examples in my life. Help me to imitate you for you are the only good example for me in everything. | 2019-04-21T18:11:26 | https://www.christbbchurch.org/dailydevotions/archives/02-2017 |
0.999985 | Apple is removing the training wheels for Apple Watch app makers, letting them take full advantage of the device's hardware.
Currently, Apple Watch apps can't function without a paired iPhone, which handles not just Internet connectivity but core functions such as the app's logic. These apps also can't tap into key hardware features such as the microphone, motion sensors, the heart monitor, and the Digital Crown.
All of that's going to change now that Apple is allowing native app development on the Watch. The new and improved apps should start to arrive this fall, alongside the release of WatchOS 2 and iOS 9.
Why this matters: The Apple Watch is an exquisite piece of hardware, but one that can be extremely frustrating to use. Users are frequently confronted with loading screens, as third-party apps struggle to load everything they need from a paired iPhones. And when these apps finally load, most of them are of limited utility. The new powers that Apple is granting to app makers, along with some added features in WatchOS 2, should go a long way toward turning the Apple Watch into a useful accessory.
Native apps: By moving the app logic from the iPhone to the Watch, apps should have faster load times. The Watch will also be able to connect to known Wi-Fi networks, so apps that depend on an Internet connection can work even without an iPhone in Bluetooth range.
Sensors: Apps will be able to play audio through the Watch's built-in speaker, record audio through the microphone, detect motion from the accelerometer, and read heart rate data.
Input: Developers will be able to use the Digital Crown for custom app controls, such as dials and scroll bars. They can also create custom sound and pulse alerts with the Taptic engine.
Health: Third-party fitness apps will run on the Watch without a paired iPhone. The data from these apps can feed into Apple's daily activity reports, and can integrate with Apple's HealthKit framework.
Complications: Straight from the watch face, users will be able to glance at information from third-party apps, such as sports scores, flight information, and smart home status.
Apple isn't just relying on app developers to make the Apple Watch more useful. It's also adding some of its own new features in WatchOS 2.
The watch face, for instance, will allow for custom photos and slideshows, along with Apple-made timelapse images of popular cities. In a obvious nod to the Pebble Time , watch faces with Complications will also let users scroll on the Digital Crown to see information from the past or future. There's also a new nighttime mode that displays an alarm clock when the watch is resting on its side.
On the communications front, users can add people to the contacts dial, create Digital Touch sketches in multiple colors, reply to emails, and conduct Facetime Audio calls. Users will also be able to share their workout achievement medals over Facebook or Twitter.
Some features from iOS 9 are making their way over to the Watch as well, including transit directions and loyalty cards for Apple Pay. Siri is also getting some new powers, including a way to initiate workouts, jump directly to Glances, and control HomeKit devices with prompts like "set the dinner scene."
As with all software updates, WatchOS 2 will be free, though Apple hasn't given an exact release date. | 2019-04-19T23:36:37 | https://www.macworld.co.uk/news/apple/apple-watch-apps-will-get-much-more-useful-with-watchos-2-3615001/ |
0.999999 | Home Fitness Cardio Workouts Which Type of Cardio Should You Be Doing?
One of the best-kept secrets of having a great physique at any age is to keep up a regular cardio workout routine. The benefits of cardio are numerous. This is why, for instance, many weight loss coaches and doctors recommend cardio to the people who consult with them. Here are some of the health and lifestyle benefits of doing cardio.
The heart is the engine that drives the human body, and cardio helps maintain circulatory health. Doing cardio regularly can help you shed the pounds and keep them off, plus scientists have discovered that during a cardio workout, the body releases endorphins which stimulate the body’s reward systems. This means that while the workout itself might be hard work, you will end up feeling better than someone who opted for something easy.
Below, we look at cardio exercise selection in detail.
At the beginner level, you will want to start off with something light that eases you into working out routinely. Cardio has a reputation as a hard type of exercise to do, but this is because some people want to jump in at the deep end right away. The guys and girls you see running 20 miles in one go have worked up to that level.
If you are just starting, consider taking a brisk walk around the neighborhood. This is an easy routine to maintain because you do not have to go far from where you live to get your exercise in. If you can find a walking track or football field where you can walk up to 1 or 2 miles, that’s even better. However, an elliptical walking machine works just as well.
For those who have been at it for a while, more options open up for cardio. Once you can run a mile or more at one stretch, you can consider making it a routine to run a couple of miles during the week. You can also add new types of cardio.
For example, you could cycle around a track or a stationary exercise bike. With cycling, you should be aiming to hit speed of around eight miles per hour to 12 miles per hour. If you are new to cycling, it’s best to use an indoor stationary bike without the distractions of navigating road traffic. It’s also safer.
Playing high-intensity sports like tennis, soccer, and basketball will also give you a good cardio workout at the intermediate level of training.
Once you’ve been actively doing cardio for more than six months and have mastered a good routine, you may expand your workout even more. At this level, you will have developed your own tastes and knowledge of what cardio works best for you. For example, some advanced athletes absolutely hate running. Forcing them to do running for their cardio would be counterproductive when there are so many other ways to put them through the paces.
You may want to consider swimming laps around an Olympic-size swimming pool. If you do not have a pool at home, you should be able to find one at the local YMCA or athletic center. You may also consider attending martial arts classes, which allow you to get in a cardio workout in the context of practicing a fascinating martial art. These are all ways to take away the drudgery from cardio for high-performance athletes.
There are times when a medical doctor may recommend that you do cardio for medical rehabilitation. When cardio has been prescribed by a doctor, it’s important to follow the instructions to the letter. For example, if you have a heart problem and the doctor has indicated you to do only light cardio, make sure you don’t do strenuous workouts. A little light walking or jogging, as prescribed, will suffice.
Likewise, if you are to do cardio to alleviate weight gain, follow the instructions of your medical doctor in order to achieve the best results.
Despite our best efforts, sometimes, injuries happen. It’s a fact of working out, and cardio is no exception. You should plan for safety in your cardio workouts. One of the best ways to avoid injuries is to always stretch the body and significant muscle groups just before each workout. Stretching exercises the muscles, gets them moving, and avoids sudden stress being placed on the parts of the body.
With cardio, if you feel heartburn or any kind of pain in your chest, it could mean you’ve overworked yourself. Especially at the beginner level, this is one problem to watch out for. You may need to take a break and come back to the arena when your body has recovered from the previous day’s workout. | 2019-04-24T21:46:02 | https://absolutehealth.com/which-type-of-cardio-should-you-be-doing/ |
0.999979 | Clearly, "bipartisan" has to be the last adjective any journalist would use to describe the current political climate in the United States.
Thus, a 393-0 vote on a resolution in the U.S. House of Representatives is an eyebrow-raising moment, no matter what issue is involved. In this case, it's crucial that the issue is linked to the Islamic State and its hellish massacres of religious minorities in Syria, Iraq and elsewhere -- including Orthodox and Catholic flocks that have lived and worshiped in these lands since New Testament times.
ISIS has destroyed ancient monasteries and churches, has razed or looted irreplaceable ancient libraries and sacred art. It has become rational to consider that Christianity may be wiped out in the region in which it was born.
WASHINGTON (AP) -- Ratcheting up the pressure on the Obama administration, the House has overwhelmingly approved a resolution that condemns as genocide the atrocities committed by the Islamic State group against Christians and other religious and ethnic minorities in Iraq and Syria.
The non-binding measure, passed Monday by a vote of 393-0, illustrated the heavy bipartisan support for action on Capitol Hill. Secretary of State John Kerry is leaning toward making a genocide determination against the Islamic State and could do so as early as this week, when a congressional deadline for a decision has been set.
But the Obama administration officials have cautioned that a legal review is still under way and said it is likely Kerry will not meet Thursday's deadline. House Speaker Paul Ryan chided the White House for the anticipated delay.
"As the administration waffles on this issue and doubles-down on its failed strategy to defeat (the Islamic State), the American people are speaking loudly and clearly on this issue," the Wisconsin Republican said.
This political emphasis dominates the whole report, leaving the impression that this is just another battle between the White House and its enemies in Congress. Or maybe the problem is in the U.S. State Department?
As a political issue, the key question -- which AP covers well -- is whether using the "genocide" label would have "moral and potential legal consequences" requiring the Obama administration to take actions to stop the genocide.
And so forth and so on. The report does mention a 280-page Knights of Columbus report documenting, by name, 1,100 Christians killed by the Islamic State.
So what is missing? To be blunt: The voices of American believers -- other than the Knights of Columbus -- who are members of the same flocks as those being massacred by ISIS. America contains thousands of Christians whose roots run deep into the "old country," especially Syria, and they have families and church leaders who are still there and caught up in this disaster.
Yes, in my own church, millions of Orthodox Christians include prayers for these persecuted sisters and brothers in our liturgies.
This is especially true in the greater Washington, D.C., area, since Baltimore is the home base for International Orthodox Christian Charities (IOCC), which is highly active in Syria and other lands affected by ISIS activity. I have been watching to see if The Washington Post will notice this highly relevant local angle in the genocide debates.
In the wake of the 393-0 vote, the Post (in its online product) ran the AP report and two pieces of analysis -- one as part of "The Fix" political brand and the other with the "Acts of Faith" label.
The bottom line: This is all about Congress causing trouble for President Barack Obama. And all of those Democrats who voted for the resolution? They were just pulled along by political necessity. That would be a hard "no" vote to explain in churches back in the local district.
So we have our answer, so far. This is all politics, not a story that affects real people in real religious minorities, people with spiritual and ethnic ties that bind to Americans who are infuriated by the State Department's silence on issues related to religious persecution in the Middle East.
In other words, this is complicated. However, several genocide experts say itโs unclear what legwork the Obama administration is doing on its own, if any.
โOne thing that has troubled me is that I know of no organized government effort to investigate crimes committed,โ said Cameron Hudson, director of the Holocaust Museumโs Center for the Prevention of Genocide. Hudson worked for the Bush White House in the mid-2000s and was involved in research then looking into the Darfur atrocities. A large team was sent to interview hundreds of people who fled violence and to take testimony, he said.
Yes, I noticed that the ancient Antiochian Orthodox Church -- based in Damascus, at a location mentioned in the Book of Acts -- was not mentioned. Same old, same old.
But let me stress that the Holocaust Museum's genocide project is a strong, valid source. This is some of the best material that I have seen in the current mainstream news coverage of this issue.
But where are the other voices? Where are the groups -- yes, most are Christian -- with direct ties to information about what is happening at ground level in Iraq, Syria and elsewhere?
Can't this be a religion story, a human story, as well as a political story about the White House, Congress and the State Department? | 2019-04-26T11:39:52 | https://www.getreligion.org/getreligion/2016/3/15/house-says-393-0-that-christians-are-victims-of-isis-genocide-but-a-key-voice-is-missing |
0.998924 | Recently, El Paso police allegedly discovered a 22-year-old intoxicated woman asleep in her car. And while police state that the car was not moving at the time of the discovery, they claim that the keys were in the ignition and the car's engine was running.
According to the El Paso Times, the young woman was ultimately arrested for driving while intoxicated (DWI) - among other charges - even though no actual "driving" was occurring when the police encountered the woman.
This recent arrest is a reminder to all El Paso motorists that vehicles do not have to be actually moving in order for the driver to be charged with a DWI in Texas. In fact, in some instances a driver may still face DWI charges even if he or she decided to sleep in his or her car instead of driving home after consuming alcohol.
WHAT CONSTITUTES DRIVING WHILE INTOXICATED IN TEXAS?
Under Texas law, a person has committed a DWI if he or she is "intoxicated while operating a motor vehicle in a public place." Interestingly, even though the Texas Penal Code expressly defines "intoxicated" - and even defines what is considered a "motor vehicle" - it fails to define what "operating" means; so it has been left up to the courts to define.
Texas courts have interpreted "operating" very broadly when it comes to DWI charges. Basically when reviewing whether sufficient evidence exists to support a DWI conviction, courts will deem a motorist "operating" a motor vehicle when, based on all circumstances, the motorist took some action to "affect the functioning of his vehicle in a manner that would enable the vehicle's use."
This definition has led to several Texas cases in which DWI convictions have been upheld even when the car was not moving and the driver was asleep. In one case, a motorist was sleeping in his car with the engine running and radio on, with his foot in a position that it could reach the brake pedal. The court determined that a jury, based on these facts, could come to the conclusion that the motorist had taken steps that impacted the functioning of the car, and consequently was operating the car before falling asleep.
Moreover, just last year a Texas court upheld a DWI conviction in which the motorist was found asleep with his seatbelt on in his running car - which was running so that the motorist could use the heater on a cold night. Ultimately, the motorist admitted he had been driving the car, but it does illustrate just how broadly Texas courts can define "operating" in the context on DWIs.
Given that the determination of whether a motorist is in fact "operating" a motor vehicle is a question of fact, even the smallest detail can be the difference between a DWI conviction and an acquittal. Because of this, it is often best to speak to a knowledgeable DWI defense attorney to ensure all possible defenses are pursued if ever charged with a DWI. | 2019-04-21T06:35:15 | https://www.rosaleslawfirm.com/Articles/Texas-Drivers-Risk-DWI-If-They-Sleep-In-Their-Car-After-Drinking.shtml |
0.998949 | Yet some of the festival's experiments have already proven highly combustible. After an outcry from French theaters, organizers announced last week that beginning next year, films without the intentions of a theatrical release in France won't be eligible for Cannes' prestigious Palme d'Or competition - the festival's main slate of about 20 films.
I can see where the Cannes festival is coming from with this. It's Cinema Paradiso versus binge watching.
The move effectively bars Netflix releases from Europe's answer to an Oscar race.
"Europe's answer..." Last time I checked, the Cannes film festival went back a little further in time than the founding of the EU. I think "version" rather than "answer" would be a better choice of words here.
How can you compare the Oscars, in which all (American) films compete, and a festival in which only 20 films compete?
How do you mean? Aren't the films with a chance of winning a Best Picture Oscar (currently set at 10) and those with a chance of winning a Palme D'Or (set at 20) all pre-selected regardless?
point is, not every film premieres at Cannes. There are many great films that never premiere at Cannes and therefore are ineligible for the Palme d'ore. Every movie is eligible for Oscar contention.
Every movie is eligible for Cannes. You just need to submit it and then cross your fingers. Of course if you choose to show it somewhere else first then you miss your opportunity, but that's your choice.
Looking forward to Polanski's new film.
He was great in the 60s, and in the 70s he made his best film Chinatown, but the others were already not that interesting in this decade, and since then his films are not very interesting for me. Then, suddenly, his last one was a positive surprise. But I still don't expect anything from him.
His last big-budget release "The Ghost", which was horribly renamed "The Ghost Writer" in North America, was absolutely fantastic ("Carnage" and "Venus in Fur" were much smaller scale affairs).
Wasn't Ghost Writer the original title?
It was stylish and very atmospheric. I haven't read the novel, but the conversion into a screenplay was deftly handled.
The The Ghost is the book title, The Ghost Writer is the film's original title.
Can't remember that much style.
But in France and in Germany, the other co-producer countries, it was The Ghost Writer, and that is everywhere cited as the original title.
It seems the Brits changed it to correspondent with the book.
I would argue that the working title of "The Ghost" was changed for release in other English-speaking regions through another unfortunate case of dumbing down that destroyed the ambiguity of the original title. Perhaps it was only kept in the UK due to the popularity of the original book there? Translations into other languages aren't really valid since rarely do words match 100% across different languages however closely related, although I would note that some other countries (e.g. Denmark, Russia, Lithuania) went with a straight translation of "The Ghost" too according to IMDb. | 2019-04-22T15:01:36 | http://www.fistful-of-leone.com/forums/index.php?topic=12901.15 |
0.999914 | we went to our friend's house for dinner last night and we brought dessert. i tried this new recipe and it was so easy and so good!
7) Bake at 350 degrees for 30 minutes. | 2019-04-19T04:21:18 | http://www.danielleburkleo.com/2010/01/sopapilla-cheesecake.html?showComment=1472805754567 |
0.999996 | This article is about Maidstone town. For larger local government district, see Borough of Maidstone. For other uses, see Maidstone (disambiguation).
From top left: River Medway with Maidstone's historic All Saints Church, County Hall, Leeds Castle, Mote Park, The Mall Maidstone shopping centre.
Neolithic finds have revealed the earliest occupation of the area, and the Romans have left their mark in the road through the town and evidence of villas. The Normans set up a shire moot, and religious organisations established an abbey at Boxley, hospitals and a college for priests. Today's suburb of Penenden Heath was a place of execution in medieval times.
Maidstone played a key role during the Peasants' Revolt of 1381. The rebel priest John Ball had been imprisoned there and was freed by Kentish rebels under the command of Wat Tyler, who is reputed to have been a resident of the town.
Maidstone's charter as a town was granted in 1549; although briefly revoked, a new charter in 1551 created the town as a borough. The charter was ratified in 1619 under James I, and the coat of arms was designed, bearing a golden lion and a representation of the river (in heraldic terms: Or, a fess wavy Azure between three roundels Gules, on a chief Gules a leopard passant gardant Or). Recently to these arms were added the head of a white horse (representing Invicta, the motto of the county of Kent), a golden lion and an iguanodon. The iguanodon relates to the discovery in the 19th century of the fossilised remains of that dinosaur, now in the Natural History Museum in London. Maidstone has had the right to a town gaol since 1604.
During the English Civil War, the Battle of Maidstone took place in 1648, resulting in a victory for the Parliamentarians. Andrew Broughton, who was Mayor of Maidstone in 1649 (and also Clerk to the High Court of Justice) was responsible for declaring the death sentence on Charles I, and today a plaque in Maidstone Town Centre memorialises Broughton as 'Mayor and Regicide'.
Paper mills, stone quarrying, brewing and the cloth industry have all flourished here. The paper maker James Whatman and his son invented wove paper (Whatman paper) at Turkey Mill from 1740, an important development in the history of printing.
A permanent military presence was established in the town with the completion of cavalry barracks in 1798. Invicta Park Barracks is now home to the 36 Engineer Regiment.
Maidstone Prison is north of the town centre and was completed in 1819.
Modern Maidstone incorporates a number of outlying villages and settlements (see Geography below).
The county council offices to the north of the town centre were built of Portland stone between 1910 and 1913. On 29 September 1975 a local pub serving Invicta Park Barracks, The Hare and Hounds, was damaged by a bomb during an IRA campaign in England.
Maidstone General Hospital opened on the outskirts of the town in 1983, replacing West Kent General Hospital, which opened 150 years earlier in Marsham Street. It is just to the north of Oakwood Hospital (originally the Kent County Asylum), which closed in the mid-1990s.
Residents are employed in the retail, administrative or service sectors; there are industrial estates around the town providing employment. Some of the workforce commute to other towns, including to London.
The town is divided between the constituencies of Maidstone and the Weald and Faversham and Mid Kent. Before 1997 Maidstone was in the county constituency of Maidstone. The Member of Parliament for Maidstone and the Weald is Conservative Helen Grant. Previous MPs include Ann Widdecombe, Sir John Wells, Sir Alfred Bossom and Benjamin Disraeli. Since 2015 the MP for Faversham and Mid Kent has been Conservative Helen Whately. Prior to the 2015 election, the MP was Conservative Sir Hugh Robertson.
The town is the main town of Maidstone borough, which includes the surrounding rural areas except to the north-west. The town is divided into the 12 local government wards of Allington, Bridge, Downswood and Otham, East, Fant, Heath, High Street, Park Wood, Shepway North, Shepway South, South, and North. These wards have 30 of the 55 seats on Borough Council. In the 2011 council election, 30 of the seats were held by the Conservative party, 20 by the Liberal Democrats and 4 by independents.
A former millpond on the River Len, Mill Street/Palace Avenue Maidstone.
Lower Crisbrook Mill mill pond and Upper Crisbrook Mill, on the Loose Stream.
The town is six miles downstream from where the River Medway, having flowed in a generally westโeast direction, is joined by the Rivers Teise and Beult at Yalding and changes its course to a northerly one. It cuts through the ridge formed by the greensand, so that the town occupies a site on two opposite hills, the easterly one containing the town centre. Beyond that, and higher, is Penenden Heath.
Maidstone has continued to grow. In doing so it has incorporated hitherto separate settlements, villages and hamlets within its boundaries. These include Allington, Barming, Bearsted, Penenden Heath, Sandling, Tovil and Weavering Street. Housing estates include Grove Green, Harbourland, Ringlestone, Roseacre, Shepway, Senacre and Vinters Park.
Maidstone was at one time a centre of industry, brewing and paper making being among the most important. Nowadays smaller industrial units encircle the town. The site of Fremlin's Brewery, once the largest in Kent, is now Fremlin Walk shopping centre. The pedestrianised areas of the High Street and King Street run up from the river crossing at Lockmeadow; Week Street and Gabriel's Hill bisect this route.
Kent experiences a maritime climate with cool summers and mild winters. The nearest official Met Office weather station for which online records are available is at East Malling, about three miles west of Maidstone.
East Malling's highest temperature of 37.4 ยฐC (99.3 ยฐF) was recorded in August 2003. The lowest temperature recorded is โ17.8 ยฐC (0.0 ยฐF) during January 1947 and 1972. East Malling also holds the record for the mildest January day in South East England, 17.4 ยฐC (63.3 ยฐF), also set in 2003. The lowest temperature recorded in recent years was โ10.7 ยฐC (12.7 ยฐF) on 20 December 2010. The Kรถppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfb" (Marine West Coast Climate).
In the 2001 UK census, Maidstone town wards had a population of 75,070, a density of 28 residents per hectare. The town had 31,142 households, of which 38% were married couples, 29% were individuals, 10% were cohabiting couples, and 9% were single-parent families. 14% of households had someone living alone of pensionable age.
The ethnicity was 96.6% white, 0.9% mixed race, 0.3% Chinese, 1.5% other Asian, 0.4% Black and 0.3% other. The place of birth was 94.1% United Kingdom (91.4% England), 0.6% Republic of Ireland, 0.6% Germany, 1.3% other European countries, 1.7% Asia, 0.9% Africa and 0.8% elsewhere.
Religion was 73.9% Christian, 0.8% Muslim, 0.7% Hindu, 0.3% Buddhist, 0.14% Sikh and 0.11% Jewish. 15.8% had no religion, 0.6% had an alternative religion, and 7.7% did not state their religion.
Until 1998, the Sharps toffee factory (later part of Cadbury Trebor Basset), was in central Maidstone and provided a significant source of employment.
Loudspeaker manufacturer KEF was founded in 1961 on the premises of the metal-working operation Kent Engineering & Foundry (hence KEF). KEF still occupies the same river-bank site. In the late 1990s KEF manufactured a loudspeaker called "the Maidstone".
The town centre has the largest office centre in the county and the area is a base for the paper and packaging industry. Many high-technology firms have set up in surrounding business parks.
Southern Water and Mid Kent Water operate the Maidstone water system.
The town is ranked in the top five shopping centres in the south east of England for shopping yields and, with more than one million square feet of retail floor space, in the top 50 in the UK. Much of this space is located in the two main shopping centres in the town, the 535,000 square feet (49,700 m2) The Mall Maidstone and the 32,500 square metres (350,000 sq ft) Fremlin Walk which opened in 2006.
Other recent developments include the riverside Lockmeadow Centre, with a multiplex cinema, restaurants, nightclubs, and the town's market square. The leisure industry is a key contributor with the night-time economy worth ยฃ75m per annum.
In the 2001 UK census, 45.2% of residents aged 16โ74 were employed full-time, 12.7% part-time, 7.6% self-employed and 2.5% unemployed, while 2.3% were students with jobs, 3.0% without jobs, 12.9% retired, 6.6% looking after home or family, 3.8% permanently sick or disabled and 3.2% economically inactive for other reasons. These figures were roughly in line with the national average.
Employment, by industry, was 19% retail; 13% real estate; 11% manufacturing; 9% construction; 7% transport and communications; 10% health and social work; 8% public administration; 7% education; 5% finance; 4% hotels and restaurants; 1% agriculture; 1% energy and water supply; and 5% other. Compared to national figures, Maidstone had a high percentage of workers in construction and public administration, and a low percentage in agriculture.
According to the Office for National Statistics estimates, the average gross income of households between April 2001 and March 2002 was ยฃ595 per week (ยฃ31,000 per year).
Residential developments along the river upstream of the Palace.
One of the first roads in Kent to be turnpiked was from Rochester to Maidstone, in 1728. The A20 runs through the town and the M20 motorway runs to the north. Opened in 1960 as the Maidstone Bypass A20(M), this was the first motorway south of London. Maidstone is a hub for major roads: the M20 motorway, the A229, A249, A20 and A26. The M2 motorway is a short distance to the north and the A21 also runs close to the town. The historic centre of the town is largely pedestrianised or with restricted access for private vehicles, which are diverted around a one way system.
The River Medway was, until the coming of better roads and the railways, the principal means of transporting goods. Improvements had been made in about 1730 to the river so that barges of 40 tons could get upriver to East Farleigh, Yalding and Tonbridge. This meant that a good deal of trade, including corn, hops, fodder, fruit, stone and timber passed through the town, where there were several wharves.
The medieval stone bridge was replaced in 1879 to give better clearance: it was designed by Sir Joseph Bazalgette. A second bridge, St Peter's Bridge, was built in 1977.
Today the river is of importance mainly to pleasure-boat owners and the considerable number of people living on houseboats. For many years there has been a river festival during the last weekend in July, and a millennium project inaugurated the Medway River Walk, the Medway Park and a new footbridge linking the former cattle market (now a multiplex cinema and nightclub) west of the river to the shopping area to the east.
Bus services centre on High Street, King Street and the Chequers Bus Station adjacent to the Mall shopping centre and serve nearby towns including Chatham, Faversham, Sittingbourne, Tonbridge, Royal Tunbridge Wells, Ashford and Tenterden. Most services are operated by Arriva and some operated by Nu-Venture.
Stagecoach also operates route 10X in the town to Ashford via Lenham, with most buses continuing onto Hythe and Folkestone.
There are weekday commuter coach services between Maidstone and London.
Former bus operators in Maidstone include Maidstone & District Motor Services (M&D); Maidstone Borough Council Transport, later Boro'line Maidstone; and Bygone Buses.
In 2004 the centenary of Maidstone Corporation Transport was marked with several events, featuring a preserved Maidstone trolleybus.
When the railways were built in the 1840s, Maidstone was not well served. It was reported at the time that inhabitants were bitterly opposed to the railway, the mayor suggesting that "Maidstone will be ruined as a commercial town". It was said that wharfingers and corn and coal merchants would be hardest hit.
In 1842, the South Eastern Railway, to reach the Channel ports of Folkestone and Dover, put its main line through Tonbridge and Ashford, some 6 miles (9.7 km) to the south. A station named Maidstone Road was built in an isolated spot called Paddock Wood, from where coaches were run to the county town.
The 1874 Maidstone East line crossing the River Medway; also on the bridge is a footpath connecting Maidstone East with Maidstone Barracks.
Two years later a branch line was built to Maidstone. In 1846 the Medway Valley Line connected Strood with the town. It was not until 1874 that the line from London arrived, and another ten years before Ashford was connected by rail. There are three stations: Maidstone West and Maidstone Barracks on the Medway Valley Line (whose platforms are visible one from the other); and Maidstone East on the Ashford line.
In 1905, the Headcorn & Maidstone Junction Light Railway was authorised under the 1896 Light Railways Act to link Maidstone with Sutton Valence and Headcorn, linking with the Kent & East Sussex Railway. The only part built was a short branch serving the paper mills at Tovil.
The Medway Valley Walk between Tonbridge and Gillingham passes through the town, following the banks of the river.
Between 1928 and 1967, Maidstone had a small trolleybus network. The system had two main routes from the High Street, one along Tonbridge Road to a terminus near the Bull Inn at Barming and the other along Loose Road and Sutton Road to Park Wood, with a spur along to Loose village.
The town is served by 15 secondary schools, 23 primary schools, and two special schools. Non-selective secondary schools include Cornwallis Academy, Maplesden Noakes, New Line Learning Academy, St Augustine Academy, St. Simon Stock School and Valley Park School. Grammar schools serving the town include Maidstone Grammar School, Invicta Grammar School, Maidstone Grammar School for Girls and Oakwood Park Grammar School.
Alumni of the oldest school, Maidstone Grammar School (founded 1549), include James Burke, television presenter, and Lord Beeching, of the British railway cuts of the 1960s. William Golding, author of Lord of the Flies was once a teacher at the school.
Oakwood Park to the west of the town is host to a regional campus of the University for the Creative Arts (formerly Kent Institute of Art & Design) at which Turner Prize nominated artist Tracey Emin, fashion designer Karen Millen and television personality and artist Tony Hart studied.
In the 2001 census, 15.7% of residents aged 16โ74 had a higher education qualification or equivalent, below the national average of 19.9%. 27.5% had no academic qualifications, compared to the national figure of 28.9%.
In 2001, religions were 73.9% Christian, 0.8% Muslim, 0.7% Hindu, 0.3% Buddhist, 0.14% Sikh and 0.11% Jewish. 15.8% had no religion, 0.6% had an alternative religion, while 7.7% did not state their religion.
All Saints' Church in the town centre was the collegiate church of the College of All Saints built in 1395 next to the Archbishop's Palace. It is a landmark building[clarification needed] and is one of the largest and widest parish churches in England. It contains a monument to Sir Jacob Astley, the Royalist Civil War soldier and a memorial to Lawrence Washington, great-uncle of George Washington's great-great-grandfather, that includes the stars and stripes in the family coat of arms The college, the church, the palace and the palace's tithe barn are all Grade I listed buildings.
A Twinning Association Committee meets every month. It organises annual trips to the Jeanne Hachette Festival in Beauvais. An annual sporting weekend is also held, with Maidstone and Beauvais taking it in turns to host the event.
There are several radio stations based in the town, or which broadcast to it. KMFM Maidstone, formerly CTR 105.6, is the local commercial station. It used to broadcast from studios on mill street, however now broadcasts from the studios of sister station KMFM Medway in Strood.
Hospital Radio Maidstone, which broadcasts from Maidstone Hospital, is one of the longest serving hospital radio stations in the UK.
A new version of former pirate radio station Radio Caroline broadcasts (via Sky and the internet) from The Maidstone Studios, an independent television studio complex in the Vinters Park area, once home to the former ITV company TVS. Several national TV shows are also filmed at the studios.
Heart Kent used to broadcast from studios in Earl Street.
Theatres include the Hazlitt Theatre; RiverStage; The Exchange Studio (previously the โโCorn Exchangeโโ); and the Hermitage Millennium Amphitheatre.
Maidstone is mentioned several times in Ian Fleming's 1955 James Bond novel, Moonraker. Villain Hugo Drax passes through King Street and Gabriels Hill and later stops at the Thomas Wyatt Hotel.
Writer Jack London recounts his visit to Maidstone in his 1903 book The People of the Abyss. Whilst living in the slums of London in the summer of 1902, he heads to Maidstone in search of hop-picking work up the London Road. He finds lodgings with a "Sea Wife" living in the poor quarter of Maidstone, and persuades her and her husband to let him stay in their front room.
Maidstone Museum & Art Gallery is located in the town centre, near to the Fremlin Walk shopping centre. Operated by Maidstone Borough Council, the museum is open seven days a week, with free admission. The Museum & Art Gallery has a large collection of over 600,000 objects, including collections about ancient Egyptians; archaeology; costume; ethnography; biology; fine and decorative art; geology; Japanese decorative arts and prints; and local history. It also hosts temporary exhibitions.
The core of the museum is located within the former Chillington Manor, an Elizabethan manor house completed in 1577. New wings were added to the building in the 19th century. A striking gold-coloured extension was added in 2012 which has extended the display space by 40% but the modern design has divided opinion.
Kent Life, formerly the Museum of Kent Life, is an open air rural life museum at Sandling, near Allington Locks, on the east bank of the River Medway. The museum includes a collection of historic buildings including a chapel, village hall and old houses. It also includes displays on agriculture, including a farm yard and farm animals.
The Tyrwhitt-Drake Museum of Carriages is located in a Grade I Listed tithe barn near the Archbishop's Palace. The museum was established by Sir Garrard Tyrwhitt-Drake, a former mayor of Maidstone, who amassed a large collection of horse-drawn vehicles.
Following the NASA tradition of naming craters on Mars after small towns, the Maidstone crater was added to the list of Martian geographical features in 1976.
Maidstone United was formed in 1897. The club gained promotion to the Football League in 1989, from non-league football. The club could not bring its London Road Ground up to Football League standards so it ground-shared at Dartford's Watling Street stadium and played its games there. It went bankrupt in 1992. A new club was formed and made its way from the Kent County League Division 4 to the Isthmian (Ryman) Premier Division, in 2014 being in the Ryman Premier Division. The club moved into the new Gallagher Stadium at James Whatman Way in summer 2012. Since then, it has been promoted to the National League South and now plays in the National League, bringing fifth-tier football back to the club for the first time since 1989.
Maidstone Hockey Club is one of the oldest hockey clubs in the country, founded in 1878. For the 2011/12 season, the Ladies' 1st XI play in the National League East Conference, having won the East Premier League the previous season, and the Men's 1st XI play in the South Hockey League 1st XI Premier League Division 2. The Men's and Women's 1st squad were both represented in the Indoor England Hockey League Division 2, with the Men having previously won the Division 2 title in 2008/09. The club has seven men's and four women's sides playing in national, regional and county leagues.
Maidstone Rugby Football Club is one of the older rugby clubs in England having been founded in 1880. The club runs 6 senior men's sides and a junior section. In the 2014/15 season they were unbeaten and won the National RFU Intermediate Cup at Twickenham Stadium.
Kent County Cricket Club used Mote Park as a regular out-ground for some 150 years until 2005. Mote Park is the town's largest park and includes a number of recreational and sport facilities. The Lashings World XI exhibition cricket team is based in Maidstone and has included a number of high-profile professional cricketers.
Maidstone Sailing Club sails on Mote Park lake. Maidstone also has a rowing club, a martial arts school, a tennis club, an athletics club, an American football team and a basketball club.
A baseball team, the Kent Mariners, is based in the town, playing in the BBF AA South division.
Angela Barnes (born 1976), actress and comedian, grew up in Maidstone.
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maidstone.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Maidstone. | 2019-04-18T16:36:35 | http://en.turkcewiki.org/wiki/Maidstone |
0.998552 | I've been thinking about story- non fiction, mostly. I've always been far more comfortable with fiction (like, the only non-fiction I'd ever read would be the Bible, and that only with motivation.) Recently, I feel compelled to read more non-fiction- the end being I don't know what, but hoping for some gain. My new year's resolution was to read one work of fiction and one of non fiction every month, and I had a list going on my phone but it got deleted. I cried a little, because I'm really bad about remembering books and movies, and I wanted to keep track of them! So I'm going to post here what I have so far in the non-fiction genre, because I won't be as likely to delete it when I'm checking instagram.
As part of my practice, I try to tell portions of my life to myself while I'm on a walk. It's a way of trying to figure out if it's MY story I need to be telling, or someone else's, I guess. I keep thinking it's not mine. Mine's too boring. There have been a few highlights, though and in the spirit of my recent bumbling around in non-fiction narrative, and keeping tabs on my own learning pace, I'd like to repost this old true story. I'm fairly satisfied with the way I told it for blogging purposes, but if I were to edit it, I'd make it clear that the "towers" I refer to throughout are the policeman on either side of the bed.
But, to the point, if I were to write it from the memory I currently have of that event, without reviewing this version, I think the details would be different. And if I had come home and written this down the night it happened, I'm sure there would be even more detail. So is it the story that matters more, or the effect of the story? Is what I remember feeling about the situation more important than the critical details of it?
In any case, this is a good story. Maybe the best one of my life, so far. It's worth telling, I think.
It started out just like any other shift. I had 6 patients... a full load, even though many days we had to take 7 or 8, because of short staffing. Nothing major. The day was going well. I was caught up on my charting by 1:45, and had discharged a patient. I kept my fingers crossed that I would not get a new patient this late in the day, but to no avail. The charge nurse informed me that I would be geting the next admit, and he was coming from Fulton County Jail. That was really no big deal. We took care of prisoners all the time, and except for the somewhat unnerving handcuffs keeping them locked at the ankle to the foot of the bed, they were quite easy to take care of, and generally undemanding as long as you ordered double portions for their meals.
We saw the police coming down the hall, bearing the stretcher in their midst as if they were the Macy's parade, protecting the mayor's float. There were 6 of them. Six police officers to one prisoner. Don't think we even bothered whispering. We wanted to know who this guy was, and what he did that he needed six armed guards! One of the nurses found out while I was in the supply closet getting the admission kit and towels.
"Sarah. He decapitated his wife."
"Yep. They found him sitting cross-legged on the floor with his wife's head in his lap."
"No, that officer just told me."
"Well, why is he here?"
"His blood sugar dropped, and while they were bringing him here, he was so combative that they had to give him Ativan. " Well, thank God for that. At least he'll be out.
It was a really long walk down that short hall. I had been a nurse for less than a year at this point, still extremely green, and very naive, though I had learned alot in the past six months. Unfortunately, not one of those valuable lessons ever involved "The Care of a Man Who Decapitated His Wife."
I arrived at the door. The police were still all in the room, and as I started to move in, slowly, like a hobbit among these tall, buff, black guards, I could tell that they wanted to clear me out of there, simply from force of habit. "I'm the nurse," I squeaked, sounding every bit as confident as I'm sure I looked, stringy blond hair, stooped shoulders and pale countenance. The forest of security parted with a guarded reverence.
On the bed I saw an asian man, short, stocky, with well groomed hair, lying there in a t-shirt and underwear. He was tied to the bed at the wrists and ankles with police tape and leather restraints. He was covered in blood.
I had a moment. "I need to clean him up." My voice had recovered it's normal low pitch, and I made eye contact with the policeman standing like the North Tower on the side of the bed, indicating to him that he would have to loosen the restraints. "Ma'am, we can't uncuff him." "Well, we've got to get him bathed and in a gown. " He shook his head, and said "Sorry. We can't uncuff him." I sighed and stood for a minute wondering how I was ever going to get this accomplished. I went back out to the nurses station for a pair of sissors, a glucometer, and some sympathetic glances from my teammates. Glances were all I got. No one volunteered to go in there.
I returned to the room, and after checking his blood sugar, which had returned to a safe level, I had to clean him up. But to get his clothes off, I needed to cut them off. I had to cut the underwear off of this dangerous criminal, while surrounded by police officers. It was a surreal moment to say the least. I managed to get him undressed, washed his upper body, and put the gown on him. His hands and feet were brown and crusty from dried blood, where he had strained against his cuffs. I cleaned him in the quiet of the room, when he whispered- "Do you have a knife?" Many, many responses banging at the door of my lips, screaming to reply. I looked up at the South Tower, my eyes wide. "No, sir." was all I said.
I moved down his legs to his feet, and still no one was saying a word. They all stood there watching me. I glanced up at his face. Unreadable. I was fascinated. "Lord, what do you really, I mean really think of this guy? Look at him. He killed his wife...no, he cut off his wife's head! He's the worst of the worst. How do you really see him?" As I glanced down at my hands, I heard the Still Small Voice.
"You are washing My feet."
An audible sob escaped my lips. I knew it was true, and yet it was so unbelieveable, and so wrong somehow! In the midst of the horror of what I'd heard, I was blinded by the revelation of His grace.
He had been this man. He took on all sin at the cross- yes, even this sin, and put it to death. There is nothing that He has not covered by His grace, by His love, by His power. There is nothing that can keep us from Him! Nothing. He loved and wanted even this one! So much so that He covered the man's sin by His own death, knowing there was nothing he could do to redeem himself. He is our Redeemer.
That man might have never known it. I didn't tell him. I hope that someone did, or does if he is still alive. I simply did my job, got him cleaned and passed him to the next nurse. It was enough.
When you are doing it to the least of these, you are doing it to Me.
That was wonderfully told. I felt like I was there with you. Keep sharing your story- I love you and I want to know more.
I remember when you first posted this. it is still amazing...He is amazing! thank you for your bi-annual blogging...:) I wish I could blog again...doesn't seem to happen for me ...yet anyway.
I had forgotten this episode but as I read it I could see and feel everything that occured. Thank you Jesus in Sarah! Great writing Sarah. You haven't lost your touch.
aren't you glad you're at a school where everything is fixed with ice packs? | 2019-04-22T08:18:54 | http://www.sarahheroman.com/2014/07/non-fiction.html |
0.999998 | Richard Yates, of Mission Viejo CA, is a great people-person here on Active Rain, bringing lots of fun to our site.
Go ahead, read his post, then take time to comment on HIS blog. Let's see what happens when 100+ people make comments (he had 76 a moment ago.
There are Systems for everything involving Real Estate.
Although all Systems work, we must select the ones that fit our personality, style and comfort level.
Generate LEADS - The success of any business is based upon it's ability to attract and to retain clients.
Evaluate the LEAD - Work it, refer it for a residual income opportunity, or reject it.
Convert the LEAD to a PROSPECT: Determine the potential, based upon qualifications and sense of urgency. Proceed with the Prospect based upon their specific time line. Immediately engage and move forward, or place the Prospect within an appropriate follow-up SYSTEM, based upon their situation and your determination.
Convert a PROSPECT to a CLIENT - By my personal definition: I have unknown LEADS (People I have not met), PROSPECTS (People who have not yet completed a transaction with me) and CLIENTS (People that have earned me money). Either they are a client, or they are not. FRIENDS may be a LEAD, PROSPECT or a CLIENT. It doesn't matter. Friendships are priceless, and always more important than business. In one case, it took over 20 years for a Prospect, who became a Friend, to become a Client. Their transactions have earned me in excess of $80,000.00, over the past 3 years.
Retain a CLIENT - Use a very personalized system to stay in touch on a regular basis. We want CLIENTS for life.
Referrals from a CLIENT - There is no better referral than one coming from a satisfied client. They have experienced our professionalism, and our ability to accomplish an extremely complicated transaction. They are a witness, and provide a sense of assurance to the referred individual looking for an agent.
This is not a Real Estate System. This is a System, to earn ActiveRain Points, FAST and EASY.
I call it, The ActiveRain Point Accelerator System.
It allows you to maximize your point opportunities, while providing more time to comment, respond to comments, build relationships and create better posts. You only need to write 1 post to earn over 2000 points.
It's not for everyone, but it might be exactly what YOU want. I'll share it, if you want it.
How could you not want to Subscribe to MY BLOG?
Lottie, What am I missing? I do not get it. Maybe I am trying to read too much into it.
Great news Lottie. Richard received his 100 comments and has promised to share his big secret with all of us tomorrow.
Great article! Not sure how I missed this since I subscibe to Richard's blog. Can't wait to see what the secret he'll share is. | 2019-04-25T22:24:47 | http://peninsulalivingblog.com/post/2568078/the-activerain-point-accelerator-system--- |
0.999998 | Clinical Question In a patient who needs emergency dental care that is taking nonbisphosphonate medications such as Xgeva, Avastin, or Sutent, does MRONJ occur as frequently postoperatively as a patient receiving IV bisphosphonates?
Clinical Bottom Line For patients taking nonbisphosphonate medications such as Xgeva, Avastin, or Sutent, MRONJ following dentoalveolar surgery occurs at a rate comparable to that of patients taking IV bisphosphonates. These drugs, when used concurrently with bisphosphonates, have a synergistic effect, and the risk for MRONJ is even greater. Any patient receiving these medications and needing dentoalveolar surgery must be given special precautions.
Key results Denosumab (Xgeva) therapy causes MRONJ at a rate similar to IV bisphosphonates. Bevacizumab (Avastin) and sutinib (Sutent) related ONJ cases have been reported, but evidence of a causal relationship is still anecdotal.
Key results Patients at risk of developing MRONJ can be treated conservatively for caries and periodontal disease and may benefit from pain medication and antibiotics. Patients at a higher ONJ-staging classification benefit from antimicrobial rinses and antibiotics. Patients currently receiving IV therapy with an antiresorptive/antiangiogenic medication are at a very high risk of developing MRONJ, and elective tooth extraction should be avoided. If MRONJ has been identified, debridement and resection may be necessary along with antimicrobial rinses and antibiotics. These patients may also require immediate reconstruction.
Key results Patients receiving bevacizumab (Avastin) in conjunction with the bisphosphonate zoledronic acid had a 6.07 times greater risk of developing spontaneous MRONJ when compared to patients only receiving zoledronic acid therapy (95% CI: 1.3-28.2, p < 0.05).
The Evidence Validity: The clinical review did not specify how many studies it included in the review, although multiple references are listed. The authors of the review did not have any bias based on competing interests regarding the medications or treatments mentioned in the review. The practice guideline was released by the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. This certain issue is an addendum to the guidelines they had released previously. The cohort study contained patients being treated with the same medications for similar malignancies. Adequate follow-up was performed and recall bias was unlikely. There were no competing interests in this study. Perspective: Based upon these articles, MRONJ of the jaw can occur in any patient taking Xgeva, Avastin, or Sutent following invasive dental procedures. When these drugs are given in combination with bisphosphonates, the risk for MRONJ is even greater. These articles did not specify which dental surgical procedures created the greatest risk for MRONJ, and this should be considered before performing any procedure that could upset bone homeostasis.
Applicability These studies followed patients receiving nonbisphosphonate antiresorptive/antiangiogenic medications for malignancies. Elective surgical procedures should be performed with extreme caution in these patients or postponed until the antiresorptive/antiangiogenic medications are discontinued. Patients should be managed based upon their individual signs and symptoms. Practitioners should follow the guidelines presented in the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons position paper. | 2019-04-20T11:12:35 | http://cats.uthscsa.edu/found_cats_view.php?id=2811&vSearch= |
0.999932 | There is for some a tension, even a conflict, between religion and science. This tension can be felt most acutely when it comes to prayer. The way we pray and the language we use often clash with what we know about the universe through the new cosmologies.
There is a cultural conflict for many, even a cognitive dissonance at times, between prayer and cosmology. Our prayers seem to operate out of an understanding of the universe that is very different to the understanding of the universe disclosed by modern science. The question I want to examine in this paper can be framed in the following way: Is it possible to integrate our prayer-life with the new cosmology. How might the new cosmologies help our prayer life? Is the gap between religion and science too big to bridge when we pray? Another way of articulating the question is to note that many of us have grown up in a 3 storied universe, a universe made up of the heavens above, the underworld below, and life lived on a flat earth. It is within that old cosmology, that is the three-storied universe, that many of our prayers are framed. | 2019-04-23T04:28:31 | https://thefurrow.ie/product/praying-the-new-cosmology/ |
0.999997 | Financial ratios are mathematical comparisons of financial statement accounts or categories. These relationships between the financial statement accounts help investors, creditors, and internal company management understand how well a business is performing and areas of needing improvement.
Financial ratios are the most common and widespread tools used to analyze a business' financial standing. Ratios are easy to understand and simple to compute. They can also be used to compare different companies in different industries.
Liquidity ratios analyze the ability of a company to pay off both its current liabilities as they become due as well as their long-term liabilities as they become current. In other words, these ratios show the cash levels of a company and the ability to turn other assets into cash to pay off liabilities and other current obligations.
The quick ratio or acid test ratio is a liquidity ratio that measures the ability of a company to pay its current liabilities when they come due with only quick assets. Quick assets are current assets that can be converted to cash within 90 days or in the short-term. Cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments or marketable securities, and current accounts receivable are considered quick assets.
Short-term investments or marketable securities include trading securities and available for sale securities that can easily be converted into cash within the next 90 days. Marketable securities are traded on an open market with a known price and readily available buyers.
The current ratio is a liquidity and efficiency ratio that measures a firm's ability to pay off its short-term liabilities with its current assets. The current ratio is an important measure of liquidity because short-term liabilities are due within the next year.
The current ratio helps investors and creditors understand the liquidity of a company and how easily that company will be able to pay off its current liabilities. This ratio expresses a firm's current debt in terms of current assets. So a current ratio of 4 would mean that the company has 4 times more current assets than current liabilities.
XYZ shoes sells shoes. It is applying for loans to help fund to increase the inventory. The bank asks for its balance sheet so they can analysis the current debt levels. According to XYZ shoes's balance sheet it reported 10,00,000 of current liabilities and only 2,50,000 of current assets. Will the loan get approved?
XYZ shoes only has enough current assets to pay off 25 percent of his current liabilities. This shows that XYZ shoes is highly leveraged and highly risky. Banks would prefer a current ratio of at least 1 or 2, so that all the current liabilities would be covered by the current assets. Since XYZ shoes's ratio is so low, it is unlikely that it will get approved for his loan.
Ms. Ankita Agency has several loans from banks for equipment they purchased in the last five years. All of these loans are coming due which is decreasing their working capital. At the end of the year, they had 1,00,000 of current assets and 1,25,000 of current liabilities. Find out its Working Capital Ratio.
The times interest earned ratio, sometimes called the interest coverage ratio, is a coverage ratio that measures the proportionate amount of income that can be used to cover interest expenses in the future.
In some respects the times interest ratio is considered a solvency ratio because it measures a firm's ability to make interest and debt service payments. Since these interest payments are usually made on a long-term basis, they are often treated as an ongoing, fixed expense. As with most fixed expenses, if the company can't make the payments, it could go bankrupt and cease to exist. Thus, this ratio could be considered a solvency ratio.
The times interest earned ratio is calculated by dividing income before interest and income taxes by the interest expense.
Solvency ratios, also called leverage ratios, measure a company's ability to sustain operations indefinitely by comparing debt levels with equity, assets, and earnings. In other words, solvency ratios identify going concern issues and a firm's ability to pay its bills in the long term. Many people confuse solvency ratios with liquidity ratios. Although they both measure the ability of a company to pay off its obligations, solvency ratios focus more on the long-term sustainability of a company instead of the current liability payments.
Solvency ratios show a company's ability to make payments and pay off its long-term obligations to creditors, bondholders, and banks. Better solvency ratios indicate a more creditworthy and financially sound company in the long-term.
The debt to equity ratio shows the percentage of company financing that comes from creditors and investors. A higher debt to equity ratio indicates that more creditor financing (bank loans) is used than investor financing (shareholders).
A company has 1,00,000 of bank lines of credit and a 5,00,000 mortgage on its property. The shareholders of the company have invested 12,00,000. Calculate the debt to equity ratio.
The equity ratio is an investment leverage or solvency ratio that measures the amount of assets that are financed by owners' investments by comparing the total equity in the company to the total assets.
The equity ratio highlights two important financial concepts of a solvent and sustainable business. The first component shows how much of the total company assets are owned outright by the investors. In other words, after all of the liabilities are paid off, the investors will end up with the remaining assets.
The second component inversely shows how leveraged the company is with debt. The equity ratio measures how much of a firm's assets were financed by investors. In other words, this is the investors' stake in the company. This is what they are on the hook for. The inverse of this calculation shows the amount of assets that were financed by debt. Companies with higher equity ratios show new investors and creditors that investors believe in the company and are willing to finance it with their investments.
The equity ratio is calculated by dividing total equity by total assets.
A company has total assets at 1,50,000 and its total liabilities are 50,000. Based on the accounting equation, we can assume the total equity is 1,00,000. Find the Equity Ratio.
Debt ratio is a solvency ratio that measures a firm's total liabilities as a percentage of its total assets. In a sense, the debt ratio shows a company's ability to pay off its liabilities with its assets. In other words, this shows how many assets the company must sell in order to pay off all of its liabilities.
This helps investors and creditors analysis the overall debt burden on the company as well as the firm's ability to pay off the debt in future, uncertain economic times.
A company has total assets at 1,50,000 and its total liabilities are 50,000. Based on the accounting equation, we can assume the total equity is 1,00,000. Find the Debt Ratio.
Efficiency ratios also called activity ratios measure how well companies utilize their assets to generate income. Efficiency ratios often look at the time it takes companies to collect cash from customer or the time it takes companies to convert inventory into cashโin other words, make sales. These ratios are used by management to help improve the company as well as outside investors and creditors looking at the operations of profitability of the company.
Efficiency ratios go hand in hand with profitability ratios. Most often when companies are efficient with their resources, they become profitable. Wal-Mart is a good example. Wal-Mart is extremely good at selling low margin products at high volumes. In other words, they are efficient at turning their assets. Even though they don't make much profit per sale, they make a ton of sales. Each little sale adds up.
It's an efficiency ratio or activity ratio that measures how many times a business can turn its accounts receivable into cash during a period. In other words, the accounts receivable turnover ratio measures how many times a business can collect its average accounts receivable during the year. A turn refers to each time a company collects its average receivables.
This ratio shows how efficient a company is at collecting its credit sales from customers. Some companies collect their receivables from customers in 90 days while other take up to 6 months to collect from customers.
In some ways the receivables turnover ratio can be viewed as a liquidity ratio as well. Companies are more liquid the faster they can covert their receivables into cash.
Accounts receivable turnover is calculated by dividing net credit sales by the average accounts receivable for that period.
The reason net credit sales are used instead of net sales is that cash sales don't create receivables. Only credit sales establish a receivable, so the cash sales are left out of the calculation.
Average receivables is calculated by adding the beginning and ending receivables for the year and dividing by two. In a sense, this is a rough calculation of the average receivables for the year.
Babu's Ski Shop is a retail store that sells outdoor skiing equipment. Babu offers accounts to all of his main customers. At the end of the year, Babu's balance sheet shows 20,000 in accounts receivable, 75,000 of gross credit sales, and 25,000 of returns. Last year's balance sheet showed 10,000 of accounts receivable. Find the Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratio.
The first thing we need to do in order to calculate Babu's turnover is to calculate net credit sales and average accounts receivable. Net credit sales equals gross credit sales minus returns (75,000 โ 25,000 = 50,000). Average accounts receivable can be calculated by averaging beginning and ending accounts receivable balances ((10,000 + 20,000) / 2 = 15,000).
The asset turnover ratio is an efficiency ratio that measures a company's ability to generate sales from its assets by comparing net sales with average total assets. In other words, this ratio shows how efficiently a company can use its assets to generate sales.
Seela's Tech Company is a tech start up company that manufactures a new tablet computer. Seela is currently looking for new investors and has a meeting with an angel investor. The investor wants to know how well Seela uses her assets to produce sales, so he asks for her financial statements.
As you can see, Seela's ratio is only 0.33. This means that for every Rupee in assets, Sally only generates 33 Paisa. In other words, Seela's start up is not very efficient with its use of assets.
The inventory turnover ratio is an efficiency ratio that shows how effectively inventory is managed by comparing cost of goods sold with average inventory for a period. This measures how many times average inventory is "turned" or sold during a period. In other words, it measures how many times a company sold its total average inventory dollar amount during the year.
This ratio is important because total turnover depends on two main components of performance. The first component is stock purchasing. If larger amounts of inventory are purchased during the year, the company will have to sell greater amounts of inventory to improve its turnover. If the company can't sell these greater amounts of inventory, it will incur storage costs and other holding costs.
The second component is sales. Sales have to match inventory purchases otherwise the inventory will not turn effectively. That's why the purchasing and sales departments must be in tune with each other.
The inventory turnover ratio is calculated by dividing the cost of goods sold for a period by the average inventory for that period.
This means that Govind only sold roughly a third of its inventory during the year. It also implies that it would take Govind approximately 3 years to sell his entire inventory or complete one turn. In other words, Govind does not have very good inventory control.
The days sales in inventory calculation, also called days inventory outstanding or simply days in inventory, measures the number of days it will take a company to sell all of its inventory. In other words, the days sales in inventory ratio shows how many days a company's current stock of inventory will last.
This is an important to creditors and investors for three main reasons. It measures value, liquidity, and cash flows. Both investors and creditors want to know how valuable a company's inventory is. Older, more obsolete inventory is always worth less than current, fresh inventory. The days sales in inventory shows how fast the company is moving its inventory. In other words, it shows how fresh the inventory is.
Along the same line, more liquid inventory means the company's cash flows will be better.
This means Ambica has enough inventories to last the next 122 days or Ambica will turn his inventory into cash in the next 122 days.
Profitability ratios compare income statement accounts and categories to show a company's ability to generate profits from its operations. Profitability ratios focus on a company's return on investment in inventory and other assets. These ratios basically show how well companies can achieve profits from their operations.
Investors and creditors can use profitability ratios to judge a company's return on investment based on its relative level of resources and assets. In other words, profitability ratios can be used to judge whether companies are making enough operational profit from their assets. In this sense, profitability ratios relate to efficiency ratios because they show how well companies are using thier assets to generate profits. Profitability is also important to the concept of solvency and going concern.
Market Prospect ratios are used to compare publicly traded companies' stock prices with other financial measures like earnings and dividend rates. Investors use market prospect ratios to analyze stock price trends and help figure out a stock's current and future market value.
In other words, market prospect ratios show investors what they should expect to receive from their investment. They might receive future dividends, earnings, or just an appreciated stock value. These ratios are helpful for investors to predict how much stock prices will be in the future based on current earnings and dividend measurements. For instance, a downward trend in earnings per share and dividend yield point to profitability problems and could even raise going concern issues. All of these issues point to a lower stock evaluation.
Here are some of the basic market prospect ratios that investors tend to analyze.
Coverage ratios are comparisons designed to measure a company's ability to pay its liabilities. On the surface, coverage ratios might sound a lot like liquidity and solvency ratios, but there is a distinct difference. Coverage ratios analyze a company's ability to service its debt and other obligations.
In other words, these ratios measure how well companies can afford to make the interest payments associated with their debt. Some ratios also include obligations that are not typical liabilities like regular dividend payments to stockholders.
Here are the main coverage ratios used to analyze companies.
Raju's Furniture Company sells industrial furniture for office buildings. During the current year, Raju reported cost of goods sold on its income statement of 10,00,000. Raju's beginning inventory was 30,00,000 and its ending inventory was 40,00,000. Calculate Raju's Furniture Company's Inventory Turnover Ratio. | 2019-04-18T22:44:29 | http://jaiibcaiibmocktest.com/abm-recollect6.php |
0.999999 | Faith Scope: Question 66 - How can the trumpet raise the one, who goes down to the grave shall come up no more?
1 Corinthians 15:16, 52 NKJV - "For if the dead do not rise, then Christ is not risen. ... in a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trumpet. For the trumpet will sound, and the dead will be raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed."
Job 7:9 NKJV - "As the cloud disappears and vanishes away, So he who goes down to the grave does not come up."
Inference in the question:- How will the dead arise by the sound of the trumpet when he, who goes down to the grave, does not come up?
The Lord Christ arose from the dead. So, the one, who descended to the bottomless pit, also will arise.
The Christ, the power of the Lord promised and arose alive by getting victory over death and bottomless pit.
So, according to the first verse, the one, who goes down to the grave, does not come up until the end of Era.
According to the second verse, after the end of the Era, those, who go down to the grave, will arise by the sound of trumpet. | 2019-04-22T12:29:28 | http://www.faithscope.com/2015/08/question-66-how-can-trumpet-raise-one.html |
0.999999 | TL; DR: Founded in 2010 by Matt Cheney, Josh Koenig, Zack Rosen, and David Strauss, San Francisco-based Pantheon Systems, Inc. has shaken up the tech industry with its Drupal- and WordPress-based website management platform. The all-in-one solution enables teams to build, launch, and manage scalable sites capable of welcoming high volumes of traffic. Today, less than a decade since its founding, Pantheon hosts more than 200,000 websites and serves more than 10 billion pages monthly. We recently touched base with Co-Founder Josh Koenig to learn how Pantheon enables teams to securely expand their sites, launch new campaigns, and broadcast content.
Faced with increasing political turbulence and polarity, nonprofits like the American Civil Liberties Union are becoming more relevant than ever โ and their websites must be able to handle large spikes in traffic.
During the 2016 presidential election season, for example, ACLU.org experienced a 2,500% increase in visitors. But with the help of Pantheonโs high-performance hosting and web management solutions, the nonprofitโs site kept running smoothly with zero outages.
Since then, ACLU.orgโs popularity has continued to soar without usability or performance issues. According to Marco Carbone, Associate Director of IT at the ACLU, the siteโs stability has been a major benefit to the nonprofit.
โIf we had to keep up with DevOps, we wouldnโt have time to focus on the challenges of this new political environment,โ he said in an interview.
For the variety of clients Pantheon serves, in industries ranging from financial services to higher education, the story is the same โ Pantheonโs hosting infrastructure and development tools make website management a breeze so organizations can focus on more pressing issues.
Co-Founder Josh Koenig told us Pantheon is committed to helping organizations optimize their online footprints.
Thanks to world-class hosting and development for Drupal and WordPress, a user-friendly developer console, and automated infrastructure management, the platform is allowing users to do just that.
Pantheon came to fruition after its Co-Founders spent more than five years as web consultants providing open-source CMS solutions through Drupal. Its client base steadily increased, and projects began to vary wildly.
In terms of infrastructure, two common needs stood out. First, companies needed to review sites in-depth before they went live.
Pantheonโs team is made up of experts schooled in all things CMS, web development, and hosting.
Second, organizations needed to ensure their sites were fast-performing, able to withstand increased traffic, and could scale as needed.
As consultants, the Co-Founders identified the same needs among its network of peers.
The platform provides hosting for the two leading open-source CMS solutions, Drupal and WordPress, and both options come complete with access to cutting-edge developer tools, a developer console, automation, and workflow efficiency features. And itโs all done with dependable website security, including fully managed and free HTTPS certificates, automated backups, and one-click updates.
Pantheonโs developer console provides transparency across a project through a real-time web interface that details every site, development environment, team member, and deployment.
For example, one of Pantheonโs highly successful customers, Tableau, has a billion-dollar business; 90% of which starts with its website.
Josh said the process is not as simple as moving a few page elements to increase conversion.
โItโs more like we programmatically generate 27,000 landing pages and are constantly experimenting with different flows from those landing pages through context to lead capture, etc.,โ he said.
Josh told us that Pantheon has been guided by a people-first approach since the very beginning.
Thatโs why Pantheon completely automates the infrastructure layer, allowing for continuous delivery by enabling site developers to automate processes via command line or RESTful API and improving quality and velocity through workflow streamlining and automated testing.
Pantheon delivers a fully secure development environment by completely automating the infrastructure layer.
The old-world approach of โweโre going to relaunch it and then weโre doneโ is not a recipe for success, according to Josh.
Pantheon customers can expect to see an expanded selection of plans and pricing in the near future.
The company also plans to incorporate its network of over 2,000 trusted partner agencies into its pricing plans.
Later this year, the company will also roll out features designed to make the customer experience for those with extremely large portfolios even better. | 2019-04-20T18:36:18 | https://www.hostingadvice.com/blog/pantheon-helps-users-build-host-and-manage-agile-websites/ |
0.999981 | Given the amount of different budget laptops models, it is nearly impossible to choose the best one if you have never heard of them before. You will have to waste a lot of your time! Fortunately, our team has already solved your problem: use our rating list to find a good budget laptops much faster.
Wondering, how we created this list? It was pretty hard: we had to compare hundreds of various budget laptops. We took into consideration all the important characteristics, such as price, average user score, weight, and many more. If we think that we missed something, let us know about it!
Four-way processing performance for hd-quality computing, 4gb ddr3l 1600 mhz, 500 gb 5400 rpm hdd.
With an expansive screen and right-sized performance, the dell latitude e5530 offers a budget friendly blend of mobility and office productivity.
14.1โณ anti-glare wled-backlit hd display (1366 x 766), intel integrated graphics (32 mb).
15.6 in hd led display (1366 x 768), intel hd graphics with shared graphics memory, supermulti dvd/cd burner (including dvd+r/rw, dvd-r/rw, cd-r/rw, dvd-ram and double-layer dvd). 1 usb type-c.1 usb 3.0.1 usb 2.0, hdmi, headphone output/microphone input combo, lan (10/100), vga output. Windows 10 home 64-bit, chocolate black color.3-cell lithium-ion battery; color: chocolate black. Intel pentium mobile processor n4200 quad-core processor 1.1 ghz with 2m cache with turbo up to 2.5 ghz โ four-way processing performance for hd-quality computing.4gb ddr3l 1600 mhz.500 gb 5400 rpm hdd. Built-in high-speed wireless lan, integrated webcam, sd card reader, built-in stereo speakers with b&o technology provides a crystal-clear sound experience.
What am I supposed to do if I get a wrong product instead of the chosen budget laptops?
There is no need to worry since the support team will help you to return your money or replace the wrong item with the chosen budget laptops. Simply contact a support agent and describe your situation to get all the required help.
The ultra-slim quiet fan-less design helps keep classrooms focused without the ambient noise from multiple machines. This certified refurbished product has been tested and certified to work and look like new, with minimal to no signs of wear, by a specialized third-party approved seller. The product is backed by a 90-day warranty, and may arrive in a generic brown box. Upgrade classroom learning with the thin, light, and powerful hp stream 11 pro. This budget friendly notebook is built for learning with wlan 3, for easy connectivity in the classroom, hardware and firmware tpm 4, for security, fast boot-up time, and 5th gen int el celeron processing power.
15.6 hd (1366ร768) anti-glare led display, intel core i3-3110m 2.4ghz dual core processor (3m cache).4gb ddr3 memory.320gb 7200rpm hard drive, dvd+/-rw (8x), intel integrated graphics (32 mb). Windows 10 english installed.6-cell (60whr) primary lithium ion battery, recovery partition only, no recovery disc. This certified refurbished product is tested and certified to look and work like new. The refurbishing process includes functionality testing, basic cleaning, inspection, and repackaging. The product ships with all relevant accessories, a minimum 90-day warranty, and may arrive in a generic box. Only select sellers who maintain a high performance bar may offer certified refurbished products on amazon.
802.11g/n high speed wifi.10/100/1000 gigabit ethernet lan, hd webcam, hdmi, usb 2.0, usb3.0, audio, headset jack, vga, network connector (rj-45). With an expansive screen and right-sized performance, the dell latitude e5530 offers a budget friendly blend of mobility and office productivity.
What warranty should be offered with a decent budget laptops?
In the most cases, two-year long warranty period is considered as optimal for budget laptops. budget laptopshave a tendency to lose their quality with time. Replacing old budget laptopswith a new model is a much better option than an overpriced lifetime warranty.
This certified refurbished product is tested and certified to look and work like new. The refurbishing process includes functionality testing, basic cleaning, inspection, and repackaging. The product ships with all relevant accessories, a minimum 90-day warranty, and may arrive in a generic box. Only select sellers who maintain a high performance bar may offer certified refurbished products on amazon. 802.11ac/a/b/g/n dual band wireless lan.10/100/1000 gigabit ethernet lan, bluetooth 4.0, hd webcam, hdmi, mini displayport, rj-45, usb 3.0, audio, e-port connector. Intel core i5-4300u 1.9ghz dual core processor (3m cache, max turbo frequency 2.9ghz).8gb ddr3l 1600mhz memory.256gb solid state drive, no optical drive, no fingerprint.
14.1โณ anti-glare wled-backlit hd display (1366 x 766), intel integrated graphics (32 mb). Windows 10 professional english installed.4-cell (45whr) primary lithium ion battery.
How long does the warranty lasts for a decent budget laptops?
You should buy budget laptopsfrom brands with customer-friendly warranty policy. Trustworthy budget laptops manufacturers offer two-year or even longer warranty period. You would not have any problems in case of any issues โ simply take a broken product to the service center to get it replaced or fixed.
What are the price limits for decent budget laptops?
The price of a budget laptops should never be the determining factor. Even if you are able to afford the most expensive model, you might do not actually need it. budget laptopsin the average price range can cover all your needs and save you a few bucks at the same time.
Is not buying budget laptopson the internet is dangerous?
Why there should be any reasons to worry? There are no risks in buying budget laptopson the internet, sine you can always get a refund. You can also check the reputation of a seller just to be sure that your budget laptops will be delivered without any problems.
What exactly I should pay my special attention to when choosing a budget laptops?
If you are buying a budget laptops for the fist time in your life and do not really know much about it, you should always look carefully for user reviews from other customers. Learn from the experience of other people and try to find a budget laptops according to its material and assembly quality. | 2019-04-24T14:48:12 | https://stiveboro.com/best-budget-laptops |
0.998821 | I have a cat which is a cross between Persian & Siamese. I got her from a friend who got her as a gift, but couldn't take care of her.
She has been with us for about a month now and she was pregnant when she came to my place. She has never been playful, just lying around or eating is all she does.
Since this morning she has been acting a little weird. She is not eating anything or drinking anything. She just walks around the house, sits at a place for a few minutes and then to a different place for a few minutes. She keeps her mouth open and Meows whenever she sees somebody, although, she never used to Meow before.
Please tell me what to do? Me & My Mom are really scared and nervous about her. Is everything alright with her? What should we do?
The actions you are describing could be those of a pregnant cat about to go into labor. Other than that, I couldn't tell you if she is well or not without examining her and/or having more information.
If she hasn't delivered by now or returned to acting normally, you should take her to a veterinarian. | 2019-04-24T17:59:59 | https://www.askthecatdoctor.com/cat-pregnancy1.html |
0.994132 | Windows 8.1's universal search feature pulls in results from the Web, your contacts list, content apps such as Wikipedia and even your email messages. Unfortunately, the search function doesn't always find files that are right there on your hard drive. By default, the operating system only searches for files that live under the \Users directory on your system drive (C:\Users for most), which includes your desktop and library folders. So, if you store all your MP3s in a folder named C:\mp3s, you like to keep your videos on your E drive or you just dragged a Word doc over to the root, none of those files will turn up in Windows 8.1's universal search.
Here are a couple of ways to make search find your files in Windows 8.1.
Windows 8.1's universal search only shows files from folders it has indexed. One way to expand its reach is to add folders or whole drives to the index. However, the process of indexing your files and keeping that index up-to-date eats up system resources so, if you set Windows to index your entire system drive, you may slow the computer down. You're better off choosing which folders you want indexed. Here's how to add more folders or whole drives to your index.
1. Open the Windows Control Panel. You can get there by either by hitting Windows + X and selecting Control Panel or by searching for Control Panel.
2. Click Indexing Options. If you don't see an icon for Indexing Options select Large Icons from the View by menu.
4. Select the folders you wish to index and Click Ok. The system will index any subfolders beneath them. If you select a whole drive, it will index all folders below the root level.
5. Click Close. The system will take a few minutes to add the new locations you added to its index.
If you need to search the entire content of a drive or folder that hasn't been indexed, you must use File Explorer in Windows 8.1's desktop mode. Here's how.
1. Navigate to the Desktop. You can get to the Windows 8.1 desktop by hitting Windows + D or clicking the desktop tile on the Start screen.
2. Open File Explorer. The shortcut icon is on the taskbar, unless you have moved it.
3. Enter a search term in the search box. The search box is located in the upper right corner of the window.
A list of files and folders that match your search term will appear.
Tip: If you want to find all files of a particular type, enter *. before the two to four character extension. For example, enter *.jpg to find all jpegs. | 2019-04-25T10:39:33 | https://www.laptopmag.com/articles/windows-81-search-index |
0.999775 | George Metrailer stands on his family's land at the intersection of Interstate 10 and Siegen Lane and doesn't like what he sees. Directly across the traffic-congested street is the bustling Siegen Marketplace, a sprawling retail center filled with big box tenants, restaurants and a movie theater. The corner lots across I-10 are also developed--a hotel sits on one side of Siegen and on the other side three fast food restaurants and a gas station front discount retailers.
What bothers him is that while the surrounding area flourishes, the Metrailer property, held under the name Terrace Land Co. Inc., remains little more than a tree-filled 20-acre lot. It's the only undeveloped parcel in South Baton Rouge at a major inter section of I-10. Why? The abridged answer: 1) the land is zoned residential-not a good designation when I-10 is your neighbor--and 2) there's no direct road access to Siegen.
It's not that way by the family's choice.
"We've tried repeatedly to take the steps necessary to develop the property, but the city has denied us every step of the way," says Metrailer, one of several siblings, along with their mother, Martha Metrailer, who control the family's vast real estate holdings across East Baton Rouge Parish.
Arguing the property is best suited for retail, hotel or office development, the family has on more than one occasion requested a zoning change. The Planning and Zoning Commission has denied every application despite a 1986 staff memo admitting the land is "not suitable" for residential development.
That 17-year battle may soon give way to a legal skirmish, beginning to brew now that East Baton Rouge Parish, laying the ground work for a $36 million road project, has expropriated a swath of land that runs through the heart of the property.
The acquisition likely will render the property "forever useless," says Marguerite K. Kingsmill, a New Orleans attorney hired by the family.
The Metrailers are not the only landowners impacted by the project, which was designed to more easily funnel Mall of Louisiana traffic to I-10 and between Siegen and Bluebonnet Boulevard.
Three other property owners along I-10 between the mall and Siegen also have had land expropriated, as have at least six others with property on the west side of I-10.
At issue is whether appraisers hired by the city fairly valued the expropriated property. Moreover, several of those landowners are frustrated that so far they have been denied access to the planned frontage roads. That's led at least two property owners, who requested anonymity, to question the taxpayer-funded project. Said one, "Does it make any sense that the public is paying for this and the only group that benefits is the privately owned mall?"
Attempts to reach Department of Public Works Director Fred Raiford or a member of his staff for comment were unsuccessful late last week.
Designed to relieve congestion between Bluebonnet and Siegen, the two-phase project will 1) extend Picardy Avenue, tying it in with the mall's existing loop road, and 2) tie that extension into a pair of new one-way frontage roads running parallel to I-10.
The frontage roads, connected by a bridge across the interstate, will not only merge traffic onto the interstate but also carry vehicles between Siegen and Bluebonnet.
The city-parish and the state are splitting the tab for the planned two-year project, with each side putting up $18 million. Raiford, in an earlier interview, said $12 million of the city-parish's share would come from a voter-approved half-cent sales tax for road improvements and $6 million from federal urban traffic funding.
According to court records, the Metrailers are the only landowners to legally challenge the project. They filed suit earlier this year arguing the project didn't meet the "public and necessary" clause required for expropriation. Kingsmill argued the project wasn't designed to reduce traffic but to facilitate easier mall access. To prove that point, she asked why the mall was the only private entity granted access to the new roads.
In legal filings, Kingsmill wrote that her clients have "repeatedly asked whether other neighboring landowners, such as Terrace Land, will also have access to the proposed service road. Without fail, Terrace Land has been given a resounding 'no.'"
The court ultimately denied the claim, saying the project was approved by voters and thus met the legal definition for a public project, despite evidence the project was strikingly similar to one once proposed by the Mall of Louisiana as part of its master build out.
"This is a long-time Baton Rouge family that helped develop the area in the first place," said Kingsmill, referring to Charles Metrailer, who in 1959 sold land at a discounted price to St. George's Catholic Church off Siegen and then built an adjoining subdivision, Audubon Terrace, to spark growth.
"Now they're being denied the opportunity to do something with this property because of the interests of those outside of Louisiana. That is what's so frustrating."
The family has notified the court it intends to challenge the city's $458,700 valuation of the property, an offer George Metrailer calls "insulting." A family-hired appraiser valued the land at $1.6 million, he said.
While Metrailer says the family is open to negotiations, the issue has come down to this: How much should the city-parish pay to effectively take property out of service?
Expected to be at odds is determining what's known as "the highest and best use of the property." For example, the Metrailers are likely to argue the best use of their property is commercial, which would give it a much higher price tag than if it were zoned residential.
"The best use of that land is commercial, and I challenge anyone to prove otherwise," said Kingsmill. "What we're asking for at this point is to be reasonably compensated for the appropriated land and given access to the service road so that the family can develop the remaining property. Without access the city has rendered the property useless."
Three other landowners, with property between the mall mad the Metrailer tract, also have questioned the city's valuations. Representatives for each said they were still studying their options. Under state law, impacted property owners have until one year after the completion of a project to file suit.
Property owned by Mary E. Kleinpeter and the estate of Robert L. Kleinpeter, which has since been incorporated as one tract to facilitate a proposed traditional neighborhood development, is zoned residential, but the city's Horizon Plan suggests retail is the best use for the property being expropriated. Appraisers for the city valued Mary Kleinpeter's expropriated property at $100,669 and the Kleinpeter estate's land at $48,484 (see map opposite page).
Kean Miller attorney Brett N. Brinson, who represents both Kleinpeter families, declined comment, and Richard Carmouche, a developer and the family's designated spokesman, said only that "all options are being explored and there's hope the matter can be resolved through negotiation."
Two issues the Kleinpeters are likely to raise are access to the new frontage road and better right-of-way access to Bluebonnet.
Price and having the right to tie into the road project will also be at the heart of arguments filed by representatives of a parcel located next to Bluebonnet Parc owned by Jimmy Swaggart Organizations-Family Worship Center Church. Swaggart has been paid $321,230 through expropriation but that money has been reserved for Feliciana Bank and Trust, which holds a $1 million collateral mortgage on the property.
"We certainly are disputing the expressed value of the land," said attorney Barry W. Miller, who represents Swaggart's organization. "There are a series of issues we'd like to address that could be part of our damages."
Bill Aaron, a city-parish attorney, says he's not surprised the landowners dispute the valuations. "I would suspect others will have issues as well," he said. "There are a lot of issues that go into determining highest and best use on the property. What's been done on the land? Is it in a flood plain? It can get very complicated."
While the legal wrangling plays itself out in court, the project will continue to move forward. Several weeks ago Raiford said bidding on construction would begin in September and that work could start by the end of the year.
Meanwhile, the Metrailer family is still uncertain whether they'll ever be able to commercially develop their property.
JR BALL covers banking, personal finance, real estate and the business of sports. Reach him at [email protected]. | 2019-04-18T10:23:32 | http://www.scraftghost.net/a_matter_of_access.asp |
0.999999 | The three-term New York governor famously passed both on a bid for the presidency and a seat on the Supreme Court. What might have been?
The tributes to Mario Cuomo remember him as a three-term governor of New York and the voice of late-20th-century Democratic liberalism, a politician whose talents in campaign poetry probably exceeded his governing prose. But as much as any political figure in the last generation, Cuomo's legacy is about what might have been.
He initially earned the nickname "Hamlet on the Hudson" for his agonizing indecision over whether to run for president, first in 1988 and then more dramatically in 1992. Cuomo came so close to entering the latter race that, on the day of the December 1991 filing deadline for the New Hampshire primary, he had two chartered planes (one for his press corps) waiting on the tarmac in Albany, according to a contemporaneous New York Times account. In case he was cutting it too close, he had also dispatched an aide to Concord with a copy of signed papers to file on his behalf. But when Cuomo emerged to reporters awaiting his decision at the state capitol, he told them he was not running. He cited the need to resolve a budget impasse with Republicans, but as Ken Auletta recalled on Thursday night for The New Yorker, the real reason may have had more to do with his hatred for travel and "his distaste for the grovelling, the fundraising, the selling, the motels" that are the stuff of presidential campaigns.
Would Cuomo have won? He certainly wasn't a shoo-in for the Democratic nomination, but he likely would have entered the race as the early frontrunner. As Steve Kornacki points out, the final national poll taken before Cuomo opted out showed him with support from 29 percent of Democratic voters and a clear lead over a field of seven. His absence opened up the race and hastened Bill Clinton's rise. Just as it's impossible to say if Cuomo would have defeated Clinton, who knows if Cuomo's old-school liberalismโas opposed to Clinton's more centrist New Democrat messageโwould have toppled President George H.W. Bush? But even if he hadn't won, Cuomo could have deprived one Clinton (and possibly two) of the presidency.
Incredibly, the decision not to seek the presidency in 1992 was just one of two history-changing choices Cuomo made in the early part of that decade. Just 15 months later, in March 1993, he had become then-President Clinton's top choice to replace the retiring Justice Byron White on the Supreme Court. As George Stephanopoulos wrote in his memoir, All Too Human, "Clinton was ready to appoint Cuomo, assuming (as we did) that the background check didn't reveal anything disqualifying."
Again, Cuomo agonized. He changed his mind at least twice and at one point, he dodged the president's call because, Stephanopoulos wrote in bolded italics, "he couldn't decide what to doโagain." After saying no and then reversing himself briefly, Cuomo finally withdrew definitively, telling Clinton that a lifetime appointment to the court would force him to "surrender so many opportunities of service" for the rest of his career. Clinton ultimately chose Ruth Bader Ginsburg instead, and she sits on the court today, nearly 22 years later.
Would a Justice Cuomo have been demonstrably different than a Justice Ginsburg? The quick answer would seem to be no. Ginsburg has been a reliably liberal vote, and Cuomo's similar support for abortion rights and opposition to the death penalty were well known. That says little, however, about how Cuomo would have voted on countless other issues that have come before the Supreme Court in the last two decades, including terrorism, the limits of executive power, and federalism. (It's also possible that Cuomo and Ginsburg would have served together, since Clinton could have nominated Ginsburg instead of Stephen Breyer as his second appointment a year later.) The ripple effects of Cuomo's decision extend to the Obama administration. With his health having failed only in the last several months, it's reasonable to surmise Cuomo would have stayed on the bench into Barack Obama's presidency, giving him an opportunity to make a third nomination to the Supreme Court. While she has had her own recent health scares, Ginsburg has given no indication she plans to retire anytime soon, nor has Breyer.
Cuomo, meanwhile, would go on to lose his bid for a fourth gubernatorial term in New York in 1994 and recede from the spotlight. Yet he proved, through both his eloquence and his reticence, that you don't need to hold national office to make a national impact. | 2019-04-22T07:06:16 | https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/01/the-alternate-histories-of-mario-cuomo/384170/?utm_source=feed |
0.999352 | Mental health : an investigation into the barriers to employment for people with mental health difficulties in modern Ireland.
This research project investigates the barriers to employment for people with mental health difficulties; the main aims of the project were to answer the following questions, What are the barriers to employment for people with mental health difficulties and do these barriers apply to Ireland as they do to Britain and America? Has these barriers increased in recent times as a result of the economic era? Are there sufficient support groups and resources in place to help people with mental illnesses remain/return to the workforce? Does the meaning of work differ for people with mental illnesses The research was carried out using qualitative methods of research and thematic analysis. Semi structured interviews were carried out on five participants. The main results indicated that there were three main barriers to employment, which were set to rise as a result of the current economy of Ireland. Results also identified that back to work services and training were not 100% effective and many did not reach those people that wanted to avail of these services. The results also identified that there was a different meaning of work for people with mental health difficulties in comparison to those that are not sufferers. The main conclusions drawn from the research was that stigmatization is the greatest barrier to employment for people with mental health difficulties and in order to reduce these barriers to employment the mind set of people would have to change through education and awareness. | 2019-04-19T10:52:34 | https://esource.dbs.ie/handle/10788/185 |
0.998563 | Cross-platform mobile development tools simplify the mobile application development process by allowing developers to build one app that works across a variety of platforms.
In businesses that rely heavily on custom software, developers may have to build applications for all of these devices and the diverse operating systems they run on. It is no easy task to learn all the different coding languages, and building the same app more than once to run on different OSes is time-consuming and tedious.
It doesn't have to be that way. Cross-platform mobile development tools allow developers to create one app that works across multiple devices and OSes. The answers to these frequently asked questions about cross-platform mobile development will explain what features a good mobile app should include, how a mobile application development platform (MADP) works and more.
Where have all the mobile app developers gone?
There is a shortage of talented developers, and the good ones come at a steep price because there is so much value in good custom apps. Outsourcing to a third party is no bargain either. As more diverse device types enter the business world, it is especially critical to deliver mobile apps that work across a variety of platforms. Custom mobile apps, built to meet their company's specific needs, are often the best option for making the workforce more productive.
What should a mobile app look like?
Before anyone can develop mobile apps, they must understand what a mobile app should be. This starts with understanding the users they are building the app for, including what their expectations are, what their technical prowess is and what they need to accomplish with the app. Once developers understand all of that, they can build an app that meets their specific needs without any unnecessary frills.
It is no easy task to learn all the different coding languages.
It is also important that the user interface is simple and easy to understand. Do not try to reinvent the wheel. For example, tapping a link on a mobile device usually opens the link. So tapping a link in the app should open a link too. If developers think anything will confuse users, then they should provide explicit instructions on how that part of the app works.
No matter how intuitive an app's UI is, the content of the app is what will make the app useful. Developers must determine what data is stored on the device itself and what is stored elsewhere, how their users access the app, and how to handle authentication and authorization.
What should you look for in a cross-platform mobile development tool?
If a company needs to deliver apps fast, then it needs to find a cross-platform mobile development tool with templates that take away the need to lay the groundwork of the app. The basic foundation is already established. Any company strapped for cash may want to turn to open source cross-platform mobile development tools, such as Apache Cordova.
Cross-platform mobile development tools may make life simpler for developers, but they do not solve every problem. In fact, the tools can actually create some issues because they are always a step behind operating system updates and can run into performance problems with more complex apps.
What's the deal with MADPs?
MADPs make it easy for even inexperienced developers to build simple apps that work across multiple platforms. Most MADPs come with back-end integration as well as app development interfaces with modules and templates. The templates lay the groundwork so even nondevelopers can use them to create apps. MADPs also include drag-and-drop capabilities so the person building the app can just grab the code for a complex feature such as geolocation and drop it into the app.
An MADP eliminates the need to know how to write complex code and allows any advanced developers an organization does have to focus on more business-critical app development. The simplicity of MADPs makes creating apps for simple projects such as data entry fast and easy. MADPs are not great for graphics-intensive apps, though.
What do you think is the best mobile application development platform on the market?
I am always curious as to what Microsoft and Google have out there.
I totally agree on the part about simplicity. Typical page-and-transaction apps with standard controls fit well here. For rich experience though (like gaming, educational products) native apps seem to be dominant.
I donโt think we can really draw the line at gaming or educational products, though. There are many games and educational products that can be built using cross-platform mobile development tools. The differentiator for going with native app development is complexity. | 2019-04-23T22:38:32 | https://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/feature/Build-apps-once-with-cross-platform-mobile-development-tools |
0.999965 | Money is a powerful force in human life and affairs. Its very power gives pause to those who look to evolution for full explanations of human behavior, because money has not existed long enough to have influenced evolution. By some estimates, money only goes back a couple thousand years, which is too short even to have influenced human evolution.
Still, one can get some clues as to how evolution prepared us for money from the burgeoning research that seeks to present animals with economic choices. To gain perspective on human financial decisions, one may ask, what would monkeys do?
Keith Chen and Marc Hauser at Yale University taught monkeys about resources that bear a strong resemblance to money. Monkeys don't care about money, per se, but they do care about marshmallows. (This already is a difference of gigantic proportions in that monkeys must learn about resource-exchange using something that is already a primary reinforcer - food - whereas humans can extend the range of their motivations to secondary reinforcers.) A resource (marshmallows) exchange task was introduced whereby pressing a lever would give another monkey a marshmallow; hence this was a task that involved a bit of altruism. Not only were monkeys taught about the game. Two specific monkeys were conditioned (entrained), such that one always pulled the lever for his monkey partner (thus being a very generous partner) and the other never pulled the lever for his partner (stingy). Then they let these conditioned monkeys play the game with other monkeys. Monkeys that played with the highly generous monkey figured it out and quickly took advantage of him. Monkeys that played with the stingy monkey also figured it out quickly and subsequently shunned or were aggressive toward him.
Thus, monkeys can at least understand and respond effectively to the difference between a generous provider and a tightwad. Still, the fact that these differences had to be done with marshmallows instead of a more abstract representation of value (which is what money is) suggests a limited capacity to use or understand money.
Other studies have shown that monkeys take any handout above zero that is offered to them in a version of what, in humans, is called the Ultimatum Game. In the Ultimatum Game, one person is designated the Proposer (who thus offers the ultimatum) and the other becomes the Responder (who decides whether to take it or leave it). The Proposer offers an amount of money to the Responder out of a total amount that the Proposer has been given by the experimenter - usually this is $10. The whole game involves the Proposer offering the Responder an amount, which the Responder has the option to accept or reject. Accept the split and both sides get what was offered; reject it and both sides get no money at all. This obviously not an evenly matched game. The Proposer has the power to make the ultimatum. All the Responder can do is either take whatever is offered or say no, which is costly to both players.
When humans play this game, the Responders will sometimes refuse offers that they deem too low. Depending on the person and the circumstances, people tend to refuse offers below 20% of the total. Monkeys, however, have no such scruples, and will take anything above zero.
You can look at the monkeys' responses in different ways. One way is that they are not bothered with issues of pride, self-esteem, and fairness. After all, a human is humiliated to accept a tiny share, especially if he or she expected an equal split. They know that the other person could have divided the pay equally and perhaps should have - but chose instead to claim the lion's share for self and offer only a measly sop. Monkeys apparently either do not understand that they should be embarrassed, or they do not care.
Yet another way of looking at it is to suggest that monkeys are actually pretty smart. Economists continue to scratch their heads at the results of studies with the Ultimatum game. They assume that people are basically oriented to maximize their own profits. If you and someone else worked equally to earn $100, and that person has the power to divide it and chooses to offer you only one dollar while keeping $99 for self, well, you are still better off with one dollar than with nothing. Hence economic rationalists find it slightly scandalous that people ever refuse any offer. Economists think that if people were true to financial logic, they would act more like monkeys.
Thus, when monkeys play, they behave as economists would have humans do - they accept any offer above zero. This means that, although rational (they have more when they leave the game than when they entered), monkeys are not sensitive to issues of fairness. Humans most certainly are. Humans feel all kinds of self-conscious emotions when they receive more than they think they ought to receive. Not always, of course, but it happens.
Other work suggests that monkeys do not have a fully developed sense of fairness. There are signs that they are acutely sensitive to getting less than their fair share, such as if they see another monkey getting more than they get. If you have two dogs and give one a biscuit treat, the other will look at you with a mixture of expectancy and indignation. Getting less than your fair share is called being underbenefited, and many animals seem to have that.
But a fully developed sense of fairness means that you are uncomfortable with being overbenefited as well. That is, it bothers you to get more than your fair share. Here is where humans seem to part company with other creatures.
What happens when monkeys overbenefit from an exchange - do they experience guilt, embarrassment, shame, or try to rectify the situation? Apparently not.
This may be why humans embraced money, because it allows for trade of resources on the basis of equity, which is subject to exchange rates. That is, imagine that I ask you to paint my living room walls; then by the virtue of the fact that I wanted you to paint my walls, I may not be skilled at or want to paint your walls. But I can repay you in another currency, namely money. In this way, humans can correct overbenefits in a manner that is separate from the original payment (in this case, wall painting).
Humans' emphasis on fairness can be seen in other instances as well. One important study showed that people will spend their own money to punish others who do wrong. In these studies, even at a cost to themselves, people were willing to inflict harm on those who took advantage of others.
So maybe Adam Smith, that seer of economic truths, was right after all when he wrote, "Nobody ever saw a dog make a fair and deliberate exchange of one bone for another with another dog. Nobody ever saw one animal by its gestures and natural cries signify to another, this is mine, that yours; I am willing to give this for that." | 2019-04-25T09:44:23 | http://puretics.blogspot.com/2008_07_16_archive.html |
0.998871 | Is Jungian psychoanalysis the right thing for me?
Anyone who feels an inner pain and is willing to begin a psychotherapy process, is entitled to ask if the approach of the therapist he/she wishes to meet is one that suits him/her. Doing psychotherapy is a significant process, it is an investment of time, energy, and emotions that will reflect in all areas of our lives.
Let us start with an evident fact: there is no universal therapeutic approach that would fit the needs of everyone identically, and the psychoanalytic approach is not made for everyone either. As the British psychoanalyst Donald Winnicott said: "To feel the need, to want it but also and above all, to be able to tolerate it".
Psychoanalysis is particularly aimed at those who wish to develop a deeper understanding of themselves, to those who want to make sense of their experiences and who seek to understand them at their roots: in the way in which their personal story settled in their unconscious. Psychoanalysis is a treatment that is based on the exploration of the unconscious, not on the establishment of tools to solve a situation, and it is in this that it differs from other approaches.
Most of the requests for consultations I receive come from people who have already consulted. Often the previous experience leaves a feeling of having solved a problem on the surface and of having calmed the immediate pain, and that is fine, but it lacks a deeper understanding.
Starting a psychoanalytic therapy is not easy. You have to be able to tolerate it psychologically, financially, and you have to make room for it in your schedule and in your busy life. It is also necessary to feel ready to tolerate the intensity that can result from a work of internal self-examination, of its gray areas, and that is at times challenging. I usually at the beginning of treatment, take the image of a trip by train to explain to my patients what we are going to do: It is an inner voyage, together we will take a train that will go back in your life and your job is going to be to tell me everything you see through the window, and that's not going to be easy, because we will see the landscapes that will go by, and more landscapes, and memories will come.
This will be a challenging voyage, you must feel ready to tolerate the inconvenience, the emotional intensity as well as the therapist's comments that may point to those areas that you do not want to revisit. This is often shown in our resistance to continuing the work involved.
If reading this short article you feel that you need someone who accompanies you with tools and solutions to fix immediately what confronts you, then it is likely that psychoanalysis is not what you need and I encourage you to consult the referral service of the order of psychologists (www.ordrepsy.qc.ca). On the other hand, if you feel that you are ready to go deeper into your life, if you feel that something is still happening without your knowledge, if you feel that you have to talk about hidden things that you have never considered sharing with anyone, if you feel ready to go see "behind" the symptom, then I encourage you to contact a psychoanalyst to arrange a first appointment to assess if you can make this inner journey together. Make sure that this person has been duly trained and certified by a psychoanalytic institute, that he or she is recognized by his or her peers, because a therapist can not accompany someone to areas he or she has not been himself, and this work on oneself before one can do it with others, is not only the specificity of a psychoanalyst, but it is also and above all the foundation of his clinical practice. | 2019-04-22T10:02:37 | http://www.jung-montreal.com/en/before-making-and-appointment.html |
0.997859 | More than 16 million children in the United States struggle with hunger, or one out of five kids. Teachers see this hunger firsthand in their classrooms. In a recent survey, three out of five Kโ8 public school teachers said they taught kids who regularly came to school hungry because they weren't getting enough to eat at home.
What if I told you that there was a solution? There is, and it's called school breakfast. | 2019-04-18T10:34:00 | http://www.wholechildeducation.org/blog/author/kumar-chandran |
0.998312 | ๋ณธ ๋ฐ๋ช
์ ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ์ ๋ฒํ๋ฅผ ๋์์ ํ์ฑํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์ ์กฐ ๊ณต์ ์ ๋จ์ํํ ์ ์๋ ์์คํ
์ธ ํจํค์ง ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์ ์กฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. The present invention is to provide a system, a package and a method of manufacturing the same that can simplify the manufacturing process by forming a via conductor and the bump at the same time.
์ด๋ฅผ ์ํ์ฌ, ๋ณธ ๋ฐ๋ช
์ ์์คํ
์ธ ํจํค์ง์ ์ ์กฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๊ธ์ ๋ฐฐ์ ์ด ํ์ฑ๋ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ๊ธฐํ์ ํ์๋ฒ ์ด์
๋ง์ ํ์ฑํ๋ ๋จ๊ณ์; For this purpose, the production method of the system of the present invention a package comprises the steps of forming a passivation film on a semiconductor substrate on which metal wiring is formed and; ์๊ธฐ ํ์๋ฒ ์ด์
๋ง์ ํจํฐ๋ํ์ฌ ์ 1 ๋ฐ ์ 2 ๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ๋ ๋จ๊ณ์; And forming the first and second openings by patterning the film Renovation Passage; ์๊ธฐ ์ 1 ๋ฐ ์ 2 ๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ๋ฅผ ๋ฎ๊ณ ์๊ธฐ ์ 1 ๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์๊ธฐ ๊ธ์ ๋ฐฐ์ ๊ณผ ์ ์๋ ํจ๋๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ๋ ๋จ๊ณ์; The first and covers the second opening and a step of forming the metal wiring and the connection pad through the first opening; ์๊ธฐ ํจ๋๊ฐ ํ์ฑ๋ ํ์๋ฒ ์ด์
๋ง ์์ ํฌํ ๋ ์ง์คํธ๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ๋ ๋จ๊ณ์; Forming a photoresist on the passivation film is formed with the pad; ์๊ธฐ ์ 2 ๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ์ ์ค์ฒฉ๋ ์์ญ์, ์๊ธฐ ํฌํ ๋ ์ง์คํธ๋ถํฐ ์๊ธฐ ํจ๋๋ฅผ ๊ดํตํ์ฌ ์๊ธฐ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ๊ธฐํ์ ์ผ๋ถ๊น์ง ์ฐ์ฅ๋ ๊น์ ํธ๋ ์น๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ๋ ๋จ๊ณ์; The method comprising the overlapped region and the second opening, and since the photoresist through said pad to form a deep trench extends to a portion of the semiconductor substrate; ์๊ธฐ ๊น์ ํธ๋ ์น ๋ด๋ถ์ ์๊ธฐ ํจ๋์ ์ฌ์ด๋ ์ปจํ๋๋ ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ๋ ๋จ๊ณ์; Inside the deep trench to form the pad and the side contact via conductors and; ์๊ธฐ ํฌํ ๋ ์ง์คํธ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ฑฐํ์ฌ ์๊ธฐ ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ์ ์ผ์ธก๋จ์ ์ 1 ๋ฒํ๋ก ๋์ถ์ํค๋ ๋จ๊ณ์; The step of removing the photoresist projecting the one end of the via conductor to the first bump and; ์๊ธฐ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ๊ธฐํ์ ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด์ ์๊ฐํ์ฌ ์๊ธฐ ๋น์ ์ปจ๋๋ ํ์ธก๋จ์ ์ 2 ๋ฒํ๋ก ๋์ถ์ํค๋ ๋จ๊ณ์; The step of etching the back surface of the semiconductor substrate, the via extrusion container deokdeo other end to the second bumps; ์๊ธฐ ์ 1 ๋ฐ ์ 2 ๋ฒํ๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ์นฉ ๋๋ ์ธ์ํ๋ก๊ธฐํ๊ณผ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ฒฐ์ํค๋ ๋จ๊ณ๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ๋ค. It includes the step of connecting the first and second bumps to another semiconductor chip or a printed circuit board and electrically.
๋ณธ ๋ฐ๋ช
์ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ์์ ํจํค์ง์ ์ ์กฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๊ดํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก์, ํนํ ๋ค์์ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ์นฉ์ด ์ ์ธต ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ก ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ ์์คํ
์ธ ํจํค์ง์ ๊ณต์ ์๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์์ํฌ ์ ์๋ ์์คํ
์ธ ํจํค์ง ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์ ์กฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๊ดํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. The present invention relates to, in particular, a plurality of semiconductor chip is possible to reduce the number of steps of a package system that is connected to the layered structure of the system package and a method of manufacturing the same, which relates to a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device package.
๊ฐ์ข
์ ์๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์ ๋ชจ๋ฐ์ผํ, ์ํํ, ๋ค๊ธฐ๋ฅํ๊ฐ ์งํ๋๋ฉด์ ๋ค์ํ ์นฉ์ ํ ๊ฐ์ ํจํค์ง์ ๊ตฌํํ๋ 3์ฐจ์(3D) ์์คํ
์ธ ํจํค์ง(System In Package; SIP)์ ๋ํ ๊ด์ฌ์ด ๊ณ ์กฐ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. Mobilization of various types of electronic devices, miniaturization, as multi-function painter proceeds three-dimensional (3D) system in package that implements the various chips on a single package; has been increasing interest in the (System In Package SIP). ๊ธฐ์กด ํด๋์ฉ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์์๋ ๋ฉ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋ฑ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ๊ฐ๋ณ ์์๋ค์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํจํค์ง ํํ๋ก ๋ด์ฅ๋์ด ์ํธ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋์์ผ๋, ์์คํ
์ธ ํจํค์ง ๊ธฐ์ ์ ํ์ฉํ๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฐ๋ณ์์๋ค์ ํ๋์ ํจํค์ง ์์ ๋ด์ฅํ ์ ์์ด์ ์ ํ์ ์ํํํ ์ ์๊ณ ์๋น์ ๋ ฅ์ ๊ฐ์์ํค๋ฉด์ ๋ค์ํ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ๊ตฌํํ ์ ์๋ค. In the existing mobile devices, but the memory or the like is embedded in each of the semiconductor discrete elements are packaged interconnected, taking advantage of the system-in-package technologies to miniaturize the product to be able to incorporate all of the individual elements in a single package, and reduce power consumption while you can implement a variety of functions. ์์คํ
์ธ ํจํค์ง ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ฉ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ, ๋ก์ง ๋๋ฐ์ด์ค, ์ผ์, ์ปจ๋ฒํฐ ๋ฑ์ ์ ์ฉ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. System-in-package technology has been applied a memory, a logic device, a sensor, a converter or the like.
์ข
๋์ ์์คํ
์ธ ํจํค์ง๋ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ์นฉ์ ๊ดํตํ๋ ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ(Via Conductor)๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ์ ์ธต๋ ๋ค์์ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ์นฉ๋ค์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ฒฐํจ๊ณผ ์์ธ๋ฌ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ์นฉ๋ค์ ์ธ์ ํ๋ก ๊ธฐํ(Printed Circuit Board; ์ดํ PCB)์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ ๊ฒฐํ๋ค. Conventional system, a package, a via conductor (Via Conductor) to electrically connect the stacked plurality of the semiconductor chip also as well as the substrate of the semiconductor chip printed circuit using penetrating through the semiconductor chip; electrically and (Printed Circuit Board hereinafter PCB) It is connected.
๊ทธ๋ฌ๋, ์ข
๋์ ์์คํ
์ธ ํจํค์ง๋ ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์ฉํจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ ์กฐ ๊ณต์ ์ด ๋ณต์กํ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์๋ค. However, the conventional system has a complex package manufacturing process problem, as applied to a via conductor. ์๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฉด, ์ข
๋์ ์์คํ
์ธ ํจํค์ง์ ์ ์กฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ์นฉ์ ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ๋ ๊ณต์ ์ด์ธ์๋, ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ์ ํจ๋๋ฅผ ์ฐ๊ฒฐํ๋ ์ปจ๋ํฐ๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ๋ ๊ณต์ ๊ณผ, ํจ๋ ์์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ์นฉ ๋๋ PCB์์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ์ ์ํ ๋ฒํ๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ๋ ๊ณต์ ๋ฑ์ ๋ ํ์๋ก ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์ ์กฐ ๊ณต์ ์ด ๋ณต์กํ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์๋ค. For example, a manufacturing method of the conventional system package in addition to the step of forming the via conductor to the semiconductor chip, the via conductor and the step of forming a conductor for connecting the pad and the other semiconductor die to the pads or PCB electrically connected with the by including the step of forming the bump as more need for a manufacturing process complexity. ๋ํ, ์๊ฐ์ด ์ด๋ ค์ด ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ(Cu)๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ๋ฒํ๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ์ธต ํจํฐ๋์ ์ํ ํํ ๊ธฐ๊ณ์ ์ฐ๋ง(Chemical Mechanical Polishing; ์ดํ CMP) ๊ณต์ ์ด ๋ ์ถ๊ฐ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ฏ๋ก ์ ์กฐ ๊ณต์ ์ ๋์ฑ ๋ณต์กํด์ง๊ฒ ๋๋ค. In the case of forming the bumps by using a copper (Cu), the etching is difficult for chemical mechanical polishing a copper layer is patterned; so (Chemical Mechanical Polishing hereinafter CMP) process is to be further added becomes the more complicated the manufacturing process.
๋ฐ๋ผ์, ๋ณธ ๋ฐ๋ช
์ด ํด๊ฒฐํ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ ๊ณผ์ ๋ ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ์ ๋ฒํ๋ฅผ ๋์์ ํ์ฑํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์ ์กฐ ๊ณต์ ์ ๋จ์ํํ ์ ์๋ ์์คํ
์ธ ํจํค์ง ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์ ์กฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. Accordingly, the object of the present invention to provide a system, a package and a method of manufacturing the same that can simplify the manufacturing process by forming a via conductor and the bump at the same time.
์๊ธฐ ๊ณผ์ ๋ฅผ ํด๊ฒฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ, ๋ณธ ๋ฐ๋ช
์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์์คํ
์ธ ํจํค์ง์ ์ ์กฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๊ธ์ ๋ฐฐ์ ์ด ํ์ฑ๋ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ๊ธฐํ์ ํ์๋ฒ ์ด์
๋ง์ ํ์ฑํ๋ ๋จ๊ณ์; Comprising: in order to solve the above problems, formation Renovation Passage film on a semiconductor substrate manufacturing method of the packaging system is formed of a metal wire according to the invention and; ์๊ธฐ ํ์๋ฒ ์ด์
๋ง์ ํจํฐ๋ํ์ฌ ์ 1 ๋ฐ ์ 2 ๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ๋ ๋จ๊ณ์; And forming the first and second openings by patterning the film Renovation Passage; ์๊ธฐ ์ 1 ๋ฐ ์ 2 ๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ๋ฅผ ๋ฎ๊ณ ์๊ธฐ ์ 1 ๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์๊ธฐ ๊ธ์ ๋ฐฐ์ ๊ณผ ์ ์๋ ํจ๋๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ๋ ๋จ๊ณ์; The first and covers the second opening and a step of forming the metal wiring and the connection pad through the first opening; ์๊ธฐ ํจ๋๊ฐ ํ์ฑ๋ ํ์๋ฒ ์ด์
๋ง ์์ ํฌํ ๋ ์ง์คํธ๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ๋ ๋จ๊ณ์; Forming a photoresist on the passivation film is formed with the pad; ์๊ธฐ ์ 2 ๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ์ ์ค์ฒฉ๋ ์์ญ์, ์๊ธฐ ํฌํ ๋ ์ง์คํธ๋ถํฐ ์๊ธฐ ํจ๋๋ฅผ ๊ดํตํ์ฌ ์๊ธฐ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ๊ธฐํ์ ์ผ๋ถ๊น์ง ์ฐ์ฅ๋ ๊น์ ํธ๋ ์น๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ๋ ๋จ๊ณ์; The method comprising the overlapped region and the second opening, and since the photoresist through said pad to form a deep trench extends to a portion of the semiconductor substrate; ์๊ธฐ ๊น์ ํธ๋ ์น ๋ด๋ถ์ ์๊ธฐ ํจ๋์ ์ฌ์ด๋ ์ปจํ๋๋ ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ๋ ๋จ๊ณ์; Inside the deep trench to form the pad and the side contact via conductors and; ์๊ธฐ ํฌํ ๋ ์ง์คํธ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ฑฐํ์ฌ ์๊ธฐ ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ์ ์ผ์ธก๋จ์ ์ 1 ๋ฒํ๋ก ๋์ถ์ํค๋ ๋จ๊ณ์; The step of removing the photoresist projecting the one end of the via conductor to the first bump and; ์๊ธฐ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ๊ธฐํ์ ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด์ ์๊ฐํ์ฌ ์๊ธฐ ๋น์ ์ปจ๋๋ ํ์ธก๋จ์ ์ 2 ๋ฒํ๋ก ๋์ถ์ํค๋ ๋จ๊ณ์; The step of etching the back surface of the semiconductor substrate, the via extrusion container deokdeo other end to the second bumps; ์๊ธฐ ์ 1 ๋ฐ ์ 2 ๋ฒํ๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ์นฉ ๋๋ ์ธ์ํ๋ก๊ธฐํ๊ณผ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ฒฐ์ํค๋ ๋จ๊ณ๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ๋ค. It includes the step of connecting the first and second bumps to another semiconductor chip or a printed circuit board and electrically.
์๊ธฐ ํ์๋ฒ ์ด์
๋ง์ ํ์ฑํ๋ ๋จ๊ณ๋ ์งํ๋ฌผ ํ์๋ฒ ์ด์
๋ง์ ํ์ฑํ๋ ๋จ๊ณ์; Forming the film Renovation Passage is to form nitride film Renovation and Passage; TEOS ํ์๋ฒ ์ด์
๋ง์ ํ์ฑํ๋ ๋จ๊ณ๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ๊ณ , ์๊ธฐ ์งํ๋ฌผ ํ์๋ฒ ์ด์
๋ง์ 2000~3000โซ ๋ฒ์์ ๋๊ป๋ก, ์๊ธฐ TEOS ํ์๋ฒ ์ด์
๋ง์ 6000~10000โซ ๋ฒ์์ ๋๊ป๋ก ํ์ฑํ๋ค. Comprising the step of forming the passivation film and TEOS, to a thickness of said nitride passivation film 2000 ~ 3000ร
โโrange, is formed to a thickness of the TEOS passivation film 6000 ~ 10000ร
range.
์๊ธฐ ํฌํ ๋ ์ง์คํธ์ ๋๊ป๋ 2~10ใ ๋ฒ์์ ๋๊ป๋ก ํ์ฑ๋๋ฉฐ, 90:1์ ๋์ ์๊ฐ์ ํ๋น๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋๋ค. The thickness of the photoresist is formed to a thickness of 2 ~ 10ใ range, 90: has a higher etching selection ratio of 1.
์๊ธฐ ๊น์ ํธ๋ ์น์ ์ ํญ์ 10~30ใ ๋ฒ์๋ก, ๊น์ด๋ 40ใ ์ด์์์ ์๊ธฐ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ๊ธฐํ์ด ๊ดํต๋์ง ์๋ ๋ฒ์ ๋ด๋ก ํ์ฑํ๋ค. The line width of the deep trench is in the range 10 ~ 30ใ, depth forms in the range that does not pass through the semiconductor substrate from above 40ใ.
์๊ธฐ ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ๋ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ๋ก ํ์ฑ๋๊ณ , ์๊ธฐ ๋ณธ ๋ฐ๋ช
์ ๊น์ ํธ๋ ์น์ ๋ด๋ฉด์ ์๊ธฐ ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ธ๋๋ก ๋ฐฐ๋ฆฌ์ด ๋ฉํ๊ณผ ์๋ ๋ฉํ์ ์์ฐจ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฑํ๋ ๋จ๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ถ๊ฐ๋ก ํฌํจํ๋ค. The via conductor is formed from copper, the present invention further comprises the step of forming a barrier metal and seed metal surrounding the via conductor in sequence on the inner surface of the deep trench. ์๊ธฐ ๋ฐฐ๋ฆฌ์ด ๋ฉํ์ Ti, TiN, TiSiN, Ta, TaN ๊ณ์ด์ ๋ฉํ์ ํฌํจํ๋ค. And the barrier metal comprises Ti, TiN, TiSiN, Ta, TaN metal of the series. ์๊ธฐ ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ธฐ ๋๊ธ ๋๋ ๋ฌด์ ํด ์ ๊ธฐ ๋๊ธ์ ์ด์ฉํ๋ ํ์ฑํ๋ค. The via conductor is formed using electroplating to electroplating or electroless. ์๊ธฐ ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ์ ๊น์ด๋ฅผ 10~20ใ ๋ฒ์๋ก ํ์ฑํ๋ค. To form the depth of the via conductor a 10 ~ 20ใ range.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๋ณธ ๋ฐ๋ช
์ ์๊ธฐ ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ๋ฅผ 150โ 20๋ถ~120๋ถ ์กฐ๊ฑดํ์์ ์ด๋๋งํ๋ ๋จ๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ถ๊ฐ๋ก ํฌํจํ๋ค. And, the invention includes the further step of annealing the via conductor under 150 ~ 120 โ 20 bun bun conditions.
์๊ธฐ ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ๋ ์๊ธฐ ํจ๋์ ๊ฒฝ์ฌ ์ธก๋ฉด ๋ฐ ์์ง ์ธก๋ฉด๊ณผ ์ปจํ๋๋ค. The via conductor is the contact with the inclined side and a vertical side surface of the pad.
๋ณธ ๋ฐ๋ช
์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ํน์ง์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์์คํ
์ธ ํจํค์ง๋ ๋ค์์ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ์นฉ์ด ์ ์ธต๋ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ก ์ธ์ ํ๋ก ๊ธฐํ๊ณผ ์ ์๋ ์์คํ
์ธ ํจํค์ง์์, ์ ์ด๋ ํ๋์ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ์นฉ์, ๊ธ์ ๋ฐฐ์ ์ ํฌํจํ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ๊ธฐํ ์์ ํ์ฑ๋๊ณ , ์ 1 ๋ฐ ์ 2 ๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ๊ฐ ํ์ฑ๋ ํ์๋ฒ ์ด์
๋ง๊ณผ; System, a package in a system-in-package connected to a printed circuit board in the stacked plurality of the semiconductor die, the at least one semiconductor chip according to a further feature of the present invention is formed on a semiconductor substrate, including the metal interconnection, the the first and the passivation film 2 is formed with an opening; ์๊ธฐ ํ์๋ฒ ์ด์
์์์ ์๊ธฐ ์ 1 ๋ฐ ์ 2 ๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ๋ฅผ ๋ฎ๊ณ , ์๊ธฐ ์ 1 ๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์๊ธฐ ๊ธ์ ๋ฐฐ์ ๊ณผ ์ ์๋ ํจ๋์; Covering the first and second openings on the passivation, and the pad and the metal wiring connected with the first opening; ์๊ธฐ ์ 2 ๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ์ ์ค์ฒฉ๋ ์์ญ์์, ์๊ธฐ ํจ๋๋ถํฐ ์๊ธฐ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ๊ธฐํ์ ๊ดํตํ์ฌ ํ์ฑ๋๊ณ , ์๊ธฐ ํจ๋์ ์ฌ์ด๋ ์ปจํ๋ ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ์; In the overlap region and the second opening portion, since the pad is formed through the semiconductor substrate, and said pad and side contacts the via conductors; ์๊ธฐ ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ์ ์ผ์ฒดํ๋๊ณ ์๊ธฐ ํจ๋ ๋ณด๋ค ๋์ถ๋ ์ 1 ๋ฒํ์; It is integrated with the via conductor to the first bump protruding than said pads; ์๊ธฐ ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ์ ์ผ์ฒดํ๋๊ณ ์๊ธฐ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ๊ธฐํ ๋ณด๋ค ๋์ถ๋ ์ 2 ๋ฒํ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋นํ๋ค. Is integrated with the via conductor provided with the second bumps projecting than the semiconductor substrate.
๋ณธ ๋ฐ๋ช
์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ์์ ํจํค์ง ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์ ์กฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ํจ๋์ ์ฌ์ดํธ ์ปจํ์ผ๋ก ์ง์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฒํ์ ์ผ์ฒดํ๋ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ก ๋์์ ํ์ฑํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๊ณต์ ์๋ฅผ ์ค์ด๊ณ ์ ์กฐ ์๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ฐํ์ฌ ์์ฐ์ฑ์ ํฅ์์ํฌ ์ ์๋ค. The semiconductor device package and a method of manufacturing the same according to the present invention is to reduce the number of steps by forming a via conductor is directly connected to the pad and the contact sites at the same time as the structure integrated with the bump can reduce manufacturing costs and increase productivity.
์๊ธฐ ํน์ง ์ธ์ ๋ณธ ๋ฐ๋ช
์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ํน์ง ๋ฐ ์ด์ ๋ค์ ์ฒจ๋ถ ๋๋ฉด์ ์ฐธ์กฐํ ๋ณธ ๋ฐ๋ช
์ ๋ฐ๋์งํ ์ค์์์ ๋ํ ์ค๋ช
์ ํตํ์ฌ ๋ช
๋ฐฑํ๊ฒ ๋๋ฌ๋๊ฒ ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. Other features and advantages of the present invention in addition to the above features will be revealed clearly through the description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
์ดํ, ๋ณธ ๋ฐ๋ช
์ ๋ฐ๋์งํ ์ค์ ์๋ค์ ์ฒจ๋ถํ ๋ 1 ๋ด์ง ๋ 12๋ฅผ ์ฐธ์กฐํ์ฌ ์์ธํ๊ฒ ์ค๋ช
ํ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ๋ค. With reference to FIGS. 1 to 12 also attached to a preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail.
๋ 1 ๋ด์ง ๋ 12๋ ๋ณธ ๋ฐ๋ช
์ ์ค์ ์์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์์คํ
์ธ ํจํค์ง์ ์ ์กฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๋จ๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ธ ๋จ๋ฉด๋๋ค์ด๋ค. Figures 1 to 12 are sectional views showing step by step a method of manufacturing a package system according to an embodiment of the present invention.
๋ณธ ๋ฐ๋ช
์ ์์คํ
์ธ ํจํค์ง์ ์ ์กฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๋ 1 ๋ด์ง ๋ 4์ ๋์๋ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ด ์์์ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ์นฉ ์์ ํจ๋(30)๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ๋ ๊ณต์ ๊ณผ, ๋ 5 ๋ด์ง ๋ 11์ ๋์๋ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ด ํจ๋(30)๋ถํฐ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ๊ธฐํ(10)๊น์ง ๊ดํตํ์ฌ ํ์ฑ๋๊ณ ์ 1 ๋ฐ ์ 2 ๋ฒํ(42A, 42B)์ ์ผ์ฒดํ๋ ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ(42)๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ๋ ๊ณต์ ๊ณผ, ๋ 12์ ๋์๋ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ด ๋ 11์ ๋์๋ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ์นฉ(50)์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ์นฉ(60) ๋ฐ PCB(70)์ ์ ์ธต ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ก ์๋ก ์ฐ๊ฒฐํ๋ ๋ณธ๋ฉ ๊ณต์ ์ ํฌํจํ๋ค. Production method of the package system of the present invention a pad 30 as shown in Figures 1 to 4 the process of forming a pad 30 on any of the semiconductor chip and, Figures 5 to 11, as shown in from being formed to penetrate through the semiconductor substrate 10. the first and second bumps (42A, 42B) and the semiconductor chip shown in Figure 11. as shown in the step of forming the integral of the via conductors 42, 12 It includes the step of bonding to each other (50) to another semiconductor chip 60 and the PCB (70) and the stack structure. ๋ณธ ๋ฐ๋ช
์ ์ค์ ์์์๋ ์ ์ ํญ ๊ธ์์ธ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ(Cu)๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ(42)๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ฅผ ์๋ก ๋ค์ด ์ค๋ช
ํ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ๋ค. In an embodiment of the present invention, by using a low-resistance metal is copper (Cu) will be described for the case of forming the via conductor 42 as an example.
๋ 1์ ์ฐธ์กฐํ๋ฉด, ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ๊ธฐํ(10) ์์ ์์์ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ์นฉ์ ์ ๋นํ ํ๋ถ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ด ํ์ฑ๋๋ค. Referring to Figure 1, a suitable lower structure is formed on any semiconductor chip on the semiconductor substrate 10. ํ๋ถ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ ๋ค์์ ๊ธ์ ๋ฐฐ์ ๋ฐ ์ ์ฐ๋ง์ ํฌํจํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก, ๋๋ฉด์๋ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ๊ธฐํ(10) ์์ ํ์ฑ๋ ๋ค์์ ํ๋ถ ๊ธ์ ๋ฐฐ์ (12) ๋ฐ ์๋ถ ๊ธ์ ๋ฐฐ์ (18)๊ณผ, ์ํ๋ถ ๊ธ์ ๋ฐฐ์ (18, 12) ์ฌ์ด์ ์ ์ฐ๋ง(14)์ ๊ดํตํ์ฌ ์ํ๋ถ ๊ธ์ ๋ฐฐ์ (19, 12)์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ฒฐํ๋ ์ปจํ(14)๊ณผ, ์๋ถ ๊ธ์ ๋ฐฐ์ (18)์ด ๋งค๋ฆฝ๋ ์ ์ฐ๋ง(21)์ ํฌํจํ๋ ์๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ต์ ์ผ๋ก ๋์ํ์๋ค. The bottom structure is to include a plurality of metal wiring and an insulating film, reference between the plurality of lower metal wiring 12 and the upper metal wiring 18, the upper and lower metal line (18, 12) formed on a semiconductor substrate 10, for example, including the insulating film 14 through the upper and lower metal line (19, 12) each electrically connected to the contact 14 and an upper metal wiring of 18 is buried insulating film 21, which was schematically shown . ์๋ถ ๊ธ์ ๋ฐฐ์ (18)์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ ์ฐ๋ง(21)์ ํจํฐ๋ํ์ฌ ์๋ถ ๊ธ์ ๋ฐฐ์ (18)์ด ํ์ฑ๋ ํธ๋ ์น๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ๊ณ , ํธ๋ ์น์ ๋งค๋ฆฝ๋๊ณ ์ ์ฐ๋ง(21)์ ํ๋ฉด์ ๋ฎ๋๋ก ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฆ์ฐฉํ ๋ค์, CMP ๊ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ฐ๋ง(21)์ด ๋
ธ์ถ๋ ๋๊น์ง ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์๊ฐํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์ ์ฐ๋ง(21)๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ํํํ ํ๋ฉด์ ๊ฐ๋ ์๋ถ ๊ธ์ ๋ฐฐ์ (18)์ด ํ์ฑ๋๋ค. A case of using copper as an upper metal wiring 18 by patterning the insulating film 21 to form a trench to be the upper metal wiring 18 is formed, buried in the trench is deposited with copper so as to cover the surface of the insulating film 21, and then , a CMP process to the insulating film 21. the upper metal wiring 18 having a flat surface, such as by etching the copper until the exposed insulating film 21 is formed.
์ด์ด์, ์๋ถ ๊ธ์ ๋ฐฐ์ (18)์ด ๋งค๋ฆฝ๋ ์ ์ฐ๋ง(21) ์์ ๋ณต์ธต ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ก ์ 1 ๋ฐ ์ 2 ํ์๋ฒ ์ด์
๋ง(20, 22)์ ํ์ฑํ๋ค. Then, on an upper metal wiring 18 with the insulating film 21 is buried to form the first and second passivation films 20, 22 in a multi-layer structure. ์ 1 ํ์๋ฒ ์ด์
๋ง(20)์ SiNx ๋ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์งํ ์ ์ฐ๋ฌผ์ ์ฆ์ฐฉํ์ฌ 2000~3000โซ ์ ๋์ ๋๊ป๋ก ํ์ฑํ ์ ์๋ค. The first passivation film 20 can be formed to a thickness of 2000 ~ 3000ร
โโextent by depositing a nitride insulating material such as SiNx. ์ 2 ํ์๋ฒ ์ด์
๋ง(22)์ ๋ฎ์ ์ ์ ์์๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ ์ฐํ ์ ์ฐ๋ฌผ, ์๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฉด TEOS(Tetra Etyl Ortho Silicate)๋ฅผ 6000~10000โซ ์ ๋์ ๋๊ป๋ก ํ์ฑํ ์ ์๋ค. The second passivation film 22 may be formed in the oxide having a low dielectric constant insulating material, such as TEOS (Tetra Etyl Ortho Silicate) to a thickness of about 6000 ~ 10000ร
.
๋ 2๋ฅผ ์ฐธ์กฐํ๋ฉด, ์ 1 ๋ฐ ์ 2 ํ์๋ฒ ์ด์
๋ง(22)์ ํฌํ ๋ฆฌ์๊ทธ๋ํผ ๊ณต์ ๋ฐ ์๊ฐ ๊ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ํจํฐ๋ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์ 1 ๋ฐ ์ 2 ๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ(24, 26)๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ๋ค. 2, the first and second and by patterning the passivation film 22 by photolithography process and etching process to form the first and second openings 24,26. ์ 1 ๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ(24)๋ ํ์ ๊ณต์ ์์ ํ์ฑ๋ ํจ๋์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์๋ ์๋ถ ๊ธ์ ๋ฐฐ์ (18)์ ๋
ธ์ถ์ํจ๋ค. The first opening 24 to expose the upper metal wiring 18 is electrically connected to the pad and to be formed in a subsequent process. ์ 2 ๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ(26)๋ ํ์ ๊ณต์ ์์ ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ๊ฐ ํ์ฑ๋ ์์ญ์ ๋ง๋ จํ๋ค. The second opening 26 is provided to a region to be formed in the via conductor in the subsequent steps.
๋ 3์ ์ฐธ์กฐํ๋ฉด, ๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ(24, 26)๊ฐ ํ์ฑ๋ ํ์๋ฒ ์ด์
๋ง(22) ์์ ๋ฐฐ๋ฆฌ์ด ๋ฉํ(Barrier Metal; 28)๊ณผ ํจ๋ ๋ฉํ(Pad Metal)(30)์ด ์์ฐจ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฑ๋๋ค. 3, the openings 24 and 26 is formed a passivation film 22 on the barrier metal (Metal Barrier; 28) and the metal pad (Pad Metal) (30) are sequentially formed. ์๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฉด, ์๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋(Al) ํจ๋๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ์๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋ ํจ๋ ๋ฐฐ๋ฆฌ์ด ๋ฉํ(28)๊ณผ, ์๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋ ๋ฉํ(30)์ด ํ์๋ฒ ์ด์
๋ง(22) ์์ ์ ์ธต๋๋ค. For example, in the case to be formed of aluminum (Al) pad, aluminum pad barrier metal 28 and the aluminum metal 30 is laminated on the passivation film 22.
๋ 4๋ฅผ ์ฐธ์กฐํ๋ฉด, ํจ๋ ๋ฉํ(30) ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐ๋ฆฌ์ด ๋ฉํ(28)์ ํฌํ ๋ฆฌ์๊ทธ๋ํผ ๊ณต์ ๋ฐ ์๊ฐ ๊ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ํจํฐ๋ํ์ฌ ์ 1 ๋ฐ ์ 2 ๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ(24, 26)๋ฅผ ๋ฎ๋ ํจ๋(32)๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ๋ค. 4, to form a metal pad 30 and the barrier metal 28, the photolithography process and the etching process, the pad (32) covering the first and second openings (24, 26) by patterning a. ๋ฐฐ๋ฆฌ์ด ๋ฉํ(28)๋ฐ ํจ๋ ๋ฉํ(30)์ด ์ ์ธต๋ ํจ๋(32)๋ ์ 1 ๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ(24)๋ฅผ ํตํด ์๋ถ ๊ธ์ ๋ฐฐ์ (18)๊ณผ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋๋ค. The barrier metal 28 and pad metal 30, pads 32 are stacked is electrically connected to upper metal wiring 18 through the first opening 24.
๋ 5๋ฅผ ์ฐธ์กฐํ๋ฉด, ํจ๋(32)๊ฐ ํ์ฑ๋ ํ์๋ฒ ์ด์
๋ง(22) ์์ ํฌํ ๋ ์ง์ค ํธ(34)๊ฐ ์ฝํ
๋๋ค. 5, the photoresist agent 34 on the passivation film 22, the pad 32 formed and coated. ์๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฉด, ํฌํ ๋ ์ง์คํธ(34)๋ 2~10ใ ์ ๋์ ๋๊ป๋ก ์ฝํ
๋๊ณ 90:1 ์ ๋์ ๋์ ์ ํ๋น(High Selectivity)๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ด์ฉํ ์ ์๋ค. For example, a photoresist 34 is coated to a thickness of about 2 ~ 10ใ 90: 1 may be used that has a high selectivity (High Selectivity) of about.
๋ 6์ ์ฐธ์กฐํ๋ฉด, ํฌํ ๋ ์ง์คํธ(36)๋ฅผ ํฌํ ๋ฆฌ์๊ทธ๋ํผ ๊ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ํจํฐ๋ํ์ฌ ํ์์ ๋น์ ์ปจํฑ๋๊ฐ ํ์ฑ๋ ์์ญ์ ์คํํ๋ ํธ๋ ์น(36)๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ๋ค. 6, the patterned photoresist 36 in the photolithography process to form a trench (36) to open a region to be formed with a follow-up of the via teokdeo container. ํฌํ ๋ ์ง์คํธ(36)๋ฅผ ๊ดํตํ๋ ํธ๋ ์น(36)๋ ๋ 2์ ๋์๋ ํ์๋ฒ ์ด์
๋ง(20, 22)์ ์ 2 ๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ(26)์ ์ค์ฒฉ๋๋ค. A trench (36) penetrating through the photoresist 36 is overlapped with the second opening 26 of the passivation film (20, 22) shown in Fig.
๋ 7์ ์ฐธ์กฐํ๋ฉด, ํฌํ ๋ ์ง์คํธ(36)๋ฅผ ๊ดํตํ๋ ํธ๋ ์น(36)๋ ํจ๋(32)๋ฅผ ๊ดํตํ์ฌ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ๊ธฐํ(10)์ ํ๋ถ๊น์ง ์ฐ์ฅ๋์ด ๊น๊ฒ ํ์ฑ๋๋ค. 7, the photoresist 36, a trench 36 extending through a is formed through the pad 32 deeply extends to the bottom of the semiconductor substrate 10. ๊น์ ํธ๋ ์น(36)๋ ๊ณ ์ ์๊ฐ ์ฅ๋น๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ํจ๋(32) ๋ฐ ํ์๋ฒ ์ด์
๋ง(22, 20)๊ณผ ์ ์ฐ๋ง(14, 12)์ ๊ดํตํ๊ณ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ๊ธฐํ(10)์ ํ๋ถ๊น์ง ์ฐ์ฅ๋์ด ํ์ฑ๋์ง๋ง, ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ๊ธฐํ(10)์ ๊ดํตํ์ง ์๋๋ก ํ์ฑํ๋ค. Deep trench 36, but passes through the pad 32 and the passivation film (22, 20) and the insulating film (14, 12) using a high-speed etching equipment is formed to extend to the bottom of the semiconductor substrate 10, a semiconductor substrate It is formed so as not to pass through (10). ์๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฉด, ๊น์ ํธ๋ ์น(36)๋ 10~30ใ ์ ๋์ ์ ํญ์ ๊ฐ๊ณ , 40ใ ์ ๋์ ๊น์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋๋ก ํ์ฑํ ์ ์๋ค. For example, deep trench 36 has a line width of 10 ~ 30ใ degree, it can be formed to have a depth of approximately 40ใ. ๊น์ ํธ๋ ์น(36)๋ ํจ๋(32)์ ์ธก๋ฉด, ์๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฉด ๊ฒฝ์ฌ๋ฉด ๋ฐ ์์ง๋ฉด์ด ๋
ธ์ถ๋๋๋ก ํจ๋(32)๋ฅผ ๊ดํตํ๋ค. Deep trench 36 side of the pad 32, for example, through the inclined surface and the pad 32 so that the vertical surface is exposed.
๋ 8 ๋ฐ ๋ 9๋ฅผ ์ฐธ์กฐํ๋ฉด, ๊น์ ํธ๋ ์น(36)์ ๋ด๋ฉด์ ๋ฐฐ๋ฆฌ์ด ๋ฉํ(40)์ ํ์ฑํ ๋ค์, ๊น์ ํธ๋ ์น(36)์ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งค๋ฆฝํ์ฌ ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ(42)๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ๊ณ , ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์ด๋๋ง(annealing) ๊ณต์ ์ ์ค์ํ๋ค. 8 and 9, the formation of the barrier metal 40 on the inner surface of the deep trench 36. Next, by filling a copper in a deep trench 36 to form the via conductor 42, the copper annealing (annealing ) subjected to the process. ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ๊ธฐํ(10) ๋๋ ์ ์ฐ๋ง(14)์ผ๋ก ์ ๊ธฐ ์ ์ฐ๋ฌผ์ ์ด์ฉํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ ๊ธฐ ์ ์ฐ๋ง(14)์ผ๋ก์ ํ์ฐ์ ๋ฐฉ์งํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ, ๋ฐฐ๋ฆฌ์ด ๋ฉํ(40)๋ก Ti, TiN, TiSiN, Ta, TaN ๊ณ์ด์ ๋ฉํ์ ์ด์ฉํ๋ค. When copper is used for the organic insulating material in the semiconductor substrate 10 or insulating layer 14 to prevent diffusion of the organic insulating film 14, a metal of Ti, TiN, TiSiN, Ta, TaN series as a barrier metal 40 use. ๊ทธ ๋ค์, ๋ฐฐ๋ฆฌ์ด ๋ฉํ(40) ์์ ์๋(Seed) ๋ฉํ(๋ฏธ๋์)์ ๋ ํ์ฑํ ๋ค์, ์ ๊ธฐ๋๊ธ๋ฒ ๋๋ ๋ฌด์ ํด๋๊ธ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ๋๊ธ ๊ณต์ ์ ์ค์ํ์ฌ ๊น์ ํธ๋ ์น(36)๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ ์ฑ์ด ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ(42)๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ๊ณ , ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ(42)์ ์์ ํ๋ฅผ ์ํด 150โ 20๋ถ~120๋ถ ์กฐ๊ฑดํ์์ ์ด๋๋ง ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ๋ค. Then, the copper via conductor and further forming a seed (Seed) metal (not shown) is formed on the barrier metal 40 is conducted and then the copper plating process to electroplating method or an electroless plating method filled deep trench (36) ( 42) for forming, and annealing under 150 ~ 120 โ 20 bun bun conditions in order to stabilize the copper via conductor 42. ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ(42)๋ ๋ฐฐ๋ฆฌ์ด ๋ฉํ(40)์ ํตํด ํจ๋(32)์ ์ธก๋ฉด, ์ฆ ๊ฒฝ์ฌ๋ฉด ๋ฐ ์์ง๋ฉด๊ณผ ์ฌ์ด๋ ์ปจํ(Side contact) ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ก ์ ์๋๋ค. Via conductors 42 are connected to the side, i.e., inclined and vertical surfaces and side contact (Side contact) structure of the pad 32 via the barrier metal 40. ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ(42)๋ 10~20ใ ์ ๋์ ๊น์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋๋ก ํ์ฑ๋ ์ ์๋ค. The via conductors 42 may be formed to have a depth of about 10 ~ 20ใ.
๋ 10์ ์ฐธ์กฐํ๋ฉด, ํฌํ ๋ ์ง์คํธ(36)๋ฅผ ์๊ฐํ์ฌ ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ(42)์ ์๋จ๋ถ๊ฐ ๋์ถ๋ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฒ ํ๋ค. 10, by etching the photoresist 36 and has a protruding structure, the upper end of the via conductor 42. ํจ๋(32) ์๋ก ๋์ถ๋ ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ(42)์ ์๋ถ ๋์ถ๋ถ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ์นฉ ๋๋ PCB์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋๋ ์ 1 ๋ฒํ(42A) ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ํ๋ค. Upper projection of the pad 32, the via conductor 42 projecting up is the first bumps (42A) functions are connected to another semiconductor chip or a PCB electrically.
๋ 11์ ์ฐธ์กฐํ๋ฉด, ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ๊ธฐํ(10)์ ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด์ ๊ทธ๋ผ์ธ๋ฉํ์ฌ ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ(42)์ ํ๋จ๋ถ๊ฐ ๋์ถ๋ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฒ ํ๋ค. 11, the grinding a back surface of the semiconductor substrate 10 to have a protruding structure, the lower end of the via conductor 42. ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ๊ธฐํ(10)์ ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ ์๊ฐ๋น๊ฐ ์๋์ ์ผ๋ก ๋์ ์๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐฑ๊ทธ๋ผ์ธ๋ฉํ์ฌ ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ(42)๊ฐ ๋
ธ์ถ๋ ๋๊น์ง ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ๊ธฐํ(10)์ ์๊ฐํ๋ค. To the back surface of the semiconductor substrate 10, back grinding of a silicon etch ratio is relatively high etching until exposing the via conductor 42 to etch the semiconductor substrate 10. ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ(42)์ ์๊ฐ๋น๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ๊ธฐํ(10) ๋ณด๋ค ๋ฎ์ผ๋ฏ๋ก ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ(42)๋ฅผ ํ๋จ๋ถ๊ฐ ๋์ถ๋๋ค. Since the etching of the via conductor 42, the ratio is lower than the semiconductor substrate 10 protrudes the lower end of the via conductor 42. ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ๊ธฐํ(10) ์๋๋ก ๋์ถ๋ ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ(42)๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ์นฉ ๋๋ PCB์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋๋ ์ 2 ๋ฒํ(42B) ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ํ๋ค. The semiconductor substrate 10. The via conductors 42 projecting down is the second bumps (42B) functions are connected to another semiconductor chip or a PCB electrically. ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ๊ธฐํ(10)์ ๋ฐฑ๊ทธ๋ผ์ธ๋ฉ์ผ๋ก ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ(42) ํ๋ถ์ ๋ฐฐ๋ฆฌ์ด ๋ฉํ(40)๋ ์๊ฐ๋์ด ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ(42)์ ํ๋ฉด์ด ๋
ธ์ถ๋๋ค. Via conductor 42. The barrier metal 40 of the lower back-grinding of the semiconductor substrate 10 is also etched a lower face of the via conductor 42 is exposed.
์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ผ, ์์์ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ์นฉ(50)์ ๊ดํตํ๋ ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ(42)๊ฐ ๋์ถ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์ 1 ๋ฐ ์ 2 ๋ฒํ(42A, 42B)์ ์ผ์ฒดํ๋ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ก ๋์์ ํ์ฑ๋๊ณ , ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ(42)๋ ํจ๋(32)๋ฅผ ๊ดํตํ์ฌ ์ฌ์ด๋ ์ปจํ๋๋ค. In this way, the protruding structure, the via-conductors 42 passing through any of the semiconductor chip 50, first and second bumps (42A, 42B) and being formed of the integral structure at the same time, the via conductor 42, the pad ( through the 32) it is side contact. ๋ฐ๋ผ์, ์ข
๋์ ํจ๋์ ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐ๊ฒฐํ๋ ์ปจ๋ํฐ๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ๋ ๊ณต์ ๊ณผ, ๋ฒํ๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ๋ ๊ณต์ , ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ CMP ๊ณต์ ๋ฑ์ ์ ๊ฑฐํ ์ ์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก ๊ณต์ ์๊ฐ ๊ฐ์๋๋ค. Thus, the step of forming a conductor for connecting the conventional pad and the via-conductors and, since it is possible to remove the step, a copper CMP process, such as for forming a bump is decreased number of steps.
ํํธ, ์์์ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ์นฉ(50)์ด ๋ง์ง๋ง ์ธต์ ์์นํ์ฌ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ๊ธฐํ(10)์ ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด์ด ๋ค๋ฅธ ์์์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์๋ ํ์๊ฐ ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ์ฆ ์ 2 ๋ฒํ(42B)๊ฐ ํ์์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๋ 11์ ๋์๋ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ๊ธฐํ(10)์ ๋ฐฑ๊ทธ๋ผ์ธ๋ฉ ๊ณต์ ์ ์๋ตํ ์ ์๋ค. On the other hand, when any of the semiconductor chip 50 is located in the last layer that does not require a back surface of the semiconductor substrate 10 to be connected to other elements and the electrical, i.e., the absence of the second bumps (42B) requires shown in Figure 11 a back grinding process of the semiconductor substrate 10 can be omitted.
๋ 12๋ฅผ ์ฐธ์กฐํ๋ฉด, ๋ 11์ ๋์๋ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ์นฉ(50)์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ์นฉ(60) ๋ฐ PCB(70)์ ์ ์ธต ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ก ์ฐ๊ฒฐํ๋ ๋ณธ๋ฉ ๊ณต์ ์ ์ํํ๋ค. 12, performs a bonding process to connect the semiconductor chip 50 shown in Figure 11 to another semiconductor chip 60 and the PCB (70) and the stack structure. ์๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฉด, ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ์นฉ(50)์ ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ(42)์ ์ผ์ฒดํ๋๊ณ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ๊ธฐํ(10) ๋ณด๋ค ๋์ถ๋ ์ 2 ๋ฒํ(42B)๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ์นฉ(60)์ ๋ฒํ(62)์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ฒฐํ๋ ๋ณธ๋ฉ ๊ณต์ ์ ์ํํ๋ค. For example, the via conductor 42 of the semiconductor chip 50 and integrated, and the second bumps (42B), the bumps 62 of the other semiconductor chip 60 and the bonding for electrically connecting the protrusion than that of the semiconductor substrate 10, It performs a process. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ์นฉ(50)์ ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ(42)์ ์ผ์ฒดํ๋๊ณ ํจ๋(32) ๋ณด๋ค ๋์ถ๋ ์ 2 ๋ฒํ(42B)๋ฅผ PCB(70)์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ฒฐํ๋ ๋ณธ๋ฉ ๊ณต์ ์ ์ํํ๋ค. And, it performs a bonding process for connecting the via conductor 42 and is integrated with the second bumps (42B) projecting than the pad 32 of the semiconductor chip 50 are electrically PCB (70) and.
์ด์ ์ค๋ช
ํ ๋ด์ฉ์ ํตํด ๋น์
์๋ผ๋ฉด ๋ณธ ๋ฐ๋ช
์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ฌ์์ ์ผํํ์ง ์๋ํ๋ ๋ฒ์์์ ๋ค์ํ ๋ณ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์์ ์ด ๊ฐ๋ฅํจ์ ์ ์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. Those skilled in the art what is described above will be appreciated that various changes and modifications within the range which does not depart from the spirit of the present invention are possible. ๋ฐ๋ผ์, ๋ณธ ๋ฐ๋ช
์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ฒ์๋ ๋ช
์ธ์์ ์์ธํ ์ค๋ช
์ ๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ ๋ด์ฉ์ผ๋ก ํ์ ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋ผ ํนํ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฒ์์ ์ํด ์ ํ์ฌ ์ ธ์ผ๋ง ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. Accordingly, the technical scope of the present invention will have to be not limited to the contents described in the description of the specification appointed by the claims.
๋ 1 ๋ด์ง ๋ 12๋ ๋ณธ ๋ฐ๋ช
์ ์ค์ ์์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์์คํ
์ธ ํจํค์ง์ ์ ์กฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๋จ๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ธ ๋จ๋ฉด๋๋ค. It is also cross-sectional view stepwise illustrating a method of producing the packaging system according to 1 to 12 are embodiments of the invention examples.
์๊ธฐ ์ 1 ๋ฐ ์ 2 ๋ฒํ๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ์นฉ ๋๋ ์ธ์ํ๋ก๊ธฐํ๊ณผ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ฒฐ์ํค๋ ๋จ๊ณ๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํน์ง์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ์์คํ
์ธ ํจํค์ง์ ์ ์กฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ. The first and the method for manufacturing a system in package, characterized in that the second bumps includes the step of electrically connected to another semiconductor chip or a printed circuit board.
TEOS ํ์๋ฒ ์ด์
๋ง์ ํ์ฑํ๋ ๋จ๊ณ๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํน์ง์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ์์คํ
์ธ ํจํค์ง์ ์ ์กฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ. TEOS Passage The method of producing a packaging system which comprises Renovation comprising the step of forming a film.
์๊ธฐ ์งํ๋ฌผ ํ์๋ฒ ์ด์
๋ง์ 2000~3000โซ ๋ฒ์์ ๋๊ป๋ก ํ์ฑํ๊ณ , ์๊ธฐ TEOS ํ์๋ฒ ์ด์
๋ง์ 6000~10000โซ ๋ฒ์์ ๋๊ป๋ก ํ์ฑํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํน์ง์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ์์คํ
์ธ ํจํค์ง์ ์ ์กฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ. The nitride passivation film 2000 and formed to a thickness of 3000ร
โโrange, the TEOS passivation film 6000 ~ The method of producing a package system as to form a thickness of 10000ร
range.
์๊ธฐ ํฌํ ๋ ์ง์คํธ์ ๋๊ป๋ 2~10ใ ๋ฒ์์ ๋๊ป๋ก ํ์ฑ๋๋ฉฐ, 90:1์ ๋์ ์๊ฐ์ ํ๋น๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํน์ง์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ์์คํ
์ธ ํจํค์ง์ ์ ์กฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ. The thickness of the photoresist 2 ~ 10ใ range is formed to have a thickness of, 90: 1 The method of the system-in-package, characterized in that it has a high etching selectivity of.
์๊ธฐ ๊น์ ํธ๋ ์น์ ์ ํญ์ 10~30ใ ๋ฒ์๋ก, ๊น์ด๋ 40ใ ์ด์์์ ์๊ธฐ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ๊ธฐํ์ด ๊ดํต๋์ง ์๋ ๋ฒ์ ๋ด๋ก ํ์ฑํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํน์ง์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ์์คํ
์ธ ํจํค์ง์ ์ ์กฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ. The line width of the deep trench 10 to a 30ใ range, depth method for producing a system-in-package, characterized in that forming into a range that does not pass through the semiconductor substrate from above 40ใ.
์๊ธฐ ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ ํ, ์๊ธฐ ๊น์ ํธ๋ ์น์ ๋ด๋ฉด์ ์๊ธฐ ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ธ๋๋ก ๋ฐฐ๋ฆฌ์ด ๋ฉํ๊ณผ ์๋ ๋ฉํ์ ์์ฐจ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฑํ๋ ๋จ๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ถ๊ฐ๋ก ํฌํจํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํน์ง์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ์์คํ
์ธ ํจํค์ง์ ์ ์กฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ. After forming the via conductor, a method of manufacturing a deep trench in an inner surface of the system, characterized in that further including the step of forming the barrier metal and the metal oxide so as to surround the via conductors sequentially package.
์๊ธฐ ๋ฐฐ๋ฆฌ์ด ๋ฉํ์ Ti, TiN, TiSiN, Ta, TaN ๊ณ์ด์ ๋ฉํ์ ํฌํจํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํน์ง์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ์์คํ
์ธ ํจํค์ง์ ์ ์กฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ. The method of producing a package system characterized in that said barrier metal comprises Ti, TiN, TiSiN, Ta, TaN metal of the series.
์๊ธฐ ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ธฐ ๋๊ธ ๋๋ ๋ฌด์ ํด ์ ๊ธฐ ๋๊ธ์ ์ด์ฉํ๋ ํ์ฑํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํน์ง์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ์์คํ
์ธ ํจํค์ง์ ์ ์กฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ. The method of producing a packaging system for the via conductor so as to form using electroplating or electroless plating to electricity.
์๊ธฐ ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ์ ๊น์ด๋ฅผ 10~20ใ ๋ฒ์๋ก ํ์ฑํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํน์ง์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ์์คํ
์ธ ํจํค์ง์ ์ ์กฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ. The method of manufacturing a system as to form the depth of the via-conductors in the range 10 ~ 20ใ package.
์๊ธฐ ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ๋ฅผ 150โ 20๋ถ~120๋ถ ์กฐ๊ฑดํ์์ ์ด๋๋งํ๋ ๋จ๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ถ๊ฐ๋ก ํฌํจํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํน์ง์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ์์คํ
์ธ ํจํค์ง์ ์ ์กฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ. The method of producing a package system characterized in that it comprises the further step of annealing the via conductor under 150 ~ 120 โ 20 bun bun conditions.
์๊ธฐ ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ๋ ์๊ธฐ ํจ๋์ ๊ฒฝ์ฌ ์ธก๋ฉด ๋ฐ ์์ง ์ธก๋ฉด๊ณผ ์ปจํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํน์ง์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ์์คํ
์ธ ํจํค์ง์ ์ ์กฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ. The via conductor is method for producing a system wherein the lateral side and a vertical side surface of the pad and the package contacts.
์๊ธฐ ๋น์ ์ปจ๋ํฐ์ ์ผ์ฒดํ๋๊ณ ์๊ธฐ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ๊ธฐํ ๋ณด๋ค ๋์ถ๋ ์ 2 ๋ฒํ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋นํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํน์ง์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ์์คํ
์ธ ํจํค์ง. The package is integrated with the via-conductor system, it characterized in that it comprises a second bumps projecting than the semiconductor substrate. | 2019-04-20T23:44:16 | https://patents.google.com/patent/KR100889553B1/en |
0.999999 | Context and Aims: The purpose of this study was to compare and evaluate the shaping ability of ProTaper (PT) and Self-Adjusting File (SAF) system using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) to assess their performance in oval-shaped root canals.
Materials and Methods: Sixty-two mandibular premolars with single oval canals were divided into two experimental groups (n = 31) according to the systems used: Group I โ PT and Group II โ SAF. Canals were evaluated before and after instrumentation using CBCT to assess centering ratio and canal transportation at three levels. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance, post hoc Tukey's test, and t-test.
Results: The SAF showed better centering ability and lesser canal transportation than the PT only in the buccolingual plane at 6 and 9 mm levels. The shaping ability of the PT was best in the apical third in both the planes. The SAF had statistically significant better centering and lesser canal transportation in the buccolingual as compared to the mesiodistal plane at the middle and coronal levels.
Conclusions: The SAF produced significantly less transportation and remained centered than the PT at the middle and coronal levels in the buccolingual plane of oval canals. In the mesiodistal plane, the performance of both the systems was parallel.
An ideal endodontic instrumentation technique should uniformly prepare all the surfaces of the canal while simultaneously preserving the sound peripheral dentin. However, complete debridement of the root canal becomes difficult to achieve because of variations in root canal anatomy. An oval-shaped root canal, for instance, can pose a special challenge for adequate chemicomechanical preparation resulting in uninstrumented recesses.
Instrumentation techniques utilized for the preparation of oval canals include circumferential hand filing, rotary nickel-titanium instruments as well as sonic and ultrasonics. However, none have succeeded in completely preparing the canal while simultaneously preserving the oval-shaped canal anatomy. Thus, innovations are being targeted toward newer instrument designs and techniques to enhance cleaning and shaping of such canals.
The newly developed Self-adjusting File (SAF; ReDent-Nova, Ra'anana, Israel) is designed as a lattice-walled cylinder which adapts itself three-dimensionally according to shape of the root canal. It is the first file system that has a hollow metal shaft which allows for delivery of a continuous flow of irrigant. In a recent histologic study, it has shown promising results in debridement of oval root canals.
The ProTaper file system (PT; Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) is among the most popular rotary systems currently available. A convex triangular cross-section, progressive taper, changing helical angle and a noncutting, modified guiding tip characterize the instrument design. These features may contribute to improve the file flexibility and help to achieve a centered preparation.
An ideal root canal preparation should have a continuous, tapering conical shape while maintaining original canal configuration. Failure to maintain the canal anatomy can result in iatrogenic endodontic mishaps or root fractures., Hence, the ability of endodontic instrument to stay centered and prevent canal transportation is critical.
Various methods such as radiography, scanning electron microscopy, histologic sections, silicone impression, computed tomography (CT), cone-beam CT (CBCT), micro-CT, and stereomicroscopy could be used to assess the shaping abilities of endodontic instruments. Currently, CBCT has been widely used for noninvasive evaluation of canal centering abilities of endodontic instruments.
Since the PT and SAF are designed for optimal cleaning and shaping, we hypothesized that both the systems would be able to prepare oval canals effectively. This study aimed to compare and evaluate the canal centering ability and canal transportation of PT and SAF in oval-shaped root canals of mandibular premolars.
After approval by the Institutional Review Board, 150 human, single-rooted freshly extracted human mandibular premolars, extracted for periodontal or orthodontic reasons were collected. The teeth were stored and handled according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines. Teeth with oval-shaped canals, where the buccolingual canal diameter was at least two times the mesiodistal diameter as measured at the CBCT slice 5 mm from the apex. The scanner Kodak CS 9300 (Carestream Health Inc., NY, USA) operating at 90 kV, 10 mA with an FOV 5 cm ร 5 cm, resolution of 90 ฮผm, and exposure time of 18.6 s was used along with CS 3D Imaging Software 3.3.11 (Carestream Health Inc., NY, USA). Further, only teeth with straight roots or those with canal curvature <10ยฐ were included in the study.
Thus, 62 teeth were included in the study and each tooth was de-coronated to a standardized root length of 12 mm. The working length was established by inserting a size 10 K-file to the root canal terminus and subtracting 1 mm from this measurement. Glide path was prepared using size 15 K-file up to the working length. The selected roots were then mounted with their long axes perpendicular in a wax block to facilitate precise repositioning of the pre- and post-preparation CBCT images before and after instrumentation and randomly divided into two experimental groups (n = 31) as follows: Group I โ PT system and Group II โ SAF system.
In both the groups, instrumentation was done according to manufacturer's instructions using a new file for every tooth in both the groups. 2.5% sodium hypochlorite was used as an irrigant and Glyde (Dentsply Maillefer) as a lubricant.
In the PT group, using an electric motor (X-Smart; Dentsply Maillefer) with a 16:1 reduction handpiece, a new set of rotary S1-F2 instruments was used in a sequence to prepare each sample.
Each sample in the SAF group was prepared using a new 21 mm/1.5 mm SAF file attached to an EndoStation endodontic motor and RDT3 handpiece (ReDent Nova) operating at a frequency of 5000 oscillations per minute and amplitude of 0.4 mm. A continuous short pecking motion was used for 4 min while maintaining the irrigant flow rate at 4 mL/min.
Pre- and post-operative evaluation of all the samples was made using previously mentioned CBCT parameters [Figure 1] and [Figure 2]. Canal transportation and the centering ratio were calculated at the 3-, 6-, and 9-mm axial cross-sections from the apical end of the root by using the following equations.
Mesiodistal plane: (m1 โ m2)/(d1 โ d2); buccolingual plane: (b1 โ b2)/(l1 โ l2).
The bigger figure was taken as the denominator. A result of one indicated an ideal outcome and a result closer to zero indicated poor centering ability.
Mesiodistal plane: (m1 โ m2) โ (d1 โ d2); buccolingual plane: (b1 โ b2) โ (l1 โ l2).
The closer to zero the value obtained, the lesser was the canal transportation.
shortest distances from the buccal margin of the root to the buccal margin of the uninstrumented and instrumented canals, respectively; l1, l2 - shortest distances from the lingual margin of the root to the lingual margin of the uninstrumented and instrumented canals, respectively.
The mean and standard deviation of the values of centering ratio and canal transportation were obtained for the PT and SAF groups at the 3, 6, and 9 mm levels (SPSS 15.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). One-way analysis of variance and the post hoc Tukey's test were performed for intragroup comparison. Inter- and intra-group t-test was carried out. Canal transportation and centering ability were compared in the mesiodistal and buccolingual planes using t-test for each group. The significance level was set at P โค 0.05.
The results of the canal centering and canal transportation are detailed in [Table 1] and [Table 2]. The ANOVA gave a P value of 0.000 (P < 0.05). PT showed significantly lesser transportation and better centering ability in the mesiodistal plane as compared to the buccolingual plane at the 6 and 9 mm level. In the mesiodistal plane, the centering ability was best at the 3 mm level, followed by the 6 and 9 mm level. Similarly, at the 3 and 6 mm level the PT had significantly lesser canal transportation than at the 9 mm levels. In the buccolingual plane, it had significantly better centering ability and lesser canal transportation at the 3 mm level than at the 6 or 9 mm levels.
At the 6 and 9 mm level, the SAF had statistically significant better centering and lesser canal transportation in the buccolingual as compared to the mesiodistal plane. In the mesiodistal plane, the centering ability was best, and canal transportation was least at the 3 mm level, followed by the 6 and 9 mm levels. In the buccolingual plane, it showed better centering ability and least canal transportation at the 6 mm level followed by 9 and 3 mm levels.
When both the systems were compared, in the mesiodistal plane, there was no statistically significant difference in the centering ability and canal transportation of PT and SAF at all levels. However, in the buccolingual plane, the SAF performed significantly better, i.e., showed better centering and lesser canal transportation than the PT at the 6 and 9 mm levels. Thus, the null hypothesis was rejected.
The present study evaluated the centering ability and canal transportation of PT and SAF system in oval-shaped root canals of mandibular premolars using CBCT. Evaluation of the postoperative canal shape aids in assessment of the safety and efficacy of endodontic systems. Evaluation of canal transportation and centering ratio are influential parameters to analyze the quality of root canal preparation achieved with instruments and techniques. Canal transportation is a measurement of the extent and direction of deviation of a canal following instrumentation. Centering ratio is a measurement of the ability of the instrument to stay centered in the canal. It may aid in understanding the advantages and limitations of specific design characteristics of instrument systems. Due to canal transportation, endodontic instruments do not touch the complete perimeter of root canal leaving debris, microorganism, thus contributing to endodontic failure and affects the biological sealing of the obturating material. Incompatibility of the prepared root canal with the original root canal anatomy leads to compromised fracture resistance of the tooth. CBCT provides a highly precise three-dimensional noninvasive tool for the evaluation of changes in canal geometry following instrumentation. It permits nondestructive analysis of variables such as volume, surface area, cross-sectional shape, and taper of the root canal system. In the present study, CBCT enabled the calculation of canal transportation and centering abilities of both the endodontic systems.
Flat oval root canals are frequent in the distal roots of lower molars, upper and lower bicuspids, and lower incisors and canines. Since the flatness in these canals is usually in the buccolingual dimension, it is infrequently diagnosed in clinical radiographs. However, a study by Wu et al. has revealed that oval or flat root canal morphology is present in up to 25% of root canals, and in some root groups, it may exceed 50%. Such oval canals present with an anatomic challenge for chemomechanical preparation., Hence, human extracted lower premolar teeth with oval canals having buccolingual canal diameter at least two times the mesiodistal diameter were chosen for this study to mimic clinical situations. Accordingly, the values for centering ratio and canal transportation were calculated in both the buccolingual and the mesiodistal planes.
To control the variability in root length, the teeth were decoronated keeping a standard root length of 12 mm. In the present study, three cross-sectional levels were chosen: 3, 6, and 9 mm to represent the apical, middle, and coronal thirds of root canals.
Three significant design features characterize the PT files, namely, progressive taper on a single file, convex triangular cross-section, and the changing helical angle. These features could help to improve flexibility, minimize the engagement between the file and dentin and enhance augering of debris out of a canal; suggesting improved centering and shaping ability.
However, all rotary instruments with a solid metal core tend to produce a rounded preparation irrespective of their design characteristics.,, In narrow oval canals, especially, it results in a circular-shaped preparation either in the center or toward one pole of the canal. Hence, in oval canals, while the central portion of the canal is instrumented, buccal and lingual recesses remain untouched., This may explain why the PT maintained the canal shape better in the mesiodistal plane than the buccolingual plane at the coronal and the middle thirds.
Further, since the long diameter of the oval root canals generally decreases apically; the shaping ability of the PT was best in the apical third, both in the mesiodistal and buccolingual planes. This is in agreement with CBCT studies by Tambe et al. and Hashem et al. evaluating the transportation and centering ability of the PT that also showed better shaping at the apical level than at the middle and coronal.
The SAF file is a hollow-pointed cylinder composed of a thin nickel-titanium lattice. The compressible open tube adapts itself to the canal anatomy three-dimensionally and exerts uniform lateral pressure on the dentinal walls. In addition, the absence of a rigid metal core makes the file highly flexible. When a 1.5 mm SAF is inserted into a canal measuring 0.2 mm mesiodistally, it spreads buccally and lingually up to a dimension of 2.4 mm 3. Thus, the SAF worked better in the buccolingual plane in the middle and coronal sections.
None of the two systems evaluated had perfect centering ability and zero canal transportation. Comparison of both the systems in the mesiodistal plane showed that PT was marginally better than the SAF. However, the difference was not statistically significant. Since the shorter diameter of oval canals is along the mesiodistal direction; this result is understandable given the fact that the PT is a rotary system.
While we came across, no studies comparing the shaping ability of SAF and PT, a morphometric and histologic evaluation of the quality of debridement of oval canals by De-Deus et al. showed that the SAF was significantly more competent in debridement of oval root canals than rotary PT. A microcomputed tomographic study by Versiani et al. showed significantly greater mean increases of area/volume as well as the percentage of prepared walls of oval canals with SAF than with rotary instrumentation using K3. The study concluded that using the SAF protocol, flat-oval canals were uniformly and circumferentially prepared.
Within the parameters of this study, in oval-shaped canals, SAF produced significantly less transportation and remained centered than the PT at the middle and coronal levels in the buccolingual plane. However, in the mesiodistal plane, the performance of both the systems was comparable. Further studies are needed to extrapolate these results to clinical conditions.
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Hashem AA, Ghoneim AG, Lutfy RA, Foda MY, Omar GA. Geometric analysis of root canals prepared by four rotary NiTi shaping systems. J Endod 2012;38:996-1000. | 2019-04-21T16:51:52 | http://www.jcd.org.in/article.asp?issn=0972-0707;year=2017;volume=20;issue=2;spage=105;epage=109;aulast=Shah |
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